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ACALEPH/E AND ANEMONES
AcALEPH.t. ,, Felagia noihUua , 2, Rhizostmna cururu. Anemones: 3, Aiptasia mutabilis ; 4, Cenmlhus mtvibranar
5, Anemoina cantarim, growing on Zostera ; 6, Palythoa axinetla, "•"ceus .
THE
ENCYCLOPiEDIC
DICTIONARY
AN ORIGINAL WORK OF REFERENCE TO THE
WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,
GIVING A FULL ACCOUNT OF THEIR ORIGIN,
MEANING, PRONUNCIATION, AND USE
WITH A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME CONTAINING
NEW WORDS
WITH 76 COLOURED PLATES, AND NUMEROUS
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
VOL.1
CASS ELL AND COMPANY, Limited
LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK & MELBOURNE. MCMII
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.
A.N. Anglo-Norman.
Arab. Arabic.
Aram. Aramaic.
Arm. Armorican.
A.S. Anglo-Saxon.
Assyr. Assyrian.
Boeh. Bohemian, or
Czech.
Bret. Bas-Breton, or
Celtic of Brittany.
Celt. Celtic.
Chal. Chaldee.
Dan. Danish.
Dut. Dutch.
E. Eastern, or East,
E. Aram. East Aramrean,
generally called Chaldee.
Eng. English, or England.
Eth. Ethiopic.
Flem. Flemish.
Fr. French.
Fries. Friesland,
Fris. Frisian.
GaeL Gaelic.
Ger. German.
Goth. Gothic.
Gr. Greek.
Gris. Language of the
Grisons.
Heb. Hebrew.
Hind. Hindustani
I eel. Icelandic.
Ir. Irish.
Ital. Italian.
Lat. Latin.
Lett. Lettish, Lettonian.
L. Ger. Low German, or
Piatt Deutsch.
Lith. Lithuanian.
MediEev. Lat. Mediaeval
Latin.
Mag. Magyar.
M. H. Ger. Middle High
Gennan.
Mid. Lat. Latin of the
Middle Ages.
N. New.
N. H. Ger. New High
German.
Norm. Norman.
Norw. Norwegian, Norse,
O. Old.
0. H. Ger. Old High
German.
O. S. Old Saxon.
Pera. Per.sian.
Plicenic. Fhoiniciah.
Pol. Polish.
Port. Portuguese
Prov. Provengal.
Provinc. ProvinciaL
Buss. Eussian.
Rabb. RabbinicaL
Sam. Samaritan.
Sansc, Sanscrit.
Serv. Servian.
Slav. Slavonia
Sp. Spanish.
Sw. Swedish,
Syr, Syriac.
Teut. Teutonic.
Tui'k. Turkish.
Walach. "Walachian.
Wei. Welsh.
a„ or ad}, adjective,
akv. adverb.
art article.
conj. conjunction.
inter}, interjection.
particip. participial.
pa. par. past participle.
pr. par. present participle.
prep, preposition.
pro. pronoun.
5., subst., or siihstan. sub-
stantive or noun.
v.i. verb intransitive.
V. t. verb transitive.
ablat. ablative.
accus. accu-sative.
agric. agriculture.
alg. algebra.
anat. anatomy.
antiq. antiquities.
aor. aorist.
approx. approximate, -ly
arch, architecture.
archffiol. archreology.
arith. arithmetic.
astrol. astrology.
astron. astronomy
auxil. auxiliary.
Bib. Bible, or Biblical.
bioL biology.
bot. botany.
carp, carpentry.
Cent. Centigrade.
class, classical.
Ch. hist. Church history.
of. compare.
C.G.S. Centimetre-gramme-
second.
chem. chemistry.
chron. chronology.
cogn. cognate.
comm. commerce .
comp. comparative.
compos, composition.
conchol. conchology.
contr. contracted, or con-
traction.
crystallog. crystallogra-
phy.
def. definiticn.
der. derived, derivation.
dimin, diminutive.
dram, dramati eally.
dynara. dynamics.
E, East.
eccles. ecclesiastical
econ. economy.
e.g. exempli gratia =^foT
example.
elect, electricity.
entom. entomology.
etym. etj'mology.
ex. example.
f., or fern, feminine.
fig. figurative, figuratively
fort, fortification.
freq. frequentative.
fr. from.
fnt. future.
gen. general, generally.
gend. gender.
genit. genitive.
geog. geography.
geol. geology.
geom. geometry.
gram, grammar.
her. heraldry,
hist, history.
hor. horology,
hortic. horticulture.
hydraul. hydraulics.
hydros, hydrostatics.
i.e. id est = that is.
ichthy. ichthyology.
Ibid, ibidem = the same.
imp. impersonal.
iniper. imperative.
indie, indicative.
infin. infinitive.
intens. intensitive.
lang. language.
Linn. Linnfeus.
lit. literal, literally.
mach. machinery.
m., or masc. masculine.
math, mathematics.
mech. mechanics.
med. medicine, medical.
met. metaphorically.
metal, metallurgy.
metaph. metaphysics.
meteorol, meteorology.
meton. metonymy.
mil., milit. military.
min,, miner, mineralogy
mod. modem.
myth, mythology.
N. North.
n. or neut. neut
nat. phiL natural philo-
sophy.
naut. nautical,
nomin. nominative,
numis. numismatology.
obj. objective.
obs. obsolete.
ord. ordinary.
ornith. ornithology.
palseont. palaeontology,
pass, passive.
path, pathology.
perf. perfect.
pers. person, personaL
persp. perspective.
phar. pharmacy.
phil. philosophy.
philol. philology.
phot, photography.
phren, phrenology.
phys. physiology,
pi., plur. plural
poet, poetry, or poetical
polit. econ. political
economy.
poss. possessive.
pref. prefix.
pres. present.
pret. preterite.
prim, primary.
priv. privative.
prob. probable, probably.
pron. pronounced, pro-
nunciation.
pros, prosody.
psychol. psychology.
pyrotech. pyrotechnics.
q. V. quod vide = which see
rliet. rhetoric.
Scrip. Scripture.
sculp, sculpture.
sing, singular.
S. South.
sp. gr. specific gravity.
spec, special, specially.
suff. suffix.
sup. supine.
surg. surgery.
tech. teclmical
theol. theology.
trig, trigonometry.
typog. typography,
var. variety. '
viz. namely.
W. West.
zool. zoology.
* Obsolete words,
t Words rarely used.
= equivalent to, or signi-
fying-
IT Nota bene = take notice
Compound Wobds in which complete adhesion has taken place between the two or
more constituents have been arranged as independent words ; whilst those still so loosely
united as to be usually connected by hyphens, have been placed under the first word of the
compound.
The Peonunciation is indicated by diacritical marks, a key to which will be found
at the foot of the several pages. The division into syllables has been made solely with
iv THE ENCYCLOPEDIC DIOTIONART.
reference to pronunciation, and with no reference to tlie etymology of the word. In syllabify
wherein two or more vowels come together, not forming diphthongs, only that one of thciii
which gives its sound to the syllable bears a diacritical mark, the others being treated as
mute. Thus, in bread, sea, float, the a is mute, the syllables being pronounced as if spelt
bred, se, flot. "Words of more than one syllable bear a mark upon the accented syllable, as al'.tet
The Etymology will be found enclosed within brackets immediatelj followins each
word. To understand the plan adopted, let it be noted (1) that retrogression is made from
modern languages to ancient ; and (2) that when after a word there appears such a derivation
;is this — "In Pr. . Sp. . . . Port. . . Ital. . from Lat. . . .," the meaning is, not that
it passed through Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and French before reaching English, but
that there are or have been analogous words in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, all
derived, like the English, from a Latin original.
The illustrations, nearly all of which have been prepared expressly for this work, are
intended not so much for the purpose of embellishment as to impart a conception of the
objects represented clearer than any mere verbal definition could afford.
On the completion of the Work a Genebal Intkodttction wiU be given of a more
exhaustive character than the present brief Prefatory Note, and due acknowledgment will
be made to those who, by personal assistance or by their writings, have aided in the
composition and compilation of the Ekcyclopjedic Dictionaey
PREFACE.
MOKE than thirty years have elapsed since Cassell & Co., then known as Cassell,
Petter & Galpin, originally conceived the idea of the Encyclopedic Dictionary,
and invited the late Rev. Dr. R. Hunter to undertake the compilation. Seven years of
continual preparation passed before the first volume saw the light, nine more before the
seventh completed the issue. Comprehensive as the work then was, an entire supple-
mentary volume was yet added in 1902; and the complete Dictionary, revised and
embellished, is here presented to the pubhc.
When the labour and care necessarily connected with a work of this kind, original
both in its conception and plan, are taken into consideration, the time occupied in
bringing it to a satisfactory completion cannot be regarded as excessive. The difficulty
involved in the preparation of an ordinary dictionary, i.e. one such as Webster, Wor-
cester, &c., is exceedingly great; but both labour and difficulty are increased to an
extent hardly to be understood by those who have not tried the experiment, in the case
of a production like the present, partaking as it does of the nature of an Encyclopaedia as
well as of a Dictionary. It was designed and has been carried out on a plan adopted by
no existing work of a similar character, the intention being to trace the history of each
word step by step, thus showing the successive gradations of meanings, as they rose out
of each other, and to illustrate each meaning by quotations from the written or printed
language. And thus it is now clainled that in the Encyclopaedic Dictionary the public
has in its hands the most thorough and exhaustive dictionary of the English Language
yet published.
It was in the summer of 1872 that the selected Compiler set himself to elaborate
the plan of the work, and to collect his materials : of which a considerable mass was
already accumulated and placed in the printers' hands in 1876. Yet the first section was
not ready to appear till October, 1879, nor the last till the close of 1888. Of those who
then contributed or supervised material portions, the majority have already passed away.
Throughout those years the work was carried on under the personal supervision of the
late Mr. John Williams, sometime scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, who revised and
signed every page for press, and was responsible for the general arrangement of the
whole, especially as regards matters of style, pronunciation, &c. The large majority of
the Encyclopaedic articles were furnished by Dr. Hunter, valuable assistance having been
rendered by many specialists in various branches of science and art. From the com-
mencement of the second volume, that portion of the work which forms the Dictionary
proper was contributed by the late Mr. S. J. Heritage.
The chemistry articles from A to H inclusive were from the pen of Mr. John Francis
Walker, F.C.S., formerly Examiner in Chemistry at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
PREFACE.
The remainder of the Chemical contributions were furnished by Mr. WilHam Harkness,
F.I.C., F.E.M.S., late Analyst, Somerset House, who was also responsible for the micro-
scope-drawings of starches ; Mr. T. Davies, F.G.S., late of the Mineralogical Department, British
Museum, furnished the bulk of the articles on Mineralogy and Petrology ; those on Military
matters were contributed by Lieut.-Col. Cooper King, RM.A., late Professor at the Eoyal
Military College, Sandhurst; and those on Music by Sir John Stainer, Mus. Doc, late
Organist of St. Paul's. It is impossible to mention by name a tithe of those who con-
tributed directly or indirectly to lighten the labours of the Editor in securing accuracy
and in bringing this work to completion. Presidents, Secretaries, and members of Scientific
and Learned Societies, the Chief Officers of Religious Bodies, University Professors,
Government Officials, and a host of private persons, then and since, rendered willing help
by afibrding information in many cases possessed by themselves alone. The Publishers
therefore again take this opportunity of publicly expressing their warm appreciation of
and gratitude for services so freely rendered. Chief among these voluntary helpers were
Dr. Gilnther, F.RS., Keeper of the Zoological Collections, and Mr. Carruthers, F.RS.,
Keeper of the Botanical Collections, Mr. J. Davies, F.G.S., Palseontological Department, and
Mr. Britten, F.L.S., Botanical Department, British Museum ; Dr. Sclater, F.R.S., Secretary,
Mr. Waterhouse, Librarian, and Mr. A. D. Bartlett, Superintendent, of the Zoological
Society; Prof. Huxley, F.RS,, Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.RS., of the Royal Staff
College, Sandhurst, and Dr. Moir, L.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Ed. The coloured plates which
embelUsh the present edition are the work of Mr. A. F. Muckley, largely under the direction
of Mr. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Mr. H. Wright, of Kew.
"Wlien the first edition of the Encyclopaedic Dictionary was published, it was found
that it contained from thirty to fifty per cent, more words than the most recent issues
of such works as the Imperial Dictionary, Webster's, and Worcester's. The great Oxford
(or New English) Dictionary had then only recently commenced its still incomplete
career ; and in the interval there have been two notable publications — the Century and
Funk & Wagnall's. Still, however, the Encyclopedic Dictionary with its Supplement
holds its own. And so thoroughly has it been kept up to date that several new words,
and uses of words, not recorded in any other general dictionary, have been added even
while the sheets were passing through the press.
La Belle Satjvage. A'pril, 1904.
INTRODUOTIOK
THE FUNCTIONS OF A DICTIONARY.
THE rapid growth and spread of living languages, the progress of philological and
linguistic science, and the facilities afforded by the art of printing for the diffusion
of knowledge, have made the dictionary one of the most important features of modern
literature. The dictionary, as we understand the term now, is of comparatively I'ecent
origin. Manuscript vocabularies existed in ancient times, but the revival of classical
learning created an immediate necessity for the compilation of lexicons of the ancient
tongues, and these were soon followed by more or less ample dictionaries of the modem
languages. Modern languages are in a constant state of growth and change : new words
are being ever introduced with the progress of civilization, older words are contmually
dropping out of use and thus it follows that the labour of the lexicographer can never
cease to be in demand. His task, however, is not always an easy one. The most he
dares hope for is " to escape reproach."
A dictionary may be described as an enlarged index verboruvi, a key to the works of the
great masters who have adorned, and the speech of the people who have uttered, the
language of whose elements it professes to be a repository.
1. It should contain every word which properly belongs to the language, and occurs
in its printed literature, from the period when it became a distinct speech to the latest date.
Unfortunately it is of the very nature of a dictionary that it cannot possibly be a complete
storehouse of all the words in the language at all times. It may be so at the time it is
compiled, but as new inventions, new trades, new views in politics, religion, art, and many
other causes every day give origin to new words, new names, or new phrases, the most the
lexicographer can do is to bring his work up, as far as possible, to date.
2. It should give the words inserted in all the forms of orthography which they have
successively assumed, individual caprices and blunders resulting from ignorance of course
excepted.
3. It should represent by some system the pronunciation of each word, and the changes
of pronunciation, so far as known.
4. It should give as complete definitions as possible of the original and his-
torically developed meanings, literal and tropical, of each word : and, inasmuch as
INTRODUCTION.
definition alone is incapable of fully conveying the force and signification of words, there
should be copious exemplifications of their uses, in every sense ascribed to them. Fur-
ther it should contain such combinations of words popularly called phrases, and often,
loosely, idioms, as have acquired a special meaning not deducible from the individual
significations of the several words of which they are composed. It should treat as compounds
all assemblages of vocables the sense of which cannot be inferred from that of the words which
compose them : it should insert them in its vocabulary with explanations and exempHfica-
tions : and it should, moreover, where it is practicable, give in full the original formula3
of which they are often elliptical expressions.*
5. The etymological history of each word, not formed by the familiar and regular modes
of derivation and composition from other native or naturalized words, should be traced from
its earliest known or probable domestic root, or foreign analogue, to its latest form, and
reference should be made to all related words which either explain any of its forms or
meanings, or serve to show the ethnological relations of the language to other tongues.
Such is the ideal of a perfect dictionary, but to reach so high a standard is well-nigh
impossible. Up to the last few years lexicographers, or rather the compilers of dictionaries,
have been content to copy from their predecessors, adding what fresh material came to their
hand, but not taking the trouble to verify the words, definitions, or quotations found in
existing works of the same kind. Misreadings and misspellings were thus pei-petuated, and
o-ave rise in some cases to words which never existed. Mistakes, in many cases of the most
ludicrous kind, were made. Here are a few : " Schreight m.s. [Tihrdus viscivorus] A fish "
(Ainstuorth). Webster repeats the definition, but omits the Latin equivalent. In Phillips'
Ne^v World of Words, gallon is explained as " a measure of two quarts." " Esoteric : an
incorrect spelhng for exoteric " (Ash). " Coaxation : The art of coaxing " [instead of the
croaking of frogs] {Todd's Johnson). "Quaver. A measure of time in musick, being
the half of a crotchet, as a crotchet the half of a quaver " (Phillips : New World of Words).
" Pastern : The knee of a horse " (Johnson), and many others.
To many the labour of the lexicographer may seem dull and monotonous. Dr. Johnson
appears to have thought it dry, and therefore enlivened his work with a few jokes : defining
lexicographer, for instance, as " a poor, harmless drudge," excise, as " an odious tax," &c. But
the work is far from being monotonous : on the contrary it is varied and instructive, and even
* " Definition in lexicograpliy (says an American writer) properly implies botli description and distinction —
tiat is, a perfect definition embraces all the essential and specific characteristics of the thiug defined, and
excludes the specific characteristics of all other things ; or, in other words, it tells us what the object is, and
necatives aU that it is not. Any elucidation of a word which falls short of this is an illustration or an ex-
planation, not a definition. But the difficulty of framing perfect definitions has led to a laxity, both in the use
of the word itself and in the practice of lexicographers, and, accordingly, Webster defines it thus
' Definition in lexicography, an explanation of a word or term, and what a word is understood to express,' while
he explains definition in logic as ' the explication of the essence of a thing by its kind and difference.'
Worcester defines it, ' an explanation in words which distinguishes the thing explained from other things ; the
process of stating the exact meaning of a word by means of other words.'
" The only words which admit of strict completeness and exactness of definition, are the names of material
things and processes, and the artificial words which have been framed by eminent writers, and adopted by
common consent, for the purposes of art and science — technical words, in short, whose scientific meaning is
arbitrary and conventional, and usually fixed by exact description and limitation when first framed, or first
adopted into the vocabulary of science. Other words are too vague and changeable in meaning, too dim and
melting in outline, for exact expression in other terms, and they can be perfectly understood and discriminated
only by the help of the context in particular passages, or, if their signification is of a more fixed character, by
comparison with their approximate synonyms." (Review of Worcester's, Webster's, and other Dictionaries
'published July 1860).
INTRODUCTION.
amusing- at times. It is always interesting to trace the history of words, many of which did
not first enter the language in their primary meaning : e.g. Advent ; the original meaning of
which in English was, the ecclesiastical season before Christmas ; the second, the coming of
Our Lord ; and the last (a comparatively modern use), the arrival or coming of any person
or thing in general. In spelling, too, numbers of words owe their present form or present
meaning to the influence exercised upon them by popular influence.* The quaint deri-
vations suggested by old writers are at times very amusing: as, for instance, "rogue from
the Latin grro (= to wander) by putting a g to it;" " devil from, do-evil ;" " stella a. stando
dicitur =: A star, quasi not stir." And so an old writer demonstrates to his own complete
satisfaction the process by which modirwort (motherwort) became mugwort : " They corrupt
the 0 into u, and d into g, smite away i and r, and say mugwort."
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS DICTIONARY.
I. — What the ENCYCLOPiEDic Dictionary Contains.
In many respects the Encyclopedic Dictionary differs from its predecessors. In
the first place, as its title implies, it is not an ordinary dictionary, in the sense of being a
mere alphabetical list of the words composing our language, but it partakes also to a great
extent of the character of an Encyclopaedia. In fact it is professedly at the same time a
dictionary and an encyclopaedia : it explains not only words but things : it gives not only
the meaning of words but also an explanation of the things to which such words are applied.
For instance under the words Gas, Steam Engine, Spectroscope, Architecture, &c., it has
not been considered sufiicient to srive a bare definition of the words, but an account
(necessarily concise) has been added of the things understood by such terms. Further,
in very many instances, where it has been thought desirable, or likely to be of service to
the student, an historical account of events connected with the word treated of has been
given, supplemented wherever it seemed necessary by statistics brought up to the latest
available date. With the exception, then, of geography and biography, the Encyclop.<edic
Dictionary contains all the words to be found in a first-rate cyclopaedia, while the
dictionary proper includes not only modem English words, but a nearly exhaustive list
of obsolete words from about Chaucer's time to the present, and, in addition, a complete
vocabulaiy of words to be found in Scott and Burns, the most extensively read authors
in Scottish literature.
In the compilation of a dictionary a most important and difficult question is. What
words can legitimately claim admission ? and this question raises several minor points, some
of which are not readily solved, and may, indeed, give rise to considerable difference of
opinion. Briefly stated, the broad question is — Ought words treated under the following
headings to be inserted or not ?
1. technical terms.
The present work not being a simple dictionary, or mere list of words with definitions,
there can be no question that technical terms are entitled to insertion. The very title of
the work expressly includes aU such terms, otherwise it would be a misnomer. A writer
* See numerous illustrations in Rev. E. S. Palmer's Folk Etymology, Pref. pp. xvj. et seq.
INTRODUCTION.
in an American Review, in July 1860, discussing this question as connected with
dictionaries proper, says : —
" There is, we believe, no doubt that technical terms peculiar to science, the generic and specific nomen-
clature of organic and inorganic things and properties of things, including also the dialect of mathematics,
are alone much more numerous than the other or common words properly belonging to the English language.
But because all these terms of art have been or may be used in English books, does it therefore follow that
they are to be inserted into general dictionaries of the English language ? The mere statement of the fact
answers this question by showing the impossibility of it. Some of them, no doubt, must be introduced, but
what is the criterion of admissibility F It is diflcult to lay down precise rules on the subject, more difficult
still, perhaps, to determine upon the application of the rules when once agreed upon. With respect to terms
of art generally, it seems obvious that the technicalities of those knowledges most familiar to, and most
intimately connected with the daily life of man, present the strongest claim. Thus, every man of even average
education, possesses a certain amount of attainment in mathematics, statics and dynamics, in elementary
chemistry, in geology, and in astronomj', and words originally framed for the exclusive purposes of those
sciences are becoming every day more and more faaniliar to common apprehension, more frequently heard in
household conversation, and more constantly met with in miscellaneous literature. Hence the special nomen-
clatures of these sciences have become, to some extent, u. part of the common English speech, and to that
extent they are legitimately entitled to a place in every general vocabulary of the language. The technical
terms and specific designations employed in the nomenclatures of zoology and botany are both less familiar,
and, in the main, of less immediate practical importance than those belonging to physics and to pui-e mathematics,
and therefore a smaller proportion of such would be received into a judiciously selected English vocabulary ;
but there are, nevertheless, many animals and plants, which, though foreign to English soil, or even perhaps
everywliere extinct, are familiarly known by their scientific names in English speech and English literature,
because they have peculiarities of structure or of properties which have made them objects of enlightened
curiosity to every intelligent people. Thus, the mastodon, the trilohite, the dinornis, the ornithorhynchus,
are words almost as common as rhinoceros and camelopard and lion, which no one would sooner exclude
than the designation of our most familiar native quadrupeds."
ilf this is true of an ordinary dictionary, then much more is it true of a work like the
present. Further, while racing, coursing, tennis, golf, &c., are recognised as, so to say, national
games or sports, yet no existing dictionary, save those vocabularies specially devoted to
such subjects, gives any definition of the technical terms peculiar to each. As an illustration,
it may be mentioned that in one column of the Field newspaper, no less than twenty words
connected with golf occurred, which did not appear in any dictionary. Many technical terms
connected with sports of various kinds are either entirely omitted from or are incorrectly
(and even in some cases ludicrously) defined in existing dictionaries. Thus Webster, for
instance, in an early edition defined " wicket-keeper " as " The player in cricket Avho stands
with a bat to protect the wicket from the ball," and "long-stop" as "one who is set to stop
balls sent a long distance ; " and again " Leg, v.t., to strike in the leg ; used in the game of
cricket." There has been an attempt in the present work to make a complete collection
of these technical terms, but it must be borne in mind that, as Dr. Johnson said, " To pur-
sue perfection is, like the first inhabitants of Arcadia, to chase the sun ; which, when they
had reached the hill where he seemed to rest, was still beheld at the same distance from them."
The technical terms of the various processes of law are clearly, though of necessity
concisely, described, all changes made of late years being duly noted.
2. SLANG AND COLLOQUIALISMS.
The propriety of inserting slang and colloquial terms and phrases may possibly
evoke difference of opinion. So far as colloquialisms, as distinguished from slang proper,
are concerned, few probably will question their claim to insertion. For an Englishman
it would be difficult, and for a foreigner wholly impossible, to guess at the meaning of
many of our colloquial phrases from a reference to the literal meanings of the words
INTRODUCTION.
composing them. In the Encyclop.edig Dictionary there "vvill be found, arrant-eel under
the headmg of the main word, as full and complete a collection of colloquialisms as it
has been found possible to bring together. The right of slang terms and phrases to
insertion is more doubtful; but cogent reasons for giving them a place may be urged.
In the hrst place, slang, or semi-slang, words and phrases enter largely into the language
of commercial and social life, and it is often difScult to distinguish between what is slang
and what is colloquial. Secondly, slang frequently expresses meanings and shades of
meanings, which it would be difficult, if not impossible, to convey clearly and exactl}- in
more classical language. Thirdly, what is slang to-day may to-morrow be recognized and
used by even our best writers as good English.*
" A great deal of slang is ephemeral, Beither preserved, nor worth preserving, but when an eminent ivriter
employs it, he bestovfs on it a species of immortality : indeed it often happens that a slang word in course of
years loses its slanginess, and becomes a recognised part of the language." — Davies : Supplementary Glossary,
Introd., p. vi.
As instances of this the terms jingo and jingoism may be quoted.
Many words now tabooed as slang, or even worse, were formerly admitted into good
society, as may be seen by reading Pepys' Diary. Slang is largely employed by the realistic
novelists of the present day, so that it is mere prudery to affect ignorance of its existence,
and least of all should it be ignored in a dictionary to which every one naturally turns
vrhen at a loss to appreciate exactly the meaning of a word or phrase. It is not, of course,
. intended, nor would it be desirable to insert every slang word : most of them must be
relegated to a dictionary devoted to such words.
" Slang arises in part from conversational exaggeration carried to excess. ' Comfortable ' or ' merry '
being somewhat sober words, we use ' jolly ' as being more expressive ; so ' plucky ' is used instead of ' bold,'
a ' dodge ' instead of a ' trick,' ' awfully ' instead of ' very,' a ' sham ' instead of a ' deception.'
" Again, a desire to speak humorously sometimes originates slang. In the attempt to be picturesque, the
device of poetry is adopted, and an object is represented not by the ordinary word representing it, but by
some epithet or periphrasis. Thus, wine has been called ' the rosy,' a bed ' the downy,' tobacco ' the noxious
weed ' or ' the fragrant weed,' and a father ' the governor.' In many cases these epithets are quite out of
place, and a comical effect is produced by the incongruity. The whole of the vocabulary of the prize-ring
is based upon this principle ; it throws a veil of grotesqueness and comicality over descriptions that are
intrinsically disgusting and brutal. More often slang is used to save the trouble of choosing the right word.
Thus, 'he is a jolly good fellow,' is often used to mean that the person spoken of is kind-hearted, or generous,
or pleasant, or amiable, or good-humoured, or amusing, or good. In some cases slang may cover positive
ignorance of the words of polite diction ; but more often it is not so much ignorance as laziness that is the
cause. Slang is intended to save the necessity of thinking, and it answers the purpose.
" Another kind of slang may be called technical. Some technical slang is altogether vulgar. No one in
polite society could use the slang of thieves or roughs. But (i.) every art and profession and trade has some
technical terms of its own, which may be called its slang. Thus the Cambridge man speaks of being
' plucked,' the Oxford man of being ' ploughed,' the barrister of ' eating his terms ' and " getting silk,'
the cavalry officer of ' the heavies,' and so on. And besides this legitimate use of slang in speaking of
particular employments, there is (ii.) another which consists in the metaphorical application of technical terms
of some employment, to objects not in the scope of that employment. Thus, men are said ' to pull well together,'
instead of ' to work well together ; ' a diplomatist outwitting another, is said to ' force his antagonist's hand ; '
a witness is exposed to ' a running fire of questions.' All these expressions lie within the province of polite
diction. They are technical metaphors borrowed from athletic sports, polite amusements, and warfare ; and
being also vivid and real, they are liked by the English people, and used by our best authors." (Abhott &
Seeley : English Lessons for English People, § 67, 68).
* Cf. Horace, Be Arte Puctica, 70-2 :
"Multa renascentur, quae jam cecidere, cadentque,
Qu!R nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet tisus,
Quern penes arbitrium est, et jus, et norma loquendi."
introduction:
Under this heading it may be well to refer to the subject of pi'ovincialisms. A
goodly number of these have been inserted, for many of them are the only surviving
remains of good old words, once commonly used in this country, and nearly all have
a history of their own.
3. SPECIAL COINAGES.
Each case belonging to this class must be judged on its own merits, and no
strict line or rule can be laid down. Many of these words are amusing and interesting,
while some are eminently expressive, and until the whole body of English literature has
been carefully read, it would be rash to assert positively that the word is peculiar to
the author in whom the first instance (so far as known) of its use occurs. Nor, even
when a writer claims a word as one of his own coinage, is it at all certain that the claim
is well-founded. Thus Madame D'Arblay, in her Diary, i. 42, writes : " She was all
good humour, spirits, sense, and agreeability. Surely, I may make words when at a
loss, if Dr. Johnson does." But Latham and Richardson give a quotation for the word in
the same sense from Chaucer. So, also. Dr. Doran (Memoirs of our Great Toivns, p. 294),
speaks of "the triality (if we may coin a word)," but it had been used before him by
Holinshed, Skelton, and Wharton (see Richardson and Latham). " Let me claim the honour
of one pure neologism. I ventured to introduce the term of fatherland, to describe our
natale solum." (/. Disraeli : Curiosities of Literature, ch. on History of New Words.) But
the expression was used by Sir W. Temple {Miscellanea, Pt. L, p. 66) as long ago as
1672.* [See also Zoilism in Encyclopedic Dictionary.]
Such words as compactability, tvritability, &c., are inserted as mere curiosities : they can,
of course, claim admission only as a kind of " nionstra natura;," of no earthly use, but
worthy, perhaps, of preservation, as analogous to the freaks of nature preserved in museums.
Take, for instance, the following quotation from Samuel Rowlands (Knave of Gluhhs) : —
"As on tlie way I itenerated, And of the passage demonstration.
A rurall person I obviated. My apprehension did, ingenious, scan
Interrogating times transitation, That he was merely a simplitian."
So, again, Cockeram, in his Dictionary lays down that babblers deblaterate, that
naughty children should be depdlmated, that bread and buns are pistated, and that biers
are to be superseded by sandapiles.
Many similar instances might be adduced, but those given will probably suffice, f In
the Proposal for the publication of a Neiv English Dictionary by the Philological Society, %
pp. 2, 3, the views of the promoters of that work are thus set forth : —
" We may begin then by stating that, according to our view, the first requirement of every lexicon is
that it should contain every word occurring in the literature of the language it professes to illustrate. 'We
entirely repudiate the theory, which converts the lexicographer into an arbiter of style, and leaves it in his
discretion to accept or reject words according to his private notions of their comparative elegance or inelegance.
In the case of the dead languages, such as Greek, no lexicon of any pretensions would omit the ajra| Xeyoueva
of Lycophron, or the experimental coinages of Aristophanes and the other comedians ; and as we are unable
to perceive any difference between a dead and living language, so far as lexicographical treatment is concerned,
it follows that we cannot refuse to admit words into the Dictionary which may not be sanctioned by the usage
of more than one writer, or be conformable in their structure to our ideas of taste. However worthless they
may be in themselves, they testify to a tendency of language, and on this account only, if on no other, have a
distinct and appreciable value."
* For numerous other instances see F'ltzedward Hall: 3Iodern English, ch. iii.
f See furtlier on this subject Fitzedward Hall : Modern English, oh. v. t Triibner & Co., 1859.
INTRODUCTION.
Many of these words are quite as legitimate as others ah'eady recognized and inserted
m our dictionaries : thus Southey several times uses cattery = a collection of cats, and
Dr. Jerdon writes of a pelicanry. These, and words like them, are evidently <-oined on the
analogy of jyiggery, rookery, bindery, &c. So also Pope has ivritative, on the analogy of
talkative: Chapman has ivritee, quite as legitimate a formation as addressee: Thackeray has
writeress, though he objects to authoress. Then there are words to which no sensible
etymology can be assigned, as philately. Stanyhurst's Virgil furnishes a large number of
unique words, while Gaule in his nc?-/xarrt'a, or Mag-astro-ma_ncer,i& most prolific of extra-
ordinary and unique words.*
i. SEMI-NATURALIZED Vi^ORDS.
There can hardly be any question as to the necessity of admitting this class into any
iictionary claiming to be at all a complete vocabulary of the English language as ordinarily
spoken and written. llany words now universally recognized as units of the language
were but a few years ago looked upon as foreign. Thus a critic in the Monthly Rerieiv,
vol. xxviii., p. 56 (1799), speaks of an author as having " disfigured his pages with the French
words 'fracas, route, and trait^ " while Gray ( Works, v. 299) names together as French vrords
advertisement, eclat, ennui, fracas, Itaidgout, raillery, and ridicule. So with collrdjoiriteur,
millionaire, reverie, antique, cocoa, haimnock, hurricane, potato, mvfti, and many others.
5. HYBRID COMPOUNDS.
Hybrid compounds, i.e., words made up from two different languages, have, as a rule,
been inserted, though not without, in many instances, considerable hesitation, as in the
case of silveriferous But English abounds in hybrid words : and as in the case of
interloper, which is half Latin and half Dutch, the two languages from Avliich the word is
made up are often brought into strange conjunction. Similar instances are cnhlegrani,
daguerreotype, many words beginning with the prefixes dis-, inter-, mis-, and over-, besides
such words as readable, somvambulist, peajacket, &c. In all cases of hybrid compounds
each word has had to be judged on its own merits.
II. — Arrangement and Style.
The style in which the Encyclopedic Dictionary has been compiled differs in
many particulars from all its predecessors.
1. The adoption of various styles of type removes all diflSculty in distinguishing the
various divisions and subdivisions of the words. In these divisions and subdivisions of
meanings, &c., it will be noted that a regular system, entirely original, has been adopted.
In the case of verbs, they are first divided into transitive and intransitive. This division
is not, certainly, perfect, inasmuch as the various meanings cannot follow in historical order,
but it will be found most convenient for reference by the general reader. The transitive
and intransitive divisions are next subdivided as follows : firstly, into meanings used in
ordinary language, and secondly, into technical uses : a further subdivision of each of these
being made into litercd and figurative senses. Last of all come the phrases and idioms
connected with each verb. So far as the above divisions and subdivisions apply, the same
* See for instance the first page of his ch. xix., and compare the words gi\en in the following extract :
" ' Offioialrfoni is strong in France, in Germany, and in Russia.' — Glohe. Still worse than ofEcia^/»)H, is womanc/om
for the female sex, and trouser(Zo?;j, as used by a writer in the Fall Mall Gazette, October 27, 1882, for the male
sex — as the wearers of trousers." — Gentleman's Magazine, June, 1883, p. 581.
INTRODUCTION.
course has been adopted in tlie case of adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. Eacli word has
been broken up into as many diti'erent meanings as can be discovered, or are illustrated
by quotations. Words of the same form, but from different roots, and therefore really
different words, are placed under separate headings. Webster, on the contrary, in his
dictionary, has in many cases collected all words of the same form, whether connected or
utterly distinct, under the same heading : and so, also, Richardson. In the case of the latter
this plan has led him into serious and, at times, ludicrous mistakes. Thus, under snail,
which he defines as " any creeping, slow, or sluggish being," he gives the following quotation
as an illustration :
" Oh, master Pompey, How is 'i, man P
Close. Snails, I'm almost starv'd witli love, and cold, and one thing or other."
Beaumont <£■ Fletcher .- Wit at Several Weapons.
Where snails is, of course, simply an oath, and a corruption of "God's nails" (cf.
zounds). Again, under Priest, he gives prestliche, which is Middle English for " quickly
or readily," and has nothing whatever to do with Priest. So also under Pent, he gives
as an English adjective pcntdihe, which he illustrates by the following quotation : " The
pillars of this temple are cut out of a quarry of marble called 'pentlihe marble, and
they were squared parpine, as thick as long: these I saw at Athens." Here pentlike
marble means, of course, marble from the quarries of Pentelicus (now Pendele), a moun-
tain of Attica, celebrated for its beautiful marble. Many similar blunders might be
enumerated.
2. The etymologies given in the present work are based on the very best and latest
authorities. The cognate forms in other languages of each word are shown distinct from
the roots. In Webster's Dictionary the roots and cognate words or forms were mixed up
in a way calculated to mislead and bewilder the tyro, in such a manner as to make him
conclude that the English word was derived from the whole of the others. Especial use
has been made of the latest and best of the Etymological Dictionaries, that of Professor
Skeat.
3. The technology is almost as full as in works of special reference ; so full, indeed,
as almost to supersede the necessity for their use.
4. Quotations illustrative of every sense of each word are given freely, and Avith as full
references as it was possible to give. In this respect the Encyclopedic Dictionary far
surpasses all its predecessors, inasmuch as in them, with very few exceptions, only the name
of an author is given, reference being rarely made to the name of the vrork quoted from, and
still more rarely to the page, chapter, or line of the work. It has not been possible to
give a full reference in every case, some having necessarily been obtained from preceding
works, such as Todd's Edition of Johnson. Many quotations, it will be seen, are taken from
newspapers and periodicals. Some have objected to this, as leading to the insertion of words
used only by penny-a-liners. But Avhere can there be found so many instances of words
in everyday use, well understood, and recognized in every way as elements of the English
language, as in the Press ? Dr. Hyde Clarke, in his preface to his Dictionary of the English
Language, as .spoken and written (pp. iv., v.), writes thus:
" A great merit, and thereby a deficiency in onr standard dictionaries, so far as their o.eneral use by the
population is concerned, is that they are founded on literary considerations, under .yhieh 1 printed authority
18 required for a word ; the word, too, is critically examined before it is admitted ; it may be absolutely reiected
or It may lie for years under the interdict of the censors. This is a merit, so far as a written and printed
language is concerned, and is strictly applicable to the dead classical languages; but it has seemed to me
INTRODUCTION.
the English language is to be otherwise treated, that the English people require something more than a
dictionary of book words, While our literature is to be placed in the highest rank with that of the most
celebrated nations, so we have too another learning, it may also be said another language, to which our political
constitution gives no less importance : the words of a Byron, Bulwer, Dickens, Scott, or Cooper may be read by
hundreds of thousands ; but the words of a Brougham, Webster, Canning, or Clay sent abroad through the
organs of the press are read by millions, and make a no less powerful imjiression. We may regret that the
speeches of Washington, Chatham, or Fox want an appropriate record, but henceforth the reputation of the
orator will not depend upon vague rumour nor his influence be bounded by the senate chamber ; for as soon
as morning dawns, his thoughts are echoed to a wider audience of his countrymen, the circle spreads beyond
the oceans, and he appeals at once to his brethren in England, in America, in Australia, — to a nation of freemen,
trained to think, to speak, and to act.
" It is the growth of the newspaper press which has given this importance to the English oral language,
the influence of which cannot be long neglected. While the lexicographer is hesitating, weighing, suspending,
harshly rejecting, or tardily admitting, a language is being worked out, which will react again upon our
literature. The periodical press, hardly dignified with the name, much less with the honours of literature,
though it embodies some of the most classical compositions in our language, is not accepted as an academic
authority, and yet the Times ought to be as eligible an authority as some book long since defunct, and only
known by its epitaph or the title on its coffin-plate. The periodical press forms nevertheless the connecting
link between the written and the spoken language, between the artificial polish of Macaulay and the rude
utterance of the boor ; and it exercises a veritable influence, the more especially as some recognised literary
forms partake more or less of the oral character. Such is immediately the drama, and, to a great degree,
as describing actual life, the modern novel of character and dialogue. Apart from philological considerations,
the mark of the spoken language, distinguishing it from the written language, is that it lives and breathes
instinctive witJi the inspiration of the moment, recei-^dng new ideas as they are newly born, fresli with the
quick growth of an age of rapid progress and teeming invention."
It is hardly possible for an observant reader to take up any one of the leading daily
papers ■without coming across some Avord or phrase either wholly omitted from, or imper-
fectly explained in, our existing dictionaries. Colloquial words and phrases abound in them,
and it will be noted that from them have been quoted, in the present work, a large number
of technical terms connected with sporting, examples of which it would be difficult,
if not impossible, to find elsewhere. The writers in our leading daily papers and
periodicals are, in many, if not in most, cases, far superior in their knowledge and use of
the English language to the authors of many of the books published in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, and are far more entitled to be quoted as authorities for par-
ticular uses or meanings of words surviving in the same senses.
5. Illustrations are freely given Avhere it has been considered that they would assist
the reader to understand the word treated of.
6. The pronunciation of words is shown in the Encyclopedic Dictionary by diacritical
marks, the key to which is, for the sake of convenience, printed at the foot of each page.
This marking of the pronunciation of the words of a language may not be considered by
some as an essential in a dictionary, but it has at least a certain use. No doubt many
will say no human being ever learnt to pronounce a foreign tongue by book alone ; a
certain number of peculiarities may be acquired, but there will always remain some
two, or three, or more sounds which till heard are inconceivable. Thus in Welsh, for
instance, the F, w, y are soon learnt, but the ll must be constantly heard before its
true sound can be caught, and even then it cannot be reproduced by everyone. But
this objection does not affect persons who use a dictionary of their own tongue, and in
their case the marking of the pronunciation appears essential. In the present work the
current pronunciation has been adopted as the standard. In the case of many words,
however, it will be found that different persons make use of a different pronunciation.
Thus an American Professor, Dr. Stark, writing in the Quarterly Review of the M. E.
INTRODUCTION.
Church, Soidh, January 1881, on "The English Language in England," gives the follo'P.-ing
instance of variation in pronunciation :
"At the reception of foreign delegates to the Sunday-school Centenary, Sir Charles Reed and other
distinguished Englishmen talked about the Oen-fe»i-ary; but at the Inaugural Meeting, in Guildhall, His
Grace, the Archbishop of Canterbury, called it Cen-^eeii-ary. After that time we had confusion : the Church,
people very loyally stuck to Cen-ieem-ary, the Nonconformists generally continued to say Cen-ten-arj, while
most of the Americans bravely maintained their own pronunciation, Cen-tenary."
The same writer adds :
"I was greatly surprised to hear in the room of the Philological Society that there is in England a dispute
about the pronunciation of the word schedule. The only pronunciation I ever heard is shedide. The fact
that the spelling schedule has brought in the false pronuiiciation shedule is a sufficient argument in favor
of the better spelling, skedule. The word scepter has been hopelessly corrupted by the false spelling. If
the spelling sceptic continues, we may expect some day to hear of a septic.''
Another instance occurs in St. Nicholas iov April, 1888, referring to the word arbutus,
the quotations given showing in the first two cases ar-ba'-ttos, and in the last two, ar'-bu-tus.
The writer adds;
" Webster's Unabridged used to give the pronunciation arbutus, but it reformed in 1873, and insisted
ever since on throwing the accent on the first syllable. The Imperial Dictionary gives only nrbutus, though
Worcester's Dictionary ventures to stand up for the old ariwtus.
So with Clem'-a-tis or Gle-ma'-tis, both of which pronunciations prevail, and Avith
citlier and neither, which are pronounced indifferently ei'-ther, nei'-ther, and el'-ther, nel'-ther.
Dr. Murray, in his Annual Address as President of the Philological Society, delivered
May 16, 1879,* says on this point:
"While speaking of Pronunciation, I may refer to the great variety of pronunciation in many words
and classes of words at present to be found ; and also to the fact that the dictionary pronunciation of many
words, as founded on the labours of Walker, Sheridan, Nares, Smart, Worcester, and other orthoepists,
and found in most existing dictionaries and spelling-books, is often obsolete in actual London usage, and
in the case of words specially irregular, replaced- by one which is evidently founded on the spelling. Thus
we had recently, in our Council, a question as to the pronunciation of the word Caviare, which I, following
the authority of dictionaries and spelling-books, had always been accustomed to call Caveer, but which other
of our members knew only as a word of three syllabljs, ca-iii-ar' or cd-vi-ar ; while one of our members made
it four syllables, ca-vi-d-re. I believe that, at the fiist introduction of the word into English, all these varieties
of pronunciation in a foreign word which could only be guessed at may have existed ; but by the end of the
seventeenth century usage settled down to Caveer, the only pronunciation shown by the dictionary quotations
from the poets and dramatists of the period. Thus in the well-known lines from Swift ;
' She sent her Priests in "Wooden Shoes To dress their Soupes and Fricassyes ;
From haughty Gaul to make Eagous, And for our home-bred British Cheer,
Instead of wholesome Bread and Cheese, Botargo, Catsup, and Caiea:'
Fanenmick on the Bean (1730), Misc. v. 141 (ed. 1735).
I might bring instances in abundance from other writers ; some like Swift's absolutely proving ' caveer,' otliers
showing at least that the word was a dissyllable, accented on the last, down to our own day, when Barham
gives us in his Ingoldsby Legends :
'And the very best beer, "Was all caviare
That ever was brewed. To the multitude. '
But Englishmen do not take their pronunciation from dictionaries or spelling-books ; and I am told that this
ca-veer has now largely yielded to ca-vi-ar, founded apparently on the spelling, and on an affectation of
treating the word as more or less French. The oldest pronunciation appears to have been cav-i dr'-e,
as in Fletcher's Passionate Madam, v. ;
' Laugh— wide— loud— and vary— One that ne'er tasted caviare,
A smile is for a simp'ring novice ; Nor knows the smack of dear anchovis.' "
* Pp. 14, 15.
INTRODUCTION.
" At present," says Mr. A. J. Ellis, " tliere is no standard of pronunciation. There
are many ways of pronouncing English correctly, that is, according to the usage of large
numbers of persons of either sex in different parts of the country, who have received a
superior education. All attempts to found a standard of pronunciation on our approximate
standard of orthography are futile."* And so it has ever been. Dr. Johnson said to
Boswell, " Lord Chesterfield told me that the word great should be pronounced to rhyme
to state; and Sir "William Yonge sent me word that it should be pronounced so as to
rhyme to seat, and that none but Irishmen would pronounce it grait. Now here were
two men of the highest rank, the one the best speaker in the House of Lords, the other
the best speaker in the House of Commons, differing entirely." f
7. Obsolete words, that is, words which have disappeared entirely from use, and would
not be " understanded of the people," and special coinages now out of use, are distinguished
by an asterisk (*), while words which are still in vise, though rarely or very rarely found
either in the written or spoken language, are marked with an obelisk (f). Cross-references
are also inserted where required, and in many cases the past tenses and past participles of
the verbs are given in the various forms assumed by them.
8. The question of the insertion of compounds is a most complicated and difficult one.
The practice adopted m the En'cyclop^dic Dictionary is to admit all such compounds
or combinations of words as have acquired a special meaning, not readily deducible from
the individual significations of the several words composing them. Of ordinary compounds,
the meanings of which are sufficiently obvious, as being merely a combination of
words retaining their original force, a brief selection has been given at the end of the
principal word of the compound. To insert all the compounds of which it is possible for
a word to form a part would be an endless and useless task.
9. Proper names, when designating only certain definite individuals or places, are not
given in the Encyclopaedic Dictionary. Those which have been included have been
allowed their place only on special grounds : e.g. —
(1) When, in addition to their original application, they are given to some other
object in Nature. Thus Saturn is given on account of the planet which bears
his name.
(2) When they form the principal member of a compound word. Thus Aaron's rod
(bot.) necessitates the insertion -of Aaron.
(3) When they are the names of any of the Books of the Bible.
In the case of words derived directly from proper names, a brief account of the person
in question is given either in the etymological portion of the article or in the definition.
Thus a brief account of Arius is given in the article Arian, A.
10. As the limit of past time from which words have been accepted as Englisit,, and have
been inserted in the Encyclopaedic Dictionary, the close of the twelfth century has been
selected. At that time, English literature had fallen to its lowest ebb. From a.d. 1150 to
1200 the period, so far as English literature is concerned, may be likened to the narrow tube
connecting two funnels — the language widening in each direction. This period, therefore,
appears the most convenient to start from. In fact, up to nearly the close of the twelfth
* Early EnglisTi Pronunciation, pt. ii., ch. vi., § 6, p. 630.
I Boswell's Life of Johnson, anno 1772, ch. Ixiii.
INTRODUCTION.
centuiy there was little or no English literature, and by that time the old inflexional and
grammatical system of Anglo-Saxon had practically disappeared. The year 1066 saw the
beginning of the deepest mark graven both on our history and on our speech. " Every
time almost that we open our lips or write a sentence, we bear witness to the mighty
change wrought in England by the Norman Conqueror. Celt, Saxon, Angle, and Dane
alike had to bow their heads beneath a grinding foreign yoke."*
11. As regards spelling, no attempt has been made to introduce any phonetic sj-stem,
the ordinary accepted orthography being adopted. Words which in England are spelt
with final -ovuv, are so given in the Encyclopedic Dictionary, though occasionally the
American style of -or has also been inserted. As complete a list as possible has been given
under each word of the successive forms of orthography which it has assumed at various
periods of its life, thus assisting the word in telling its own history as far as possible. The
abbreviations used are few and simple : a complete list is gi^-en in the appendix.
AH HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ITS ORIGIN,
DIALECTS, STRUCTURE, AND AFFINITIES.
A spoken language is a number of different sounds made by the tongue and the other
organs of speech : it may be written or printed upon paper or other material, by the aid
of marks, signs, or symbols. Words are articulate sounds used to express perception and
thought. The aggregate of these articulate sounds, accepted by and current among any
community, is called speech or langtiage. The language of the same community often presents
local varieties : to these varieties is given the name of dialects. The growth of language
is dealt with and taught by Comparative Grammar. By the aid of that science lan-
guages may be classified in two ways : (1 ) According to the peculiarities of their gram-
matical structure, or the mode of denotino- the relations of words to one another ; and
(2) according to historical relationship. Historical relationship rests upon (a) the similarity
of grammatical structure ; and (6) tlie fundamental identity of roots. It maj^ be shown
by comparing the grammar and vocabulary of any two or more languages.
Before entering on an Historical Sketch of the English Language, it is necessary first
to consider what the " English Language " is. Broadly speaking, it is the language spoken
or written by the people of England from Anglo-Saxon times to the present. But " English "
is not a fixed quantity to be marked out by strictly drawn limits or bounds.
To take a familiar illustration, the English language may be likened to the efi'ect
produced on a calm, smooth body of water when a stone is thrown into it. There is the
well-defined centre, from which issue ripples, large at first, but gradually diminishing and
becoming fainter and fainter, till at last it is impossible to say Avhere they end, and where
the water becomes smooth and calm again. So it is with the language. It is very rarely
possible to define the exact time at which a word became a unit of the English language,
while to determine the date Avhen a word became obsolete is well nigh, if not actually,
impossible. To some a word may appear dead, while to others it still lives. But the process
of decay and renovation is continually going on ; old words die gradually out, new words
press in to take their places.
* Kington Oli;pliant : Standard Erigluh, ch, iv., p. 216.
INTRODUCTION.
It will thus be seen that it is impossible to define ''English" by any strict line or
definite limits. It is the same with all lansruas-es :
" All living language is in a condition of constant growth and change. It matters not to what xiart of
the world we may go : if we can find for any existing speech a record of its predecessor at some time distant
from it in the past, we shall perceive that the two are different — and more or less diiferent, mainly in proportion
to the distance of time that separates them. It is so with the Romanic tongues of southern Europe, as
compared with their common progenitor the Latin ; so with the modern dialects of India, as compared with,
the recorded forms of speech intermediate between them and the Sanskrit, or with the Sanskrit itself ; and
not less with the English of our day, as compared with that of other days. An English speaker even of only
a century ago wou.ld find not a little in our every-day speech which lie would understand with difficulty, or
not at all ; if we were to hear Shakespeai-e read aloud a scene from one of his own works, it would be in no small
part unintelligible {by reason, especially, of the great difference between -his pronunciation and ours) ;
Chaucer's English (500 years ago) we master by dint of good solid application, and with considerable help
from a glossary ; and King Alfred's English (1000 years ago), which we call Anglo-Saxon, is not easier to us
than German. All this, in spite of the fact that no one has gone about of set pm-pose to alter English speech,
in any generation among the thirty or forty that have lived between us and Alfred, any more than in our
own. Here, then, is another side of the life of language for us to deal with, and to explain, if we can. Life,
here as elsewhere, appears to involve growth and change as an essential element ; and the remarkable analogies
which exist between the birth and growth and decay and extinction of a language and tliose of an organized
being, or of a species, have been often enough noticed and dwelt upon : some have even inferred from them
that language is an oi'ganism, and leads an organic life, governed by laws with which men cannot interfere." *
And this continued change is not confined to alterations of the uttered and audible forms
of words : it applies as well to alterations in the outward forms of words, as to changes in
meaning. A Avord may change its form to any extent, without change of meaning, as well
as change its meaning without change of form. Just as it is the case with organic beings,
the growth of Avhich consists in removal and re-supply, so it is with language.
" Existence, in speech, is use ; and disuse is destruction. ... If anything that people once thought and
talked about comes to concern them no longer, its phraseology goes into obli'S'ion — unless, of course, it be
preserved, as a memory of the past, by some of those means which culture supplies. . . . The technical
terms of chivalry mostly feU out as those of modern warfare came in ; those of astrology, as this was crowded
from existence by astronomical science. Only, we have here and there, not always consciously, in our present
speech, reminiscences of the old order of things, in the shape of words transferred to new uses. . . . But,
in the second place, words are crowded out of use, and so out of life, by the coming into use of other words
which mean the same thing, and which for some cause, definable or not, win the popular favor, and supplant
their predecessors. . . . By these means, there is in every language a certain amount of obsolescent
material, in various stages : some words that are only unusual, or restricted to particular phrases (like stead,
in in stead !\\on&) ; some that belong to a particular style, archaic or poetical; some that have become strange
and unintelligible to ordinary speakers, though formerly in every-day use ; some that survive only in local
dialects. And the older records of any tongue, if preserved, show words in greater or less number that are
gone past recovery." f
But this loss in a language is more than counterbalanced by the acquisition of new
material, new inventions, new trades, new ideas, all of which give rise to new words, terms, or
phrases.
" A language like ours — since we come in contact with nearly all the nations of the world, and draw iu
to ourselves whatever we find of theirs that can be made useful to us, and since even our culture derives from
various sources — comes to contain specimens from dialects of very diverse origia Thus, we have religions
words from the Hebrew, as sabbath, seraph, jubilee ; certain old-style scientific terms from the Arabic, as
algebra, alkali, zenith, cipher, besides a considerable heterogeneous list, like lemon, sugar (ultimately Sanskrit),
sherbet, magazine ; from the Persian, caravan, chess, shawl, and even a word which has won so familiar and
varied use as check; from Hindi, calico and chintz, punch and toddy; from Chinese, tea 9.Md. nanheen ; from
American Indian languages, canoe and inocassin, guano and potato, sachem and caucus. . . . For this
TI liitney : Life ^- Growth of Lamgxicuje, ch. iii., pp. 33-4. f Ibid : ch. vi., pp. 99, 100-102.
INTROD UCTION.
preponderance, in one aspect, of the borrowed material in English speech, there are easily assignable reasons.
The Norman invasion, leading to a long antagonism and final fusion of a French-speaking with a Saxou-speaking
race, brought in by "violence, as it were, a great store of French words, of Latin origin, and tlms made it
comparatively easy to bring in without violence a great many more." *
Another source of the enrichment of a language is the composition of words, the
'putting together of, two independent elements to form a simple designation. The relation
between the two elements may be of every variety : thus, a headache is a pain in the head ;
a head-dress, a dress for the head ; a headland, a point of land comparable to a head ; a
headsman, a man for cutting off heads. Another is the turning of nouns and adjectives into
verbs: thus we say harden, roughen, demoralice, &c. ; and we even turn one part of speech
directly into another without using any external sign of the transfer : thus we say, to chair a
candidate ; to hand a book ; to table a resolution ; to wire a message ; to toe a mark, &c. The
suffixes -ism, -ist, ultimately of Greek origin, and imported through the French, have made
themselves part of our living apparatus of derivation, in many cases abused, as in such
monstrosities as ivaUcist, cueist, &c.
The corruptions which words have undergone are of many and various kinds. Most
of them are, doubtless, due to the influence of the wear and tear of '~^
" Time, whose slippery wheel doth play
In humane causes with inconstant sway,
Who exiles, alters, and disguises words."
S^jlvester: Du Bartas, p. 173 (1621).
The Rev. A. S. Palmer | arranges corrupted words under the following analytical groups:
1. Words corrupted so as to be significant, and in some sense appropriate ; such as acorn, ambergrease,
hattlement, helfry, &o.
2. Words corrupted so as to convey a meaning, but one totally inappropriate, though sounding familiarly
to the ear; such as battle-doc. cheese-bowl, featherfew, titmouse, wheatear, &c.
3. Words corrupted so as to give rise to a, total misconception, and consequently to false explanations,
such as attic, humble-pie, hurricane, husband, &c.
4. Words, which, though not actually corrupted from their true shape, are suggestive of a false derivation,
and have been generally accepted in that mistaken sense; such as colonel, cozen, hawher, world, &c.
Of words purely invented for some special substance, thing, or condition, language
presents but rare examples. Special words or terms are frequently proposed to m-eet special
circumstances, but they seldom survive. Gas, however, is an instance of such a word
which has passed into common speech. The same chemist who devised gas, also suo-o-ested
bias for that property of the heavenly bodies whereby they regulate the changes of
time, but it failed to gain acceptance, and soon dropped out of sight and was foro-otten.
A new word must supply an antecedent blank ; or else it ought, on the score of exactness,
perspicuity, brevity, or euphony, to be an improvement on a word already existing.
"The use of new terms,'' says Webster, "is dictated by necessity or utility; sometimes to express
shades of difference or signification, for which the language did not supply a suitable term ; sometimes to
express a combination of ideas by a single word, which otherwise would require a circumlocution. These
benefits, whioli are often perceived, as it were, instinctively by a nation, recommend such words to common
use, till the cavils of critics are silenced by the weight of authority." {Letter to J. Picheting, 1817, p. 7.)
Few suggested new words fulfil these requirements. Science, art, and manufactures
contribute the majority of new words to the language. When some new process, machine,
Whitney : ut suj^ra, ch. vii., pp. 115, 118. f Folk Mtynwlogy, Inproduction, p. "xxvii.
INTRODUCTION. xvii
instrument or the like appears, necessarily a new word is required by which to designate
it, as phonograph, telephone, telpherage, &c,
" When galvanism, ozone, and chloroform wero discovered, and when locomotives and stereoscopes were
invented, it was necessary to have names for them. Cult is a term, which, as we value exactness, we can Ul
do without, seeing how completely religion has lost its original signification. Civility, formerly the substantive
of both civil and civilize . . . was judiciously relieved of one of its meanings, by civilization. Financial,
international, noticeable, and pretentious, enable us to dispense with periphrases." *
Collide, diploiiiatist, executive, insularity, monograph, physicist, and specie, are
instances of words proposed to fill existing blanks, and readily adopted. Political life
and changes at times give origin to new terms, as witness Adidlamite, closure, jingo,
but they seldom long survive the occasion for which they were invented. With these we
may connect Boycott, tenant-right, Rome-Rule, Fenian, &c. Occasionally some notorious
act gives rise to a new word, which finds general adoption, as to Burke.
The English language is shown by Comparative Grammar to belong to a group of
allied languages to which the name Teutonic has been given. Its philological affinities
are with the languages of Germany, Holland, and Scandinavia, rather than with the native
languages of the British Isles. These last have been wholly superseded in the southern,
central, and eastern parts of Great Britain. In Wales, however, the British is still spoken ;
as is Gaelic, or Erse, in Ireland and in the Highlands of Scotland. The Teutones or Teutons
were a tribe of Germans, who were subdued by the Roman General Marius, B.C. 100 , the
terms Teutonic ivs and Theoticus were afterwards applied to the Germanic people of Europe
generally, and the term Teuton or TetUonic is now used to denote Gennans, Dutch,
Scandinavians, and those of Anglo-Saxon descent, as opposed to Celts. By the Germans
their own language is still called Deutsch, of which Dutch is only another form. The
Teutonic group of languages may be divided into three main sections or groups, from which
all the others spring. These are :
Teutonic.
I
T A I I
Low German. Scandinavian. High German.
I I I I I II III I \ i
Gothic. Frisian. Dutch. Flemish. Old Saxon. English. Icelandic. Norwegian. Danish. Swedish. Old. Middle. Modern.
I I I i \ i
Old. Modern. Old English. Modern English. Provincial English. Lowland Scotch.
I. Low German. Of Gothic, the oldest and most primitive of the Teutonic dialects,
almost the sole record surviving is the translation of the Bible made by Bishop
Ulphilas (a.d. 318-388) of which we possess some considerable portions of the Gospels
and St. Paul's Epistles, some pieces of the Old Testament, and a small portion of a Com-
mentary. It was spoken by the Eastern and Western Goths, who occupied the province
of Dacia, whence they made incursions into Asia, Galatia, and Cappadocia.
Old Frisian is exemplified by documents of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Modern Frisian is still spoken in Friesland, along the coasts and islands of the North Sea,
between the Weser and the Elbe, and in Holland and Sleswick. This dialect is more closely
allied to English than any other of the Low German Languages. There is, indeed, a well-
known couplet, every word in which is both Frisian and English :
" Good butter and good cheese
Is good English and good Fries.''
* Mtzedward Hall; Moder7i iJiujlish, ch. vi., p. 172.
introduction:
Old Saxon had its origin in the districts of Munster, Essen, and Cleves, and was
spoken between the Rhine and the Elbe. The most important composition in ■ the Old
Saxon dialect is a poetical version (of the ninth century), of the Gospels entitled the Heljand
(= Old English Heiland = the Hecder or Saviour). The following is an extract :
Nativitas ChrisH Pastoribus anunciata.
Luc. ii. 1—13.
[Jnardos antfiindun,
Tliea thar, ehuscalcos,
Dta uuarun,
Uueros an uualitu,
TJuiggeo gomean,
Fehas af tar felda.
Gisahuu finistri an tuue
Telatan au lufte ;
Endi quam lioht Godes,
Uuauum tliurh thui uuolcan
Endi tliea uuardos thar
Bifeug an them felda.
Sie uurdun an forhtun tho,
The words tliey discovered.
Those that there, as horse-
Without were, [grooms,
Men at watch,
Horses to tend.
Cattle on the field.
They saw the darkness in
twain [sphere.
Dissipated in the atmo-
And came a light of God
Through the welkin ;
And the words there
Caught on the field.
They were in fright then
Thea mau an ira moda.
Gisahun thar mahtigna
Godes Engil cuman ;
The im tegegiies sprac.
Het that ini thea uuardos :
'• Uuiht ne antdredin
Ledes fou them liohta.
Ic seal eu quad he liobora
Suido uuarlieo [thing,
Uuilleon seggean.
Cudean craft mikil.
Nu is Krist geboran.
An thereso selbun naht,
Salig barn Godes."
The men. in their mood.
They saw there mighty
God's angel come ; [spake.
That to them face-to-face
It bade thus them these
" Dread not a whit [words:
Of mischief from tho light.
I shall to you glad things.
Very true
Commands utter.
Show strength great.
Now is Christ born.
In this self-same night ;
The blessed child of God."
The following extract from the same poem, with a translation into West-Saxon is
quoted from a paper on the Heljand in the Foreign Quarterly Review, April 1831, by
Dr. Latham :
(Heljand.)
Than sat im the landes hirdi
Geginuuard for them gumun,
Godes egan barn :
Uuelda mid is spracun
Spahuuord manag
Lerean thea liudi ;
Huo sie lof Gode
An thesum uueroldrikea
Uuirkeaa scoldin.
(West-Saxon.)
Thsenne sset him se landes hirde
Ongeanweard fore tham guman,
Godes agan barn :
Wolde mid his spraecum
Wisa word manag
Laeran thone leode ;
Hu tha lofe Gode
On thissun weorold-rice
Weorcian sceoldan.
(English.)
Then sat him(self ) the landes shep-
In front before the men, [herd
God's own child :
Would with his speech
Words-of -wisdom many
Teach the people.
How they the praise of God
On this kingdom- of -the world
"Work should.
The Old Saxon is very closely allied to English, retaining many Teutonic inflexions
that have disappeared from other Low German dialects.
II Of the Scandinavian dialects the Icelandic is the purest and oldest. Old IcelandLc,
from the eleventh to the thirteenth century is often called " Old Norse," but this term
belongs properly to Old Norwegian.
in. High German is divided into three stages, of which the Old High German
comprises a number of dialects spoken in Upper or South Germany from the beo'innino-
of the eighth to the middle of the eleventh century ; Middle High German was spoken in
Upper Germany from the beginning of the twelfth to the end of the fifteenth century •
and Modern (or Nevj) High German from the end of the fifteenth century to the present
time.
The Teutonic dialects form a sub-division of that great family of related lano-uao'es known
as Indo-European, from its comprehending not only nearly all the languages of Europe,
but also those Indian dialects which have sprung from the Sanscrit : the term Aryan
( =: honourable, noble) is also sometimes applied -to the family.
INTRODUCTION.
This Indo-European (or Aryan) family of languages has two great divisions :
I. Tlie EuKOPEAN Division :
1. The Teutonic Languages.
2. The Celtic (or Keltic) Languages, consisting of (1) The Cymric class, consisting of (a) Welsh, (6)
Cornish (died out about middle of sixteenth century), (c) Bas-Breton. (2) The Gaelic (or Gadhelic)
class, consisting of (a) Erse or Irish, (b) Gaelic (spoken in tha Highlands of Scotland), (c) Manx
(spoken in the Isle of Man).
3. The Italic (or Romanic) Languages, comprising (1) The Old Italian dialects, as Oscan, Umhrian^
Sabine. (2) The Romanic dialects, which have sprung from the Latin, comprising (a) Italian, (h)
French, (c) Provengal, {d) Spanish, (e) Portuguese, (/) Boumansch (spoken in southern Switzer-
land), ig) Wallachian (spoken in Wallachia and Moldavia).
4. The Hellenic Languages, comprising (1) Ancient Greek (with its various dialects: Attic, Ionic,
Doric, and ^olic). (2) Modern Gi-eek.
5. The Sclavonic Languages, comprising (1) Bulgarian. ^2) Bussian. (3) Uhjric. (4) Polish. (5)
Bohemian. (6) Slovahian. (7) Upper and Lower Sorbian. (3) Polabian (on the Elbe).
6. The Lettic Languages, comprising (1) Old Prussian. (2) Lettish (or Livonian). (3) Lithuanian.
II. The Asiatic Division :
Sanscrit, Prakrit, Pali, Modern Indian Dialects, Gypsy Dialect, Zend, the Cuneiform Inscriptions
of Darius, Xerxes, and their successors, Parsi, and Modern Persian.*
The people who spoke the old and primitive tongue from which all these languages
have sprung "must have lived together as one great community more than 3,000 years
ago. It was formerly held that tradition, as well as the evidence of language, pointed to
the north-eastern part of the Iranian table-land, near the Hindu-Kush mountains, as the
original abode of this primitive people ; " but a more recent view is that Europe (probably
Southern Scandinavia), and not Asia, was the primal seat of the Aryans, f
To recapitulate, English (1) is^a member of the Indo-European family; (2) belongs
to the Teutonic group ; (3) is a Low German dialect ; and (4) was brought into Britain
by wandering tribes from the Continent, about a.d. 449, according to Bede, who makes the
invaders consist of three tribes, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The first of these came from
the duchy of Sleswick;| the Saxons from the country between the Elbe and the Eider; and
the Jutes from the upper part of Sleswick, or South Jutland. 'With these there was no
doubt a considerable intermixture of Frisians.
The settlements were probably made in the following oi'der :
1. Jutes, under Hengest and Horsa, settled in Kent, the Isle of "VViglit, and a part of Hampshire,
A.D. 419 or 450.
2. The first division of Saxons, under Ella and Cissa, settled in Sussex, a.d. 477.
3. The second division of Saxons, under Cerdic and Cynric, settled in Wessex (comprising Hampshire,
Berkshire, Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, and Devonshire), a.d. 495.
4. The third division of Saxons settled in Essex, A d. 530.
5. The first division of Angles settled in East Anglia (comprising Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire,
and parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire).
6. The second division of Angles, under Ida, settled in the kingdom of Beornicia (between tlie Tweed
and the Firtli of Forth), a.d. 547.
" Two other kingdoms were subsequently established by the Angles— Deira (between Tweed and
Humber), and Mercia [^ march or frontier], comprehending the Midland counties.
"Teutonic tribes were known in Britain, though they made no settlements before the coming of the
Jutes. In the fourth century they made attacks upon the eastern and south-eastern coast of this island,
from the Wash to the Isle of Wight, which, on that account, was called ' Liitus Saxonicum,' or the Saxon
* See further in Morris : Historical Outlines of English Accidence, ch. i., pp. 4-9.
•f Bejm-t of British Association (1887), pp. 888-91.
X There is to this day a, district in the southern part of the duchj-, between the Slie and the arili of thc-
Baltic called the Flensborg Fjord, known as ..iMr/i'fe =: England.
INTRODUCTION.
shore or Saxon frontier; and an officer known as the Count of the Saxon Shore (Comes LittoHs Saxonici
per Britannias) was appointed for its defence. These Teutonic invaders were known to the Bonians and
Oelts by the name of Saxons ; and this term was afterwards applied by them to the Teutonic settlers of
the fifth century, who, however, never appear to have called themselves Saxons, but always ^nglisc or
English." *
CELTIC ELEMENT.
Very few words were borrowed by the invaders from the original inhabitants (Celts
or Kelts) : basket, brag, bludgeon, bodkin, bother, bote, cairn, darn, shamrock, clan, claymore,
spate, brose, and, through the French, baggage, bar, barrel, gravel, glebe, pickaxe, pottage,
pouch, rogue, tan, truant, are examples.
Garnettf gives a list of nearly two hundred of these words, many of which belong
to household management ; and others, such as spree, bane, tuhop, balderdash, &c., can
scarcely be reckoned Classical English. The few survivals tend to show how complete
was the extermination of the Celts ; they prove that " the Celtic women were kept as
slavey while their husbands, the old owners of the land, were slaughtered in heaps." J
LATIN ELEMENT.
What is called the Latin of the First Period, as incorporated into English, consists
only of a few words that exercised no influence on the language, being found only in
names of places, as castra = ei. camp, found in Chester, Doncaster, Manchester, Winchester,
Toyr cester, &c.
About A.D. 596 the English were converted to Christianity, and during the four
following centuries many Latin words were introduced by the Latin missionaries and by
English translators of Latin works into their own language. This is known as the Latin of
the Second Period. Examples are priest (from presbyter); sacrament (from sacravientum);
,ealic (from calix = a cup) ; church, &c. Also a few adopted Greek words, as bishop (from
iTrla-KOTTO'i = an overseer), apostle, monk, angel, &c. ; and some names of articles of
commerce, as butter (butyrum), cheese (caseus), tunic {tunica), lettuce {lactuca), pound
(pondus), candle (candela), trout (trutta), &c.
SCANDINAVIAN J;LEMENT.
In the year 787 the Northmen, Norsemen, or Normans, of Scandinavia, i.e., of Den-
mark, Norway, and Sweden, began to make descents on the eastern coast of England,
Scotland, the Hebrides, and Ireland. These attacks went on for three centuries. In the
ninth century these Danes obtained a permanent footing in the northern and eastern parts
of England, subduing the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia ; and by
the eleventh century they had become so strong that Danish kings sat on the throne of
.England from A.D. 1013 to 1042.
The traces of Scandinavian influence on the English Language are numerous, and
may be classed under three heads : (1) names of places ; (2) in the Old English Literature
of the North of England ; and (3) in the Northern Provincial Dialects. Under the first
head come the suffixes -by = a, town, as in Grim&by, Whit?)?/, &c.; -fell (Icel., fjall, fell) = &
hill or table-land, as in Scaw/e??, Cross/eW, &c. ; -dale a = valley ; -thivaite = a forest clearing ;
* 3forns : Slst. Outlines of JEnglish Accidence, ch. iii. p. 18. f Philological Essays, p. 161.
\ Kington Olipha/rd : Sowrces of Standard English, p, 19.
IJ^TRODUCTIOX. xxi
-toft = a, homestead, as in Lowesto//!; -wlck = &, creek, a bay, as in Ipswic/t, Ber;rit7j, &c.;
-oe, -ea (Icel. -ey) = an island (eyot), as in Faroe, Chelsea; -ncss — a. cape (or nose), as in
Caith?u'S8, Fifeness, the Naze, &c. Besides these there are a good many common words of
undoubted Danish origin, such as are, till, until, fro, froward, ill, hound (for a place),
hash, hush, &c.
It is thus seen that the Anglo-Saxon was a composite tongue, formed by the gradual
blending of several kindred dialects, principally introduced into England between the
middle of the fifth and the middle of the sixth century, with a considerable infusion of
Latin derived from the Komanised Britons. The Anglo-Saxon was an inflected or syn-
thetic language, like the Latin and Greek. It had five cases. The article, noun, adjective,
and pronoun were declinable, having different forms for three genders and two numbers :
the adjective, as in German, had two inflections, the definite and the indefinite ; the verb
had four moods, the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive, and but two tenses,
the present, or indefinite (used also as a future), and the past. There were also compound
tenses in the active voice, and a passive voice, formed, as in English, by auxiliaries. The
auxiliaries usually retained their force as independent verbs, and were not employed as
mere indications of time, as in English. The Anglo-Saxon had ten forms for the article,
five for the noun, and ten terminations for the positive degree of adjectives ; the irregular
verbs had thirteen endings, without including the inflected cases of the participles.
The Anglo-Saxon language attained its height during the reign of Alfred (870-901).
In Anglo-Saxon poetry the distinctive feature was alliteration, the rule of which,,
stated in general terms, was as follows : In each couplet, three emphatic words (or by
poetic licence accented syllables), two in the first line (or half-line), and one in the second,,
must commence with the same consonant, or with vowels, in which case the initials might
be, and generally were, different.
The event which exercised the greatest influence on the English Language was the
Norman Invasion in 1066. Through it French became the language of the Court, of the
nobility, of the clergy, of literature, and of all who wished or sought for advancement in
Church or State. From the Normans are derived most of the terms connected with
1. Feudalism & War. — Aid, arms, armour, assault, banner, baron, captain, chivalry, duke, fealty,/
fief, homage, lance, tournament, vassal, &c.
2. The Church. — Altar, Bible, baptism, ceremony, friar, homily, piety, penance, prayer, preach,
sermon, sacrifice, saint, tonsure, &c.
3. The Law. — Assize, attorney, case, cause, chancellor, court, estate, fee, felony, judge, jury, plaintiff,
plea, pleadr statute, sue, tax, ward.
4. The Chase. — Bay (2), s., brace, chase, couple, course, covert, falcon, leveret, quarry, rabbit, reynard,
venison, &c.
For all this, as Eobert ot Gloucester says :
"Lowe men holdeth to Englyss, and to lier kinde speche yute."
("The lower classes cling to English, and to their native tongue yet.")
The most important changes due to French influence are: (1) c before the Conquest
was pronounced hard, like k, after the Conquest it assumed a soft sound hke s, and also
the softened sounds of ch, sh; (2) s, which was the general plural termination of French
nouns, became the received sign of the plural in English; and (3) -th, the ending of the'
third person singular of the present indicative, was gradually softened to s.
INTRODUCTION.
In process of time the two races — the conquerors and the conquered — coalesced, and
became one people, the language of the majjority prevailing, so much so, that in 1349
Latin ceased to be taught in schools through the medium of French,* and in 13G2 it
was enacted by Act of Parliament that all pleadings in the law courts should hence-
forth be conducted in English, because, as is stated in the preamble to the Act,
French was becoming so much unknown in the kingdom that persons who were parties
to suits had no knowledge or understanding of what was said for or against them by
the pleaders.
The Norman-French was essentially a Latin tongue, and through it was added to the
English another Latin element, usually termed the Latin of the Third Period.^
The Latin element is thus seen to have entered the language either directly or
indirectly : indirectly in the lirst three periods, and directly in the fourth period. We
frequently find two forms of the same word, one taken indirectly, the other directly
from the Latin : —
direcUy, through
Norman-Fre}ich.
Balm
Directly horroiced from
the Latin.
Balsam
Latin.
BaLsanium
Caitiff
Feat
Captive
Fact
Captivus.
Factum.
Fashion
Faction
Faetio.
* Trevisa (Polycronicon, ii. 157) fixes the time of the great plague of 1349 as the point after which the popular
fancy for speaking French began to abate. He says : " As hyt ys yknowe houj meny maner people bu)> in J)is ylontl,
i>er but> also of so meny people longages & tonges ; not>eles Walschmen & Scottes, i>at buj) nogt ymelled wil> oi>er
nacions, holdeJ> wel ny5 here furste longage & speche, botejef Scottes, i>at were som tyme oonfederat & wonede wih l>c
Pictes, drawe somewhat after here speche. Bote l>e Flemmynges, J>at wone)' in t>e west syde of Wales, habbej> yleft
here strange speche and spekel> Saxonlych ynow. Also Englysch men, beys ^J hadde fram \>e begynnyng i>re maner
speche, Sou^eron, Norberon, & Myddel speche (in the myddel of J>e lond), as hy come of t>re maner people of Gej'mania ;
nobeles, by commyxstion & mellyng furst wit> Danes & afterward wij> Normans, in menye )>e contray longage ys apeyred,
& some vsej) strange wlafEyng, chyteryng, harryng &. garryng. grisbittyng. f is apej-ryng of be burb-tonge ys by-cause
of twey binges : — on ys, for chyldern in scole, agenes be vsage and manere of al ober nacions, bub compelled for to leue
here oune longage, & for to construe here lessons & here t)inges a Frejmsch, & habbeb, su)>the )>e Normans come furst in-
to Engelond. Also, gentil men children bub ytaujt for to speke Freynsch fram tyrae bat a bub yrokked in here cradel,
and conneb speke & playe wib a child hys brouch ; and oplondysch men wol lykne ha?;i-sylf to gentil men, & fondej)
wib gret bysyues for to speke Freynsch, for to be more ytold of.
" )3ys manere was moche y-vsed to-fore be furste moreyn, & ys sebthe somdel ychaunged. For lohan Cornwal, a
mayste?- of gramere, chayngede be lore in gramer-scole, & construccion of Freynsch in-to Englysch ; & Richard
Pencrych lurnede bat manere techyng of hym, and ober men of Pencrych ; so bat now, be jer of oure Lord a bousand
bre hondred four score & fyue, of be secunde kyng Richard afte?' be conquest nyne, in al be gramer-scoles of Engelond
childern leueb Frensch & construeb & lurneb an Englysch, and habbeb bcr-by avauntage in on syde & desavauntage yn
anober ; here avauntage ys, bat a lurnel> here gramer yn lasse tyme ban childern wer ywoned to do — disavauntage ys,
bat now childern of gramer-scole conneb no more Frensch I'an can here lift heele, & bat ys harm for ham, & a scholle
passe be se & trauayle in strange londes, & in meny caas also. Also gentil men habbeb now moche yleft for to teche
here childern Frensch. Hyt semeb a gret wondur hou Englysch, \>at ys be burbtonge of Englysch men & here oune
longage & tonge, ys so dyuers of soun in bis ylond ; & be longage of Normandy ys comlyng of a-no(>er lond, & hab on
maner soun among all men bat spekeb hyt aryjt in Engelond. Nobeles Jjer ys as meny dj'uers manec Frensch yn be rem
of Fraunce as ys dyuers manere Englysch in be rem of Engelond.
" Also, of be forseyde Saxon tonge bat ys deled a bre, and ys abyde soarslych wib feaw vplondysch men, & ys gret
wondur ; for men of J>e est wib men of be west, as hyt were vndur be same party of heuene, acordeb more in sounyng of
speche ban men of be norb wi)) men of be soub ; bc-fore hyt ys bat Mercij, >at bub men of myddel Engelond, as hyt were
parteners of be endes, vnd«rstondeb betre be syde longages, Norbe?'on & Souberon, ban Norberon & Soubcron yndur-
stondeb eyl>er ober.
" Al be longage of be Norbhumbres, & specialych at gork, ys so scharp, sh-ttyng & frotyng, & vnschape, )>at we
Souberon men may bat longage vnnebe vndwrstonde. Y trowe bat bat ys bycause bat a buJ; nyj to strange men & aliens
b«t spekej> strangelych, and also by cause bat be kynges of Engelond woneb alwey fer fram bat contray : For a buJ)
more yturned to be soub contray ; & gef a gob to be norb contray, a gob wib gret help and strengthe. pe cause why a
bub more in be soub contray ban in be norb may be, betre cornlond, more people, more noble cytes, & more pj'ofytable
hauenes."
t The title of Zatin of the Fourth Period is given to the large number of Latin words introduced into
the language from the revival of learning in the beginning of the sixteenth century up to the present time.
INTRODUCTION. xxiii
We also borrowed words from the Greek, but to a much less degree, while miscellan-
eous words have become naturalized from other languages, as, from Hebrew {abbot, amen,
cabal, cherub, sabbath, &c.), from Arabic [admiral, alchemy, alkali, arrack, assassin, caliph,
chemistry, talisman, zenith, &c.), from Persian {caravan, chess, dervish, orange, pasha, sash,
shaivl, turban, &c.), from American {canoe, cocoa, hammock, maize, tobacco, tomahatvk,
wigwam, &c.), and from Turkish {caftan, chouse, divan, scimitar, &c.). In short, we have
borrowed from almost every language under the sun such words as are appropriate to
materials or productions new to us.
Before the Norman Conquest there were two dialects in England — the Northern and
the Southern. The former has handed down to us a very scanty hterature, while the
latter was the literary language of the country, and in it were written the best of
our oldest English works, many of which have come down to us. Dr. Morris gives the
following as the chief points of grammatical difference between the two dialects :*
(1) The loss of -n in the infinitive ending of -verbs:
N. drinc-a, S. drinc-an = to drink.
(2) The first person singular indicative ends in -u or -o, instead of -e:
N. Ic drinc-o. S. drinc-e = I drink.
(3) The second person singular present indicative often ends in -», rather than in -st; and we find it
in the second person singular perfect indicative of weak verbs :
N. d\u ge-plantad-es. S. ge-plantad-est = thou hast planted.
(4) The third person singular frequently ends in -s instead of -th :
N. he gewyrces. S. gewyrcath = he vrorks.
(5) The third plural present indicative and the second person plural imperative often have -s instead of -ih :
N. Ma onfoas. S. hi onfoath = they receive.
(6) The occasional omission of ge- before the passive participle :
N. hered. S. geherod =: praised.
(7) The occasional use of active participle in -and instead of -end :
N. drincande. S. drincende = drinking.
(8) The use of aren for syndon or synd = are (in all persons of the plural).
In nouns there is much irregularity as compared with the Southern dialect:
(9) Plurals end in -a, -u, -o, or -e, instead of -an :
N. heoHa. S. hem-tan = hearts.
N. ivitegu. S. witegan = prophets.
N. ego. S. eagan = eyes.
N. nome. S. naman ^ names.
(10) -es is sometimes found instead of -e as the genitive suffix of feminine nouns.
(11) the and tliio are sometimes found for se (masc.) and seo (fem.) = the.
(12) The plural article tha sometimes occurs for the demonstrative pronoun hi = they.
The oldest specimen of English known is preserved in a quotation by the Venerable
Bede (672-V35) from the composition of an early contemporary, Csedmon, a monk of
Durham.! It is here given in two versions :
Nu scylun hergan N-u we sceolan herigean Now we should praise
Hefaen ricaes uard, ' Heofon-rices weard, The heaven-kingdom's preserver,
Metudaes msecti, Metodes mihte, The might of the Creator,
End his modgidanc. And his modge&nc. And his mood-thought.
* Historical OutVmes of English Accidoice, ch. iv., pp. 41, 42.
f See an account of him from King Alfred's translation of Beda, printed in Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Header,
pp. 46-50, and fuller in Thorpe's edition of Csedmon, printed for the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1832,
by Benjamin Thorpe, F.S.A., pp. xxii, xxiii.
INTRODUCTION.
Uerc imldur fadur,
Sue he uundra gihuaes,
Eci drictin,
Ord stelidffi.
Weorc wuldor feeder,
Sva he wuldres gehwaes,
Ece driliten,
Ord onst-ealde.
The glory-father of works,
As he, of wonders, each
Eternal Lord,
Originally established.
We here give an example of Anglo-Saxon from the Cotton MS. Tiberius, B. xi., in
the British Museum (C. i.) written about the end of the ninth century, and containing
King Alfred's West Saxon version of Pope Gregory's Pastoral Care:*
(Cotton.)
xxxii. Djette on otSre wisan sint to manainne fe ofer-
mo'dan and & upahafenan on Mora mode, on otSre 'Sa
earmheortan and tSa wacmodan.
On o'Sre wisan sint to manianne ^e modgan and 'Sa.
fortruwedan, on o'Sre wisan Sa unmodgan and 'Sa un-
Sristan. 0a fortruwedan, Sonne hie him selfum to swiSe
truwiaS, hie forsioS o'Sre men, and eac forcweSaS. Ra
bytelmodan 'Sonne and Sa un'Sristan, Sonne hie ongietaS
hiera unbeldo, and hiera unmihte, hie weorSaS oft ormode.
Da modgan Sonne and Sa fortruwedan, ealla hiera agen
Sa3t hie synderlioe SenceaS oSSe doS hie wenaS Sset Sset
sie Sset betste ; ao Sa unmodigan and Sa ungedyrstegau
wenaS Sset Sa3t swiSe forsewenlic sie daette hie SoS, and
forSon weorSaS oft ormode. Ac Sfem lareowe is swiSe
smealice to underseoanne be Sfem weorcum Sara ofertru-
wudena, S^t hie liim gecySen Sfette on 'Siem Singum \>e
hie him selfum swEe switSo liciaS, Sast hie Gode misliciaS.
{English.)
xxxii. That the proud and puffed up in spirit are
to be admonished in one way, and in another the humble
and. faint-hearted.
The proud and presumptuous are to be admonished
in one way, in another the humble and diffident. The
presumptuous when too confident in themselves, despise
and revile others. The faint-hearted and diffident, per-
ceiving their want of courage and strength, often despair.
The proud and presumptuous thinly that all their own
special thoughts and deeds are the best ; but the humble
and timid think that what they do is very contemptible,
and therefore despair. But the teacher must very nar-
rowly investigate the works of the presumptuous, that
they show them that in the tilings wherein they please
themselves so much they displease God.
The following extract from an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under the year
1137, shows the progress of the language : —
{Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.)
J ne canne ne i ne mai tellen alle \>e wunder ne alle \>s
pines J>Eet hi diden wrecce men on bis land ; and t>a.'t
la.stede ba xix. wintre wile Stephne was king ; and seure it
was uuerse and uuerse. Hi Iseiden gteildes on be tunes
asure um wile, and clepeden it tenserie (sic). D^ be wrecce
men ne hadden nan more to giuen, ba rasueden hi and
brendon alle be tunes ; b^t wel bu mihtes faren all a daeis
fare sculdest bu neure flndeu man in tune sittende, ne land
tiled. Da was corn dsere, and flesc, and cjese, and butere ;
for nan ne wses o be land. Wrecce men sturuen of hun-
gser ; sume ieden on Eelmes be waren sum wile rice men ;
sum flugen ut of lande.
{Englished. )
I neither can nor may tell all the wounds or all the
tortures which they inflicted on wretched men in the land ;
and that lasted the_ nineteen winters that Stephen was
king ; and ever it was worse and worse. They laid imposts
on the towns continually, and called it " censerie." When
the wretched men had no more to give, they robbed and
burned all the towns, so that thou mightest well go a day's
journey and thou shouldst never find a man sitting in town,
or the land tilled. Then was corn dear, and flesh, and
cheese, and butter ; for there was none in the land. Wretched
men died of hunger ; some went seeking alms who at one
while were rich men ; some fled out of the land.
The following extract from Layamon's BTVbt,-\ written in Worcestershire before 1300,
is an example of the West Saxon of the thirteenth century :
He nom ba Englisca boc
Tha makede Seint Beda ;
An other he nom on Latin
Tha makede Seint Albin,
And the feire {sic) Austin,
The fulluht broute hider in.
Boc he nom be bridde,
Leide ther amidden.
He took the English book
That St. Beda made ;
Another he took in Latin
That St. Alban made.
And the fair Austin,
Who Baptism brought hither.
Book he took the third,
Laid there amid.
Tha makede a Frenchis clerc
Wace was ihoten.
The wel couthe writen ; '
And he hit gef thare sethelen
Aelionor, the wes Henries
Thes heges kinges. [quene,
Lagamon leide beos boc.
And ba leaf wende.
That made a French clerk
Wace was hight.
Who well could write ;
And he gave it to the noble
Eleanor, who was Henry's
The high king. [queen.
Layamon laid these books.
And the leaves turned.
* Edited by H. Sweet, for Early English Text Society, 1871-2.
Rea(Ur (Clarendon Press, 1876), pp. 208, 209.
+ Edited by Sir F. Madden, for Roxburghe Club, 1832.
For other specimens, see Sweet's Anrjlo-Saxon
INTRODUCTION.
The following extract from the Ancren Eiwle (=: Eales fur Anchorites) gives an
example of West Saxon (Dorsetshire) dialect about 1220* It illustrates an early stage
of the transition from Anglo-Saxon to English :
(Translation.)
Bacbitare, be biteiS o15er men bihinden, beotS of two Backbiters, who bite other men behind [their backs]
maneres : auh \>e latere beolS wurse. pe uorme cume^ al are of two kinds, but the latter [kind] is the worse. The
openlich and saiiSh euel to anoSer, and speaueX ut his former cometh quite openly, and sayeth evil of another,
after, so muchel so him euer to mutSe cumeS, and gulche15 and speweth out his venom, as much as ever comes to his
ut al somed J>et be attri heorte sent up to be tunge. Ac be mouth, and throweth out, all at once, what- the venomous
latere cume^ fortS al on olSer vs-ise, and is wurse ueond ben heart sends up to their tongue. But the latter comes out
be oSer : auh under ureondes huchel, weorpeB adun bet quite in a different way, and is a worse fiend than the
heaueiS, and forS on uor te sihen ei he owiht sigge : and other, yet under the cloak of a friend. He casteth down
makers dinpie chere : bisaumple^ longe abuten uor to beon his head, and begins to sigh before he says anything,
be betere ileued. Auh hwon hit alles cume'S for'5 beonne and makes sad cheer, [and] moralizes long about [the
is hit yeoluh after. point] to be the better believed. But, when it all comes
forth, then is it yellow venom.
By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it is possible to distinguish three great
varieties of Ensflish :
(1) The Southern dialect, spoken in all the counties south of the Thames, in Somersetshire, Gloucestersliire,
and in parts of Herefordshire and Worcestershire.
(2) The Northern dialect, spoken in Northumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire, and in the Lowlands
of Scotland.
(3) The Midland dialect spoken in the whole of the Midland counties, in the East Anglian counties, and
in the counties west of the Pennine chain, i.e., in Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and
Shropshire.
The most convenient test by which to distinguish these dialects from one another is
the inflection of the plural present indicative : the Southern dialect employs -eth ; the.
Midland -en ; the Northern uses -es. The Northern dialect has its imperative plural in -es ;
the Southern and Midland dialects in -eth.
The Southern dialect was fond, as it still is, of using v where the other dialects used /',
as 1)0 ^ /a =: foe, rii^^er ^finger, &c. In the Old Kentish of the fourteenth century 0 was
used for s, as, oinge^to sing. The Northern dialect used the guttural Jv in many words
where the Southern preferred the palatal ch, as :
N. rtfce:=S. ric?i.e ^ kingdom. N. ccofce = S. croMc/ie ^ cross.
The Southern dialect often had 0 and «, where the Northern had d and i:
N. ftiZ = S. ftwZ = hill. N. jpi^ = S. ^iii = pit. N. dn = S. ore (oo«) = one.
In the Northern dialect -at = to, was used as a sign of the infinitive mood :
N. sal and suld =; S. schel and schuld.
The Northern dialect contained many Scandinavian forms, as :
N. hethen = S. henne = hence. N. til =; S. <o =: to.
N. fra = S. fram = from. N. slik = S. swich = such.
N. -hy =: S. tun =: town. N. . werre = S. wyrse = worse.
The Midland dialect has various forms, of which (1) the East Midland (spoken in
Lincolnshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk) and (2) the West Midland (spoken in Cumberland,
Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, and Shropshire) are most marked.
* Edited for Camden Society by Eev. J. Morton, B.D., 1853, pp. 86-88.
INTRODUCTION.
The East Midland dialect had one especial peculiarity, viz., the coalescence of pronouns
with verbs, and even with pronouns, as :
caldes = calde + es = called them. get = ge + it = slie + it.
hes =he +68 = he + them. mes = me + es = one (Fr. on) + them.
The West Midland had its peculiarities, as ho = she ; hit = its ; shyii = shuln (plural).
The Midland dialect was the form of speech which culminated in the present literary
English. As stated above it had many varieties, but • the most important was the East
Midland. As early as the beginning of the thirteenth century it had thrown off most
of its older inflections, and had begun to be cultivated as a literary dialect. In this
dialect Wycliffe, Gower, and Chaucer wrote, as well as the older and well-known authors,
Orm (or Ormin) and Robert of Brunne. It was, however, Chaucer's influence that raised
this dialect to the position of a standard language. In Chaucer's time it was the
language of the metropolis, and had probably found its Avay south of the Thames into
Kent and Surrey.
At a later period the Southern dialect had so far retreated before it as to become
Western rather than Southern ; in fact, the latter designation was applied to the language
which had become the standard one.
George Puttenham (Art of English Poetrie), writing in 1589, speaks of three dialects
— the Northern, Western, and Southern.* The Northern was that spoken north of the
Trent ; the Southern was that south of the Trent, Avhich was also the language of the
court, of the metropolis, and of the surrounding shires ; the Western, as now, was confined
to the counties of Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, Wiltshire, &c.f
The celebrated Proclamation of Henry III. (1258) is by many considered the earliest
specimen of composition in the English tongue.J
To make the distinction between the dialects more clear, the following specimens, all
representing the language of the same half-century are given : —
1. Southern Dialect.— Of this the following quotation from the Ayenbite of Inivyt
{=The Remorse of Conscience), by Dan Michael of Northgate (Kent), c. a.d. 1340, is an
■example :§
(Sermvn on Matthew xxiv. 43.) {Translation.)
Uor to sseawy \>e lokynge of man wyj>-i»ne. J>ellyche For to show the care of man within. This example
.{ine uorbysne / oure Ihord ihesu crist zay);. " pis uorzot'e our Lord Jesus Christ saith, " Know this forsooth : that
ywyteb. pet yef i>e uader of pe house wyste huyche time if the father of the house knew at which time the thief
<t>e Jiyef were comynde: uorzojje he wolde waky / and was coming, forsooth, he would watch, and would not
nolde najt Jiolye >et me dolue his hous." | Be Mse uader of suflfer any one to break into his house." By this father of
house me may onderstonde / \>e wyl of skele. to huam the house we may understand the will of heaven, to
be-longeJ> moche mayne. pogtes. and his besteriinge. wyt. whom belong many attendants, as thoughts and his
* " Our maker (poet) therefore at these dayes shall not follow Piers Plowman, nor Gower, nor Lydgate, nor
yet Chaucer, for their language is now out of use with us : neither shall he take the termes of Northern-men, such as
they use in dayly talke, whether they be noble men, or gentlemen, or of their best clarkes, all is a matter ; nor in effect
any speach used beyond the river of Trent, though no man can deny but that theirs is the purer English Saxon at this
day, yet it is not so courtly nor so current as our jSoutlierm Miujlish is, no more is the far Westerne man's speach ; ye
shall therefore take the usual speach of the Court, and that of London and the shires lyiiig about London within "ix
myles, and not much above. I say not this but that in. every shyre of England there be gentlemen and others that
speake but specially write as good Southerne as we of Middlesex or Surrey do, but not the common people of every
shire, to whom the gentlemen and also their learned clarkes do for the most part condescend, but herein we are already
ruled by th' English dictionaries and other bookes written by learned men."
t Morris: Ontlines of Enr/lis/i Accidence, ch. iv., p. 47. t See Mirle: Pklloloyy of the Eiwjlisli Tomjue, p. 72.
§ Edited by Dr. Morris for Philological Society, 186G, pp. 2G3-4.
INTRODUCTION.
and dedes / ase wel wib-oute : ase wyt)-inne. pet is to
zigge / huych mayne / to moche slac / and wylles-uol
ssel by : bote yef \>e ilke uaderes stefhede hise strayny /
and ordayny. Vor zo^e yef he hym a lyte of his bysyhede
wyj)-dras)) : huo may zigge / hou pogtes. ejen. earen.
tonge. and alle ol>er wyttes : become); wylde.
emotions, sense and deeds, as well without as within :
that is to say, such attendants will be too slow and wilful,
unless that father's firmness restrain them and keep them
in order. Forsooth, if he withdraws a little of his dili-
gence, who may say how thoughts, eyes, ears, and all the
other senses, become wild.
The following extract is from William de Shoreham (Vicar of Otford, Kent, a.d.
1313-1327), De Baptismo:
Christendom his that sacrement
That men her ferst fongeth ;
Hit openeth ous to the hevene blisse
That many men after longeth
Wel sore ;
For who that entreth ther.
He is sauffe evere-more.
Therfore ine wine me ne may,
Inne sithere ne inne pereye,
Ne ine thinge that nevere water nes,
Thorj cristninge man may reneye,
Ne inne ale.*
2. Northern Dialect. — The following extract from the Early English Psalter, from
a MS. written about the middle of the reign of Edward II.,f represents the speech of
Yorkshire and Northumberland during the latter half of the thirteenth century:
Laverd, cure Laverd, hou selkouth is
Name Hne in alle land Hs.
For upe-hoven es [>i mykel-hede
Over hevens bat ere brade ;
Of mouth of childer and soukand
Made t>o\i lot in ilka land.
For \>i faes ; Jiat )jou for-do
pe fai, t>e wreker him unto.
From The Pricke of Conscience (11. 1412-1446), by Richard Rolle de Hampole
(died A.D. 1349), written c. 1340 (Northumberland dialect): J
pe life of bis world es ful unstable.
And ful variand and chaungeable,
Als es sene in contrarius manere.
By be times and vedirs and sesons here.
For be world and worldis life togider
Chaunges and turnes oft hider and bider.
And in a state duelles ful short while,
Unuethes be space of a mj-le.
And for-bi bat be worlde is swa unstable
Alle bat men sese bar-in es chaungeable ;
For God ordayns here, als es his wille.
Sere variaunce for certayu skille,
Of be tyms, and wedirs, and sesons.
In taken of be worldes condicions,
pat swa unstable er and variande,
pat ful short while may in a st;ite stande.
3. Midland Dialects: (1) East Midland. — The following is an example of the East
Midland dialect in the year 1120. It is taken from a forged Peterborough Charter,
inserted in the Peterboroitgh Chronicles under the year 656 :
{Translation.)
Then the king sent after the abbot that he should
come to him speedily, and he did so. Then said the
king to the abbot, " Lo, dear Sasxulf, I have sent after
thee for my soul's need, and I will tell thee well why
my brother Peada and my dear friend Oswi began ii
minster to the glory of Christ and St. Peter. But my
brother is gone from this life, as Christ willed it. But
I will pray to thee, my dear friend, that they may
work diligently in the work, and I will find thee there-
to gold and silver, land and goods, and all that thereto
behoves." Then went the abbot home, and began to
work.
Da seonde ce kyning ^fter bone abbode bet he
ceuestilice scolde to him cumon, and he swa dyde. Da
cwasd se kyning to ban abbode : " La, leof Saexulf, ic
haue geseond ajfter be for mine saule burfe, and ic hit
wile be wael secgon for whi min bro'Sor Peada and min
leoue freond Oswi ongunnen an mynstre Criste to loue
and Sancte Petre. Oc min brober is faren of bisse liue,
swa swa Crist wolde. Oc ic wile be gebidden, la, leoue
freond, bat hii wiroe oeuostlice on bere werce, and io be
wile finden bserto gold and siluer, land and ahte, and al
J>et baerto behofe^." Da feorde se abbot ham, and
ongan to wircene.
"We next give an extract from the writer, who, says Mr. Kington 01iphant,§ more
clearly than any other sets before us the growth of the New English, the great work of
* Morris; SpecimeTis of Uarly JSnfflisJt, -pp. 121-2.
f Edited for Surtees Society, 1845-7.
J Edited by Dr. Morris for Philological Society, 1863.
§ iSources of Staiidard English, p. 92. ct. seq.
INTRODUCTION.
the twelfth century. The Monk Ormin wrote a metrical paraphrase of the Gospels, with
comments of his own, somewhere about the year 1200. . . . He is the last of our English
makers who can be said to have drunk from the undefiled Teutonic well. In the course
of his lengthy poem (over 20,000 lines) he uses only four or five French words, and his
few Latin words are Church phrases known in our land long before the Norman Conquest.
On the other hand, he has scores of Scandinavian words, the result of the Norse settle-
ment in our eastern shires three hundred years before his day. His book is the most
thoroughly Danish poem ever written in England that has come down to us : many of
the words now in our mouths are found for the first time in his pages. He probably
lived some few miles north of Nottingham. In his poem we see clearly the transition
to the Middle English of Chaucer, Gower, Wycliffe, &c. He uses the new soft ch, and
writes ah for the older sc. He softens g into y, as in e'^he = eage — eye ; y^ung = geoiuj =
young ; he uses that as a demonstrative, and not as a neuter article ; he does not inflect
the article, in this respect being far ahead of the Kentish writer of 1340. Ormin was the
first English writer to put what before a substantive without regard to gender : as, " What .
man ? What woman ? " He uses aren for are, as well as heon and sinndenn. Hi
wceron with him sometimes becomes ]>e^'^ waire, as in the Southern Homilies ; while ])u -
lucere is turned into ]>u wass, and ic sceall becomes I shall. Bed is cut down to be, and
beon to ben. Ormin was an orthoepist of Nature's own making, and in his system of
spelling we have the first known attempt at orthoepical reform in the history of our
tongue. The principal peculiarities of his orthography consist in a doubliiig of the
consonant whenever it follows a vowel having any sound except that which is now
indicated by the annexation of a final e to the single consonant. Thus, pane would be
written pan by Orm, but pan, pann ; mean, men, but m,en, menn ; pine, pin, but pin,
pinn ; tune, tun, but tun, tunn. The versification departs from the Anglo-Saxon standard,
in wanting alliteration and in possessing a regular metrical flow ; and from the Norman-
French in wanting rhyme.
And afEterr t>att ta wass he deed
In all hiss micole sinne.
Ace J)iEr wass mikell ofergarrt
And modignesse shaewedd
Abutenn Jiatt stinnkennde lie
pser itt wass brohlit till eorj'e ;
forr all )je btere wass bileggd
wij>> bffitenn gold and sillferr,
and all itt wass eggwh^r bisett
wi)))) deorewurrtie staness,
and all Jiatt wsede t'att t»r wass
uppon \>e baire fundenn,
all wass itt oS tie bettste pall
J>at anij mann majg aghenn,
(Translation.)
And after that then he was dead
In all his great sin.
But there was great haughtiness
and pride shown,
about that stinking body
when it was brought to earth [the grave] ;
For all the bier was overlaid
with beaten gold and silver,
and it was all everywhere set
with precious stones,
and all the apparel that there was
found upon the bier,
all was of the best cloth
that any man may own.
From an anonymous poem. The Story of Genesis d' Exodus (c. 1250), 11. 2095-2110:
Do drempte pharaon king a drem,
^hat he stod bi Be flodes strem,
And 'Seden [Se'Sen] ut-comen .vii. neet,
Euerile wel switSe fet and gret,
And .vii. lene after So,
Se deden Se .vii. fette wo,
Be lene hauen Be fette freten ;
Sis drem ne mai Be king for-geten.
And oSer drem cam hiyre bi-foren,
.vii. eares wexen fette of coren,
On an busk ranc and wel tidi.
And .vii. lene rigt Sor-bi,
welkede, and smale, and drugte numen,
■Se ranc he hauen So ouer-cumen,
To-samen it smiten and, on a stuud,
Se fette Srist hem to So grund,.
INTRODUCTION.
In the Handlyng Synne* a translation by Robert Planning, otherwise known as
Robert of Brunne (i.e., Bourne, a village a few miles from Rutland), from a French poem,
the Manuel des PSches, written by Williain of Waddington about thirty years before, we
see foreshadowed more clearly than in any other work the course which English Literature
was destined to take. The English poem differs from all its predecessors in its vocabu-
lary, for it contains but a scanty proportion of those Teutonic words which were soon to
fall out of use, and a most copious proportion of French words. It was begun about
1303. "The Handlyng Synne shows how the different tides of speech, flowing fi'om
Southern, Western, and Northern shires alike, met in the neighbourhood of Rutland, and
all helped to shape the New Enghsh."t
Se now what seynt Poule seys As any man or aungel hai> song,
Yn a pystyl, i>e same weys, — And y lyve nat wij) charyte
" pogbe y speke as weyl wi)) tung No J>yhg avaylej" hyt to me.
From The Voyage and Travaile of Sir John Maundeville, c. 1356 :|
CHAPTER XXVI. toward the high Ynde, and toward Baoharye, men passen
, , , , , , , , , ^ „ , be a kyngdom, that men olepen Caldilhe ; that is a fulle
Of the Contrees and Ties that hen blonde the lond of Cathay; . .
, , „ , , ^ .. -,, , , fair contre.
and of the Frutes there ; and of a;a:ii Kynges enclosed . , , , ^i i^ ^ j. j.u u •*
/ And there groweth a maner of fruyt, as though it
■m m oun yne . weren Gowrdes ; and whan thei ben rype, men kutten
Now schalle I seye jou sewyngly of contrees and yles, hem a-to, and men fynden with-inne a lytylle best, in
that ben begonde the contrees that I have spoken of. fiesch, in bon and blode, as thogh it were a lytille
Wherfore I seye jou, in passynge be the lond of Cathaye, lomb, with-oiiten wolle.
2. West Midland Dialect. From Early English Alliterative Poems, circ. A.D. 1360,*
The Deluge, 11. 309-358:
Make to t>e a manoioun and J>at is my wylle, And alle be endentur dryuen daube w!<7«-outen.
A cofer closed of tres, clanlych planed ; And )>us of \en^e ad of large Jiat come bmi make,
Wyrk wonez Jjerinne for wylde and for tame, pre hundred of cupydez Jjou holde to )>e lenbe,
And Jjenne cleme hit viith clay comly wit/t-i»ne, Of fyfty fayre ouer-bwert forme the brede.
In the following extract from an anonymous poem, known as The Romance of William
und the Werwolf (11. 3-11), we have an example of the dialect of Shropshire, circ. 1360:
Hit bifel in l^at forest l^ere fast by-side, Jjis cowherd comes on a, time to kepen is bestes,
pere woned a wel old cherl Jjat was a couherde. Fast by-side \>e borwg J>ere )>& barn was inne.
pat fele winteres in J>at forest fayre had kepud pe herd had wib him an hound his hert to lijt,
Mennes ken of be cuntr^ as a comen herde. For to bayte on his bestes waune J>ai to brode
And )>us it bi-tide bat time, as tellen cure bokes. went.
We have now reached the point of time when the English Language, as we have it
now, began to assume a fixed form. The three great writers, William Langland, the author
of The Vision of Piers Ploiuman probably, Wycliffe, the reformer and translator of the Bible,
and Chaucer, together developed that particular dialect (Midland) which ultimately became
the literary form of the language. The interest and importance of the Virion of Piers
Plowman depend not only on the excellence of its literary execution, and the insight which
it gives us into the inner life of our ancestors, but also on the fact that it is the first
composition in which the English spirit and genius are distinctly perceptible. Though
written in a dialect, it heralded the speedy advent of the time when, under the lead of
* Edited for Eoxburghe Club by F. J. Furnivall. f Kxiujton Olijjhant: Sources of Standard Bn-glisk, p. 1S2.
X Edited by J. 0. Halliwell, London, 1839, from edition of 1825, pp. 263-4. Reprinted by Cassell & Company
<Limited), London, 1883 (pp. 165-6).
INTRODUCTION.
Chaucer and Gower, the literary speech assumed a definite form and character. The
Vision has come down to us in three texts, written respectively in 1362, 1377, and 1393.*
The numerous MSS. of the work in existence show how widely it was circulated, f In
one point it possesses for us a peculiar interest, viz., that it is written according to the
old alliterative svstem of versification, being the last important composition written in
that style. The author, whoever he was, was evidently connected with the clerical pro-
fession, as is indicated by the acquaintance with ecclesiastical literature displayed in the
poem. He had an accurate knowledge of the Latin Scriptures, the Treatises of the Fathers,
and the works of commentators and expositors.! His diction is more archaic than that of
Chaucer, but the syntax, structure, and vocabulary present a marked resemblance. The
following are the principal points in Langland's grammar:
I. Nouns. —The nominative plural generally ends in -es, sometimes in -s, and occasionally in -5 ; -is
also occurs, as in wittis, and very rarely -us, as in folus. Some few plurals end in -en, as chylderen. A
few nouns, such as folk, which were originally neuter, are unchanged in the plural. Some plurals are
formed by vowel change, as gees, men, fete (or feet). The genitive singular ends in -es, sometimes corrupted
into -is, as cattes, cattis. The genitive plural ends in -en or -ene, as clerken. The dative singular commonly
ends in -e, as to hedde.
II. Adjectives. — The distinction between definite and indefinite adjectives is difficult, owing to the
irregularity of the alliterative rhythm, and the additions and corruptions of scribes and copyists. Plural
adjectives should, and generally do, end in -e, as alle. Very rarely plural adjectives of French origin end
in -es. Tlie comparative of heigh is herre ; superlative, hexte. Adjectives and adverbs ending in -ly, some-
times form their comparatives and superlatives in loiter, lohest, as light, lightloker, lightlokest.
III. Pronouns are the same as in Chaucer, but besides sclie, the older form heo is used, and besides
bei, the older form h (hy). There are also traces of dialectic confusion and admixture in the use of the
pronouns ; their is denoted by here, her, or hir ; them by hem, &c.
IV. Verhs. — The indicative plural ends both in -eii and -eth, as geten, conneth. Thus, in Passus, iii.
11. 80-81, we find:
For JjBse aren men on Ms raolde : Jiat moste harme merclicth
To \>e pore peple : that parcel-mele higgen.
Ho sometimes uses a singular verb with a plural noun, especially the verb is or was, as :
Bojie lyf and lyme is lost from my speche. Passus, v. 99.
The abbreviated forms sit (^ sitteth), rj<(=rideth), halt (^holdeth), and the like, occur in Langland, as in
Chaucer.§ The anomalous verbs and negative verbs (such as ma»i=am not, HeJ?e=will not), adverbs, &c.,
are muck tlie same as in Chaucer. The past tense of weak verbs which should end in -ede, ends, commonly,
in -ed only, both in the singular and plural, as pley-ed, but sometimes the full plural form -eden occurs. In
weak verbs, which should form their past tenses in -de or .te, the final e is often dropped. Thus, went for
wente. In strong verbs, which should terminate (in the first and third persons singular of the past tense)
in a consonant, we often find an e added; thus, I shope for I shop. The plural generally has the correct
form, -en, as chosen. In the infinitive mood some verbs are found with the ending -ie or -ye, and final e is
sometimes dropped. The present participle ends in -yng, as worchyng, but the ending -inde occurs occasionally ;
the prefix y- is often found before past participles, sometimes even before past tenses.
The next writer who exercised an important and decided influence in developing the
particular dialect which has become the literary form of the English Language is
Wyclif, or Wycliffe. John Wycliffe was born at the village of Hipswell, near Eichmond,
Yorkshire, about 1324, and died at the vicarage of Lutterworth, Leicestershire, in 1384.
Besides the version of the Scriptures in his native tongue, Wycliffe was the author of a
* Etlited for English Text Society, by Rev. Prof. Skeat, in 1867, 1869, and 1873.
f See Professor Skeat's Introductions.
J See the list of authors and works from which he quotes printed in Prof. Skeat's Notes to 2'exts A, B, and
C of Langland's Vision of Piers Plowman, p. .512.
§ See further in Prof. Skeat's Introd. to the Vision of Piers Plowman, Clarendon Press Series (1874), pp. xli-xliii.
INTRODUCTION.
large number of religious treatises written in English. His great work, the translation of
the Bible, is supposed to have been completed about 1380. It was made from the Latin
Yulgate. How much of the translation was the work of AVycliffe himself is rather
doubtful ; it is generally believed that a large portion of the older text (1380) is the work
of Hereford, an English ecclesiastic, while the remainder of the Old Testament and the
whole of the New Testament are undoubtedly by Wycliffe himself A revised edition by
Purvey was completed about 1390. Chaucer' was probably indebted to Wycliffe for much
of the wealth and beauty of his diction and orthography. The numerous MSS. of Wycliff'e's
translation of the Bible prove how widely it was circulated and how popular it became.*
The most important result of Wycliff'e's translation was the formation of an English
religious dialect, which, without any essential modifications, has remained the language of
devotion and of Scriptural translation to this daj'. It enriched the English Language
by the introduction of a large number of words derived either directly from the Latin,
or indirectly'' from the Latin through the Norman-French. By their excellence and
extensive circulation the works of Wycliffe contributed greatly to the importance of the:
East ilidland dialect, and thus tended directly to secure for that speech pre-eminence as
the standard form of the language. In various peculiarities of speech he differs from
Chaucer and JIaundeville, and in these we have followed him. The greatest is the Dano-
Anglian custom of clipping the prefix to the past participle, as found en, instead of
y-founden. He sometimes, although most seldom, clips the ending of the plural of the
imperative, as in Herod's request to the wise men :
Whan yee hav founden, telle ayein to me.
He still uses the old sum -man for quidam, but this was soon to drop, and to be replaced
by a certain tnan. He corrupts Ormin's >« ivass into tliou uvist. A remnant of the
older speech lingers in his nyle ye drede (= fear not). In many points we have pre-
ferred Tyndale to Wycliffe, as in " He hath endurid [hardened] the herte ; " " Father,.
clarifie thi name ; '' "I am sent to evangelise to thee thes thingis," &c. On the other
hand, we have preferred Wycliffe to Tyndale in sundry passages, as :
Wycliffe.
Sone of perdiciouu.
It is good us to be here.
Entre thou in to the ]oye of thi lord.
Tyndale.
That lost chylde.
Here is good beinge for us.
Go in into thy master's joye, &c.
Few of the words used in the Wycliffite version have become obsolete within the
last five hundred years. Hereford, in his portion of the work, strove hard to uphold the-
Southern dialect. The following is from his version of Psalm ciii. :
7. Knowen he made his weies to Moises ; and to- the sones of Israel his -svillis.
8. Reewere and merciful the Lord, long abidende and myche merciful.
9. Into euermore he shal not wrathen, ne into -withoute ende he shal threte.
10. Affcir oure s.ynnes he dide not to vs, ne aftir oure wickidnessis he jelde to us. -
11. For after the heigte of heuene fro ertlie, he strengthide liis mercy vpon men dredende him.
The other two translators, on the other hand, leant to the new standard, the East
Midland dialect. They wrote daunseresse, &c., where Hereford wrote daunsfer, &c. They
also used -iiig as the ending of the present participle, where Hereford wrote the old -ende.f
■* AA'ycliffe's translations, two versions, were edited by Rev. J. Forshall and Sir F. Madden in IS.jO.
■j- Condensed from Kington Ol'iphant : Sources of Standard English, pp. 265-9.
INTRODVCTION.
From Wycliff'e's earlier version (c. 1380), The Gos'pd of Mark:
CAP. II. foure. And whanne \>ei miste nat ofEre hym to hym for-
And eft he entride in to Capharnaum, after eijte dayes. )>e cumpaaye of peple, \>e\ maden t>e roof nakid, wher he
And it is herd, )>at he was in an hous, and many camen was ; and makynge opyn, \>ei senten doun )je bedd, in
togidre, so Jjat it tok nat, nej>er at the gate. And he whiohe the sike man in palasie lay. Solely whanne
spac to hem a word. And here oamen to hym men bryng- Jhesus say be feij) of hem, he seil> unto >e sike man in
ynge a man sike in palesie, )>e whiohe was borun of palasie, Sone, \>i synnes ben forgouen to >ee.
John de Trevisa, from whose translation of Higden's Polychronicon (completed about
1387) the following extract is taken, was a native of Cornwall, but resided chiefly in Gloucester-
shire, being vicar X)i Berkeley and chaplain to Thomas, Lord Berkeley.
Yn Brytayn bu> meny wondres, nojjeles fom-e bu)) most yknowe nojier parceyvet hou;;, and wharfore a bu> so
wonderfol. pe furste ys at Peotoun Jiar blowej; so strong arered and so wonderlych yhonged. Jje hridde ys at
a wynd out of be chenes of J>e eorbe bat hyt casteb up age Sherdhol bar ys gret holwenes undur eorJ>e ; ofte meny
clobes bat me casteb yn. pe seounde ys at Stonhenge, men habbeb ybe berynne and ywalked about wibynne and
bysydes Salesbury, bar grete stones and wondur huge bub yseye ryvers and streemes, bote nowhar conneb hy fynde
arered an hyj, as it were gates, so bat bar semeb gates non ende. pe feurbe ys bat reyn ys yseye arered up of be
yset apon opere gates ; nobeles hyt ys nogt clerlych hulles, and anon yspronge about in be feeldes.
We have now arrived at the most important point in the history of the ilnglish
Language. The commencement of literary English dates from the latter half of the
fourteenth century, and from the writings of Chaucer and his contemporary, Gower. The
language and literature which we have hitherto been considering are dialectic in character,
as there was thus far no generally recognized standard of speech, and consequently no
national literature. Having reached this important point, the rise of the King's English,
it may be well, before proceeding further, to notice minutely the precise condition of the
language used by Chaucer.
Born in London (c. 1340), Chaucer wrote in the East Midland dialect. This dialect,
formed by the blending of Anglian and Danish terms and constructions, had gradually
extended farther and farther southward, until it eventually supplanted the original Southern
speech. Its complete ascendency was not, however, established till long after the time of
Chaucer. His English, like that of the present day, is an uninflected or analytic language,
differing in this respect from the language of his predecessors, and still more from that
oldest form of English, known as Anglo-Saxon, which was originally inflected or synthetic,
that is to say, it expressed grammatical relation by changes in the forms of words, instead
of employing auxiliary words. The additions to the vocabulary of the English Language
from the Norman-French formed no inconsiderable element in the written language when
Chaucer wrote. He has been accused of corrupting the English Language by an un-
necessarily large admixture of Norman-French terms, but in reality he, with few exceptions,
employed only such terms as were in use in the spoken language, giving them the stamp
of his authority and thus making them current coin of the literary realm. Of the
French words found in his writings, few more than one hundred have become obsolete.
With the Canterbunj Tales begins the modern period of English Literature. We
have seen how Chaucer found the language, the following outline of his grammatical
forms will show how he used it, and how he left it:*
I. Nouns. — 1. The nominative plural, for the most part, terminated in -es —
And with his strem'cs dryeth in the greves
The silver droj/es hongyng on the leevcs. Knights Tale, 637, 638.
* Mainly condensed from Dr. Morris's Introduction to Cliaiicer's Prologue, Knight's Tale, .^r. (Clarendon Press 1875)
INTRODUCTION.
In the oldest English there were several plural endings, -as, -an, -n, -a, -o. After the Norman Con-
quest these were reduced (1) to -es, -en, -e ; (2) to -es, -en; and finally the suffix -es or -s became the
ordinary plural ending.
Thus -as was originally only the plural sign of one declension of masculine nouns, as, fisc, fish, pi. fiscas.*
-s is added (1) to nouns terminating in a liquid or dental, as palmers, pilgrims, naciouns, &c.; (2) to
short words of one syllable.
Some few nouns (originally forming the plural in -an) have -en, -n, as asschen {== a.shes), assen (^ asses),
eyen, yen (= eyes), fleen (^ fleas), &c.
Brethren, daughtren, sistren (or sustren), children, fon, foen (^foes) also occur.
Deer, folk, good, hors, treet, scheep, sum, thing, yer, yeer, are unchanged in the plural.
2. The genitive case singular ends in -es, as :
Ful worth! was he in his lord'es werre. Prol., 47.
3. The dative ease singular occasionally occurs and terminates in -e, as bedd'e, holt'e, &c.
4. The genitive plural is much the same as in Modern English : as, foxes tales, inennes wittes, &c.
In Chaucer's time, and even later, we find (1) an inflectional -e to mark the plural number; (2) an
inflexional e for the definite adjective — that is, when preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or a possessive
' ' Whan ZepMrus eek with his sweete breethe
Ensplred hath in every holte and heethe
The tendre croppes, and the yong'e sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours ironne. Prol., 5-9.
II. Adjectives. — As in Modern German adjectives have two forms — definite and indefinite. The definite
form preceded by the definite article, a demonstrative adjective, or a possessive pronoun, terminates in -e
in all cases of the singular, as " The yonge sonne," "his halfii cours,'' &o. "Words of more than one syllable
nearly always omit the final -e. The vocative case of the adjective takes this -e ; as " Leev'e mother," and
" strange God," &c. The comparative degree is formed by adding -er {-re) to the positive ; and the superlative
degree terminates in -este {-est) : nest (or next), and hext {=: highest) are abbreviated forms. The plural
of adjectives is denoted by a final -e, as :
And smale fowles maken melodie. Prol, 9.
Chaucer has instances of the Norman-French plural -s in such phrases as cosins germaims, places de-
litahles.
In Middle English the adjective of Romance origin frequently took a plural termination {-es, -s) when
placed after its substantive.
III. The old plural of the definite article tho (A.S. tha) is still used, but the uninflected the is more
common. Chaucer never uses that, except as a demonstrative adjective, as in the present stage of the
language. The pronouns are :
Sing. Plur.
NOM. /, ieh, ik. We.
Gen. Min {myn) mi {my). Our, owe.
DAT. & Ace. 3Ie. Us.
Si-nf).
NctB. He. She.
Gen. His. Hire, hir.
Dai. & Aco. Him. Hir, hire, here.
IV. Verls.—l. The indicative mood is thus inflected—
Present.
I love. We ^
Thou lov-est. Ye > lov-en, lov-e
He !ov-eth. They )
2. The infinitive mood ends in -en or -e, spehen, spehe. The -n was dropped at an early period, in
the Southern English dialect of the fourteenth century, and -e is preferred to -en.
V. Participles.— 1. The present participle usually ends in -yng. The A.S. suffix -ende is used by Gower ;
but in the Southern dialect of Early English we find -inde (Northern -ande, -and, East Midland -md, -and),
which has evidently given rise to -inge, of which -yng is a shorter form.
Sing.
Thou, thow.
Plur.
Ye.
Thin {thyn).
The, thee.
thi
{thy).
PI
Your, youre.
Yow, you.
Bit, it.
His.
Hit, it.
Thei, they
Here {here
Hem.
hir).
I lov-ede
Past.
We ■)
Thou lov-edest.
He lov-ede.
Ye
They J
lov-eden, hvede
* When -as became -es, it still remained, for the most part, a distinct syllable, as in the above passage
from Chaucer. Traces of this form we have in Elizabethan writers:
Then looking upward to the heaven's beams,
With nightes stars thick powder'd everywhere. Sackville: Induction.
To show his teeth as white as whales bone. Shakesp. .- Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2.
INTRODUCTION.
i. The past participle of weak verbs terminates in -ed, -d, and occasionally in -et, -t ; those of strong
verbs in -en. -e. The prefix y- or i- (A.-S. gs-') occurs frequently before the past participle, as ironne
(^run), ifalle (=; fallen).
Under tlie o-uidino- influence of Chaucer the languao-e of Enofland at once advanced
to that preeminence which it maintains among the languages of Europe. Its vocabulary,
hitherto unregulated and fluctuating, was now reduced to order; one form of speech con-
stituted the standard of literary composition, and the age of English literature had fairly
begun. Chaucer, in his poems, entirely discarded alliteration, the chief metrical characteristic
of the Anglo-Saxon and English poems written before his time, and adopted rime,* and
by his influence riming verse was firmly established as an essential element in our
poetry. In the North and West of England alliteration was employed as late as the
end of the fifteenth century. The Ganterhii^ry Tales are, for the most part, written in
heroic couplets, or lines containing five accents. In this metre we have ten syllables, but
we often find eleven, and occasionally nine. Final -es is a distinct syllable in the genitive
singular and the plurals of nouns, and also in adverbs.
Tlie -ed of past participles is generally sounded.
In the past tense of weak verbs ending in -de or -ie, the final e is sounded.
Final e is generally sounded, except in the personal pronouns, in many words of more than one
syllable, and in words of Romance origin.
The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon probably resembled that of Latin, placing the
stress of the voice (or accent) upon the root, and not upon the inflected syllables.
" Tlie vocabulary of the French language is derived, to a great extent, from Latin words deprived
of their terminal inflections. The French adjectives mortal and fatal are formed from the Latin mortalis
and fatalis, by dropping the inflected syllable ; the French nouns nation and condition, from the Latin
[accusatives nationem, conditionewi] by rejecting the em final. In most cases the last syllable retained in
the French derivatives was prosodically long in the Latin original; and either because it was also accented
or because the slight accent which is perceivable in the French articulation represents temporal length,
the stress of the voice was laid on the final syllable of all these words. When we borrowed such words
from the French, we took them with their native accentuation; and as accent is much stronger in English
than in French, the final syllable was doubtless more forcibly enunciated in the former than in the latter
language." f
The French accentuation even affected pure English words. Thus we find wisli'che
for wi'sliche, begynnyng', endyng', &c., and Chaucer rhymes gladnes'se with distres'se. As
pronounced in Chaucer's time, the letters had probably the following values : a = ah, as in
Jather ; c = k before a, o, u, or any consonant, and = s before e, i, ov y ; e (long) as e in there ;
e (short) as in German gute ; g, hard in all non-French words, and^jf before e or i in words
of French origin ; i (long) = the lengthened sound of i in still ; i (short), as in ^jmi ; s
was never =s/i or ;;// as at present; sch^^sh in shall; % (long) had the sound of French
u ; u (short) German ii ; y (vowel) had the same sound a& i ; y (consonant) as at present.
From Chaucer's Pardoner's Tale (written c. 1390) :
Now for the love of Crist \>&t for ns dyde, And as bey sat[te], )jay herd a belle clinke
Levith joure othis, bojie gret and smale. Biforn a corps, was caried to be grave ;
But, sires, now wol I telle for)> my tale. That oon of hem gan calle unto his knave,
These riottoures t>re, of which I jou telle, " Go bet," quob he, " and axe redily,
Longe er.st ban prime rong of eny belle, What corps is bat, [bat] passes her forbbv;
Were set hem in a tavern for to drynke ; And loke bou report his name wel."
"• There are a few lines on the death of William the Conqueror in the A.S. Chronicle written in rime
Kobert of Gloucester, Robert de Brunne, Hampole, and others, also wrote in rima
•f Marsh : Lectures on the Mir/lisJi Language, lect. v.
INTRO D UCTION.
Chaucer was closely followed by his friend John Gower, of whom he speaks as the
''Moral Gower." Gower was born in 1325, was a student of Merton College, Oxford, and
died in 1408. In his youth he wrote in French (BfecvXimn 2Ieditanti.s) and in Latin
(Vox Clamantis), but Avhen old he wrote in English, ditfering little from that <jf Robert de
Brunne, his Covfrsslo Amavtis.* His fame rests principally upon the accuracy and
precision of his rhyme and vocabulary, which contributed greatly to determine the form
of the language. In literary merit he was far inferior to his great contemporary, Chaucer.
In his grammar he closely resembles him, except that he clips the prefix -y or -i to the
past participle, and tries to keep alive the present participial ending -and, Chaucer jjrel'erring
the corrupt ending -ing, first seen in Layamon. The Confessio Araantis, from which the
following extract is taken, was written in 1393.
Thei knelen alle, and wi)) o vois,
The king hei >onken of Ms chois ;
And after Jiat t>ei up arise
And gon aside and hem avise ;
And ate laste l^ei acorde
(Wherof her tale to recorde
To what issue J>ei be falle).
A knyht schal speke for hem alle.
He kneleh doun unto t'e king
And seit" t>at Jiei upon his ))ing,
Or for to winne or for to lese,
Ben alle avised for to chese. f
During the first, three-quarters of the fifteenth century English Literature declined : the
original and creative power of the English mind seems to have disappeared, and much of
the literature of this period consists of mere translations or imitations of older models. The
names of some seventy poets have come down to us as having written during this dreary
period ; of these the best known and the most deserving of commendation are Occleve,
Lydgate, James I. of Scotland, and Harry the Minstrel. The prose-writers during this
period are few in number, and are principally theological. The most notable are Bishop
Pecock (1395-1460), author of T/te Repressor of over much Blaming of the Clergy,
written about 1449, and Sir Thomas Malory, compiler of La Mode Dartliar, 1469-70.
John Lydgate (1373-1460) v/as ordained a sub-deacon in the Benedictine Jlonastery of Bury
St. Edmunds in 1389, deacon in 1393, and priest in 1397. He is the author of several
poems — The Storie of Thehes, The Falls of Princes (from Boccaccio), and The Troy Book —
besides numerous minor works. He is remarkable for the great ease and fluency of his
language. The following extract from his London Lidp/iiy is printed hero from the
Harl. MS. 367 :
To London once my stepp[e]s I bent,
Where trouth in no wyse should be faynt,
To-westmynster-ward I forthwith went,
To a man of law to make complaynt ;
I sayd, " for marys love, that holy saynt !
Pyty the poors that wolde proceede ; "
But for lack of mony I cold not spede.
And as I thrust tlie prese amonge,
By froward chaunce my hood wa.s gone.
Yet for all that I stayd not longe,
Tyll to the kynges bench I was come.
Before the Judge I kneled anon,
And prayd hym for god's sake to take heede ;
But for lack of mony I myghte not S]peede.
From Bishop Pecock's Repressor, pt. i., ch. xix.f
Also, J^ou schalt not fynde expresseli in holi scripture
Jiat Jjc newe testament schulde be write in englisch tunge
to lay-men, or in latyn tunge to clerkis ; neij>er hat \>e oold
testament schulde be write in englisch tunge to lay -men,
or in latyn tunge to clerkis ; and yit ech of bese gouer-
nauncies bou wolte liolde to be leef ul, and to be a meritorie
vertuose moral deede for to berbi deserue grace and glorie,
and to be Jie seruice of god, and berfore to be \>e lawe of
god ; sij>en bi no deede a man hal^ merit, saue bi a deede
which is be seruice and be lawe of god; and ech njoral
vertu is be lawe of god, as it is proued weel in obere place
of my writingis.
* Printed by Caxton in 1483, by Berthelet in 1532, and edited by Pauli in l.So7.
t From bk. v., Harl. MS. llStlS).
X Edited for the Rolls Series in 1860 by the Rev. C. C. Babington, B.D.
xxxvi ifteg-^^uction:
As a specimen of tlie Norfolk dialect of the middle of the fifteenth century, we
give here a letter written by Sir John Fastolf to Sir Thomas Howys and William
Barber : *
To my ryght trusty freende, Sir Thomas Howys, Parson of hym how neere it may be sold ; for yfE the wydow wolle
Castillcombe, beyng at Castre, and William Barber, in sylle it after xiiij. yeer or xv. yeer that it may be leten,
haste, at Oastre In, by Yermuth. [Yarmouth]. sendyth me utterly word, for I wolle not melle of it ellys
Eyght trusty and wellbelovyd freende,-! grete you ^^''^ ^vysed. And send ye me word how meoh more yu
weU. And as for Hygham place to be sold, as ye avysen value yu a stoon shall I syle my wolle, and how [much ?]
one to bye it at the some of 0. mark or wythynne, and ^notl'y'^ chapman wole gife me for the place when I hafe
reserve yn the said payment myne oune dewtee, and pay bought it ; but after xiiij. yeer I wold by the place.
the remenant in wolle to the said Hygham credytes as Wretyn at London, the xv. day of October anno xxix.
your lettre makyth mencion ; I hafe understand that regni Kegis Henrici VI. [1450].
William Jenney shall be her thys wek, and I shall veele J. Fastolf.
In 1477 the art of Printing was introduced into England by William Caxton
(1422 - 1491), who established his press in the almonry of Westminster Abbey.
This art at first acted as a disturbing element upon the language, and tended to
augment the existing disorder, but in the end it essentially promoted orthoepical
and orthographical consistency, uniformity of speech, and elegance in literary compo-
sition.
Caxton had passed many years of his life abroad, and the early productions of his
press were, for the most part, translations from the French. As a consequence, his style is
pervaded by Gallicisms, both in vocabulary and in structure, and a very large number of
French words and idioms was introduced by liim. Moreover, Caxton (as indeed every
printer), having no uniform standard of orthography, reduced the orthography of the
authors printed by him to an arbitrary standard of his own devising, and thus the sanction
of authority being given to numerous anomalies and diversities of spelling, considerable
confusion and discrepancy resulted. But though at first the cause of this confusion, the
art of printing, when once its real character and importance were clearly apprehended,
exercised the most potent effect upon our tongue by dispelling the prevailing rudeness, by
facilitating elegance and harmony of style, and by promoting uniformity and regularity of
speech. The multiplication of books and readers tended to assimilate the various dialects
to the Southern, or the speech of the capital and of the southern counties, and the dialect of
books superseded local forms and provincial usages, except amongst the vineducated
classes.
In Caxton's first work we see the loss of the old Southern inflections of the verb ;
and we find Ormin's their, them, and that (iste) Avell established, instead of the Southern her,
hem, and thilk employed by Pecock. Plural adjectives no longer end in -s .■ thus we have
strange habitacions in the first page of the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye. The old
form that oon . . . tliat other (in Latin alter . . . alter) comes once more. In the Game
of the Chesse, published in 1474, we find ner for the Latin neque, an odd mixture of the
Southern ne with the North- Western corruption nor. The hard g is seen once more, as
in a.gayn, driving out the usurper y. f
There are upwards of twenty-two folio volumes printed by Caxton, which he had himself
translated from French, Dutch, or Latin originals. Between 1523 and 1525 Lord Berners
(1464-1532) translated Froissart's Chronicles. Of this work Mr. Marsh says : " This transla-
tion is doubtless the best English prose style which had yet appeared, and, as a specimen
* From Paston Letters, ed. James A. Gairdner (Arber's Rejirints), 1872, i., 154, 155.
f Kington OVqihant : Sources of Standard English, p. 285.
INTRODUCTION.
of picturesque narrative, it is excelled by no production of later periods."* The extract
is from the description of the Battle of Cre9y, ch. cxxx. :
Also the same season there fell a great rayne and a frenchmens eyen, and in the englysshmens backes.
clyps, with a terryble thunder ; and before the rayne, Whan the genoways were assembled tognyder and be-
there came tieying ouer to the batayls a great nombre ganne to aproche, they made a great leape and crye to
of Crowes, for f eare of the tempest comraynge. Than abasshe thenglysshmen, but they stode sty 11 and
anone the eyre begaune to waxe clere, and the sonne to styrrde nat for all that,
shyne fayre and bright : this which was right in the
The next important production of this era — one which has exerted a more decided
influence upon the English tongue than any other native work between the eras of Chaucer
and Shakespeare — is William Tyndale's Translation of the Neiv Testament, first printed in 1525.
Tyndale was bom about 1477, and was burnt for heresy at Antwerp in October, 1536. His
translation of the New Testament is one of the finest works in our language, and the
present Authorised Version owes very much to it. "We give here his translation of
Matthew v. 16-19:
16. Se that youre light so shyne before men, that perisshe, one iott, or one tytle, shall not scape tyll all
they maye see youre good workes, and glorify youre be fulfilled.
father which is in heven. 19. Whosoever breakethone of these lestcomaunde-
17. Te shall not thynke that I am come to disanull mentes, and shall teache men so, he shalbe called the
the lawe, or the prophets ; 'no I am nott come to dis- leest in the kyngdome ofi heven ; but whosoever shall
annul! them, but to fulfyll them. observe, and teache them, that persone shalbe called
18. For tniely I say vnto you, till heven and erth greate in the kyngdome of heven.
Tyndale's great opponent. Sir Thomas More, was born in London in 1480 ; educated
at Oxford, appointed Lord Chancellor October 25, 1529, and beheaded, on a charge of
high treason, July 6, 1535. His most famous Avork was his Utopia, written in Latin,
and printed in 1516. In the following extract f he charges Tyndale with not observing
aright the distinction between no and nay ; but, curiously enough, he misstates his own rule.
I woulde not here note by the way, that Tyndal aunswore no and not nay. And a lyke difference is
here trauslateth no for nay, for it is but a trifle and there betweene these two adverbes, ye and yes. For if
jnistaking of the englishe worde : sauing that ye the questeion bee framed vnto Tiudall by thaffirmatiue
shoulde see that he whych in two so plain englishe in thys fashion : '' If an heretique falsely translate the
wordes, and so common as is naye and no, can not tell newe testament into englishe, to make liys false
wlieu he should take the tone, and when the tother, is heresyes seenie the worde of Godde, be hys bookes
not for translating into englishe, a man very mete, worthy to be burned ? " To this question asked in
For the vse of those two wordes in aunswerring to a thys wyse, yff he wil aunswere true englishe, he must
question is this, No J aunswereth the question framed aunswere ye and not yes. But nowe if the question be
by the affirmatiue. As for ensample, if a manne should asked hym thus, lo, by the negatiue : "If an heretike
aske Tindall hymselfo : "ys an heretike mete to trans- falsely translate the newe 'testament in-to englishe, to
late holy scripture into englishe ^ " Lo, to thys ques- make hys false heresyes seme the word of God, be not
tion, if he will aunswere trew englishe, he muste his bokes well worthy to be burned P " To thys ques-
aunswere nay and not no. But and if this question tion in thys fashion framed, if he wyll aunswere trew
be asked hym thus, lo ; "Is not an heretyque mete to englyshe, he maye not aunswere ?/e, but he must aunswere
translate holy scripture into english ? " To this ques- yes, and say, " Tes, mary, be they, bothe the translacion
tion, lo, if he wil aunswer true english, he must and the translatour, and al that wyll holde wyth them."
Sir Thomas Wiat (or Wyatt) ,§ called the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, Avas
born , in 1503, and died in 1542. In his songs he imitated Surrey, but he is chiefly
remarkable as being the first writer of English Satires, of which three have been preserved. |i
* Student's Mamial of the Mnglish Language (ed. Smith), lect. v., p. 84.
f From TTie Confiitacion of Tyndales aunswere, made anno 1532, bk. iii., Wurkis p. 448.
i Read nay; but the mistake is More's own.
§ The spelling Wiat is that which appears in the poet's autograph.
II Printed by Professor Skeat in Specimens of English Literatiire, pp. 222-232.
INTRODUCTION.
The next author from whom we quote is Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester. He was
born in Leicestershire about 14-85, and was burnt with Bishop Pddley at Oxford, October
16, 1555. His sermons were very popular, the most notable of all being that known as
the Sermon on the Ploujhc,:^, preached at St. Paul's, January IS, 1548-9."*
And v/el may tlie preacher and the ploughman be diuersitie of workes and v?,rietie of offices yat they
ylened together. Fyrste for their labour of all ceasons haue to do. For as the ploughman firste setteth f urth
of the yere. for there is no tyme of the yere, in hys plough and then tilleth hys laude and breaketh it
whiche the ploughman hath not some special! worke in furroughe.s, and sometime ridgeth it vp agayne.
to do, as in my couutrey in Leicestre Shire, the ploughe And at an other tyme harroweth it, and clotteth it,
man hath a tyme to set f arth and to ailaie hys plough, and sometyme doungeth it, and hedgeth it, diggeth it,
and other tymes for other necessarie workes to be done. and weedeth it, pourgeth and maketh it cleane. So
And then they also maye be likenede together, for the the prelate, the preacher hath mani diners offices to do.
Nicholas Udall was born in Hampshire about 1504, and died at Westminster in 1556,
having been master of Westminster School in that and the preceding year. He pub-
lished a translation of the third and fourth books of the Apopldliegms of Erasmus, and
also assisted in translating Erasmus' Paraphrase of the New Testavienf, but he is chiefly
noted for his comedy of Bolster Doister, the earliest Enghsh play extant, written before
1553. It is divided into acts and scenes, and is a fair specimen of comedy.
Thomas Sackville, first Lord Buckhurst and Earl of Dorset (1536-1608), is best
known as the author of the tragedy of Gorboduc, otherwise called Ferrex and Forrex.
He also planned The Mirrour for Mo.fjlstraies, a collection of narratives by several
poets on the misfortunes of the great men in English history, and contributed -to it " The
Inchiction," or poetical preface, and " The Complaint of the Duke of Buckingham."
In 1545 appeared the Toxopldlus of Roger Ascham (1515-1568), tutor to Queen
Elizabeth, and Latin Secretary to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, successively. His
greatest work is The Schoolmaster, published posthumously by his widow in 1570, and
agam in 1571.
The chief and best work of George Gascoigne (1525-1577) is the Steel Glas, written m
1576. The Steel Glas is, in fact, a mirror, in which the poet sees a reflection of various
estates of men, whom he describes with severe exactness and some fine satirical touches.
In Spenser's (c. 1550-1598) Faery Queene, we seem to be transported back to archaic
times. He had an affinity for those olden turns of expression, those mflections, which
were dying out, and which give the Faery Queene at first sight the appearance of having
been written in an obsolete dialect. Without any intention of writing in obsolete English,
he looked always backwards, never forwards, in his choice of words and phrases. But
his use of archaisms degenerated into affectation, so that even men of his own age thought
his style too antique. Daniel f says of him :
"Let other men sing of knights and palladines
In aged accents and untimely words."
He reverted to the old system of alliteration, of which he seems to have been particularly
fond. His stanza is said to be a modification of the ottava rhna of Ariosto. To illus-
trate the archaisms of the Faery Queene, the following examples will sufiice :
In constructions, the impersonal verb is used without the usual pronoun before it : sits not =
" it sits not," seemed = " it seemed," and the like, occur very frequently : or again, the use of the
double negative, ne can no man: or should for "would have" as should hears for "would have
borne." As to forms or inflexions, we may notice among parts of verbs the past participle ydrad^dveaied
* From Arber's Reprints, 1868, p. 19. t Sonnet cxi.
INTRODUCTION.
ycladd^clnd, troden ^trodden, woxen, past participle of "to wax; " tlie preterite lad = \ad ; root, x^raterite of
"to weet;" raft oi " to reave "= to bereave ; cmi = gan ^ began ; raught^ieached; h-ast ^hvivst. Again.
we find h'-'ri". been, for the modern "are;" TOofe = miglit; and a variety of similar forms. Trencliand,
glitteraiid, are present participles. There are also old plurals of noims, as /oe)i = foes, eyne or eyeii =^ ejes.^
The Fiiery Qarpne affords instances of a large number of words in process of tran-
sition or assimilation from the French into our own tongue. Thus in the edition of 1590
occurs /er.se, in Ib'd^ fierce ; perse, persaunt are nearer the French origin th^cn. 2:iierce,pierciiuj ;
o'icli ef:-^" , noblesse, humblesse, are words not yet digested b}- our language; renverst, cslutjne,
covetise, pourtralted , journal (for "daily"), are all French forms; insii.pporinhle, envy,
sp)lr'di'xdl, the tigre cruel, are all in pronunciation nearer the French than the English.
There are also numerous Latinisms and imitations from the Italian throughout the
poem.. Spenser's other poetical works are TJie SJtejyJicdrd's Calender (1579), Astrophel (1586),
Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1592), 2Iother Htibbarcl's Tale (1590), Epitlicdamiam
(1594), &c. ; and in prose the View of tJie Present Stcde of Ireland (1598).
Beliokl I sea the haven nigh at hand, There tliis faire virgin wearie of her way
To wliich I menne my wearie course to bend; Must lauded be, now at her jourueyes end.
Vere the maine shete, aud beare up with the land, There eke my feeble barke a wlilic may stay.
The which afore is fairely to be kend. Till merry wind and weather call her tlieuee away.
Aud seemeth safe from storms, that may offend : Faery Q.ueeiu, I. xii. 1.
With the above quotation this sketch of the English Language naturally closes. After
soiTie five centuries of struggle and vicissitude a standard literary language had at last been
formed. Ever growing, ever spreading, taking in its vocabular\' words from every source,
changing, though almost imperceptibly, the English Language, with its magnificent store
of literature, has become the language of hundreds of millions. And yet it is comparatively
neglected ; only of late years has the attention which it deserves been paid to it. English
has been passed over, and been considered useless or undeserving of being taught in our
schools, while all attention has been given to the Classical Languages.
" It is quite certain " (says Professor Skeat) " that the reason why the study of Anglo-Sasou is so strangely
neglected among us is simply that it has never had a trial, nor has ever had even the chance of a trial.
The most extraordinary misconception concerning it, and even prejudices against it, are so widely prevalent
that we cannot wonder at the tendency to set aside and ignore it. Hence the curious result that, while it
does not flourish in it's native home, we find German periodicals in existence which are mainly devoted to
it, while I am informed that in America the students of Anglo-Saxon are to be counted, not as here by
tens, but by Imndreds. Whilst we English are proud of our country, of our history, of our conquests, of
our empire, we have for centuries looked down upon tlie main stock of our own noble language as if that,
at any rate, is insignificant. Or, if wo acknowledge the beauty aud force of our language, we are seldom,
led on duly to consider its history. A moment's reflection will tell us that the historical method of study
is the only rational one; and yet we are accustomed — which is the strangest thing of all — to treat one part
of our language historically, and not the other. If a word come to us from the Latin or Greek we are
expected, as scholars, to explain it ; but as to the words that come to us from the Anglo-Saxon or the
Old French, it is usual to treat them as being either, on the one hand, beneath notice, or as being, on.
the other hand, inscrutable. The fault lies simply in the establishment of a customary aud short-sighted
prejudice that lias shut out English from its proper place in the school-boy's course of study. Boys are
taught liow to use Latin and Greek dictionaries, but they are not allowed to see an Anglo-Saxon dictionary;
nor, if they saw one, could they flnd their place in it without help. To learn all the letters of the Greek
alphabet comes to most boys as a matter of course ; but to learn the three or four so-called Anglo-Saxon letters
which present a trifling difficulty by their unusual forms, is often regarded as involving some severe
effort." t
* See G. W. Kitohin, Spenser, Fasrij Qu-eene, Vs.. i. (Clarendon Press, 1S73), Introd., p. xvii.
f Inaugural Lecture as Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cambridge, October 21, 1878,
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THE
Ei^CYCLOP^Dic Dictionary.
A, a. The first letter in tlie English alphabet,
;is in those of all the modern Indo-Europeiin
tongues. The Latin alphabet also commences
with a, and the Greek with a similar letter, a
(alpliu). In Sanscrit the vowels are classified
by grammarians separately from the conso-
nants. The vowels arr placed first, and two
sounds of a, the first a very short one, intenne-
diate between a and u, as in the word Veda,
and the otlier long, as in the lirst syllable of
Brahman, head tlie list. In the Semitic, also,
more accurately called tlie Syro-Arabian,
family of languages, a letter with the a sound
stands tii'St in order. Thus the Hebrew alpha-
1iet commences with ^^ (Alfjili,), followed in
succession by -^ (Jictli), 3 (Gimel), -| {Daleth),
designations which at once suggest the names
of the Greek lettei-s Alpha, Beta, GamTna, Delta.
The conijiarative originality of the Hebrew
series is shown by the fact tl lat the appellations
of the letters have meanings which the original
forms of the chai-acters are supposed roughly
to represent: thus, n(Alcph) signilies an ox,
^ (Bctk) a house, 3 {Gbtul) a camel, and -\
{Daleth) a door. Tlicse terms are properly
Aranla^an. The old Hebrew, the Arama;an,
and the Greek letters seem to have come from
the Plicenician, a Syro-Arabian tongue. Tlie
Phoenician lettei-s, again, as Gescnius suggests,
may have been derived from the Egyptian
hieroglyphics. [Alphabet.] The aiTangemeut
wliich makes A the first letter extends far
beyond the Aryan and Syro-Arabian tongues,
and is believed to be nearly universal through
tlie world.
I. A as a vowel sound.
A owes its position at the head of so many
alphabets to the facility with which it may
be jirouounced : it is needful but to breathe
strongly through the open mouth, and one of
the a sounds comes forth. This letter has
three leading sounds, two of which again are
somewhat modified in many words, apparently
by the succeeding consonants.
1. 7'he long sound of A :
(i.) As in fate, marked in this work by a.
(ii.) A modification of this sound, produced
i>y the consonant r following it, as in fa/r,
jnarked a.
2. The open sound of A. :
(i.) As ill fatJier (marked a). This, or a
sound much approaching it, is common in
many languages.
^ \ trifling modification of this sound is
produced by its occurrence in a closed syllable.
as in fast, but it is not sufficiently distinct
from it to require a special diacritical mark.
(ii.) A shorter form of the open sound in^a
closed syllable, as in fat. It is here marked a.
(iii.) The shortest possible sound of A,
scarcely distinguishable from one of the •"
sounds, as in amidst. It is here marked a.
It is very common in Sanscrit words, as Vni'i
3. The h road sound of A :
(i.) As in /('/?, here marked a.
(ii.) A closer form of it, marked a, as iu
v'hut.
II. A as an initial is used —
1. In Chronology, for Ann.o (Lat.) = in the I
year ; as A.D., Anno Domini = in the year of
uur Lord ; A.U.C, Anno'iirbisco7idita;=-m the
year of the city founded— ;.c., from the founda-
tion of the city (Rome)= 7ijj B.C. {Varro).
2. In I-Iori-!(-f>i, for the Lat. prep. antc =
before : as a.vi. {f>iite meridiem) ~ before noon.
3. In dcsiijnating Unlrrrsitii degree.'!, for
Artiinn: as A.M. (Lat.), or M, A. (Eng'.), Artium
M>'fii>itcr — ^]!i^U-r of Arts; A.B. (Lat.), or
ii.A. (Eng.), Artiitni huendunrea^ = Bachelor
of Arts.
' ^ In England M.A. and B.A. are almost
exclusively employed, while in Scotland A.M.
and A.B. are much more common.
4. In Acadi iiiies of Mn^lr, Painting, Sdcvre,
<fT. ." (a) fur Academy, or Academician, as
R.A.= Royal Academy ; or (b) for Associate,
as A.R.A,= Associate of the Royal Academy ;
or ((,') for Antiqnarie.% as F. S. A. = Fellow "ut
the Society of Antiquaries.
5. In the Army, fov Artillery : as R.A =The
Royal Artillery.
6. In. Music, for alto: as S. A. T.B. = Soprano,
Alto, Tenor, Bass.
7. /"■ Nautical Language, for able. Tluis,
A.B, = able-bodied seaman.
8. In Commerce, for accepted, and is used
specially of bills.
III. A (IS a symbol stands for —
1. In Logic : A universal affirmative.
2. In Mvslr: The Otii note of the rliatonic
scale of C major, corresponding to the la of
the Italians and the French.
n— I3JZZ
ESEE^
r=zq=
3. In Heraldry : The chief in an escutcheon.
4. In i'harniavy: a or aa is a contraction of
the Greek preposition uiTt (ajKt), and has two
meanings : (i.) of each (ingredient) separately ;
or (ii.) in quantities of the same weight or the
same measure.
5. In Botany : According to the method of
notati(in in botanical di-awings proposed by Mr.
Ferdinand Bauer, and followed by Endl'icher
in his Iconographia Generuin Plantarwm, for a
flower before expansion, while A I is a flower
expanded,
6. In Xavtical Language: Al= 3. yesse] of
the first class, excellently built. Figura-
tively: Anything highly excellent, the best
uf its class.
7. /'( Mathematics: A and the other letters
of the alphabet are used, e.g., in Euclid, to re-
present lines, angles, points, &c. In Algebra,
a and the other first letters of the alphabet
aie used to express known quantities, and
tlie last letters to express such as are unknown.
8. In Lan- or arguments, the first letters of
the alphabet are used to indicate persons in
ca.ses siq-iiosed or stated for illustration: as
A promises B to pay C.
IV. A used in composition —
1. As a preji.y^
(i.) To English words derived from the A.S.,
generally means an (= one), at, to, in, of, on.
It may be severed from the rest of the word by
a hyphen, as a-day ; or the two may be com-
pletely united, as along. A was once used as
a prefix iu many instances, especially to par-
ticiples, where now it is not used : e.g., "I am
a-going, or a-coming," are now confined to the
vulgar, and are not looked u])on as correct.
But Max Miiller considers such phrases inorc
accurate than those which have displaced
theih ; and they are frequent in the Bible, as
Heb. xi. 21. Of. Shakespeare, Merry Wives,
act iii., sc. 3, "We'll o-Mrding together."
"In some cases," says Lye, *'it was originally
mei'ely an initial augment, altering nothing iu
the sense of the word." Sometimes it = A.S,
ge, as iu aware = A.S. gewcer.
(ii.) To u'ords dericcd from the Latin, is
(1) the Latin prep a, "h, at>fi (of which a is
used before words beginning with a conso-
nant) : as avrrt =.to turn away from ; ahduet
= to lead away; abstract = to draw away. <2)
The Latin prep. od = to: as agnate, from
aijiiatxis, past iiai-ticijile of 0(/)K'scor = (pro-
perly) to be born to, or in addition to.
(iii.) To words of Greet: derivation is some-
times what is called aljihn jiriraiirc : tli;it
is, alj-iha which depri\'es the word to whu'h
it'is prefixed of its positive meaning, and
substitutes what is negati-\-e instead. It
signilies not: as thei^f = one who believes in
God; atheist =■ one who does not believe in
God. In cases where the word so eontradided
begins with a vowel an is used, as anelcelrir,
the opposite of ekctrK,.
(iv.) To words derived fnnn the French, ovi-a-
sioiiJiUy, but rarely, at: as amerce, from Fr.
d merci = (put) at the mercy (of the court).
(v.) a [apparently, from its accent, French,
but probably really only the Latin prep, a —
from ; and the aci-ent is a mark of its having
come to us in tliis use through the Fieuch],
in English, sometimes =from, or of. (1.) Oc-
curring as an element in personal names, as
Thomas d Kejiipis, i.e., ffom Kempfen, near
Diisseldorf ; Anthony t' Wood = Anthony
Wood. (2) Logical progression, as in a priori
and d posteriori (q.v.).
2. As an affix in burlesque poetry at once,
adds another syllable to a line, and produces a
ludicrous effect —
"And clmck'd him under the chiu-a." — Hhpina
quoted in Jfac(ii(lni/\ " Jlinl. of Jingl." chiip. xvii.
V. A O-S a part of speech.
A, a, an. [_a before words commencing
with a' consonant or the aspirate ; an before
a vowel or silent 7t : as " n man," "a heart,"
"a7i art," "an heir." To this rule there are
exceptions : —
(1) When the accent on a word com-
mencing with the aspirate falls on other
than the first .syllable, on is used : thus we
sav, "a his'torv," but "aft histo'rian," "an.
hotel'."
(2) A is used before the vowel o in one
where the vowel carries the sound of wii, as
in the phrase " such a one."
(3) A is used before the vowel v. when it
carries with it a i/ sound, as if ^vritten yon,
as "aunion," " a university ;" and also before
words commencing with eu or eiy which have
a similar sound, as "" eunuch," "a ewe."
f^tc, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; ve, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
bSil, hS^; po^t, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shain. -tion« -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion^zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, -^c. = bel, deU
aabam— abacus
1[ Originally an, nii-uning one, was iimjiI
before words 'beginiiiBg with a consonant,
as well as those beginning with a vowel. In
earlier English, as in the Bible, we fnid cm
generally used before words commencing with
h, wliether aspirated or not, as "an- house,"
"an heart." "Such an one" occurs as
frequently as "such a one." An is found
before If, with tlie ■// sound, as "cot unicorn,"
"an usurer" Tlirse uses have bct-n ti'I-
lowed by mauy modern writers, but cliit-fly
iu poetry. Macaulay si)eaks of "aft univer-
sity.'*]
1. --Is the indefinite article, points out per-
sons and things vaguely; more spi::(.'ilicaUy,
it signifies —
(a) Each.
"Once a [I.e., eat-h] yesiY.'—Lcv. xvi. 34.
(&) Any.
"If a [i.e., any] man love me."—Jo!ui xiv. 2:;
<c) One in particular.
"He sent a man before them."— ^'i' cv. i7.
(d) Every.
"It ia good that a [i.e., every) man should hoth
hope and wiiit for the s.iivjitiun of the Lord," —
tarn. iii. 26.
(e) Wlien placed before the name of a person
it converts the proper noun into a i/iininion
noun, as —
"An Orpheus! an Orpheus! Yea, faith may grow
bold." Wordsworth: Power of Stiuic.
2. As asnh!iia]iilL'e, as—
(a) In the expressions "C.ipitid A, small a."
(b) In the i)hrase "A per se" (i.e., A by
itself, A standing alone), which means " one
pre-eminent, a none-sucli."
" 0 faer Creseide, the flower and A per se
Of Tvoy and Greece."
Chaucer: Ti'stamc at of Cn-seide, \. 76.
3. ^Is aft adjective, as " the a sound."
VT. A as an ahhrevlatiun, stands for —
1. The interjection a/i.' {tHd Eug.)
" And seyd A/ doughter, styiitthyn hevynes-se."
Chuuccr : The KnigMes Talc, i- •Z.-'.M
2. Tlie personal pronoun he :
" Bounce v/o\\\(\^ a. say; and awn-y again would n f-o.
and aeaiu would 'a coi\\Q."—fihakespearir Ilenru J I'.,
PartlL, 111. 2.
3. The infinitive have. [Ha'.]
"I had not thought my body could 'a' yielded."—
Beaumont <t Fletcher.
4. The -word all (Scotch):
"They hav« a' th' soldiers to assiat them "
Sir W. Scott: Gui/ jraniteriti<j.chn-[>. v.
5. In Cheviistnj : A = acetate ; as KA =
Potassium acetate. Other letters, as O for
oxalate, are used in the same manner.
If AAA is used for amcdgaimt or aniahja-nw-
iivii.
*a'-ar-bam. [Old Fr.] A term formerly used
by 'French alchemists for lead.
aal, s. [Beng. and Hind.] A dye-plant of the
genus Murinda(q.v.); used alsoof the dye itself.
' a'-am, a'-ham, ohm, ohzne, s. [Dut.
aam; GeT.ahm: cogii. with Lat. rtHM, Gr. a/j.ij
(hame) = a water-bucket.] A Dutch measure
of capacity used for liquids, now obsolete.
It varied in different cities from 37 to
41 English wine gallons = 296 to oiiS English
pints.
* a'-an, adv. [On. ] On.
"Do, cosyn, anon tbyn annys aan."—.iAhinolc .IAS
{UalliweU : Diet, of Archaic and i'rovinnal ]yord.-i.)
* a'-ande, s. [Dan.] Breath. [Ayndt:.]
". . . hya aande atynhe'i. '—/fa7npole M--i. Bowes.
iWrigJU: JJict, Obsol. and S'rovine. Emj.)
* a'-ane, .';. [Awn.] The beard of barley or
other grain ; an awn.
"And that we call the nwi^cwhich groweth out of
the eare like a long pricke or a diut, whereby thu earr
ia defended Ircan the danger of birds."— Gooj/t;: nm,-
bandry[lbn). {I/aUiwell.)
aar, £. [Arn.] The alder-tree. (Scotch.) (Ja'nic-
smi: Scotch Diet.)
^ a'-ar, prep. [A.S. wr.] Ere, before. {Th'j
Rovmnce of King AlUauader.) (HalUweU.)
a'-ard-rark, s. [Dut aartZ = earth ; varlceu
==pig.] The name given at the Cape of Gooil
Hope to an ant-eater, the ( )ryctcroims capensis
of Geoft St Hilaire. [ORYcrEBOi'Us.]
a'-ard-WOlf, s. [Dut aard=eiirth, and
ivolf= wolf.] The Dut-ih name of a digitigrade
carnivorous animal, the I'rotrUa Lalavdii, from
C';iHiaria, akui at once to the dogs, the hyienas,
and the i-ivets. [Proteles.]
'^a'-arm, s. [A.S. mrm.'\ Thearm. (Wydifc:
find. Ms.) (Ilallliodl.)
'(Aaron); Heb. 1^■\^H (Aharon). Derivation
uncertain.] Tlie'lirst high-priest of the '
'^a.'-a'rtn.^df'pa.par.&a. [Armed.] (Wydiffe.)
Aar'-on. [Greek of the Septuagint, 'Aapu>v
" ' ' " ■> ■^— ^vatior
Jews.
Aaron's "beard, .S-. (Ps. cxxxiii. 2.) The
n;ime sometimes given to a plant, Hypericum
ndijclnnnL, or large-fluwered JSt. John's wort.
Aaron's rod, s. (Numb, xvii.)
1. An-h. : A rod witli a serpent twined
around. It is similar to the caduccus, or wand,
with two serpents about it, borne by Mercu^J^
2. Bot. : (1) Of wild British plants : Solidago
vini'inrea, Viirl('>,niiii. thapsus. (2) Of gai'den
lilauts : Solidogo Caiiada-nsis.
'aar'-6n, s. [A corruption of Arum, as
spni roic-ijiV!'s is of aspiaragns.]
■'Bot: The i)lant called wake-robin (Arum
laarnlatam). [Arum.] {L\-i<jruce.)
Aar-6n'-ic, Aar-6n'-ic-al, c Pertaining
or relating to Aaron.
- aas, s. An ace. So of something xciy small
and valueless.
■* Thyn bis fortune is turned into an aas,"
ChauAier : Munkes Tidi\
"a'-at, s. [A.S.] Pine oatmail used for tliicken-
ing" pottage. (Moikhatn: Eng. JlousemiJ'e.)
a'-a-vbr'-a, s. A name given to various palm-
trees. [AVOIRA.]
A.B. (S'cc a, as an in'dlol, IT. 3, 7.)
a"b. The .syllable «& found at the coranie-nce-
mcnt of the names of places, as Abingdon, is
Xiossibly a shortened fonn of abbey; though
in Stevenson's edition of the rhron ko^n Mo-nas-
teril dc Abingdon the word is derived from
Abbenus, an Irish monk who is said to ha\(j
founded the monastei-y and called it after liim-
st.'ll', " Mount of Abbenus " = Abingdon. (See
>5tcvenson's Preface, p. xii.)
Ab (ab), [Heb. i« ("'->)• i Tl"' fi^^i month ac-
cording to tlic t'crh'siiistical reckoning—tlte
eleventh, by the i.ivil i-omputation — of tlie
Jewish year. The name Ab doe.s not occru" in
the Old Testament or iu the Aiwcrviiha. It
was not intj-odured till tlie Captivity, and was
of Babylonian origin. The month Ab may
lii'gin in some years as early as the 10th of
July, and in others as late as the 7th of
August.
•| Ab is also the twelfth month of the Sj^riau
>cai, rit;arly coinciding with our August.
•' ab, s. [Etym. unknown.] The sap of a tree.
" Yet diueise have assayed to dwile without okeB to
that end, but not with so good suocesse ii£ they havd
hoped, bieause the ab or juice will not so BOon be re-
moved and clean drawn out, which some attribute to
■want of time iu Ine salt water. '—Uarrisun : IXmcriiJ.
of Eng. (UalliweU.)
ab'-a-ca, ab'-a-ka,s. [Ixieal name.] The
nanM.' j^ivfu in'the Philippine Islands to tlie
Mnm ir.clilis, or froglodytontiii, a spoiuas of the
lilantain genus, which yields Manilla hemp.
ab-a-^is'-ciis, ;■■. [Gr. u/JaKt'o-Ko? (abakisicot'),
<limin. from ii/3a$ (r';*(:t,r) = acoloure(.l stone for
inlaying juosaic work.]
Ancient Arch.: Any flat member. Atile^r
square of a tessellated pavement [Abaci^s.]
ab'-a-9ist. [Lat. ctiocxs.] One who calculates,
one" who casts ai-counts. [Abacus.]
* ab'-ack, s. [Fr. abaque.] A square tablet,
a cartouche. [Abacus.]
" Iu the centre or midst of the pegm waa a.a aback,
in which the elegy was written." — Ben Janson: King
James' Entertainment, vi, 4aG.
aback', a-backe, a-bak, adv, [A.S.
on hivv = at or on the back.]
I. 0 rd LRU nj senses:
1. Backwards.
" But when they came where thou thy BkiU didst show,
They drew abackc, as half with shame confounded."
Spenser : SlicpJteards Calendntr; June.
2. Behind = from behind.
" Ei>danBej7ed her being set upon both before .and
abaekc."—Knolles : Eist. of Ticrks, BTSa.
3. Away, aloof. (ScoU^h.)
" O wad they stay abai-k frae courts
An please themselves wi countra aportfi,"
Burns : Tlie Two, Dugs.
4. Behind: of place, (Si-otch.)
" The third that gaetl a wee o&acA." — Barns.
5. Back : of time past {Scotch.)
" Eight daya abac/c."—JCoss: Uelcnore.
11. Technical: .
Naut. : B.u-kwards, with the sails
pressed back against the mast.
"Brace the foremost yard-^ ■I'/nrl:.
Fiil'-ui'cr : fUnp^^'^fCk.
•[ Taken aback means (a) that the sails have
been driven in the opposite direction from that
iu which the ship is advancing, and laid against
the mast This may be produced by a sudden
change of the wind, or by an alteration in the
ship's coui-se. A ship is laid aback when tlie
sails are purposely put back to destroy the
forward motion of the vessel, or even make
lier temporarily move stern foremost, to avdid
some danger ahejxd. Ships of war are also
laid aback when they have advani;ed beyond
their places in the line of battle. Hence
(6) 'meiapluiricalbj from the above = taken by
surprise.
tab'-a-cd, *. Arithmetic. [Abacus.]
*a-back-ward, * Or-bac-ward, adv. [Eng.
aback; -ivard.] Aback, backward, to the rear.
" Arthur thehte bine abacward."
Layainon, ii. 410.
ai>'-a-c6t, ab-o-cocked, ab-o-cock-et,
A spurious word which owes its origin to
the fact that Hall, in his Union of the Tvo
Noble and llhistre Families of York and La n-
castre, wrongly transcribed the word bycocket
(q.v.) from Fabyan, as bocoeket, or that his
printer misread the manuscript and, joining
the aiticle to the substantive, produced the
fonn abococket. Fleming coiTcct-ed this form
to abacot, and this error was perpetuated till its
exposure in the Athenoium of Feb. 4, 1882
ab-S,c'-tion, ^. [Lat. abactio = a driving
aw ay. ]
Jaiw : A stealing of cattle on a large scale.
[Abactor.]
ab-&c'-tor(p/.ab-ac-t6r'-eg),s. [hat.abactor
= 3. cattle-stealer on a large scale ; one wlio
drives away herds of cattle : a/^ityo = to drive
away ; ab = from ; ago = to lead or drive. ]
In Law, with the same meaning as the Latin
word from which it comes. [Abigk.vt.]
" The abactores, or abigeatores, who drove one hor-e
or two innres or oxeii, or five hogs, or ten goats, were
BU-bJect to capital punishment." — Oibbon : Dccl. J: Fall,
ch. xliv.
ab'-a-ciis, s. [Ger. ahum-i; Fr. abcupie; Ital.
abdco ; (r. Lat. abacus. Or. ti/Saf, -afcop (oha.-;
-dkos). The word appears to liave signilicd
originally and specially the Pythagorean mul-
tiplication table, and thus to have been de-
rived either from the lirst two lettez's of the
alphabet, or from the Heb. p:iN (abaq) = dust,
or a corresponding term in some other
Syro-Arabian language , the allusion being to
tlie ancient practice of spreading dust on
tablets, with the view of tracing diagrams
among it. Hence its various signification'-;,
which are the same in English as they are iu
Latin.]
ABACUS, FOR. COrNTING.
1. A counting-frame ; an instrument made
of wires and beads designed to facilitate arith-
metical calculations. It was used in Greece
as well as in Rome, and is still employed iu
China, where it is called Shwanpau. In our
own comitiy an abacus of a humble kind is
occasionally sold in toy-shojis. [Sec Wright,
in Jowni. Arcluevlogiail Assoc, ii. (1847), (34.]
2. Arch. : A flat stone crowning the capital
of a column. It was square in the Tuscan,
]>oric, and all the ancient Ionic styles. In
the Corinthian and Composite orders tlie
sides were hollowed, and the angles in nearly
all cases truncated. It is the same iu some of
the modern Ionic. In the Grrciiin Doric, tlie
Roman Doric, and the Tuscan, the abacus was
thick, while it was thin in the Doric and Corin-
thian. It was to these last forms that Vitru-
vius, the Roman writer, who introduced the
word abacus into architectural nomenclature,
fate, f&t, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father; we, wet, here, camel» her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, W9l^ work, wh6, sdn; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, r^e, fnU ; try. Simian, se. oa = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
abad— atoarstir
iimited the tenn. The checker and tile, the
abacus of the Doric, he denoininuted plliithus
or plliithUi = a iJiinth.
ABACUS : CORINTHIAN.
ABACUS : GRCCIAN DORIC.
•^ Special uses of the word are found in the
following expressions :—
(1.) Abacas harmonicas: The arrangement
of the keys of a musical instrument.
(2.> Abacus iiuijor {Metal.) : A trough in
"Which ore is washed,
(3.) Abacus Pytlaujorkui : Tlie multiplica-
tion table.
* {i.) Abacus lofi'istlcus: A right-angled tri-
angle whose sides lurining the right angle
, contain the numbers from 1 to 00, and its area
tlie produiits of each two of the numbers lun-
peudiculiu'ly oppositi^
"a-b&d', *a-ba'de, ■a-bai'd {S>:otrh),
^"a-bod', *a-b6od' iChai",:,-), s [Abidc.j
Delay, abiding; tarrying.
" For 80oDe altir that Ue was made
He fel withciutiiu leu^'er ubade"
.l/,5'. "/ UtJi Cent.
:%-bad'-d6n, s. [Gr. a^aB&ov iabaddoa) ;
lleb. pi3N (aba(Z<Zoji)=deHtruction. It occurs
in the Heb. of Joh xxxi. VI. From Ht^ {abial),
Heb. Chald. (E. Aram.), Wyr., or Sam. = to be
destroyed, to perish.] A proper name.
1. The angel of the bottomless pit (Rev.
ix. 11).
li. l^iM. : Hell.
■' III .ill her gates Abaddon rues
Thy bold attempt." Milton : P. R.. iv. 624.
"^a-ba'de, *a-ba'id (Scotch), p ret. izua-par.
[Abide.] AlJode, remained.
" And courted was with Britous that abode
With Cussibaahiyu, the Kyiig of Brytoiis bmde,"
llardyng: Chronkla \.\bVA), :j-;.
'" ab-se-il'-i-en, v.t. [A..'^.ahuiujiui'>\ Toirri-
t;ite. {Stnttiiiaiiii : Diet. 0. Einj. Lumj.)
^'' abSBlien^ o.t. [A.S. ab'diijan.i To oppose,
to irritate.
" Bruttes o£ie hiiie abceilcd*'n."
Liiyamon, ii. .!.
^ a-bSif '-elled, p^. ix^r. [Baffle.] Battled,
troiited scornfully.
"AVhat do you think chill be abafclled ay and
dowu the town." — London I* rodlgal, )i. 21. {UaUltixLl.)
ta-bafife, adv. [Abaft. J Behind.
" Onue heave the lead a^iun, and sound ahaffi:"
'Juylor : Works (lOau).
a-baft', prep, [a = on ; hnrjhoi, adv. Ar prep.
= alter, behind; A.ri. a-Jlaii ; Goth, ajtcn.]
Naut. : Behind ; in the hinder part of tlie
ship, close towards the stern. (Opiiosed to
ajh.x.)
" And the Ixiteswaiue of the galley walked abajt the
iiii\jA\x."—Uacklaijt : Voyaijus, vol. ii.
Abaft Uie &ea?;i ; In that arcli of tlie hori^son
whiclj is between a line drawn at right angles
to the keel, and the point to which the stern
is directed.
^ Sometimes contracted into aft, as in the
expression ^^fore and aft." [Aft, After.]
"'^ a-bais'-an^e, s. [Fr. ahaisser^to d<'})ress.]
[Obeisance.]
"To make a low abaisaiice.''~Sklniter : £(i/inoloffi-
on Ltnguw Aiigltcamv (1C71).
•[ Skinner considers that ahaisaiicc is more
correct than oWlshikcc, which even in his time
was taking its place and is now universal.
"a-bais^h'-ite^^a-baisQht, ^a-baissed',
'"" a-baisshed', " a-baist', '" a-ba'-sit,
"" si-bast', pa. ]Mr. [ABASE, Abash.'] Abasln^d,
a-ihamcd, frightened, bereaved, disappointed.
a-bai'-ser, s. [Deriv. umxTtain.] Bm-nt
ivory, or ivory black.
''a-bai'sse, t\t. [Abase.]
^ a-bait'-en, o.t. To bait. {St rat ma im.)
t a-bait'-xnent, o.. [Abate.] (Scotch.) Diver-
^ion, sport.
" For <juha sa hit sere gladsum gamls lere
Ful mony niery abaitiimntix fullywis here."
Doaglas : Virg'd, 125, 55.
^a-bak'-ward, a^y. Backwards. (HalUwell)
ab-a'-li-en-ate, v.t. [Lat. aballeiiatus, pa.
par. of abalieiio = to alienate property from
one to another, to transfer the ownership fro in
one to another : a?> = from, and alieiio = (1)
to alienate, to transfer by sale ; (2) to set at
variance, to render averse; ftUejtiti = belong-
ing to another, or foreign ; alius = anothei.)
tl. C'itttilac.i .-To transfer property, orsonie-
thiiig else of value, from ourselves to others.
2. f!':n. : To withdraw the aflection from,
to estrange. [Alienate,]
•■ So tu bewitch them, so nbaUenate iheii miiitis." —
ArvJib. liandijs : Sunn.'jm, iu. 132 b.
ab-a'-li-eu-a-ted, pa. po.r. [Abalienate.]
ab-a-li-en-a-tihg, pr. p«.r. [Abalienate.]
ab-a-li-en-a'-tion, 5. The transfer of i)ro-
perty, such as land, goodh, or chattels, from
one to another. [Abalienati:.]
ab-a-miir'-iis, s'. [Lat. //t?'/-iw = a wall.]
Aich: A buttress, or second wall, erected
to strengthen another one.
^a-b^nd', c.t. [Poet.: Contracted from ake*t-
'doii. ] To forsake. [Abandon.]
" And Vortiger enforat the kingdume to aband."
.Sjiuiiser : F. Q., 11. x. 05.
a-baxi'-doxx, r.. t . [Fr. aba mlo tDisr, f i'<"u j i a
haiidnii = at liliertr -. a = Lat. ad = at ; O. Fr.
baudiii'i, =; Low Lat. ho.iidniit, = an order, a
decree ; Sp. & Port, ahandomuir ; Ital. abbati-
do^Mrc]
* 1. Friiih & special: To cast out an object
in ''Diisequeiii'e <>{ its having been denounced
or fallen into evil repute.
"Blessed sliall ye be wlieu men shall hate you and
abandon your name as evil." — /,iikG vi. 22 (Rheniis
versiuu). "Cast out your name as evil" (Auth. version)
2. To cast away anything, without its being
implied that it has been denounced.
"Abandon fear." Jtilton: P. /,., vi. 494.
" 111 the Middle Ages the system derived from tlie
Roman calendar . . . was to a great extent a6a/(-
doned." — Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients.
3. To leave, to yield up.
"Me.inwhile the British Clianuel seemed to l>e aban-
doned U) French iu\-ers."—Maeauiai/ : J/ist. of Eny.,
chap. XIV,
4. To desert a ]iersnn to whom one owes
allegiance, or is under ubligation.
"A court swarming with sycojihants, who were
ready, on the first turn of fortune, to abandon him as
they had abandoned his uncle." — Jfutjaulat/ : Hist.
JCiig., chap. xi.
5. Refivx. : To resign (oneselO, e.g., to indo-
lence, or to vice.
"He abandoned himself without ivsevve to Jiis
favourite vice."— JMrrtM^di/; /list. Jing,, chap. xiv.
6. Comm. : To give over to insurers a sliii^
or goods damaged as a i}reliminary to claim-
ing the whole money insured thereupon.
' 7. To bring under absolute dominion.
{Srnt.h.)
8. To let loose, to give permission to act
at pleasure. (.Scotch.)
" The hardy Bruce aue ost abnndonwijnt
XX thousand lie rewyllt be force and wit."
Wattace. x. 317, MS.
■^ 9. To di.'strnv, to (Vtt off, in consequence
of being given ovi-r. (.s. n/,.7t.)
" Youdyr the king this ost abandonand."
Wallace, x. 2ij9, 3IS.
^10. To deter, effectually to prevent. (Scotch.)
" To daut their atteiuptatis and to abandon thaym
m tymes cumyng."— fit-Hf,,, .- Cron.. b. 10, c. 2.
•; Wedgwood considers that signification
X(.'. 7 is the primary one.
" a-ban'-don, s. [Abandon, v.t.1
1. A relinquishment.
"These heavy exactions occasioned an afidndoji of all
wares but what are of the richer sort."— iord Kaiinps.
2. One who completely forsakes or deserts a
ln.-ison or thing.
"A friar, .an abandon of the world."— ,?(> E. fiandy& :
.'*(((.■ of Jicligion.
Ill aba nduih (Scotch): At random. (Bm-hjnr,
xix. ;}35, MS.)
^ a-ban'-don, adc [A.N. d handou —at dis-
cretion.]
1. Lit. : At discretion, freely.
" Af tir this swift gift 'tis but reason
He give his gode too in abandon."
Rom. of the Rose, 2,342.
2. In a comjdetely exposed state.
" His ribbes and scliolder fel adoim,
jUeu might see the liver abandon."
Arthoitr & Merlin, p. 228.
a-ban'-doned, pa. par. k adj. [Abandon.]
Used in the same senses as the verb, and also
As adjecticc:
1. Deserted.
"Your abandoned streams." TJionison : Liberty.
2. Wholly given up to wickedness, hope-
lessly coiTupt.
"... the evidence of (jfirtKdoHcrf persons who would
not have been admissible as witnesses before the
Secular tribiinalB," — Froude: Hist. Eng., chap, vi.
^ Dryden (Span. Friar, iv. 2) has the redun-
dant expression abandoned o'er, now obsolete.
a-ban-don-ee, s. [Abandon.]
Legal: A person to whom anything is aban-
doned.
a-ban'-don-er,
abandons.
[Abandon,] One who
"^&a»(ioj(','*' of revels, mute, contemplative."
.ihakesp. & FleL : Two Xoble Kinsmen, v. 3.
a-ban'-don-iiig, pr.par., &s. [Abandon.]
As subst. : A forsaking ; a total desertion.
•■ WUen thu.i the helm of justice is H.baiKloncd, fl.
universal abandoning of all other posts will succeed."
—liurke.
a-b&n'-don-ly, adv. [Abandon. (Scot<-h.)
'At laiidoin, without regard to danger. (JVoI-
lace, iv. 070, yiti. ; vii. ti03, JMti.)
a-ban'-ddn-ment, s. [Abandon,]
1. Ord. sense: The act of abandoning, giving
up, or relinquishing.
•'The Latins uo\v make secret preparationa for the
open abandonment of their long-stauding Itoinau
alliance "—Lewis : Cred. Early Rom. Ilist., en. xiji.
2. The state of "being abandoned, as "He
was in a state of complete abandon incnt."
3. ( ornm. : The relinquishment of an iuten'st
or claim. Tlius, in certain circuinstaiices, a
person who has insured proj^erty on board a
ship may relinquish to the instu'ers a remnant
of it saved from a wreck, as a preliminary to
calling upon them to pay the full amount i if
the insurance effected. Tlie term is also used
iif the surrender by a di'btor of his property.
' a-ban'-diim, s. [JIan.i
OldL"i" Anything fnii'rited or conliscated.
(Ducangr.)
' a-ban'-dune, r.t. [A.S.] To .subject, to
abandon.
" Fortune to her lawya cjiii not abandniie iiie."
S/ielton: ly-.rks, L 21:i. [JlalUmclL)
a-bS-n'-ga, s. [LiH';d name.] A nanio given
by tlie iji'gnics in the island of St. Thomas to
.1 kind of palin. [Aij\.]
"a-banne, r.t. [Ban.] To curse.
a-ban-ni'-tion, s. [Law Lat. abaunitio, an
old legal term, now little used.] Banishment
for one or two year.s for manslaughter. [Ban.]
^ a-bap-tis'-ton, or a-bap-tist -i-on, s.
[Gr. u/?(i7rTtffToi' (abaptiston) = ncjtto be dipped,
/SaTni^o} (baj'ti^ii) = to dip; frequentative of
ySuTTTw (bapto) = 1o dip, to dye. In Galen is
found the expression u/3d7nt(nov Tp^Trai-oi'
(trupauoiL) = !i. trepan not to be dipped, tJiat
is, with a guard to prevent its sinking too
deejily.]
OJd'surg. : A guarded trepan. [Trepan.]
' a-bar'-cy, s. [Low Lat. nbartin.] Insatiable-
ness. [ ABAR.ST1CK. ] (Dnraii'j':.)
"' a-ba're, -y. i. [A.S. abarian.] To make bare,
to uncover. [Bake.]
* a-bar'-rand, pr. par. [Aberr.] Departing
from, abefring.
"*a-ba'rre, v.t. [A.N. aha.rrer.] To prevent
" the famouse princes of Israel, which did
not only abarre ydolatrye and other iingodlyneKs,
but utterly abolished all occaayone of the same."—
Wright : Monastic Letters, p. 1209.
'^ a-bar'-stick or a-bas'-tick, a. [Etym.
uncertain, possibly connected with, abarcy
(q.v.). Insatiable. (Dlount.)
■^ ar-bar'-Stick, a. Insatiableness. (Cui Lcram.)
^ a-bar'-stir, .(. [Apa^k?] :m ore downcast.
" ;Mightiio more be aba r.sti y."—Townele!i Mi/i-trrirt.
boll, b^; p6^t, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 911m, bench; go. gem; thin, this, sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. -ing.
-cian. -tian - shan. -tion, -sion = shun; tion, §ion = zhun. -tious, -oious. -sious = suus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
abarticulation— abattoir
ab-ar-tic-a-la-tion. ^ lUt .'/. = fruni ;
ortir'il,<if<. = a pLittiug Inrtli of HfW .puits
nrtirvio — to diviito into joints ; artiadns = u
little icint; nW?rs = a. ioint.] . .
Aiiaf. : That kind of ai-ticulation, or .loiiit-
ii]g, which admits of divious or extensive
motion. Synonymous witli diarthrosis and
dearticidation (q.v.).
a'-bas, s. [In Ger., &c., ahn^ : der. apparently
from vShah Abbas of Persia.] A woightnsed in
Persia for weighing jiparls. It is one-eighth
lesH than the Kuropean carat, and is eqnal to
2'2fi grains Troy.
a'-bas, .-. fAral'-l
Med. : A cuUiiirons dis.'asf, the seald-head
(Porririnfai-os"). LP*"'r'-ii'<'0. 1
g,-ba'se, v.t. [Fr. nhaisser : Low Lat. ahassare
=:to lower ; Ital. (thhasmre ; tip. aJiaxar: cogn.
withEng.kiw; Low Lat. &Hssits=: low.] [Abash.]
1. JAt. : To depress, to lower.
" And wiU she yet ahnsp her eve=; on me?"
Shdkpsp. : UK-hard III., i. 2.
2. F'lci. : To make low, to lowi^r, to degrade,
to lium'ble, to disgrace.
" But the Hydes ahaseiJ thciiisehes in v-iia."—
Macnilnij: Jlisl. A'vf/..ch.\i.
^ To ahasp the coinage ; same as to debase
(q.v.). [Aeasino, s., 3.]
a-based', jif . j"-'-,-. or a. [Aeare.]
1. In the sime si'oses as the verl).
2. Iler. : The term nsed (1) when the
wings, e.g., in place of
being expanded, with
their apices pointing
outward, either look
down towards the
point of the shield,
or else are shut. (2)
When a chevron, fesse,
or another ordinaiy,
is borne lower than
its usual situation.
(Parker, Gloss, of Her.)
[Abask.]
"VVINGS AB.\SED.
a-ba'se-ment, s. [A£ase.]
1. The act < >f bringing lo-^v or humbling.
2. The state of being brought K»w.
"There is an abascme7it because of glory."— ffcc?e&
XX. It.
a-basll', '''■'. [0. Fr. Rshahlr ; Fr. ebahir.} To
' put to shame, to cause to hang ddwn the head,
by suddenly exciting in one the consciousness
of guilt, niistake, or inferiority ; to destroy
the' self-possession of a person ; to dispirit ;
to put to euufii-iiou.
•'He w!i3 a mail whom in' check coukl abash."—
Macaulay: JIhl. y:";/-, ch. xiv.
a-basll'ed, jx'. -pnr. & a. [Ae\sh.] (1) As
■ the verb =. to put to shame ; hence (2) Modest,
unobtrusive, bashful.
" The boy of plainer garb, auO more abashed^
111 couuteuaiice— more distant ami retired."
Wordsworth : Excnrsion, bk. viii.
a-bash'-ing, 'pr-par. &s. [Abash.]
As suhst. : A jiutting to shame.
" An abashing without ^u(-\."—C//micc>- : Bocciut.
a-bash'-ment. s. [Abash.] Confusion pro-
' duceil by shame ; fear, consternation ; a being
put to siiame.
" Which maimer of abashment became hernot yll."
—Skeltwi, II. an.
a-ba'-smg, -pr. pnr. & s. [Auase ]
A J substantive :
1. Lit. (".^ 1. of fU verh) . A depressing, u
ln;r kin- lower.
■'Vet this shnnld ]•<? doue with a deinure abashif of
your ('ye."~B'"--"" -■ H'ur/.s, vol. i.
2. Fifi.: A making low, a humbling. The
sautp as Aeasi;mknt.
*3 DcprLicialinn of the coinage. [Deba-
sbi<: ]
■■ The nhiit'ni-i i.f the saiil ?f»pper money."— (??-o/^0Ji:
ChrunicJc. Edw i'l.
a bas'-si, a-bas'-sis, or a-bas '-sees» s.
' [Pcis.] A 'Persian silver coin (from Shah
AbliiisII..undprwhom it was struck), beanng
the- value "fabnat lO-^d. sterling, but varying
with the pri('(-^ of silver.
a-bas'-tard-ize, vt. [A.N. nha>^tnrdcr.-} To
* reduce to the i.-i>ndit.ion of a bastard. [B.\s-
TARI>. I
" (..'orni^itcil and abustardizcd thus. " — Lcni'ic'! ■
- a-ba'-siire, «. [A.X.] Abasement. {Tovne-
'inj Mysteries.)
■ a-ba'-ta-ble, a. Aide to be abated ; that
may be a'bHtcd, [Ai;\T(-:.]
a-ba-ta-men'~tum, s. [Law Lat] [Abate.]
LoAV : An entry b\- interposition ; the term
used when,<iu the death of a landowner, some
one. not the heir or de\isee, takes unlawful
possession of the estate.
*ab-a-tayr-ment, .^. [A.X.] A battlement.
(Slr'(imnayue, p. ^0.)
a-ba'te, i?.f. & ^. [O. Fr. nhaire; Fr. nhnffrc
' = to beat down ; hnttre - to beat or strike ;
Sp. hatir, ahntir; Port, hatrr, abater; Ital.
hntterp,abhatterc; Low} Ad ohatfn: f, = down,
and Lat. hitim, hottiio = to hit, to strike.]
[Beat, Bate.]
I. Traiisiliee:
1. Lit. (ofondteiii'lihiiigs):
* (a) To beat down, to overthrow.
"The more achuln they ben ahntid and defouled in
helle,"— CAndcr?-: J'crsoncs Talc, p. 180.
^ (b) To lowei-.
" Alle the haiiers that Crysten founde
They were (ibatyd^r."—Ovlaaiau, imp. 1713.
2. Firj. :
(a) To contract, to cut slmrt, to lessen,
diminish, moderate, mitigate.
"Nought that he saw Jiis sadness couhl nbntr."
Jli/roii: Childr Jlnrold, i. 34.
"Abate thy rage, uhtiti- thy manly T:i:,'e !
Abate thy rage, yrcat duke !"
Hhalccsp. : Henry ('., in. 2.
" 0 weary nicrht. 0 loiiR and tedious niglit.
Abate thy hours : ahine comfortH from the east.
Hhakesp. . Nids. Nv/ht's Uream. iii. 2.
"(6) To subtract, to deduct: sometimes
followed Vty //■0(i/.
" It shall be abated from thy estimation."— iet'((ims
xxvii, ls>.
(c) To remit : e.g., a tax.
" To replenish an exhausted treasury, it was pro-
posed to resume the lavish aud ill-placed ^iits of hia
predecessor ; liis prudence abated one looiety of tbo
restitution."— Wi^-fio/i." Decl. and Full, ch. xlviii.
■"3. Law: (i.) To beat down, to pull down,
to destroy, to putan end to. as" to a^ja^e a nui-
sance." (ii.) To annul a suit or action, (iii.)
To reduce proportionally a legacy or a debt
Avhen the testator or bankrupt has not lelt
funds enough to pay it in full.
4. Metall. : To reduce to a lower temper.
II. Intransitire :
1. To decrease, to become less ; applied tn
material substimces, to movements, to dis-
eases, also tn feelings or emotions, and indeed
to anything capable of diminution,
*' The wind
Wn.s fall'u, the rain abated."
Wordsworth: Excursion, ii.
"The fuvv of Grlengarry, not being inflamed liy any
fresh provocation, rapidly abated."— Macaalay : Hist.
Eng., ch. .\iu.
2. To lessen, to moderate.
" So toilsome wa.s the road to trace.
The guide, abating of his pace,
Led slowly through the piiss's jaws."
^CQtt . Lady of the Lake, v. Z
3. To cease altogether.
" Vs continaunce abated eny boast to make."
Political Songs, p. 216
1. Law : (i.) To cqme to nought, to fall
through, to fail, (ii.) To abate into a freehold
= enter into a freehold on the deatli of the
former poswesnor, regardless of the rights be-
longing to the lieir or devisee.
^" 5. Llorsemaiisliip : A horse is said to abate,
or take down his curvets, wlieu he puts both
his hind legs to the ground at once, and ob-
serves the same exactness at every successive
step which he takes.
,5. Falconry : To flutter or beat with the
wings.
"A hawke that traveleyth upon the teyne, a man
may know if he take hede, for such is her maner th.at
she wolde pante for ahatyng then another doth, for in
and if she wolde lose her breth whether she he high or
\ow:'—lleng. Antiq., 1. 300.
a-ba'te, s. [Old Fr. abat.] Event, adventure.
1. (SrntrJi.) Accident; something that sur-
prises, as being unexpected.
2. A casting down. [Abate, v.t.^
a-ba'-ted, vc- Pf*^- & ''-"-Ii- [Abate.]
As c'djectire :
1. Generally tlie same as the vcrl).
t 2. I'oet. : Humbled.
" still J our ohl foes deliver you, as most
AbattU captives, to somo nation."
ShaJcesp. . Vunolanns. iii. 3.
abatelement (pion al>-a-te -le-mang), s.
IFrom Fr. ahattre = to beat down.]
1 Comm.: A b.cal term, formerly a sentence
of the French consul in the Levant against any
merchants of his country who broke their bar-
'^ains or defrauded their creditors. Till th&
ubatelement was taken oti", the delinquent
could not sue any person for debt.
2. Her. : A mark of disgrace affixed to an
escutcheon. [Abatement, G.]
a-ba'te-ment. ». [Abate.]
I. Gen. : The act of abating, tlie state of
being abated, or the amount abated.
II. More speeijin'lhi :
1. A lessening, diminution, decrease.
•' Abatement in the public enthusiasm for the new
monarch."— /(idc'j: tn Macaalay's " Jhsl. Eng."
"The spirit of accumulation . . . reQuixes ahnte-
merit rather than increase."— J/ jV? .- Pol. Econ., bk. i.
2. Deduction, subtraction.
" Would the Council of Kegeney consent to an abate-
111,'nt of three liuudred thousand iKJunds? —Macau-
lay : Hist. Eng., chap. xxii.
3. Comrn.: (a) Discoiait for ready money.
(b) A deduction from the value of goods occa-
sionally made at custom-houses on account of
damage or loss sustdned in the warehouse.
This is called also rebate, or rehoXement.
[Rebate.]
4. Law : (i.) A beating down, a putting
down, as the ohatemeni of a imisance. (ii.) A
qua-shing, a judicial defeat, tlip rendering abor-
tive bylaw, as when a writ is overthrown by-
some fatal exception taken to it in court ; a
plea designed tc effect this result is called a
plea in abateinent. All dilatoiy pleas ai-e con-
sidered pleas in abatement, in c-ontradistinc-
tion to pleas in bar. (iii.) Forcible entry of
a stranger into an inheritance when the person
seised of it dies, and before the heir or de-
visee can take possession. [Ot.ster.]
5. Her.: Abatements, sometimes called re-
batemeuts, are real or imaginary marks of
disgi-ace affixed to an escutclieon on account
of some flagrantly dishonourable action on the
part of the bearer. Scarcely any instance is
on record of such marks of disgrace having
been actually affixed to an escutcheon.
a-ba'-ter, s. [Abate.] The per.son who, or
' the thing whie'h abates. [Abator.]
■' A/taTurs of acrimony or sharpness are expressed
oils of rine vegetjvbles." — Arbiithnot.
a-ba'-tiiig, pr. par. [Abate.]
a-bat-jour (ar-ba'-zh6r), s. [Fr.] A .sky-
light or sloping aperture made in tlie wall of
an apartment for the admission of light.
a-ba'-tor, s. [Abate, Abater.]
1. La.v : One who, on the death of a person
seised of an inheritance, enters it before the
rightful heir or devisee can take possession.
2. One who abates a nuisance.
3. An agent or cause through or by which an
abatement is etfected.
.W
abattis or abatis (pron. a~bat'-te as a
French word, but often, as English, a-bat'-
tis), s. [Fr. abatis, from obaltre = to beat
down.]
1. Rubbish.
2. Fort. : A temporary' defence formed by
felling trees, and placing them in a row, with
their boughs, which are pointed, directed
against the eJiemy ; they impede the advance
of the f<n\ besides affording cover for the
defenders to tire over.
" Miltiades pi-otected his flanks from the enemy's
cavalry hy an abattis." — Thirlwall : Orecc. chap, xiv,
" Pretty groups of trees, too, ha^ve been cut down in
a slovenly mamier to form abattis." — Tbnes, Dec, 1B76.
a-bat'-tised, a. Furnished with an abattis.
abattoir (a-bat'-war), s. [Fr. abattre = to
beat do^sTi, 'to fell.] Abuildingin which cattle
are slaughtered. One was commenced in Paris
hy decree of Xapnlpon 1.. in isio, and it was
tilte, fat, f^e, amidst, wltiat, fall, father ; we, wet, Siere, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, w?lf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, ftU ; try. Syrian, ee, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = Itw.
a battuta— abbot
finished iu 1S18. An u-pinuacli to tliu abattoir
system has been made in London .since the
removal of ISmitlilield Cattle ^farket to thf
niirth of tliH nietrojiolis iu li^.j-O ; it has been
introduced also into vanous provincial towns.
a battuta (pron. a, bat-tu'-ta), [itiil. :
(lit.) to the beat,]
Miihio: in strict or measuretl time. " This
term in usually employed when a break in the
time of a movement has occurred, and it is
desirable to resmiK^ the original pace by the
beat. {Stainer £ Barrett.')
■^ ab-^-tude', s. [Late Lat. oJiattula.] Any-
thing diminished. (Ba'daij.) (In uld record.^,
Monda ahatuda i^ clipjied money.) [Abate.]
'' eib'-a-tiire. [Fr. abattrc = tu beat.] Grass
beate'u down by tlie trampling of a stag pass-
ing through it.
ab-at-vent (prou. ab'-a-vah), s. [Fi-.]
Arclu : Tlie .sloping roof of a tower ; a ijent-
house.
ab-at-voix (prnn. ab'-avr-wa, s. [Fr.]
Ai-ch. : A sounding-board ovci- a pulpit.
abavl (pron. S.b'-a-ve), a-ba-v6', s. [Loc.d
names.l The name, in'various African tlia
lects, of the Baobab tree, Adcasoula di<jitid".
" ab-a'we, ^&b'-a'ue, ' Sr-ba ve, '^^ a-bay,
v.t.
1. To bow, to bend. {MS. Caatah. JMli-
v;dL)
'J.. To dazzle, astoni.sh, or confound.
"I was abawed for uierveille."
Roiiuiiiat of the Hose, 3,614.
''ab-a'wed, im. par. [Abvwi:.]
'a-ba'y, *a-ba'ye. s [AX.] [Bay.] The
"barking of 'a dog.
". . . iuid iiitike a short nbttij for tu rewarde tliu
liuiulus,"— .1/.S'. Bodl. 540. [llaUlwell.)
*\ At ahaya : At bay.
" Tlien the forest they fraye
The hertes bade at abni/r."
Uei/rovaiitr ,1/A'. (/lalliwcl! )
a-bay', * ab-bay', * a-ba'ye, v.i. To
obey. [.iVbawe.]
"... and every iiiiLu have a small rodde yu lu^
houd tu holde of the lnlnlult;^; tliiit thei ahul thi^
better « (.(i.vf."— J/.b'. JlmU 040
■ a-ba'y, vA. & v.t. [.Abie (2).] (Skuuicr.)
'a-ba'y, v.f. To astonish. [Ab.^we.J (Srotrh.)
*a-ba'ys, v.t. [Fr, aba.s.~iir.] To abash, tv
confound . {Scotch .)
'^a-bay'-S9hid, ar-bay'ssh-ite, ]K(. pnr.
Abashed, frightened. lAaAhii.J
"^a-ba'yst, j'(f. I'cr. of Abase. [A.X.] Disap-
pointed.
"And that when that they were triLvjht
And of herlwrow weru "liii'/t,t "
Brit. ISM. i\\ 8a [Il'diiivcll: Did.)
■^abb. s. [A.S. ah or oh = {\) alicam, (2) the
"wuof in weaving yarns.] A term formerly
used among weavers, and signifying yarn for
the warj).
If ^lft/j(('ooZ = wool for the yarn used in a
weaver's warp.
ab'-ba, s. [Ileb. ;3i.j {i<h) — fatlier. witli suffix
ba to re|ireseiit the dethiite article.] The E.
Aram. (Clial,) and Kyr. n;ime forjdthcr.
"... the Spirit of jwloptiuii, whereby wl- eiy, ,i66«.
Father." — Jiotn. viii, 15.
' ab-ba^'-m-ate, /'.'. [Ttal. I'd = to ; haciiw
= abasin.] To destroy the eye-sight by placing
a red-hot eopper basin clo.-?e to the eyes. It
was ehiellyon captive princes, or other persons
of influence, that this deti.'stable cruelty was
practised. Ducange cites iiistanees of its per-
petration among the Italians in mediajval
times, the Giveks of the lower emidre, and
others. He also repeats the story that, earl^"
in the twelfth eentury, Henry I., King of Eng-
land, thii-^ ti'i.-ateil iiis brother Roljeit, the
deposed iMiki- of Normandy, but the charge
is not suiij'i'i-ted by contemporary evidence.
(Ducange, Lexicon, art. " Abbaemare ")
* ab-ba9-in-a'-tion, 5. The <lestruetion of
the eye-sight iu the manner described under
the verb Abbacinate.
a,b'-ba-9y, *■. [Low Lat. nbhatlo, from E. Aram.
and >Sy)'. abba — father.] Tlie dignity, rights,
and privileges of an abbot. [Aubot, Abha.J
"Accurdiiii; to Teliiius, an nhli'ir// is the dignity
itseh." — Ayliffii : i'ltrergoih Jans Canoitlci.
ab-b^n-ddn-a-znen -te. [Ital .]
Miibic : AVitli self-abandonment, despoml-
ingly.
"^ab'-bas, o. Old spelling ot".\jJBEss (^.i.^'.).
' ab'~bat, s. [Abbot.] [In reality a more
correct form of the word than Abbot. It
comes from o.bhutrni, aeeus. of Lat. ahhas, from
Syr. abba = father.]
"The a'jbats of exempt abljeya."— Glossary "'
Utiraldry, 1677.
d,b'-ba-tesse, 5. Fcm. fonn of Abbat (q.v.).
" Andat leiifc'th became abhatcssn thei:e."—JIoUii!slicd :
Chroii., 1G47.
ab-ba'-ti-al.
Pertaining to an abbey.
" Abbdtial goveiTimeut was jwolmbly much mere
favourable to uatioiial prosperity than baronial au-
thority."—A'tr 7\ Eiten : Utate of the Poor, p. 50.
ab-bS,t'-i-cal,
The same as Abbatial.
■ ab'-bay or ■' ab-baye, ^. An old spelling
of Abbey.
" Tliey wouhl reud this A bbai/e's massy nave."
Scott : Laif <•/' Last Jfinstral, canto ii,, 14.
abbe^ (pron. ab'-ba), s. [The French terai for
Abbot.] Literally, the same as an abbot, but
more generally mere title for any clergyman
without any definite office or responsibilities.
Before the first French Revolution the title
was so fashionable that many men who had
pursued a course of theological study, though
not at all of ecclesiastical pi'oclivities, assumed
it; but tliat ]iractiee almost terminated witli
17S9, after which the word became once more
limited to its natural meaning.
" Ere long some boM my, smirkiug, smart /iit^ "
Cowper: J'ro'jrenn of Error.
*\ Abhes Ci'ii,un':nd.atf'ircs. [Abbot.]
*ab'-beit, s. [A corruption of Habit.] (Scotch.)
Dress, apparel. {Banaatijnc : Pudfn^.)
ab'-bess^ s. [O. Fr. ahai:s>\ abhesse; Low Lat.
abbati^sa.\ The lady superior of a nimm^ry,
exercising the same autliority over the nuns
that an alibot does over monks in a convent,
the only exception being tliat she cannot
exercise strictly eccLesiastical functions.
" The Palmer eauglit tlK- l /-'-.■^■.■' eye."
.-^.oC M.a.iLion.x. in.
ab'-bey, s. [O. Fr. oMlp, oha'm; V\\ abban^-,
from Low Lat. ahbatla; Ital. abbadAaorhadia,;
Ger. ablti.]
1. A monastic community. A society or
celibates of eitlier se\", wlio, liaving witlidrawii
from "tlie world" and bound themselves by
religious voavs, hencefoi'tli live in seclusion,
the men, termed mmiks, in a convent, and tlie
females, denominated u»/i.s-, m a nunnery, llie
former ruled over by an abbnt [Abbot], and tlie
latter by an (diluss. Origmally the teini
ubbrif was applied to all soch fraternities or
sisterhoods, then it became more limited in
meaiun.L;. as a distinction was drawn between
an f'hbnj jmiiier and a /iriorii. Tlie more
powerfid abbeys in the !Middle Ages tended to
throw out oifshouts, as a vigorous church
now is pretty sm-e to found one or more
humbler churches in its vicinity. These were
called in'lories, and were ruled by priors,
which was a }nore modest dignity than that of
abbot. For a jiermd they were subject to the
authority of the abbot by whose instrumen-
tality they had bi'en founded, then tliey
gained strength and became independent of
the parent monastciy, and linally the distinc-
tion between an abbvy and a iiriory almost
vanished. [^b.)XASTERY.]
2. A building either now or formerly in-
habited by a monastic community. An abbey
in the Middle Ages had a church, a dormi-
tory, a refectory for meals, a propel' pantry
for viands, and all other conveniences for the
monks, who, though individually poor, were
collectively rich. It stooil iu the midst of
grounds walled round for ]irotection and
privacy. iSomc abbeys have been converted
into moib'rn cathedrals or churches, others
are in ruins. [Priory, L'un\ E^•T, Nu^■^-):RY,
MOKASTERY.]
" It is impossible to conceive a more beautiful siieci-
meu of lightness and elegance of Gothic arcliitecture
thau the eastern ■window of Melrose -ifi6e'/."—,Scyr( ■
Sotes ta " Laij of Last Minstrel," ii, S.
^ In the mouth of a Londoner, " tlie Abbey"
signifies Westminster Abbey.
"All the steeples from tin- Abbey to the Towe-- M-nt
forth a joyous Am."—Maciiala!f .- Ilist. ofEiig., chap _\i
^ In Scotland, " the Aiboj " specially means
HoljTood House. [Abbey- laird.]
3. The privileges of sanctuary possessed by
those repairing to any such building.
Scots Law : The right of sanctuary afforded
to axlebtorwlio lives within the precincts of
Holyrood House.
abbey-laird, .-. A caut lenu for an iu-
solvent debtor who titke'S up his residence
within the precincts of Uolymod as a protec-
tion against his creditois. (>'f uO h.)
abbey-land, s. Land now, or formoily,
attuched to an abbey. On the siijipression of
the mon:tstcne^ at tin.' peiiodof the EnL^lish
Reformation, the abbey-lands were translnred
to the Crown, and Avere soon afterwanih
given, at prices beneatli their value, to' i)ri-
vate persons. By the statute ist Phil. .&
Mary, c. y. any one molesting the po^^^essors
of abbe>-lanils, granted by Parliament to
Heniy VIII. or Edward VI., incurred the
penalty of a preinunire. Wlnle yet the lands
now referred to were attached to the respec-
tive abbeys, their posscs-ors, in nutst cases.
had buei'eeded ill freeing them fioin all charge
liii'titlics. AVheii theirmodern ownei's manage
to prove tliis they also are e.Nenipt from tithe
rent-charge. (See Blackstoiie's Coniiutitiurlcs,
Book IV., ch. y; Book II., ch. 3.)
abbey-lubber, s. Atemi of coiitri,.ptfor
a fat, lazy, idle monk. Jennings says it is
still used in Somerset for an idle fellow.
"This is no Father Dominic, no huge M\di,i;iown
abbcy-f libber ; this is but a diminuti\e, sucking' friar."
—Drydcn: Spanish Friar, lii. 2.
*J Besidi.'s o!<bcii-J(iiul and ahbcji-hdibi r there
are in English literarnn; a number of other
words Compounded witli "h^/ri/ ; for inst;iuee,
nhhrii-dniri'li and abbrii-jilidc (Froude), abbey-
gate and abbey-vxdl (Shakespeare).
"^S-b'-bey, s. [A.N. Probably a cori'U])tiou of
Abele ((|.v.).] A juune given in Yorkshire
and Westmoreland to the great white I'opUu',
a variety of J'ujudvs alba.
'■ ab-big'-get, '•. t. To expiate, to make amends
for. iABiF.C2).]
* ab'-bis, s. pi. [An old form of Albs.] White
surplices worn l)y priests. (S'.otch.)
^ab'-bod, ^^ Oldformof Abeot(ii.v.). (Robert
of'Uuiuxdcr
lib'-bot, "^ ab'-bat, or ab'-ot. [A.s. oUUihI,
abbad; Gev.abt; Fr 'ddic; Ital. ('/(tff(i .■ Low Lit.
abhas, fr. E. and AV. Aram.a^'-M ; H.;l, ^N U'lj)
= father, of wliich the idund sounds hke
abhut, nin« ("'"'//' )■ [Abba.]
A term originally apjilied to any monk, or
to any e'celesiastie, specially if ;i^;ei.i, and de-
signe'l to expi-ess veneration for liis sanctity;
then limited to the superior <if a society of
monks living in a monastery; Jiext restricted
still further to the ruler of an abbey as eon-
tradistinguished troni a priory; and, finally,
ai.'ipiiring again a .--oniewhat nioi'e extended
meaning as the distinction between an abl)ey
and a prioiy became less regaiib-d. [Abbkv,
Priory.]
When in the fourth century, A.D., the scat-
tered and solitaiy monks Hvin;; in the I'^gyp-
tiail and other deserts began 1o be gatliered
into small communities, eacb society elected
a spiritual chief o\"er it, to wlioin the name
abbot was given by the Syrians and others,
and archi iiiandritehy the Greeks. The bishop
soon gained the right of eonfiiining the nomi-
nation. As yet the abbots were deemed lay-
men, but about the sixth ceutuiy most of them
became 2^^'iGsts. After the second Nn;ene
Council, in A.U. 7>i7. they were allowed to
consecrate monks for the lower sriered orders.
The abundant leisure which they ]iossessed
led a few of them to become learned men,
and the bishoiis finding them useful in con-
troversies with " heretics," grailually induced
them to remove their monasteries to the
vicinity of towns. By the eleventh ceutuiy
their influence had so increased that the more
powerful of them succeeded in shaking off the
authority of the bishops, owning no jurisdic-
tion now but that of the V^q>n ; these were, m
consequence, called in-^nh't'd idibots. Though
nominally the next grade behjw bislnqis, yet
most of them adopted the e}>isc(4ial crosier,
which, however, they bore in their right hand,
while the bishops did so in their left. They
also assumed mitres like their rivals, and
even many ordinary abbots became crosiered;
thus a distinction arose betv*-een mitnd and
( r"-,kni! abbots. The bouses ]iresided over
by insulated abbots had mostly sent forth
priories ; the heads of thosi; which had done
sfi on a large scale were sonietnnes ciiUcd otr-
dinal abbots; and the ambitions title of
oicaineiiLcal, meaning' ii n i vc rsal (d -bet, inntated
from the patriiirch of Constantint»plc. was not
unknown. The privilege of makme .ippoint-
nients to p-.sts of sudi miitortance was
bSil, b^; po^t, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, 911m, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = i
-clan. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion -shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious — shiis. -ble, -die, <^c, =belv del.
abbo^ship— abdicated
claimetl. and in ni;iiiy places successfully, l-y
the civil power, wliicii then nominated laymen
lor secular ends. Hence arose aU>ot-c<mn1s
(ui Lat. ahia- or ohhi-co'iaiti'^-) and fidd-ahbots
(in Lat. ahbates milltes), who rrr-eived rippoint-
inents on condition of rendering military
service for what was deemed their feof. In
Germany there were prince ohhal^, and Kings
Philip I. and Louis VI. of France were abbots
of the monasteiy of St. Aignau.
In England, before the Reformation, twenty-
six or twenty-seveu mitred abbots, with two
priors, sat in the House of Lords ; tlie fonner
were called, in consequence, abbots-general, or
ahbots-sovcTcign. They ceasi/d to l»e i)eers
when the monasteries were suppressed by
Henry YIII.
Bishops whose cathedrals were at one time
abbeys have sonietiuies been called abbots.
In'moderu Eoman Catholic countries abbots
are generally divided into regular and com-
mcndator 11 (abbes commendataires). The former
are really monks ; the latter are only laymen,
but are obliged to take orders wlien they have
reached the right age.
Tl Albot of tlie People was a title formerly
given ill Genoa to one of the chief civil
magistrates, a layman. A person who in
medifcval times was the leader of Christmas
revels was called by the English tlie Abbot or
Lord of Mis'-ide, by the Scotch the Abbot of
Unreason^ and by the French Abhc de Liess€=^
the Abbot of Joy. [Lord (1), s. T[ (3).]
^b'-bot-Ship, s. The state, position, or ap-
pointment of an abbot.
abbreuvoir (approximately ab - bruv' -
war), s. [Properly Fr. = a watering-place ;
a drinking-pond for animals. Ital. abbeverare :
frombei^ere; Lat. bibere = to drink. -The English
hrew is f.vom a different root]
1. A watering-place.
2. Masonry : The .iunction between two
stones ; the interstices between two stones
designed to be filled up with mortar.
ab-bre'-vi-ate, v.t. [Lat. ohbreviatus, pa.
par. of abbrevio : ad = to, and brevis = short ;
Kp. abreviar ; Ital. abbreviare ; from Lat.
abbrevio ; Gr. ^paxyvw (braclmno), ^(nxxvs
(brachvs) = brevis = short.]
1. To shorten, to curtail, to reduce to a
smaller compass, yet without loss of the main
substance.
"It 13 one thing to abbreviate by contracting
another by cutting of£" — Bacon : i'ssrty xxvi.
2. To shorten, to cut short with a lessening
of the main subst-ance.
"Tlie length of their days before the Flood were
abbreviated a,tter."—IiroJvne : Vulgar Errours,
3. Arith. (& Alg. : To reduce a fraction to its
lowest terms. [Abbreviation, II.]
ab-bre'-vi-ate, s. An abridgment. (IVkit-
' lock : Maniiers of the Engll^ii.)
Scotoh Lav) : Abbreviate of adjudication.
means an abstract of adjudication, and of the
lands adjudged, with the amount of the debt.
ab-bre'-vi-ate, a. & *pa. jyr. [Aberbviate,
vA.'\ [U.sed occasionally for tlie regixlar form
Abeeeviated (q.v.).]
9>b-bre'-vi-a-ted, jw. j-cr. or «. [Abbre-
* VI ATE.]
1. Shortened, abridged, contracted.
Il-T
-Day
of Man. vol. 1,
piirti., cb. ii.
2. Arith. d-
Alg. : Reduced
to lower tenns;
shortcncd,sim-
plified.
3. Botany : A
term used in
comparative
descriptions to
indicate that
one jiart is
shorter than
ano.thcr. For
instance, an ab-
breviated cnlyx
is one which is
shorter than
the tube of the
corolla (a in
fig-)-
^ ab-bre'-vi-ate-ly, adv. [Eng. abbreviate ;
-hj.] Shortly, concisely.
"Ahhrevnitli/ and meetely .iccoiding to my old plain
hOi\\i."—Nashe : Lentim Httiffe.
SLOWER OF PUr.JIONARIA
jVIARJTIMA, WITH ABBRE-
VIATED CALYX.
S.b-bre'-vi-a'-ting, iw. par. [Abbreviate.]
ab-bre -vi-a'-tion, s, [Abbreviate.]
I, Gen.: The act or process of shortening,
abridging, or contracting.
"... the procciS ©f abbreviation and softening." —
DonaMwn : J\'. Cratylus, bk. ii., c. lu, i>, i'M.
1. Sjicc: The curtailment of a document
or the contraction of a word or word.s by
omitting several of the letters, as M.A.=
Master of Arts [see A as an abbreviation], adj.
for adject ire , &c.
2. Alg. & Arith. : The reduction of a fraction
to a simpler form : as
t±!!L^ to 1
:ia^(a + b) <•
3. Mn:>i<:: A conventional way of writing
the notes so as to save space. Thus, a semi-
breve with the symbol of a quaver underneath
signifies
(that is, as many quavcr-s as there are in a semi-
breve) ; so ^S'— means as many demi-semi-
quavers as there are in a crotchet — \iz., 8.
II. The result of such an act or proce.ss ;
thus M.A. is the abbreviation of Master of
Arts.
1 is the alibreviation of i^ilA'J^. &e.
a 3('2 (a + b)
"... in the circumstance of x[s'me abbreviatlouit." —
Swi/t.
III. The state of being shortened or
abridged.
ab-bre'-vi-a-tor, i. [Abbreviate.]
1. Gen. : One who abridges or curtails.
"Neither the Archbishop nor his abbi-ei'^iators "—
Htnnilton: Iai-ih-, ii.
2. Spec. : The term applied to a college of
seventy-two persons in the Roman Chani-eiy
whose duty it is to abridge the jietitions
granted by the Pope into proper forms for
being converted into bulls.
ab-bre'-vi-a-t6r~y, a. Abbreviating, short-
ening. [Abbreviate.]
' ab-bre'-vi-a-tiire, s. [Ital. rdjbrcviatura.]
1. A mark used for the sake of shortening.
"Written witb cli;trfi.cters and abhreviatitrrs '—
Dp. Taylor: Ji'i/e of Ci-ii.:cictice.
2. An abridgment, a compendium, a short
draft. [Abbreviate.]
"This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty
of a Olinstiau. '—Taylor -. Onide to Dcmttoii.
''' ab-broch, v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] To mo-
nopolise goods or forestall a market.
ab-br6'9he, r./. [A.N.] To broach a barrel
[ABROaOH.]
" Abbrorbyii or att.impi a vessele of di-jaike."—
Prompt. Pari:
ab-brd'9h-inent, s. [A.N.] [Abbroch.]
1. The act of forestalling.
2. Spec. : The act of forestalling a market or
fair. This was foi-mi.-rly regarded as a criminal
uH'cnee ; but liy T & 8 Viet, the penalty for
it was abolished
ab-biit'-ta^, s. j)?. [Law Lat. abutfo, and
" biitta, from hut-inn, Fr. '"j;^/ — end, termination :
or Celt, hot or &o'/ = foundation, lowest paii:.]
The buttings or boundary of land towards any
]ioint. ATiciently, bounds were distinguished
by artificial hillncks called hnteminrs, from
which came Butting, Ablttals, Szc.
" ab'-byt. s. [Habit.] A habit.
" Under the abhyt of .sevnte Aii'-tynne. '
}yriglit: St. Patrick's Piirtjatorii, p. 6G.
ABC. The first three ^■tter.^ of the English
alphabet, designed as symbols of the alphabet
generally.
"As .ilphaliets in ivorj- employ,
Hour after hour, tlif yet miletter'd boy.
Sorting and puzzling with a deal of glee
Those seeds of science call'd his A B C."
Vuwpcr : Covversatior?.
' a-b-9e, or a-be-5e, s. [Abece.] The alpha-
bet (sixteenth ceiitin-y).
Abdal (Ab'-dal), .-i. [Arab. o!)rf = servant ;
^/,^^//n/; = Gna.]
Amonrf Miif:>:n}}na-nf: : A person suppo.=!ed to
be transported by the love of God. AbdaK
are called in Persia Divaneh Xhodas. People
belonging to other faiths often find them dan-
gerous fanatics. (iSec D'Herbelot's BibUotliL-qiie
Oricntale. A.D. U;77.)
ab-del'-a-vi, ;i. [Arab.] The native Egj-ptian
iianie ot'tiie inusk melon (q-^'■)■
Abderian (ab-der'-i-an), or Abderite
(ab-der'-ite), a. [Frnm Abdera, a town
of Thrace, tlie inhabitants of wliich were
regarded as very stupid, yet from among theni
sprung the iihilosophers Democritusand Pro-
tagoras.] Pei-taining (1) to Abdera ; (2) to
incessant laughter, from Democritiis, who was
kiHiwn as *' tiie laughing philosopher." Used
also substantively.
ab'-dest, s. [Pers. a?> = water ; 'le.'^f = hand.]
The Mohammedan cpremouy of washing the
hands as a religious duty.
- Abdevenham (Ab-dev^ -en-ham).
Astral. : The head of tlie twelfth house in a
sclicme of the heavens.
ab'-di-cant» a. & s. [Lat. ahdiro ,i ^, pr. par. of
vhdico.'l ' [Abi>k-ate.]
1. ^.s adj. : Abdicating, renouncing, relin-
quishing.
";. . . nionk^ abdicant of their order."— It7)/Y7ocft.-
Jfauiiers of the English J'eojjie, \: V.
2. As svhstantive : One who abdientc^.
ab'-di-cate, i'-t- k%. (Lat. abdico = (lit.) to
say a thing does not tielong to one, to detach
oneself from, to renounce, resign, abdicate;
(Ic'ial) to renounce one (esx'ecially a son), to
disinherit him : "/) = from ; dUo = to bind,
tc dedicate, consecrate, or devote.]
X. Transitive:
1. ^'f'yj.: To relinquish, abandon, give up.
2. Sj'pr. : To relinquish the throne without
resigning it. After the flight of James II.,.
in 10S9,'"Lord Chancellor tSomers, Maynard,
and other eminent men, contended that the
fugitive monarch liad abdicated the throne,
and induced the House of Comimms to adopt
the following extraordinary definition of the
verb to abdiade: —
"It wa-s moved that Kinp; .Tames II., li.aving endea-
voured to subvert the constitution uf the kingdom by
breaking the original (.entract between king and
people, and, by the advice of Jesuits and other wicked
persons, hai^iig violated tlie fundamental laws, land
having withdrawn himself out of the kingdom, had
abdicated the government, aud that the throne had.
thereljy become vacant." — Macaiday : Hist of Eitg.,
chap. X.
It was not, liowever. at a logical definition
that Somers and his companions aimed, but at
framing a motion likely to pass the House, as
this one triumphantly did.
T The word abdiccite is sometimes used for
the desertion of offices inferior to the throne.
3. Formally to resign an office before
one's time of servi< e has expired, or an oflice
which one might have been expected to retain
till death.
"It was in the twenty-first year of his reign that
Diocletian executed his memorable design of nbdicat-
v».'7 the empire. , . . Diocletian acquired the glory of
giving to tlie world the first example of a resignation
which bixs not been very fi-equently imitated by .suc-
ceeding monarchs." — Oibbon : Dec. <t Fall, chap. xiii.
4. To reje<-t. to renounce, to relinquish as
a right or privilege, or a valuable jH.sscssion.
" But Clirist as soon would abdicate his own,
As stoop from heaven to sell the proud a throne."
Con-pcr: Truth.
"The understanding nb.lirufes its functions, and
men are ^iven over, ;i,- if liy magic, tn tlie enchant-
ments of insiinity ' ^Fn-iuh- ,- Uist. of Kn-i , cliap. vii
5. Cifil Lev: To j-enonnce a son, to dis-
inherit a son, during the lifetime of a father.
"It may Iw further observe<l thiit p^ireut- were
allowed to be reconciled to their rbililrt-n, but after
tb.it could never abdicate them ;igaiii." — Potter :
Orccian Anti'jintiex, iv, l.^j.
If Alsofigvratively:
"... draw tbem clo.scr unto thee whom thon
seemest for tljo time to abdicate."— Up. Hall.
^ G. To dethrone, to deprive of office, to de-
grade.
"The Turks abdicated Cnmulus, the next heir to the
empire." — Hvrtoit: Anat. of Melancholy.
II. Intransitive : To abandon or relinquisli
a tlu'one, or other office, dignity, or privilege.
"... .-^im-e br- [a princel cannot nhdhaTf for bis
children."— ,S<'^;r"f On the ifcntiincitis ot a Church of
Anfllaiid M,iu.
ab'-di-ca-ted, pa. par. & adj. [Abdicate.]
1. Active : Used of one who has abdicated a
throne or uther dignity.
"The abdicated monarch retired." — l.'d't*-<» : De-
cline and Pull, chap, xli.
2. Passire: Abandoned, renounced, referring
tv the throne or office aljdieated
" And hoped tii seize his ahdiratrd helm."
('■•irpi^- : /'.rpn.ttn/ation.
cate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a, qu = kw.
abdicating— abeee
ab-di-ca'-ting, 'pr. par. [Abdicate. J
ab-di-ca'-tion, s. [Lat. ahdUvUo.} The act
of abdicating or relinquishing.
1. Spec: : The rtliiiquiKhment of an office,
and particularly the throne, without a formal
resignation. It ditk-rs from resign :it ion. which
is apiilied to the giving back bv u pereon into
tlie hands of a superior an office to which
that superior appointed him ; while in abdica-
tion, one theoretically, without an earthly
superior in the country, relinquishes what
came to liim ;(t first by uct of hiw.
"Somers vindicated the use of the word alnVjiatl'iii
by quotations from Grotius and Briawnius, SpigeJius
and BartoluH."— il/'wcuwJjt// .- Hist, of Eixj , ch, x.
2. The resignation of a throne or other ofQce
with or without due formalities.
"The ceremony of his [Diocletiaji'a] nbdicatioi) wu-s
performed in a spacious ijlace, alwut thrtt- nnlpn ii'imi
Nicomediu." — Gibbon : Devi. & Fall, vol. ii., cha-ii. xiiL
% An involuntaiy abdication may take
l>lace, like that of Napoleon I. at Fontaiiie-
bleau, April 11, 1814, prior to his virtual ban-
islunent to the Isle of Elba.
3. Gen. : A casting off, a rejection.
4. The state of being abdicated or relin-
quished.
* S,b'-di-ca-tive, o. [Lnt. aMimtimi^.] That
which causes or implies abdication. [Abdi-
cate.]
ab'-di-ca-tor,
abdicates.
[Abdicate.] One who
*" ab'-dit-ive, ff. [Lat ahditims; dbdo = to
put away, to liide : <'/< = from : do = to put,
place, give.] Having the qualitv or power of
hiding,
ab'-di-tor-y, ab-di-tbr'-i-iim, s. [Lat.
oMo.] A place for hiding articles of value, as
money, plate, or important dncunients.
Spec, : A chest in churches for relics. (Dug-
dalc.)
S,b-dd'-men or ab -do-men, .'. [Lat. o/j-
domen, -Ini^; from abdo = to ]nit away, to
conceal; or possibly coutr. from adlpimen,
from fic?eps = fat.] Properly a Latin word,
but quite naturalised in English anatomical,
medical, and zoological works.
1. That portion of the trunk whi(;h in man
oonuuences beneath, and in mammalia behind
the diaphragm, and terminates at the extremity
of the pelvis. Tlie abdominal cavity is the
largest in the human bf-dy. it is lined with
a serous membrane called the peritoneum. It
contains the liver, with the gall-bladdcr under
its right lobe, the stomach, the pancreas, the
spleen, the two kidneys, the bladder, and tlie
intestines. The more hi;ihly organised of the
inferior animals have a similar strui^ture.
2. Eutom. : The whole posterior division of
the body united to tlie thorax by a sm;il[
knot or attachment, well seen in tlic wasji.
It includes the back as wi'II ;is the parts
below. Externally it is made up of a series of
rings.
ab-doxn'-in-al, o. [Abdo^ien,] Belonging to
tlie abdomen.'
"... the size of the tihdo)nh<n1 ciivity. '—Todd aiid
Smvman: P/u/siol. Atiat., vol. ii., p Jijii."
Abdombial rcnion.-^- : Certain regions on the
external surface of the abdomen formed by the
tracing upon it of iinaginary lines. A line is
drawn horizontaUy from the extremity of the
last rib on one side to the same point on the
other. A second line is then dra\m parallel
to the first between the two anterior superior
processes of the iliiun. These two lines neces-
sarily divide the abdomen into tliree horizontal
bands or zones. The first or liighest one is
called the epigastrium [Epn^A.sT'niUM] ; tlie
second or middle one, the umbilical region
[Umbilical] ; and the third or lowest the
hypogiistriura [Hypogastrium]. Two vertic^d
lines are then drawn on either side from tlie
cartilage of the seventh rib downward tu the
anterior superior spine of the ilium. These ne-
cessarily intersect the three horizonfcil zones,
dividing each of them into three parts so
as to make nine in all. Tlie central division
of the epigastrium con.stitutes the epigastric
region, properly so called, on either side of
which lie the right and left hypochondria
[Hypochondria]. The central portion of the
umbilical region is tlic umbilical region pro-
perly so called; whilst the oomjiartments on
either side are named the ri!:^lit and left
lumbar regions. The hypogastric region i.--
similarly di%'ided into three, the central called
the pelvic region, and the two side ones the
right and left iliac regions.
Abdominal ring or in-
gurnal ring: One of two
oblong tendinous openings
or '' rings " existing in
either groin. Through
these rtngs pass the sper-
matic cord in the one sex,
and the circular ligament
of the uterus in the other.
The aponeurotic lilircs
which form the immediate
boundaries of the two open -
ingsare called the pillars of
the ring. One of these is
superior, internal or ante-
rior, and the other inferior,
external and ]tosterior.
THE ABUOMINAl. AND THORACIC REGIONS
ABDOMINAL REGJON-
■1 Eiiicasti-ic. [ 10. Iliac.
.'■. iritibihwil. 11. IntjuDial.
*., Hyiwgimtnc. is. Inferior dorsal.
9. HyiJuchoudri.tc. I iG, Lumbar.
THORACIC REGIuXs,
1. Humer.il,
2. Suliclav iaii.
:i MtbUiiimiy.
7. Axilljirv.
B. Snl>axilt)u-y uv lateral.
12. Si-;i]>nlar.
Ml Iiiterr.eH[niijir
1 1. Sui>eri(ji' doi-siil o
»ulj-scai»ul;iv.
^b-dom-in-al, ab-dom'-in-al^, s. [Liit.
ahdomiiinlcs.] [Abdomen.] (The full term is
Miihuoptrriigi'i i'h,ln,))iii(drs = soft-finiied .\b-
doiriimils ) An order of fishes having the
ventral tins snspemlcd to the under part ot
the abdomen behind the pectorals, without
the CAIil', AN ABDOSIINAL II^H.
being attached to the humeral bone. It is
the mo.st numerous in species of the soft-
finned orders, and contains the greater number
of the fresh-water fishes. It is divided into
five f;innlies : the Cyprinida-, or Carps; the
Esr>eid;c, ...r Pikes ; the Silurida.% or Siluri ; the
Nahuonidie, or .S;ihnoii ; and the Clupeidji.-, or
Herrings. [Malacopterygii.]
ab-dom-iu-os'-co-py, ,<t. [L,it. oodomni; Gr
TKOTTtu} {shopeo) = to look at or after, to look
carefully. ]
BTcd. : An examination of the external sui--
f;icf' of the abiloinen with the view of de-
tecting symptoms of internal disease.
ab-dom'-in-OUS, c [Lat. oixlomeu; Enc^
suff. -ous =^ Lat. osvs = full of.] °'
1. Pertaining to the abdomen.
2. With a large abdomen.
" Oorgoiiius .=;ita, abdo-minniin and w.in
Like a f.it siiuabupon a Cliinese fan."
Cowper: Progress of Error.
ab-du'9G, r.t. [Lat. cil}duco=to lead away]
+ 1. Gi-i>.: To lend away.
'■From the whych opinion I colde not a6(Z?7CP them
with al jay endevor. —State Pajyerx, Ben. VIII., i. 657.
2.Ai}nt.: To draw from one part to a
different one, to withdraw one part from
another.
"}\ vf^nhdnrp the eye into either comer, the obiect
will duplicate. —Sn- T. lirmvnc: Vulgar Ei-rors iii
ohap. x\.
ab-du'-yent, '/. [Abduce.] [Liit ahdv^fiis =
drawing from. ] Drawing from, dnnving back.
Aval. : The term applied to several muscles,
the function of which is to fall back, with-
draw, or open the parts to which they Ijelong.
The ahdacnit or abductor muscles are opposed
in their action to the adthirtor or oddvcent
muscles. [ Abductor. ]
ab-diict', v.t. [Lat. a&rfuco, i)a. par. (('^'/'I'^i^s,]
Law : To take away by guile, or forcibly to
carry off; as, for instance, a man's wife, or
Ids children, or a ward or lieiress ; or to
kidnap huinau lieings with the view of selling
them into slavery. [Abduce.J
"His Majesty had been abdttctcd or spirited away,
enJfr'r by some pel-son or persons unknown."— ^aWyte;
J'micfi Ilei'oiutioii, pt. ii., Ijook iv., chap. iv.
ab-duct'-ed» pa. jiar. & adj. [Aedqct.]
ab-diict'-ing, ■pr. par. [Abduct.]
ab-duc'-tion, a. [Abduct.]
A. Active :
I. Gen.: A leading or drawing away.
"Increased •ihdiiri'ioii of the stream by the water
companies."— 2'/»ii's, Svpt. 'J, Vil\i.
IL Spyec. :
1. Lav: : The taking away of a child from its
parents, a wife from her husband, or a ward
from her guardian, by fi-aud, persuasion, or
open force. We also speak of the forcible
abduction of a voter in a similar sense.
2. I'hys. : The action or operation by wliich
muscles part or separate certiiu portions of
the body from others with which they are con-
joined. [Abducent, Abduci'Or.]
3. Surg. : A fracture in which the broken
parts recede from each other.
" It (the thigh-bone] may be separated from the
middle line of the body, so as to form an angle with
the lateral surface of the trunk [abd-uctioTt), ol it may
be restored and niiide to approxiinnte the middle line
{abdiietion}." — Todd and liounnati, vol. i., ch. vi., p. 136.
4. Logic: An argument sometimes called,
after the Greek, apogoge, in which the greater
extreme is evidently contained in the medium,
Imt tht* medium is not so evidently implied
in the lesser extreme as not to require some
further ]iroof to make this appear.
B. Passirc : TIic state of being abduced, led
or drawn away.
ab-diic'-tor, s [Abduct.] One who abducts,
orthatwhichabducts— -ic, leads or pulls away.
Anat. : A muscle of the body, which pullb
back any part of the frame— f.g'., the eye.
The word abdvvlnr is opposed to' additctor, a
muscle whicli pulls to. [Abducent.]
" a-be', ' a-bee'. In the expression "Jet ahc"
= let be, let alone, far less, not to mention
(ri = at, tlie Northern sign of the infinitive).
(Scotch.)
" Let that abee."—Iiohson : MAIS., i. 17G.
" T hate fords at a' times, let abe when there's thou,
sauds of armed men on the other aide."— .b'co« .■ flrirfe
of LatatnemiQor.
T Sometimes = forbearance or connivance.
"I am for let abe, for let abe, as the hoi's sav"
Scott : Pirate.
a-beam', arfc. [rr = on; lirnw.]
Xofif. Lang. : On the beam.
*a-bear'. r.^ [A. 8 ahcrrav.] Now shortened
to Bear
1. To Itear, to endure, to put up with.
2. To behave (one's-self).
"Po did the faerie knight himself nbcarp
And stvuped oft liia heiid from shame to shield."
Spciiser : Faerie Qtn-enc, bk. v.. xii. 19.
■ a-bear'-an9e, 5. [a; -hrar.] Behaviour.
condU(;t, demeanour.
'•GuiH\u!'rt7rniicr. or gootl Ijehaviour."— B^acfiSioiw;
Co-mrnrut., )x)ok iv., chap. 18.
" a-bear'-ihg, s. [ABEAEAwcr. ] Behaviour,
conduct, demeanour.
Li'v: Good abearing=t]ic pi operand peace-
ful carriage of a loyal subject,
" He shulde be of good ribpn/nrje towarde the Icing "
— Fabi/av : Clironyclcs, c. 154.
"■'a-beat'-en, v.t. (pret. ah'ttr). To beat down.
[Beat.] (Strattn-anii.)
a-be-^e, s. A word used chieflv in the four-
teenth and liftecnth centuries.
1. The alphabet.
boil, boy; pout, j^^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this, sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion =^ shun; tion, sion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, <kc. L b§l, d^L
abecedarian— abesyans
Hence, 2 : The clemfnts uf u ycience : as, for
instance, of arithmetic.
" "When that the wise iium, accouipteth
Aftir the forma-l iiru^iii-te
Of Lvlgoriames abccc. _, _ ,.
tiomur 3ISS.,Soc.Antiq.
a^be-5e-dar'-i-an, a. [From a, h, c, d.]
1. One who teaches the alphabet.
" One that teaches the uri i^^-ruw "—Cockeram : Diet.
2. One who is engaged in learning the
alphabet, (M mshctt .)
^ a-be-9e'~dar-y, or a-be-5e-dar'-i-an.
a. (fe 3. [Froiu a, b, c, t?.]
A. As adj. ; A term applied to compositions
arranged alphabetically ; pertaining to the
alphabet ; rudimentary.
"Two ahecedar// ch-cles, or rings of lettei-s."—
Browne : Vuhjar lirrours.
B. An suhstaiitivc :
1. A primer.
2. (PI): Rudiments, principles.
Ahecedar Mil Psahns : Psalms, the verses of
which began with the successive letters of the
alphabet.
a-beohe', v.t. [Fr. ahecher = to feed, fill the
' beak.] [Beak.] To feed, to satisfy.
a-beched', pa. par. [Abeche.]
n,-bed', adv. [Properly on hed; pref. a = on,
or to ; hed. ]
1. In bed.
" Not to be n-hcd after midnight is to be wp betiuieB."
—!<hakei,j:: Tivelfth iVight, ii. 3.
2. To bed.
"Her mother dreamed, l>efore she wasdeiivered,
That she was brought a-bed with a buz^jird,"
Bcaum. i Flut. : False Due, iv. 3.
" a-be'de, v.t. To bid, to ofler. [Bid.] (.l/,S6'.
'of the lith Cent.)
* a-bed'e, v.L (pret. of Abide.)
* a-bed'ge, v. [Abie(:2).]
" There durst no wight hand on him ledge
But he no swore he shall abedffe." Urry : Chaucer.
* abefoir, adv. {a intensive, or without mean-
ing; hefoir = before.] Before. (Scotch.)
"... the landia . . . quhilhes wer aft^oir unite,"—
Acts Janus VI. (1609).
*a.-beg'-en, v.t. (in-et.ahuijde). [X.S. ahegan.]
To curve", to bend.
* a-beg'ge, a-bege', v.t. To suffer for, to
atone for. [Abie (2).]
"He schal it ahegge that brouglite him thertoo. "
Chaucer : Cokes Tale of Gainelyn, 810.
" He would dou his sacrilege
That many a man it shuule abege."
MS. Gower, Hoc. of Antiq. [UalliioeU.)
a-beigh, a-beech, adv. [Prob. corrupted
* ivomatho-y.} Aloof, at a .safe distance. (Scotch.)
a-be'-is, a-bi'e§, tn-ep. [Corrupt, of Albrit.]
* In comi)a"r!son with : as, "London is a big
town ahics Edinburgh." (Sii-pp. Jamleson's
'^Scottish Dicdect.")
* a-beis'-aunje. [Oeeisaxce.] Obetlience.
a-bel-a'-sie, s. [Arab, local Egyptian name.]
The name given at Alexandria to certain little
fleshy and oleaginous tubers, slightly aromatic,
which are employed as food-plants and analep-
tics. They appear to possess the property of
increasing the secretion of milk in nurses.
They probably belong to tlie CyprasescuUntus.
*a-belde', a-bel'-den, ;;.(. [A.S.] To be-
come bold. [BOLD.l
" The folk of Perce gan abelde."
Kyii'j Alysaiaider, 2,442.
a'-bele, a'-beille, a'-bel-tree, s. [O. Fr.
ahd, from Late Lat. albeUiis.] The gruat
white poplar (Populus alba, Linn.).
"Six abeles in the kirkyard gi'ow."
Browiung : Jihy-nie of the Duchess.
"* a - bel' - gen, ^m'. & t. (pret. abalh, part.
aholgan). [A.ti. abelgan; O. it. Ger. arbelgan.]
A. Intrini'i. : To grow angry. {SiruluKcun.)
B. Trans. : To make angry.
a-bel'-i-a, s. [Named by Robert Brown after
Mr. Clai'ke Abell, author of A Journey in
China, 1818.] A genus of plants belonging to
the order Caprifoliaceje, or Caprifoils. AhcUa
poj ihiindu, from jMcxico, and A. rupestrls from
Oliina, are ornamental sln'iibs, the former
witli purple-red, and tlie latter with i^ale rosi;-
coloured flowers.
A-bel'-i-an, -^■. [Abelite.]
LBELSrCSCHUS
ESCULENT us.
A-bel-i'te, A-bel'-i-an, A-bel-o'-ni-an,
s. [Ger, Abelonian ; tronr Abel, the son' of
Adam.] A sect mentioned by St. Augustine,
who imitated what they considered to be the
example of Abel in dying without having con-
summated marriage. They arose, in Africa,
in the time of Arcadius, about the end of the
fourth centurj', A.D., but exerted little perma-
nent influence on the Church.
a-bel-mos'-chUS, s. [Lat. abclmoschvs; Arab.
k(db-cl-iiud; = a gi-ain of musk ; Gr. }xoaxo<>
{mrischos) = musk.] A
genus of plants belonging
to the order Malvacen',
or Mallowworts. The A .
escidenius is the Indian
Bendy, Bandikai, or Ram-
toorai. It furnished the --^yiji*^",// /
Ochro or Gobbu pods used .' ' ^^^^M/^
for thickening soup, while '-^^M^^^^ j
those oi A -Moschatith are - ^^Bl^MS '
used to perfume iiomatum, l^^' ~~^'^
and bruised or steeped in
rum as an antidote to fr'
snake-bite.
a'-bel-mosk, s. The
Anglicised form of the
word ABELMOSK' H us.
Abelonian. [Abelite.]
a'-bel-tree, [Abele. ]
^ a'-bel- whack -ets, s.
j>l. [1, Abel ; 2, from
ichack = a blow.] A game
of cards played by sailors,
so called from the horae-
iday which succeeds it ;
the loser receiving a whack or blow with a
knotted handkerchief for <^\ei y game he
loses. (Gfose.)
* abelyche, adv. Ably.
" That ne the craft uhelyche may couue."-Co)ix(i7i[-
ti(m of Masonry, (Malliwell.)
" a-be-o'-den, v.t. [A.S. a?)Cod«n; O. H. G-.-r.
arlbMan.) To offer. (Stratmann.)
a,b.-e'-qui-tate, v.t. [Lat. ftZ)e(i?(/to = toride
away; from ah = away, fi'om, and eiinl/o—tn
ride.] To ride away. (Mlnshm: Guide Into
Tongues, 1027.)
^ab-er'-and, or '-ab-ar-rand, ] '■. par.
"[Aberr.] (Scotch.)
ab-er-de-vine', ab'-er-da-vine, s. [Etym .
unknown; said by some to'liave been coin<-d
by some dealer to give fictitious value lo tiie
bird.]
Zool. . An old name for the siskin
(q-v.).
'a-bere', a. [From A S. o?'r',-(f'/!=tnkivbare.]
'Detected, convicted. " Abere thoof is a de-
tected or convicted thief, and abere mnrtli a
detected homicide." (See Ancieut Lo".s and
I iistitiites of England : Lex Canntl, c. 104.)
a-bere', I'.i. fA.S.] [Abeab.] To bear.,
"^fterethilketruage."— y;o6. Glouc. p. 19C.
a-bere'-mord, ar-bere'-murd-er, s. [A s.
aJicre = apparent', notorious ; rnord = murdrr.]
Plain or downright murder, as distinguished
from the less heinous ciime of manslaughter
or chani^e medley. It was declared a capital
offence, without fine or commutation, by the
laws of Canute, c. fS, and of Henry I., c. I'd.
{Spehit.) (Walton: Law Lcxlron.)
'"a-ber'-en, v.t. (pret. aher). [A.S. aheran.']
'To bear.' {Stvaiman n.)
"a-ber'-ing, s. [Abeaking.]
■ a'-berne, a. [Auburs.] (UallivcV.)
"Long itbrrnr lieai^des."
Ciuininyhain: lieuel's Accoinits, p. 50.
ab-err', ^'" aberre, v i. [Lat. aberro = to
wander away : a,h = away, from, and erm =
to wander, to stray.] To wander : used chiefly
in natural science. ■
" We may aburre from the proper acceptation."—
Browne: Vidgar Fr roars, i) 189.
ab-err'-an5e, ab-err'-an-9y, s. [Abhrr.]
■'" 1. A wandering from, in o literal scns':, as
from a path.
* 2. A wandering from, in n^gurat'irc kpu.v,
such as from right reason, from morality, or
from God.
"Render it [liis iiuder.?tauding] as nbnovious to
aherraiices .is now," — Ghtavill . .icepsin .ScU'utifiva.
" They commonly aflfeL^t no man any f^^V'^.v^V.^W "
deserts hiii reaBon or complies with their ahcrj aiicas.
— Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk, i., chap. ■•■
3. Kat. Science: A divergence from the
t,\piciil chai-acters of some division, great or
small, in t]ie animal or vegetable kingdom.
ab-err'-ant, a. [Aberr.]
1 1. (!cn . : In the same sense as the verb.
2. Spec. (Nat. Science) : Deviating from the
type of the gi-oup to which they I'elong. A
tci-m much used by the Macleay or quinai-y
school of zoologists, who, arranging animals
in five kingdoms, five classes, five orders, &i'.,
(■idled the third of these the first aberrant ; the
fourth, the second abeiTant ; and the fifth, the
third aberrant. The term abcrmnt is f^till in
common use among naturalists. [Quinary.]
"Our so-called oscuhmt or aberrant i,TOups."— iJar-
■wiii : Oy'yhi. of Species, ch. xiii. 429.
ab-err~a'-tion, s. [Lat. aberratlo.l [Aberr.]
Lit.: A wandering from.
I. Gen. : A wandering from.
" the dbirrntiiHi [of a riier] from the direot
line of descent."— /.^/cH ; Pru><:,p. of Gevloyy, chap. xiv.
II. Nat. Phil:
1. Optics. Spherical ohrrrafion : That wan-
dering of the rays of light from the normal
path which takes jdace when they arc made
to pass through curved lenses, or are rcficcted
from curved mirrors, constituting poi-tions of
a sphere, instead of parts of a parabola. It
arises from the unetiual refraction by the
lenses of the several rays of light, and its
ettect is to render the images formed in some
degree undefined about the edges. Chromatic
aberration [Gr. xpSiiia {chroma) = colour] :
That fringiug of images with the prismatic
colours which takes place when light passes
through cui-ved lenses. It arises from theun-
e(|ual refraction by the lenses of the several
elementaiy colours. Both spherical and chro-
matic aberration may be corrected by the em-
ployment of a proper cnml)ination of lenses
instead of one. [AciiRO.MAxic J
2. Astron.; The nhcr,«tion of light is that
alteration in thi_- ajiparent position of a star
wliich is produced Ijy the motion of the eaith
in its orbit dining the tune that the light is
roming from the star to the eye. Tin.' efiect
of this aberration is to make ein-h star ax'jjear
annually to describe a minute circle of about
401" diameter parallel to the earth's diameter.
3. Tcrrr&lrial physics : The aberration of
light maybe seen on the earth as well as in the
heavens. If one walk lapidly fonvard in a
shower, the raindrojis seem as if liiey come at
an angle to meet him ; if he walk swiftly back-
wards, they appear as if they come at an in-
clination from behind; if, finally, he stantl
still, their real motion becomes, discernible ;
in other words, they appear to fall nearly or
quite vertically.
IIL Piol. : Deviation from a tj-pe.
IV. Med.:
1. The passage of blood, or any other fluid
of the body, fi'om morbid causes, into vessels
not designed to receive it.
2. Mental Aberration : That wandering from
soundness of judgment which is so con-
spicuous in the insane.
". . . . every degree of sucli mental aberratioD." —
.Sir IT. JloUaiid: Chapters on Mental Physlologij, iv. 114.
V. Ethics and Theol. Moral or sj'iritnal
aberration : A wandering from the i^ath of
rectitude, or from God.
" So then we dni-w neai- to God, when, repenting us
of our foniier ab'-rratioiis from Hiin, we rcniiw our
covenants with Him." — Bishop Jlall .- aennon on
James iv. 8.
ab-er'-riiig, pr. par. & a. [Aberr.]
*■ ab-e-riin'-cate, ^'.f. [Lat. averrunco — to
avert as a calamity or ''vil omen. Perhaps
fi-oni verro = to sweep ; or verto = to turn ;
or the English form may be from pref. ah,
and Lat. emnco = to weed out.] To jmU up
by the root, utterly to extirpate, to eradicate.
(Johnson : Diet.)
'- a-bes'se. r t [Fr. afiaisser^to humble.] To
humble, depress, abase. (Llount.)
' a-bes'sed, jja. jwr. [Abesse.]
* a-bes'-ton, s. [See def.] An obsolete form
of Asbestos (q.v.).
" AsOeston . . . from its being inextinguishable. " —
Leonardus . Mirr. Stones. {iV. F. J3.)
' a-bes'-yans, ». [OnEisAycE.]
"With all manner of ahr-^j/anx we recommend as
ryght."— .1/,s.. Ttenucr. [nalliwell.)
fate., fat, Hire, amidst, what, fS.ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, WQlf, work. wh6, s6n ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. <b = e ; ey = a. <iu = Itw.
atoet— atoie
g;-bet'» v.t [O. l-r. ahfler = U> tlect'iv..- fruiii
^ett = II cry desii^Mied to set doys on their
prey. (iVedgwood.)^ IBArr.J
* 1. To euconniyc or aid a person, or cause
"by word or deed, not necessai-ily taken in a
bad sense.
" Abet that viT\im'sca.ass."—Spciiscr .- Faern ll'uy.n.
2. Gmi. and spta. In Lair : To iiiil, cunii-
tenani-f, encourage in, or to iiicito, stiiaulate,
or instigate to a t-riniinal act.
"And you that do abet him in this kind
Clierish rebellion." S?taJccsiJ. : JiK^ltai-d III., ii. 3.
■" a-bet'i ;;. The act of aiding or encou^-agiug to
a crime.
"... throTigh mine tifiet."
Chaucer : TroUas and Cres., Lk. ii , f, .J.^T.
a-bet'-ment, s. [Aukt.] The act of abetting,
countenancing, or encouraging one in a crinif.
a-bet'-ted, j^a. inn: & a. [Abet.]
a-bet'-ting, ^'z-. 2;ar. [Abet.]
ar-bet'-tor (formerly abetter), s [Abet.]
One who encourages another in anything,
originally in a good as well as a Itad sense
Pnpe cmidoys it in tlie former. Now it h;is
usually a bad sense.
Law: One who eneouragcs, instigates, or
tit-ts on another tu the comniission of some
(■rimiual act; an accessory to a crime. An
iibcttor who is present at tlie time of com-
mitting a crime is considered as a principal in
the second degree. One absent, but still
cognisant of what is to take plai-e, is called an
accessory before the fact. In Scutch law. an
iiticttor is said to be act and part in a rrinic
{Blackstune: C'oj/i»i.,iv. 3.) [Abet, AnjEssoBY.]
"But let the abetterxut the Panther's crime,"
Drudeii: JlUnl ami P'lnther, 3.
" Bnt the Hesiodic ilemor.H nre in no Wiiy anthoi-s ov
abettors ot evil." — (.irotu: Grufc; vol. i., uhap. ii.
ab-e-vac-U-a'-tion, s. [Lat. a.b = froni; cvi'-
cuatio ^= emptying out ; vi/nius = empty.]
Med. : An expulsion of the morbid matter
from the body.
*a-bey, *a-beye', *a-begge', v.t To
suller from. [Abie (2).]"
" That they ne perische ; for I dar wel seye,
If that they doon, ye schul fnl sore iibri/i:"
Ohaucur : Doctor's Tiile, i;ii4 is,
a-bey-ange. *' a-bey'-an-5y. [O. Fr.
abcLaiLCc, from hcmt, pr. par. of beer; Fr. bayer
= to gape, to look at with mouth open ; Ital
hcukire = to anmse oneself, to stand trifling,
cognate with nhiili:.]
Lit.: Ex].ectation.
1. Law: The cxi.ectancy of an estate. In
nliryancG is the term apjilied to a freehold or
inlierit;niee whU-h is not for the time being
■\-c,stcd ill any one, but which awaits the aji-
poiiitmcnt or tlie competence of the person
who is entitled to the ])ossession. Thus when
a living is vacant, as it is between the death
of one incumbent and the ajipointment of his
successor, it is held as being in ahei/ance.
2. Ord. Lang. : The st;tte of being held back
.for a time, dormancy, quiesct;iice.
. "^''?. Gt-Tiimn league w.is left in abeyanre till the
immediate danger ^vus \y,isi."—Froudti : £>i-j. Hist..
ch. viL ■" '
" In this atite of tilings, the Senate docitled to place
the conaular fuiiutiom in abomuicc. "—lewis: Jiom
Jfist., xii, 1.
I As regards a title of honour In abeyance,
the Sovereign has, by royal prerogative, a
special power of granting the same to a female
descendant on failnre of male issue.
a-bey-ant, a. Being in abeyance, dormant,
quiescent.
^a-bey'd, v. [Abide.]
"And to abey€l ahstmeiis aiul forsake abundans."—
J/.S'. Douce. i/IalUweU.i
*a-beye', v.L [A.S. ahegan.] To bow to.
[.iVSEGEN.] r
"*ab-ge-t6r'-i-a, &-. [Erse aihgitlr: Gael.
aibghitir = the alphabet, j The alphabet.
(Matt. West.)
* ab'-gre-gate, v. t. ]"Lat. nhgrpgo : ab = from ;
grex ^= i\i)i']i.] To separate from a flock or
herd. (Mhuskca)
* ab-gre-ga'-tion, .s. [Abgregate.] separa-
tion from a flock or herd.
*^ ab-bom'-in-a-ble, a. [Abojiinaele. ] a
pedantic spelling of the word Abominable,
formerly used by those who eiToneously be-
lieved the etymology to be ab-homiif instead
of abominor. It is tlius ridiculed by Shakc-
si)eare :
"This is abliominabic, whichhe [ArnjiulnJ ^(■uukl call
abonimable."— /.oftf'^ Labour's Lust, v. 1.
ab-hor', v.t. [Fr. abhomr ; Sp. ahorecer ;
ItaL ahnnire; all from Lat. ahhorreo = to
shrink back from; ah = from, and horreo —
(1) to stand erect, bristle up ; (-S) tremble as
with cold ; (3) shudder at, as in fear.]
1. So to hate as to shrink back in aversion
fi'om ; to loathe.
" I hate and abJt^r lying ; but thy law du 1 love." —
j's. cxix. iGa.
" I abJior death." Bi/ron : Jh-avm ami FartJt, i. 3.
1 2. To despise, neglect.
" He h.ith not despised nor abJiorrcd the alHiction of
the afflicted. —Ps, x)di. 24.
t3. To cast off, to reject.
"But thou ha-st c:tst off and abhorred .... thy
anointed."— /•«. Ixxxix. 38.
T[ Formerly the passive was snmetimes
followed by of, appbed to the person enter-
taining the hatred. Now hy is useil :
"And all Israel shall hear that thou Jirt abhorred of
thy father." — 2 tiam. .xvi. 21.
It is also found in a half transitive sense.
{Foet.)
"You would abhor to dome wrony." Con'jicr
I. To protest against.
" 1 utterly abhor, yea. fruni my soul
lifiuse yuu us my judyo."
ahakesp.: Ifrnr// VIII., iL.i.
' 5. To All with horror. (Srotdi )
" It wald abTior thee till heir red
Tlie saikles blude that he did schede." — Limlsay.
ab-hor'~red, pa, pur. &, «. [.^Lbhor.]
"The weedy, foul, ab}io}-red pronnd "
Thomson : Ciistlv of ludoleuve, it G".
ab-hor'-ren^e, t S-b-hor -ren-^y, s. [Ab-
hor.] Hatred, ijrodaeing a shrinking bacli
from, aversion to.
"And what theologian would assert that, in such
cjises, we ought, from nbliorn-ifi: of the e\ 11, t'j reject
the good ? "—Mucanlai/ : Hint. './ I-Jnff., chap. \iv.
"A show of wonder ajid ahhorrcacy in the parent.-^, '
—Locke on Education, § 110,
ab-hor'-rent, «. [Abhor.] ^.
1, Feeling an exti'cnie a\-er.sion to, dVawing
b;ick from with loathing or fear.
"He would abhorrent turn." Thomson : .Seasons.
2. Contrary or foj'eign to, thoroughly incon-
sistent with.
•1 Followed formerly liy Jvin, now generally
liy (0, and sometimes used simply as a quali-
(ying adjecti\'e :
"And yet it ia so abhorrent from the vulgar."—
O'tanoillc : Scepsis ticient.
"Their abJtorrent gladiatorial exhibitions."— Art f-
win. Descent of J/an, vol. i.
ab-hor'-rent-ly, adc. [Abhor.] With ab-
horrence. '
ab-hor'-rer, s. [Abhor.]
1. One who abhors.
2. Spec: A member of the Court party in
the reign of Charles II.
ab-hor'-ring, pr. par. &s. [Abhok.]
As a siih'<t(tHfur :
1. Subjcctice : A feeling of aversion to any-
thing.
"I feel no decay in niystieiigth . . . no abliori-in;/
in my appetite." — Donne : Derotion.
2. Objcctirc : An object of gi-eat aversion.
Followed by to:
". . Shalt be an a.hharring to all flesh. — Isa.
Ixvi. 2i.
a'-bib, or ab'-ib, 5. [Heb. n^s^j (o/>//,) = afull
green ear of grain, from the mot 13« {obah)
= to put forth fruit, especially ripe ti iiit ; from
A ram. i« (e&) =: fruit (eb in Heb. = greenness). ]
Tlie first month of the Jewish civil year
(E.\od. xii. 1). The feasts of unleavened bread
.md of the passover fell within it (Exod. xii..
xiii., xxxiv. 18; Deut. xvi. 1). During the
<.'aiiti\'ity the name Xisaii supplanted that
of Abilx [NisAN.] The month fell about the
time of our April, and its name suggested
that at that period of the year in Palestine
barley was in green ear.
ab'-i-chite, s. A mineral named after Dr.
Abieh, of Tiflis. [Clinoclasite.]
a-bi'-dan^e, s. [Abide.] Continuance.
"... so long ia his abidance [in purgatory]."- The
Puritan, ii. 1.
a-bl'de (1), v.L & t. (pret. and pa. par. abode).
[A.S. dbidan, from a = on, hiih_ra = to remain ;
Sw. blda.; Dut. beiden ; Dan. '((V, for liulr ;
Ttal. abitare; Rnss. vifin/d = to dwell, rest,
or continue : Arab, abada — to be, or continue.]
I. Int,on.,iticc:
1. To dwell or live in a place.
2. To stay or tarry for a short time, to wait.
"And they .«.ud, Nay; but we will abide in the
street all night.' — Ovn. xix, 2.
3. To continue, to remain, to rest.
"And I will pray tlie Father, and he shall give you
another Comforter, that he may abide with you for
ever." — John xiv. 16.
I. To remain Arm, to be incapable of being
o\'ei-tiii-own.
" Thau hast established the earth, and it abideth." —
PS. CXLX. 90.
■[ --l?>(tZe is followed by the prep, with of the
person or persons, ;is in {H) ; and in, at, h}i, or
on of tlie jdace, as in (1) and ("_'). At, as in
Lev. viii. 35 :
" Abide at the door of the tabernacle."
By, as iu Job xxxix. 9 :
"Will the unicorn be willin.' to serve thee, or abide
by thy crib?" [i.i:, beside thy crib.)
On, as in Rosea xi. 0:
"And the sword shall abide on his cities."
In the sense of icait it is followed hy far, as —
"They shall abide /or me m;uiy days." — //o,scaiii. [i.
T[ To abide by a ju-omise or resolution is to
stand to it, to avoid departing from it.
"Abides by this le.iuUe," — Words woi'th : Happy
Warrior. *
Similarly i)i Scotch Law: Wlien a deed or
document has Iteen challenged as forged, the
person founding on it is required to ajijiear in
court, and sign a declaration that he will abide
by it, t;ikiiig all responsibiHty of the conse-
([uences that may ensue. In case of a bill of
exchange, the holder states that it came fairly
into his hands, and that if it be a I'orgery he
was in no shape accessory to the crime.
IL Transitin- :
1. To await, to wait for.
" Bond.s and affliction abi'lc me." — Acts \k. 23,
(Or by supposing an ellipse of fur, the Acib
may be considered intransitive.)
2. To endure, to b«ir, to sustain.
"The nations shall not be able to abide his indigna-
tion."— Jeremiah \. 10.
*-3. To lorbear. (Lydgute.)
a-bi'de (2), ct. [Abie.]
ta-bl'-der, s. [Abidl:.] One who abides or
continues.
"Speedy guera and strong abiders."~Sidn<\i/ : l\irsi':
abi'-dmg, * ar-bi'-dynge, jjr. par. &, udj.
[Abide.]
As adjective :
1. Continuing, permanent, durable. '* An
ohaling stain "= a permanent &tain.
2. Patient.
" AJid bold and abidynge Bismares to auffre. " — Piors
Plough., p. 413.
•[ Ahldinij^plaa- = place of abode. Of. rest-
ing-place =iilaee of lest. i:c.
" This deep abiding-place." Wordsworth : LJxcur./iv.
a-bi'-ding, s. [Abide.]
I. The state of abiding,
1. Continuance, stay.
"Nothing in that i>]ace can consist or have abiding."
—Ral.ugh: Ilist.ofthe World.
2. Spec. : Sojourning. (Ridrr : }>irf., l(;40.)
II. The place wlieie one al)idcs, an abode.
{II fid. }
III. The act of abiding anj-thing, or of con-
tinuing to do anything.
1. Suffering, endurance, or toleration of any-
thing. (Ibid.)
2. Perseverinice in a course of action, {Ihid.)
a-bi'-ding-Iy, a-bi'-dynge-ly, adv.
[Abide.] In a pei-manent manner, with con-
tinue nee.
". . . Mith oil- friniiliar,
And in myii hoo.suMi' ben abidyngely."
J/.S'. Soc Anti'j. (UalUweU.)
" a-bie' (1), '^a-by' (l), a-bye' (l), v.i. & t.
[Fr. abaycr, ahoAcr, bnicr, l» > r : ( t. J-Y. baer =
(1) to ^ipe, (2) to listen atteiitivi'ly : from
obs. root ba, imitated from the sound mo.st
naturally uttered when < me ga] les. Corie-
sponds to Abide, but conies from Fr , wliei'CJis
AniDE is from A.S.] (Wtdgwood.) [Abide,
ABEYiSCE, ]
1. Intraii>-itlvc : To abide, to continue, to
remain,
" But nought tliat wantetb r^xt can long aby."
S/-eiis:-r: F. U., III. vii. 3.
uSil, bo3^; pout, j<5^1; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph =f.
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -^ion = zhuh. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, i^c. = bel, del..
10
able— abjection
2. Transitive: To stiuid to, to risk, to d;ifc,
to endure, to altidc by.
"But whence ahall come that harrae which thou
(lost seeiiie
To threat liim that luiudes his chunco to abye ' "
Upenser : F. Q., II. iv. 4v.
^ Sometimes confounded with the next.
*^a-bie'(2), *a-bye'(2), * ar-by'(2), " a-buy',
a-be', * a-beye', ^ a-bege', ^ a-begge',
"a^bedge, * a-big'-gede, ^a-big'-gen,
"a-bid^e, *a-buygG', *a-bygge'(piet.
ahogt, abof]lit,aho(ihtni), rj &l'L [A.ii.dhhx/dn,
abycgan = to redeem, to pay tlie i)e]ialtv of.]
[Buy.]
I. Trans. : To pay for, to expiate by suffer-
ing tlie appropriate penalty, to atone ftu- ; also
to pay, to buy.
" Dispivrage not the fiiith thou dost not know,
Lesc to thy i»ei-il thou ab;/ it dear."
Slia/ccsjj. : Midsumvu-y A'iffht's Dream, in, 2.
" Here he h.id the de.steiiee
That the poorL' man athulde ab(\"
Jieli.'j. Anthj., i. <>.i.
" . , . . thy love abcye."
Irower JIiS. (BaRiwell.)
" He wolde don his sacrilege,
That many a man it schulde abcge."
Gower JIH. : Soc. AvUq., V.ii, t. 174. (llaUhoeU.)
" Alle Grece it schulde abeijgc sonf."
lhid.,t. DC. (Ibid.)
" The wich schal it nhifjgede '
Legi-nd<B C'afholhw, p. 206.
" This ryot thou shalt now abuyge."
Mapes : j*vii)ns, p. 345.
" The kynge schalle hvt suone abygqe."
MS.'c>intab„ ff, li, J8, p L07.
II. IniraasUive: To suffer.
" But he that kiiisd him ahall abny therefore "
Ariosto (Herring), xvl 34.
" Thou shalt abrye for that is done."
Uttrrshornc, Met. T, 225. ( fVi'ight.)
" Ther durst no wyht hand upon him legge
That he ne swor anon he schuld abegqc."
Clfiiicer. lieeucH Talc, 3.035.
"Alle they schalle nbhigget dure
That token him in that tide."
J/A', Ashmole, aa, f. 14. (IlaUiium.)
" These ljarge>-n m yl he dere abogt."
J/,S. Dour,; -M-l, t 1. (EalUwell.)
" And that iihoghrm guiltlea
Bothe Dt'janirf and Hercules."
Outi'er M,\, iSoc. Anti'j,, IH t 7.'i. {Ibid.)
•ib'-i-es, s. [Lat. ahies, genit. -c^/s — wliity lir-
tree. Bullet aa > .s it is derived from one of the
dialiM't.s of the Celtic ahefoa ; Ital. abcte ; Sp.
ahcto, Hesychius calls it a/Biv.} A genus of
trees belonging to the order PLnacece (oonifers).
It contains four natural divisions— silver tirs,
spruces, larches, cedars. Most of the best
known fir-trees belong to it, except the iScotcii
fir, Films sylvc^tris. LCejjar, Fib, Larch,
Spruce, Silver.]
ab'-i-e-tene, s. tabiks. i
Ckeui. : A hydro-carbon obtained by dis-
tilling the resinous cxudatnui of tlie nut-pine
of California {Finns aiihlniana). (iVaits' 2nd
ab-i-et'-ic, o. [Ap.ir:s.] Pt-rtaining to the
vegetable genus Ahies.
abietic acid, s. (C uPlr.iO.^ ) [Abies. ]
Cl'i'iii. : A crystalline aromatic acid con-
tained in cnlopliony. It ciystallises in small
colourless rhombic prisms, insoluble in water,
soluble in hot alcohol and ether. [Colophony.]
ab'-i-e-tin, s. [Abiks.] a neutral resin, ex-
tracted from Canada balsam and Strasbiu-g
turpentine : the former the product of Abirs
halsaiiiea, the Balm of Gilead fir; and the
latter of .-1. jncca, the silver lir. [Abietic Acid.]
ab-i-e-ti'-nsB, s. lyl. [Abies.]
Bot. : The first sub-division of the conifer-
ous order of Gymnosperms. It is charac-
terised by inverted ovules and oval-curvL-il
]iollen. The most note^^rtliy genera are
Finns, Abies, and A rati ra 7' in. [iPiNACE.*;,]
ab'-i-e-tite, s. (dlhO^.) [Abies.]
Che III. : A sugar cimtiiined in the needles of
Abies /lectinota. It mncli resembles mannite,
but diflers from it in clu'nural composition.
(Watts.)
ab-i-et-i'-te§, k. [Lat. abies. and Gr. Mdo^
(? if h ns) = a stone.] A genus of fossil cones
found in the Wealden and Lower Greensand.
ab'-i-gail, s. [Originally a Heb. proper name,
tj>:i>31^ = fatherof joy ; or, whosefatherisjoyful.
The word is frequently derived from Abigail
Hill, Mrs. Masham, waiting-woman to Queeu
Anne, but this cannot be correct, as the ex-
pression occurs befoi'e Mrs. Masham entered
the Queen's service ] A waiting-maid.
" 3Iantun^maker. smOirette. court beggar, fine lady
nbigait, and sciou of royalty."— C'nr/j/^e; Bifnnoitd
Necklace.
ab-ig'-e-at, s. [Lat. "/'(r/cuff^y =cattlc-steal-
ing : from Q^((7o = drive away ; abigcator, abac-
tor, or abigeur = cattle-stealer.] [Abactor.]
Law: (1.) The crime of driving away cattle
in theft or robliery. (-.) A miscarriage crimi-
nally x'roduced.
^ a-big'-gede, *a-big'-gen. [Abie (2).]
t a-bil'-i-ate, v.t. [Able.] To enable.
" To have wrought miracles before an age so exjwi-t
therein, and nO/HaU-d either to outvie, or at Iwist to
detect them."— Bacon.
t a-bil'-i-a-ted, 'pa. imr. [Abiliate.]
■■" a-bil'-i-ment, s. [Able.] Ability.
* a-bil'-i-ments, ^ a-byl'-y-ments, " a-
bil'-ments, * ab-bil'-i-ments (Scotch),
'^ a^byl'-y-ments, - a-beil'~y-ments,
a. ji?. [Habiliments, Aevlyiements.]
a-bir-i-ty, .■;. [Fr. hahiUti: ; \t3.\. ahiVdO ; ^i\
habilidod ; Lat. hnh)lita>:, from habeo = have
or hold.] [Able.]
1. Power jiossessed by any one in virtue of
his physical, mental, or moral nature.
" The ability to spread tl
Of true philanthroijy."
tyordsiuortli .- E-rcnrs/oit, iv.
2. Spcciallii of intellect.
"The public men of England, with much of a
peculiar kind of tibiUty." — Mucaulay: Ui.st. of Lng..
eh. xxii.
^ Similarly, abilities in the plural is often
used specially for intellectual gifts :
"That gentle firmness to which, more perhai»sthan
even tohis great abilities, he owed his success in lite."
— Macaiilay: Ili.'^t. of Eng., ch. xvi.
T[ Ability and capacity are not quite synony-
mous. Capacity refers especially to one's
capability of recei\ing, particularly to ivcep-
tivity of knowledge; ability implies that the
intellect and knowledge are used in action :
cajiarlty looks upon the person as passive ;
ability as active.
3. The possession of wealth, means, or sub-
stance ; wealth being power or " ability," con-
centrated in small compass till required.
"Tiien the disciples, every man according to hi&
abiliti/, determined to send relief." — Acta xi. 29.
i. Metaphys. and Theology : Moral or spiritual
power.
5. LoM : Legal competence to do certain
acts.
1[ As a suffix — fitness for, capability of.
a'-bill. a'-bU, a. & adv. [Able.] (.Scotch.)
1. Fit.
2. Able.
3. Perhaps. [Cf. Aiblins.]
" a'-bill. v.t. [Able.] To enable, to assist.
"And namely to thame that abiUs thame thereto."—
MS. Lincoln. (EalliweU.)
* a-bi'me, * a-by'me, o. [A.x.] Anahvss.
[Abysm, Abyss.]
"... till that they be fallen do^\-ne
XJnto the abyme."
Cursor Jfmuli J/S., Trin. Coll., Cantab. (TTalliweU )
ab'-in-tes-tate, a. & 5. [Fr. ah intcstat :
IjAt. ab inte^tati's: ab^from; iH=Jiot; tri.tn.
tns, pa. par. of tcstor — to attest ; testis =
witness.] [Test, Testify.]
1. As adj. Lav: Inheriting the estate nf a
person who has died without making a will.
2. As substantive : A person who inherits
the estate of one who has died without
making a will.
a-bi-o-gen'-e-sis, a-bx-6g'-en-y, s. [Gr.
a, privative; ^[o?(&ios) = life ; yeVetris (genet-iA
= generation.] A scientific word invented by
Prof. Huxley, and first used by him in his
address as presidentof the British Association
at Liverpool, 1S70, to indicate the view that
living matter can be produced from that whicli
is not in itself living matter. It is opposed to
Biogenesis (q. v.). (Brit. A^sor. Report, 1S70 )
a-bi-6g'-en-ist, a-bi-6-gen'-e-sist, s.
[Abiogenesis (q.v.).] One who holds the
hypothesis of abiogenesis. [Abiogenesis.]
"... a common objection of abio<remBts."— Huxley ■
Presidential Address, BrU. Assoc, IBTo.
* a-bish'-er-ing, a-bish'-er-smg, s. (1.)
Originally, a forfeiture or amercement; hence
in a more special sense (2) the state of being
quit of amercements, "a liberty of freedom."
"Wherever this word is applied to ]tei-sons
in a grant or charter they have the forfeitures
and amercements of all others, and are them-
selves free from the control of any witlnn
their fee. (Rastall : Abr. Termes de la Ley, , . )
11 Sixjlman considers that the words should
be written Mishering, Mishersing, or 51 iske-
RAIG.
* ab'-it. s. Old spelling of Habit (q. v.). (Hob.
'liUmc, pp. 105, 4;U.)
' ab'-it, s. Old spelling of Obit (<\.y.).
"... an abit or other rites." — Apology for ilie Lol-
lards, p. 103.
T[ In old Scotch, the plural is ohitis:
" . . . daylie dargeiR
"With ewklie abUie to augment their ^entak-.■^."
ticoCt : Jlaiinat,'n>p J'in;>ns-
' a-bit', 3 pers. sing., v.t. & i. [Abie (1).]
{Chaucer, &c.)
■' iib'-it-a-Cle, s. [Lat. liabitacuhim : ItaMto-^
to dwell.] A habitation, a dwelling.
" In whom also be ye bilded togedre into the abitaole
of God in the Hooli Gvijiit."—H'i/vliffe : JCnr Test.r
Bphix. ii. M.
" a-bi'te, *"ar-by'te (i>a. par. abitcn). -. [A.S.}
To bite.
"Ei'oun lyouns and eke white
That woldeu fayn his folk abyte:
Kyng At>f,aiinder, 7,096.
' a'-bitc, s. [Lat. hahito.] A habit^atirm.
ab-i'-tion, s. [Lat. af/'i7i'o = going away.]
1. Lit. : The act of going away.
-. Fig. : The act or state of dying. (6'oc/."f /am.)
ab'-ject, a. [In Fr, oMjcrt ; Ital. abietto, from
Lat. objectus, pa. par. of abjicio ='to throw
away.] ' [Abject, v.t.]
1. Lit. {I'f material thivgs): Castaway.
" From the safe shore their floating carcasses
And broken chariot- wheels : so thick Ijestrewu,
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood "
J/ilton : J'aradixc J.ost, i. S12,
2. Fig. (a) (of person s) : Peiiaining to a cast-
away ; u social pariah, or one excessively poor
and desiiised.
"See yonder poor o'erlaboiir'd wight.
So abject, mean, and vih- " — Bums.
Hence (b) (of persons) : Cringing, seiwile,
grovelling, morally debased to a conteni]itible
extent, wliether from lieing a castaway, or
from other causes.
". . . the most abject of f[n.tteTeTh.' —J/tirnnhn/ -
Hist. /.'".'/., ch, XI.
3. Of things immatericd :
(a) Servile, degraded, morally dchased.
". . - or that abject peace of mind which springs-
from impudence and insensibility." — Macaulay : Mist.
Eng., ch. XV.
(b) Mean, low, quite dissevered from the
idea of debasement by loss of place or other-
wise.
"But the most abject ideas must l>e entertained of
their taste."— 6'(7*iJt>(i: Decl. A- Enl/, ch. xlv.
ab'-ject, .-•. [Abject, v.t. & n.]
1. A person of tiie lowest social condition,
a social pariah, a humble servant.
" We are the king's <tl)icc,ts, and must oliey."
SlMkcsp. : Jiiehard 111., i. 3.
2. One who, whatever his rank, is morallj
vile to an extent which might have been ex-
I'Ccted tu exist only in miserahle outcasts.
" Ye;i, the nftjects g.^.thered themselves together
ugain.st me." — J's. xxxv. 1,^.
t ab'-ject', v.t. [From Lat. objectus, pa. par.
oi a.bjicio = to throw away: ah = from; jacia
= to throw.]
1. To throw do\ni, to throw or cast away.
" And downe againe himselfe disdaniefully abjc-ti^g "
,V..-„v,.,-- /■. (^, bk. lii., XI. la.
2. To cast off, to reject.
"For that offence only Almighty God ahirrtert Saul
that he should no inure reign over Israel " Sir T
Elyot : The Uvcnior, c. i.
3. To cast down, to de.iect.
"It abjected his spirit to that degree that he fell
dangerously sick."— S?r?/?)e; JiloxoriaU, h. i., c. 15.
ab-ject'-ed, pa, par. & a. [Ab-ject, v.t.]
ab-ject'-ed-ness, s. [Abject, v.t.]
1. The state of an aliject; existence in the
condition of a social outcast.
"Om-S.avii.ur . . . sunk himself to the Iwttoni
of r((ycvc(;,i/-s^t<i exalt our condition to the cuntrarv"
extreme. — Boyle.
2. The servile spirit wliich such want of
position and regard is apt to produce ; base-
ness, vileness.
^' ab-ject'-ihg, yr, par. [Abject, v.t.}
ab-jec'-tion, s. [Abject, r./.] [In Fr abkc-
tion, from Lat. ubjerfi.,.]
sate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go, poi,
or. wore, wfflf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU^ try. Syrian, as, ce = e; ey = a. qu == kw. "
abjectly— able
ii
L Thea(;t. of casting' away.
"The audacite aud holde speeche of Daniel aigni-
fyeth tlie abjection ..f the kynge iiud hb refUiue."—
Joye: Exposicion of UmiU-t, c. :..
IL The state of being «ist away.
1. Tln_- state of a social nutfust.
2. That meanness of apirit which sueli a
state is apt to indui'c.
"That this should be termed bas.rie'v-, nhJccfk<-> of
mind, or sei-vility, is it cmdihlv^ "—l/o'^ker;
III. An objection.
" For they must take iu hand^r
To precne and to withataiide
All maimer ol object inns." —Skf I/on, i. S4r-
ab'-ject-ly, etc?!'. [Ab.ikct.1 la a mean, con-
temptible, or servile way.
" He . . . ftlijectlij implored the iiiterot—sioii of Dart-
mouth."—J/((caw?((y; J/ist. Em/., ch. V.
ab'-ject-ness, s. [Abject.]
1. Tlie state of a social outcast; a \<t\\\
servile condition,
2. The chiinictcr which is likely to be i»ro-
duced in a soci;il outcast, servility, meanness
of s])irit, debasement.
"Ser\'ility ami abjectnfus of Ii:;in->ur is implicitly
involved in the charge of lying,"— (r'uf. of t lie Tonauc.
*a'b-ju'-di-cate,'!'./. fLat. ah'iu(Hco= to iwkt;
away by a judgment or sentence : a/) = froni,
/(((//ii^ — to judge.] To give, Lu iuke away, or
to ti'ansfer, by a judicial sentence.
ab-ju'-di-ca -ted, j>a. -par. [Abjudicate.]
ab-ju'-di-cat'-ing, jir. jiar. [Abjudicate.]
ab-ju-di-ca.'-tion,s. [Aejudicatk.] The act
of taking away by a judicial sentence; re-
jection.
Sjiiic : A legal decision by which the real
estate of a debtor Is adjudged to belong to his
creditor.
ab'-ju-gate, r.t. [Lat. ahjiifio^^io unyoke:
«7* = from ; jugo^io bind to rails, or generally,
to join; ji(f/»'fii. = a yoke.] To unyoke.
ab-jiir-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. ahjuratiov : Sp.
cthjiimci'ia; Lat. al)juro=-to deny fm oath, to
abjure: f'j^from; jvro = ii) swear. J
1. The act of foi'swenriii;.;. abjiu'ing, or re-
nouncing upon oath; a dcuiid upon oath, a
renunciation upon oath. Chiefly a law term,
and used in tlic following senses*:—
1. An abjuration of the realm. During the
Middle Ages tlie light of sanctuary was con-
ceded to criminals. A person fleeing to a
church or churchyard niiglit permanently
escape trial, if, after confessing himself guilty
before the coroner, he took an oath abjuring
the kingdom, i.e., promising forthwith to em-
bark, at an assigned port, for a foreign land,
and ncM'r to rctui-n unless by the king's per-
mission. By this abjuration the blood of the
criminal was attainted, and he forfeited all his
goods and cliattels. This system nf procedure
was modified in the reign of Heniy MIL, and
entirely swept away in that of James I.
2. Sjipr. : An abjuration or renunciatinn of
all imagined allegiance to the Jacobite line of
rulers, after the nation had given it^ verdict in
favour of William and Mary.
"An Atijxration Bill of extreme ^•.■vnrity vax-.
broiight into the House uf Ooimnoiis ' — j/h.-((i(/'/'/ .
Jligt. Eng., ch. XV.
The oath of abjuration was fixpd l>y 1.3 Wm.
III., c. 16. By the 21 & 22 Vict., c. 48, on.-
formof oath was substituted for the oaths of
allegiance, supremacy, and abjuration. Fur
this form another was substituted bv.the Act
30 & 31 Vict., c. 75, s. 5. This has in turn
beensupcrsiiU'd l)y the Promissor>' Oaths Act,
31 & ?•'! Vii:t , c. 72, by which a new form tjf
the n;ith of allegiance is provided.
3. An abjuration, i-enunciation, or retracta-
tion of real or imagined heresy or false doc-
trine. Thus the now abolished 25 Clias. II. ,
c. 2, enacted that ceilain tenets of the Church
of Eome were to be solemnly renounced. Thi^
is sonietina-s called an Abjuration Ai"t, but
the term is more a pjiropr lately conJined t<>
that mentioned under No. 2.
4. In a fiojii'lor sense: X more or less formal
giving up. ^
II. The state of being abiurcd
III. Tlie ducument containing a .solemn
renunciation on oath of a person oj- doctrine.
"As it was hew.as committed to the Fleet on the
charge of having used heretical languiifie. An abjiira-
iiun was drawn up hy Wolaey. which he si^'ued. —
Froude: J/lst. Eiirj.. ch. ^ti.
ab-jiir'-a-to-ry, o. [Jn Fr. abjinutoirr -, \v.
Lat. (.i}ijT.iro.\ Intended tn intimate abjuration.
ab-jii're, r.t. & i. [Lat. uhjuro = to deny on
oath ; Fr. ahjurer ; Kp. & Port. abjnrar.'\
A. rnnisitii-e:
I. To renounce, recant, retract, or abrog;itc
anything upon oath.
Lav:: Especially (1) to abjure the kingdom :
tliat is. to swear that one will leave the king-
dum and never return. [Abjuration (1).]
"... if required bo to do by four justices, must
iibjiiri- rtnd renumice tbereiilm."— Atat'ts(onc- Comm.,
bk. IV., ch. 4.
(2.) To renounce a pretender. Spec: Tu
renounce allegianc-e to James II. and his suc-
cessors, after the nation bad prononnccd in
favom- of William aud Jlaiv. [Abjuratiok
(-').] _
"Nrij", is it not well kiiownth.it sr^me of these per-
sona boastfully iiffirmed th;it, if they liivd not abjured
him, they never could huve re-stured himV" — Alacau-
Inif : Jlist. Enff., ch. xv.
II. Solemnly to renounce, c.q., one's faith oi
principles, or society; or to act like one who
has done so.
"... unles.s they speedily abjure this practlc.il
heresy."— «f7»io*( ; J>t^-J. s: Eall. chap. xlix:.
" To abjure for ever the society of niai\."
tfliJxkesjj. : J/iils. A'igbi's Bream, i. 1.
"The servile crowd might purchase their safety by
abjuring their character, religion, and language."—
Gibbon : Decl. awl Fall, chap. xli.
B. Iidrausith-c : To take an oath of abjura-
tion.
bjured in the year
"An ancient man who had •
\i>m."~JSp. liurnet: Hist. lief.
ab-jii'red, ;y('. 3x0
ab-jiire'-ment,
nunciation.
[Abjcrc]
[Abjure.]
" Such sins ai these are venial in youth, especially
if expiated with timely ubJiij-riiiei'it."—John Hall :
Preface to his Pvoin.
ab-jiir'-er, s. [Abju-kj:.] One who abjures;
oiK who solemnly rcnouiues,
ab-jiir'-ing, j>r. ^kt. [Abjure.]
abkari, abkaree, abkary, abkarry.
■ aubkaury (in-on. ab-kaU'-re). [Hind.j
Revenue derived from duties levied on tlic
niamdacture and sale of intoxicating liquors,
as arrack, toddy, i:c. ; or intoxicating drug.s.
as opium tir bhang.
Ahlarec Ile<jul>'tiovs: Regulations for the
assL'sshient and payment of such duties.
t ab -lack, t ab'-lack. s. [Dimin. of Wei
ftljo~a. carcase, carrion. In Fi'. and Gael.
i'lnir]i=a dwarf or sprite; (.i-ael. uhlach = :\
(■urease.] (Scotch.)
1. A spectre.
" Up the kirkyard he fast did gee,
I wat he was iia lioolly :
And a' tlie nblacks rflnwi'd tu seu*
A bounv kind et tutilzie
Retweeii them tvvae '
-l/.S hy Rco. Afr. Skinner : 7'he /ia'iiiff ot Money Jf ask.
2. A dwarf.
3. The remains of any animal that has
become the prey of a dog, fox, polecat, i^c
4. A particle, a fragment.
t ab-lac'-tate, r.t. [hid. ohJ('rfo = ti-y wean:
ah; ],,irto ^io suckle : ?c't; = milk.] Toweau.
ab-lac-ta'-tion, j.. [From Lat. chlado = to
wean.]
1. Me.L: The weaning of a child from the
mother's milk.
2. Old liortlc: Grafting by approach or
inarching. [Grafting.]
■ ab-la'-di-um, ;>■. [Med. Lat.]
1. In Old Records: Cut corn.
2. A particular method of giafting when-
the scion is, as it w-re. weiined by degrees
from the maternal stock, till it is firmly miiteil
to the stock t-m which it is grafted. {!>•■-
tionariuM Jliisttcitiii. 172(i.)
''a-bland',^if(.7)'"'''. [A. 8.] Blinded. [Ablknt>e.]
" The walmes han the abtand."
!ivt'i/n Sages, 2,462.
ab-la'-que-ate, I'./. [Lat. aWag'/rc — to dis-
entangle, or turn u]) the earth round tlic roots
of a tree to form a trench : oh = from ; hi'piens
= a noose or snare.]
Jiortir.: To l;iy bare the roots of trees; to
expose them to air and water.
ab-la '-que-a'-tion, «. [ Abl.vqueate.]
1. Hm-iic. : The act or process of laying bare
the roots of a tree to expose them to the air
and to moisture.
" T'licovcr fiA yet roots of tret- \there ablaqueation
is renimite." — Evelyn: Cat. J/ort.
2. The state of being laid bare.
" a-bla'ste, ». [A.X.] [Lat. ^f'^'sio' = ae^n^s-
bow, or a more powerful engine for the pro-
pulsion of arrows.] A crossbow. [Arbalkst.j
a-blast-en, r.^ To blast [Blast.]
" Venim and fir to gedir he ciste.
That he Jasou so sore ablastc."
<TOiwr M.-^. {IlaUiicelt.)
ab-la'-tion, s. [Lat. ablaHo^u. taking away.
tihlatus = taken away : <di = away ; /fl/7/s, p:i.
jiar. of toUo = to raise, to remove.]
I. The act or process of carrying away.
1. In a general sense :
"And this prohibitiou extends to all injustice,
whetlier done by force or fraud; whether it be by
ablation, or detaimng of lights."— Jeremy Taylor':
IVor/cs, vol. ill,
" Wi-oiigful ablation of aervantship, if it he the
offence of the miuster, hut not otiieiwiae. coiuciile^
with wrongful ahdicitiou of mastership; if it be the
olleuce of a ttranger, it invoUen in it ablation of
maatershij), which, m as far as the mastersliip is .i
beneficial thing, is wrongfid."— ^crcw.'/ lienfham.
2. Med.: The carrying away from tlie body
of anything hurtful to health.
3. Chem. : The act of removing whatever is
no longer necessary.
II. The state of being carried away,
ab'-la-tive, a. & 5. [Lat. ohlatr.-ns ; Ger. xh-
iativ; Fr.ahlatif; Ital. ablath'o.] [Ablation.]
1. As o.djcrflvc :
1 1. <!ni. (from Ut. sense of the word) : Per-
taining to ablation, i.e., the ;ict of takingaway.
"VVliere the heart is forestiilled with misopiiiions,
ohiufirr directions are found uetdfull to uiiteach
error,"— Zi'p. JIull : .Scr/n.
2. Spec. :
(a) The sixth and last case in the Latin
languiii;e. An ext;int fragment of Julius
C;esiir'.s Dc Andlorjia informs us that he was
the inventor of tlie term in Ijatiu. lie found
time to introduce it during his Gallic AVar.
The ablative c^ise ex]iresses a variety of rel;i-
tinns, such as .sejiaration, instrumentality,
position in time and ]t];ice, ;iiid these we ex-
press in English liy tlie prepusitioii.s^Vc)/;, hij,
iclth, in, at, &.c.
(b) PeT-taining to the sixth ciisc in the Latin
language.
^ The word is. no doubt, originally an adjec-
tive, as in Latin ; bntas iu that language there
is freriuently an ellijise of the sul)stanti\'e
casus, t.tt m English we tind ablative standing
by itself, and if is tlius used -
'11. Asn .^}ih--^t.n>t;ir:
"Thf ablafii'e denotes the movniii cn,\\se."—Srhi'iitZ'.
Lai. V.raw , § 23L
T" The o.hhifire ohM^hdr is n nmde of exjires-
siou in Liiliti )i,\ wliieli, in ;i subordinate clause
detached Irom'tbe re.st. tlie subjiM-t is put in
the ahl;itive, and the verb is changed into a
jiarticiple, and made to agree with it : as,
RchKlaiiti' 'nnlun'i irritus labnr r.^f = exertion i-^
useless, iiaturi; being against it, i.r., when
nature is against it.
% Tlieie is an abhitivc m the Chinese as
wella^ the Latin language. (See Max .Midler.)
t a-blaW-en, ^ a-blo'we, r. [A S. <d.hhntn
'— to blow up.] 'To blow up.
" . he gan hire herte itblowe."—fniore1i<i m . l'^i>.
a-bla'ze» odv. & a. [Prcf. a = on ; t-t"zc.] On
fire, in a l)lazp, blazing.
" All a-blazr with criui'^'ii] and y:«U] "
J.>,ji:if.-/li„r: Hf.hiri, Legend.
-able, in compos., a suflix = f'?'^' ((].v.), ine
plying tliat vhhli 'nunj do <n- he done: ;i-,
'jieriJmhlr = which may iterish ; i'id<d.h: =.
which may be eaten.
a'-ble, o [O. Fr. hohile; Norm, ablez, ImbJe,
],fd>ler = to enable : fr. Lat. ;/n/-///s =:that may
be easily liandled ; hahfv = to have or hold.]
I. Old Fng. d- Scotch (in the etymological
sense) ■ Fit.'proiirr
"... Jaiiif- Erie of Movtonn his ^idschir, and
tlieu-ltv maist "^'■' t.> succeed to hiui. —.lets .Inmes
17., 1.1^1
' II. Liable, in danger of.
"Findintr vur-^-h' 'ihir tn dri.nne, ye wi'ld preii
agauetothf buit -—lia.u.'ityn'' : Traiia.. p. ir.L'.
IIL Having sufficient physic4il, menfcd,
moral, or .spiritual jtower, or aeiiuired skill, or
sufficient pecuniary and uther lesouree-- to do
something indieated.
"I liave wounded them, that they were iwtablet^t
rise."—/'', will. ;*,
mg.
bSil bo^; pout, jowl; cat, 90!!, chorus, 9hiB. bench; go. gem; thin, this, sin, as; expect, ^enophon. e?ist.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; tion, sion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. d©L
able— abobbed
"AJiil 11(1 ]ii;lii ^^iuj able to answer liiui a. word." —
.\/<i/t. xxiii. -111.
■ iiixl is fidthfiil, wlio will imt suiler vh to In.'
teiiipteil alxive tlutt ye :ive ii''fc."^i <'■>!• x. 13.
"- . . able to Teiid,"—S/iit,-,)'Laii:s Vr-ir liaok (1S7:1).
" Evury iikui shall yivu ;i3 lit is able." — Dent, xvi IT.
All <i)ilc nam : A man of hitellLn.'t
" Pepys, tlie ablest iimii in the English Admiralty."
— J/ucnulai! : hist, i://-/., ch. iii.
*^ liardy oj'tliiufja: Sufficient, enough.
". . , their gold shall not be able to deliver
Q.\ein."—lizck. vii. 19.
rV". Having legal permission, or iiiisseswed
of legal competence, to do anytliiug stuted.
able-bodied, a.
1. Having a liody sufficiently strong to per-
mit of one's doing ;in average amount of
manual labour.
"For the able-bodied vagi'ant, it is "■(.■11 known that
the old English huvs had nu i\ie,xcY."—l'roiu<c: J/isf.
£n<j., ch. i.
2. Xdut.: Applied to a sailor jio^sessing
some I'xperienct.' of tlie woj-k on sliipltoard,
Olteii eontrjieted into A.B. (q.v.).
able-minded, a. Talented, elcver, pos-
sessed of intelle(;t.
1 a'-ble, v.t. [From the adjective.]
1. To enable, to make lit for, to adapt, to
suit.
'2. 'J'o warrant or answer for, to undertake
for any one.
■' Nuuij does ofl'eud, none. I s,iv, iidh?, I'll nble "eui."
Sk'(f.-cs/j. : Iviiiij L'j'Cr}-, iv. 0.
a'-ble, a'-blins, mlr. [Aibli.vs.J Perhaps,
possibly. (Sfulrh.)
"^V^)0 \oiuld ;/!> ^I'.vrch anmny such heroes' sheei>
3I;iy able find many poor swilibed crock," An.-,
Dfca.ii, of tiir Uaoi.i Liiidnay . H'o^-Zca, .VJ.
a-blec'-tick, or a-blec -tive, «. [Lat. ah —
from ; Ivijo = to lay in ordcr.J Set out or
adorned for sale, (tjockcrani.)
t ab'-le-gate»r./. [Lat. ahlego = tn scmlaway :
ab; leffu = t'i send as an ambassador.] - to
send abroad specially as an aniltassadi.>r.
t ab-le-ga'-tion, s. [Ablegate.] A sending
abroad ; as, (1) sjm., an ambassador ; (2) (jtii.,
any person or thing from the place usually
oceuiiied.
". . . an arbitrariiiu^, iibh'./ntiiin of tlie spirit ini.<.
tliii) or that deternnnatt: j'art nf the Iwdy." — JJr. 11.
Mara : A atidote 0,1/ainnt A lltci^in, 1. 11. 7.
'-"a'-ble-mentes,.s. t>! [Habiliments.] (Hard-
■ijng'^Chraiiick, f. liO.)
ab-len, or ab'-let, i'. [in Fr. ahkti ov ahhtu.']
Names occiisionally gi\'en to a small fresh-
water lish more commonly termed the bleak.
U i« the Ciiju-iiitis alhunnis of Liniueus, and
the Lcitrh\:i(s I'lhiintus of Cuvier. [Bleak.]
a-blen'de, ■ a-blend'-en»r=t(iiret.nf>;c;(/(,').
[A.S. ahhiidaii — to blind.] To blind, to
dazzle. Also {fig.) deceived. [Blind.]
"He schal both ablciule his eiiemi'-s' sigt."
J/,V. Ui-n.j._; 201. i. 12.
t a'-ble-ness, s. [Able.] Ability, pliysical
or mental. (Now Ability.)
" That natiuii doth so excel Ijoth for comeliness and
cblflirts." Sillil'-^.
"' a-blent', jia. par. [Ablende.] Blinded,
'dazzled ; also deeei\"ed.
" Stronge thef, thou schalt he shent,
Fuv thou hast me thus ablmf."
JfN. Addlt. {IlalUwcU.)
a-blep'-si-a, or a-blep'-sy, s. [Gr. u/3Xe./-(a
(I'-hh-psia) = blindness.] Blindness, want of
siglit. (Cod CI I' lit.)
a-blep'-tic-al-ly, rf.?)-. [From Gr. uflXeintu}
(iihh'!itoi)=:t'i) overlook. a, jiriv. : , /3\4tto}
(IJri,n) = to look.] Inadveiteittlv, by over-
sight.
a-bles'-syd. Old spelling of Blessed.
ab'-let. [Aelen.]
ablewe (ar-hlu\j'i'cf. [Blow.] Blew.
".V'^won thu sulie o\<.'rthri'"e
AV.iwaiii soiie hir iib/rn'r "
ArtlMur and Merlin, p. 315.
*' a-bliche, aOA'. Fitly, properly.
ab'-li-gate, '/■./. [Lai. ah; lbjo = to tie, to
bind.] To tie up hriii. ,
ab-li-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. ah; Ugatlo = 0.^1x^1-
ing: Ji(io = U) bind.]
], I'he act of tying up.
L'. The state of being lied up.
ab-li-gu-ri'-tion, ab-li-gii-ry, s. [Lat.
ahliguritio = a eousuiniug ov feasting: (di;
Inpiriu = to lick off, tu consume in teastiug:
ab; linuritio = di\hitmi;Hs ; ligitrioiuidlujin rin
= to liek.] Excess in eating and drinking.
(Mlnsheu.)
a-blin'-den, a-blyn'-den, /.^ [A.s. a-
bkndan, v.t. [Ablende.]
1. I'ransULve: To bUiat, to dazz'c.
' ' "Wliy menestow thi mood for a mote
In thi broth e res eighe,
Sithen a. beeni in tnyn owene
Ably luleth thiselve.' Piers Plomnan,, i>. 180.
2. IiitraiLsltii'c: To grow blind.
1 ab -lo-cate, v.t. [Lat. <d>loni (m.)= to plain-
from, to place away from, to let out: ah; l<n-«
— to place, to lease.] To let out, to lease out.
{Colciii : Lexicon JiLrulictnu.)
ab-lo-ca'-tion, s. [From Lat. ahhxi>.] A
letting out for hire.
■■ a-bl6de', adv. Bloody, with blood, bleeding.
" Olubrious sat and byheld
How here lymes roime 'dilude."
]y. dc Shordfi
ta-bl^', (»/-i'rj. [X.S.ahlo!] Au exclamatitm
u.sed in huntings "On ! on!"
ab-lu'-ci-oun, s. [Sp. ablucion; Eng. ohhi-
tinn.]
Old Chcm. : The cleansing of bodies from
impurities.
"Oyleg, ablitcioun, and metal fusible."
Chaucer: C. T., 10,321.
tab-lu'de, r.i. [Lat. n/J«(?o = not to be in
tune with; hence, to ditl'er from: ab; Judo =
to play.] To be unlike, to differ.
"■The wise ;ulvice of our Seneca, not much abJiidhi'i
from the counsel of tliat blessed aiiustle."— tfyj. JIali:
liaJin of Oilcad, vii. 1.
tab'-lu-ent,«.&s. [Lat. aUnevs, pr. par. of
I'hl 110= to wash away: ab; ?i(o=^to wash;
Gr. ^ovto (hiKo).] Washing awav, washing,
cleansing by means of water or other licpiid.
-4s t'libUmitive : A washing away.
Phur.: Apidied to medicines whndi wne
fin'meiiy suiti)osed to purify or cleanse the
blood.
"" ab-lu'-gen, v.L (pret. abhUcd). 01. H. Ger.
erhlliuj&)i.] To frighten.
" Tha iwarth that folc swithe ablnicd"--iIori-is : 0.
Lug. Homilies of thu Vlth & iztk Cuat,
^b-lu'-tion. s. [In Ger. & Fr. ahlatinn; Sp
_ ahliicKoit; Ital. ahluzwnc ; from Lat. ablatio^
washing.]
I. The act of washing, cleansing, or purify-
ing by means of water.
1. Spec. : One of those washings which
fjgure so largely among the ceremonial obser\--
anees of Oriental faiths, and are recogniscfl
also in Christian baptism.
2. Roiiuui Ritual : The water antl wine with
which the celebrant washes liis tluimb and
index finger, after his commuuion, in the
Mass.
3. Med.: The washing of tlie body externally
by baths, or internally by fluids etlcclive ("o'j
tJie pui'pose.
i. Chem.: The purification of bodies by 1 he
pouring upon them of suitable liquids.
II. The state of being washed.
"'^III. The water which has been used for
the purpose of washing,
" Wash'd by the briny wave, the pious train
jU'e (jlciuis'd, and cast the ablutions in the m.iin."
Po2Je: IIo)n(:r\s Jlkid.
* ab-lu'-vi-6n, s. [Old Lat. abhivUun = a de-
luge.] That which is washed off. {Dwight.)
a'-bly, adv. [Able.] In an able manner ;
"With ability.
■' And bare him ahlij in the fi9:ht."
Scott : Lay of Last JIiitstri'7, iv. S,',.
ab'-ne-gate, v.t. [Lat. n&uer^o = to refuse oi-
deny: idj; i^cf/o — to ref u.se, " to deny.] [Ni:-
GATION.] To deny, to rei)udiate.
"The vciy possibility of Heroisui had been, :is it
were, tormidly abiieaut-'d hi the minds of all."— C'hj--
lyla: Heroes and Ilaro- Worship, Lect. V.
ab'-ne-ga-ted, pa. par. & a. [Abnegate.]
ab'-ne-ga -ting, pr. par. [Abnehate.]
ab-ne-ga-tion, ,s. [Lat. abwijatio; Fr. (di-
ncgatinn. ] [Abnegate.] Denial, renunciation,
disclaimer.
'Tatience and abnegation of self, and devotion t^
others." Lonff/ullaw: Evangeline.
tab'-ne-ga'-tive, a. fABNEciATE.] Lat. ab-
/"';/(f/(;-»5 = negative: ahhcgo.'] Denying, nega-
tive.
I t ab'-ne-ga -tor, s. [Lat.(/7j//^f/a^/'=--onewho
denies.] One who denies, renounces, or i"c-
pudiates. [Abnegate.]
" .ibnrr/n{</r.t and dispensers .against the laws of
'.fod." — Sir J-.: S'aiidys: State of Jtalig'oa.
ab'-no-date, v.t. [Lat. ahnodo =:to cleartrees
of knots: ('/j=froiii; uodus=^a. knot,] To
clear knots away from ti'ees.
ab-no-da'-tion, .?. [Abnodate.]
1. The act of cutting knots from trees.
2. Tlie state of having knots cut away from
trees.
ab-nor'-mal, a. [Lat. a6)!0/»u's = without
rule : (dj = from ; norvia =■ a carpenter's square
(lig., a rule).] Not according to rule; irre-
gular; anomalous, departing from the ordi-
nary tyjic. "Quite recently intiodueed into
Knglish" (Trench: English, Fast and Present,
]'. 48). It is now quite a coinnion word, espe-
cially in scientific works,
". . , bhe waa reduced into that abiior^nal and
singular condition,"— ^yo(«/e; Jlisf. of Eng., eh. iv,
"If present iJi the norncU Iminan embryo, they
become developed in mi abnormal manner." — Jjurwi.i :
Dc--":eiit of Man, cli. iv.
ab-nor-mal'-i-ty, s. [Abnormal.]
1. The quality of being abnormal ; depart-
uie from lule.
2. Anything abnormal ; an abnormal
feature.
'■ A single body jiresented the extraordinary
number oi twenty -hve distinct abnonnalitics."—
/lurwiii : Descent if Man, vol. i. (lerif, i^art i., eh
i\., p. luy.
ab-nor'-mal-ly, adv. [Aenormal.] In an
abnormal manner.
ab-nor'-mi-ty, s. [Abnormal.] In-egularity ;
departure from tlie ordinary type.
ab-nor'-mous^ a. [Abnormal.] Not accord-
i iig to rule ; departing from the ordinary tyjje ;
misshapen, gigantic, monstrous.
"The former being often the more extravagant and
abnoi-iitons in their incidents, \i\ proijortiou as tlie
general ty|)e of the gods W!« more vast and awful than
that of the heroes,"— (/ro(e ; History of Greece, vol. i.,
ch. i.
ab'-o, 5. [Welsh.] The carcase of an animal
killed by a wolf or other 7)redatory animah
{Ancient Laws ond Inst, of Wales.)
a-bo'-ade, p"^'- P<^'''- of Abide. Suffered, eu-
'dured. '
" He would not have aboadc it."
Drayton : Poems, p. 173.
a-bbar'd, adv. & jwep. [Pref. a = on ; and
hoard.l [Board.]
I. As ad verb:
1. Onboard; into a ship.
2. *-*n board; in a ship.
"/',:, I III, <:o. be gone to .■;;ive your ship fi'om ivi'eck,
Wlncli faiinot iieiisb, h.iMiig thee aboard."
.•yhakfp. Two Uenitei/ifii of Vcrmui, i. 2.
,V('((,^: To fall aboard of is to come against
anotlicr shii* when one or both are in motion,
or one at lejist is so.
Ah'ixid iu>'iii-fad: : The order to draw the
niain-tack, meaning tin; hnvt.-r corner of the
main-sail, down to tlie c]iess4ree.
11. As preposition. [In ItaL ahurdo,}
1. Onboard; into a ship,
" . , , convey thy deity
Aboard uur dancing boat."
Sli'ik-:s2}. : Peric7c!<. iii. L
2. On board; in a hhip.
a-boar'd, ^^ Approach. (Sir K. Dighy.)
a-boar'd, v.t. [Fr. aburdcr.]
1. To approach the shore,
" Ev'n to the verge of gold, aboarding Spain."
•Soliman and Perskla (1592).
2. In some games this phrase signifies that
the persiin or sidqin the game whi(di was pre-
\-ionsly either none or few, has now got as
many as the otlier. (Dijclie.)
a-bobb'ed, ... [A.N. a;)uf/// = astonished.]
Astonished.
" Tlie niessangcrs were abobbed tho
Thai nisten lOiat thai mighten do."
A rlJioar .(■ Merlin, p. 75,
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there
« or, wore, wplf, work, wh6, s6u ; mute, cub, ciire, umte, cur, rule, full ; try,
; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
Syrian, se, os = e ; ey — a. qu = kw.
aboechement— abordage
13
♦^-bogche'-inent, ^ a-b69Cli-ynge, «.
[A-NJ Increase. {Prompt. Farv.)
abococked, [See explanatory note, s. v.
AHACOT.)
^ ar-bd'-dan^e, s. [Abode, v.t] An omen.
a-bo'de, {pret. of Abide).
a-bo'de, s. [Abide.] (Abode is comiected witli
hade, the pa. par. of the A.S. verb bidan — to
al)ide.)
I. The state of abiding.
1. The state of residing for a longer or
shorter period in any pLace ; residence.
" If a man love me, lie will keen my ^\ orilt ; ami my
Father will love him, Jind we will come iintu him, ami
make our abode with him."— John xiv. -l'^
"■■Z Delay.
*' [He] having her from Trompart lightly reared.
Upon hi3 courser sett the lovely lode.
And with her fletl away without abwfc."
Spenser : I". Q., III. viii, 19.
II. The place where one resides; ahaMta-
tion,* a dwelling, a house, home, residence.
" Come, let me lead you to our poor abode."
}y(yrdswort!i : Excursion, bk. v.
a-bo'de, v.t. &i. [Bodk.]
I. Tmns.: To foreshadow, to foiL-bode, to
to bode, to omen.
" That this tempest,
Dafihin? the garmeut of this peace, aboded
The audden breach on't."
Skakegp. : J/etiry i'lll., i. i.
II. Iiitruiift. : To be an omen.
" This abodes sadly.' —Decay of Christian Piety.
*ar-b6'de-ineilt, s. [a; bode; and affix -)ne)?(.]
'A foreboding an evil omen, nnfavonrable
X)rognosti cation.
'Tush, man I ahod(W«n<s must uot now affright us
By fair or foul meaiia we must enter in,
For hither will our frieuds repair tous. "
Sliafcesp. : 3 Benry 17 , iv, 7.
a-bo'-ding, "pr. par. [Abode.]
a-bo'-diiig, s. [Abode, Bode.] Prognostica-
tion, presentiment.
" What strange ominoua ahodings and fears do many
times on a sudden seize upon men, of certain approach-
ing evils, whereof at jiresent there is no \'iaib]e ap-
pearance."— Dp. Bull: Works, ii. 489.
* a-bdf'e, *■ a-boff'e, adv. [Above.]
" Wolde God, for his modurs lief,
Bryng me onys at meyue ahofe
J were out of theire eye."
Camhridge SIS. IGWi Cent., ff. v. 48, 55. (natUwell.)
*a-b6gh'te, *a-b6gh't-en, pret of v.
[Abohte.]
^ a-bo'-gi-en, 'v.t. (pret. abogede, pa. par.
abogett). [A.S. ahugan.] To bow. (Bailey.)
* a-boh'te, or * a-bogh'te (pret. sing, of
Abir ; ]d. abogliten). Atoned for ; paid for ;
expiated.
" Murie he ther wrohtc
Ah Ilymeiiild hit abo/ite." Kyuy Jloim |H02),
a-boir, ti. or ndr. [Boil, v,] In or into a
boiling Nt;ite. Chiefly in the plirase. To
cuiiie a-hoil=- to begin to boil. (Scotch.)
'"ITiis without any other preparation is pat iutu n.
pot on the fire, and by the time it coiiius a-batl is
transformed into a coagulation or jelly,"— -l^'ric.
Harvey, Kivcard., p. 432.
* ab'-6-lete, «. [As if from a Lat. nfmlrtn^,
snp. of rxbolesco =■ to decay.] [Abolish.] Old,
ulisolete.
"To practyse suchea&o^c^esciens."— .SftcZfon; IVorJcs,
ii. 48.
a-bol'-lSh, i-.t. [Fr. abolir; Sp. uhnJir: Itnl.
"holirc: ii\ Lat. aboleo— to gi'Ow out of ust-,
to abolish; ah; oi«sco = to grow.]
1. Tl> do away with, to abrogate, anmil,
disannul, eanr-el or revoke. Used t'specially
of laws, customs, institutions, or officfS.
"It was therefore impossible to aboJixh kingly
government." — Macaulay ; Hist, of Eng., ch. i.
+ 2- (I'li'in. sense): To do.stroy.
"And tliu idols he eliall utterly aboU.<ih."—ftii. ii. 18.
"... our Saviour Jesus ChrLst, who hath
nhollshcd death, and hath hronixht life and imniui'tii.-
lity to light through the gLiapel."— i: Tim. i. lO.
ar-bol'-ish-a-ble, a. [in Fr. aholi.-^.^-dJe.-\
' [Abolish.] " Able to be abolished ; that may
hi' abolished, abrogated, repealed, annulled,
or destroyed.
"Not abolished, not abo7/s7iai)le."—Carl,'/Ie: rn-nch
Hovolutioii.
a-bol'-isheil, pa. par. & a. [Abolish.]
a-bol'-ish-er, s. [Abolish,] One who abo-
lishes.
a-bol'-ish-ing, pr. yar. [Abolish.]
+ a-bol'-ish-iiig, o. [Abolish.] A repealing,
an annulling, an abrngating. a destroying.
(Nearly obsolete, its I'liicc Ijemg taken by
ABOLrrioN.)
"The abolisldiig of detestable heresit-.s." — Henry
VIII. Quote I by Fronde: Hist. Eng., di. .\\i.
t a-bol'-ish-ment, s. [in Fr. ahoUsseyntnt.'X
The act of abolishing, the act of repyaling,
annulling, or abrogating.
"... a godly act wjls madi- [in l.i-'.ii] fur the
aholiah-meni of divtr.sitv uf (Ji'iuiuii i.-oiiu-i.tiiliil' the
Christian religion,"— /"rocr/f: lli^t. Eng.. vul, iii., th.
xvii., 1). 501,
ab-6l-l'-tion, s. [in Fr. abolifion; Ital.
uholiziunc: fr, Lat. aboUtio.\ [Abolish.]
I. The act of abolishing.
1. The aet of annulling, erasing, etfacing,
destroying, or sweeping out of existence.
"... he would wiiringly consent ttj the entire
ubo/itionot the tax." — Maciitilay: Jlixt. Etig., ch. xi.
2. Law ouly: The giving by thi' sovereign
ortbe.iudges leave toaiiroyecutorora eiiminal
accuser to desist from further prosecution.
(■2-j Hen. VIII., c. 21.)
II. The state of being abolished.
ab-ol-i'-tion-i§m, .'^. [Abolition.] The views
entertained I>y an abolitiunist.
ab-6l-i'-tion-ist, s. [Abolition.] [In Ger.
abolitionist ; Fr. uhnlitioniste.] One who en-
tej-tains views in favour of " abolition," mean-
ing the abolition of slaveiy.
" Tha aboJUionints had been accused as iinthorfi of
the lato insurrectiuu in Dominica." — ClurLion : Ahol.
of .Slni-r Trade, ii. 2S4.
a-b6r~la, s. [Lat., fr. Gr. ufi^oXti (muliola)
' = a mantle.]
Among the nnciunt C! reeks o.ud Itinauus:
A thick woollen
mantle or cloak,
worn principally
by military men,
and thus was oji-
pnsed tf the toga,
which was esiteei-
ally the habiliment
of peace. |T<k!A.1
Its use was, how-
ever, not euulined
to militaiy excur-
sions, but it was
also worn within
the city. It was
also used by the
Stoic philosophers
at Rome as a dis-
tinetive dress.
a-bo'-xna, s. [Local (Guiana) name.] A largi'
' and formidable Am&riean snake, cjtlled uUo
the ringed boa. It is the Epicrat!.'^ Cenrhrco
Anciently it was worshipped by the i\T( :;:c.in^,
ab-o-ma'-siis, ab-6-ma'-sumj s. [Lat.
((&; oma^iivi, a Latin or Gallic word signify-
ing the stomach of ;i bullock.] Tlie fourtli
stomach in a ruminating animal. Its sides
are wrinkled, and it is the true organ of
digestion. Analogous to the simple stt.niach
of other mammals.
a-bom'-in-a-ble, ". [In Fr. ohurninahlr;
Ital. abboniincvoJc : fr, Lat. a])n„i!nahil!fi =
worthy of imprecation, execrable; fr, idr>„i!-
'iiiir = to deprecate anything unpropitious.]
[Abominate.] Ver\- loathsome, hateful, oi-
odious; whether (1) as being orteiisne to the
physical senses —
"And I will cast abominable filth upon thee."—
Nahum ill. 6. i
or (2) (in Scripture) as being cereiunuially
unclean —
" Any unclean heast or any abomhmble unclean
thing. -Leviticus vii. 21,
or (3) as being oEfeusive to the mornl sense^
"And the scant measure that ia uhornmnbU'."—
Micah vi. 10.
•7 It may be used of persons as well n\
things :
"Ye shall not make yourselves nhominnhh- with
any creeping thing that creepeth." — Leo. xi 4"
". . . in works tliev deny him, being abomin-
ahJe."— Titus i. lU.
a-bom'-in-a-ble-ness, s. [Aboiiinaele.]
The quality or state of being pliy^ieally or
morally loathsome.
". , , to urge atheists with the ri.miptiin] and
ohominablettpxs ot their principles.'— /f''i///<''/ ■ Si-rm. \
a-bom'-in-a-bly, odv. [Abojiis vble.] In
a very loathsome manner, whether ]«hysieally
or moi-ally,
1. Phys. : As in the sentence, "Decaying
tangles smell abominably."
2, Morally :
a-bom'-in-ate, r.^ [In Sp. ahominar; ItaL
obhmnlnare ; hat. abomin or ^t<> depreciate as
being of evil omen; hence, to detest: uh;
omen, genit. ominis; as if it had been said,
ahsit omen = may the omen depart, God forbid
that the omen should come to pass.] To
loathe, t("i detest, to hate exceedingly.
"He prefen-ed both to abominate and despise all
mystery, refinement, and intrigue," — Sioift.
a-boin'-in-at-ed, 31a, j>ar. [Abominate,]
a-bom'-in-a-tihg, pr. jiar [Abominate.]
a-bom-in-a'-tion, ;.-. [Aeomin-^te.]
I. The act of doing something hateful,
hateth."
eveiy abomination to the Lord, which he
-Jjrt>/. xil, !J1.
" . . , liecause of the abominations which ye hu\ e
committed. "—./cr. xliv. 22.
II. The state of being greatly hated or
loathed.
", . , larael alsrO was had in abomiiuition with
the Philistines." — 1 Ham. xiii. 4.
"Tobacco ill any other form than that of richly-
scented .snuff was held in nbo'itinaliun." — Macaahiy :
Jlist. of Kiig., ch. iii,
III. Uhjedirely: An ril.iect of extreme
hatred, loathing, or aversion. An object
loathed on account —
(1) (If its offensiveness to the senses.
(2) <Jtits ceremonial impurity:
". . , e.ating swine's flesh, and the abomi'inHun,
and the mouse, "^/s<(. Ixvi. 17,
(3) Of its moral offensiveness :
"... wickedness is an attorn! nation to my lips."
—Prov. viii. 7.
iy In this sense the word is often used in
Seilpture for an idol :
". , . Jlik'uiii, the abomiii'i'ioii of tlie Am-
monites."—! Kiii'j'. xi. ,">.
(i) Of some other cause than tliose now
mentioned:
". , . for fvfry shepherd is an uhmm nation uutn
the Egyptians,"— (.'CK. xlvi. VA.
a-bom'-ine, v.t. The same as Abominate.
" Poet. £ L'nlir,u>l^:
" By topics which though I aJiomtnr "em.
Blay seiTe as ai-guments ad hominem." — Swift.
a-bo'ne (1), pre}>. & adr. [.\bove.]
1. An i>rep. : Above. (Artlioiir <{■ Merlin,
p. 12S.)
2. As adverb: Above.
■ a-bone (2), adv. [Fr. d hon.] "Well.
"Thn thei seeche a litel hem abone
tiL'VL-n kjiiglitL^s y-armed come."
ArlhouranU Merlin, p, 129,
2. Adverb: Well
"And a goud swerde, that wolde bj-tc abone."
Sir liiimii/ne, p. 217.
a-bood', pret. [Abide.] Waited, expected,
remained.
"And C'omelie nbood hem with biho co"-^-]!." and
ui-i-essarie fiendis tb.it wereu clepid togidro. '— II'k'A-
hjfi.': yew TciT., Acts x. 24.
a-boon', prep. (Srotch and X. of Eng. dlahvt
' ji>r Above.) [Aeune.]
. ahoon the pass of Bally-Biough.'— ,V(f »'■
,'<rott : Wxfvrley.
■ a-boord', '."//■. [Fr. hiu-d^h^n-^hir \ From
the bank. {>^i'cn!<n A
" As men in summer feai-k'^^ pas.se the foord.
Which is in winter lord ui all theplaiue.
And with his tmnhling&treames dotli Ijcare "'"■"'■■'
The ploughman's hoi>e and shepheard's 1 ilium-
vame," Spenser : Jiitincs of Home (l.v.iii.
a-boot', pa. par. Beaten down, <.SA Inner.)
a-bOOt', "dr. [AboTE.] To boot, the odds
" paid in a bargain. (Roxhnrgh.)
""" a-bord', s. [Fr.] First appearance, manner
of address, accostiii,--'. (Chesterfield.)
" a-bord', r.t. [Fr. aborder = to approach.]
To aiiproaeh, to ai-eust. (Sprayer.)
" a-bord', adv. [Fr. border = shoi-e.] Across ;
ironi shore to shore. (Spenser.)
^ a-bord'-age (age = ig), s. [Fr. aborder =
to board.] The act of boarding a ship.
" The iiia^tev further gettis of the ship taken bi hiiii
and bis companie. the best cabell and anchor for Uia
abordage." — Balfour: Pract., p. -'A't.
boil, boy; poiit, j6^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 5hm, benQh; go, gem; thin, this, sin. as; expect, Xenophon. e^st. ph - i.
-cian. -tlan = shan. -tiou- -sion =■- shiin*. tion. sion = zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
n
Libore— about
a-tooi;'©, pa. par. Born. [Bear. J
"At Taimedeaiie lontl I was dbore iuid alivtil."
MS. Ashinole, St;, f. n-2. {.lialUwdl )
ab-o-rig'-in-al, a. & s. [Lat. ah — frmn ;
ori(;o,-i)iis= the beginning: iT.orioi-=tov\>n:.]
I. Aso.'Vifctlce:
1. Original.
" Ami mantled o'er with aboriginal ti:rf
And everliiatiiig flowers."
Wordsworth; Exi-nrsioii^hii. vi,
" On a sudden, the dborlffinal iwpulation rose uii the
ooluijists." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ,iih. i.
'1. Primitive, simple, unsopliistieat^'d.
". . . these lire d 0X1 htl ess raxny nborlgi mil iwii^iXf.,
by whieh no other conclusion is conceiviilile." — Herbert
Upcncer.
IL As substantive :
1, A man or woman belonging to tlie oKb ^t
known rut-i.' inhabiting a country.
"I have selected for coinparisoii these ex t.rtuie hiktI-
meus of skulls charHcteristlc of ra^e, one ul ;tii abort-
ghialni Vu,n Dieiaeu's Land." — Oiveii: JfamnialUi.
2. An animal or plant species brought into
being within the area where it is now found.
"... hence it may l>e well douhted whether this
frog is an aboriifiiutl of these islands. " — Darwin:
Voyage roiuul tJm World.
S,b-6-rig'-in-al-ly, adv. [ABORirnxA l, i
From its origin, beginning or commen<_'(_-iiifUt ;
at lirst, at the outset.
"We have evidence thiit the barren island of Asccu-
siim aborigiJuiUi/ iMssessed luider Jialf-iirdozen iluwei--
iug plants."— i^ttz-wm.- Origin of Species, cli. xii.
ab-O-rig'-in-es, s. pi. [Lat. Aborigines: (1)
An old tribe inhabiting Latium ; (2) \hv
earliest known inhabitants of any otlu-r laml.]
[Aboriginal.]
1, The earliest known inhabitioits of ;iii\'
continent, country, or district.
"In South Africa the dbor-iginea wander over the
U1033 and plains." — Darwin: DescetU of Alan, vol. i.,
l)t. i, ch, vii., p. 237.
2, Spec. : The Latian tribe mentioned above
" When .Slneas arrived in Italy, they were ^'veii li,\
him to Latinue, king of the Ahorigines, as hiist-u:<'s fur
the ohservance of the compacts entered into « ith the
natives."— iewis: Early Jtonn. IliH., cli. x.
a-bor'-ment, s. An abortion (^Foiisdi.)
Probably a misprint for abortmeut.
* ab-or'se-ment, s. Miscarriagi% abortion.
tneiit ... is utterly unlawful and highly binful."—
Bp, Hall : Cases of Conscience.
a-bort', v.t. & (. [Lat. abm'to, old form of
abort'n) = to miscarry.]
1. Transitive : To render abortive.
"... the oil-gland ie quite aborted." — Daru-ni.:
Oriif. of Specie<, ch. i., p. 22.
"Although the eyes of the cirri>>eds are more or lfs>-
aborted in their mature state " — Owen : Coiup. A nut
2. Intransitive : Tomlsciiny. {Lord llcrhiul
nCChcrhani)
^ a-bort', s. [Abortion.] An abortion.
". . . dying of an abort in childbed." — Jteli'jmF
WoottoiiiaiuB, ji. 4111.
*a-borf-ed, 2>*^.i'0''- [Abort, v.t.] Rendered
abortive.
a-bor'-ti-ent, c [Abort, r.i.] [From Uil.
ahortienSy pr. par. oi ahorUor.\
Bat. : Barren, sterile.
a-bort'-ing, pr. par. [Abort, r.t.]
a-bor'-tion, s. [Lat. abort io - ]irematnr.^ de-
* livery, mise-arria^'e : from abortus, pa, par. of
aborior = to disappear.]
1. The st-iite of miscarriage, failure to resu-li
independent existence.
Phj/s.: (1) A miscarrj'ing, miscarriage. If
the fo'tns is brought foi-th before the end of
the sixth month, the term used by medic;il
men is abortion or miscarringc; but if after tlic
sixtli month, that employedis proiuiturc birth.
Tlie law does not recognise this distin<'tinii,
but applies the term abortion to the throwing
off of the f( ftus at any period of the pregnancy.
To take means to procure abortion— the crinn-
now generally termed /(b£u'm/'.' — is felony.
"The symptoins which precede abortion will l>e
generally niodifietl by their exciting cause." — Dr. Ji.
Lee: Cy'cl. of Pract. Med.
2. The non-development of an organ or a
)tortion of an organ required to constitute an
ideal type.
"... the development and abortion of the uil-
fLUi-nH."— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. i., p. 22.
3. Hortir.: The premature development of
the fruit, or any defect in it.
il. The fruit of the miscarriage.
1. Tlie f(etus brought forth before it has
l)een suflicicntly dcvclo]>ed to jtcnnit of its
muintainiiig an iudepcudi-nt existence.
"... the f I fiorti'^n proved only a female fojtus."
— Martini's Hcriblera-s.
"2, Fig.: Any fruit, pruiiticc, or iiri>j(_-ct,
which fails instead of (coming to maturity; as
in the sentence, " His .scheme proved a incic
abortion."
a-bort'-ive, a. [Fn Fr. abort! f; Sji. and Ital.
iihortlvo; Lat. ahortUas = born ]u-ciuaturcly.J
[Abortion. ]
1. Brought fortli in au immature state,
fading before it reai;hes perfection.
" If ever he have child, abortive be it,
Prodigious .uid untimely brought to lii^ht."
Sluikesp : Itlcliard J 1 1., 1. 2.
2. Fruitless, inetfectual, failing in its etlect ;
like a crude and unwise ijroject.
"To their wisdom Euroiw and America have "wed
M'lires of abortive cons titut ion b, " — Mavaalay : Jlist.
Eiig., ch. xi.
3. Biol.: An abortive organ is one wanting
some essential part, or wliicli never comes tn
maturity. An abortive stamen generally wants
the anther and pollen; an abortive ]ietal is
generally a mere bristle oi' scale ; and an abor-
tive ovule never devciopes into a seed, but
slirinks away.
4. Pertaining to aboit ion. Thus, "Aborfin:
]witions are potions designed to produce abor-
tion."
t Aiortive rellum is vellum made of the skin
of an abortive calf.
• 5. Rendering abortive.
a-bort'~ive, s. [Abort, Abortion.] That
wliich is brought forth prematurely.
" Many are preserved, and do sijjiial bervico tw their
country, who, without a provision, might have
IJerished as abortives." — iddinon : (juardian.
a-bort'-ive-ly, adv. [Abortion.]
1. Inimatmely; in an untimely manner.
" If ubortioely poor iii.iii iiai.st die,
Xor i-eiveh what re.ah he might, why die in dread ? "
Ytiiiiin: .Yiyitt TItoiights, vii.
2. ^o as to iiroducc no proper etteet ; a
fadnre.
" The enterprise in Ireland, as elsewhere, terminated
ubf/rtiucly." — Froudc: Hist. Kng., vol. iv,, p. 34.
a-bort'-ive-ness, .''. [Abort.] The quality
or state of being abortive.
' a-bort'-ment, 5. [Abort.] An untimely
iiirth.
"... in whose womb those deserted mineral riches
must ever be buried as lost «ior(»(c«(s, unle.'-s those
lie made the active midwives to deliver them."— iord
litieon.
' a-bdst'e» V. [A.N.] To assault.
^ ^b'-Ot. [Abbot.]
' a-bo'te» }}a. par. Beaten down.
" She WJis abashid and abotr."
CUaucer : Breame, 1,290.
\a-b6'te, prep. Old spelling of About.
" They eum the towne abotc."—/ieh'j. Antig., ii. 21.
"^ a-both'e, adv. [Pref. a = on, bothe ~ both.]
On both.
"Abotlic half lay mani on."
ArtJwur it Merlin, i). 18.
*a-bough'ed,3xt. jxt('. Bowed, obeyed. (College
('J Arms MS. of Robt. of Glouc. in Hcarne's
edit., p. lOij.)
^ abought. pret. of Abie.
1. Atoned for.
"Aud that hath Dido sore ahouqlite.
Whose detli si^hall ever be betiioiighte.
Ooivcr J/N., A'oc. Anti'j., IM, to. 104.
2. Bought.
3. An incorrect form of About.
"" a-bdul'-zie-ments, s. pi. [Habiliments.]
bress. [Abulyiement.]
"Abonhiement.t I hae, .ineu
I'se gie mysel aTid a' ti> jun."
Tiiylor. Aco/dt Poems, o7.
*a-bOUll, prep. [Above.] Above.
"To God aboun be joy and hlysse.'
Tiiiidai. Visions, p. 158.
a-bound', v.i. [Fr. ahomler; Sp. abinidar;
' Ital. ahbondarr.; Lat. abnndo = to rise up, to
swell, to overtlow ; from tiMtn ~ a wave.]
1. To possess in great quantity, to be well
supplied. (Followed by with.)
"A faithful nuiii shall abound with blessings."-
Proa, xxviii. 20.
^ Followed by In :
" That ye may abound in hope."— fiotn. xv. IG.
2. To be in gi'eat plenty, greatly to prevail.
"And beuLuse iniquity shall abound, bhe love of
Eoany shall wajt cxild. ' — Matt. xxiv. 12.
* a-bou'nde, a. [Abodnd,] Abounding.
"Ryght so this niayd of gT;ice mo^^t abnunde.'
Lydgate MK., Sou Antt-i., 134, in. J. {IlalliweH.)
a-bound'-ing, pr. par, [Abol-nd.]
a-bound'-ing, s Existence in gi-eat quantity.
"Amongst those aboundings of sin and wicked-
ness. "—i^.'i'M Sermons, i). 220.
*" a-boure, i. [A.N.] The same as Avour^ =
a patron.
" By God aud Seyute Mary myn nbour&."
MS. of 15th Cent.
a-bouit', prep & adv. [A.S. dbu-ian, dhiHon,
un-hidan, yvibe-utaii, cmbutan = about or
anjniid ; ort, yvi, or em being analogous to the
Gr. afi<pi, and hittan signifying without: he =
by, I'ltan = out [But] ; literally - around, on
the outside. J
1. Around (all rnund : of place), encircling a
person, place, or thing in whole or in part.
'■ Let not inen.y and trutli forsake thee ; bind them
aboiU thy ueck."- /'row. iii. 3.
2. Near in time. *
"He went out icbout the third hour." — .Vatt. xx. 3.
3. Upon or near one's ]terson; easily a cijes-
sible where one is at the moment.
" If you have this uhont you." MiUon : Comus, 647.
^. Near one, attendant on one.
" That he should come about your royal )>erson-"
Slntkesp. : JI. J/enry VI.. Part II., iii. I.
5. Coiii-erned with, engaged with, connected
with.
"... 1 iiiusit bt about my father's business."—
Lnfce li. 49.
"Thy ser^ajits' tr.uJi; Tiath been about cattle." — Oen.
xlvL 34.
6. Respertiiig, regarding.
"The eleven hundred shekels of silver that were
t.iken f rom thee, aboux which thou eursedst." — Judy.
xviL 2.
II. As oiloi'ib :
1. Near to in quantity, quality, or degree.
", , . the number of the men was about five
ttjousand.'' — Ai-fh iv. 4.
2. Here and there, liithfT and thither.
3. Round, by a circuitous route.
■[ lioihad about: In evei'y direction around.
4. Just ))re]iared to do an act.
"AndiLsthe shijimen were about to flee out of the
-hip," — -4 '■/,!( .xxvii. au.
*\ To bring about, or, as it is in 2 Sam. xiv.
20, to JetiJi about, signilies to take ertective
niea,sures for aceom))lishing a purpose; to
accomplish a purpose or end.
Naut.: To go about is when a ship is
made to change her course, and go upon a
]>articular tack diflerent from that on which
she has been jireviously proeeetling. About
.■<?iip, or rmdif about, is the concise method of
giving orders for such a cliange of course.
*[ Bring ahoot: To bring to the point or
stiite deairwl.
"... lo bring about all Israel luito thee."—
2 Sctin. iii. 12.
"Whether she will Iw hrowiiht about hy breaking
Jier head, I very much ii\\&»t\ui\,''~a]jrrt ator.
^ Cojfu; about: To arrive, to reach the
jn-oper mouiciitfor tlie occurrence of an event.
" The time was ronio about." — 1 Sam. L 20.
•I Go iihoyf: To wander hither aud thither
with the view of imding opportunity to do a
deed.
"Why go ye about to kill jne'f—John vii. 19.
III. As th.c i-ifiiXToMve of a verb, or especially
iflth GO iLijutrlnif to he supplied:
" About my brains" (i.e., brains go to work).
Sltakesp. : Ifamlet, ii. 2.
" about-hammer, about-sledge, s.
The lai-gest hammer used by smiths. It is
generally employed by rmder-worknien called
hammer-men. (Note in Beaumont and Fletcher,
ed. Dyce, iv. 289.)
* about-speich. [About; s-pecch.] Circuii,-
locution. (6'cofefe.)
" Rycbt Bo my al>otit'>ifH9cch oft#.n tymes
And sL'mhlahill wordis we corapyl our rymes."
Douglas: Virgil, 10, 1. 12.
f^te, fat, f^e, amidst, what, f£tll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, .full : try, Syrian, ae, ce = e ; ey - a- qu = tew.
about— Abraham
15
* a.l>out-ward, adu. inclining to, on the
point ol".
" But than syr Majrok. hys steward
W.i« fadt iibouteioarde
To tlu hys ludy gy'*i."
MS. Cantab. tV. ii. 38. 71. (BalUwell.)
* a-bout'e, or ^ a-boiit'-en. prep, & ado.
About. [About.]
"And other ladyes iu here degrees 'tboiUe."
O/muccr: C T., 2,5Bii.
" For both me goon aboiUen oure pur-jhas."
C/tuucer : C. T„ 7,112.
"And in thU wise these lordes all and some
Ben on the Sunday to the citee come
Abi>u.tcii prime, and in the toun alight,"
Cfu.nu.er: C. T., 2,191.
^ The form aboiUe/i is still iu use in
Sn^.>>ex.
* a-bouye, v. [A.S. abuga)i.] To bow.
"Alle londys saole oJiQuye to by wests and by este."
Kobert of Ototicettar, j). 215.
a-bOV'e, prep. "& ady. [A.S. dbufan, bufan,
hsiifiui; Dut. hov&ti.\
A. As a prvjiosiliofi :
1. JAt.: Higher in place; also to a higher
l>liice beyond.
"... the watei-s which were above the firma-
ment."—d'en. i. 7.
" Above the brima they force their fiery way. "
Dryden. ■ ^iieUl.
2. Fig. : Higher or superior to, of greater
xank or dignity than.
"The disciple ia not aboite his master, nor the
servant afioi/enia lutd." — Matt. x. 24.
3. Higher in number or quantity; more in
number or quantity, upwards.
"For the man was (d>oi'e forty years old."— .-I'Va
iv. 2i
i. Higher in measure or degree, more in
measure or degree, more than, beyond.
"... thou art cursed abope iill cattle, and above
every beast of the field." — Gun. iii. 14.
5. Higher than it is possible to grasp intel-
lectually, unattainable.
" It is an old and true distinction that things may
be above reason without Ijeing contrary to it."— Swiff.
6. Too high in point of conscience willingly
to do a disreputable deed ; also too high iu
one's own self-esteem for ; too prond for.
" Kin^a jiud princes iu the earlier ages of the world
lalxiured in arts and occupations, and were abooe
nothing that tended to promote the conveniences of
life."— fope." Odi/ieeii. Notes.
1 Above all is an elliptic phrase for " above
ull things, above all circumstances, chiefly,
liriucipally."
Above-stairs: On the floor above.
*7. Colloquial: (1) Above a bit = exceed-
ingly. (2) Above your hooks = too knowing,
too clever.
B. As an adoerb :
1. Lit. (•'/ plaa-):
1. Overhead.
"When he established the clouds above."— Prov.
TiiL 2y.
2. On the higher or upper part, on the top.
"... and in a cubit slialt thou finish it [the
ark] above." — Getu vi. 16,
3. In heaven.
'■ I should have denied the God that is above."— Job
wxi. -la.
II. Fig. :
1. Beyond, in point of size or numlx'.]-.
"... the fragments of the five barley-loaves,
which remained over and above unto them tliat had
eaten."— yoftnvL la
2. In a superior social jKjsition of power
and dignity.
" And the Lord shall make thee tht- head, and not
the tail ; and thou shaJt be oboe*- only, and thon shalt
not be beneath," — Deut. xxviii, is.
III. 0/ time: Before, previously. In th-
phrase, " We have shown above," and in the ad-
jectives above-cited, aixtve'dcscrlbed, abovc-mcu.-
fioiied, ahove-ncunied, dbave-specijial , abo-oe sig-
nifies in the immediately preceding portion uf
the book, but not necessarily on the upfwr
part of the same page. The use of these terms
carries us back to the time wlien books wore
written on long continuous scrolls, and a
previous part of the composition wa.s retiily
above that to which the writer had c^me.
1[ Sometimes it is employe-d almost likr u.
substantive. It then 6ignilJt\s —
(1) The higher part, the upper pait.
"... the waters of Jordan shall be cut off f rfim
the waters tliat come down from abope.''—Josh. lii. m.
(2) Heaven, the place of bliss.
above-board, adv.
Lit. : Above the board or table, in open
sight, so as to forbid the possibility or at
least the likeliliood of fraud, trick, or decep-
tion. In a way opposed to the procedure of
the gamester, who puts his hands under the
table to shuffle the ciuds.
1. In ox)en sight, without trickery.
" It is the part also of an honest man to deal above-
board and without tricks." — L'l':gtrange.
2. Openly, without the ellurt. at c(tnce:il-
nient whicli a proper feeling of shame would
induce.
^ Used more frequently in colloquial lan-
guage than by our best English classics.
above-deck, a.
1. Saut. : Upon the deck of a vessel, not in
the c^ibin or other parts below.
2. Fig.: (Like Above-boaed, q.v.) Without
artifice.
above-ground, a. Alive, unburied.
'' a-bo'ven, prep. & adv. Old form of Abo^'e.
" And Jipecially abooen every thing."
CJiaucer : Sompnourea Tale, 7,200.
' a-bOW, V. [Avow. ] To maintain, to avow.
(Artlioar dL- Merlin, p. 193.)
* a-bd'we, v.L & t. [A.S. dbttgan.)
I. Ifitratis. : To bow.
" To Roland then ache gau abowa
Almost duuii til his fete."
MS. AHlitnole, 3a. p. 37, {/Ta/liioeU.)
II. Trans. : To daunt, to put to shame.
(Cockcraiii.)
*a-bd^e (0. Eng.), * a-bdxkr'-en (0. Etig. &
Scotch), " a-bo\tr'ue and * a-bdtir'yne (both
0. Scotch)'prep. & ado.
I, As prep. : Above.
"Abowii all othur."— Coc Jfi/st., p, 83.
IL -Is Lula.: Above.
" Kepe hyt therfore wyt^i temperat hete adowne.
Full forty dayes, tyll hyt wex black aboweii."
Ashinole : Theat. Cfiem. Brit., p. 171.
* a-bo'wed, pa. par. [Abowe, v.]
*a-bi5^'-e5, s. pi. [A.N.] FrohAhlyfrwahovvps
or avowes == patron saints. (HalUmll and
Wright.)
" God and Seinte Marie and Sein Detiia also
And alle the abotoes of this churche, in was urt* ich
am i-do." Jiobort of Ohucester, p. 475.
*abowglit, * a-boiV-tyne', prep. & adv.
■ [About.] About.
" AbowgJtt the "body." — Torrciit of Portugal, p. 9.
"And m:ide fyere abowti/ne." — MS. Ashmole, 61, f. J.
{l/aUiweU.)
Abp. A contraction for Archbishop,
Ab'-ra-ca-dab-ra. or Ar-S,s-ar-dab-ra,
tin; Ar-a-ca-lSji of the Jews.
1. A Syrian deity.
2. A magical collocation of letters placed as
iu the figure below : —
ABRACADABRA
ABRACADABR
ABB AC A DAB
ABRACADA
ABB AC AD
ABRACA
ABRAC
A B R A
A BR
AB
A
It will be observed that the name abracadabra
can be read not only on the uppermost hori-
zontal line, but on any of the lines below it,
with a continuation, slantingly upwards, on
the right-hand side of the triangle. So can it
also on that right-hand line, or any one parallel
to it, the continuation iu the latter case being
on the uppermost line towards the right hand.
A paper inscribed in such a fashion, and hung
around the neck, was supposed to be a tacit
invocation of the Syrian deity mentioned
above, and was recommended by the sapient
Serenus Saronicus as an antidote against fever
and vaiious other diseases. Shortly before
A.D. 15S8, a quack doctor, who charged £15
for his prescription, made a patient suffering
from ague much worse, by inducing him to
e^t the i:harai instead of wearing it round his
neck.
". . . A little afore his tit ^vas at band he called
until the wife of the imtient to briny him an ajijilc ..■!
the largest size, and then with a pinnu write on the
rlnde of the apple Abraratlabra, and perswade him to
take it presently in the beginning of his fit, for there
wiis (sayth he) a secret in those words. To be sliurt.
the patient, being hungry of his health, follovt-d his
comisell. and devonicd all and every piece uf tlie
apple,"— C7ww7efi, A.I). lJ*'o.
^Of-hr^d', pa. po r. [A.S. a&rfioi7ia?i = to bruise,
'hi'eak, destroy, kill, frustrate.] Witliered
(HalUmll). Killed, destroyed (H^rij;?iO.
" Fair i-wo.ve and fair i-sprad.
But the olde tre was nbrad."
Tins Sev^i/ii Sages, 610.
ab-ra'de, v.t. [Lat. abrado = to scrape away,
to rub off ; ab = from, away, and railu = to
scrape otf, to touch in passing, to graze.] To
rub down, to crumble or wear away by friction.
1. (Jeol. : To rub away rocks by water, frubt,
or similar agencies,
" stones which lie underneath the glacier and are
pushed along by it, sotiietiiue-s iidhere toitbe ice ; and
as the mass glides slowly along at the lute of a lew
inches or at the utmost two or three feet ixjr day,
abrade, groove, and polish the rock," — Lyell: Man. of
(real., ch. xii.
2. Naut. ; also Bot., &c. : To rub or wear
away by friction,
3. Med. : To produce a superficial excoria-
tion, with loss of substance, under the form ot
small shred.4, in the mucous membranes of the
intestines ; to tear otf or fret the skin.
" Instead of nourishing, it stimulates, abrade-i, and
carries away part of the solids.' — MUcelianiei (t7fi^).
4. Fig.: To wear away.
" Nor deem it strange that rolling years abrade
The social bias." Shanstone : jL'cjti., p. 1,
^ a-bra'de, adv. [Abroad.]
ab-ra'-ded, X'<^- po,r. & o. [Abrade.]
"The abraded aummita of the griliding teeth."—
Owru: Fossil Mamnutls & Birds (lB-16).
&b-ra'-ding, pr. par. & .■<. [Abrade.]
As pr. par. : (See the verb).
As .■iuhstantive :
1. Geol. : The rubbing down of rocks by
frost or similar causes,
2, Agric. : Tlie abrnding of earth is the
causing it to crumble away through the action
of fro.st.
* a-brae'-den, v.t. [M. H. Ger. erbreitcu.] To
Hilate. (Strut iriann.) '
A'-bra-ham, A'-bram [Liit. Abraham us ;
Sept. Gr. 'Afipadfi (llahraam); fr, Heb, Dm^M
{Ahra}iavi) = fiithi'A' (if a multitude : the second
and original form (Abrain) is from Gr. "A/3puu
(ilabmia); Jieb. C^IN (Abram) = father of
elevation.] An aiiciHiit i)atriarch, father and
founder of the Jewish nation. (See Gen. xi.
—XXV.)
If In compcntnds: Derived from, connected,
or pretending to be connected with the
patriarch Abraham.
Abraham-man. Tom of Bedlam, or
Bedlam Beggar = a sturdy beggar. The
Abraliam-men formerly roamed through Eng-
land, begging and pilfering: tliey were ^sell
known in Shakespeare's time, and on to tlie.
period of the Civil Wars
" An Abrahinn'mnni^ he that walketh bare-arimil
and b.are-legged, and fayneth hymaelf mad, and ciirj • I li
a iKicke of wuul, or a stycke with baken on it, -ir such
lyke toye, and n.anietn himself poor Tom." — J'lu-
icrnUi/e of Vacabo?ules (ISTb).
" And these what name or title e'er they bear
Jarkman, or Patrico, Cr.aitke, or Clapiwr-dudgeon,
Frater, or Abram-man, I 6x>eak toali
Tliat .»(tand in fair election for tlie title
Of king uf beggars."
Beaumont & Fletdier : Bpfjg. Rush. n. 1.
*\ The phrase "to sham Abraham," still
common among sailors, and meaning to feign
siekiic.ss, is probably founded on the hypo-
critical x^retenees of the Abraham-men,
Abraham Newland. A name formerly
given to Bank of England note's, owing to their
bearing the signature of Al'j'aham Newland,
who was chief cashier for many years. Dibdin
alludes to him in the hues —
■■Sham Abraham you may.
But you mustn't sham Abraham Jfe'cland."
"" Abraham's balm, s. According to
Cockeram, "a willow in Italy that brings
forth agnus •■nsliis like pepper." Bullokar
(10-il) says that it was used as a charm to pre-
ser\v chastity. (See Halliwell : Di<t. of Ohs.
Eng.)
t Abraham's eye, s. A magical charm,
the applicjxtion of which was supposed to
deprive a thief, who refused to confess his
crime, of eyesight, (MS. on Magir. Vifh Crut )
bSil. hS^i po^t, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = Shan, -ticn, -sion^shun; -tion, -^ion = zhiin. -tious, -cious, -sious=shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
16
abraham— abridge
Cata-
" a'-bra-ham, ^a'-toram, c i:
clirt'stic for Auburn.
"Our heads are some brown, some bhick, mhih.'
ohrnii), some bald." — J'arlu EUt. of Shukc&j'rnn-
Core"!., ii. y.
■I Thp folio of 1GS5 altered it to auburn.
(IlaJIiirclL)
Ahraham-colourcd, abram-crilnurcl = auburii-
coloureil.
"A goodly long, thick, abralimn-coloiired beard."—
Sliirt : Master Constable.
A'-bra-ham-ites, s. 'pi. [Abhaham.]
Church History :
1. A sect of Paulicians who rose towards
the end of the eighth century, and were siiii-
pressed hy Cyriacus, Patriarch nf Antioeh.
Their leadei' was Abraham, a native of
Antioeh.
2. An order of monks who practisi^d
idolatry, and were in consequence extirpated
liy Theophilus in the ninth century.
3. A Bohemian sect, nominally followers of
John Huss, who, in 17S2. avowed themselves
as holding what they alleged to have been
Abraham's creed before his circumcision.
They believed in the unity of God, but at
tlie same time they accepted none of the
Bible except the Lord's Prayer. In 17SS
the Emperor Joseph II. expelled them from
Bohemia.
A -bra-ham-it'-xc» A'-bra-ham-it'-i-
cal, a. Pertahiing to or in some way related
to" the patriarcli Abraham.
* a-braid', ' a-braid'e, ^ a-bra'y, a-
brayd', ^ a-brayde', ' a-brayd'-en,
* a-brey 'de, v.t. & i. [A.S. abrcdon.]
I. Transitive:
1. To arouse, to awaken another person or
oneself.
2. To excite, to stir up.
" For theyr comoditea to ubrai/den up pritle."
Lydgatc : Aliiior I'oeinn, \y. 121.
^ Reflecticehj: To stir up oneself to do any-
thing.
"labrai/de, I enforce me todoathynge." — Palijrave.
?. To start.
" Eochiis present felly gan ahraydc
To Me.ssahne, and even tlms liu sayde."
Bochas, bk vii., cli. 4. (••ice aisu -tAS'*'. Egerton
829, p. 72. UalliwvU.)
4. More Jig. : To draw a sword from a scab-
bard.
II, Intraijsltii-e:
1. To become awake, or to return to con-
sciousness after a reverie.
" But when a,s I did out of sleep abra^i
I found her not where I her left whileave."
Spenser: F. Q.. IV. vi. ?.r,
" But from his study he at last abray'd,
Call'd by tlie hermit old, who to him said."
Fairfax r Tasso xiii. 50.
2. To start np, tn become roused tn exer-
tion, to speech, or to passion.
" Iijoniydou with that stroke abrai/de.
And to the kynge thus he aayde."
Ipo^nydon, 1,140.
3. To eiy out, to shout, to speak with .,
loud voice.
" As a man all ravished with gladness
Abrayded with a loud voice."
Elyot on Bouclwt'. [Wedffwaad.)
4. To arise in the stomach with a sense of
nausea. Still used in this sense in the North
of England. (Troilus (£' Crcseide, i. 7'2'k)
[Abrede.]
a-braid'-3Et, 2'"- J'""*''- ^ f- Scotch foi'ui of
AURADED. [AbRADI^.J
ab'-ra-mis, s. [Gv. dfipafii? {ahrcnnis), genit.
-i&oi' (-Idos) = a. tish found in the sea and in
the Nile: possibly the bream.] A genus of
fishes founded by Cuvier, and belonging to
the family CyprinidEe. Three British species
arc enumerated by YarrcU : Ahrmiiis hrnriio
= the bream or carp bream; A. Idirai. of
Cuvier = the white bream or bream-flat; and
A. ]>itg(jenha(jli=^ the Pomeranian bream. All
tlic species are inhabitants of fresh water.
[Bream. J
a-brah'-chi-a, s. ■pi. [Gv. a, priv. , and ^payxLa
(braiifhio)- i;il\s of fishes; jjL of ^pdyxi-oi^
(braHi:h/un) = ii fin, a gill.] Cuvier's tliird
order of the class Aimelida. As tlieir name
Abranchia imports, they have no ai)]iarent
gills. The order includes two families^hc
Lumbricidee, or Earth-worms, and the
Himdinidic, or Leeches.
a-brah'-Clli-an, adj. (generally used as sub-
stantive). A species of the order Abranchia.
[Abranchia.]
a-bran'-chi-ate, a. fABBA^'OHIA.]
Zool. : Destitute of gill.'^.
"... the aJtrfinr7i.iaic iiiiuelides," — Prof. Owen:
lectures on the Jnvcrtcbratcd A iihnals,
ab-raseV-^- [ij^it. ahrahnmt, sir[tino of nhr a do.]
[Abrade.] To scrape, to shave. (Coclrroin )
ab-rase', a. [Lat. ahrasus, jja. par. of abradu.]
I Abrade.] Hniooth.
"An abruse tiOili\"—/irii Jonson, ii. 3C6.
ab-ra'-^ion, s. [In Vv. abrasion; fr. Lat.
f'/i/'i(.s'»,s, jja. par. oYabrcula.] [Abrade.]
I. The act or process of rubbing away.
II. The state of being rubbed away.
1. Spec, in GeoL: The attrition or rubbing
away nf rocks by ice, by contact with other
blocks of stone, &.c.
" . . . if they are well protected by a covering nf
clfiyor turf, the marks of abrnsioii seem capable of
emliiriiigfor ever." — Lyell: Miinmil of Geol., cli. xii.
2. Ninnis. : The wear and tear of coins.
III. That which is rubbed away from
bodies.
ab'-raum (au as 6w), s. [Ger,] Red ochre
used to colour new mahogany.
abraum-salts, s. -pJ.
Chem. : Mixeil salts overlying the deposits
of rock-salt at fetas.sfart, Germany. These
salts, formerly thought worthless, are now the
chief source of supxjly of chloride of i-iotassium.
a-brax'-as, s. [From the Greek letters a, j3,
p, a, f, a, f, of which the numerical values
are : a - 1, /3 = 2, ^^ = 100, a = 1, f = 60, a =
1, f = 200. in all = 365.]
1, A mystical or cabalistic word used b>-
the Eg>iitians, and siu'cially hy Basilides,
_ who lived in tin- seconcl century-. He intended
' by it to express his view that between the
earth and the empyrean there were SfiO
heavens, each with its order of angels or in-
telligences: these also were 365 in number.
like the days of the year. Anji;hing inscribeil
with the word Abrcro!! became a charm or
amulet. Gems with it upon them are still
often brought from Egj'pt.
"... the weU-kno-vvii figure of the serpent-
leggvd Abraxas."— A rcha-oL Joiim., xix. (1862), 104.
2. A geniis of moths, which contains the
well-known gooseberry or magpie moth (^i.
grossvlariata). [Magpie-moth.]
■ a-bra'y, * a-brayd', * a-brayd'-en, v.t.
& /. [Abraid.]
a'-bra-zite, s. [Gr. d, priv. ; /Spaf w (bra^n) —
U) boil. J A mineral called also Gismondite.
[GiSMONDITE.]
a -brar-zit'-ic, v. Pertaining to the mineral
called abrazite Not melting or effervescing
before the blowiiipe.
a-brea'd, adv. Abroad. (Scotch.)
" O Jenny, diniiR toss your head.
An' bet j'our heautios a' abread I "
Burns: To a Lotmr.
a-breast', fde. [n = on; breast.]
1. 'if'i. : Standing or moving with the
breasts in it line, exactly in line with each
other.
"... two men could hardly walk abreast."—
Mt(C'i'i7a^ : Hist. Kng., ch. xhi.
% l^aut.: Ships arc abran-t when their
bows are in line.
"The Bellona. . . . (.TCiumled abreast of the
outer ship of the enemy."— ^'ofif/ici' -" A'elson, vol. ii.
■; Nant. : A shi]i is abreast of an ob,ie<-t
wlien that object is on line with the vessel's
beam.
A vessel is ahn-asf a promontnrv when it
lies or is sailing off the shore directly otf that
jiromoutory.
On board a ship, abreast means in a parallel
line to the lieani.
'' ab'-re-c6ck, .^■. An apricot. (Gerard.)
ab-re'de, ^'.^. k l. [A.8. ahredian = to open.]
^ Truiislflvc: To publish, to spread abroad.
[Abratde.] (Si'otr.h.)
- liitransHirc: To start, to fly to a side, to
depart. (Eng. d- Scotch.)
" Troilus nere out of Iils witte nbrrdr."
Test. Crescide Citron. S. P. i. 153.
a-bre'ed, a-bre'id, nt/y. [Abroad.] Abroad.
(Scotch.)
"The prophecy trot 'ibrred in the country."— vl/<^-
qnary, ii. 'Jt.-.
^a-bre'ge, ' a-breg'ge, v.t. [Abridge.]
"And for he woldt his longe tale abrcffc "
C/iauccr: Cant Tu/ca. 9,531.
tliey yit wpl here da\ ■^ nbre<iq<'."
Ch-uirvr Kiiir/Mc^ T'iJc. 3,001.
ar-breid'-en, v.t. (pret. ohrcid, past abro(?en).
'[K.^.abreqilin,, ahrcdo-n.] To turn away, to
draw out. or startup. (Stratmann.)
' a-brek'-en, r.-i. (pa. par, abrol-en). [A.S,
abremii.] To break out.
"And yf wc niiiy owliar abrcfce."
Artliour <(• J/erlin, p. 232,
'' a-brenn'-e, r.f. [M, H. Ger, erhrenncn.]
i'o burn up. (Stratmann.)
ab'-re-noun^e, v.t. To renounce utterly.
"... ciXAiiii- to abreuonnee their wi%'e3 or their
livings." — I'ox .IclK <iiid De.eds, ful. 159.
t ab-re-niin-ji-a'-tion, s. [Eccles. Lat. ab-
rcninitlo = to renounce: Class. Lat. ub; re-
nv.nclo=:to carry back word, to announce;
nnnciu^to announce.; 'innif/ii.-y=:om newly
come, a messenger; ■;(»7(c = now.] Absolute
renunciation, absolute denial.
"They called the former part of this form the a6-
reniinri/ttion, viz., of the devil and all those idols
wherein the devil was worshipped among the hea-
then,"— Bp. BuU.- Works, iil. 555.
* a-breo'-dcn, i\i. [A.S. alreotan.] To fall
away, (Stratmann.)
■ ab-rept', tJ. [Lat. ahripio = to snatch away
from: f'/j = from; 7-a7'('y = to snatch, to take
away by violence.] To take away by \'iolence.
"... his nephew'a life he queatious.
And Questioning abrejits."
Bi/lin</sfy'a Brachy-Martyrologia (1657).
ab-rep'-tion, s. [Ijixt. abreptio, fr. ahripio^=
to take away by force: ab; ropio^ to caiTj'^
or snatch away.]
1. Tlie act of seizing and carrying away.
2. The state of being seized and carried
away.
"Cardan relates of himself that he could when
he pleased fall into this ai'hairesis, disjunction or
abreption of his soul from his hody." — JlalUwell:
Jlelampruncea, p. 73.
abreuvoir (pron. a-breuv'-war), s. [Fr.
iibreiiroir = (1) a watering-])laee, (2) a horse-
pond ; abreuver = to water (animals) ; from O.
Fr. ubcurrcr, from Low Lat. abeverare, abe-
hrate : ad. = in the direction of, and Lat. bibere
= to drink ; Sp, abrerar ; Gr, /Spe'xt" (breclio) =
to wet ou the yurfaee.] [Abbreuvoir.]
Masonry : Tlie interstice between contiguous
stones lett that it may be tilled with mortar
or cement.
" a-brey'de. [Abraid.]
*a'-bric, s. [Deriw uncertain.] [Brimstone.]
Sulphur. (Coles: Eng. Diet., 1077.)
' ab'-ri-c6ck, ' ab'-ri-cot, s. [Apricot.]
" Nor there the damaon wauts nor abricock."
Drayton. Poly-OfOions, s. xviii.
^ The expression Abricock is still used in
Somersetshire,
abricock - apple, ■-^. An apricot-tree.
(Byder.)
a-brid'ge, * a-bry'gge» v.t. [From Fr.
abrevier, ahhregicr. nhralfiicr, abrigier, and
that from Lat. ablm-rio : ad = in the direction
of, and brevio = to shorten ; brevis = short ;
Fr. abreger; Prov, &Sp. abreviar ; Ital. abbre-
viare. Wedgwood shows that the Provencal
has breu for breris, breugetcU for brevitas, in
analogy with which the verb corresponding to
abbrevixire would be abhrnijar, leading imme-
diately to the Fr. Ldnryer.]
(!''!!.: 1. To curtail, to shorten in some way
or other; or, less speeili(;al!y, to diminish.
"... a3inno^\i-;e she could abridgehis wo." —
TnrberviUc: Trai/imf Tales (1587).
" Besides, thy staying will abridge thy life."
iSlutkesp. : Two Gent, of Verona, iii. l.
" Tpanny sends the chain that must ahridge
The noble sweep of all their privilege."
Cowpcr: Tabic Talk.
2. To curtail the length of a book or other
literary compo.sition, either by rc-^vriting it in
shorter compass, or by omitting the less im-
portant passages
" Plutarch's life uf Coriolanus is principally a-
bridged. from the liistnry of Diunysiiis, and the ex-
tant account in Apiiiau's Roman hist-ory is derived
fi-ojo the same source."— /,f'»iia; Credibility of the
Jiin'ly liotnanllistorn, chap. xii.
3. To deprive, to strip ; followed l-)y the
accusative of the person, and of refening t©
the thing lost.
" That man should thus encroach on fellow-man,
Abridiic him of his just and native rl^'htt."
CoH'pcr ■ Tnt.k. lik. V.
fate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf, work, whd, siin; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian, se, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
abridged— abrupt
17
^ The use of from, of the thing, is now
obsolete.
" Nor do I now make moan to be abridg'd
From. Buch a noble rate."
Shakesp. : JUercJi. of Venice, L 1.
4. Alg.: To reduce a compound quantity or
equation to a simpler form. Thus x — a + 2a
may be abridged to x + a; and 3a; — 5 — 2a; =
+ 8 — 5 to a; = S.
a-IWTtcl'ged, j>ct. ^ar. & a. [Abridge.]
" The following is an abridged scheme i>£ his
arrongementa. " — Owen: Mammalia.
a-bridg'-er, s. [Abridge. ]
1. Gen. : One who shortens, a shortener.
"... seW-deHtroyers, at least abridgerB of their
lives."— WhUlock : Manners qf tlie Engluh.
2. Spec. ; One who writes a compendium or
abridgment of a book.
" . . . , to be a methodical comiwuuder and
abridger."^Lord Bacon : inter, of Sat., ch, vi.
a-bnd'g-ing, 2"". par. [Abridge.]
a-brid'g-ment (formerly abridgement),
' s. [Abridge.]
L The act or process of abridging.
Law. 1. The act of shortening a count or
declaration.
2. Abridgment of Damages: Exercise of a
right by a coui-t of reducing damages when
justice seems to require it.
n. The state of being abridged.
1, In a general sense.
* 2. Diminution, lessening.
"To be master of the sea la an a^yridgmeTit of a
monarchy,"— i^ocOTi.- Works, "Essay Civ. & Mor.,"
ch. xxix.
3. Deprivation of, restraint from.
*' It is not barely a man's abridgment in hU external
accommodation wnich makes him miaerable." — South.
ITT- Most common sense: The thing abridged.
1. An epitome of a book, a compend, an
abstract, a summary of a volume or of an oral
statement.
" Brutua teatifled to the merit of Ccolius by making
an abridgment of his work."— ieif/a.' CredibiUty of
Early Roman Bitt. (1855), ch. ii., § 3.
" This fierce abridgment
Hath to it circumstantial branches, which
Distinction should be rich in."
Sliakasp. : Cymbellne, v. 6.
* 2. A short play, or the players.
(a) The play : so called, it is thought,
because in the historical drama the events of
several years are abridged or presented in
brief compass.
" Say, what abridgment have you for this evening ?
What ma^? what muBio?"
Shakesp. : Midi. Sight's Bream, v. L
(b) The players.
" JJamlet . . . For look, where my o6Wd<pnenf comes.
(Enter four or five players.) " — Haynlet, u. 2.
In the same act and scene Hamlet is made to
say —
" Good, my lord, will you see the players well
beetoweu? Do vou bear, let them be well used; for
they are the austroct and brief chronicles of the
time."
^ Ahsiract and hrief chronicles are expres-
sions quite analogous to abridgment. [Ab-
stract.]
*a-bri'gge,*a-bri'ge,v. [Abridge, Abryqoe. ]
1. To abridge.
2. To shield off, to ward off.
" AUe myscheffes from him to abrigpe."
Lydgate : Minor Poem*,
a'-biTin, 6. [Abrus. ]
Chem. : A poisonous principle contained in
Ahnis precatorius.
a-br6a'9h, * a-br6'9lie, v.t. [Abroach,
adv.'\ To set abroach, to broach.
" Thllke tonue that I shall abroche."
Chaucer : 0. T., 6,<59,
a-broa'ch, adv. or a. [Pref. a = on, and
* broach = a spit.] [Broach.]
1. With egress afforded. (Used of vessels
or pipes in a position, &c., to allow the
included liquor to run freely out.)
" Hogsheads of ale and claret were set abroach in
the atreetH."— J/acauiai/; Eist, Eng., ch. xvii.
2. Fig. : In a state of currency ; cunent,
diffused, loose.
" Alack, what mischiefs he mieht set abroach
In shadow of such greatueea. '
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., v, 2.
H Used, it will be seen, specially in the
phrase "to set abroach (properly to setteii on
brocche) = (1) to tap, to pierce, to open ; (2)
(Jig.) to diffuse abroad.
*a-brda'9h-inent, s. The act of forestalling
the market.
a-broa'd, adv. [Pref. a = on, and broad.]
[Broad.]
Oen. : In an unconftned manner, widely, at
large. Hence —
1. Out of the house, though it may be hi
other houses.
"In one hou.<<e shall it be eaten; tbou shalt not
carry forth ought of the flesh thread out of the
house."— Exod. xii 46.
2. Outside the house; in the open air;
away from one's abode.
" Ituffiana are abroad." Cowper : Task, bk. v.
"... go abroad out of the camp." — DeiU. xxiiL 10.
3. In another country than one's native
land.
"Another prince, deposed by the Revolution, waa
living abroad." — MacavAay : Hist. Eng., ch. xlv.
4. Widely ; not within definite limits ; far
and wide.
" . . , If a leprosy break out abroad in the skin."
— Lev. xiiL 12,
"And from the temple forth they throng.
And quickly spread themselves abroad."
Wordswurth: White I>oe (if liylstone, caiato L
5. Throughout society, or the public
generally.
"... and all these sayings were noised abroad
throughout all the hill-country of Judaea. " — Luke i. (36.
Spread abroad: Widely circulated. (First
Sketches of Henry VI., p. 97.)
*a-broa'd, «. [Broad.] Broad. (Minsheu.)
*' a-bro-di-et'-i-cal, a. [Gr. a/?pod/aiToc
(habrodiaitos) : fr. "a/?po9 (fta*ros) = graceful,
delicate, luxurious; diaira. (diaito) = mode of
life.] [Diet.] Feeding daintily, delicate,
luxurious. (Minsli&u: Guide into Tongues,
A.D. 1G27.) IWHght.)
S-b'-rog-a-ble, a. [Abrogate.] Able to be
abrogated. ; that may be abrogated.
"An institution a&roffa&te by no power less" than
divine." — Dr. H. More: Letter viil. at the end of lii;-
Life by R. Ward, p. 326.
&b'-ro-gate, v t. [In Fr. abroger ; Sp. dbrogar ;
from Lat ab^^ogatus, pa par. of abrogo = t< i
repeal (a law) : ab; rogo = to ask ; (spec.) to
propose a bill.]
1. To annul ; to repeal as a law, either by
formally abolishing it, or by passing another
act which supersedes the first.
"... statutes, regularly passed, and not yet
regularly abrogated." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi,
* 2. More general sense: To put an end to.
"... BO it shall please you to oftroflafe scurrility." —
Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 2.
Sib'-ro-gat©, a. [Abrogate, v.f.] Abrogated.
"... whether any of those abrogate days have
been kept as holidays."— A'l'n? Edw. VI. : Injunctions.
S.b'-ra-gat-ed, pa. par. & a. [Abrogate, v.t.]
fiib'-ro-gat-iig, pr. par. [Abrogate, v.t.]
^b-ro-ga'-tion, s. (Abrogate, v.t] [In Fr.
abrogation; fr. Lat. abrogatio.] The act of
abrogating. The repeal by the legislature of
a law previously binding.
% It is different from Rogation, Deroga-
tion, Subrogation, Dispensation, and Anti-
ijuATioN, all which see.
" The . . . principle of abrogation annuls all those
sentences of the Koran which apeak in a milder tone of
unbelievers."- jtfi/muH .- Hist. Lat. Christ., bk. iv., ch. i.
*a-br6'ke, *a-br6'-l£en,2«i. par. [Abreken.]
1. Gen. : Broken.
2. Spec. : Having a rupture. (Rennet : MS.
Glossary.) (Halliwell.)
3. Broken out ; escaped.
" But develis abroken oute of helle,"
Sir Fei-UTnbraa MS. {Halliwetl.i
a-bro'-ma, 5. [In Ger. abrome; Fr. ambrome;
' Gr. u priv., ^paifxa (&rom«) = food— unfit for
food.] A genus of plants belonging to the
order Byttneriaceae, or Byttneriads. They are
small trees with hairy, lobed leaves, clusters
of yellow or purple flowers, and five-celled
winged capsules. A. augusta, or the smooth-
stalked, and A. fastuosa, or the prickly-stalled
abroma, are cultivated in stoves in Britain:
the latter is ft-om New South Walea ; the
former— the Wollut comul or IVullvt mtvial of
the Bengalees — is from the East Indies, where
the fibres are made into cordage. It is a hand-
some tree, with drooping purple flowers.
* a'-bron, a. Aubum.
" With abron locks," Hall : Satires, iii &.
ab-ro'-ni-a, s. [Gr. a/3p6c(/ia6ros) = delicate.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Nyctaginaceffi, or Nyctagos. The A. um-
bellata, or umbelled abronia, is a small plant,
with flowers surroimded by an involucre of a
fine rose colour.
* a-bro'od, adv. [Eng. a = on ; brood (q. v.), J
In the act or process of brooding.
"... seeing he sate abroad on addle eggs."—
Clobery : Divine Olimpses.
11 Still used in the provinces.
* a-bro'od, adv. Abroad. [Abroad.]
" To bere biahopes aboute
A'brood in visitynge."
Piers Ploughman, p. 38.
*a-br6'od-in.g,a. [a = on; brooding.] Sitting
to brood.
*a-brook', v.t. [Now Brook (q.v.).] To
brook', to tolerate, to suffer.
" . . . ill can thy noble mind abrook
The abject people gazing on thy face."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry VL.ii-i.
ab-rot'-an-oid, a., used ass. [Gr. d^poTovov
iabrotonon), and eUo^ (eidos) = form.]
Lit. : Abrotanum-shaped. A term applied
to a species of perforated coral or madrepore.
ab-rot'-a-num, s. [Lat. abroto^mm; Gr.
d^poTovov (abrotonon) = southernwood.] [Ar-
temisia.] Toumefort's name for a genus of
SOUTHERNWOOD (ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM).
PLANT, LEAF, AND FLOWER.
composite plants now merged in Artemisia.
[Artemisia.]
ab-riipt', a. [Lat. a&rwjj(us = broken off; ab-
'rumpo = to break off: a& = from; rumpo =
to burst asunder, to break.]
1. Lit. ; Broken off.
" The rising waves obey the increasing blast.
Abrupt and horrid as the tempest roars."
Cowper : Retirement.
2. Broken, very steep, precipitous (applied
to rocks, banks, &c.).
3. Bot.: Truncated, looking as if cutoff below
or above. An abrupt root is one which ter-
ABRUPT LEAVES. TULIP-TREE (LIRIODENDRON
tulipiferum).
minates suddenly beneath. The term abrupt
is nearly the same as premorse. An abrupt
or truncate leaf is one in wliich the upper
b^, h6^; p^t, j6^1; cat, 96!!, chorns, 9liin, ben^h; go, irem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph =£
-clan, -tlan = Shan, -tion, -sion = &Uun; -tion, -^on = zhiin* -tious, -clous, -slous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
i6
abrupt— absence
part looks as if it were not now complete, but
as if there was a portion wanting which had
been cut away with a sharp instrument.
i. Applied to speech, to writing, or in a more
general sense: Unconnected, with no close
connecting links.
" The abrupt style, which hath many 'breaches, and
does not seem to end but fall." — Ban .fotison: Dis-
i. Kuery.
"The same principles are followed by horticTil-
turiatH ; but the variations are here often more
abrupt." — Darwin: Species, ch. i,
5. Separated. '{Midilleton: Works, ii. 151.)
6. Sudden, without warning given.
"... his abrupt change on his election to the see
proves remarkably how the genius of the Papacy could
control the inclination of the individual.''— /"T-otwie.-
UiM. Eng., ch. xii.
^ Used as a substantive: A precipitous bank
margining a gulf or abyss.
" Or spread his airy flight
Upborne with indefatigable wings
Over the vast abrupt."
MiUon: P. ios(,bk. ii., 409.
* ab-rupt', v. t To tear off, to wrench asun-
der, to disturb, to interrupt.
"... the security of their enjoyment abrupteth
our tranquillitieB." — Sir T. Browne : Christian Morals.
^ ab-rupt'-ed, ^'f^- V^'''- ^ ^- [Abrupt.]
"The effects of this activity are not precipitously
abrupted, but gradually proceed to their ceBaationB," —
Sir T. Browne : Vulgar £rrors, vi. 10.
al)-rup'-tion, s. [Lat. alyrujMo.'l [Abrupt.]
1. The act of breaking off or wrenching
asunder, literally or figuratively.
" TiVho makes this pretty abruption } " — Shakesp. :
Trail. & Cress., iii. 2.
2. The state of being broken olT or 'wrenched
asunder, literally or liguratively.
"... have commonly some of that matter still
adhering to them, or at least marks ol ita abruption
from them." — Woodward : Nat. Hist.
ab-rupt'-ly, adv. [Abrupt.]
L In space :
1. As if broken off, as if a part were want-
ing ; truncate.
Botany. Abrii/ptly pinnate : Having a com-
poimd leaf with neither a leaflet nor a 'tendril
at its extremity. It is called also eqiudly
pinnate or paripinnate,
2. Sheer up, or sheer do'wn^ vertically,
perpendicularly.
" This small point rises abruptly out of the depths
of the oceaji." — Harwin: Voyage rouiid the World,
cb. i.
II. In time: Suddenly, without warning
given.
" And thus abruptly spake — ' 'We yield." "
Wordmoorth : White Doe of RijJstone, canto iii.
ab-rupt'-ness, s. [Abrupt.] The quality of
* terminating abruptly.
t Lit. :
1. The quality of ending in a broken-look-
ing or truncated manner.
2. Precipitousness.
" In the Cordillera I have seen mountains on a
far grander scale ; but for abruptness nothing at all
comparable with tlai£."~LarvTin ; Voyage round the
World, ch. xviii.
IL Fig. : Applied to speech, style of -writing,
action, &c.
"But yet let not my hiimble zeal offend
By its abruptness.^' Byron : Matifred, iii, 4.
"... in which we may evenly proceed, without
being put to abort stops by sudden abruptness, or
puzded by frequent turnings and transposltionj " —
Pcfpe Hauler's Odijst,ey, Postscript.
a-briis, s. [In Sp. dbro de cuentas de rosario;
fr. Gr. a/3po? (/toftros) = graceful. So called
from the delicate and gi-aceful character of its
leaves.] A genus of papilonaceous plants.
A. precatorins, a native of India, but which
has spread to Africa and the West Indies, is
the Jamaica wild liquorice, so called because
its roots axe used in the West Indies for the
same purpose as the liquorice of the shops.
The plant furnishes those pretty red and black
bead-like seeds so frequently brought from
India. Linuieus says that they are deleterious,
but they are eaten in Egypt. The term preca-
torius (= pertaining to petitioning) refers to
the fact that the beads are sometimes used
for rosaries. *
*a-l)ryg'ge, v.t. &i. [Abridge.]
A, Trans. : To abridge or shorten.
B. Intrans. : To be abridged.
" My dayes . . , schuUen ahrygge."
Cambridge MS. (Ualliivelh)
abs'-9ess, s. [Iii Fr. dbsces; Sp. .-^.,^^0^,,
Ital abses-^o; Lat. pi. abscedeiitia (abscesses):
fr. Lat. ahscesfi'!S=^(y) a going away, (2) an
abscess : abscedo = to go away ; abs ~ from, or
away ; cedo = to go. ]
Med. : A gathering of pus in any tissue or
organ of the body. It is so called because
there is an ahsee-ss'us (= a going away or dejiar-
ture) of portions of the animal tissue from each
other to make room for the suppurated matter
lodged between them. It results from the
softening of the natural tissues, and the exu-
dations thus produced. Abscesses may occur
in almost any portion of the body. They are
of three types : the ac^ite abscess, or phlegmon,
arising from an inflammatory tendency in the
part ; the chronic aiiscess, connected with
scrofulous or other weakness in the consti-
tution ; and the diffused abscess, due to con-
tamination in the blood.
albs-ges'-sion, s. [Lat. abscessus = a. going
away.] A departing, separating, or going
away.
ab-S9ind', v.t. [Lat. dbscindo = to cut off:
db = from ; scindo = to split.] + To cut off.
" When two syllables are a^sdnded from the rest."
— Johnson : Rambler, No. 90.
ab-s^md'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Abscind.]
ab-S9md'-ing, pr. par. [Aescisd. ]
a'b-scis'-sa or abs-ciss', s. [In Ger. dbscisse;
from Ijat.'abscissus = tOTn off; pa. par, of a&-
scindo: fr. ab and scindo; Gr. o-x'Cw (schizo) =
to split; cogn. with the Eng. scissors.]
Conic Sections : The abscissa of a parabola is
the part of a diameter intercepted between its
vertex and the point in which it is intersected
by one of its own ordinates. The abscissa of
the axis is the part of the axis intercepted
between its vertex and the point in whicb it
is intersected by one of its own ordinates.
Fig. 2.
In the parabola cad (Fig. 1), a b is an ab-
scissa not of the axis, corresponding to the
point c. In Fig. 2, a b is the abscissa of the
axis, corresponding to the point c. Only the
abscissa of the axis is perpendicular to its
ordinate, as ab here is 'to the ordinate c d.
In an ellipse, 'the
abscissEe of any dia-
meter are the seg-
ments into which that
diameter is divided
by one of its O'wn
ordinates. In the
ellipse A B c r> (Fig.
3), B Q and q d are the
abscissae of the diameter b d, corresponding
to the point a.
The abscissm of the axis are the segments into
which the major axis is di-vided by one of its
own ordinates.
In a hyperbola, the ab-
scissse of any diameter are
the segments into which,
when produced, it is di-
vided by one of its own
ordinates and its vertices.
In the opposite hyper-
bolas, ABC and D E G (Fig.
4), E H and h e are the ab-
scissae of the diameter e b,
corresponding to the point d.
* ab-S5i§'-§ion, s. [Lat. absdssus (rhet.) = a
breaking off in the middle of a discourse.]
I, The act of cutting off. Specially :
1. Surg. : The act of cutting off, cutting
away, or simply cutting.
"... not to be cured without the abscission of a
member, without the cutting off a hand or leg." —
Taylor : Scnnons, vol. ii., Serm. 13.
2. Old Med. : The termination of a disease
in death before it had run its natm'al course.
{Hooper : Med. Diet.)
3. RJict. : A breaking off abruptly in the
middle of a discourse.
4. The act of annulling or abrogating.
"... this designation of his [of Jesus] in Hubmittine
himself to the bloody covenant of circumcision,
which was a just and express abscission of it, was an
act of glorious humility, "—Jeremy Taylor: Great
£xemplar, p. 60,
* IL The state of being cut off.
"By cessation of oracles with Montacutiua we may
understand the intei cission not abscission or consum-
mate desolation." — Broione: Vulgar £rrours.
* ab' -sconce, *. [Low Lat. dbsconsa.] A dark
lantern holding a wax light, used in the choir
to read the absolutions and benedictions at
matins, and the chapter and prayer at lauds.
abs-Cond'.T.^. & l. [Lat. abscondo = to put
away or hide from : abs = away, and condo =
to hide; Sp. esconderse, v.t.= tohide; ItaL
ascondere.]
''■ A. Transitive:
1 , To put away with the "view of L.iding,
2. To conceal, to obscure.
" Do not abscond and conceal your sins," — Eewyt :
Sermons, p, 56. {Leaiham. )
" Nothing discoverable on the lunar surface is ever
covered and abscoJtded from us by the interposition of
any clouds or mists, but such as arise from our own
globe." — Bentley : Serm. viiL
B. Intransitive :
I. Used of men :
1. Gen. : To vani.sh from public view and
take refuge in some hiding-place, or in some
foreign country, to avoid unpleasant conse-
quences which might arise by remaining at
one's post.
"But if he absconds, and it is thought proper to
pursue him to an outlawry, tlien a greater exactness is
necessary." — Blackstone : Co?nm., bfc. iv., c. 24
2. More special : To desert one's post.
"... that very home-sickness which, in regular
armies, drives so many recruits to abscond at the ri.sk
of stripes and of death." — Macaulay : Hist. £ng.,
ch. xiii.
3. Laiv: To go out of the jurisdiction of a
court, or to conceal oneself, to avoid having a
process served upon one.'
" II. Used of animals : To lie concealed, to
hybernate.
"The marmotte, or J/iis alpinus, which absconds aU
winter, lives on its own fat,' — Bay : On the Creation.
^bs-cond'-cd, pa. par. [Abscond.]
t S,bs-c6nd'-ed-ly, oAv. [Abscond.] In con-
cealment, in hiding.
dedly :
an old Boman priest that then lived abscoii-
1 Oxon." — Wood : AthencE Oxonienses, i. 631.
abs-cond-en9e,
ment.
[Abscond.] Conceal-
abs-cond-er, s. [Abscond.] One who ab-
sconds, one who vanishes from his post from
consciousness of crime, fear, or other cause.
"The notice of several such absconders may be
entirely lost"— Life of KetUeicell (I7ia), p, 338.
abs-cond'-ing, pr. piar. & a. [Abscond (B).]
abs-cond'-ing, s. Concealment. [Abscond.]
"... endeavour by flight or absconding to save
themselves."— //icfts' Sermon on the Wth (^January.
abs-con'-si-o, s. [Abscond (B).]
Anat. : A cavity in one bone which receives
and conceals the head of another one.
* abs-con'-sion. [Lat. absconsio.] Conceal-
ment.
^b'-senpe, & [In Fr. absence; Ital, assenza;
Lat. oI}sentia, fr. absens, pr. par. of absum =
to be away, to be absent.]
1. The state of being away from a place in
which one has formerly resided, or from people
with whom one has previously been.
" 'Wherefore, my beloved, as ye hare always obeyed,
not as in my presence only, but now much more in my
absence." — PhiL il 12.
1[ Used of things as well as peraons.
" We should hold day with the Antipodes,
If you would walk in absence of the sun,"
Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, v. 1.
2. Want of, destitution of, not implying any
previous presence.
"... the absc7ice of medullary canals in the long
bones in the sloths."— Quick ■ Cla^sific. of Manvmalia.
3. Law: Failure to put in an appearance
when cited to a court of law,
4. Inattention to things present. Often a
person charged with " absence of mind " has
liis mind intensely present in some imagined
scene or train of thought quite different from
that with which the rest of the company are
occupied. From their point of view, there-
fore, he manifests "absence of mind." In
other cases the absent person is not particu-
larly attending to anything, but is simply in
fate. fat. fare, amidst, what, i^ll, father; we, wet. here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot^
or. wore, wplf . work, wh6. sin ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try. Sj^ian. se. ce = e ; ey = a, qu = kw.
absent— absolutely
Id
a lethargic mood. In tlie same way we speak
of an " absence of all tliought."
ab'-sent, a. [Lat. abucns, pr. par. of aosum
(abesse) = to be away,]
1. Not present, away, implying previous
presence.
" To be aiteent from the body, and to be present with
the Lord. —2 Coj-. v. 8.
2. Not present now, or ever having Tieen so
l)efore.
"The clavicle is rudimental or absent."— Owen ;
Olassificatum qf ilam-mulia.
3. Inattention to what is pasising around,
generally with the words "in mind" ap-
pended. [Absence, 4.]
"I distinguish a inaii that is absent, because he
thinks of somethiAg. "—Jiaidgdl : Spectator, No. 77-
* As stdistantiee : One who is not present.
" Let 113 CDJoy the right of Christian obseTits, to pray
for one ftoouiec." — Sp. Aforton: To Archbp. Usher,
Letter* (1623).
ab-sent', v.t [In Fr. a^senter, fr. Lat. ahsenio,
v.t. = to canse to "be absent.] To make ab-
sent ; to canse to leave, withdraw, or depart.
H At first not always with the reflective
pronoun.
". . . or what change
Absent* thee, or what chance debuns ! "
JlUton: Par. Zost, bk. x.
Tf Now always with the reflective pronouns.
"Some of those whom he had Bummoned absented
theinaelves." — Maeaulai/ : Hist, Ung,, ch. iv.
* ab-sen-ta'-ne-ous, a. [Absent, a.] Re-
lating'to absence; being ordinarily absent.
t ab-sen-ta -tion, 5. [From Absent, v.] The
act of state of absenting oneself.
" Your assentation from the House is a measure
which always had my entire concurrence," — lYake-
fidd: Letter to C, J, Fox {A.D. 1800).
ab-sent'-ed, pa. par. [Absent, v-f]
ab-sen-teeV s. & «. [From ahsent, v.t.] One
who habitually lives in another district or
country from that in which, if a landed pro-
prietor, his estate lies, or from which he
derives his revenues. It is especially used of
those owners of Irish estates who spend the
revenues derived from them in England, rarely
visiting, and never for any length of time
settling in the country from which their
income is drawn.
" The personal estates of absentees above the age of
Bcventeen years were transferred to the kiiiy." —
Maeautay : Hist. Eng,, ch. xii.
Used as adjective : Habitually residing away
from the country or district whence one's
support is drawn.
"... pronounces confiscated the estates of .lU
absentee proprietors,"— .^Ire qf Absentees, A.D. 153C.
(JF^oudc : Hiat. £ng., ch. viii., note.)
ab-sen-tee'-ism, s. [Absentee, Absent,]
The practice of habitually absenting one's self
from the country or district whence one's
pecuniai-y support is derived. (See Macleod,
Diet, of Pol. Econ., p. 2.)
ab-sent'-er, s. [From absent, v.t.] One who
absents himself.
"He [Judge Foster] has fined all the absenters £20
apiece.' —Lord Thurlow : Life of Sir J/. Foster.
ab-sent'-ing^, pr. par. [Absent, v.t.]
"" ab-sent'-ment, s. [From a&se»(^, v.t.] The
state of being absent.
* ^b-sey -book, s. [A B C] A primer.
" And then comes to answer like an Abse.i/-book."
Shakesp. : King John, i, 1.
^ In jVIrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance
the line reads, " an A B C book. "
abs. feb. {abseute febre). A contraction in
physicians' prescriptions, signifying "in the
absence of the fever."
ab'-sinth, s. [Lat. absinthium : Gr. ul'^IvBiov
(apsintkion), also dil/ivttoi (apsinthos) ; Pers. &
E. Aram, afsinthui.]
1. Wormwood, a species of Artemisia.
" - absintJi and ]ii)yson be my sustenance."
T?ic Passenger of Jtvnvcntito (1612).
2. A strong spirituous liquor flavoured
with wormwood and other plants containing
tJie bitter principle ti-rined dbsintJiin. Indigo
and even sulphate of copper are believed to
he occasionally used as colouring matters in
it. It is prepared chiefly in Switzerland, and
consumed in France and America.
ab-sinth'-ate, s. [Absinth.]
Chetii. : A salt formed along with water, by
the union of absinthic acid with a base.
^b'-sinthe, 9. [Fr.]
1. Wormwood.
2. Bitters.
* ab'-sin'-thi-an, a. [From absinth (q.v.).]
Of the nature of absinthium (wormwood) ; re-
lating to wormwood ; woi'mwood-like.
" Best physic they, when gall with sugar melts,
Temi>'riiig my absinthmn bitterness with sweets."
Randolph : Poems, p. CO.
ab-sin'-tlu-a-ted,pa.par. [Lat. absinthiatiLS.
From imaginary verb absinthiate.] [Absinth
(q.v.).] Tinged or impregnated with absin-
thium.
ab-sin-thic, a. [From absinthium (q.v.).]
Pertaining to absinthium (wormwood).
Absinthic aoid: An acid derived from ab-
sinthium.
ab-sin'-thin or ab-syn'-thi-in, s. [From
absinth (q.v.).] The bitter princiiile inherent
in Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). Its
formula is CieHasOj. It has a scent of
wormwood, and an exceedingly hitter taste.
ab-sin-thi -te§, s. [Lat. absinthites, s. ; Gr.
u^iviUrm (olvoi') (apsinihites oinos).] [Ab-
sinth.] Wine impregnated with wormwood.
* aib-si-b-nar'-e, v.t. To shun or avoid. A
term used by the Anglo-Saxons in the oath of
fealty. (Somner.)
t ab'-sis, s. [Apsis.] An arch or vault.
ab-sist', v.i. [Lat. dbsisto = to stand off, to
withdraw : (1) a& = from, and (2) sisto = to
cause to stand ; sto = to stand ; root sta ;
Sansc. stha — to stand.] To stand ofl^, to with-
draw, leave off, to desist.
* ab'-SOl-ent, a. Absolute.
" And afterward syr, verament
They called hym knygljt absoleM."
The S</ut/r of Lowe Degre, 630.
* ab'-sol-ete, a. Obsolete. (Minshm.)
3,b'-s6-lute, a. [Lat. absoUUus, pa. par. of
absolvo = to loosen from, to disentangle : ab
= from, and solutus = unbound, loose ; solvo
= to untie, to loosen. In Ger. absolvt ; Fr.
o.bsolu ; Ital. assohtio. ] Essential meaning :
Unbound, unfettered, under no restraint.
Hence specially —
I. Ordinary Language. Applied —
1. To God: Self-existent and completely
imcon+''olled by any other being.
" In judginp of Grod's dispensation we must not look
merely at his absolute sovereignty . . ."—Blunt:
Diet. Hist. & Theol., ajrt. "Decrees Eternal.'*
2. To a sovereign or sovereignty, or power in
general: Uncontrolled, unchecked by any other
human powers ; arbitrary, despotic.
"... either the king most become absolute, or
the Parliament must control the whole executive
administration." — Alacaulay : Sist. Eng., ch. i.
* 3. To a person :
(a) Absolved, freed. (Clumccr.)
(p) Highly accomplished, perfect.
"... still
This Philoten contends in skill
"With absolute Marina."
Shakesp. : Pericles, iv., Prologiie.
4. To a mental state, a qiudiiij, <tc. ; Un-
limited.
" Faith aSfio^w^e in GoA."— Wordsworth: Excu.r.,\ik.\x.
* 5. Positive, undoubting, fiilly convinced.
"I'm aSaolitte
'Twas very Cloten."
Shakesp, : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
6. Unconditional.
"... the words of his mouth are absolute, and
lack nothing which they should have for perform-
ance of that thing wliereunto they tend." — Booker:
Eccles. Pol., ii. 6.
II. Logic.
1. Absolute or Non-connotative is opposed
to Attribiitlve or Connotative. The former does
not take note of an attribute connected with
the object, which the latter does. Thus Rome
and sky are absolute terms ; buif Rome, the
capital of Italy, and our sky ai'e attributive or
connotative. (See Whately, Logic, bk. ii.,
eh. v., §§1, 2—5.)
2. According to J. S. !Mi]l, it is incorrect
to regard non-connoiative and absolute as
synonymous terms, He considers absolute to
mean non-relative, and to be opposed to rela-
tive. It implies that the object is to be
considered as a whole, without reference to
anything of which it is a part, or to any other
ol'ject distinguished from it. Thus ma» is an
absolnte term, but futlier is not, for father
implies the existence of sons, and is therefore
relative. (J. S. Mill, Logic, bk. i., ch. ii.)
III. Mctaph. : Existing independently of any
other cause.
"This Jisserts to man a knowledge of the uncon-
ditioned, the absolute and infinite."— Sir \y. Hamilton :
Discussions, &c., Append, i.
In this case the word has a substantival
meaning, and is often used as = The Great
First Canse.
rV. Gram. : A case absolute is one consisting
essentially of a substantive and a participle^
whicli form a clause not agreeing ^rith oi*
governed by any word in the remainder of the
sentence. In Greek, the absolute case is the
genitive ; in Latin, the ablative ; in English, it
is considered to be the nominative.
In Latin, the words sole stante in the ex-
pression, "sole stnnte terra vertitur " (the earth
turns round, the sun standing still) — that is,
whilst the sun is standing still — are in the
ablative absolute.
In English, thou Imdlng, in the words—
" I shall not lag behind, nor err
The way, thou leading " [Jlilton)
are in the nominative absolute. So also are I
rapt in the line—
" And, 1 all rapt in this. ' Come out.' he said."
Tenriyson : Princess. Prol. 50.
V. Law: Personal rights are divided into
absohtte and relative : absolute, which pertain to
men as individuals ; and relative, which arc
incident to them as members of society, stand-
ing in various relations to each other. The
three chief rights of an absolute kind are the
right of personal security, the right of per-
sonal libeity, and the right of private property.
(Blackstone, Comment., bk. i., eh. i.) Simi-
larly there are absolute and relative duties.
Public sobriety is a relative duty, whilst
sobriety, even when no human eye is looking
on, is an absolute duty. (Jbid.) Property in
a man's possession is described under two cate-
gories, absolute and qualified property. His
chairs, tables, spoons, horses, cows, &c., are
his absolute property; while the terai qiialijied
property is applied to the wild animals on his
estate.
An absolute decision is one wliieh can at
once be enforced. It is opposed to a rule
ni.'ii, which cannot be aeted on until cause be
shown, unless, indeed, the opposite party fail
to aiipear.
Absolute law: The true and proper law of
nature.
Absolute warrandice (^Scotch conveyancing):
A warranting or assuring against all man-
kind.
VI. iVa(. Philosophy: Absolute is generally
opposed to relative. As this relativity may
be of many kinds, various shades of meaning
thus arise : thus —
1. Absolute or real expansion of a liquid, as
opposed to its apparent expansion, the expan-
sion which would arise when the liquid is
heated, if the vessel containing it did not
itself expand. (See Atkinson, Ganofs Physics,
bk. vi., ch. iii.)
2. Absolute gravity is the gravity of a body
viewed apart from all modifying influences, as,
for instance, of the atmosphere. To ascertain
its amount, therefore, the body must be
weighed in vacuo.
3. Absolute motion is the change of place on
a body produced by the motion so designated,
viewed apart from the modifying influence
arising from disturbing elements of another
kin.l.
i. Absolute space is space considered apart
from the material bodies in it.
5. Absolute time is time viewed apart from
events or any other subjects of mental con-
ception with which it may be associated.
6. Absolute force of a centre: Strength of a
centre (q.v.).
VIL Astron. : The absolute equation is the
aggregate of the optic and eccentric equations.
[Equations, Optic, Eccentric]
VIIL Algebi'a: Absolute numbers are those
which stand in an equation -without having
nny letters combined "with them. Thus, in
the following equation —
2a; -t- 9 = 17,
9 and 17 are absolute numbers, but 2 is not so.
IX. Cliem. . Absolute alcolwl is alcohol free
from water.
ab'-s6l-ute-ly, adv. [Absolute, a.]
L With no restriction as to amount; com-
pletely.
boil, b^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, ghixi, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this, sin, as; expect, ^enophon, e^t. -ing.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin; tion. §ion = zh^. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. del.
20
absoluteness— absorbent
"... how persistently an absolutely
faculty may be tranamitted." — Darvrin: Descent qf
J/an, vol. i., pt, i.. ch. L, p. 20.
1. Without restriction as to power ; inde-
pendently.
2. After the manner of a person of inde-
pendent power ; positively, peremptorily,
■without leaWng liberty of refusal in the
person commanded.
" Command me absoliUeJij not to go "
Alilton : Par Lost, hk. ix.
3. As if decreed by absolute power ; indis-
pensably.
"It was absolutely neceaaary that he should quit
London, "—jtfftcaittoj!/ .■ Eist. Eng., ch. xL
4. Wholly, completely.
"... the anomalous prerogative which had
ca^lsed so many fierce disputes was absoluteli/ and for
ever taken away." — Alacaulay : Hist. Eng,, ch. xv.
" Assuredly tlie one [doctrine] is trne, and the other
absolutely false." — /. S. 3Iill • Logic,
''L Without restriction as to relation or
condition.
1. Without close relation to anything similar.
Opposed to relatively.
"... the antlera were both absolutely and rela-
tively larger in the great extinct species." — Owen:
Fossil Mammals and Birds (1846), p. 446.
2. Unconditionally, "without condition or
qualification.
"Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot abso-
lutely approve, either willingness to live or forward-
ness to die." — Booker, v.
ab'-sol-iite-ness, s. [Eng. (l) absolute (q.v.),
and (2) suff. -v^ss = the quality or state of.]
I. The quality or state of being unlimited.
1. In a general sense:
"The absoluteness and illimitedneas of his commis-
sion was much spoken of." — Lord Clarendon, viii.
2. Specially in power : Despotism.
"They dress up power with all the splendour and
temptation absolutejiess can add to it." — Locke.
II. The quality or state of being uncondi-
tional.
Srb-sol-u'-tion, s. [Fr. absohition ; Ital. asso-
luzione; fr. Lat. absolutio = acquittal, pro-
perly a loosing : dbsolvo = to loosen from : ah
= from ; solve = to loosen, untie. ] [Absolve. ]
L In a civil sense :
1, III ancient Rome: Acquittal in a court of
law.
2. In Britain: "Absolution in the Civil
Law imports a full acquittal of a person by
some final sentence of law; also a temporary
discharge of the further attendance upon a
mesne process through a failure or defect in
pleading. " (Ayliffe : Parergon Juris Ca-
nonicL)
" From both these letters it is plain that the Wliig
leaders had much difficulty in obtaining the afisoZwiion
of Godolphin." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxii.
II. In an ecclesiastical sense :
1. Intlie Roman Catholic Church: Forgive-
ness of sins, alleged to be by the authority of
God. This power has been claimed since the
date of the Fourth Lateran Council, A.D.
1215; the formula previously in use, " Deus
absolvit te," or " Christus absolvit te," having
then been exchanged for *' Ego absolvo te."
"He knelt by the bed, listened to the confession,
pronounced the absolutwn, and administered extreme
unction." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng,, ch. iv.
2. In the Church of England : The remission
of sins declared and pronounced by the offi-
ciating priest to the people of God being
penitent. (Liturgy, Morning Prayer.)
3. In some other churches: Removal of y,
sentence of excommunication,
"After prayer the sentence of absolution is to be
pronounced in these or like words. . . 'I pronounce
and declare thee absolved from tho sentence of excom-
munication formerly denounced against thee, and do
receive thee into the communion of the Church.' " —
Compendium qf the Laws of the Church of Scotland
(1B30), bk. iv. , p, 439.
III. Ord. Lang. : * Finish.
" Then the words are chosen, their sound ample, the
comTWHition full, the absolution jjlenteous, and poured
out all grave, sinewy, and strong."— .B. Jomon - Dis-
coveries.
S-to'-so-lut-i^im, s. [Absolitte.]
1, Arbitrrtry government, despotism.
"... those political convulsions of 1848, which
shook absolutism all over the Continent."— Times,
Oct. 21, 1870.
2. Predestination. (Ash.)
ab'-so-liit-ist, s. & a. [Absolute.] One
who is in favour of arbitrary government ; an
advocate for despotism.
As adjective: Pertainiag to absolutism.
"... tiie same absolutist footing." — TSmes' Corre-
spond, from, Hungary, 1B5L
ab-S0l'-U-t6-r^» a [Eng. (l) absolute, and (2)
suff. -or?/ = relating to ; in Ger. absohttorisch ;
Fv. dbsolutoire; Lat. absolutori/iis ^ ■perta.ining
to acquittal.] Pertaining to acquittal ; absolv-
ing ; that absolves.
" Though an absolutory sentence should be pro-
nounced. ' — Ayliffe : Parergon Juris Canonici.
3.b-§iol'-vat-o-r5r, a. [Eng. (1) absolve, (2)
suff. -ffiori/ = making.] Having power to ab-
solve, intimating or involving absolution.
[Absolve. ] (Cotgrave.)
ab-§6rve, v.t. [Lat. absolvo = (I) to loosen
from, to disengage, (2) to free from, (3, in Law)
to acquit, (4) to pay off, (5) to complete or
finish : ah = from, and salvo = to loosen, to
untie ; Fr. absoudre ; Ital. u^solvere.]
1. To loosen, to set free; to release from, in
whatever way.
^ Followed (1) by the accusative of the
person, and/rom preceding the thing;
" What is the legal effect of the words which absolve
the subject from his allegiance?" — Macaul-ay : Mist.
Eng., ch. XV.
or (2) by the accusative of the thing.
% It is used similarly in senses No. 2, 3, 4.
2. Law: To acquit, to pronounce not guilty
of a charge.
" The committee divided, and Halifax was absolved
by a majority of fourteen." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xiv.
3. Theol. : To pardon a sinner or his sin.
" Thy merit
Imputed, shall aJisolve them who renounce
Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds,
Ajid live in Thee transplanted,"
Milton : Par. Lost, bk. iii.>
" That doom shall half absolve thy sin."
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 21.
1. Eccles. Lang.: To declare by Church au-
thority that men's sins are forgiven. To
declare forgiveness to one who is penitent ; to
restore an excommunicated person to the
communion of the Church. [Absolution, II.,
1, 2, 3.]
" ' Sou of the Church ! by faith now justified.
Complete thy sacrifice, even as thou wilt ;
The Church absolves thy conscience from all guilt ! ' "
Longfellow : Tales of a Wayside Inn.
* 5. To complete, to finish, to bring to an
end. (From one of the uses of the Latin
verb solvo.)
"... and the work begun, how soon
Absolved." Milton: Par. Lost, bk. vii.
^ Absolve is once used by Gibbon apparently
but not really as an intransitive verb :
"They prayed, they preached, they absolved, they
inflamed, they conspired." — Gibbon : Decl. and Eall,
ch. xlix.
ab-§6lv'ed, pa. par. & a. [Absolve.]
ab-§6lv'-er, s. [Eng. (1) absolve, and (2) -er
=: one who.] One who absolves; one who
intimates the remission of sin.
"The public feeling was strongly against the three
absolvers." — Macaulay : Sist. Eng., ch. xxL
ab-^olv'-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Absolve.]
" For when one near displayed the absolving cross."
Byron : Lara, canto ii. 19.
ab-s6l'-vit-or, * ab-sol -vi-tour, ab-
sol'-vi-tur, s. [Lat. 2nd or 3rd pers. sing,
fut. imper., or the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indie,
pass, of absolvo (Lat.) = be thou absolved, or
let him be absolved, or he is absolved.]
In Soots Law: An acquittal, a verdict in
favour of the defendant in any action. It
is of two kinds. (1) An ai)Solvitor from, the
instance is where there is some defect or
informality in the proceedings, "for thereby
that instance is ended until new citation."
(2) An absolvitor from the claim, when a person
is freed by sentence of a judge from a claim
made against him by a pursuer. (See Spottis-
woode's Law Diet.)
" . . . by whose means he bad got an absolvitor."
—Spalding, i. 304.
t ab'-son-ant, a. [Lat. absonus = out of tune.
Or ab = from, and sonavs = sounding, pr. par.
of so'iio = to sound ; sonus = a noise or sound.]
1. Untunable. (fioclceram.)
2. Discordant to or with.
"... more absonant to nature than reason." —
Quarles : Judgment and Mercy — The Mourner.
^b'-son-ate, v.t. [Lat. alysonus = out of tune ;
and suff. -a(e = to make.] [Absonajit.] To
avoid, to show aversion to.
t ab'-son-ous» a. [Lat. ahsonus = out of tune,
discordant, incongruous ; ab = from ; sonus ==■
a sound.]
1, Unmusical.
"That noise, as Macrobiua truly inferreth, must be
of necessity either sweet and melodious, or h,arsh aud
absonous."—Fotherby : AtJieomastix, p. 318.
2. Not in harmony with ; remote from being
agreeable to, discordant with or to.
". . . is unwarranted by any of our faculties,
yea, most abson-ous to our reason." — Glanville : ScepsU
Scientijica, ch. iv.
ab-sorb', v.t. [Lat. absorbeo = to swallow up
or devour : ab and sorbeo = to suck in, to drink
down, to swallow ; Ger. absorbiren ; Fr. ah-
sorber ; Sp. absorver ; Ital. assorbire. Ap-
parently cogn. are the Arab, and Eth. sharaba,
the Rabb, Heb. sharap, whence syrup>, sherbet,
and sh7'ub.]
1. Lit.: To suck up, to drink in water or
other liquid as a sponge does.
" Little water flows from the mountains, and it soon
becomes absorbed by the dry and iwrous soil." —
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. xv.
"The evils that come of exercise are, that it doth
absorb and attenuate the moisture of the body." —
Bacon.
2. To cause a material body to disappear in
some more or less analogous way, as, for
instance, by fire ; to swallow up.
" The final flames of destiny absorb
The world, consumed in one enormous pyre ! "
Cowper : Transl. of Milton,
3. To cause the spirit, one's personal iden-
tity, or separate interest, to disappear in the
being or interest of another.
"... or was absorbed, and as it were transformed
into the essence of the Deity." — Gibbon: Decl. a'ld
Fall, ch, xlviL
" I found the thing I sought — and that was thee ;
And then I lost my being all to be
Absorb'd in thine — the world was past away —
Thou didot annihilate the eai-th to me."
Byron : Lavnoit qf Tasso, 6.
4. Gen. : To cause anything immaterial or
abstract in any way to disappear.
" . dark oblivion soon absorbs them alL"
Cojoper.
5. To engross one's whole attention, to
occupy one fully.
"And here my books— my life — absorb me whole."
Cowper : Transl. of Milton.
^ It may be used in this sense also of the
inferior animals : —
" Wild animals sometimes become so absorbed when
thus engaged, that they may be easily approached," —
Darwin : Descent of Man.
ab-sorb-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. (l) absorb;
(2) ability. ^ The state or quality of being able
to be absorbed.
"... the absorbability of different gases by
water." — Graham : Chemistry.
S,b-sorb'-a-ble, a. [Absorb.] Able to be
absorbed ;' that may be swaUowed up.
ab-sorb'ed, ab-sorbt, or ab-sorpt,
pa. par. & a. [Absobb.]
1, Lit. : Sucked in, swallowed up.
" . . . he sinks abaorpt,
Rider and horse, amid the miry giill"
Thomson: Autumn.
2. Engrossed, pre-occupied.
" Conceals the mood lethargic with a mask
Of deep deliberation, as the man
"Were tasked to his full strength absorb'd andloat."
Cowper : Task, bk. iv.
"Absent I ponder and absorpt in care."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. iv.
ab-sorb'-ent, a. & s. [In Fr. absorbant ; ItaL
absorbent ; Lat. absorbens, pr. par. of absorbeo. ]
Imbibing, drinking in, swallowing ; or in a
state to imbibe, drink in, or swallow.
"... the specimen is absorbent, from the loss of
animal matter.'— Ou'en.' Brit. Fossil MammaU and
Birds, p. 116.
A. As adjective :
1. Anat.: Producing absorption. The term
is applied chiefly to a system of vessels de-
scribed under Absorbent, s. (q.v.)
2. Painting: Absorbent ground is ground
prepared for a picture by means of distemper
or water-colours, which are designed to absorb
the oil of the painting, thus best economising
time and increasing the brilliancy of the
colouring.
B. As substantive:
I. Gen. : That which absorbs or sucks in.
"... for the clouded sky seldom allows the sun
to warm the ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat."—
Darwin : Journal of Voyage round the World, ch. xL
II. Spec;
1. C/tem. : A substance which has the power
of absorbing gases and vapours into its pores,
IS c'.iarcoal made from dense wood, which
fate, ^t, fere, amidst, what, f^ father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t,
or, wore, W9U, work, whd, sin ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, r^le, full ; try, SS^ian. se. oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
absorber— abstersion
thus takes up 90 times its volume of ammo-
niacal gas.
2. Anat. : All organised tissues are properly
absorbents, but some are so to a much larger
sxtent than others. Hence the name is spe-
cially given to the lacteals and lymphatics.
[Lacteals, Lymphatics.] It is now known,
however, tliat the hlood-vessels also have a
share in the function of absorption.
3. Vegetable Phys. : The portions of a plant
"which imbibe the moisture necessaiy for
its growth; the chief r)f these are the
spongioles of the root, although to a certain
extent moisture is undoubtedly imbibed by
the leaves and bark.
4. Phar. : (1) A medicine with no acrimony
in itself, which destroys acidity in the stomach
and bowels, such as magnesia, prepared chalk,
oyster-shells, crabs' claws, &c. Similar sub-
stances are applied externally to ulcers or
sores in neutralising any acid which they may
contain. They are called also antaxMs and
antaci-ids (q.v.), (2) A medicine which acts
on the absorbent vessels, causing them to
reduce enlarged and indurated parts. (Ex-
ample, iodine.)
atJHSorb'-er, s [Absorb.] That which ab-
sorbs.
"... the power of different gasea aa absorbers of
radiant hea,t." — Tyidall: Beat.
ab-sorb'-ing, jjt. par. &, a. [Absorb, i?.(.]
As adj. : (1, lit.) Imbibing ; (2, rtiet.) engross-
ing one's whole care, occupying all one's
thoughts.
"... a direct ab^orh'/if) power of the blood-
veaselB." — Todd and Bowiyian . Phys. Anat, vol. i.
" . . . the circulating, absorbing, and nervous
Kystems." — Dr. I'ordyce, ijuoteilby Dr. Tweedie, art,
•^Fever," Cyclop, of Tract. Med.
"... engaged in the absorbing t;tsk of constitu-
tion-making.'—7^?«.t'.«, Nov. 10, 1875.
"Such is the absorbing hitte when warring nations
meet." Byron ; (Jliilde Harold, iv, C3.
jib-sorlj-i'-tion. Old form of Absorption.
Hir Titos. Browne. Tracts, p. icr>.
ab-sorp-ti-6m'-et-er, ,';. [Eng. ahsorptlroi,
and Gr. jucTpov (me(ron,) = a mea,snre.] An
instrument used by Bunseu for measuring
the extent to which particular ga-scs may bu
absorbi^I by cei^tain liquids. (Sp'- Graham's
Cliemistry.)
ab-sorp'-tion, 5. [In Fr. absorptwu.; late Lat.
fibsorptio = a drink or beverage ; fr. absorbeo =
to swallow up, to devour.] .[Absorb.]
L The act, operation, or process of absorb-
ing, sucking in, or swallowing anything, or
otlKirwise causing it 1u disappear m anotlior
body.
A. Lit. :
1. Gen. : The sucking in of a liquid by a
sponge or other porous substaut-p.
Biol. : Absorption by organised bodies i.si
the taking np or imbibing, by means of their
tissues, of material suitable for their nourish-
ment, that it may ultimately be transmitted
by the vascular channels to more distant
jfarts. [Absorbent, s., 1. & II.]
"Death puts a stop to all further absorption of
nutritive matter." — Todd and Boumian: Phys. Anat.
2. CJiem. : The taking up of a gas by a liquid,
or by a porous solid. [Absorbent, s.]
"The absorption by the lungs of atmospheric
oxygen." — Afartincau : Comte's Philosophy, bk. iv.
3. Nat. Phil : The taking up rays of light
and heat by certain bodies through which they
are passing.
Absorption of Light: The retention of some
rays and the reflection of othei-s when they
pass into an imperfectly transparent body.
If aU were absorbed, the body would be black ;
if none, it would be white ; but when some
rays are absorbed, and others reflected, tlie
body is then of one of the bright and lively
colours.
". • . as the result of the absorption of all the
blue light, first came the rosy-flngered dawn, and then
the red sun himself."— Hmcs . Transit of l>/n/-s,
AprQao, 187S.
Absorpti&ii of Heat : The rcteution and con-
sequent disappearance of rays of heat in pass-
ing into or ttirough a body colder than them-
selves. (See No. III.)
4. Old Genl. : The swallowing up of a solid
by another body.
Absorption of fhe Earth: A term used by
Kircher and others for the subsidence of tracts
of land produced by earthquakes or other
natural agencies.
B. Fig. : The act or process of causing
anything p^tly or wholly immaterial to dis-
appear in a more or less analogous way.
"... a constant process of absorption and appro-
priation exercised on the dialects of Italyand Greece."
— Max MUller: Science of Lang., vol. ii., p. 309.
"... when the ordinary rule of the absorption
of the weaker letter does not hold good," — Beaines :
Comp. Gram., Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i.
(See also example under No. II.)
IL The state of being so absorbed, sucked
in, swallowed up, or made to disappear.
^ Used in all the senses of No. I. (q.v.)
"When one of two adjoining tribes becomes more
numerous and powerlul thaji tiie other, the contest is
soon settled by war, slaughter, cannibalism, slavery,
and absolution." — Darwin : Descent qf Man, ch. vii,
TTT, The thing so absorbed, or its amount.
Heot : The power of absorption is equal
to that of emission.
CJiern. : The co-efficient of absorption of a
gas is the volume of tlie gas reduced to 0**
Cent, and 700 m. ra. pressure, which is absorbed
by the unit of volume of any liquid. (Gi'aham :
CJiem., vol. ii.)
absorption spectrum, s. An appa-
ratus used by Professors Stokes, Gladstone,
and others for observing the relative quantities
of the several coloured rays absorbed by a
coloured medium of given thickness. The
principle is to view a line of light through a
prism and the coloured medium. (For details,
see Fownes' Chemistry.)
S-b-SOrp'-tive, a. [Lat. ohsorptm, pa. par. of
absorbeo = to absorb, and suff. -ive = (1) that
can or may, (2) that does.] Having power to
imbibi?, capable of imbibing or drinking in.
" T\ua absorptive power of clay." — Crnliam: Chum.
abs-quat'-u-late, abs-quot' i-late, ?■''.
[Amer, slang, imitating Lat. derivation.] To
nm away, to abscond.
"Hope's brighte-st visions alisijuntulate with tlit-ir
golden \>YoimaeB."—Dow : Hertnons, 1. 247.
3-bs'-que, prep. [In Lat. prep. = without.]
Law :
*1. AbsqU'C. IwG (without this): Technical
words formerly used in special traverses, but
abolished in 1802.
2. A}fiqm: impctlfione I'^-s/t (withi^int iin-
peachnient of waste) : A rcscrvatinn frequently
made to a tenant of life, and meaning that if
he take reasonable c^re of the land or houses
entrusted to him, noperson shall be permitted
to impeach him for their waste.
* abs'-ta-cle, s. [An old spelling of Obstacle
(q.v.).]' (0. Eng. £■ ^Scotch.)
"Some of the Kingis servoutit . . , maid abstade
and debaitt"— PiWscoMie .■ ClirotL., p, 26.
&bs-ta'in, v.t. & i. [O. Fr. ahstPiipr; Fr.
s'abstlrter ; Sp. abstener'^c; Ital. asitt'npr.'ii ; Lat.
(ih-^tbico = to hold away ; abs = from, and itnco
= to hold.] [Tenant.]
L Intransitive :
1. Gen. : To hold back, to refrain from any-
thing in which there is a tendency to indulge.
"But not a few reftrtaiiicti from lotLBg." — Macaalay -
Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
"... as abstaining from all stretches of power,
and as resigning his office before the six months had
expired." — Lewi.*;: CredibUUi/ of Early Jioman Nist.
{1S55), ch. xii., pt. i., § 13, vol. ii., p. 49.
2. Used, Spec., with reference to the indul-
gence of the appetites or passions, or to the
partaking of piuxicular kinds of food or liquor.
"... abstain from fleshly lusts which war
against the souL" — 1 Peter it 11.
IL Transitive: To keep (a person) back
from doing anything.
"Whether he ahstain men from marrying." — Mil-
ton: TetracJiordon.
Sibs-ta'in-er, s. [Abstain.]
Lit. : One who abstains.
"[ Used specially of a person who aU b^it
abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors,
as contradistinguished from a total abstainer,
i.e., one who totally abstains both in health
and in sickness. But even the latter term has
lost much of its primitive force, and is now
usually employed of a pledged teetotaller,
whose vow forbids him to use intoxicating
liquors as a beverage, but permits their use in
sickness, under medical advice.
"... was a prominent member of a Good
Templar lodge, and was followed to his final resting-
place by a large number of the members of the body
as well as of abstainers." — Times, Dec 11, lilb.
abS-ta'in-ing, j^r. par. [Abstain.]
abs-te'-mi-S, s. pi. [Lat. pi. of abst4:mius.'\
[Abstemious.]
Ch. Hist. : The name given to such Cliristians
in the Refonned Churches as declined to par-
take of the wine in the communion.
S-bS-te'-mi-OUS, a. [Lat. o&s(e7iii'HS = ab-
staining from intoxicating liquor, sober: abs=^
from, and temum — strong drink, from the root
tern, in Sansc. tim = to be wet ; Ital. ast^mio.]
L Of persons:
1. Sparing in tliQ use of food and strong
liquors, especially of tlie former.
" The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the
abstemious." — Arbvthnot.
2. Sparing in the indulgence of the appe-
tites or passions ; or careful to avoid tempta-
tion to such indulgence.
" . . . be more oA^etnious,
IL Of things:
^ 1. Inspiring abstinence.
"Such is the virtue of the abstrnnious well."
Dryden: Pables.
2. Marked by abstinence.
" Till yonder sun descend, ah ! let me pay
To grief and anguish one abstemious day."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, hk. xix., 327-8.
abs-te'-mi-ous-ly, adv. [Abstemious.] In
an abstemious manner, very temperately ;
with no undue indulgence in food or liquor,
but going rather to the opposite extreme.
". , . be lived verj' abstemiously afterwards."—
Whiston: Memoirs, p. 2TJ.
*ibs-te'-ini-ous-iiess, s. [Abstemious.] The
quality of being veiy sparing in the use of
food and of liquor.
"... the Arab was disciplined in the se^'eiept
abstemi-josncss and endurance." — Mihnan : J.atin
Christianity, vol. iv., ch, i.
3<bS-ten'-tion, 5. [Law Lat ahsteniio; absteii^
tiiiii, supine oi abstUieo = to hold back.]
1. The act of abstaining ; a holding back.
"TheClnirch superintended times and manners of
•ih^tfiuion." — Jeremy Taylor: VisUalion of the Sick
IV. 5.
«[ < )ften followed by from :
"... nn abflcnf ion from the sacrament." — Burnet:
flat of Uifornuition.
2. /.'-"().■ (1.) The holding of the heir to an
estate back from taking possession. (2.) The
t.ieit renunciation of succession by an heir.
(Used especially in Fi'encli law.)
■ abS-ter', v.t. [From Lat. ahsfrrrm: abs =
from ; t^u-i <•<> = to ten'ify.] To terrify, deter.
"So this in like maimer shouhl ahster and fear me
and mine fioin doing evil."— Bacon.
S,bs-ter'ge, v.t. [In Fr. nbsferger ; Lat. ahs-
tc rgi-o — to ^v i 1 tc off or away : ahs = from ;
tergco or tergo = to rub off.]
Chiejiy in. Med. : To wipe clean ; to make-
clean by wiping ; to purge 1 ly medicine.
"... they rtb'i public baths] are still frequented!
by the Turkes of a J sorts, men and women, ... to-
ahstergc belike that fulsomeness of sweat to which.
theyarethpn subject"— Burton .- Anat. of Melanciioly,
p. 23a
abs-ter'-gent, a. & s. [In Fr. abstergent ; fr.
Lat. ol'-<t€rficn>i, pr. par. of abstergeo.] Wiping
clean, making clean by wiping.
A. As adj. : Having a cleansing quality, as
the berries of Sapindus. {Loudon.)
B. As subst. : A medicine which cleauses
away foulness, or icmoves obstructions, 'on-
cietions, &c. ^-^oajt is an abstergent. (Cf.
Detergent. )
'*abs~ter'-gi~fie, !'•'• [Lat. abstergeo = to
wipe off.] To cleanse.
"Specially when wee would abstergifie. — Passenger
ofBenvenuto (1612).
"^ 5.bs - ter'se, v.t. [Lat. ahstersus = wiped
away, pa. par. of abstergeo = to wipe away.]
To wipe, to cleanse.
" . . .in acid and vitriolous humidity in the
stomach, which may abstersc and shave the scoiioua
jiarta thereof." — Broione : Vulgar Errours.
abs-ter'-sion, s. [In Fi-. ob^tcrfion ; Ital
asier.siorte; Lat. (dtstersits, pa. par. of abstergeo.]
1. The act of wiping clean, a cleansing or
clearing away foulness in the body by medi-
cine.
"Abstersion is plainly a scouring ofl" or incision of
the more viscous humours, and making the humours
more fluid, and cutting between them and the part ; &b
19 found in nitrons water, which ecoureth linen cloth
speedily from the foulness." — Bacon : yat. Hist., § 42.
2. The state of being so rleanscd.
b6il, bo^; po^t, j^^b^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9bin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this, sin, a^ ; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tiom, -sion = shun; tion, §ion - zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &o. = b9l, del.
22
abstersive— abstractedly
abs-ters'-ive, a. & s. [Eng. aUterse; Fr.
abstersif; Ital. astersivo, fr. Lat. a&siersiis.]
A. -.4s adjccti ve :
1. Cleansing.
"And let th' abslersive sfionge the board renew."
Pope Ht/insr's Odyssey, bk, xx.
2. Purging, ha-s'ing the power of removing
obstructions.
". . . for ceitaiuly, thougli it would not lie so
abstefhlvtj, and opening-, ,iiid aolutivea di'ink asiuead."
— Bacon: A'at. Hist.
B. As suhstaiitlv: : That which effects ab-
stersion, wipes, cleanses, or purges away.
" Abstersivcs are fuUera'-earth, soap, linseed-oil, and
ox-gall."— B;j. Spratt: Koyal Hoc, p. 205.
\ abs-ters'-ive-ness, s. [Abstersive,] The
quality of being abstersiw.
"Indeed, simple wounds have been soundly and
suddenly cured therewith, which is impated to the
abstersiveness of the water [Epsom] keeping a. wound
clean, till the balance of nature doth recover it."—
Fuller: Worthies, Surrey.
abs'-tin-en^e, s. [Lat. i'Htniey\tia — a\>i^\.\-
nence from anything.] [Abstain.]
1. Lit. : A voluntary refraining from, a
holding bade from.
". . . the Gauls refused to fulfil tlieir engagement.
and asserted that the money was the price of their
abstinence from ravaging Etruria." — Lewis: Credi-
bility of Early Rom. Bist., ch. xiii,
2. Spec, and more freqnevt iises: A refrain-
ing, generally voluntary, from some indulgence
of the appetite, or tlie gratification of the
ordinary propensities of nature.
(a) From food.
(6| From intoxicating liquor, especially in the
phrase "total abstinence." [See Abstainer.]
(c) From undue indulgence of the appetites.
" The precept that enjoins him absfinetice."
Otnifper : Progress of Error, 236.
* (d) From fighting during a stipulated
interval; a truce, a temporary cessation of
arms. (Old Scotch. )
" It was the 27th of September, some days before the
exiJU'ing of the abstinence, that the noblemen did
meet (as was aijpoiiited) to consult ui>on the mefuis of
a perfect peace. —Spotiswood : Hist., p. 263.
^ This signification occurs also in French
and jMedieeval Latin.
3. Med. : Partial or total privation of food,
in most eases involuntary, or nearly so. It
may be the result of calamity, as of famine or
shipwreck ; it may be necessitated by disease
of body, as inflammation of the cesophagus, or
produced by mental frenzy or monomania ;
or it may be prescribed by a physician as a
remedy in certain diseases. When one has
suffered from severe abstinence food should
be administered at first in very sparing
quantities.
< abs'-tin-en-9y, s. [Lat. abstvneufia.]
[Abstain.] Abstinence.
"Were our rewards for the abstinencios or wnes of
the present life . . ." — Hammond on Fcniil'immtnls.
T[ Now nearly superseded by Aestineni.e.
abs'-tin-ent. o. [In Fr. absti-iiei^t; Ital.
astinente ; Lat. ahstinens. ] [Abstain. ] Re-
fraining from undue indulgence, especially in
food and liquor ; absteniiuus.
"Seldom have you seen one continent that is not
abstinent." — Sales : GoMeii Remains.
abs'-tin~ent~ly, ode. [Abstinent ] In an
abstinent manner ; with abstinence.
"If thou hadst ever re-admitted Adam into Para-
dise, now abstinently would he have walked by that
tree." — Donne: Devotions, p. 6'2y.
3,bs'-tin-ent5, &■. id. [Abstain.]
Church Hist. : A sect which appeared in
France and Spain about the end of the third
centu^J^ They were against marriage and the
use of animal food, and are said to have re-
garded the Holy Spirit as a created being.
abs-tort'-ed, a. [Latin a&s — from; tmiu.-.
=■ twisted, pa. par. of torqueo - - to twist.]
Twisted away, forced away by violence.
abs-tract', v.t. & i. [in Ger. ahstrahiren; Fr.
abstraire; Ital. astraere, from Lat. abstractits,
pa. par. of abstraho = to drag or pull away:
abs = from, and traho = to draw.]
A. Transitive :
I. To drag or pull away ; specially to take
away surreptitiously, as when a thief abstracts
a purse from some one's iJocket.
II. To separate physically, without dragging
away.
1, Chem. : To separate by distillation.
" Having dephlegmed spirit of salt, and cently ab-
stracted the whole spirit, there reniaiiietn in the
retort a sfcyptical substance," — BoyCe.
2. irriting : To make an epitome of a book
or document.
" . . . let ua abstract them into brief com-
pends." — Watts: Improv. of the Mind.
III, To separate the mind from thinking ou
a subject.
" Minerva fixed her mind on views remote.
And from the present bliss abstmcfs her thought."
P(ype : Homer ; Odyssey xix. 558, 559.
IV. To separate morally.
" That space the Evil One abstracted stood
Fiom nis own evil, and for the time remained
Stupidly good." Milton . P. L., ix. 463.
B. lutrans. : To perform the opeiatiou of
abstraction ; to distinguish logically ; to attend
to some portion of an object separately. (Fol-
lowed hy frc/in.)
"Could we abstract from these pernicious effect-s.
and suppose this were innocent, it would be too light
to be matter of praise," — More : Decay of Piety.
abs'-tract, a. [In Ger. abstract, abstrakt ; Fr.
ahstrait; Lat. a&sfraci^us = dragged away, pa.
par. of abstralw = to drag or pull away.]
[Abstract, v.t.]
A, Used as on adjective:
I. In Ordinary Language and Poetry :
1. Gen. : Abstracted, separated, viewed
apart from.
(a) From other persons or things of a similar
kind.
"... the considering things in themselves, ab-
stract from our opinions and other men's notions and
discourses on them." — Locke.
(b) From reference to an individual.
" Love 's not so pure and abstract as they use to say
Which have no mistress but their muse."
Donne : Pnems, 2".
2. Poet. : For abstracted ; absent in mind,
like one in a trance (pron. abstract').
"Abstract, as in a trance, methought I saw,
Though sleeping, where I l.iy, and saw the shape."
Milton : Par. Lo^, hk. viiL
3. Separate ; existing in the mind only ;
hence with the sense of difficult, abstruse.
II. Logic and Gramvuir :
1. In a .strict sense : Expressing a particular
property of any person or thing viewed apart
from the other properties which constitute
him or it. Thus dejjth is an abstract term.
Used of the sea, it means that the property of
the sea expressed by the word depth is viewed
apart from the other properties of the ocean.
So is blueness an abstract word. In this sense
abstract is opposed to concrete. This use of
the term was introduced by the Schoolmen,
and was highly approved by Mr. John Stuart
Mill, who employed the word in no other
sense in his " Logic."
Abstract Nomis: The last of the five classes
into which noujis maybe divided, the others
being (1) proper, singular, or meaningless
'ouns ; (2) common, general, or significant
nouns ; (3) collective nouns ; and (4) material
nouirs. Most abstract nouns are derived from
adjectives, as whiteness from white, height
from high, roundness from round; these are
called n0.jprti.ve ohsfract no^i'ns, or adjective
"hstrcccts. Others come from verbs, as crea-
tion from creati% and terulency from tend ;
these are denominated verbal abstmrt nouns,
or verbal abstracts. Abstract nouns have
properly no plural. When used in the plural
this is an indication that they Jiave lost
tlieir abstract character and gained a con-
crete meaning, so that they are now common
cr general nouns. (See Bain's Higher Eng.
li-ram.)
2. In a loose sense: Resulting from the
mental faculty of abstraction, general as op-
posed to particular. The term is used even
when the idea conceived of as separate from
all others with which it is associated is not a
quality. In tliis sense reptitf, star, and money
are abstract or general words, though none of
the three is a quahty. Locke did much to
bring this looser sense of the word into cur-
rency. It is censured by John S. Mill (Lnoic,
Bk. L, ch. ii., §4).
" The mind makes the particular ideas received
from particular objects to become general ; which is
done by considering them a.s they are in the mind,
such appearances, separate from all other existences
and the circumstances of real existence, as time,
place, or any other concomitant ideas. This is called
abstraction, whereby ideas taken from particular
beings become general representatives of all of the
.s.ame kind, and their names general names, applicable
to whatever exists conformable to such abstract
ide&s. '—Locke : Hivman Understanding, bk. ii.. ch.
XI., § 9.
t Abstract science : A term applied to mathe-
matics.
" Another discriminates mathematical properties,
and he addicts himself to abstract science.'— /sooc
Taylor ■ Elem^itsof ThougM {\%ia), p. 20.
Abstract or Pure Matliematics: Mathematics,
which treats of number or quantity viewed
as standing alone, as is done in geometry and
arithmetic. It is contradistinguished from
mixed nnathsmatk^, in which these are viewed
as modified by the physical properties of
the bodies in which they inhere. This is done
in mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, &c.
Abstract Numbers: Numbers considered in
themselves without reference to any persons or
things witn which they may be conjoined.
Thus three is an abstract number, but if con-
joined with men it becomes concrete.
B. V':^fil as a substujit Ive :
1. Logic : An abstract name, as opposed to
one which is concrete. [See Concrete.]
" Each of them [of the concrete terms] has or
might have a corresponding absti-act name to denote
the attrilmte connoted by the concrete. Thus the
concrete ' like ' has its abstract ' likeness ; ' the con-
crete 'father' and 'son' have cr might have the
abstracts 'paternity' and filiety or filiation." — Mill ■
Logic, p. 45,
In the abstract, or Aess frequently) in nh-
stract, signifies in a state of separation, the
looking at an idea apart from all other ideas
with whicli it may be more or less intimately
connected. It is opposed to in tlie^ concrete,
which, however, is rarely used.
" Honest. So the old gentleman blushed, and said,
Not Honesty in the abstract, but Honest is my uaine."
— PilgriTn's Progress, pt, ii.
" The hearts of great i^rinces, if they be considered,
as it were, in abstract, without the necessity of ^■.tates
and circmostances of time." — Sir H. Wottcm.
2. A summary, an epitome, a compendium
of a book or document.
" The abstract of the papers was read by the clerk.*
—Macaiilay : Hist of Eng., ch. xix.
" I have been urged to publish this abstract."—
Darwin : Orig. of Species (1859), Introduction.
"Neither press, coffer, chest, trunk, well, vault,
but he hath an abstract for the remembrance of such
places, and goes to them by his note."~SJiafcesp. :
Merry Wives, iv. 2.
^ In Shakespeare (Hamlet, ii. 2), play-actors
are called the ''ahsfnu-t [or in some copies the
o-bstracts] or brief chronicles of the time."
perhaps because thev acted history on a mucli
smaller stage than tliat of the world, and in
briefer time than the events which they repro-
duced really occupied.
Abstract of Title (Lax-) : An epitome of the
evidences of ownership An abstract should
show thp soundness of a person's right tu
a given estate, together with any charges or
circumstances in any wise aflecting it. A
perfect abstract discloses that the owner has
both the legal and equitable estates at hi.s
own disposal perfectly unencumbered. Tlir
object of any abstract is to enable the pur-
chaser or mortgagee, <*v his counsel, to .iudgc
of the evidence dedm^ing and of the encum-
brances alfecting the title. (Wharton : Lavi
Lexicon. )
* Abstract of a Five [Fine.]
'^'Abstract of Pleas: An epitome of theplcis
used or to be used against the pleas of uuo's
opponent.
* 4. An extract or a smaller quantity con-
taining the pi^Hynce of a larger.
" If you are false, these epithets are small ;
You're then the things, and abstract of them all"
Dryden: Auruiigzebe, iv. 1.
" A man, who b< the abstract of all faults
That all men follow."
Shakesp. : Antony and CUopatra, i. t
abs-tract'-ed, pa. po-r. & a. [Abstract, v t ] '.
As aiJjective :
L Separated or disjoined from everything
else, physically, mentally, or morally.
" ■ ■ . from his intellect
And from the .stillness of abstracted thought
He askd repose."— jrordsioortA ■ Excursion, bk. L
Hence, 2 : Abstruse, difficult.
3. Refined, purified.
"Abstracted spiritual love, they like
Their souls exhaled."— /)onrw.
L Absent in mind. [Absent, s. (4).]
abs-tract'-ed-ly, adv. [Abstract. ]
1. In the abstract, viewed apart from every-
thing else connected with it.
.,/!; ■ ^-deeming the exception to be rather a ca.se
abstractedl;/ ijossiBle, than one which i,s frenuently
realised m, fact."-./. S. Mill: Polit. Econ. (1848), vol. t,
bk. 1., ch. IX., § 1, p. 163.
2. In a state of mental absence.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what. f^U. father; we» wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit. sire, sir marine
or. wore, wplf, work, wh6, s6n; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Sj^iau. se, oe= e; ey= ^
go. pot,
qu = kw.
abstractedness— abulyeit
23
" Or whether more abstractedli/ we look."
Dryden : Religio Laid.
S.bs-tract'-ed~ness, s. [Abstract.] The
quality or state of being abstracted ; abstract
character.
"They-comiilain of the subtilty and abstractedness
of the argmneuts."— BHifcr.- Engidry into the Mature
of the Soul, ii. Soi.
alJS-tract'-er, s. [Abstract, s.] One who
makes an abstract.
"Ill the science of mystery of words, a very judi-
cious abstractur would find it a hard ta.sk to be
any-thing copious without falliug uiwu an infinite
conGc\,ioii."~Mannyngham ' Di.'ic.
3ibs-trac'-ti, s. (pi. of abstroMus, pa. par. of
iibstraho). [Abstract. ]
Church Hist. : A Lutheran sect in the six-
teenth century. Their leader was Heshusius,
a Prussian bishop who contended, against
Beza, that not only was Christ to be adored in
the concrete as the Won of God, but that his
flesh, in the abstract, was an object of adora-
tion.
SbS-tr^ct'-ing, pr. par. [Abstract, v.t.]
abs-tr^'-tion, s. [In Fr. dbstraction ; Lat.
obstractio = a separation ; ohstraho = to drag
a. way : abs = from ; traho = to draw or drag. ]
I. The act of dragging or drawing away or
■separating,
A. Gen. :
Physically: The act, operation, or process
of drawing or dragging away, or otherwise
withdrawing any material thing, especially
by surreptitious means, as " the abstra/:tion
■of the purse by the pickxiocket wa» cleverly
managed."
B. Technical :
1. In distillation: The operation of sepa-
rating the volatile parts in distillation from
tiiose which do not pass into vapour at the
temperature to which the vessel has been
raised.
2. Mentally. In Mental Phil. : The act m-
process of separating from the numerous
qualities inherent in any object the particiUar
one which we wish to make the subject of
observation and reflection. Or the act of with-
di'awing the consciousness from a number of
objects with a view to concentrate it on
some particular one. The negative act of
whicli attention is the positive^ [See Meta-
physics.]
II. Tlie state of being separated, physically
or mentally.
1. Physically :
"... a Tivrongful abstraction of wealth from
certain members of the conunmiity, for the profit of
the Government, or of the tax-payers."—,/. S. Jlill :
Polit. Econ.
"... the abstracting} of four equivalents of
v/o,iGT."~Qraham : Chemistry.
2. Mentally :
(a) Ali.sfiuT. or absorption of mind.
" What aiiawera Lara? t-i its centre shrunk
His Moul in deep aOifrttctio)/ sudden sunk."
liyron : Lara, i. 23.
(6) The separation from the world t>f a
recluse; disregard of worldly objects by an
unworldly person.
" A hermit wishes to be piaiseJ for iiis abstraction."
— Pope : Letters.
III. That which is abstracted. A mental
con-ception formed by abstraction.
" Give us, for our nb'^trdrtions. solid facts."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
IV. The power or faculty of the mind by
whicix a person is able to single out from a
complex mental conception the particular
idea which he wishes ti) make the subject of
reflection. [See I. (B. -J). ]
3,bs-trac-ti'-tious, f. [Abstract, vA.] The
same meaning as Abviractive (2), the passive
sense (q.v.).
abs-tract'-ive, a. [{\)ahstra.ct, v.t. ; (2) -Ivc
= which may or can or does. In Fr. ah-
stracti/.^ [Abstract, r.t.]
1. Active : Possessing the power or quality
of abstracting.
2. Passive : Abstracted or drawn from other
substances, especially vegetables, without
fermentation.
&bs-tr3.ct'-ive-ly, adv. [Abstractive. ] In
an abstractive manner, so as to be separated
from anything else with which it is associated.
"According to whatever capacity we distinctly or
abstractively consider him, either as the Son of God,
or aa the Son of Man." — Barrow.
abs'-tr3.Ct-ly, ojXv. [Abstract. ] In an ab-
stract manner ; in a state of separation from
other ideas connected with it.
" Matter, abstractly and aljaolutely considered, can-
not have subsisted eternally." — Bentley : Sermom,.
abs'-tract-ness, 5. [Abstr.act.] The quality
or state of being separated from other ideas.
"... which established prejudice or the ab-
stractnens oi the ideas theuLselves might render diffi-
cult. "—iocAre.
abs-trict'-ed, a. [Lat. abstrictus, pa. iiar.
of abstringo.] Unbound. [Abstringe.]
abs-tnnge', v.t. [Lat. a6 = from ; stringo =
to draw, or tie tight, to bind together ; Gr.
a-Tpayyui (stranggo) = to draw tight ; Ger.
strangeln.] [Strangle.] To unbind.
abs-tring'-iAg, ijr. j'O-r- [Aestringe.j
*' abs-tru'de, y.f. [Lat. ohs'.rii.}n = to thrust
away ] [Ab-struse.] To thrust away, tu pull
away.
^bs-tru'se, a. [Lat. dbstrvsns, pa. par. ()f
abstrudo = to thrust away ; Fr. abstms ; Ital.
asti"iLSO. ]
Lit. : Hidden away {never vsi'd of vmterial
objects).
1. Hidden from man's observation or know-
ledge. (Used of an object, an ide-a, or auy
subject of inquiry.)
" Th' eternal eye, whose sight dUcems
Abstrusest thoughts, from forth hia holy momit."
Milton : Pur. Lo.it.
2. Out of the beaten track of human
thought. Not such a subject us the popular
mindnci'upie-^ itself with. H'-uec, difficult to
be luidcr-'tuod.
"... and often toui'h M
Abslriisrxt matter, reasouuigH of tljc mind
Turn'd inward." Wordsworth . E-xiitr-,ioi>, bk. i.
abs-tru'se-ly', odr. [Abstruse,] In an ab-
struse manner, as if thrust out of sight, ^d
as not to be discovered easily.
abs-tru'se-ness, s. [Abstruse.] Thequalitj'
of being remote from ordinarj' apprehension,
difficnlty of being understood.
". . . it is the abstrmeness of what is taugJit \n
them [the Scriptures! that makes them almost inevit-
ably BO [obscure]." — Boyle on the Scriptures.
abs-tru's-i-ty, s. [Abstruse. ]
1, The quality or state of being abstruse.
2. That which is abstruse,
"... antipatbies, sympathies, and the occult
abstrusities oi tnmga."— flr&jtfjw ,■ Vulgar Errours.
ab-SU'me, v.t. [Lat. abmirfio = to take away :
oh = from ; suvio = to take.]
1. To take away from.
" And from their eyes all light did quite absume."
Virgil, by TiCfirs (1632),
2. To bring to an end by a continual \va,ste ;
to consume.
" . . . if it had burned part after |iart, the wbote
muat needs \x ahsitwd u\ ii portion of time." — air J/.
Hale : Origination of Man.
ab-su'med, pa. par. & a. [Absuhe.]
ab-su'm-ihg, pr. par. [Assume.]
ab-sump'-tion* s. [Lat- ahsumptio = a con-
suming : aft = from; sumptio = a takir.:- :
mmo = to take.]
1. The act, operation, or process of consum-
ing.
2. The state of being consumed ; extinction,
non-existence. (Applied to things Tnaterial
and immaterial.)
"Christians abhorred this way of obsequies, and
though they stick not to give their bodies to be burnt
in their lives, detested that mode after death ; affect-
ing rather a depositure than ^sumption."— Sir T.
Browne : Vrne Burial, ch, i,
" That total defect or ubsumption of religion which
is naturally Incident to the profaner sort of men.' —
Z>r. Gauden : Eccl. Ang. Suspiria (1659).
ab-surd', a. [In Fr. absurdc ; Ital. assurdo ;
Lat. absurdus = giving a dull or disagreeable
sound ; surdus = deaf. ]
L Lit. : As much at variance with reason as
if a deaf man were to sing at a concert, not
knowing what notes the rest of the performers
were giving forth.
Appli&i (1) to persons: "Without judgment,
unreasonable.
" Why bend to the proud, or axiirfaud the absurd f "
Byron.
(2.) To things: Contrary to reason, incon-
sistent with reason.
" T is grave Philosophy's absurdest dream.
That Heavens intentions are not what they seem. "
Cowper : Hope.
II. Tech. (in Logic) : A scholastic t«rm em-
ployed when false conclusions are illogica,lly
dediieed from the premises of the opponent.
In this sense it is sometimes used in what
are known as indirect demonstrations of pro-
positions in geometry, where the proposition
is shown to be true, by proving that any sup-
position to the contrary would lead to an .
absurdity: as, "Because in the triangle C B D
the side B C is equal to the side B D, the
angle B D C is equal to the angle BCD;
but B D C has been proved to be greater than
the same BCD; therefore the angle B D C is
at the same time equal to, and greater than
the angle BCD, which is absurd." The term
is borrowed from the Latin absnrduvi in the
phrase "reductio ad absurdum" (q.v.). Im.-
pns.^lhtc, however, is more frequently used in
tliis way than absurd.
ab-surd'-i-ty, -■;. [In Fr. ahsnrdiff ,• from
Lat. absurditas = di.ssonance, incongruity.]
1. (Abstract^ : The quality or state of being
flatly opposed to sound reason.
" The gross absurdity of this motion was exposed by
9e^t:■^L. eminent members." — Macanlay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xi.
2. (Coicrete): Anything which is opposed
to reason.
( " It is not like the story of Numa and Pythagorjia,
a chronological absurdity." — Lewis : Credibility of tlie
E'irly Rom. Hist., ch, xi.. § 23.
1 In this sense it has a plural :
" A bewildering, inextricable iuiiele of delusions,
confusions, falsehoods, and nhsnrditics, coverine the
whole field of life. ' ^Carlyle: Heroes and licro-
Worship, lect. i.
ab-surd'-ly, ndr. [.^e.si'rd.] In a manner
wlinlly atvaiianee with reason, in an extremely
silly manner.
"To gnze at his own epleiuUnir. and to exalt
Absurdly, not hia office, but lilmaelf,"
Cowper : Task. il. 548.
tab~surd'-ness. i [Absurd.] Absurdity,
"The folly .ind absurdnesn whereof I shall not en-
deavour to expose."~jDr. Cave : Sermon (IC75).
ab-surd'-um (Reductio ad). [See Ab-
• ^TTRD.]
"When large bodies of men arose with coiiacii-n-
tious objections tu oaths, the principle underwent a
practical reductio ad absurdu7n."~Bentham Il'nj-A*.
(Introd.)
'' ab'-thane, s. [G-iel. abdiiainc = an abbacy ;
Lnw Lat. abthnnid.] Properly an abbacy,
l>iit cmnmonly used as a title of dignity: as,
■Supcriiir or High Thane." Fordun, in his
Srntnrhrmiicon^ iv. :'.0, first used the title ab-
thnnvs to express the person holding an ab-
thania, which he took to be an office or dignity.
The word and its history are clearly explained
by Dr. Skene in his ifistnrians of ScfifJand.,
vol. iv ; Fordun, jit. ii., p. 413, Minsheu
render.s the wr.rd '"steward." Jamicson, in
his Scntlish Dictionary, argues tliat ab in this
word implies inferiority, and not superiority.
The abthane pre-eminently so called had, how-
ever, a high position, being the High Steward
of Scotland. Speaking of this functionary,
Fordun says, " Under the king, he was the
superior of those who were bound to give an
annual accoui I: of their farms and rents due
tothe'king." (For(?im, bk. iv., ch. xliii.)
^ ab'-than-rie, .^ [Abthake.] The territory
over which an abthane's rule or jurisdi(;tion
extended, (Scotch.)
"David ir. granted to Donald M:tru:iyne the l,indH
of K:istcr Possache, with the aOt/iunr/'.- nt Dull, in
Perthshire."— J/S i/aW., 4.609.
' ar-bu^h'-meut, s. An ambush. (M.S. Ash-
>nok, 33, f. 10.) (HaUiwell.)
-abude, v.t. To bid, to offer. (MS. Ash-
mote -.y.^. f. 'U.) (HalliiceU.)
"" a-bue', v.i. [Obey.] To ^><>\v, to render
obedience.
" The noble etude that al the worlde abueth to, "—
Rob. Glouc, p. 103.
"a-buT (0. Eng.); *ar-buf'-in (0. Scot^ch),
prep. & adv. Old spellings of Above (q.v.).
" Alle angels aJnif."—Towneley Mysteries, p. 23
"Of the laudis abufin writin,"— ,^cf Bom. And.
(1478), p. 59.
^ a-bii'-gen, v.t. [A.S. ohugan = to bow, to
*bend,to iurn.] To bow.
"" a-biig'-gen, v.t. (pret. aboughte, past dboht).
[A.S. abycgan^t'j buy, to redeem.] To pay
for. [Abie,]
* a-bul'-y eit, * a-bul -yied, ' a-biiil -yied,
* a-bfl'-yeit, a. [Fr. 7i«/j!//cr = to clothe.]
1>6il, b^; p^t, j^^l; cat, fell, chorus, fliin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this, sin. as, expect. Xenophon, e^st. -Ingi
-oian, -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin; tion, ^ion = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious - shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bfl, deL
24
abiilyiement— abutilon
i. Dressed, apparelled. (Scotch.)
" With the blessed torche of day,
Abulyeit in hie lemaud fresche array
Purth of his paJace reaJl ischit Phcebus."
Douglas : Virgil, 399.
2. Equipped for the field.
"... are ordanit to have gude houshoildis and
■well abilyeit men as effeiris." — Acts Ja. II. (1455),
ch. CI, cd. 1666.
a - biil'- yie - ment, s. [Fr. Twhiliment.']
[Aeiliments.]
t 1. SiTigular : Dress, lialiit, habiliment.
(Scotch.)
"... and came in avlJe abuZyiemcjit to the king."
— Pittscottie, p. 45.
2. Plural: (a) Dress in general.
"... nocht arraying theym wid gold, sylver, nor
precious abulyiementes."—Bellend^n: Croii., bk. xiii.,
ch. 11.
(b\ Accoutrements. (Scotch.)
"... to return his armour and ctbulyiements." —
Sir W. Scott : Old Mortality, ch. vii,
a-bu'-ng^ 5. [Coptic (lit.) = our father.] The
title given to the archbishop or metropolitan
of Abyssinia. He is subordinate to the
patriarch of Alexandria.
air-bund-an9e, 5. [In French aboiidance;
Ital. abboiidanza ; Lat. aituTidantia = plenty. ]
[Abound. ]
L Of quantity :
1. So great fulness as to cause overflowing,
exuberance.
" Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth
spe.^keth."— J/aK. xii. 34.
2. Great plenty, a very great quantity of.
"Therefore the abundance they have gotten, and
that which they have laid up, shall they caiTy away
to the brook of the willows." — Isa, xv. 7,
" There came no more such abundance of spices as
those which the queen of Sheba gave to king Solo-
mon."— \ Kings X. 10.
II. Ofnvmhcr: Great numbers.
"Abundance of peasants are employed in hewing
down the lai-gest of these trees." — Addison on Italy.
a-bund-ant, a. [In Fr. cibondant; Ital.
abbondan'te; fr. Lat. a&w7i<Za«s= abounding.]
[Abound. ]
1. Overflowing, exuberant.
" The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering,
and abundant in goodness and truth." — Exod. xxxiv. 6,
". . . and was abutidajit with all things at first,
and men not very numerous." — Burnet.
2. In great supply, plentiful, fully suf-
ficient.
1" Followed by in, or rarely by with.
% In Arith. : An abu-ndantmt'nib&r is one th.&
sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the num-
ber itself Thus 24 is an abundant number,
for its aliquot parts (the numbers which
divide it without a remainder) added toge-
ther (viz., l+2-l-3-H4 + 6-t-8-t- 12), amount
to 36. On the contrary, 16 is not an abundant
number, for its aliquot parts added together
(viz., 1 -h 2 -h 4 -I- 8), amount to only 15.
a-bund-ant-ly, adv. [Abundant.]
1. Amply, sufliciently, fully, completely ;
nay, more than enough, exuberantly.
". . . our God will a6tt«(ia?i(^j/ pardon."
— Isa. Iv, V,
2. Copiously, plentifully, in large quantity
or measure.
" And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he
smote the rock twice ; and the water came out abun-
dantly, and the congregation drank." — Nwimb. xx. 11.
" Thou hast shed blood abundaTitly." — 1 Chron.
xxii. 8.
"... that they may breed abundantly in the
earth, and be fruitful."— i?e«. viii. 17.
a-bu'ne, prej). Above. (Scotch.)
"8ee,yonder'8theRattan's Skerry— be aye held his
neb iibmie the water in my day ; but he 's aneath it
now." — Blr W. Scott: Antiquary.
*a'-bume, «. An old spelling of Auburn.
[Abesne.]
" . . . his beard an abume browne."
yftoa Beywood : (treat Britaine's Troy (1609).
a-bur'-ton, a.
Naut. : Stowed in the hold athwartships.
(Applied to the stowage of casks on board a
vessel.)
* a-bus'-a-ble, a. [Abuse.] That may be
abused, that may be put to an improper use.
" That abusable opinion of imputative righteous-
ness."— Dr. H. More: Mystery of 6-odUness (ICCO),
Preface, p. xxvi.
* ar-bu§'-age, s. [Abuse, v.t.] Abuse.
"By reason of the gross a^usage to which the cor-
ruption of men hath made them subject."— If ftoCcZew
Aedempt of Time (1634), p. 1.
a-bUS'e, v.t. [Ft. dbuser; Sp. abiisar ; Ital.
' abusare; Lat. dbutor, pret. abus^ts = (1) to
use up, (2) to misuse : ab = removal by ; uior
= to use, viz., to remove by use, to use up ;
Irish idh ; Wei. gweth = use ; Gr. ?0w (etho)
= to be accu stomed. ] [ Use. ]
^ I, To disuse, to give up the practice of
anything. (Old Scotch.)
" At [that] the futbal and golf be abusit in tym
cummyng, and the buttis maid up ; and scbuting
usit after the tenor of the act of parlyament." — Pari.
Ja. III. (1471), ed. 1814, p. 100.
IL In a geTieral sense: To put to an im-
proper use, to misuse.
" And they that use this world, az not abusing it." —
1 Cor. vii. 31.
IIL Spec. :
1. To maltreat, to act cruelly to a man.
"... lest these luicircumcised come and thrust
me through, and abuse me." — 1 Sam. xxxi. 4.
2. To use bad language to, to reproach
coarsely, to disparage.
"All the bearers and tellers of news abused the
general who furnished them with so little news to
hear and to tell." — MacavZay : Hist. Eng., cb. xiv,
3. To violate a woman.
"... and they knew her, and abused her." — Jud,g.
xix. as.
^ Law : To abuse a female child is to have
cai'nal intercourse with her, which, if she be
under ten years of age, is felony, even if she
consent.
4. To disfigui'e (applied to persons or things).
"Poor soul, thy face is much abused yfitJi teats."
SnaKesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iv. 1,
5. To deceive, impose upon.
" The world hath been much abused by the opinion
of making old." — Bacon: Nat. Hist.
6. Applied to Language : To use in an ille-
gitimate sense, to wrest words from their
proper meaning.
" This principle (if one may so abuie the word)
■ shoota rapidly into populaiity. ' — Froiide : Hist. Eng.
a-bus'e, s. [In Fr. aTyus; Ital. and Sp. obuso;
Lat. ai}TistLS = a using up.] [Abqsion.]
1. Employment for a wrong purpose, misuse.
"... but permits beat things
To worst abuse, or to their meanest use."
Milton : Far. Lost, iv. 201.
2. A corrupt practice, especially in any
public institution.
". . . if these be good people in a commonweal,
that do nothing but upe tSieir abuses in common
houses, I know no law." — Shakesp. : Measu/re for
Measure, ii. 1.
"... whether better regulations would efiectually
prevent the abiises which had excited so much dis-
content."— Maoa/ulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
^ In Law :
(a') Abuse of Distress : Using an animal or
chattel distrained,
(b) Abuse of Process : The gaining of an ad-
vantage over one's opponent by some inten-
tional irregularity.
3. Insulting language.
" The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of
abuse, came to blows." — MacauZay : Hist. Eng., ch.
xxiv.
4. Violation.
" After the abuse he forsook me."— Sydney.
5. (Applied to words or language.) Use in
an illegitimate sense, perversion from the
proper meaning.
a-bu'sed, pa. par. & a. [Abuse, v.t.]
" 0 yon kind gods.
Cure this great breach in Mb abused nature ;
The untuned and jarring senses, 0 wind wp.
Of this child-changed father."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 7.
ar-bu'se-ful, a. [Abuse, v.t] FuU of abuse,
* abusive to a great extent.
"He acurrilously reviles the King and Parliament
by the abus^ul names of hereticks and schismaticks."
— Bp. Barlow : Remains, p. 397.
El-bU5'-er, e. [In Pr. aJrusi-'ur.'] [Abuse, v.t.'\
L Gen. : One who puts any person or thing
to an improper use.
Cowper : Task, bk. iii.
IL Sper. :
1. One who reviles ; one wlio uses foul,
abusive language to another,
" The honour of being distinguished by certain
abusers. . . ." — Dr. Broi»n to South, "p. %.
2. One who deceives.
" Next thou, th' abuser of thy prince's ear."
Sir J. Denham : Sophv.
3. A ravishei', a violator of women.
" Abuser of young maidens."
Fletcher : Faithful Shepherdess, v. 1.
4. A sodomite (1 Cor. vi. 9).
a-bui^'-ing, pr. par., adj., &. s. [Abuse, v.t.l
As substantive : The act of putting in. any
way to an improper use.
"... the abusing oi the tombs of my forefathers."
—Earl of Angus, quoted in Froude : Hist. Eng. (1858),
vol. iv., p. 399.
ar-bu'S-i-o, s. [Lat. (in rhetoric) = a false use
of words : abuto-r = to misuse.] A misuse of
words. The error in composition called by
the Greeks KaTdixpt}criv (katachresis), a term
adopted by modem logicians to signify the
substitution of a wrong for the right word in
any sentence ; as if one who killed his mother
were called a parricide instead of a matricide.
* a-bu'-|[ion, o. [Abusio.]
1. An error in doctrine, an inconsistency
in reasoning ; an incongruity. (0. Eng. & 0.
Scotch. )
" And certes that were an abusion
That God should have no perftte clere weting
More than we men." — Cliaucer : TroUus, bk. iv.
2. An error in practice, a sin, an abuse.
"... the vtter extii-pation of false doctrine, the
roote and chief cause of all abv^sions." — Udal : Pref. to
St. Mark.
3. A cheat, an illusion.
" For by these ugly formes weren portray'd
Foolish delights and fond abusioru
Which doe that sense besiege with light illusions.
Spenser : F. Q. ii. 11.
a-bu'S-ive, a. [In Fi\ ohusif; Lat. abusimis-=^
' misapplied.]
L Gen. : Put to a wrong use, piertaining to
the wrong use of anything.
"... both the things themselves and the ofeiwive use
of them may be branded with marks of God's dislike."
— Jeremy Taylor : Artificial Handsomeness, l>. 26.
IL Spec. :
(1) Of persons: Prone to use violent and in-
sulting language, or otherwise practise abuse.
"And most abusive calls himself my friend."
Pope : ProL to Satires, 112.
(2) Of the language used by them : Contain-
ing abuse, reproachful.
"Scurrilous abusive terms." — South: Sermons, viii.
200.
(3) Of words spolcen or luritten :
(a) Used wrongly, used in an improper
sense, misapplied.
" I am for distinction' sake necessitated to uee the
word Parliament improperly, according to the abusive
acception thereof for these latter years." — Puller :
Worthies of England, voL i., ch. xviiL
'^ (6) Deceitful, fraudulent.
'. . . whatsoever is gained by an aiws7>e treaty,
ought to be restored in integrum." — Bacon: Consid.
on War with Spain.
a-bu'S-ive-ly', adv. [Abusive.]
1. In au abusive manner; spec., with the
use of bad language.
*2. Applied to a word wmngly used.
". . , the oil abusively called spirit of roses. " —
Boyle : Sceptical Chemist.
a-bu's-ive-ness, s. [Abusive.] The quality
of being abusive.
Spec. :
1. Foulness of language.
"... he falls now to rave in his barbarous abusive-
ness."— Milton : CoZasterion.
* 2. Logical impropriety.
"... the abusiveness of evacuating all his [onr
Lord's] laborious and exi)ensive designs in acquirinc
us." — Barrow, ii. 328.
a-but', V. L [Fr. boutcr = to meet end to end ;
" fr. bmU = end : O. Fr. bot^r, baiter, houter = to
strike with the head as a ram or goat does ; to
butt] [Butt.]
Lit. : To have its end contiguous to, to
adjoin at the end ; but the more general signi-
fication is, to border upon, to be contiguous
to, without reference to the side which con-
stitutes the boundary line.
'■ The leafy shelter, that abuts against
The island's side. '—Sliakesp. : Pericles, v. I.
ab-ut'-il-on, s. [From if3uTt\ov (aJjutilo^.i),
said to be one of the names of the inulberr>'-
tree, which these plants resemble in leaf.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Mal-
vacete, or Mallow-worts. The species ai-e
annual or shrubby plants, generally with
handsome flowers, yellow or white, often
veined with red. Tliey have a five-carpelled
fiL'uit. A. escnlcntum is used in Brazil as a
f&te» f^t, fSire, amidst, wbat, fSll, father; we, -wet,, here, camel, ber, there; pine^ pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot»
or, wore, w^U; work, whd, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fall; try, Syrlaiir £e, oe = e; ey = a. qu = kw.
ACACIAS.
1. Acacia cvanophylla. 2 A fraffvans. 3. A. verticiUata. (These three plants arenativesof Australia, andareabout§natural size.)
4. Single floret (enlarf^edt of ^. cyanop}tylla. 5. Pod showing seeds (natural size), 5a, Scars of the blooms that fell off, not having
been rertilised. 6. Seed (enlarj^ed) : A, Whole seed; B, Seed with one side removed ; C, Seed edgeways, cut through.
abutment — acacia
25
vegetable. Several species are wild in India.
Two of them, A, Lidicurti and A. polyandruvi,
have fibres which may he twisted into ropes.
Other varieties, A. striatum, A. vawsum, A.
iTisigTie, &c., are oniamental garden or green-
house plants.
ar-'but'-ment, s. [Abut.] [In Fr. Mttcc or
" h^ute = a knoll, a hill.]
Arch. : The solid part of a pier, or wall, or
mound, against which an arch rests. The
abutments of a bridge are the strong erections
at either end for the support of the two ex-
tremities of tlie bridge.
1. Lit&rally:
"The abtUmettts of the floodgates are gtill exiptinp
between the hills through whicS it [the canal] passed. '
— Bryant : Annals of Anc. Mythol.
2. FigurcUwely :
"... famiBlnis, so to Bpeak, with chronological
a^mtments"— Strauss : Life qf Jesus, § 59, p. 415.
Macli. : A fixed point from which resistance
or reaction is obtained. In an ordinaiy
steam-engine this is alternately the two ends
of the cylinder ; and in a screw-press it is the
nut in the fixed head.
Carpentry: A joint in which two pieofs of
timber meet in such a manner that the fibres
of one piece run in a direction oblique or per-
pendicular to the joint, and those of the other
parallel with it.
Ji~but'-tal, s. [Abut.] [In O. Eng. hoteminncs,
from the same root, ai"e artificial hillocks de-
signed to mark boundaries.]
Gen. in the plural : The buttings or bound-
ings of land towards any point. (Properly,
the sides of a field are said to be adjoining to
and the ends abutting on the contiguous one,
but the distincLion is frequently disregarded.)
t a-but'-tal-ihg, s. [As if pr. par. from v.
abuttal.] ' The tracnig on a title-deed the
abuttals or boundaries of land.
"The naiiie and place of tlie thing gi'anted were
ordinarily expressed, as well before aa after the Con-
cmeBt ; but the particuliir manner of nbuttcUHng, with
the term itself, arose from the Normans."— Spernitrit ;
Ancient Deeds & Charters, ch. v.
Or-liut'-ter, ;>. [Abut.] That which abuts.
a -but'- ting, 'pr. 'par. & a. [Abut.] (1)
Bounding, constituting the limit or bound-
ary of land ; (2) butting with the forehead,
as a ram does. In the example which fol-
lows these two significations ai-e blended
together.
" Are now confined two mighty monarchies,
"Whose high upreared asiaabutting fronts
Tlie perilous, narrow ocean parts asunder."
Shakesp. : Henry V., Prologue.
Arch. Ahutting power is the power of re-
sistance to the horizontal thnist.
* a-buy', " ar-buyge'. [Abie (2).]
^b'-vdl-a>te, v.t. [Lat. ahvolatum, supine of
abvolo = to fly from.] To fly from.
sib-VOl-a'-tion, s. [Abvolate.] The act of
flying from.
^ ar-by' (1), * ar-bye' (i). [Abie (i).]
*a-by'(2), ■*a-bye'(2), '^a-bygge'. [Abie(2).]
■» Sr-bysm', s. [O. Fr. aiysine, now dbtme and
abyme.] An abyss.
"When my good stars, that were my former guides,
Have empty left their orbs, and shot their fires
Into the abysm of heU."
Sfiakesp. : Ant. aiui, Cloop., Ul. 11.
" In so profound abt/sm 1 throw nil care
Of others' voicce."— Shakesp. : Sonnets, cxiL
"'' Id the dark backward and abysm of time."
Shakesp. .■ Tempest, i. ;;.
ta-bysm'-al, a. [Abysm.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to an abyss.
"Far, far beneath ua the abysmal sen."
Tennyson: Kraken,
2. Fig. : Deep, profound.
" V/ith abysmal tevToi."— Merivale': Hist. Jiom., v.
a-bysm'-ing, t*. Overwhelming.
these aiysming depths."— iS*/- K. Mgby.
a-b^SS', s. [In Fr. abime ; Ital. abisso ; Lat.
" (dnjss-iis : Gr. a/Jucra-os (aBfissos) = bottomless :
a, privative ; and (Suo-ffd?, the same as fivdog
(buthos) = the depth, the sea, the bottom.]
H The English word abyss seems to have
been but recently introduced into the lan-
guage, for Jackson, in liis Coimnentaries on
the Creed, b. xi., c. 19, § 6, says, "This is a
depth or abyssus which may not be dived into."
(See Trench, On soTiie Deficiencies in our Eng-
lish Di-ctionaries, p. 27.)
Essential 'meaning: That which is so deep
as to be really bottomless, or to be frequently
conceived of as if it were so.
Specially :
L Lit. : A vast physical depth, chasm, or
gulf : e.g., depth of the sea, primeval chaos,
infinite space, Hades, hell, &c.
" Thou from the first
"Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread,
Dove-lite, sat'st brooding on the vast abyss."
Milton : Par. Lost, bk. i,
" Deep to the dark a^yss might he descend,
Troy yet ahotild floui'ish, and my boitows end."
Pope : JJomer's Jliad, bk. vi. Za4r5.
IL Figuratively :
1. Infinite time, conceived of as if it were
a bottomless deptli.
" For sepulchres themselves must crumbling fall
In time's abyss, the common gi-ave of all."
Dryden: Juvcn.
2. A vast intellectual depth.
" Some of them laboured to fathom the abysses of
metaphysical theology." — Macautay : Hist. £ng., ch.
ill
3. A vast moral depth, e.g., sin; or emo-
tional depth, e.g., sorrow.
" Acknc .vicdping a grace in this,
A comiort ni the dark abyss."
Wordsworth : While Doe of Rylstone, ii.
TIT, Technically :
Classic Archmol. : The temple of Proserpine.
The reason why it was called the abyss was
that it contained within it an immense quan-
tity of gold and other precious material, some
of it buried underground.
Her. : The centre of an escutcheon. To bear
a Jleur de lis in abyss = to have it placed in
the middle of the shield free from any other
bearing.
Alchemy: (1) The immediate receptacle of
seminal matter, or (2) the first matter itriudf.
a-byss'-al, a. [Abyss.] Pertaining to an
abyss of* any kind.
Ab-yss-in'-i-an, a. [From Eng. Abyssinia.]
Pertaining (l)to the country of Abyssinia, or
(•I) to the Abyssinian Church or religious
tenets.
Abyssinian gold, s. Also called Talmi
gold.
1. A yellow metal made of 20'74 parts of
copper and 8"33 of zinc, the whole plated with
a small quantity of gold.
2. Aluminium bronze.
Ab-yss-in'-i-ans, s. [In Arab. Habashon =
Abyssinians, fr. habaslia =. to collect or con-
gregate.]
1. The people of Abyssinia.
2. A sect of Christians consisting chiefly of
the dominant i"ace in the country from which
the name is derived. The Monophysites, or
those who believe that Christ possessed but
one nature, are divided into two leading com-
munions— the Copts and the Abyssinians.
The Abyssinians look up to the Alexandrian
patriarch as their spiritual father, and allow
him to nominate over them an ecclesiastical
ruler called Abuna. [Abuna.] The doctrines
of the Abyssinians are the same as those of
the Coptic church, but several peculiar rites
are observed. The oldest churches ai'e hewn
out of the rock. Like the Greeks, the Abys-
sinians do not tolerate statues, but paintings
are numerous.
* a-byss'-us. [Abyss. ]
^ab'-yt, s. [An old spelling of Habit.]
Raiment, dress, apparel.
" In abyt ma^d with chastitii and schame
Ye wommeu schuldapparayl you."
Chaucer : C. T , 5,924.
A.C., in Chronology, is ambiguous. It may
stand (1) for Ante Christum ^heiore Christ;
or (2) for Anno Christi = in the year of Christ,
i.e., in the year of the Cln-istian era; or (3),
for After Christ, as B.C. stands for Before
Christ. It should not be used without an
explanation of the sense in whicli it is to be
taken.
*ac, conj. [A.S. ac.] But, and, also.
ac III composition.
A. As a prefix :
L In Anglo-Saxon proper names. [A.S. ac,
aac = an oak.] An oak, as ^cton = oak to^vn.
In this sense it is sometimes varied, as ak or
kOcc. [Ak.]
IL In words from the Latin :
1. Most eommonly as a euphonious change
for ad: as accomnwdatc, fr. accommodo ^ cul-
commodo = to fit to.
2. Sometimes from an obsolete root =
sharp ; as in acid, acrid, itc.
B, As a sii.ffix (Gr.) —
(1.) To adjerficcs : Pertaining to, having the
property or the energy of, tliat can or may ;
hence, that does : as ammoniac = having the
energy of ammonia.
(2.) To substantives : One who or that which
has or does : as maniac = one who has mania ;
polemoG = one who makes war.
a-cac'-a-lis, s. [Gr. aaaKaXi^ (akalcalis) :^
the white tamarisk.]
Fhar.: A name given by some authors to
the wild carob.
a-cac'-a-lot, or S,c'-a-lot, s. [Mejacau.]
An American bird, ihe'Tantalus Mcxicanus of
Gmelin.
a-ca'-ci-a (5 as sh), *•. [In Ger. akazic ; Fr.,
' Lat., and' Sp. acacia=(l) the acacia-tree^ (2)
the gum ; Gr. axaKia (akakia), fr. olk^ (ake) =
a point or edge.]
1 1. The Acacia vera, or true acacia of the
ancients ; probably the Acacia Nilotica, the
Egyptian thoni.
branch of ACACrA ARABICA.
2. /?('/. ; A gi'.nus of plants belonging to the
Mimnsie, one of the leading divisions of the
great Leguminous order of plants. They
abound in Australia, in India, in Africa,
tropical America, and generally in the hotter
regions of the world. Nearly 300 species are
known from Australia alone. They are
easily cultivated in greenhouses, where they
flower for the most part in winter or early
spring. The type is perhaps the Acacia
Arahica, or gunt-tu-abic tree, common in India
and Arabia It looks very beautiful with its
graceful doubly pinnate leaves, and its heads
of flowei's like little velvety pellets of bright
gamboge hue. It is the species referred to by
Moore :
(a) Literally :
" Our rocks are rough, but smiling there
Th' acacia waves her yellow liair,
Lonely and sweet, nor loved the less
For flowering in a wilderness."
Moore : LaUa Jtoo/ch {Light qf the Saram).
(6) Figuratively :
Other species than the A. Arabica produce
gum-arabic. That of the shops is mostly
derived from the A. vera, a stunted species
growing in the Atlas mountains and other
parts of Africa. [Gum.] A. Verek and A.
Adanso}iii yield gum Senegal. [Gum.] A.
t'atecTtu furnishes catechu. [Catechu.] Other
species contain tannin, and are used in
tanning. Others yield excellent timber. The
pods of A. conciiina are used in India forwash-
ing the head, and its acid leaves are employed
' in cooker}'. The bark of A. Arabica is a
powerful tonic; that of A. ferruginea and
A. leucophcca, with jagghery water superadded,
yields an intoxicating liquor. The fragrant
flowers of ^. Farncsiana, when distiUed, pro-
duce a delicious perfume.
3. Th^ Acacia of English gardens: The
Eobinia pseudo-Acada, a papilionaceous tree,
with unequally pinnate leaves, brought from
North America, where it is called the Locust-
tree.
4. Phar. : (1) The inspissated juice of the
unripe fruit of the Mimosa Niloti-ca. It is
brought from Egypt in roundish masses
wrapped up in thin bladders. The people of
that coiuitry use it in spitting of blood, in
b^l, b6^; p6^t, J6^1; cat» 96!!, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-oian, -tian = shan. -tion« -sion = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tioua, -cious, -»oas - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, deL
26
acacise— acalepban
quinsy, and in weakness of the i-'yes. (2)
Gmn arable. (3) Germav ocnria : The juice of
unripe sloes inspissated. (4) Acacice fores :
The hlossoms of the sloe.
aco^cia^gum, s. [Acacia]
acacia-tree, ;>. [ acacia. ]
acacia leaves, s. [Acacia]
" To obtain the acaeia leavoa they crawl up tlie lew,
stunted trees."— Darwhi : Voyage round the World,
cli. xvii.
Bastard Acacia, or Fal^e Aoa:ia : Rohihla
pseudo-Acacia. [ A.cm ;ia. ]
Rose Acacia: Fiohinia liis-pid".
a-ca'-ci-se, s. -ph
Bot. : The third tribe of the sub-order
Mimosffi.
A-ca'-9ians, s. pi [Fmm Acocixs ]
Cli. nist": The name of several Christian
sects.
1. Two sects called after Acacius, Bisliop of
Ca-sarea, who flourished bi.'t\vpen A.D. 340
and A.D. 3(5(5, and wavering between ortho-
doxy and Ariaiiism, was the head first of the
one party and then of the other.
2. A sect which derived its name from
Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople from
A.D. 471 to A.D. 48S. He acted in a concilia-
tory way to the JMonophysites, and was in
con'sequence deemed a heretic by the Roman
pontilf and the Western Church, who ulti-
mately succeeded in obtaining the erasement
of liis name from the sacred registers
a-ca'-^in, s. [Acacia.] Gum-arabic.
a-ca'-ci-o, s. [Prob. a corruption of Fr.
" acajou (q.v.).] A heavy wood of a red colour,
resembling mahogany, but darker. It is
prized in ship-buikling. [Savico.]
* ac'-a-cy, s. [Gr. asaKta (a/,-(vA/a) = guile-
lessn'ess ; fr. dKaKo<t (aA:c'7jos) = unknowing of
\\\, without malict : a. priv. ; kokoc (/a'/.-ot;) =
bad. ] Without malice,
t ac-a-de'nie, s. Poet, form of Academy.
1. The Academy of Athens.
" See there the olive-grove of Amd^-Die.
Plato s retirement."— J/(7f 0)1 Par K-;gained.
2. Any academy.
"... the hoolcs, the academes
From whence doth spring the true Promethean fire,"
Shakesp.: Love's Labour. 'i Lost, iv 0.
" Our court shall he a little academe.
Still and contemplative iii living !irts."
Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, i. 1.
ac-a-de'-mi-al, a. [ Academ v. ] Pertaining
to an academy.
ac-a^de'-mi-an, s. [Academy.] A member
of *an academy, a student in a college or uni-
versity.
" That now discarded academian."
Marston : Scourge of i'iUany, ii. 6.
ac-a-dem'-ic, a. k s. [In Fr. aeodemique ;
Sp. and Ital. acvodemlco ; Lat. aaah-micus.}
[Academy.]
1. ^s adjective :
1. Pertaining to the Academical School of
Philosophy.
"... lost himself in the mazes of the old Academic
lAilloao-phy "—Maca Ida,'/ : Hist. L'n:/ , ch. xxi
The Academic Philosophy was that taught by
Platfi in the "Academy" at Athens. [Aca-
demy.] It was idealist' as opposed to realist,
materialist, or sensationist, Plato believed
in an intelligent First Cause, the author of
spiritual being and of the material world, to
whom he ascribed every peifectiou. He
greatly commended virtue, and held the pre-
existence and the immortality uf the immate-
rial part of our nature. No ancient philosophy
so readily blended with Christianity as that of
Plato.
2. Pert-aining to a high school, college, or
university.
" Hither, in pride of manhood, he withdrew
From acadeinic bowers."
Wo^'dsivorth : Exc , hk. v,
IL As s^t'bstantive :
1. A person belonging to the academy or
school of Plato, or adhering to the Academic
Philosophy. The academics were separated
at length into old, middle, and new. The
first followed the teaching of Plato and his
immediate successors ; the second that of
Arresilaus ; and the third that of Carneades.
" Of Academics, old and new."
Milton : Par. Heg , bk. iv.
2. The member of an academy, college, or
university.
ac-a-dem'-i-cal, u. & s. [Academy.]
A. ^s adj. : The same as Academic (q.v.).
B. As subst. (PL): An academical dress; 3
cap and gown.
ac-a-dem'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Academic, a.\
In'an academic "manner.
"These doctrines I propose academically/, and for
experiment'H aake."— Cabalistic Dial. (1682), p. 1-.
a-cad-e-mi'-cian, s. [Fr. acadSmicien.] A
' person belonging to an academy, i.e., to an
association designed for the promotion of
science, literature, or art.
" Within the last century academi'dans of St.
Petei^burg and good naturalists have described . . .
—Owen on the Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 67.
Royal Academicians, of whom, excluding
Honorary Retired and Honorary Foreign
Members, there are forty-two, are members of
the Royal Academy, and constitute the elite of
British painters.
^ The word academician is frequently used
also to designate a member of the celebrated
French Academy or Institute, established by
Cardinal Richelieu in 1635, for fixing and
polishing the French language. [Academy.]
acad^mre (pron. ac-a-da'-miX s. [Fr.] An
academy. [Academy.*]
"... for that sound
Hu.^h'd 'Academic' sigh'd in silent awe,"
Byron : Beppo, xxxu.
a-cad'-em-ism, s. [Academy,] The tenets
' of the Academic Philosophy.
" This is the great princti>le of academism and
scepticism, that truth cannot lie preserved."— fiaa;te7-.
Enquiry into A'ature of the Soul, ii 275.
t a-cad -em-ist, s. [Academy.] A member
of an academy.
" It is observed by the Parisian academists th^t
some amphibious quadruped, particularly the sea-
calf or seal, hath his epiglottis extraordmarily large. '
—Bay on the Crcat'ion.
ac-a-de'-miis, s. [Nut classical in Latin,
except as a proper name. An academy, in
Latin, is academia, and in Greek aKa6i]fxeia
(iil-adnneia).] [Academy.]
1. The academy where Plato taught.
2. Any academy of the modern typf-
" My man of morals, nurtured in the shades
Of A cadcm.us — is this false or true ? "
Cowper • Task, book ii.
a-cad.'-e-my, ■?. [In Ger. akademie ; Fr.
academic ; Sp. academia; Ital. o.ccade'mia;
Lat. acadeviia; Gr. aKadijueta (akademeia) =
the gymnasium in the suburbs of Athens
in which Plato taught, and so called after a
hero, l>y name Academus, to whom it was
said to iiave originally belonged.]
I. The gymnasium just described, which
was about 'three quarters of a mile from
Athens, and at last was beautifully adorned
with groves and walks, shaded by umbrageous
trees. The spot is still called Academia. For
the doctrines there taught, see Academic
Philosophy
" But for the Stoa, the Academy, or the Peripaton,
to own such a paradox, this, as the apo-jtle says, was
without excuse. —SoMWi .■ Sermons, li. 245.
II. A high school designed for the technical
or other instruction of those who have already
acquired the rudiments of knowledge ; also a
university.
1. Ancient : There were two public aca-
demies: one at Rome, founded by Adrian, in
■which all the sciences were taught, but espe-
cially jurisprudence ; the other at Berj'tus, in
Phcenicia, in which jurists were principally
educated. (Mnrdock : Mosheim's Ch. Hist.,
Crnt. II.. pt ii.)
2. M Oder 71 : e.g.. the Royal Military Aca-
demy at Woolwich. Sometimes used also for
a jirivate schoul
III. A society or an association of artists
linkeil together for the promotion of art, or of
scientific men similarly united for the ad-
vancement of science, or of persons united for
any more or less analogous object. Thus the
French possess the celebrated Academy or
Institute, established by Cardinal Richelieu in
l(;;^'i, for fixing and polishing the Fi'ench lan-
guage. In our own country are the Royal
Academy of Arts [Academician], the Royal
Academy of Music, the British Academy for
tlie Promotion of Historical, Philosophical,
and Philological Studies, &c. The use of the
word academy, ditfeieiit from the ancient one,
is believed to have arisen first in Italy at the
revival of letters in the fifteenth century.
rV. The building where the pupils of a
high school meet, or where such an associa-
tion for the promotion of science and art c^
those just mentioned is held ; e.g., "Y^^-^^'
emy, which was one of the ornaments ot the
town, caught fire, and was in danger of bemg
burnt down."
a-ca'-di-al-ite, s. [Named from Acadia., the
' Latin form of Acadic, the old French name
for Nova Scotia.] A mineral, simply reddish
ehabazite. [Chaeazite.]
a-cse'-na, s. [Gr. hKatva (akaina) = a. thorn,
' prick, or goad : olk^ (ake) = a point, an edge.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order San-
guisorbaceee, or Sanguisorbs, The species are
small herbs, often with woody stems, un-
equally jjinnate leaves, and small white or
purple flowers. They are found in South
America, Australia, &c. A. ovina, an Aus-
tralian or Tasmanian weed, has a bristly fmit,
which sticks to sheep and to clothes. A
decoction of A. sanguisorba, the Piri Piri of
New Zealand, is there used as tea and as a
medicine.
ac'-a-jou (j as zh), s. [Fr. acajou.]
1" A name given to the cashew nut-tree
(Anacardiirm occidentale), and to a gummy
substance derived from it.
2. A gum and resin obtained from the
mahogany- tree.
-' a-cal'-di-en» v.i. & v.t. (pa. imr. accolded).
[A.S. accaldian ; O, H. Ger. escalten.] v.i. To
grow cold. v.t. To make cold. (Stratmann.)
^ a-ca'-len, v.i. To grow cold. (Straimann.)
ac'-a-leph, or ac'-a-lephe, s A member
of the class Acalephae. [Acalepile.]
"... the vascular system of the BeroKonn^ca-
lephs." — T Bymer Jones : Qen, OtUline, &c., ch. vL
■' . . . a (probably larval} acalephe, one inch in
diameter."— Pro/. Owen: Led. on Comparative Ana-
tomy, p. 178.
a-cal'-epll-a, generally written in the plur.
' acalepll0e'(q.v.). Sometimes also the word
acalepha is used as a p)lural. (See Griffith's
Cuv., vol. xii.)
a-csal'-epli-3e, or ac-a-le-phsB»5. pi [Gr.
' a.Ka.Kfi<pt) (akalephe) = a. nettle ; so called from
the property some of them have of imparting,
when touched, a sensation, like the sting of
a nettle.] The third class of the Radiata,
Cuvier's fourth sub-kingdom of animals. In
Enghsh they are called Sea-nettles. They were
ACALEPH. (RHIZOSTOMA CUVIERI.)
defined as zoophytes which rwim in the sea,
aud in the organisation of which some vessels
are perceived which are most frequently only
productions of the intestines, hollowed in the
parenchyma of the body. They were divided
into Acaleplice simpHces and A. hydrostaticce :
the first contained the genera Medusa,
iEquorea, &g. ; and the latter, Physalia,
Diphyes, and others. They are now combined
with the hydroid polypes to form the class
Hydrozoa. They fall under Huxley's Sipliono-
phora, Discophora, and probably a third as
yet mmamed order, to contain the animals
called by Haeckel TrachymediLSO}. Of Aca-
lepha may be mentioned the genus Medusa,
of which the species on op,r coasts are called
"jelly-fish." from their jelly-like aspect ; and
the Physalia, or Portuguese man-of-war, which
is common in more southern latitudes.
a-cal'-eph-an, s. [Acaleph.] Any species
of the class Acalepha; (q.v.).
"... a new genus of Acalephan "—Owen ■ Lect.
art Invert. Ani')n., p. Ill,
fEte, fat, f^e, amidst, what. fall, father ; we. wet. here, camel, her, there ; pine. pit. sire, sir. marine ; go, pot*
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Sjrrian. se, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
acalephoid— acanthurus
27
a-cal'-eph-pld« a. [Gr. iKa\^</>Ti (akaUplie) =
a nettle; ^Hov (eidos) = form. ] Resembling
one of the Acalephse. {Gloss, to Owen's Led.
oil Invert. AnimoJs.)
ac'-a-lot. [ AcACALOT. ]
a-c3.1'-y-9ine, a-cal'-y-5in-ous, u. [a,
priv. ; calyelne, fr. ^"hjr (q.v.).]
Bot. : Destitute of a caljTc.
a-cal'-ypll-a, s. [Gr. aaaXtj^ ■ (okalejihe) = a
'nettle.] Three-sided Mercury. . genus of
plants belonging to the order EuphorbiaceEe,
or Spnrge-worts. The species, which are
found in the warmer parts of the world,
especially in South America, are stinging
nettle-like plants of no beauty. More than
100 are known. A. nrfw-a is the extinct string-
wood of St. Helena; A. JniJica, or Cvpameni,
an Indian plant, has leaves a decoction of
which are laxative, and a root which, when
bruised iu hot water, has cathartic properties.
% The word was originally (n-ulepho,, but it
appears to have been altered to acalypha, to
distinguish it from araki/ha = a class of ra-
diated animals. [Acaleph.c.]
&C-a-l^h'-e-ra. [Acalypha.]
Bot. : A section, tribe, or family of the order
Euphorbiaceffi, or Spurge-worts. "
a-c3.in'-a-t6s, a. [Gr. i, pnv. ; Ka/ivta (kamnn)
= to work one's self wear>'. ]
Anat. : That disposition of a limb which is
equally distant from flexion and distension.
ac-a-na'-^e-oiis, a. [Gr. a«avop (ainii.os) = a
kind of thistle. [Ar'ANTHAHEors.]
Bot. : Armed witli piickles. Applied to a
class of plants that are ])rickly, and bear
their flowers and seeds on a head.
"^ a-can'-gen, r. i. To become mad (?). {.^trat-
raann.)
ar-ca'-nor, s. [Perhaps annthiT .spelling nf
Athanor.] a particular kind of chemi(;il
furnace. [Athanor. ]
a.-c3.n'-tlia, s. [Gr. t^KavOa (<'l:aiitlw) = ^
spine or thorn : aKtj {'ilJ') = a pi'iut or edge.]
L Iih Composiiion :
1. Bot. : A thorn.
2. Zoology': The spine of ^ fish, of a sea-
urchin, &c.
II. As a distinct T'ord :
Anat. : The s/i/Ka doni = the hard posterior
protuberances uf the spine of the bark.
* a-C^n-thab-Ol-US, f. [Gr. uKavOa ("ln»-
iha)=a spine or thont ; fidWu) (hullo) ^= to
throw. ]
Old Surg.: An instrument called also vnl-
sella, for extracting tish-bones when they stick
in the oesophagus, or fraginents of weaimns
from wounds.
a-c^n-tha'-9e-aQ (R. Brown, Lindley. &c.),
a-c;an'-thi (Jussien), *; [Lat. oca n thus.]
[Acanthus,] Acanthads. An order of mono-
petalous exogens, with '■'vo stamina ; or if
there are four, then they art. ''idynamous. The
ovary is two-celled, witli haid, often hooked
acanthaceous plant.
placentse, and has from one or two to many
seeds. There are often large leafy bracts. The
Acanthaceffi are mostly tropical plants, many
of them being Indian. They have both a
resemblance and an affinity to the Scrophu-
lariacese of this country, but are distinguish-
able at once by being prickly and spinous.
In 1846 Lindley estimated the known species
at 750, but it is believed that as many as
1,500 arc now in herbariunts. The acanthus,
so well known in architectural sculpture, is
the type of the o:<ier. [Aca-nthus.]
The Acanthac-,£e are divided into the fol-
lowing sections, tribes, or families : — 1, Thun-
bergieae ; 2, Nelsoniese ; 3, Hygrophilese ; 4,
Kuellieae ; 5, Barleriete ; 6, Acanthete ; 7,
Aphelandrea ; 8, Gendarusseae ; y, Eran-
themese ; 10, Dicleptereae ; and 11, Audro-
graphideae.
a^can-tha'-5e-OUS, a. [Acanthus.] (1) Per-
taining to one of the Acanthaceae ; (2) more
or less closely resembling the acanthus ; (3)
pertaining to prickly plants in general.
g,-caii'-the-0e, -s. pi. [Acanthus.]
Bot. : A section of the order Acanthacece
(q.v.).
a^caii'-thi-a, s. [Gr. aicavOa (akantha) = a
spine or thorn.] A genus of hemipterous
insects. The species i-onsist of bugs v/itli
spinous thoraxes, whence the generic name.
Several occur iu Britain.
a-can'-tlii-as, s. [Gr. aKav6ia'; {oJcanthias) =
(1) a prickly thing ; (2) a kind of shark. ] A
genus of fishes belonging to the family Squa-
lidte. It contains the picked dog-fish (^. vv!-
gar'..<), so much detested by fishermen.
* a-cantll'-i-^e, s. [Lat. Acanthice TiiasticJie ;
Xjv. n-KuvBiKt] fiaarixn (alcanthifce mastiche) ;
aKavBiKo^ (akonthilcos) = thorny.] [Acanthus.]
The nann^ given by the ancient naturalists to
gum mastick. [Gum.]
a-can-thi-i-dse, s. pi. [Ai-antuia.] A
family of hemipterous insects. The typical
genus is Acantliia (q.v.).
a-c^nth'-ine, a. [Lat. acantJdnus ; Gr.
a-Kavdivo^ {alcanihinos).] [Acanthus.] Per-
taining to the acanthus plant.
* Aconthine garments of the ancients : Pro-
bably garments made of the inni.'V bark of the
acanthus.
* Acanthi )ie gum : Gum-arabic.
* Acanthin-e wood : Brazilian wciod.
a-canth-ite, s. [In Gcr. akoufhit. From
* Gr. duavOa (aka,ntha)=a thorn; suff. -Ite ;
fr. Gr. XiOot (lithos)=^u stone.] A mineral
classed by Dana under his Chalcocite group.
Comp., AgS. It has about 86 "71 of silver
and 12 "70 of snlphui' It is orthorhombic ;
the crystals are generally prisms with slender
points. Hardness, 2 "5 or less. Sp. gr., 7'16
to 7-o3. Lustre, metallic. Colour, iron-
black. Sectlle. Found at New Friburg, in
Siixony.
a-canth-o-^eph'-ar-la, and a-canth-o-
9epll'-a-lan^, S. _ [Gr. anavOa (akruithi')
— a thorn; Ke<pa\r] (kepJiale) = tlif hoiid-J
Worms liaving spinous heads. An order of
intestinal worms, containing the most noxious
of the whole Entozoa. There is but one genus,
Echinorhynchus, [Echinorhvnchus.]
a-canth-d'-def, s. [Gr. aKav9wSnv (nkan-
t/wdes) = full of thorns : iiKavfia (akantha) —
a thorn, prickle.] The typical genus of the
family of fossil fishes called Acanthodirly--
[ACANTHODID-E ] A. MitcJtclU OCCUTS ill the
lower part of Old Red Sandstone of Scotland,
and other Scotch species in the middle Old
Red. The genus has representatives also in
the Carboniferous rocks on to the Pennian.
It appears to have inhabited fresh wat-er.
3.'Can-thdd'-i'd9e, or a-canth-6'-di-i, s.
[AcANTHODES.l A fauiily'of fossil fishes placed
by Professor Miiller In his first sub-order of
Ganoidians, the Holostea, or those with a per-
fect bony skeleton, &c., ranked by Professor
Owen as the second family of his Lepido-
ganoidei, a sub-order of Ganoidean fishes.
They had heterocercal tails. They occur in
the Old Red Sandstone, Carboniferous, and
Permian rocks. [Acanthodes.]
a-C^-ith r -li'-mon, s. [Gr. aKavea(akai'tho)
= a ^noru ; X€ifj.wv(lehno}i) = a meadow; any-
thing bright or flowerj'.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order PlumbaginaceEe, or
Leadworts. About forty species are kno^vn
from Persia, Asia Minor, and Greece. A.
gluvmceiim is a pretty plant, with pink
flowers and white calyx, occasionally culti-
vated in garden rockeries.
a-can-tho-me-tri'-na, *■. [Gr. aKavBa(okrni'
tha) = a thorn, a prickle ; /xerpto? (rfietrios) —
within measure, moderate.]
Zool. : A family of Radiolarian Rhizopods.
Haeckel eninnerates sixty-eight genera and
150 species. They are found in the Mediter-
ranean, the Adriatic, and the North Sea. They
form beautiful mieroscoine object^-
a-canth'-oph-is, s. [Gr. 'aKav9a (akantJia) —
a thorn ; 69)1? (opiris) = a snake.] A genus of
snakes belonging to the family Viperida' It
contains the Australian Death-adder or DiMth-
■^dper, A. aidarctko..
a-caiith'-6p-6d» ? [Gr. uicai-^a {iiiifvtiuf)=.
a thorn, a spine ; ttowc (j)on<), genit. 7ro6c>c
(j)odos) = foot. ]
1. iToo?. ; Any animal with spiny feet
2, S}if'\ : A member of the coleopteroua
tribe Acanthopoda. [Acanthopoda.]
a-canth-op'-od-a, 5. [Gr. txKavBa (oko-ntJia)
= a thorn, a spine ; orotic (pons), genit. Troid?
(podos) = foot.] A tribe of clavicorn beetles,
having, as their name imports, spiny feet. The
Acanthopoda include only one genus, Hetero-
cerus, the species of which frequent the bor-
ders of marshes, digging holes to conceal
tliemselves, but speedily issuing forth if the
earth about them be disturbed.
a-canth-op -ter-a, a^canth-op'-ter-i,
s. [Gr. uKai-^a (ato»^/m) = athorn, ajjrickle ;
aKrj (ri.kc) = a. point; Trrepov (pteron) = n. fea-
ther, a wing, or anything like a wing, e.g.,
a fiu ; ■7n4a6at (ptf^thai), infin. of irtTufxui
(petomai) = to fly.]
Ichthy. : The fourth sub-order of Professor
Miiller's order Teleostea. It contains those
fishes of Cuvier's Acanthopterygii, or spiny-
finnetl fishes, which have the inferior pharyn-
geal bones distinctly separated. Professor
Owen places under it two sub-orders, the
Ctenoidei and Cycloidei It is divided into
the famihes Aulostoraidge, Triglida?, Percoidfc,
Trachinidffi, MuUidae, SpliyiienidEe. Sci;enidLi\
Sparidte, Chsetodontida;. ']'eutl)id;i\ Scombe-
ridse, Siphiidee, Corj'phaenida?, Notaoanthida*,
Cepolidte, Mugilidje, Anabatida% (iolt('iil;e,
Bleniidae, and Lophiid:i?. (See thosi' words )
a-canth-6p'-ter-i. [Acanthi iPTKnA ]
a-cantU-op-ter-yg -i-an, a. &s. [i\< anth-
opterygh 1
As Kiijci-tive : Pertaining to lishes of Cuvier's
order Araiithopterygii.
"... he fCuvier] called those AcantJiopteri/if/an
which had the fin-rayi> 01 aome of the .anterior oiit'H iu
the form of simple unjoiiited and unltraiiclied Iwiir
spines, "—Pro/. Owen .- Lecf. on Comp. Anat of t'erteO.
As suhsto.ntive : A fish belonging to Cuvkt's
order Acanthopterygii (q.v.).
". , . iaiAth.:\.ti\).e Acantlioi>tpr}iijiaiT;, constituting
three-fourths of .ill tht- known Mpectes of flsh, are Jtlao
the tyi)e niot-t perfecti'd by Nature, .lud most homoge-
neous in all the v,T.ri.i.tioti« it hat received." — Uriffiih.-,'
fiirh-r, vol. X , 11. la
a-canth-6p-ter-yg i-i, s. [Gr. aKavBa
{>>ktn,lh<i)=a spine; Trrtpuf (;^^'/'/( r) — (1) the
wing of a bird. (2) the fin of a (isli CaU"il
also AcANTHopTERi and Ai'anthoptera :
TTTcpdv (j^tcron) = a wing, a feather.]
1. In Cuvier's classification, a laixe order of
fishes placed at the head of the class, as beiii"^
in most respects its most highly organised
representatives. They have the lirst portion
of the dorsal fin, if there is but one, sup-
ported by spinal rays ; if there are two, then the
whole of the anterior one consists of spinous
rays. The anal fin has also some spinous rrtys,
and the ventrals one. The order contains
about three-fourths of all the known sjiceies
of fishes. Cuvier included under it fifteen
families, and Dr. Gunther makes it consist of
five great groups, the first containing forty-
eight families or sub-families, and the second,
third, fourth, and fifth, one each. It is the
same as Acanthopteri. [AcANTnoi*TERi.]
2. In the system of Miiller, a t^ioup of
fishes belonging to the sub-order Pharyugo-
gnatha. It contains the families Chroinid;e,
PomacentridEe, and Labridaj.
a-canth-op-ter-y&'-i-ous, f. [Gr aKavda
(akantho) = a thorn; -mepiifiov (jitcrngi\iii):=
(1) a little wing, (2) a fin, dimin. of -iTTepv^
(pt€ni3) = a wing or flu.] Pertaining to tlie
Acanthoiiterygii.
a-canth-iir'-us, '. [Gr. uKavOa (nkonth(') =
a thorn; ot-pa (niira)=. tail.] A geiuis of
fishes belonging to the family Teutliiili.l.i-.
The A. chh-urgus of the West Indies is called
the surgeon-fish, because it extracts blooil
from the hands of those who, in handling it,
forget that it has a sxiine in its tail.
b^l, b^; po^t, j6^1; cat, ^eU, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon. exist, -iiif;.
-cian. -tian = 3han. -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion, -sion — zhun. -tious. -cious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die. &<- =b9l, d^i.
28
acanthus— accelerate
a-cS,nth'-us, s. [In Fr. acanthe ; Sp. & Ital.
acanto ; Lat. acanthus ; Gr. &Kaviioi (flkanthos),
tc. aKa.vQa{alca-nt'ha)=.a. thorn, because many
of the species are spinous. Virgil confounds
two plants under the name acanthus. One is
either the acanthus of modem hotanists (see
No. 1), or the holly ; the other is an acacia.
The acanthus of Theophrastus was also an
acacia, and probably the Ardbica.] [See
Acacia.]
1. A genus of plants, the typical one of the
order AcanthaceEe, or Acanthads. In English
it is inelegantly termed Bear's-breech, or more
euphoniously, brank ursine. There are several
species. Most have a single herbaceous stalk
of some height, thick, great pinnatifid leaves,
and the flowers in terminal spikes.
" . . . on either side
AcoTtthiis, and each odoroua bushy ehrab,
Fenced up the verdant walL"
Milton : Par. Lost, bk. Iv.
2. Arch. : The imitation, in the capitals of
the Corinthian and Composite orders, of the
ACANTHUS IN AECHITEOTURE, AND ITS
PROBABLE ORIGIN.
leaves of a species of Acanthus, the A.
spinosus, which is found in Greece. The
acanthus ilrst copied is supposed to have
been growing around a flower-pot ; and the
merit of adopting the suggestion thus afforded
for the ornamentation of the capital of a
pillar is attributed to Callimaehus. Another
species, the A. mollis, grows in Italy, Spain,
ACANTHUS MOLLIS,
and the south of France. Both are cultivated
in Britain.
1 In composition, as :
acantlms-leaf, s.
" Accmthiu-leaves the maxble hld»
They once adorned in cmlptured pride."
Bemaru : Widow (/ CretcerUiut.
acanthus-wreatli, s.
" To watch the emerald-coloured water falling
Thro" many a woven acanthus^wreath divine 1 "
Tennyson: Lotut-eatert ; Chorio Sor^.
^-c5ja-ti-c6ne,a-cS.n'-ti-cdii-ite, s. [Gr.
(1) cLKTj (ake) = a point, an edge, (2) avri (anti)
= opposite ; Kffivos (lco7ws) = a cone.]
Min. : Pistacite. [Pistacite.]
2&C'-a-n'd,S, s. [Gr. oKavoi; (akanos'} = a thorn,
prickle.] A genus of fossil fishes, belonging
to the family Percoidese. It was founded by
Agassiz. The species are found in schists at
Glaris in Switzerland.
a car-pel'-la, al'-la ca-pel'-la. [ital. a,
alia = . . . "according to ; capella = chapeL
As is done in the Sistine Chapel at Rome,
viz., without instrumental accompaniment to
the vocal music. ]
1. In the church style; i.e., vocal music
without instrumental accompaniment.
2. Church music in a chapel time, i.e., two
or four minims in each bar. (Stainer and
Barrett.)
a-car'-dl-SiC, a. [Gr. a, priv. ; and KapSia
' (fcardia) = the heart.] Without a heart ; desti-
tute of a heart.
"... in the acardiac iaitXi&."—Todd and Bowman :
rhys. ATiat., iL 872.
a-car'-i-dse, s. pi. [Gr. 'dKapi (alcari) = a
* mite or tick.] True mites. A family of spiders,
the typical one of the order Acarina, It con-
tains the genera Acarus, Sarcoptes, &c.
a-car'-xd-an, s. An animal of the family
* AcaridEe, or at least of the order Acarina.
a-car'-i-des, 3iC-ar-i'-na, s. [Gr. aKopi
' (akari) = a mite, a' tick ] The second order
of the Trachearian sub-class of Spiders. It is
also called Monomerosomata. It contains
the families LtnguatulidEe, Simoneidse, Macro-
biotidge, AcaridEe, Ixodidse, Hydrachnidse,
Oribatidge, Bdellidse, and Trombidiidse. [See
AcARus.] The young of most species have at
first birth six legs, to which another pair is
added on their first moulting.
SiC-ar-i'-na. [ Acarides. ]
a-car'-it-^^, s. pi. In Cuvier's classification,
a tribe of spiders, the second of the division or
sub-order Holetra,
A-car'-nar, s. An obsolete or erroneous
' spelling of Achernar (q.v.).
ac'-ar-r6id resin, or Resin of Botany Bay
(CgHsOe). A resin derived from Xanthorrhcea
hastilis, a liliaceous plant from Australia.
a-car'-pi-ous, o. [Gr. aKapnia (akarpid) =
unfruitfulness : fr. atcapTroc (akarpos) = with-
out fruit: a, priv. ; Kapirds (karpos) = frmt.'}
Without fruit, barren.
ac'-a-rus, s. [Latinised fr. Gr. dxapi (akari)
= a mite or tick.] The typical genus of the
family Acaridae. It contains the Acarus
domesticus, or cheese mite, and various other
species.
* a-cast'-en, v. t. To cast down. (Stratmann .)
ar-cat-a-lect'-ic, a. [In Sp. acataUctico ; Lat.
acataUcticms ; fr. Gr. aKa^dKr\K^oi (akatalektos)
=: incessant : a, priv. ; KaTuA^yw QcataUgo) =
to leave off, to stop.]
Lit. : Not stopping or halting. The term
applied to lines in classic poetry which have
all their feet and syllables complete. The
ordinary iambic line of the Greek drama is
correctly described as the Iambic trimeter
acatalectic. Used also substantively.
a^cS,t-gr-lep'-si-a, a-c^t'-gr-lep-sj^, s.
[Gr. aKaraXn^fia (akataUpsio) = incomprehen-
sibleness ; a, priv. ; Kardht^yl/n (katalepsis) =
a grasping, apprehension, or comprehension :
Kara (kato) = intensive ; X^i|*is (lepsis) = a
taking hold : Jy-anfiavta (Jamhano), \r]'^o^ai
(Zepsomoi) = to take.] Acatalepsy; incom-
prehensibility ; the impossibility that some
intellectual difficulty or other can be solved.
1. Incompreheusibleness.
f 2. Med. : Difficulty or impossibility of
correctly identifying a disease.
a-cat-a-l©p'-tic, a. [Gr. aKaraXTfTno? (akata-
leptos) = not held fast, incomprehensible. ]
[AcATALEPSiA.] Incomprehensible.
^ a-ca'te, or S>-Clia'te, s. [Gates.] A thing
purchased. [Achat.}
" The kitchen clerk, that hight DigeBtion,
I>id order all the acates iu seemly wiee."
Spenser : F, Q., 11. ix. 3L
" Ay and all choice that plenty can send in.
Bread, wine, acates, fowl, feather, fish, or fln,"
£. Jonscnt : Sad ShepTierd, i, 3.
a-ca'-ter, s. [Acate.] a caterer, a purveyor.
" He is my warctrobeman, my acaier, cook,
Butler and steward."
Men Jonton : Devil is an Asi, t a
ar-ca'-ter-3?, or aic-ca'-tiT^, s. A term
formerly applied in the royal household to
a kind of check between the clerks of the
kitchen and the purveyors.
ac-a-thar'-si-a, s. [Gr. aKaOapvla (aka-
tha/rsia) = want* of cleansing, foulness of a
wound or sore : a, priv. ; KaOaftats (katharsis)
= cleansing ; Kaflapop (katTiaros) =^ clean ;
K.aOalp(a (katJiairo) = to cleanse.]
Surg. : Foulness of a wound, or the impure
matter which proceeds from a wound ; im-
purity.
a-caul-es'-9ent, a. [Gr, (l^ d, priv. ; (2)
Lat. caulis, Gr. Kao\6v (kaTihs) = a stem ; (3)
-escent, fr. Lat. suflF. -esceTis (properly crescens)
= growing.] The same as Acauline (q,v.).
a-caul'-ine, a-caul'-dse» a^caul'-ous, a.
[Gr. u, priv. ; Lat caulis; Gr. Kav\6? (kaulos)
= a stem.]
Bot. : Growing nominally without a stem.
Seemingly stemless, though in reality a short
acaulous plant, the cowslip
(primula vekis).
stem is in all eases present, as in the case of
the cowslip.
*ac-ca'-ble, v.t. [Fr. accabUr = to over-
Ijurden, to oppress.] To weigh down, to
depress.
" . .' . thankfulness which doth rather rack*
men's spirits than acca^le them or press them dowzL."
—Bacon, vL 272.
Ac-ca'-di-an, a. & s. [From Heb. y^i*
(alckad) ; in the Sept. 'Apx«5 (Archad), a
"city" in the land of Shinar grouped with
Babel, Erech, and CaJneli (Gen. x. 10).]
A. As adj. : Of, or belonging to, Accad,
or to the primitive inhabitants ol Babylonia.
"The r'rJDcipal dialect spoken by the latter [the
primitive inhabitants of Babylonia, the invisntors of
the cuneiform system of writing] was the Accadian,
iu which the brick-lepends of the etrliest kings are
inscribed, and of which we posaeas pirammars, dic-
tionaries, and reading books with Assyrian transla-
tioiiS annexed."— «pw. A. H. Sayce. M.A., Trans. Brit.
Ardimol. Soc, vol. iii., pt. ii. (1874), pp. 465-6.
B. As substantive :
1. One of ttie primitive inhabitants of
Babylonia.
2, Tlie language of these people.
* S.c-cap-i-tar'-e» w. [Accapitum.] To pay
money to the lord of a manor upon becoming
his vassaL
3,C-cap'-i-tuin, s. [Lat. ad = to; caput =
head. ] Money paid by a vassal to the lord of
a manor on being admitted to a feud.
ac-^e'-das ad ciir'-i-am. [Lat. {lit) =
you may approach the court. ]
Law : A writ nominally emanating from the
royal authority, and designed to remove a
trial which is not proceeding satisfactorily in
an inferior court to a court of greater dignity.
&c-9e'de, v.i. [in Fr. acc&d&r ; ItaL accedere;
Lat. accedo = to go to, to approach ; also to
assent to : from ad = to \ cedu = to go ; also,
among other meanings, to yield.]
1. To assent to a proposal or to an opinion.
" I entirely accede to Dr. Buckland's explanation,"
— Owen : Brit. Fossil MamrnhU and Birds, p. 259.
2. To become a party to a treaty by append-
ing a signature to it, even though it may have
been negotiated by others,
"... the treaty of Hanover, in 1725, hetween
France and England, to which the Dutch afterwards
acceded." — Lord Chesterfield.
3, To succeed, as a king does to the throne,
"King Edward IT., who acceded to the throne in
the year 146L"— y. Warton : Mist. Eng. Poetry, iL 1(ML
* ac'-^e-dence, *. Old spelling of Aca-
DENCE.
" Learning first the accedence, then the grammar,*
'-MiUon : Accedence commenced Qram/mar.
* ^C'-^e-dens, s. [Lat. accedere, or Mediseval
Lat accidentia = escaeta = escheat (Ducange).']
A term used of rent paid in money. (Scotch.)
" Of the first accedent that cumis in the Den fDeanl
of gildiB handis."~~Aberdeen, Reg., xvi, p. 626, MB.
{Svfppl. to Jamieion'a Scottish Itict)
3,c-5e'd-ing, pr. par. [Accede.]
ac-9el-er-a,tt'-dd. [Ital.]
Music: An accelerating of the time in a
tune. It is opposed to rallentando, the term
for retarding it,
ac-^er-er-ate, v.t. [in Fr. acc&Urer; Ital
accelerare — to hasten : ad = to ; celero = to
hasten ; celer = quick : Gr. xeXnr (keles) = a
riding-horse, a courser; xeAXw (fce;io> = to
late, fSt, fSre, amidst, wbat, fill, fat Her; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, mt, marine; go, pdt»
or, wore, w^^U; work, whd, s4n; mme, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try SjNlan. te, 00= e; ey= a. 4u = kw«
accelerated — accent
29
drive on ; from the root Icel ; in Sausc. kal,
kcUydmi = to drive or urge. Possibly remotely
connected with the Heb., Aram., and Eth.
^jp (qalal) = lo be light in weight, to be
swift. ] [Celeuity. ]
1. Lit. : To cause a moving body, a planet
for example, to move more rapidly.
"... a disturbing force oblique to the line join-
ing tlie moon and eArth, which in some situations acts
to accelerate, lu others to ret^d hex elliptical annual
iaoUou."~Bersch€l : Astron., »th edit., § 41S.
2. In the Natural World: To quicken de-
velopment, e.g., the growth of a plant or
animal.
3. To hasten proceedings in a deliberative
body, or to precipitate the coming of an event
by removing the causes which delay its
approach.
"... could do little or nothing to accelerate the
proceedings of the Congress." — Macaulay : Hint. Eng.,
ch, xxii,
SrC-cel'-er-a-ted, po.yar. &a. [Accelerate.]
"... has proceeded, during the nineteenth, with
accelerated valociiY." — Macaulay : Hist, ling., ch. ill.
Nat Phil. : Accelerated tnotion is that of
wMcb the velocity is continually becoming
greater and greater. If the increase of speed
is equal in equal times, it is called uniformly
accelerated motion; but if xmequal, then it is
[denominated variably accelerated Tnotion. The
fall of a stone to the ground is an example of
it/niformly accelerated motion.
Sc-yer-^r-a-ting.pr. par. & s. [Accelerate.]
1. As a participle :
"... the gravity of the accelerating force ceases
to a>ct."—Gregori/ : Saiiy's Jfat. Phil., p. 51.
MecTi. : Tlie accelerating force is the force
which produces accelerated motion. In the
fall of a stone to the ground it is the gravi-
tating power of the earth. It is the quotient
produced by dividing the motion or absolute
force by the weiglit of the body moved.
2. As substantive : Hastening.
"... and, It may he, in the spring, the accelerating
would have been the speedier.'— iord Bacon: Works
(1765), vol. i.
ac-9el-er-a'-tion, s. [Ft. acceleration ; fr.
Lat. ai:celeratlo. [Accelerate.]
L & IL The act of accelerating, quickening,
or hastening motion, energy, or development ;
or the state of being so accelerated, quickened,
or hastened. Applied —
1. To a material body in motion.
"The acceleration of motion produced by gravity."
—Gregory : Baily's Jfat. Phil. (1806), p. 40.
"... moderate acceleration and retardation, ac-
oountuble for by the ellipticity of their orbits, being
all that is remarked." — Berschel: Astron., 9th edit.,
§459.
2. Phys. <& Path. : To the quickening of the
movement of the circulating fluid and increase
of action in other portions of the body.
3. To increased rapidity of development in
animals or plants.
"Considering the languor ensuing that action in
some, and the visible acceleration it maketh of age in
most, we cannot but think venery much abri^eth
OUT days," — Brown.
III. The amount of the quickening, hasten-
ing, or development.
1. Natural Philosophy :
The rate of increase of velocity per unit of
time. The C.G.S. unit of acceleration is the
acceleration of a body whose velocity increases
in every second by the C.G.S. unit of velocity
— viz., by a centimetre per second. (Everett :
C.G.S. System of Units (1875), ch. iii., p. 211.)
The V nit of Acceleration : That acceleration
with which a unit of velocity would be gained
in a unit of time. (Everett.) It varies
directly as the unit of length, and inversely as
the square of the unit of time. The numerical
value of a given acceleration varies inversely
as the unit of length, and directly as the
square of the unit of time. {Ibid., ch. i., pp.
2, 3.) "If T stands for time, then angular
acceleration is = ^.3-" (Ibid.) " If L stands for
length, and T for time, then acceleration is
T^
(Ibid.)
2. Astronomy:
The secular acceleration of the moon's m,ean
Tnotion : An increase of about eleven seconds
per century in the rapidity of the moon's mean
motion. It was discovered by Halley and ex-
plained by Laplace.
Acceleration of the fixed stars : The measure
of the time by which a fixed star daily gains
on the sun on passing the meridian. A star
passes tlie meridian 3 min, 55 9 sec. earlier
each day ; not that the star's motion is really
accelerated— it is that the sun's progress is
retarded, as in addition to his apparent diurnal
motion through the lieavens, he is also making
way to the east at the rate of 59 min. 8*2 sec.
a day.
Acceleration of a planet-: The increased
velocity with which it advances from the
perigee to the apogee of its orbit.
3. Hydrology :
Acceleration of the tides : The amount by
which from certain causes bigh or low water
occurs before its calculated time.
4. Phys. <& Path. : The extent to which in
certain circumstances the circulating fluid
and other paits of the system gain increased
acti\ity.
SiC-jel'-er-at-ive, a. [Accelerate.] Pro-
ducing increased velocity, quickening motion.
" If the force vary from instant to instant, its ac-
celerative effect will also vary." — Atkinson : Qanot's
Physics (1868), p. 18.
Accelerative fcrrce. [Accelerating.]
3,c-^er-er-at-dr, s. [Accelerate.] That
which accelerates ; a post-office van used to
convey officials from place to place.
1. Anat. : A muscle, the contraction of
which accelerates the expulsion of the urine.
2. Ord. : A cannon with several powder
chambers, whose charges are exploded con-
secutive! y , in ord er to give a constantly
increasing rate of progression to the pro-
jectile as it passes along the bore.
SiC-cel'-er-at-or-^, a. [Accelerate. ] Ac-
celerating, as adapted to accelerate motion.
* ^C-9end', v.t. [Lat. acccTido = to set on fire.]
[Candid, Candle, Kindle.]
1. To burn up, to burn.
" Our devotion, if sufficiently accended, would, as
theirs, bum up innumerable books of this sort." — Br.
H. Alore : Decay of Christian Piety.
2. To light up.
"While the dark world the sun's bright beams accend.'
Harvey : Owen's Epigrams (1677).
* •ic-9end'-ed, px. par. & a. [Accend. ]
^C-9end-ent'-e§i, s. pi. [Lat. accendentes, pi.
of accendens, pr. par. of accendo = to set on
fire.]
Eccles. : An order of petty ecclesiastical
functionaries in the Church of Rome, whose
office is to light, snuff", and trim the tapers.
They are not very different from the acolytes.
[ ACCENSORES. ]
^ ac-^end-i-bil'-i-ty, s. [Accend.] Com-
bustibility, capability of being set on fire or
burnt.
* ^c-^end'-i-ble, a. [Accend.] Capable of
being set on fire or burnt, combustible.
* ^C-9end'-ing, pr. par. [Accend. ]
3.C-9en'-di-te. [Lat. imper. of accendo = to
kindle.] A liturgical term signifying the
ceremony observed in many Roman Catholic
churches in lighting the candles on solemn
festivals.
*ac-9en'se, v.t. To kindle (literally or
figuratively) ; to incense.
" Bnsilius being greatly accensed, and burning with
desyre of revenge, invaded the kingdom of Cs^ar." —
Bden .• Ma/rtyr., 301.
t ^C~9eil -sion, s. [Lat. occeTisus = kindled,
pa. par. of acce?ido.] The act of setting on
fire, or the state of being set on fire.
" The fulminating damp will take fire at a candle or
other flame, and won its accension give a crack or
report like the discharge of a gun," — WoodAoard : Nat.
ac-9eii-sbr'-eg, s. pi. [Lat. accensum, supine
of cwceTido. ] The same as Accendentes (q.v.).
^C'-9ent, s. [In Ger. & Fr. accent; Ital.
accento, fr. Lat. accentus = (l)the accentuation
of a word, a tone, (2) the tone of a flute, (3)
growth : ad = to ; cantus = tone, melody, or
singing ; cano = to sing : root can ; Sansc.
kan = to shine ; Welsh ca^i = bright, a song ;
canu = to bleach ; Cornish kana = to whiten ;
Irish caTiaim = to sing. ] [Accend. ]
* I. Primarily, it signified the same as the
Greek 7rpoo-^»5ta (prosodia), viz., a musical in-
tonation used by the Greeks in reading and
speaking.
IT, Now (in general language) :
1. The laying of particular stress upon a
certain syllable or certain syllables in a word ;
or an inflection of the voice which gives to
each syllable of a word its due pitch with
respect to height or lowness. In a dissyllable
there is but one accent, as a-haclc', but in a
polysyllable there are more than one. In
transubstantiation there are properly three
— tran'-sub'Stan'-ti-a'-tion. One of these, how-
ever—that on the fifth syllable, the a just
before -tion — is gi-eater than the rest, and is
called the primary accent; the others are
called secondary. There is a certain analogy
between accent and emphasis, emphasis doing
for whole words or clauses of sentences what
accent does for single syllables.
2. Certain diacritical marks borrowed from
the Greeks, and designed to regulate the force
of the voice in pronunciation or for other uses.
They are three in number: the acuts accent
('), designed to note that the voice should
be raised ; the grave accent ( ' ), that it should
be depressed ; and the circumflex (" or a),
which properly combines the characters of the
two accents already named, that the voice
should be first raised and then depressed.
The acute and grave accents are much used in
French, but to discriminate sounds, as elite,
crhne; and the circumflex of the form * is
frequently employed in Latin to discriminate
the ablative of the first declension, as pennd,
from the nominative penna.
^ Accents and other diacritical marlcs .
occur also in English. Sometimes the fonuer
are employed to regulate the stress of the
voice ; sometimes,^ again, they are employed
for other purposes.
Specially :
(a) Geom. & Alg. : Letters, whether capital
or small, are at times accented, particularly
when there is a certain relation between the
magnitudes or quantities which they represent.
Thus, for example, the line a b may be com-
pared with the line a' b', and the quantity x y
with x' y'.
(&) Trig. : Accents mark minutes and
seconds of a degree : e.g., 30° 16' 37".
(c) Hor. : Accents are sometimes used to
denote minutes and seconds of an hour : e.g.,
6h. 7' 14".
(d) Engineering : Feet and inches, and
similar measures of length, are often noted by
accents : thus, 3' 10" = 3 feet 10 inches.
3. Mode of speaking or pronunciation, with
especial reference to dialectic peculiarities.
" The broadest accent of his province." — Macaulay :
Hist. Bng., ch. iii.
1 Poetry : Sometimes used for the language
of a nation or race.
" How many ages hence
Shall this our lofty scene be acted o'er
In states unborn and accents yet uiiknowu."
Shakesp. : Jul. Ccesar, iiL 1.
4. Sometimes without reference to dialectic
peculiarities.
"Accent is a kind of chaunting ; all men have accent
of their own, though they only notice that of others."
— Carlylc : Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. iiL
5. In the plural : Words. Chiefly in poetry,
but also in prose.
" But when he speaks, what elocution flows I
Soft as the fleeces of descending snows,
The copious accents fall, with easy art ;
Meltii^ they fall, and sink into the heart ! "
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. iii, 283—236.
"... the last acccTits of the darling of the people."
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
^ In Poetry : Sometimes specially a vocal
accompaniment to instrumental music.
" Not by chords alone
Well touch 'd, but by resistless accents more."
Cowper : Transl. of Milton's Lat. Poem to his Father.
6. Mod. Music : The strain which recurs at
regular intervals of time. Its position is in-
dicated by upright strokes called bars. The
first note inside a bar is always accented.
When the bars contain more than one group
of notes, which happens in compound time,
other accents of lesser force occur on the first
note of each group : these are called secondary
or subordinate accents, whilst that just inside
the bar is termed the primary or principal
accent. Other accents can be produced at any
point by the use of the sign r=- or sf. The
throwing of the accent on a normally unac-
cented portion of the bar is called syncopation.
A proper grouping of accents will produce
rhythm. It is considered a fault if an ac-
cented musical note falls on a short syllable.
(Stainer and Barrett : Dictionary of Musical
Terms.)
hSiX, \>S^; p^t, Jd^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 91011, ben^li; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e:^st. ph =f.
-Gian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -8ion = shun; -tion, -9ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious=shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
30
accent— access
ac-^ent', v t. & i [In Ger. acccntuircn ; Fr.
aa:cittuer.]
I. Transilux :
1, To place stress upon a particular syllable
or syllables in a word or uote in a piece of
music.
"... and accenting the words, let her daily read."
— Locke, on Education.
2. To place a diacritical mark over a syllable
meant to be aci;ented.
II. Intransitive, :
Poetic : To utter, to pronounce.
" And now congeal'd with grief, ciin scarce implore
Strength to accent. Here my Albertus liea."
Wotton.
ac-9eiit'-ed, 33a. par. [Accent, v.L]
Mmic : The term applied to those notes in
a bar on which the stress of the voice falls.
[Accent, s., II. 6.]
ac-^ent'-in^, pr. par. [Accent, v. t. ]
aC-9ent'-or, s. [iat. accentor = one who sings
with another : a<Z = to ; cantor = a musician,
a singer ; caiio = to sing.]
t 1. Miisic: One who takes the chief part
in singing.
2. A genus of birds so called from its
sweetness of note. It belongs to the family
Sylviadffi, and contains two British species,
the A. nlpin-its, or Alpine accentor, and the
A. modidarls, or hedge accentor, generally
called the liedge-spaiTow. [Hedge-spabbow. ]
ac-5ent'-u-al, a. [Accent.] Pertiiining to
accent, connected with accent ; rhythmical.
"... that [mubic] which was mmply rhythmical
or acceiitiud."—Ma><on : Church Music, p. 28.
aC-cent'-U-ate, v.t. [In Ger. acccntuircn ;
Fi-. accentiier ; Sp. cwentuar; Ital. accentuare.]
[Accent.]
I. To pronounce with an accent.
1. JAt. : To lay stress on a particular syl-
lable of a word m speaking, or on a particular
note of music.
2. Fig. : To lay stress upon anything.
" 111 Bosnia the struggle between East and West was
even more acceiUuated."— Canon Liddon (in Times,
Dec 8. 187C}.
IL To pl;H-e a mark over a written or
printed woi'd tn indicate the accent.
ac-5ent'-u-at-ed, pa. par. Si. a. [Accentu-
ate.]
ac-^ent'-u-at-mg, pr. par. [Accentxtate. ]
ac-^ent-U-a'-tion, s. [In German & French,
acccnination.~\
1. The placing of stress on particular syl-
lables in speaking, or on particular notes of
nin.su.'. in singing, or playing an instrument.
" This in a language like the Greek, with long words,
measured syllables, and a great variety of accentuation
between one syllable and another." — Grote: Hist, of
Greece, eli- Ixvij.
2. The placing an accent over a written or
printed word, or over a note of music.
" The division, scansion, and accentuation of all the
rest of the Pwalms in the Bishops' edition." — Lowth :
Conjutation of lip. Jlare, p. 18.
ac-9ep'-9ion, o. [Acception.]
1. Reception.
"... the f luyieronr give thereto favorable accep-
cion."—Vc.gecius MS., Douce, 291, f. 4. {Salliwell.)
2. Acceptation ; meaning in which a word
is taken.
" There is a 'second arcepdon of the word faith." —
haunderson ■ ^^crmo-ns (ICB'J), p. Gl.
ac-cept', 'o.i. [In Ger. ncceptiren ; Fr. ac-
cepter ; Sp. accpiar ; Ital. accettare ; Lat.
accepto, frequentative = to take or accept
often : from acceptum, supine of accipio (lit.)
= to take to one's self, to accept : acZ = to ;
cnjrio = to take.]
1. To consent to take what is offered to
one ; this eli^ment of .-onsent distinguishing
it from the more general word receive. Thus,
one may iv.reive a I'lcw, i.e., it is thrust upon
hiin unwillingly ; but he accepts a present,
i.e., lie consents to take it instead of sending
it back.
"Accept the gift." Wordsworth : Zaodamia.
2. To view with partiality, to favour.
"How long will ye iudge unjustly, and accept the
pei-sons of the wioked ?"— P*. Ixxxii. 2.
3. Theol. : To receive into favour, granting
at the same time forgiveness of sin ; to
forgive.
" If thou doest well, shaltthou not he accepted}"—
den. iv. 7.
4. To agi'ce to with disfavour, under some
measure of constraint.
"The Spanish Government . . , was ready to aeeep(
aziy conditions which the conqueror might dictate.' —
Macaulay : Jiist. Jihig., ch. xxii.
5. To admit to be true in point of fact, oi-
correct in point of reasoning.
■* To the mind that will not accept such conclusion
. . ," — Owen : Classtfic. of the Mainmuliu. p. GO.
6. Comm. : To consent to renew a bill and
promise to pay it.
■■'" ac-^ept', ^. [From the verb.] Acceptance,
consent.
ac-9ept -a-bil-i-ty, s [From acceptable.]
The quality of possessing the attractions likely
to produce, or which actually have produced,
a favourable reception ; likelihood of being
received.
"... for the obtaining the grace and acceptability
of repentaojce." — Jeremy Taylor : Worthy Communi-
cant.
ac-9ept'-a-"ble, a. [in Fr. acceptable ; fr.
Lat. acceptcfhllis.l
1. Able to be accepted, that may be re-
ceived with -pleasure, gratifying.
" With acceptable treat of flali or fowl,
By nature yielded to his practised hand."
Wordsworth : JExcur . bk. vii.
^ In poetry, often with the accent on the
first syllable.
T[ Often used in advertisements, e.g., in the
phrase " an acceptable offer " = one which the
seller of anything considers sufficient to allow
the transaction to take place.
2. Agreeable to.
" Ben to the hihe God mor acceptable
Than youres, with yom: festis at your table."
Chaucer: Sompnoures Tale, 7,495-6.
"Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of
my heart, be acc^tabte tu thy sight, O hoid."—Ps.
xix. 14.
3. Favourable.
" Th\is saith the Lord, In an acceptable time have I
heard thee, and in a day of salvation have I helped
thee."~/8a. xlix. 8.
ac-gept'-a-ble-ness, s [From acceptable.]
The possession of a quality or of qualities
fitting a person or thing to be favourably
received.
''It will therefore take away the ucceptableness of
that conjunction."— Grew ; Cosmologia Sacra, ii. 2.
ac-9ept'-a-bly, adv. [From acceptable.] In
such a manner as to please, gratify, or give
satisfaction to.
'■ Let us have grace, whereby we may serve God
acceptably. "~IIeb. xii. 28.
ac-9ept'-an9e, e. [Accept.]
I. & IL The state of receiving with Satis-
faction, or at least with acquiescence ; or the
act of taking what is offered to one.
The state of receiving anything—
(1) With satisfaction :
(2) With dissatisfaction,
". . . a sum which he thought unworthy of his
acceptance, and which he took with the savage snarl
of disappointed greediness."— J/acaufai/ ; Sist. Eng,,
ch. xiv.
III. That which has been received.
Comm. &. Law : A bill of exchange drawn on
one who agrees absolutely or conditionally to
pay it according to the tenor of the document
itself. To render it so valid that if the drawee
fail to liquidate it the drawer may be charged
with costs, the promise of the drawer must be
in writing under or upon the back of the bill.
". . . every trader who had scraped together a
hundred pounds to meet his acceptances, would find
his hundred pounds reduced in a moment to fifty or
sixty." — Macaulay : Hutt. Eng., ch. xxi.
+ IV. The generally received meaning of a.
word, phrase, or assertion,
* ... an assertion most certainly true, though
under the common acceptarice of it, not only false,
but odious," — South
ac-9ep-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. acceptation; Sp.
aceptacion ; Ital. accettazione.] [Accept.]
1. Reception, coupled with approbation.
" This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all accep-
tation."— 1 Tirn. i. 15.
t 2. Reception generally.
". . . all are rewarded with like coldness of ac-
ceptation."— Sir P. Sidney.
3. Acceptableness.
", , . are notwithstanding of so great dignity and
acceptation with God, that most ample reward in
heaven is laid up for them."— Hooker.
4. Estimate, estimation.
"... kinginthe reputation or «ccepio?io7i of God."
— Report on the Nun of Kent's Case. (-See J-rouUe:
JJist. Eng., ch, vii.)
t Specially used of high estimation or
esteem.
"... the state of esteem or acceptation they are
in with their parents and governors." — Locke : Educor
tion, § 53.
5. The sense or meaning put upon a word.
"... proof that the words have been employed
by others in the acceptation in which the speaker or
writer desires to use them."— J". S. Mill: Logic.
ac-cep'-ted, pa. jyar. & a. [Accept, v.t.]
" My new accepted guest I haste to fijid,
Now to Peineus" honour'd charge consigii'd."
Pope : IJomers Odyssey, bk. xvii., 06, €7.
ac-9ep'-ter, ac-9ep'-tor, s. [Lat. acceptor.]
1. Ord. Lang. : One who accepts. In this
sense gent-rally spelled Accepter.
"God is no accepter of ■pcTBaDS."—ChilHngworth:
A'ermons, 3.
2. Law & Comm. : One who having had a
bill of exchange drawn upon him, accepts it,
[Acceptance.] Till he has done this he is
called the drawee.
t ac-cep-til-a'-tion, s. [Lat. acceptilatio, fr.
acceptum (Comm.), that which is received;
latus, pa. par. of /ero = to bear,] Forgiveness
of a debt, the extinction of a verbal contract
attended with some hoilow fonualities. "A
verball acquittance, when the debtor de-
mandeth of the creditour. Doe you acknow-
ledge to have had and received this or that?
And the creditonr answereth. Yea, I doe ac-
knowledge it." (Minshe-u.)
ac-cep -ting, pr. par. [Accept. ]
* ac-9ep'-tion, o. [Lat. ac<-cptio = an accept-
ing.]
I. Acceptance, the state of being received.
+ 2. The received meaning of a word.
" That this hath been esteemed the due and proper
acception of the word." — SuTnTnond .- Fundamentals.
t ac-9ep'~tive, a.. Ready to accept.
" The jieople generally are very acceptive, and apt to.
applaud any meritable work." — B. Jonson: The Case-
in Altered, ii. 7.
ac-cep'-tor, [Accepter. ]
* ac-9er'se, v.t. [Lat. accersio.] To call
together, to summon.
"... and thereupon accersed and calle^l together
hys army." — 0all: Edward IV., f, 26.
ac'-9ess, * ac'-9esse (formerly pron. ac-
9ess' : see the examples from Milton, Shake-
speare, Pope, &e.), s. [In Fr. acccs; ItaL ac-
cesso, fr. Lat. access-as = a going to, a coming-
to ; also, a fit, the sudden attack of a disease :
accedo = to go to, to come to.]
L The act, process, or movement of going
forward, in contradistinction to going back.
"... were it not for the variations of the accesses
and recesses of the sun, which call forth and put-
back."— Bttcon ; De Calore et Frigore.
Hence, IL Increase, addition.
1, Generally:
" A stream which, from the fountain of the heart.
Issuing, however feebly, nowhere flows
Without access of unexi>ected strength."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv.
2. Medicine :
(a) The return of a periodical disease, such
as intermittent fever, madness, &c. An access
and paroxysm are different. Access is the
commencement of the new invasion made by
the disease, while the paroxysm is its height,
(See Blount.)
" And from access of frenzy lock'd the brain."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xii. 013.
Hence (* b) formerly used for a fever itself-
(Cliaucer.)
" A water lilly, which doth remedy
In hot accesses as hokes specify."
Bodias, bk. i., c. 15.
Tf The word is still used in Lancashire for
the ague. {Halliwell: Diet.) [Axes.]
III. Liberty, means or opportunity of ap-
proach.
1. Gen. : Liberty of approach, as to God, to
a great man, or to anything ; approach.
" I, in the day of my distress.
Will call on Thee for aid ;
For Thou wilt grant me free accett.
And answer what I pray'd."
Milton: Ps. Ixxxvi.
" When we are wrong'd. and would unfold oiu- griefs,
We are denied access unto his peraon."
Shakesp.: K. Henry IV., Part II., iv. 1.
ate. fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or wore, w^lf. work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e ; ey = a, qu = kw.
aceessarily— accident
31
"Go, luBtthu hauglity iKiitner uf mv sway
With Jeiklous eyes tny close (teres* survey "
Pope: J/orner.'i Iliad, bk. i., fiVC-T.
"... they were neither conteiupoiary wituesaen, nor
had peiHuiial access to the evidence of cont«miKirajy
witneBHCB," — Lewis . Crcdibihti/ of Early Ilomtin liisl
2. Spec: Opportunity of sexual intercourse.
" . . if the husband be out of the kiugdom uf
England, . . . ao that no acccjw to his wife *zAn be
pi'iiHuiued." — Jilackstone : C'ontmcnt., bk, l, ch. IC
3. Means of approach.
(a) Generally :
(h) Arch. : A passage, such us a corridor,
between the several apartments in a building.
ac'-^es-sar-i-ly, oAv. [Accessorily.]
ac'-^es-sar-i-ness, s. [Accessoriness.]
&c'-ces-sar-y, s. & a [Accessory.]
* ac'-9esse, i^. [Fi-. ] Old spelling of AccE.sy.
ac-^es-si-bil -i-ty, s [Lat. accessihlllta^. ]
Approachableness.
"... to place the Scriptures in ,i prtsitiou of
acGcasibilUy to the mass of the commuuity." — OlaU-
atonc : State in Relation to the Church, ch. vii.
ac-9es'-si-ble, «. [in Fi-. accessible, fr. Lit.
accessibilis.}
I. Able to be axjproached, approachable :
1. As a place with a path or road leading
to it.
" ConspimiouH far, winding with one ascent,
Aciinsxibte from enrth, one entrance high."
MUtoii: Par. Lost, bk. iv.
2. As a person of courteous manners, aftable.
3. As God, in thq capacity of Hearer of
Prayer.
" May she ! and if ofTonded Heaven be still
Aevcasible, and prayer prevail, she will."
Cowpiir : Tabic Talk.
i. More fig. : As a mind by reason.
"... whose testimniLy would have satisfied all
inmdB accessible to reason." — Macaulau : Hist. Eiig..
ch viii.
IL Obtainable, procurable.
" It appears, from the Ijest information which is at
jjiesent tKcessible . . ." — Macaulay : Hint. Eng., cli. v.
"No authentic record of the migrations or acta of
the Pelasgian people appears to have been acce»siblt! to
the histi^iuis of antiquity." — Lewis: Credibility of
Early Roman Hist.
ac-9es'-si-bly, 'Hv. fArTEHSiBLE.i in such
H situation or of sucli a cliaravter as to be
aitproacliablc.
ac-ces'-sion, s. [In Fr. uo-^^ssuui -. fr. Lat.
acoesslo = & going or coming to; (cfn/c = to
go or come : ad = %o ; cedo = to go or come. ]
I. Lit. : The act of going to.
Specially :
1. Tlie act of a king or queen in coming to
or reaching the tlu'one when it has become
vacant by the death or removal of the former
occupant.
" The bill . . received the royal .■v-'^ent on the
tenth day after the accession of WiUiani iind Jlaiy " —
JUacaula!/ : Jlist. Eiig., ch. xi.
2. The act of acceding to, adhering to,
engaging or joining in a project, enterprise,
treaty, or ;uiything similar.
" Beside, what wise objections he prepares
Against luy late acceesion to the wars ? "
Lryden: Fables.
* 3. Accessoriness to, complicity with or in.
"I iun free from any accession, by knowIedRe, coun-
fti-1, or any other way, to his late Majesty's death."—
AMarquis of Argyle ; Speech on the Scaffold.
n. That which goes or comes to another
thing, that which is added to anj'thing.
1. Gen. : Increase, addition.
". . . so enormous an acce.ssion of gain would
probably induce the improver to save a part." — J. S.
MM: PoVU. Economy.
"... a great «ccesswn of stieiigth." — Macautay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
"Nor couid all the king's bomities, nor his own large
accessions, raise a fortune to his heir," — Clarendon.
2. Med. : The coming on of the paroxysm
of periodical disease : as, for instance, of
intermittent fever,
" Quotidian, having an interval of twenty-four
hours, the accession of the pai'oxysni being eai-ly iu
the looming." — Cyclop, qf Prac. Med.
3. Law : An addition to property produced
by natural growth or by artistic labour upon
the raw materials. The increase of a flock of
sheep by the birth of lambs is, in law, an
accession to the property.
ac-9es'-9ioil-al- a. [Accession.] Pertaining
to accession, aclditional.
" Tlie acceasi(ynal preponderancy is ratlier an apiwar-
once tlian reality." — Sir T. Broume : Vulgar Errours.
' ac-5es'-sive, «. [Eng. aax&i,; 'Ive.'] Con-
tributory.
"His own accessrivc and exctl^aive ■wickedness,"—
Adams: Works, ii. 379.
* ac-ges'-Sive-Ue, adv. [Eng. accessive; -ly.]
By his own seeking (Hallitvell) ; accessorily,
as an accessory (Wright)
ac-^es-sor'-i-al, a. [Acessory.] Pertain-
ing to ail accessory. [Accessory, it. ]
"A sentence prayed or moved for on the prmcip;il
matter in question oui;ht to be cert-ain, but on uccps-
sorial matters it may be uncei'taiii. ' — Ar/l/ffe: Pa-
r ergon, 490.
ac'-^es-sor-i-ly, ac'-9es-sar-i-ly, adc.
[Accessory or Accessajiy.] After the manner
of an accessory.
ac'~9es-sdr-i-n&ss» ac'-9es-sar~i-ness,
i;. [ACCE.SSORY or Accessary.] The state of
being accessory.
". . . a negative accessoriness to the misehiefs."
— Br. B. More ' Decay of Christian Put//.
ac'-9es-s6r-y, s [in Fi-. ULrci>soire ; L'lw
Lat. accessoTuis, fr. classical Lat. ay^^^ssus.]
[Access.]
A. Of persons :
Law : One who is not the chief aitor in an
offence nor present at its commission, but still
is connected with it in some othei' way. Acces-
sories may become so before the fact or after the
fact. Sir Matthew Hale defines an accessory
before tlie fad as one who, being absent at the
time of the crime committed, doth yet pro-
cure, counsel, or command another to eommit
a crime. If the procurer be present when the
evil deed is being done, he is not an acLTssr.iy,
but a principal. An, accessory after ike J"-t
is one who, knowing a felony to have bcrn
committed, receives, relieves, comforts, and
assists the felon. In high treason of a pifi-
nounced character there are no accessnries, all
are principals. In petit treason, murder, and
felonies, thei'C may be accessories ; exn^pt
only in those offences which, by judgmuut uf
law, are sudden and unpremeditated, as man-
slaughter and the like, which, thiircforr, cannot
have any accessories before the fact So too
in jjetit larceny, and in all crimes under the
degree of felony, there are nu acr'essories either
before or after the fact ; but all ])f.'rsons con-
cerned therein, if guilty at all, are principals.
(Blackstone ; Conime/ifarics, bk. iv., chap, iii.)
■'For the law of principal and accessory, as respects
high treason then was, and Is to this day, iu a state
disgraceful to Eni^lish jui'isprudence. In cases of
felony, a distinction, founded on justice and reason,
is made between the princij«il luid the accessoT^ after
the fact. He who conceals irom justice one whom he
knows to be a murderer is liable to punishment, but
not to the punishment of murder. }!■■, on the other
hand, who shelters ouo whom he knows to be a traitor
is, according to all our JurlHts. guilty ol high treason."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
2. Ord. Lang, {somewlwi figurativehi) : One
who abets or countenances anythiu;^^ wliich
is wrong, wlu'thtT liuman law consider it a
crime or no.
" An accessary by tbinc inclination
To all sins ^mat. and all that are to come,
Fiom the creation to the general doom."
Siiakesp. : Rape of Lucrece.
B. Of things:
1. Gca. : That which helps something else.
"... the consideration constitxites an accessary
tc the fundamental law of progress" — Martinvaii:
Vomit- f, Philosophy, Introd., ch. i.
2. Painting : Accessories are whatever
representations are introduced intn a painting
apai-t from the leading figures. In literary
composition, &c., the word has an analogous
meaning.
"... who seeks only to emhotly in language the
substance of the f!u;t, and who discards all atceMf»»-;V<.
all omaiBent, and aU conjectm'e."— iewfi: Credibility
of Early Roman Ifist.
3. Biol. : Something added to the usual
number of organs or their pai'ts, (London.)
"The swim-bladder has also been wt^rked in as an
• /•■■■/■-•isory to the auditory organs ol certiiu fish." —
BiiriviH . Origin of Species.
ac'-9es-s6r-y, ac'-^es-sar-y, u. [In Fr.
ao'^boirr ]
L Of persoTis : Acceding to, contributing or
contributory to, partially responsible for.
" . . . he would rather suffer with them than be
accexsary to their svLSenuss."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. ix.
^ In the earlier editions of Macaulay the
s] idling adopted is accessary, in the later ones
aoi-cssoni
II. '{/" things : Contributing, aiding in a
sernndai-y.way.
1. GcneralUi :
"... imply a whole train t)f accessory and ex-
planatoiy local legends. "—(Vj-o^c .■ Jlist. of Greece.
2. Anat. Accessory nerves (accc::>^urii(s Wil-
''i-ii. or par aeccssoriu in) : A pair of nerves
whii-h pm-sue a \ery (l«\'ious course in th-i
bodily frame. Arising by t,L-veral fUameni.-
from the medulla .■spinalis of the neck, tlity
advance to tlie first vertebra, and thence
through the foramen of the os occlpitis to the
cranium. After communicating there with
the ninth and tenth pairs they pass out chi&i_
to the eighth, and terminate finally iu the
trapezius.
"The eighth iJair [of nerves, acoordmij to Willan'b
ari'angenient] including the y^los^o-iihurjiLijreal, the
pneumo-gostric, and the apiiial ((iTc-xt. /-;/." — 2'odd i-
Roannan: Physiol. A nut., vol. ii., ch. xl
3. Zool. Accessory cusps (in teeth) : Those
superadded to the more normal ones, and
contributing to their efficiency.
"Tlie tooth of the fossil in question differs in the
shape of the middle and in the size of the accessory
cusjjs." — Owen : British EossU Mamvuils (1846), p. 72,
Accessory valves (iu the shells of the mol-
luscous genera Pholas, Pholididia, and Xylo-
plniga) : Small valves additional to the two
large ones naturally occurring in those •' bi-
valve " shells. They protect their doi-sal mar-
gins. They are well seen in the common
Pholas dactyhis.
i. Fainting: Pertaining to the unessential
parts of a picture, introduced either for the
purpose of illustrating the main subject, or
for ornament's sake.
5. Scots Law :
(a) Accessory actions are those which are
subservient to others, or designed to prepare
the way for them : as, for instance, an action
for the recovery of lost deeds.
(Ij) An accessory obligation is an obligation
arising from another one wliich is antecedent
and primary to it. Thus when one borrows
money at interest, the inpayment of the prin-
ei pal is the primary, and the regular lii|uida-
tion of the interest the accessory obligation.
S-C-^eS'-siis. [Lat. ar^fessus.] A tcnii in canon
law, signifying a method »>f voting at the
(.■Ici-tion of a ptipe, generally known as an
election by acciuniation.
ac-ci-a-ca-tu'-ra (cl as ^Tai), s. [Ital., from
acciucairt: = to bruise, to crush, to jam down.]
Mnsic : The procedure of an organist when,
in place of touching a single note, lie also
momentarily allows his linger to come iu con-
tact with the semitone bell 'w
a,C'-9i-den9e, s. [Lat. acridoidu = a ca.sual
c\cnt.] An elementary book of grammar,
especially of Latin grammar ; hence, first
principles, rudiments.
" Ttly husband says, my sou profits nottiing in the
world at his book ; Ipray you, iiskhim some questions
in his accidence."— Sluikesp. : Merry H'ives, iv. l.
ac-ci-dens, ■'>■ [Lat. acciilrns. pr. jiar. uf
an (ilo . iilf,i.t .■-.] The opjHisitt; of ci^sence or
substance. [Accident, No. II.]
"Accldens, on the contrary, has no connexion what-
ever with the (.■.'^ciice, but may coine and go, and the
species still remain what it was before." — J. S. Mill :
Logic.
3>c'-^i-dent, s. [In Fr. accident; Ital. o'xi-
dente ; Lat. accldens, pr. par. of a€cido=Uy
f,dl to, to arrive suddeiUy, to happen : ad =
to ; cado = to fall.] [Case, CADE^'CE.]
I. Of occurrences :
1. ikit. : An occurrence or event of what-^
ever kind.
'■ And ye choice spirits, that admonish me.
And give me signs of future accideiUs I (Thwivier. ) "
Sliakesp. : King Henry VI., Part I., v. 3.
2. Siircif'lly:
(a) 8niuething unpurposed or unintentional,
an occurrence not planned beforehand by man.
"A)it. Do it at once ;
Or thy precedent services are all
But accidents mipurixised. "
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleoijafra, i\ 12.
" And more by accident than choice,
I hstened to that single voice."
Longfetknv : Golden Legend, iv.
(b) An unforeseen occurrence, itarticularly
if it be of a calamitous character. This is the
most common use of the woid.
"An unhappy accident, he told them, had f.jr..L-vl
him to make to them in writing a commiuuc;i.tiini
which he would gladly have made from the throne.' —
Macaalay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
" The old ones seem generally to die from acc'd.-nt ■.,
as fi-oni falling down precipices."— .flai-wri^ .- iomfje
round the U'orfrf.
(c) The state of a betrayed girL
IL Ofuncsscntlols:
1. Logic :
(a) Whatever does not reaUy constitute an
essential p:trt of a person or thing; as the
clothes one wears, the saddle on a horse, &c.
bSil, hS^i po^t, j6^1; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^t. -ing.
-oion. -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun; -tion, -f ion = zhun. -tious^ -oious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, 3tc = bel, del*
S2
accidental— acclamate
(/j) The qualities or attributes of a person or
thing, as opposed to the substance. Thus
hitterness, hardness, kc, are attributes, and
not part of tlie substance in which they
inhere. ,
(c) That which may be absent from any-
thing, leaving its essence still unimpaired.
Thus a rose might lie white without its ceasing
to be a rose, because colour in the flowers of
that genus is not essential to their character.
T[ Acdderds, in Logic, are of two kinds —
separable and inseparable. If walking be
the accident of a particular man, it is a
separable one, for he would not cease to be
that man though he stood still ; while on
the contrary, if Spaniard is the accident con-
nected with him, it is an inseparable one,
since he never can cease to be, ethnologically
considered, what he was born. (Whately :
Logic, bk. ii., chap, v., § 4.)
1[ From logic these significations have
found their way into ordinary English litera-
ture.
" And tome subataunce iiito accident."
Chaucer : Pardonerea Tale, 13,954.
" The accident of his birth . . . had placed him
in a poet for which he was altogether unfitted." —
Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch, v,
2. Gram. : A property attached to a word
which nevertheless does not enter into Its
essential definition. Each species of word
has its accidents : thus those of the noun
substantive are gender, declension, and num-
"ber. Comparison in an adjective is also an
accident.
" Unto erammar also beloiigeth, as an appendix, the
consideration ol the accidents of words, which are
measure, sound, and elevation or accent, and the
sweetnetiB and harshness of them." — Bacon: Advanc.
of Learning, bk. ii.
3. Her. : An additional note or mark on a
coat of armour, which may be omitted or
retained without altering its essential cha-
racter.
t Med. : A symptom of a disease. (Rider.)
ii-dent'-al, a. [Ft. acddentel. ]
1. Occurring suddenly, unexpectedly, and
from a cause not immediately discoverable,
or, as some of the unphilosophlc and irreligi-
ous believe, "by chance."
" So shall you hear
Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters."
Shakesp. : Hatnlct, v. 2.
* 2. Adventitious ; produced not from the
natural qualities of the agent or agency left
to itself, but by the infl.uence of something
foreign to it.
" By such a minister as wind to fire,
That adds an accidental fierceness to
Its natural fury." DeTiham : Sophy.
3. Not essential to, which might be dis-
pensed with, and yet leave the thing to which
it pertains, or in which it inheres, unimpaired.
" He determined that aU the species occurring in
this marl, twelve in number, agreed in every respect,
even in their accidental variations, -with the same
species now existing in Yorkshire." — Owen : British
Fossil Mam. & Birds, p. 16S.
T[ Specially :
(a) In Logic, an accidental definition is one
which assigns the properties of a species or
the " accidents " of an individual. Besides
accide7ital, there are also physical and logical
definitions. (Whately: Logic.)
(6) Persp. : An accidental point is the point
in which a straight line drawn from the eye
parallel to another given straight line inter-
sects the plane of the picture. Thus, in the
accompanying figure, a b is the line parallel
S,c-^;
to c D, the line given in perspective, a b
cuts the plane e f in the point b. b is the
accidental point.
(c) Mibsic : Accidental is the term used re-
specting such sharps, flats, and naturals as
do not occur at the clef, and which imply a
change of Icey, or modulation different from
that in which the piece began. For instance,
in the key of C natural major, an accidental
sharp prefixed to F implies the key of G
major, and a flat placed before B implies the
key of F major or D minor.
(d) Optics : Accidental colours, called also
ocular spectra, are those which are produced by
a weakness in the eye, and which are not essen-
tial to the light itself. If a x>erson look
intensely with one eye at a coloured wafer
affixed to a sheet of white paper, and then
turn that same eye on another part of the
paper, a spot like the wafer will appear, but of
a different colour. If the wafer was red, tlie
spot will be green ; if the former was black,
the latter will be white ; and there will be
corresponding transformations whatever the
colour.
(e) Painting. Accidental lights : Secondary
lights ; effects of light other than ordinary
daylight. (FairhoU.)
ac-5i-dent'~al, s. [From the adjective.]
1. Logi£ atid Ord. Lang. : A property which
is not essential ; that is, one which may be
dispensed with without greatly altering the
character of that of which it is a property.
Tf Often in the plural.
"Conceive as much as you can of the essentials of
any subject before you consider its aL.cidentals." —
tVatts : Logick.
"This similitude consisteth partly in essentials, or
the likeness of nature ; partly in accidentals, or the
likene.s3 in figure or affections." — Pearson : T)ie Creed,
Art. I.
2. Paintin.g (plural) : Those fortuitous
effects produced by light falling upon particu-
lar objects, so that portions of them stand
forth in abnonnal brightness, and other por-
tions are cast into the shadow and greatly
darkened.
3. JWusic (sing.) : A sharp or flat prefixed to
certain notes in a movement. [See the adjec-
tive.]
t ac-9i-dent-al'-i-ty, s. [From a/:cddental,
adj.] The quality of being accidental.
". . . to take from histoi-y its accidentality, and
from science its fatalism." — Coleridge : Table Talk.
ac-5i-dent'-al-ly, adv. [From accidental,
adj.]
1. In an unforeseen way, without obvious
cause, casually, fortuitously, or what is so
called, though really regulated by law.
" . . . it [the Great Seal] was acddentally caught
by a fishing net and dragged up. " — Macaulay : Mist.
Eng., eh, ix.
2. Not essentially.
" Proprium and accidens, on the other hand, form no
part of the essence, but are predicated of the species
only aaAdentaUy." — J. 3. Mill : Logic
ac-9i-dent/-al-ness, s [Accidental, a.]
The quality of being accidental, fortuitous-
ness.
* a-c-gi-dent'-ar-y. * S,c-9i-dent'-ar-ie,
a. [Lat. acdde-iis, and suff. -arj/ = pertaining
to.] Accidental.
" Some are supematiiral, others naturall, and others
accidentarie."— Time's Store- Jicnise, 760, 2.
* ac-^i-den'-ti-a-ry, a. [Accidence.] Per-
tainmg to the accidence.
". . . which every accidentiary boy [i.e., every
boy in a grammar class] in school knoweth as well as
you," — Bishop Morton : Discharge, p. 186.
* ac'-ci-die, * ac'-9i-de, s. [Mediaeval Lat.
accidia; Gr. aKijdeitt (a/cedeia) = carelessness,
indifference : KnSe/a (kedeia) = care ; Krtdos
(kedos) = care ; K^aw (kedo), v.t.=:to trouble, to
distress.] Negligence or carelessness arising
from discontent, melancholy, or other causes.
Specially used when the carelessness is in the
performance of one's religious duties.
" He hadde an accidie
That he sleep Saterday and Sonday."
Piers Ploughman, p. 99.
" Accide ys slowthe in Gode's ser\-ice."— AW. Bodl.
48, f. 135. (HaUtwell : Diet.)
" De accidia , . . {i.e., amd(c) maketh him hevy,
thoughtful, and wrawe . . .
. thanne is accidie the anguiahe of a trouble
hert." Chaucer: Parsones Tale.
Sc-^i-pen'-ser, i. [Acipenser.]
ac-9ip'-i-ent, *. [Lat. cuxijjieiis, pr. par. of
accipio = to receive : ctd = to ; and capio = to
take.] A receiver, one who receives.
^.C-gip'-it-er, s. [Lat. acdpiter = a bird of
prey, especially (1) the goshawk, and (2) the
sparrowhawk.]
1. A genus of raptorial birds belonging to
the family Falconidte. It is from this genus
that the whole order is frequently called
SPARROW-HAWK (ACCIPITER NISUS).
Accipitres. Formerly the genus Accipiter
contained, as among the ancient Romans,
both the sparrowhawk and the goshawk, but
now only the former is retained in it, the
goshawk receiving the name of Astur palwm-
harius. (See Yari'ell, Birds of Great Britain.)
[Accipitres.]
2. A bandage applied over the nose; so
called from its likeness to the claw of a hawk,
(Dunglison.)
3,C-5ip'-i-tral, a. [Lat. accipiter, and Eng.
adj. suff, -al.] Of or pertaining to a hawk.
* ac'-9ip-i-tra-ry, i. [Lat. acdjntrarius, fr.
accipiter (q.v.).] One who catches birds of
prey; a falconer. (Mash.)
ac-9ip'-i-tres9 s. pJ. [Lat. pi. of occijnfer.]
Zool. : The designation given by Linnaeus,
Cuvier, and other writers, to the first order of
the class Aves, or Birds. The name Raptores
is now more frequently employed. [Rap-
tores.] Though the Accipitres are called
from Accipiter, the hawk, the genus Falco
is the real type of the order.
ac-cip-i-tri'-nse, s. p;. [Accipiter.] Spar-
row-liawks. A family of raptorial birds. Type,
Accipiter (q.v.).
3.C-5ip'-i-trme, a. [From Lat. accipiter (q.v.).]
Pertaining to the order Accipitres, or to the
genus Accipiter ; rapacious, raptorial, pre-
datory.
SiC-5i|i'-inus, s. [Gr. aKKic/iog (akhismos) =^
coyness, affectation,]
Rhet. : A feigned refusal of something which
a person earnestly desires.
* ac-yi'te, v. t. [Lat. ojxiium, supine of accio
= to summon : ad ^ to ; cieo = to put iu
motion, to excite.] [Cite.]
1. To incite, to impel, to induce.
" Every man would think me a hypocrite indeed.
And what accUes your most worshipful thought to
think soV'—Sliakesp.: King Hen'ry IV., Part II., it 2.
2. To cite, to summon.
" Our coronation done, we will accite
(As I before remember'd) all our state."
Shakesp. : Henry IV., Part II., v. 2.
ac-clalxn (Eng.), ac-clame (Scotch), v.t.
[In Sp. aclamar ; Ital. acclaTiiare; fr. Lat.
acclamo = to cry, or shout to : ad = to ; clamo
= to shout : Welsh llevain ; Irish liumMm. ]
[Claim, Clamour.]
t 1. To applaud, to proclaim applaudingly.
(Eng.)
" . . . while the shouting crowd
Acclaims thee king of traitors."
SjnoUett : liegicide, T, 3.
2. To claim, (Scotch.)
". . . contraire to the perpetuall custome, and
never acclamed before."— >4c(« Clias. I., ed. 1814, p. 282.
^c-clalm, s. [From the substantive.]
Poet, and Rhet. : Acclamation.
=* As echoing back, with ahriU acclaim.
And chorus wild, the chieftain's name."
iSco(( .- Lady of tlie Lake, ii. 21.
^C-clai'med, ^a. par. & a. [Acclaim, v.t.]
^c-clai'm-ing, pr. par. & a. [Acclaim, v.t.l
" Attended by a glad, acclaimijig train."
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 74.
ac-cla'-mate, uf. [Lat. acclamatum, supine
of acclamo.] To applaud.
" This made them acdamated to no meEtu degree." —
H aterhouse : Apology for Learning (1653), p. 130.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, 1^ father; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, rfa», marine; go, pSt,
or, wore, w^lf, work, whd, s4n; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rAle, fuU; try, Siyrian. se, oe='e; ey^ a. qu = kw.
acclamated— accommodateness
33
ac-Clam-a'-ted, pa. par. & a, [Acclamate.]
-ac-clam-a'-ting, pr. yor. [Acclamate.]
4>c-claiin-a.'-tion, s. [in Fr. acdarnation ;
ItaL 'ncclamazione, from Lat. occlamMio = a
calling to, a shout : from acdavio ; ofi = to ;
Glamo — to call out or shout. The Roman ac-
clajnatio (acclamation) dift'ered from plausus
(applause) in this respect, that the former,
as its etymology {clamo = to call out) suggests,
meant applause uttered with the voice ; whilst
plausus, from plaudo = to strike, clap, or beat,
meant clapping of hands. ]
L Approbation of a person or thing ex-
pressed by clapping of hands.
Used (1) when the applause is given simply
to express feeling.
"The inhabitants of the town crowded the main
' atreet, and gieeted him with loud acclamations."^
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
Or (2) when it is designed formally to cany
a motion.
" When they [the Saxons] consented to anything, it
was rather in the way of acclamation than by the
exercise o( a deliberative voice or a regular assent or
negative."— ^itsft .■ AbT^gment (^ Eng. HiM., ii. T.
% Among Antiquaries: Acclamation Medals
are medals which represent the people as in
the act of expressing acclamation.
IL Rhet. : A figure of speech used by rheto-
ricians, and called by the Greeks, and after
them by the Romans, epiphonema.
ac-clam'-a-tor-y, ti. Expressing approval
by acclamation.
t ac-Clim-a-ta'-tion, s. [Fr.] Acclimati-
sation (q.v.').
"The Acclimatatiov (or, as we term it, acclimatiza-
tion) Society of Paiis wiia fouuded in 1854." — Nature,
vol. i. (1869).
dc-cli'-xnate, v.t. [Pref. ac= Lat. at? = to,
auA 'Eng. climatR ; Fr. acclivpater.] Gradually
to adapt the body to the peculiarities of a
climate other than its own, bo that it will be
uninjured by the diseases incidental to that
climate; to inure or habituate to a climate;
to acclimatize. [Climate.]
ac-Cli'-ma-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acclimate.]
" The native inhabitants and acclimated Euroi)eans
enjoy a state of health the most perfect." — Crawford .
Commixture qf Races.
t ac-cli'-mate-ment, s. [Acclimate.] Ac-
climatisation.
ac-cli'-mat-ing, pr. par. [Acclimate. ]
'i ^C-cli-ma -tlon, s [Acclimate.] Accli-
matisation (q.v.).
"... the means of acclimation and culture." —
Loudon : Encycl. of Agriculture.
ac-cli-mar-ti-^'-tion, ac-cli-ma-ti-za-
tion, s. [Acclimatize.]
1. TiJie process of inuring a human being,
one of the inferior animals, or a plant, to a
foreign climate.
" The accliinatisation and agricultural societies Jin
New South Wales] have been directing their attention
to the subject." — Nature, vol. lii., p. 4i3.
2. The state of being so inured.
" The races differ also in constitution, in acrJlmafi-
zation, and in liabilitj^ to certain diseaaea." — Darwui •
Descent qf Alan, vol, l, pt. i., ch. vii,
dc-cli-ma-ti^e, ac-cli'-ma-tize, v.t. [Fr.
acclimater.] [Acclimate.] To produce such
a change in ^he constitution of a human being,
one of the inferior animals, or a plant, as to
adapt it to endure the climate of a country
not its own.
"... in the case of some few plants, of their
becoming, to a certain extent, naturally hsoituated
to different temperatures, or becoming acclim^atised."
— Darurin : Origin of Species, ch. L, p. 140.
^ Sometimes to is placed before the climate
to which the constitution is adapted :
" These men are so thoroughly acclimatized to their
cold and lofty a\>o*Xe."— Darwin : Descent of Man,
vol. i., pt. i., ch. iv.
ac-cli'-ma-ti^ed, ac-cli'-ma-tized, pa.
par. & a. [Acclimatise, Acclimatize.]
ac-cli-niar-ti'-§ing, ac-cli-ma-ti'-mng,
pr. par. [Acclimatise, Acclimatize.]
ac-cli'-ma-tize, v.t. [Acclimatise.]
ac-cli'-ma-ture,s. [Acclimate.] Acclimati-
sation (q. V. ).
) ac-cli've, * ac-cli'-voiis, a. [Lat. accUvis
= sloping upwards : arf=to; cliws ^ a. slope ;
from the root kit or klin, seen in Gr. KkCvtn
(klino) — to cause to bend ; Lat. declino = to
decline, to bend down ; incUno = to bend in,
to incline.] Sloping upwards, rising, steep.
[Cleave, Cliff.]
"The way easily ascending, hardly so acdiee as a
deBk."~Atibreg: Letters; Account of VeruZam, u. 231.
ac-cU'-vis, s. [Acclive.]
Ajmt. : A muscle of the stomach, otherwise
called the obliquus ascendens muscle.
ac-cliv'-i-ty, s. [Lat. acelivitas, from ad =
to, and cli c i' s = a slope. ]
1. Ord. Lang. : A slope upwards, as the
ascent of a hill, or a sloping bank. The same
hillside or bank side would be called a dec^ii'tty
by one descending it.
"The men clamber up the acclivities, dragging their
kine with them." — Ray: Creation.
2. Fort. : The tains of a rampart. [Talus.]
^ ac-cli'-vous, I*. [AccuvE.]
* ac-cloy, v.t. (Fr. enclQuer,\ [Cloy.]
1. To drive a nail into a horse's hoof, in
shoeing ; to lame (lit. and fig.).
2. To fill up, to choke.
" At the well-head the purest streams arise ;
But murky filth his brauuchiug avmes aonoyes.
And with uncomely weedes the gentle wave accloyes.^
Spenser : F. Q., II. vii. 15.
3. To cloy (q.v.).
* ac-cloy', .=:. [AccLOY, v.] A wound inflicted
on a horse by driving the nail into the quick
of the hoof in shoeing it. (Topsell: Four-
footed Beasts (a.d. 1093, p. 14.).
*ac-cl6y'ed, pa. par. [Acclot.] (Optick
'Olasse of Humors, a.d. 1639.) {Halllioell.)
*ac-cda'st, v.t. [Accost.]
*ac-Coi'e, *a-coi'e, r.^ [O. Fr. coi; Lat.
'quietus = quiet.] To calm down ; to daunt.
{Spefiser.)
^ ac~coied'> pa. par. [Accoie.]
*ac-Coir, v.i. [Fr. accueillir = te receive, to
welcome.] To crowd, to bustle. [Coil.]
" About the cauldron many cooks accoU'd.
With hooks and ladles, as need did require. "
Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 30.
ac'-co-lade, s. [Fr. = an embrace ; Lat. ad
= to, and colitim = tha neck.]
1. Her. : The ceremony by which in me-
diieval times one was dubbed a knight. On
the question what this was antiquaries are
not agreed. It hUs been made an embrace
round the neck, a kiss, or a slight blow upon
the cheek or shoulder.
"The new attorney -general having stooped down
witliout objection to the usual accolade."— 'fowiuend :
Lives of Twelve Eminent Judges ; Lord Eldon.
2. Miisic: The couplet uniting several
staves. It may frequently be seen in part
music, or in pianoforte music.
* ac-col'-ded, a. [A.S. acolian, ac4lan = to
become cold.] Cold.
" When this knight that was accolded—&\id hit was
grete froste — and he saw the fyre. he descendide of hia
horae, and yede to tho fjTe, and warmide him."—
Oesta Romanoriim, p. 83.
* ac-cdll', V.t. [Fr. aceoller^ from Lat. ad = to,
and coUuvi the neck.] To embrace round the
neck ; to hug.
" Thiise raught I with mine armes t' accoU her neck.*
Surrey: Virgil; ^neid, ii.
* ac'-COl-ent, s. [Lat. accola =. a dweller near
a place, a neighbour : ad = to, or near ; coJo
= to cultivate, to inhabit.] One who dwells
near a countrj', a borderer. (Ash.)
ac-col'-le, a. & s. [From Fr. col = the neck.]
L Used adjectively :
1. Her. : Gorged or collared, as lions, dogs,
and other animals occasionally are in escut-
cheons.
2. Uer. : "Wreathed, entwined or joined
together, as two shields sometimes are by
their sides. The arms of a husband and wife
were often thus placed. {Ghss. of Her., A.D.
1847.)
IL Used substantively :
1. An animal with a crown on its head, or a
collar round its neck,
2. Two shields united to each other by their
sides.
3. A key, baton, mace, sword, or other im-
plement or weapon placed saltierewise behind
the shield. (Ibid.)
" ac-com'-ber, * a-com'-ber, ^ ac-com-
tore, * a-ciim'-bre, v.t. [Pref. ac = Lat.
ad, and *Eng, cumber (q.v.).] To encmuber,
perplex^ or destroy.
" Me thyuke ye are not gretly with wyt acomberyd."
Skelton : Magnificence, 2,242.
"^ ac-c6m'-bered, pa. par. [Accojiber,
Acomeer.]
^ ac-COm'-ber-OUS, o. [Accomber.] Cum-
bersome, troublesome.
" A litil tyme his yeft is agreeable.
But ful accomberous is the uainge,"
Complaint c^f Veniis. 42.
■^ac'-co-iiiie, *ac'-cu-niie, s. [Scotch for
alcJiemy.] A species of mixed metal ; what it
is is unknown.
" Hia writing pen did seem to me to be
Of hardened metal, like steil, or accumie."
Hist. A'ame of Scot., p. 54.
acciimie-pen, s. a metallic pen used for
writing on tablets. (Scotch.)
t ac-com'-indd-a-ble, a. [Fr. accommodahlc]
*That may be accommodated or adjusted.
"Such general rules as are accomTnodable in their
variety."— (raws; Logic.
t^c-com'-mod-a-ble-ness, s. [Accom-
MODABLE.] Capability of being accommo-
dated.
ac-com'-mod-ate, v.t. & i. [Lat. accommo-
datus, pa. par. of accominodo = to make one
thing of the same size and shape as another,
to fit, to adapt : ad = to, and commodo = to
adapt ; comviodus = measured with a measure,
from com ~ coil = together, and modus = a
measure.] [Mode.]
L Transitive :
1. To fit, to adjust to.
" . , , and their servile labours accommodated the
old system to the spirit and views of despotism." —
Qibbon : Decl. and Fall, ch, xliv.
"... tlie art of acc£wi»iorf(2(iui7 his language raid
deportment to the society in which he founahimself."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. it.
2. Spec. : To make up or adjust differences.
. every attempt that was made to accommodata
one dispute ended byproduoing another,"— J/acaw/n// ."
Biit. Eng., ch. xi.
3. To furnish with anything needful or con-
venient.
" Heaven speed the canvas gallantly unfurl'd
To fumisn and accommodate a. world ;
To give the pole the produce of the sun.
And knit the unsocial climates into one."
Coioper: Charity.
L Comm. : To lend with the view of suiting
the convenience of the borrower.
" In the former the borrower was obliged to restore
the same individual thing with which he had beea
> accomnuidated for the temporary supply of his wants. "
— Gibbon: Decl. and Fall, ch. xliv.
5. Tkeol. : To suit or fit the language of a
prophecy to an event which it typities or
illustrates rather than directly predicts ; to use
the sensus accomodativus of the Roman Church.
"In accommodating the passages of Scripture" —
Trans., Tholuck on the Eebrews, ii. 202.
''II. Intrans. : To be conformable to; to
agree with.
"How little the coneistence and duration of many
of them seem to accommodate and be explicable by
the proposed notion," — Boyle: Sceptical Clieyiiist.
1 In Shakespeare's and Ben Jonson's days
accommodate was a very fashionable word, or,
as the latter expresses it, one of " the per-
fumed words of the time." (See Shakesp.,
2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.)
■^ ac-c6m' -mod-ate, a. [See the verb.] Suit-
able to, tit for, adapted to.
"He condescended to it, las most accommodate to
their present state and inclination." — Tillotson.
ac-com'-mod-at-ed, pa. par. & a. [Ac-
commodate, V ]
*ac-c6m'-m6d-ate-ly, adv. [From accom-
modate, adj.] Suitably, agreeably.
"Moses his wisdom beldfitto give an account ar/'om-
inodately to the capacity of the peoiile." — Dr. H. More :
Conjectura Cabalistica, p. 130.
" ac-com'-mod-ate-ness, s. [From orxovi-
modate, adj.] The quality of being accom-
modate ; fitness, suitableness.
" Its aptness and accommodutenenis to the great pur-
pose of men's salvation may be further demonstrated.'
— EaZliwell : Saviour of Souls, p. SO.
bSJl, b^; pdut, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bencb; go, gem; tliin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — £
-ftia=uha; -;lan = sh3.n. -tion. -sion = shun ; -§ion, -^0)11= 'zhiiii. -tious, -sious, H^ious = shiis. -bre = ber, -ble = beli
34
accommodating— accompi Lsiiment
ac-com'-mod-a-ting, pr. j'lar. & n. [Ac-
" COMMODATE, V.t]
I. Used adjectively :
1. Obliging; as "an acconimoclating inan."
2. Convenieut ; as "an accommodating ar-
rangement."
3. Easily adjusted to.
IL Used substajitively : Accommodation.
" AvcoTnmotlating of the eye."— Carpenter Human
PTiyaiology.
ac-com-mod-a -ting-ly, ado. [Fi-om the
pr. par.] In an accommodating manner.
ac-com-mod-a'-tion, s [From Lat. oc-
* coriirdodatlo.]
Essential sigmfication : (1) The act of ac-
commodating ; (2) the state of being accom-
modated ; and (3) that which constitutes the
convenience received.
More specifically :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Adaptation to.
"... the organ izatiou of the botly, with accoinmo-
datio-n to its functions, ia fitted with the laost curious
mechauiaiii."— ;Sir J/. Male: Organization of Ma nkl ad.
2. Adjustment of diiTerences, the reconcilia-
tion of pi;rsons quarrelling.
*' AccnBii.tiou3 !Ui<3 recriminations iiassed backward
and forward between the contending parties, AU
accommodation had hecoiue lui'^s^ihXe." —Macaalai/ ■
Jfixt. Eng., ch. i.
3. Lodging, a place of resiubnce, or a place
to transact business in, convenience.
"There accommodation had been iJrovided for the
Parliament," — Slacaulay . Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
II, Cofiiiii. : A pecuniary loan.
An acccm/modation hill of exchange is one
drawn for the accommodation of a^ierson who
promises the friend lending him his signature
that he will either himself pay the bill when
it falls due, will furnish funds for the purpose,
or will in some other way prevent the accom-
modating party from suffering for the good-
natured deed he has done.
Similarly an accommodation note is one not ,
given in payment of goods received, but drawn
and discounted for the purpose of borrowing
its amount in money.
Accoimnodation land.'i : Lands bought by a
speculator to be leased out for building pm"-
poses.
Accommodation works : Works which a rail-
way company is required by Act 8 & 9 Vict.,
c. 20, § OS, to erect and maintain for the sake
of those resident near the line. They consist
of bridges, fences, gates, culverts, &.G.
III, Theol. : Accomimdation is used when
the language of a prophecy is applied to an
event which it ty^nfies and illustrates with-
out there being any intention of asserting that
the event was designed as the direct fulfilment
of the prediction.
". . . or rather, as the citation is only an accom-
Tnwlation of Jer. xxxi. 15, "Snch another cataatrophe
took place as that recorded by Jeremiah ' . , . ." —
Bloomficld : Greek Test., note to Matt. iL 17.
IV, Naiit. Lang. : An accommodation ladder
13 a light ladder fixed outside the vessel, and
useful in aiding passengers to come on board
from small boats when the ship itself cannot
approach the quay.
'^ ac-com'-inod-a-tive, a. [Accommodate.]
Supplying accommodation.
* ac-com'-inod-a-tdr, s, [Accommodate.]
'One who accommodates. {Webster, &c.)
" Mahomet wanted the refinement of our modern
aceommodators." — Bisho-p Warburton : Doctrine of
Grace, ii. 331.
*" ac-c6m-m6d'e, v. t. To accommodate.
"My Lord of Leicester hath done some good offices
to accommode matters." — Sowell, i. 85, 4,
accompagnaxnento, accoxnpagnatura
(pron. ak-kom-pa-nya-men'-to, ak-
kom-pa-nya-tu'-ra), s. [Ital.]
Music: Something subordinate added to
give completeness to music, as instruments to
the voice or the voice to instruments. [Ac-
companiment, IL]
t ac-com'-pan-ar-tole, a.
Lit. : Able to be accompanied ; (^3.) sociable.
"A show, as it were, of nn accom pan^ble soliinviness,
and of acivil wildneas," — Sir P. Sidtiey : Arcadia, 1. C.
ac-com'-pan-Sedp pa. par. & u..
' PANY.]
1. In company with, attended by.
[ACCOM-
2. Her.: Between; hence "accompanied
by four crescents "= between four crescents.
(Gloss, of Heraldry.)
ac-com'-pan-i-er, s. [Acco.-^ipanv .] One
who accompanies.
ac-com'-pan-i-ment, s. [In Fr. accovi-
' pagneineiit] Ital, accompagnainento.] [Accom-
pany. ]
I, Gen. : Suinething superadded to or at-
tendant upon anotlier thing, something whicli
if present gives greater completeness to that
whicli occupies the principal place.
"... recitation, with its kindred accompaniment
of action." — Merioale : Hist, of the Jiom,ans vndcr the
Empire, ch. xli,
"The outHkirting houses rose out of the plain like
isolated beings, without the (ircompaniment of gar-
dens 01 coiu-t-yards." — Hanvin : Voyage round t?te
World, ch. ill., p. 42.
"... the sure accovi^animents of the still, glowing
noonday of the tropica. '—Jbid., ch. xxi,, p. 496.
IL Music :
1. Something subordinate added to give
completeness to tlie music. If vocal per-
formance is designed to occupy the chief
place, then the addition of iiistruments con-
stitutes the accomjKuiiment, and vice versa.
" Modem composers judiciously ati5x a violin accom-
paniment to the vocal pai-t." — Mama: Church Muj>ic,
p. 74.
2. Thorough base. The accornjianiment of
the scale is the harmony assigned to the series
uf notes ascending and descending, generally
called the diatonic scale, that scale being
taken as a base.
III. Painting : Whatever objects are added
to the principal figures for the purpose of
further illustrating them.
IV. Her. : Whatever additions are made to
the shield by way of ornament, as belt
mouldings, supporters, &c.
ac-com'-pan-ist, s. [Accompany. ]
Music: The performer who takes the sub-
ordinate part, or who plays the accompani-
ment. (Busby.)
, ac-c6m'-pan-y, v.t. &i. [O. Fr. acompaignier ;
' Fr. accovip'aguer ; Sp. accompaitar ; Port, ac-
comjKuihar ; Ital. a^compagnarc. [Company.]
A, Transitive :
L Of persons :
I. To go along with a person in motion.
". . . and to accompany him in his early walk
through the Park."— j4/acaw.iaj/ .■ Ei>,t. Eng., ch. iii.
t 2. To cohabit with.
II, Of things:
1. Lit. : To go along with anythiug in motion.
2. To be in unison with, as a voice with a
musical instrument.
" . , . his voice
Softly accmnpanicd the tuneful harji."
Wordsioorth Excur , vi
3. Fig. : To attend upon, to be associated
with.
"But, beloved, we are persuaded better thiugs of
you, and things that accompany salvation, though we
thus speak." — Heb. vi. 9,
B. Intransitive :
1. To associate, to keep company (followed
by with).
" No man, in effect, doth accoinpany with others,
>jut ho leametb. ere he ia aware, some gesture, voice,
or fashion." — liacon: Nat. Hut.
t 2, To coliabit (followed by ivith).
"... loved her and acco7npanipd with her only,
till be married Elfnda." — Milton: Hist. Kny., bk. v.
3. Music : To execute the accompaniment
when a piece of music is sung or played.
ac-c6m'-pa-ny-iiig» pr. par. & a. [Accom-
pany.]
"... site of his temple, with itn rich accowpaTiT/iJii;
solemnities." — Orote : Hist, of Greece, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i.
ac-c6m'-pan-y-ist, s. [Eng. accompany;
-ist.] The same as Accompanist (q.v.).
ac-com -pli9e, s. [(l) Lat. atZ = to ; (2) Fr.
<fe Ital. complice, adj. =^ privy, accessory; s.=
^n accomplice, from Lat. complico = to fold
together : co-n = togetlier, and plico = to fold."]
1. OHg.: One associated with another in doing
any action which might be good as well as bad.
" Success unto our valiant general,
And happiness to his accoinplices /'
Shakesp. : l Henry VI., v, 2.
^ It might be used also of things.
2. Now : Never used in a good sense, but
only for one who is associated with another in
the perpetration of a crime or other misdeed.
" He offered to be a witness against his accomplices.
on condition of having a good i>lace." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
T[ * Formerly it was sometimes followed by
tOj of the crime.
" Sxispected for accom,plice U- the fire. "
Drydcn • Juvenal.
H Now followed by in, of the crime, and
tuith of the person aided.
"He judged himself accomplice with the thief." —
Drydcn : Fables,
'" ac-com'-plice, '^ ac-com'-plise, v.t.
[Accomplish.] To accomplish.
"And TuUiuE sayth thatgretethinRca be -not accom-
plished by strengthe, ne by delivernesse of body." —
Cliaucer . 'J ale of Mclibanis.
ae-com'-plige-ship, s. [Accomplice, s.]|
The state of being an accomplice, (E. Taylor.)
ac-coin~pli9'-i-ty, s. [Complicity-] Com-
" i^licity.
ac-Com'-plish, v.t. [O, Fr. acomjMr; Fr,
' accomplir = to finish, from Lat. orf = to, and
com'j)leo = to fill up, to complete.] Essential
meaning, to fill up ; hence, to complete, to
finish. [Complete.]
1. Of apertures in any material thing : To'
fill up holes or chinks in armour with tne
view of equipping its wearer, to equip.
" The armourers, accomplishing the knights.
With busy hammers closlug rivets up.
Give dreatlful note of pre]>aratioDL "
Shakesp. : King Henry f, iv., chorus.
2. Of time : To fill up, complete, or finish in
a (certain space of time.
"Turn from him, that he may rest, till he shall
accomplish, as an hireling, his day," — Job xiv 6
3. Of sjioken words, as, for instance, of pro-
pliecy : To fulfil, carry out.
". . that the word of the Lord sjioken by the
mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished. ' — 2 Chron.
XX xvi. -li
4. Of passions, desires, purposes, or projects :
To carry out, to effect, to satisfy.
"... thou sbalt acco)7i7)?(s7i my desire, ill giving,
food for my household. " — l Kings v 'j
"Who apijeared in glory, and spake of his decease
which he aaould accomplish at Jerusalem. ' — LuTcc
ix. 31.
"He had, in the first year of his reign, exi^ressed his
desire to see an union nccoinplished }'>etween England
and Scotland." — Macaulay : Hint. Eng., ch. xxv.
5. Of education in any branch : To comi)lete,
as far as education can ever be considered
complete.
" She remained in Paris, to become accomplisJied m
the gr;ices and elegancies ... of that court." —
Eroude : Hist. Eng., vol. 1., ch. ii.
ac-com'-pUsli-a-ble, a. [Accomplish]
Able to be accomplished ; that may be filled'
up, effected, or carried out (Ogilvic )
& ft. [Accom-
ac-c6m'-plished, pa. par.
' PLISH.]
I. As pa. par. : (In senses corresponding to.>
those of the verb).
II. As adjective:
1. Filled up, complete.d.
" Ou sceue.9 smiJassing fable, and yet true ;
Scenes of accompliah'd bliss ! which who can see ?"
Cowpcr : Task, bk. vi.
2. Of persons :
(a) Thoroughly equipped, thoraughly fur-
nished, having received a thorough education
of the kind common in one's class, and
profited by it.
". . noristhereanypurerormoregraceful English
than that which accomplisJied women now speak and
write." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, iii.
(h) Possessed of experience acquired lii the
school of active life.
"William was admirably qualiflea to supply that in
which the most accomplisJied statesmen of his king-
dom were deficient."— J/acaitia^/ .• Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
ac-com'-plish-er, 5 [Accomplish.] One
who accomplishes.
" Mahumed did not miike good his pretence.-? of beinc
the last accomplisher of the Mosaical economy"—
L. Addison: Life C(f Mahumed-, p. 81.
ac-c6m'-plish-ing, pr. par. [Accomplish. ]
ac-c6m'-plish-ment, s. [in Fr. accomidisse-
ment.]
L The act of accomplishing.
1. The act of filling up, or fulfilling any-
thing: as, for instance, a XTophecy. (For
example, see No. II.)
iate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, enamel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire. sir. marine ; go, pot
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. oe = e ; ey = a,
aecompt—accordion
2. The act of completing or finishing any-
thing.
". , .to signify the acarmpliskment of the days
of pmificatiou.'— ^cis xxi. 26.
3. The gratification of a desire, effecting of
a purpose, the gaining of an end.
". , - who, for the (iccompZisAmemf of a great deaign,
-wished to inake use of "both . . . ." — Macaulay :
Bist. Eng., ch. xiv.
II. The state of "being accomplished.
". . . vrojihecies and i>redictione of thiugs that have
their certaTn accompluhment." — Bunyan: Pilgrims
Proffi'ess, pt. i.
IIL The thing or things accomplished.
Sj'cc, aequiaitions ui'ibing from study ur
practice, as contradistinguished from natural
gifts ; also polish, refinement, grace of man-
ners.
" 0 many are the iweta that are sown
By nature i men endowd with highest gifts —
The vision, and the faculty divine —
Yet wanting the accomplisJnnent of verse."
Wordmuorth : Kxtsir., bk. i.
^ In this sense it is generally used In the
plural.
"Accomplishments have taken virtue's place.
And wisdom falls before exterior grace."
Cowpcr : Progress of Error.
* ac-c6mpt', s. [Lat. ad = to, and Low Lat.
compiUus = a computation ; Fr. compte = com-
putation, compter = to calculate. ] The old way
of spelhng Account (q.v.).
" SmitJi. Tlie clerk of Cbattinin : he can write and
read, and caste accmnpt."— Henry VI., Part II., iv. 2.
* ac-comp'-ta-ble, a. (in Fr. camptaMe.']
[AccoMPT. ] Accountable.
". . . accomptablo to reaoon."
Beaumont a- Fletcher: Spanis/t Cu-rate, v,, lafit sc.
■* ac-c6mp'-tant, s. [Fr. cctmptant = ready
money.] A21 accountant. [Accountant,]
". . . after the manner of slothful and faulty ofBcers
and accomptaiits." — Baciyri: Interpr. of Mature, ch. x.
* ac-compte', v. [Account.]
*ac-c6nipt-ing, jir. par. & .
Accounting,
[AcCOMPT.]
^ accompting-day» r. The day of ac-
counting ; the day on which accounts are
inquired for and made up; ifig.} the Day of
Judgment.
"To whom thou much dost owe, thou much must pay,
Think on the debt against tlie acoomptlng-day,'
Denhajit : Of Prudettci:, H-!.
* ac-cor-age', v.t. To encourage. [Courage.]
*' But that aamo f roward twalufl would nccorage.
And of her plenty adde unto their neetl."
.ipenscr: F. (l, II. ii. 38.
ac-COrd', V.t. & i. [O. Fr. acoider ; Fr, ac-
corder, from Low Lat. accordo = to be of one
mind, from ac = ad = to ; cor (genit, cordis) =
the heart]
I. Transitive :
I. To make an alienated heart return again
to the heart from which it has become sepa-
rated ; to adjust a diiference between parties ;
to bring parties at variance to an harmonious
agi'eenient.
2. To adjust one thing to another ; to make
one thing correspond with another.
" These mixed with iU't and to due bounds confined-
Make and maintain tlie balance of the mind,
The lights and sliadea whose well accorded strife
Grace all the strength and colour of our life."
Pope : Essay on Jfan, ii. 12L
3. To grant, to bestow, to yield.
"Accord, good sir, the light
Of your experience, to dispel this gloom."
Wordsworth: Excur., bk. v.
^ This is now the most common use of the
7erb transitively.
IL Intransitive :
1. Of persons, or their thoughts, fccUvgs,
words, or actions :
(a) To concur in opinion, followed by iviik.
' The wrangler, rather than accord with you.
Will judge himself deceiv'd, and prove it too."
Cowper: Conversation.
(b) To assent to a proposition or agree to a
proposal : followed by to.
"... whereunto the king accorded." — Paget to
Pretre : State Papers, voL xL, p. 1G4.
2. Of things :
(a) Gen. : To correspond, to agree ; now fol-
lowed by vMh, formerly also by to.
" Thy actions to thy words accord."
Milton ; Paradise Regained, bk. ill
" The love of fame with this can ill accord."
Byron : Hours of Idleness.
"The developmeut of successive parts in the indi-
vidual generally seem to represent and accord with
the development of successive beings in the same line
of descent." — Darvtin: Descenl of Man, vol. i., pt. i.,
ch, vL, p. 209.
(&) ifKsic : To chord with, to make melody
or hannony with, especially the latter.
Literally and figuratively :
" The according music of a well-inixt state."
Pope. (OgUvie.)
ac-cord', ^. [Fr. accord; Ital. accord^.} [Ac-
cord, v.]
L The .state of being in agreement with.
1. Reconciliation of hearts which or persons
who before were alienated.
"So Pallas spoke; the mandate from above
The king obeyed. The virgin seed of Jove,
In Mentor's form conftrmed the full accord.
And willing nations knew their lawful lord."
Pope: Homer; Odyssey xxiv. &iQ.
2. Agreement between independent minds,
hannonious feeling or action, concurrence in
sentiment or in action prompted by one com-
mon impulse. In this case it is not implied
that there was previous alienation.
"And when the day of Pentecost was fully come,
they were all with one accord in one place." — Acts li. l.
3. Of things:
(a) Gen. : Agreement, fitness, just corre-
spondence of things one to the other.
"Beauty is nothing more but a just accord and
mutual harmony of the meml>ers, animated by a
healthful constitution." — Dryden: Pri^ace, Trans, of
Dufrcsnoy, "Art of Painting."
(&) Poet. : Accordance.
". in. accord
With their belief
WordswortJi : Excur., hk iii.
(c) Permission, leave. {Webster.)
{d) Music .• Concord, concert, harmony of
musical sounds.
" Now in music it ia one of the ordinariest flowers to
fall from a discord, or hard tune, upon a sweet accord. "
— Lord Bacon: IjUerpr. of Nature, ch. viii.
(e) Painting: The harmony prevailing among
tlie lights and shades of a picture.
* (/) Oratory: Action in speaking corre-
sponding with the words. (Minsheu.)
IL The act of agreeing ; consent, assent.
"... you must buy that peace
With fuU accord to all our iuat demanda"
Shakcsp,: Henry V., v, 2.
III. That which produces, or is fitted to
produce, an agreement, or itself agrees with
any tiling.
Spec. (Law): Satisfaction tendered to an
injured party for the wrong done. If he
accept it, an action for the -wrong is barred.
The process is called accord and satisfaction.
There are cases in which an action is barred if
sufficient redress be offered, even though the
tender made may have been rejected.
Scots Law (plural). Accords of Jaw: Things
agreeable to law. (Svppl. Jamieson's Scott.
Diet.)
1[ The phrase "of his own accord," or "of
her own accord," means tliat he or she has
acted spontaneously, without a command or
even a suggestion from others.
' "... hut being more forward, of his own accord
he went unto you,"— 2 Cor. vUL 17.
" Of its own accord" means spontaneously,
by the operation of natural law.
" That which groweth of its own accord of thy
harvest thou shalt not reap . , ." — i,co, xxv, 5,
"^ ac-cord'-a-lble, a. [From accord, v.]
1. Lit. : Able to be accorded, * ' easy to be
agi'eed. " (Minslieu. )
2. Fig. : Consonant with, agreeable to, in
accordance with.
" It is not discordable
Unto my words, hut accordable."
Qower : CoTifessio A mantis, bk. v.
ac-cord'-an9e, t ac-cord'-an-<^Sr, s. [From
accord, v. ] Agreement, harmony, or con-
formity with.
"And what had been done that was not in strict
accordancu with the law of Parliament? "—Macaulav ■
Hist. Eng., ch. xv. '
■' This mention of alms and offerings certainly
brings the narrative in the Acts nearer to an accor-
^'' ac-cord'-and,pr. 2Jar. [Accord.] Agreeing.
^^" 51°^^?^ resoun of his saule waa ay accordand. with
the Godhed for to dye. —MS. Coll. Eton., 10, f. 30.
ac-cord-ant, a. [Accord, v.] Making
melody or harmony with.
Used (1) of musical instruments or the
voice.
" . the accordant strings of Michael's melodioua
fiddle." Longfellow: Evangeline.
" And now his voice, accordant to the string.
Prepares oui' monarch's victories to sing."
Qoldsmith : An Oratorio, ii.
(2) Fig. : Of the feelings, of hearts, or gene-
rally of anything in consonance or ajjreement
with something else. Formerly followed by
tOy now by with.
" Hir dyete was accordant to hir cote."
Chaucer: C. T.. 16,322.
" Subjects that excite
Feelings with those accordant."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi.
" Strictly accordant with true morality."— Oar win .-
Descent of Man, vol, i., pt. i,, ch. iii.
"The doctrine which furnishes accordant solutions
on the viirtoua leading questions of polity,"— J/ar-
tineau: Cotnte's Philosophy, hk. vi., ch, 1., p. 6.
ac-cord'-ant-ly", o,dv. [Accordant.] In ac-
cordance with, agreeably to or with. (Dwight.)
ac-cord'-a-tu-ra, s. [Ital.] A particular
method of tuuiiig'a stringed instrument.
* ac-cord'-aunt, a. [Accordant.] In ac-
cord or agreement.
" A ccordaunt to his wordes was his cheere,"
Chaucei-: C. T., 10,417,
*ac-cor'de, s. [Accord,]
" Sche fel of his accorde
To take him for hir husbonde and hir lorde."
Chaueer: C. T., 11,053.
*ac-cor'de, v.t. &i. [Accord, v,]
"I counseile yow that ye accorde ^vith youre adver-
saries."—C'/utEtcer; Tale of Mclibceus.
ac-cord'~ed, pa. par. [Accord, v. ]
t ac - cord'- er, .s. [Accord, v. ] One who
assents to or bestows anything.
"An ricrordcr with or an asseiiter unto another ; an
assisUmt, helper, favourer."— Co/j^rane.
ac - cord'- ing, pr. par., a., & adv. [Ac-
' cord, 11.]
1. Aspr. par. : In the senses corresponding
to those of the verb.
2. -is adj. : Sounding in unison or in har-
mony.
"According chorus rose."!
Scott: MarTuion, ii. IL
3. As adverb :
(1) According as (followed by a nominative
and a verb) : Just, precisely, tlie same, agree-
ably.
"I have done according as thou hadest me."— ffen.
xxvii. 19.
(2) According to :
(a) Of persons : Agreeably to words or writ-
ings by [a person],
"According to him, every person was to be bought."
— Macaulay: Hist. £ng., ch. li.
" The g03i>el according to St. Matthew,"— JVV;/' Test.
(b) Of things : In harmony with, conform-
ably with, in relation to, arranged under.
"AccordiTtg to this definition, we should regard all
labour as productive which is employed in creating
permanent utilities. "—J, S. Mill: Polit. Econ^, vol. i,
bk. 1, ch. iii,, § 3, p. 59.
" God forbid that thy servants should do according
to this thing." — Qen, xliv. 7.
". . . let him arid his neighbour next unto hia
house take it according to the number of the souls ;
every man according to his eating shall make your
count for the lamb, "—i'awtZ. xii. i.
"... Christ died for our sins according to the
scriptures." — 1 Cor. xv. 3.
"Annates v/ns&rsi used as a general term for history
written according to years, ana lastly for any history."
—Lewis: Credibiiity (^ Early Jloman Hist, ch. iiL
^ There are other minute shades of meaning
besides these.
ac-cord'-ingr-ly, adv. [According.] Con-
formably with something which has before
been stated ; in consequence.
" AVhich trust accordingly, kind citizens,"
Sluikesp. : King John, ii. 1,
" The ranks were accordingly composed of persons
superior in station and education to the multitude."—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i,
ac-oord'-i-6n, s. A well known keyed in-
strument with metallic reeds. The sounds
are produced by the vibration of the several
metallic tongues, which are of different sizes,
air being meanwhile supplied by the move-
ment of the opposite sides of the instrument,
so as to constitute a bellows. The accordion
was introduced into England from Germany
about A.D. 1828. Improvements have been
made on it in the flutina, the organ-accordion,
and the concertina. [Flutina, Obgan-accor-
DION, Concertina.]
"Wind instruments : organ, siren, piper, ophicleide,
accordion, seraphiua, &c" — lioget: Tltesaurus. § 417.
bffia, hS^; poilt, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bsnch; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, e^t. -Ing.
-cia = sha : -cian = shan. -tion^ -sion = shim ; -§ion» -fiou = zh^, -tious, -sious, -^ious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del,
36
accordyng— accountable
accordion-stand. A stand for an ac-
cordion. One of an ingenious character has
been invented by Faulkner.
* ac-cord'-yng. [According.]
" Twyea on the day it psvased tliurgh his throte,
From word to word accordyng with the uote."
Chaucer: Prioresses Tale, 14,958-9.
* ac-cor'-por-ate, v, t [Lat. accorporo = to
incorporate : ad = to ; corpora = to fasliiou
into a body: corpus = a, body.] To incorj-io-
rate. [Incorporate.] (Milton.)
* ac-cor'-por-a-ted, I'tt. par. &a. [Accob-
POKATE.]
* ac-cor'-por-a-ting, j>r. par. [Accorpo-
KATE.]
* ac-COrt', a. [In Fr. accortis = civil, cour-
teous.] Heedful, wary, prudent. {Mlnsheu.)
ac-cost', * ac-c6s'te, * ac-coa'st, v.t. & i.
' Fr. accoster = to join sid'e by side : aO. = to.
and cdte (formerly cnste = side ; also cdte ~ rib)
hill, coast) ; Sp. acostar ; Ital. accostare, from
Lat. costa = a rib, a side. ] [Coast.]
A. Transitwe :
1. Of countries or places: To reach, to be
conterminous with.
"Lapland hath siuce been often surrounded (ao
much aa acco),rs the aea) by the English. "—JWJer ;
Worthies; Derbyshire.
2. Of persons : To stand side by side, or to
be side by side.
(a) Generally :
" ■Wreatlera do accost one another by joining aide by
Bide."— il'ew Sng. Diet. (1691).
(&) HcraUlrij. (See the past participle.)
3. To approach, to draw near to. (Mivsliev.)
" I wonld not accost yon infant
With ruder greeting than a fathers kisa."
Byron: Cain, iii. 1.
4. To try one, to attempt to take liberties
with. {Kennet) (See Halliwell, Diet.)
5. To appropriate. (Cockeram.)
6. To address before being addressed, to
speak to first. This is now by far the most
common meaning of the word.
The stranger."
B. Intransitive :
1. Ord. iMiig. : To lie alongside.
" All the shorea which to the sea accost."
Spenser : l-\ Q., V. xi. 42.
2. Falconry : To approach the ground, to
fly low.
"Whether high lowering or accoasting low."
Spenser : F. Q.. VI. ii. 32.
ac-cost', s [Accost, v.] Address, manner,
" gieeting.
" 1 remember her accost to me aa well na if it were
yesterday."— A'ainsny .' Scot. L\f-, and. Character, p. 60.
ac-c6s'-ta-ble, a. [Accost, v.]
* 1. Courteous, ready to accost (A". E. D.).
" The French are a free, debonaire, accostablc
people." — Hoioell : Letters, i. 92.
2. That may be accosted or approached,
accessible.
"Old soldiei'3 . . . seem to be more accos^a&^e than
old Ba.i\o'y^."—I{aivthorne : Up the Thames, p. 285,
ac-cost'-ed, '^ ac-coast'-ed, pa. par. [Ac-
cost.]
1. Ord. Lang. : (See the yerb).
2. Her. : A term applied (i.) to a charge
supported on both sides by other charges, as
a pale accosted by six mullets; (ii.) to two
animals proceeding side by side. {Gloss, of
Heraldry.) [Cottised.]
ac-cost'-ing, * ac-coast'-mg, pr. par.
[Accost.]
ac-c6st'-ment, s. [Accost, v.] The action
' of accosting ; salutaciou, greeting. (N. E. D.)
ac-C0U9lie', v.i. [Fr.] To act as an ac-
coucheur.
accouchement (pron. a-kush'-man or
a-kuch-ment), s. [Fr. from accoucher =
to deliver, to bring forth.] Confinement,
lying-in, delivery.
"Her approaching arcoucliement."— Agnes Strick.
land: Queens of Jiiig. : Henrietta Maria.
accoucheur (pron. a-kush-ur), s. [Pr.]
1. A doctor who assists women at childbirth.
" Thus in England the medical prof eaaion ia divided
into physicians, surgeons apothecaries, accoucheurs,
oculists, auiists, dentiata. ' — Sir G. G. Lewis: I-nJiuence
of Authority in Matters of Opinion.
2. Fig. (satiricnJ) : One who assists in bring-
ing a friend's manuscript into the world of
letters.
"A kind of gratia accoucheur to those who wish to
bedelivtired ot rhyme, but do not know how to bring
forth." — Byron. Jinglish liarda & Scotch Reviewers.
(Note,)
accoucheuse (pron. a-ku-sh6'9e), s. [Fr.;
the fern, form of Accoucheur.] A midwife.
* ac-c6un'-sayl, v. To counsel with.
" And called him withoute fail.
And said he wold him accounsayV
Richard. CcBur de Lion. 2,140.
ac~coii'nt,*ac-c6m'pt,s. [O. Fr. acompter,
' aconter, from* Lat. ao = ad, and computo = to
count.] [Compute.]
I. The act or operation of computing by
means of numbers ; of counting numbers
themselves ; or of making verbal, written, oi
printed statements in explanation of conduct,
or for historic or other ends.
1. Of numerical comjmtatioiis :
". . . the courts of equity have acquired a con-
current jurisdiction with every other coui-t in all
matters of account."— Bluckstone : Comment., bk. iii.,
ch, xxvii.
2. Of explanation, defence, or apology for
conduct :
" Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin ;
No reckoning made, but sent to my account
With all my imperfections on my head."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i, 5.
3. Of narration, especially of an histaric ki nd.
(See No. III. 4.)
IL The state of being counted, computed,
or given foi-th orally, in writing, or printed.
1. Lit. : The state of being counted or com-
puted.
". . . an host of fighting men that went out to
war by bands, according to the number of their
account. . . ■" — 2 Ohron. xxvi. 11.
". , . the money of every one that pasaeth the
account, the money that every man ia set at."—
2 Sings xii. 4.
2. Figuratively :
(a) The state of being estimated ; estima-
tion, honourable estimate, regard, considera-
tion, importance.
" Lord, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of
him ! or the son of man, that thou makest account of
him ! "—Ps. cxliv. 3,
"The state had been of no account in Europe."-
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. x.
(&) The state of being considered profit-
able, profit, advantage. Used specially in the
phrases "to turn to account " = to produce
advantage; and "to find one's account in"
= to make worth one's while.
"... such a solid and substantial virtue aa will
turn to account in the great day." — Addison: Spec-
tator, No. 30D.
" I ciinnot yet comprehend how those persons find
their account in any of the three." — Swift.
". . . . the molecular motion produced in the
act of union may be turned to mechanical account." —
Tyndall : Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., iv. 9.
^ To lay one's account with : To assure one-
self of, to make up one's mind to. (Scotch.)
" I counsel you to lay your account with suffering."
—Walker: Peden, p. 56.
On one's own account : On one's own behalf,
for one's own profit or advantage, for one's
ovm sake.
". . . those members trafficked, each on his own
account." — Macaulay. Hist. Eng., ch, xxiii.
3, The state of being accounted for. In the
phrase "on account of" = accounted for by ;
by reason of, because of, in consequence of.
". . . on account of the stemness^and harshness
of his nature."— J/acaitZa,!/ .■ Hist. Eng.\ ch. ii.
III. The thing or things computed, given
forth, or told ; the statement made, the record
privately kept or more or less openly pub-
lished.
1. Banking, Commerce, Law, and Ordinary
Language : A registrj'' of pecuniary transac-
tions ; such a record as is kept by merchants,
by housewives, and by all prudent jieople,
with the view of day by day ascei-taining their
financial position.
" It would he endless to point out all the several
avenues in human affairs and in this commercial age
which lead to or end in accounts." — Bl-ackstone : Com-
ment., bk. iii,, ch xxvii,
^ Spec. : A bill or paper sent in by trades-
people to those who do not pay for goods on
deliver;'. In it is enti^red the name of the
debtor, each item of his debt, and the sum
of the whole.
" If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put
that on mine account. 1 P.aul have written it with
mine own hand, I will repay it." — Philemon 18, 10.
To opEU an account is = to commence pecu-
niarj"^ transactions with, so that one's name is
entered for the first time in the books of the
banker or merchant.
An open account, or an account curreTU, is
commercially one in which the balance has
not been struck ; in banking it is one which
may be added to or drawn upon at any time,
as opposed to a deposit account where notice
is required for withdrawals. To keep an open
account is to keep an account of the kind now
stated running on, instead of closing it. A
stated account is one which all parties have,
either expressly or by implication, admitted
to be correct, A settled account is one which
has actually been discharged. Payment on
account = in partial payment of a debt.
2. Old Law: A writ or action brought
against a man whose office or business places
him under the obligation to render an account
to another, and who has failed to furnish it ;
as a bailiff neglecting to give one to his master,
or a guardian to his ward. The action, of
course was most frequently brought when
there was reason to believe that the money
unaccounted for had been embezzled.
3. A verbal or written explanation,, excuse,
or defence given by a defendant arraigned
before a tribunal, or a servant summoned
before a master to answer.
" Give an account of thy stewardship."- Zwfte xvL 2.
". . . they shall give accow«( thereof in the day
of judgment."- J/a«. xii 36.
" A member could no longer be called to account for
his harangues or his voteB."—Macaulay . Hibt. Eng.,
chap. XV.
^ In the last example account may be a sub-
stantive or a verb. It is probably the former.
4. A verbal, written, or printed recital of
incidents, an historic naixative.
% In this sense it is oft«n plui-al.
" If, therefore, we require that a historical account
should reat on the testimony of luiown and assignable
witneaaea, whose credibility can be scrutinized and
judged . . . ," — Lewis: Earljf Ilo7nan Hist., ch..\ii.,%1.
"The chroniclers have given us many aceouTits of
the masks and plays which were acted in the court." —
Froude: Hist. £nff.. ch. i.
ac-COU'nt, v.t. & i. [Fr. covqiter.]
1. Transitive :
* 1. To count, to number, to reckon.
" Long worke it were
Here to account the endlesse progeny
Of all the weeds that bud and blossome there.
Spenser : F. Q.'. III. vi. 30.
2. To place to one's account, to count, to
impute, to assign.
" Even as Abraham Iwlieved God, and it w;is ac-
roHwfe*; [marg., imputed] to him fur rigliteuuh.nt;ss." —
Gal. iii. 6.
3. To assign, to nominate, to appoint.
"... they which are accounted to rule over the
Gentiles exercise lordship over them." — Mark x. 42.
" . . . and it was, in truth, the only project that
was accounted to his own service." — Clarendon.
4. To count, to regard as, to deem, consider,
judge, ad.iudge.
" You think Mm humble — God accounts him proud."
Cowper : Truth.
' ' O Thou ! whose captain I account myself,
Look on my forces with a gracious eye."
Shakespeare . King Richard III., v. i
II. Intransitive :
* To count, to reckon.
"... by which months we to this day acco«;ii."
—Hold: Time.
T[ To account for : (1) To render an account
of.
"At once accounting for his deep arrears."
Dryden: Juvenal's Satires, xiii.
(2) To afford an explanation of, to tell the
cause of.
". . . we find evidences of a small change, which
theory accounts for." — Berschel: Astronvmi/, 5th ed.,
§ 306.
"... a feature ui the vegetation of this island
[the northern island of Mew Zealand] may perhaps be
accounted for by the laud having been aboriginally
covered with forest-trees." — Darwin: Voyar/c rou-nd
the WorlA, ch. xviii., p. 424.
"*■ To account of (compound trans, verb) : To
value, to prize, to estimate highly.
"... none were of silver ; it wiia not any thing
accou7ited qf in the days of Solomon." — 2 Chron.
ix. 20.
account-book« s. a book in which ac-
counts are kept. (Sioift.)
ac-co^nt-a-lbn'-i-ty, s. [Accountable. ]
Liability to be called on to give an account of
money, of the discharge of a special trust, or
of conduct generally ; responsibility.
ac-coi^nt'-ar-ble, a. [Eng. account, andsuff.
-able. In Fr. comptahle.] Liable to be called
on to render an account of money, of goods,
of the discharge of a special trust, or of con-
duct generally ; responsible.
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. ee, oe = e ; ey = a.
accountableness— accretion
37
1. Of money:
Law : An accountable receii)t is a written
acknowledgment that a certain amount of
money or certain specified goods have actually
been received by the particular person. The
forgery of such a receipt is felony.
2. Of other matters than money.
"The House of OorninonB is now supreme in the
State, yyat K accou7itable to the naX\oj\. —MacauUiy :
Hist. Jinj)., ch. xv.
"... he would have known that he should be
held accountable for all the misery which a national
baiikruijtcy or a French invasion might produce." —
Macubiilny : Hhit. Eng., ch. xxiv.
IF It is followed by io placed before the
person, body, or Being to whom or which
account is to be rendered, and /or placed
before the trust for which one is responsible.
(See the exainiiley above.)
ac-count'-ar-ble-ness, s. [Accountable.]
The state of being accountable ; liability to be
called on to render an account, whether of
money, of the discharge of a ti-ust, or of con-
duct generally.
"The possession of this active power is essential to
what is termed moral agency or accountahlcncss." —
Vsuuc Taylor : Elements q? Thought, 8th ed., p. 22.
ac-count'-a-bly, adv. [Accountable.] In
" an accountable manner.
ac-coiint'-ant, s. [Account ] A persnn
skilled in 'figures, whose occupation is tht;
keeping of accounts.
1. Literally :
1[ The Accountu lit-Ge Hcral : An officer of
the Court of Chancery whu, till recently, had
charge I )f the suitor's money ; now, the custody
of this has beeri transferred tn the Chaiieen<ir
of the Exchequer's Department.
The Accountant in Banlcrwptcy : An officer
who has charge of the funds belonging to
bankrupts' estates. By the Bankruptcy Aet
of 1801 the office i.s tu be abolished on the
Of'currence of the first viteain-y, and the duties
are to be transferred to the Clnef Kegistrar.
2. Fi (fit rati ody :
"A strict accountant of his beads."
Huron: Udc to Napoleon.
* ac-c6unt'-ant, <i.. Accountable, resjionsible
for, cliargi'alili' with.
"... though, peratl venture,
I stajid accountant for !l» gi'cat il sin."
HhakcsiJ. : Othello, ii. 1,
ac-count '-ant-ship, 6. The uffiee ur work
' of an accountant.
ac-c6unt'-ed, yi". j3fir. [Account, l'.]
ac-c6unt'-ing, jir. 3?ar. [Account, r.]
1. Used cs' a porticiplc :
2. As a suhstaiitioc : An adju.sting of ac-
counts.
" Which without frequent accountings he will hardly
lie able to prevent. "—A'ouf^i .' ISannonjs.
Accounting for (used substantively) : Ex-
jilanation of.
"... and leave to maturer age the a<-ri,untitiri
Jar the caubcs." — Goldsmitlt: Tlie Bve, No. VI , " u'n
EdueatloJi."
* ac-coii'-ple, v.t. [Fr. accovpler: Lat. ad =
to ; and Eng. conjik.] To couple to, to couple
together. [Couple.]
". . . the application whii-h he accoupleth ic
withal." — Bacon: Advanc. of /.earning, hk. ii.
- ac-COU'-pled, pa. par. & a. [Accouple ]
ac-coii'-ple-ment, s. [Accouple. ]
1 & 2. The act of coupling together, or the
state of being coupled together.
", . . the son bom of such an accouplemcnt." —
Trail of .Uans WUb, p. 318.
3. The thing which couples or is coupled.
Carpentry: [(1) A tie or brace. (2) Work
when framed.
* ac-coiip'-ling, pr. par. [Accouple.]
■* ac-coiir'-age, (' (. [Accorage.] To en-
courage.
*ac-c6urt', J'.t [Court.] To entertain cour-
teously.
" [Theyl all this while were at their wanton rest,
Aucourtlng each her fnend ■\vith lavish fest."
Spenser : F. Q., II. ii. 16.
■* aC-COUrt'-ing, pr. par. [AcCOURT.]
accoutre (ak-ku'-ter), v.t. [Fr. accoutre r;
O. Fr. acccnlstrer, fr. 0. Fr. cousteur, coustre,
coutre; Ger. kuster = a, sacristan; fr. Low
Latin custrix = a female sacristan ; ciistos
sacrarii, or cuslos eccZesice = church keeper.]
(Wedgwood.)
* L To perform the office of a sacristan to
a jjriest, to invest hiui with the garments
in which he is to conduct public worshij).
(Wedgwood.)
IL To invest one with the gannents or
habihments suitable to any other occupation.
T[ It is followed by with or in of the habili-
ments.
"Accoutred with his burthen and his staff."
Wordsworth: Excur., bk. ii.
1. (Spec): To dress in military vestments,
superadding offensive and perhaps defensive
arms.
" But first, said they, let us go a^ain into the
armoury. So they did ; and when he came there, they
harnessed him from head to foot with what was of
jroof .... He being, therefore, thuB
—Bunyan: Pilgrim. s Progress, Part]
* 2. To rig out and otherwise equip a ship.
' The same wind that carries a ship well-ballasted,
if ill-rigged or accoutred, it drowns it." — South:
Sermons, viii, 123.
3. To dub a knight.
"One was accoutred when the cry began.
Knight of the Silver Moon, Sir Mannadan , . ■.
His vow wan (and he well performed his vow).
Aimed at all points, with terror ■on his brow.
To judge the land, to purge atrocious crimes."
Cowper : Anti-Tli^yphVwra.
L (Sarcastically): To clothe in vestments
the reverse of splendid ; to bedizen in bur-
lesque or mumming attire.
" For this in rags accoutred are they seen."
Dryde^i.
^ Occurs iiicst frequently in the pa. par.
accoutred (ak-ku'-terd), pa. par. & adj.
[Accoutre.]
accoutrements, accouterments (ak-
ku'-ter-ments), s. ^L [Fr. accoiit mneut.]
Dress and equipments of any kind, but sj.ie-
cially those of a soldier. [Accoutre.]
1. Gen. : The equipments of any one.
" The pilErim ■^et forth with the simple accoutre-
ments which announced his design : the staff, the
wallet, and the scallop-shelL"— -l/iiniaw .■ ffist. of Lat.
Christianity, bk.vvii,, ch. 6.
2. Spec. : The military equipments nf a
soldier.
'■ Hardly one of them troubled himself about the
comforts, the accoutrements, or the drilling uf those
over whom hewas placed."— .tfocoufay ■' HiU, Eng.,
ch. xiv.
accoutring (ak-ku'-trmg), pr. par. [Ac-
coutre.]
' ac - c<?^ - ard, v.t. [Coward.] To make
one II cowar(f.
* ac-c6^, v.t. [O. Fr. accoiscr = to appease.]
To render coy or shy.
Specially :
1. To appease, to soothe, to caress, to make
love to.
" Of faire Pfeaua I received w.'xs
And oft embrast, as if that I were hee,
And witlikiiidwordsaccojrf.vowinggreat love tome."
Spenser : F. Q., IV, ix. 59.
2. To daunt.
" Thou foolish swain, that thus art overjoy'd.
How buon may here thy courage be accoy'dl "
Peele : Egloguc Gratulatorie {\b^^).
"^ ac-c6y'd, i^a. par. [AccoY,]
*ac-c6yle, v.i. [Accoil.] To gather together,
to assemble, to stand around.
" ac-coy-'nt, v.t. To acquaint.
" The people having so praciouse a prince and
souverayne lorde as the kinges highness is. with
whom, by the continuance of his regne over them
thies twenty-eight yeres, they ought to be so well
accoy^Ued." — State Papers, i, 475,
^ ac-c6y'nt-ed, jMi. par. [Accoynt.]
* ac-cra'se, v.t. [Fr. ccraser = to crush.]
[Crush.] To crush, to destroy.
" Fynding my youth myspent, my substance ym-
myred, my credyth acta-ased, my talent hydden, my
lollyes laughed att, my rewyne unpytted, and my
tTe\vth miemployed." — Queen's Progresses, i. 21.
'^ ac-cre'ase, v.t. [Lat. acerresco = to continue
growing, to increase: acZ= to; cresco = tu
grow.] To increase. (Florio.)
ac-cred'-it, v.t. [Fr. accrediter = to bring
' into credit, to give authority to ; Lat, accn du
= to yield one's belief to another : ad—ta;
credo = to entrust, to believe.] [Credit.]
1. To invest one with that authority which
will render statements made by him credible
and weighty.
To accredit an ar/ibassador is to give him
such credentials as will constitute hira the
official representative of the country which
sent him forth, and empower him to speak in
its name,
" David Beton, the nephew of the Archbishop of St.
Andrew's, was accredited to the Court of France."—
Froude: Bist. Eng.. ch. xviii.
2. To credit or believe a statement.
" The particular hypothesis which is most accredited
at the time."—/. S. Mill : Logic, vol. ii., ch. xx., p. 107.
"The version of early Eoman history which was
accredited in the fifth century. '—Lewis : Early Jioman
Bist., ch. iii.
*ac-cred-i-ta'-tion, 5. [Accrkdit.] The
giving one a title to credit.
"Having received my instructions and' letters of
accreditation."— Memoirs of Bishop Cumberland, i. 417.
ac-cred'-i-ted, pa. par. & a. [Accredit.]
" Views which may seem new, but which have long
been maintained hy accredited authors."— J/zijnan.*
Bist. of Jews (3rd ed.), Pref.
ac-cred'-i-ting» pr. par. [Accredit.]
* ac - cre'sce, v. i. [Lat. accresco = to grow
on, to continue to increase.] To continue in-
creasing.
"Tlieir power 'accresce(ft to these present." — Laws,
Church qf Scotland (1830), p, 17C,
ac-cres'-cen9e, s. [Lat. accrcseens, pr. par.
of accresco.] Continued growth.
ac-cres'-5ent, o., [Lat. accrescem, pr. par. of
accresco.]
+ 1. Gen.: Continuing to increase.
">'c\v appeai-ances of accrr.Kciit variety and altera-
t\ini."—Shuckford : Vrcalion <t- Fall of .\faii, p. 90.
2. Bot. : Continuing to grow after flowering,
as the calyx of Melanorrhttju.
ac-cres'-9i-nien-t6, s. [Ital., from anrrscn-e
^ to increase.]
Music: Tlie addition to a note of half its
lengtli in time, which is indicated by placing
alter it a small dot.
ac-crete,'a. [L.it. occrcfns, p;i. par. of accresco.]
Bot. : Fastened to anotlicr body and growing
witli it. (De Caiulolle.)
ac - ere'- tion, s. [Lat. accre(io-= an incre-
ment, from acrrctus, pa. par. of or^resco : ad =
to, and crcsco = to grow.]
L The act or proce.ss of causing anything to
increase by making an addition to its substance.
1. By mechanical action. (For example, sea
No. II.)
2. By tilt- growth of a living body.
Sju:riidlij:
(a) Med. : By the growth of an animal body.
"Infauts euppiirt abstinence worse from the quan-
tity nf aliment consuuied in accretion." — Arbuthnot r
Ahmcnts.
(b) Bot. : The growth of one portion of a,
plant to anotlici'. (Loudon: Cyclop, of Plants,
Gloss. )
.3. By the natural laws regulating the
action of the human mind. .Spec, of the
growth of a myth by the addition of much
fable around a grain of truth.
"Upon this nan'ow basis a detailed n.irrative has
been built which waa doubtless formed by a series of
successive accretions."~Lewis : Early Roman Bist.,
ch. X.
4. By the action of human law,
English Law : The union or accession of
a thing vague or vacant to another already
occupied or disposed of. Thus, if .a legacy be
given to two persons conjointly, and one of
the two dies, his share passes over to his col-
league by accretion. The most common use
of tlie term is with respect to land imper-
ceptibly deposited from a river or the ocean.
If this is inconsiderable, it may be taken
possession of by the neighbouring proprietor ;
but if it is great, it belongs to the Crown. (See
Will, Wharton's Laiv Lexicon.)
IL The state of having additions made to it
by the process now described.
"Secondly, plauts do nourish, inanimate bodies do
not ; they have an accretion, but no alimentation." —
Bacon: Jfat. Bist., ch. vii., § G03.
III. That which is added by the above-
described pruce:??^.
"Assuming, however, that we are to strip off all the
subordinate parts of his iniTative as a later accretlo^i,
and to retain only a nucleus of the leading facts
. . . ," — Lewis : Early Roman Bist., ch. -s-ix.
b^, bo^; pout, j^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, af ; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = C
-cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -§ion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -pious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^l- -ple = peL
38
accretive —accuracy
"* ac-cre'~tive, a, [Lat. accretns, pa. par. of
accrasco.] [Accresce.] lacreixsmg by means
of mcehanical additions to the siilistaiice, as
in certain circumstances is tlie (--ase -with
minerals, or in some similar way. (See the
significations under Accretion.)
"... the acf^rrtJv^ motions of jilauta and animals."
— Qlanvill : Scepsis Scientifica.
*ac-crini'-i-nate, v.(. [Lat. arf. = to; crimi-
'nor = to accuse ; fr, crimen- = an accusation.]
To accuse of a crime. {Wood.)
"Bisliop ■Williams, being acrriminated in the 8tar-
cliamber for corrupting ol witueaacH, and ln'tiiLC con-
victed on full proof . . ."—Wood: Fa.^ti Oxo».,
i. ISl, {Latham.)
^ ac-crim-i-na'-tion, o. [ Accriminate. ]
An accusation.
"If this accrimhiatlon he levelled a^'aiust me, let
me know my fault while I am Jiuie to make laj-
defence."— i;/e of Henrietta Maria (A.D 1685).
ac-cri'pe, s. [Deriv. imcertain.] A herb (?).
" Some be hro'wne Jmd some he wlute,
And some be tender as uccripf."
UHii{. A»t"j., i 248.
ac-cro'ach, "^ac-cro'-clie, v.i. [Fr. accrocher
= to hook on, to hang up, from creche, ci'oc =
a hook.] [Orooe.]
* 1. To hook, to draw with a hook.
"And fire whan it to towe approcheth,
To hym anon the strength accrochet/i
Till with his hete it he devoured,
The towe ne may not be succoured."
(roivcr : Confessio Amanth. v,
" He never accroched treasour
Towarde hymselfe nere nor ferre."
Bochan, hk. v.. c. 16.
2. Old Lav: : To encroach. Used specially
of subjects directly or indirectly assuming the
royal prerogative.
"Thus the accroaching, or attempting to exercise
royal power (a very uncertain charge), was in the 21
Euw. III. held to be treason in a knight of Hertford-
shire, who forcibly assaulted and detained one of the
king's subjects till he paid him £,'i<i." — Bhickstone :
Comment., bk. iv., ch. vi.
ac-croajh'-ingjjJT. -par., u,., & s. [Accroach.]
ac-croa^h'-ment, s. [Accroach.]
Old Lata : Encroachment on the royal autlio-
rity ; attempts, direct or indirect, to exercise
the royal prerogative.
* ac-cro'9he, v.i. [Accroach.]
ac-cro'9he, a. [Fr]
Her. : Hooked into.
ac-crfi'e, ikI. [O. Fr. accreu, pa. par. of
accroistre, from Lat. acci'esco = to continue
growing : ad = to, and cresco = to increase.]
Lit. : To grow to, to increase ; hence,
C'omm. £ Ord. Lang. : To an.se, to come to,
to fall to, to be added to.
"To every labour ita reward acc7-ues."
Thomson: Castle of Itidolcnce, ii.
" The anatomical results accruing from thia inquiry."
— Todd & Bowman : Physiol. AiuU.
* ac-cru'e, s. [From the verb,] Tlxat which
'is added to the property of any one.
ac-cru'ed, «. [From the verb.]
Her. : Having represented on it a full-grown
tree.
ac-cru'-ing, pr- 2^'^'^- & ^- [Accrue, v.i.]
Tmw. Acendng costs : Expenses incurred
after a verdict has been prononnced.
■* ac-cru'-ment, s. [From aco-ue, r.t.] In-
crease, addition, augmentation.
"That joy is charitable which ovei-flows our neich-
Dour's fields when ourselves are unconcerned in the
personal accrain-ents." — Taylor : Great £xcm,/>lar, 48.
'^ac'-ciib, s The footmark of an animal.
(Halllwell.)
'^ ac-cu-"ba'-tion,, s. [Lat. accuhitio = a lying
or reclining at table ; accuhitwm (sup. of
accwmfeo) = to be near: ad = to, near; cw&o.j
The custom, borrowed by the Romans from
the East, of reclining at meals. [Cube.]
" It will appear that accubation, or lying down at
meals, was a gesture used by very many nations,"—
Jlroiime : Vulgar Errours.
ac-cu'-ltli-tUS, s. [Lat=: a reclining at table.]
Arch. : A room attached to a large church,
in which the clergyman occasionally reposed.
"■ ac-cumto', v.i. [Lat. accwnho : ad, and ciihn.]
[AccuEATJON.] To recline at tabic as the
ancient Greeks, Romans, &c., used to do.
'^ ac-cuni'-"ben-9y, s. [Accumb.] The state
nf being aceiimbent ; the state of reclining at
the supper-table, as some ancient nations did.
" No gesture befitting familiar acciimbeTicy." —
Robinson: Eiuloxa(l%b^). p. 142.
ac-ciiin'-bent, a. & s. [Lat. accinnbens, pr.
par. of accunibo ; fr. ad & cubo.]
I. As adjective :
1. Ord. Lang. : Reclining like the ancients
at the supper-table.
" The Roman recumbent, or, more proiierly, accum-
bp-nt posture m eating was introduced after the first
Punic •w&T."-'Arbuthiiot : Tables of AncU-iit Welyhts
and Afeasures.
2. Bot. : Prostrate, supine. When the edges
of the cotyledons in a brassicaceous or other
plant are presented to the radicle, they are
said to be accumbcnt; but wlten folded with
ACCUMEENT COTYLEDOK', WHOLE AND IN SECTION
their backs upon the radicle, they are termed
incttmbent.
II. As substantive: One wlio recdines in
ancient fashion at a dinner-table, or, more
loosely, who sits at the table in the ordinary
way.
" What a penance must be done by every acatvibenf
in sitting at the passing through all these dishes ! "—
B/>. Hall: Occasional Meditations.
* ac'-cu-mie, s. [Accomie.]
ac-cum'-iil-ate, v.t. & %. [In Fr. accumuler ;
Ital. accuviulare ; fr. Lat. acmimido, supine oc-
cmmilaium = to add to a heap, to heap up ;
ad = to ; cumulo = to heap up ; cumulus = a
heap. ]
I. Transitive :
1. TAt. : To heap up, as, for instance, i>ti">nes
upon a cairn ; mechanically to x^le one thing
above another.
"... considerable tracts of alluvium, which were
gradually accumulated by the overflow of former
yeai-3," — Lyell: Prindp. of Geology, ch. xv.
2. Fig. : To bring together, to amass with-
out its being implied that each new addition
is mechanically heaped upon the mass of its
predecessors.
"In the seventeenth century, a statesman who was
at the head of affairs might easily, and without gi villi;
scandal, accmnulate in no long time an estate amply
sufRcieut to support a dukedom." — Macaulay : Hist
Jing . ch, iii.
TI Sometimes, though really transitive, it
has an intransitive appearance, the accusative
being implied instead of expressed.
"... the average strength of the desire to accu-
mulate is short of that which, under circumstances of
any tolerable security, reason and soljer calculation
would approve."—/, S. Mill . Polit. £con , bk. i., ch. xi.
IL Lntransitive : To grow up into a great
mass or number (literally or figuratively).
"... in such water it is obviously impossible
that strata of any great thickness can accumulate." —
Darwin: Voyagcround the IVort-d, ch, xvi,
"As their obser^'ation.^ accmnul-ate and as their expe-
rience extends." — Buckle /list. Civilisation in £ng., i 1.
* ac-cum'-iil-ate, a. [See tlie verb.] Col-
lected into a mass or quantity ; now generally
written Accumulated.
"Greatness of relief accumulate in one place doth
ia,ther invite a^sm-charge of poor."— £acon .- Suttoii's
Estate.
ac-cum'-iil-a-t^d, j)tt. par. & a. [Accumu-
late, v.]
-Macaiihiy ■ ffist. E,ig..
ac-cum'-ul-a-tihg, pr. par. &. a. [Accumu-
late, v.]
" There are many circumstances which, in England,
give a peculiar forca to the accwnulofim/ propensity,"
—J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. xi , § 4
ac-cum-iil-a'-tion, s [Lat. accumidatlo.]
[Accumulate.]
A. Ojxlinary Language :
I. Tlie act of accumiiLiting, heaping up, or
amassing.
1. Lit. : The act of heaping up, as stones on
a cairn, snow on a wreath, or sediment on a
previously formed geological stratum.
"... the earliest exterior rugositiei of the earth
would . . ■ be placed bcyuiul the influence of sedi-
mentary accwmulation." —Miirc/ii.wi) . .SiUirin, ch. i.
2. Fig. : The act or process of amassing
anything, as, for instance, houses, land, ships,
^renown, &c. These are not literally piled one
above another of the same kind in heaps, but
may still be viewed ;is if they were a S'Uigie
aggregate, heap, or mass.
" One of my place in Syria, his lieutenant,
For qiiic^oi^cumulationot renown."
Sha/cesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, lu. 1.
II The state of being or having been ac-
cumulated, heaped up, or amassed.
"... very long after their '7n<-Hm"/i'//0H .is marine
mud." — Murchison : Siluria, ch. ii.
III. That of which the accumulation is
made or takes place.
", . . paxtly nu arrnmnlafion of snow, increased
by lateral glaciers," — I/ooker : lliinalauan Journals,
ch. xxit,
B. Technically :
1. Mech. Accumulation of Povm' is the
motion which exists in some machines after
intervals of time during which the velocity of
the moving body has been continually in-
creased.
2. lied.: The concurrent effect of medicines
of which the first dose seems powerless, but
of which some dose or other in the series
operates not simply with the intensity which
might have been expected from its own mag-
nitude, but also witli that of all those which
have preceded it.
3. Law :
(i.) Accumula-tinn of Tirol or Persmiol
Estate. One ' is not allowed to make a will
possessing legal effe.ct which will postpone
the use of liis wealth till, by means of com-
pound interest accumulating during a long
series of years, it has mounted up to a very
large sum.
(ii.) Accumulation of Titles. A claimant of
any property or jirivih-ge may iiossess a con-
currence of several titles in support of his
claim, and may urge them collectively instead
of resting his case on a single one.
4. Polit Econ. : The adding of one sum
saved to another with the view of producing
capital.
5. In Universities : The taking of several
degrees together, and witli fewer exercises
than if there had been a considerable interval
between the examinations for successive
honours.
ac-cum'-ul-a-tive, n . [Accumulate, v.i
Accumulating, amassing, relating to accu-
nmlation, having a tendency to accumulate
" The activity of thought and vivacity of the accu^
Tnulateve meuiovy . . . ." — Coleridge: Table Talk
" When a variation is of the slightest use to a being,
we cannot tell how much of it to attribute to the
accumulative action of natural selection," — DarvAn :
Ong. of tipecies, ch, v., p. 133,
Law :
An Acciirfmlatlve Judgment is one in which
two punishments are prescribed to a criminal
for two distinct breaches of the law, the
second penalty to commence when the first
expires.
Accumulative Treason is the addition to each
other of several acts which, though singly
falling short of treason, yet collectively
amount to that serious crnne.
All Accumulative Legacy is the term used
when more legacies than one are given by suc-
cessive wills emanating from the same testator,
or by successive codicils to the same will.
* ac-cum'-iil-a-tive-ly, adr. [Accumula-
tive.] In an accumulative manner ; in
literal heaps, or in what may be figuratively
considered as heaps.
"Heart is put here nccumidativehi. as that whose
cleanness must be added to the purity of conversation
to compleat 'i.t."—All€stre: Sermoits, ii. in.
ac-cum'-iil-a-tor, ,';. " [Fr. accumulotevr.]
One who or that which accumulates
"... broils and quarrels, the great frr/nnt'ltitoj-s
and ni'iloiphurs of injuries," — £>r ~il. Mu'j Jjecay of
Christian Piflii.
ac'-cu-ra-9y, ». [lu it.d, accumte::'/, fr. Lat.
accvratio; fr. acr>ii;-i = to bc^to\v care upon :
ad = to ; euro = tu take care of ; euro = care.]
1. Exactness, ficvdom from mistakes, this
exemption arising fr^m the care with which
every step in a process has been carried out ;
conformity to truth, even in minute particu-
lars.
", . . directingiti hciik with the greatest ac-'-io-ur'v-"
— Whcvell. J/i^t. of Scicnri fir /'/ca^,hk. ix., ch ^ 2t
". . . twowol'lcsof niidOMhteii accuracy."— Darwin:
Descent of Man, ch. i,
2. Precision of fit.
"The efficiency of the instrument will also depend
■upon the accuracy with which the piston -fits the
bottom and .'jidea of the hATiGV'—Lardner : Pneu-
?natics, ch. y.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe — e. ey = a. -cion = shun.
accurate— acenten
39
ac'-CU-rate, a. [Lat. accuratus, pa. par. of
accKro = to take jiains witli : ac = ad = to,
and cura = care.] [A< i.uracy.]
1. Exact, without error or defect^ free from
mistakes.
" For his knowledge, though "not always accurate,
woBOl iiiiiueiise nxtant." — Mucaiday : Hut. £ng.,ch.\\i.
2. Determinate, exactly fixed.
"Thoae conceive the celestial botliea have more
accurate iullueuces upou these thiugh below thau
indeed they have but in gross."— Bacon.
ac'-cu-rate-ly, aiic. [Acccirate.] i
1. In an accurate manner ; exactly, pre-
cisely, without mistake.
" The stipiUationa of the treaty of Dover were
acciirtUely known to very isvi."—Mitcauluii . Ui&t.
Eny., cii. ii.
2. Closely; so as to fit exactly.
ac'-cu-rate-ness, ^. [Accurate.] Accuracj',
exactness, precision, nicety.
' ■ Suspecting tliat in making this observation I had not
determined the diameter of the sphere with sufficient
ace urate I less, I repeated the experiment."— A'eu'^OTi.
ac-curs'e, *a-curs'e, c. [Pref. ac = ad =
to, and carsc.\
1. Old Test. : Properly the rendering of the
Heb. verb Din {<-hh",n,n) = to devoie to God,
without permission that the person or thing
thus devoted should afterwards be redeemed
"With money ; hence, to devi )te to utter destruc-
tion.
"And the city shall be accursed, even it, and all that
are therein, to the Lord : only Eahab the harlot shall
live .... And they utterly destroyed all that
was in the city, both man and woman, voung and
old, and ox, aud aheep, and ass, with the edge of the
Bword."— Josh. vi. 17, 21,
3. New Test. : To separate from the clmroh,
or to exclude from eternal salvation. It is
doubtful in some cases which of tlie two is
meant.
" If any man preach any other goapel wnto ynu than
that ye have received, let htm be accursed."— -H'l! i. 'J.
" For I could wish that mjfself were accursed from
Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the
flesh." — /torn. ix. 3,
3. Errlp.s. Lang : To excommunicate.
"And Hildebrand "ccurHcd and cast down from hia
throne Henry IV."— S/r iV. Italeigh : JSaeaj/s.
4. Ordinary Laiig.i"ij,' :
(a) Ti) curse, to imprecate evil upon a
person because of regarding him with ex-
^cessive hatred.
" For aye accui'acd in minitrel line
Is lie who brawls 'mid song and wiuo "
ScoCt ■ Lord of the IsU-s. canto ii 18.
(6) To separate from the society of men.
" No one in so accursed by fate.
No one bo utterly desolate,
But some heart, though unknown.
Responds unto hia own."
Longfellow ■ F/iUymiofi.
(c) (Used nf things): To nurse, to execrate, to
regard with exL'essive hatn^d.
" Which is lif tli;it oure Lord
In alle lawea acH rarth "
Picru Plow., p. 375.
"Had Lara from that niubt, to him ccnirKt."
lii/j-on' Liini. canto ii. 9.
ac-cur'sed, ac-curst', pa. ]io,r. & adj.
[ACCURSE.]
". . the (irr-(n-fi'(i thing." — Josh xxii 20. '
". . . the Phenn.-e!in o,cciifS('d ritea " — Jeremr/
Tai/for ■ The Decalugiic
" Wliere the veil'd demon held hia feast nTin-^t "
Moore L-illa /Coofch.
ac-cur'-sing, j»r. par., a., & s. L'^'-'"''-'R^k.]
As sitbstaiilirr : Used in senses corre'^pond-
ing to those of the -vi-rb.
Spec. : Excommunication.
"Anathematization, excommunication, and accurs-
hi^ are Bynonymous,"^6''>mpfiid. Laws Church of
Si-utland (1830), p. xxxv.
ac-curst', jja. par. & adj. [Accursed.]
a.c-CU'-sa-ble,(7. [Ijxt. occusahilis.'l [AcrusE]
That ntay be accused, lialtle to be chMrLred
witli a crime or fault.
" Nature's improvision were justly accu^able if
. ." — Browiii: : Vulgar £rrours.
ac-cu'-sal, s. fArcusE.]
"Adah. Cain ! clear thee from this horrible accvt"!."
Byron : Cain, lu. 1.
ac-cu'-sant, s. [Lat. n i--cv so. n s, pr. par. of
acciiso.] One who accuses.
"... the accusant must hold him to the proof of
the charge." — Bp. Hall : liemitlns. Life, p. 531.
ac-cu-sa'-tion, s. [In Fr, orcn.^,ition; Ital.
o.cciisazione, fr. Lat. acciisatio.] [Accr^F, vA.]
1. The act of charging one with a crime, or
with a lighter delinquency.
" . . if I have taken anything from any man by
f.ilde accusation, I reatore him fourfold."— iifAe xix. 8.
2. The state of being accused.
"What can secure bim at last againat false accusa-
tion ?" — Adventurer, No. 62.
3. That of which one is accused ; the charge
itself.
" Pilate then went out unto them, aud said. What
accusation bring ye against this man ? " — John
xviit 29.
ac-CU'-^a-tive, u,. [In Ger. ncmsatlv ; Fr.
occiisatif; Ital. acmtsativo, fr. Lat. accnmttvii:^.
s. = the accusative case.]
L An adjective :
1. Pertaining to accusation, prone to bring
forward charges against persons or institu-
tions.
"This hath been a very accusative age, yet have I
not heard any superstition (much less idolatrj )
charged upon the aeveral biahopB of London, Wui-
Chester, Chester, . . . &c." — Sir £. Dering: Speech-cf,,
p. 112.
2. The case defined under No II., or per-
taining to it.
"Relation of the Nominative and .rfcc^m^/ye Case."
— Schtnitz: Lat. Gram., xliL
"The G-erm.'in l;in'^nia;^'e3 have, so early as the
Gothic even, lust the (I'v.'h,',^;''^'!' mark in substantivea
entirely."— /-f^:'/'/^ ' Conipur. Giuun.,i. 165.
IL As sidistantive : The name given by the
Latins to the fourth of the six cases used in
the declension of nouns. It in many respects
agrei's with the objective case in English,
whicii, in consequence, is often called the
accusative.
ac-cu'-ga-tive-ly, cm/". [Acusative.]
1. In an accusative manner ; so as to in-
vi'lve an accusation.
2. With relation to the accusative case.
ac-cu-§a-tbr'-i-al, a. [Accusatory.] Aoi.-u-
satory (q.v.).
ac-cu-sa-t6r'-i-al-ly,a/7('. [Accusatorial.]
By way of accusation.
ac-cu'-§a-t6r-y, a. [In Fr. accwsatoire.]
[Accuse.] Containing or involving an accusa-
tion.
"... their accusatory &tt(i\a.''—Tovmsend : Lives
of Twelve F.mincTU Judges ; Lord Eldon.
ac-cu'|(e, v./. [In Fr. accuser; Ital. aamsare,
from Lat accwso = (1) to call to account, (_)
to arraign : od = to ; cavsor = to conduct a
law-suit ; causa = a cause, also a suit at law.]
[Cause.]
1. Loir : To bring a civil or criminal charge
against one with the view of obtaining redress
from the ci'iminal, his punishment, or both
together, from a judicial tribunal.
"And when he [Paul] was called forth, Tertullus
began to accuse him, saying, . . . We have found
this man a pestilent fellow. — Acts xxvi. 2, 5.
2. Ordinary Life :
(a) To complain against, to find f.iult with.
"... having faithful children not accused of
riot or unruly."— Ti^Ms i. fl.
". . . their thoughts the meanwhile acciMinff or
else excusing one anotaeT."~llom. ii. 15.
* (b) To discover or betray the existence or
artinn of any person or thing.
" The entrees of the yerdo accuseth
To him that in the watir inusetb "
Rom. of tlie nose, 1,591.
ac-cu^e,
tion.
[From the verl>.] An accusa-
" By false accuse doth level at my life "
Sliakcsp. : Henry 17 . Part If., iii. i.
ac-CU'^ed, 2)a. par. & a. [Accuse, v.]
'■ ac-cuse'-ment, 5. [Accuse.] Accusation.
"... and sometimes at the only promotion and
accusemcnt of their aummonera and apparitors." —
Petition of the Commoiu to tltc Sing, Nov. 3, 1529
ac-cii'-ser, ^. [Accuse, v.t.} One who ac-
cuses ; one who brings a charge against
another pcr.soii, or, more loosely, agahist a
class, an institution, &c.
ac-cu'-sing, pr. par. ^' a. [Accuse, r t]
"As flchniil-linys, finding their mistake too late.
Draw a wet sponge acniss the accusinff slate."
Longfellow : Tales of a Wat/side Inn.
ac-ciis'-tom,^'.^ & i [0. Fr. acostovier. from
Low Lat. aco'stuvw, from Lat. ad. and cciisue-
tudincm, accus. of conswtudo = custom ; Ital.
accostomare.] [Custom.]
A. Transitive .'
1. To create a custom or habit bvpraftising
tln^ same act a number of times ; tn habituate"^
to umre.
"•Men were ncciutonied to redreas their wrongs by
the strong baud."— J/acaw^a.^ ; Hist. £nij., ch. i.
" 2. To frequent.
"A "weH-a^A^ustomed hou5e ' — Afad CentUore : Bold
Stroke, i. 1.
B, Intransitiv'- :
1. Gen. : To be habituated, to be used or
wont to anything.
*■ Which most living things accustom." — Carejc.
" 2. fipiec. : To cohabit.
" We with the best men accustom openly." — Milton :
Higt. Eng., iii.
* ac-cus'-tom, s. [Accustom, i'.] Custom.
"Individual accustom of \il^.' —Milton. : Tetri.-
chordon.
*ac-ciis'-t6m-a-ble, a. [Accustom, t.} Of
long custom ; very Ikthitual.
"By accnstotnable rejuk-nce m one climate.' —S?>
-V. Sale: Origination of Mankind.
ac-cus'-tom-a-bly, adv. [Accustomable.]
According to custom.
"Touching the kind's fines accustomahhj paid."—
Bacon: Alienations.
*ac-cus'-tom-an5e, s. [Accustom, r.] Cus-
tom, practice.
"Through acctw^omance and negligence, and perhaps
some other causes, we neither feel it in our own bodiej.
nor take notice of it m others. "—floj//«.
* ac-cus'-tom-ar-i-ly. adv. [Accustomary.]
'According to c-uVtoni.
"The pecuiiiir eminenty which you accustomarilff
marshal befurf logick."— '-V.'acfl/a«(i.
*^ ac-cus'-tom-a-ry, n. [Accustom.] Cus-
tom.-iry, usual. '[Customary.]
"The ordinary aud accus fomary swearing then in
use among the Je\rs."— reu It y : Ihpper Dipt, p. ICti.
ac-cus'-tomed, jw. par. & a. [Aoci'stom, v.t.]
1. As pa. par. : As in the verb
2. As adj. : Usual.
" I roved i/er many a hill and many a dale
With my accustomed load.'"
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. i.
3. Frequented.
ac-cus'-tomed-ness, s [Accustomed.] The
' state of being habituated to ; familiarity.
" A ccustomed-n ess to sm hardens the heart."— /'(C'''^?.'
Sermons, p. 230.
ac-ciis'-tdiu-ing, pr. par. [Accustom, v ]
ace, s. [Fr. a.« = an ace nf cards, dice, &c. ;
Ital. asso, from Lat. fs = (1) a unit, (2) a pound
weight, &LC.]
1. A unit ; a single point on cards or dice ;
a card with but one mark upon it. [Ambsace.]
"An.^o^of Hearts steps forth : The King uneeeii
Lurk'd in her hand. ,ind mourn 'd liis captive Queen."
Pope: Kcipe of the Lock, canto iii. 95, 06.
2. A very small amount, or a very small
quantity ; an atom.
"He will not bate an ace of absolute certainty." —
Dr. II. More : Government of tlte Tongu-e.
ace-point. The side of a die possessing
hut one point.
a9-e-c6n-it'-ic aj'-id, a. (CeHgOe.)
Chtm : A tribasic acid produced, along, with
citracetie acid, by heating ethylie bromacetate
with sodium. It is isomeric with aconitic
acid. {Watts .■ Suppl.)
A-pel'-dar-ma, s. [S>To-Chal. ChliarpioJ =
field of; dcrnn, In Heb. ci (dam) = hlood.]
1. As a propername : A field purchased by
the Jewish chief priests and elders with the
thirty pieces of silver returned by Judas. It
was used as a place of interment for strangers.
The traditionary site is on a small plateau
half way up the southern slope of the Valley
of Hinnom, near the junction of the latter
with the V;illev of Jehoshaphat. (See Matt.
xxWi, 3—10: Acts i. 18, 19.)
2. As a common, nnvji: A field of blood.
Sii'-c, a field of battle just after a sanguinary
contest has terminated.
"a-9€le, v.t. [Old form of Seal.] To seal.
(Roht. of Glovc€st^r.)
~ a-fe'led, jia. par. [Acele.]
ac-e-naph'-thene, a9-et-y-l6-naph'-
tha-lene, o. [Naphthalene.]
''a-9eiit'e» s. [Assent, s.] (Rdbt. of Olonc,
p. yo.)
* a-9en'-teii, *a-cen'-tyn, v.i. [Assent, t?.]
{Prompt. Fare.)
boil, b6y; po^t, j^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin.
-cia = sha ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -§ion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious.
as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-^ious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
40
acentric— acervulus
a-^en'-tric, o- [Gr. o, priv. ; Kei'Tpoi' (Icatroii)
= a sharp point, tlie centre of a circle ; Kei/reo)
(kenteb) = to prick, to goad.] Destitute of a
centre.
* a-^en-tyn, v.i. [Acenten.]
-a^eous. An adjectival sutfix. [Lat -accns,
as testaceus = of brick, shelly ; fr. festa = a
brick, a tile, a shell.] Having, t-liaractfri.'ried
by ; as testaceous = having a teda, or sliell.
a-^eph'-a-la, a-^eph'-al-an^, 5. jiZ. [Gr.
aK4(pa\of (akephalos) = headless : a, priv. ;
K€(pa\tj (Icephale) — the head.] The Ibnrth
class of Cuvier's great division or sub-kingdom
of the Animal Creation called Mollusea. Hi;
included under it two orders— the Tcstcccn,
or Acephalans, with shells, generally bivalve ;
and the Nnda, or Naked Acephalans, without
shells. Tlie <dass was a natural one, but the
name was objectionable, inasmuch as the
molluscs of the class Brachiopoda are also
without apparent heads. Hence new names
have been found for the Acephala — viz., Con-
chifera and Laniellibranchia (q.v.).
a-5eph'-al-an, s. [Acephala,]
1. Gen. : An animal without a head.
2. Siiec. : A mollusc belonging to Cuvier's
class Acephala (cj.v.). Often used in the pi.,
Ar<->pliulans.
A-^eph'-al-i, s. pL [Lat. Accplmll ; Gr.
'Aice^aXoi (aitep/ta^ot) = ^^^adless : a, priv. ;
Ke(pa\)j (kephale) = the head.]
I. Lit. : Without a head, or reported to be
without one.
1. Phys. : Infants born without lie;ids.
2. Ajicieitt Geog. : Certain nations in Africa,
India, &,c., fabulously alleged to be without
heads.
II, Fig. . Headless in the sense of having
no vhuA.
1. Civil Hist. : Certain levellers in the reigii
of Henry I. of England, who acknowledged
no head or emperor.
2. ChuToh History :
(a) The name applied to those who, on
occasion of a dispute which arose in the
Council of Ephesus, A.D. 4;^1, refused to
follow either John of Antioch or Cyril of
Alexandria.
(&) The name applied, in the fifth and sixth
centmies, to a large section of the followt^rs
of the Monophysite, Peter Mongus, who ciist
him off as their leader because of his ac-t-pt-
ing a peaceful formula called the Henoticon.
They soon afterwards split into three partiL's.
the Anthropomorphites, the Barsanuphites,
and the Essianists, who again gave origin to
other sects.
(c) Bishops exempt from the jurisdiction
and discipline of a patriarch.
^a-9eph'-al-ist, s. [Acephala.] One who
"does not acknowledge a head or superior.
"These acephalists, who will endure no head but
that upon their own shoulders." — Gauden: £oclestee
AnglicancB Suspiria.
* a-9epll'-al-ite, s. [Acephala.]
Laxv : One who held nothing in fee from
king, bishop, baron, or other feudal lord.
a-5epll'-al-6-§yst, s. [Gr. kK^<pa\o<; (alceph-
alos) = headless ; aia-n's {knsti^) = bladder.]
A sub-globular or oval vesicle filled with
fluid, which sometimes gi-ows up within the
human frame. It varies from the size of a
pea to that of a child's head. Acephalocysts
have recently been found to consist of the
cysts or larval forms of the cestoid Entozoa.
Livois, Dr. Budd, and other obsei-vers, have
discovered in them animalcules of the genus
Echinococcus, ■ [Eghinococcus, Hydatid.]
ar-5epll'-al-otis, a. [Acephala ] Without
a head.
1. Zool. : Pertaining to any headless animal.
[Acephala,]
" The accpJtalotis moUnsca. axe all aquatic."— Owcii;
Invert. Animals, Lect. XX.
2. Botany. Acephalous ovary : < )ne with
the style springing from its base instead of
its apex.
air-^eph'-al-us, s. [Acephala.]
1. Among the Gred.s and Romans: A hexa-
iiicter line beginning with a short syllable.
*2. An obsolete name for the Uenia, or
tapeworm, foimded on the wholly erroneous
belief that it is destitute of a head.
3. Med. : A fostus born (if born it can be
called) headless.
a'-^er, s. [In Ital. and Port, acero, from Lat.
acer=:the maple-tree ; acer, ad,j. = pointed,
sharp, piercing ; obs. root ac = sharp. This
occurs in Lat. acuo, acies, &c. ; in the Fr.
aigre; and in Eng, aoute, eager, &c.] [Maple.]
The typical genus of the Aceracese, or Maples
(q.v.). One species is indigenous in Britain —
the A. campentre, or common maple ; another,
the A p-^eiido platanu'i, the greater maple.
LEAVES, BLOSSOM, AND SEED-VESSEL OF 5IAPLE
(ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS).
sycamore, or plane-tree, is thoroughly natu-
ralised. [Sycamore.] It. is wild in Gennany,
Switzerland, Austria, Italy, &c. A. saceJui-
rinum is the sugar-maple of North Americ-a.
[Sugar-maple.] A. striatum, also from the
New World, has a black-and-white striped
bark, and famishes a white wood much used
for inlaying in cabinet-work. The bark of
A. Tiibrum, the red or swamp-maple of
Pennsylvania, dyes dark blue, and is used
tor making a good black ink.
a'-^er-a (l). [Acerace.e.]
a'-9er-a (2), s. [Gr. aKeparos {akeratos) = with-
out horns : a, priv. ; fcepas (.keras) = a horn.]
Zoology :
1. A genus of Molluscs, of the family
Bullidw. Seven species are known.
2. (Used as pi.): Insects "without an-
tennae,'' or, more accurately, the antennse of
which are minute. Some apterous insects,
and the Hippoboscid* among tlie Diptera,
have this character.
a-cer-a'-ce-£e (Lindley, &c.), a -9er-
in'-e-se (De Candolle), a'-9er-a (Jussieu).
[Lat. acer = maple.] A natural order of
polypetalous, exogenous plants, consisting
of trees with simple leaves ; flowers with
eight stamens ; a samaroid, two-celled fruit ;
and the inflorescence in axillary corymbs
or racemes. In 1845 Lindley estimated the
known species at sixty. They are spread over
the temperate parts of the northern hemi-
sjihere.
a'-5er-an, s. [Acera (2).] An insect with
minnte antennai.
a'-9er-as, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; Kt'pa? (keras) = a
horn. So called from its being without a
spur on the labellum,] Man-Orchis, a genus
of plants belonging to the order Orchidaceas,
or Orchids. Aceras anthrophora, the green
man-orchis, is wild in parts of England; A.
hircina, the lizard-orchis, is from Continental
Europe.
* a^ - er"b', tf . [Lat. acerlus = (\) unripe, (2)
bitter, sour; Fr. accrbe ; Ital. acerho.'] Pos-
sessing sourness. (Applied to unripe fruits,
&c.) (QwiJici/.)
* a5'-er-bate, v.t. [Lat. acerlattis, pa. par. of
acerho.] To make sour or sharpen. [Acerb.]
" ' 'Tia this," .laid he, ' that acerbates my woe.' "
BilUngsly : Brachy-Martt/rologia (IG57), p. 53.
* 3-5-er-t)a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acerbate.]
'■ a9'-er-ba-ting, pr. jxir. [Acerbate.]
* a-9er -bx-tude, s. [Lat. acerUtudo.l Sour-
ness, acerbity.
a-9er'-bi-ty, s. [Lat. acerbitas = (1, lit.) sour-
ness, as of unripe fruit; (2, Jig.) moroseness ;
Ital. acerbita.]
I. Lit. : Sourness, with roughness, or astriu-
gency, as of unripe fruit.
IL Figuratively :
1. Sourness of temper, moroseness.
"Ti-ue it is that the Ulente for criticism— namely
smartness, quick cenHure. vivacity of remark, indeed
all but acerbity—seem rather the gift of youth than oi
old age."— /"ope.
2. Shai-pness of pain, torture, bitterness of
suffering.
" We may easily imagine what acerbity of pain must
be endured by our Lord, on his tender limbs being
stretched forth, racked, and tortured, and continuing
a good time in such a poeture. " — Barrow on the Creed,
Sermon 26,
a-ger'-de^e, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A mineral
" called also Manganite (q.v.).
a-9er'-ic, a. [Acer.] Pertaining to the maple-
tree.
a-9er'-i-de§, ■?. [Gr. a, priv. ; KTjpos (J:eros)=
wax. PIa.sLeis made without wax.
a-9er-i'-iia, s. [^lod. Lat., from Gr. aKepos
(akero^) — \vithont horns.] A genus of hslies
belonging to the family Percida', or Perches.
A. vnlgarU, the ruff or jiope, is found in sonic
of the English rivers.
a-9er-in'-e-0B, s. [Acerace.e.]
a-9er-ds'e, s. [Lat. acer = sharp.]
Bot. (sjiec. of lean.-,): Needle-shaped, i.e.,
narrow, linear, rigid, and tapering to a line
ACERO^E LEAF (PINUS).
point. Examples, those of the Piuus sylves-
tns, Juniperiis LWimiunis, 6;e.
^ a9'-er-dte, s. Brown bread. (Miiisheu.)
t a-9er-6-ther'-i-uin, s. [Gr. (i) oKcpog
(akeros)= hornless [Acera] ; (2) er)pioy(therion)
— wild animal.]
Palceont. : A lapsed genus of Tengulates,
now merged in Rliinoceros. It was created
for the hornless forms of which Rhinoceros
incisivus is the typo.
a'-9er-OUS, a, [Gr. a, pnv. ; xepas (kero.s) = a
horn. ]
Zool. : Without horjis or antennte. With
reference to this form of structure, insects
are divided into diccrovs = such, as have two
antennee ; and acerous, or such as have none.
[Acera (2). ]
* a-9er'-se-c6m-ick, o. [Gr. aKepasKOfiTK
(akersekomes), fr. a, priv. = not ; Ke'ptrw, JEolia
& Ep. 1st fut. of Kcipti) (kcirdj = to cut the
hair short; K6fj.n (/lotjw") = hair. ] A person
wliose hair has never lieun eut. (Cockcram.)
* a-9er'-tain, v. [Original form of Ascertain.]
To make certain ; to give certiun information
about.
" For now 1 am awrtalncd throughly
Of evei-ythiug I desired to know."
Todd : Gower A Chaucer.
*a-9er'-tained, pa. par. [Acebtaix.]
* 3,-96!^ -val, o . [Lat. acervus = a heap.] Per-
taining to a heap.
* a-9er'-vate, v.t. [Lat. acervatum, sup. of
acervo = to heap up.] To heap up, to amass.
a-9er'-vate, a. [Acervate, v.t.]
Nat. Science : Heaped up ; also growing in
heaps or clusters.
*ac'-er-va-ted,iia.pcir. &a. [Acervate, v.t]
*a9'-er-va-ting, pr. par. [Acervate, v.t]
* a9-er-va'-tion, v. [Lat. acervatio.] The
act of heaping up,
*a^9er'-v6se,a. [Lat. acenjws = a heap.] Full
of heaps.
a-5er'-vu-lus. 5. [Diniin. of Lat. acervus:^
a heap ; (lit.) a little heap.] The name given
. by Sbmmering to a mass of sabulous matter.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, piLt. sire, sir, marine;
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. se, ce = e ; ey =
go,
a.
p6t»
aeescence— acetum
-11
composed of phosphate and carbonate of lime,
situated in a cavity towards the base of the
pineal body in the brain. It is found in the
human species after seven years of age, but
not in the inferior animals. (See Tocld &
Bowman, PJiys. Anat, vol. i., ch. x., p. iTS.)
a-9es' -961196, 3.-968-9611-97, s. [Lat. aces-
ceiLs, pr. jjar. of acesco = to turn sour ; aceo =s
to be sour. From obsolete root ac = sharp,
or sour, with the suff. -esceiice or -escency.] The
state of turning or being sour.
TI Substances which contain sugar tend to
undergo, first, an alcoholic, and then an
acetous fermentation. While the latter pro-
cess is being effected, the substance exhibits
acescency, that is, it becomes increasingly
sour.
"... the milk having an (TceKcewc// very prejudicial
to the constitutiuii of the i-ecipieiit."— ^oHCg; Life of
JUiahop Uorne, ii. 350.
a-9es'-9ent, t.^. tSc s. [In Fr. acescent; Lat.
accsceiis. The suff. -esce*ts = Lat. cresc^ns —
Eng. ■mi:rcoA,iiig.]
A. An adjective :
*\. Oi'd. Lang. : Becoming increasingly sour.
Sometimes used loosely for slightly sour.
% Bot.: Sour, tart, acid. {Loudon: Cydop.
of Flants, G7os>.)
* B. As suhst. : That which tends to sour-
ness or acidity.
". , . (umlified with a sufficient fiuantityof acacents,
bread, angiir, and fermented VKi,uors."~A rbutknot.
* a-9e'se, v.t. & i. [Ceask.]
1, Traubltioc: To cause to cease, to sati^^fy.
"Al wo and wenes he schal rtco.v>'.
And set nl I'eaiu'-. in ivst and ijese,"
J/S. /)uucr. •M2. f. W. (HaUtiveU.)
2. Intransitive: To ijeuj^e.
a9-et-ab'-U-lar, (f. [Acetabulum.] Pertain-
ing to the acetabulum.
"Of the borders, one is external or Nccfnlinhir ;p.tf
it ends below, at the i]LarL,'iii uf the iit:('tnbiiluiii." —
Ftowcr: Ostaolo'jj/ of the MauLiiudui. p. -SJ,
a9-et-ab'-u-li-fonn, a. [Lat. ax^etabitlwn,
(q.v.), sxnX forma -= form.] Concave, depiessed,
round, with a border a little turned oiitwiirds.
Example, the fructilicatiuu of some lichens.
{Lindley.)
^9-et-ab'-u-luin, s. [Lat. = (l) a vessel for
holding vinegar ; (2) the socket of the hip-
bone ; (3) the duckers of polypi ; (4) the calyx
of flowers. From acciuiii (q, v ).]
L Anatomy ;
1. A cavity in any bone designed to receive
the protuberant head of another one, bo as
to c'lnstitutc the kind of articulation called
eiiarlhrv:,i-,. .Syici;., the socket of the hip-joint
in man.
" , . . the (icetabulum, an articular deprcssiun "
— Todd & Bowman : Phijuot. A tuzt., i. 10 j.
2. A glandular substamc found in tlie pl.i-
centa of some animals.
3. The fleshy suckers with which the Cepha-
lopoda and some other Inveitebrata are pro-
vided.
II. Zoology : A genus of polypes.
III. Botany:
1. A species of lichen.
2. A cotyledon.
3. The receptacle of certain fungals.
a-9et'-al, s. [Eng. acet(ic) and a}(co]wI).']
' CoH40(C2H5)2O. A compounddfalilehydewith
ethyl oxide ; it is isomeric with diethylic
etheiiate. It is one of the products of the
slow oxidation of alcohol. Acetal is a colour-
less liquid boiling at 140°. Oxidizing agents
convert it into acetic acid. It was first formed
by Dobereiner, who called it oxygenated ether.
a-9et'-a-mide, s. [Eng. acetate and ainldc.'l
N |*^*H^*'*} [Amide.] Formed by heating
ammonium acetate; also by the action of
ammonia on ethyl acetate. Acetamide is a
white crystallic solid, melting at TS% and boil-
ing at 222°. Heated with aeids or alkalies, it is
converted into acetic acid and amiuonia. Dis-
tilled with phosphoric oxide, it is decomposed
into water and acetonitrile or methyl-cyanide.
^.9-et-am'-i-d6 ben-zo'-ic, u. [Aceto &
ain.ido-benzoic (q.v.).]
Acetninido-heu::oic arid: A monobasic aeid
existing in tlie form of white microscopic
crystals. Formula,
CgHgNOg-t-OHa = C2H4O.2 + C7H7NO.J.
a9-et-ar'-i-OUS, a. [Lat. acctaria, s. ph, or
pi. of adj., with olera (= vegetables) implied
Vegetables prepared with vinegar ; a salad. ]
Prepared with vinegar, or suitable for being
so.
Acetarious plants : Plants suitable for being
made into salad with vinegar.
* ac'-et-arre, s. [Acetarioi-s.] a salad of
small herbs. {Cockeium, ltj59.)
a9'-et-ar-^, s. [Acetarious.] The term ap-
plied by Grew to the inner or pulpy part of
certain fruits. It is sometimes called also the
inner iKirenchyvui. In the pear it is globular,
and suiTounds the core. The name acetary is
derived from the sourness of its taste.
a9'-et-at6, 5 [in Gcr. acHat ; Fr. acetate;
Lat. aceias.'\ [Acetic Acid.]
a9'-et-ene» s. [Acetum.] The same as ethy-
lene and olefiant gas.
"" a9'-etli, ''a9'-ethe, s. [Aseth.]
ac etiaxn (pron. ac e-shi-am). [Lat. —
and also.]
La\o : A clause devised by the officers of the
King's Bencli for extending the jurisdiction
of tile Court over causes with which otherwise
it could not have meddled. If aperson charged
with breach of contract or debt, an offence be-
yond the jurisdiction of the Court, was arrested
for trespass whieh the judges could try, they
took up tlie case of trespass, and (coupling the
other offence with it by the magic word^ ac
ctiam (and also), gave a verdict on both.
a-9et'-ic, ora-9et'-ic, a. [in Fr. acHiquc, fr.
Lat. ace(itm = vinegar.] Pertaining to vinegar,
akin to vinegar, sour.
acetic acid, s. The acid wliich impart.s
sourness to vinegar, vinegar bciiiL; Minply
;iectie acid diluted, tinged with colour, and
slightly mingled with other impurities. The
fimnula of acetic acid is
C,H30COH),or jj^Jo},.,C.H..O^O
= methyl-formic acid. It is formed by tlic
ai'ctnus feriiieutiition ot alcoliol. [Fermen-
tation.] Acetic acid is a monatomic mono-
basic acid. Its salts are called acetates. A
molecule of acetic a<-iil can also unite with
normal acettites like water of cr^stallisatiou.
Its principal salts are those of potassium.
sodium, and ammonium, a solution of which
is called Wiiiritus .Alinderei'i The acetates <if
barium anil calcium are very solubh'. Aliniii-
num acetate is used in dyeing Lead acetate
IS called sugar of lead from its sweet taste. It
dissolves in 1^ parts of cold water ; it also
dissolves oxide of lead, forming a basic acetate
of lead. Basic cupric acct;(te is called ver-
iligns Aectic acid below 10 .1° forms colour-
less transparent crystals (glacial acetic acid),
which melt into a thin eulourlcss pungent,
strongly aeid liquid, soluble ni alcohol, ether,
and water. It boils at 118°. Its vapour is
inflammable.
Fundigneous acid is impiu"e acetic acid.
formed by the destructive distillation at red
heat of dry hard wood, as uak and beech.
acetic ethers [example, ethyl acetate,
CoHgO^Q.
CHr, S ^^
are formeil by replacing the typical H in acetic
aeid by a radical of an alcohol, as ethyl, &e.
Ethyl acetate is a fragrant liquid, sji gr. O-^'JO,
boils at 74° ; methyl acetate boils at 6tJ-\
acetic OSlde = acetic anhydride, also
called anhydrous acetic acid. It is formed
liy tlie action of acetyl chloride on sodium
acetate- It is a heavy oil which is gradually
converted by water into acetic acid. The
formula of acetic oxide is
a-9et-i-f i-ca'-tion, s. [Lat. acetum = vine-
giir ; Jacio = to make.] The process of
making into vinegar, or of rendering sour.
a-9et'-i-*fy, or a-9et'-i-fy, v.t. [Lat. acetum;
facio. ] To convert into vinegar, to render sour.
"... the brandy is rtcerilfi^-rfwlthont the addition
of a ferment."— rodd A Bowman: Physiol. Anat.^ n.
427.
a-9et-im'-et-er, s. [Acetometer.]
a-9et-iiil'-et-ry, s. [in Ger. aceiimctrie ; Lat.
acetum = vinegar ; Gr. /itrpov (jnetron) = a
measure.] The act or metliod of ascertaining
the strength of vinegar.
a-cet'-m,s. [Eng. acet(ic): -in.] Acetic gly-
cerine. Compound etheis are fonned by re-
placing the 1, 2, or 3 H atoms in the hydroxy].
when glycerine is heated in a sealed tube with
monatomic organic acids. Theseglycerieetheis
are called glycerides, and are oily liquids. By
the action of acetic acid are obtained—
(-OH
Mono-acetiu, CoHs'"-^ OH
(.OCoHgO
rOH
Diacetin, C3H5'"-] OC2H3O
(.OCoH-iO
rOC^HsO
Triacetin, CsHs'"-^ OC-^HaO
(OC2H3O
a-9et-6m'-et-er, a-9et-im'-et-er, s. [In
Ger. acdinieter ; Lat. accijtm = vinegar ; Gr.
fj.i-pov (iiictrnn) = a. measure.] A hydrometer
graduated for determining the strength of
commercial acetic acid according to its density.
(mats: Chcm.)
a,_cet-o'ne, s. [Eng. acetic; suff. -one.]
Chem. . A compound having the formula
"m^^'^'^
also called methyl-acctyl, or dimethyl-ketone.
It is prepared by rei'kiMiug the CI in acetyl
chloride by methyl CHu. also by the diy dis-
tillation of calcium aeet;de ; by the oxidation
of isopropyl alcohol ; by passing the vapour
of acetic acid through a red-liot tube. It is
a Colourless, limpid liquid, with a peculiar
odour. It is very inflanniKible, and burns
with a bright flame ; sp. gr. U'702.
a-9et-6ll'-ic, a. [Eng. aceton(e); suff. -ic]
[Acetone.] Pertaining to Acetone.
acetonic-acid, &.
Chem.: A comjiound formed by treating
acetone with hydroc\;iiiie acid, water and
hydrochloric acid. C^HyOj. Isomeric with
oxybutyric acid.
a-9et'-6-nine, s. [Eng. acetonie); suff. ~ine.]
Chem. : N^(C:jH,;).j ". A basic compound
obtained by Tieatiug acetone with ainnionia to
100^ C.
a-9et-6n'-it-rile,s. lEug.acctu(nc)and uitrile.]
Che.n. : (C-jH^X, or CH;;CN ^methyl cyan-
ide or etlieuyl-nitrile.) An oily liquid, which
boils at 77^0. Prepared by distilling a mix-
ture of potassium cyanide and the potas-
sium salt of methyl sulphuric acid, or by the
dehydrating aetioti of phosphoric oxide on
ammonium acetate. Isomeric with methyl
ibocyanide.
S.-9et-6ph'-e-ndne, 5. [Eng. aceto(ne\ and
phenone.]
Chem. : Methyl-pheuyl ketone,
CsH80=C0"-jCH:y
Prepared by distilliug a mixture of calcium
acetate and benzoate. It boils at 198°, and
is converted by nitric acid into two isomeric
nitracetophenones, CaIl7(N02)0, one crystal-
line, the other syrupy. Tlia syrupy modifi-
cation made into a paste with tifty parts of
a mixture of one pint soda-lime and nine
parts zinc dust is converted into indigo Nue,
Ci6HinN.jO;; + 2H.20-fOo.
a-9et-6-sa-li5'-y-l6l, s. [Eng. aceto(ne) and
sulicylol.]
Chem.: CgH4(C.2H30)0-COH. Formed by
the action of acetic oxide on sodium-salicylol ;
it has the same composition as coumaricacid,
O9H8O3. It melts at 37^ and boils at 253^. It
is an aldehyde. (B'ownes' Chem., 10th ed.,
J'- ^^l-)_
*a-9et-ose', a. [Acetum.] Sour, acid.
* a-9et-6s'-i-ty , s. [Ace-ic-m.] Sourness.
a9'-et-ous, or a-9et'-ous, '.•^. [Acetum.]
* 1. Oe)t. : Containing vinegar, sour.
" Raisins . . . being distilled in a retort, did not
afford any vinous, but ratlier an acc(o(w spirit." — Boyle.
2. Bot. : Producing acidity or sourness.
(Loudon: Cjclop. of Flants, Gloss.)
a9'-et-uni, or a-9et'-uin (geuit. aceti), ^.
[Lat., properly neut, uf pa. par. (—having
become sour) uf aceo =■ to be sour.] Vinegar
acetl spiritus, s. Plain sjurit of vinegar.
It is distilled from a mixture of copper filings
'CiS^ bo^; poiit, j(f^l; cat, 96U, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
•^^a = shgb ; -cian ~ shan<, -tion, -sion = shun ; -^ion, -tion = zhun. -tlous, -sious, -9ious = shiis. -ble. -die, ^"ce. = bel, d$l>
42
acetyl— acherspyre
and vinegar. Its uses are similar to those of
distilled vinegar, but its action is more imtent.
a-9et'-yl, s. [Eng. acet{ic) ; sufT. -yl.] '
Chem. : A monatomic organic radical, having
the formula CaHnO'. Acetyl chloride, or acetic
chloride, C2H3OCI, is prepared by the action
of phosphorus pentachloride on glacial acetic
acid. It is a colourless liquid which boils at
55°. Acetyl cyanide, CoHgO'CN"
a-9et'-y-lene, s. [Eng. acetyl; siifT. -ei^e.]
Chem. : A hydrocarbon having the formula
C2H2, also called ethine. The "carbon atoms
are united to each other by tliree bonds. It
is produced by passing an electric current
between carbon poles in an atmosphere of
hydrogen, and also by the incomplete com-
bustion of hydrocarbons. It is a colourless
gas, sp. gr. 0'92, has a peculiar odour, and
burns with a bright flame ; it forms a red
precipitate with ammoniacal cuprous chloride,
which, by the action of nascent hydrogen, is
converted into ethylene, C2H4.
'*^ach, s. Smallage, water-parsley {Apiuvi
graveolens. [Apium, Celery.] (Provijyt. Parv.,
pp. 6, 24(5.)
A-chse'-an, A-chai-an, o. [Lat. Adupus,
Aclwius; Gr. ' Axaio? (Achaios).]
A. As adjective: Belonging to the district
of Achaia, in the north of the Peloponnesus.
"... tlie uumber of Ac7i(ean emigrants "—Thirl-
wall : ffist. Greece, ch. x.
"I aver that they are Achaian men, Achaian
mamiera, an Achaian age." — Gladstone: Homeric
Synchronisin, pt. i., ch. iii., pp. 7i», 80.
Aclicean or Achaian League : A confederacy
among a large number of the long- separated
Hellenic States which, during the third and
second centuries B.C., maintained the inde-
pendence of a great part of Greece against
aggressions on its liberty, till at length the
league was vanquished and dissolved by the
Romans. It was from its prominence at the
time of the Roman conquest that Greece
received the name of Achaia.
B. As substantive : An inhabitant of Achgea
or Achaia.
"... the iaaue was in favour of the Achneans." —
Thirlwall ; Hist. Greece, ch, vii.
" The Achaians, then, of Merepthah'a reien probably
are the Danaaus of the reign oi Rameses III." — Gladr
stone: Homeric Sjjnchronisin. pt. ii., ch. i., p. 14T,
ar-chsB-ni-um, a-che'-ni-um, a-ke-
m-um, a-che'ne, s. [Gr. axai"i (achane)
= a chest,"a box ; axaf/je (acJianes), adj. =not
opening the mouth : fr. a, priv. ; x«ti"i' (cJiaino)
= to yawn, to gape, to open wide.]
BORAGE (BORAGO OFFICINALIS),
1 Flower. 2. Seed-vessel. 3. Achfeuium. 4. Section
of AchiEUiuui.
Botany : A simple fruit of the apocarpous
class, one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent,
hard, and dry, with the integuments of the
seed distinct from it. It has also been called
Spermidium, Xylodium, Thecidium, and by
Linneeus, Nux. [See these words.] The most
notable example of the Achtenium is the fruit
of the CompositEe.. "What used to be called
the "naked" seeds in the Labiat;^ and Bora-
ginacoDe are properly four Achene.i,
■r a-cha'-lii, s.
0. Chem.: AUun-water. {HoivelJ.) {Halli-
well.)
A-chai'-an. [ Ach.<ean. ]
* a-cham'-eck, i-. The dross of silver.
{Hoxvell.) {Ih'lllmdl)
a-chan'-i-a, s. [Gr. axoivr}<; (achanes) = not
' opening.] 'A genus of plants belonging to the
order Malvaceae, or Mallowworts. The species
are shrubs from the hotter parts of the
Western world. A. maloMsms, a scarlet
flower, and others, are cultivated for their
beauty.
'■ a-9harm'ed, u. Dehghted.
" Ther ben somme that eten chyldren and men, and
eteth noon other flesh fro that tyme that thei lie
a-charmed with mannya flesh, for rather thei wolde
be deed, and thei be cleped werewolfea, for men
shulde be war of them."— i/S. Bodl., 54G. (IlalUwell.)
^ a^9harn'e, v. [Prom Fr. ocliamir.] To set
vn (HallivjeU) ; to aggravate against (Wright).
"That other reaaoii is whaune thei a-cTiametli in a .
contre of werre there :is batayles have y-be, there thei
eteth of dede men, or of men that be hongcd." — MS.
nodi., 546.
A-char'-ner, [Achernar,]
&,-<}hsit\ a-phat e, a-ca'te, s. [O, Fr. ocnt^
achat = a purchase ;" Fr. acheter ; Low Lat.
accapto = to purchase.]
I, Singular :
1. Law French <& Ord. Lang. : A contract or
bargain, especially one produced by purchase.
"'Cursed be he," qnod the kyng, 'that he achat
Tns\Ae."'—MS. Cott. Vesijas.. E. xvi., 1 83; see also
Un-y's Ohaucer, p 3C2. {IlalUwell.)
2. Bargaining.
" Coemption is to save, comen achate or buying
together, that were established lupon the peple by
aoche a maner imposicioii, as who so bought a busliell
of come, he must yeven the kjTig the flveth parte "—
Chaucer: Boethius.
^ Mr. H. T. Riley, editor of the Mvnimentn
GiWwllai Londinensis, says, in his preface,
p. xviii,, that in the fourteenth and the
beginning of the fifteenth centuries the more
educated classes used the French word achat,
probably pronounced by the English acat, to
designate buying or selling at a profit. This
"achat" was the source of Whittington's
wealth. When the term had gone into disuse,
and its meaning had become forgotten, some
inventive genius, not understanding it, devised
the stoiy of "Whittington and his Cat."
Max Miiller declined pronouncing an opinion
upon this hypothesis till he had traced the
story or myth now mentioned to its earliest
form. (See Science of Lang., 6th ed,, 18.1,
P 605.)
II. Plnrah Ord. Lang.: Provisions, viands.
" The kitchin clerke, that hight Digestion,
Did order all th" achates in seemely wise."
Spenser: F. Q., II. ix. 31.
T[ It is SO in the first and second quartos,
but in the folios it is cates.
a-Clia'-te§, s. [Gr. axdrn^ (achates), Lat,
* achates = the agate ; also in part the onyx.
Pliny says that it was first found on the banks
of the Achates, now the Drillo, ^a river in
Sicily.] An agate. (Minshev, dJcY
" These following bodies do not draw, amaragd,
achates." — Bacon: Physiol. Rem.
ach-a-ti'-na, s. [Gr. ixarnt {achates) = agate ]
A genus of snails belonging to the family
Helicida;. In 1851 Woodward estimated the
known species at 120 recent and 14 fossil. The
Achatinee are the largest of all snails, some
African species being eight inches in length,
and depositing eggs an inch in their larger
diameter.
*■ a-cha'-tor, * a-cha'-tour, s [Achat]
The person who had charge of the acatry,
the purveyor, a caterer.
T[ By 34 Edward III., it was enacted that
all iHirveyors should thenceforth be called
achators.
"A gentil maunciple was ther of a temple,
Of which achatov.rs mightun take exempie."
Chaucer : Prologue to C. T., 569.
*■ a-^hau'f e, v.t. [A.N, In Fr, ecliai'ffer =
to heat, to overheat ; chart fer = to heat]
[Chafe.] To warm, to heat, to make hot
" That swollen sorrow fer to put away
With softe salve achavfc it and dette "
Boetlus MS. (Ihilliwell.)
* a-ghau'nge, v.t. [An old form of Change
(q.v.).] To change,
" WHian the emperice that -iinderstod,
? Al achaun'jed was hire blod." Sevyn Sages, 460.
^ a-9liaunged, vc jmr. [Achaunge.]
* a-^ha'y-ere, s, [Btym. doubtful.] Gear
array, or more probably chere, countenance.
" Scho was frely and fayre,
Wele semyd hir acliaynrc."
Sir Degrcvante, MS. Lincoln, (ffalliwell )
ache (formerly pron. a^lie), s. [A.S. i^cp.]
1. Of the body: Pain, especially of a con-
tinued kind.
'In coughs, aches, stitches, ulcerous throes and cramps."
Tennyson : St. Simeon Styliles.
" Sore aches she needs must have ! but less
Of mind, than body's wretchednes.s,
Frum damp, and rain, and cold,"
Wordsworth : Rath.
Ii" Often iised in tbis sense in composition,
as a headache, an earacloe, tootliache, &c.
2. Of the mind: Distress, sorrow, grief.
(See second example under No. 1.)
aclie (formerly pron. a9hc), * ake, v.i.
[A.S. accDi, ackm.]
1. OftJie body : To suffer pain, to be in pain,
to be painful.
" For all my bones, that even with anguish ache,
Are troubled." Milton : Trans. Ps vi.
2. Ofthemi-nd: Tosuffergrief, to be grieved,
distressed, or afflicted.
" With present ills his heart must ache."
Cowjier : To Rev. Mr. Ifewton,
^ In this sense also it is used, though more
rarely, in composition, as hearf-ache, meaning
not disease of the physical organ, but mental
distress.
1[ In Hudibras III. ii. 407, ach-es is a dis-
syllable.
* Flicking aches : Convulsions. (Rider.)
* a9he, s. [Ash.] An ash-tree. (Plu-mpton
■ Vorre^p., fo. 188.)
■* h^laeiy o. Age.
" But thus Godi.") low, and he wil welde
Even of blod, of good, of ache."
MS. Douce, 302. fo. 30. (HaUiwell.)
* a'9he-l)6ne, s. [Natch (1).] The hip-
bijiie. (Wright.)
* a-^hek'-id, «. Choked.
"A tid right anon whan that Theseus sethe
The best achekid, he shal on him lepe
; To sleeu him. or they comiu mine to hepe." ■'
Ley of Ariadne, 123.
^ acTSi'-el-or, Old spelling of Ashlar (q..v.),
a-c2ie'ne, a-che'-ni-um, s. [Acn^wruM.]
■ a-fhe-o'-ki-en, a-9he-o'-ken, a-fho-
keix, V. [Choke.] To choke, to suffocate.
(Chaucer.)
'•' a'9h-er, s. An usher.
". . . [Loys Stacy] aclicr to the Ouke of Burgoine.''—
Quotation in Archceologla, xxvi. 278,
A-gher-nar, * A-5lier'-ner, * A-char'-
ner, * A-car'-nar, s. [Corrupted Arabic]
A star of the first' magnitude, called also a
El idani. It is not visible in Great Britain.
Ach'-e-ron, s. [Lat. Acheron; Gr. 'Ax^puif
(Acheron): a^o? (achos) = pain, distress ; poo?
(fhoos) = a stream ; pew (rJieo) = to flow.] A
fabled stream in the infernal regions. Some
rivers belonging to this world bore the same
name.
", . . behold black .^cAeron.'
Oiii:e consecrated to the sepulchre "
Byron: ChUde Barold, ii. ai.
"Get you gone.
And at the pit of Acheron
Meet me i' the morning ; thither ho
Will come to know his destiny."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iii. 5.
" And enter there the kingdoms void of day ;
Where Phle^ethon's loud torrents, rushing down.
Hiss in the flaming gulf of Acheron."
Pope : Homer ; Odyssey x. CO'?— 603.
Ach-e-ron'-ti-a, s. [Lat. Acherontis, genit.
of Ackevon. So' called because of the terror
the sphinx so designated causes in some
superstitious minds.] A genus of sphinxes
or hawk-moths, containing the celebrated
A. ntropos, or Death's-head Hawk -moth.
[Death's-head Hawk-moth.]
Ach-e-ron'-tic. a. Pertaining to the infernal
legiuns; gloomy, dark,
* a-cher'-set, s. [Chersei\]
■* ach'-er-spyre, 5. [Acbospire.] a sprout,
a gi'rmination. (Scotch.)
■' As soon as the acherspyre apiieai-s."— J"am.ieso« :
Dtct. Scott. Lann
' ach'-er-spyre, v.i. [Acrospiue.] To
■sr,truut, to germinate.
"They let it acherspyre, and shute out all the thrift
rtnd substance at baith the ends, quhere it sould come
at ane end only."— Chalm^rlan Air, ch. xxvi
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ^11. father ; we, wet, here, camel, her. there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6. son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, ciir, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a.
Achenisian— achromatic
43
Acit-e-ru'-si-an, «. [Lat. Achermius, fr.
Acheron; Gr.'Ax^pojv {Acheron).'] Pertaining to
Lake Aclierusia, in Campania, or to Acheron.
' a-ches'-oiin, s. [A N. aclwison.] Reason,
cause. Occasion. {Hearne: Gloss, to Langto/t.)
"And all he it dede tor traiaoun
Kim; 't'J be waa his achenoan."
Artliour & Merlin, p. 6.
.^cll'-e-ta, s. [Lat. cu-hdn = the cicada ; Gr.
axtra? (achetas) and ax^ra (acheta), fr. uxt-Tnc
(achetes) = clear-sounding : hx^<^ (echeo) = to
sound. ] A genus of insects with no affinity to
the Cicadas, though the etymology suggests
the contrary. They belong to the order
Ortlioptera, and the section of it called Salta-
toria, tliat is, having legs adapted for leaping.
It contains the well-known domestic hearth-
cricket (Aclista doTiiestica) a.nd the tield-cricket
(.1. campestris). [Cricket, Achetid^.]
a-cliet'-i-dse, s. pi. [Acheta.] The family
of Orthopterous insects, of which Acheta is
the type. [Acheta.]
acli-et-i'-na» ^cli-et-i -nje, *. j?.
[Acheta. ]
Entom. : In some classifications, a sub-
family of insects plitceil under the family
Gryllidse, which again is made to include all
the Orthopterous iusf_'cty having legs adapted
for leaping.
■* a-9he'-tyn, v. To e.scheat. (Prompt. Parv.)
* a-9he've,^. [AN.] To accomplish.
"And through falshed ther liist achrved."
Horn, of fhf Rose, 2.049.
^ Urry reads achwed.
ache'-weed, 5. An old name for tlie gout-
weed (q.v.).
a'-^lli-ar, s. [Malay.] An Eastern condiment,
consisting of the young shoots of the bamboo
(Bambv.sa arundlnacea).
a-^liiev'-a-ble, a. [Achieve.] Able to be
achieved, within man's power to accomplish,
" Are enterprises like these achievable I " — Dowrlii'j ■
Pri.-/. to BoU/uiin's Works.
t a-9lliev'-an9©, s. [Achieve.] Achievement,
accomplishment of a great and arduous enter-
prise.
" . . , it may sufflciently appear tn them that ivill
read his noble acts and achteva)iCL\ '—&//■ 7'. Elyot :
The Bovomour, 1966.
a-phiev'e, * at-9liie'vc, v.t. [Fr. achcver,
Prov. acabar=to ^n■u\>^ to a head, coiitx>lete,
to finish, to accniiiplush, achieve ; O. Fr.
clirver = to come to tlie end ; fr. French chef
= head, in Prov. cap.] To gain by heroic
effort, to effect an exploit by skill, courage,
and endurance.
Used (a) when the aim is a person.
" Aaron, a thousand deaths would I proimse,
To achieve her whom I love."
3lutkes2J. .' Titus AndrontcHS. ii. 1.
(b) When it is a victory gained by arms or
other ad\ant;ige on the field of action.
" Some people, indeed, talkpil !is if a militia could
achieve nothing s^ssX." —Maraa! ay : Hist. Eiij., ch.
XJciii.
(c) When it is a great intellectual acqui.'ii-
tion.
"Foraught that human reri-ini
; can aduc
h : A'.a
sion, ly.
a-9hie'ved, pa. par. k a. [Ari-riEVE.]
a-Chieve'-ment, s. [Fr. uchcvement = a com-
pletion, a finishing.]
I. Ordlno.ry Language:
1. An heroic deed, an exploit successfully
carried out on the field of action.
"The noble achievemenU of r^mute ancestors,"—
Macaalay : Hi^t. Eng., ch. xii.
2. An intellectual feat.
"Tlie highest mihU-'u-in-^nt-^ of the human intellect."
—Mavaulay : Sist. Eng . oli. iii.
*■ I. as a man of science, feel a. natural pride in scien-
tific achieueinent."—Ti/ndaU : Em-j o/ Science {■■^rd ed.).
iv. 93.
II. Technically:
Her. : A complete heraldic composition, ex-
hibiting the shield with its quaiteriiig.s and
impalements, together with its extern:il ac-
cessories of coronet, supporters, crests, motto,
&,c. Applied especially to a funeral escutcheon.
exliibiting the rank and family of a deceased
nobleman or gentleman, and placed on his
demise in front of his house, or m ^oiue other
conspicuous place. [Hatchsiest.]
a-chie'-ver, s. [Achieve.] One who is suc-
cessful in doing an heroic deed, or in making
an intellectual conquest.
"These conquerors and achievers of mighty ex-
ploits,"— Barrow.
a-^hie'-ving, jw. par. [Achieve.]
ach'-il, 0. Noble. [Athil.] {Scotch.)
*■ a9ll-il-er, [Ashlar,]
a-chil-le'-a, s. [From Achilles, a disciple of
■ Chiron, saicL to have been the first physician
who used the plant for healing wounds.]
Milfoil. A genus of plants belonging to
' the order Asteracege, or Composites, the sub-
order Tubulifloreae, and the tribe Anthemidese.
Two specit^s are wild in Great Britain : the
A. milUfohum, or Milfoil [Milfoil], which
is very common ; and the A. jjtarmica, or
Sneezewort Y;irrow, which is not unfreqnent.
[Sneezewort.] Besides these there are three
species doubtfully native : the A. decolorans,
A. tanacetifoliwm,, and A. tomentosa. There
are many foreign species. Some of these are
cultivated as edgings to walks in gardens.
ar-chil-le'-in, s. (C20H38N2O15.) [Achillea.]
CJiem. : A nitrogenous substance which,
along with moschatin, exists in the aqueous
extract of the iva-plant (Achillea moschata).
It appears to occur also in the common mil-
foil (Achilleci millefolium). It is brittle, glassy,
of a brown-red colour, and melts at 100°.
a-chil-let'-in, s. (CxiHi7lsr04.) [Achillea.]
Chem. : A substance formed by boiling
ai.'hillein for several days with dilute sulphuric
acid.
A-chil'-lis ten'-do (teTido AihUlh^the ten-
' don of Achilles). [Lat. According to classic
fable, the mother of Achilles
dipped him in the waters of
the river Styx, thus render-
ing every part of him invul-
nerable, excepting only the
heel by which she held him.
He lost liis lifL', notwithstand-
ing this, by a wound in the
beel produced by an arrow
from tlic bow of Pai'is, eon of
tltu Trnjau king.]
Anat. : A strong tendinous
cord affording insertion in
the bone to the gastrocnemius
and the soleus muscles. It
is situated at the ]iart of the heel where
Achilles received his death-wound. It is the
largest tendon in the body.
" The tendo Jchillin inaorted into the os ralnj^." —
Todd £ Bowman Ehi/siot. Atiat., vol i.. ch. vii , p, ITo.
a-chim'-en-e^, s. [Et>iu. doubtful. Pro-
bably a priv. ; x^'A^a (cJieima) = winter- weather.
cold, frost, winter.] A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Gesneraceai, or Gesner-
worts. It consists of erect herbs, with axil-
lary flowers 111 great beauty. They ha^-e
underground tubci.s by which they are propa-
gMttd. Thoy are cultivated in hot-houses, the
original countiy of most of them being Central
America.
a'-chihg, pr. par., a., & s. [Ache.]
As adjecHve : That aches.
" Each aching nervi? refuse the lance to throw."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk, ii., 464.
" The aching heart, the aching head."
Lorigfellow : Golden Legend, il
" "What peaceful hours I once enjoy'd !
How sweet their memory still !
But they have left an aching void
The world can never fill."
Coioper: Olneg Hymns.
As substavti re :
1. Continued pain of body.
"■When old age comes to wait upon a great and
worshipful sinner, it comes attended with many
painful girds and achings called the gout." — South.
2. Continued and very painful mental dis-
tress.
" Th.^t spasm of terror, mute, intense.
That breathless, agonised suspense,
Frojn whose hot throb, whose dbadly aching.
The heart hath no relief but breakiug."
Moore : Lalla Rookh.
ach'-ir-ite, ach'-ir-it, s. [In Ger, aclilrif.
Named after Achir Mahmed, a Bucharest
merchant, who discovered it about 17S5.] A
mineral, called also Dioptase (q.v.).
a-chi'-rus, ;; [Gr. <i, priv.; x^tp {chcir) =
Innitl, but here used for fin.] The name
given liy LacepMe to a genus of fishes of
the order Malacopterygii subbrachiati The
TENDON OF
ACHILLES.
species resemble soles, but are totally desti-
tute of pectoral fins.
ach-iam-^d'-e-ous,a. [Gr. a, priv. ; x^awk
(chlamv-^), genit. x'^'^f^^^o'^ {chlamiidos) — a
cloak, a mantle.] (Lit.) Without a cloak.
Bot. : Applied to plants In winch the essen-
tial parts of the flower, the stamens and
pistils, are unprotected either by calyx or
corolla. The Willows, some species of Eu-
phorbia, the Peppers, &c., afl'ord examples of
this structure.
" No very striking affinity cm be pointed out a^ yet
between it and the other parts of the Achlamydeous
gronp."—Lindley : A'at. Syst. Bot., 2nded,, p. 19::.
^ a9h'-lere, a. [Ashlar.]
ach'-ly-a, s. A genus of Algas (Sea-weeds), or
possibly' a fungus allied to Mucor, but devc-
lojieil in water. A . prolifera grows on diseased
gold fishes and similar animals, and is fatal to
their existence. The Aclilya possesses spon-
taneous motion.
acll'-lys,s. [Gr. axJ^ik{achhis) = ci mist, gloom.
darkness. In Hesiod personified as the eternal
night, more ancient than chaos.]
Med. : A darkness or dimness of sight : also,
a speck upon the cornea, rendering it more or
less opaque.
^Ch'-xna-tite» s- [In Oer. achm.atil. from
Achmatorsk, in the Ural Mountains, where it
occurs.] A mineral, called also Epidote (q.v.).
ach'-mite, ac'-mite, s. [In. Ger. achmit ;
Gr. aKfiij (akmf) = a point.] [Acmite.]
ach-nan'-the-se, s. [Achnanthes.]
Bot. : A cohort of Diatoinacege (q.v.)
ach-nan'-the§, s. [Gr. axi'n ('/c/""") = any-
thing shaved off, froth, chaff ; av9o<; {nvthos) =
a blossom, a flower.]
Bot._: A genus of Diatomacete.
*a-9hdk'ed, pa. par. & a. [Choke.] ChoUed.
" For he was a-choked anon,
And toward the dethe ho drough."
MS. Laud, 106, fo. 166. (HaUivd! )
a-ohol'-i-a, .". [Gr. axoXi'a (ac/to7ia.) = want
' ufgall: a.'iiriv , x'J^'H'■■^'"^0 = g^^. bile.]
Mat. : Deficii.'ncy or absence of bile — oft^n
:i fatal discubc It dilters from jaundice, in
which bile is made as usual by the liver, but
is afterwards absorbed by the blood, while in
ucholia it is not formed at all. The hitter
may arise from acute atrophy, impermeability
of the bile-ducts, cirrhosis, fatty degeneration
of tl ic liver, or other causes. (Tanner : Ma/nual
ofMoi:)
■ a5h'-6n, a. Each one.
" The lady tok her maydeus acJion,
And wentf the way that sche hadde er gon."
Lawnfal, 1,018,
^ch-or, s. [Gr. dx^iip (achor), genit. axopo?
{arhoros), later ax<^9^<i (achoris) = scurf, dan-
drilT. Galeu considered axwpes {acliores) as
ulcerations peculiar to the hairy scalp, and
discharging from verj'^ small pores a viscid
ichor, consequent to pustules.]
Med. : The scald-head, a small pustule full
of straw-coloured matter, breaking out on the
heads of infants or young children.
ach-or'-i-on, s. [Gr. axtop (och^r) = scurf,
tlandritt. ]
Bot. : A genus of Fungals, of wliicli one
species, the A. Sehaetilrudi, is jiarasitic on
the human skin in the disease called J'orriij'j
fa i'usu .
a-cho'te, a-chi-o'te, s. A seed of the ar-
notto-tree "(Bira orellona^.
ach -ras, s. [Gr. axpa? {achras), genit axpa^o?
(aclirado>~) = the Pyrus pyraster, a kind ef
wild peai' ]
* 1. A wild choak-pear. [See etymology. ]
(Kersey.)
2. Mod. Bot. : Sappodilla or Nisberry tree.
A giiuus of plants belonging to the order
S.ipotjcete or Sapodillas, and containing the
t^appodUla filum (Achras sapota), the marma-
lade {A. inamviosa), both tropical fruits used
as articles of the dessert.
ach-ro'-ite, s. [Gr. axpoo^ (achroos) = colour-
less : d, priv.; XP"'? (diros), or xpoia (chro'io) =
(1) the surface of the skin ; (2) ccuiiplexion,
colour.] A mineral, a colourless ^-aiicty of
ordinary toui-maline. It is found in Elba.
ach-ro-mat'-ic, o. [in Fr. acln<imff.ti>iue ;
from Gr. axptw/iaTo? (adi romat-cs) — colourless
d, priv, ; xp^f-o- (chronia) = colour J
Optica: Colourless.
boll, bo^; pout, jowl; cat, 9eU, chorus. 9hin, bencb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, sl§; expect, :£enophoii, e^st. -ing,
-cia = sha ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion — shun ; -^ion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -9ious — shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
44
achromaticity— acidity
1. Achromatic Telescope: The name given by
Dr. Bevis to an ijnproved form of the re-
fracting telescope constructed by Dollond in
1761. When a single lens is used for the
object-glass of a telescope, the image of the
object is fringed with colour, and hence high
magnifying powers cannot be used, unless the
focal length of the lens is very eonsiderable.
fcjir Isaac Newton, from experiments made on
the refrangibility of light, had erroneously
concluded that the size of the object-glasses
of refracting telescopes could not be enlarged
beyond three or four inches [Aperture] : for
this reason he tm'ned his attention to reflected
light, in which the image of the object is
uncoloured. Reflecting telescopes of the
Gregorian form were from Newton's time
generally used. In the middle of the last
century, Dollond, a Spitalfields weaver, under-
tooJt a course of experiments with the object
of asciiitaining the correctness of Newton's
statements. His researches were rewarded
by the valuable discovery that by using two
'different kinds of glass, and giving to the sur-
faces of each lens a different curvature— the
focal lengths of the two lenses being in a
certain ratio— an image of the object could be
obtained free from colour ; while, by a skilful
arrangement of the radii of the surfaces of
each glass, the errors arising from spherical
r.berration [Aperration] could be entirely
removed. In the early telesco])es made by
Dollond and his son Peter, the object-glass
was usually a double concave lens of flint
enclosed between two con-
vex glasses of crown (Fig.
1) ; but modem object-
glasses have only a concave
lens of flint combined with
a convex of crown or plate
(Fig. 2). A centuiy ago
flint-glass nf a size suitable
for large telescopes cnuld
not be obtained ; but more
recently the removal of the ^i
excise duty, and the success
attained by Guinand and others in glass manu-
facture, have enabled English and foreign
opticians to construct achromatic telescopes
of considerable magnitude, with object-glasses
of twelve, fifteen, and even twenty-six inches
diameter, the area of aperture having the
property of increasing in a considerable
ratio the power of the telescope to penetrate'
into space and render visible the minutest
objects. Achromatic telescopes, from their
convenient size and comparative cheapness,
have been and still are generally used by
astronomers in Great Britain, Europe, and
America, and by their aid many modei" Ulo-
coveries have been made. So jierfect is the
image formed by a well- corrected achromatic
object-glass, that almost any magnifying power
can be applied ; and thus a telescope of this
form three or four feet in length is sui^erior
in its definition and surpasses in magnifying
power one of the old unwieldy telescopes 100
feet long. The eye-glasses of the telescope
also require tu be free from colour and aber-
ration, and the correction of these defects is
accomplished by an an'angement of the lenses
formnig the eye-piece. [See Eye-piece, Object-
glass, Aplanatic]
2. Achromatic Microscope: In a compound
microscope an image of the object is first
formed by the objective, and afterwards en-
larged by the lenses constituting the eye-
piece. Till about the year 1S30 the object-
glasses of microscopes were mostly formed of
single or combined lenses, the apertures of
which, in order to obtain a distinct image
of the obieet, were exceedingly small. The
labours of niodern opticians to adapt the
acliromatic principle to compound micro-
scopes were rewarded by the construction of
lenses in wliich the images of objects were ren-
dered distinct in their minute details even
when high magnifying powers were applied.
In a modern microscopic objective, not only
is the colour corrected and tlie image free
from di.^tortion, but by an increase in the
angle of aperture [Angle of Aperture] the
penetrating j)ower of the objective is con-
siderably increased, and less magnifying power
is required from the eye-piece. With a good
objective of one-eighth of an inch focus,
magnifying powers ranging from 450 to 1,200
diameters can be obtained by using different
eye-pieces. [Objective. ]
a-chro-mat-i^'-i-t;^, s. [Achromatic] s
The quality or state of being achromatic.
a-chro'-msbt-i^m, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; xpt^-
juoTto-juds {c/irortia?iswio^) — colouring, dyeing.]
The quality or state of being achromatic.
■' The achromatism of the eye may be in part due to
the diversity of shape and density of the refractive
media, which seem to bear some analogy to the system
furmiug the achromatic object-glass of Herscbel." —
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 50.
ach'-rdot (the ch Is a strong guttui'al), s.
(Local name.] The root of Morinda tliictoriu,
a Cinchonad, It ia used in India as a dye.
ach-tar-ag'-dlte, s. [Named from the Ach-
taragSa, a tributary of the Wilna, where it
occurs.] A mineral ranged by Dana, in 186^,
as a doubtful species, and placed inider his
"Appendix to Clays." It soils tlie fingers like
chalk,
*a-9hu'yn, a9h'-wyn, v.t. [Eschew.] To
shun, to avoicl.
*• Achuynge or beynge ware. "~ Prompt. Paro.
^ach'-wre, s. [Wel. ac/t-g'w/')^ = near-beet]
An enclosure of wattles or thorns surrounding
a building ai:. such a distance from it as to
prevent cattle from gaining access to the
thatch. (Ancient lustUut. Wales.)
* a9h'-wyn. [Aohuyn.]
ach-yr-an'-thef, s. [Gr. axvpov (achnron) =
chaff; avboq (anthos) = a blossom, a flower.
The name refers to the chaffy nature of the
floral envelopes.] A genus of plants belong-
ing to the order Amaranthaceje, or Amaranths.
About thirty species are known, all from the
hotter parts of the Old World, whence a few
have spread to America. They are sometimes
climbing trees or shrubs, but most are mere
weeds. A. aspera and A. frailcosa are used in
India in cases of dropsy ; A. -viridis as a
poultice.
a-^ic'-ul-a, s. [Lat. = a small pin for ahead-
dress. A feminine diminutive for acus = a
needle; Gr. ant} {ake)=^ii jjoint ; Lat. acics ^
a point.]
1. Bot. & Zool. : A slender spine or bristle.
1" In Bot. (sjiec): The bristle-like abortive
flower of a grass. In this sense used specially
by Dumortier. (Lindley : Introd. to Bot.)
2. Zool. : A genus of operculous pulmonated
Mollusca. A. f'usca occurs recent in Britain,
besides being fossil in the Pliocene of Essex.
a-9ic'-ul-ar, a. [From Lat. aclcula (q.v.).]
Needle-shaped.
1. Mill. : A term applied to long, slender,
and straight prismatic crystals. (Phillips :
Mineral., 2nd ed., p. Ixxxiii.) Example, the
crystals of titanite.
2. Bot. : A term applied specially to leaves.
(Loudon: Cyclopced. of Plants, Glossary.)
acicular 'bismuth, s. A mineral called
also Aikinite (q.v.).
a-9ic'-iil-ar-ly, adv. [Acicular.] In an
acicular mamier or form, in the form of neetUes
or bristles.
ar-9ic'-ul-ate, a-9ic'-ul-a-ted, u. [Lat.
aciculd (q.v.).]
Bot. : Marked with fine, irre^lar streaks,
such as might be produced by the point of a
needle. (Lindley.)
a-9ic-ur-i-fonn, a. [Lat. (l) acvyula (q.v.) ;
(2) formxi = form, shape. ] Of an acicular form,
needle-shaped.
a-cic'-ul-ite, s. [Lat. acicula = a small pin
for a headdress, dim. of acus = a needle ; suff.
-Ite.'] A mineral called also Aikinite (q.v.).
See also Acicular, Bismuth.
a9'-id, a. & s. [In Fr. acide ; Ital. acido, fr.
Lat. acidns = sour, tart ; aceo = to be soiu", fr.
root * ac = sharp, which appears also in Lat.
nc(<?.s' = the point of a weapon, and Gr. dxtj
(f/^c) — point, amv (afc^s) = point, ctK/irj (akme)
= point, aKpof (aA.Tos) = at the point or end,
&c. ; Sansc. asi = the point of a sword ; Wel.
awe = an edge or point. ] [Edge. ]
I. As adjective : Sour, tart, sharp to the
taste.
"The fruit of Averrlioa is intensely acid." — Lindley :
Nat Syst. Bot., 2nd ed.. p. 140.
II. As substantive:
1. Chem.: A salt of hydrogen in which
the hydrogen can be replaced by a metal,
or can, with a basic metallic oxide, form a
salt of tliat metal and water. Acid oxides
nf the same element are distinguished by the
termination of -ous and -("c-as sulphurous
and sulphuric— the latter coutaihing the
most oxygen ; they are also called anhy-
drides. They unite with water and form acids
having the same terminations. By replace-
ment of the hydrogen by a metal they form
salts distinguished by the terminations -ite
and -ate respectively. These acids are called
oxygen acids ; formerly it was thought that
all acids contained oxygen, this element being
regarded as the acidifying principle (generat-
ing acid). But many acids are formed by
direct union of hydrogen with an element,
as hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrosulphuric
acid (H.^S), or with an organic radical,
as hydrocyanic acid, H(CN). Acids which
are soluble in water redden blue litmus,
and have a sour taste. Acids are said to be
monobasic, dibasic, tribasic, &c., according
as one, two, or three atoms of hydrogen can
be replaced by a metal. Organic acids can
be produced by the oxidation of an alcohol or
aldehyde. They contaiji the monad radical
(HO OC)', once if they are monobasic, twice if
dibasic, &.c. They are also classed as mono-
tomic, diatomic, &i:, according as they are
derived from a monatomic or diatomic alcohol,
&c. Acids derived from a diatomic alcohol
can be alcoliol acids or aldehyde acids. [See
Glycol.] Many organic acids occur in the
j n i ees of vegetables, some in animals, as
formic acid in ants.
2, Mill. : In W. Phillips' arrangement of
minerals, acids constitute his third class. He
arranges imder it sulphuric acid and boracic
acid, both of which occur native.
a9-Id-if 'er-oiis, a. [Lat. acid (root of acidiLs
= acid); -;' connective, and fero — to bear.]
Bearing or containing an acid.
1[ In 'vV. Phillips's distribution of minerals
into eight classes, Aeidiferous Earthy Minerals
I'onstituted the fourth, Aeidiferous Alkaline
minerals the fifth, and Aeidiferous- Alkaline
Earthy minerals the sixth. Under the fourth
class above-named were ranked such minerals
as calc spar, gypsum, boracite, witherite,
heavy spar, strontianite, &c. ; under his fifth
class were ranked nitre, natron, borax, sal-
ammoniac, &c. ; and under his sixth, alum,
cryolite, and glauberite. Minerals are now
arranged on another iirinciple. [Mineralogy.]
a9-id'-i-fi-a-ble, a. [Acidify.] Capable of
being rendered aeid.
a5-id-i-fi-ca'-tion, s. The act or process
of acidifying or rendering acid ; also the state
of being so acidified.
a5-id'-i-f led, jM. par. & a. [Acidify.]
ag-id'-i-ty, v.t. [Lat. acid (root of acidus =
acid); -i connective, and facia = to make.j
To reuder acid or sour.
a9-id'-i-fy-mg, p>r. par. & a. [Acidify.]
acidifying principle, s. That which
gives an acid property tu a substance.
a9-id-ini'-et-er, «. [Eng. add, and Gr.
fjLeTpov (rnetron) = a measure.] An instrument
for measuring the strength of acids. "
a9-id-im'-et-ry, s [In Ger. acidiinetrie. ^
[AciDiMETER,] The process of determining
tlie quantity of real acid in a sample of
hydrated aeid. This may be done by volu-
metric or by weight analysis. The former
method is can-ied out by ascertaining the
measured quantity of a standard alkaline
solution required to saturate a given volume
of the acid. That by weight analysis can be
effected in more ways than one. A con-
venient one is to decompose a known weight
of the acid Avith an excess of acid carbonate
of sodium or potassium, and estimate by
weight the quantity of carbonic anhydride
evolved. When this is done the quantity of
real acid can without difficulty be ascer-
tained. (Watts : Cliemistry.)
* a9'-id-ist, s. [Acid.] One who maintains
the doctrine of acids.
"■ . . agreeable to what the acidists -would call
an alkali."— JJr. Slure: Hist. Roy. Soc, iv. 442
a9-id'-i-ty,^ t,. [in Ger. aciditat ; Fr. acidite;
Ital. aciaitn, fr. Lat. acidltas.'] The quality
of being sour or sharp to tlie taste ; sourness,
tartness, sharpness to the taste.
". . . and consequently (icirf^Vy was but an acci-
dental quality of some of these bodies." — ATaa;
MnUcr Science of Lang , Gth ed., ii. 54.
f&,te, fS-t, fare, amidst, what, 1^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
'tr, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fiill : try, Syriara. £e, oe = e. ey — a, wre = re.
acidness— ackncwledge
45
a^'-id-ness, s. [Acid.] Acidity, sourness,
sharpness to the taste.
a^-id-U-lse, s. pi. [Fr. eamx acidules — acidu-
lated waters. ] Mineral waters containing car-
honic anhydride. They ellervesce and have
an acid taste.
" The acidul(e, or medical springs, emit a greater
quantity of their miuerala thau usual." — WooUward:
Jfat. Hist.
^-id'-U-late, v.f. [In Fr. adduler, fr. Lat.
aciduhis = sourish, a little sour, a dimin. fr.
acidiis = souv.] [Acid.] To render slightly
sour, to make somewhat aeid.
&i^-i€k.'-iX-lar-tGA, pa. par. & a. [Acidulate.]
" Simple acidulated Quids produce little or no
change on meat and albumen in the course of twelve
or twenty-four hours, "—rotW & Bovfman : Physiol.
Anat., iL 202,
a^-id'-u-la-ting, 2>r. par. [Acidulate.]
a9'-id-ule, s. [InGer. acidul.'] The same as
ACIDULUM (q.v.).
* Sg-id'-u-lent, a. [Aciddlum.]
Fig. : 'With an expression of acidity, sharp.
"But king's confessor, Abh6 Moudon, starts for-
ward ; with anxious acidnlent face, twitches him by
the sleeve."— Car^jfZe .■ French lievol., pt. i., bk. L,
ch. iv.
* 3.9-id'-U-l0US, a. [Ijdii. acidulus.] A little
sour or acid, moderately sharp to the taste,
subacid.
dulcified from acididoua tincture."— flwr/cc.
* S.9-id'-U-liim, ;;. [In Fr. ackluU.'\
Pilar. : A salt of which the base is auper-
satxu-ated with acid. Examples ; the tar-
tareous acidulum, or acidulous tartrate of
potash, and the oxalic acidulum, or aciduloiiy
oxalate of potash.
a'-^i-form, a. [Lat. aciis = a needle ; for^)ia =
form. ] Needle-shaped.
S.5-m-a'-5e-ous,o. [Acinus.] Full of kernels.
a5-iu-S.9'-i-fonn, a. [Lat. (l) acinaces; Gr.
aKtvaKJiP (akinakes), properly a Persian word =
the short sword or sabre in use among the
Persians and Scjiihians : (2) fori)Ut = form.]
Bot. : Scimitar-shaped, I'.c., curved, fleshy,
plane on the two sides, the concave border
ACINACIFOKM LEAF OF MESEMBRYANTIIEMUM.
being thick, and the convex one thin. Ex-
ample, the leaves of Mesevibryauthemmn acln-
aci/'orme. (Lindley : Introd. to But.)
a-giii-e'-si-a, a-9iii-e'-sis, s. [Gr. aKLvr}aia
(akinesia), (xklitjo-i? (a^'incsts) = quiescence:
a, priv. ; and KLve(ii(1cim6)=zto set in motion.]
Med. : Paralysis of motion. A kind of
imperfect puralj'sis. Imperfect paralysis is
dividtjd into ainie&ia = paralysis of motion,
and anoistkesia — paralysis of sensibility.]
^-9i-ne'-ta, s. [Gr. Akli'tjtos (akinetos) = mo-
tionless: d, priv. ; icti-ew (fciTtco) = to move.]
1. Bot. : A genus of Epiphytal Orchids from
Central America. They have splendid racemes
of yellow flowers. Various species are culti-
vated in hot-houses.
2. Zool. : The type-genus of AcinetiE (q.v.).
a-9i-ne'-tSB, s. pi. [Acineta.]
Zool. : A group of tentafculiferous infusoriaj
of which the genus Acineta is tbe type.
* a-9in-et-i'-iia, s. ji. [Acineta.]
Zool. : An old name for the Acinetee (q.v.).
3.9-in'-i-fonii, " [Lat. acinus — berry ; fornm
— form. ]
1. Bot, : Clustered like grapes.
2. Anat: The Tiniim aciniformis is the
same as the Tn iiica iivea of the eye.
Si9'-in-OS, a9'-yil-6s, s. [Gr. aKivot (akinos)
= basil thyme.] [Calamintha.]
a9-m-6s'e, n. [Lat. aci7iosus — (l)fullof grapes,
(2) resembling grapes.] [Acinus.]
Min. : Resembling grapes. A term applied
to iron ore found in masses and ^'ariously
coloured.
a9'-ill-OUS, a. [In Fr. acinenx.]
Min. : Consisting of minute granular con-
cretions.
a9-in'-U-la, s. [Lat. acinus = a berry, which
it somewhat resembles.] A genus of fungi be-
longing to the order Physomycetes. A. davus
is the ergot of corn.
a9'-in-iis (pi. a9'-in-i), s. [Lat. acinus &
acinum = (1) a young berry with seeds, espe-
cially the graiie ; (2) the kernel of a drupe.]
I. Botany:
1. A bunch of fleshy fruit, especially a
bunch of grapes. In Gartner's classification
of fruits, Acinus is the first subdivision of the
genus Bacca, or BeiTy, and is one-celled, with
one or two hard seeds, as in the grape, the
raspberrj', the gooseberry, &c.
2. {pi.) The small stomas as in grapes, straw-
berries, &c. (Loudon: Cyclop, of Plants, Glos-
sary. )
IL Anat. {plur.) : Portions of glands sus-
]iended like small berries around a (.■L'Utrul
stem.
"These cells grow, and become thp future acini."—
Todd <t liuwmua : Physiol. Anat.. iL 454.
-acious. SufRx. [Lat. -acis, genit. of adj.
termination -ax, and suff, -osus, -ows = full of,
or characterised by : as pertinacious, fr. per-
ti)iaci{s), genit. of adj. ji^^^i^-'^^^i ^^'^ sutT.
-ous = full of determination, cliaracterised
by determination ; veracimi^, fr. veraciis),
genit. of adj. vcyax:, and -ous = full of, or
characterised by, truth.] The suflix -acious is
akin to, but not identical with, -aceous (q.v.).
a9-i-peil'-ser, s. [Lat. ndpenser & acipotsis ;
Gr. aKKiTTiiaio-: {akkipvskn^) ~ a fish, probably
HEAD OF STURUEUN (ACIPENSER).
the sturgeon.] A genus of fishes belonging
to Cuvier's seventh order, the Chondropterygii
(cartilaginous fishes), with fixed gills. The
best kno\vn species is the common sturgeon
{Acipenser sturio, Linn.), which figures in the
British fauna [STuacEON], as does the A. Jj'ti-
rostris, or broad-nosed sturgeon. The gi"eat
habitat of the genus, however, is in the large
rivers which run into the Black Sea and the
Caspian, where several sjiecies of magnificent
size are found.
a'-9is, s. A genus of endogenous plants be-
longing to the order Amaryllidacea-, or Ainaryl-
lids. The species are pretty, bulbous tubers
from Southern Eiu-ope and Northern Afiica.
^ a-9i^'e, s. Assize, assizes.
■■ Ther lie aette his own acise.
And made bailifa and justices."
Kyng AU^attrtder, 1,423.
"3,-9^6', v.t. [A.N.] To cite, to summon.
[ACCITE.]
a-9it'-li, 5. A name given to a bird— the great
L-rested grebe or diver (Podiceps cristatus).
a'-9i-iir-gy,.s. [Gr. aictc (afc/.s) = a point ; epyov
(ergon) = a work, an operation.] A descrip-
tion of the se\(iral surgical instruments.
ack, v.t. [Act.] To enact. (Scotch.)
ack-a-wa'-i nutmeg, s. [Local name.]
The' fruit of the Acrodiclidiuin Camara, a
I>lant of the order Lauraceifi.
*acke, adv. [Ac, conj.] But.
"Acke that ne tel thou no man."
MS. Lavd. 108, fo. 1.
*ac-ke'le, v. [Acolen.] To cool.
" But verray love is vertue as I fele.
For \err;Ly love may freile desire ackele."
C'ourte of Love, 1,0"6.
*"ack'-er, *ak'-er, ' ak'-yr, "ag'-ar (A'?!^;.);
ai'-ker (Scotch), s. [A S. ^170?" = the flowing
of tlie' sea.] A ripple on the surface of tlia
watei-, a tide ; also the bore in a river.
[Eager, Bore.]
" Wel know they the reume yf it a-ryse.
An alcer is it clept, I miderstonde, •
Whos myght there may no shipi* or wynd
wytstonde." — ^/;S. Cott. Titus, A. xxiiL, i. 4;\
ack'-er, s. [A.S. fcce)- = an acre.] An acre,
(Scot-ch. )
ack -er-dale, ^■. [A.S. cecer = an acre ; Oir}o.h
= to divide.] Divided into single aci-es or
into small portions. (Scotch.)
" . . . all of it is ackerdale land." — Memorie of the,
HuniervilU, i. 168.
*■ ac'-ker-sprit, a'-cre-spire (E. of Eng ),
a'ck-er-spyre (a local pronunciation in
use near Huddersfleld). [Acbospire.]
1. A word applied specially to potatoes
when the roots have germinated before the
time of gathering them. (Cheshire dialect.)
[ACROSPIRE.]
2. Amniig inusoii.'< and del vers : Pertaining to
stone of the flinty or metallic quality, and
difficult to work.
^ Used speiially near Huddersfleld. (Halli-
v^ell and Wright.)
* ack'-e-ton, * ack'-e-toilii, s. [Hacque-
TON. ] [A. N. ] A quilted leathern jacket worn
under the mail armour ; sometimes used for
the armour itself.
" His foiiien were well boun
To perce liys ackctotm."
Lybeauti Di^comcs. 1,175
ack'-man, s. [First element unknown.] A
freshwater pirate ; one wlm steals from ships
on uavigable rivers. (Smyth.)
*ac-kndw', v.t. [A.S. onc7idwan = to per-
ceive.] [Aknowe.] To acknowledge.
" Vou w lU not be acknown, sir ; wliy, 'tis wise ;
Thus do all gamesters at all games dissemble."
Ben Jonaon : Volpone, G.
If Nnu' used only in the North of England.
(S)ipjil. to Hardyng's Chronicle, p. 75.) (Halli-
well.)
ac-knowl'-edge. * ^k-nowl'-edge, * ^k-
nowl'-eg, v.t. [Mid. Eng. a = on ; know-
lechen = acknowledge,] [Know.]
A. o I'd inary Language :
I. To coufchs, to admit.
1. Sjiec. : To admit a tiifling amount of
faidt, error, or mistake, which tlie confession
all but compensates. In this sense it is
opposed to ivn/ess, but the distinction between
them is not always observed. [Confess.]
"... a gentleman aclcnowledgea his mistake, and
is forgiven.' — Blair: Lectures on. Jthetoric and Belles
Lettres (1817), vol. i., p. 232.
2. Less precisely : To confess a sin or crime.
"I ackntytoledged my sin unto thee, and mine ini-
quity have I not hid." — Ps. xxxii. 5.
". . . and acknowledged his treason." — Froudc :
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
IL To accept a statement of any kind, or a
doctrine as true ; this not involving admission
of personal mistake or error, sin or crime.
"For we write none other things unto you than
what ye read or acknowledge, and I trust ye shall
acknowledge even to the end. '—2 Cor. i. 13.
IIL To accept the just claims of a Being or
person. Specially —
1. Of God : To show veneration for, to admit
the paramount claims of, to yield unbounded
and loving homage to.
" In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he aliall
directthy paths."— Prcii'. iiL C,
2. Of a son or do.ughter : To give parental
recognition to ; to admit relatioiishij) and
consequent parental obligation to a son or
daughter whom there may be a temptation
more or less to disown.
TI Similarly: To admit the X'osition and
claims of other dejieiidants. (Used of Gud cis
well as man.)
" Thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel : Like these
good figs, so will I acknowledge them thai .in; carried
away captive of Judah, whom I have sent out of this
IJlace into the land of the Chaldeans for their good." —
Jer. xxiv. 5.
boil, bd^; poiit, jditrl; cat, 9ell, cnorus, 9lun, bencb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph — f.
-cia ~ sha : -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -i^ion, -tlon = zhim, -tious, -sious, -9ious = shiis. -ble = bei. -ere — cer.
46
acknowledged— acolen
3. To recognise the authority of a public
functionary, or _any one else bringing proper
credentials.
"Dundee, meanwhile, had summoned all the clans
which acknowledf/ed his commission to assemble for,
an expeditiou into Athol."—A\facaulai/: Hist. Eng.,
ch. xiii.
IV. To give a receipt for money, to feel or
express gratitude for some benefit bestowed.
" . they his gifts acknowledged not."
Milton.
B. Law : To own ; so to assent to a legal
instrument as to give it validity.
^■■In all the foregoing senses the place of
the accusative may be supplied by the clause
of a sentence introduced by that.
". - . nothing would induce fhem to ackncywlcdsje
that an assembly of lords and gentlemen who had
come together without authority from tJie Great Seal
was constitutionally a Parliament." — Jlacaulay :
•Uist. ling., ch. xv.
ac-knowL'-edged, [la. par. & a. [Acknow-
ledge.]
". . . namely, from what we know of the actn.il
distribution of closely allied or represent-ative species,
and likewise of acknowledged varieties." — Darvyin:
Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. vi., p. 178.
ac-knowl'-edg-er, s. [Acknowledge.] One
who acknowledges.
" She proved one of his most bountiful benefactors,
and he as great an acknowledger of it."—/. Walton :
I^ife of IJerda-t.
ac-knowl'-edg-ing, pr. par. & s.
As substantive : An admission, a confession,
an acceistance, a recognition.
ac-knowl'-edg-ment, or * ac~kn6wl-
edge-ment, s. [Acknowledge.] The act
of aelinowledging, the state of being acknow-
ledged, or the thing acknowledged.
A. Ordiiio.ry Language :
1. (Spec): The act of acknowledging a trifling
mistake, or a more serious fatdt, sin, or crime.
" . . . an acknoioledginent of fault by Henry," —
Fronde: Hist. JSng., cb. i.
2. The admission of the truth of a state-
ment, a narrative, a doctrine, or tenet, espe-
cially if it be for one's apparent self-int^erest
to controvert it.
"The advocates of tJie Government had been by
^ universal aeknowledgmciit overmatched in the con-
teat."— jWaeau^a;/.- Jlisl. Eng., ch. viii.
". . . to the acknowledgm.p?it of the mystery of
God, and of the Father, and of Clirist." — Col. ii. 2.
3. The admission of the position and claims
of any Being or person ; also such homage
or other action as the admission thus made
implies.
" . . . he himself, the Pope said, could not make
advances without some kind of submission; but a
single act of acknowledgment was all which he le-
qxih:&d."—Froude : Hist. JSng., ch. vii.
i. The admission of having received money,
whether owing to one or bestowed as a gift ;
the admission of having received from one a
benefit of any kind; also (spec), the receipt
for such money, the expression of gratitude
for such favour,
"... the seeming acknowledgment of Henry's
flei"vice3." — Froa-de : Hist. Eng., ch. xii;
", , . to use the benefits conferred on us by
M. Conite without acknowledgments." — Marthieaii :
Comte's Positioe Philosophy, Preface, vi.
B. Technically :
1. Law : The admission of an act to take
the responsibility of it, or the owning of a
legal deed to give it validity.
^ No verbal acknowledgment of a debt
more than six years old will bar the operation
of the statute of limitation [Limitation] ; it
requires the acknowledgment to be in writing.
2. Feudal Custom. Acknoivledgment money :
Money paid in some parts of England as a
recognition of the new lord who succeeds to
an estate on the death of his predecessor.
* ac-known', pa. par. [Acknow.]
An Indian name for
S-ck'-root, ak'-root,
the walnut.
' ^Ck'-sen, s. [Ash.] Ashes. (Kennet:
Gloss., MS. Landsd., 1,033.)
If Now confined to Wiltshire.
* ack -Tirard^, adv.
^ Used (s2jec) when an animal lies back-
wards and cannot rise. (Praise of Yorkshire
Ale, 1697, p. 89, Gloss.)
* ac~le'a, s. [A. S. ac := oak ; leag = a place. ]
A field i-n which oaks grow. (Cunningham.)
^C-ii'de, s. [Lat. adid&m,, ace. of adlis = a
small javelin.] An ancient Roman missile
weapon, furnished with spikes, which was
cast from the hand and then drawn back
again by a thong. Each Roman warrior
seems to have been provided with two.
a-clin'-ic, a. & s. [Gr, a, priv. ; kAiVw (klino)
= to cause to bend.] Lit. : Unbending.
Magnetism : Not dipping.
aclinic-line, s. Professor August's name
for the magnetic equator where the needle
ceases to dip and becomes horizontal.
*a-cld'-men, v.i. [Dut. verkleumen = to
'benumb.] To become torpid.
^ a-cloy'e, v. To cloy, to overload, to overrun.
" How her contrey was grevously acloyed
Wyth a dragon venoms and orible of kend."
MS. La-ad, 41C, p. 35. {HalliweU.)
*a-clum'~§en, *a-cloin-sen, v.i. To grow
clumsy.
* a - cliim'- sid, ^ a-clom-sid, u. [A.S.]
Benumbed with cold. (Wydiffe.)
ac'-me, s. [In Fr. acnrd ; fr. aKfirj (alcmc) — a
point or edge, the highest point : a-K-t] (alee) = a
point or edge.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Gen.. : The top or highest point (fignra^
lively ratJier tlian literally).
^ Till lately the word ac?7te was so imper-
fectly naturalised in our language that it was
expressed in Greek letters. Jeremy Taylor,
South, Culverwell, and Phillips write it so.
(Trench : On some Deficiencies in our Eng.
Diet, p. 30 ; Eng. Fast and Present, p. 46.)
"The Latin language was judged not i;o have come
to its o-Kfj-ti or flourishing height of elegance until
the age in which Cicero lived." — Phillips: Pref. New
World of Words, 3rd ed. (A.I). 1671).
" Its acme at human prosperity and greatness."—
Burke: A Jiegiciiie Peace.
2. Sp^M. : Mature age.
" He must be one that can instruct your youth,
And keep your acme in the state of truth."
Ben Jonson: Staple of News, Prol,
IL Technically :
1. Med. : Used by the Greeks to designate
the lieight of a disease, a meaning which it
still retains.
2. Rhet. : The height of pathos to which a
speaker has risen by means of a climax.
ac'-mite, s. [Sw. achmit; Ger. alcmit, fr. Gr.
aKfj-i] (akme) = a point. So called from the
pointed extremities of the crystals.] A mine-
ral placed by Dana under his Amphibole
group, the Pyroxene sub-group, and the
section of it with monoclinic crystallization.
Composition, RgO + SigOg + 2Fe203 -|- SigO^.
Or silica, 51 '3; sesquioxide of iron, 30 '4 ;
protoxide of iron, 51. Hardness, 6 ;
gravity, 3 '2 to 3 "53 ; lustre, vitreous ;
colour, brownish or reddish bro\vn, blackish
green in the fracture. It is opaque, has an
uneven fracture, and is brittle. It occurs in
Norway in crystals nearly a foot long.
^ SiC-l^Stf-WGHf vJ. [A.S. oncndwan= to ac-
knowledge.] [Acknow.] To acknowledge, to
own, to confess.
ae'-ne, s. [Gr. uxi>»] (achne) = anything shaved
off, as froth from a liquid, chaff from wheat,
&c.] A genus of skin-diseases containing
those characterised by pustules, which, after
suppurating imperfectly, become small, hard,
red circumscribed tubercles on the skin,
resolving themselves but slowly. Among the
leading species of the genus are (1) the A.
simplex, consisting of small vari, which break
out on the face, the shoulders, and the upper
part of the back ; (2) A. follicularis, or
maggot-pimple ; (3) the A. indurata, or stone-
pock ; and (4) the A. rosacece, or carbuucled
face.
a-cnes'-tis, a. [Gr. ti, priv. ; Kuafu (knao)— to
scrape or scratch.] The part of an animal
which it cannot scratch, being unable to reach
it. It is the portion extending along the
back from between the shoulder-blades to
the loins.
ac'-ni-da, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; Kvidn (knide), a
nettle : Kvifw (knizo) = (1) to scrape, (2) to
make to Itch.] Virginian hemp. A genus of
plants belonging to the order ChenopodiaceEe,
or Chenopods. A. cannabvna is the common
Virginian hemp.
a'-co, s. A fish found in the Mediterranean.
It has been called also the aqno, the sarachus,
and the sarachinus.
ac-o-can'-ther-a, s. [Gr. (1) aKwK^ (dJcoke,
— a point, (2) ai-enpoi (aniheros) ■= fio-wenng,
blooming.] A genus of plants belonging to
the order Solanacese, or Nightshades. A.
venenata, is a large bush with fragrant flowers.
which grows at the Cape of Good Hope, and
is so poisonous that the Hottentots use a
decoction of its bark to envenom their
arrows.
a-cock'-bill, adv.
Naut. . A term used (1) of an anchor which
ANCHOR A-COCKBILL.
hangs down by its ring from the cathead, or
(2) of the yards when they are temporarily
hxed at an angle witli the deck.
a-cock'-horse, adv. Triumphantly. {Ellis :
Literary Letters, p. 265.) A somewhat slaug
phrase now obsolescent. (Nursery lihymes.)
a-9oe-16'-nii, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv. ; koTXo^ (Jcoilos)
— hollow.] [Opposed to Ccelomati (q.v.).]
Bloodless worms. Ernst Haeckel's name for
those worms which possess neither blood nor
blood-cavity (Ccelomi). He includes under
the designation the Flat-worms (Platyhelmin-
thes), the Gliding-worms, the Sucker-worms,
and the Tape-worms.
a-^oem'-e-tae, a-9flenx'-e-ti, s. -pi- [Gr. d,
priv. ; Koifidio (koimao) = to put to sleep.]
Ch. Hist. : A kind of monks and nuns who
floLirisiied in the fifth century A T)., and whose
practice it was to have Divine worship carried
on in their churches unceasingly, three relays
of them taking duty by turns. Some Roman
Catholic monks still follow the practice of the
old Acceraetse.
■^'a-coi'e, v.t. [Accoie.] To make quiet.
" Sith that ye reft him thaquaintaunce
Of Bialacoil, his most joie,
Whiche all hie painis mit-ht acoie."
Jiomauniof the Rose, 3.564,
* a-coird, u,. [Acolen.] Congealed.
" Now thi blod it is acoUd."
Gy of Warwike, p. 20.
* a-c6il'e, s. A Christmas game, the same as
Level-coil (q.v.). (Beaumont & Fletcher, iv
215, Note.)
* a-c6l-as'-tlC, a. [Gr, a/coA-ao-TtKos. ] "In
temperate, riotous, prodigal, lascivious.'
(Minsheu: Guide into Tongues, 1627.)
*a-c6l'-ate, a. [Gr. a, priv. ; Kokav (kolan),
for Ko\oia-eLu (kolasein), 2 aor. inf. of KoXa^m
(kolazo) = to curtail, to prune, to check, to
punish.] Froward, peevish. (Rider: Diet.)
* a-c6ld', a. [Acolen.] Cold.
" There lay this povere in gret diatresae
Acolde and hungrid at the gate."
eower MS., Soc. Antiq. 134, to. 183. {BalUwell.}
"Bless thy five wits! Tom's a-cold." — SJiakesp.
Lear, iii. 4.
g,-cold' ing, *a-cold'-yng, pr. pat.
[AooLD.] Getting cold. •» »> ^ f
"Thesyknesse of the world thou noh.ilt knowe by
chary t6 aco^rf^nff, and elde of hys feblenease "— fTim-
bletmi : Sermon (1388). iMS. Batton, 57, p, 21)
*a-c6'led, a. [Acolen.] Cooled. (Rohert
of Gloucester : Herald's College MS.)
TI Another reading is akelde. (Hearne's ed.
RoU. of Glow:., p. 442.)
»a-ool'-en,-!).S. [A.N.] To embrace. [Accoi,l.J
" Then ac-o?es he the knyt^ and kysses him thryes."
Syr Qawaytie. p. 71.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pift, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, uj>ite, cur, rule, fuU ; try. Ssrian. se, <» = i. ey = a.
acolen— acorse
47
^a-col'-en, (pret. acolede, pa par. acdlCKf), v.
[A.S. acolian, acelan.] To become cool.
ac'-ol-xn, s. A bird allied to the partridge,
common iii the Spanish. Weat Indies, -where it
is used for food.
ar-c6r-6-gy, a-kol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. (i) ukoc
((iA(js)=^a cure, relief, remedy: fr. aKtofxai
(iiki;viiLnl)~ to heal; (2) X670? (logos)=::a dis-
course.] The science which treats of the
remedies for diseases ; the science of medi-
cines; fhii materia medica ; therapeutics.
ac'-6l-yte, ac-6l'-6-thist, 3,c'-6l-yth,
ac-ol-ythe, ac-6l-y'-thus (i>J. ^c-
Ol-y'-thi), s. [In Ger. alcohdh ; Fr aco-
lyte ; Gr. a.K.oKovBo'i (akolouthos) — a follower,
cLKoXoudeti} (akoloutheo) = to follow : a, copula-
tive; Ke\eu(^oc (keleuthos) = 3l x>ath.]
C%. Uist. : One Tielonging to an order of
petty ecclesiastical functionaries instituted in
the third century to attend upon the Latin
clergy. Their chief duty was to light the
lamps and prepare the elements for the com-
munion. At theii' ordination they received a
candlestick with a taper, to symbolise the
first of these functions, and an empty pitcher
to represent the second. Similar officers still
exist in the Church of Home.
"... to ordain the acolothist to keep the sacred
Ttssela." — Ayliffe: Parergon Juris Canonicl.
" At the end of every station im acoli/the (an inferinr
kind of officer) dips the pitiful pitch into the oil of a
burning lamp. ' — Drevint : Saul and Saimuel at Endor.
" The words suhdeacoiis, acolythi, ostiarii . . . ."
— Mosfieim. : Church Hint., cent. iii„ pt. ii., ch. ii.
'' a-com'-ber, u. (. To encumber. (Chancer.)
*a-c6in'-'berd, pa. par. [Acomber.] (Chancer.)
•a-c6m'-bre, v. [A.N,] To encumber, to
trouble. [Acumbre.]
"Acombred was he for to here
Aske of so many lettres sere."
Carsor Mmidi, MS. Coll. Triii., Ca>Uab., f. 76.
^ a-com'-el-yd, * a-clom'-myde, a. or pa.
par. [Cognate with provincial Clamm'u,
Clemmed.] Enervated with cold. {Funnpt.
Farv. )
a-COn'-dyl-OUS, a. [Gr. i, priv. ; k6v6v\o?
(kofidulos)=tiui knob formed by a bent, the
knuckle.]
Chlejly Bot. : Having no joints.
*ac'-6n-ick, a. [Aconite.] Poisonous.
(liider.)
SiC-on'-it-ate, s. [Aconitum ] A .-bL-mical
cCTipound formed witli aconitic .icul laid a
baje, as calcium acouitate, magnesium aeoni-
tate.
ac'-6n-ite, s, [Lat. aconitum (q.v.).]
1. A name of the common Blue :\loiik\-
hood (AcniUiwni napellus). It occurs wild
in Carinthia and Carniola, and, having lon^^
been cultivated in British gardens, has esiMpiil
and become naturalised in England. It is a
very poisonous plant, the root being especially
dangerous. When the leaves and flowers have
died away, the root, or root-stock, has soine-
times been mistaken for that of horse-radish,
and has been eaten with fatal results. The
root is of tapering form, and when old is
dark brown outside and white inside, whilst
the young ones are much paler. Its taste is
bitter at iirst, afterwhich there is a numbness
and trngling of the lips and tongue. The root-
stock of the horse-radish (Cochlearia amarocca)
is much larger than that of the aconite, and
does not taper. Externally it is of a dirty
yellow colour, and marked at the top by trans-
verse scars, left behind by the leaves. Its
taste is at first acrid or pungent, not bitter.
[ACONITUM.]
2. Less properly (among some gonknrrs, and
popularly): The Eranthis nivalis, a plant of
the order Ranunculacese, the same one as that
to which the proper aconite belongs.
% Winter-aconite =■ Eranthis nivalis. [See
Aconite, "2.]
ac-on-it'-ic,
'^ the aconite.
aconitic acid, s. An acid existing natu-
rally in Aconitum, napelltts. Delphinium con-
solida, and Equiset^im jluviatilr, and doubt-
less in some other plants, but obtained most
easily by the application of heat to citric
acid. Formula C6H606 = (C6H303)"'(OH)3. Its
salts are called aconitates.
[Aconite.] Pertaining to
ac-on-it-i'-na, ac-on'-it-inc, ;.. [in Ger.
a.coniiin.'\ An alkaloid substance existing in
Aconitum, napelliis and some of its congeners.
Formula C30H47NO7. A white substance
slightly soluble m cold, soluble in fifty parts
boiling water, very soluble in ether. It
melts at 80*. It is intensely poisonous. It
is given internally in very small doses in
severe neuralgia and rheamatii^m, and also
forms a valuable liniment.
ac-on-i'-tum, s. [In Fr. aconit; Sp., Port., &
Ital. acon.ito,fr. Lat. aconitum; Gr. aKovnov
(akoniton) = & poisonous plant growing on
shai-p steep rocks ev anovai^ (eti akonais), or
in a place called 'AKdvai (Akonai), in Bithynia,
or from awwv (akon) = a dart, from its having
long ago been used to poison darts with.]
1, Bot. : Wolf's-bane, a genus of plants be-
longing to the order Ranunculace*, or Crow-
foots. The species are generally from three
to six feet high, with digitate and palmate
leaves, and terminal spikes of blue or yellow
flowers. The best known is the Monk's-hood
(A. iiapellus). [Aconite.] The Indian A.
frro.r, supposed to be only a vai'iety of the
former, is a more virulent poison than it,
being acrid in a high degree. A. napellus and
cammxirum are diuretic.
2. Ord- Eng. : Before the word aconite was
naturahsed in the language, aconitum was the
■ term employed.
"Ax aconitum, or rash gunpowder.'
HhakesiJ : 2 Hi:i-r;i IV., iv. 4.
a-cdn'-the-a, s. [Gr. okuiv (i.'lnii) = a dart,
* and Oda (thed) = aspect.]
Entom. : Adolia.s aconthea, one of the Nyui-
phalida% from Imlia and Java. The <jater-
pillar has long projecting spines.
a-c6n'-tl-as, s. [Gr. aKovTia? (akoniias) ~ a.
(^uiek-darting sc^rpent ; aKoviiov {akontion)=.a,
dart or javelin ; arnvv (akon) = a javelin ; aKt]
(ake) = a point, an edge. ]
1, Zool. : A genus of snake-like lizards, be-
longing to the family Anguidae. The species
are akin to the Aiiguis fragilis^ but can rear
themselves up and dart forwards. Contrary,
however, to common belief in the regions
which they inhabit, they are quite harmless.
A, meleagris is the Cape pintado snake. A.
jaculis, the dart-snake of the Greeks and
Romans, and, according to Bochait, also the
TlDp (qippoz) mentioned in Isaiah xxxiv. 15,
which is iniproperly rendered "great owl"
in the autlioi'ised English version of the Bible.
[Dart-snake.]
2. Bot. : A genus of Brazilian plants belong-
ing to the order Arace;e, or Arads. So named
bcrause tlie spots on the stem were supjiuhod
to resemble the serpents above describetl.
* 3. AstTon. : A comet, or meteor, so called
from its resemblance to a snake.
a-c6n'-tite, s. A mineral, a variety of Mis-
piCKEL (q.v.).
*a-COp', ai/i'. [A.S. co23 = top.] Onend,conically.
" Marry, she's not in lishion yet ; she wears a hood,
but it stands acop."—Bcn Jotison : Alchemist, ii. f>.
*ac-dp-a, s. 3)1. [Gr. a, priv. ; kottos (kopos)=
weariness.]
Old Med. : Medicines which were supposed
to be useful in removing lassitude.
* ac-6p'-ic, a. [AcopA.] Preventing or alle-
viating fatigue or weariness.
ac-op'-i-ca, ae'-op-inn, s [Gr. aK07r<'a
("fcopia) = freedom from fatigue.] A medicine
administered to relieve fatigue or weariness.
"^ a-c6'-pled, a. Coupled. (Plnrnpton Cor-
respond., p. 50.)
* ac-6p-US, s. A herb, or stone (it is not
known which), used as an ingredient for a
charm. {Middleton : Witch Works, iii. 327.)
ac'-or, s. [Lat. ocor = an acid taste, sourness :
area = to be sour.] Aeidity or soiu:ness in tlie
stomach.
* ac-6r-a'--ce-ae (lylndley), * ac-or-i'-nse
(Link), ■* ac-or-5i'-de-9a (Ag.). An old
order of plants cut off from Araceee, chiefly
on account of the different arrangement of
leaves in the bud, and the possession of the
rudiments of a perianth, these being wholly
wanting in Aracese.
* a-cord', a. & v. An old form of Accord
(q.v.).
" Lene me youre hand, for this is oure acord."
Chaucer : Knightcs Tale, 3,084.
' a-cor'-daunt, * a-c6r'-dend, a. [A N.l
[Old forms of Accordant.] Agreeing.
" Mf ^hinketh it acordant to resoun."
Cliaucer: Prologue, 37.
"... whiche in this vyse is ncordeJid."
Chaucer: Prologue (ed. 1532), 1 36. {llalliu-ell.)
*a-cor'-ded, *a-cor'-did, pu. par. [Acord.]
"And thus they ben acorded and i-sworn
To w.Tyte a tyme, as I have told blfom,"
ClMucer: MUleres Tale, 3,aol, 8,302.
" They ben acordid, as ye schal after heere."
Cliaucer ■ Man qf Lawes Tale, 4,658.
* a-corc', * a-cor'-ye, '^ a-cor-ie, [A.s
'ceorian = \o lament.] To soitow, to grieve.
" At Gloncestre he deide. ac eir nadde he non ;
That acorede al this lond, ajid ye men echon.
Rob. Olouc, p. -5.
" Bu a peyre of a marc, other thou salt be a^corye Rore."
Jiob. Glouc. p. 390.
" Thou it schalt acorie sore."
J/& Laud, 108, f. 122. {HalUwell.)
a'-conif s. [A.S. (Bcern, ceceren, acccrn, neut.
pi. = fruit of the field or country, from cecer
= field (Skeat); Icel. akarn; Dan. agem; But.
aker; Ger. ecker, ei^hel ; Goth, afcrofi. = fruit.]
1. Lit. : The fruit of the oak. Formerly
acorns were used for human food, and in
times of .scarcity are still eaten in different
parts of tlie Continent.
1[ Botanically viewed, it is an indehiscent
di-y fruit, surroundeil by a cupulate in^■o]ue^e.
■ It is the type of the genus j/Zaits, in Gartner's
classification of fruits.
" Conaiderahle discupsion took pliice in the Times
last autumn as to whether nc'i-iis wem auitable for
employment an food for cjittli.-."— .Vfl/«/-e, vol. iii.
(1871). p. 313.
■[ Wweet acorn is the fruit of Quercus
hfdlotii
2. NaiU. : A little ornamental piece of wood,
conical in form, fixed on the mast-head above
the vane, to keep it from being detached when
the wind is violent, or the ship leans much to
one side when under a press of sail.
acorn-ball, ■-^. Au acorn fixed on its
eupule, or cup, as a ball may be in a socket.
" She, Dryad-like, shall wear
Alternate leaf and acorn-ball
In wreath about her hair."
J^nnsjson: Talking Oak.
acorn-barnacle, 5. The Balamis ere-
natns, common on our coasts. [AcORN-
.SHELL. ]
acom-cofiEee, s A preparation made
from acorns, husked, dried, and roasted. In
some respects it is better than common
colfee, not having the drying properties of
the latter.
acorn-cup, s. The calyx or cup in which
the acorn is fixed.
■' Creep into acorn-cups, and hide them there."
lihakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. t.
acom-meal, s. A meal made on acorns.
" And still the sad barbarian, roving, mixed
With beast of prey, or for his acorn-meal
Fum^ht the fierce tusky hoar,"
Thomson : Autumn, 58.
acorn-shell, s.
1. The shell, gland, or husk of the actual
acorn.
" Who from hollow boughs above him
Dropped their acorn-shells upon him."
JUmgfellow ■ Hong of Hiawatha, xvt
2. The English name given to the sessile
barnacles (Balanidas), from the resemblance
which they bear to acorns. The shell is
usually composed of six segments, firmly
united into a tube. The lower part of this
tube is fixed to some solid body, such as a
wooden stake or stone within high-water
mark. The upper part is covered and pro-
tected by a movable roof, consisting of two to
four valves, from between which the balanus
can protrude its beautifully delicate cirri.
a'-comed, a. [Acorn.]
1. kGeJi. ; Bearing acorns ; having fed on
acorns ; possessed of acorns.
1] Chiefly, if not even exclusively, in com
position.
"A full acomed boar."
Hhakesp. ■ Ci/mbeline, ii. 5.
2. Her. : Having represented upon it an oak
with acorns. (Used of escutcheons.)
* a-c6r'se, v.t. & i. [Accurse.] To curse.
" Called hem caty^-es,
Acorsed for evere."
Piers Plmiffhman. p. ZTt
b6il, h^l pout, j($wl; cat, 9011, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§ ; expect, Xenophon, e^st. -ingv
-cia = sha ; -clan — shan. -tion, -sion = shim ; -^on, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -^ious = shus. -bre = ber. -pie = p^L
48
acorsy— acover
* a-cor-sy, v. [Accurse,] To curse ; to pro-
nounce anathema against.
" Deus laudem it is y clepiid
This salme the tiuene riidde
For to acorsy here brother bwdy,
Aud alle that him ladde."
MS. Coll. 3'rin,, Oxoti., 57. (SaWwell.)
ac'-or-iis, s. [In Fr. acorc ; Sp., Port, & Ital.
acoro, fr. Lat. acomis, or aoorum; Gr. axopot
(akoros) = the sweet-Hag : a, priv. ; Kopn (kore)
^tlie piijiil of the eye, or the eye, for the
diseases of which the plant was sapposed to
"be beneficial.] Sweet-rush.
1. Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to
the order Orontiacea^ or to Aracete. There
is but one British species — the interesting
A. calamus, Linn., the sweet-sedge, or sweet-
flag. The flowers are arranged upon a sessile
spadix. Tlie spathe, which resembles the
leaves, is not convolute. The perianth is in
six pieces, and inferior. The ovai'y is three-
celled, the fruit baccate. Its rhizome, which
is aromatic, is used in the preparation of hair-
powder and other perfumery ; confectioners
manufacture a candy from it ; blenders use it
for flavouring gin, and brewers in making
beer. The whole plant, when bruised, gives
forth a pleasant smell, on which account it
was formerly mixed with rushes when the
latter were strewed on the floors of rooms.
It is still scattered over the floor of Norwich
Cathedral on certain festival days. It is
abundant in Norfolk and Suffolk, and found
more sparingly in some other localities in
Britain.
2. Bot. {£" Phar. : A name sometimes given
to the great galangule (AJpinia galanga), a
Zingiberaceous plant.
3. Zool. : Blue coral.
a-co§-mi-a, s. [Gr. d, priv. ; Kdo-|ios (kosjnos)
= order.]
Med. : Irregularity in the crises of diseases ;
also ill health, especially when attended by
lividity of aspect.
* ar-COSt'^adv. [A.N.] On the side.
" Forth thai pasaeth tiiia laud acost
To Clarence with alle her ost."
Arthour and Merlin, p. 281.
a-cot-y-^e'-don, s. [Gr. a. priv. ; kotu\»/5wv
(koUdedoii) = any cup-shaped hollow or cavity,
from KOTuKri (kotitle) = anything hollow ; also
Lat. cotyledon =■ a plant, the Cotyledon um-
MUcus of LinnEeus.] A plant with no coty-
ledon, that is, having no seed-leaf [Cotyle-
don.] A member of the class Acotyledons
(q-v.).
a-c6t-y-le'-don-«;^ (Jussieu), a-cot-y^-le-
ddn-e-£e (Agardh), a-c6t-y-le'-donf (in
Eng.), s. pi. [AcoTYLEDON.] One of the
leading divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom,
the others being Dicotyledons and Mono-
cotyledons. In the Dicotyledons there are
two cotyledons, or seed-lobes ; in the Mono-
cotyledons, one ; and in the Acotyledons,
ACOTVLEDONOUS PLANTS.
1. Agarlcus campestris, 2. Tuber nielanosponim.
3. Polytrichum commune.
technically considered, none. How then, does
germination take place ? It does so not from
two fixed points — the plumule and the radicle
— but indifferently from any portion of the
surface, a character which the Acotyledons
share with some Aroideae. [See Acroqens,
Cryptogamia.] The old class of Acotyledons
has been divided by Lindley into two — the
Tlmllogens, containing the Algal, Fungal, and
Liehenal alliances ; and the Acrogrns, includ-
ing the Muscal, Lycopodal, and FUical alli-
ances. [See these words.]
a-cot-y-le'-don-oiis, a. [ Acotvledon. ]
Having no cotyledons, pertaining to a plant
without seed-lobes.
"Class III. Acotyledonmt^ or Cellular Plants."—
nooker and Arnott : Brit. Flora, Tth ed., p. 577.
a-COU'-plii, s. A kind of balsam.
Balsam of Acouchi, or Acouchi Resin : The
inspissated juice of a plant. Idea heterophylla,
belonging to the order Am yridace£e,or Amy rids.
a-c6u'-Cliy, 5. [Local name.]
Zool. : Dasyprocta acnuchy, a rodent some-
what like a large guinea-pig, from Guiana and
the "West Indies.
a-cou'-me-ter, s. [Gr._ (i) aKoi>^ {alone) =
hearing, fr. aKovw (akouo) = to hear ; and (l')
/itTpoK (vietTO}i) = a. measure.] An instrument
for measuring the extent of the sense of hear-
ing in any individual case.
* a-coun'-tre, s. [Fr. contre, adv. = against.]
[Encounter.] An encounter.
" The acounfre of hem was so strong
That mani dyed ther among."
Gi/ of Warioike, p. 291.
*a-c6upe', v. [O. Fr. aeoidper; Fr. aco%iper,
from Lat. acciilpare^to accuse, to find fault.]
To blame, to accuse, to inculpate.
" Alle ye pryde and vanyte,
Of al shalt thou acouped be."
MS. Marl 1,701, f. 23. (HalliweU.)
* a-c6upe'-ment, s. [A.N.] [Acocpe.] Au
accusation.
" Withouten anawere to acoupement "
Sartshome: Met. Tales, p. 109.
"* a-c6up'-yng, s. [Acoupe.] An onset.
"At the acoupi/ng the kuightes (speres) either brak
ou other,
Swiftli with there swerdes swinge thei togeder."
WUliam aiid the Werwolf, p. 124.
a-cous-mat'-ic, or a-cous-mat'-ic, s.
[Gr. aKoi/ff/idTiKcj? (akou'smatikos) = willing to
liear ; aKoutr/aa (oJcousma) = a thing heard ;
aKouw (akouo) = to hear.] A disciple of
Pythagoras, who had not yet completed his
tive years' probation.
a-cous-tic, or a-c6us'-tic, a. & s. [In
Ger. akustik; Fr. acoustique; fr. Gr. aKovcmKu^
(akoustikos) = belonging to the sense of hear-
ing ; (zKouo-Top (akovstos) = heard, audible ;
oLKoiioi {akouo) = to hear.]
A. As adjective :
1. Anat.: Pertaining to the ear> constituting
part of the physical appai'atus for hearing.
Acoustic duct: The meatus auditorius, or
external passage of the ear.
Acoustic nerves : The same as auditory
nerves (q.v.).
"... to transmit vibrations to the acoustic nerve."
— Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. L
2. Med. : Designed to act on the ear.
Acoustic medicine : One designed to remove
some disease of the ear, or to improve defec-
tive hearing. (Quincy.)
3. Hist. : Obtaining knowledge by the ear.
Acoustic Disciples, or Acousinatics. [Acous-
MATIC]
i. Art: Designed to facilitate hearing or
itself to be heard. Pertaining to sound. (See
the ex. from Tyndall under Acoustical.)
Acoustic instrument: Generally a synonym
for a speaking trumpet.
Acoustic vessels: Brazen tubes used in an-
cient theatres for the purpose of sending the
voice of the speaker as far as possible. In
general they succeeded in doing so to the
distance of 400 feet. [Acoustics.]
B. As substantiiy :
1, Med. : An acoustic medicine. (See adj..
No. 2.)
2. Hist. : (See adj., No. 3.)
a-cous'-tic-al, or a-c6us'-tic-al, adj.
[Acoustic] The same as Acoustic (q.v.).
"Acoustical experiments on the Seine during the
siege of Faxia."— -Nature, vL 447.
"The Bomid of the village bell, which comes mel-
luwed from the valley to the traveller upon the hill,
h!i3 a value beyond its acottstical one." — Tyndall:
Prag. of Science, 3rd ed,, v. lOt
a-cous-ti'-pian, or a-cfius-ti'-gian, s
[Acoustic] One who investigates the phe-
nomena of sound.
"... the earlier acousticians."— TMunoell : Hist.
Induct. Sciences, bk. viii., ch. vi.
a-c6^s'-tics, or a-c6us'-tics, 5. [in Fr.
acoustique.] [Acoustic] A term introduced
by Saveur. The science which treats of
soimds, or, more specifically, that branch
of natural philosophy which treats of the
nature of sound and the laws of its produc-
tion and propagation, as far as these depend
on physical principles. Sound is i>roduced
by the vibration of the particles in a sono-
rous body, evoked by a blow or in some
other way. If a number of small light
wooden balls be suspended by silk threads
over a bell-jar, just in contact with the widest
part of the glass, the drawing of a violin-bow
across the edge of the glass will impart to the
particles of the latter a vibratorj' movement,
which will make itself visible by flinging oft'
the balls oftener than once, Sound requires
an elastic medium for its transmission to the
tympanum of the ear. In vacuo it becomes
inaudible, but brought in contact with air it
is heard without difficulty. Its rate of pro-
gress through dry air, at a temperature of 32°,
is, according to Vander Kolk, 1,091 feet 8
inches in a second ; and according to Mr.
Stone, l,090'6feet: through metallic rods its
motion is much more rapid.
Two particles which are in the same state of
vibration— i.e., are equally displaced from the
jiositions which they occupied in equilibrio,
and are moving in the same direction, and
with equal velocities — are said to be in the
same pliase ; whilst those which are proceed-
ing in a contrary direction are said to be in
optposite piloses.
If the \'ibration of particles takes place in
the same direction as that in which the dis-
turbance is moving from particle to particle,
it is called longitudinal ; if at right angles to
it, transverse.
So analogous are the sound-producing vibra-
tions of particles to those of waves in the
ocean, that the terms waves and undulations
are used in Acoustics as well as in Hydrology.
The distance which separates two particles in
the same phase is called the length of a wave.
As in Optics, so in Acoustics, there are refrac-
tion and reflection, tlie laws in both cases being
the same.
Refraction of sound : The change of direction
which is produced when a wave of sound,
travelling through one medium, meets a second
one not of the same kind, and excites in it a
wave of a different "V'eloeity and direction from
the first.
Refection of&ovnd: The change of direction
which is produced when a wave of sound,
travelling through one medium, meets a
second one diverse from the firet, and in addi-
tion to transmitting to it a refracted wave,
excites in it an undidation travelling in a
different direction, but with the same velocity
as the other. A sound may be frequently
repeated, as from an echo-producing cliffj and
in a whispering gallery or a tunnel.
Two or more sonorous waves travelling
through the same medium, and acting on the
same particles, are said mutually to int-erferc
with each other. If they move towards such
an interference from exactly opposite direc-
tions, they produce between them a stationary
tmve. This expression does not imply that
every particle of the wave thus produced is
motionless. Some particles are so, whilst
others vdhrate longitudinally or transversely.
The points at which the jiarticles are sta-
tionary are called oiodes, and the vibratory
portions ventral segments. A vibrating musical
string, a tuning-fork, or other stiff" rod vibrat-
ing longitudinally, make stationary waves.
These are generated also inside wind-instru-
ments when the latter are blown. The
vibrations of a solid are best communicated
to another solid : hence a tuning-fork being
struck is applied to a table, and violin-strings
are placed in contact witli a hollow -wooden
box, which imparts to their sound a greater
intensity than if its transmission to the ear
were entrusted to the air alone.
Noise is a single blow given to the ear,
whilst Music is caused by a series of feeble
blows following one another at regidar inter-
vals. [Music, Harmony, Sound.]
1 Some writers have divided Acoustics
into Diacoustics, which treats of those sounds
which pass directly from the sonorous body
to the ear ; and Catacoustics, v\inch inves-
tigates the phenomena of reflected sounds.
Another division is into Acoustics 2yrop)er, or
the science of hearing, and Phonetics, or the
science of sound ; the latter word being from
Gr. ^uovii {phone) = sound.
*a-c6v'-er, v.t. [O. Fr. covrir, couvrer, from
Lat. cooperio = to cover.] To uncover.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce := e ; ey = a. tre = ter. '
aeoverd— acquisitive
49
" Beliseiit, withouten lesing,
Aeoverd aud uadedo her «yin."
ArCliour and ^ferlin, p. 315.
a-cov'-erd, jia. par. [Acover.]
a-cov'-er-unge, s. [Acover.] Recovery.
ar-c6^'nte, v.t. [0. Fr. accoiiiter = to make
known.] To make acquaintaiice.
■ Hec a-coynted hym anon ; and bicomen frendea gode,
Bothe for here luowes and for heo were of on blixle."
Jtobert of filoucester, \}. 15.
* a-c^'-§ing, s, [Accusing.] Accusing, an
accusation.
" He is forth brought, and the kyiig
Giveth him ucoifm/ng."
Kyng Atisaunder, 3,9"S.
^C-quai'lnt, v.t. & i. [Fv. acointer = to "become
intimate ; Prov. cwcoinder = to make known ;
O. Fv. coint = informed of a thing, from Low
Lat. adcognito = to make known, from Lat.
ad = to, and cognitus, pa. par. of cognosco = to
li.now.] [Know.]
A« Transitive :
1. Not rejkxively : To inform, to commmii-
cate an item of intelligence.
H The person informed is in the accusative,
and the intelligence is introduced by nf, with,
or the clause of a sentence commencing with
tluit.
" Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed,
Acquaint her here of my son pRris' love."
Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, iii. 4.
"Brutus acqiucinted the people with the doer aud
manner of the vile dee<l."—S}take8p. : Targuiii £ Lu^
crocc. Argument.
" I must acquaint you that I have received
New-dated letters from Northumberland."
Shakesp. : 2 Jienry IV., iv. 1.
2. Refiexively: To make (one's self) familiar
■with a being or person, his character, or his
Xirocedure.
" Aqiuiint now thyself with him [G-odJ, and be at
pence. '—Job xxiL 21.
B. Intrans. : To be cognizant of anything,
to be observant of what passes, or is taking
place at the time ; to be or become familiar
with.
" Though the Choisetils will not acquaint with you."
— WalpoiK : Letters, iii. 60-1,
ac-qua'int (in Scotch pron. * ac-que'ntp
^ ac-qua'nt), 33a. par. & a. [Acquaint.]
^ Now altogetlier superseded by Ac-
.;UAINTED (q.v.).
" Thou alao most entirely art
Acguaiiit with all my ways."
Rome's metrical version of Ps. cxxxix. 3.
"He is weel acquent wi' a' the smugglera, thieves,
and Imnditti about EdiJiburgh."— ScoW .■ Heart ixf Mid-
Lothian,
I aC7qua'int-a~ble, a. [Acquaint.] Easy to
'gain the acquaintance of, easy of access.
" Wliereforo be wise and acquaintablc."
Rom. of tlie Rose, 2,213.
ac-qua'int -3.2196, s. &*a. [Acquaint.]
A. As substantive :
1. The iu;t of gaining a greater or less
amount of knowledge of any person or thing.
IL The state of becoming known to a
person.
" Aa I '11 myself disgrace : knowing thy will,
I will acquaintance strangle, ana look strange,"
Shake»p. : Sonnets, 89,
" For goodnpsa' sake, consider what you do ;
How you may hurt yourself, ay, utterly
Grow from the kings acquaintance by this carriage."
Shakesp. : King Benry VIII., iii. l.
"... from a familiar acquaintance with the
mechanical processes of certain arts, trades, and
manufactures. " — Hir G. C. Lewis : Irtfiuence qf
Authority, ch. ii.
III. A person with whom one is acquainted.
* 1. A friend.
" Bat It was thou, a man mine equal, my guide and
mine acqunintance, "We took sweet counsel together,
and walked unto the bouse of God in company." — Ps.
Iv. 13, 14.
2. (a) Really singular : A person whom one
knows but slightly, or wlio, if he has bciiu
long known, has still, for some reason or other,
been kept outside the circle of one's chosen
and trusted friends.
" Montgomery was an old aajuaintance of Ferguson."
— Macaulay: Hist, Eng., ch. xvi.
(&) Collectively : People whom one knows.
"... they sought him among their kinsfolk and
acquaintance. ' — Liike ii. 44.
1[ Sometimes applied figuratively to the
inferior animals or to things.
B. --Is adjective (JiigJily vidgar): Acquainted.
"Evans. . . . Give her this letter: for it ia a 'onian
that altogether 's acquaintance with Mistress Anne
Page."— SAaA:e.*p. .■ -Uen-y IVives, i. 2.
If It should never be used in this sense.
a.c-qua'int-an9e-s3lip, .>. [Acquaint.] The
state of being acquainted. (Chalmers.)
* ac-qua'int-ant, s. An acquaintance.
"... an adiiuiintaiit and a friend of Edmund
Sijeuser,"— ;. Walton.
ac-qua'int-ed, pa. par. [Acqitmnt.]
^ Used in the same sense as tlie verb, with
rarely the special sense of xvell-lcnown.
" . as things acquainted and familiar to ua."
Shakesp. : Jienry IV., Part JI.. v. 2.
t ac-qua'int-ed-ness, s. [Acquaint.] The
state of being acquainted.
ac-qua'mt-ihg, pr. par. [Acquaixt ]
ac'-quart, aik'-wert, a. [Awkward.]
1. Turned away from ; averse : averted
from. {Scotch.)
" Dido aggreuil ay. quhil he hia tale tald
Wyth acquart luke gaii toward hin behald,
KoUyng viuquhile her ene now here, now there,
Wyth sycht vnatabill wautraud ouer al quhare."
Douglas: Tirf/ii, cxii. 26.
2. Cross, per\-erse.
* ac-que'int-aun9e. [Acquaintance. ]
" For here acqueintaunce was not come of newe ;
Thay were hia approwoura prively."
Chaucer: Freres Tale, C.924-5.
ac'-queis, v.t. [Fr. acquis, aojclse, pa. par.
of acquerir ; Lat. cu;(/(Ui;i(«s = acquired.] Tu
acquire. (Scotch.)
• " Sic badness and madness,
Throw kind, he did acquets."
Hard: Pilgrim. ( Watson's Coll., li. 19.)
ac'-quest, s. [In Fr. wAiuise, pa. par. of ac-
qutrir ; fr. Lat. arqnisitiis, pa. par. of acquiro;
or od iSt qucesUus, pa. par. of qumro.]
A. Ordinary Langtiage :
I. The act of acquiring.
IL The state of being acquired.
III. The thmg acquired, e.g., a conquest.
" Mud reposed uear the ostia of rivers makes con-
tinual additions to the laud, thereby excluding the
sea, and preserving theae shells as trophies and signs
of its new acquests and encroachments. ' — Woodward,
B. Law: Goods or effects acquired either
by purchase or donation.
* ac-que'ynt, pa. par. [A form of Aqueynt.]
Quenched.
3.c-qiii-e'S9e v.i, [Lat. acquiesco = to become
quiet, to rest ; ail ; qulesco — to rest ; quies =
rest ; Fr, acqtiiescer.]
* 1. To rest.
" Which atoms never rest till they meet with some
pores, when they acquiesce."— Howell : Letters, iv. so.
2. To submit to, or remain passive under,
instead of rebelling against.
"The nation genemlly ncgutcsced in the new eccle-
siasticiU constitution."— .l/«c«w; a J/ .■ Hist, Eng., ch. xv.
3. To assent to, to accept tacitly or formally.
ac-qui-es'-9en9e, t ac-qui-es -9611-9^, s.
[Acquiesce.] Submission to, express or tacit
consent to endure without protest or rc^bt-llion
that which is not really liked.
" . . . if not with approbation, yet with the show
of acquiescence." — .UacauUiy : Hist. Bug., ch. ii.
2. Contentment, rest, satisfaction with.
"... but seldom from a full satiifaction and
acquiescence in their present enjoyments of it [i.e.,
fame]." — A ddlson.
ac-qui-es'-9ent, a. [Lat. acqu iescens, pr. par.
of acquiesce] [Acquiesce.] Submissive to,
disposed tacitly or formally to submit to what
cannot really be liked.
". . . acquiescent in his condition." — Eroudc ■
Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
ac-qui-es'-9ing, pr. par. & a. [Acquiesce.]
*ac-qui'-et, v.t. [Low Lat. arq^iietare.]
1. To quiet, to compose. (^Eng. & Scotch.)
"Acquirt his mind from stirring yeu against your
own i^e^ce."— Sir A. Shirley : Travels.
"... the pepill ar almaist gane wilde, it is
therefor statut, for the acqnfetring of the pepill, that
. ."—Acts Jas. IV., 1503 (ed. 1814), p, 249.
2. To secure. (Scotch.)
". . . to werrand, rtCf/H/.ff, and defend . . the
laudis." — Act Horn. Cone. (A D. 1489), p. 133,
ac-qui-et-an'-dis pleg'-i-is. [Lat]
Law : A ivrit of justices lying for a suretv
ag;iinst a creditor who refuses to acquit his
debtor after the money owing has been paid.
^ ac-qui'ght (gh silent), v.t. An old spelling
of Acquit (q.v.).
"... for yonder \t ay
We needes must pass (God doe us well ac</tui/ht)."
Spenser: F. i^., II. xii. 3.
"" ac-quill', v.t. [A.N.] [In O. Fr. cnqailkr,
aquiller, a form of accueiWr.]
Hunting: A tenii applied to the buck and
doe, the male and female fox, and all " ver-
min."
1[ Nearly synonymous with the more modern
word Imprime, afterwards applied to unhar-
bouring the hart. (HalliiccU.)
"Syr huntere, how many Iwatis ncmiUl? Syr, the
buk and the doo, the male fox and the female, aud
alio othir vermyn, as many as be put in tlie book.
And how many braches ? Sire, alle that be aotiuilez."
—Reliq. Aiitiq.. i. 151.
ac-qu'ir-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Acquirable.]
Capability' of being acquired.
ac-quir'-a-ble, «■. [Acquire.] That may be
acquired.'
"... though they are truths acywirrt6?e."—£fir J/.
Hale: Origination of ^arUdtui.
ac-qui're, v.t. [Lat. acquiro, -isivi, -tsiiuTO =
* to acquire : ad = to; qufsro =to look or search
for; O. Fr. acquerre, aquerre; Prov. acquirir;
Fr. acqiierir ; Ital. acqulsitare.]
1, Ofvum : To gain material possessions by
gift, by iim-cliase, by conquest, or in any otlier
way ; also to make intellectual attainments
by study, to gain skill in manual employ-
ment, &c.
". . . kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, lordslni>s,
acquired in diflerent ways;" — Macaulaij : Hist. Eng..
ch. xxiii.
"... had indeed acquired more learniug than
hia Blender faculties weare able to bear." — Macaul-m
Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
2. Of the inferior animals, auiinals or plauts,
organs, or inanimate things.
". . . these organs acquire individual characters.'
— Owen: JUammalia 11859), p. 1".
ac-quire'-ment, s. [Acquire. ]
1. Tlie act of acquiring or obtaining any
(k'sirable object, such as wealth or otlier ju-o-
perty, skill in manual work, intellectual
attainments.
"... had grown, in the course of centuries, on
cone- UBS ion, on acquirement, and usurpation, to be
what we see it."— Carl yle : Frendi Ilevolution, pt. i..
bk. iii., ch. v.
2. The object gained.
IF Used abiirist exclusively of those intel-
lectual conquests which one makes by the use
of his talents, as opposed to the talents them-
selves.
"That party wna not large; but the abilities, ac-
qulrc^nents, and virtues of tbuae who belonged to it
made it reapectEible." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ^ll,
ac-quir'-er, *. [Acquire.] One who acquires.
ac-quir'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [AciiUinE.]
As sv.bstantivc: Acquisition, that which is
"... with the arqiiirings of hia father's profes-
aion."— .VtfM/i/o*( ■ Fraqmcnia Regalia, Leicester.
* ac-qui'-r3^, s. [Acquire.] An acquiring,
an obtaining; acquisition.
" No art requireth more hard study and i)ain toward
the acqairy of it ttiau contentment." — Harrow :
Semtons, iii, 62.
*ac-qui'§e,v.i. [A.N.] Toacquire. [Acqueis.]
^ ^C'-qui-§ite, a. [Lat. ocquisit-um, or pa. par.
acqnisitus.'] [Acquire.] Gained with more or
less of permanence.
" Three [notionsj being innate and five acquix-ite
. ." — Burton: Anat, of MelancJujly, p. 29,
ac-qui-§i'-tion, s. [In Fr. acquisition, fr.
Lat. acquisitio = (I) the act of acquiring, (2)
the thing acquired ; fr. acquisitum, coiiviin-
tionally called the supine of wqniro : ud and.
qiimro.]
L The act of acquiring.
IL The state of being acquired.
"... by his own induatrioua acowwfiiioji of them."
-Soui/i.
III. Anything acquired, whether land,
money, material, skill, or intellectual gains.
"The Eoglish still held their acquisiti(»i,"—Froude .
Hist. Eng.. iv. 368.
ac-qui^'-i-tive, u- [Lat. acquisitus, pa. par.
of acquiro = to acquire (q.v.).]
1. Acquired.
" He [William T.] died not in his acquisitive, hut in
his native soil."— Sir H. W^-tton ■ ReliquiiB Wot-
toniume. p. 106,
2. Prone to nttt-mpt acquisition, even
thouu'h this should be made niily liy hiying
hands on that which is not one's own.
boil, h6^; pout, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus,
-cia = sha ; -cian = sliaa. -tion, -sion =
;, 9lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
shiin ; -gion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious,
as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
60
acquisitively— acridiidsB
"... the kii!ivish, emouth-ton^ed, keen, and
acquisitive Hermes." — ffrote ; Mist. Greece, voL i.,
p. 80.
^ It is sometimes followed by of.
ac-quJUf'-it-ive-l^, adv. [Eng. acquisitive;
~ly.] In virtue of having acquii-ed anything ;
as having acquired anything.
ac-qm§'-it-ive-ness, s. [Acquisitive.]
ATihOfig phrenologists : One of those human
propensities which are supposed to be repre-
sented externally by bumps or protuberances
on the brain. The spot which they point out
for acquisitiveness is at the inferior angle of
the parietal bone, with ideality in front and
bccretiveness in the rear. It is described as
a propensity that prompts one to seek for
property. The individual so unhappily con-
stituted is considered to be a man who, if in
the upper ranks, will be prone to " klepto-
mania," and if in the Immbler ranks of society
will too probably figure in the police-courts
as an inveterate thief.
* aC-Cjluis'-it-or, s. [Lat. acquisitus, pa. par.
of acquiro.] One who acquires.
* cic'Hluist, v.t. [Lat. acquisitits, pa. par. of
acquire.] To acquire. {Skinner.)
'"" ^O-quist', s. [From the verb.] An acquisi-
tion, something gained.
" Hia servants he, with new acquist
Of true experience from this grent event.
With peace and cousolatiou hath dismissed."
Milton : Samson Agonistes, 1,765.
ac-quU', *ac-qui'ght {gh silent), -^ac-
qui'te, *" a^qui'te, * a-quyte (mod. pret.
&;pa, par. acquitted, formerly also acquit), v.t.
[O. Fr. aquiter ; Fr. acquitter, frc«n Low Lat. ac-
quietOt from t«i=to, ^ieto=to settle.] [Quit,
QurTE.]
1[ In Old Scotch it has sometimes the pret.
acqiiate, as in the example —
"... worthily oc7!«Ka himself of the great place
and trust."— ^0(3 Chas. I. (ed. 1814), v. 517.
I. Ordinary Lajig^iage :
1. To pronounce one innocent of a crime,
sin, or fault. [See II. 2.]
" God wite in a dal wan it aquited he."
Jidb. Qlouc, p. 565.
" The Lord is slew to anger and great in ixiwer, and
will not at all acquit the wicked." — JfahuTn i. 3.
% Formerly followed by from prefixed to
the charge ; now of is employed.
* 2. To requite, to pay for, or to avenge.
"* («) To requite.
"0 how ill doat thou acquite the love I heare thee."
Shepherdeas FeUxmena. (CoUier : Shakesp., 28.)
(6) To pay for.
" Or if hia winning be so lite
That his laboiir will not aquite
Snfficiaontly at liia living.
Yet may he go his brede begging."
Horn, of the Rose, 6,742.
(c) To avenge. {Scotch.)
" He exkortit hia men to have enrage ; set asyd al
dredour (gif the;^ had ony), remembring the gret
Bpreit and nianheid of thair eldaris, that thay may
acquite thaix deith," — Bellend. : Cron., bk. vL, ch. xiii.
3. To set free from obligation.
*' For, as I hear, he was much bound for you.
Ant. No more than I am well acquitted of."
Shakesp. : JJerchaTit of Venice, v. 1.
" Let each a token of esteem bestow.
This gift acquits the dear respect I owe."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xx., 3C1, 362.
4. Reflectively {with self superadded) : To
quit (one's self), to behave, to discharge the
trust reposed in one.
" Marlborough, on tliis as on every similar occasion,
acquitted himse^ like a valiant njid skilful captain."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xiv.
11. Law : To set at rest with respect to a
claim or an accusation.
1. With reject to a claim :
1[ According to the feudal system, if a
tenant held lajids of a lord mesne, and the
mesne over the lord paramour, then the mesne
was expected to acq^iit the tenant of all ser-
vices except those which he himself claimed
for the lands.
2. With respect to av. r-'-usation: To pro-
nounce one void of gui't with respect to any
charge which has been brought against one ;
to justify.
ac-quif, fa. par. [The same as Acquitted
" (q.-v.).] Acquitted, quit.
*' To he acquit from my ctntinnal smart."
Spender.
ac-qui'te, v.t. [A»quit.]
ac-quit'-ment, s. [Acquit.]
1 & 2. The act of acquitting, the state of
being acquitted ; acquittal.
"The word imports properly an acquitment or dis-
charge of a man ui>oi) some precedent accusation, and
a tail trial and cognisance of bis cause had there-
upon, "—^outh.
ac-quit'-tal, s. [Acquit. )
Law & Ordinof]! Language :
1. A judicial direction that one is innocent
of a charge brought against him, or at least
that proof of the accusation has failed.
^ An acquittal may be in deed, that is, by a
verdict ; or in law, that is, the boon may
come to the accused person more indirectly.
Thus, if he be tried as accessory to a felony,
the acquittal of the principal wiU carry with
it also his acquittal.
"The acquittal of the bishops was not the only
event which makes the 30th of Jime, 1688, a great
epoch in history." — Mncaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, ix.
". , . the audience, with great glee, expected a
speedy acquittal." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, viii.
2. Discharge or release from a promise or
obligation.
"And fair acquittal of his oath."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, iv. 27.
Acquitted contracts : A discharge from an
obligation. This may be by deed, prescrip-
tion, or tenure. {Co. Lit. 100 a.)
ac-quit'-tan^e, 5. [A.N.] [Acquit.]
L An acquittal.
1. The act of acquitting or releasing from
a charge or debt.
2. Forgiveness, acquittal.
"... but soon shall find
Forbearance no acquittance."
Milton : Paradise Lost, bk. x.
3. That which acquits. Spec., the receipt
which furnishes documentary evidence of the
discharge or release from a debt or obligation.
TI Now more frequent in the North of
England than elsewhere.
" Boyet, you can produce acquittances.
For such a sum, from si>ecial officers
Of Charles his father."
Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, ii 1.
* n. Requital.
* IIL Acquaintance. {Skinner.)
* ac-quit-tan9e, v.t. [Acquittance, s.] To
acquit.
" Your mere enforcement shall acquittance vae
-From all the impure blots and stains thereof."
Shakesp. : Hichard III., iii. 7.
ac-qmt'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Acquit, v.t.]
ac-quit'-ting, pr. par. [Acquit, v.t]
* ao-quy'^e, v.t. [Acquire.] To acquire.
" Honour and goodes dayly to acquyse."
Maitlaiui : Lambeth Books, p. 281.
a-cra'-ni-a, s. pi. [a, priv. ; Kpaviov {kranion)
= the skull.] Haeckel's name for the skull-
less animals. Vertebrata without skull and
brain. Only representative, the Ampliioxus
lanceolatus. [Lancelet.]
* a-cra'^ed« u.. [Acraze.] Crazed. {Grafton.)
t ac-ra-si-a, ac'-ra-s^,^&c'-ra-sie, s
[Gr. a.Kpa<Tia {okrasia) = want of power, espe-
cially over one's passions : u, priv. ; either
from Kpu(T(s {krasis) = the mixing of two
things, giving the idea of mixture of two sub-
stances, but not in due proportion ; or from
Kparop {kratos) = strength ; meauing, want of
power or control.] Excess, want of power
over one's passions.
" Doth overthrow the Eowre of Blis,
And Acrasy defeat."
Spenser: F. Q., c. xii,, motto.
". . . the nCT-os;? and discomposedness of the outer
man." — Faringdon: Sermons (A.D, 1657), p. 120,
"... a little prone to anger, but never excessive
in it, either as to measure or time, which acrasies,
whether you say of the body or mind, occasion great
uneasiness," — CornisJi ■ Life of Firmin, p. 184.
a~cra'-ti-a, &. [Gr. a, priv. ; Kparoc (kratos)
~ strength.] Want of strength, weakness.
* a-craz'e, * a-cra^'e, v.t. [Craze.]
1. To make crazj',
"And I acrazed was."
Mirror fm- Magistrates, p. 138.
2. To impair, to destroy.
"... my credit acrazed." — Gascoigne : Letters in
the Hermit's Tale, p. 21.
a'-cre, * a'-Uer, s. [A.S. O'cer. Tccer, o^cyr = a
field, land, anything sown, sown corn, corn, an
acre ; Ger. ack&r = (1) a field, (2) soil, (3) acre ;
- O. H. Ger. acAar ; Goth, akrs ; Dut. dkker ;
Sw. aker; Dan. ager ; Icel. akr ; Fr. acre ;
Irish acra; Wei. eg; Lat. ager = a field ; Gr.
aypds {agros) ; Pers. akkar.]
* 1. Originally, any field, whatever its
superficial area. This would seem to be the
meaning of the word in some names of places,
as Castle-acre and West-acre, in Norfolk,
" Pople with alle the rechesse, and akers, ala thei
wounen
Thorgh ther douhtinease, the land thorgh thei
romien." Peter Langtoft, p. 115.
2. From about the time of Edward I. the
word became more definite, and its limits
were prescribed by the statutes 31 and 35
Edward I., and 24 Henry VIII. By the Act
5 George IV. the varying measures of the
acre current in the kingdom were reduced
to one uniform standard. The Imperial acre
contains 4,840 square yards, the Scottish one
6104'12789 square yards, and the Irish one
7,840 square yards. The imperial acre is
current in the United States. The old Roman
jugerum, generally translated "acre," was
about five-eighths of the imperial acre.
" The space enclosed was about half an acre."—
Macaulay : Hist. Fng. ch. xiL
* acre-fight, s. A combat in the olden
time with lances between single combatants,
consisting of English and Scotch borderers.
It was also called camp-fight, and the com-
batants were named champions, from their
fighting in the open field (in Fr. champ).
{Cowell.) Or more probably from A.S. camp,
comp = a battle.
* acre-man, s. A husbandman,
" . and acre-men yede to the plough."
Lai/ ^e Freine. 176.
* acre-sbot, * acre-tax, *•. A local tax
upon land, fixed at a certain sum for each
acre.
"The said in-dikes should be carefully maintained
and repaired by those djyke-reeves out of the common
acre-shot assessed within every of the said towns."—
Dugdale : Imbanking, p, 275,
acre-Staff, * aker-stafi^ s. An instru-
ment for clearing the plough-coulter. {Kersey. )
a'-cre-age (age = Ig), s, [Acre.] The area
of any piece of arable or other land, measured
in acres.
", . . 5,000 farmers who made no return respecting
either the acreage of their farms or the number ot
men employed."— CensiM lieport of 1861 (Appendix),
vol. iii., p. 139.
acred (pron. a'-kerd), a. [From the sub-
stantive.] Pertaining to the owner of "acres,"
i.e., landed property,
* ac'-reme, s. [Acre.]
Old Law : Ten acres of land.
*a-cres', v.t. [Accresce.] To accresce, to
mcrease. {Scotch.)
"Ay the tempest did acres.
And na was lykin to grow les,
Bot rather to be mair,"
Burel : Pilgrim, (Watson: Coll., ii. 31.)
ac-ri-bei'-zi, s. [Gr, a.Kpi/3eia {okribeia) =■
literal accuracy, exactness, precision.] A
purely Greek word occasionally used in Eng-
lish, there not being in our tongue a short term
bearing exactly the same shade of meaning.
ac'-rid, or ac'-rid, a. [In Fr. dcrr ; Sp.,
Port., and Ital. acre; fr. Lat. acer, fem, acris,
neut, acre, genit. acris.}
1. Lit. : Sharp, pungent, piercing, hot,
biting to the taste. Used of chemical sub-
stances, of plants, &;c.
"... the mariner, his blood inflamed
With acrid salts." Cawper : Task, bk. i.
"Bitter and acrid differ only by the sharp i)article8
?i **^! fi'^*^ ^"ig involved in a greater quantity of oU ,
than those of the iaat."~ArbuthnQt : On AlimenU.
2. Fig.: Sharp, pungent, sarcastic. {Used
of a person's mind, of speech, writing, &c.)
". . . of a man whose body was worn by the
constant workings of a i-estless and acrid mind "—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi,
^'-ri-da, s. [Gr. dKp.'c {akris), genit. aKpMff
{akridos) = a locust.]
E^tor^. : Mr. Kirby's name for the genus
Locusta of Geoffrey, containing, however, not
locusts, but grasshoppers. Others use, instead
of Acrida, the term Gryllus. [Gryllus,] Ex-
ample, the great green grasshopper, Aci-ida
viridissima, or Gryllus viridissimus. Acrida
must not be confounded with Acridium (q.v.).
&c-rid'-|-id-se, a-crid'-i-dse, s plural.
[ACRIDIUM.]
Entfm. : A family of Saltatorial Orthoptera,
latc, f^t, fare, amidst, wliat, f^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^e ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. «, oe = e. ey = a. au = kw
acridity— acrodactyliun
51
of whicli the genus Aeridium is the type.
There is much confusion in the naming of
two out of three families of the Saltatorial
tribe. This one contains, among other in-
sects, the raigratoiy locust, and some of the
small "grasshoppers" so often heard and
seen among gi-aas, which are properly locusts.
The family is, by various authors, called
Locustidge, a tenu, however, which some
apply to the grasshoppers proper. [Locus-
"... and the A cridiidee, or grasshoppers." — Dar-
win: Descent qf Man, pt. x., ch. ix.
"... and the nmle migratoir locust of Russia,
one of the A crUlitdtE." — Ibid., pt, ii., ch. x,
ao-rfd'-i-ty, 3,c'-rid-ness, s. [Acrid.]
1. Lit. : Sharpness, pungency ; used of
chemical substances, plants, &e.
"Acriditi/, causticity, and poison are the general
characteristics of this suspicious order [the Ranuncu-
Ia.ces>]."—Li7idlei/ : Hat. Syst. of Botany, 2nd ed. (1636),
p. 6.
2. Fig. : Sharpness, pungency ; used of the
mind, or of speech or writing.
SUs-rfd'-i-tim, ac-r^d'-i-tiin, s. [Gr. axpiV,
-i&09 {akris, -idos) = a locust.] A genus of in-
sects, the typical one of the family Aeridiidag
(q.v.). There are fom- articulations to the
tarsi. The antennse are short, filiform, or
swelled at the extremity, and have ten to
twelve perceptible aiiiculations. It contains
the Locusts. [Locust.]
KiC-ri-niO'-ni-ous, a. [In Fr. acrvnwiiieux,
fr. Lat. acrimonla = sharpness, pungency.]
Sharp, pimgent, biting. [ Acbimony. ]
1. Lit.: Of material substances.
" If gall cannot be rendered acrimonious and bitter
of itself, then whatever acrimony or amaritude re-
dounds in it must be from the admixtuie of melan-
choly."—i/arwey ." (hi Consumption.
2. Fig. : Of a person ; of the mind, temper,
or of language.
"Even his most acrtmonions enemies feared him at
least as much as they hateil hha."~Macaulay : Hist.
Mng., ch. xv,
"... a prince of high spirit and acrhnonious
temper."— Macaulay : ffiat. Eng., ch. xxii.
" They had long been in the habit of recounting in
acnrimonUms language all that they ha4l suffered at
the hand of the Puritan In the day of his power." —
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. viiL
Sc-ri-mo'-ni-oiis-l^, adv. [Acrimonious.]
In an acrimonious manner, sharply, pun-
gently.
^-ri-ind'-ni-OUS-ness» .". [Acrimonious.]
The quality or state of being sharp or pun-
gent ; acrimony.
&c-ri-inon-
monia, fr. Lat. aci Imoiiia. W(.'l>stei' thiuks
the L;it. sutf. -monia = Eng, -vwny, may come
from the same source as Lat. maneo, Gx. txtvia
(meiio) = to remain. The suffix -mony signi-
fies the quality or condition, like hood in
knighthood.
^ Acriviony is explained in the Glossary to
Philemon Holland's Trans, of Pliny's Nat.
Hist. (A.D. 1601) as being then of recent in-
troduction into the English. (Trcnvh.)
1. Lit. : Sharpness, pungency, corrusiveness
{applied to -material substances).
"... for those milke have all an (icWmojiM, though
one would think they should be lenitive, — Sacon:
Nat. Hist.
2. Fig. : Sharpness, pungency {applied to the
mind or language). Bitterness of speech.
" In his ofiScial letters he expressed with great
acrimonff his contempt for the king's character and
imderstanding." — Macaulay.- Eiat. Eng., ch. xii.
U Sometimes used in the plural.
". . , to soothe the acWmotiies which the debate
had kindled,"— /'roude.' Hint. Eng., ch. xvi.
t SiC'-ri-S^, s. [Gr. oLKpiaia (alri.sia) = want of
distinctness in judgment ; axpiTof (akritos) =
unarranged, undistinguishable : a, priv. ; Kpi'tto
(krino) = to separate, to pick out, to decide.]
1. Inability to judge, want of judgment.
(Bailey.)
2. Med. : A case on which it is very difficult
to pronounce, or on which one does not like
to pronounce, the symptoms being unfavour-
able.
lUl'-ri-ta, s. pi. [Gr. aKpno<! (alcritos), n. pi.
oKpiTu '(akrita) = unarranged, undetermined,
confused : a, priv. ; KpiTo? = separated, picked
out ; verbal adj. from Kpivat (krim) = to sepa-
rate.]
L Zoology:
1. A term introduced by Mr. Macleay,
a6n-^,s. [In Fr. acrimoiiie; Ital. acrl-
fr. Lat. aci imoiiia. W(.'l>stei' thinks
the founder of the now extinct circular or
quinary school of zoologists, and used by him
to designate those animals in which, as he be-
lieved, the nervous system was confusedly
blended with the other tissues, or, in other
words, that in which nervous molecules dis-
persed over, or, as it were, confounded with
the substance of those gelatinous animals, im-
pregnated their whole structure with sensi-
bility. He included under the Acrita the
following five classes :—(l) Polypi vaginati ;
(2) Polypi iiata iit':.-< ; (Z) Intestina ; (4) Agas-
tria, or Infu.-iorio ; and (5) Polypi r^ides.
These five classes he believed to constitute a
circle.
2. In 1835 Professor Owen proposed to u.'^e
tlie word in a more restricted sense for animals
whose nervous system is obscure. His Acrita
do not figure as a sub-kingdom of animals, but
constitute a series of the Kadiated sub-king-
dom running parallel to another series, thus :
Nematoneura. Acrita.
Class Radiaria (Lamarcl),
Echinodermata {Cuvier). Acalepha (Cuvier).
Class Polypi (Cuvier).
Ciliobrachiata (Farre). Anthozoa (Ehreiib.).
Nudibranchiata (Farre).
Class Entozoa (Eudolphi).
Ccelelmintha (Owen). Sterelmintha (Owen).
Class Infusoria (Cuvier).
Rotifera (Ehrenb.). Polygastria (Ehreiib.).
(Owen : Comp. Anatomy of tiie Invertebrate
Aniinals.)
IL Med. (lit.): The defect of crisis. Failure
to expel morbid matter from the physical
frame.
^.C-rit-an, s. [Acrita.]
Zool. : An animal belonging to the Acrita,
either of Macleay or of Owen. [Aorita.]
3,C'-rite, (' [Acrita,]
Zool. : Pertaining to an Acritan.
" The character of the lowest or acrite classes are
least defined and fixed." — Owen: t'omp. A}iat. Invert.
Anim. (1843), p. 65.
a-crft'-i-cal, a. [Gr. a, priv. ; Lat. criticus
(jVed.) = critical ; fr. cri-ai^, Gr. npitrtv (krisis)
= the point wlien a disease has reached its
height.]
Med. : Having no crisis.
SiC-ri-to-chro'-ma-^y, s. [Gr. axpiTos
(akritos) = undistinguishable, confused ; and
Xpu'Mct (cliroma) = colour.]
Med. : Inability to distinguish colours ;
colour-blindness. [See Colour-blindness.]
(Dixon.)
Sxs'-ri-tude, s. [Ltit acritudo, fr. acer, genit.
acris = sharp.] Acidity, shar]iness, pungency,
the quality of being hot and biting in tast«.
" In green vitriol, with its astringent and sweetish
tastes, 13 joined some acritudc. "—Urao : Musceuin.
3.c'-ri-ty, s. [In Fr. acrete; fr, Lat. acritas.]
Sharpness, pungency.
ac-ro-a-mat'-ic, a-crd-a-mat'-ic-al, a.
[Gr. cLKpoafiartKoi; (akroamatikos) = designed
for hearuig simply, not committed to writing :
anpoafia (akroania) = (1) anything heard, espe-
cially if it gave pleasure ; such as music, a
play, &c. ; (phir.) lecturers, or players, espe-
cially during meals ; anpodofiut (akroaomai) =
to hear.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to the esoteric doctrine
of Aristotle and the other ancient philoso-
phers ; that communicated orally, in eontra-
distinctiou to that committed to writing.
[ACROATIC]
2. Fig. : Pertaining to any sublime, pro-
found, or abstruse doctrine.
ac-rd-a-m&t'-ics, s. [Acroamatic] One
of the" two divisions of Aristotle's lectures.
[ Acroatic. ]
S4I-r6-S.t'-lC, a. [Gr. aKpourtKos (akroatlkos) :=
connected with hearing.] [Acroamatic] Pro-
perly that which was heard by the select few
who attended the more recondite lectures of
the great ]>hilosopher Aristotle. What may
be called his professorial teaching was of two
kinds— that which was iKpoafiariKov (akroa-
matikon), or anpoaTiKov (ahroatikon), that is,
was heard by his genuine disciples ; and that
which was ffwTepiKov (exoterikoii) = external,
from tf (1) (exo) = without, out of— namely, for
outsiders, or the public generally. The
former was, of course, the more abstruse, and
more rigorously established than the merely
popular exoteric teaching. [Acroamatic]
ac'-ro-bat, s. [Gr. a.Jcpo^aT^]s (akrobates), from
aKpo^aT€a> (akrobated) = to walk on tiptoe :
aKpov (akron) = a point ; Sareu (bated) = to
tread ; from PatVo) (baino) = to walk.] A
dancer on a tight rope.
ac-rob'-a-ta, ac-rob'-a-tef, s. [Gr.
aKpo^aTos (aUrdbatos) = walking on tiptoe.]
[Acrobat.] A genus of Mammalia of the
acrobata (petaurista pvgm.ea).
Marsupial sub-class. A small species, A.
pygmmuSy now called Petaurista pygmvsa, in-
habits Australia.
t Sc-r6-b3.t'-i-ca, &c-rd-bS,t'-i-cum, s.
[Acrobat.] An' ancient engine designed to
lift people to a high position that they might
have a better view.
SrC-rd-car-pid'-i-um, s. [Gr. aKpoKapn-os
(akrocarpos) =■ fruiting at the top : aKpov
(akron) = top ; xapiros (karpos) = fruit.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Pipe-
luceaj, or Peppeiworts, one species of which,
A. hispidulnm, is used in the West Indies as
a bitter and stomacliic.
S^S-ro-^er'-i-dsB, s. j<?. [Gr. axpos (akros)^
at the top; Ktpas (/cca^) = honi.] A family
of two-wiii-'ed flies belonging to the order
Dilitera, and tlie sub-order I3raehyccra (shoi"t-
homed, or having short u .tenn:e). The organs
of the mouth are sometimes entirely wanting.
3,C-ro-cliord'-6ii, s. [Gr. anpoxopSiau (akro-
chordon) = a waix with a thin neck : i'xiipov
(akron) = the toii ; xop^"! (chorde) = (1) a
string made of gut, as in the lyre, (2) a
sausage.]
Med. : A wort or excrescence connected to
the body by a slender base.
S-C-ro-cbord'-US (Latinised Greek), 3,c'-r6-
chord (Eng.), s. [AcROCHORDON.] A genus
of non-venomous serpents belonging to the
family HydrophidEC, or Water-snakes. The
type is the A. Javensis, the oularcnron of Java.
The genus is named from the small keeled,
wart-like scales with which the heads and
bodies of the several species are covered.
eic-rd-ci'-niis, s. [Gr. aKpov (akron) — the
top ; Kiv4u} (kined)= to set in motion, to
move.] The appellation given by lUiger to a
genus of beetles belonging to the tribe of
Longicoms. The name refers to the fact that
these insects have, on each side of the thorax,
a movable tubercle terminated in a point.
Example : A. long ivuxnv s, the Harlequin
Beetle ; locality. South America.
ac-ro-clm'-i-uin, s. [Gr. a^pov (akron)=^the
top ; K\ivn (kline) = a couch, a bed, probably
from the snowy down by which the fruit is
surmounted.] A genus of plants belonging
to the order Asteraceie, or Composites. A.
Toseum has been introduced from Western
Australia, and is a fine plant, with the florets
yelloAv, and the involucre tipped with rose
colour,
ac-ro-CO'-HU-a, s. [Gr. aVpo? (akros) = at
the top ; Ko/in (kome)^=^ hair. Named from tlie
appearance of the elegant tuft of lea\'es at
the top of the stem.] A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Palmacea;, or Palms. A.
sderocarpa is found thi-ough a great part of
South America.
ac-ro-dSiC'-tyl-uin, s. [Gr. oKpou (njaon) =
the top ; ddKTv\o<; (daktulos) = a finger.]
Anat. : The upper surface ot each digit.
bSil, b^; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, eaast. -ing.
-cian = shgji. -tion, -slon = shun ; -§ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -^ious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. ere = ker.
52
acrodiclidium— aerosticliuta
ac-ro-di-clid'-i-um, s. [anpov (akron) =
the tup; 6iK\i<;, genit. -/3os (diklis, -w?os) =
(10111316 folding : or di (di), in composition =
twice, two ; KKeibiov (kleidion) = a little key.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Lauraceffi, or Laurels. It contains the Acka-
wai nutmeg (q.v.).
ac'-ro-dus, s. [Gr. aKpo? (akros) — at the
top ; odot'is (odoits) = a tooth.] A genus of
placoid fishes established by Agassiz. The
teeth of A. nohilis (Agass.) are abundant in the
lias of England and Germany ; and at Lyme
Regis are called by collectors" fossil leeches.
Jic-rog'-en-ous, a. [Acrogen.]
Gen. : Growing at the top.
Spec. : Pertaining to the flowerless plants
called Acrogcns. Wlien applied to fungi, it
signifies = attached to the tips of threads.
ac'-rog-en, s. [Gr. oKpoi' {akroti) = a point
or top, and yewdoi (geniiao) = to engender,
to bring forth, to produce ; {lit.) top-growers
or point-growers.]
1. A plant of which the growth takes place
at the extremity of the axis.
2. (PI.): Formerly it included all flowerless
plants — Linnseus's Cryptogamia. The term
referred not to the absence of flowers, or to
the obscure character of the iructification,
but to the growth of the stem. All plants
were divided into Exogens, or those groAving
around the circumference of the trunk, just
within the bark ; Endogens, or those growing
inside, that is, along the central axis ; and
AcTogens, or those increasing at the extremity
of the stem. In Lindley's Natural System of
Botany, 2nd edit. (1836), the Acrogeiis, used
in this extensive sense, constitute the fifth
class of the Vegetable Kingdom, the other four
being Exogens, Gymnospervis, Eiidogens, and
Rhizanths. They are made to contain five
alliances ; 1, Filicales (Ferns) ; 2, Lycnpodales
(Club-mosses); 3, Mvscales (Mosses) ; 4, Cha-
rales (Charas); and, 5, Fungales (Mushrooms,
Lichens, and Algee).
3. (PI.): The meaning is now more re-
stricted. In Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom
(1846) the flowerless plants r-ompose not
one, but two classes : (1) Tkallogens and (2)
Acrogetis. The former are the lower in
organisation. The latter compose three
alliances — Muscales, Lycopndales, and Filicales.
The arrangement, it will be observed, is
now an ascending one, whereas before it was
descending.
ac-ro-gna -thus, s. [Gr. dxpov {akron) = a
point, the tip; -tvddo<; (gnathos) = the jaw.]
A genus of fossil fishes established by Agassiz.
The A. hoops, an abdominal cycloid fish, was
discovered by Dr. Mantell in a block of chalk
from Southerham. (See his Fossils of the
British Museum, p. 446.)
S<!~rog'-ra-ph^, s. [Gr. aKpo^ (akros) = at
the top ; ypaf}}-q (gra/pM) = a drawing ; ypdijxa
(grapho) = to grave, to write.] The art of
making blocks in relief, with the view of
printing illustrations from tliem, in place of
having recourse to wood - engraving. M.
Scbbnberg was its inventor.
*a-crol'-sa, a-cru'-yi-a, a. Blindness.
*a-cr6'ke, adv. [A.S. a = on ; crpfce = a
hook.] Crookedly,
"Who 80 byldeth after every mah his house, hit
schalle stonde acrokc." — AIS. Douce, 62. {Ilalllwell.)
g^-ro'-le-in, s. [Gr. S-Kpos (akros) = on the
top.] [See Acrylic Aldehyde.]
SiC-ro-lep-is^ s. [Gr. uKpov (akron) = 11^8
tip, and Aewi? (fepis) = a scale.] A genus of
ganoid fossil fishes founded by Agassiz. The
species occur in the magnesian limestones
and marlstones of Durham, which are of
Permian age.
ac'-ro-lith, s. [Gr, aKpov (a/i.T07i.) = the tip;
A(0os (lithos) = a stone.]
Sculpture : A statue, the extremities of
which are made of stone, while the trunk is
generally of wood.
ac-roV-ith-an, a. [Acrolith.] Pei'taining
to an acrolith, framed like an acrolith.
ac-ro'-mi-al, a. [Acromion.]
Aiwt. : Belonging to the acromion.
"... to the acromial extrfemity of the clavicle."
^Cycl. Pract. Med.
acromio-Clavicular, a. Pertaining to
that portion of the clavicle which adjoins the
acromion.
" Acromio-clavicular aiicl sterno-clavicular joints,"
— Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i. 136.
ac-ro'-mi-6n, s. [Gr. aKpov (akron) = top ;
MMos (ovios) = shoulder.!
Anat. : The upper portion of the spine oi"
the scapula.
". . , the third has a free una, -usually more or
less i>rolr»nged into a curved, flattened process called the
acromion.' — Flower: Osteology of tJte Mammalia, p.
221,
^c-ro-mon-o-gram-mat'-i-cuin, s. [Gr.
aKpoq (akros) ~ top or end ; fxovos (monos)
= alone ; and 'ypafinaTiKov (gramriiatikon) =
alphabet.]
Poet. : A kind of poem in which each verse
subsequent to the first begins with the letter
on which its predecessor terminated.
a-cron'-ic, a-cron'-ic-al, " a-cron-
yc-al, u.. [Gr. aKpoj (akros) = at the ex-
tremity ; vu^ (nux) = night,]
Astron. : Pertaining to the rising of a star
at the time when the sun is setting, or the
setting of a star when the sun is rising. It is
opposed to CosMicAL (q.v.).
a-cron'-ic-al-ly, * a-cron'-yc-al-ly,
"^ a-cron'-ych-al-liS^, «f^y- [Acronical.]
At the acronical time.
"He ia tempestuous in summer when he rises
heliacally, and rainy in the winter when he rises
acronycally." — Lryden,
ac-ro-no'-tine, a. [Acronotus.] Pertaining
to the mammalian genus Acronotus. (Griffith's
Cuvier, iv. 346.)
ac-ro-no'-tus, s. [Gv._ aKpos (akros) = on the
top, highest ; vojtos (notos), or vwrou (noton) =
the back.]
Zool. : A sub-genus of Dainalis, a genus of
ruminating animals. The species are confined
to Africa. Example : Damalis (acronotus)
' ' " = the bubalis.
^ a-cron'-yc'-al-l^, * a-cron'-ych-al-ly,
adv. [ACROKICALLY. ]
ac-ron-ych'-i-a, s. [Gr. dKpowxla (akronu-
cft.ia) = nightfall' : aKpo? (akros) = on the top
or edge of = at the beginning of ; vff {rvj:) =
night.]
Bot. : A genus of Eutacese, or Rueworts.
A. Cunninghami, an evergreen shrub from
Moreton Bay, in Australia, has leaves with a
resin smelling like turpentine, and flowers
perfumed like those of the orange. It is cul-
tivated in this country.
ac-ro-phyl'-lum, s. [Gr. axpo? (akro^) = at
the top ; ^tJKXov (phidlon) = a leaf.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order CunoniaccEe, or Cunoniads, A. venomrti
is a handsome greenhouse shrub, introduced
into this country from Tasmania.
ac-ro-po'-di-um, s. [Gr. a^pov (akro)i) = ihe.
top : TTotis (jjous), genit. 7ro56s (jjodos) = foot.]
Anat. : The upper surface of the foot.
a-crop'-Ol-lS, s. [Gr. dKp6iro\i<; (akropolis) —
' the upper or higher city : aKpov (akron) = a
point or top, height ; iroXi^ (polls) — a city.]
ACROPOLIS AT ATHENS.
1. Lit. : The citadel crowning the liill at
Athens, which is said to have been occupied
before there were any buildings on the plain.
2. Fig. : Any citadel similarly situated.
ac'-ro-spire, ac'-ro-spyre, ac'-ker-
sprit (Eng.), ac'-ker-spyre (Scotch), s
[Gr. a.Kpos (akros) = at the top ; and a-ireXpa
(speird), Lat. spi/)^a ^ anything wound, coiled,
or twisted ; a spire.] A name sometimes
given to the plumule of a germinating seed of
coi-n, because it has a somewhat sjiiral ap-
pearance. "That part which shoots out
toward the smaller end of the seed." (Kersey.^
" Many ooms will smilt or have their pulp turned
into a substance lil^e thick cream, and will send forth
their substance in an acrospire." — Mortimer.
' ac'-ro-spire, v. [From the substantive.]
Malt-making, t&c. : To send forth a germi-
nating plumule, or to sprout at both ends,
emitting both a radicle and a plumule, as grain
kept for malting will do in wet weather.
" For want of turning, when the malt ia spread ott
the floor, it comes ana sprouts at both ends, which
is called acrospired, aud in fit only for swine," —
MortiTner.
^' ^'-ro-spiredtpa. jw.r. & a.
^ ac'-ro-Spii-ring, pr. par. [Acrospire. J
across (pron. a-crass'), adv. [Eng. a =. on ;
cross. ]
A. Literally :
* I. On cross,
" When other lovers in arms across
Eejoice their chief deliRht."
Surrey : Complaiitt of Absence.
II. Transversely.
1. The opposite of along, in a direction
at right angles to, so that the two lines, the
longitudinal and the transverse ones, consti-
tute a cross of the ordinary- form.
"... the shoulders very wide across." — Owen :
Class-if. of the Mammalia, p, 70.
2. Intersecting at any angle, passing over in
some direction or other ; athwart ; placed or
moving over something, so as to cross it,
" Of deep that calls to deep across the hills,"
Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches.
" . . . and pushing ivory balls
Across a velvet level."— Cowper .- Task, vi.
B. Figuratively :
If An exclamation when a sally of wit mis-
carried. The allusion is to the procedure in
jousting.
a-cros'-tlc, s.^& a. [Gr. aKpoa-TCxtov (akrosti-
chion), from oKpo? (akros) = at the point or
end, and trrt'xo? (sticJws) =_(1) a row, (2) a line
of poetry ; a-T^Cxtii (steiclw) = to ascend ; Fr,
acrosticJie ; Ital, acrostico.^
1. As siibstantive : A series of lines so dis-
posed that their initial letters taken in order
constitute a name or a short sentence.
Acrostic verses are now regarded as some-
what puerile, and are consequently less culti-
vated than once they were. The "best known
are by Sir John Davies. The following Hymn
to the Spring is from his pen, and the words
spelled out by the initial letters of the several
lines are Elisahetha Eegina :
E Jtrth now is greene, and heauen is blew,
L iuely Spring which makes all new,
/ oily Spring doth enter,
^weet young sun-beames doe subdue
A ngry, aged Winter.
B lasts are mild, and seas are calme,
JS uery niedow fiowes with balme,
T he earth weares all her riclie.s,
n armonious birds sing such a psjilm
A s eare and heart bewitches,
R eserue (sweet Spring) this nj-mph of ours,
E ternall ga.rlands o£ thy flowers,
G reene garlands nener wasting :
/ n her shall last our state's f aire spring,
JV ow and for euer flourishing,
A s long as heauen is lasting.
2. As adjective : Pertaining to an acrostic,
containing an acrostic.
" Some peaceful province in acrostic l^nuV—Dryden.
* a-cros'-tic, a,. [Across.] Crossed on the
breast.
'■Agreed; but what melancholy sir, with acrostic
fl^rksU^lll?""^ ' ^^^ fanuly?-_J/id(tfc(o„:
*a-cr6s'-tic-al,a. [Acrostic, .«.] Pertaining
to an acrostic.
^ a-cros'-tic-al-l^, adv. [Acrostic, s.] Ic
an acrostical manner, in a way to present the.
phenomena of an acrostic composition.
a-cros'-tich-e-SB, 5. pi. [AcRosncHrM. ]
A family of Polypodiaceous ferns, with naked
son,
a-cros'-ticll-um, s. [in Fr. an-ostigue; Ital.,
Sp.,&Port. aaystico; Gr. aKpoj (akros) = a.t
tlie top, and o-ti'xos =(1) a row, order, or line,
(2) a line of writing. Said to be so called
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, f^U. father; we. wet, here, camel, her. th^re; pine, pit, sire, sir marine
or. wore, wplf. work, who. son; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian, re. oe = e, lyre
go, pot,
qu = kw.
aer ostoma— act
53
Ijecause on the back of the frond are markings
like the roiniuencement of lines of poetry.]
Rusty-back, Wall-rue, or Fork-fern. A genus
of fi-riis belonging to the order Polypodiaceie.
The sori covei' tlie whole back of the frond.
It is not Britisli. A. aitreum, the golden
acrostiehuni, occasionally seen in hot-houses,
is soniL^iiiies five or six feet high. It grows
in tlie West Indies and South America, and
also in Africa and India. A. huascaro is said
to liave solvent, deobstruent, sudorillc, and
anthelmintic properties. The New Zealanders
formerly used A, furcaintn as food.
ac-ros'-to-ma, s. [Gr. awpoy {akros)~a.t the
top, and (TTona (stoma) = a mouth.]
Zool. : A genus of Entozoa, parasitic in the
amnios of cows.
Sc-ro-tar'-si-um, s. [Gr. aicpo? (akros) =
the top ; Tapo-d? {tarsos) = (1) a flat basket,
(2) anything flat, (3) tlie flat portion of the
foot.]
Anat. : Tlie upper side of the tarsi.
* a-crd't9ll, v.t. [0. Fr. acrodier.] To take up,
to seize. (Huloet.) •
"^ &C-r6~te-leu'-tic, a. [Gr. axpo? (dkros) =
at the tip, point, or end ; TeAewT»; (teletUe)
= finisliing, the end.] Pei-taining to anything
apxiended to a psalm, as, for instance, a
doxology.
ac-ro-texn-nus, s. [Gr. aKpo? (airros) == at
tlie to]i ; ^tfJ.vla (temuo) = to cut. J A genus
of fossil ganoid fishes, founded by Agassiz.
3.C'-rd-ter, s. [Gr. aKp(,n!ipiov (akrvtcriou) —
the topmost or most prominent part of any-
thing, as, for instance, a mountain-peak : from
aapov (akron) = the top.]
Arch. : The angle of a gable or pediment
in which a statue stands. [Acroteria.]
ac-ro'-ter-al, <
an acrute]'.
[AcBOTER.] Pei-taining ti
&C-rd-ter'~i-a, s. pi. [In Fr. acroteres; Ital.
acrotri lo ; Lat. arrotcrin, fr. Gr. aKptiiTr^pta
(akrntrrii'), pi. of aKpij}Trjpiov (akrotcrion).]
[ACKOTER.l
Arch. : Pedestals for statues placed on the
ACROTERIA.
apex or at tln^ basal angles of a jiediment, or
in othei- external parts of an eilifice.
% It was used in this sense by Vitruvius.
ac-ro-ter'-i-al, it. [Acroteria.] Pertaining
to acroteria.
Sc-ro-ter'-i-um, s. [Lat.] The singular of
Acroteria (q.v.).
Sc-ro-thy'-mi-on, s. [Gr. axpop (akros) = at
the top ; Ovfios (thumos), in Lat. thymum =
thyme. ]
Old Mc'l : A kind of wart with a narrow
base, a broad top, and a colour like thyme.
ac-rot-is'-mus, s. [Gr. i, pi'iv. ; Kporo?
(krotos) = sound produced by striking.]
Med. : Deficiency in the beating of the
pulse.
aC-r6t'-6m-OUS, a. [Gr. axpov (akros) = at
the top ; Tt/ivii} (temno) — to cut.]
Min.: Having its cleavage parallel to the
top. (Dann.)
a-cru'-$i-a,
[ACROISA.]
a-cryl'-ic, a. [Acrolein.]
acrylic acid,s. (CaHjOa^CsHg-CO-OH.)
Chf.iii. : A monatomic organic acid obtained
by oxifbitiun of acrolein. It is a colourless
liquid ; its salts are soluble. It Is convei-ted
by nascent liydrogen into propionic acid. It
is isomeric with iso-acrylic acid. When
acrylic acid is fused witli caustic potash it
eliminat'-s liydrogen, and foi-ms acetate and
formate of potassium.
acrylic alcohol, s. [Allvlio Alcohol.]
acrylic aldehyde, s.
Chem. . (C3H4O) := Acrolein = hCO ^""^ '
obtained by the oxidation of allylic alcohol,
by the dehydration of glycerine. It is formed
in the destructive distillation of fats which
contain glycerine, and is the cause of the
unpleasant smell produced by bhjwing out a
candle. Acrolein is a thin, '-olourless, volatile
liquid, boiling at .52°. Its vapour is veiy
irritating, attacking the mucous membrane
of tlie nose and eyes. It oxidises to acrylic
acid. It changes into a white flocculcnt body,
disaciyl.
acse, V. [A.S. acsian, achsiaii = to ask.] To
ask. [Ask.]
" The kyng Alesandre acxede
Hwan Bol that be." — Itelhj. A-ili'i., i. 30,
&ct, * S«k (Eng.), and * akk 10. Scotch)^
v.t. & i. [Act, 5.]
A, Transitive :
1. Ordinary Language :
*1. To actuate, to drive, to incite, to in-
fluence, to urge.
" Moat people in the world are acted by levity irnd
humour, Ijy strange and irmtioijal changes."— .Swm(7i,
2. To do, to achieve, to perform. (Used in
a good sense.)
"With emulation what I act survey, "
Pope: f/oTiter; Iliad, xix. 162.
3. To perpetrate, to commit, to be guilty
of, as a fault, a crime, or an offence. (Used
in a bad sense.)
" Uplifted hands, th.it at convenient times
Could act extortion and the worst of crimes."
Cowper • Expostulation, H7
4. To obey, to do according to ; to carry
out, to execute.
"Th' unwilline heralds act their lord's commands
Pensive they walk alon^ the barren sands."
Pope: JJomer; Iliad i., 426.
5. To play the part of, to behave as ; as, To
act the fool.
II. Technicolhj :
1. Dram.: To play the part of, to imper-
soiiatL', to represent dramatically upon the
stage or elsewhere.
"... the innaka and plays which were acted in the
court."— /'Voitdc; If/st. Eng., ch. i.
II In this sense it is sonietinie.s followed by
the preposition uvtir.
" How many ages hence,
ijhall this our lofty scene be acted over
In stJites imboi-u, and accents yet unknown?"
."ihakegp. ; Julius Ccesar, lii. 1.
2. Scotch L'lw: To require by .iudicial au-
thority. "Nearly the s;iine witli English
tnaa, with this diff'erence, that there is a
transition from the deed to the person whom
it ]-egards." (Jatiiieson.)
" Seeing I am actit in the biiikea of the said com-
mittee not to depart ott" the towne without licence.' —
Acts Cha. L, ed. 1814, v. 301.
^f For example nf ack, see Arts Dom. Cone.
(A.D. 1491), p. 221 ; and of akk. Ibid., 1493,
p. 310.
•[To act vpoii : To ext-rt puwir over or
upon, to produce an effect upon.
"The stomach, the intestines, the muscles of the
lower belly, all act upon the aliment." — Arbuthnot on
Aliment.
"All the waves of the ei)ectrum, from the extreme
red to the extreme violet, are thus acted upon." —
Tyndall: Frag, ctf Science, 3rd ed., vil 142.
To act up to: To act in a manner not in-
ferior to what one's promises, professions,
reputation, or advantages would lead people
to expect.
"... vigorously to exert those powers and act up
to those advantages." — Rogers : Sermons.
B. Intransitive:
I. Of 2^ersons :
1. To move, as oi>posed to remaining at
rest ; or to proceed to carry out a resolution,
as opposed to meditating or talking about it.
"You have seen,
Have acted, siiflfer'd."
Wordsworth: Excuminn, bk. iv.
"And I may now ci-y 'act'' but the potency of
.iction must be yours." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science,
3rd ed., v. 103.
2. To conduct one's self in a particular
manner, to behave.
" 'Tis plain that she, who for a kingdom now
"Woiud sacrifice her love, and break her vow.
Not out of love, hut interest. actJi alnne.
And would, ev'n in my arms, lie thinking of a throne.
Drydmt " 1 Conquest of Granada, ii. 1.
3. To take part in dramatic representation
on the boards of a theatre or elsewhere.
" Or wrap himself in Hamlet's inky cloak.
And Bont and storm, and btraddle, stamp and stare.
To show the world how Gai-nck did not act."
Cowper : Task, bk. \-\.
II. Of things: To exert po\\'er, to produce
an effect.
^ In general to or upon is x'reflxed to the
nbject operated upon ; sometimes, linwever,
hy is used instead of tu. [Act upon (A. Ill ).]
"And such, I exclaimed, is the pitiless part
Some f(c(by the deliwite iniiid,
Kegiirdless of wriiigiug and breaking a heart
Already to son'ow reaiyned." Cowpur : Thu Rose.
act, s. [Lat. ac(it7n.= a thing done ; neut, sing.
of actus, pa. par. of apo = to do, to diive, to
put into motion ; Gr. ayiu (ago); Icel. ((/:((;
Ger. akte; Fr. acte ; Ital. atto.]
A. Subject ii->ely :
I. Geii. : The exertion of power, whether
physical, mental, or moral ; doing, acting,
action.
■'It argues an act ■ and an act hath three branches ;
it is, to act, to du, and to perform." — S/takesp. :
Hamlet, V. l.
"... to demand from real life
The test of act and sufl'ering."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii,
". . . of alienated feeling, if not of aliemited act."
—Froude: Ihst, Eng., ch. vii.
"By act of naked reason."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
^ In act:
{n) Just commencing action, on the eve of
doing anything.
" The rattlesnake '? in act to strike, "
liyron. Mazvppa, xili.
" Gloomy as night he stands in m-t to thr'jw,"
Pope ■ Homer's Odijsitvy, bk. xi., 749.
('*) In a state of real existence as opposed to
mere pnssibility.
^ " The 3ti ds of plants are not at fli-st in act, but in
ixissibility what tnoy afterwards grow to be," — Hooker.
"... the Cyiirua wars
(Which even now stand in act)."
Shakesp. : Othello, i. 1.
Ill the act signifies that action has com-
menced, but has not been comjileted.
"In the leaves of plants the simbeanis also wrench
these atoms asunder, and sacrifice themselves in the
act."—T//ndall: Frag, of ScH'nc<; ard ed., i. 21.
" Taken . in the very act."— John viii. 4.
IL Tichniadbi :
1. Mcniiil Phil. £ Logic: An ojicration of
tlie mind sujiposed to retiuire tlic putting
forth of energy as distinguished finm a stat*
of mind in which the faculties remain passive.
"... the distinction which the German met(i-
physiciana and their French and English followers so
elaborately draw between the arfu of the mind and all
inerelv passive states: between what it receives from
and what it gi\ es ti> tlie crude inuterlals of its experi-
ence."— J. S. Mill: Logic, 2nd ed., ch, iii., g 4
^ In this sense such expressions as the
following are used ; the act of thinking, the
act of judging, the act of resolving, the act
nf reasoning or of reason ; each of these being
viewed as a single operation of the human
mind, (ttcc second example under Act, v.,
B. I. 1.)
"The act of volition." — Toddarul Dowm.an : Physiol.
Anat., voL i., ch.ip. vii., 200.
2. Tlieol. : The carrj'ing out of an operation
in a moment, as contradistinguished from the
performance of a work requiring a consider-
able time for its accomplishment.
" Jxistification is an act of God's free grace . . .
Adoption is an act of God's free grace. . . . Saiicti-
flcation is the work of (iod'a free grace." — Shorter
Catechism, Questions 3-'J, 34, :j.'j.
B. Objectively : Anj'thing done,
(a) Generally :
" But ^our eyes have seen all the great acts of the
Lord which he did." — Deut. xi, 7.
" And the rest of the acts of Abijah, and his ways,
and his sayings, are written in the story of the
prophet Iddo." — 2 Citron, xiii. 22.
CM) Technically :
1. Dramatic Language : A portion of a play
performed continuously, after which the
representation is suspended for a little, and
the actors have the opportunity of taking
a brief rest. As early as the time of Horace
there were Ave acts in a drama, and this
number still remains without modification.
Acts are divided into smaller portions called
scenes. (Sec Shakespeare throughout.)
2. Parlianieiitarn Lang : An ellipsis for an
Act of Parliament. A statute, law, or edict,
consisting of a Bill which has been success-
fully eaiTied through the House of Commons
and the House of Lords, and has then ob-
tained the royal assent, after which it is of
binding force through that portion of the
empire for which it was designed.
"For on that day (2Gth May, 1G79) the Habeas CnrpuH
Act received the royal assent." — Macaulay : HiA. of
Eng., ch. iL
boh, bo^; pout, jcJvtrl; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f.
-cia = sha ; -cian = shan. -tion, -slon = shiin ; -sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -9I0US = shus. -We, -die, &c. = bel, del.
54
actaea— actinophyllum.
1i The full term is Act of Parliament.
Generally to the tenn act is affixed of, with a
word fixplaining its nature, as-^c( of Vni-
foi-mity. Act of Settkimnt, Act of Oblivion, Act
of Attainder ; or the explanatory word may go
first, as the Habeas Corpus Act (see example),
the Bankruptcy Act, &c.
3. Law:
(1) Gen,: Anything oificially done "by the
Court, as the phrases Acts of Court, Acts of
Sederunt, &c.
(2) Spec. : An instrument in writing for
declaring or proving the truth of anything.
Such is a report, a certilicate, a decree, a
sentence. &c.
Act of Bankruptcy : An act, the commission
of which by a debtor renders him liable to
be adjudged a liankrujit (Bankruptcy Act,
1869).
Acts done: Distmgui shed into acts of God,
of the law and of men.
(3) Scotch Lav; :
Act of Grace: An Act passed by the Scottish
Parliament, in 169G, which provided main-
tenance for debtors whilst they were in prison
at the suit of their creditors.
Acts of Sederunt : Statutes for ordering the
procedure and forms for administering justice,
made by the Lords of Session, sitting in
judgment, the power to do so having been
conferred by an Act of the Scottish Parlia-
ment in 1540.
* 4. Universities : A thesis publicly main-
tained by a student to show his powers, and
specially to prove his fitness for a degree.
5. Cli. Hist. Act of Faith: The English
rendering of the Spanish Auto da fe (q.v.).
Acts of the Apostles. The fifth book
of the New Testament. It contains a narrative
of the achievements of the leading apostles,
and especially of St Paul, the greatest and
most successful of them all. Its author was
St. Luke (compare Luke i. 1—4 with Acts i. 1),
who was Paul's companion from the time of
his visit to Troas (Acts xvi. 8—11) to the ad-
vanced period of his life when he penned the
2nd Epistle to Timothy (2 Tim. iv. 11). In-
ternal evidence would seem to show that it
was written in all probability about A.D. 61,
though external testimony from the Fathers to
its existence is not obtainable till a considera-
bly later date. The undesigned coincidences
between the Acts of the Apostles and the
Epistles of Paul are numerous and important.
* SiC'-ta-Tt>le, a. [Eng. act; -ohle.] Capable of
being'done or acted ; practically possible,
" le naked truth actable in true life ? "
Tennyson: Harold, iii 1.
ac_tSB'-a, s. [In Pr. actee ; Sp., Port., & Ital.
actea. ; Lat. acUea. from Gr. a/cTea iaktea)^ aK-nj
(akte), and aK-rij (akte) = the elder-tree, which
these plants were supposed to resemble in
foliage and fructification.] Herb-Christopher.
A genus of plants belonging to the order Ra-
uunculaceEC, or Crowfoots. One species, the
A. spicata = the bane-berry, or Herb Christo-
pher, is indigenous to Great Britain. It bears
black berries, which are poisonous. With
alum they yield a black dye. The roots are
anti-spasmodic, expectorant, and astringent.
A. racemosa, the Snakeroot, receives its Eng-
lish name from being iised in America as an
antidote against the bite of the rattlesnake.
*3.c'-te, s. [Gr. oLKTii (akte) = 3. headland;
Lat. axita = the sea-shore.] The sea-shore.
*ac'-te, s. [Gr. aKTea (akteo), olkto, and aKTrj
{akte) = the elder-tree.] The elder-tree, Sam-
hvcus nigra. (Phillips.)
t Act-er-ai'-mine. s. [Corrupted Arabic (?)]
A star of the 3rd magnitude, in the left
shoulder of Cepheus. [Alderamin.]
Ac'-tifS. s. pL [Fr. a^tlf = active.]
Ch. Hist. : An order of monks who are said
to have fed on nothing but roots and herbs.
ac'-tiX-ly. adv. [Actually.] [Chiefly in
Lancashire.]
ac-tin-en'-chy-ma, s. [Gr. a^T/c (aktis),
genit. oLKTii'o? (ft/i'/nios) = a ray of light ; h(ev)
:= in ; x'V^i (chnnia), or x^^/^^ (chetinut) = tltat
which is poured out, a liquid, fr. x^^ (ched) —
to pour. ]
Bot. : Stellate cellular tissue, the tissue of
medullary rays. (Cooke : Manual of Botanical ■
Terms.)
act'-ing", pr. par., n., & s. [Act, v.]
A. As pr. par. : With meanings corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
" Acting the law we live by without fenr."
Tennyson : (Enoiie, 146
B. As adjective :
1. Gen. (of persons or things): Operating in
any way.
"A continual direction of the act Inr/ force, towards
the centre to which this character belongs." — Sir
J. F. W. Ilersckel : Aatronomy, 5th ed. (1858), § 490.
2. Spec, (of persons only) : Doing duty for
another during his absence ; officiating, as
in the phrase " the acting governor."
C. As substantive :
1. Gen. (of persons or things) : Action,
operation, doing of any kind.
"Or that the resolute acting of your blood
Could have attain 'd the effect of your own purpose. "
Sliakesp. : Measure for Measure, li. 1.
2. Spec. : Performance of a part in a
dramatic representation on the stage or else-
where.
"... the natural turn for actinff and rhetoric,
which are iudigenouson the shores of the Mediter-
ranean Sea^" — Macaalaif : Bist. Eng., ch, i,
ac-tin'-i-a, s. [Gr. clkt'k; (aktis), genit. wlktIvo?
(aktinos) = a ray of light.]
Zool. : A genus of polypes, with many
arms radiating from around their mouth, in a
manner somewhat resembling the rays of the
sun surrounding his disc, or a double flower.
From this arrangement of the tentacles,
coupled with the bright colours of these
animals, they are called also Animal-flowers
(q.v.). Though simple and not aggregated,
they still have a somewhat close affinity to
the coral-building polypes. They are the tyjje
of the class Actinozoa (q.v.). Cuvier placed
them with his Polypi Carnosi. They feed on
Crustacea, mollusca, small fishes, &c. In 1847
Dr. Johnston enumerated twenty species as
British.
ac-tin'-i-a-dse, s. pi. [Actinia.] The
family of' polypes, of which Actinia is the
type. [Actinia.]
ac-tin'-ic, a. [Gr. aKris {aktis), genit. clktIvw;
(aktinos) = a ray of light.] Peitaining to a
ray of light, or to rays of light.
actinic rays, s. Invisible rays, which
occur most abundantly beyond the violet part
of the spectrum ; they effect the chemical
changes produced by light. [Photography.]
ac-tin'-i-form, a. [Eng. & Lat. actinia, and
Eng. form, or Lat. forvia. ] Of the forai of an
Actinia, shaped like an Actinia.
"Many of the large actiniform i>olyi>es of the
tropical seas combine with a structure which is essen-
tially similar to our own sea- an em ones, an external
calcareous axis or skeleton." — Owen: Compar. Anat.,
Invertebr. Anint., Lect, VII.
ac-tin-i'-na, s. pi. [Actinia.]
Zoology : ' Dr. Johnston's fourth section of
Helianthoida, an order of polypes belonging
to the class Anthozoa. He divides it into two
families — the Actiniadae and the Lucema-
riadffi.
ac'-tin-i^m, s. [Gr. aKTXvo<; (aktinos), genit.
of aKTi's (aktis) =a ray.] The chemical action
of sunlight. [Photography.]
ac-tin-i-6p'-ter-is, s. [Gr. aKrlq (aktis),
genit. aKTivoi; (okti}ios) = Ta.y ; Trrfpi? (pteris)
= a fern. ] A genus of ferns belonging to tlie
order Polypodiacea?. The species resemble
minute palms, with fan-shaped fronds. A.
radiata is from India and Africa, and A.
austrolis is from Africa.
ac-tia-6-ba'-tis» s. [Gr. ixTi's (aktis), genit.
aKTtvo? (aktinos) — a ray, and /JaT<? (baUs) —
a skate?] A genus of plaeoid fossil fishes,
established by Agassiz on fossil remains of
tertiary age.
ao-tin-6-car'-pus, s. [Gr. <1kti's (aktis),
^enit. a«Tti/os (aktinos) = (I ray, and koptto?
(karpos) = fniit. Lit. : Rayed fruit.] Agenxis
of plants belonging to the order AlismaceiL%
or Alismads. One species, the .4. Damasoninm,
or common Star-fruit, occurs in Great Britain.
It has floating leaves and delicate petals, the
latter coloured white with a yellow spot.
ac-tin-o9'-er-as (of Brown), s. [Gr. aKrk
(aktis), genit. olktii-o? (aktinos) = a ray, and
Kt'puy (kjiras) = a horn. Lit. : Ray-homed, i.e.
liaving the " horns" or feelers radiated.]
Zool. : The second sub-genus of the mol-
luscous genus Orthoceras (q.v.). In 1851
"Woodward estimated the known species at
six. They are all fossil, and extend from the
Silurian to the Carboniferous rocks.
a,c-tin-6c'-rin-ite, s. [Actinocrikites.] An
animal of the genus Actinocrinites (q-v.).
ac-tm-oc-rin-i'-te^, s. [Gr. aKTt's (aktis),
genit. aKTivo? (aktinos) = a ray \_ Kpivov (Jcrinon)
= a lily ; and Gr. suff. -iths (ites).]
Paleont. : A genus of Encrinites. Their
body is- foraied of several rays of angular
laminae. All are fossil.
3,c-tiEn-d-9y'-clus, s. [Gr. ifCT/? (aktis) =
ray ; kvkKus (kuklos) = a ring, a circle.]
Bot. : A genus of diatomaccou.s plants,
resembling minute round shells. They are
found in the ocean, and also occasionally in
Peruvian guano.
3.c-tin-d-g&st'-ra, s. pi. [Gr. clktis (aktis\
genit. aKrlvos (aktinos)— a. ray ; ya(TTrip(gast€r%
genit. 7a(7-7epos (gaskros), contr. to ynarpo?
(gastros)= the belly, the stomach.] Haeckel's
first sub-class of the class of Star-fishes,
which he calls Asterida, or Sea-stars. It con-
sists of " Sea-?)tars with a radiated stomach."
(Haeckel : Hist, of Creation, ii. IQd. )
Sic-tin'-o-grSph, s. [Gr. olktI^ (aktis),_gemt.
oLKrivw; (aktinos) = a ray ; 7pa(^ai (graplix)) = to
delineate, to write down.] An instrument
invented by :Mr. Hunt for regulating the varia-
tions of chemical influence on the solar rays.
It is described in Brit. Assoc. Reports for 1845
and 1846.
ac-tin'-o-lite, t ac-tyn -6-lite (incor^^ct
spelling), s. [Gr, aKTt'^ (aktis), genit. olktivos
(aktinos) = a ray, and Ai(/os (lithos) = a stone.
The translation of the Gennan strahlstein =
radiated stone,]
Min. : A variety of Amphibole (q.v.). It is
the Actinote of Hauy. Its affinity and com-
position are indicated by Dana's compound
name for it — Magnesia-Lime-Iron Amphibole.
It is bright green, or greyish-green, the green
colour being imparted by the iron it contains.
It occurs crystallised, columnar, fibrous, or
massive, Sp. gr., 3 to 3-2. There are three
sub-varieties of it — Glassy Actinolite, which
occurs in long, bright green crystals ; Asbesti-
form Actinolite ; and Radiated Actinolite.
actinolite-SChlst, s. A slaty foliated
rock, of metamorphic origin. It is composed
chiefly of actinolite, with a small admixture
of felspar, quartz, or mica. (Lyell : Elements
ofGeol.)
ac-tin-O-lit'-ic, a. [Actinolite.] Pertaining
to actinolite, composed in whole or in part of,
or resembling actinolite.
ac-tin-O-lo'-ba, s. [Gr. olktI^ (aktis), genit.
clktIvo^ (aktinos)=^ a. ray, and Ao/S6s = a pod.]
[Anemone. ]
ac-tin-6m'-et-er, s. [Gr. oLkt/s (aktis), genit.
ciKTii-os (aktinoi') =. a ray, and fx4rpov {metron)
= a measure. Lit.: Measurer of solar rays.]
An insti'ument devised by Sir John Herschel
for measuring tlie intensity of the solar rays.
It consists of a thermometer witli a large bulb
filled witli a dark-blue fluid, and enclosed in a
box, the sides of which are blackened, and
which is covered with glass. It is placed for
a minute in the shade, then a minute in the
sun, and then one more again i!i the shade.
The mean of the two variations in the shade
is then subtracted from that in the sun, and
the result measures the influence due to the
solar rays.
"By direct measurement with the actiTimnetcr
... I find that out of 1,000 calorific solar rays, 816
pnetrate a sheet of plate glai.s O'lS inch thick; and
that of 1.000 rays which have passed through one such
plftte, 859 are capable of p.assing through another."—
Jfote in JlerscJiels "Astronotnif," 5th ed. (1B5S), § 39C.
ac-tin-om-et'-ric, a. [Actinometer.] Per-
tiiining or belonging to an actinometer.
ac-tm-6ph-ry-i'-na, s. pi. [Actinophrys.]
Zool. : A family of Radiolarian Rhizopods.
Some have a shell, while others have not.
ac-tin'-oph-rys, ^. [Gr. aKT.'? (aktis), iKTri.os
(alinios) = a ray, and o^piiy (opln~ns) = the
eyelirow.J
Zaol. : A genus of Rhizopods, the type of
the family Actinophrvina. They are toiuid
both in fresh and salt water.
ac-tin-o-phj^l'-liim, s. [Gr. anTl^ (aktis),
genit. aKTii/os (aktinos) = a ray. and ipvXKov
fate, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
aetinote— active
65
(phullon) = a leaf. ] A genus of plants Ijelong-
ing to the order Araliaeepe, or Ivyworts. The
A. digitatum, au East Indian species, has in-
conspicuous flowers, but beautiful folu^e.
ac-tin'-O-piis, s. [Mod. Lat,, from Gr. aKxis
(aktis), genit. ajcTtVo? (aktinos) = a ray, ami
TToCs (pous) = a foot.] A genus of spiders.
A. wallacei spins a kind of tubular dwelling
under the ground with a hinged lid, which
opens and shuts like a trap-door.
ac'-tin-Ote, s. [Name altered without reason
by Haiiy from Actinolite (q.v.).] A mineral.
[ACTINOLITE.]
ac-tin-O'-tiis, s. [Gr. anTis {aktis), genit.
aKTU'o? {aktinos) = a. ray.] A genus of Um-
belliferous plants. A. helianthiis is the sun-
flower Actinotus, from Australia.
g^-tin-O-ZO'-a, s. pi. [Gr. aKTt's (aktis), genit.
aKrlvo^ {aktinos), and C'^ov {zoon)~a. living
creature, an animal.] A class of animals
which Cuvier would have placed under his
Radiata, but which unite with Hydrozoa to
constitute the Coelenterata of Frey, Leuekai-t,
and Huxley. It contains the sea-anemones
and coral polypes. It is to animals of this
class that the erection of the vast coral reefs
is owing. Most Actinozoa have a central
month with tentacles around it. Their
alimentary canal freely passes, by means of a
wide aperture, into the general cavity of the
body. That cavity is then prolonged into the
stomach, which is internal, a character in
wliich the Actinozoa differ from the Hydrozoa,
to which they are closely allied.
uc'-tion {Eiif}.), 3.c'-tioun (0. Scotch), s.
[In Ger. akiion (rhet.) ; Fr. action; Ital.
uzione; fr. Lat. o/-Mo ~ a doing, an action ; fr.
ago (lit.) = to set in motion, to drive, as cattle.]
I. The doing of a deed, the effecting of an
operation.
(a) Of persons or other living beings capabk
of carrying out a purpose :
1. Ord. Lang. : The doing of a deed, as dis-
tinguished from thinking, feeling, speaking,
or even wiiting.
2. Spec. : Fighting, which, demanding the
utmost energy, is deemed in the last degree
worthy of being called action.
"The King guve ordera ■ . . that the Guaids
should he held leady for actUm." — Alacaulay, Mist.
£ng., ch. ■viii.
3. Manege. : The movement of parts of the
body : as, A horse has a line action.
i. Technically:
(ft) Mental Phil. : A volition carried into
effect.
" Now, what is aa action f Not one, hut a seriea of
two things: the state of mind colled a volition, fol-
lowed hy an effect. The volition or intention to pro-
duce the elfeot is one thing ; the effect produced in
consequence of the intention is another thing ; the
two together constitute the action." — J. S. Mill:
Logic, ToL i., ch. iii., § 5, pp. 71, 72.
(b) Ethics : The doing of a deed viewed as
an expression of the moral sentiments or state
of a responsible being.
(c) Oratory : The accommodation of a
speakei''s voice, attitude, and especially his
gesture, to the subject on which at the
moment he is addressing his audience.
"For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth.
Action, nor utterance, nor the iwwer of sjpeecb.
To stir men's blood : I only speak right on."
SJuikesp. : Julius Gceaar, iii. 2.
0>) Of things :
1. Gen. : The exertion of force or influence
upon ; operation, setting in motion, an acting
upon.
"Some little effect may, perhaps, he attrihuted to
the direct action of the external conditions of life." —
Darwin: Origin qf Species, ch. i.
2. Technically:
(ft) Nat. Phil. : The exertion of a force by
one material body upon anothef. It may
be by contact or by percussion. In either
case it is met by resistance precisely equal to
that produced by itself, or, in philosophical
language, action and re-aetion are equal and
contrary ; that is, they are equal in force and
contrary in direction. If an elastic ball be
struck against the groiind, action compresses
it, and reaction brings it back again to its
natural shape. When birds fly, the action
produced by the strokes of their wings pro-
duces a contrary reaction on the part of the
air, and it is this reaction which carries them
forward.
"... the frost ruptures their cohesion, and hands
them over to the action of gravity." — Tj/ndatl: J^Yag,
of Science, 3rd ed,, i. 24.
"Action and reaction being equal, and to contraxy
directions." — llerechel: Astromnnu, 5th ed., § 723,
(6) Glwai. : The production of a chemical
reaction by the action of acid.
(c) <!eol. (spec, of volcanoes): In acito)i = iu
emption.
" I was surprised at hearing afterwards that Acon-
ca^fua, in Chile, 480 miles northwards, was in action
on the same night." — Darwin: Journal of Voyage
round the World, ch. xir., p. 291.
(d) Art (of machines), t&c. : Operation, move-
ment, or anji;hing similar produced bv ex-
ternal agency of whatever kind (lit. &fig^.
"At length the new machinery was put in tictityn,
and soon from every comer of the realm arrived the
news of complete and hopeless failure."— i/ocaulcy;
Bist. Eng., ch. viiL
(e) Law : In action. [See No. II., 4, d.]
(/) Mach., (£:c. : The mechanism of a pians,
organ, &c. ; the movement or works of a
watch or clock.
IL A deed done, an operation effected.
1. Gen. . A deed, something done.
H There is a shade of difference in meaning
between an action in this sense and an act.
Strictly speaking, action is the general word
used of deeds, whether important or the
reverse ; whilst act is more appropriately
applied to a deed of some importance. The
examples which follow illustrate tlie differ-
ence, which, however, is not universally ob-
served.
"The Lord is a Gotl of knowledge, and hy him
actions are weighed." — l Sam. ii. 3.
"He made known Hia ways unto Moses, Eic acts
uuto the children of laraeL"— P«. ciii. 7, .
"And she said to the king. It was a true report
which I heard in mine own laud of thine acts, and of
thy wistlom,"— 2 Cliron, ix. 5.
" Here perhaps
Some advantageous act may 1w achieved
By sudden onset," Milton: P. L., iL 36a
2. Spec. : A battle.
" All this William perfectly understood, and deter-
mined to avoid an action as long as possible." — Macau-
lay: nut. Eng., ch, ix.
3. Old Scotch : Affair, business, interest.
" Yit SA far as pertenis to our actioun, consider that
our ennymea are to fecht aganis us. quhome we nevir
offeuden with ln\iils."~Bellend. : Cron., bk. iv., ch. 17.
4. Technically :
(a) Phys. : The functions of the body,
divided into vital actions, natnral actioiu, and
animal actions. [Functions.]
(h) Painting & Sculpture : Passion or move-
ment more or less correctly imitated. The
more life-like and .spirited the figures repre-
sented appear to be, the more action are they
said to possess.
(c) Epic Poetry, tlte Drania, or History : The
leading subject of an epic poem, drama, or
histoiy. In the former two it is divided into
two portions — the principal fable treated in
a lofty style, and the episodes which are
introduced to give fulness of detail, the
whole being earned on by a mixture of nan-a-
tive, dialogue, and soliloquy. So also there
are a leading theme and episodes in history.
"The voyage of ^Eueas from Troy to ItJily. and his
estAhlishment in Latium (constituting, as they do, the
main acrtort of the ,.Eiieid)." — Lewis: Credibility of
Early Roman Hist., ch. ix.
" But thebe resting-places, ,ia it were, must he rare,
exceptional, brief, and altu^etlier subordinate to what
may De called the ((c^ioH, the mifoldiug the drama of
events."— J/iJman.- Hist, of Jews, (PreiJ
(d) Law :
[i.) Eng. Lai'-: The form prescribed bylaw
for the recovery of one's due, or the lawful
demand of one's right. Actions are divided
into civil and criminal ; the former are called
also prosecutions, and are divided into three
classes — (1) Personal ActioTis, by which a man
claims a debt or personal duty to him, or
damages in lieu of it. These again are sub-
divided into Actimis ex co^itractu, as for debt,
promises, covenant, &c., and Actions ex de-
licto, or torts, as negligences, trespass, and
nuisance. (2) Real or Feodal Actions, concern-
in sr real property only, in which the plaintiff,
called in this relation the demandant, claims
a title to lands, tenements, or rents. (.S)
Mixed Actions, partaking of the character of
both ; as, for example, when some real pro-
perty is demanded, and, in addition to iiiis,
pei-sonal damages for a wrong sustained,
such, for instance, as ejectment. There are
many kinds of actions ranked under these
three classes. Criminal Actions consist of
prosecutions and actions penal to recover
some penalty under statute.
"Actions were brought against persons who had
defamed the Duke of York." — Macaulay : Eist. Eng.,
^ In action. A plea in adio-n is an answer-
ing the merits of a complaint ; that is, hy
confirming or denying it. Property in action
is property which a man has not at present in
his possession, but which another has cove-
nanted to give him. He may sue for the per-
formance of the contract, and the property
thus recoverable is called, from the Frencli
word chose = a thing, a chose in action.
Chose in Action is thus a thing of which a
man has not the possession or actual enjoy-
ment, but which he has a right to demand
by action or other proceeding, as a debt, a
bond, &c. A chose in action must be reduced
into possession by a trustee without delay.
(ii.) Scots Law : Actions are sometimes
divided into oi'dinary and recissory. [Regis-
SORY. ]
(c) Com/m. (in FraTice and some other foreign
countries) : A certain shai-e of a public com-
pany's capital stock. Persons may subscribe
for actions in tlie latter as they do here for
shares.
action-sermon, s. (ScotcJi.) A sermon
preached previously to the administration of
the sacred communion. (S^ipp.Jamieson'sScot.
Diet.)
action-taking, a. Prone to have re-
course to law, litigious.
"A knave, a rascal, a filthy worsted-stocking kjiave ;
a lily-Uver'd action-taMng knave." — Stakes^p. : King
Lear, ii. 2.
^C'-tion-a-ble, ((. [Eng. action; -able.] Of
a character to provoke and justify an action
at law.
" His process was formed ; whereby he was found
guilty of nought else, that I could learn, which w;ls
actiorm^le, hut of ambition." — HowoU: Vocal Forest.
S-C'-tion-a-bl^, adv. [Actionable.] In a
manner to provoke and justify an action at
law.
3«'-tion-a-ry, Itc'-tion-ist, *. [ital. azio-
nario.]
In France and other Continental c<nuitries:
A proprietor of an action or share of a public
company's stock.
^ &C'-tious, p. [Act.] Active.
" Martial men . . . veiy actious for valour, such
aa scorn to shrink for a v/eiting."— Webster , Works,
ii 296.
* ac-ti-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. actitatum, supine of
aUito = to act frequently.]
1. Geu. : Quick and frequent action.
2. Spec. : A debating of lawsuits.
*3.C'-tiv-ate, 1!./. [Active.] To render active.
". . . snow and ice especially being holpen, and
their cold activated hy nitre or salt, wul turn water
into ice." — Bacon,
* Sc'-tiv-a-ted, pa. par. [Activate,]
* Sxs'-tiv-a-ting, pr. pa/r. [Activate.]
SiC'-tlve, a. & s. [In Ger. aktimim; Fr. actif;
Ital. attivo ; fr. Lat. actiims, fr. actwm, supme
of ago.] [Act.]
A. As adgective :
Essential signification : Possessed of the
power of acting ; communicating action or
motion to anything else, instead of being itself
acted on.
IT Used properly of the mind or spirit of a
living being. " It is usual to speak of phy-
sical causes as active; but when any series of
natural changes is scrutinised, it ajipears that
what at first we called a cause, is itself the
effect of some preceding event, which was, in
its turn, an effect. . . . Strictly spealdng,
mind is the only active principle." (Isaac
Taylor : Elements of Thought.)
I. Ordinary Language :
(a) Of animated beings :
1. Acting, as opposed to being acted upon,
[See example from Donne (B. 1).]
2. Quick in movement, nimble, agile. (Op-
' t-o languid <yr inert.)
" As a decrepit father takes delight
To see his active child do deeds of youth."
Shalie-s}' : Sonnets, xxxvii.
3. Continually emplnytd, not idle or capable
of idleness. Used of tiie body, the mind, or
their operations. (Opposed to idk or indolent.)
"Speed, Malise, speed ! such cause of haste
Thine actice sinews never braced.
Bend "gainst thi' steep hill thy breast.
Burst down like torrent from its crest."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, canto ii. , 13,
l>6il, \iS^\ poiit, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§ ; expect, Xenophon, esist. -ing*
-cia = shg, ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -^on, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -9ious = shus. -hie, -die. i:c. = h^l, dol.
56
active— actualness
" His zeal, bUU actioe for the commou-weal."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
4. Given to action rather than to contem-
plation, solitary meditation, study, or the
making of plans whicli are found in practice
to be unworkable. {Uppused to cuittemplative or
speculative.)
" What the engineer is to the mathematiciim, the
(ic/f»ie states in ail ia to the conteiiiylative statesman."
— Macaulay : Mist, £tig., cli. xi.
"The only atatesmaii, indeed, actire or Kpeciilative,
who was too wise to share in the general delusion v.is
Edmund Burke," — Macaalu// : Bmt. JSng., eh. xix.
(to) Of things incdiimafe :
1. [n continued, rapid, or powerful opera-
tion. (Opposed to quixaceiit or dormant.) [^ee
II. (b).\
" Let active hiws apply the needful curb,
To guard the peace that riot would disturb."
Cowper: Table 2'ulk.
2. Requiring activity.
(o) Opposed to tranquil :
" The richest earthly boon his hands aflford.
Deserves to be beloved, but not adored.
Post away swiftly to more active sceues.
Collect the scatter'd truth that study gleans,
fliix: with the world, but with its wiser part,
No longer give an image all thine heart.
Coivper : Retirement.
(&) Opposed to sedentary :
"... shorten hia life, or render it xmflt toracliic
employment." — Goldsmith: On Polite Learning, ch. x.
II. Technically :
(a) Of things animate :
1. Physiology :
(a) Active life in an organised body is a state
in which the several functions of life are in
activity, as in an ordinary vegetable or plant.
It is opposed to dormant life, in which these
are quiescent. (Todd <£■ Boivman : Physiol.
Anat., Introd.)
(h) Active organs nf locomotion : The textures
which form the skeleton, and by which its
segments are united. They are contradis-
tinguished from the passive onjcuis of locomo-
tion, which are the muscles to which the
nerves convey the mandates of the will.
{Ibid., i. 67.)
(c) Active disease : An acute disease.
" 'Aetive congestion,' ' a^ive dropsies,' 'active
haemorrhage,' "—Index to Taniier : Manual of Med.
2. Mental Phil. : A division of the jiowers
•f the mind. Reidand his followers classified
the mental powers in two c.itegories — (1) In-
tellectual powers, and (2) Activii powers.
3. Mech. : Active or living force. [Vi.s
Viva.]
(b) Of things inajiim;0.te :
1. G^ratn. : Acting upon something else in-
stead of itself being acted on.
An active verb or a verb active : One which
expresses an action, and necessarily implies
an agent and an object acted upon. In this
classification there are two other descriptions
©f verbs — passive and neuter verbs, the former
expressing passion, or suffering, or the receiv-
ing of an action ; and the latter denoting
neither action nor passion, but being, or a
state of being. {Lindley Murray : Gratn'ina.r.)
A verb active is now generally called a transi-
tive verb, in this Dictionary marked v.t.
A compound active verb (Dr. Campbell) ; an
mctlre transitive verb (Crombie) : One which,
,when standing alone, is neuter and intransi-
itive, but which being followed by a preposi-
tion inseparably connected with it, forms with
it a compound verb, which is active or transi-
tive. Example : To laugh at. Omit at, and
the verb is neuter, or intransitive, as "He
laughed." Insert it, however, and o. compound
active v&rb is formed, as " He laughed at
them," "they were laughed at." (Crombie:
Etym. dSynt. Eng. Lang., 1802, p. 86.)
2. Political Economy and Commerce :
Active capital: Wealth in the readily-avail-
able form of money, or wliich may without
delay be converted into money, and used for
any purpose requiring capital.
Active Comvurce : The commerce of a nation
which carries goods to and from its own and
other lands in its own ships, and by means of
its own sailors, in place of allowing the profit
of these lucrative transactions to be reaped by
foreigners. Tlie commerce of our own country
is highly active, that of the Asiatic nations is
mostly passive.
3. Law :
An active debt: A debt due to a person.
An active trust : A confidence connected
with a duty.
Active use : A present legal estate.
4. Geology. An active rokvno : One which
at not very remote inter\'als bursts forth in
eruption. It is opposed to a dormaiit yoleano,
or to an extinctvolca.no. [Dormant, Extinct.]
B. As substantive :
1. That -which acts on something else
instead of being itself acted on. (Opposed to
p it:>ive.)
" When an even flame two hearts did touch.
His office was, indulgently to fit
Ariieen to pa3.sive3 : correspondency
Only his subject was." — Donne.
* active-valiant, (A. Possessed l)otli of
activity and valour.
" I do not think a braver gentleman.
Wore active-i'aliuiit, or nioie valiaut-young,
l^Juie dariiii;, or more bold, is now ali\e."
Hhafcesp. : i Henry IV., v, i,
'ac-tive-a-Me, a. [Eng. active; ■able.']
Capable of activity.
ae'-tive-ly, at/c. [Eng. ac^u-e; -hj.]
1. Energetically, briskly.
2. By active application.
t ac'-tive-ness,s. [Active.] Activity. Nearly
obsolete, activity having taken its place.
"What strange agility and active^iess do our com-
mon tumblers and dancei-s on the rope .attain to by
continual exercise !" — M'ilkins : Math. Magick.
SFC-tiv'-i-ty", s. [In lY. activitc; Ital. otiivlta.]
I. Subjective: The quality or state of being
active.
1. Of persons or other ccnimafed beings:
(a) Chiefly of the body :
"... and if thou knowest any men of aetivitu
among them, make them rulers over mycattle." — Oen.
xlvii. 6.
(b) Chi.efiy of the mind :
" . . . tf we compare the brain and the mental
activity belonging to it, in wild animals and those
domestic animals wliich are descended from them." —
Maeckel : Hist, of Creation, i. 231i.
2. Figuratively (of things) :
" Salt put to ice, as in the producing of the artificial
ice, increaseth the activity of cold." — Uacon.
11. Objective : Occupation or sijhere in
which sustained and energetic action is
required ; exercise of energy or force.
*\ In this sense it has a plural.
" A comparative survey of the history of nations, or
what is called ' universal history,' will yield to us, as
the first and most general result, evidence of a con-
tinually increasing variety of human activitiea, "both
in the life of individualu and in that of families and
states," — Haeckel : Mist, of Creation, i. 281.
act'-less,a. [Eng. ac/,- -tes.] Without action.
ac'-ton, ^■ac'-ke-to^n, s. \Yt. hoqueton;
O. Fr. anqneton, haucton ; Ger. hockete, from
Low Lat. aketon, adon. Matthew Paris calls
it alcalt^,]
1. A kind of quilted leathern jacket or
vest, worn in the Middle Ages under a coat of
mail.
" But Cranstoun's lance, of more avail.
Pierced thron^li. like silk, the Borderers mail ;
Through fihield, and jack, and acton past,
Ueep in his bosom broke at last"
Seott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 6.
2. The coat of mail itself.
" Hys fomen were well boun
To perce hya iicfretocn."
Lyheav^ J)iscoims, 1. 1,175.
3,c'-tor, s. [In Fr. acteiir ; Ital. attore, from
Lat. cctvr=one whn drives or sets in motion ;
one who does or accomplishes anything ; one
who acts npon the stage. Law Lat. =a plain-
tiff or defendant.] [Act.]
1. One who acts or performs any part upon
the stage.
" When a good actor doth bis part present
III every act he our attention draws ;
That at the last he may find just applause."
Denham.
2. One who takes a part in any drama of
actual life, especially if that drama be of an
important character.
" The mayor wjis a simple man who had pa-ssed his
whole life in obscurity, and was bewildered by finding
himself an important actor in a mighty revolution."—
Macaulay r Hint. £ng„ ch. x.
3. Among civilio-ns : An advocate or proctor
in civil courts or causes.
ac-tbr'-a, s. [Etyin, not apparent.]
Enfom. : A genus of Diptera.
* S-C'-tOure, s. [A.X.] A governor, a keeper.
(Wycliffe.)
ac'-tress, ;.. [The fem. fonn of actor. In Fr.
actrica.']
* 1. A female doer.
"Actress, A female doer," — Cockerain.
2. A female who acts upon the stage.
"They were almost always recited by favourite
actresses." — Macaulay: JJist. Eng., ch. iii-
T[ There were few, if any, actresses till after
the Restoration of Charles II. Prior to this
epoch, female parts in plays were performed
by boys, as was the case in Shakespeare's
time.
3. A real or imaginary female who i^erfomis
her part In ordinary' life.
* ' Virgil haa Indeed admitted Fame, as an actress, in
the ..Eneid : but the part she acts is very short, and
none of the moat admired circumstances of tha*
divine work." — Addison.
ac'-tu-a1, (0. Scotch, ac'-tu-all), a. [In Fr.
(irtv'el; Ital. attuale, fr. Lat. actaalis = active,
practical. ]
A. Ordinary Language :
*^ I. Involving action as opposed to rest.
"Besides her walking and other actual perform-
ances."— Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. l,
II. Real, in point of fact existing.
1. Existing in act or really, as opjiosed to
existing no more than potentially ; in action,
in operation at the moment.
" Sin, there in pow'r, before
Once actual ; now in body, and to dwell
Habitual habitant." Milton: Par. Lost, bk. x.
1" See also example under B. 1.
2. Existing in fact or in reality, instead of
being simply imagined.
(a) Opposed to theoretical, speculative, ima-
gined, or hypothetically assumed.
" The mimic passion of his eye
Was turned to actual agony."
Scott : liokeby, \l 10.
{b) Opposed to figurative or allegorical.
Speaking of divine and angelic communica-
tions to man in Paradise, Wordswoi-th says,—
" Whether of actunl vision, sensible
To sight and feeling, or that in this sort
Have condescendingly been ahsidow'd forth
Communications spiritually maintaiu'd.
And intentions moral and divine. "
Wordsworth: Excursion.
3. Existing as a ease to be settled at pre-
sent, in contradistinction to one disx^osed of
at some bygone period.
" . . . it is necessary to understand the circum-
stances of the cases adducetl as jirecedents, in order to
be able to apply them with propriety to the actical
case under discussion," — Lewis: Credibility of Early
Roman Hist., ch. iv,, § 5, vol. L
B. Technically:
1. Nat. Phil. Actual or dynamic energy:
Energy possessed by a body or bodies already
in motion.
" Energy is possessed by bodies already in motion ; it
is then actual, and we agree to call it active or dynamic
energy."— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, i. 23.
2. Lav. Actnol as opposed to apj>arent
right of possession of proi)erty is one which
will stand the test against all comers. Tlie
actual possession by a person of any property
creates the presumption that he is its rightful
owner. This presumption may l)e overthrown
by proof adduced by a claimant that the pro-
perty really is liis ; but unless he urge his
suit, his right will ultimately lapse, and the
wi'ongful possessor become tlie legal owner.
■^ 3. 0. Scotch Lenr and Ch. Hist. An actual
minister: One ordained to the ministry, aud
not simply a probationer licensed to preach.
" . . , he always being an actuull minister of the
kirk, and sail elect none other than aue actuall
minister to be so nominat and recominendit be bis
maiestye." — Acts Ja. VJ. (1617), p. .S'J'.i.
4. Thfol. Actual sins: Thost committed by
the individual himself, as contradistinguished
from.original sin, that of Adam, the fatlier of
the race.
3,c-tu-S,l'"i-ty, s. [Actual.] Tlie state of
being actual ; reality.
"The actuality of thc-^e spiritual riualities is thus
imprisoned, though their potentiaUty be not quite
destroyed. '■ — C/ieyne.
t ac'-tu-al-ize, r.t. [Bug. actual; -ize.] To
make actual. (Coleridge.)
t ac'-tu-al-ized, pa. par. fAcTCALizE.]
t ao'-tu-al-i-zing, p^\ imr. [Actualize.]
ac'-tu-al-ly, a^v. [Actual.] In fact, in
truth, really.
"... and candidates for the regal office wer"
actually named." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. viii.
ac'-tu-al-ness, s. [Actual.] The quality ol
being a'ctual ; actmility, reality.
ac-tu-ar'-i-al, a. [Eng. actuary; -ah] Of
or pertaining to an actuary ; or to the business
of an actuary.
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine. pit. sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work. whd. son ; mute, ouh, ciire, unite, our, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ra, oe = e ; ey = a.
actuary— acute
57
ac'-tu-a-ry, s. [inOcr. uLtuar ; Fr. KCinaire;
Ital aituurio, fr. Lat. ndHu,rULh and 'ictniim
= (1) a shorthand-writer, (2) a clerk, ln-rik-
keeper, or registrar: fr. adj. ad i'<irivs = that
which is easily moved, swift, a^ile ; ax-lvs = a
moving or driving ; ago = to drive, to lead.]
'^ 1. Formcrlii : The i-e<;istrai' who drew out
the minutes of courts of law, or registered tlie
acts and constitution of the Lower Ilousf of
Convocation; also, the officer appointed i'>
keep savings' Ijunk acrnuiits, or the proceed-
ings of a common court.
"Suppose the judge should say, that he would lune
the keeping of the iujts of court reiimin with him. and
the notary will huve the custody of them with him-
self; certainly in tins case the actuary ot: writer ut
them ought to be \ii:&iu\rveO."—Ayliffa.
2. Now: An officer of a mercantile or
insurance company, skilled in financial calcu-
lations, specially on such subjects a& the ex-
pectancy of life. He is generally maiuiger of
the company, under the nominal or real
superintendence of a boai 1 1 of directors.
ac'-tU-ate, v.t. [From Ital. attiicnr ; Low
La.t' actuu = to drive, to impel, from Lat.
(tctits, pii. par. of asro=to drive, to move, urge,
or impel.]
1. To excite to action, to put in action, to
furnish the motive of. (Used of pfisims, Init
formerly sometimes of things.)
"Foi-, on this occasion, the chief motive wliich
actuated them was not greediness, but tlie fetv." t>f
degradation and ruin "—J^amMiai/ .■ 2/ int. £iig., cli.
XXI li.
*2. To put in action, to produce, to invi-
gorate, to develop.
■'■' ac'-tu-ate, a. Actuated.
"The active informations of the intellect, filling
the passive reception of the will, like form closing
with matter, grew actaoli- into a third and distinct
perfection of practice."— .b'uuWi,
^c-tu-a 'tlon, s. [AcTUATP,.] The state of
being put iu action ; effectual tipcration.
(GlaiiuiU.) .
1 3,c-tu-6s'-i-ty, s. [Lat. nc///o,s/',:,' = full nf
activi'ty ; fr. actus •= a moving, a dri\iiig ;
actns, pa. par. of ago = to drive.]
1. Power of actinn.
2. State of action.
t ilC'-ture, s. [Lat. a d us — iXowe.] Adion.
"Love made them not: with nrfun- they m.iy he,
Wliere neither paity is nor true nor kind."
Hhakesp. : A Lovcr'x Com/ilninf.
&C'-tus, R. [Lat. actus = (1) A lineal measure
= 120 Roman feet; (2) the length of one
furrow.]
Civil Law : A right of way through land ; a
servitude of footway and lnjise\v;iy. [Servi-
tude.]
A-CU'-a-nite§t, s. pi. [From Acua, alleged to
have been a disciple of the apostle Thomas.]
Ch. Hist. : A name sometiuics given to the
Manichieans. [JLvxicn.EAsy.J
+ ac'~u-ate, vj. [Lat. nr.iw = to sharpen.]
[Acute.] To sharpen, to make corrosive.
" Immotlerate feeding upon iwwdered beef, pickled
meats, and deliauching with strong wines, do inflame
and acitate the blood ; whereby ft is capacitated to
corrode the lungs." — Harvey on Coivsumpiion.
* SiC'-u-ate, a. [From the verli.] Sharfiened.
"And also with a quant>'te of sjiyces /intaii:"
AsJtmole: Theaf. Chem. iirit.. \>. 191.
Ac-U-be'-ne, *. A star of the fourth magni-
tude, in the southern claw of Cancer.
* a'-CU-i, pi. a'-CU-is, s. [Old or misspelt
form "of Act'E (q.v.').] An ague. (il/.S. of 14^/t
Cent.) (Wright.)
3,C-U-i'-tion, s. [Lat. a/^uo = to sharpen ; acvs
= a needle or pin.] The sharpening of medi-
cines. i.e., the rendering them more pungent,
to increase their effect.
a-CU'-i-ty", s. [Lat. ocf/o^ to sharpen.] Shari'-
' ness.
a-CU-le-a'-ta, >. [Lat. n. jil. of adj. acideatvs
"= furnished ' with stings or prickles, froni
aculeus = b, sting, spine, or prickle; Gr. aKt]
(ake) = EL point.] [Acute.]
Entom. : One of the two leading divisions
or sub-orders of the order Hymenoptera. It
consists of those families in wiiich the females
and neuters of the social species, and the
females of those which are solitary, are gene-
rally provided -with a sting. It is duided into
four tribeo : (1) the Hetemgyva, or Ants and
Mutillas ; (2) tlie Fossoref>, or Sand-wasps ; <3)
the Biplo'ptera, or True-wasps ; and (4) the
Anthophila, or Bees. The other tribe of
Hyoiienaptera, the Terehrantia, consists of in-
sects whose females are furaished with an
auger instead of a sting.
a-cu'-le-ate, v.t. [Acc^leata.] To furnish
' with a point, to sharpen.
a-cu'-le-ate, «. & s. [Aculeata.]
A. As adjaiivc :
I. Ordinary Language :
I. Sharpened, pointed (?(7. kfig.).
"The one of extreme bitterness of woids, especially
if they be acttlcafe and proper . . , ." — Bacon: Essays.
II. Technically:
1, Lot. . Fumished with prickles, prickly
Example, a rose-stem.
2. Zool. : Funiislied with a sting.
" We now paas to the A culeatc series of the Hythq-
noptera."— yjaZiua.- .\a(. JJist., p. 20[i.
B. As suhstautlve: A hymenopterous insect
of the division Aculeata (q.v.).
a-cu-le-a'-ted, 3'a. imr. & a. [Aculeate, i-.]
a-cu-le-a'-ting, i>)\ 'par. [accleate, v.]
a-cu-le-i, s. p?. [Aculeus.]
a-cu'-ler, v.t. [Fr. occider.]
Manege: A fault committnl by most horses
when learning to make demivolts. It consists
in failing to go far enough forward at each
motion, so that the shoulder of the animal
takes in too little gi-ound, and his croup
comes too near the centre of the ^olt.
a-cu'-le-us, s. [Lat. (1) the sting of an
animal ; (2) the spine or prickle, of a X'lant.
Probably a dimin. from acus =■ a needle or
pin ; but acvs is fern., and aculeus masc]
Dot ; A ]irick]p ; a sharp, hard jiroeess of
the epideiniis falling off when old, whilst a
spine or thorn does not fall off. (Loudon.)
^ Acnleus enter.s into the composition of
a&uleata, actileate, &c. (<f.v.).
SiC'-ii-los, -s. [Gr. oKyAo? (alcnlofi) = an esculent
acorn, the frnit of the prickly oak, and of
another more hardy species.]
Bot. : The fruit or aconi of the Ilex, or
Scarlet-oak.
^ a-cum'-blen, rj. [Acomelyd.] To become
cramped. (Strut mann.)
■ a-ciim-blid, jxt. pur. [Acumblcn.j
* a-oiiin'-bre, v.t. [A.N.j [Auombre.]
1. To encumber.
" Gii of Wai-wikemi iiiiiiil> is,
I^el ich .im acumbred v-wls."
(ly i<f Warwikc. p. 217.
2. To worry. (Halliwdl.)
* a^cum'-en, r. ^ & i. [A.S. f'ri(?ua/(=to come
to, to pursue, to bear, to sustain, to sufler, to
perforin, to overcome.] To attain. (HoUiurll.)
a-cu'-men» s. [Lat. — a sharpened point, a
sting ; sharpness : fr. aais =: a needle or pin.]
Acuteness of mind, shrewdness ; ability nicely
to distinguish between things which closely
resemble each other.
"The author of the ReJiijuics Dlluviance obaerves
with his usual ocumen . . . ' — Owen:
Brit, dossil Mainm.aU and Birds.
t g.-cu'-inin-ate, v.t. [From
Lat. acitviiiioMis, pa. par. of
acumino ^= to sliarpen.] [Acu-
men.] To sharpien. (Rider :
Did., 1640.)
a-cu'-min-ate, u. [See the
* verb.]
Nat. Science : Taper-pointed,
tapering gradually to the tip.
" , . scarcely reconcileable with
the idea of its applying its slender
acuininatp teeth to the act of gnawing
bones." — Owen .- Brit. Fossil MammaU
and Birds, p. 118.
Bot. : Applied chiefly to the
mode of termination of. certain
leaves. Wlien the tapering is at
the other extremity of the leaf, acuminate
the term employed is acuminate, leaf of
at the base. parietaria.
" . . . leaves often opposite,
broader upwards, acuminate, aemilate." — Description
of Salix purpurea. (Hooker & Arnott: BrU. Flora.)
t a-cu'-min-a-ted, pa. pa r. & a. [Acuminate.]
Nat. Science : The same as Acuminate, bat
not so frequently emjjloyed.
This is not acinninated and ix)inted, as iu the
rest, but seeineth,
Vulfjar Err ours.
it were, cut ofl'."
t a-cu-min-a'-ting, pr. par. [Acuminate.]
a-cu-min-a'-tion, s. [Lat. acuminatum,
supine of acumi)io — to sharpen.]
1, The act or process of making sharp.
2. Termination in a shari> point.
a-cu'-min-ose, s. [Accmen.] Terminating
'gradually in a flat narrow end. (Liudley :
Int. to Bot., 3rd ed., p. ■ii'Al)
"* a-ciin-tre, v.t. [A.N.] To encounter.
" So keiili thei acunired at the coupyng to-gadei'B
That the knight spere m spelde.s al to-shivered."
IVilliam aiid tlie Werwolf, p. 130.
aC-U-pSl'-pus, s. [Lat, acus=.tL needle or
^m;palpus ot palpnni = a stroking. Now by
entomologists used for a feeler.] [Palpl;s.]
Entom. : A genus of predatory beetles of
the family Harpalidse.
ac'-u-presg, r.t. [Lat. acus = a. needle, and
Eng. press.]
Surg. : To treat, as a bleeding artery, by
acupressure.
ac-u-press'-ion (ss as sh), s. [Acupress.]
The same as Acupressure (.q.v.).
ac-u-press'-ure (ss as sh)» s. [Acupress.]
Surg. : A method of stopping arterial
hemorrhage by pressing the artery with a
needle in place of tying it.
3.c-u-punc-tur-a'-tion, .■'. [Acupuncture.]
The making of a puncture or punctures by
means of a needle. A less proper word tlian
Acupuncture (q.v.).
"Prom forgetting that the word pMHc(j(re has two
Bignlllcatioiis— that it is used to signify both the
wound and the act of making it— some have tenned
the operation acupuneluration."—Cyclo. Pract. Med.,
art. "Acupuncture."
ac-u-punc-tiire, s. [In Gcr. avuynmdur;
Fr. acupundure; Ital. acopuuiu ni : tip. acii-
puntura ; fr. Lat. acu, ablative of Qct(.-i = a
needle or pin, and jmnctura = puncture,
pricking; j«((ir/o = to prick.]
Med. : The puncturing of portions of the
body by means of a needle made foe the
purpose. The practice has existed from a
remote period of antiquity among the Cliiuese.
From tliem it passed to Japan ; then it was
made known in Europe; and finally, after a
long interval, was actually tried, and with
good effect, in c;ises of rhftumatism not in-
volving much inflammation, in rheumatic
neuralgia, and some other diseases.
ac-u-piinc-ture, v.t. [Acupuncture, s.] To
practice acupuncture upon.
"... thone wlio care nothing about being acu-
punctured,"— Dr. EUiotson : Cyclo. Pract. Med.
ac-u-punc-tiired, pa. par. & a. [Acupunc-
ture.]
ac-U-punc-tiir-ing, pr. pa r. [Acupunc-
ture.]
' a-cu'rse, " a-cur'-sen, r.;. [Accur&e.] To
accurse.
" Wliii;h is lif that oure Lord
In alle lawea acmseth "
Piers Ploughman, p. 375.
a-ciir'-u, «. [Acuyari.]
a-cut-an-gTil-ar, a. [Lat. acntus — a.c\itQ ;
07i(/2(/.iiS = an angle.]
Bot. : Having acute angles. Example, the
capsule of Corchorns acutanguhts. (Loudon:
Cycl. of Plants, Gloss.)
a-CU'te, a. [In Ital. acuto, fr. Lat. acutns =
sharp, pa, par. of acuo = to sharpen, acv.'^ ■= a
needle or jMn, fr. old root ac = sharp = the
primeval Aryan root as = to be sharp or swift,
as in Sansc. aA'W(. = the runner, i.e. the horse.]
(Max Miiller : Science of Lang.)
A. Ordinary Langua,ge :
L Of material things: Terminating in a
sharp point.
H. Of imTnaterial things :
1. Of tlie senses of 'laon or of the inferior
animals: Sharp, keen.
" Were our senses altered, and made much quicker
and acuter, the appearance and outward scheme of
things would have quite another face to ua." — Locke.
b6il, bo^; p6ut, j6^1; cat, 9611, chorus, 9hiii, ben9h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cia =: sba ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -siou, -tion = zhun. -tious, -siou&., -cious = shus. -bre = ber ; -tre — ter.
58
acute— ad vitam
2. Of Die inUUect : Having the power of per-
ceiving minute differences, peneti-ating ; the
reverse of obtuse, dull, or stupid.
" 9oine more acute and more industrious atlll
Contrive creation, travel nature np."
Votirper : Task, bk. 3.
3. Of the feelings or emotions: Keen, easily
and deeply affected for the time or more per-
manently.
B. Technically:
1. Geometry :
An acute angle is one which is less than a
right angle.
An, acute-angled triangle \s one of which all
the three angles are acute, that is, eacli of
them is less than a right angle.
An acut-e-angled cone is one having the solid
angle at its vertex acute.
An acute octahedron. [Octohedron.]
An acute rlwrnhoid. [Rhomboid.]
2. Bot. : Sharp-pointed, terminating at once
in a point, neither abruptly nor tapering.
ACUTE LEAVES OF THE OLEANDER.
3. MiiAic. All acute souiul: One which is
high or shrill, as opposed to one which is
grave.
4. Grammar. An acute accent : One which
marks where the voice should rise instead of
falling. [Accent, s., II. 2.]
5. Pathology. An acute disease: One in
which the symptoms are severe, and which
speedily reaches a crisis. It Is opposed to a
chronic disease.
acute-angled, a.
1. Geom. : Having an acute angle. [See
Acute, a., B. I.]
2. Bot. : With sharp instead of rounded
margins. [AnguLar.]
f a-cu'te, v.t. [From the substantive.] To
make the accent on a word acute or sharp.
a-CU'te-ly, odi'. [Acutf,] In an acute manner,
sharply, keenly.
1, Of material suhstances :
"... the upper bsise acittcZ// nuricled." — Descrip.
of AspidiuTn Leonchitis. (Hooker and Arnott : Brit.
Flora.)
2. Of things immaterial :
(a & &) Of tlie senses or of the intellect :
Keenly, discriminatingly.
"He that will look into many pai-tfi of Asia and
America, will find men reason there, perhaps as
actUely as himself, who yet never heard of a syllo-
giBiii." — Locke.
(c) Of the feelings or evwtions: Keenly,
deeply.
a^cu'te-ness, «. [Acute, a.]
A. Ordinary Langiiage :
I. Of material bodies : Hharjjness, keenness
of edge or of point.
II. Of things immaterial :
1. Of tlie senses : Sharpness, keenness of per-
ception.
*'I£ eyes so framed could not view at once the hand
and the hour-^ilate, their owner could not be benefited
by that aauteness ; which, whilst it discovered the
flecret contrivance of the machine, made him lose its
use." — Locke.
2. Of the intellect : Subtlety of intellect, the
power of perceiving minute differences and
discriminating them in language.
" , . . a m\ich higher notion of his sincerity than
of his judgment or acw(e*Teas."—J/acait?ay.- Hist.Eng.,
ch. xiv.
3. Of the feelings or euiotions : Keenness, the
power of being easily or deeply affected ;
susceptibility of impression.
Be Technically :
1. Music : The sharpness or shrillness of a
note.
"This aciiteness of sound will show that, whilst to
the eye the bell seems to be at rest, yet the minute
parts of it continue in a very briuk motion, without
which they could nut strike the air." — Boyle.
2. Med. : The violen(;e of a disease which,
however, makes it more speedily reach a
crisis.
"We apply present remedies, according to indica-
tions; resiiectmg rather tha uoutcnessotihe disease,
and precipitancy of the occasion, than the rising and
setting of stars. '—Brown.
^ a-CU-ti-a'-tor, s. [Low Lat. a>:utiator.'\
One who, in mediaeval times, attended armies
to sharpen the weapons of the soldiers.
a-cu'-ya-ri, a-ciir'-u, s. [Local name.]
The name given in India tn the fragrant wond
of Jcica altissiina, a plant of the old order
AmyridaceBe, or Amyrids. [CedaRtWOOD of
Guiana.]
* a-cwa'-ki--en, ci. [Cwacian.] To quake,
to tremble.
* a-cwec'-chen, v.t. [A.S. ocu-pccan = to
shake, to brandish.] To shake, to brandi.sh.
* a-CWe'-den, v.i. [A.S. anrethan — to an-
swer, connected with acu-ccthan=-to saj".] To
answer.
-a^y. [Lat. suffix -OA-Ao., -atio = the state or
quality of. Examples : fallacy (Lat. fallacia),
advocacy (Lat. (ulvoca,tio).'\
'" a-5y'9e, s Old form of Assize (q.v.).
(Ritson.)
^ar-9^-den-an'-dys, ■ a-cyd'-n^nde^ ^a-
C^-den-am, adv. [Apparently a cornipt
spelling of Asidenand.s. {Wright.)] Aside,
obliquely. {Prompt. Purv.) {Halliwell.)
*a^9y'-nen, v.t. Old form of Assign.
{Prompt. Parv.)
a5'-yn-6s, *?. [Acinos.]
* a-9yr-o-log'-i-call, a. [Gr. aKvpokofla
iakurologia) =an improper phrase ; aKvpoq
akuros) = without authority : d, priv. ; kvpo^
kuros) = authority ; X6jo<; {logos) = word.]
Containing an impropriety of expression.
{Rider: Diet., 1640.)
* a-cy'se, s. [Assize, II. 3.] Manner, custom.
" An halyday fyl, as ys the a(^se
Men to go to Goddys servyse."
MS. JTarl. 1,701, t. 81. {nalllweU.)
a'-9yt-tar'-i-a, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv. ; xuTTapos
{kuttaros)^={\) a hollow, (2), the cell of a
honeycomb or of a plant.]
Zool. : Chamber-shells. Haeckel's name for
the first "legion" of the Ray-streamers, or
Rhizopoda (Root-feetl Though the lowest
in organisation of the class, the whole of
their body consisting merely of slimy cell-
matter, yet most of them secrete a shell of
calcareous earth, and generally of exquisite
form. The larger number of the species live
at the bottom of the sea.
* ad, 3r(Z person sing., pres. indicat. of verb to
have. Obsolete spelling of lucth. [Have.]
" Lo. hou he ad me to rent
Mi bodi and mi face i-schcnt."
77ie Seven Sages, 469.
^d, Lat. prep. [In Lat. = to. Cognate with
Eng. at, and many words in other Aryan
tongues. (At.) Perhaps more remotely akin
to various Syro-Arabian verbs, as Heb.,
E. Aram., and Sam. riPN {at}iah)~to come,
to go ; Arab, athe {a-the) = to come near, to
approach. (See Ad, II., in compos.) Ad was
formerly written ar, a fonii which still remains
in some words, such as orhitcr.]
L As an indepemlcut word : A purely Latin
preposition, used in many phrases from that
tongue more or less frequently quoted in
English composition.
ad admittendum clericum {lit.) —
to admit a clergyman.
Law : A writ requiring a bishop to admit to
a church a clerk who has been found to have
legal right to be instituted.
ad arbitrium = at will, at pleasure.
ad captandum = to captivate.
1" Cnptandnm is the accusative of the gerund
or the gerundive participle of capto = to catch
at frequently or eagerly, freq. of capio = to
take.]
Oratory: With the view of captivating.
Used specially of public speakei-s who utter
sentiments which thev do not themselves
believe, but which they think will render
theni acceptable to their hearers.
ad eundem. [Lat. = to tlie same degree
(gradum).] A tenn employed when a graduate
of one university is admitted to the same
degree of another university witliout liaving
to undergo any examination for it. Such a
jierson is said to take an ad eundem.
ad finexn = to the end.
ad hoc = with respect to this, specially of
this.
"... appoint their various ambassadors and
consuls as reporters ad hoc." — Daiiy Telegraph, March
14, 187?.
ad hominem (lit.)^ to a or the man.
Logic. [Aroumentum, under which also
similar logical phrases will be found.]
ad indefinitum. [Lit. = to the in-
definite.] To an indefinite extent.
ad infinitum. [Lit. = to the infinite.]
To infinity, without any limit.
" Nay, then, thought I, if that you bre^d so fast,
I'll put you by yourselves, lest you at last
Should prove ad infinitum, and eat out
The book that I already am about."
Bunyan : Pilgr. Prog., Apology.
ad inquirendum = to be inquired into.
Ixiw : Used when a writ is issued ordering
an inquiry to be made.
ad interim = in the meantime.
ad largum {Law) = at large.
ad leones {lit.) = to the lions.
C7t. Hist. : A popular cry or a magisteriaV
sentence among the old Romans, dooming a
real or supposed criminal to be given to the
lions. The cry "Ad leones!" was raised
against the apostolic father Polycarp, though
death was ultimately inflicted in another way.
ad libitum = at pleasure.
1. Gen. : As much as one likes.
2. Music : At the performer's pleasure ;
generally applied to a portion of the piece
which may be played or passed over as the
performer likes.
ad manes fratrum = to the manes of
[some one's] brothers. [Manes.]
" Give us the proudest prisoner of the Goths.
That we may hew his limbs, and on a pile.
Ad niuTiea fratrum sacrifice his flesh.'
Shakes2>. : TUus Andronicus. i. 2.
ad quod damnum {lit.) = to what
damage,
Laiu : A writ instituted in the time of
Edward I., and issued by the slieriff, to ascer-
tain what damage might arise from the grant
of certain liberties or franchises. By means of
it the king's licence might be obtained for the
alienation of lands, unless the design were to
give these over to the Church.
ad referendum = to be referred to a
higher autliority, or held over for the present
that it may receive further consideration.
ad valorem. [Lit. = to or according to
value. Valor, however, it should be added, is
not classical Latin.]
Comm. : A term applied (1) to the amount
of the duties or customs paid on certain goods
taxed according to their value, and not simply
by their number, weight, or measure ; (2) to
stamp-duties, payable according to the value
of the subject-matter of the particular instru-
ments or writings.
ad vitam aut culpam. [Lat. {lit.) =
to (one's) lifetime or fault. ]
Lavj : Used of the tenure of an office which
the incumbent holds for life, provided that he
conduct himself with propriety. A beneficed
clergyman holds office ad vitam ant cidjmm.
II. In composition, ad — to: as Lat. adhcereo,
Eng. adhere -to stick to. In the Latin words
into which it enters, the final letter d generally
remains unchanged when it is followed by a
vowel, or by some one of the consonants &, d,
h, ,n, and v, a.j adhello, addo, ad]w;reo, admiror,
and advelio; while, for euphony's sake, it is
assimilated to the succeeding letter when that
letter is one of the consonants c, /, g, I, n, p,
r, s, or t, as accelcro, affero, aqgredior, alligo,
annuncio, appareo, arripio, assiqno, attcndo.
The Latin preposition ad enters directly or in-
directly into the composition of many English
words deriv(^d from the Latin ; and the laws
of assimilation are essentiallv the same in both
fate, fat, fare, amidst, Tvhat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine
or. wore, wglf, work, whd, son ; mute. cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; ey = a.
; go, pot,
qu = kw.
adact— adapis
69
fougues. ExaiiiplpH— (1), unassimilatod : addi-
tiOK, adhere, udiiure, advocate ; {;!) assimi-
lated : accelerate, afftiience, aggressrive, alle-
giance, annmincc, appaTent, assignation, at-
ti'iUion.
A.D. Initials for Anno Domini (lit.) — in the
.vear of the Lord, i.e., our Lord Jesus Christ.
* 3,d-act', v.t. [Lut. adigo, -egi, -actum = to
drive to: cr/ = to, and ago = to drive.] To
drive, to compel, to drive in by force.
{Mi7ishcu.)
* ad-cict'-ed, pa., jjar. [Adact.]
^ a>d-d.ct'-ing, pr. par. [Adact.]
a-dac'-tyle, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; ddntvXo^
(dact^dos) = a finger.]
Anat. : Used of a foot without toes, or a
hand without fingers.
* a-d3.d', adv. [A.S. a = in ; dtsd = deed, or
it may be a corruption of egad = bygad, bygod.]
Indeed truly.
" They sire all deep, they are very deep and sharp,
Bharp as needles, udad, tlie wittiest meii In Englaua."
—Shadwell: Squire of AlsutUi {16BSI
*" sid'-se-quate, «. [Adequate.]
* a-da'fX^ v.t. To daunt. [Junius refers to
culaffed as occurring in Chaucer, but Urry reads
adasscd = dazzled.] (Halliiuell.)
'^a^d^'fifed, pa. par. [Adaff.]
ad'-age» * 3.d'-a-gi^, s. [In Fr. adage ; from
Lat. adagium = a proverb, an adage.] A pro-
verb or short sentence, embodying a wise
saying, generally discovered by popular ob-
servation or experience ; a pithy saying, hoary
with antiquity, but whose easiiy-a|iprehended
truth keeps it in popular currency still.
" That is because I have done it myself, and not left it
to otliera.
Serve yourself, would youl)e well served, is an excel-
lent adage."
Longfellow : T/tc Courtship of Miles Staiultsh, i.37.
ad-S-g'-i-al, «. [Adage.] Pertaining to an
adage, proverbial.
ad-a'-gi-6, adv. & s. [Ital. adagio : fr. ad =
with ; agio ^ cast', leisure.]
Mitsic :
1. As adverh : 81owly, in a leisurely manner,
with ease and grace.
2. As substantive : A slow movement.
"He teaches those to read, whom schools dismisa'd,
And colleges, untaught ; sells accent, tune.
And emphasis in score, and gives to prayer
The adagio and aiidantti it demands. "
C'owper : Task, T)k. ii.
* fid'-a-gy, s. [Adage.]
Ad -am, s. [In Lat. Adamus; Gr. 'Add/i
(Adam), fr. Heb. DIN (Adam) = (1) man in
general ; (2) Spec., Adam, the first man, fr.
D^N! (adam) = to be red. Cognate with these
arc HQlNl (ddamali) = the ground, Diy (edom)
and 07^ (oderti) = the ruby or sardine stone.
In Gen. ii. 7, it is stated that God formed
man (DlNHTiy, eth-ha-adam = the man) of
dust (nonNiT^p, min-ha-adamah = from the
ground), as if to suggest that man was made
of red earth, or perhaps that his blood (in
Heb. DJ, dam) remotely resembles the colour
of some reddish or brownish-red soils.]
1. Gen. : The name given in the Hebrew
Scriptures (1) to the human race or man in
general ; and (2) to Adam, as being the first
man and the progenitor of the human race.
* 2. Technically. Mirthfully : A Serjeant, a
bailiff, a jailor.
"Not UmtAdam that kept the Paradise, hut that
A dam thntkesps the prison."— 5fia*e«p. ; Comedy of
Errors, iv. 3.
Adam and Eve, s. [Adam, see etym. ;
Eve = the first mother of the hmnan race.]
* 1. Bot. : The two tubers of Orchis mac^i-
Into, which, by the fanciful, were held, singly,
to resemble the human figure, and, together,
to suggest the fii-st parents of our race.
(Craven.)
2. Ill Amei'ica : The similar tubers of
another orchid, the Aphctnim hyemale. It is
called also the Putty-iJant. It grows in the
United States.
Adsim's ale, s. Water. (Eng. colloquial.)
Adam's apple, s. [In Lat. Adamt
ponium.]
" 1. Bot. : (1) The name givep by Gerarde
and other old authors to the plantain-tree
(Miisa paradisiaca), from the notion that its
fruit was that sinfully eaten \>y Adam in
Eden. (2) The name given for the same
reason to a species of Citrus.
2. Anat. : A protuberance on the fore part
of the throat formed by the os hyoides. The
name is supposed to have arisen from the
absurd popular notion that a portion of the
forbidden fruit, assumed to have been an
apple, stuck in Adam's throat wlien he at-
tempted to swallow it down.
" Adam's flannel, s. [Xamed possibly
from the soft white hairs which densely
clothe both sides of the leaves of the plant.]
(Carr.)
Bot. : The white mullein (Vcrhascum hjch-
nitis). (Craven.)
Adam's needle, s.
Bot. : The popular name of the genus Yucca,
magnificent plants of the Liliaceous ordei.
The term needle refers to the sharp-pointed
leaves. [Yucca.]
Adam's "wine, s Water. (CoUofpiioJ.)
(Scotch.)
"Some take a mutchkin of porter to their dinner,
hut I sloken my drouth wi' Adam's wine."—!Sir A.
Wylie, L 107.
* Ad'-am ti'-ler, s. [Apparently from a cer-
tain Adam Tiler.] A pickpockets associate,
who receives stolen goods and n;ns otf with
them. (Wright.) .
ad'-a-m«int, s. & a. [O. Fr., from Lat. axia-
mauta, ace. of aclanias; from Gr. aSa/Aas
(adamas). As substantive = (1) the hardest
metal, probably steel ; (2) a compound of
gold and steel ; (3) the diamond. As adjective
= unconquerable : a priv. ; .iajLtafw (damazo) —
to overpower, to subdue ; Ger. dentant or
diamant ; Sw, damant ; Fr. diaiitant; Ital.
diamante.] [Diamond.]
A, As substantive :
1. Lit. : A stone of such impenetrable hard-
ness that it cannot be subdued.
" So gi'eat a fear my name amongst them spread.
That they supposed I could rend boi-s of steel.
And spurn in pieces posts of adanmnt."
Shakesp. : l Henry VI., i. 4.
" \s an adamant harder than flint have I made thy
forehead," — Ezek. iii. 9.
Specially :
* 1. The loadstone.
*' As iron, toiioht by the adamant's etfect,
To the North Pole doth ever point direct."
Sylvester: Du iiurUis, p. 64.
" Bel. You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant ;
But yet you dmw not iron, for my heart
la true as steel."
Shakesp. : i\fid.ium.mer Night's Dream, ii. 2.
IT See also the ballad Roma/wnt of tlie Rose,
1,182.
2. The diamond, the hardest of minerals.
" Laws inscribed on ada^nant."
Cotoper : Transt.of MUton.
Still used in this sense, but chiefly in poetry.
3. The seoriee of gold.
IL Fig. : Hard, incapable of feeling, desti-
tute of pity.
"An unblushing forehead, a smooth, lying tongue,
and a heart of adamant." — Macaulay : Hint. Eng.,
ch. xviii.
B, As adj. : Made of adamant, pertaining
to adamant. (Literally & figuratively.) [ISee
the substantive. ]
" Ah ! strike off this adamant chain,
And make me eternally free."
Cow per : Olney Hyinns, Ixvii.
ad-a-mcin-te'-an, a. [Lat. oxlamantens =
ma'de of steel, ' adamantine.] As hard as
adamant.
" Of brazen shield and spear, the hammered cuirass,
Chaly bean -tempered steel, and frock of mail
Adamantean proof ! " Milton : Samson Agonistes,13i.
ad-a-m^n'-tine, a. [Lat. ndamantimis ; Gr.
a.SafidvTivo<; (adamantinos) = harrl as steel,
adamantine.] Very hard, (Rider : Diet., lt)4U.)
1. Lit. : Made of adamant.
" Wide is the fronting gate, and raised on high
With adainantine columns, threats the sky. "
Dryden : Virgil ; yEneid vi. 745.
2. Fig. : Which cannot be broken.
" With hideous ruin and combu.'^titin. down
To bottomle!<s perdition ; there to dwell
111 ad(tmMnthie chains and penal Are."
MUton : P. L.. i. 4B.
■[ In poetry it is not always easy to decide
whether the word adamantine is used in a
literal or figurative sense.
adamantine spar, s.
Mill. [I'Jot-.dled from its lustre.] The name
given liy Biack and others to corundum from
India. It is of a dark-gi-eyisli smoke-brown
tint, but i.s greenish or bluish by transmitted
light, that is, in specimens sufficiently- trans-
lucent to admit of the experiment being made.
When ground it is used as a polishing material.
Dana classifies it with his anhydrous oxides.
ad'-a-mas, s. [Lat.] [Adamant.] (Pliny,
xxxVii. 15.) The diamond. [See Adamant and
Diamond. J
Adamas siderites. [Gr tr/aupos (mderos)
= irnn.] Plhiy's name for corundum. (Pliny,
xxxvii. 15.) [Corun'D('m.] (Dana.)
* ad'-a-mate, './. [Lat. amo, -avi, -atum = to
love.'] To love dearly. (Miiisheu.)
Ad-a-mi, genit. of Lat. s. Adamns = Adam.
[Adam.] Of Adam.
Adami pomum, .s. [Adam's Apple.]
Ad-am'-ic, Ad-S,m'-i-cal, a. [Lat. Adam-
iciis.] Pertaining to Adam (q.v.).
AdamiC earth, s. A term for rod clay.
^d'-a-mine, s. [Adamite, 2.]
Ad'-a-mite (1), i [From Adam, our first
father]
1, A descendant of Adam.
"... to An Adamite
Forgive, my Seraph ! that f nch thouKhts appear,
For sorrow is our element "
Byron Jlcnocn and Earth, i. 1.
2. Plural. Ck. Hist. : A sect of Gnostics
which arose in the second century. Profess-
ing to imitate the state of our first father
in Paradise, tlicy rejeeted marriage and the
use of raiment. It was nnt long before the
sect became extinet It was, Iiiiwi_'VPi-, revived
again in the twelfth, and subseiiuently in the
early part of the fifteenth century. John
Ziscii, the famous general of the Hussites,
attacked the Adamites, who were bringing
discredit u]iiin his army, slew some of them,
and i-ommitti'il others to the flames. [See
Merry Beggars, ii. 1.]
3,d'-a-mite (2) (Dana, &c.), S.d'~a-mine
(Frinlri), s. [In Ger. adamilti. Xamed after
31r. Adam, of Paris.] A mineral classed by
Dana with his Hydrous Phospliatcs and Ar-
seniati-s. Its comimsitioii is arsenic 39"95,
zinc 54 ".'-{'J, with a trace of iron and manganese.
Hardness, 3'5; specific jiravity, 4'y;iS; lustre,
strongly vitreous. It is (if a hojicy colour,
with violet externally. It is 1i;ins]iMi"ent. The
crystals are orthorhombic. Found in Chili,
Ad-a-mit'-ic» Ad-a-mit'-i-cal, a. [Adam-
itk"(1).] Pertaining tu the Adamites, resem-
bling the Adamites.
ad'-ams-ite, s. [Named'by Shepard after a
Mr. Adams.] A mineral, a variety, or X'Crhaps
a mere synonym of Mus.nvite (q.v.). It is a
greenish -black mica, from the United States.
3id-an-s6'-ni-a» s. [In Fr. Adansonie. Xamed
after Adanson,*a celebiated French traveller,
who lived fmni 1749 to 1754 in Hcnegal, in-
vestigating its natural history ] A genus of
plants belonging tu the order Wterculiaceie, or
8tcrculiads. Tlie A. digitata is the B;iobab,
IMonkey-brcad, African calabash, or Ethiopian
sour-gourd tree. It has a fantastic look, its
stem being of little height, but of great thick-
ness ; one sjiecimen was found thirty feet in
diameter. The fruit is about ten inches long.
Externally it is downy ; within this down is a
hard woody rind, which requires a saw to cut
it across ; and inside the rind is an eatable
pulp, of slightly acid taste. The .juice mixed
with sugar is serviceable in putrid and i)esti-
lential fevers. The Africans mix the dried
and powdered leaves with their food to pro-
mote perspiration, and Europeans have found
them useful in diarrhoea and dysentci-j'. The
Adcinsonia is properly a native of Africa, but
it has been introduced, probably by the
Mussulmans, into India, where its large white
flowers ajipear in May and June, to be in due
time followed by fruit.
" a-dant'» v.t. [Adaunt.]
ad'-a-pis, s. [From adapts, a sjiionym for
the' common rabbit, given by Gesner, and
adopted for this genus from its resemblance
in size, structure, and, it is believed, in habits,
to tlie rabbit ]
Palccoiit. : A fossil mammal of whiih some
boil, 1)6^; pS^t, jdi^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin» as ; expect, Xenophon, e^st. -ing.
-cia=sha; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -^lon, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -^ious = shiis. -ble,-dle, L^c. = bel,del,
60
adapt— addable
remains were iiK't ivith in the gyitsiuii uf
Montmartre, near Paris. It appears to liavc
resembled a liedgehog, but to have been one-
third larger. It was uf eocene age.
ad-apt', v.t. [In Fr. adapter; Sp. adaptur ;
Ital. adaitare : Lat. ad = to ; apto = to lit :
Gr. uTTTw (h(i}it6) = to fiisteii, or bind to.] To
fit to, to adjust to, to make suitable for. (Usal
either of things mattnal or immaterial.)
"Ships adapted both fur war ami for trade wore
required." — Afacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xxiv,
" Can portion out liia pleasure and adapt
His round of pastoral duties."
Wordsworth ■ Jixcursioa, bk. n'.
* ad-apt'. Q. [Adapt, d.] Fitted.
" Adapt to jjrudeut ihusbiiudry."— 7>'C7/e3/ .■ Oullin's
Walk. ch. 1.
ad-apt-a-bil'-i-t^r, s. [Adaptable.]
I. Gen. : The iiuality of being able to be
"One of the most wonderful circuinsti\ncen in the
construction of the hand is its adaptiblli'i/Zi- an in-
tmite number of offices." — 2'odd & Uowmau : I'li/jaiol.
Anat., i , Ui).
II. Technically :
Daiioiuisiii. Variability : The capability
possessed by organized beings to acquire new
qualities through the operation of the external
Conditions oflifeunder which they are placed.
" On the other hand we call adaptahMty {uditpta-
bilitas), or variability (^J(/ri(tiJ^;i((Ii■), the capability in-
herent in all ort-'anisms to acquire such new ciiialities
under the Inflaence of the outer world."— Hueckct :
Hist, qf Creation, i. 220.
ad-apt'-a-ble,
[Adapt.] Tliat may be
t ad-apt'-a-ble-ness, s. [Adaptable.] Tlie
quality of being able to be adapted or ad-
justed.
^ Nearly obsolete, its place being supplied
by Ax»APT ABILITY.
ad-apt-a'-tion, *ad-ap'-tion, s. [In Fr.
adaptation.)
A. Generally : The act of adapting, ad-
justing, or fitting to ; tlie state of being
adapted, adjusted, or fitted to ; the tiling
adjusted.
"Its [the eye's] capacity of adaptation, under the
influence of tlie will, to distinct vision at every dis-
tance beyond that of a fevviuches," — Todd & ISowmaii:
Physiol. Anat., IL 47.
B. Technically:
Darwinism : The capability of acquiring new
characters ; also the new characters acquired
"by a living being through the operation of tlie
external conditions of life under which it is
placed.
"They can liardly be due to adaptations within a
late period." — Darwin : Descent of Man, pt i., ch. vi.
"... more perfect adajjtation to the external
conditions of life, ' — Ibid., pt, ii., ch. viii.
ad-3.pt '-ed, pa. jiar. & o. [Adapt.]
" But in the case of an island, or of a country
Eartly surrounded by barriers, into wliich new and
etter adaptud forms could not freely enter . . . ," —
Darviin: Orig. of Species, ch. iv.
ad-apt'-ed-ness, .s. [x\dapt,] The state of
* being adapted, suitableness.
ad-apt'-er, «. [Adapt.]
Gen. : One Avho or that which adaitts.
K The terra adapter is also used to denote
that piece of tubing by which the smaller
tube of a telescope or microscope containing
the eye-piece, &c., is connected with tlie
larger or main tube. It also signifies, in
chemical apparatus, a connecting piece vi
tube to unite a retort to a bottle, &c.
ad-3.pt'-ing, jyr. par. & a. [Adapt.]
* ad-ap'-tioUt *- [Adai»tation,]
ad-3.pt'-ive, a. [Adapt. ]
1. In an active sense : Having the power of
adapting one thing to another, or in fact so
adapting it.
". , . the adaptive understaudiog." — Coleridge:
Aids to Itejiection, p. 81.
TT The adnptive pmiMr = the understanding
which has the faculty of adapting means to
ends.
"... what I liave elsewhere called the (7f/(f/j^/(ii!
power, that is, the fji-culty of adapting meane t« jiruM-
mate ends." — Coleridge : Aids to Kefl-ectlon, p. i7n.
2. In a ]>a<i,iivf.- sense. Spec, in liinlogii :
Capability of being adojited, or being actually
adapted to something else.
"In the greater number of mammals the bones
assTime a very modified and adaptive position." —
.Flower : Osteology of tlic .tfannnalia, p. 242,
"... (idiipliv changes of structure." — Darwin:
Descent of Man. \ol i , pt. i,, ch. iv.
^ Biol. An adaptive character: An ana-
logical character ; one founded not on aflinity,
but on analogy. [Analogy, ]
"These resemblances, though so intimately con-
nected with the whole life of the being, are ranked ;i.s
merely adaptive or analogical characters." — Darwin:
Origin of Species, ch. xiii.
ad-3,pt'-ive-ly, adv. [Adaptive.] In an
adaptive manner, so as to be adapted to some-
thing else,
"... such later and less typical mammalia do
more effective work by vu'tue of their adaptively
modified structures." — Owen: Classif. of Mammalia.
'' ad-apt'-ness, s. [Adaptness.] The state
of being fitted to.
\ Adaxjtation and aptness have now taken
its place.
"Some notes are to display the adaptness of the
sound to the sense."—./)/-. Newton.
ad-apt-or'-i-al, a. With the tendency to
adapt; fitting,' suitable.
A-dar', s. [Heb. -nj^ {Adar). Perhaps from
the Syrians ; or from the Heb. ti[.< {adar)
= to be ample, to be magnificent.] The
sixth month of the Jewish civil, and the
twelfth of the ecclesiastical year. The name
was not introduced till after the Captivity
(Esther iii. 7, 13 ; viii. 12 ; ix. 1, 15, 17, 21).
It corresponded to the latter part of February
and the beginning of March. If derived from
the Heb. -n^t = to be ample or magnificent,
the name may refer to the splendid character
of the spring vegetation as seen during Adar.
The Jewish months bping lunar, the year of
twelve months thus constituted falls short of
the solar one by about eleven days. To
remedy this inequality, a second Adar was
intercalated once in three years, which ivas
called Veadar.
A-dar'-a, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).]
Astron. : A fixed star of the 2-5 magnitude,
called also e Canis Majoris.
ad ar-bit'-ri-iim, [Lat.] [Ad.]
ar-dar'-5e, s. [Gr. addpKn or a5dpKny, or
a.6apKos or adapKiov {adarkc, adarlcea, adarJcos,
or arfQrfcion)= a saline etflorescence on the
herbage of marshes.] A saline efflorescence
on marsh-herbage, first seen in Galatia. It
was used in leprosy, tetters, and some other
skin
a-dar'-cdn, s. [Heb. "ji^^in (adarkon) = a
daric (1 Chron. xxix. 7 ; Ezra viii. 27), in
which our English translators rendered it
"a dram." In Ezra ii. 69; Neh. vii. 70, 71,
72, the word is ^lODii (darkemon), also ren-
dered "a dram." Talmud, p^-n (darken); Gr.
dapei«6? (dareikos).'\ A daric, a Persian gold
coin current in Palestine after the Captivity.
Who first struck them is still a matter of
dispute. [Daric]
a-dar'-me, s. A small weight used in the
Spanish peninsula and in Spanish America.
It is the sixteenth part of a Spanish ounce.
' a-dar'-necli, s. A golden colour. (Jloxodl.)
'■■ a-da'rned, a. Ashamed. (Coles.)
a-dar'-ris, s The flower of sea-water.
(Hovjell.)
*'"a-da'§e (pa. par. adased, adassid), v. [Icel.
dasa ; cf. A.S. dw<ks = stupid.] [Dase.]
1. Lit. : To dazzle.
" My clere and shynynge eyen were all adased and
derked. —Caxton ■ Divers Fruytful Ghostly Maters.
2. Fig. : To put out of countenance.
" Beth not adased for your innocence."
Chaucer (e.6.. Urry), p. 106.
a-da -ta-is, a-da'-tis, or a-da'-tys, s. A
kind of cloth made of muslin. It is manufac-
tured in Bengal and other parts of India.
""a-da'unt. *a-dant, v.t. [A.N. Old form
of Daunt (q.v.).]
1. To daunt. (Daniel.)
2. To tame, to subdue, to extinguish.
"Hisfleshe wolde have charged him with fatnesse,
but that the waiitonesse of his wombe with travaile
aud fastyjig he adaunteih."—Jiobert qf Olouoester.
3. To mitigate, to restrain.
" Ageyns heoni thy wrathe adant,
Gef heoni mercy." Jiyng Alisaunder. 2,853.
-"•' a^da'unt-rel-ey, s. [ Avauntlay. ]
" a-daw', a-daw'e, v.t. & i.
A. Trfinsitivc:
1. To daunt.
"As one adaw'd and half confused stood."
Spemer: F. Q., V. v. 45.
2. To awake.
" But, Hire, a man that waketh of his slepe
He may not aodenly wcl taken kepe
Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly
Till that he be adawed ^eraily '
CJiaucer : C. T., 10,274.
3. To abate.
B. Technically :
1. To be daunted. (Spenser.)
2. To awake.
^ a-dawe, adv. [Adaw, v.] Of (from) day,
i.e., life.
" Some wolde have hym adawe.
And some sayde it was notlawe."
Jlicltard Cceur dc Leon, 973,
a-daw'-let, a-daw'-lut, s. [Hindustani :
' (1) Justice, equity ; (2) a court of justice. ]
III India: A court of justice. In those
portions of our Oriental possessions where
jMohammedan law terms are in use, the courts
of ju.stice are divided into Dewance and Fouj-
darry, the foriner being civil and the latter
criminal courts.
a-da'y, a-da'y, cmZv. [Eng. a; day.]
* 1. In the day-time, hy day.
" Fur what thing William won aday with his bowe.
Were it fethered foul, or foure-feted beste."
Williain and the Werwolf, p. 8,
2. Each day.
" Cym. Nay, let her languish
A drop of blood a-day ; and, being aged,
Die of this folly ! " Shakesp. : Cymbeline, L 2,
a-da'yi^, adv. [Eng. a ; days.] On days or in
days. Used in the expression " uow-a-days."
"There be many servants noto-a-days that break
away every man from his master." — 1 Sam. xxv. 10.
ad'-az, s. [ Addice. ] (Rennet's MS. Gloss.)
(Hallitvell.)
ad-cor -por-ate, v. t. [Lat. ad = to; corpus =
body.] To unite one body to another, to in-
corjjorate. (Minsheu : Guide into Tongues,
1627.)
add,f.(. &i- [InGer. oddmji; Fr. additionner;
fr. Lat. addo = (1) to give in addition to, (2) to
add : ad = to, and do = to give.]
A. Transitive :
t 1. To give in addition to.
"And she called his name Joseph, and said. The
Lord shall a,dd to me another son." — Gen. xxx. 24.
2. To put a number or anything to another.
(a) To put one number to another with the
view of ascertaining their sum. As a rule,
the number added to is larger than that which
is added to it, but it may be otherwise.
"Whatsoever positive idea a man has in his mind
of any quantity, he can repeat it, and add it to the
former, as easily as he can add together the idea of
two days or two years." — J,ocke.
(b) To put one thing to another.
" Can Nature add a charm, or Art confer
A new-foimd luxury not seen in her ? "
Cowper : Expostulation,
^ In this sense it is often followed "by up,
with reference to the fact that one desirous of
finding the sum of a series of figures placed
line beneath line, generally commences with
the lowest, and moves up, till he reaches the
topmost one. (Lit. & fig.)
". . . as man can certainly produce great results
by addivg up in any given direction mere individual
differences," — Darwin: Origin of Species, ch, iv.
"... rejecting that which is bad, preserving and
adding up all that is good." — Ibid.
B. IntroMS-itive :
1. To augment, to produce an iuerease.
"His influence at Edinburgh ad<lcd to the terror
which he inspired among the mountains."— J/acautow:
Ifist. of England, ch. xiii,
2. To append one statement to another.
"He ofMed that he would willingly consent to the
entire abolition of the tax if it should appear that the
tax and the abuses were inseparable.*"— .I/aciM^av--
Hist, of Eng., ch. xi.
T[ In the example under B, 1, there raav be
an ellipsis of an accusative after adrf^rf /'and
in that under B. 2, the whole statement com-
mencing thai he vjonld may be regai-ded as a
substitute for an accusative.
^d'-da, s. [Arabic] A small lizard, the
Scincus officinalis, which occurs in Syria,
Arabia, India, Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and
elsewhere. It is celebrated by Eastern phy-
sicians on account of its imagined efficacv in
curing elephantiasis, leprosy, and other 'cu-
taneous diseases common in those regions.
t ^d'-da-ble, u. [Addible.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit. sire, sir. marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fiall ; try. Syrian. », ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
addax — addiction
61
ad'-dax, s. [An African word ; Lat. aAdax,
genit. adftacis. (Pliny,u.37.) ColonelHamilton
Smith, considers Pliny's strepsiceros to be the
genuine addax. (Griffith's Cuvier, iv. 193.)]
A species of antelope, formerly called Oryx
addax, now Oryx nasomacidata. It is about
three feet seven inches high at the shoulder,
and three feet eight inches at the loins. It has
a lengthened mane upon the neck, and a tuft of
hair beneath the tlu-oat. points by whicb it is
distinguished from the typical Oryces. The
lioms are equally robust in both sexes, and
have two and a-half spiral turns. The greater
part of the animal is of a white colour. It is
found in Arabia, in the Sahara, and as far west
as Senegal.
* 3,d'de, pref. ofv. [Had.]
Sd-dec'-im-ate, v.t. [Lat. ad = to ; decimo
— to decimate; decimits = the tenth; decern
= ten.] To take tithes, or to ascertain the
amount of tithes.
ad'-ded» pa,, par. & a. [Add.]
A, As past participle :
"... I wish to get the atMcd force of all ten." —
Tyndall: Frag, of Science, Iv. "7.
B. As adjective : Additional,
"The baby seems to smile with added charms,"
Cowper: Progress of Error, 521.
* ^d-Aeem', ad-dem'e, v.t. [A.S. adhum
= to judge, adjudge, <Ioom, deem, or try.] To
deem, to adjudge, to account, to regard.
" And for reveu^ement of those wrongful smarts,
"Which I to others dlil inflict afore,
Ad<teem'd me to endure this penance sora."
SpenM&r : F. Q., VI., viii. 22.
* ad-deemed, "^ ad-dem'ed, pa. par. [Ad-
DKEM.]
^d-den-dum, pl. S>d-den'-da, fjemndive
par. [Latin.]
Sing. .- A thing (2ilur. things) to be added.
Sid-de-pliSig'-i-a, s. [Adephagia.]
^d'-der, s. [A.S. ncedre — an adder, the form
adder having arisen from the wrong division
of the article and the noun, a nceddre, an
ceddre ; Dut. adder = a viper ; Icel. nadhr,
•imdhra ; Goth, nadrs ; Wei. neider ; Lat.
nairix — a water-snake.] [Natkix.]
I, Specifically:
1. The most common English name of
the viper, Pelias herus. Its colour is yel-
lowish-brown or olive, with a double series
of black spots along the back, and the sides
paler and spotted with black. It has a broad
THE ADDER (PELIAS BERUs).
triangular head and a short tail. It rarely
exceeds two feet in length. It is the only
poisonous reptile in Britain. The common
snake (Cohiber nairix), which is sometimes
confounded with it, may be distinguished by
having a longer tail, and what looks like a
yellowish-white collar around its neck. The
minute wounds made by au adder-bite should
be promptly sucked and the poison spat out,
after which they should be bathed with olive-
oil, and ammonia administered internally.
" It is the bright day that brings forth the adder ;
And that craves wary walking,"
Shakegp. : Julius CiBsar, ii. 1.
2. In Scripture : An appellation given to
four probably venomous snakes :
(n) 2TC33? (aclishtib), Gr. aa-jrlg (aspis) = the
viper (Bochart, &c.) or the puff adder (Col.
"Hamilton Smith), Ps. cxI. 3, quoted in Kom.
iii. 13, where the reptile is called the asp,
(6) *nD (petJien), Ps. Iviii. 5 ; xci. 13 = the
"asp" of Deut. xxxii. 33; Job xx. 14, V'< ;
Isa. xi. 8. It may be the Xaia lutje (Dr.
Lindsay Alexander, &.(:.).
(c) ''315JDS (tnphoni) and jtrj^J (tsepha), Prov.
xxiii. 32. In this passage it is rendered in
Septuagint Greek Kepao-rtj? (kerastes). It is
the "cockatrice" of Isa, xi. 8; xiv. 29;
lix, 5. [Cockatrice.]
bably the Vipera cerastes.
". Dan shall l>e a serpent by the way, an adder in the
path, that biteth the horse heele, so that his rider
shall fall backward." — Gen. xlix, 17.
IL Genericcdly :
1. Any serpent of the extended Linnsean
genus Coluber. (Griffith's Cuvier, ix. 2515, 331.)
2. Plural. Adders: The name given by
Haeckel's translator to the Aglyphodonta, a
sub-order of Serpents.
3. An animal, plant, or anything more or
less closely resembling the adder described
under No. 1. (See the compounds below.)
adder-bead, s. [Adder-stone.] (Scotch.)
adder-bolt, adder-fly, s. A name
sometimes given to various species of dragon-
flies.
adder-gem, s. A kind of charm.
adder-like, ^'. Like au adder.
Spec. : Venomous, revengeful.
"Worm-like 'twas trampled — adder-like AvengeH."
Byron : Corsair, canto i. 14,
adder-pike, s. The lesser weaver, or
sting-fish (Trachimis vipera).
adder's-grass, s.
* 1. A plant ; the Cynosorchis. (Gerard :
Ilerhall.)
2. A name sometimes given to the Adder's
tongue (q.v.).
adder's mouth, s. A name fm- the plants
of the genus Microstylis. (Aimricoji,.)
adder-stone, adder-bead (Scotch), s.
[So called because it was formerly supposed
to be formed by adders. (See Jamieson : Scott.
Diet.)} A stone or bead used by the Druids
as an amulet.
adder's tongue, s.
I. Singular :
1. The English name of the fem-genus
Ophioglossum. The scientific appellation [fr,
Gr. 6<^t? (op/iis) = a serpent; yXfoaa-a (ijlo^'i")
= tongue] has nearly the same meaning. The
adder's tongue (ophioglossum VULUATL'M).
1. Complete planL 2. Fi-uctification.
3. Portiou of No. 2. magnified. 4 SiJores.
reference is to the fact that the fructifica-
tion is not, as is usual with ferns, on the back
of the frond, but is in a lengthened spike,
remotely resembling a serpent's tongue. One
species occurs in England, the common adder's
tongue (Ophioglossum vidgatimi).
2. Yelloio adder's tongue : A name for the
Erythromum Atiiericanum, a genus of lilia-
ceous plants.
II. Plural: Lindley's name for the Ophio-
glossaceffi, an order of the Filicales or Fern-
alliance. [OPHlOGLOSyACE.*:.]
adder's-wort, s.
* 1. The common bistort, or snakeweed
(Polygonnm historta).
t2. The adder's tnngue (q.v.).
^ S'-a-adder. The lilteen-spined stickleback
(q.v.); sometimes applied to Syngnathiis tcci'*-,
the needle-lish (q.v.).
^" ad-det'-tit, jw. 'par. [Debt.] Indebted,
(Scotch.)
" Anrl was addettit for my misdoing
Unto our cmitr6 to bave sufl'erit pane."
Douglas: Virgil, 351.
ad -di-bil'-i-ty, * ad-da-bil'-i-ty, s.
[Lat. a.ddo = tn put to, to add.] Capability
of being added.
" This endless addition or addihility (if any one like
the word better) of numbers, so apparent to the mind,
is that which gives ns the clearest and most distinct
idea of infinity." — Locke.
ad'-di-ble, ad'-da-ble, a. [Lat. addo = to
put to, to add.] That may be added, capiible
of being added.
"The first nnmber in every addition is called the
addable number ; the other the inmiber or numliers
added ; and the niimbers invented by the addition, tho
aggregate or sum." — Cocker,
" The clearest idea it can get of infinity is the coi;.
fused incomprehensible remainder of endless addible
numbers, which affords no .prospect of stop or boun-
dary."— Locke.
''-- ^d'-di9e (1), s. [Adze.]
"The addice hath its blade made thin and some-
what arching. As the axe hath its edge parallel to
its handle, so the addice hath its edge athwart the
handle, and ja ground to a basil on its inside to its
outer edge. "—Moxon : Mechanical Exercises.
- ad'-dice (2), «. An addled egg. (Huloct.)
{UallivJell.)
ad-dict'. v.f. [Lat. addictits, pa. par. of addico
= to adjudge or nssign. to devote to ; ad = to ;
dico, dicavi = to dedicate, to consecrate.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Completely to give one's self over to a
practice or pursuit. This may be good, in-
ditferent, or bad.
(a) Good:
" They have addicted themselves to the ministry of
the saints."— 1 Cor. xvi. 15. •
(b) Indifrrent :
"... as little addicted to staying at home ns their
kinsfolk of New Engiimd."— y. S. Mill : Pol. Econ.
" A iKjet'a cat, sedate and grave
As iwet well could wish to liave.
Was niucii addicted to inquire
For nooks to which she might retire."
Coioper: The liriircd Cat.
"... the Hebrew, which stands second in point of
antiquity, islam addicted to this practice." — Iteam-fs:
Compar. Gram., Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i., ch. iv
(r) Bad :
"A man gross indeed, sottish, and addicted to low
companyand low merriment." — Macanlay: Hist. L'n'j..
ch. IV.
If It is not creditable to human nature that
tlie bad sense nf the word now is the most
i-uinmon one, as if one more frequently gave
liimself nV(T to an evil pursuit or practice than
to a good niif, and tlie dL-votion in the fonncr
case was, as a rule, greater than in the latter.
B. Ti'fhniriiUy. Old Roman Lav) : Various
meanill^^><, amon^' others, to assign a debtor to
the scr\'i<'e of his cmlilur as a means of
liquidating his debt. Tiic principal of the
debt, as contradistinguished from the interest
accruing on it, was cjilled addictus. With
tacit reference bi this Roman custom, Ben
Jonson says, " I am neither author nor fauter
of any sect, but if I have any thing, defend
it as truths."
"... the technical difference between the nexus
and the addictux, or lietween the debt arising from the
principal loan and that arising from unpaid interest,"
— Lewu: Early Jlmnan Hist., ch. xil.
ad-dict', ('. [Lat. addictus, pa. par. of addico.]
' Addicted,
"If he lie addict to vice."
S/iakesp. : Passionate Pilgrim, 17.
ad-dict'-ed, pa. par. [Addict.] Wholly
given over to. This may be done formally ; or
it may arise, without the deliberate intention
of the individual, by his allowing himself to
be overmastered by a habit.
t ad-dict'-ed-ness, s. [Addicted.] The
quality or the state of being addicted.
"Those know ho" little I have remitted of my
former addict vdnex.^ tu make chemical experiments."
— Boyle.
ad-dict'-ing, pr. par. [Addict.]
If It is generally followed by a refleetive
pronoun. Ith meaning is — devoting [one's
self] to, giving one's self wholly nver tn ;
allowing one's self to become a slave to a
habit.
ad-dic'-tion, .<'. [Lat. addictio = the sentence
of a prffitor adjudging property to any one, or
a debtor to tin- ser\-i<-e of his creditor.]
1. The act of addicting or devoting.
2. The state of being addicted or devoted;
propensity, proclivity.
bSil, b6^; p6ut, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, 9lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = iT.
-cia = sha ; -cian ~ shan. -tion. -sion = shiin ; -sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble. -^dle, &c. = b?l, deL
62
adding — address
" Since his addiction was to courses vaiii ;
His compajiiea uiiletter'd, nide, iuid shallow."
Sliakesp. : King Henry V., i. 1.
^d'-dingT) ?""■ J'"'"- [Add.]
ad-dit'-ar-ment, 5. [Lat. addiktmentum, q.v.]
Something added, as property to property
previously acquired, furniture to a house, or
a commercial venture to one which has gone
before. [Additamentum. ]
"But then it must he considered whether the
charge of the addUamoit will not destroy the profit."
— Bacon ; Physiol. Hem.
ad-dit-ra-men'-tuin, a. [Lat. = an addition,
an increase.]
Old Anat. : That method of joining bone to
bone which is called epiphysis. [Epiphysis.]
ad-di'-tion, s. [In Ger, and Fr. addition ;
Ital. addizione : fr. Lat. additio ; addo-=tQ
put to.] [Add.]
I. The act of adding—
(a) An arithmetical number, an algebraic
term, or, more generally, anything to another
of the same kind.
" The infinite distance between the Crea,tor and the
noblest of all creatures can never be lueasured, nor ex-
hausted by endless addition of finite degrees." — Bent.
(b) Anything to one of a different kind, as
"this addition of insult to injury,"
II. The state of being added to.
" Their common object was to collect the memorials
preserved in the dirterent nations and cities, whether
m sacred or civil deiwsitories, and to publish them for
general information, in the form in which they were
obtained, without addition or subtraction." — Lewis:
Early Rom. Mist., ch. xiv.
III. The thing added.
(a) Ordinary Language : An arithmetical
nmnber, an algebraic term, or anything added
to anotlier of th* same kind or to something
else of a different chai'acter.
" Such a kingdom, had it been contiguous to Pro-
vence, would indeed have been a most formidable
addition to the French mouaichy." — Jfacaulay : Jliit.
Eng., ch. xxlv.
" They are not mentioned by Livy, and iirobably
formed no part of the Liciiiian law, but were addi-
tions of a subsequent date." — Lewis: Early Jiwn, UisC,
ch. xiii.
(b) Technically:
1. Arith. : The branch of arithmetic which
teaches how one can find a number equal to
the sum of two or more given numbers. It
is divided into simple and compmt-yid addition.
Simple Addition deals with numbers of the
same denomination, as
£2
6 £8
5 £4
if £9
while Compound Addition ha.s to do with those
of different denominations, as
£ .s. d.
1 ti 11
2 4 8
£3 11 7
''Addition is the reduction of two or more numbers
of like kind together into one sum or total." — Cocker :
A rithmetick.
2. Law : The title or designation given to
a person beyond his name and surname, with
the view of more accurately distinguishing
him from others. Thus in the title "A. B,,
Esq., Barrister at Law," the expressions Esq.
and Barrister at Law are the addition. In
"A. B., Esq,, of " [naming his estate], all
after the Christian name A. and the surname
B. is an addition. In Scotland the term
designation is generally used instead of addi-
tion.
3. Her. : Something added to a coat of arms
as a mark of honour, f^s, for instance, a
bordure, a quarter, a canton, a gyron, or a
pile. It is opposed to Abatement. [Abate-
ment.] (Lit. andfig.)
"Ajax. I thank thee, Hector ;
Thou art too gentle, and too free a man :
I came to killthee, cousin, and bear hence
A great addition earned in thy death."
Shakesp. : Troilus and Grexsida., iv. 5.
"They clepe ub drunkards, and with swinish phrase
Soil our addition ; and indeed it takes
From our achievements." Shaksop. : Hamlet, i. 4.
4. Miisie : A dot placed at the right side of
a note, to indicate that it is to be lengthened
one half. Thus P* is a crotchet and a half,
not simply a crotchet.
5. Distillation : Anytliing added to a wash
or liquor when it is in a state of fermenta-
tion.
ad-di'-tion-al, a. & s. [In Fr. additionel]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to that which
is added.
"... whether any, or if any, how much, of these
adtli'ional debts would be claimed." — Froude: JJist.
of Engl., vol. iv,
"... every increase of capital gives, or is capable
of giving, tukCUional employment to industry, and
this without assignable limit," — J. S. Mill: Political
Econmny.
B. As svbstaiUive : That which is added.
"Maybe, some little additional may further the in-
corxj oration. " — Bacon,
ad-di'-tion-al-l^, adv. [Addition.] By way
of addition.
* ad-di'-tion-a-ry, "■ [Addition.] The
same as ADDmoNAL.
S-d'-dit-ive, a. [Lat. additivus.] That may
be or is to be added ; opposed to subtractive.
(Used of numbers, of algebraic quantities, or
figuratively. )
". . . all of it is additive, none of it is subtrac-
tive."— Carlyle: Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. IV,
ad'-dit-or-S?", a. [Addition.] That which
adds or may add.
" The additory fiction gives to a frreat man a larger
share of reputation than belongs to him, to enable
him to serve some good end or purpose."— .4 r&irf&nof.
ad'-dix, s. [Gr. a.66i^ (addix) = a measm'e of
four xntfiKe? (choinikes).! A Greek measure of
capacity, containing about half an English
gallon.
"ad -die (1). v.t. & i. [0. Norse odlask = to
get, to grow; Sw. odla = to till, to cultivate
the soil, the sciences, the memory.]
A. Transitive: To earn, to get by cultiva-
tion or labour.
" With goodiiien's hogs, or com, or hay,
1 addle my uinepeuce every day."
Richard o/Halton Dale
^ In this sense it is no* confined to the
North of England. (HalliwelL)
B. Intransitive; To gi'ow, to thrive,
" Where ivye einbraseth t'.ie tree verj' sore,
Kill ivye, ar tree else will addle no more,"
Tusser : Five Hundred Pointg (1573), p. 47.
ad'-dle (2), v.t. [In A.S, adl, adel, adoliz = &.
disease ; ;is adj, = diseased, corrupted, putrid :
adela = filth, adelilit = filthy ; Wei, hadlu =
to decay, to rot ; Sw. adla or ala = to pass
urine. (Used of cows.)] To cause to rot by
depriving of vitality. (Used chiefly of eggs,)
[See the adjective.]
^ Rarely, if ever, employed, except in the
pa. par. Addled (q.v.),
ad'-dle, ^ ^d'-ill (0. Scotch), a. & s. [See the
verb. ]
A. -4s adjective :
1. Putrid through having been deprived of
vitality, as an egg.
" There 's one with truncheon, like a ladle.
That carries eggs too fresh or addle ;
And still at random, ns he goes,
Among the rabble rout bestows," — Hudibras.
2. Deprived of intellectual vitality.
"... yet thy head has been beaten as addle as an
egg."— S/Mifce«p. .■ Romeo and Juliet, iii. 1.
B. As siibstantive :
1, Foul and putrid water.
"... sche gan behold
In black adill the ballowit watter cold
Changit in the altare." — Doug. .- Virg., 115.
2. The dry lees of wine.
•H In Somersetshire, addle = a swelling with
pus in it ; and in the South of England
addle-^ool is a pool into which the liquid from
a dunghill trickles. (Halliwell.)
addle-headed, cr. [Eug.addle; head.] A
term of contempt applied to one whose brain
seems destitute of all intellectual vitality.
addle-pated, a. ['Eng. addle ; pate.) The
same as Addle-headed.
" Foov slaves in metre, dull and addle-pated ;
Who rhyme, below even David's psalms translated."
Zh-yden.
Sid'-dled,?)f. ?''Hr. &a. [Addle(2),] Putrescent,
rotten. (Used chiefly of eggs when in a state
of decay through being deprived of vitality.)
" Now, if the cuckoo was obliged to sit on her own
eggs, she would either have to sit on all together, and
therefore leave those first laid so long that they pro-
bably would become addh-d." — Darwin: Journal qf
Voyage round the World, ch. iii.
ad-dol'-or-ate, r.i. [Lat. cuf = to, for; dolor
= grief.] To grieve. (Florio: Eng. £ Ital. Diet.,
" Doloro,re.")
ad-ddo'm, v.t. [A.S. deman = to deem, judge,
■ think.] To adjudge, to doom, [Deem, Doom.]
ad-dor 'se, 1-.^ [Lat. otZ = to; dorsum = back.]
Her. : To place back to back. (Used of
animals on coats of arms.)
[Addorse.]
ad-dor'sed, pa. par. & a.
As adjectii'e. Her. :
Back to back (used
of animals on eoats of
anns, or, less fre-
quently, of any other
figures capable of
being placed back to
back). In place of
addorsed, the French
term adosse, or the
English word endcrrsed,
is occasionally em-
ployed. (Glossal^ of ADDORSED.
Heraldry.)
^ ad-doiib'ed, a. [A.N.] Armed, accoutred.
"... was hotter than ever to provide himself of
horse and armour, saying that he would go to the
island bravely addoubed, and show himself to his
charge." — Sidney: Arcadia, p. 277.
ad-doill'se, v.t. [Adulce.]
ad-dress', v.t. & L [Fr. adresser; O. Fr.
culrescer, adrecier, from Late Lat. drictio,
directlo, from Lat. directus.'] [Dress.]
A. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. To make straight.
2. To dispose, to make military or naval
dispositions, or generally to prepare for any
enterprise or work.
"They fell directly on the English battle ; where-
upon the Earl of Warwick addressed his men, to takt
the flank." — Hayward.
^ It is sometimes used in this sense with
the reflexive pronoun self or selves,
" It lifted up its head, and did address
Itself to motion, like as it would siieak."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 1.
* 3- To put on : as. To address one's arms.
i. To direct prayers, vows, or, indeed, oral
commnnieations of any kind to a person or
being. Followed by the accusative of the
vow, petition, or other communication, aud
to applied to the person or being addressed.
' ' Away 1 address thy prayers to Heaven."
Byron : Parisina, 12.
Specially :
(a) To make a speech to, followed by tlie
accusative of the public body or other audi-
ence addressed.
" He now addressed the House of Peers, for the first
time, with characteristic eloquence, sprightlinesB, and
audacity." — Jfacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vi.
(&) To present to a superior, and especially
to the ruling sovereign, a congratulatory, sup-
plicative, or other formal document in which
he figures in the second person. Also to pray
or return thanks to God.
"The representatives of the nation in Parliament,
and the privy-couucil, addressed the king to have it
recalled. —Swi/'L
" Strjiins follow'd of acknowledgment address'd
To an Authority enthroned above
The reach of sight."
Word8u>orth : Excursion, bk. iii.
T[ In this second sense also it is sometimes
used with the reflexive pronoun self or selves.
" In vain did she adjlress herself to numerous places
ill Greece, the Asi.itic coast, and the intermediate
isUnds." — Grote : Hist, of Greece, vol. i., pt. i,, eh. i.
5. To write a direction on the back of a
letter. [Address, s., III. 3.]
II. Technically :
1. Oomm. : To consign goods to the care of
an agent, or, genemlly, of another.
2. Golf. : To aim : as, To address the ball.
B. Intransitive :
1. To prepare.
2. To make a communication to, to speak to,
" Young Turnus too the beauteous maid addressed."
J}ryden: yirgil; jEneid\iii. 9&.
IT By supposing ellipses of accusatives in
the two last senses, the intransitive use of the
verb will disappear.
ad-dress', s. [in Ger. & Fr. adresse.l
* L The preparing of one's self for action
or a course of conduct.
" His [Christ's] address to judgment shall sufficiently
declare his person, and his office, aud his proper
glories.-—^. Taylor: Sertnoiu
XL The act of making a verbal or wTitten
communication.
I^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot,
«>r. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Sjh^ian. £e, oe = e ; ey = a. qu — kw.
addressed— adenitis
63
Specially :
1. Manuer of speaking, delivery.
"... Affectionate in look,
And tender in address, tis well becomes
A meaaenger of grace to guilty men."
C'owj}er : Task, bk. ii.
2. Tact, skilful management.
" Prior, with much address, and perhaps with the
help of a little hyiwcrisy, completely removed this
unfavourable ImpreBsiun."'— Jfacawtay .■ Migt. of Ent/.,
ch. xxiii.
III. The vertial or written communication
made.
1. A soft speech, or soft speeches, made to
a female with the view of gaining her affec-
tions ; courtship. Formerly sing, and plur.,
now plur. only. Chiefly in the phrases "to
pay one's addresses to," or, more rarely, *'to
make one's addresses to,"
" A gentleman, whom I am sure you yourself would
have approved, made his addresses to me." — Addison.
2. A written or printed communication ftom
one or hoth the Houses of Parliament, or from
any inferior body, to the sovereign ; a written
communication to one who is about to receive
a testimonial ; a petition, or anything similar.
"The address was instantly sent up to the Lorda."—
Maca/ulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
" While Westminster was in this state of excitement,
the Common Council was preparing at Guildhall an
cLdd/ress of thanks and congratulation." — Macaulay.
Hist, Eng., ch. x.
" Venufl had heard the virgin's soft address.
That, aa the woimd, the passion might increase."
Prior.
3. The direction on the back of a letter ;
the intimation on a visiting card, or anything
similar, as to what one's full name is and
where one resides.
ad-dress'ed, *ad-drest', pa. par. [Ad-
dress, u] Prepared, ready.
" Fhilost. So please your grace, the prologue is addrcst.
The. Let him approach. "
Shakesp. : Midsummer Jfight's Drtam, v. 1.
fid-dres-see', s. [Address, v.] One to whom
anything is addressed.
ad-drSss'-er, s. [Address. J One who ad-
dresses.
" The addressers offer their own persona, "—fiurAre to
the Slier iff qf Bristol,
ad-dress'-ful, a. [Address, a.] Pull of
address, full of tact, skilful. [Address, s.
ir. 2.3
ad-dress'-ing, i>r. par. [Address, v.]
* ad-dress'-ment, s. [Eng. address; -me)tt.]
Addressing.
" The most solemn piece of all the Jewish service —
I mean that great atonement — was jierformed towards
the east, quite contrary to all other manner of
addressment in their devotion. "—Oj-ti MS. {Latham, :
Diet.)
t ad-drest', j^'-'- i'"*"- [Addressed.]
ad-du'9e, v.t. [Lat. adduco = to lead to, to
conduct ; euZ = to ; duco = to lead.]
t 1. To lead or draw to.
2. To bring forward or cite a passage, an
example, an argument, or decision in nivour
of a statement or opinion.
" III such cases it would seem to be the simple duty,
and the only course for the historian, to relate the
facts as recorded, to adduce his authorities, iind to
abstain from all explanation for which he has no
ground." — Milman : Hist, qf Jews, 3rd edit. Preface.
" Numerous examples of this power may be ad-
duced," — Todd & Bovnnan : Physiol. Anat., i. 11.
" Reasons of no great weight were adduced on both
—Jes ; for neither party vent
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
ad-du'^ed, fa. par. [Adduce.]
ad-du'-fjent, a. [Lat. adducens, pr. par. of
adduco.'] [Adduce.] Leading or drawing to.
Aiiat. : A tenn applied to muscles which
draw one portion of the bodily structure to-
wards another.
AddvAxnt muscles = adductor muscles. [Ad-
ductor. ]
ad-du'-9er, s, [Adduce.] One who adduces
or brings fonvard, or cites for the purpose of
argument.
ad-du'~5i-'ble, a . [Eng. adduce ; -ible = abk. ]
Which may be adduced or brought forwaid.
" The addnnbJ^t testimonies in favour of . ■"
— Gladstone : State in Jtelation to Church,
ad-du'-^ing, pr. par. [Adduce. ]
f ad-diict', o.t. To draw or lead to, to lure.
". . . either impelled by lewd disiwsition, or
adducted by hope of rewards." — Time's Storehouse.
OrdMS.
ad-diic'-tion, s. [Lat. adductum, supine of
adduco.] [Adduce.]
A. Ord. Lang. : The act of leading or draw-
ing to, bringing forward or citing ; the state
of being led or drawn to, brought forward or
cited.
B. Technically :
Anat. : The drawing together of one part of
the frame to another by the action of muscles.
ad-duct'-ive, a. [In Fr. addvctif.] Leading
or dramng to ; bringing forwar<.l ; or fitted to
do so.
". . . their adductive motion." — Brevint ■ Saul
and Samuel at Endor, p, 411.
ad-dtict'-or, s. ova. [Lat] (s.) That which
' leads or draws to ; (".) leading or drawing to,
Anat. : A term applied to a muscle whose
function it is to bring one part of the physical
frame towards or in contact with another one,
which, as a rule, is larger ur more important
than the first.
"The muscular impressions [in bivalve shells] are
those of the adductors, the foot and byssus, the
siphons and the mantle," — Woodward: MulVusca,
p. 401.
"The adductor impressions iire usually simple,
although the muscles tliemselves may be composed of
two elements,"— /6Jrf., pp. 400-1.
''ad-dul9e, ^a-dul9e, ad-doiilse, v.t.
[Lat. dulds =■ sweet.]
Lit. & jig. : To sweeten. (Miiisheu: Diet.
Howell : Diet. )
" Thus did the French ambassadors, with great show
of their king's affection, and many sugared words,
seek to addrilce all matters between the two kings."
— Bacon: Henry VII.
-ade. A suflflx occurring in words originally
French, as cannonade, rodomontade. It corre-
sponds to the Spanish ada, tlie Italian aia,
and the Latin pa. par. ahis. It implies an
action in progress.
a'-deb, s. [Arab.] An Egyptian weight, gener-
ally of 210 okes. In Rosetta, however, it is
only 150 okes. The oke is about 2^ English
pounds avoirdupois.
a-de'-la, s. [Gr. ainKot {adelos)=.T\ot seen,
inconspicuous ; a, priv. ; and dfjXoy (deIos) =
visible.] A genus of moths, belonging to the
family of Yponomeutidaj. It contains the A.
De Geerella, or Long-horn Moth, which spins
thin gossamer threads like those of spiders.
It is found in woods.
S-d-el-an-ta'-do, s. [Span.] a governor of
a province ; a lientenant-guvf^rnor. (Minshev.)
" open no door ; if the adelantado of Spain were
here, he should not enter." — B. Jonson: Every Man
out of JUs Humour.
a-del-ar-thro-so'-mai-ta, s. pi. [Gr. a5i}Ao$
{adtlos') = not seen, inconspicuous, secret ;
apOpov (ar//(/'07i) = articulation, jotnt; and
a-tofia (soma) = body.] Animals having bodies
with inconspicuous joints.
Zool. : The third order of Trachearian spiders.
It consists of animals which have the cephalo-
thorax and the abdomen closely united ;
but in the latter, when closely examined, in-
conspicuous annulations will appear. They
have jaws, connected with which are palpi
and nipping claws like those of the scorpion.
They are divided into three families — the
Phalangidte, the Cheliferida, and the Solpu-
gid£e(q.v.).
a-del-^'-ter, s. [Gr. adnXo? (adelos) - not
"seen, and do-Tr/p (i'stL'r)=^ a. star. Lit.: An
unseen star.]
Bot. : A nominal genus proposed for the
purpose of placing under it tho.se garden
plants which, not having been seen in flower,
or at least not yet having had the flowers
botanically examined, cannot for the present
be classified. With the progress of botany,
one adelaster after another vnU find another
resting-place, and the artificial genus wiU dis-
appear.
* ad'-el-ing, * ath'-el-ing, s. [A.S. mtheling,
adelyng = the son of a king, a prince, one of
the royal blood, the heir apparent to the
crown, a nobleman next in rank to the king.
(Bosworth.) From cpthel, o'thele = noble, and
ling = state or condition of a person. In Sw.
adeb'g; Dut. edel; Ger. edel and adelig = noble.
In Sp. hidalgo = an inferior grade of noble-
man. In Arab, athala is = to be well rooted,
or to be of noble stock or birth.] A title of
hononi' in common use among the Saxons. It
occurs in the name Edgar AtheUng. [Ethel,
Athel.]
Sid'-el-lte, s. [Sp.] A person belonging to
the class of Spanish conjurors who pretended
to read fortunes by the flight or singing of
birds and other so-called omens. They were
called also Almoganeans.
a-del-o-pode, «. [Gr. adn^^os (adelos) = not
seen, obscure : a, priv. ; 5nXos (c/efos) = visible ;
TToiis (perns), genit. 7ro3os (podos) — foot.]
Zool. : Not having visible feet, not having
the feet apparent.
a-del'-phi-a, s. pi. [Gr. a5eA06s (addphos)
' = a brother.']
Bot. : Brotherhoods. The fanciful but still
not inappropriate name given by Liniueus to
the aggregations or bundles of stamina found
in some genera of plants. When all the
stamina in a flower were aggregated into one
bundle, as in the mallows and geraniums, he
placed the plant under his class Monadeljiliia
(one brotherhood) ; when into two bundles,
as in most of the papilionaceous sub-order, he
ranked it under his Diadelphia (two brother-
hoods) ; and when into more than two, as in
the Hypericum, then it was assigned its place
in his Polyadelphia (many brothei'hoods).
A-del-plii-a'-ni, A-del'-phi-ans, 5 pi
[Named after their leader, Adelphius. ]
Ch. Hist. : A Christian sect in the fourth
century, the members of which always fasted
on Sunday. [Euchites.]
a-del'-pho-lite, s. [In Ger. adelpkolit, fr.
Gr. aieh^os (adelp1ws)=^ a brother, and \l0oi
(lithos) = stone, ]
Min. : A columbate of iron and manganese.
It is subtranslucent, has tetragonal crystals, a
greasy lustre, a brownish-yellow, brown, or
black colour, and a white or yellowish- white
streak. It is from Finland, where it occurs
with columbite. (Dana.)
^ ^-em-^nd, s. [Adauant.]
ad-exnp'-tion, s. [Lat. ademptio — a taking
away ; ad = to; emptio = a. buying ; adimo,
ademi, ademptum = to take to oneself, to take
away: ad =^ to; c7?io=to take, to receive, to
buy,]
Law : The revocation of a grant.
* a-den' (pa. par. adenyd), v [Old form of
Din (q.v.).] To din, to stun.
" I was adenyd of that dynt,
Hit stoned me nnd made me stent,
Styl out of my stevcn."
MS. Douce. (HaHiwell.)
A'-den, «. [Arabic for Heb. Eden.]
Poet. : Eden.
" For thee in those bright isles is built abower,
Blooming as Aden in its earliest hour."
Byron: Bride qf Abydos, canto ii. 20.
a-den-^nd'-ra, s. [(l)Gr. a.hriv(adeii) = (\.) un
acorn, (ii.) a gland; avi^p (aiier), genit. a.v6po<;
(aTidros) = a. male. Bot. : A stamen.] A genus
of plants belonging to the order Rutaceic,
Rueworts, and the section Diosmeas. Several
species are cultivated in greenhouses.
a-den-Sn'-ther-a, s. [In Sp., Port., and
Ital. adenantera, fr. Gr. adrju (ade)i) = (l) an
acorn, (2) a gland ; av9rjp6v (antlieros) ~ flowery,
blooming : avdetii {antlieo) =■ to bloom ; ai^flo?
(anthos) =. a blossom, a flower.] Bastard
flower fence. A genus of plants belonging
to the order Leguminosse, and the sub-order
Mimoseae. The best known species is the A.
pavonviuju, an unarmed tree, with small white
flowers, in axillary and terminal racemes It
is wild in some parts of India, besides growing
there in gardens. The bright scarlet seeds
are worn by women in the East as beads, and
the chips yield a yellow dye, called in the
Maliratta country Itukta-chundum, or red
sandal-wood, which is used by the Brahmans
for marking their foreheads,
ar-den'-i-fonn, a. [Gr, a6^v (aden) = (l) an
acorn, (2) a gland ; Lat. forma=^ form, shape.]
Shaped like a gland.
a-den-i'-tis, 5. [Gr. abtjv (aden) = . .a
gland ; suff. -itis = inflammation.]
Med. : Inflammation of the lymphatic gland.s.
It almost always exists with angeioleucitis =
inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. It is
produced when an open wound of any kind
b6il, boy; poilt, j6^1; cat, 9011, cborus, 9hin, ben9h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, e^st. -ing.
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -^ion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious = shiis. -bl3. -die. Sec. = bel, deL
64
adeno — adhantare
comes in contact with irritating or poisonous
matter, generally from Avitliout, though some-
times also generated within itself. When one
with a sore on his hand has to touch a noxious
fluid, he should smear the wound with oil or
grease to prevent the poisoning of the ab-
sorbents.
a-den-o.
In composition : Connected with a gland,
affecting a gland.
adeno-meningeal fever, s. A par-
ticular kind of fever, believed by Pini'l to arise
from the diseases of the mucous follicles of
the intestines, and from that alone. (Dr.
Tweedie: Cycl. ofFract. McJ., art. "Fever.")
a-den-6-car-pus, s. [Gr. a6i}v (adm) =
. . . a gland ; Kapiros (karpos) = fii\it.]
Botany : A genus of papilionaceous plants
allied to Genista. They have fine yellow
flowers, and are found on the mountains of
Southern Europe and the regions adjacent.
ad-en-o-^ele, s. [Gr. a6>jv (adeii) = a gland ;
KtjXri QceU) = a tumour.]
Surgery : A growth or tumour in the female
breast, resembling the tissue of the breast
itself. It takes a variety of forms, and has
been called Chronic Mammary Tumour, Pan-
creatic Sarcoma, Mammary Glandular Tumour,
Hydatid Disease of the Breast, and Serocystic
Sarcoma. It requires excision.
a-den -og'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. a3»> (aden) =
' a gland, and ypaipij {graphe) = a delineation, a
description ; Ypa^w (grapho) = to write.] The
department of anatomy whic-li treats of the
glands.
ad'-en-oid, a. [Gr. aS^v (ade)i) = a. gland;
er5os (eidos') = that which is seen, form ; from
^t6u} (eido)= to see.] Having the form of a
gland, glandifoiTO.
ar-den-ol-og-i-cal, a. [Adenology.] Per-
taining to the science of adenology ; pertaining
to investigations regarding tlie glands.
a-deil-6l'-6-g3^, s. [Gr. a8f]v (aden) = a
' gland ; Aoyos (logos) = a discourse.]
Anat. : That part of anatomical science
which treats of the glands, their structure,
function, and the alteration which they
undergo in disease.
ar-den-oph-y'-ma, s. [Gr. ad^v (aden) =
a gland ; ^D/xa, or <pv/ia {phuma), in Lat.
phyma = a growth, a tumour, fr. (puoj (jpliud) =
to bring forth, ]
Med. : The swelling of a gland. When the
liver is thus affected, tlie terai used is hepato-
phynia; when the groin, then it is huho.
3id'-en-6s, s. "Marine cotton," a species of
cotton brought from Aleppo.
dd'-en-OSe, a. [Gr. adljv (arie») = a gland.]
Resembling a gland ; pei-tainiiig to a gland ;
adenous.
3d-en-6st-y'-le-£e, s. pi. [Gr. a6l}v (aden) =
. . . a gland ; o-tDXo? (stulos), Lat. stylus =
a pillar, a style for writing with, the style of
a plant. ]
J^ot. : A sub-tribe or sub-division of Com-
posite plants of the tribe or division Eupa-
toriaceee. It consists of genera in which the
style is covered with long glandular hairs.
Examples : Adenostylis, Eupatorium, Lina-
tris. [Adenostylis. ]
ad-en-6st-y '-lis, s. [Aden ost yl^^. ]
Bot. : The typical genus of the tribe Adeno-
stylese (q.v.). The species are found on the
mountams of Southern Europe. A. glabrahaa
been used in coughs.
ad-en-6t'-om-y, s. [Gr. adi^v (aden) = a
glahd, and to/i^ (tome)= a cutting, from Te/xi'to
(temno) = to cut. ]
Anat. : The cutting of a gland.
ad'-en-oiis, a. [Gr. a&ijv (aden) =:^ a. gland.]
The same as Adenose (q.v.).
* a-dent', V. i. To fasten. (Minslieu.)
* a-den'-yd, pa. par. [Aden, v.]
Ad-e-O'-na, n. [A Roman goddess. ]
1, Astron. : An asteroid— the 145th found.
It was discovered by Mr. C. H. T. Peters
on the 3rd of June, 1875 ; another asteroid,
Vibilia, having previously been met with by
the same gentleman that night.
2. Zool. ; A genus of Zoophytes allied to
Eschara.
* a-dep'-^i-oun, s. [Adeption.]
a-deph'-a-ga, s. pi. [Gr. a.5ri({>dyos (adepMgos)
= eating "one's iill and more : (1) aSrif (adm)
= to one's till, enough; dSea> (a deo) = to
satiate ; (2) ^ayeiv (phageln) = to eat, 2 aor.
of i^a-yo^uat (pjhagomai) = to eat.]
Entom. : A sub-tribe of Coleoptera (Beetles).
If the Coleopterous order be divided according
to the number of joints in the tarsi, the
Pentamera, or beetles with five joints, will
head the list. At the comraenceraent of the
BEETLE OF THE SUB-TRIBE ADEPHAGA.
tribe Pentamera is the sub-tribe Adephaga,
consisting of beetles which have two palpi in
each jaw, or six in all. All are predatory.
They are divided into the Geodephaga, or
Land Adephaga, and the Hydradephaga, or
Water Adephaga. The Geodephaga contain
the Cicindelidge, Carabidge, &c., and the Hydra-
dephaga the Dytiscidse.
ad-e-phag'-i-a, ad-de-phag'-i-a, s. [Gr.
a6n(pa'iia (oMphagxa) = gluttony.] [Adeph-
aga.]
Med. : A morbidly voracious appetite for
food. [Bulimia.]
ad'-eps, s. [Lat. adeps, genit. adipis, the soft
fat of animals. ] Animal fat.
3d'-ept, or a^dept', s. & a. [In Ger. adept;
Fr. adepte ;' fr. Lat. axleptus, ]ta.. par. = ob-
tained ; adepitus, s. =■ an obtaining ; adipiscor
= to come up to, to attain : ad = to, and
apiscor = to obtain.]
A. As suhsto.ntlve :
1. Alchemy : One who was supposed to have
obtained the elixir and philosopher's stone
which enabled him to transmute everj'thing
into gold.
2. One completely versed in any science or
art.
T[ Followed by in of that in which the
person is skilled.
" An adept next in penmanship she grows."
Byron: A SketcTt.
". . . adepts in the arts of factious agitation." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xi.
B. As adjective : Thoroughly versed, well-
skilled.
"If there be really such adept philosophers as we
are told of. I am apt to think that, among their
arcana, they are masters of extremely potent men-
struum s. " — Boffle.
^ It may be followed by in, or be without it.
ar-dep'-tion,*9,d-ep-5i-oun,s. [Lat, adeptio
= an obtaining.] An obtaining, acquisition;
an acquirement.
" In the adepcloun and obteynyng of the garland."—
Hall : Richard III., 80.
* a-dept'-ist, o. [Adept.] An adept.
ad'-e-qua-9y, s. [Lat. adrrrpiatio — a making
equal ; cukequo = to make equal : ad = to, and
oiquo = to make level or equal ; ceqinis = level,
equal.] The state or quality of being equal
to, on a level with, proportionate, commen-
surate, or suitable to ; sufficiency, coinmen-
surateness.
", . . the adcfpiacy of the forms obseryed," —
Froude: Hist. Eng., ch, ii.
ad'-e-quate, "" ad'-se-quate, a. [Lat. adoi-
qiiotus, pa. par. of adccqvo = to make equal ;
Ger. addquat ; Fr. adeqiiat ; Sp. adecuado ; Ital.
adeqiudo.]
1. Equal to.
" Wliy did the Lord from Adam Eve create ?
Because with him she should nut b' atteguate.
Had she been made of earth, she would nave deem'd
Herself his sister, and his equal Eeem'd."
Owen: Epigrams (1677).
2. Sufficient, proportionate, commensurate,
suitable.
"... an ambassador of adequate rank," — Froude :
Hist. Eng., ch. v.
"Thus by the inceasaut dissolution of limits we
arrive at a more or less adequate idea of the infinity
of sj)iice."—T,i/ndaU : Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., t 3.
1 It is often followed by to.
"Small skill in Latin, and still less in Greelc,
Is more than adequate to all I seek."
Cowper: Tirocinium.
^ ^d-e-quate, *^ ad-e'-quate, vJ. [See
the adj.] To make even or equal ; to equal;
to resemble exactly, (Minslieu )
" Though it be an impoHBihility for any creature to
adequate God in his eternity . . . . —Sftelftyrd :
Discourses, p. 277.
ad'-e-quate-l^, o^v. [Adequate, a.] In
an adequate manner, commensurately, suitably
to, in proportion to, in coiTespondence with,
on the level of.
". . . .1 gulf of mystery which the pro.se of the
historian will never adequately bridge." — Froude:
JJiat. Eng., ch. i.
"... an adequately modified form of the me-
chanism of sound."— Tyndall : Frag, of Science, 3rd
ed., vii. 133.
Sd'-e-quate-ness, .'; [Adequate.] The state
or quality of being adequate or in just pro-
jioi'tion to.
^ ad-e-qua'-tion, 5. [Lat. adtequatlo = a
making equal, an adapting ; fr. adcequo = to
make equal.] Adequateness. (Barlow.)
t Ad-er-ai'-inin, or Al-der-a'-min, s.
[Corrupted Arabic (?).] A star of the third
magnitude in the left shoulder of Cepheus.
* ad'-er-c6p, s. [Attercop.]
■■ a'-de§, s. [Addice.]
■ A'-de^, s. [Hades.]
a-de§-mi-a, s. [Gr. a.64a/Jiioq (adesmios),
adea-iJios (adcsmob) =: unfettered.]
Bot.: A large genus of papilionaceous plants
found in Soutli America. The balsam, A.
Mlsamifera, a Chilian species, is highly bene-
ficial as an application to wounds.
-my, ^. [Adesmia.]
Bot. : The division of organs which are
noiTnally entire, or the separation of organs
normally united.
A-des-sen~ar'-i-an^. s. [Lat. adesse = to
be present, infln. oi adsitm.]
Church Hist. : A sect of Christians in the
sixteenth century wlio held that the body of
Chri.st was really in the Eucharist, but rejected
the hypothesis of tran substantiation. They
had no universally accepted view of their own.
They were at variance with each other as to
whether the Saviour' .s body was in, about, or
under the bread.
Ad-es'-te Fi-de'-le§i, [Lat. (??(.)= "Be
present, be faithful."] The first words of a
Christmas carol, translated " Come, all ve
faithful."
■*" a-dC'W', jja. iKi.r. [A.S. o.don, don, = to do, to
inake.]
1. Done.
"Derffly to dede that rhyftans was adetc."
Wullave. vii., 1,1'JD, -U.b. (Jainteson.)
2. Gone, departed, fled.
" Anone is he to the hie nionte ndew."
Douglas: I'irgU.SOi.
*a-dew'. [Adie^'.] (O.Scotch.)
ad-fect'-ed, r'. [Lat. adfectus or affectum =
endowed,' furnished, constituted ; ajjido = to
do to, to aflect : ad = to ; /nc(o = to make
or do.]
Alg. : Containing different powei-s of an
unknown quantity. The term is used in
describing quadratic or higher equations.
Quadratic equations are divided into two
classes : Pure Quadratics, involving only the
square of the unknown quantity ; and Adjected
Quadratics, involving both the square and the
simple power of the unknown quantity.
Thus. 2x2+6=10 is a pnre quadratic; x^ + b
= 11 — jc is an adfected one.
"'■ ad-fil'-i-ate, v.t. [Affiliate.]
ad-f a-i-a'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to, and filius
= a son.] A Gothic custom, still perpetuated
in some parts of Germany, by which the chil-
dren of a first marriage are put on the same
footing with those of a second one.
&d'-ha, s. [Arab.] A festival celebrated by
the Mohammedans on the tenth day of their
twelfth month, by the sacrifice of a sheep and
other ceremonies. It is the feast called by the
Turks the gi-eat Bairam.
' ad-han'-tare, ^■. [Haunt.] One who haunts
a place. (0. SiVtch.)
" Tiiigaris adJiantaris of ailelioussis."— ^6. Reg.
iUte, fat, fsiTQ, amidst, what» tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her. there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Sjrrian. je, oe = e. ey = a. ew = u.
adhatoda— adiaphoraey
66
ad-lia-to'-da, s. [Malayalim or Cingalese
name Latini'sed.] A genus of Acanthacean
plants. The fruit and other parts of A.
varica are used in asthma, fever, and ague.
ad -here', v.i. [Lat. acUum-eo = to stick to:
a/l = to, and hcereo = to stick ; Ital, aderire ;
Fr. adherer.]
L Literally :
X. To stick to, as a viscous substance more
or less does to anything with which it is
brought in contact.
2. To stick to anything, not tlirough the
possession of glutinous qualities, but by some
other physical process.
" E:bch tooth has its i)eculiar socket, to which it
fiuiuly adheres hy the close co-adaptation of theiv
opiroaed surfaces.'— Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia,
p. 15.
IL Figuratively :
1 1. To cleave to, as a bribe does to the
guilty hand which accex)ts it, or commission
or ocher payment for work done left unob-
jectionably in tlie hand of the person who
executed it.
" In this wealth, without reckoningthB large portion
which adlterex to the hands employed in collecting it."
-J. S. Mai: Polit. Econ., p. 15.
2. To remain firmly attached to one's
church, political party, or expressed opinions.
"Rochester had till that (\s.y adliered firmly to tlie
royal cause." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. x.
" These people, probably somewhat under a million
in number, had, with few exceptions, acUiered to the
Church of Borne." — Macaulay : llitt. Eng., ch, vi.
"A hundred and eighty-eight were for adhering to
the vote of the eleventh of December." — Macaulay :
nut. Eng., ch. xxiii,
*3. To cohere, to hang together, to be con-
sistent, or agree with.
" Nor time, nor place.
Did then adltere." Shakesp. : Macbeth, L ".
ad-her'-en9e, t ad-her'-en-jy, ». [In Fr.
adherence; lia.\. aderenza.)
A. Ordinary Language :
tl. Lit. : The act or the state of sticking to
by the operation of something glutinous, or
in any other way, to a material thing.
T[ In tliis sense the much more common
word is Adhesion (q.v.).
II. Figuratively :
1. Of immaterial things: Power of sticking
to, pertinacity in clinging to.
" Vices biLvu a native adherencg of vexation." —
Decay of I'tety.
2. Of persons : Firm attachment to one's
church, political party, or opinion.
"The firm adlierimce of the Jews to their religion is
no less reiniirkable than their dispersion ; considering
it as persecuted or contemned over the whole earth."—
AddisoTi.
B. Scots Law. An action of adherence : One
•which may be brought by a husband to compel
his wife to "adhere," or return to him when
she has deserted him without adequate reason.
ad-her'-ent, a. & s. [In Fr. adherent; Ital.
adi' rente, 'fv. Lat. ad)ieerens, pr. par. of adh(eieo
= to stick to.]
A, As GtdjeGtive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : Sticking to, as a glutinous sub-
stance does to anything with which it is
brought in contact, or as various non-glutin-
ous bodies do in other ways. [See B. 1.]
2. Fig. : Tenaciously attached to a person,
party, or opinion.
"If a man be adherent to the king's enemies in his
realm, giving to them aid and comfort in the realm, or
elsewhere, he ia also declared guilty of high treason." —
Mackatone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 6.
IL Technically :
1. Botany: [Adhering.]
2. Logic. Of modes : Improper.
" Modes are aaid to be inherent or adherent ; that is,
proi>er or improper. Adherent or improper modes
arise from, the joining of some accidental substance to
the chief subject, which yet may be separated from it :
ao, when a bowl ia wet, or a boy is clothed, these are
adherent modes ; for the water and the clothes are
distinct subataincea, which adhere to the bowl or to
the boy."— (TaWs .■ Logick.
B. As substantive :
1. Of things: Anything adhering to one in
whatever way.
" When they cannot shaJte the main fort, they must
tiry if they can possess themselves of the outworks ;
raise some prejudice against his discretion, his humour,
his carriage, and his extrinsic adJiei-ents." — Dr. JT.
More: Oovernmcnt of the Tongue.
2. Of persons : One attached to another by
veneration, aflfection, or other close bond, so
as to be disposed to follow him as a leader ;
one attached to a church, a political party,
or an opinicn, so as to be prepared to make
sacrifices on its behalf.
"He had conaequently a gieat body of personal
adiiererUs."— Macaulay : Sist. Eng., ch, iL
ad-her'-^nt-ly, adv. [Adherent.] In an
adherent manner; after the fashion of a thing
or of a person adlierent to another.
ad-her'-er, s. [Adhere. ] An adherent ; one
who adlieres to.
" He ought to be indulgent to tender consciences ;
but, at the same time, a firm adherer to the Estab-
lished Church." — Smft.
ad-her'-iing, jw. par. & a. [Adhere.]
"... the adJiering impurities are got rid of." —
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., i., ch. i., p. 37.
Botany. An adhering or adlierent organ is
one united externally by its whole surface to
another one.
ad-he'-^ion, s. [in Fr. adhesion ; Lat. ad-
ha^ns, pa. par, of od/ia-reo = to adhere.] [Ad-
here.]
A. Ordinary La,nguage :
1. Lit. : The act or state of sticking to.
"... and by the firm adTiegion of the alveolar
I^erlosteum to the organised cement which iuvests the
laug or fangs of the tooth." —Owen : Classif. of the
Mamm.alia, p. 15.
"So alao by tapping the end of the poker we loosen
the adhesion of the fluids to the atoms, aud enable the
earth to pull them apart." — Tyndatl : Frag, of Science.
2. Fig. : A sticking to; but when the sense
is figurative, adherence is the word more com-
monly used.
"... and choose justice with adhesion of the
mind."— t^eremy Taylor: Works (1839), vol. iii., p. i
B. Technically :
1. Min. Adhesion to the tongue, or failure
to do this, is one of the points to be tested
when one seeks to identify a mineral.
(Phillips : Mineralogy, 2nd ed. , p. xxxvi. )
2. Nat. Phil. : The molecular attraction
exerted between bodies in contact. Its effect
is to make them adhere firmly together. It
takes place between two solids, between a
solid and a liquid, or between a solid and a
gas. It acts only at insensible distances. It
diff"ers from chemical affinity m this respect,
that it arts between surfaces of any size, and
without altering the character of the adhering
bodies ; wliereas chemical affinity takes place
between the ultimate particles of substances,
and generally alters the aspect of the latter in
a remarkable way.
3. Med. : The sticking togetlier or uniting of
parts of the bodily frame whicli, in a per-
fectly healthy subject, remain apart ; the re-
uniting of parts temporarily severed by
wounds or bruises.
" The healing of wounds, the adhesion of divided
parts, are familiar to every one." — Todd & Bowman ■
Physiol. Anat., L 11.
4. Bot. : The growing together of two por-
tions of a plant normally distinct, as of two
opposite leaves, &c.
ad-he' -sive, a. [Fr. adheslf, as if from Lat.
* adhaisivns.] [Adhesion,]
I. Literally :
1. That adheres ; sticky, tenacious, viscous.
2. Fitted with some appliance or means for
adhesion ; as, adhesive envelopes.
II. Fig. : That tends to adhere ; clinging,
persevering ; remaining attached.
" If slow, yet sure, adhesive to the tract."
Thomson: Autumn, 4J7.
adhesive-felt, s. A kind of felt used for
sheathing wooden ships.
adhesive-inflamxnatiozi, s.
Med. : Inflammation terminating in adhesion
of parts of the body previously separated.
adhesive-plaster, d-.
Phann. : A plaster of litharge, wax, and
resin, used for closing wounds.
adhesive-slate, s.
Min. : An absorbent slaty clay which ad-
heres to the tongue.
ad-he '-si ve-ly, adv. [Adhesive.] In an
adhesive manner ; in a way to stick to.
ad-he'-sive-ness, s. [Adhesive.]
1. Ord. Lang. : The power of sticking to,
the quality of sticking to ; stickiness, tenacity
of union.
" We might also name it [the associating principle]
the law of adhesion, mental adfiesiveness ur acquisi-
tion."—Bai'i; The Senses and rhe Intellect, bk li,, cli. i.
2. Phren. : The mt-ntal faculty by which
attachment is manifested and friendships are
formed.
a'-dhl, a'-di, s. [Sansc. and Pali = over,
supreme. ]
adhi buddha, adi buddha, s.
Among the Booddhists : Tlie first Buddha,
identified with the Supreme Being.
adhi raja. [Li(. =over king.] Supreme
king or ruler. The Sanscrit terip suggested
by Prof. Max Miiller as the best rendering of
the term emperor in the expression " Emperor
of India," conferred by Parliament in 1876 on
future English kings.
adhi rajni. [Lit. = over queen.] A term
similarly suggested as the best to apply to
Queen Victoria and any queens regnant who
may succeed her as "Empress of India."
{Max Muller: Letter, Times, April 10, 1ST6.)
^ These terms, derived from Sanscrit, were
not ultimately adopted ; but terms derived
from the European title of Caesar were used
instead. [Kaisir, Kaisirin.]
* ad'-hita, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] A jilant ;
the eye-bright (Euphrasia officinalis). (Dr.
Thos. Mare's MS. additions to Ray.) (HalUiuell.)
ad-hib'-it, v.t. [Lat. adhibitiis, pa. par. of
adhibeo = to hold to, to apply one thing to
another : ad = to ; haheo = to have or hold.]
* 1. To use, to employ.
"Salt, a necessary ingredient in all sacrifices, was
adhibited aud reiiuired in this view only, as an emblem
of puriflwition. "— /"res. Eorbes's Letter to a Bishop.
t2. To apply, add, append: as, To adhibit
one's name to a petition.
ad-hib-i'-tion, s, [Fi-om Lat. adhibitio =
an employing ; fr. adiiihro.] Apx:ilication, use.
"The «('fc/ii(ion of dilute wine . . . ." — Whitaker:
Blood of the Grape.
Ad'-hil, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A star of
tlie sixth magnitude, in the constellation
Andromeda. It is situated upon her garment,
and under the last star in her foot.
* ad-hort', v.t. [Lat. adhortor: ad=to ; liortor
=to exhort.] To exlioit, to incite ; to advise.
"Julius Agricola waa the first that by adhor/ing
the Britainea publikely, and helping them iirivatL'ly,
wuii them to builde houses for thciuBelves "—stuw.
Survey of London (ed. 1598), p. 4.
ad-hort-a'-tion, s. [Lat. adhorlatio, fr.
adhortor = to exhort : ad = to ; hortor = to
exhort,] Exhortation, incitement, encourage-
ment, advice.
". . . the swete adAor(a(foTM, the hyghe and aasured
promises that God maketh unto -aB."~Iie7nedy for
Sedition.
ad-hort'-a-tor-y, «. [From Lat. adhmiator
= an exho'rter.] Pertaining to an exliortation ;
addressed to one ; hortatory.
adi.
[Adhi.]
a-di-a-b^t'-ic, s. [Gr. adtdi/3aToq (adiabatos)
= no't to be cmssed or pa&sed : a, priv. ;
dta^aToi; (ili('huios)-= to be crossed or passed ;
Aiafiixivoa (diabaino) . . . = to step across, to
pass over : 616. (dia) = through ; ^aivca (baino)
= to walk, to go.] Not able to be crossed or
passed.
Xat. Phil. Adiabatie com/pression of a fluid:
Compression under such circumstances that
no heat enters or leaves the fluid. (Everett :
The C.G.S. System of Units, ch. ix,, p. 55.)
a-di-a-bat'-ic-al-l^, adv. [Adiabatic] In
such'a way that there is no passage through.
" IncreJise of pressure adiabatically." — Ibid., p. 55.
a-di-S-nt'-um, s. [In Fr. adlonir ; Sp., Port.,
and Ital. adianto ; Lat. adiantum, from Gr.
abiavTov (adianton) = maiden-hair ; adiavrog
(adiantos) = not wetted : a = not ; dialvoy
(diaino) = to wet, to moisten, because, says
Pliny, you in vain plunge it in water, it
always remains dry.] [Maiden-hair.]
A genus of ferns of the order Polji^odiacese.
The ini olucres are membranaceous, and are
formed from the margins of the frond turned
inwards. The only British .species is the
graceful A. capillus veneris, or maiden-hair.
It furnishes the substance called capillaire.
Taken in small quantity, the maiden-hair is
pectoral and slightly astringent, while in
larger quantities it is emetic. Other species
have similar properties. In India the leaves
of A. melanocavlon are believed to be tonic.
a-di-aph'~6r-a-9y, s [Gr. i5ta<}>opia
fadiaphoria') = indifference, from a6ia.ipopn<;
(adiapJioros) = not different. [Adiaphoristic]
Indifference.
b6il, b6y; pout, jif^l; cat, 5ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = i.
-cla = sha ; -clan = shan. -cioun, -tion, -sion = shun ; -^ion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious ~ shiis. -ble, &c. = b^L
66
adiaphorism— adjacent
a-di-apli'-dr-ijUl, s. [Eng. adiaphor(y) ;
-ism.] The belief or tenets of an adiaphorist.
" The Protestant Lecture Halls, says ScheiT, rung for
years with the most perverse contests about adiaph-
oris)n."—S. Baring-Gould, : Qcnnany, i. 310.
a-di-aph-or-is'-tic, a. [Gr. iSia^opo? {adia-
phoros) = not different, iiidifferent : a priv. ;
6id0opos (diaphoros) = different.] [Differ.]
Ch. Hist. : Pertaining to things indifferent,
or looked upon as- not worth disputing about.
The term was introduced to designate an
ecclesiastical controyersy which broke out in
the year 1548. The Emperor Charles V.
having issued a paper, popularly called the
Interim, in which, he prescribed what faith
and practice the Protestants were to adopt
till the Council of Trent should dictate a per-
manent form of belief and worship, Maurice,
Elector of Saxony, urged Melanchthon and
his friends to decide what portions of the
document they would accept and follow
Melanchthon, whose temperament was timid,
and whose spirit was eminently conciliatory,
proposed to go very far in the direction pre-
scribed. Regarding many doctrines and prac-
tices in dispute between the antagonistic
churches of Rome and Wittenberg as adia-
phoristic — that is, as pertaining to matters
indifferent — he considered that, for the sake
of peace and harmony, the Emperor might be
permitted to have his own way with regard
to them, and that, to a very large extent,
the Interim might be accepted and obeyed.
Luther had died two years previously, but
his followers, being specially irritated to
find the doctrine of justification by faith
figuring among the things adiaplwristic, re-
fused & join in the great concessions pro-
posed. A controversy in consequence arose
between the followers of Luther and those of
Melanchthon. It was called the adiaphoristic
controversy, and embraced two questions : (1)
What things were indifferent ; and (2) whether,
with regard to things indifferent, the emperor
could or could not, in conscience, be obeyed.
(Mosheim, : Ch. Hist.)
A-di-aph'-dr-ists, A-di-aph'-or-ites,
s. pi. [In Ger. Adiapkoristen.]
Ch. Hist. : Those who sided with Melanch-
thon in the Adiaphoristic controversy alreadj'
described.
a-di-aph'-6r-ous, a. [Gr. aSia^opo? (adia-
' phoros) = not different.] Indifferent. [Adia-
phoristic]
* 0. Ghem. : Neutral. The name given by
Boyle to a spirit distilled from tartar and
some other substances. He called it adia-
phorous, i.e., neutral or indifferent, because it
was neither acid nor alkaline.
" Our adiaphorous spirit may be obtained by distil-
ling the liquor that js afforded by woods and divers
other bodies."— £oj/Zc.
Med. : Producing no marked effect, either
good or bad.
^-di-aph'-or-y, s. [Gr. '\8ia<popia (adia-
* phoria) = indifference.] Indifference.
a-dieu', nominally an adverb, but more re-
" sembling the imperative of a verb ; also a
substantive. [In Ger. and Fr. adieu, fr. Fr.
a Dieu = to God.]
X As adverb or imperative of a verb :
* 1. Originally: A pious commendation of a
friend, on parting with him, to God. [See
etym,]
2. No^u : Farewell ; good wishes at parting,
expressed after the French fashion. [Adic]
% It may be spoken to inanimate nature as
well as to a person.
" My home henceforth is in the Bkies ;
Earth, aeaa, and sun, adieu/"
Coiffper : Stanza, " Bill of Mortality" (1789).
n. As sttbstantive : Farewell.
^ In this sense it has a plural.
" Where thou art gone
Adieus and farewells are a sound unknown."
Cowper : Mother's Picture.
a-dight' {gh silent), a. [A.B. adihtan = to
" dress, to equip.] Made up, fitted up, done
up, dressed, equipped.] [Bedight, Digh't.]
" Yonder ben tuo yonge men, wonder well adigJit,
And paraveiiture there ben mo, who so loked aright."
Chaucer: 0. T., 635, 886.
*a-di'hte, v.t. [Adight.] To fit, to suit.
'(Wright : Political Songs.) (Halliwell.)
^d'-i-main, s. The long-legged sheep, a breed
oi: sheep in fSouth Africa remarkable for their
long legs and their robust make.
ad'-in-ole, s. [Perhaps fr. Gr. a3ivds (adinos)
= close, thick.] A mineral classed doubtfully
bv Dana under his Compact Albit^ = Albitic
h'/f^ite. He says of it—" Adinole is probably
"albitic; it is reddish, from Sala, Sweden."
It cannot, therefore, be as yet considered an
established species or variety.
t ad'-i-o, s. [Sp.] The Spanish form of
Adieu, and with a similar derivation.
"In the evening I gave my adios, with a hearty
good-will, to my companion Mariano Gonzales, with
whom I had ridden so many leagues in Chile."—
Darwin : Voyage rouiid the World, ch. xvi.
' ad-i-or'-nale, * ad-joiirn'-al, s. [Adi-
OaNISE.]
0. Scotch iaw : The record of a sentence
passed in a criminal cause.
"The saidis personis to bring with thame, and pro-
duce before my said Lord Goveruour and thre estatis
of Parliament, the pretendit acts of adioryiale, sen-
tence and procea of fon fallour."— ./lc(s Mary {1542),
p. 420,
"^ ad-i-or'-ni§e» v.t. [Fr. adjoumer = to cite
one to appear on a certain day ; jour = a day.]
To cite, to summon. (Scotch.)
" Tha had adiomist him tharfor as insufficient
staV—Aberd. Reg., A.D. 1545.
a-dip'-ic, a. [Lat. adeps, genit. adipis = the
soft fat of animals,] Pertaining to fat.
adiplc acid, s.
Chem. : C6H10O4 (C4H8)" (C0 0H)2. An
organic diatomic diabasic acid produced by
the oxidation of fats by nitric acid.
ad-ip-6'-9er-ate, v.t. [Lat. adejjs, genit.
adipis = fat ; cera, Gr. Knpoff (keros) = wax ;
suff. -ate = to make.] To make into adipocere,
to convert into adipocere.
Sd-ip-o-^er-a'-tion, s. [Adipocerate.] A
making or conversion into adipocere.
ad'-ip-o-^ere, ad'-ip-d-5ire, s. [in Fr.
adipocire ; Lat. ade/js =; fat, and cera, Gr.
Kripoff (tej'os) = wax.] A chemical substance
in its character somewhat resembling wax or
spermaceti. It arises through the chemistrj'
of nature, when the bodies of men and
animals buried in soil of a certain kind are
subjected to the action of running water, or
otherwise brought in contact with moistm-e.
In such circumstances the soft parts of the
corpses, instead of decaying, may become
transformed into adipocere. A notable case
of the kind occurred in a Parisian burial-
ground in the year 1787.
^ Mineral adipocere is a name given to a
certain fatty matter found in the argillaceous
iron ore of Merthyr.
ad-i-p69'-er-ous, a. [Adipocere.] Full of
adipocere; relating to,or containing, adipocere.
F^d'-ip-o-^ire, s. [Adipocere.]
ad'-ip-ose, a. [Lat. adipis, genit. of adeps,
= fat ; and suff. -ose = full of. Webster in-
quires whether adeps may be connected with
Chaldee and Heb. idqtq {iaphash) = to grow
fat, and Arab, ta/ashan = fat, bulky.]
Phys. : Fat, loaded with fat, with fat abun-
dantly secreted,
adipose cells, s. The cells described
under Adipose Tissue (q.v.).
adipose cellular tissue, s. A term
formerly applied to two distinct kinds of
structure which the perfection of modern
microscopes has now enabled physiologists to
separate, as being different both in structure
and function — Adipose tissue, properly so
called, SLiid Areolar tissue. [Areolar.]
adipose ducts, t
animal fat.
adipose membrane, s. The membrane
whence the cells of the adipose tissue are
formed. It does not exceed the ao^oyth of an
inch in thickness, and is quite transparent.
adipose sacs, s. The sacs or vesicles
containing animal fat.
adipose substance, s. Animal fat.
adipose tissue, s. A membrane in a
st-ate of great tenuity, fashioned into minute
cells in which fat is deposited. It occurs in
roan, and in the inferior animals, both when
mature and when of imperfect development.
adipose vesicles, s. [Adipose Sacs.]
(Todd aTul Bownum : Physinl. Anat.)
The ducts containing
ad'-ip-oiis, a. [Lat. adipis, gcmt. of arfepff,
= fat.] Full of fat, fatty, fat. The same a&
Adipose (q.v.).
a-dip '-si-a, a-dip -sy , 5. [G r. a6 1 ^ ra
(adipseo) = to *be free from thiiat ; a6t\l/os
(adipsos) = free from thirst.]
Med: : Absence of thirst.
"^■" a-dir, a. Old form of Either (q.v.).
"Aiid tha.t aclir of them shall have . . ." — Dames:
Fork Records, p. 155. (nalUwell.)
ad-ist', %n'ep. [Ger. d.ies = this.] On this side.
(Scotch.)
"I wish you was neither adisttieT nor ayout her."
— Scotch Proverb.
-^ Sid'-it, s. [In Ital. culito, fr. "Lat. edit ic> = a,
going to, entrance, avenue : adeo — to go to ;
ad = to ; eo = to go.]
1. A passage for the conveyance of water
underground; a subterranean passage in.
general.
" For conveying away the water, they stand in aid
of sundi-y devices ; as adits, pumps, and wheels driven
by a stream, and Interchangeably filling and empty-
ing two buckets." — C'arew.
2. The entrance to a mine, or sometimes to
an ordinary building ; also the aj^proaches to
these.
"Care has then to be taken for the drainage of the
mine, which is partly effected by the excavation of an
adit or tunnel.' — Black : Guide to Cornwall, p, 22S.
^"3. Entrance, approacli.
" Taunt me no more :
Yourself and youra shall have Iree adit."
Tennyson .■ Princess, vi. 283.
"ad-i'-tion, s. [Lat. aditlo =a going to, an
approach ; aditum, supine of a(j£0= to go to, to-
approach ; ad = to ; i(io=going : ad, and eo=^
to go.] The act of going to, or approaching.
a-dit-ya, s. [Sansc]
Hindoo Myth. : The sun, Avorsliipped as a god.
Sid'-^ve, s. [Local name.] A fox, the Vulptes
corsac, found in Siberia.
^ ad-ja'-9en5e, g,d-ja'-9en-9y, ;.. [Lat.
adjacens, pr. par. of adjaceo = to lie near to :
ad = to ; jaceo = to lie.] The state of lying
adjacent or near to.
"Because the Cape hath sea on both sides near it,
and other lands (remote as it were) equi-distant from
it ; therefore, at that poiut, the needle is not dis-
tracted by the vicinity oi adjacencies."
Browne ,• Vulgar Errours.
ad-ja'-9ent, a. & s. [In Fr. adjacent; ItaL
ad'iacente; Lat. adjacens, pr. par. of adjaceo^
to lie near to, to adjoin : fr. ad = to ; jaceo =
to lie.]
A. As adjective :
1. Lying near to ; situated contiguous to,
in place.
"... the tribes inhabiting adjacent distiicts are
almost always at war" — Darwin: Descent of Man,
pt. i., ch. iii.
2. Lying near to, in other respects than in
place.
"... when the case to which we reason is an ad-
jacent case ; adjacent not as before, in place or time,
but in circumstances. — J. S. Mill : Logic.
B, As substantive : Anything lying neai- to,
anything contiguous to another. (Literally or
figuratively.)
" The sense of the author goes visibly m its own
train ; and the words, receiving a determined sense
from their companions and adjaecnts, will not con-
sent to give countenance and coloiu: to what must
be supported at any rate. "— iocifce.
Geom. Adjacent angle: One contiguous to-
another, so that one side and the vertex are'
common to them both. The term is most
frequently employed when the other sides en-
closmg the angles are in the same straight line.
In Fig. a, e is the vertex, ce the side com-
mon to the two ad-
jacent angles cea,
BEc; AE and eb the
other sides which, it
will be observed, are
in the same straight
line AEB. In such
a case the two ad-
jacent angles together constitute two right
angles, and each is the supplement of the other.
Adjacent, when used of an angle, is opposedi
to opposite ; CEA and bed are opposite
angles ; so also are c e b and a e d ; whilst
cea and aed, aed and dee, deb ani
BEC, With EEC and cea already mentioned,
are ad,jacent angles.
In a triangle with one side produced, the
angle contiguous to the exterior one is called.
the interior adjacent, whilst the others are
denominated the interior and opposite angles.
ia:e, fat, fare, amidst, what, lall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, £e. oe = e. ey = a, au - kw.
adj acently— adjunct
6?
Ill tlie triangle a e c (Fig. 2), one side (b c)
of which is pro- ^
cluced to D, A c D
is the exterior
angle and a c b
the interior ad-
jacent, whilst
c B A and E a c
are the interior
and op-posite
angles. (See Euclid I. 15, 16, 32.)
ad-ja'-^ent-ly, adv. [Adjacent.] So as to
1)6 cuntiguous to.
*ad,-ject', v.t. [Lat. odjecdtm, supine of ad-
jicio = to throw to, to add to : from ad = to ;
Jado = to throw.] To put or add one thing
to another.
* ad-ject'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Adject.]
* ad-ject'-ing, pr. par. [Adject.]
* ad-jec'-tlon, s. [Lat. adjeetio = a throwing
to, an addition.] The act of adding ; the state
of being added ; anything added.
"That unto ever^ pound of eulpliur, an adjection
til one ounce of quicksilver ; or unto every pound of
jjetre, one ounce of sal-ammoniac, will mucb intend
the force, and consequently the report, I find no
verity."— firowjie .■ Vulgar £rrov/rs, blc ii., ch. v,
*Sd-jec-ti'-tiOUS, a. [Adject.] Added.
Sid-ject-i'-val, a. [Adjective.] Pertaining
to an adjective ; used as an adjective.
■' . , . and 80 an adjuctival offupring ."—
Key : rhilological Essays, p. 255".
fi-d'-ject-ive, a. & s. [In Ger. atljektiv; Fr.
adjcctij ; It&X. addiettivo, iv. IjaX. adjectiv us =
added ; adjicio = to throw to : ad = to ; jc^io
= to throw.]
A. As adjective :
I, Ordinary Language.
1. Delining the quality of a noun.
"An adjective word." — Whitnoy : Life and Growth oj
Langtuige.
2. Adjectival.
3. Added to, additional.
II. Law : Relating to procedure.
"The whole Eugliuh law, iiuhstantlvu and adjectiue,
was, in the Judgment of all the greatest lawyei-a, of
Holt and Treby, of Maynard and Vomers, exactly the
name a£ter the itevolutiou aa before it."—JJai:aulai/:
JJist. E>ig., ch. X.
B. As substantive :
Grammar : One of the parts of speech, con-
sisting of words joined ti) nouns to define
and limit tlicir signili cation, as bright silver,
which is less extensive in signification than
silver in general ; and a good man, which is a
narrower term than man in the abstract.
" ¥ot adjectives can't stand alone."— i/oii; Satires,
t S.d'-ject-ive, v.t. To make into an adjective,
to use with the meaning of an adjective.
{Home Tooke: Diversions ofPurley, p. 650.)
adjective-colours^ ^. pi
Dyeing : Colours which require to be fixed
by some base or mordant in order to be used
as permanent dye stufis.
ad'-ject-ive-ly, adv. [Adjective.] After
the manner of an adjective.
"In place of brazen in this sebse we now substitute
the Btfbstaiitive brass, used adjectioely. "—Trench :
English, Past & Present.
•^d-j6in', V.t. & /. [In Ft. adjoin/ire, from Lat.
adjungo : ad- = to, and jungo = to join.]
A. Tra'iislUve :
*1. To join to.
" To whose huee spoke ten thousand lesser things
Are mortised and adjoined."
Shakesp. : Eainlet, iii. 3.
2. To be situated next to : as, His house
adjoiTis mine.
B. Intrans. : To be immediately adjacent ;
to join : as, Our houses adjoin.
* ad-join'-ant, ^ ad-joyn'-^unte, «.. & *.
[Adjoin.]
1. As adjective : Adjoining, lying immedi-
ately contiguous to. (Halliwell.)
2. As substantive : A person or thing con-
tiguous to another.
"... to grevo and hurte his neighbors and ad-
pM/nauntes of the realm of England."— ZTaB; ffenry
fl., t 58.
ad-jSin'ed, pa. par. & a. [Adjoin.] [Ad-
" JOYNT, AdJOYNATE.]
^-jSin'-iXkg, pr. par. & a. [Adjoin.]
1. Transitive: Joining to.
2. Intransitive: Adjacent to, contiguous.
(Either with or without the prefix to. )
"The adjoinln/g hospital was sacked." — Macaulay :
Bist. Eng., cli. xi,
""ad -joint, s. [Adjunct.] An associate.
"This lady is yQ\M adjoirU,"— Gentleman Instructed,
p. 108.
ad-journ', v.t. k i. [O. Fr. ajomer, ajumer :
' a = to, and jour = day.]
A. Transitive :
1. To put off (anything) for a single day.
" Or how the sun shall in mid heaven stand still
A day entire, a night's due course adjoum."
J/Uton: P. L., bk. xii.
Spec. : To postpone till next day the re-
maining business of Parliament, of a law
court, or other meeting, releasing the members
from attendance meanwhile. The term ad-
journ may be used iudifi'erently of the business
or of the meeting. [See No. 2.]
2. To postpone such business or meeting to
a specified time, which need not be limited to
the next day.
"The debate on this motion was rejwatedly ad-
journed."— Macaulay : Hist. £ng., ch. xiv.
" Halifax, wishing probably to obtain time for com-
munication with the prince, would have adjourned
the meeting : but Mulgrave begged the lords to keep
their seats, and introduced the messenger." — Ibid.,
ch. X.
B. Intransitive : To defer business or cease
to mfet till the next day, or till some other
date generally fixed beforehand.
" It was moved that Parliament should adjourn for
six weeks. "—Scitct Speeches, vol. v., p. 403.
To adjourn sine die. [Adjournment.]
*\ The Houses of Parliament adjmirn by
their own authority, wliilst the intervention
of the sovereign is needful before they can be
prorogued.
ad-journ'ed, j^a. par. &,a. [Adjourn.]
ad-joiirn'-itng, pr. par. [Adjourn.]
ad-joum'-ment, s. [Fr. ajoumement: d =
to, and jour = day ; suffix -ment (q.v.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The putting of anything off till next day,
ur, more loosely, till a future period.
'I. (Spec): Tlie putting off duty wliich
should be done to-day till to-ntorrow, and
when that arrives then again till to-morrow ;
procrastination.
"We will, and we will not; and then we will not
again, and we will. At this rate we run our Uvts out
m adjourntncnts from time to time, out of a fivntas-
tical levity that holds na off and on, betwixt hawk
(Uid buzzard."— Z.'-AVrrt/(tfc.
2. Properly the i>utting off the remainder
of a meeting of Paiiiamt'iit, or any other body,
for one day ; but it may be used in a wider
signilicAtion for pubtponement till a specified
day. When no duy is indicated, then, if the
word adjournment is used at all, it is said to
be nine die — i.e., witlnuit a day. The acljonrn-
mcnt of Parliament is not the same as either
its primigation [Prorogation] or ith dissolu-
tion [Dissolution].
"Common decency required at least an adjourn-
Tnent." — Macaulay: Bist. Eng., ch. xv.
IL The time during which or to which
business or a meeting is postponed. Used,
for example, of the time during which the
Paiiiament or any other public body which
has been adjoxmied remains without re-assem-
bling ; as "the hon. member saw his friend
for a few hours duiing the adjournnient."
B. Technically :
Law :
(a) A further day appointed by the judges
at the Nisi Priiis sittings for the trial of issues
in fact, which were not before ready for dis-
pcsal.
(h) Adjimriimcnt in eyre: An appointment
of a day when the justices in eyre mean to sit
again. (Coicdl ) [Eyre. ]
"^ ad-joyn'-ate, pa. par. [Adjoin.]
"Two semely princes, together adjoynats."~Bar-
' dyng : Chronicle, p. 154,
^ ad-joynt', s, [A form of Adjoined.] One
joined with another, an associate, a com-
panion, an attendant.
" Here with these grave adjoynts
(These learned maisters) they were taught to .'^ee
Themselves, to read the world and keep their points."
lianiel: Civ. Wars, iv. 69.
ad-judg'e, "a-jug'ge, v.t. & ;. [0. I'r.
' ajuyer ; Fr, adjuger = to adjudge, from jxger,
Lat. judico = to judge.] [Judge.]
A. Transitive :
1. To judge or try a person; to come to
a judicial decision regarding a case ; to' an-
nounce such, a decision when arrived at.
" Adjudged to death.
For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth."
MUton: Samson A gonistes.
\ Followed by the pei-son whose ease is pro-
nounced upon in the objective, and to before
the verdict given. {Lit. Safig.)
Sometimes, instead of to, tlie verdict con-
stitutes the clause of a sentence introduced
by tliat :
" The popular tribunal was more lenient ; it was ad-
judged that his offence should he expiated at the
public expense." — Lewis : Early Roman Bist.. ch. xi.
2. To award by a judicial decision. (Fol-
lowed by the thing awarded as the ubj*-*i-t,
and to of the person.) (Lit. Sajig.)
" The great competitors for Home,
Gesar and Pompey, on Pharsalian plains ;
Where stem Bellona with one final stroke
Adjudg'd the empire of this globe to one," Philips.
3. In a more general sense: To judge, to con-
sider, to deem, to n-gaid as, to decide to bi_'.
"He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship,
Ijuriwsing eharidy to revenge the wrong he had re-
ceived. " — Knolles.
B. Intransitive : In the same senses as A.
Spec. : To decide, to settle.
there let Htm still victor sway,
" 'ed."
HUon : Paradise Lost, bk. x.
ad-judg'edf pa. par. [Ajjjudge.]
ad-judg'-ing, iJr. par. [Adjudge.]
ad-jiidg'-iuent, s. [Ai>judge.] The act of
" judging or deciding by a judicial decision ;
also the judgment or verdict given.
ad-ju'-dic-ate, v.t. & i. [Lat. adjudicatum^
supine of adjxidico : ad = to ; judico = to
judge ; judex = a judge ; jus = a judicial deci-
sion ; dico = to pronounce. ]
1. Transitive: To judge, to determine.
2. Intransilive : To come to a judicial deci-
sitiu.
T[ To adjudicate upon : Judicially to decide
upon.
ad-ju'-dic-a-ted, pa, jiar. [Adjudicate.]
ad-ju'-dic-a-ting, j^r. par. [Ad.]udicate.]
ad-ju-diic-a'-tion, s. [In Ital. aggvudica-
zione, fr Lat. tidjudica^io = an adjudication.]
A law term
I. The act of adjudging or judging.
IL The state of being adjudged.
III. The decision, judgment, sentence or
decree given forth after the act or process of
judging is complete.
Specixilly :
1. Eng. Laiv : The decision of a court that
a person is bankrupt.
"Whereas, under a Bankruptcy petition presented
to this Court against the said , an order of ad-
judication was made on the 18th day of Marcli, 1876,
This is to give notice that the said adjudication waa,
by order of this Court, annulled on the 3rd day of
November, 1875. Dated this srd day of November,
1B75." — Official Advertisement in Times, Nov. 6, 1875.
2. Scotch Law: The "diligence" by which
land is attached in security for the payment
of a debt, or by which a feudal title is made
upon a person holding an obligation to con-
vey ^vlthout procuratory or precept. It is
thus of three kinds : (1) Adjudication for debt ;
(2) Adjudication in security ; and (3) Adjudi-
catinti in implement. The first two require no
explanation. They are sometimes classified
under the heading ^cZjurficai'.ioTi Special. Ad-
judication in implement is a form of adjudica-
tion for the completion of a defective title to
landed property.
ad-ju'-dic-a-tor, s [Adjudicate.] One
who adjudicates.
ad-ju'-gate, v.t. [Lat. adjugo = to yoke to:
f(d = to ; jiigum = a yoke.] To yoke to.
*ad-Ju'-xneiit, s. [Lat. adjumeyitiim=:a. means
of aid; help: contracted from ad/ KiianiejUuTO;
adjnvo = to help; ad «= to ; jtiv-' = to help.]
Aid, assistance, help. (Mieac )
ad'-junct, s. &l n. [Lat. adjunctus = joined
to, pa. par. uf ailjuiigo = to .luin to : nd = to,
and jvngo = to yoke, to join ; Ger. adjunkt ;
Fr. adjoint.]
b6il« 1)63^; pout, j^^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hiu, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, ^enophon, e^ist. -ing.
-cia = sha ; -cian == shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -^on, -tion = zhuu. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. ~ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
68
adjunction — adjutrix
A. -4s substantive :
I. Of things:
1. In a general sense: Anything joined to
another without being an essential part of it.
"But they were comparatively au idle adjunct of
the matter."— CaWifte; Heroes and Hero- Worship,
Lect. I.
"... but to avoid the risk of asking amiss, we
ought to purify the question of all adjuncts which do
jiot neces3arily belong to it."~Tyndall: Fi'ag. of
Seie7ice, Srd ed., viii. 4, p. 180.
2. Technically:
(a) Metaphysics : Any quality of a physical
substance or of the mind. Thus weight is an
adjjunct of a body, and consciousness of the
mind.
(ft) Grammar: "Words used to qualify other
leading words. For instance, in tlie sentence,
" The stars visible in our latitude," the word
stars, which, standing alone, would include all
visible from any part of the globe, is limited
in meaning by the adjunct or adjuncts, " visible
in our latitude."
3. Miisic : The relation between the prin-
cipal mode and the modes of its two fifths.
II. Of persoTis :
1. Gen. : A person associated with another
for the promotion of some pursuit, or for any
other purpose.
" He made him the associate of his heir-apparent,
together with the Lord Cottiugton, as an adjunct of
singular experience and trust, m foreigii travels, and
in a business of love." — Wotton.
2. Law : An additional judge.
B. As adjective :
1. Gen. : Added to, or coryoined with any
person or thing of greater importance.
" And every humour hath his adjunct pleasure.
Wherein it finds a joy above the rest.
SJiakesp. : Sonnets, 9L
"And when great treasure is the meed proposed.
Though death be adjunct, there 's no death sup-
posed." Shftkesp. : Tarquin and Lucrvce.
2. Roman ArcKmology. Adjunct deities were
inferior gods or goddesses attendant upon
those of higher rank. Thus Mars, the god of
war, was at times attended by his wife or
sister Bellona, the goddess of war. He was a
principal, she an adjunct deity.
ad-lunc'-tion, s. [In Fr. axljonction ; fr. Lat.
' aajunctio=- a joining to, a union ; fr. adjungo
— to join to ; or from ad =■ to ; junctio = a
joining.] A joining to ; the act of joining to,
the state of being joined to, a thing joined to.
"... upon the adjunction of any kingdom unto
the King of England." — Bacon.
ad-jlilic'-tive, a. & s. [Lat. adjunctivus.]
L As adjective :
1. Gen. : Having the quality of joining or
being added to.
2. Latin Grammar : The adjunctive pronouns
are ipse, ipsa, ips^im = self . (Schmitz: Latin
Grammar. Chambers, 18G0.)
II. As substantive : Anything joined to
(another).
ad-junc'-tive-ly', adv. [Adjunctive.] In
' an adjunctive manner, as is the case with
anytliing joined to.
ad-junct'-l3^, adv. [Adjunct.] As is the
case with anything joined to ; in connection
with ; consequently.
ad-jiir-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. adjtiration ; fr.
Lat. adjuratio = a swearing by ; adjuj'ation.]
1. The act of adjuring, or charging one on
oath or solemnly ; also the act of swearing by.
" A Persian, humble servant of the sun,
Who, though devout, yet bigotry had none,
Hearing a la^vyer, grave in his address.
With adjurations every word impress,
Suppos'd the man a bishop, or at least,
G-od s name so much upon his lips, a priest :
Bow'd at the close with all his graceful airs,
And begg'd an interest in his frequent x>rayers."
Cowper : Conversation.
2. The thing sworn ; the form of oath ten-
dered in adjuring one ; also the particular oath
used by a solemn or by a profane swearer.
3. A solemn charge or adjuring conjuiation.
" These learned men saw the dtemons and evil spirits
forced to confess themselves no gods by jiersuna who
only made use of prayer and adjurations m tlu' uniiie
of their crucified Saviour." — Addison: On tlie Christian
Religion.
ad-jiire'j'y.i. [In Fr. adjurer ; fr. Lat. adjiiro
r^to swear, to confirm by oatli : ad= to, and
juro = to swear ; jus = equity or law.]
1. To charge upon oath, to charge upon
pain of a curse or of the divine displeasure.
"And Joshua adjured them at that time, saying,
Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth uj) and
Iniildeth this city Jerichu " — /*v'' vi. 20.
" I adjxire thee by God, that thou torment me not."
—Mark V. r.
2. To charge solemnly,
"But he adjured them as gentlemen and soldiers
not to imitate the shameful example of Cornbury." —
Macaulay : Eist. Eng., ch. ix.
t 3. To attempt to procure by adjuration
or earnest entreaty. (Poetic.)
" My friends einbrac'd my knees, adjur'd my stay ;
But stronger love irapell'd, and I obey. "
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xxii. 307, 308.
ad-jiir'ed, pa. par. & a. [Adjure.]
ad-jiir-er, s. [Adjure.] One who adjures.
ad-jur'-ing,pr. par. [Adjure.]
ad-jiist', u^. [Sp. ajustar ; Ft. ajuster ; Ital.
aggiustare ^ to adjust: Lat. r/(/ = to; Justus
= just.] [Just.]
1. To fit, to adapt to, mechanically or other-
"A striding level is furnished with the [transitl
instrument, to be used when required for adjusting
the &\is." —Chambers : Astron., bk. vii.. p. 652.
2. To regulate, to dispose.
"... the representative system was adjimtpd
to the altered state of the country. "—J/acawZnj/ ■ f[ist
Eng., ch. xiv.
3. To arrange, as the terms of a treaty, by
mutual negotiation.
"... the terms of the treaty known as the
Second Treaty of Partition were very nearly adjusted. "
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
4. To put on properly, as dress, arras, or the
like. (Also used reflex.)
ad-jiist'-a-ble, a. [Adjust.] That may or
can be adjusted.
t ad-jiist'-age (age = ig)» s. [Adju-st.]
The same as Adjustment.
ad-just'-ed, jjf'.. par. ha. [Adjust.] Fitted;
regulated ; arranged.
"... taking advantage of nicely adjusted com-
binations of circumstance."— //(■/-.'.r/ie? .- Astrono^nu.
5th ed., § 431.
ad-jUSt'-er, s. [Adju.^t.] One who or that
" which adjusts.
". . collectors of various readings and adjusters
of texts." — Br. Warton : Essay on Pope, li. 298.
ad-just'-ing, pr. pair. [Adjust.]
"... the precision of this adjusting power. "-
Todd and Bowman : Physiol. Anat., ch, vii,
"... the -■ ... ,. ™, . .,
Srded., p. 303.
t ad-jiist'-ive, a. [Adjust.] Tending to
adjust.
ad-just' -ment, s [In Fr. ajustei)unt.'\
' [Adjust.]
A. Ordinary Language :
L The act of adjusting, fitting to, rendering
conformable to a certain standard ; or re-
ducing to order.
1. The act of fitting to (lit. or fig.).
"... the time which was absolutely required
for the erection and adjustment of the instruments,
with or without observatories over them." — Transit of
Venus ; Times, Ai>ril 20, 1875.
". . , let us see what, by checking and balancing,
and good adjustment of tooth and iiinion, can be made
of it." — Carlyle : Heroes aivl Hero-Worship, Lect. V,
2. The act of arranging or coming to an
agreement about.
" The farther and clearer adjusttnent of this affair I
am constrained to adjourn to the larger treatise." —
Woodward.
II. The state of being adjusted, fitted, or
adapted to.
"Aa the prismatic camera was the instrument re-
quiring least time for adjustment, so it was the one
which could be employed for the longest period during
the eclipse." — Transit of Venus ; Timcx, Aliril 20, 1875.
III. Things at^iusted, fitted or adapted to
each other ; the nature of the litting itself.
"... the various parts of the body are weights,
and in the muscular ndjnstments are treated as such."
— Todd and Bowm-an: Phy.-,i(il. Anat., ch. vii,
"... the eye mav be perfect in all its optical
adjustments." — Ibid., en. viii.
"... the mechanical nd itisfments of his frame
are less favourable to preserve the .standing: posture
than in the four-footed animal."— /fj;^/.. ch. in.
B. Technically. Marine Insvrfiicc : The
ascertainment of the c-xart loss at sea on goods
which have been insured, and the fixing the
liroportion which each underwriter is liable
to pay.
ad-jut -ag^e, ui a-jut-age (age ~ ig), ^.
Fr. ajutage; fr. ajon/>:r=to adjoin.]
Ihjilraulics : The et)'-ct of a tube fitted to an
aperture in a vessel from which water is ilow-
ing, as, for instance, in a jet or fountain.
3-d'-ju-tan-9y» s. [Adjutant.]
1. Tlie office of an adjutant.
2. Skilful arrangement.
"Disposed with all the adjutancy of definition and
division."- fiurfte ; Appeal to Old Whigs.
ad'-ju-tant, a. &; s. [In Ger. and Fr. adju-
tant ; llal. ajutante ; fr. Lat. adjutans, pr.
par. of adjuto = to help often or niuch. ; freq.
from adpivo.] [Adjuvant.]
A. As adj. : Auxiliary.
S. As substantive :
L Of persons : An officer whose duty it is
to assist the major. Each regiment of horse
and each battalion of foot has one. Every
evening he receives the orders of the brigade-
major, and after communicating them to the?
colonel, then issues them to the sergeants.
Adjutant-General :
1. Military: A high functionary who stands
to the whole army in the same relation that
an ordinary adjutant does to a battalion or
regiment. The department of the Adjutant-
general is charged with the execution of all
orders relating to the recruiting and equip-
ment of troops, their instruction, and their
preservation in proper efficiency. There are
also assistant and deputy-assistant adjutants-
general of divisions and districts.
2. Ecclesiastical: A certain number of
fathers who resided with the general of the
Jesuits, and made known to him the important
events passing throughout the world. Each
limited his attention to a single country, in
which he had emissaries, visitors, regents,
provincials, &c., to furnish him with informa-
tion and forward his views.
3. Any assistant.
XL Of a genus of birds :
Spec. : The gigantic crane. The name ad-
jutant was given by the Anglo-Indians of
Bengal to this bird from the fancy that it
resembled the dress and tlie dignified w?li
of the military
functionary called
an adjutant. It is
the LeptoiAilus Ar-
gala, and belongs
to the Ciconinge,
or Storks, a sub-
family of the Ar-
deidse, or Herons,
which again are
ranged under the
order Grallatores,
or Wading birds.
The adjutant of
Bengal and of
Southern Africa is
about five feet
high, and is an ex-
tremely voracious
bird. The expanse
of its throat is so
wide that it can
swallow a large cat
entire. It is deemed sacred '.'x the East,
and, apart from superstition, earns the title
to be left without molestation by being so
useful a scavenger. A somewhat smaller
species, the L. Marabou, which furnishes the
marabou feathers, occurs in tropical Africa.
IIL Of things in general: An assistant.
" A fine violin must and ever will be ttie best adju-
tant to a fine voice." — Mason: Ch. M., p. 74.
t ad'-jii-ta-tor, .■*. [Agitator (2).]
* ad-ju'te» r.t. [Fr. ajouter=to add.] To add.
" Six bachelors as bold as he,
Adjtiting to his company,"
Ben Jonson : Underwoods.
tad-jut'-6r, s. [Lat. <nliutor.'\ One who
aids or assists. [Coadjutor.]
"All the rest, as his adjutor; and assistants, yov
must awake out of this evvoT."~Spalato : Rocks -
Christian Shijnoreek (1618), p. VZ.
ad-ju-tbr'-i-um, *. [Lat. = assistance, sup-
port.]
Anat. : A name applied to the humerus
from the assistance which it renders at times
when it is needful to raise the arm.
ad'-jut-or-y, a. [Lat. adjufori'us.] Aiding,
assisting ; wliich aids or assists.
ad'-ju-trix, .5. [Lat. The feminine corre-
sponding to the masc. Adjutor.] A female
ADJUTANT (lEPTOPTILUC
aroala).
f^te, fat, fare, anudst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
adjuvant— administrative
69
Sd'-jUV-ant, a. &s. [Lat. c«?y(ufms = helping ;
\>Y. par. "of adjuvo = to give help to : ad, and
javo — to help.]
As culjectLvc : Which aids or assists ; aiding,
"They [minerals] meeting witli apt matter Emd
adjuvant causes . . ." — JloweU: Letters, 1., sas.
As suhstantloe : An assistant; he who, or
that which assists.
"I have only been a careful g^Juvant, and was
sorry 1 coukl not be the efficient" — Velverton {160'J) :
ArduBol., XV. 61.
Specially. Med. : A subst-ance added to the
principal one prescribed in order to increase
its efficiency.
t ad'-jUV-ate, v.t [In Ital. ajutare, fr. Lat.
adj^ivo.] To give aid to, to assist, to help.
^d lar'-gum. [Ac]
a'-dle, ad'-dle, s. [Addle, s.] Foul and
putrid water. {Scotch. )
Sid-leg-a'-tion, s. [In Ger. adlcgation; Lat.
ad = to ; legatio = the office of an ambassador :
lego, -avi = to send as an ambassador.] A term
formerly used in the public law of the German
empire to designate the right claimed by tlie
several states of sending plenipoteutaries to
be associated with those of the emperor in
negotiating treaties and transacting other
public business which affected their welfare.
When a dignitary sent a negotiator not on
state business, but on his own affairs, this
was called legation, and not adtegation.
5,d-l6c-U'-tlon, a. [Allocution.]
t ad-mar'-gin-ate, v. t. [Lat. ad = to ;
marginern, ace. of margo = margin.] Tu
write on the margin of a book, or anything
else capable of being so treated.
ad-2nea'-§iure (i| as zh.% v.t. [Lat. ad; Eng.
)i e.Liure.]
1. Gen. : To measure with the view of
ascertaining the dimensions or capacity of
anj-thiug. [Measure.]
2. l-aw : To aiJportion, as in tlie case of
dowel', pasture, &c. [Ad.measukement.]
" It recited a complaint tliat the defendant hath
surcharged, superoneravit, the common ; and there-
fore counuaiido tlie elierili' tu ndtneasure and appor-
tion it."— /J^ucisfojiti ; Comment., bk. ill., ch. 16.
ad-mea'-^ured (5 as zh), pa. par. [Ad-
measure.]
ad-mea'-^ure-meiit (§ as zh), s. [Ad-
measure.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of measuring.
" lu some counties they are not much acquainted
^vith odTneaauremetU by acre ; and tliereby the writs
contain twice or thrice so many acres more than the
land bath." — Bacon,
2. The state of being measured.
3. The dimensions ascertained.
B. Technically :
Law. A writ of admeasurement is a writ
directed to the slieiiff, and designed in two
specified cases to reduce to tlieir ]jroper share
of goods or privileges those who have obtained
more than a fair amount of either. The two
cases are called Adtneasurement of Dower and
Admeasurement of Pasture. The former is had
recourse to when an heir (being under age) or
liis guardian assigns to the widow of the former
occupant of an estate more dower chargeable
against it than she is fairly entitled to ; and the
latter is put in force when a person not having
the privilege of sending his cattle to graze upon
a common does so, or one who has the privilege
puts in more than a reasonable number, or in
place of " commonable animals," such as cows
and sheep, sends " uncommon able ones," as.
for instance, hogs and goats. {See Blackstone's
Comvi., bk. ii,, ch. S; bk. iii., chaps. 10 &. 16.)
ad-mea'-sur-er (§ as zh), ^. [Admeasure.]
One who admeasures.
ad-mea'-^^ur-ing (a as 2I1), pr. par. & *.
[Admeasure.]
t ad-men-su-ra'-tion (s as sh), s. [Lat. ad,
and Eng. mensuration.] The act or process of
measuring ; the state of being measured ; the
amount, capacity, &c., ascertained by mea-
surement.
' ad'-mer-all, s. [Admiral.]
t ad-me '-tit-ate, v.t. [Lat. admetiatus, pa. par.
of admetior — to measure out.] To measure.
+ ad-min -i-cle, + ad-min'-a-cle, s. [in
Fr. admlnicule — liel'p, aid, support; fr. Lat.
adminiculum =^ (1) the prop by which a vine
twines; (2) aid, assistance: adm.Lniculor=tc
prop, or support.] A law term.
1. Old Law Books: Aid, help, assistance,
support.
2. Civil Lain ; Imperfect proof.
3. Scotch Law : A collateral deed produced
to prove, or at least throw light upon, the
contents of another deed or document which
has been lost.
" When it is to be proved by the testimony of wit-
nesses, the pui'suer ought, in the general sense, to
Srodnce some adminicle in wTiting, i. e. , some collateral
eed referring to that which was lout, in order to
found the action." — Erskine: Inst., bk, iv,
* ad-min-ic'-u-lar, ad-mm-ic'-u-lar-y,
t(. [Adminicle.] Pertaining to aid, helpful,
auxiliary.
"He should never help, aid, supply succour, or grant
them any subventitioua fuxtherauce, auxiliary suf-
frage, or adm.il ' ' ' ' ■■ ~ - ■
Jlabelau, iii. 34,
Law. AdmiiiLcular evidence : Evidence of
an explanatory or completing tendency.
* 3.d-mm-ic'-u-late, v.i. [Lat. admiiiicu'
latxis, pa. par. of adminiculor = to prop up.]
Laiu : To give adminicular evidence (4. v.),
*S.d-iiiin-ic-u-late, a. [See the verb.]
Supported, set'forth. (Scotch.)
"It is so notoriously admmicuJate by an act of
secret cuuucil, and yet deuied upon oath by the prin-
pal officers of state. ' — Crookiltaiik : But., i. 381.
* ad-min-ic-u-la'-tion, s. [Lat. adminicu-
latu^, pa. par. of adminicular.] A prop or
support.
"Some plant? are helpt by adminiculation to W
straight. "—Jacftet ; Lite of Wdl'tamt, ii. 217.
ad-min'-ist-er, 'o.t. & i. [In Ger. adminis-
trireii ; Fr. adviinistrcr ; Ital. armninistrare ;
fr. Lat. administyo = (l) to attend upon, to
assist, to serve, (2) to execute, to perform :
ad = to, and /nlnistro = to attend, to wait
upon; fr. mi«/;^/(T = a servant.] [Minister.]
A. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. To act as minister, i.e., as servant to.
(Used of the political ministers of a constitu-
tional country, who constitute the executive
government for carrying out the enactments
of the legislative body.)
" Beyond that mark is treason. He ia ours.
To adminUter, to guard, to adoi-n the state."
Cowper: Task, bk. \:
2. To dispense, as, e.g., justice, the sacra-
ments, grace, &(■.
"... the settlements of those squatters who, far
to the west of the Miasissippi, adTninister a. rude
justice with the rifle and tne dagger."— J/^aca«iav.-
nut. Eng., ch. in.
"Have not they the old popish custom of admiiiU-
tering the blessed sacrament of the holy eucbarl»it
with wafer cakes ? " — Hooker.
"... this grace, which ia adminigtered by us to
the glory of the same Lord." — 2 Cor. viiL 19.
3. To tender an oath. Authoritatively to
re(iuire one tu take an nath.
" Swear by the duty that you owe to heav'n
To keep the oath that we administer."
Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 3.
■4. To give to one as medicine is given.
" He asserted that his malady was not natural, that
a noxious drug had been adminiatered to him in a dish
of porridge." — Macaulay : Eist. £ng., ch. xv.
5. To grant, to bestow, to afford.
" Wlieu he was come up to the gate, he looked up to
the writing that was above, and uien began to knock,
supposing that entrance should have been quickly
administered to tdm."— Banyan : Pilgrim's Progress.
II. Technically. Law : To take legal charge
of the affairs of a jjerson dying intestate ; to
act as administrator. [Administration, B. 1.]
" , , . that in case of intestacy, the ordinary shall
depute the nearest and most lawful friends of the
deceased to administer his goods." — Blackstone :
Comm., bk. ii., ch. 32.
B. Intransitive :
1, Ord. Lang. : To conduce, to tend.
^ The simple form minister is generally
used in this sense.
"I must not omit, that there la a fountain rising
in the upper part of my garden, which forms a little
wandering rill, and administers to the pleasure as well
as the plenty of the \i\aa6."— Spectator.
2. Laio : To arrange financial matters con-
nected with the real or personal estate of one
dying without a "wiLL [Administration, B. 1.]
t ad-min'-ist-er, s. [From the verb.] An
administrator.
* ad-min-is-ter'- 1 - al, a. [Administer.]
Administering, having the power of per-
forming ministerial functions ; conducive to
an end.
[Administer. ] Able
ad-min is-tra-ble, t
to be administered.
t ad-min'-is-trate, v.t. [From Lat. adminis-
tratum, supine of administro^ to attend upon,]
[Administer.] To administer.
"They have the same effects in medicine, when iu-
waidly administrated to animal bodies,"— M'oodward.
t ad-min'-is-tra-ted, pa. par. [Adminis-
trate. ]
ad-min-is-tra'-tion, s. [In Fr. adminidra-
tion ; Ital, amministrazione, fr. Lat. adminis-
tratio.'] [Administer.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of administering.
1. The act of managing anything on certain
i;)rinciples or by certain methods. Spec. , the
carrying out by a constitutional minister of
the laws and regulations established by the
legislature for tlie management of the several
departments of government. [See No. III.]
"... those effects which make up what we term
good or bad adTninistration." — J. S. Mill : Logic. 2nd
ed., vol. 11., cIl XX.
'* , , . the conducting of delicate negotiations, and
for the adtninistration of war." — Macaulay : Hist.
Enji; ch, ii.
"Hia financial administration was of a piece with
his military administration." — Ibid., ch. v.
2. The act of dispensing anything, as justice,
the sacraments, or medicine.
"... the very scheme and model of the adminis-
tration of common justice between party and party
wiu> entirely settled by this king (Edward I.)." —
Blackstone • Comment., bk, iv., ch. 33.
"By the universal administration ol grace (begun by
our blessed Saviour, enlarged by his apostles, carried
on by their immediate successors, and to be completed
by the rest to the world's end), all types that daikened
this faith, are enlightened," — Sprat : Sermons.
XL The state of being administered.
" There is, In sacraments, to be observed their force,
and their form of administration." — Booker.
III. That which is administered, or those
who administer.
1. The thing administered ; the duties or
responsibilities of government, or of some
deiiartment of it, as the civil, the military,
the naval, or the financial departments.
"Sunderland had ^ood reason for recommending
that the administration should be entrusted to the
Whigs," — Mucaalay : Bist. Eng., ch xx.
"... to take on himself the civil and military
administratio7u"^JIacaulai/ ■ Hist. Eng., ch. x.
"The naval administration and the ftnancliil ad-
ministration were confided to Boards."- /6i'i., ch. xi.
2. The administrators ; the members of
government taken collectively.
"Did the administration in that reign [in Queen
Anne's] avail themselves of any one of those oppor-
tunities?"— Burke: Tracts on the Popery Laws.
B. Technically :
1. Law : The management, by means of an
administrator, of the estate of any one dying
intestate. First the king's ministers of justice
were commissioned to undertake the duty,
next it was given over to the bishops, who,
having in many cases abused their trust,
were compelled by the statute 31 Edw. III.,
c. 11, to appoint as administrators the nearest
and most lawful friends of the deceased
intestate. The person so appointed can do
nothing till letters of administration are first
issued. He then buries the dead person in a
manner suitable to his rank, collects debts
due to him, pays what he owes, and finally
distributes the property among the heirs.
2. The office or power of an administrator.
", . . that the ordinary is compellable to grant
administration of the goods and chattels of the wife
to the hiisband, or her representatives." — Blackstone:
Comment., bk, it, ch. 32.
3. The document, or documents, called
letters of administration, conferring on one xhe
right to act as administrator.
" First, as to the original of testaments and ad-
m.inistrations." — Blackstone: Comment,, bk. iL, p, 489.
" . , , then general letters €tf administration
must be granted by the ordinary." — Ibid., bk. ii.,
ch. 32.
ad-min -is-tra-tive, a. [In Fr. ndminis-
tratlf, from Lat. administrativus^ fit fur ad-
ministration.]
1. Pit for administration, or which actually
administers.
" It was too large and too divided to be a good ad-
ministrative body." — Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. ii.
boil, b^; p^t, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f.
-clan = sh^n. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -sion, -tlon = zhun. -tlous, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -cle, -die, &c. = bei;kel, d§l.
70
administrator— admirative
2. Pertaining to administration, designed
for administration.
" Suffolk is, for adnninistrative purposea, divided
into an Eastern and a "Western division. "—(?eTiszM of
Eng. and Wales (1871), Po7nUati(m Tables, vol i.,
p. 361.
ad-min'-is-tra-tor, s. [in Ger.
trator ; Ft. administrateur ; Ital. aiiiminis-
tratore, fr. Lat. administrator = a manager,
an agent. There is also in Lat. administer =
a servant.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. One who administers affairs in general;
one who conducts the administration of the
country, or of any institution or business
within its limito.
"It is indeed moat impoi*tant that legislators and
administrators ahould Reversed in the philosophy ol
government." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. it
If Among the persons who have heen spe-
cially called adrfiinistrators may be enumerated
the regent of a kingdom during the minority
of a king, the governor of a province, a noble-
man who enjoys the revenues, of a secularised
bishopric, and one who receives and distri-
butes the revenues of a religious house.
1. Law : One who administers to the estate
of a person who has died without making a
will. [Administration, B. 1.]
" But if the deceased died wholly intestate, without
making either will or executors, then general letters
of administration must be granted by tne ordinary to
such administrator as the statutes of Edward III.
and Henry VIIL before mentioned direct."— Sin ct-
stone : Comment., bk, ii,, ch. 32.
2. Ecclesiastical : One who dispenses the
sacraments.
" I feel my conscience bound to remember the death
of Christ, with some society of Christians or other,
since it is a most plain command ; whether the person
who distributes these elements be only an occasional
or a settled administrator." — Watts.
ad-nun'-is-tra-tor-ship, s. [Adminis-
trator, ] The office of an administrator.
ad-min-is-tra'-trix (fem. form of Adminis-
trator), s. [Lat., but not classical. In Fr.
administratrice.] A female who administers
either in government or to the estate of one
dying without a will.
", . ._ and any feme-covert may_ make her will of
goods which are in her possession in auter droit. !i;i
eyi&ii\itTix.OT administratrix." — Dlackstone : Comment.,
* ad-mir-ato'-il-is sSl. [Lat. = admirable
salt.] Glauber's salt.
ad-mir-a-toU'-i-ty, s. [Lat, admirahilis —
(1) the quality of exciting wonder ; (2) ad-
mirableness.] Admirableness ; worthiness of
being admired.
ad'-nur-a-ble, a. & s. [In Fr. admirable ;
Ital. ammirabile, fr. Lat. admirdbilis:= wortliy
of admiration.]
A. As adjective :
* 1. Exciting wonder, without its being
stated whether or not this is combined with
moral approval.
"In man there is nothing admirable but his ignor-
ance and weakness." — Jeremy Taylor.' Hissuasivefrom
Popery, pt. ii., bk. i, § 7.
2. Exciting wonder, mingled with approval.
" Cowper defended himself and those who were said
to be his accomplices with admirable ability and aelf-
posae.^sion. " — Macaulay : ffist. Eng., ch. xxv.
"His fortitude was the more admirable because h":
was not willing to die." — Ibid., ch, xxv.
" I have attempted to show how much light the
principle of gradation throws on the adTnirable archi-
tectural powers of the hive-bee," — Darwin: Origin of
Species, en. xiv.
■^B, As suistantive : That which is to be
admired.
1, A liquor made of peaches, plums, sugar,
water, and spirit. (Ogilvie : Diet, Supp.)
2. The White Admirable : The name given
in Harris's Aurelia.n to the butterfly more
commonly called the White Admiral (Limen iti>
Camilla). [Admiral, C. ; Limenitis.]
ad'-mir-a-ble-ness, s. [Admirable, ] Ad-
mirability ; worthiness of exciting admiration.
"Eternal wisdom appears in the rKhnirablenesn of
the contrivance of the g03i>el." — Hallywell Saving of
Souls, p. 116.
ad'-mir-a-bly, adv. [Admirable.] In an
aamirable manner,
" , , , the whole hand ia admirabln adapted for
retaining a Arm grasp of the boughs of trees." — Owen :
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 6G,
ad'-mir-al, * ad'-mer-all, "' am'-er-al,
* ad'-myr-old, *^ am'-or-ayle, * am'-
rell, *am'-rayl, * 3,m'-y-ral, s. [In
Ger, admiral ; Fr, a-iniral ; Sp. almirante ;
O, Sp. alamir; Ital, ammiraglio, as if from
Lat. admimhiUs ; Low Lat. admiraldus,
amiraliiis ; Byzantine Gr. a^npar (amsras),
a/xnpatn? {amsraios). The first part of the
word is pretty certainly Arab, omlr, often
spelled in Eng. emir = a prince, a leader ;
perhaps with the Arab, article al merged in it.
The second half is more doubtful. "Ham-
mer's derivation from am{r-al-h6.hr = com-
mander of the sea, is untenable. " (Max Miiller ;
Science of Lang., 6th ed. , ii. 264.) Others
make the word Emir-alma = emir of the
water.]
A, Of persons :
* L A Saracen commander or king.
" Tho spec on admyrold.
Of wordes he wes swythe bold."
King Horn, 95,
IL A naval officer of high rank.
Specially :
* 1. Originally : The Lord High Admiral of
England His office commenced in A.D.
1286, If not earlier. Among its duties were
the trial and punishment of offences com-
mitted at sea. Under George II. thefuuctious
were divided among seven commissioners,
and the arrangement having been continued
till the present time, England has not now a
Lord High Admiral, but in lieu of him
possesses Lords Commissioners of the Ad-
miralty.
2. Novj : A naval officer of rank who, when
in active employment, exercises a command
over several ships of war, as a general does
over several regiments.
"It was said of him that he was competent to All
anyplace on shipboard from that of carpent-er up to
that of admiral. — Macaulay : Hist. Sng., ch, xv.
^ There are various gradations in rank
among admirals. The chief distinction is
into admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals.
Among the former stand pre-eminent the
"admirals of the fleet/' of whom at present
there are four. This distinction gives no ad-
ditional command, but only additional pay.
in each of the three grades of admirals thevK
were till of late years three sub-divisions,
named from the colour of their flags, the Red,
the White, and the Blue : now they are styled
respectively, admiral, vice-admiral, and rear-
admiral. The flags of admirals, strictly so
called, are displayed at the main-top-gallaiit
mast-head ; those of vice-admirals at tin;
fore-top-gallant mast-head ; and those of reai-
admirals at the mi zen-top -gallant mast-head.
All are called flag-officers. The admiral and
commander-in-chief of the fleet ranks with ;i
field-marshal in the army ; admirals with
flags at the main-top, with generals ; vice-
admirals with lieutenant-generals ; and rear-
adinirals with major-generals.
B. Of ships: A ship which carries an
admiral ; a flag-ship ; the most considerable
ship of any fleet, whether of merchantmen oi'
fishing-vessels, hence, any large and fiue
ship.
" The mast of some great am.miraU."
Milton; P. L.,
294.
C. Of butterflies : A name given to moi^.'
than one butterfly.
1. The Red Admiral Butterfly is the Vanessa
atalanta. It has the wings black above.
THE RED ADMIRAL (VANESSA ATALANTA).
crossed by a bright red band, the upper pair
with white spots, and the under part of all
the four marked with various colours. The
i.-atcrpillar, which is spiny, in colour black,
and with a range of satiron lines on each side,
feeds on the nettle, the leaves of which it
forms into a sheath fastened with silk. It
is found in Great Britain. [Vanessa.]
2. Tlie. White Admiral ; A butterfly— the Li-
menitis sybilla. It is dull black above, varie-
gated with obscure dark spots. Both pairs of
wings are traversed by a broad oblique white
band, which on the upper pair is much in-
terrupted. Bach of these has also four white
spots on it, whilst the lower pair of wings has
numerous dark ones. The prevailing colour
beneath is brownish yellow, with the base of
the hinder wings and the under-side of the
body pale blue. The expansion of the wings
is nearly two inches. The caterpillar, which
is green, with the head, dorsal appendages,
and sides of [the belly reddish, feeds on the
honeysuckle. The Wliite Admiral Is found in
the south of England, but is rare.
D. Of shells:
Admiral Shell : A shell — the Conus am-
miralis. It has three pale yellow transverse
bands alternating with two broad mottled
ones of a darker colour, and occurs in the
Philippine Isles and the adjacent regions of
the ocean.
ad'-mir-al-ship, s. [Admiral.] The office
of an admiral.
ad -mir-al-tjr, * am'-er-al-te, s. [Ad-
miral,] [In Ger. admiraliiat ; Fr. amiraute ;
Ital. ammiragliato.]
* 1. The sovereignty of the sea. (Salli-
well.)
" Cherish marchandise and kepe the ameralte.
That we be niaesters of the iiarow see."
MS., Soc. Antiq., 101, t 50, {Balliwell.)
2. That department of the British Govern-
ment which, subject to the control of Par-
liament, has the supreme direction of naval
affiiirs. This was formerly in the hands of a
Lord High Admiral, but from the reign of
George II. it has been placed under certain
functionaries called "Lords Commissioners of
the Admiralty." At present (190^) there are
a First Lord of the Admiralty with a seat in
the cabinet, a senior, a second, a third, and
a junior naval lord, and a civil lord, assisted
by several secretaries. There are thirteen
departments in the Admiralty.
"There have cei-tiinly been abuses at the Admiralty
which I am unable to defend." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch, xxiv.
The High Court of Admiralty is a court, the
judge in which was originally a mere deputy
of the Lord High Admiral, but is now ap-
pointed by the Crown, It is divided into a
prize and an instance court ; the first takes
cognizance of cases arising out of the capture
of vessels as prizes in time of war at sea, and
the last of assaults and batteries occurring on
the high seas, collisions between ships, pirati-
cal seizure of vessels, ofiicers' and seamen's
wages, &c. Formerly it had cognizance of
all crimes occurring on the high seas or in
large tidal waters beneath that part of their
course spanned by bridges, but these are now
transferred to the ordinary judges. Ireland
has a court of admiralty ; Scotland has none.
There are vice-admiralty courts in many of
the colonies ; from these an appeal lies to the
Sovereign in Council.
3. The building in which the Admiralty
business is carried on.
Adviiralty, Droits of. [Droits.]
* ad-i]iir'-an9e, s. [Admire. ] Admiration.
" With great aAimira;ice inwardly was moved."
Spenser: F. Q., V, x. 39,
ad-mir-a'-tion^ s. [In Fr. admiration ; Ital.
ammirazione, fr. Lat. admiratio = a wonder-
ing at.] [Admire ] The act of wondering or
admiring ; the state of being wondered at or
admired ; the object of wonder, the object ad-
mired.
t Specially :
1. "Wonder, not yet limited to cases in which
this is mingled with approbation. It is
excited by an astonishing object.
" And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of
the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus -
and when I saw her. I wondered with great admira-
tion. — Rev. xviL C.
[See also example under Admire, 1.]
2. Wonder coupled with approliation. It
IS excited by :i person or thing in any respect
possessed of unexpectedly high excellence.
_ ". . . even at VersaiUes the hatred which he
inspired was largely mingled with admiration."—
Macaulay: Hist. Eng.. ch. xi.
" I could not look on the surrounding plants without
admiration. —Darwin: Journal of Voyage round the
World, ch. xvui.
t 3.d'-iuir-a-tive, a. [Admire.] Expressing
admiration in either of the two senses of that
word.
fate, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore^ wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cult>, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, ew = i\.
admire— admittible
Pimctvation. The admimtive point: The
point of exclamation, the point of admiration
( !). (Miiishe^i.)
ad-mi're, v.t & i. [Fr. admirer; Sp. & Port.
admirar ; Ital. ammirare ; Lat. admiror = to
wonder at, to regard with admiration, to ad-
mire : arf = to, and miror = to wonder, to
marvel at. J
A. Transitive :
*l. To wonder at anything novel, unusual,
extraordinary, or great, without its being im-
plied that the wonder is coupled with appro-
bation. ^
II Followed by the objective '^ase of the
thing wondered at ; or, impersonally, by part
of a sentence introduced by that.
"It taketh away vaiu admiration of auy thing,
which 13 the root of all weakness : lor all things are
admired, either because they are new or because they
are {fieat."— Z?Rco/i; Advanc. of Learning.
"Neither Ib it to be (idmiretZ that Henry flV.l . .
should be pleased to have the greatest wit or these
IL To wonder at, the wonder being coupled
with approval.
1. To feel more or less respect, but not
actual love for a person or being. This may
be evoked by beauty or other gifts, unaccom-
panied by sensibility of heart.
" Yet rather framed
To be admired than coveted and loved."
WordawoT^h: Excursion, bk. vi.
2. To feel ardent affection or deep and loving
veneration for a person or being. This may be
evoked by beauty, with sensibility of heart ;
by lierolsra, by high moral character or con-
duct.
" . . . to him made known
A blooming lady— a conapicuoua flower,
Admir'sd for beauty, for ner sweetness,
■WTiom he had sensibility to love.
Ambition to attempt, and skill to win."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii.
" Admir'd as heroes, and as gods obey'd."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xii. ;i73.
" Cleo. Celerity is never more admired
Than by the negligent."
Shakesp. : Antony ami Cleopatra, iii. 7.
" 'Tis virtue that doth make them moat admired ;
The contrary doth make thee wonder'd at ;"
Ibid. : King Betiry VI., Part III., 1. 4.
"When he shall come to be glorified in his saints,
and admired in all them that believe,"— 2 Thess. i. 10.
3. To regard with somewhat analogous
emotions things inanimate. [See example
under Admirer.]
B. Intransitive : To wonder ; to wonder
with approval.
"They see their li>r(], they gaze, and they admire.
• '■■ <y, bk.
451.
Pope: Ilomer'a Odyssey,
" So spake tha eternal Father, and all heaven
Admiring stood a pace : then into hymns
Burst forth, and in celestial measures moved.'"
Milton: P. U.. bk. i.
■* Sid-nu're, i*. [From the verb.] Admiration.
" He thus concludes his censure with adm,iri:." —
Roivlinul
ad-m'ir'ed, jJtt. par. & a. [Admire.]
-4 s adjectivii :
1, Wondered at ; wonderful, astonishing.
" With most adtnired disorder."
Shakesp. : Jfacbcth, iii. 4.
2. Regarded with respect, love, or high
veneration of persons, beings, or things.
" Or vainly comes the admired princess hither."
Siiakesp. . Love's Labour's Lost. i. 1,
■'Of this Qucs-admired poQva."— Scott : Thoman the
Rhymer, pt. iii.
ad-mir'-er, ». One who admires a person or
thing.
" See Nature gay, aa when she first began
With smiles aUuring her admirer, man."
Cawper : Hope.
g,d-mir'-ing, 3?r. par. &a. [Admire.]
" In vain the nations, that had seen them rise
With fierce and envious yet admiring eyes."
Cowpcr : Expostulation.
" Now round the lists th' admiring army stand."
Pope : ffomer'a Iliad, bk. iii. 42-'!.
ad-mir'-Jng-ly, adv. [Admiring. ] In an
admiring manner.
" Ber. Admiringly, my liege: at first
I stuck my choice upon her."
Siiakesp. : All's Well that Etids Well, v. 3.
ad-mis-si-bil'-i-ty, s. [In Fr. admissihilUe.]
The quality of being admissible ; capabiUty of
being admitted. [Admit.]
ad-mis'-si-ble, a. [in Fr. admissible.]
Capable of being admitted. [Admit. ]
" Even if this explanation were admissible in other
instances." — Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. ii, ch. xi.
au-mis'-si-bly, adv. [Adjussible.] In an
admissible manner.
admission (ad-mish'-un), s. [In Fr. ad-
mission, from" Lat. a.dmiissio = a letting in,
admission : ad = to ; missio = a letting in, a
sending ; from missus, pa. par. of mitto = to
let go, to send.] [Admit.]
A. Ordinary Langua-ge :
I. The act of admitting.
1. Permission to enter, in a literal sense.
" By means of our solitaiy situation, and our rare od-
mission of strangers, we know most part of the habit-
able World, and are ourselves unknown." — Bacon : I/ew
Atalantis.
2. Permission to enter, in a figurative sense.
" Dionysiua agrees with Livy aa to the proposal for
the admission of jjlebeiaus to the consulate." — Lewis:
Early Roman Hist., ch. xii., pt iv., § 56.
3. The confession that an argument, a state-
ment, or a charge which one would gladly
deny or repudiai;e, if he had the power, is
true. [See example under No. III.]
IL The state of being admitted or permitted
to enter. (Lit. or jig.)
"All springs have aom" degree of beat, none ever
fi'eezinK, no not in the longest and severest frosts ;
especially those, where there ia such a site and dis-
position of the strata, as gives free and easy adm.ission
to this heat." — Woodward: Nat. Hist.
III. A thing admitted.
". ■ . the truth of this admissiomn}! often be
disputed by other naturalists." — Darwin: Origin of
Species, ch. iL
B. Technically :
Law:
(a) Eng. <S; Civil Jmv) :
1. Permission accorded to one to enter on
the possession of land, office, or privilege.
" . . . in my wiU I must declare my intentions
and name a devisee, who will then be entitled to
admission." — Blackstone : C'omm.ent., bk. ii., ch. 22.
2. In a suit: Pacts acknowledged by one
party to be true, and which, tlierefore, the
other one is not under the necessity of proving.
[Admittance.]
(6) Ecclesiastical Law : A term used when a
bishop declares a clerk presented to a vacant
church by a patron to be duly qualified for
the office, and admits him to it, using the
words, Admitto te kdbilem. (Ayliffe : Farer-
gon.)
ad-mit', v.t. & i. [In Ital. ammettere; fr. Lat.
admitto = to let in, to admit : od = to ; mitto
= to let go, to send, whence is Fr. mettre = to
put.]
A. Transitive :
I. Lit. : To let in, to permit to enter, as the
door of a house.
"They must not be admitted into his house." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
II. More or less jigurativehj :
1. Ordinary Language and Law : To declare
one qualified and entitled to enter on an office,
civil or ecclesiastical, or to enjoy a privilege,
or to give him actual jiossession of it.
(a) To declare the office or privilege legally
open to him.
"They should with pleasure see Protestant Dis-
senters adm,itted in a proper manner to civil office." —
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii,
"If the bishop hath no objections, but adinits the
Eatron's presentation, the clerk so admitted is next to
0 instituted by him." — Blackstone : Comm.eiU., bk. i.,
ch, xi.
(b) Actually to put one in possession of the
office or privilege.
" They had not had their share of the benefits pro-
mised by the Declaration of Indulgence : none of
them had been admitted to any high and honourable
post" — Macaulay: Hist. Erig., ch. ix.
1[ Used in" this sense in the phrase. To
admit to a copyJwld [Admittance], to admit to
bail, &c. Or actually to give one legal
possession of some property or privilege.
". . , he thereupon admits him tenant to the
copyhold." — Blackstone: Comment., hk. ii, ch. 2i
". , , had, after a long confinement, been adr
mitted to bail by the Court of King's Bench." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
2. To allow approach in a mental or moral
sense, as an inferior to one's intimate friend-
ship, a thought into the mind or an emotion
into the heart.
"... the recollection of the familiarity to which
he had admitted them inflamed his malignity."
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
" Pleasure admitted in undue degree
Enslaves the will, nor leaves the judgment free."
Cowper : Progress of Error.
3. To accept as valid in point of argument,
or as sustainable at the bar of justice, or
simply to tolerate.
(a) As valid in point of argument.
"That we have been far too slow to improve our
laws must be admitted." — Macaiitay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xi.
" He, with sighs of pensive grief,
Anud his calm abstractions, would admit
That not the slender privilege is theii-s
To save themselves from blank furgetfulness ! "
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii.
(6) As sustainable at the bar of justice.
" This only spares no lu&t, admits no plea.
But makes nim if at all, completely free."
Cowper. Hope.
(c) To tolerate, to suffer, to endm-e, to stand.
"... the dreadful day
No pause of words admits."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. v.. 631-2.
" Her power adm,its no bounds."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, xvi. 229.
B. Intransitive: To be susceptible (of) ; to
permit (of).
^ This sense occurs in the compound tran-
sitive verb admit of, and by the use of that to
introduce the subjunctive sentence,
"The liberality of the House admits, however, of
an easy explanaticn. "— JfacaitZa^ ; Hist. Eng., ch. xL
t ad-mit'-ta-ble, a. [Admit.] Able to be
admitted ; that may or can be admitted.
"The clerk who is presented ought to prove to the
bishop that he is a deacon, and that he nas orders;
otherwise the bishop is not bound to admit him ; for,
as the law then stood, a deacon was admittable."—
Ayliffe : Parergon.
ad-mit -tan^e, s. [Admit.]
A. Ordinary Language:
L The act of admitting anything, physically,
mentally, or morally.
1. Physically : The act of admitting a body
in whole or in part material to a plaue. [For
example see No. II. 1.]
2. Mentally : The concession of a positior.
in argument.
"Nor could the Pythagorean give easy adm-itSann
thereto ; for, holding thtit separate souls successively
supplied other bodies, they could hardly allow the
raising of souls from other worlds. ' — Browne : Vulgar
Err ours.
3. Morally : The permission tacitly given to
an emotion to enter the mind.
" Upon mine honour, all too confident
To give admittance to a thought of fear."
Shakesp. : King Henry IV., Part II., iv. L
IL The state of being admitted in any of
the above three senses.
1. Physically : Permission or facilities to
enter a place,
(a) Of persons.
" They had requested admittance to his presence for
the purpose of tendering their counsel in this emer-
gency."— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. Ix,
H In this sense it is used specially of am-
bassadors desiring audience of the sovereign
to whom they are accredited.
Enter a Messenger.
"Mess. Ambansadors fiom King Henry of England
Do crave admittance to your majesty."
Shakesp. : King Henry V., ii. 4.
(6) Of things,
"As to the adm.ittanceot the weighty elastic parts of
the air into the blood, through the coats of the vessels ;
it seems contrary to experiments upon dead bodies," —
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
m. That which procures admission. * Spec,
rank or culture, carrying with it by custom or
by law the privilege of being permitted to
enter a particular place, as, for instance, the
court of the sovereign or "society," in the
limited sense of the word.
"Now, Sir John, here is the heart of my purpose:
You are a gentleman of excellent breeding, admirable
discourse, of great admittance, authentic in your
place and i>erson." — SJiakesp.: Merry Wives, ii 1.
B. Technically :
Law : Permission with due formalities to
euter on tlie possession of land or other pro-
perty, or of office or privilege.
In copyhold assurances, admittance is the
last stage of the process, and is of three kinds :
Admittance (1) upon a voluntary grant from
the lord, (2) on surrender by the former
tenant, and (3) upon descent from an ancestor.
ad-mit'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Admit.]
" Around that lucid lake.
Upon whose banks admitted souls
Their first sweet draught of glory take ' "
Moore : Lalla Rookh ; Paradise and the Peri.
" . from the admitted fact that other associa-
tions ."—•/. S. Mdl : Logic, ii. 97.
+ ad-mit' -ter, s [Eng. admit; -er.] One
who admits.
"Here is neither a direct exhibition of the body to
this purpose in the ofi'erer, nor a direct consecration
to this end in the admitter." — Bp. Hall: Honour of
Married Clergy, p. 10.
t ad-mit'-ti-ble, «. [Admit.] The same as
Admissible (q. v. ). [ Admittable. ]
bSil, b^; po^t. jd^l; cai, 90!!, choras» ^hlji, bsnc^i; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, e^st. -ing.
-ci£, = sha *. -Gian = shan> -tloit, -si'>r- = sLiin ; -§ioit, -tion = zhiin. -tious = shus. -sure = zhur. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deU
72
admitting— adolescent
" Mnuy disinitable opinions may 1>b had of warre
without the inaysmg of it as only admittible by
enforced uecessitie, and to be used ouly for peace
sake. "— ^dj-rwon: Descript. of Britain.
ad-mit'-ting, -pr. 'par. [Admit.]
ad-mix', v.i. [Lat. admisceo, admisad, ad-
mlxtam = to admix : cul = to, and viisceo — to
mix.] To mix with.
* ad-mix'-ti-on, s. [Lat. axhnixtio = an ad-
mixture, fr. admisceo = to admix.] Admix-
ture, mixture. [Admixture.]
"All metals may be calcined by strong waters, or
by admixtion of salt, siili^har, and mercary." — Lord
Bacon: Physiol. Rem.
ad-mix '-tiire, s. [Admix.]
1. The act of mixing. {Lit. or jig.)
2. The state of being mixed. (Lit. or fig.)
"The condition of the Hebrews, since the disper-
sion, has not been such as to admit of much admix-
ture hy the proselytism of household slaves." — Owen:
Classif. of the Jfainmalia, p. 97.
3. That which is mixed. (Lit. or Jig.)
"... the alKive admixture varies at different
parts of the body." — Ibid., p, H.
ad-mon'-ish, ^ ad-xudn'-ist, "ad-mon-
* est, "^a-mon-est, v.t. [lu Fr. admonester
= to admonish ; Ital. ammonire, from Lat.
admoneo = to put in mind, to admonish, to
warn ; ad = to, and motieo = to remind, to
warn, from tlie ropt vHn = Xq cause to re-
member,] ^^
A. Ordinary Language: "^'"■"•■■'■■'iLO't.-:'!-
* I. To put in mind, to recall to remem-
brance.
". . . as Moses was admonisfted of GJod when he
was about to make the tabernacle; for, See, saith he,
tiiat thou make all things according to the pattern
shewed to thee in the mount." — Ifeb. viii, 5.
II. To reprove, to warn, to caution.
1. Gently to reprove for a fault committed.
In this sense it was formerly followed by of,
referring to the fault ; now some such word as
regarding or respecting is used.
" . . . he of their wicked ways
Shall them admonish , . . ."
Milton : P. L., bk. xi,
2. To warn or caution against a future
offence or a more or less imminent danger.
Followed by against, referring to the offence
or peril, or by the infinitive.
"... able also to admonish one another."— ^oin.
XT. 14.
" One of his cardinals, who better knew the intrigues
of affairs, admonished him against that unskilful piece
of ingenuity."— Z>eca^ of Piety.
". . . they were therefore admonisfted to compose
all internal dissensions." — Lewis : Early Rornan Hist.,
ch. xii.
" Me fruitful scenes and prospects waste
Alike admonish not to roam."
Cowper : The Shrubbery.
B. Technical. Ecclesiastical discipline :
Kindly, but seriously, to reprove an erring
church-member for some fault of a grave
character which he has committed. [Admo-
nition. ]
ad-mon'-ished, pa. par. [Admonish.]
ad-mon'-isli-er, s. [Admonish.] One who
admonishes.
" Horace was a mild adnwnisher ; a court satirist, fit
for the gentle times of Augustus." — Dryden.
ad-mon'-ish-ihg, pr. par. [Admonish.]
ad-mdn'-isll-meilt, s. [Admonish. ] An
* admonishing ; au. admonition.
" Bat yet be wary in thy studious care.
Plan. Thy grave admonishrtients prevail with me."
Shakesp. : King Henry VI., Part I., i. 5.
"... she who then received
The same ad/monishment, have call'd the place "
if'ordsworth : Naming of Places, iv.
ftd-mon-i'-tion, s. [in Fr. adinonition; Ital.
ammonizione, fr. Lat. ad7noniti.o. "Admonitio
est quasi lenior objurgatio " (Cicero) = " An
admonition is, as it were, a somewhat mild
reproof." ^dmoweo =to put in mind, to ad-
monish : cul ; moneo = to cause to remember.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Gentle reproof on account of bygone
faults.
" Escal. : Double and treble admonition, and still
forfeit in the sjime kind ? "— Sftateep. ; Meas.for Meas.,
iii. 2.
2. Friendly caution against future dangers,
especially of a moral nature.
B. Technically :
1. Law: A simple lesson given by a judge,
cautioning a suspected person, showing that
he is observed, and recalling him to his duty
by a respectable authority, (Beiitliam: Prin-
ciples of Penal Law, ch. ii.)
2. Ecclesiastical di^cijMne : Gentle reproof
given to an erring church-member, publicly if
his offence was public, and privately if it
was private. It was the first step of the
process wliich, if it went on to the end, ter-
minated in excommunication.
"... after the first and second admonitio7i
reject."— Tims iii. 10.
Ad-mon-i'-tion-er, s. [Admonition.]
1. Ord. Lang. : One who or that which
admonishes.
"■ . , those whose better gifts and inward endow-
ments are adtnonit toners to them of the great good
they can do." — Hales : Remains, p. 24.
2. Ch. Hist. : The name given to certain
Puritans who, in 1571, sent an " admonition "
to the Parliament, condemning the retention
of ceremonies in the Church of England not
" commanded in the Word," and desiring that
the Church should be placed in agreement
with the doctrine and practice of Geneva.
{Hook: Church Diet.)
" Albeit the admonitioners did seem at first to like
no prescript form of prayer at all, but thought it the
best that their minister should always be left at
liberty to pray as his own discretion did serve ; their
defender, and his associates, have sithence proiKised
to the world a fomi as themselves did like." — Hooker.
Ad-mon-i'-tion-ist, a. [Admonition.]
Ch, Hist, ; The same as Admonitioner, 2.
&,d-m,on'-it-ive, a. [Lat. adtnonitum, supine
" of admoneo.] [Admonish,] Containing ad-
monition.
" This kind of suff'ering did seem to the fathers full
of instructive and adm.onitive emblems." — Barrow:
Serinons, ii. 3?0.
ad-mon'-it-ive-ly, adv. [Admonitive.] In
an admonitive manner ; byway of admonition.
ad-mon'-it-or, s. [Lat.] One who ad-
monishes. (The same as Monitor.)
"Conscience is at most times a very faithful and
very prudent adtnonitor." — Shenstone.
* ad-m.6n-i-tdr'-i-al, o. [Eng. admonitory ;
-al.] Admonishing."
"Miss Tox has acquired an admonitorial tone." —
Dickens : Uombey & Hon, ch. Ii.
ad-mon'-it-or-y, a. [Lat. adinonitorius.]
Pertaining to admonition.
" Admonitory texts inscribed the walls."
Wordsviort?!.: Excursion, bk. v.
ad-mor-tiz-a'-tion, s. The settling of lands
or tenements in mortmain.
* &d-mov'e, v.t. [Lat. admoveo : ad = to, and
moveo = to move.] To move to.
ad-mur-mur-a'-tion, s. [Lat. admnrmu-
ratio, from admurmuro = to niiu-nmr at.] A
murmuring to another.
ad-n^S'-^ent, a. [Lat. adnascens, pr. par. of
adnascor = to be bom in addition to : ad =
to ; nascor = to be bom.] Nascent to, grow-
ing to or from. [Adnata.]
" Moss, which is an adnascent plant, is to be rubbed
and scrai)ed ofT Ti-ith some instrument of wood which
may not excorticate the tree."— Evelyn : Sylva, ii. 7, § 8
ad-na'-ta, s. [Lat. adnata, fem. sing, and
neut. pi. 'of atZ7iaiys = bornin addition to : fr.
adnascor.]
I. Fem. singular:
Anat. : One of the coats of the ^ye, the
same that is called also Albuginea. It lies
between the sclerotica and the conjunctiva.
II. Neut. plural:
1. Biol. : Hair, wool, or any similar cover-
ing attached to plants or animals Also
excrescences on them, such as fungi, lichens,
&c.
2. Garden ing : Offsets proceeding from the
roots of the lily, the hyacinth, and various
plants of similar organisation, and which
after a time become true roots. Fuchsius
called them also Adnascentia, or appendices.
ad-na'te, a. [From Lat. adnatus. ] [Adnata. ]
Biol. : Adhering to the face of anything.
Bot. Adnate applied to the anther of a
flower implies that it is attached to the fila-
ment by its back. Had it been attached by
its side, it would liave been called innate ; and
by a single point, versatile. Applied to the
lamella: or gills of an Agaricus, it signifies
that the ends nearest the stipes, or stalk,
cohere with it.
^d-na'-tion, s. [Adnate.] The state or con-
dition of being adnate; the attachment of
surfaces ; spec, in Bgi. the union of different
circles of inflorescence.
ad-na'-tlim, s'. [Lat. sing, of adnatus.]
[Adnata.] Richard's name for one of the
small bulbs, called by gardeners cloves, de-
veloping in the axil of a parent bulb, and at
la.st destroying it.
t ad-nexed'. a [Lat. adnems.]
Bot. : Connected ; u.sedof thegillsofngaricus
when they reach, butarenot adnate to, thestem.
' ad-ni'-chily-y.^ fLat.ad=to; m7iti=nothi"ng.]'
Law : To annul, to cancel, to make void.
(28 Henry VIIL)
ad-nom'-in-al, a. [Lat. aAnominis, genit. of
' adnoTnen.] [Adnoun,] Relating to an adnoxin,
{Prof Gibbs.)
*ad-n6'te, ti.^ [Lat. adnoto, annoto — to write
down.] To note, to observe.
" In this mateir to be adnoted
"What evyl counsell withe pryncys maye induce."
RrU. Bib!., iv. 204.
ad'-noun, s. [Lat. ad, and Eng. noun. In
Lat. adnomen, agnomen.] [Noun.] (Joined)
to a noun ; an adjective.
t ad-nu'-bil-a-ted, a. [Lat. ad = to; nvhilo
= to be cloudy ; fr. nubes = a cloud. ] Clouded.
* ad-niil' (Eng.), ad-null' {Scotch), V. t.
[Annull.]
*a-d6', v.t. [Mid. Eng. at = to, and don =
'do.] To do.
"... and done al that thei have ado."
Jiomaunt of tlieRose, 5,080.
*a-do, '^ a-don, pa. par. [Ado, v.] To do
away.
" Now his veuime ia adon." — Leg. of Hyperm, 82.
a-do', s. [In Eng. with no pi. ; in Scotch with
* pis. arfoes, adois, addois.]
^ 1, Trouble, difficulty, not implying that
any unnecessary fuss is made.
"He took Clitophon prisoner; whom, with much
ado, he keepeth alive ; the Helots being villainously
csM&V—^dney.
2. Fuss, bustle.
" Why make ye this ado and weep ? The damsel is
not dead, but sleepeth." — Mark v, 89.
" Will you be ready ? do you like this haste ?
We ll keep no great ado ; — a friend or two "
Shakesj). : Romeo aiid JuUet, iii, 4.
" Then should not we be tired with this ado "
Shakesp. : Titus Andronicus, ii. 1.
3. Plural (Scotch):
(a) Business, affairs.
" Thai wer directit be his Maiestie to retume within
this realnie ffor certane liis Maiesties speciall adois
within the aB.iae."—Acts Jo. VI. (1592).
(h) Difficulties. (See No. 1.)
a-dolae, s. [Sp.] A sun-dried brick.
a-do'-ing, pr par. [Pr. par. of do, with a =
on, or in, prefixed.] Being done
"Let us seem hinnbler after it is done.
Than when it was a-doing."
Shakes}}. : Coriolanus, iv. 2.
S,d-6l-es'-9en5e, fl,d-ol-es'-5eii-9y, a. [In
Fr. adolescence ; Ital. adolescenza.. fr. Lat.
adolescentia = the age of a young person of
either sex growing up— twelve to twenty-five
in boys, twelve to twenty-one in girls— or,
less precisely, fifteen to thirty, or even to
thirty-four, forty, or forty-four. From adoleseo
= to be growing up. ]
1. Ordinary Language md Physiology : The
state of growing yout^ ; the period of life
after the cessation of infancy when one is
growing up to his or her proper height,
breadth, and fimmess of fibre. In Britain
the term of adolescence is generally reckoned
to be, in the male sex, from fifteen to twenty-
five, or even thirty years of age. In females
adolescence is reached at an earlier period.
"The sons must have a tedioxis time of childhood
and adolescence, before they Ciui either themselves
assibt their parents, or encourivge them with new
hopes of iTOsterity." — Bentlcy.
" He was so far from a boy, that he was a man bom,
and at his full stature; if we believe Joseph us. who
places biin in the last adolescency, and makes him
twenty-five yeai-s old." — Brown.
2. Eng. Law : The period of life between
fourteen and twenty-one in males, and twelve
and twenty-one in females. (Wharton: Law
Lexicon, by Will.)
ad-ol-es'-^ent, a. & s. [Fr. adolescent, fr. Lat.
adohscens, pr. par. of adoleseo = to grow up.]
A. As adjectire : Growing from a boy into a
young man, or fi oin a girl into a young woman.
fate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fill, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^re ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, WQlf, work, wh^, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
adolode— adoptive
73
" Schools, iinleas diacipline were doubly stroug,
Detain their adolescent charge too long,"
Cowper : Tirocinium.
B. As stihstantive : Gne growing from a boy
into a young man, or from a girl into a young
woman.
" There are two sorte of adolescents : the first dureth
until eighteen yeBXB."—WodroJphe : Fr. & Eng. dram.,
p. 3C5.
^d'-ol-6de, s. [Gr. a, priv., and a6Aoc {daloi)
= a bait ior fisb, a stratagem.] An instru-
ment occasionally employed for detecting
fraud in distillation.
a-ddn', pa. par. [Ado, v.]
Ad'-on, s. [Adonis.]
Xd-on-ai, s. [Heb. 'nb? (^dojiai) = lords ;
pi. of excellence of "[il^ (adon) = Lord ; fr. pi
(dun) = to subject to one's self, to rule over ;
E. Aram, and Syr. Adonai; the same mean-
ing as in Hebrew.] A Hebrew name for God,
less sacred than Jehovah. The general opinion
now is that throughout the Hebrew Bible the
vowel-points of Jehovah are really those of
Adonai, the Jews fearing to pronounce the
latter awfully holy word. The Jews, when
they meet with JeJwvaJi in the sacred text,
pronounce Adonai in its stead ; and as they
have done so from time immemorial, the
proper vowel-points of Jehovah are now a
matter of dispute. [Jehovah.]
Ad-o-ne'-an, a. [Adonis.] Pertaining to
Adonis.
A-do'-ni-a, s. plur. [Adonis.] Festivals
formerly held by the Phenicians, the Syrians,
the Egyptians, the Lyeians, and the Greeks.
' in honour of Adonis. They lasted two days ;
the first of which was spent by the women in
mourning and cries, and the second in feasting
and jollity. The prophet Ezekiel is supposed
to allude to the procedure of the first day in
ch. viii. 14.
A-don'-ic, a. & s. [Adonis.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Adonis, or
to the verse called by the same name. [See
the substantive.]
B. As substantive : A kind of verse consist-
ing of a dactyl and a spondee or trochee. It
is fitted for gay and sprightly poetry. It is
common in Horace and other Latin lyric
poets, being generally combined with three
Sapphic lines preceding it, this combination
making up what is known as_ the Sapphic
metre. "TerriiTt iirbem" and "./Equi5re damai"
are Adonics. Anglo-Saxon Adonics consist of
one long, two short, and two long syllables, as
" Wop iip-a-ha-fen."
A-do'-nis, s. [Gr. "ASwvtp {Adonis); Lat.
° Adonis = the mythological personage described
under A. 1. In Fr. Adonide ; Sp. & Port.
Adonis ; Ital. Jiore d'Adono = a plant (the
Pheasant's Eye, B. 1) : fr. Adonis, the person.]
L Classic Mythology :
1. Lit. : An exceedingly beautiful youth,
killed by a wild boar. The goddess Venus, by
whom he was greatly beloved, soothed her
grief for his loss by converting him into a
flower, supposed to be tlie anemone. The
death and re-appearance in a beautifal form of
Adonis were supposed by some to symbolise
the death of vegetation in winter and its
revival in spring.
^ In this sense the word is sometimes
shortened in poetry to Adon.
" 'Nay, then,' quoth Adon, 'you will fall again
Into your idle, over-handled theme."
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis.
2. Fig. : A young man greatly beloved, or
remarkalDle, like Adonis, for great beauty.
" Rich, thou hadst many lovers— poor, hast none,
So surely want extinguishes the flame.
And she who cali'd thee once her pretty ODe,
And her Adonis, now inquires thy name,"
Cowper: On Female Inconstancy.
B. Of things:
Bat. : Pheasant's eye. A genus of plants
so called because the red colour of the species
made them look as if they had been stained
by the blood of Adonis. It belongs to the
order Rananculacefe, or Crowfoots. It has
five sepals and five to ten petals without a
nectarj' ; stamens and styles many ; fruit
consisting of numerous awnless aehenes
grouped in a short spike or head. A species
— the A. autumnalis, or Corn Pheasant's
Eye — is found occasionally in corn-fields in
Britain, but it has escaped from gardens.
and is not properly wild. It is a beautiful
plant, with bright scarlet flowers, and having
" 4 1
THE ADONIS (pHEASANT's EYe).
L The plant. 2.Thefiower. 3. Thefruit:
a head of aehenes, 4. A single achene.
very max'kedly composite leaves with linear
segments. Plants of this genus are easily
cultivated.
A-do'-XUStS, s. pi. [In Ger. Adotiisten, fr. Keb.
■•^IM (Adonai).} [Ajdonai.] The name applied
to those scholars who believe that the vowel-
points of the Hebrew word Jehovah are really
those of Adonai. [Adonai.] Those wlio hold
the contrary view are called Jehovists. The
controversy is now ail but settled in favour of
the Adonists.
*a-dd'or§, ^a-dorej, adv. [Eng. a = of ;
'doors.] Out of doors.
" But when he mt-w her goe forth adorns, he hasted
after into the streiite." — Jiicha : Farewell ( 1581}.
*'. , . when we c^me out a-doors. '
Woinun Pleased, iv. 1.
ad-Opt', v.t. [Lat. adopto=to choose, to select :
ad =■ to, and opto = to choose, to select • Ger.
adoptireii; Fr. adopter; Ital. aduttare.]
A. Of persons :
1. To take a stranger, generally a child, into
one's family, and give him or her all the
privileges of a legally-begotten son or daughter.
Similarly, to take a foreigner into a country,
and give liim the same rights as if he had been
one of the native jtopulation.
" We will adopt us sons ;
Then virtue shall inherit, and not blood."
Jieaum. & Fletcher : Maid's Tragedy, ii. 1.
^ One is now said to be adopted h]i the
person or country welcoming him ; formerly
to was occasionally used.
" Sold to Laertes, by divine command,
And now ado2ited to a foreign land."
Pope : Boiner's Odyssey, bk. xv. 521.
2. To take one into more or less intimate
relations with.
" Friends, not adopted with a sehoolboj^s haste.
But chosen with a nice dieceming taste."
Cowper: Jietircment.
B. Of things : To make one's own what pre-
viously belonged to some one else, according,
at the same time, proper respect to the rights
of the original possessor.
" Fortunately for himself, he was induced, .it this
crisis, to adopt a policy singularly judicious." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iL
"This view is adopted by Dr. Arnold." — Lcvtis:
Early Roman Hist., ch. xiii.
ad-6p'-ted, jirt. par. & a. [Adopt.]
" To be adopted heir to Frederick."
Shakesp. : As rou Like It, i, 2.
" Mix'd with her genuine sons, adopted names
In various tongues avow their various claims."
.Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 198, 199.
* ad-6pt'-ed-ly, ndv. [Adopted.] After the
manner of a person or thing adupted.
"jAtcio. Is she your cousin?
Isab. Adoptedly ; as school maids change their
names.
By vftin, though apt aflfection."
Shakesp. : Jfeaaurefor Measure, i. 4.
ad-6pt-er, s. [Adopt.]
1. Ord. Lang. : One who or that which
adopts.
" Adopter : He that makes the adoption."— //u^oe*.
2. Cliem. : A conical tube placed between a
retort and a r(.Teiver with the view of len^jthen-
ing the neck of the former. [Adapter.]
Ad-op-ti-a'-ni, Ad-op'-ti-ans, Ad-op-
' tion-ists, ■•■. plur. [Adoption.] "*
Ch. Hist. : A Christian sect which arose in
Spain tov.Mrds the end of the eighth centnry
Its leaders were Felix, Bishop of Urgel, and
Elipand, Archbishop of Toledo, who believed
that Christ Avas the Son of God not by nature,
but by adoption.
ad-Opt'-ing, j3r. j)(7/-. & a. [Adopt.]
ad-6p'-tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. adoption, fr.
Lat. adoptio, possibly contracted from adop-
totio = (1) adoption ; (L') (gardening) ingraft-
ing ; adopto = to choose, to select : ad = to ;
opto =■ to choose. ]
A. Ordi)iary Language :
I, The act of taking a stranger into one's
family as a son or daughter. (See B. 1.)
1. The taking a person, a society, &c., into
more intimate relations than formerly existed
with another person or society.
2. The taking as one's own, with or witliout
acknowledgment, an opinion, plan, &;c., origi-
nating with another ; also the selecting one
from several courses open to a person's choice.
II. The state of being adopted in any of
these senses. (See example under B. 3. )
B. Technically :
1. Foreign Law, Ancient and Modern : The
act of taking a stranger into one's family, as a
son or daughter, and constituting tlie person
so adopted one's heir. The practice was com-
mon among the Greeks and Romans, and is
still practised in some modern nations. There
is no law of adoption in this country. Else-
where
Adoption iy matrimony is the placing the
children of a former marriage on the same
footing, with regard to inheritance, &c., as
those of the present one.
Adoption by testament is the appointing a
person one's heir on condition of his assuming
the name, arms, &c. of his benefactor. (See
below. Her., "Arms of Adoption.")
Adoption by hair was performed by cutting
off the hair of the person adopted, and giving
it to the adoptive father.
Adoption by arms : The presentation of
arms by a prince to a brave man. These the
recipient was expected to use for the protec-
tion of his benefactor.
2. Her. Aj^is of Adoption : The heraldic
anus received when the last reiJresentative
of an expiring aristocratic family adopts a
stranger to assume his armorial bearings and
inherit his estates. The recipient may obtain
permission from Parliament to take the name
of his benefactor, either appended to or sub-
stituted for his own. (Gloss, of Her.)
3. Scripture and Theology : The act of
admitting one into the family of God, or the
state of being so admitted. The previous
position of the person adojjted in this manner
was that of a " servant," now he is a '* son,"
an "heir of God," and a "joint heir with
Christ."
"To redeem them that were under the law, that we
might receive the adoption of sons. . . Wherefoi-e
thou art no more a servant, but a son." — Oal. iv. 5, 7.
"And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and
joint heirs with Christ."— flom. viii. 17.
No one of the Thirty-nine Articles formally
defines adoption; but the doctrine of the
English Church and most others is identical
with that of the Shorter Catechism.
" Wliat is adoption } Adoption is an act of God's free
grace, whereby we are received into the number, and
have a right to all the privileges of the sons of God." —
Shorter Catechism, Q. 34.
4. Ecclesiastical Language, f Adoption by
Baptism : The act of becoming godfather or
godmother to a child about to be baptised.
Unlike real adoption, however, this does not
constitute the child heir to its spiritual father
or mother.
Ad'Op'-tion-ists, s. pi. [Adoptiani.]
ad-op'-tlous, a. [Adopt.] Adopted.
"... with a world
" Of pretty fond adoptious Christendoms,
That blinkmg Cupid gossips."
Shakesp. : All 's WeU that Ends Well, i. i.
ad-op'-tive, a. & s. [In Ger. adopiiv; Fr.
adoptif; Ital. adottivo, fr. Lat. adoptivu^.]
A., As adjective :
L Ordinary Language :
1. One who is adopted,
(a) Of persons : Taken into a family ; not
native to a country.
" There succeeded him the first divi/ratres, the two
adoptive brethren." — Bacon : Adv. of team., bk. L
"There cannot be an admission of the adoptive,
without a diminutiou of the fortunes and conditions
of those that are not. native subjects of this reabn." —
Bacon: Speech in Parliament (5 Jas. L).
boil, b6^; poUt, j6\irl; cat, ^ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £
-cla = sh^ ; -clan = shgji. -tion, -sioxi = shun ; -§ion, -tion — zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shiis. -blc, -die, ic. = bel, d§L
V4
adorability — adream
(b) Of things : Not native.
" Intellectual weakness, whether it be iiidigeDOus or
adoptioe, is prejudice."— Bowrifti?/ Bentham. i. 21S.
2. One who adopts another.
"An adopted son cannot cite his adoptioe father
into court without his \6ii.v&."—Ayliffe : Parergon.
II. Technically :
Her. Adoptive arms are those which a
person enjoys not in virtue of himself having
a right to them, but solely hy the gift or
concession of another.
B. As sulistantive : A person or thing
adopted.
ad-6r-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Adokable.] Adorable-
ness ; capability of being adored, worthiuesa
of being adored.
ad-or'-a-ble, a. [In Fr, adorable; Ital. adur-
abile, from Lat. actora&iiis = worthy of adora-
tion. ]
1. Specially: Worthy of divine honom's.
" ' On these two, the love of God and our neighbour,
hang both the law and the prophets,' says the ador-
abl^ Author of Christianity ; and the Aijostle says,
'The ead of the law ia charity.' " — Cheyiie.
2. Ge7ieraUy : Worthy of the utmost love
and respect.
ad-6r'-a-ble-ness, s. [Adorable.] Worthi-
ness of being adored.
ad-6r'-a-bly, adv. [Adoeable.] In an
adorable manner.
* ad'-or-at, s. A weight of fonr pounds, for-
merly used for weighing chemical substances.
(Phillips.)
''"ad-or-ate, v.t. [Lat. adoratum, supine uf
adoro.] To adore.
" A king that kings adorate." — Davids : }Vitti's Pil-
grimage, p. 27.
ad-br-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. adoration ; Ital.
adorazione, from Lat. cwZoraiio spraying to : ad
= to; oratio = speaking, an oration : oro — to
speak, to pray ; os, geuit. oris = the mouth.]
A, Ordinary Langiiage :
I, The act of adoring.
1. Worship : The expression, by means of
some visible symbol, of intense veneration for
the true or for a false God. Kneeling, bowing,
uncovering the head, maintaining silence dur-
ing divine service, prayer, and praise, are all
acts of adoration.
". . . a hero of worth immea.'iurable ; admiration
for whom [OdinJ, transcending the known Ijouuda,
became adoration." — Carlyle : Meroea & Hero- W or all ip,
Lect. I.
2. The expression of intense veneration for
some eartlily being or other creature, without
however, mistaking such a being for a divinity.
" How much more,
jeaiity splendid au
In language soft as adoration breathes, "
Cowper : Task, ii. 405.
il. The state of being adored.
" And when the One, ineffable of name,
III uature indiviatble, withdrew
From mortal adoration or regard."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk, iv.
B. Teohnically : TJie election of a Pope by
a/Xoration means that the cardinals, as if sud-
denly possessed in common by a divine im-
pulse, rash hastily to some one, and declare
him pope.
ad-6re' (1), v.t. [Fr. adorer; Ital. adorare,
from Lat. adoro — to speak to, to entreat, to
pay to, to pray to, to adore : od = to, and oro
— to speak to, to pray ; os, genit. oris — the
viouth, possibly hinting at kissing the hand to,]
1. To express intense veneration for, as
man for the Supreme Being. To pay divine
honours to.
"Here you stand.
Adore and worahip, when you know it not :
Pious beyond the mtention of your thought.
" Therefore thou shalt vow
Bv that same god, what god soe'er it be.
That thou adorest aud hast in revei ence —
To save my boy, to iiouriyh, and bring hira up."
Shakesp. : Titus Androuivus, v. 1.
2. To express intense veneration for a created
being, as a real or imagined hero, or a person
of tlie opposite sex from one's own.
"The great mass of the population abliorred Popery
nudadored Monmouth." — Alacaiday: Ulst. Eng., ch.v,
* 3. To invoke.
"Doe yet a^ore the Bomau forces."—/', Holland:
Camden, p. 46.
'■ ad-dre' (2), v.t. [Adoen.]
" Like to the hore
Congealed drops which do the mom adore."
SpcTtser: F. Q., IV. xi. 40.
"^ a-dbre'-ment, .>. Worship, adoration.
" Downj ight adorcjnent of cats, lizards, and beetles."
— Browne: Vulgar Errors, i. 3.
ad-6r'-er, s. [Eng. adore; -er.]
1. Spec. One who worships the Supreme
Being or any false god.
" Not longer than since I, in one night, freed
From servitude inglorious, well uigh half
The angelic name, and thinner left the throng
Of his adorers." Jfiltun : P. L., bk, ix.
2. One who greatly venerates or entertains
deep affection for a woman or other created
being, as, for instance, a lover for his mistress.
" I would abate her nothing ; though I profess my
self her oiiorer, not her friend." — SJt-akesp. : (Jymbeline,
i. 5.
ad-6l/-ing. pr. par., a., & s. [Adore.]
A, & B. As pr. par. & adj. : (See the verb).
■' Hark how the adoring hosts above
Witb songs surround the throne." Watts,
C, As suhst. : The act of adoration.
ad-br'-ing-Iy, adv. [Adore.] In an adoring
manner.
ad-om, * ad-om'e, ^an-orne, v.t. [Lat.
ador7io = to prepare, to furnish, to decorate :
ad = to, and orno = to fit out, to adorn ; Fr.
orner = ornament; Sp. & Port, ornar ; Ital.
uniare; Arm. aourna.]
1. Spec. To decorate, to ornament ; to deck
out with something glittering, or otherwise
beautiful.
". . . as a bridegroom decketh himself with
ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her
jewels."— /sa. Ixi. 10.
2. To add attractiveness to, by supplying
something whose chief grace is derived from
its usefulness rather than from its glitter or
beauty.
"For him sod seats the cottage-door adorn."
Wordsworth : Descriptive S/cctches.
3. To furnish the intellect witlx the know-
ledge requisite to set it off to the best advan-
tage.
" His books well trimm'd and in the gayest style,
Like regimented coxcombs, rank and file,
Adorn his intellects as well as shelves,
And teach him notions splendid as themselves."
Cowper: Truth.
4. To render anything attractive by illus-
trating or publicly displaying its inherent
glories.
"... that they may adorn the doctrine of God
our Saviour in all things," — 2'ittis ii. 10.
' ad-orn', ^' ad-orn'e, a. & s. [Adorn, v.]
1. As adjective ; Adorned.
" Made so adorn for thy delight the more ;
So awful, that with honour- thou may'at love
Thy mate." Milton ; P. L., viii. 576.
2. As substantive : Ornament.
" "Without adorne of gold and silver bright.
Wherewith the craftsman would it beautify."
Spenser: F. Q., III. xii. 20.
t ad-om'-ate, v.t. [Lat adornatuin, supine
of adorno.] [Adorn.] To adorn.
"... to ador)ia(e gardens with the fairness thereof
[of the tobacco flower]," — Fram.pton, 33. (Latham.)
t ad-orn-a'-tion, s. [Adorn.] Ornament.
"Memory is the soul's treasury, and thence she hath
her garments of adomation." — Wit's Commonwealth.
[Latham.)
*" ad-orn'e (0. Eng. k Scotch), v.t, pa. par.
adormt (Scotch). Old spelling of Adore.
" The Sonne, the moone, Jubiter and Satume,
And Mars, the god of armes, they dyd adnrne."
Ilardyng: Chronicle, f. 55.
". . . that thou suld be adoT^i/'and worshippit
asgodde." — Arcftbp. Hamilton's Catechism.
ad-orn'ed, pa. par. & a. [Adorn.]
1. Ord. Lang.: In senses corrcspcmdiug to
those of the verb.
2. Her. : Ornamented or furnished with a
charge.
" An article of dress which ia charged is said to he
adorned with the charge." — Gloss, of Heraldrn.
ad-orn'-er, s. [Eng. adorn; -er.] One who,
or that which, adorns.
ad-orn'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Eng. adorn;
' -i-ng.]
As substantive : Adornment.
■■ Eno. Her gentlewomen, like the Nereides,
So uiaTiy mermaids, tended her i' the eyes,
And made their Ijeuds adomings."
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 2.
ad-orn'-ing-ly, adv. [Adorning.] In a
manner calculated to adorn.
ad-om'-ment, s. [Adobn.] An adorning,
'ornamentation, decoration.
" This attribute w;ia not given to the earth while it
WHS confused : nor to the heavens before thev had
motion and adormnent." — llaleigli Hist, of the Wurld.
ad-ors'ed, ad-oss'ed, a. [Addursed.]
^d-os-cul-a'-tion, s. [Laf. adosculor = to
kiss : ad = to, oscular — to kiss ; osculum = a
small mouth, a kiss, or thL' mouth.]
1. Physiol. : Impregnation by external
contact.
2. Bot. : Impregnation by the falling of the
pollen upon the pistils.
ad-oss'ed, a. [Addor.sed.]
*'a-do'te, v.i. [Old form of Dote.] To dote.
" It falleth that the nioste wise
Ben otherwhile of love adoted,
Aud so by-whaped and assoted.'
Oower. {HalllweU.)
at-doubt'-ed (6 silent), a. Dreaded, re-
doubted. '[Doubt.]
"And Michel udoubted in everich fight."
Gy of Warwike, p. 120.
a-do^n', ' a-doiin\ '" a-doun'e, 'prep. &
" adv. [Eng. a; down ; fn/m A.S. aditn, adilne
= down ; qf-dune, lit.= oft' the hill.] Poetical
form of Down, prep.
I. As preposition :
1. Down, from a higher to a lower place.
"Adown the path which from the glen had led
The funeral train, the shepherd and his mate
Were seen descending."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv.
2. Throughout.
" Full well 'tis known adown the dale.
Though passing strange indeed the tale,"
Percy ReUques, I. iii, 15.
IL As adverb : Down, from a higher to a
lower place ; already at the lowest place ;
below. ti
" The drops of death each other chase
Adown in agonizing dew."
Byron: Oscar of Alva.
a-dox'-a^ s. [Gr. H, priv., and 5ofa(doxa) =
glory ; literally, inglorious, meaning that the
plant is an inconspicuous one.] Moschatel,
or Musk Cro^vfoot. A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Araliaceae, or Ivyworts.
There is a British species, the A. Moschatellina,
or tuberous Moschatel, which, though small
and not striking in its inflorescence, is yet au
interesting plant. It is found in moist shady
places.
ad-p6y"nt'e, v.t. Old fonn of Appoint (q.v.).
ad-press'ed» a. [Lat. adpressus, ap2:)7'essus,
pa. par. of adjirinio or appri})io = to press to :
ad = to, aud premo = to press.]
Bot.: In close contact with, but not ad-
herent.
*^ ad-qui-e'-to, s. [Lat. adqiUetum, supine of
adgiiieso or acquiesco = to become physically
quiet.] Payment. (Blount.)
*ad-rad', «. [Adbed.]
ad'-ra-gant, i. Gum tragacanth.
* a-dram'-ihg, a. Cliuiiish. (Kersey.)
a-drast'-us, s. [A Greek hero, a king of
Argo, who obtained great glory in that mytluc
war against Thebes called the War of the
Seven Worthies.] A genus of Coleoptera, uf
the family Elateridae (Club-beetles). The A.
acuviinatus is one of the insects, the larva; of
whiclt constitute the wire-worms, so called
from their long slender, cylindrical, somewhat
rigid forms, occasionally so destructive to the
crops of the farmer aud gardener, from their
habit of root-guawing. It is the smallest of
the species inhabiting cultivated land.
a-draw'e, v.i. & t. [A.S. dragan = to draw.]
A. Intrans. : To withdraw oneself.
"Away fro hem he wold adrawe
Yi that lie myght." Octavian. 357.
B. Trans. : To draw.
bygan ys mace adrawe."
Jiob. Glouc, 207. [HalUwell.)
^ a-dread', * a-drad' (Eng. & Scotch),
* a-dradd'e (Scotch), a. & adv. [Eng. a = in ;
and dread; A.S, adrcedan = to dread, to fear ;
dred = feared.] In dread ; afraid. [Adreid.]
"And thinking to make all men adread to such a
one, an enemy who would not spare nor fear to kill so
great a prince. "—Sirfne^/.
" . and waa adrad of gyle."
Chaucer: C. T., The Cokes Tale. 5:3.
"^a-dre'am, v.t. & %. [Old form of Drea" ;■
To dream.
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, *^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^re ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, woU; work, wno, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. ew = u.
adreamed— adullainy
t a-dre'ani'd,a-dre'aint,pa.pyr. [Adrea.m.]
" I was even now adream'd that you conld see with
either of your eyes, iii so inuoh as I waked for joy, and
I hope to find it ti-uc."— Wits. F^ittea and Fancius
(15951, 9-L
" WiH thou believe me, sweeting ? by this light
I was adream ou thee, too."— 0. PL, vi. :j,"ii.
S-d-rec'-tal, a. [Lat. ad = to, near, and Eng.
rectal] tjituated at or by the rectum.
" a-dred', adv. [Fr. adroit ovdroit.] [Adroit.]
JJownriglit. (Scotch.) (Jamiesoii: Scott. Diet.)
*a-dred'e» v.t. .t i. [A.S. adroidan = to
clieiid.] [Adread.] To dread, fear.
" Gauhardin seighe that sight,
Aud sore him gau lui/rede."
Sir Tristrem, p. 288.
a-dreicli', a-drigh' (ch and gh gutturals),
° adv. [Adrihe.] {Scotch.)
* a-dreid', conj, [From a = on, in, and dreid
— dread, fear.] Lest. (Scotch.)
" Yet studie nocht ouir mekell adreid thow waree.
For I persaue the halflhigs in ane farie."
Palice of Honour, iii. bo.
* a'-drel-wurt» s. [In A.8. adremint = tlic
feverfew, the mugwort, from adre, CBdre, ceddre,
= a vein.] A plant, the feverfew (Matricai ">
parthenium?) (Old MS. list of plants.) Hatli-
well.)
a-drenQh'-en, v.t. [A.S. adrencan, adrenchan
= to plunge under, to immerse, to drown ;
pa. par. adrent, adreynte, adronc.l To drown.
"The see the aimU adrenche."
Kyng Born, lOD.
*'a-dreilt', pa. par. [Adrenohen.] (Roht.
of Gloucester, 39 ; Piers Plowjhrmn, 918.)
*a-dres'-ly, adv. [Address.] With good
address. (Scotch.)
" Cominondyt heily his affere.
His ajjorte ami his manere.
As ha hym havyt adresly."
Wyntouv, ix. 27, 317.
** a-dress'e, v.t. old form of Dress (q.v.).
* a-dres'-sid, 33a. par. [Adbesse.] (Gnnrr
MS.) (Halliioell.)
A'-dri-a, s. [Eng. Adria = the Gulf of Venice
(or the sea adjacent. Acts xxvii. 27); fr. Lat,
Hadria, a town of the Veneti.]
Astroii. : An asteroid, the 143rd found. It
was discovered at Pola by Palisa, in Februar,\ ,
A'-dri-an, a. [In Jjat. Hadrianus.] [Adria.]
1. Perttiining to the Gulf of Venice, or the
sea adjacent to it.
" "Wlieii Paul aud all his hopes seemed lost.
By Adrian billows wildly tossed." McCheyne.
2. Spec. Venetian.
" Was Alp, the Adrian renegade !"
Byron : Hii:gc of Corinth, 3.
A'-dlTL-an-Jsts, s. pi. [From Adrian, a man's
name. ]
1. Gh. Hist. : The followers of a real or
mythic Adrian, a disciple of Simon Magus.
2. The followers of' Adrian Hamstead, an
Anabaptist.
A-dri-at'-ic, u. & s. [Lat. Adriaticus, Hadrl-
aticus; from Adria or Hadria, the Gulf of
Venice. ] [Adria. ]
1. As adjective: Pertaining to the Gulf of
Venice.
2. As siibstantivc : The Gulf of Venice.
ar-dx^ft', a. & adv. [From a = on, and di-ift
(q.v.).] [Drift.J
1. Lit. : Driven, impelled ; floating about
hither and thither on the sea, a lake, or other
sheet of water, as the winds may impel it.
"... then shall this mount
Of Paradise by might of waves be moved
Out of his place, push'd by the horned flood,
With all his verdure spoiled, and trees adrift."
Milton: P. L., bk. xi.
2. Fiij. : Detached from a fixed position and
cast loose upon the world. (Used of persons m-
things.)
"Aa I have said, it was
A time of trouble : shoals of artisans
Were from their daily labour turn'd adrift
To seek their bread from public charity."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. i.
* a-drilie, * a-dry'ghe, a-drei'cli, a-
dri'gh (ch and gh guttural), adv. [Adreich.]
Aside, behind.
" The kyngis donghter which this syghe
For piire abaschement drow hyre adrihe."
Gower .VS. {nalliwelL] \
ad-ro-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to ; rogo = to
ask, taken from the questions put in adroga-
tion.]
Old Rom. Lavj : A kind of adoption in which
tlie person selected was old enough to have
ill! opinion with regard to the advantage or
otherwise of the step i-outemjilated. His or
her consent had, therefore, to be obtained to
render the proceedings valid. Adrogation
was the form of adoption had recourse to in
the case of boys above fourteen and girls above
twelve years of age.
a-droit', a. [Fr. ad'Oti = handsome, apt, or fit
for anything, prosperous : d = to, and droit =
right, as opposed to left. The w ord deosterotis is
from Latin dexter = right, as opposed to left ;
it is, therefore, etymologically of the same
meaning as adroit.] [Direct, Right, Dex-
terous. ]
A. Of persons :
1. Dexterous in the use of the hands ;
handy.
" An adroit stout fellow would sometimes destroy a
whole family, with justice apparently against him the
whole time. ' — Jervas's Dun Quixote.
2. Dexterous in the use of the mind,
cunning.
"They could not without uneasiness see so adroit
and eloquent an enemy of pure religion constantly
attending the royal steps, aud constantly breathing
counsel in the royal ea.x."—Macaulay : Hist. Eivj.,
ch. xxi,
B. Of things : Resulting from dexterity of
hand or of mind.
"... still had a superiority of force; and that
superiority he increased by an adroit stratagem."—
J/acaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xx.
" Before going on board, Mr. Wilson Interpreted for
ine to the Taliitian who had paid me so adroit an
attention."— fltirwin ; Voyage round the World, i;h
xviii,
a-droit'-ly, adv. [Adroit.] In an adroit
manner ; dexterously, skilfully.
11 Used primarily of the hands, but more
frequently of the mind.
a-drSit-ness, s. [Adroit.] Dexterity, skil-
fulness. (Used of tJie hands, or, more freguentl ii ,
of tliG Tnind. )
"He had unitheT ' adroitness to parry, nor fortitude
to endure, the gibes and reproaches to which, in his
new character of courtier and placeman, he was
exposed."— J/acauiay.- Bist. Eng., ch. xv.
' a-drohc', pt. t. [Adrench.]
*■ a-drop', 5. A mixed metal, a kind of auri-
caiciuin, in Eng. auricalc.
%~dry', o. [A.S. f'drigan, adrygaii, adrygean,
' &c.=to dry, to dr} up, to rub dry, to wither ]
Thirsty.
If It is placed after the noun.
" Ho never told any of them that he was his humble
servant, but his well-wisher; and would rather be
thought a malcontent, than drink the king's health
when he was not adry."— Spectator,
' a-dry'e, v.t. [A.S. adHogan, adriohan = to
bear. ] To bear, to suffer.
" Id alle thys londe ther ys not soche a knyght,
Were he never so welle y-dyght,
That his stroke myght adrye.
But he schulde hyt sore abye,"
MS. Cantab. {BalliioeU.)
ad-S9i-ti'-tious, a. [Lat. asdtus = appro^'ed,
adopted ; ascisco = to approve, to adopt, to
join. ] Joined ; additional, supplemental.
(Bentham.)
"He found no term characterizing the ^lse in oue
litigation of evidence which had been elicited for ser-
vice in another, so as to distinguish it from evidence
collected solely for the litigation in which it is applied
— and he called the former adscUitious evidence "—
Boioring : Jeremy Bentham's Works, § l.
ad-S91-ti'-tious-ly, adv. [Adscititious.] In
an adscititious manner,
3.d'-SCript, s. [Lat. adscriptus, ascriptus. As
substantive = a naturalised citizen ; as ad-
jective = prescribed, fixed; fr. ascribo, -ipsi,
-iptmn = to add to or insert in a writing ; to
enrol.] One enrolled as under the obligation,
or at least under the necessity, of giving
service to a master. A slave is an adscript
to a eertain place or person. (Bancroft.)
ad-Stric'-tion, s [Lat. adstrtctio, astrictio =
a power of binding close, astringency : ad-
stringo, astringo = to draw close, to bind : ad,
and stringo = to draw tight, to be tight ]
[Strict.] A binding fast.
^fal : The rigidity of any portion of tlie
body, as of the bowels, producing constipa-
[Adstriction".] Binding,
ad-strict'-or-y» t
astiingent.]
- ad-String -ent, a. [Astringent.]
^ ad-tem'pte, v. [Attempt.] (Scotch.)
t ad'-ul-a-ble, a. [See Adulate.] Suscepti-
ble of flattery. (Miiisheu.)
ad-ul-ar'-i-a, s. [in Ger. adiilar; Fr. & ItaL
adulaire, from Mount Adula. in the Grisons
in Switzerland, whence it is believed that
the first specimens were brought.] One of
the minerals called Moonstone. It is a sub-
variety of Orthoclase. Dana divides Orthociase
into two varieties : (1) Ordinary Orthoclase ;
(2) Compact Orthoclase, or urthoclase-felsite.
Under the former of these he ranks thirteen
sub-varieties, of which adularia is the first. It
is transparent, is cleavable, and in most cases
has opalescent reflections. Specific gravity,
2 -.'.39 to 2 "578. It occurs on Snowdon, iu the
Isle of Arran, and at various places abroad.
S.d'-Ul-ate, v.t. [Lat. adulatns, pa. par. of
adu'lor, rarely adulo = to fawn like a dog ; Fr.
aduler.] To fawn upon.
" It IS not that I adalate the people ;
Without me there are demagogues enough."
Byron : Don Juan, ix. 25.
ad-ul-a'-tion, s. [¥v. adulation; Itnh ad liUi-
zio'ne, from Lat. adulatio = (l) fawning like a
dog, (2) cringing, flattering.] [Adulate.]
1. The act of fawning upon or flattering.
2. The state of being so fawned upon,
flattered or addressed with exaggerated com-
pliment.
"... had already returned to enjoy the ariato((on
ol poets."— .}facaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. ii
ad-ul-a'-tor, s. [In Fr. adulateur ; Ital.
adulatore ; fr. Lat. ndnlotor.] One who fawns
upon ; one who flatters.
Sid'-ul-a-tor-y, «. [In Yv. adulateur ; Ital.
adnlat'yr, fr. Lat. cdiilatnrins.] Flattering ;
containing extravagant compliments.
"The language of Jeffreys is most offensive, some-
times scurrilous, sometimes barely adulatory." —
Macaulay : /list. Eng., ch. xviii,
Sd.'-ul-a-tress, s. [The feminine form of
Adulator.] A female who fawns upon or
flatters in a sen'ile manner.
^ a-du'l^e, v.t. [Adduloe.]
A-duU-a-mite» a. & s. [AdnJIavi (Heb.) =
the cave" mentioned in 1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2; -ite
= a native of, one connected with.]
A. As adjective:
1. PerUiining ti> the village or cave of
Adullam, or the natives of the latter place.
2. Pertaining to the political party described
under B. 2.
B. As substantive :
1. Scripture: A native of the village of
Adullam.
2. Eng. Hist. Plural : The name or nick-
name of a political party which arose iu 1806,
and continued for a short time subsequently.
In the year now mentioned. Earl Rassell and
Mr. Gladstone having introduced a Reform
Bill embodying proposals for a considerable
enlargement of the franchise, some of tlie more
moderate Liberals declined to support it, and
took counsel together how to prevent its
passing into law. On this Mr. Bright, who was
warmly in its favour, compared the new I'arty
to the discontented persons who repaired to
King David when he was in the Cave ot
Adullam (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). The name took
effect, and those to whom it was applied
became, for the time, universally known as
the Adullamites. A more sweeping Reform
Bill than that proposed in 1866 having been
carried under a Conservative Government a
year later, the Adullamite party, which con-
tained men widely differing on'many points,
ceased to act together, and gravitated some to
the one and others to the other side of the
House.
ar-diill'-am-y, ». [From Adullam.] [Adull-
amite. ]
A newspaper word : What is deemed tho
political off'ence of taking refuge in a ca;e,
like that of Adullam, with the view of thwart-
ing the metr.sures of one's Parliamentai-j' chief.
[Adullamite.]
tooil, 1>^; poiit. j6^1; cat, <?ell. chorus, 5hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
Hiia = shg,; -cian = shan. -tion,-sion = shun; -sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious = shiis. -ble,HUe,&c. = bel,d9L
76
adult— adultery
^'-Ult, or a--4ult', a. & s. [In Fr, adulte;
Ital. achilto, from Lat. aditltiis = full grown,
pa. par. of adolesco = to grow up.]
A. As adjective : Grown to matui'ity. (Used
of man, of the inferior animals, of plants, and
of the several organs whicli they possess.)
" They would appear less nble to approve themselves,
not only to tlie coiifeauor, but even to the catechiet,
1:1 their adult age, thau they were hi their minority."
—Decaj/ of Piety
"The difference in the facial angle between the
young and adult apes."— Owe/i; Clasuf. 0/ Mammalki,
p, 68.
"... in the horns of our sheep and cattle when
nearly adult."— Darwin : (h-igin of Species, ch. iv.
"Examination of adult cuticle." — Beale: Bioplasm,
§ 116.
"... adult texture," — Todd& BoioTna?i: Physiol.
Anat., i. 10,
B. As substautlvr ;
1. Geii. : A man or beast grown to maturity.
It may be used even of plants.
"... children, whose Irenes are more pliable and
soft than those of adults." —Sliarpe : Surgery.
In Law : A man or woman of the age of
twenty-one or more years.
2. A'inong Cimllans: A youth between
fourteen and twenty-five years of age.
adult school, s. A school attended by
adults Instead of by children.
■* a-diil'-ted, a. [Adxilt.] Having completely
reached maturity.
* a-diil'-ter, v.t. [Lat. adidtero.]
1. To commit adultery against ; to violate
conjugal obligations to
" His chaste wife
He adulters still." Ben Jonson.
2. To stain, to pollute.
" . . his aduUenng spots."
Marston : Scourge of Yillany,
a-dul'-ter-ant, s. A person or thing that
adulterates.*
a-diir-ter-ate, v:i. & (. [Adultkrate, a.]
* A, Intraiisitive : To commit adultery.
(Lit d: Jig.)
". . .we must not kill, steal, nor adulterate." —
LUjhtfoot : Misccll., p. 201.
"But Fortune, oh !
She is corrupted, changed, and won frjui thee ;
She adulterates houily with thine uncle John."
Shakesp. : King Johit, iii. L
B. Transitive :
1. Lit. (Of a metal or other article of c(ym-
merce) : To corrupt or debase anything by
intermixing it with a substance of less money
value than itself.
"Common pot-ashes, bought of them that sell it in
shoi-s, who are not eo foolishly knavish as to adul-
terate them with salt-petre, which is much dearer
than pot-ashes." — Boyle.
2. Fig. (Of the mind) : To corrupt, to con-
tan liiiate.
" Could a man be composed to such an advantage of
constitution, that it should not at all adulterate the
images of hia miud. yet this second nature would alter
the crasis of hia understanding. "—Gf««ii. .■ Seep. Hcient.
a-diir-ter-ate, «. (From Lat. cididteratus,
ya. par. of adidtero = (\) to commit adultery,
(•A) to falsify, to debase.]
1. Tainted with the guilt of adultery.
" I am possess'd with an adulterate hlot
My blood is mingled with the crime ot lust."
Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, ii 2.
"That incestuous, that adulterate beast."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i, 5.
2. Corrupted or debased by the admixture of
a less valuable substance.
"They will have all their gold and silver, and may
keep their adulterate copper at 'hojn.e."— Swift ■
Miscell.
a-diir-ter-a-ted, po. iwr. & a. [Aixjltek-
' ATE.]
a-diir-ter-ate-ly, adv. [ADULTEf.ATE.] In
an adulterate manner.
a-diil-ter-ate-ness, s. [Adulterate.] The
" quality or state of being adulterated.
gr^iil'-ter-a-ting, pr. par. [Adulterate. ]
ar-dul-ter-a'-tion, s. [In Ital. adulterasione,
fr. Lat. ad-idteratio ; adultero=^(l) to defile, (^j
to falsify, to adulterate. ]
J. The act of adulterating.
II. The state of being adulterated.
III. The thing whii-h mixed with another
debases its value.
Specially :
1. Of different Iciiuls of food, or any otlier
articles possessed of marketabU -value: "The
act of debasing a pure or genuine article for
pecuniary profit, by adding to it an inferior
or spurious ai-ticle, or taking one of its con-
stituents away." Another definition which
hay been given is, " The act of adding inten-
tionally to an ai-ticle, for purposes of gain,
any substance or substances the presence of
wliich is not acknowledged in the name under
which the article is sold."
The practice of adulteration must, more or
less, have prevailed in every country, and in
all but the most primitive ages. In England,
as early as the thirteenth century, the legis-
lature attempted, though with but partial
success, to strike a blow against it, in the
' Act 51 Henry III., stat. 6, often quoted as
the "Pillory and Tumbril Act." Themethods
of debasing saleable articles which were
adopted in those early times were few and
simple ; it was not till a comparatively recent
period that the more ingenious forms of adul-
teration began to prevail. Once having taken
root, however, they soon flourished greatly.
Between 1851 and 1854, and even on to 1857,
a sanitary commission on the adulteration of
food, instituted in connection with the Lancet
newspaper, and most ably conducted by Dr.
Arthur Hill Hassall, made revelations of so
startling a character that parliamentary action
took place on the subject. The first legisla-
tive measure which followed — that of 1860—
was a complete failure, the act being ineffi-
cient and useless. A stronger enactment was
consequently passed in 187Si. It was entitled
' ' An Act to Amend the Law for the Adul-
teration of Food, Drink, and Drugs." Under
this Act many prosecutions and convictions
took place ; but owing to the seller being
entirely in the hands of the analyst, there
being no appeal fi'om his certificate, a feeling
of dissatisfaction and distrust arose in the
minds of manufacturers and traders, and
another act was demanded. This, which came
into force in 1875, and was amended in 1879,
gave tlie right of appeal to the Laboratory,
Bomeiset House, in cases in wliich the cor-
rectness of the local analyst's certificate was
di.sputed. In 1869 an Act had been passed
tu restrain the adulteration of seeds.
The most notable kinds of adulteration are
tlie following :— 1st. Tlie addition of a sub-
stance of inferior value fur the sake of adding
tn the bulk and weight of one more precious, as
the mixing of water with milk, fat with butter,
or of chicory with coflee. 2nd. The addition of
a substance with the view of heightening the
(■olour and improving the appearance of an
article, as well as to conceal other forms of
adulteration. Example : The colouring of
pickles or preserves with salts of copper. 3rd.
Tlie addition of a substance designed to aid
or increase the flavour or pungency of another.
Example : The addition to vinegar of sulphuric
acid. 4th. The addition of a substance de-
signed to ensure that a larger quantity of
another one shall be consumed. Example :
Beer, one of the chief adulterants of which at
present is salt, put into the liquor to ensure
that when oae employs it to slake his thirst,
the more he drinks the more thirsty vrill he
become. Some of the substances used for
adulterating articles of food — the salts of
copper and sulphuric acid for instance — are
pins'innu.s. Despite the etficient services ren-
dered by public analysts, and the numerous
prosecutions which are continually taking
place fur the sale of adulterated food, many
articles are sold in a form very far fi'om
pure, though the purchaser of a debas 'd
article is more likely to suffer in purse tlian
in liealth.
2. Of anything else, material, mental, or
moral, capable of being debased :
"... they manifest but little evidence of Egyp
tian, Asiatic, or Thraciau adulterations."— Grute :
Hist, of Greece, vol. i,, i)t. L, ch. 1.
a^dul'-ter-a-tor, s. [Lat.] One who adul-
tt' rates.
"... the great depravers and adulterators of the
l^agan theology." — Cudworth, 355,
O-dul'-ter-er, s. [In Fr. adultere; Ital.
ailidtcro; Lat. adulter.] [Adultery.]
I. Ordinary Language :
Lmr : A man led man who has sexual com-
merce with a woman, married or unmarried,
who is not his wife. Or an nnjuarried man
who has such intercmirse vrith a married
woman,
" There foul adulterers to thy bride resort."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, xi. 148.
II. Scripture & Theology :
1. In the same sense as Xu I.
"The eye also of the adulterer waiteth for the
twilight saving. No eye shall see me : and disgulsetli
hia face. ' — JoS xxiv. 15.
2. A violator of the seventh commandment,
in deed, word, or thought (Matt. v. 28).
[Adultery, No. II. 1.]
3. One who gives the supreme ]ilace in his
affections, not to God, but to idols, or to the
world ; idolatrous.
" But draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the
seed of the adulterer and tlie whore. . . Euflaming
yourselves with idols under every green tree." — ha.
Ivii. 3, 5.
" Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that
the friendship of the world is enmity against God ? " —
James iv. 4.
a-dul'-ter-ess, s. The fern, form of Eng.
' Adulterer.
1. A married woman who holds sexual com-
merce with any other man than her husband.
" . . . and the adulteress will hunt for the precious
life."— /*ro«. vi. 26.
2. Jn Scripture: A woman who gives the
supreme place in her affections, not to God,
but to some inferior object of desire. (James
iv. 4, already quoted.)
a-diil'-ter-ine, a. & s. [In Fr. adultdrin ; fr.
Lat. adulterimis = (1) adulterous, spurious,
(2) counterfeit.]
A. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Proceeding from adulterous com-
merce.
"... asserted that Chariot was an adulterine
hastard." — Palgr. : Hist. Eng. and iform., 1 271.
Adulterine Marriages : According to St.
Augustine and others, marriages contracted
after a divorce.
2. Fig. : Spurious ; counterfeit.
Adulterine Guilds : Traders acting as a cor-
poration without possessing a charter, and
annually paying a fine for permission to
exercise their usurped privileges . (STUith :
Wealth of Nations, bk. i., ch. x.)
B. As subst-antive : A child proceeding from
adulterous commerce.
* a-dul'-ter-ize, v.i. [Adultery.] To com-
iiiit adultery.
" Such things as give open suspicion of adulterizing
. . . ," — Sfilton: Doctrine and discipline of Hloorce.
a-diil'-ter-ous, a. [Adultery.]
1. Pertaining to adultery. "When applied to
a person, it means guilty of adultery.
" Such IS the way of an adulterous woman." — Prov.
XXX. 20.
" jl/ec. Welcome, dear madam.
Each heart in Rome does love and pity you :
Only the adulterous Antony, most large
In his abominations, turns you ofL"
Shakesp. : k ntony and Cleopatra, iii, 6.
% Also in the same sense as Adulterer,
II. 3 ; idolatrous.
" An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a
sign." — Matt, xii, 39.
t 2. Spurious.
"... yet did that forged and adulterous stuff.
translated into most languages of Europe. , . , pass:
currently." — Casau^ion: Of Credulity, p. 297.
'^a-dul'-ter-oiis-ly, adv. [Adulterous.]
In an adulterous manner.
" Because some husbands and wives have adulter-
ous! y profaned that holy covenant" — .0/*. Taylor:
Artificial Handsomeness, p. 22.
g,-dur-ter-3^, s. [Fr. adumre; Ital. adidterio;
Irom Lat. adulterium = (1) adultery, (2)(Bot.),
the ingrafting of plants. Hence Pliny speaks
of the arhorum adulterea — the "adulteries " of"
trees.] [Adult, Adulterate.]
A. Of persons :
I. Law & Ord. Lang. : An unlawful com-
merce among two married persons not stand-
ing to each other in the relation of husband
ami wife, or between a married person and
another unmarried. In the former case it has
been called double, and in the latter single
adultery'. Varied punishments, mostly of a
^'ery severe character, have in nearly all
countries and ages been inflicted on those who
liave committed this great offence. In some
cases it has been deemed lawful for a husband
or the woman's father to kill the guilty person,
if taken in the act. By the law of England,
the slaughter of the offending p'arties in such
cases is deemed manslaughter of a not very
aggravated sort. The spiritual courts give-
divorce a inensa et thoro, meaning from board
and bed. The Court for Divorce and Matri-
monial Causes, created by 20 and 22 Vict.,
c. 85, grants it a vinculo matrimonii, from the
bond of marriage, with damages often heavy
against the " co-respondent."
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit. sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh<», son; mute, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fulls try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, *
adultness — advance
77
" So neither was anything but adultery esteemed a
violation o( the seventh [commandment]." — Jeremy
Taylor : The Decalogue,
n. Scripture & Theology :
1. Any violation of the law of chastity, in
thought, word, or deed, specially the sin
described under No. I.
" Thou ahalt not commit adultery." — Exod. xx. 14.
2. The worship of idols, or of any created
things ; a transference to them of the affection
which should have been supremely given to
God.
"... she [the nation of Judah] defiled the land,
and committed adultery with atonea and with atocks."
— Jer. liL 9.
III. * ATTiong old ecclesiastical writers : The
intrusion of one prelate into the bishopric of
another, without waiting till it was made
vacant by his death.
B. Of things : Adulteration, corruption.
" Such aweet neglect more taketh me
Than all the adulteries of art ;
They strike mine eyes, but not my heart."
B. JoTiBon : Epicene, i, 1.
a-diilt'-ness, s. [Adult.] The state of an
adult ; the adult state.
* ad-um'-*ber, v.t. [Lat. adumhro.] [Adum-
brate.] To shadow or cloud.
ad-um'-brant, o. [Lat. cMZitm6ra7is = shadow-
ing forth ; p"r. par. of calwitihro.] [Adumbrate.]
Shadowing forth.
S.d-um'-'brate, v.t. [Ital. ad&mbrare, from
Lat. adumbratum, supine uf admiibro = (1) to
cast a shadow, (2) to image forth by means
of a shadow. From ad = to, and wnibra, in
Fr. nmbre, Ital. ombra, Sp. som,6ra=a shadow.]
Faintly to image forth, as a shadow does the
object from which it pioceed.s.
"Heaven is designed lor onr reward, as well as
rescue ; and therefore is adumbrated by all those
positive excellences which can endear or recommend."
—Decay of Piety.
ad-um-tora'-tion, s. [Lat. adumbratio = a
drawing, a sketcli, from aditmbrc]
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of faintly shadowing
forth ; the state of being faintly shadowed
forth ; the thing whlcli in such a case casts
the shadow and forms the image. (Lit. & fig,)
"To make some adumbration of that we mean.'
—Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent. II., 5 187.
2. Her, : An admnbratlon or transpareiicj/^ is
a figure on a coat of arms traced in outli:ie
only, or painted in a darker shade of the same
colour as the field or background on which it
is represented. Families who had lost their
possession.s, but did not like to surrender
their armorial bearings, are saitl to have occa-
sionally adopted this method of indicating
their peculiar position. (Gloss, of Heraldry.)
*a-dun', prep. & adv. [A.S. adun, adune =
down, adown, downward.] [Adown.] (Reliq.
Antiq., ii. 175.)
t S.d-U-na'-tion, s. [Lat. ndimatio = a uniting,
a union ; aduna = to make one ; arf = to, and
uno = to unite ; unus = one.]
1. The act or process of making one.
2. The state of being made one.
t There is an analogy between this word
and atoneinenf, both in etymology and signi-
fication, except that adunation is from Latin
and atonevij'it from English : ad=at; un =
one; ation=Tnent. [Atonement.]
"WTiW, by glaciation, wood, straw, dust, and water
are supposed to be united into one lump, the coJd does
not cause any real union or adunation ; butonlyhard-
ening the aqueous parts of the liquor into ice, the
other bodies being accidenbilly present in that liquor,
are frozen up in it, but not really miited."— Boyle.
t ad-un'-gi-ty, s. [Lat. aduncitas = hooked-
ness, curvature inwards ; adnnmis = bent in-
wards : ad = to, and uncvs = hooked ; unois,
s. =a hook, a barb.] The state of being
curved inwards, or hooked; curvature in-
wards.
"There can be no queation but the adundty of the
pounces and beaks ot the hawks is the cause of the
great and habitual immorality of those animals. —
Arbuthnot -fc Pope : Martinua Scriblerus.
^-iinc'-ous, * ad-uhq'ue (m mute), «.
[Lat. aduncus.^ Curved inwards, hooked.
"Of which parrots have an adunmip bill, but the
rest Tiot."— Bacon : Jfat. Hist., Cent. III., § 238.
* a-dun - ward, adv. [A.S.] Downwards.
(Ltiyi'iiLon, i. SI.) [Adun.]
* ad-ii're, v.t. [Lat. ojhiro = to set fire to, to
burn, to scorch : ad = to, and vro = to ^Tirn.]
To bum.
", . . doth mellow and not adure." — Bacon • Nat,
Hist., Cent. IV., § 319.
ad-iir'-ent, adj. [Lat. adurens, pr. par. of
" ad-nro.]' [Adure.] Burning, hot to the taste.
"... nitre; the spirit of which is lessaclurcnf
than salt."— ^acon ■ Nat. Hist., Cent. V., § 3-lu.
* ad-um'e, * ad~drn'e, v.t. To adore. [See
Adorn, Adore.] (Scotch.)
"Git ye deny Christia humanitie, bi resoun of the
inseparable conjunetioun thairof with his divinitie to
be adwrnit.'' — Keith: Hist. App., p. 238.
^.-dusk', ndv. or pred. a. [Dusk.] In dusk
or gloom ; dark, gloomy.
a-dust', a-dust'-ed, a. [In Ital odusto, fr.
Lat. adustus, pa. par. of aduro = to bui-n. ]
1. Lit. : Burnt, scorched, dried with fire,
intensely hot.
" And vapour as the Lybian' air adust.
Began to parch that temperate clime."
Milton P. L., bk. xiL
" Sulphurous and nitrous foam
They found, they mingled ; and, with subtle art
Concocted and adusted, they reduced
To bliickest grain, and into store convey'd."
Ibid., bk. vi.
2. Fig. : Hot, fiery, choleric in temper or
temperament.
"They are but the fruits of adusted choler, and the
evaporations of a -vindictive spirit."— ^oweW.
t a-diist'-i-ble, a. [Adust. ] Capable of being
burnt or scorched.
t a-dust'-i-6n, 5. [In Ital. advstionr, fr. Lat.
adiistio = ihe act of burning.] The act cf
burning or scorching ; the sfcite of being
burnt or scorched ; heat nr dryness of the
humours of the body. [Adure.]
"Against all asperity and toirefaction ot inwiird
parts, and all advstion of the blood, and yenerally
against the drjuess of nge."— Bacon. Med. /icm.
a-dus'-tive, a. [As if from a Lat. adusticus.]
' That burns or scorches.
ad va-l6r'-em, phr. [Lat.] [Ad.]
ad-va'n^e, v.t & /. [in Fr. avancer=. to
advance, to move forward: nrant, prep. =
before ; adv. = for, forward. In Sp. arcncfj-
= to advance ; Ital. avaiizare = to get, to
increase ; Armorican avana = to advance,
from Lat. aft = from ; a?i(e = before.] [Van,
Advantage.]
A. Trniisitive:
I. Of place:
(a) To cause to move forward horizontally ;
to bring to the front.
1. Lit. : To move a material thing thus for-
ward in place.
" Some one glides in like midnight ghost—
Nay, strike not ! 'tis our noble Host.
Advancing then his taper's flame."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, iii. 8.
2. Fig. : To cause any thing, and especially
any immaterial thing, to move forward, to
bring it to the front, to move it from the
background into the foreground, or from
obscurity into public notice.
Sxieciiilly : To express an opinion, to adduct.'.
an argument.
" Wliat we admire we praise : and, when we praise,
AiliHiiire it into notice, that, its worth
Acknowledged, others may admire it too."
Cowper : Task, bk. lii.
"The views I shall aJuancc in these lectures . . ."
—Bcale: Bioplasin, § 2.
"... has often been ddudTiccii a.^ a pr^of." — Dar-
win : Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i.
nt)) To move upward, to render more ele-
vated.
1, Lit. : To move a material thing upward.
" Who forthwith from the flittering staff unfurl 'd
The innwrial ensign ; which, full high advanced.
Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind."
MiUon : P. L., bk. i.
2. Figvrotively :
(a) To promote a person to a higher rank.
"... the greatness of Mordecai, whereunto the
king advanced him." — Esther x. 2.
"The weak were praised, rewarded, and adt<anred."
WordsKorth : Excursion, bk. iiL
(b) To heighten, to grace, to shed lustre
upon anj'thing.
" As the calling dignifies the man, so the man murh
more advances his calling. As a garment, though it
warms the body, has a return with an advantage,
being much more warmed by it. " — South : Sermons.
(r) To cause to mount up in an unpleasant
way. as a parasite climbs up a trcf to the
injun'' of the stem supporting it ; to incrL> i.se,
to augment.
". . . like favouritps,
Miul*" Tinm.l by princes, that adrnnce their pride
AL,';iiiist that power that bred i^."
Shakesp. : Much Ado about Xotliiiiff, iil. 1.
IL Of time or development (lit. d'fig.) :
1. Lit. : To move forward in time or in
development : as to accelerate the growth of
plants, to move the season of the year for-
ward.
"These three last were slower than the ordinary
Indian wheat of itself; and this culture did ratln:r
retard than advance." — Bacon.
" The summer was now far advattced."—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. viiL
2. Figuratively :
(a) To cause any thing, as a science, one's
knowledge, &c., to move forward.
"... there is little doubt that the photographs
his paJrty has secured will do more to advance solar
physics than any permanent records obtained by any
former expedition. "—riT?ies, April 20, 1875, "Transit
of Venus. "
(6) Ordinary Language and Comwierce. To
advance money is to give money before an
equivalent for it is rendered ; or to lend,
with or without interest ; to pay money before
it is legally due.
"... the fTkrmer, who advances the subsistence
of the labourers, supplies the implements of produc-
tion."—/. S. Mill : Pol. Econ.
"... advanced to the government, at an hour's
notice, five or ten thousand pounds." — Macaiilay:
Hist. Eng., ch, xxi.
B. Intransitive :
L Lit : To move forward.
1. In place :
"... our friend
Tl When applied to a promontory or penin-
sida, it signifies to jut or project into the
ocean.
"And thus the rangers of the western world.
Where it advances far into the deep."
Cowper : Task, bk. i.
2. In. time :
Advance."
IL Fig. : To make progress, as in know-
ledge, rank, &e.
"It will be observed, therefore, that the scale of
ch. ii.. § 9
—Lewis. Early Rom. Hist.,
If To advance in price: To rise in value.
ad-va'n5e, s. [Advance, v.]
A. Ordinary Langiaige :
L The act or process of moving forward.
1. Gen. (Used, of movement in time, inpluce,
or ill both.) (Lit. dtjig.)
"A letter announcing the nii'i'i/c--' was written on
the 31st of August." — Eroude: Jfist Eng., ch. xxi.
2. Spec, (plural): Approaches made by a
lover to gain the favour of tlie person courted ;
or approaches made by a government to
another one with which it is at variance.
"Falsely accused by the arts of his master's wife,
whose criminal advaru-e* he had repelled, he was
thrown into prison." — .Mlhnan: Hist. Jews. \. 50,
"Finally, that he might ]"se no time in reaping
the benefit of his advances." — Froude : Hist. Eng.,
ch, xii,
IL The state of being moved forward.
1. Lit.: (Used of malerUd things.)
"Gazing, with a timid ^'lance.
On the brooklet's swift adrann^"
Longfellow: Maidenhood.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Promotion in rank or ofiice.
(b) Improvement, as in knowledge or
virtue ; progress towards perfection.
"The principal end and object of the greatest im-
portance in the world to the ^ood «i mankind, and for
the advance and perfecting ot human nature." — Hale.
IIL The amount by which a person or
thing moves another forward, or is moved
forward by another. (See B. 1.)
B. Technically :
1. Comm. : Increased price.
2. Money given beforehand for goods after-
wards to be delivered ; money paid on account
or before it is legally due.
3. A loan to be repaid.
Tl In advance: Beforehand; before it is
actually due: specif., the payment of a ]iur-
tion of a man's wages before tlie whole is due.
(Lit. & fig.)
"In order that the whole remimeration o*' the
lalMurers should be adrancud to them in daily .jt
weekly payments, there must exist in advance, and
be appropriated to productive use, a greater sto'k i r
capital."—/. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. iv., ^ 2.
1" "A is in advavce to B £.'in," nieans, A i.s
in the state of having advanced tu B the sum
of £50.
bS^l, bo^; p^t, j^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph - C
-cia = shg, ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -?ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, de?-,
73
advanced— advauntour
ncl'-va'n^ed, yic. pLfr. &: a. [Advance.]
As adjective :
A, Ordinary Language :
I. Of place:
1. Moved forward.
" WTier tbon hiiat hung thy advanced aword i' the
air." Shakcsp. : Troiltts and Cressida, iv. 5.
2. Occupying a more forward ;ositioii than
thau ynth wliich. it is ccmpared.
" The more advanced ■poait'L-m of l.'.; astragivhis. "—
Owen: Classif. of Mammalia 9t.
n. Of time or developmem :
1. Advanced age =■ very t onsiderable age.
"... to re-appear in the offspring at the s-ame ad-
vanced age."— iJarwm; Descent of Man, pt. li., ch. vm.
2. An advanced thinker, country, or com-
munity: A man before his age iu ideas; a
country or community before most others in
civilisation.
" This demand is often supplied almost exclusively
by the merchants of more advanced communities," —
J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., Prclimin. Rem., p. 16,
"... however much accelerated by the salutary
influenGe of the ideas of more advanced countries." —
Ihid.. bk. ii., cli. V , §3.
B. Technically :
1. Fortification. Advanced ditch: The ditch
v/hieh surrounds the glacis and esplanade of
a fortress.
2. Milit. Advanced guard, \ advance-guard :
t (a) The first line or division of an army
marching in front of the rest, and therefore
likely to come first into collision with the
enemy.
(&) A small detachment of cavalry stationed
in front of the main-guard of an army.
" It was, however, impossible to prevent all skirmish-
ing between the advanced guards of the armies. "—
JIacaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. ix.
ad-va'n^e-ment, ^ a-van'9e-inent, s
[Eng. advance; -mcnt. In Fr. avancCTnent ;
Ital. avanzam^nio.'} [Advance.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of advancing any person or thing.
II. The state of being so advanced.
Specially :
1. The moving forward or promotion of any
one to a higher office or rank in society ; pre-
ferment.
" The dungeon opens a way to still farther adva?ice-
ment." — Milman : Hist, of Jews, 3rd ed., i. SO.
"He had hitherto looked for professional advance-
■ment to the curporation of London." — Macaulai/ :
Sist. Eng., ch. iv
" K. Rich. The advancement of your children, gentle
\aAy."—Shakesp. : K. Rich. HI., iv. 4.
2. The moving of any one forward to a
higlaer intellectual or moral platform ; intel-
lectual or moral improvement.
"... the advancement of the intellectual
faculties." — Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv.
"And as thou wouldat the advancement of thine heir
111 all good faculties." — Cowper : Tirocinium.
3. A similar movement forward of society,
■wealth, or civilisation.
"From this time the economical advancemetit of
society has not been further interrupted," — /. S. Mill ■
Polit. Ecan., Prelim. Rem., p. 22.
" Many of the faculties which have been of inestim-
able service to man for his progressive advance-
tnctit." — Darwin : Descent of Man, pt. i,, ch. iL
4. The promotion of science or anything
similar.
" . . . i.e. the combination of individual efforts
towards the aduancement of science." — Owen: British
J-'ossiJ Mammali and Birds, p. vii.
III. The thing advanced ; the amount by
which anything advances or is advanced.
1. The thing advanced. [See B. Coram. & La%v. ]
2. The amount by which anything advances
or is advanced ; a stride forward.
" This refinement makes daily advancements ; and I
htiiw in time will raise our language to the utmost
perfection. "—S?0'/i.
B. Technically :
L Comm. : The payment of money in ad-
vance ; also the amount of money paid in
advance.
II. ■* Okl Law :
1. The settlement of a jointure on a wife, or
the jointure settled.
"The jointure ox advancement of the lady was the
third part of the principality of Wales." — Bacon.
* 2. Property given to his child by a father
in his lifetime 'instead of by will at his death.
ad-va'nf-er, ad-va un9-er, s. [Advance.]
1. Ord. Lang. : One who advances any
I'CTson or thing ; a promoter.
"... and the succession is between master and
disciple, and not between inventor and contiuuer, or
aUrancc'r." — Bacon ■ Filum Lahi;.. g 4.
2. Among sportsmen : A start or branch of a
buck's attire between the back antler and the
]ialni ; the second branches of a buck's honi.
"In a buck they say bur, beame, braunch. ad-
vauncers, palme, and spellers." — Manwood: Forest
Lawes.
ad-va'n^-ing, x>^'- P^'''- & f^* [Adva^.te.]
' ' And jisteris th' advancing pilot knew. "
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, i. 1,104.
" He Avas now no longer young : but advancing !ige
had made no essential change iu his character and
niannera." — }facatUiiy : liist.'Eng., ch. vi.
"... the advancing -wmter."—Dar7oin : Origin of
Species, ch. iii.
"... au advancing physiology." — Todd & Bowman
Physiol. Anat., i. 28.
=* ad-va'n9-ive, a. [Advance.] Tending to
advance or promote.
ad-va'nt-age (age=ig), s. [In Fr, avan-
tage, from" avant = before ; Ital. vantaggio.]
[Advance.]
I, Essential meaning : That which is fitted
to move one fonvard ; any natural glTt, any
acquisition made, any state, circumstance, or
combination of circumstances calculated to
give one superiority in any respect over an
antagonist, or over people in general.
Specially :
1. Profit or gain of any kind.
(a) In a general sense :
"What advantage then hath the Jew? or what
profit is there of ciicumcision ? " — Rom. UL 1.
"It was not impossible, Indeed, that a persecutor
might be convinced by argument and by experience of
the adcarefa^es of toleration." — JIacaulay: Mist. Eng.,
ch. vii.
(b) In a more limited sense: (Lit.) The in-
terest of money ; (fig.) overplus, increase.
" Methought you said, you neither lend, nor borrow,
Upon advantage."— Shakesp. : Merch. Venice, i.Z.
" We owe thee much ; within this wall of flesh
There is a soul counts thee her creditor,
And, with advantage, means to pay thy love."
Shakesp. : Ring John, iii, 3.
2. A favourable time or opportunity.
"Give me advantage of some brief discourse
With Desdemona alone."
Shakesp. : Othello, iii. 1.
"... and somewhere, nigh at hand.
Watches, no doubt, with greedy hope to find
His wish and best advantage, us asunder."
Milton: P. L., bk. ix.
3. Personal qualities, natural gifts, acquired
knowledge or experience, good habits, &c.
" If it be an advantage to man to have his hands
and arms free, of which there can be no doubt." —
Darwin : Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv.
" In the practical prudence of managing such gifts,
the laity may have some advantage over the clergy ;
whose experience is, and ought to be, less of this world
than the other " — Sprat.
% In this sense it is similarly used of the
inferior animals.
" When these birds are fishing, the advantage of the
long primary feathers of their wings, iu keepmg them
dry, IS very evident." — Darv/in : Voyage round the
World, ch. vlL
4. A consideration superadded to one going
before, and giving it increased force in argu-
ment.
" Much more should the consideration of this
patt«i-n arm us with patience against ordinary cala-
mities ; especially if we consider his example with
this advantage, that though his sufferings were
wholly undeserved, and not for himself, but for \\&,
yet he bore them patiently." — Tillotson.
II. The victory or success of whatever kind
actually resulting from such aids.
"... and because in other struggles between the
dictatorial and trlbunician authority, the dictator hatl
always the advantage." — Lewis: Early Roman Hist.,
ch. xiii.
^1 In this and in some other seniles it may
be used of the inferior animals or of things
inanimate.
" When I have seen the hungry ocean gain
Advantage on the kingdom of the shore.
And the firm soil win of the watery main."
Shakesp. : Sonnets, 64.
^ Formerly used occasionally with on; now
of, over, or a clause of a sentence introduced
by that is used instead. (See various examples
yi\"(.'n above.)
"Upon these two arches the superincumbent weight
of man is solidly and sufficiently maintained, as upon
a low dome, with the further advantage that the
different joints, cartilages, coverings, and synovial
membranes give a certain elasticity to the dome, so
that in leaping, running, or drojiping from a height,
the jar is diffused and broken before it can be trans-
mitted to affect the enormous brain-expanded cra-
nium."— Owen: Classif. of Mammalia, p. 94,
^ To set out to advantarje, to set to advantage :
To arrange or place in such a manner that its
value may be seen ; to place in the most
favourable light.
" Like jewels to fflvantarje set,
Her beauty by the shade does get." Waller.
To take adeantage of; * to talr adcantage
on : To avail one's self of an oppoi-tuuity of
gaining the superiority over one in some
matter. Usually in a bad sense, to outwit, to
overreach.
"... but the Roman consuls, who had let" out
an anny to meet them, take no advanta^f- ol their
weakness." — Lewis : Early Rom. Ilist., cii. xii.
" To take advantage on presented Joy ;
Though I were dumb, yet hi.^ proceedings teach
thee." Shakesp. : Veniis and Adonis.
A.loarJagc-ground. [Vantage-ground.]
''\iiLb excellent man, who stood not upon the ad-
vantage-grouTid before from the time of his promotion
to the archbiahoprick . . ." — Clarendon.
t ad-va'nt-age (age = ig), v.f. & i.
A. Transitive :
1. To benefit one, to profit one.
(o) Personally.
"For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the
whole world, and lose hunself, or be cast away?" —
Luke ix. 25.
" The liquid drops of tears that you have shed,
Shall come again, transfonn'd to orient pearl ;
Adnantaging their loan, with interest
Of ten times double gain of happiness."
Shakesp. : King RicJhard III., iv, 4.
(p) Half impersonally.
"If after the manner of loen I have fought with
beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the
dead rise not? let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we
die."— 1 Cor. xv. 32.
2. To promote the interests of.
"To ennoble it with the spirit that inspires the
Royal Society, were to advantage it in one of the best
capacities in which it is improveable. " — Glanville:
Hrepsis Seientifica.
B. Intransitive : To be advantageous, to be
litted to confer superiority.
" Not flying, but forecasting in what place
To set upon them, what advantaged best"
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
ad-van'-tage-a-l)le (age = ig), a. [Ad-
v.kntage.] Able to be turned to advantage ;
advantageous, profitable.
" Shall see advantagea-b7.e for our dignity,
Anything in, or out of, our demands."
Shakesp. : King Henry T'., v, 2.
ad-vau'-taged, 7)a. po.r. ka. [Advamtage.]
As pa. par. : In the same sense as the verb,
* As adjective : Excellent.
"In the most advantaged tempera this disposition
is but comjKirative. " — Glanville.
ad-van-ta'-geous, a. [Advantage. ] Pro-
mising or actually conferring advantage ;
profitable, beneficial ; opportune, convenient.
" The large system can only be advantageous when
a large amount of business is to be done." — J. S. Mill:
Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. ix.
". . , the amount of ndwtrjiCag'eOMJ modification in
relation to certain special ends." — Danoin: Hescent qf
Man, pt. li., ch, viii.
" Jxist in that advantageous glade.
The halting troop a line had made,"
Scott : Marmion, iv. 5.
"... to capitiilate on honourable and advan-
tageous terms." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
% Always with to before the person or thing
benefited.
" Since every painter paints himself in hifl own
works, 'tis advantageous to him to know himself." —
Dryde?i.
ad-van-ta-geous-l:3^, adv. [Advanta-
geous.] In an advantageous manner ; profit-
ably, beneficially.
"Itlms, in consequence, appeared to the author of
the following work that an attempt might ad^ian-
tageously be made to treat the history of ancient
astronomy."— iewrw .■ Astro7iom,y of the Andents, ch. i.,
§ i . P 2.
" . , . a business of real imbUc impji-tance can
only be carried on advantageously upon so large a
scale."— ^. ;S. MiU: Polit. Econ., bk. 1, ch. ix.
ad-van-ta'-geous-ness, s. [Advanta-
geous.] The quality of being advantageous ;
profitableness, profit, benefit.
"The last property which qualifies God for the
fittest object of our love, is the advantageo}isness of
his to us, both m the present and the future life."—
Boyle : Seraphic Love.
ad-vac'-tag-ing, pr. par. [Advantage. ]
^ ad-v^un'ye, v.t. [Advance.]
1. To recommend. (Spenser.)
2. To incite, to inflame, to stimulate. [Ad-
vance.] (Spe)iser.)
^ ad-vauu'9ed, ad-vaun'st, j)a. par. [Ad-
vaunce.]
* ad-vaunt', s. [Avaunt.] a boast, a vaunt-
ing, a bragging.
" And if ye wyn, make none adva nnt "
Bei/wood : The Foure P's..
"■^ ad-vauEit'-our, s. I Ad vaunt.] A boaster.
^Je, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, WQlf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian, ee, oe = e. gecus = jus.
advayle— adverbial
*ad-va'yle, a. [Avail.] Profit, advantage,
gain.
" For lucre or advayle.
Ageyust thjT kyng to rayle."
Skelton : Works, ii. 432.
* ad-vec-ti'-tious, a. [Lat. advectkiits, ad-
vectitUis, from advectus, pa. par. of adveho =
to cuny to.] Brought from another place ;
imported, foreign.
+ ad-ve'ne, v.i. [Lat. advmio = to come to,
to arrive at : ad =. to, and venio = to come.]
To come to, to accede to, to he added to,
tiiough derived from a foreign source.
"A cause, considered iu judicature, is stiled an acci-
dentiil cause, and the accidental of any act is said to
he whatever advenes to the a^t itself already substan-
tiated."—J. i/^iiTc ; Parergon
* ad-ve'-ni-ent, a. [Lat. adveniens, pr. par.
ofadvenio.] "[iVdvene.] Approaching, coming,
being superadded from foreign sources.
" Beiu(f thus divided from truth in theniselvcH. they
ai'e yet lai-ther removed by advenienf. deception, fi^r
they are daily mocked into erroui- by subtler devisers."
— Browne: Vulgar Erroura.
S>d'-vent, s. [In Ggw advent; Fr. avent; Ital.
avvetito; all from Lat. adventum, supine of
adceiiio.] [Advene.]
I. The act of coining.
1. {Spec.) Theul : The first, or the expected
second coming of Christ.
" Gives courage to their foes, who, could they see
The dawn or thy last advent, long desired,
Would creep into the bowels of the hills.
And flee for &afety to the falling rocks,"
Cowper : Task, bk. vi,
2. Ordinary Language (in a respectful or in a
tiinrk-hcroic sense): The coming of any merely
human personage, or of people, to a place.
" . , . changed habits of life which alwavs follow
from the advent of Euroiwana." — Darwin: Descent of
Man, pt. i., ch, vii.
"When it was known that no succour was to he
expected from the hero whose adve7it had been fore-
told by so many seers, the Irish who were shut up in
Galway lost all heart."— J/acdM^ay.- Bist. Eng.,
ch. xviL
II. The time when a coming takes place.
Spec, (ill the Ecclesiastical Calendar) : The
_season of the year when the Roman Catholic,
the English, and various other churches
commemorate the first and anticipate tlie
second coming of Christ. It comprises four
Sundays, and commences on the one wliicii
precedes, or that whicli follows, St. Andrew's
Day (November 30), or on tit. Andrew's Day
itself.
* ^d-ven'-tayle, *. [Aventaile.]
5-d-ven-ti'-tious, a. [in Fr. adventlce; fv.
Lat. adventicius or advcntitius = coming from
abroad, foreign.] [Advent.]
1. Not properly pertaining to ; extraneous
to ; foreign to.
". , . the adventitious moisture which hangcth
loose in the body." — Bacon: Jfat. Hist., Cent. IV.,
§,W5.
"The adventit toils wisAXev of this communication."—
Eroiule: Hist. Eng., iv. 455.
"These again are either counaXe or adventitious.'—
BentJuim : iVorks [ed. 1843), i. 32.
2. Coming unexpectedly or incidentally.
3. Bot.: Abnormal, as a genuine root witli
mangrove-tree, showing adventitious roots.
leaf-buds on it, or a slender aerial root sent
down from the branches, as in the banyan and
inangi'ove trees.
ad-ven-ti'-tious-l^, adv. [Adventitious.]
Iu an adventitious manner; casually; acci-
dentally.
ad-ven-ti'-tious-ness, s. [Adventitiuu.s.]
Tlie quality or state of being adventitious.
t ad-vent'-ive, a. &, s. [Low Lat. ad-
ventivu-s, from adventum, supine of Mvenio.]
[Advene.]
As adjective : Foreign to, not native ; ad-
ventitious.
". . . the considerations of the original of the
soul, whether it be native or adventive, and how far it
is exemjited fi-om laws of matter and of the immor-
tality thereof, and many other points . , ." — Bacon :
Adv. of Learn., bk, ii.
'^ As substantive : A person or thing coining
from abroad.
"That the natives be not ho many, but that there
may lie elbow-room enough for them aud for thu
aduentives also."— jSacon.
ad-vent'-ry, *\ [Adventure.] An adven-
ture, an enterprise.
" Act a brave work ; call it thy last adventry."
B. Jonson: £pig-
ad-vent'-Tl-al, a. [Advent.] Pertaining \u
the season of Advent.
"I do also daily use one other collect, as, nanjely,
the collects adventual, quadragesimal, paschal, or
Pentecostal, for their proper s,ea.&oas."—Bisluip Haiui-
derson.
ad-vent-iire, " a-vent'-iire, s. [Fr. uvcn-
ture ; Ital. avvenhira, from Lat. advcnturus
fut. part, of advenio.] [Aukter.]
A. Ordinary Language :
L The act of venturing or hazarding, huzar'l
(followed by of or standing alone).
"The adventure of her pei-son."
Sfutkesp. : Wimer's Tale, v 1.
"He loved excitement and adventure."— JJacaulw/
Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
At all adventures: At all hazards, at all
risks.
"Where the miud does not perceive proliable con
nection, there men's o^^iuions are the efTpcts of chance
and hazard : of a mind floating at all adventures,
without choice and without direction," — Locke.
II. That which constitutes the venture or
hazard.
* 1. Chance, fortune. [Aventure.]
" Aventure so hath turned his pas
Ageynes the kyng his mas,"
Kyng Alisaunder, 7,837.
* 2. An occurreucf, especially if it is of an
important character.
"The adventures of one's life," — Bacon.
3. An enterprise nf uncertain issue ; an
exploit not to be achieved without risk.
" This hard advent ure claims thy utmost care."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxiv., 43G.
" To taato the fruit of yon celestial tree.
Or die in the adventure."
Sliakesp. .- Pericles, i. 1.
"He . . . had been accustomed to eccentric al-
ventures." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
B. TechnicnJh/ :
Comm. (especially hy sea): That whitli is
put to hazard ; a ship or goods sent to sea at
the risk of the sender.
". . . reserving to himself only one-tenth part of
the gains of the adventure." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng.
ch. XXV.
^ Mnre usually Venture (q. v.).
A hill of adventure: A writing signed by one
who receives goods on board his vessel at
their owner's risk. Or. a writing signed by a
jnerchant, stating that the goods shipped in
his name belong to another, to the adventure
or chance of which the person so named i.s tn
stand.
ad-venf-iire, v.t. & i. [In Fr. aventure r :
Ital. crirntnrarc] [Adventure, s.]
1. Trans. . To risk, to hazard, to put in
danger.
" So bold Leander would adventure it."
Shakesp. : Two Gentlemen cf Verona, iii. 1.
Yet they adventured to go back." — Bunyan: The
PU^rims Progress, pt. i.
H It is sometimes used reflectively.
"... desiring him that he would not adventure
himself into the theatre." — Acts xix. 3L
2. Inirans. : To venture.
" Page. 1 am almost afraid to stand alone
Here in the churchyard : yet 1 will adventure."
Shakesp. : Borneo and Juliet, v. 3.
^ There is properly an ellipsis in the above
example, the meaning being, "yet I will ad-
venture to do it;" it thus resembles tlie
example from Bunyan.
ad-vent'-iired, pa. par. & a. [xVdventure, r ]
* ad-vent'-iire-ful, a. [Adventure.] Full
of adventure ; delighting in enterprise.
'^ ad-vent'-iire-nient, s. [Eng. adventure;
-ment.] Danger, liazard, risk.
ad-ven'-tlir-er, s. [In Ger. ahenteurer ; Fr.
' avcaturier ; Ital. avventuriere.]
1. Originally : All who belonged to a rnm-
pany of merchants united for the discoveiy
and colonisation of new lands, or for trade
.with remote parts of the world. The Society
of Adventurers arose in Burgundy ; it was
established by John, Duke of Brabant, iu
1248, and, being translated into England, had
its constitution and privileges confirmed by
^'arious kings, beginning with Edward III.,
and terminating with Heniy VII. The oflicial
name which it ultimately bore in this country
was the Merchant Adventm-ers.
Adventurers upon return ; called also Putters
out. Adventurers who lent money before
departing on a hazardous jomney, stipulating
that if they returned alive they should receive
their capital back, with heavy interest upon
it ; while if they died abroad it would become
the property of the borrower. [Putter out.]
2. One who, being conscious that he pos-
sesses courage and al)ility, seeks his fortune
in new and perilous eutfrpjises, military,
political, or of any other kind, it not being
implied that he is a member of any chartered
company like that above described.
" AdvcTiturers they, from far who roved.
To live by battle which they loved."
Scott : L'ldi/ of the Lake. vi. 3.
" These contests, however, did not take place till the
younger (wZvCTtfurer had attained riches and dignitiea
such that he no longer stood in need of the patronage
which hadraiaedhim." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
^ ad-vent -lire-some, a. [Adventure.]
Bold, daring, adventurous.
H Now shortened into Venturesome (q. v.).
ad-vent'-iire-some-ness, s. [Adventure-
some.] The act or quality of being venture-
some. (This word is now shortened to Ven-
turesomeness.)
ad-vent'-iir-ing, pr. par. [Adventure, v.]
ad-vent'-iir-OUS, a. [In Fr. aventureux.]
[Adventure.] Full of adventure.
1. Ofjnrsons : Fond of adventure, prone to
embark in hazardous enterj^rises, enterprising.
" Wliat time I sailed with Morgan's crew,
Wlio oft, 'mid our carousals, spake
Of Raleigh, Frubisher, and Drake :
Adventurous heai'ts ! who bartered, bold.
Their English steel for Spanish gold."
Scott : Jiokeby, ii. 18.
2, Of things: Involving danger, inirilous ;
not to be done or achieved without danger,
not to be ciicf>untered without risk. The
liazard may be tn life, to liberty, to reputa-
tion, or to anything else which is prized,
" , . . that breathed
Heroic ardour- to adventurous deedii
Under their godlike leaders, iu the cause
Of God and His Messiah."— J/«(o7i .■ P. /,., bk. vi,
[See also the examples under Adventur-
ously.]
ad-vent'-iir-oiis-ly, adv. [Adventurous. ]
In an adventurous manner ; courageously,
boldly, daringly,
" They are both hanged : and so would this be, if ho
durst steal any thing adventurously."— Shakenp. : K.
Henry V., iv. 4.
"He has drawn heavily upon time in his develojv
ment of sj^ecies, and he has drawn adventurously upon
matter in his theor.v of pangenesis." — Tyndall: Frag,
of Science, 3rd ed., vii, 168.
ad-vent'-iir-oiis-ness, s. [Adventuro us. ]
The quality of being adventurous ; enterprise,
courage, boldness, valour.
* ad'~ven-ue, s. Old spelling of Avenue.
ad'-verb, s. [In Ger. ad.verbium ; Fr. ad~
verbe ; Ital. avverbio ; from Lat. adverbiurii
= an adverb : ud=to, and verbum=a. word, a
verb. The etymology does not suggest
the full meaning of the term adverb. An
adverb may be placed before, or in imme-
diate connection with, other parts of speech
than a verb (see below).] One of the " pai-ts
of speech." A word placed in more or less
immediate conjunction with a verb, a par-
ticiple, an adjective, or another adverb,
and designed to qualify its meaning, Iu
the sentences, "he rides well," " splendidly
done," "remarkably good," and "very pros-
perously," tvell, splendidly, remarkably, very
and prosperously are adverbs,
ad-verb' -i-al, a. [in Ger. adverbialisch ; Fr.
adverbial; Ital. ovoerbiale, from Lat. adverhi-
alis, from adverbiuia = an adverb.] [Adverb.]
1. Pertaining to an adverb, containing an
adverb,
"I next proceed to the adverbial forms." — Eeij :
Philological Essays (1808). p. 179.
boil, b^; poiit, j6^1; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hiD:, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§i; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cia = sha ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§L
80
adverbially— advertisement
2. Liberal in tlie use of adverbs.
" He is wonderfully adverbial in his professions." —
Tatlcr, No. lui,
ad-verb'-i-al-ly, adv. [Adverbial.] After
the manner of an adverb.
"... and which are used adwerbiaUi) by the
moderns." — Beatnes: Compar. OrtLm. Aruan Lang, of
India, i. 183.
*ad-ve're, ct. [Advert.]
i ad'-vers-a-ble, a. [Adverse, ] Contrary
to, opposite tu. {Johnson : Diet )
" ad'-vers-a'-9y-6n,
tention.
[Adverse.] Con-
" Desyringe so a castell in to dwell,
Hyin and his men to kepe from all aducrsacyon."
Hardy ny : Chron., i. 55.
"^ ad'-ver-sant, a. [Adverse.] Adverse.
(Minsheu,: Guide into Tongues.)
tid-ver-sar'-i-a, s. pi. [Lat., a note-boolc, a
commou-place book, a journal, memoranda,
especiaHy a book in which debtor and creditor
entries were placed adverse, that is, opposite
to each other.]
1. A common-place book.
"These parchments are supposed to have been St.
Paul's adversaria." — Bull : SermoTis.
2. A printed miscellany.
* ad'-v©r-sa-rie, s. [Adversary.]
ad-ver-sar'-i-ous, a. [Adversary.] Full
of opposition to, exceedingly adverse to
(Foctie.) (Southey.)
ad'-ver-sar-y, s. & a. [In Fr. adversairc ;
Itiil. avversario, fr. Lat. adversarius = turned
towards, opposed to : adversus, part., adj., &
prep. = turned towards, opposite : ad = to ;
versus = turned, pa. par. of verio = to turn. ]
A. As siibstantivi: :
1. One temporarily or permanently brought
into antagonism with anotlier, as in a battle,
a lawsuit, a competition, or even a friendly
game ; an ojiponent.
" And eek by wituessyng of many a wight,
That al was fala that sayde his advemarie."
Chaucer: C. T., 13.609-10
" And do as adversaries do in law —
Strive mightily, but eat and drink !i8 friends."
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, i. 2.
"... let him not go down with us to battle, lest
in the battle he be an adversary to ua." — 1 Sam. xxix. 4.
2. One wlio from having been brought in
some way into antj^gonism with another, has
become his secret or avowed foe. In a more
general sense, an enemy, whether public or
private. (Used also of the enemies of God.)
" And ha was an adversary to Israel all the days of
Solomon." — 1 Kings xi. 25.
"Let mine aduersaries be clothed with shame."—
Ps. cix. 29.
"The adversaries of the Lord shall be broken to
pieces . . . " — l Sam. ii. 10,
If Applied in Scripture by way of eminence
to Satan,
"... your adversary Vae devil, as a roaring: lion,
walketh about, seeking whom he may devour."—
1 Pet. v. 8.
B. As adjective : Opposed to, adverse to.
" All uuvauquishable fort against the impressions
and aaaaulta of all adversary forces."— fip. King
Vitis Palut. (16H), p. 30.
Law : Not unopposed. An adversam suit is
a suit to wliich opposition lias been intimated.
ad-vers'-a-tive, a. & s. [In Ger. adversc-
tivum; Fr. adversatif ; Ital. avversativo, from
Lat. adversatlvus.]
A. As adjective :
1, (i-'ea. ; Expressing some opposition to' or
at least some difference from or with,
2. Spec. : Pertainijig to, resembling, or con-
taining an adversative.
"Two members of one and the same sentence con-
nected with the a-dversative particle 'but.'" — iVorth-
ington: Mitcell., p. 4.
■([ Prof. Bain considers the Adversative
terms as the second class of Co-ordinatiiKj
Conjtinctin)is. the others being called Cumu-
lative and Illative. The adversatives pl;ice
the second sentence or clause in some kind of
opposition to the preceding one. There are
three spec-ies or divisions in the class : Ex-
elusive Adversatives (viz., not, hut, else, other-
wise), Alternative Adversati,ves (\dz., either — or ;
wliether — or; -aeiiher — nor), and Arrestive Ad-
versatives (as hut, but then, still, only, neverthe-
less, and others). (Bain: Higher Eng. Gram.)
B. ..4s substantive :
Grammar: A word putting in more or less
distinct opposition to each otlier the two por-
tions of a sentence between wliich it is
placed. [See the adjective.]
ad'-verse, a. [In Fr. adverse; Ital. awerso ;
fr. Lat. cwL'tTS (is = turned to : CKZ = to; versus,
pa. par. of vcrto = to turn.]
% Shakespeare generally accents on the first
syllable as is now done ; but in the following
passage he does so on the second :
" Tliough time seems so adverse, and means unfit."
Shakesp. : All 's Well that Mnds Well, v, i,
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of 'purely 'physical opposition: So turned
towards a person as literally to stand in the
way of his progress.
Used (1) of anytliing in action against a
person or thing.
" One by storms annoyed and adverse winds."
Wordsworth : Excursion, hk. iii.
(2) Of what is simply opposite to a person
or thing.
" And Afric's coast and Calpe's adverse height."
Byron : English Bards and Scoteh Itevlewers.
II. Of opposition not purely physical.
1. Of persons ar beings : Hostile, antagon-
istic, inimical, unpropitious.
" Besides, the king's name is a tower of strength,
Which they upon the adverse faction want."
Shake-ip. : King Richard III., v. 3.
"The adJierent"! of the ministers were victorious,
put the adverse mob to the rout . ." — Jfacaulay .
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
" E'er since our adverse fates decreed
That wo must part, and I must mouni. "
Cowper : To Delia.
2. Of things:
(a) In opposition to the real or supposed
welfare of; calamitous, afflictive.
" What if he hath decreed that I shall first
Be try'd in humble state, and things adverse ;
By tribulations, injuries, insults.
Contempts, and scorns, and anarea, and violence ? "
Milton : P. R., bk. ilL
QS) In its nature opposed to, incongruous
or inconsistent with.
"The benevolent spirit of the Christian morality
is undoubtedly adverse to distinctions of caste. " —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
B. Technically :
Law. Adverse possession : Occupancy against
the person rightfully entitled, but which,
however, will become unimpeachable if the
latter remain quiet on the subject for twenty
years.
* Sd'-verse, V. i. [From the adjective. In Lat.
adversor = to oppose, ] To oppose, to manifest
hostility to.
" Of that fortune him schulde adverse."
Gower . ConfesHo Amantis, bk. ii.
ad'-verse-ly» adv. [Adverse.] In an ad-
verse manner, oppositely,
e touch my , _ ..
—Shakesp. .■
ad'-verse-ness, s. [Adverse.] The state or
quality of being adverse ; opposition.
". , . a seeming adverr<eness of events to his en-
deavours."— Barrow: Sermons.
' ^d-vers'-er, s. [Adverse.] An adversary.
" Myn adversers and falae wytnea beiara agasTiate
me." — Archmologia, xxiii. 46.
ad^ers'-i-fo-li-ate, 3.d-vers-i-f6-li-
ous, a. [Lat. cciuersHS = turned to, opposite ;
folium = a leaf]
Bot : Having opposite leaves.
' ad-ver'-sion, s
attention,
" The soul beatoweth her adversion
On something else." — More .- Phil. Poetns, p. 20-1.
[Advert.] A turning to,
ad-ver'-si-ty, * ad-ver'-si-te, s. [In Fr.
ndversite ; Ital. avversita, fr. Lat. adversitas =
(1) contrariety, antipathy ; (2) misfortune,
calamity.]
1. Adverse circumstances, misfortune,
calamity, trouble, either one affliction or a
series of them. (In this sense it has a plural.)
"He h.ith said in his heart, I shall not be moved :
for I shall never be in adversity. "~r.s. x. 0.
"And though the Lord give you the bread of ('di-
versity, and the water of affliction . . . "—Isa. xxx. 20.
"And ye have this day rejected your God, who hira-
solf saved you out of all your adversities and your
tribulations . . , " — 1 Sam x. 10.
2. The state of mental depression produced
by such adverse circumstances or calamities,
"Haveth aom reuthe on hir adversity."
Chaucer: C. T., 5,07-1
ad-vert', -y.^. &.i. [In Ital. arvcrtirr, fr. Lat.
adverto, v. t. = to turn towards : ad = to ; verto
= to turn.]
* 1. Transitive : To regard, to advise.
" So though the aoul, the time ahe doth advert
The laody's passions, takes herself to die.."
Br. n. More: Song of the Soul, iv 39.
2. Intransitive : To turn the mind or atten-
tion to, to remark, to notice.
(a) With to :
" I may again advert to the distinction." — O.J'en ■
C'licsaif. of the Mammalia, p. 07.
* (b) With itpon :
" A child of earth, I rested, in that stage
Of my past course to which these thoughts advert,
Upon earth's native energies."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk, iii
" While they pretend to advert uiron one libel, they
set up anotlier. —r-iTidic. of the Duke of Guise (1683).
' ad-vert', v.t. [Lat. averto: a = from; verto
= to turn. Tlie d is improperly inserted.]
To avert, to turn away from. (Scotch.)
" Frae my ainnes advert thy face."
Poems, 16tb cent.
ad-vert'-ed, pa. par. [Advert,]
'^ ad-vert'-an9e, s. [Advertence.] (Old
Scotch.)
"* ad-ver-ta'-tion, *ad-ver-ta-cy-oiin, s.
[Advert.] Information, (Digby Myst.,\).lOij.)
ad-vert'-en9e, * ad-vert'-an5e (0. Scotch),
s. [In Ital. avvertenza.] [Advert.]
L The act of turning the mind to ; atten-
tion, notice, heedfulness.
* 1. Without to :
"Although the body sat among them there.
Her advertence is always ellis where ;
For Troilua full fast her soule sought.
Withouten worde, on him alwaie she thought."
Chaucer: Troilus and Cress., iv. 608.
2. With to :
"Christianity may make Archimedes his challenge:
give ft but where it may set its foot, allow hut a sober
advertence to its proposals, and It will move the whole
world."— />trcaj/ of Piety.
IL A person or persons attending upon.
(0. Scotch.)
1. Retinue.
"And all his advertance. that in his court dwellis."
— Rauf Coilyear.
2. Adherents, abettors, advisers.
"Schir William of Crechtoun aud Schir George of
Crecbtoun, and thar advertence." — Sliort Chron. of
Jas. IT., p. 86.
t ad-vert'-en-9y, s [Advertence.] The
same as Advertence, in sense No. I.
" Too much advertency is not your talent ; or else
you had fled from that text, as from a rock," — Sj>if^.
ad-vert'-ent, a. [Lat, advertens, pr. par. of
adverto.] "[Advert.] Turning towards, atten-
tive, heedful.
" This requires choice parts, great attention of mind,
sequestration from the importunity of secular em-
ployments, and a long, advertent, and deliberate con-
uexing of consequents. ' — Hale : Origin of Mankind.
ad-vert'-ent-iy, adv. [Advertent.] In an
advertent manner ; not unintentionally, but
with deliberation, or, at least, wilfully.
ad-vert'-iiig, pr. par. [Advert. ]
Sd'-ver-ti^e, ad-ver-tize, v.t. & i. [O. Fr.
advertissant, pr. par. of advertir ; Fr. avert ir ;
Ital. awisarc ■ Lat. adverto.] [Advert.]
A. Transitive :
* 1. Gen. : To notify, to inform, to gire in-
telligence to.
" I have advertiz'd him by secret means. "— SftaJte w ■
Henry VL, Part III., iv. 5.
"And I thought to advertise thee, saying. Buy it
before the inhabitants , . , " — Ruth iv, 4.
"I was advertised their general slept."
Shakesp. : Troilus and Cressida, ii, 2.
2. Spec. : To publish in a newspaper, or in
some similar way, a paragraph generally
designed to promote the financial or othur
interests of the person who seeks its inser-
tion. [Advertisement, III. 2.]
"By statute 25 Glco. IL. c. 3C, even to adverOsi- a
reward for the return of things stolen, with no ques-
tions asked, or words to ohe same puriwrt, sublccta
the advertiser and the printer to a forfeiture of £50
eajzh."—Blackstone : Comment,, bk. iv., ch. 10.
B. Intransitive : To publish an advertise-
ment in a newspaper, or in any other way
give it currency,
IF Formerly used sometimes with upon, so
as to make a compound transiti^'-e verb.
"... do advertise iipon' that learned 'knight, lay
very worthy friend,"— Sir Wm. Read . Tatler, No. 224.
ad'-ver-t7§ed, ad'-ver-tized, pa. jiar.
[Advertise, Advertize.]
ad-ver'-tise-ment, * ad-ver-ti'se-ment,
s [In Ger. &. Fr. avertissement.]
faXe, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a» qu = liw.
advertiser— ad vitam aut oulpam
J. The act of advertising.
1. Gen. : The act of advertising, intimating,
or giving notice of anything.
* 2- Spec. : Admonition.
"My griefs cry louder than advertisement."
Shakesp. : Mitch Ado about Nothing, v. i.
IL The state of being advertised, ability to
be advertised.
m. That which advertises.
t 1. Gen. : Intimation in any way of some-
thing which has occurred.
"K. Iltm. The Earl of Westmoreland set forth to-day ;
With him my 3on, Lord John of Lancaster ;
For this advertisement is Ave days old."
Shakesp. : Henry IV., Part I., iu. 2.
2. Spec. : A short paragraph in a newsjjaper
'not of sufficiently general interest to warrant
the editor to insert it as a piece of news, but
which is of so much importance to the
financial or other interests of some one in-
dividual that he is willing to pay for its
insertion. It is the profit derived from ad-
vertisements which keeps many uewsjjapers
in existence ; hence the abolition of the duty
on advertisements effected lay 16 & 17 Vict.,
c. 63, s. 5, gave a great impulse to the
periodical press.
ad-ver-ti'-§(er, s. [Advertise. ]
1. Of persons : One who advertises.
" The great Bkill in an advertiser is chiefly seen in
the style he makes use oi."—Tatler, No, 224.
2. Of things: That whieli advertises. {Used
as the natne of various nevjspapers, as the
"Morning Advertiser.")
" They have drawled through columns of gazetteers
and advertisers for a century together." — Burke-
Works, it 13.
ad-ver-ti|('-mg, ]'/■. par. & a. [Advertise.]
L -^s present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
n. As adjective :
1. Furnishing advertisements, as "an ad-
vertising firm. "
2. Constituting a receptacle for advertise-
ments, as an "advertising van." Vehicles
designed for such a purpose cannot legally be
sent forth to traverse public thoroughfares.
* 3. Attentive.
^ Advertising and holy = attentive and
faithful. (Johnson.)
"As I was then
Advertisinp and holy to your business,
Not changing heart with habit, I am still
Attomied at your service,"
Shakesp.: Measure for Aleasure, v. 1.
ad'-ver-tize, &c. [Advertise.]
ad-vesp'-er-ate, v.i. [In Lat. advesperascit,
impers. verb = evening approaches : arf = to ;
vesp&rasco = to become evening ; vespera or
vesper = the evening.] To draw towards
evening.
* ad-vest', v.t. [Norm. Fr. advestir: fr. Lat.
ad = to, and vestis = a garment.] To put in
possession, to invest. (Cotgruve.)
* ad-vew'e, v. [View.] To consider. (Spenser.)
* ad-vew'ed, pa. par. [Ad\'ewe. ]
ad-vi'9e, * a-vis', * a-vi'se. ^ av-i-is',
*a-vy'S, s. [Fr. cu'(s; Ital. avviso.J [Advise.]
A. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Opinion, view, sentiment.
"And seth then sayd hir avils
Of God, that Jjoverd was and ever isse."
Saynt Jiaterine, p. 179.
* 2. Deliberate consideration, prudence.
" What he hath won. that he hath fortified ;
So hot a speed, with such advice dispos'd ;
Such tempenvie order, in so fierce a course.
Doth want example."
Stiakesp. : King John, iii. i.
[See also example under No. 3.]
3. Information. [See also Commerce (B. 1),]
"How shall I doat on her with more advice.
That thus without advice begin to love her ! '
Shakesp. : Tioo Gent. iL 4.
4. Counsel; an opinion offered as to what
one ought to do either habitually, or in the
circumstances which have at the time arrived.
"... give here your advice and counsel." — Judg,
xx. 7.
" His friends were summon'd on a point so nice.
To pass their judgment, and to give advice ;
But fix'd before, and well resolved was he
(As men that ask advice are wont to be)."
Pope : JanvMry aiid Mnii. 81 — 84.
To take advice is to accept it when tendered,
and act upon it.
"This advice was taken, and with excellent effect."
— MacauXay : Jlist. Eng., ch. ix.
To take advice with, is to take counsel with ;
to consult, to hold a conference with, and ask
the opinion of, as, for instance, an adept in
any art.
"Great princes, taking advice with workmen, with
no less cost set their things together," — Bacon.:
E, Technically :
1. Comm. : Information on some business
matter communicated by one engaged in
mercantile life to another person similarly
engaged.
1" Often in the plural ; in which case it
means telegrams, letters, or other documents,
or even verbal communications, interesting to
commercial men, regarding occuiTences hap-
pening elsewhere.
A letter of advice : A letter sent by one mer-
chant to another, informing him Avhen bills or
cheques are drawn on him, with particulars
as to when payment is to be made,
2. Nautical. Advice-boat: A small vessel to
carry despatches, or, in some cases, verbal
information between places acL'tssible by
water.
"^ 3.d-vig'-il-ate, v.t. [Lat. advigilo = to
watch by, to keep guard over : ad = near,
and vigllo = to be wakeful, to watch ; I'igil =
awake, Avatchful.] To watch over, to watch.
ad-Vl§l-a-bil'-i-ty, ;.. [Eng, advisable; -ity.'i
Tlie quality or state of being advisable ; ad-
vis ableness.
ad-vig'-a-ble, a. [Advise.]
* 1. Able to be advised ; not indisposed
to accept advice, and therefore encouraging
others to offer it.
" He was ho strangely advisable that he would advert
unto the judgment of the meanest person," — Fell:
Life of Ham-mond.
2. Such as one acting on good advice would
adopt ; right, proper, befitting, fitting, ex-
pedient.
" He called a council of war to consider what course
it would be advisable to take." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xilL
ad-vi^'-a-ble-ness, s. [Advisable.] The
quality of being proper, befitting, or ex-
pedient. (Johnson : Diet.)
ad-vi^'-a-bly, adv. [Advisable.] In an
advisable manner. (Webster.)
ad-vi'§e» * ad-vy'je, * ad-vi'ze, "* a-vi'^e,
^a-vy'^e, *a-vi'ze, v.t. & i. [O, Fr. ad-
viser ; Ital. avvisare ~ to view, to perceive, to
take note.] [Advice.]
1. Transitive :
(a) Ordinary Language:
"* 1. To observe, to look at.
" Heo heom anysed among ther play.
For he was nought of that contray."
Eyng Alisaunder, 22L
"He looked back, and her avizing well
Weened, as he said, that by her outward gi'ace.
That fairest Florimel was present there in place,"
Spenser: F. Q., IV. ii, 22.
* 2. To consider, to deliberate upon.
(a) Not with self added (unrejlectively).
(b) JVith self addfd (rejlectively) : To take
counsel with one's self ; to reflect.
" Now therefore advise thyself what word I shall
bring again to him that sent me." — 1 Chron. xxl 12.
3. To inform, to acquaint, to apprise ; to
teach. [See Commerce.]
" Quick. Are you advised o' that? you shall find it a
great charge : ajid to be up early and down late." —
Shakesp. : Merry Wives qf Windsor, L 4.
4. To counsel ; to offer counsel to, in the
hope, or at feast with the desire that it may
"je followed.
"Brother, 1 advise you to the best." — Shakesp.: King
Lear, i. 2.
" I would advise all gentlemen to learn merchants'
accounts." — Locke.
(b) Technically:
* 1. 0. Scotch Law :
3'o advise a cause or process : To deliberate
so as to give judgment on it.
"... and desynt the estates to (Kiitise the process,
and to pronounce their sentence of parliament thair-
with."— .^cts, Ja. VI. (1593).
To be advysit with: To be ready to give
judgment after deliberate investigation.
"... and thay thairwith being ryplie advysit,
findis. decemis, &c —Acts, Ja. VI. (1593).
2. Comm. : To communicate intelligence re-
garding the state of the markets, the con-
signment of goods, bills drawn on one, &c.
IL Intransitive : To consult, to deliberate,
to reflect.
" Now advise, and see what answer I shall return to
him that sent me." — 2 Sam. xxiv, 13,
ad-vi§'ed, pn. par. & a. [Advise.]
As adjective :
1. Of a person : Counselled ; acting mth
deliberation ; prudent, wise.
"Let him rather be advised in his answars than
forward to tell stories." — Bacon : Essays.
(a) Well advised : Humble, prudent.
"Only by pride cometh contention: but with the
well advised is wisdom." — Prov. xiii. 10,
(b) III advised : Foolish.
2. (a) Of a resolution : "Well considered.
(b) Of an act: Deliberate.
"... after a great and long and advised disputa-
tion,"— Froude ■ Mist. Eng., ch. x^"!.
"When they had sworn to this advised doom,"
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrece.
"In other words, he may either have heen aware of
the circuiii stance or not aware ; it may either have
been present to his mind or not present. In the first
case, the act may be said to have been an advised
act, with respect to the circumstances ; in the other
case, an unadvised one." — Bowring: Bentham's Works,
1. 42.
ad-vi'-§ed-ly, adv. [Advised.] With mature
delibei'ation.
* 1. Attentively.
" This picture she advisedly perused.
And chid the painter for his wond'rous skill."
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucreco.
2. With mature deliberation ; with delibe-
rate purpose.
" I dare be l)ound again,
Jly soul upon the forfeit, that your lord
Will never more break faith advisedly."
Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, v. L
^ad-vi'-^ied-ness, s. [Advised.] The
quality of having been adopted after mature
deliberation ; advisableness.
" While things are in agitation, private men may
modestly tender their thoughts to the consideration of
those that are in authority ; to whose care it belongeth,
in prescribing concerning indifi'ereDt things, to pro-
ceed with all just advisedness and moderation."—
Saunderson : Judgment in One View.
* ad-vi|e'-ment, " a-vige'-ment, ;.. [Ad-
vise,]
1. Consideration, deliberation.
" , . . which [lake or iwrtion of the sea] is not
without perill to such as with small advisement
enter the same." — Harrison: Descript. of Britaine.
p. 33.
" . . . in good advisement and remembrance,"—
A MS. from the liolls' House, quoted in Froude's " Hist.
£>ig.." cYi. iv.
2. Consultation,
" . , . David, when he came with the Philistines
against Saul to battle : but they helped them not ; for
the lords of the Fhilistines upon advitement sent b im
away, saying. He will fall to his master Saul to the
Jeopardy of our heads," — 1 OhroTu xii, 19.
3. Advice, counsel.
" Ten schippes were dry ven, throuj^h ille avisement,
Thorgh a tempest ryven, the schipmen held them
Bchent."— ia7(ff(o/(; Chron., p. 14B.
ad-vi'-§ier, s. [Advise. ] One who advises.
"... nor had he near him any adviser on whose
Judgment reliance could be placed."— J/acawtay ,■ Hist.
Eng., ch. vil
" Halifax was generally regarded as the chief ad-
trfaer of the Crown. " — Ibid., ch. xiv.
ad-vi'-ger-Ship, s. [Adviser.] The office
or position of an adviser.
ad-vi'-§ing, pr*. j9ar. & s. [Advise.]
As substantive : Advice, counseL
" . . , fasten your ear on my advisings. " — Shakesp. i
Measure for Measure, Hi. 1,
* ad-vi'- gion, s. [Avision.] A vision, a
tlreani. (Wright.)
* ad-vi'-§ive, a. [Eng. advise, v. ; -ive.]
1. Prudent, cautious.
2. That advises or counsels.
* ad-^'-give-nesS, s. [Eng. advisive ; -ness.]
The quality of being advisive.
''ad-vi'-so, 5. [Low Lat. adviso ; Ital. aviso.]
Advice.
". . . t\isir cou.\ise\a ».-aA.advisos,"—Wagttaffe: Hist.
Reft., p. 4.
'* ad-vi'-s6r-y, u. [Advise.]
1. Having power to advise.
" The general association has a general advisory
superintendence over all the ministers and churches."
— TUT^buU : Hist. Conn.
2. Containing advice.
^d vi'-tam aut ciir-paizu [Lat.] [Ad.]
b5il, bo^; po^t, j^wl; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thio, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shim : -9ion, -^on = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious = shiis. -ble, -dlOt &c. = b^l, d^l. ewe = u.
82
advocacy— adwaytlie
ad'-VO-ca-^y, s. [Lat. advocatio, fr. advoco =
to call or summon to.] [Advoke.]
''1. A Iaw-s\ut.
" Be ye not ware how that faJse Poliphete
Is now about eftsouis for to plete.
And bring hi on you advocacies new f "
Chaucer : Troilus iH Creseidc, ii. 1,469.
2. The act of pleading for a person or a
cause.
" If any there are, who are of opinion that there are
no antipodes, or that the stars do fall ; they shall not
want herein the applause and advocacy of man. —
Browne : Vulgar Errours.
ad'-v6-cate, *ad'-vd-cat, * ad'-vok-ete,
s. [Lat. axlvQcahis = (1) o'rigiiially one whose
aid was called in or invoked ; one who helped
in any business matter ; (2) Laio, at first, one
who gave his legal aid in a case, without,
however, pleading, this being the function of
the patronus; (3) the advocatiis jlscl, who
a^+'inded to the interests of the fiscus, or
tLj emperor's privy purse. Prom advoco =
to call or suramou to one : cul = to, and
voco = to call, to summon; Ger. advolcat:
Fr. avocat; Ital. avvocato,] [Advowson, Ad-
voke, Voice.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : One who pleads a cause in a civil
or criminal court belonging to any countiy.
" 0 thou, that art so fair and ful of grace.
Be inyn advocat in that hOie place."
Cltaucer . C. T., 11,995-6.
"The advocates contended on both sides with far
more than professional keenness and vehemence."—
Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. viii.
2. Figuratively :
(ft) One who defends against opposers, and
seeks to recommend to the acceptance of the
public any opinion or cause.
" And thither will I hear thy suit.
Nor will thine advocate be mute."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, iv. 15.
*\ It is used with of or for after it.
"The advocates of 'transmutation' have failed to
explain them." — Owen: Classification of Mammalia,
p. 49.
" And advocates for folly dead and gone."
Poj)e: Epistles.
(h) Christ, as pleading before the Eternal
Father for sinners.
" And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the
Father, Jesus Christ the righteous. "~1 JoJin ii, 1.
S. Technically :
L In the old Gerinan empire : A person ap-
pointed by the emperor to do justice. In
Germany and elsewhere juridical advocates
were made judges in conseq^uence of their
attending when causes were pleaded in the
count's court.
IL In the Medimval Church : One appoihted
to defend the rights and revenues of a church
or monastery. The word aAvocate, in'the sense
of a defender of the church, was ultimately
superseded by that of jjatron, but it still
lingers in the term advowson. [Advowson.]
Constitutwnal advocates, in Borne, pleaded
before the consistory in cases relating to the
disposal of benefices which they opposed.
Elective advocates were chosen by a bishop,
an abbot, or a chapter.
Feudal advocates were persons assigned
lands on condition of their fighting for the
Church, leading out their vassals for the
purpose.
Matricular advocates defended the cathedral
churches.
Military advocates were appointed to fight
for the Church. [See also Advocatus.]
Devil's Advocate. [Advocatus, Fba.]
III. In English Law :
1. Originally : One who pleaded a cause
in a civil, but not in a criminal court.
Formerly, certain persons called advocates,
learned in the civil and canon law, were
alone entitled to plead as counsel in the
English ecclesiastical and admiralty courts,
but these are now thrown open to the ordi-
nary bar. (Will : Wharton's Law Lexicon.)
2. Now: One who pleads a cause in any
court, civil or criminal. It is not, properly
speaking, a technical word, but is used only
in a popular sense, as synonymous with
barrister or counsel. [Counsel; Advocate,
A. 1.]
The Queen's Advocate was a member od" the
College of Advocates, whose office it was to
advise and act as counsel for the Crown in
questions of civil, canon, and international
law. He ranlted next to the Solicitor-General.
(Will: Wharton's Law Lexicon.)
1[ At stations of the army the judge-advocah
is the officer through whom prosecutions
before courts-martial are conducted. There
is also a Judge- Advocate-General for the army
at large.
IV. In Scotland :
1. Xfti"; A member of "the faculty of
advocates," or Scottish bar. These have
not derived their privileges from any Act
of Parliament incorporating them into a
society, but have possessed them from a
period of unascertained antiquity. The
association is formed on the model of that of
the French avocats, and, like it, is presided
over by a dean, or doyen.
"The College of Justice, a great forensic society
composed of judges, advocates, writers to the aignet,
and solicitors . . . " — Macaulay : Hist. Eng„ ch. xiii,
2. A solicitor practising in Aberdeen.
^f The LK>rd Advocate is the principal Crown
lawyer in Scotland. It is his duty to act as
public prosecutor, which he does in great
cases in which the Crown is interested,
leaving the inferior ones to the procurators
fiscal, who act under his instructions. He is
virtually Secretary of State for Scotland, and,
as a rule, it is through him that the Goveni-
ment proposes, explains, and defends the
special legislation for that country.
ad'-v6-cate, I'.f. & i- [Lat. advoco = to call
or summon to. In Law : To call an advocate
to one's assistance: oA=^to; voco = to call.
This is an old English word which fell into
disuse and again revived, ' ' It would be diffi-
cult," says Trench, "to find an example of
the verb 'to advocate' between Milton and
Bm-ke"(rrcn.c/i.- Eng., Past di Present, p. 55.).j
L Transitive :
* 1. To call upon or to, to summon, to ask
to hear.
" . . . we may, in those cases, express our oath in
the form of advocating and calling the creature." —
Jeremy Taylor : Of the Decalogue.
2. To Speak or v;Tite, if not even to agitate
in favour of a person, an opinion, or a mea-
sure.
"The most eminent orators were engaged to advo-
cate her cause." — Mitford.
"... persons who advocate this sentiment." —
Mackenzie : Life of Calvin.
II, Intransitive :
* 0. Scotch : To strive, as an advocate does,
to win a cause.
" For men seldom advocate against Satan's work
and sin in themselves, but against God's work in
themselves." — Rutherford : Letters.
Sid'-vo-cate-ship, o. [Advocate.]
1, The office of an advocate.
" Leave your advocateship.
Except that we shall call you orator Fry."
Ben Jonson : Jfew Inn, ii. 6.
2. Advocacy.
" The redemption of the world was made a great
Eart of the advocateship of the Holy Spirit by our
ord." — Haltywell: Salv. of Souls, p. Vl,
The feminine form of
S,d'-vo-ca-tess, s.
Advocate.
" He [the Archbishop of Florence] answers . . . God
hath provided us of an advocatess who is gentle and
sweet, &c.. and many other such dangerous proposi-
tions."— Bp. Taylor : Bissuasives from. Popery.
ad'-vo-car-ting, 'pr. par. [Advocate.]
ad-vo-ca'-tion, s. [Lat. advocatio = a sum-
moning of legal assistance.] [Advocate,]
1. The act or office of pleading ; advocacy.
" Des. Alas: thrice gentle Cassio,
My advocation is not now in tune ;
My lord is not my lord."
Shakestp. : Othello, iii. 4.
* 2. Scots Law : A mode of appeal from cer-
tain inferior courts to the supreme one. By
31 & 32 Vict., c. 100, the process of advocation
is abolished, and appeals are substituted in
its room.
Note of advocation : A writ employed for
this appeal.
ad-vd'-ca-tri^e, s. [Advocate.] A female
advocate. (Elyot.)
ad-VO-ca'-tus, s. [Lat. ] [Advocate.]
In the Papal Court : A. diaholi ■=■ the devil's
advocate ; the same as the Fra di diaholo.
A person appointed to raise doubts against
the genuineness of the miracles of a candi-
date for canonization. [Fra.]
* ad-void', v. t. [Avoid. ]
'^ ad-volte, v.t. [Lat. advoco = to call or
summon to one : a^ = to ; voco = to call. ] To
call or summon to ; to transfer a cause (to
one's self) for trial.
His holiness
torevokethe
~ ^ to revoke tiie
holiness promising 0"^+ the I'Oiu.t ol
nmission . . . should not, *tainlng }\ ^^
e, have advoked the cause.^^ ■■ch-Vii-'
said commission . . . should not, „tjiinlng }\
sentence, have advoked the caxisei^ "ch-Vii.)
Rome."— 5onMcr. [Froude'e " Bist. £-n'J-'
* ^d'-vo-Uete. [Advocate.]
-ad-vdl-a'-tion. s. [From Lat. odi^ototto =
\ flying to, from advolo ^ to ^^ fV'l^l^^
= to, and -mlo = to fly.] The act of tlymg to
or towards anything. (Johnson: Dk^-'-)
* ad-voi-u'-tion, 5. [Lat. advolutio = a roll-
m'T up, from .idvolatas, pa. par. of adAJOlm =
to°roll to or towards : ad = to, and volvo =
to roll.] The act or process of rolling towards,
*ad-vo^9li, v.i. [Avouch.]
-* ad-voii'-ter-er, s. [Advoutry.] An adul-
terer.
" God will condemn advouterers . . .'' — Bayle : Yet a
Course at the Itomysche Fox, f. 10.
^ ad-vou'-tress, ^ ^d-v6^ -tress, s. The
fem. form of Advoutrer, or Advowtrer.
"This kind of danger is then to be feared, chiefly,
when the wives have plots for the raising of their own
children, or else that they be advuwtresses."— Bacon :
Essays, eh. xvi,
^ ad-v6u'-trie, ^ ad-vou'-try, * ad-
v6wr-try, * a-v^^'~try, * a-vou'-ter-ie,
s. [O. Fr. avoutrie.] Adultery. [Adultery.]
-. , . calling this match advoittrie, as it was." —
Mirror for Magistrates, p. M2.
" . , , that he had lived in frequent avoutry" —
Anderson: Coll., iv., pt. i., p. 101,
■* ad-vo^'-troiis, w. [Advoutry.] Adul-
terous.
"... the fall of the advotUrom, cursed, and lualig-
nant church of hypocrites."— 5ale.- R&velations, ii.
* ad-v6i)fr', * ad-v6w'e, v.t [Avow.]
ad-v6^'-ee, a-v<J^'-ee, s. [Advow, Avow.]
1. An "advocate " of a church or monastic
body. [Advocate. ]
2. A person possessed of an advowson ; the
patron of a church.
Tlie paramount advowee : The sovereign.
ad-V<Jw'-§on, s. [Norm. Fr. avoeson, avoerk;
Fr, avouerie, fr, avouer:= to grant, to allow;
auowe=an attorney. Low Lat. advoatio; Class.
Lat. advocatio=3, summoning legal assistance,
the bar, &c. ; Low Lat. advoo; Class. Lat. ai-
voco = to call or summon.] [Advocate.]
Law : The right of presentation to a
vacant benefice, n'hat is called in Scotland
patronage. [Patron-age.] This is of three
kinds : (1) Presentat i'm, when the patron has a
right to present a clergyman to the bishop for
institution ; (2) collation, when the bishop is
himself the patron of the living ; and (3) dona-
tion, when the king or a subject, acting under
the royal licence, founds a church or chapel
on the footing that it shall be subject to his
visitation only, and not be placed under the
bishop, and that he (the patron) shall have
the power of putting a clergyman in it without
presentation, institution, or induction. Hence
advowsons are classified as presentative, colla-
tive, and donative. The reason why they were
generally vested in lords of the several manors
was that it was in most cases their ancestors,
or at least predecessors more or less remote,
who originally built the churcli, or were " ad-
vocates " of ecclesiastical privileges. [Advo-
cate.] An advowson still attached to a
manor is called an appendant. If, however,
it be once sold to a purchaser it ceases in all
future time to be appendant, and is said to be
in gross, or at large. Advowsons, originally
trusts, are now considered heritable property.
" The advoicaon and right of next and perpetual
presentation to the rectory of , subject to tne life
of the present ineximbent, now in his seventy-first
year." — Advertiicment in Times, 1875.
* ad-v6\^'-tress, s. [ Advotjtress. ]
* ad-v6\S7"'-try, o. [Advoutry.]
advoyer, or avoyer (pron. ad-v6^'-a, a-
v6y'-a), s. [O. Fr. advoes.^ The chief magis-
ti'ate of a Swiss town or canton.
*S.d~vyg'-y6n,
dream.
[AvisioN.] A vision, a
". . . the old lady that thow sawest in thyn ad^
vysyon. — Morte d' Arthur, ii. 245.
*ad'-ward, v.t [Award, v.t.]
* ad'- ward, s. [Award, s.]
*ad-wa'ythe, v. [Await.] To wait for.
(Wright : Monastic Letters, p. 202.)
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her. th^re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot.
or. wore, wolif. work, wh6. son ; mute, ciib, ciire. i^te. cur, rule, full ; try. Sjrrian. se. oe = e ; se = e. ey - a.
ady— segilops
83
a'-dy, s. A palm-tree, called also abanga, a
native of the West Indies. The large leaf-
shoot at the summit of the stem, when cut
into, famishes a liquor used as -wine. The
kernels of the fruit are regarded as a cordial,
and an oil prepared from the fruit may be
used as butter.
* a-dyght' (gli mute), a. [Adight.]
a-dyn-a'-mi-a, a-dyn'-am-y* ». [Gr.
aivvafiia (adunamia) = want of strength : a,
priv. ; dvvafits (dunamis) = strength ; 5vvafj,ai
(dunamai) = to be able. ]
Med. : BebUity resulting from sickness.
a-dyn-am'-ic, a. [Adynamia.] Pertaining
to adynamy ; without strength, weak.
Medicine. Adynamic fever: "A kind of
fever characterised by great prostration or
depression of the vital powers, with a ten-
dency to putridity." (Dr. Tweedie : Cycl. of
Pract. Med., Art. "Fever," ii. 162.)
a-dyn'-am-^, s. [Adynamia.]
■" ad'-3^, S>d'-^^um, s. [Lat. ^adyhim ; Gr.
a&vruu (aduton) and q^utos (adutos), fr. the
adj. ctduTo? (adutos) = not to be entered : a,
priv. ; SuQj (dwo) = to get into, to enter.] A
shrine ; the innermost and most sacred part of
a temple ; the holy of holies.
" Behold amidst the adyts of our gods,"
Greene: Works, i.lM.
* a-dy'te, v.t. [in Old Fr, endictcr, fr. Lat,
indico = to indite ; in and dico.} To indite,
to write.
" Kyng Rychard dede a lettre wryte,
A noble clerk it giin adytc."
IticJutrd C'ceur de Lion, 1,174,
* ^d'-di^e, s. [A.S. adese; Mp.
ADZE.
&dze, adz,
azitela.]
1. An instrument consisting of an arched
cutting blade of __
iron and a han-
dle, the latter
bfing placed
transverse to
the edge of the
blade, whereas
in the axe the
two are paral-
lel. It may be
considered as a
kind of crooked
axe. It is used
by shipwrights,
carpenters,
coopers, and
other artisans,
and is specially
designed for
chopping a
horizontal surface of timber, (Minshcu, cC-c.)
2. Her. : A common axe.
adze, v.t. To shape by means of an adze.
adzed, pa. par. [Adze, ij.]
adz'-ing, pr. par. [Adze, v. ]
£6 (pron, generally e, and occasionally e ; when
it has the latter sound, it is marked in this
work ee).
I. As an initial : A Latin diphthong cor-
responding to the Greek al (ai), and used
chiefly in words originally derived from the
Greek language. "When fully naturalised in
English the Greek al (ai) and Lat. ce_ become
simply e. Thus the Gr. aierjp (aither) is in
Lat. cether. In Eng, some writers, Tyndall
for one, looking on the word as but partially
naturalised, still write it with the diphthong
(Ether ; whilst the generality, regarding it as
fully naturalised, make it ether. [Ether.]
1[ Quite a multitude of Anglo-Saxon words
commence with ce, but the ce becomes changed
in various ways when these are naturalised in
English. It is often transformed into a or e,
less frequently into ee, or ea, or o, or aw, or oi,
or oa ; or it is wholly omitted.
Examples :
1. As a. A.S. oicse, cex = Eng. axe ; <kcern
= acorn ; cefter = after; cende = and; cengel
— angel ; cepl, oippel, &c. = apple ; at = at.
2. As e. A.S. cebbung = Eng. ebbing ; (^fen,
dfyn, (Sfenn = even ; (Blf= elf; cemetta, cemete
= emmet, ant ; jSnglisc = English.
3. As ee. A.S, (eZ= Eng. eel.
4. As ea. A. S. mttan = to eat ; cemian = to
earn.
5. As 0. A.S. oine= Eng, one.
6. As aw, A. S. al = Eng, awl.
7. As oi. A.S. cel,= Eng. oil.
8. As oa. A.S. (^c = Eng. oak.
9. With the os wholly omitted. A.S. cebare
= bare ; aieiui = and.
IL As a termination. [Lat. nomin. pL of
the first declension, as pennce, nomin. pi. of
penna = a pen. ]
Science (chiefly Biology): The termination
of most orders of plants, and also of most
families and sub-families of animals. Some
of these terms are classical Latin, but the
majority are only modem imitations of it.
Examples :— Class. Lat. : Alg(s (pi. of alga),
Sea-weeds, the sea-weed order of plants ;
Rosacece (with plantai = plants, understood),
the Rosaceous order of plants, called bj
Lindley Roseworts.
ae, a. & adv. (Scotch.) [One.]
8e-9id'-i-al, a. [See def.]
Bot. : Pertaining to jEcidium (q.v.).
"- jEcidial forms." — Smithsonian Report, 1880, p. 324.
se-^id'-i-o-fonn, a. [Mod. Lat. (ecidium, and
Eng. -/OTTTl.]
Bot. : The same as .^cidiostage (q.v.).
se-9id-i-o-my-9e -tes, s. [Mod.Lat.cecidium,
and pi. of Gr. /j.uk>)? (mukes) =: a fungas.]
Bot. : A group of minute parasitic fungi,
each species of which exists in two or more
forms, generally vei-y unlike.
se-gid'-i-o-spore, s. [Mod. Lat. cBddium,
and Gr. (nropd (!>pora) = seed, spore.]
Bot. : A spore produced in the aecidiostagt;
of growth of certain parasitic fungi, dis-
tinguished by, or peculiar in, their develop-
ment by a process of abstriction.
89- 5id'-i-6- stage, s. [Mod. Lat. cecidium,
and Eng. -stage.]
Bot. : The first stage of development of
several fungi of the order Uredinese.
se-9id'-i-uin, o\ [Mod. Lat., a dimin. from
Gr. aiKLa (ai/cia) = injury, loss.]
Botiniy :
1. A genus of fungi, natural order UredinRte,
now thought to be a subordinate stage in the
developuient of the genera Uromyces and
Puccinia.
2. The cup-like form characteristic of the
genus or form. [Pseudopebidium.]
sed, in compos. [A.S,] [Ead.]
ce-del-for§i'-ite, s. [From Mdelfors^ in
Sweden,]
Min. : The name of two minerals.
1. An impure Wollastonite, which, to dis-
tinguish it from No. 2, is better spelt, as by
Dana and others, Bdelfoesite (q.v.).
2. The name given by Retzius to a red
zeolite from ^delfors. It is considered by
J. N, Berlin and by Dana to be an impure
Laumonite. [Laumonite.]
sed'-el-ite, ed'-el-ite, s. {jEdel, a shorter
form of .ffidelfors, in Sweden ; -ite, Gr. sufi'.=
belonging to, derived from.]
Min. : Prehnite from Adelfors. [Peehnite.]
se'-dlle. A'. [Lat. cedilis, originally from cedes
= (1) a sanctuary, a temple, (2) a dwelling
for men.]
1. (Plural.) Ill ancient Rome: Magistrates
who had charge of public and private build-
ings, of aqueducts, roads, sewers, weights,
measures, the national worship, and, specially
when there were no censors, public morality.
There were two leading divisions of aediles —
plebeian and curule. Two of the former class
were created in A.U. 260, to assist the tribunes
in their judicial functions. The same number
of curule adiles were elected from the
patricians A.U. 3S7, to perform certain public
games. For a time these ofiieers were chosen
alteraately from the patrioians and the ple-
beians, then they were taken indiscriminately
from either of these castes. Their insignia of
office were like those of the old kings — the
toga prwtexta (a purple robe) and the sella
curulis, or curule chair, ornamented with
ivory. To the ordinary two plebeian sediles
Julius Csesar added another pair, called cereal
adiUs, to look after the com supplies and the
food of the capital generally.
2 The term (Edile is sometimes applied to
the President of the Board of Works and
Public Buildings, who is a member of the
British Government, but does not belong to
the Cabinet. His duties are not, however, m
all respects similar to those of the old Roman
ffidiles, for whilst, like them, he looks after
public buildings, he regards some other
matters which they regulated as properly
appertaining to other functionaries, or as
fitted rather for private enterprise than for
direct government management.
"Flavius was a scriba, or clerk, the son of a freed-
man. and of humble origin : but this act obtained him
such popularity that he was elected curule adile in the
year 304 B.C."— Lewis : Early Rom. Bist., uh. v., § l.
ee'-dile-ship, s. [Eng. oidile; -ship.] The
office of an cedile.
"But he bad filled uo higher office than the cedile-
ship."~Arnold : Ilist. Rome, eh. xlvii.
se-doe-ol'-O-gy, s. [Gr. alSola (aidoia) = the
private parts, and \6yos (logos) = a discourse.]
Medicine :
1. That part of medical science which treats
of the organs of generation.
2. A treatise on, or an account of, the
organs of generation.
se-dce-6p-td'-sis, s. [Mod. Lat., from Gr.
alSoia (aidoia) = the private parts, and TTTwo-ty
(ptosis) = a falling.]
Med. : Displacement downward of some
part of the female genital organs, and also of
the bladder.
se-dce-ot'-o-my", .^. [Gr. ai5ota (aidoia) ~
the private parts, and Tojaij (tomZ)= a cutting,]
Med. : Dissection oC the organs of generation.
* ae-fauld', a. [ce=one •,fauld— fold.] " One-
fold," simple. (Scotch.)
* £^-fer, *s6-fre, ^se-vere, adv. [Ever.]
ee'-ga, s. [A Greek mythological name.] A
genus of Isopod Crustaceans.
s&-g3,g'-re, or se-gS-g'-riis, s. [Gr aiyaypo^
(a igagro:^) — a wild goat : from a'ii (aiv). genit.
a(7os ({'N/rts) = a goat; a7piop (af/rios)— wild.]
A name lor tlie wild goat, the Copra mgagrns
of Gmelin. It appears to be the stock whence
all the varieties of the domestic goat sprung.
The male has large horns, whilst those of the
female are short or wanting. It inhabits the
Caucasus and the mountains of Persia, and is
still more abundant in Asia Minor. It may
]inssibly be wild even in the Alps and the
Pyrenees, though the identity of species from
flitst: various localities has been doubted. It
is gregarious. Its name in the Persian moun-
tains is Paseng.
ae-ga-grop'-i-la, s. [Lat. mgagrus (q.v.);
pilus = hair.] A ball composed of hair, found
m the stomach of the chamois.
se-ger'-i-a, s, \_JEgeria, or Egeria, a nymph
or goddess from whom Numa PompiUus pre-
tended that he received his laws.] A genus
of Sphinxes (Hawk-moths), the typical one of
the family iEgeridse. Example, the Currant
Clear-wing, JE. tipulifomiis, so called from its
resemblance to the two-winged tipula, whilst
the English appellation points to the fact that
the larva feeds on currant bushes,
SB-ger'-id-se, s. pi. [Egeria.] A family of
Sphinxes (Hawk-moths), The wings are so
transparently clear that the insects are popu-
larly called Clear-wings. This character, how-
ever, obtains also in the neighbouring family
of Sesiadas.
se'-gi-as, s. [Gr. alyla'; (aigias) = a white spot
in the eye (Hippocrates).] (For signification
see ttym.)
se'-gil-6ps, s. [Gr. alyCKio^ (aigilops) = (1) a
wild oat, (2) a kind of oak, (3) an ulcer
in the eye ; a.1^ (aix), genit. alyos (aigos) = a
goat ; and (2) wi// {6ps) = the eye, the face.]
L Botany:
1. Hard-grass. A genus of grasses of the
family Triticese. The heads of ^. ovata, the
oval-spiked hard-grass, are roasted and eaten
by the Sicilian peasantry.
^ Kersey, in his Dictionarj', 3rd ed., A.D.
1T24, uses (Egilops in an analogous sense for
"a weed that grows among com, darnel,
wild oats."
2. The specific name of a gall-bearing oak,
Querciis (sgilops.
IL Med. : A tumour in the comer of the
eye adjacent to the nose. It is so called
b6il, b6^; p6iit, j^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go» gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, ^Cenophon, exist, -mg,
-cia = sha ; -cian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -sion, -tion =zhim. -tious. -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c, = b^l, del.
84
iEjgina — ^olian
because goats are supposed to be specially
liable to it.
" ^gilops ia 8. tTibercle in the inner canthua of tbe
eye." — Wiseman: Surgery.
■^-gi'-na, s. [Lat., from Gr. A'tyiva (Aigina),
a daughter of Asopus and Metope, carried off
hj Jupiter.]
1. Class. Myth. (See the etym.)
2. Astron. : An asteroid, the ninety-first
found, discovered on November 4, 1866.
3. Zool. : The type-genus of iEginidge (q.v.,
Sup.).
Be-gin-et'-i-a, s. [Named after Paul iEginette,
a physician of the seventh century.] A genus
of plants belonging to the order Oroban-
ehacese, or Broom-rapes. The ^. Indlca is a
small rush-like plant, with a purple flower.
When prepared with sugar and nutmeg it is
considered an anti-scorbutic.
se-gipll'-il-a, s. [In Fr. cegiphile ; Ital.
egijila; Sp.*eji>Za; Port, egiphila; Gr. ai'f
(o.ix), genit. 0176? (aigos) = a goat ; ^/Xo?
(philos) = 'beioYed, dear.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Verbenacese, or Ver- ,
benes. The species are found in the West
Indies, and are favourably regarded by goats.
Ee'-gir-ine, s. [iEoiRiTE.]
' SB-gir'-in-on, s. [Deriv. uncertain. Pos-
sibly it is Gr. alT (aix), genit. C1I76? (aigos) =
a goat ; pivov (rhinon) = shield ; or pivog
(rM)ios) =skin, hide. Why so called is not
obvious.] "A sort of ointment made of the
berries of the black poplar-tree." (Kersey.)
Ee'-gir-ite, se'-gyr-ite, se'-gir-ine, s. [In
Ger., Sw., &c., ceginn, fr. jUgir, the Scan-
dinavian god of the sea.]
Min. : This mineral, all the spellings of
which given above are used by Dana either in
the body of his work or in the index, is
classified by him under his "Oxygen Com-
pounds— Bisilicates." It contains more than
50 per cent, of silica, 22 of sesqui-oxide of
iTon, 9 of soda, and 6 of lime. It is mono-
clinic, and isomorphous with pyroxene. It
generally occurs in striated or channelled
prisms of a greenish-black colour and
vitreous lustre. It is .found in Norway, in
Arkansas, &c.
ye-gir'-US, s. [Possibly from alyo^, genit. of
aU (aix) = a goat. (JVoodward.)] A genus of
molluscs belonging to the family Doridse, or
Sea-lemons. Two species occur in the British
se'-gis, s. [In Ger. cegide; Fr. egide ; Lat.
cegis ; Gr. a\yi<; (aigis), genit. ai'{i8o<;(aigidos).]
I. Classic Mythology :
I. The shield of Jupiter.
'' The dreadful .-Egis, Jove's im-
mortal shield,
Blaz'd on her arm, and lightened
all the field.
Roixnd the vast orb a hundred
serpents roll'd, I
form'd the bright fring-e, and |
seem'd to bum in gold."
Pope: Iliad, ii., 626-29.
t2. The shield of any other
classic god, as, for instance,
Apollo.
" Thrice at the battlements Patro-
clus struck.
His blazing cegis thrice Apollo
shook."
Ibid., xvL, 859-60.
3. A short cloak (not,
most modern poets represent
it, a shield) worn by Minerva.
It was set with the Gorgon's
head, and fringed with snakes.
(Liddell & Scott : Greek Lex.)
" Gone were the terrors of her awful brow,
Her idle legis bore no Gorgon now."
Byron : Curse of Minerva.
II. Fig. : Protection.
"... withdrew the national cegis that so long
had sheltered fra.ud."—J)ail!/ Telegraph, Oct. 8, 1877.
segis-orb, s. An orb — that of the sun,
shaped like the round "shield" worn by Mi-
nerva.
" Hung o'er a cloud above the steep that rears
ita edge all flame, the broadening aim appears :
A long blue bar its csgis orb divides.
And breaks the spreading of its golden tides."
Wordsworth : Evening Wall:.
^g'-le, SBg'-le, s. [Class. Myth., Lat. JJlgle;
Gr. \'ly\r\ {Aigle) = a, very beautiful naiad;
fr. ai-yXri (aigle) = splendour.]
MINBRVA,
WEARING
HER .*;gis.
1. Cla^s. Myth. : The naiad mentioned in the
etymologj'.
"And make him with fair ^gle break his faith."
Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, iL 5.
2. Zool. : A genus of decapodous short-
tailed crabs. The j^. rufopunctoM,^ or red-
spotted ^gle, is found in the Mauritius and
the Philippine Islands.
3. Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Aurantiacese (Citron- worts). The Mgle
Marmelos, the Bhel, Bale, Bilwa, or Bengal
Quince, a thorny tree with ternate leaves and
a delicious pulpy fruit, with a smooth, yellow,
very hard rind, grows wild in India. Dr.
Eoyle says that the astringent rind is used in
dyeing yellow. In Ceylon a perfume is pre-
pared from it, and the seed is employed as a
cement. In India the legumes are used in
asthma, the fruit, a little unripe, in diarrhcea
and dysenterj'', and a decoction of the root and
bark in hypochondriacal complaints and pal-
pitation of the heart.
4. Astron. : An asteroid, the ninety-sixth
found. It was discovered by Coggia, on
February 17, 1868.
*^' seg'-logue, s. [Eclogue.] An eclogue
(q.v.). " A pastoral song." (Kersey.) A word
introduced by Petrarch, who derived it from
al'f (aix), genit. al-yos (aigos) = a goat, and
\67o? (logos) = speech, and attributed to it
the meaning " the talk of goatherds," in place
of the "talk of goats." Spenser and some
other writers adopt it. It is simply eclogue
spelled in a different way, owing to the fact
that its proper etymology has been misunder-
stood. [Eclogue.]
" Which moved him rather in ceglogiies otherwise to
write." — Spenser: Pastorals.
se-go-bron-choph'-ou-y, s. [Gr. aif (aix),
genit. al-yo'; (aigos) = a. goaX ; /SpSyxos (bronchos)
= the windpipe ; (pajut] (jj/tojie) — a sound.] A
mixture of two sounds called respectively
cegophony a.nd bronchophony, heard by means of
the stethoscope in cases of pleuro-pneumonia.
Laennec compared it to the squeaking voice of
Punch ; but there is also a tremor in the sound
wliichseems alternately toapproachand recede.
se-go-phon'-ic, a. [^Egophony.]
Med. : Pertaining to ffigophony.
"... through the whole of the (Sfifopfeonic region."
— Dr. WilUaTtis: Cyclop. Pract. Med., ' Pneumonia."
se-gopll'-oxi-y, s. [Gr. al'f (aix), genit. aly6<;
(aigos) — a goat ; ^oin? (plwne) = a sound.]
Med. , A sound like that of thi bleating of
a goat, heard in cases of pleuro-pneumonia.
(Dr. Williams: Cud. of Pract. Med.)
ee-go-pod'-i-iim, s. [In Sp. and Port.
egopodio ; Gr. al^ (aix), genit. atyds (aigos) = a
goat ; TTovs (pons), genit. ttoSos (podos)~a. foot,
so called because the leaves are cleft like the
foot of a goat.] Gout-weed. A genus of plants
belonging to the orderApiaeefe, orUmbeliifers.
The j^. podagraria, Common Gout-weed or
Bishop's-weed, is a common weed in Britain,
though it is said to have been introduced by
the monks. The leaves smell like those of
angelica, and may be eaten as salad.
se'-gro-tans, s. [Lat. pr. par. of cegroto = to
be sick.]
English Universities : One who is sick.
"The Mathematical Tripos list contains ninety-aix
names, of which thirty-six are wranglers, . . . and one
ranks as an cegrotans." —Daily Telegraph, Jan. 27, 1877.
£e'-gr6-tat, s. [Lat. 3rd sing. pres. ind. of
cegroto — to be sick.]
English Universities : A medical certificate
given to a student showing that he has been
prevented by sickness from attending to his
studies, &c.
fle-gyp-ti'-a-CUm, s. [Properly n. of Lat. adj.
cegyptlacus, with unguentzim implied. From
Gr. AlyvirTLOs (Aiguptios) = belonging to the
Egyptians ; Alyvirro'; (AigiLptos) = (1) the
river Nile ; (2) Egypt.] A kind of ointment.
" ^gyptiacum. an ointment made of honey, ver-
digris, dyers' galls, &c." — Kersey.
t.^-gyp'-tian, s. [Egyptian.]
sB'-gyr-ite, o. [iEciRiTE.]
* a'-eir-y, c. [Eyrie.]
*sBit-lond, *eit-lond, *eyt-lond, s. [A.S.
igoth, from Icel. ey = an island, and dimin.
-et] An island. [Arr.] (Layamon, in. 159.)
sbI, e'-al, e-£ill', al, in compos. [A.S.] All,
as Alfred [AlpredJ — all peaceful ; Mlwin
[Elwin] = all conqueror ; Albert = all illus-
trious ; Aldred = altogether reverend.
felf, in compos. [A.S.] An elf, a genius
(Bosworth), as JElfwim, [Elfwin] = victorious
elf, or genius. Camden, Todd, and others con-
sider mlf, ulf, vjelf, hulph, hilp, hel/e, and helpe
in proper names all to mean help, and make
Elfwin = victorious help ; Mlfvjold = an
auxiliary governor ; jElfgiva = a lender of
assistance. (Gibson, Camden, Todd's Johnson.)
a-el'-l6, s. [Lat. aello ; Gr. aeWw (aello) = a
storm-swift, the name of a harpy, also one of
Actffion's dogs: fr. acAXa (aelUi)=a. stormy
wind, specially a whirlwind.] A genus of
bats founded by Leach on a single species of
unknown habitat, the A. Cuvieri.
* se-liir'-US, s [Lat.] The cat. (Kersey.)
[AlLURUS.]
.^3-mil'-i-a> s. [Name of several Roman
ladies.]
Astron. : An asteroid, the 159th found. It
was discovered by Paul Henry, on the 26th
of January, 1876.
* gem'-u-loiis, a. [Emulous.]
•^ 5eni'-u-lus, s. [Lat. ce7?mZws=striving after.]
A rival, a competitor.
"The rival of his fame, his only cbtom/ms."
Drayton: Po/golbion, b. 18.
(Trench : On some Deficiencies in our Eng.
Diet., p. 12.)
iE'-ne-id, s. [Lat. Mneis, fr. JEneas.'] One of
the great epic poems of the world. It was
written in Latin by Virgil, and published
after his death, which took place about
16 B.C. Its hero is iEneas, one of the Trojan
chiefs, whose adventures during and after
the siege of Troy it recounts, till the time
when he succeeded in fully establishing him-
self in Italy. The poet, like the majority of
his countrymen, believed that the imperial
family of the Caesars had ^Eneas for their
remote ancestor, and that many other illus-
trious Romans were descended from his
companions in arms.
^ sen-ga'-geants, s. pi. [Fr. engageant =
engaging, pr. par. of engager = to engage. ]
A kind of ruff.
"..^ngageants are double rufBea that fall over the
wrists,' — Lady's Diet, (1694).
* sa-nig'-nia, s. [Enigma.]
* ee-mg-mat'-ick, u.. [En igm atic. ]
* 3D-mg-ma-ti'ze, v.i. [Enigmatize.]
0B-6l-antli'-iis, s. [Lat. Molus; Gr. ai/flos
(anthos) = A blossom, a flower.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order LamiaceEe,
Labiates, and the section Ocimoideae. The
M. suavis is used in Brazil in spasmodic
strangury. (Lindley. )
JE-d'li-an (1), se-o'-li-an (2), a. [From
.^olus, the god of the winds and king of the
volcanic islands off the coast of Italy, now
called the " Lipari " Islands, in the caverns of
which the winds were supposed to be con-
fined. This is probably an old way of
attempting to explain the occurrence of noises
as of struggling air in the caverns, the result,
perhaps, of volcanic commotion.]
1. Pertaining to jEoIus, or the cavern in
which he was fabled to keep the winds con-
fined.
" Less loud the winds that from th' ,Eolian hall
Roar through the woods, and make whole forests faH."
Pope : Jlomer's Iliad, xiv,, 459, 460.
2. Pertaining to the wind.
"A wind that through the corridor
Juat stirs the curtain, and no more,
And, touching the molian strings,
Faints with the burden that it brings ! "
Longfellow: Golden Legend.
.^olian harp, s. A harp played by
.^olus— in other words, by the wind. It is
made by stretching strings of catgut over a
wooden sound-box. If exposed to the action
of the wind, a succession of pleasing sounds
proceeds from it, plaintive when the breeze is
slight, but bolder as it increases in force.
" As an cBolian harj> through gusty doors
Of some old ruin its wild music pours,"
Longfellow: TJie Student's Tal*.
" Like an ceolian liarp that wakes
No certain air, but overtakes
Far thought with music that it makes."
Tennyson : Two Voices,
^-o'-li-an (2), .ffi-ol'-ic, a. [Lat. ^oliiis,
Molicus ; Gr. AioAtos (Aiolios), A.lo\iK6t
(Aiolikos) = pertaining to ..^olia, or iEolis.]
late. f^t, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^
or. wore, wolf, work* whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; & = e. ey = a.
^olian— aerial
85
jEolic dialect : One of the three great dia-
lects of tlie Greek language, the others being
the Doric and the Ionic. The expression
Attic dialect often occurs, hut this sliould be
regarded as the normal type of Greek rather
than as a divergent dialect of that tongue.
Molic digamma : A letter similar in character
and sound to the letter F. It is so called be-
cause tlie yEolians used to prefix it to certain
words beginning with a vowel, and insert it
between vowels in the middle of words. It
does not ajipear as a letter of the ordinary
classical Greek alphabet.
jEoUc rocks (Geol): Rocks formed by the
action of the wind. Example, sand dunes.
They are sometimes called also aerial rocks.
j^olic ixTse, called also Eulogic, Arehilochian
and Piridaric verse : A verse consisting of one
iambus or spondee, then of two anapests
separated by a long syllable, and then anotheir
syllable concluding all.
.^-O'-li-an, s. [The adjective used substan-
tively.] 'a native of ^Eolia.
se-ol'-i-dse, s. pi [^ous.]
Zool. : A family uf gasteropodous marine
molluscs, belonging to the section Tecti-
branchia. The gills are papillose, and
arranged around the sides of the back ; the
tentacles are non-retractile, and there is no
distinct mantle. Tliere are several genera ;
some have representatives in Britain, viz.,
yEolis, Fiona, Embletonia, Proetonotus, An-
tiopa, and Hermtea. (Woodward: Mollusca.)
* se-ol-i'-na, s. [Lat. JEolus, the god of the
winds.] [yEoLiAN.] A small musical instru-
ment, consisting of a frame set with a number
of metallic lamintie, or springs, and played by
the human breath. It is now rarely used.
SB-6l'-i-plle, a. [EOLIPILE.]
ae'-6l-is, s, [Deriv. uncertain. From -l!.'('?(S =
ancient Mysia, in Asia Minor (?).] A gfnus
of molluscs, the typical one of the family
j^(.'lid;f. The species move about in an active
manner among the rocks at low water, moving
their tentacles and extending and contracting
their papillae. Thirty-three occur in Britain.
{Woodward: Mollusca.)
BB'-6l-ist, s. [From Lat. JEolns.] [.,r,OLiAN.]
A pretender to inspiration. [Inspikation.]
i^wift.)
Be-6l'-6-ph6n, s. [Eolophon.]
se'-on, s. [Lat. (Bon = eternity, fr. Gr. aluiv
(aiOii) = (1) a period of time, (spec.) a life-time,
a generation ; (2) a long space of time,
eternity ; (3) a space of time clearly marked
out, a period, an age, a dispensation. (Lidd^U
& Scott.) ^ The Lat. ceon, given above, which
is simply the Gr. aiiiiv (aio)i), with the substi-
tution of the Lat. diphthong ce fur the Gr. one
al, is rare. The common Lat. word is cevum,
which is used in poetry in most of the senses
of aiwv, and is simply that Gr. term Latinised,
the inserted v being the remains of the .'Eulic
digamma (q.v.). Cognate words are Goth.
aws, crude form awa. Bopp, Graff, and Kxihn
derive all these terms from Sanse. i — to go.]
I, Ancient Philosophy and Theology :
Among the GnosiiA^s: A virtue, attribute, or
perfection of God, personified and regardeTl
as an inferior sort of god or goddess. Thus
Valentinian, in the second century, taught
that in the pleroma (the Gnostic name for the
habitation of God) there were thirty o;om,
fifteen male and fifteen female ; besides these
there were four unmarried — Horus, Christ, the
Holy Spirit, and Jesus. (Mosheim, : Ch. Hist.,
'2nd cent., pt. ii., ch. v.)
IL Modern Science and Literature : A period
of immense duration, specially one of those
which geology makes known.
"... the Siliman and Devonian aons." — Owen:
Classif. ^Mammalia, p. 58.
"Having waited through those ^otis until the
proper conditions had set m. did it send the fiat forth,
■ Let life be ! ' "—Tyndall : Frag, ctf Science, vii. 163.
.^l-on'-i-an, a. [Latinised from Gr. aliovios
(r((D/aos) = lasting, eternal; Lat. mon; Gr.
alwv.'i [iEoN.] Of all but eternal duration.
" The sound of streams that swift or slow
Draw down .Ionian. hillB, and sow
The dust of continents to be."
Tennyson: I a Memoriam, %a.
Be-o'-ni-um, or se-on'-i-um, s. [Latinised
form of Gr. uXtuvtov (aioiiion), u. of adj. a'tiiivioz
(enomos) = lasting, eternaL] Named from their
tenacity of life. A genus of plants belonging
to the order Crassulaeeit, or House-leeks. -E.
arhoreum, the tree house-leek, a garden plant,
is thickly laden with yellow flowers.
s&-p3^-or'-ius, s. [Gr. anrv^ iaipus) — high
and steep ; opvi^ {omis) — bird.]
Palceont. : A genus of gigantic birds founded
by Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire on some fossil
bones and eggs brought from Madagascar.
It belongs to the order Cursores, and has a
certain affinity to the ostrich, but it is be-
lieved to have been twice as high as that tall
bird. The bird was three-toed like Dinornis,
and is one of the largest known birds. The
eggs were over twelve inches in length, and
had a capacity equal to six ostrich eggs, or to
148 of the domestic fowl. The remains are
found in very recent deposits, and the bird
was probably contemporary with the moa.
* se-qui-lil)'-ri-uiii, s. [Equilibrium.]
*" se-qui-noc'-tia, s. pi. [Lat. plural of cequi-
noctium = the equinox : mquus = equal ; nox
= night.] The equinoxes.
"... as natural tempests are greatest about the
cB^inoctia." — Bacon: Essays, ch. xv.
* se-qui '-pa-rate, v, [Lat. cequiparo — to
put on a level : cequiis = level, flat ; paro =■ to
make equal ; par = equal. ] To level (to the
ground), to raze.
" Th' emperiall citie, cause of all this woe,
King Latine's throne, this day lie ruinate.
And houses tops to tli' ground cequiparate."
Vicars: Virgil (1632).
se-qu6r'-e-a» s. [Lat. cequor = the sea. ] A
genus of !Medusas, the typical one of the
family ^quoridai. Example : JE. cyanca.
se-quor'-e-al, a. [Lat. mqiwreus = belonging
to the sea.]" Pertaining to the sea. A term
applied to a fish — the eequoreal jiijte-fish, Syn-
gnathus ceqxiorexis, Linn. (Yarrell : British
Fishes, ii. 335.)
Ee-quor-i-dse, s. pi. [.^quorea.] A family
of Medusas belonging to the class Discophora,
and the order Gymnophthalmia. It contains
some of the largest species of naked Medusas.
Prof. Forbes describes two British species.
a'-er, s. [A.S. ar = an oar ] An oar. (Scotch.)
^ a'-er, s. [Lat. aer; Gr. uifp (aer).] The air.
aer perflabilis. [Lat. (//:(.) = air able
to be blown through; hence airy, windy.]
Open air.
"... open air, which thev call aer perjiahilis." —
Bacon : yal. Ifist., Cent lY , 4} 331.
ser'-a, s. [Era.]
a-er-Sn'-thus, s. [Gr. d/jp (aer) = air ; av9o^
(au(/ios) = a blossom, a flower.] A genus of
jilants belonging to tlie family Orchidaceae,
or Orchids. The species are aerial, and have
large beautiful flowers. They occur in Mada-
gascar.
se-rar'-i-an, s. [Lat. cerariiis, fr. o'rarius^
pertaining to the cerarlum, or treasury: cera,
plural of ms = copper ore— money.]
In ancient Rojne : A citizen who had either
been deprived of or was not allowed to possess
a vote, and who was moreover subjected to a
heavier rate of taxation than others possess-
ing the same pecuniary resources.
" The cBrariam, consisting of those freedraen,
naturalised strangers, and others, who, being enrolled
in no tribe, possessed no vote in the comitia, but still
enjoyed all the private rights of Roman citizens." —
Arnold: Hist, of Rome, ch. xvii.
" . . , or if he were an ordinary citizen he was
expelled from his tribe, and reduced to the class of the
(srarians. " — Ibid.
a'-er-ate, v.t. [Lat. aeV=air; sufllx -ate (fr.
Lat. -atum) = to make.]
I. Gen. : To subject to the action of atmo-
spheric air, or any of its constituents.
II. Specially :
1. Agric. (of land): To cause air to permeate
the soil of cultivated land for the purpose of
facilitating the growth of the plants upon it.
[Aeration.]
2. Physiol, (spec, of blood): To subject to the
action of the oxygen existing in atmospheric
air ; to oxygenate. (Used specially of the
arterialisation of the venous blood by the aii-
inhaled into the lungs.)
"As in most groups of animals. Important organs,
such as tho.'ie for propelling the blood, or for abating
it."— Darvnn: Origin (if Species, ch. xiii,
" The air passes to aerate the blood."— Totid & Btno-
man : Physiol. Anat., ii. 603.
" The function by which the fluids are thus aerated
is called respiration." — Ibid., i. 24.
3. 0/Chem. £ Art (of bread) : To subject, at
one stage of the process of manufacture, to
the action of carbonic dioxide. [Aerated.]
a'-er-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Aerate. ]
aerated bread, a. Bread formed by
forcing carbonic dioxide, generally called car-
bonic acid, into the dough in lieu of that
developed by fennentation.
a'-er-a-ting, pr. par. & a. [Aerate.]
"... the inaction of the lungs as aSrating
organs," — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., ii. 348.
a-er-a'-tion, s. [Aerate.]
L Gen. : The act of subjecting to the action
of atmospheric air or to any of its con'
stituents.
IL Specially :
1. The act or process of causing land
to be permeated to a certain extent by air,
which is necessary for the proper growtli of
plants. The thorough breaking up of tena-
cious land by steam gives access to air and
to moisture, the latter caiTying with it much,
atmospheric air.
2. Physiol, (of blood): Oxygenation. [See
Aerate. ]
"... auv mechanical impediment to the a€ration of
the blood.'''— rodrf & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., ii. 403.
3. Chem. & Art (of bread) : The act or art ;of
aerating it. [Aerated.]
t a-er'-e-alj u. [Aerial.]
* a'-er-e-m^n-je, a'-er-e-man-^y, s.
[Aeromancy.]
a-er'-i-al, t a-er'-e-al, a. [Formed, in imi-
tation of ethereal ((i.y.^, from Lat. aeritis, more
rarely aereus = (1) pertaining to air, (2) rising
high in air, (3) vain, fleeting ; Fr. aericn; Ital.
aereo.]
%■ The spelling aercal is rare, and used
chiefly in poetry.
I. Gen. : In any way peitaining to, or con-
netted witli tlie air.
II. Specially :
1. Consisting of air, or of a gaseous sub-
stance like it. Filled with air or anything
shnilar.
"Soft o'er the shrouds aUrial whispers breathe,
That seemed but zephyrs to the train beneath." ^
Popt : Rape of ttie Lock, canto ii., 57, 58.
"... from the earth
Up hither, like alirlal vaiJours, flew."
Milton: P. L., bk. iii,
" Twelve days, while Boreas vex'd th' aiirial space.
My hospitable dome he deign'd to grace."
Pope : Bomer's Odyssey, ok. xix., 230-1.
2. Kesembling air.
" Before us, mountains stem and desolate ;
But in the majesty of distance now
Set off, and to our ken appearing fair
Of aspect, with atrial softness clad.
And beautifled with morning's purple beams."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. il
3. Produced by the air.
" The gifts of heav'n my following song pursues ;
Aerial honey and ambrosial dews."
Dryden: Virg., Qeor.
4. Inhabiting or traversing the air.
" Where those immortal shapes
Of bright atrial spirits live inspher'd.
In regions mild of calm and serene air."
Milton : Comiua.
" Or fetch the aiirial eagle to the ground,
Till drooping, sick'ntng, dying, they began."
Pope: Essay on Man, ep. iii., 222, 223.
"... although, as we have seen, the young of other
spiders do possess the power of performing atrial
voyages." — Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viiL
"H Aerial music : Music in the air. (Milton.)
5. Rising high in the air.
"... upon rock
Aerial, or in green secluded vale."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iii.
6. Feeding on air. Aerial plants are those
which absorb most of their food from tlie
atmosphere.
III.
■ Ethereal, refined.
"Somemu5ic is above me; most music is beneath
me. I like Beethoven or Mozart, or else some of the
aerial compositions of the older Italiiins." — Coleridge :
Table Talk.
* 1" Aerial acid : What was subsequently
called carbonic acid, and now is termed car-
bonic dioxide. (Ure.)
Aerial Unages : Images caused by the con-
vergence of refracted and reflected rays of
light, when these appear to be suspended in
the air. Examples, the mirage and the
images formed by a concave mirror.
A eria I pe rspert i re : That hi gher artisti c
management of tlie perspective of a landscape
boil, b^; pout, j6^1; ca^;, cell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f,
-tia = she-a ; -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -§ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, &c. = beL
86
aeriality— aeronautics
which not merely presents the various ob-
jects of the relative size which, by the laws of
pei-spective, they must assume when viewed
from the observer's stand-point, but also suc-
ceeds in imparting effects as if they were
seen with their outline softened by the action
of air. Claude Lorraine was specially distin-
guished for this high ai-tistic attainment.
"These results have a direct hearing upon what
arfciata call aerial yers.piictive." — Tyndall : Frag, of
Science, x. 284.
*a-er-i-Sl'-i-ty, s. [Eng. aerial; -ity.]
Airiness, unsubstantial it)'. (De Quivcey.)
a-er'-i-al-ly, adv. [Aerial.] In an aerial
manner.
" Your liair is darker, and your eyes
Touched with a soniewhut darker hue,
And less ueriaUjj hlue." Tenni/son : Margaret.
A-er'-i-ans, s. pi. [See def.]
Church Hist. : The followers of Aerius, a
presbyter who lived in the fourth century,
and lield semi-Ariaii tenets respecting the
Trinity. He, moreover, maintained that tliere
was no scriptural distinction between bishops
and presbyters, that Easter should not be
celebrated, and that there should be no prayers
for the dead. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent. IV.)
* ser'-l-ca, 5. [Lat. ceris, genlt. of cbs = copper,
bronze, sometimes incorrectly rendered trass.]
"A fish of the colour of brass, a herring, a
red herring." (Kersey.)
a-er'-i-des, s. [Lat. aer ; Gr. atjp (aer) = t3ic
air.] [Am-PLANTS.] A genus of plants lie-
longing to the order OrchidaccEe, or Orchids.
It derives its name from the fact that the
species appear to derive their principal nou-
rishment from the air, as tliey can exist for
weeks in their native clime, and send forth
blossom after blossom while hung up in a
room quite away from the vegetable soil.
Their flowers are beautiful and finely fragrant.
The A. odoratum is sometimes kept in green-
houses in Britain, but rarely fiowers.
* a'~er-ie, s. [Eyrie.]
a-er-if -er-oiis, a. [Lat. aer = air ; /e?'o = to
bear.] Air-bearing, bringing air, conveying
air. (Used chiefly in biologj'. )
" The acriferous tuhes in insects are called trachea"
— fhaen: Invertebr. Animals, Lect. xvii.
a-er-if —ic-a'-tion, s. [Lat. aer = air ; facio
= to make.]
1, The act of combining air with another
substance, or the state of being so combined.
2. The act or process of rendering any sub-
stance gaseous, or the state of being so trans-
formed.
a'-er-i-f ied, pa. par. & a. [Aerify. ]
a'-er-i-form, a. [In Er. aeriforme ; Lat. aer
:= air, and form-a = form. ] Of the form of air ;
that is, gaseous, as opposed to liquid or solid.
" The inorganic matters are aUviform, liquid, or
solid." — Todd & Bovnnan : Physiol. Anat., i. 13.
a'-er-i-l^y, v.t. [Lat. oer = air, and facio = to
make.]
1. To combine (a substance) with air ; to
infuse air into.
2. To convert from the liquid or solid into
the gaseous state.
a'-er-d-9yst, s. [Gr. atjp (cier) — air ; kuo-tis
(kustis) = a bladder. ]
Bot : One of the air-cells of au algal.
a-er-6-dy-nain'-ics» s. [Lat. aer; Gr. afjp
(aer), and Wi/ajnts (dunamis) = force, power.]
[Dynamics.] The science which treats of the
force exerted by air when in motion.
a^er-og'-nos-y, s. [Gr. alip (aer) = air, and
yvwa-K! (gndsis)= (1) inquiry, (2) knowledge :
7171/wcrKw (gig noslco) = to perceive, to know.]
The science which investigates the subject of
the air.
a-er-6g'~raph-y, s [In Fr. aerographie, fr.
Gr. i^p (aer) = the air ; 7pa^^ (graphe) = a
description, fr. 7pd0tri (gra-pho) = to write.] A
description of the air as it is, without special
inquiry into the causes which make it as we
find it. These fall under Aerology (q.v.)
" Aiirograp/iy.—A description of the air or atmo-
sphere, its limits, properties, &c., amounting to much
the same aa aerology, unless the latter be confined to
the theory, and the former to the description."—
ParUologia, " Aerography."
a'-er-6l-itc, t a'-er-ol-ith, s. [In Ger.
aerol't ; Er. al'rolithe ; Port, a^rolithe, uerolHho:
fr. Gr. a{]p (nrr) — the air; At'Sos (litlws) = a,
stone.] A stone which falls from the air or
sky. The name is somewhat inappropriate
noV that it is known that the connection of
these stones with the air is but slight, they
simply traversing it as, iinder the operation of
gravity, they fall from the regions beyond to
the earth. They have also received the name
of meteorites, from the fact that the fall of
one or more aerolites is generally preceded by
the appearance of a meteoric fire-ball, which,
after gleaming fortli for a brief period, then
explodes, irresistibly suggesting the inference
that the aerolites which fall constitute its
fragments. Hence in the Brit. Assoc. Beports,
aerolites and large meteors are classed under
one category. Sometimes aerolite and meteorite
are made quite synonymous terms ; but it is
better to draw a distinction between the two,
making nneteorHe the general word and limit-
ing aerolite to the stony varieties of the genus.
This is done by Prof. M.'iskelyne in his "Guide
to the Collection of Minerals in the British
Museum." The aerolites in this limited sense,
as a rule, fall to the ground in an incandescent
state. They are generally sub-angular, but
with the angular points rounded off, and are
coated, to the depth of about a quarter of a line,
with a black crust like varnish. When frac-
tured they commonly display a series of small
grey spherical bodies in a gritty substance,
occasionally with yellow spots interspersed.
When thus consisting of stony spherules they
are sometimes termed chondritlc aerolites,
from Gr. xov&pi-ryis (chondrites) = of the shape
or size of groats ; xovdpo? (chondros) ~ a
com, grain, groat. Iron is found in large
quantity in nearly every aerolite, sometimes
malleable, and sometimes in a state of oxide.
It is always in connection with nickel. Other
substances found in more limited quantity in
aerolites are silica, magnesia, sulphur, alumina,
lime, manganese, chrome, cobalt, carbon, soda,
and water. No new element has been found,
but the combination of the old ones is differ-
ent from any occurring in this planet.
Though the fact that stones could fall from
the sky to the earth was doubted by the
scientific almost till the close of the eighteenth
century, the occuixence of such a phenomenon
had been again and again popularly reported
in various coimtries, and from a high period of
antiquity. There is reason to believe that the
object of worship in many a pagan shrine in
ancient times was an aerolite ; that this was
the case with the idol worshipped in the great
temple of Diana at Bphesus is all but implied
in the town-clerk's words, " The image which
fell down from Jupiter" (Actsxix. 3o). Among
the notable aerolites in the British Museum
collection may be enumerated a great chon-
dritlc one, "which fell at Parnallee, in Madras,
on February 28th, 1857 ; one which descended
at Basti, in India, on December 2, 1S52, and is
remarkable for containing crystalline calcium
sulphide, associated with enstatite andangite ;
and, finally, the carbonaceous stones which
came (lown at Cold Bokkeveldt, Kaba, Grosnja,
and Montauban. [Aerosiderite, ^Meteorite,
SlDERITE.]
a-er-6l-it'-ic, o. [Aerolite.] Pertaining to
an aerolite ; of the character of an aerolite.
"May 22nd. — Aerohfic meteor ohaerved at L'Orient
and Vaunes." — Brit. Jssoc. Jieport (1869).
a-er-6l-6g'-i-cal, a. [Gr. (l) ij^p (oer) =
air; (2) \6yos (logos) = tt discourse.] PeHaiu-
ing to aerology.
a-er-6l'-6-gist, s. [Gr. a»ip (aer) = air, and
Xofio-Tljq (logistes) = a calciilator, a reasoner ;
or fr. Eng. aiiroUgy, and aflix -isfl One who
is a proficient in, or at least studies, aerologj'.
a-er-6l'-6-gy, s. [In Fr. aerologie, fr. Gr.
a.t]p (aer) = the air ; \6yoq (logn^i) — a dis-
eoiirse.] The science which treats of the air.
When little could be done in this department
of knowledge except to record facts, aerography
(a writing about or a description of the air)
was an appropriate enough name ; but now
that the causes of many aerial jihenomena are
becoming known, aerology (a discourse or
reasoning about the air) is the more suitable
temi.
a'-er-6-inan-5y, * a'-er-o-man-tie, or
"'' a'-er-e-m^n-^e, s. [In Fr. airomancie ;
'Ital. aerimanm; Lat. aeromantia, from Gr.
aepo/j-avreia (aeromantcid): avp (aer) = air, and
ij-avreia (flUMiteia) = divination. ] Divination
by means of the air and its movements.
" He tempteth ofte, and eek also
Aemmance in juggement."
Oower MS., 80c. Antig.. 134. f. {nalliwell.)
^ Mromantie is the spelling by Cotgrave,
aeromancy that by Kersey and in modern
books of reference.
t a-er~6-man'-tic, a. [Aeromancy.] Per-
taining to divination by air.
t a-er-om'-et-er, s. [In Fr. aa-omkre, fr.
Gr. arjp ("f^'') = the air ; /j.4rpov (mrtro") = a
measui-e.]
In a general sense : Any instrument for
" measuring the air."
.Siiixiolbj : An instrument invented by Dr.
Marcus Hunt, and used (1) for ascertaining
the density or rarity of air, and (2) for making
the necessarv' corrections in ascertaining the
mean bulk of gases. It is now little employed.
t a-er-6-met'-ric, a. [Aerometer ] Per-
taining to the measurement of the air; to
aerometry or the aerometer.
t a-er-om'-et-ry, s. [In Fr. o.eromHne, fr.
Gr. ct^p (agr) = the air; fj.bTpov (metron) = &
measure.] The science which "measures the
air," that is, ascertains the mean bulk of the
several gases of which it consists, with their
pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and conden-
sation. Pneumatics is the term more com-
monly employed.
"Wolfius, in lieu of vneu?natic, usea the word
aerometry, q.d., the art of measuring the &]x."—Ency.
Londiiu, art. "Pneumatics."
a'-er-6n-aut, s. [In Fr. oeronaute, fr. Lat.
aer =the air, and nauta = a sailor : or fr. Gr.
at}p (aer) = the air ; vavrn? (nautes) = sailor ;
vav? (nui's) =a ship.]
1. Lit. : A human being or one of the
inferior animals navigating the air.
Used: (a) Of a human being who ascends in:
a balloon.
""When the aSronaiif wishes to descend he opens
the valve at the top of the balloon by means of the
cord, which allows gas to escape, and the balloon
sinks." — Atkinson : Ganot's Physics, § iTo.
(b) Of a spider which sails aloft by means
of a thread which itself has spun.
"The little aeronaut, as aoou as it arrived on hoard,
was very active, running about, sometimes letting
itself fall, and theu re-aaceuding the same thread."--
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. vili,
H. Fig. : One who commits himself to a
political or other scheme, beautiful for a
spectator to contemplate, but veiy perilous to
the operator.
" Let us be satisfied to admire rather than attempt
to follow the aeronauts of France."— Bur A- c.
a-er-dn-au'-tic, a. [(1) Lat. aer = the air, or
Gr. at]p (>n'r) = the air ; (2) Lat. nauti-cus, Gr.
vavTiKoi (na.i (tikes)— nautical, pertaining to
ships.] Pertaining to the navigation of the
air by means of balloons, or in some similar
way. ■
a-er-6n-au'-tics, s. [In Fr. airona.vtiqnc]
The science or art which treats of aerial navi-
gation. Witli the example before him of
birds created anatomically on a type in some
essential particulars similar to his own, man
was certain to covet and seek to attain the
art of flying. Two fatal difficulties, however,
appear for ever to forbid his suL-ce.ss in this
endeavour unless he be assisted by machinery
to supplement his physical defects. Com-
pared with a bird he is proportionately
heavier, and that to no slight extent ; whilst,
in addition to this, the conformation of his
breast does not afford a proper point of
attachment for the powerful muscles required
to use his arms after the manner of wings.
Any one carving the breast of a fowl can at
once perceive the superiority in this respect,
even of that type of bird, to the strongest
man. To affix wings to the arms is i
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
oro wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miitc, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e ; se = e. ev = a.
.AEROLITES.
I The "Cranbourne," from Melbourne, Australia. Was known in 1854. and consists of iron, nickel, and some sulphur.
- Fell in the United States, on May 10. 1877 Consists of iron, nickel, some sulphur, and a large proportion of silicates. The two
polished facets show the bright iron and nickel and dark patches of silicious stone. 3 Found in Mexico in 1882. Consists of nearly
pure iron and nickel. The polished facet shows the effort of the two metals to crystallise in diamond forms cut across by parallel
lines. 4. Meteoric iron from Chaco, Argentina. Was known in 1783
aeronautism— sesthetics
87
if the latter are too weak to turn them to
account. Prom the half, if not wholly, mythic
Icarus to the "Flying-man," who ascended
from London in 1874, failure of the most
disastrous kind has attended every effort to
"fly," as contradistinguished from taking
one's passage in an aerial vessel. The art of
Aeronautics is, in the present state of science,
virtually that of making and navigating
balloons. [Balloon. ]
ta-er-on-au'^tism, s. ['Eng. aerooiavt ; -ism.]
The same as Aeronautics (q.v.).
a-er-6-plid'-bl-a, s. [Gr. a^p (a^r) = air,
and ip6f3o'; (phohos) = fear ; fr. (pe/So/jiat (phe-
hoiiiai) =to fear.]
Med. : Dread of the wind or fresh air, a
morbid symptom in hydrophobia and some
other diseases.
a-er-6-phyte, s. [Gr. afjp (aer) = air, and
<p\n6v {phuton) = a. plant, a tree; ^mo (phud)
= to bring forth.] A plant which lives exclu-
sively in the air, a parasitical plant. Many
Orchids are aerophytes, and a fungus akin to
Mucor is called Aerophyton.
a'-er-o-scepySy, s. [Gr, aljp (mr) = air, and
aKeyi/fs {skepsls) = perception by the senses ;
a-KiTTTOfj.ai {skeptomai) = to spy.] The faculty of
perception by means of the ai]', supposed by
some entomologists to exist in the antenna?
f.'f insects. (Kirby.)
a-er-os'-COp-Vj s- [Gr. a-gp (aSr) = air, and
cTKOTrect) (skopeo) = to behold.] The observation
of the air.
a-er-6-si-der'-ite, s. [Gr. a>]p (aer) = air,
(Tibnpo? (^idcros) = iron.]
Mill. : Meteoric iron, an alloy of iron and
nickel, with small amounts of other metals.
[MiiTEORiTE, Aerolite, SmERrrE.] (Prof.
Miuskelyne: Guide to Brit. Mus. Minends.)
oer'-6s-ite, s. [In Ger. aerosit; fr. Lat. arosiis
— abounding in copper or bronze ; ces =■
copper ; Eng. suff. -ite = of the nature of.] A
mineral, an ore of silver ; the same as Pyrar-
OYRITE (q.v.).
a'-er-OS-tS-t, 5. [In Fr. aerostat; fr. Lat.
aer = the air, and status = a standing ; sto =
to stand : or fr. Gr. atjp (aer) = air, and o-TaTos
(stQ,tos) = standing ; Vo-t^/k (histe-nii) = to cause
to stand.] A name sometimes given to a
balloon, from the fact that it not unfrequently
" stands " or is poised almost without motion
in the air.
" Heuce the machines which are employed for this
purpose [a(irial navigation] are called aSroitats or
aiirostatic inachiuea, and from their globular shape
air-balloons." — Encucl. Londin., " Pneinnatics."
a-er-6s-tat'-ic, or a-er-6s-tS,t'-i-cal, a.
{In Fr. aerostatiqve.] "Standing" in the air.
Pertaining to aerostatics.
". . . aerosta^ts or airogtatic machines. "—i'nc2/c7.
Londin., "Pneumatics."
a-er-OS-t&t'-ics, s. [In Ger. acros^a(a-.] The
science which treats of air at rest, that is,
with its jiarticles in equilibrium. Opposed
to pneumatics, the science which treats of air
in motion.
ar-er-6s-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. aerostation.]
1. The science or art of suspending, and if
possible controlling balloons in the air ;
aeronautics.
2. The science of weighing air ; the static
portion of pneumatics.
"The general principles of aSrosiation are so little
different from tlioso of hydrostaticks, that it may
seem superfluous to WTite more uj^on them." — Adaim.
se-ru-gin'-e-oiis, se-ru'-gi-noiis, a. [Lat.
irriigliiosus.] Pervaded by copper rust ; with
the rust of copper upon it.
Nat. Science : Verdigris-green ; having a
colour like that of wntgo, or verdigris, without
its being implied, however, that any oxidu of
cupper is actually ju'esent. {Loudon : Cyd. of
Plants, Gloss.)
t 39-ru'-gd, ». [Lat., from fE5= copper ore,
copper.]
L Rust of copper, whether natui'al or
artificial.
" Copper is turned into green, named isrugo, ces
niride. ' — Bacon: Phi/siot. Hem.
2. Mildew.
" .£rugo. The rust or canker of metal, verdigrise ;
also mildew, or the blasting of coi'u."—Kerse>/.
a'-er-y, a. [Lat. aereus, a rarer way of spelling
aerii':<.] [AiRV.] A poetic way of spelling
Airy (q.v.).
" Throws his steep flight in many an airy wheel,
Kor stay'd till on Niphates' top lie lights."
Milton: P. L., bk. iU
"Whence that aih^ bloom of thine."
Tennyson : Adeline.
Aery-light : The same as airy-light, that is,
light as air.
"... his sleep
Was aiiry-Kght, from pure digestion bred,
And temperate vapourS bland."
Milton: Par. Lost, bk. v.
a'-er-y, s. [Eyrie.]
3BS« 5. [Lat.] 1, Copper ore, copper ; 2, bronze;
3, 4, kc.
ses cyprium. Copper. {Pliny.) {Dana.)
ses grave. [Lat. ces = copper; groove, n.
of gravis = hea^y.]
Nuynism. : (1) The old hea\y coins as dis-
tinguished from ases reduced in value. (2) Any
quantity of copper coins reckoned not by
tale, but by the old standard of 1 lb. weight
to the 05. (3) Uncoined metal. {Smith: Diet,
of Greek arid Rovi. Aiitiq.)
" Next, in this ancient division, come the Boman
coins, begiiming with the copper— the ces grave— ;i.t
first a pound in weight, which came into use about
the third century B.C."—.Vichols; Handbook of Brit.
Mus. (1870), pp. 887-3.
ses UStum. Calcined copper. {Kersey.)
SQS "viride (lit. = green copper). The rust
of copper. [iEnuGO (2).]
^ fes-chna, s. [.<Eshna.]
ees-chy-nan -thus, s. [Gr. aiaxvvn (aiscJi v n ?)
= shame ; av9o<; {ontlios) = blossom, flower.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Gesneracete, or Gesner- worts. They are very
beautiful, having for the most part pendent
stems, opposite fleshy leaves, and scarlet or
orange-scarlet flowers. They grow in Java,
Borneo, and other parts of tropical Asia,
whence several have been introduced into hot-
houses in this countrj-.
ses'-chy-nlte, s^ [lu Ger. cechynit ; Gr.
u((rx'''i'»i (aischune) = shame, dishonour. So
named by Berzelius, who felt put to the blush
because chemical science was not sufficiently
far advanced at the time of the discoverj'^ of
the mineral to separate two of its dissimilar
constituents, titanic acid and zirconia.] A
mineral classed by Dana with his "Oxygen
Compounds— Tantalates Columbates. " Its
crystals are orthorhombic, generally long
serrated prisms, H 5-6, C 4 -9— 5 ■23. Lustre,
resinous ; colonr, nearly black Miien opaque,
brownish yellow when translucent. Compo-
sition : columbic and titanic acids, together
about 51*45, protoxide of cerium 1840, thoria
15 "75, with other ingredients in smaller
quantity. From Minsk and Orenbm-g, in
Russia.
ses-chyn-6m'-en-e, s. [In Fr. eschynomeup. ;
Lat. (sschynotnene ; Gr. aia-xt'voficvn {aischn-
nomeiie) = ashamed, pa. par. of aitrxi^vo/iat
{aischunomai) = to be ashamed; aiaxovoj (ais-
c7n(Uu) = to disfigure, to dishonour. A plant
witli sensitive leaves mentioned by Pliny.
Apparently it was a Mimosa.] Bastard Sen-
sitive Plant, a genus of papilionaceous
plants of the sub-section Hedysareie. They
have jointed pods, and generally yellow
racemes of flowers. Upwards of thirty species
are known, yp. sensitivus, from the West
Indies, has sensitive leaves ; so also is jE. visci-
dula from Florida. The stem of JL. aspera,
which resembles pith for lightness, and is
called in India solah, is cut into thin strips
for the manufacture of solah hats, most useful
articles for the protection of the head against
the fierce tropical sun-heat. It is also made
into swimming jackets, floats for nets, bottles,
models of temples, and other objects of sale.
ses-chy-nom'-en-ous, u. [-Eschynomene.]
Bot. : Pei-taining to the genus jEschynomene,
or to any plant which, when one comes near
it with his hand, shrinks in its leaves.
{Ba.iley: Diet., &c.)
ses-Cii-la'-9e-3e, s. pi. [Lat. cesc^dus (q.v.).]
An old order of exogenous plants, now merged
in the order Sapindacece. They have a flve-
lobed calyx, five or four petals, seven or eight
stameus, a three-angled three-celled ovaiy,
and a coriaceous fruit, with one, two, or
three valves, and as many cells and seeds.
The leaves are opposite, without stipules,
and are quinate or septenate. The flowers are
in terminal racemes. The order or sub-order
contains the Horse-chestnuts, [..^^sculus.]
aes-cu-le'-tin, s. [Lat. «scwZ«s-(q.v.),j
Chemistry: A bitter crj-stalline substance
(Ci,Ho04).
aes'-cu-lili, a. [Lat. cesculus (q.v.).]
Chem. : C21H24O13. A crystalline fluorescent
Ijitter substance obtained from the bark of
the genera .^sculus and Pavia. Its aqueous
solution is very fluorescent. The reflected
light is of a sky-blue colour. By boiling with
hydrochloric acid it is resolved into glucose
and a^sculetin.
£es'-cu-lus, s. [In Sp. & Port, a'sculo, fr. Lat.
msculus, nsed by Virgil and Horace for a kind
of oak, believed by Lindley and others to be
a variety of Quercus sessifiora. {Lindley : Veg.
Kingd., 1847, p. 291.) "in classical Latin ft
appears never to mean the horse-chestnut tree.]
Bot. : Horse-chestnuts. A genus of plants
of the order Sapindaceai, Soap-worts, and the
section Hippo castanece. One species, the
-£. hippocastanum, the Horse-chestnut, is
well known in Britain, where, however, it is
not indigenous. It is supposed to have been
introduced into Europe from Northern India,
or some other part of Asia, about the middle
of the sixteenth century. Its pyramidal in-
florescence is much admired. It has the
unusual number of seven stameus. Its leaves
are digitate, and seven in number. The seeds
are excellent for feeding sheep upon. Tlie bark
has been recommended for fever-patients. A
decoction has been tried in gangrene, and the
powder has been used as an errhine. The
young leaves are aromatic, and have been used
as hops in brewing beer. [Buckeye.] The
other species have quinate leaves.
sesh'-na, * £es'-clina, s. A genus of insects
l)elon'j;ing to the order Neuroptera and the
family LibellulidiB, or Dragon-flies. They
have the abdomen narrow and elongated, in
place of ensiform, as in the Libellulae proper.
The middle lobe of the labimn is large, and
the two hinder simple eyes are on a transverse
keel-furnied elevation. The larvte are propor-
tionately larger than those of Libellulte ; their
eyes are larger, their mask is flat and pro-
vided with two htrong talons. The.^. grandis,
juncea, and a few other species, occur in
Britain. Of fossil species, .-E. Brodiei and
lia^sina occur in the Lias, aud ^. peramjjla iu
tlie Purherkb.-ils.
" .■Eschna. — The ash-coloured wate^-fly." — Kersey.
ses'-nej-y, s. [Esnecy.]
.^'-sop prawn, 6-. [See def.]
Zool. : Any prawn of the genus Hippolyte,
from the large protuberant abdomen, sup-
posed to resemble that of the Greek fabulist
iEsop, said to have lived in the 6th cent, b.c..
S3S-the'-si-a, s. [From Gr. oiaQiimq {aisthcda
= perception by the senses, feeling ; aladd-
vofj.oiL (aisthanoniai) = fut. ato-fljjo-ojuat {aisthe-
somai) = to perceive.] Perception, feeling,
sensibility. The opposite of Anasthesia (q.v.).
ses'-thete, s. [Gr. aiirSijr^? {aisthetes) = one
who perceives.] One who professes great love
for the beautiful, and endeavours to carry bis
ideas of beauty into practice in dress aud
surroundings.
£es-the'-tic, ses-the'-tic-al (sometimes
-thet'-ic-), a. [In Fr. esthetiqiie ■ Gr. aladr)-
TLKos {aisthetikos) = of or from perception,
perceptive ; ala-Orja-is {aisthesis)= perception.]
[AisTHEsiA.] Pertaining to the science of
Eesthetics.
"Many years ago I met vith a quotation from a
German author to the effect that the (Esthetic senti-
ments origlDate from the play -impulse." — Jferbert
Spencer : Principles of Phi/siologg, vol. li., § 533,
ses-the'-tic-al-ly, ftdr. [Eng. oisthetical ; -ly.]
In an Eesthetic manner.
ses-the'-ti-fism, s. [Eng. (Esthetic; -ism.]
^^sthetic quality ; love or pursuit of the
beautiful.
sss-the'-tics, es-the'-tics (sometimes
-thet'-ics), s. [In Fr. estMtiqiLe, from Gr.
aio-^TjTiKos (aisthetikos) = perceptive.] [Ms-
THEsiA.] The science which treats of the
beautiful and the pleasing. The term was
first used in its present sense by Wolf about
the middle of the last century. According to
Herbert Spencer, one characteristic of esthe-
tic feelings is that they are separated from the
functions requisite to sustain life, and it is
b5il, bo^; po^t, jd^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hixi, ben9h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as;
'Cian = shg^n. -tion^ -sion = shun ; -^ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious. -sious, -cious = shus.
expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-ble, -die, kv. = bel, del, ewe - u.
sestho— afar
not till the latter have had proper scope ac-
corded them that the former gain power enougli
to act. The delight in painting, music, sculp-
ture, poetry, and the drama, nay, even in fine
mathematical demonstrations, is aesthetic ;
and the science investigates the origin of
snch sensations, the laws which characterise
them, and the excellent effects which, when
they are not abused, result from their opera-
tion to humanity. (Herbert Spencer: Principles
of Physiology, 2nd ed., vol. ii., §§ 533-40.)
aestho-physiology, s. [Gr. (i) aia-ena-i?
(aisthesis) = perception "by the senses, espe-
cially by feeling, from aKrOdvo/j-ai (aisthanonmi)
= to perceive ; and (2) physiology (q-V.).
For brevity preferred to cesthesi-physiology. ] A
word introduced by IVIr. Herbert Spencer to
designate that section of Psychology which
treats of sensation and emotion in their rela-
tions to nervous action. (Herbert Spencer : ,
Psychology, vol. i., ch. vi.)
»s'-tim-a-tor-y, «. [Estimatory.]
\ ses-tij-val, es-ti'-val, * aes-ti'-vall,
ses'-tive", a. [Lat. cestimis, from cestas ='the '
hot season, summer.] Pertaining to summsr ;
continuing through the summer.
^ The spelling cestivall is in Holland (1609),
and in Rider's Diet. (1640) ; that of cestival is
in Kersey's Diet. (1721) ; estival in Johnson's
Diet. (1773).
" Auriga mounted in a chariot bright
(Else Btyl'd Heniochus), receives his light
tu th' cEStiue circle."— Si/lvi-ster ; Du Bartas.
The cestival solstice : The summer solstice.
"In which at the time of the cESfivall solstice, when
the sunne stretcheth to the uttermost of his summer
race." — Holland: Ammianus MarcelUnus (1609).
ses'-tiiv-ate (also se), es-tiv-ate, v.i. [Lat.
cest%vo = to spend the summer. ]
1. Gen . : To remain in a place during the
summer.
2. Syec. : To fall into a summer sleep.
"The mollusca of temperate and cold climates are
subject to hybernation ; during which state the heart
ceases to beat, respiration ia nearly suspended, and
injuries are not healed. Tliey also cBstivcUe, or fall
into' a summer sleep, when the heat is great, but in
this the animal functions are much less interrupted."
— Milller : Quoted in Woodward's " J/oUitsca," p. 49.
»s-tiv-a-tion (also se), es-tiv-a'-tion, s.
[Lat cestivatum, supine of cestivo =^to spend
the summer.] [^stivate.] The state of
spending the summer at any place or in any
particular way.
Tf In the same book (Iiiirod. to Bot. , 3rd ed.),
Lindley has the spelling (estivation at p. 152,
and estivation at p. 483.
Used : f 1. Of man,
" A grotto is a place of shade or estivation." — Bacon.
t 2. Zool. : Of molluscs. The state of being
in a summer sleep. (Wondward : Mollusca,
■p. 475.) [See ^stivate (2).]
3. Bot. : A term used of the manner in
"Which the parts of a blossom are arranged
within a flower-bud before the opening of the
latter. It is more rarely called prejtoration.
The word cestivation is separately applied to
the calyx, the corolla, the stamens, and the
pistil, but not to the flower in general. There
are many kinds of estivation. It may be im-
bricated, or valvate, or convolute, or eir-
cinate, or twisted, or of various other types.
BBS'-tU-ar-S^, s. [Estuary.]
■■ ees'-tiire, s. [Lat. (estvo — to boil, to rage ;
resists = heat, fire; the ebb and flow of the
sea; a surge, a wave.] Rage. {Chapman:
Homer.)
** se-ta'-te pro-b^n'-da, s. & par. [Lat. =
with the age to be proved; for the proving
of the age.]
OH Lav: : A writ which lay for the heir of
the tenant holding of the king in chief to
prove himself to be of full age. (Kersey.)
Se-thal'-i-um, s. [Gr. a\9a\6ei^ (nithaloeis)
= sooty; from aWa\os (aithalos) = soot } A
genus of Fungals, one species of which, .^.
Jiavum, does much damage to stoves and
garden frames, the high temperature enabling
it greatly to flourish and increase. When it
appears on a stove plant, the latter should be
dusted with quicklime or salt. (Treasury of
Bot., &c.)
j^th'-el, £th'-el, Xth'-el, s. [AS] In
compos. = noble. Used in proper names, as
Ethelbert, Ethelred, Ethelwulf, Ethelbald,
Athelstaue.
^th'-el-ing, ^th'-el-ing, Ath'-el-ing, s.
[A.S.] Properly a nobleman, but generally
confined to princes of the blood ; it is less
frequently used of a ruler or governor. It
occurs as a proper name, as Edgar Atheling.
[Adelinc]
a-e-the-Og'-am-OUS, a. [Gr. d>J5ijs (aethes)
= unwonted," unusual, and ydyuos (gamos) =
marriage.]
Bot. : A term designed to describe the
method of fructification in the lower forms of
plants more accurately than the Linnsan
word Cryptogamic. The latter term implied
that these are "of concealed nuptials;" the
former word expresses the idea that these nup-
tials are not secret, but only of an unusual
character.
ae'-ther, i. [Ether.]
SB-ther-e-al, a. [Ethereal.]
se'-thi-ops mineral, s. [Ethiops Mineral,
Sepia.]
9&th'-ra, s. [From Lat. aethra ; Gr. ai'0p>j
(aithre), later aiOpa (aithra)= clear sky, fair
weatlier. ]
1. In Class. Myth. : A female attending on
Helen at Troy.
2. Astron. : An asteroid, the 132nd found.
It was discovered by Watson, on the 13th of
June, 1873.
geth'-ri-os-cope, s. [Lat. aethra ; Gr. aiBpia
(aithria) = fine weather, the open sky ; and
o-KOTrao (slcopco) == to behold.] An instrument
devised by Sir John Leslie, and designed to
determine the radiation against the sky. It
consisted of two glass bulbs united by a
vertical glass tube so narrow that a little
column of liquid was supported in the tube
by its own adhesion. The lower bulb was pro-
tected by a metallic envelope, and gave the
temperature of the air, whilst the upper one
was bla2kened, and was surrounded by a
metallic cap, designed to protect the bulb
from terrestrial radiation. " The sensibility
of the instrument," says its inventor, "is verj'
striking, for the liquor incessantly falls and
rises in the stem with every passing cloud."
(See Tyndall on Heat, 3rd ed., 1868, p. 367.)
se-thu'-§a, s. [In Fr. mthusc ; Gr. aWia (aitho)
= to light up, to kindle, to bum. The name
is given from its acridness.] Lesser Hemlock,
^THUSA CYXAPIUM (FOOL'S PARSLEY).
or Fool's Parsley. A genus of plants belong-
ing to the order Apiacete, or Umbellifers.
The ^. cynapium, or Fool's Parsley, occurs
in Britain. In aspect it partly resembles
garden parsley, but is darker in colour, and
is not curled. Its odour is unpleasant. It
is so acrid as to be poisonous.
.ffl'-ti-ans, s. [From Lat. -Etius.]
Church Hist. : The followers of ^tius, an
Acian who flourished about A.D. 336, and
held that both Christ and the Holy Spirit
are completely difl'erent from the Father.
se-tiol'-o-gist, e-ti-ol'-o-gist, s. [Eng.
ictiolog(y) ; -ist.] One wlio is skilled in aeti-
ology ; one who inquires into, or gives an
account of, the origin or causes of disease.
set-i-ol'-o-gSr, et-i-ol'-o-gy, ai-ti-6l'-6-
gy, s. [Gr. aiTo\oyia (aitologia) = a giving a
cause of anything ; aiTokoyeui (aitologeo) ~ to
inquire into and account for : alrLo. (aitia) =
a cause, from airetu (aited) = to ask ; Adyos
(logos) = a discourse.]
1, An account of the causes of anything.
" The whole of this is a mere conjectural cBtioloi^y of
the ajicient appellation of the senators." — Lewis: Larly
Jtoman Hist., ch. xii.
2. Spe£. : The science which investigates
the causes of the several diseases to which
man or the inferior animals are liable. (Report
hy Dr. Creighton, on the etiology of Cancer;
Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy
Council and Local Governraent Board, No. S
' (1875).
* a-e-ti'-tes, s. [Lat. aetites ; Gr." aertTris-
(aetites); from acTop (aetos) = a.n eagle.] The
eagle-stone : a nodule or pebble which re-
ceived its name from the belief that the eagle
transported it to its nest, knowing that it
wotUd not be possible without it to hatch its
eggs. Nor were these its only reputed virtues.
Thieves could be discovered by its aid ; and,
according to Lupton, it was a charm to be
used by women in childbirth, and produced
love between man and wife. Kersey's defini-
tion of it is, " The eagle-stone, a certain stone
which, when shaken, rattles as if there were
another within it." Any pebble or nodule
answering to this description would have
been called aetites, or eagle-stone ; but, appa-
rently, the term was most frequently used
of those nodules found abundantly in the
Carboniferous strata, which are hollow in
place of solid, or have what was once a cavity
filled up with clay ironstone in a pulverulent
state. It is unnecessary to add tliat the
aetites possessed none of the virtues attributed
to Jt by the credulous in pre-scientific times.
"And so doth the aiititet, or eagle-stone, which hath
a little stone within it." — Bacon: Hat. Hist., Cent.
II., § 154.
a-et-o-ba'-tes, s. [Gr. a^roq (aetos) ; aleriis
(aieios) = (\) an eagle, (2) a fish, the white ray;
>3aT(c (hatis) = a fish, probably the skate.]
A genus of fossil fishes from the London clay
of the Isle of Sheppey. It was founded by
Agassiz, and is allied to the Rays.
*" aey (pron. a), adv. [Aye.]
"■af, prep, [A.S. af= of.] Of, from. [Of.]
" With a teer af thyu ye."
-l/.y. Douce. lUalliweU.y
*a-fai'-t?n, ^a-fai'-ty, v.t. [Affaiten.]
* a'-fald, ae'-fauld, a'-fauld, aW-fall»
ef'-f^uld, a. [Scotch ae = one ; fald, fauM
= fold.] (Scotch.)
1. Honest, upright, without duplicity.
"... to gif his hienes a trewe and o/a7-(7 counsell
in all maters concerning his Maiestie and his Realme."
—Acts Ja. IV. (1489), ch. 8. ed. 1566.
" That the said Williame sail tak awfall. trew, and
plane part with him and his foirsaidis in all and
sindre his and thair actionis, quarrellis, &.c."—Acts
Jos. VI. (1592), ed. 1814, p. 624.
"... sail tak a^auM, plajie and upricht pairt
with him . . ."—BondtoBothwellilh^l). [Keith: Hist.,
p. 381.)
2. Possessed of real unity.
" The afauM God in Trenytd."
Barbour, xx. 618, MS. (Jameson.)
'^' a'-fald-l;^, adv. [Afald, Aefauld, &c.I
Honestly, uprightly. (Scotch.)
"... to mak thame stand the mair a/aldZy at
thair opinloun." — BcllcTid., t. liv., p. 137.
* a-falle, pa. par. [Fall.] Fallen.
"At foot he come to one walle.
And some therof wes a-falle."
Of the Vox and of the WoJf. Relig. Antiq. ii, 2"3.
a-far', *a-far'ne, adv. & s, {a = on, of,
and far. Cf. ahed, asleep. Cognate words
are afaran, afearrian, afcorsian = to depart ;
afor = departed ; afeorrian, aferran — to re-
move ; and various others. [Far.]
A. As adverb :
I. Lit. : At a distance, remote in space.
(a) Generally followed by off, and sometimes
preceded by frovi.
" Bat Peter followed him afar off."— Matt. xxvi. 5B.
' ' The hallads of a people,
That like voices from afar off.
Call to lis to pause and listen,"
Longfellow: Hiawatha. (Introd.J
(h) Sometimes used absolutely, as in the
following example.
" Afar, the royal standard flies,
And romul it tmls, and Y>leeds, and dies
Our C<Lledoni;i's pride."
Scott : Marmion, vi. 33,
II. Figiirativcly :
1. Alienated in affection, estranged from ;
purposely keeping a ceremonious distance
from one.
" Though the Lord he high, yet hath he respect unto
the lowly: but the proud he knuweth afar ofll"—
Ps. cxxxviii, 6.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, W9lf, work, whd, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; » = e. ey — a=
afare— aSect
2. At a distance, in the sense of declining
to render aid.
+v"^^ atandestthou afar off, 0 Lord? whvhidest
thou thyself in times of trouble j "-/'rx. 1
3. Outside the pale ; not with privileges like
those of a favoured religious or civil organisa-
" And came ajid preached peace to you which were
afar o^ fineaning Jo the Ephesiaii Geutilest an^to
them that were ingh [the Jews]."— ^pAeg. ii. 17.
"For the promise is unto you, and to your children,
and to all that are afar Q'ii."—Act& ii. 39.
H Afo/r is now little used, except in poetry.
B. 7)1 ft 'kind of siibstantival use: A dis-
tance, preceded by /rom.
a-fa're.
[Affair.]
''a-fame, v.i. [A.S. afaran ^
pai-t.] To go.
to go, to de-
'• Al thay wold wiht hym afarne."
Guy of Warwicke. Aliddlehia MS. (nalliwell.)
* ar-f ate'-meilt, s. [Affaitem, y,] Behaviour,
good conduct, good manners.
" Theo thridde him taughte to playe at bal ;
Theo feorthe afatemant in halle.
Kyny AlUaunder, 661.
a'-fauld, tt. [Afald.] (Scotch.)
'^a-fau'n9e, a. [Affiance.]
*a-fayre, v.i. [A.S. a intensive, and feallan
= tofalldDwn(?).] To fall.
" Two hundred knyghts take
The Lerons boldely to assayle,
Loke youre hertys not a-fayle."
M.S. Cantab. (ffaUiwell.)
*a-fa'ynd, v.t. [A.S. afandian = to prove, to
make trial.] To attempt. (Scotch.)
" Warly thai raid, and held thar horse in aynd,
For thai trowide weyll Sotherou wuld afayiid
With haiU power at anys ou them to sett.
But Wallace kest thair power for to lett."
Wallace, 874, MSS., Perth ed. {Jamicson.)
t Altered to Offend in the edition of liJ4S.
* a-f ay'-ting, adv. [A = on, and A.N. fatten
= to beg. J A-begging.
"And gooth afaytyng with here fauntes."
P. Plowman (ed. Skciit), c. x. 170.
*a-fear'. *a-fere'» *a-ferr'e, af-fear',
v.t. [A.S. af(kraii = to 'frighten, to'astonisli,
pa. par. a/c*ef?.] [Affright.] To make afraid,
to frighten, to terrify.
"Ye have witli you good engynes,
Swilke Icnowe but few Sarezyuea ;
A mangenel thou doo arere.
And aoo thou achult heve wel a fere."
Richard Cceur da Leon, 4,104.
H This word still exists among the un-
educated.
* a-feared', * a-fer'-id, * a-feard; ^ a-
fered', * a~ferd; * a-fert', ^ a-fere',
*a-ferr'e, ^af- feared'. *af-*feard',
* ^f-fer'-dede, pa. par. [Afear.]
" Clo, Art thou a/eared/
Gui. Tliose that I reverence, those I fear."
ShaJccsp. : Cymbcliiie, iv, 2,
"A flake of fire that flashing on his beard,
Him all amazed, and almost made him afeard."
Speiiser : /'. Q., I. xi. 20.
up,
*a-fede', v.t. [A.H. afcikm = to brin,
to feed.] To feed. (CMuccr.)
* a-fefe', v.t. [Eng. a ; Jief] To give a fief to.
" Thei lete make a guode abhey,
And well yt afefed tho."
Amis and Amiloun, 2,486.
* a-feld', adv. [Afield.]
* a-feld', pa. ^rt/-. [Afelle.]
*ar-feire. v.f. [A.S. a/i/ZZcm = to fell, to strike
down, to overturn, condemn, destroy.] To
fell, to cut down, to destroy.
" The kyng dxide onon affeUe
Many thouaande okes Ich telle."
Kyny AlUaunder, 5,240.
* a-fen'9e, *-. [Offence.]
* a-fend', v. t. [Offend. ]
*a-fen'ge, v.t. [A.S. a/e;!(7 = received.] To
receive.
" Seint Martha quod wa«.
As ye hereth of telle.
Hy a/enge oure Lord in here lious,
As it seith in the Gospelle."
MS., THn. Col.. Oxf., 67. {Halliwell.)
* a-fe-or'me, v.t. [A.N.] [in Fr. affermlr -
to establish ; to confirm.] To confirm.
" Have who so the maifitry may
Afeormed faste ia ther deray."
Kyng Alimunder, 7,356,
■* a-fe-or'med, pa. 'par. [Afeobme.]
* a-ferd', pa. par. [Afeared.]
*aHfere (l), v.t. [Afear, Afeared.]
*9r-fere' (2), v.i. [A.N.] To be busied, engaged.
" And hoteth him eende, fer and nere.
To his justices lettres hard,
That the contrais beo afeird
To fniHche the gadelyng, and to bete.
And none of heom ou lyve lete."
Kyng Alisaunder, 7,S13.
*^ a-fer'-id, * a-ferr'e, * a-fert', pa. par.
[Afeared.]
" a^fet'-id, a. [A. N. ] Shaped.
". . . and wel a-fetid is whanne the hed [of a
deerj is wel woxen by ordynaunce after the height
and the schap, whan the lyndes be wel growe yn tlie
beem by good mesuxe. '—MS. Bodl. {ffatliwell. )
aff, a^lv. &prep. [Off.] Off. (Scotch.)
v-l',?,' ■'^"' ^^ could hae hauden aff the smugglers a
bit! ~&ir Walter Scott : Guy Manner in g, ch. xi.
af'-fa, 5. [A West African word.] A weight
in use on the Gold Coast, and consisting of
two eggehas. It is about equal to an ounce.
aflf-ar-bil'-i-ty, s. [in Fr. affabiliti; Ifal.
offaUlitate, affaUlitd, affabilitade, from Lat
affabilitas.] The quality of being affable;
courtesy of manners, encouraging strangers or
inferiors to approach and converse with one.
,.','• • i ,envy wjia disarmed by the blandnesa of
Albemarle 8 temper and by the affahilUy of his de-
portment. —Macaulay: Hi&t. Eng., th. xxiii.
aff'-a^ble, a. [Tn Fr. affable; Ital. affuhik :
from Lat. affabilU = affable ; affari = to spoak
1. Of a person's ma an CIS, or of hi 'II. ■^i If: Cour-
teous, so as to invite strangers or inferiors to
approach and converse with one.
'/: ■ ■ li's manners polite and ojfaiie."—^U-acaM?av ■
Jiist. Eng., ch. ij. ''
" An affable and courteous gentleman "
Sliakesp. .- Taming of (he Shrew, i. 2.
* «[ Milton applies it to condescension.
"Sent from whose sovereign goodness I adore.
trentle to me and affable b;ith been
Thy condescenBion, and shall be honoiir'd ever "
Milton: P. L.,\)^. viii.
2. Of a countenance : With a soft and gentle
expression, so as to encourage api.roach and
conversation, as opposed to Forbidding (q. v.).
^ff'-a-ble-ness,
Affability.
aff'-a-blSr, adv. [Affable.] In an aflable
manner.
"* af~fa'-brous. a. [Lat. o/a&/-e = ingeniou.-,ly
skilfully : ad = to. and fahre = in a workman-
like manner; faber = a workman.] Made in
a workmanlike manner; skilfully or in<^eni-
ously manufactured. °
* aflf-ab-u-la'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to, or for,
and fabuhitio = discourse ; fabula — a storv 1
The moral of a fable. '
' af '-fa-dil, ^ ar-fa^dill. [Daffodil.]
* af-fai'e (pi. affaies), s. A burden. (Langtoft.)
af-faied', pa. par. [Afeared.] Afraid;
[Eng. affable; -ness.]
3. Colloquially (with a certain measure of con-
tempt): A thing not striking or remarkable.
" The Plata looks like a. noble estuary on the map,
but is in truth .i poor affair."— J)arwin : Voyage
round the World, ch. viii.
B. Plural : Concerns, circumstances, public
or private business.
"But that ye also may know ray affairs, and how I
do . . . " — Ephes. vi. 21.
" . . . he set S)ia(b-ach, Hfeshach, and Abednego
over the affairs of the province of Babylon." -Zta/z
ii. 49.
* af-fai'-ten, *a-fai'-ten, *a-fa'-ty, v.t.
[A.N. In Fr. affaiter (a term in falconry) =
to tame, to domesticate a bird of prey ; 0. Fr.
afaiter, afaitU'r:= to prepare, to dispose : akia
to affcder (Lilt re).]
1. To prepare, to make ready.
2. To instruct.
" He hadde a clergon yonge of age
>Vliom he hath in his crnimber affaitcd.
Oower, ed. 1632, f. 43.
3. To tame, to subdue, to bring under con-
trol, to conquer.
" It afaiteth the flesh
From folles ful manye."
Piers Ploughman, p. 291.
"As soon as somer come tn Yrland he gan weude
Vor to afaty that lond, and to wynne ech ende."
Jiob. Gloue., p, 179.
* af-fam'-ish, v.t. [Fi-. affamer; Ital. 'o/a-
nnare, from Lat. fames = hunger, famine.] To-
famish, to starve, to deprive of food.
"With light thereof I doe myself sustain,
And thereon feed ray low a'ffamislit hart."
Spenser: Sonn, 85.
^ af-fam'-ished, "^af-fS-xn'-isht, pa. pa?-. &.
a. [Affamish.] (See example under the
verb.)
* af-fam'-ish-mg, pr. par. & s. [Affamish.j
.4s $iih.^tantivc : The act of starving one, the
state of being .starved.
■'"Wliiifc can be more imjust than for a man to en-
tleavnui- tn raise himself by the affamishing of others ?
rieitlier can it serve his turn to say, by way of excuse,
that the multitude of buyers may be the cause of a
(ic.uth "—Bp. Hall: Cases of Conscience, Dec. 1, c. 5.
" af-fam'-itsh-ment, s. [Affamish.]
"[Clirist was] c;uTit;d into tho wilderness . .
for the affami.ih„u-nt uf hia body."— Ju. Hall. Con-
templution.s, bk. iv.
* af-fat'-u-ate, a. [Infatuate.] Infatuated.
(Milton.) To be busied, engaged.
"^ ^ff'-cast, s. [Scotch. aff= off ; Eng. & Scotch
cast.] One cast off or out, a castaway.
"... that he will thinke him to be a reprobate,
to be au nff-cast, and neuer able to recouer metcie "
Bruce: Serm. on tlie Sacr. (1530).
*aff"-c6me, s. [Scotch a/=off; Eng. &
Scotch C01IU.] (Scotch.)
Lit. : A come off, an escape, the issue of a
business.
"I hope we'll hae a gude
Cardinal Beaton, p. 156.
-Tennant .'
affrighted, affected. (Langtoft.)
■^ af-fain', v.t. [Old form of Feign (q.v ) ] To
feign. (Hall.)
'^ af-f^ined', pa. par. [Affain.]
af-fair; s. [Fr. affaire, s. ; 0. Fr. afaire, from
a = to, and /aire =to make or do ; Ital. affare
= affair, from fare = to do, to make or do ■
Lat. facere, Infin. of facio = to make.]
A. Singular :
I. Gen. : Any sort of business.
"iMur. Wehavelostbesthalf of ourfljfa,>."
Shakespeare : Macbeth, iii. 3,
" They knew that chiirch government was with him
merely an tr#air of State, and that, looking at it as an
affair of State . . . "-Macaulay : Bist. Eng , ch. xxi
"The courtship of butterflies is a prolonged affair "
—Darwin: Descent of Man, ch. xi. "./*""-.
II. Specially:
1. A dispute of a serious character with a
gentleman, as an a^oir of honour, that is a
dispi^te which a mistaken sense of honour
makes one think can be settled only by the
illogical and criminal expedient of a duel.
,. -• '\ P^^^^ engagement; a battle on a
limited scale.
*aflfe, V. [Have.]
" That mester affe to wynne theem mede."
Jiitson : Ancient Songs, L 47.
*af-fear' (1), v.t. (pa. par. "^ aff eared, &c.).
[A.S. afccran = to frighten.] [Afear.]
"* af-fear' (2), v.t. [Affeer, (i).]
^.af-feared', ^ af-feard', pa. par. [Affear.]-
*af-fec-ci-oun, a. [Affection.]
af-fect', v.t. [Lat. affccto, -avi = to strive
after, to pursue, to aim at, to feign (lit. = to-
pretend to) ; Ger. affeJctiren; Fr.affecter; Sp
ofectar; Port, affectar; Ital. affettare.]
%. To exert an influence upon, or produco-
an effect upon.
1. In a general sense (of persons or thini
"But,
result
ch, XV,
"But, tho^^gh the majority was diminished, the-
result was not a ffectcd."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
"... and the balance of raaritime iwwer would.
not be affected by an union between Spain and
Austria."— /fifri., ch. xxiii.
" The tides were very curiously affected."— Darwin ■
Voyage round tlie World, ch. xiv.
" Dem. Chiron, thy ears want wit. thy wit wants edge
Aud maimers to intrude where I am graced ■
And may, for aught thou knowVt, affected be."
SJiakesp. .■ Titus Andronicus, ii. 1.
2. Specially (of persons) :
(") To bring under the influence or> disease
or morbid influences.
bbll, b^j^; pdat, jtfrkrl; cat, 5eU. chorus. 9hin, bench; go, gem; tWn, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist ph = f
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion. -cloun = shun; -§ion, -tion = jOiun. -tious. -sious. -cious = shus. ' -ble. -aie. Jc. = bei; del. "
affect— affection
"The climate affected their health and spirits." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
" On the other hand, the laborious paxt of mankind
are much more rarely affected by this prolonged form
of phthisis."— C^c;. Pract. Med., iv, 279.
(&) To cause to feel emotion.
"Mine eye affecteth mine heaii; because of aU the
daxightera of my city." — Lam. iii. 51.
"... this old gentleman [Mr, Sagacity], aa he
told me the story, did himself seem to be greatly
o^ecied therewith." — Bunyan: Pilgrim's Pro(}r., pt. 2.
(c) To render well or ill disposed to.
"Buck. Well, then, no more but this: Go, gentle
Catesby,
And, aa it were far off, sound thou Lord Hastings,
How he doth stand affected to our pui-pose. "
S/ta/cesp. : King Richard III., iii. 1.
" But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the G-entiles,
and made their minds ei'il affected against the
brethien."— Jc(s xiv. 2.
T[ In these senses the part of the verlj which
generally occurs is the past participle.
H. To inspire with love ; to desire, to follow
after.
* 1. To inspire with love, to love.
(a) To inspire with love.
" Is thine own heart to thine o^vn face affected J "
Can thy right hand seize love upon thy left ? "
Sliakesp. : Venii^ and Adonis.
(b) To love, to like, to be fond of, to be
partial to.
" Go, let him have a table by himself ;
For lie does neither affect company.
Nor is he fit for it, indeed." •
Shcikesp. : Timon of Atftens, i. 2,
2. To desire, to pursue, to strive after, to
aim at, to endeavoui' after.
(a) With a person for the agent (used in the
foregoing senses) :
" And He, that we^rs the crown immortally,
Ijong guard it yours ! It I affect it more
Than as your honour, and -m your renown.
Let me no more from this obedience rise."
ShaTccsp. : King Henry IV., Part I!., iv. 4.
" For shame, be friends ; and join for that you jar.
'Tis policy snd stratagem must do
That you affect ; and so must you resolve."
Shakesp. : Titus Andronicus, ii. 1.
" Thy soldier, servant ; making peace or war,
Aa thou affect'st."
Shakesp. ; Antony and Cleopatra, i. 3.
(&) With a thing for the agent : To tend to,
to assume.
"The drops of every fluid affect a round figure, by
the mutual attraction of their parts ; as the globe of
the eaL-th and sea affects a round figure, by the mutual
attraction of its pai'ts by gravity." — Newton: Optics.
III. To feign, to pretend.
specially :
1. To pretend to feel as one does not really
feel ; to be what one is not ; or to be acting in
one way whilst really doing so in another.
" The old hypocrite had, it was said, while affecting
reverence and love for his master, given the fatal
signal to hia master's enemies." — Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. XX.
" The interlopers, therefore, determined to affect the
character of loyal men, who were determined to stand
by the throne against the insolent tribunes of the
City."— /6jd., ch. xviii.
"... those who affected to observe it made ficti-
tious conveyances to their kinsmen, who held the
land merely aa trustees, while the great majority set
the Jaw at open defiance."- iems,- Early Horn. Hist.,
ch. xiu.
2. To prefer or choose for the sake of
artifice.
"Great masters of our language, in their most
dignified compositions, affected to use French words,
when English words, quite as expressive and melo-
dious, were at hand," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
* af-fect', -^ af-fect'e, s. [In Ger. a-fekt, fr.
Lat. affecttis — (1) state or disposition of body
■or mind ; (2) love, desire, sympathy.]
t 1. A property of the mind ; an affection or
other emotion of the heart.
" It seemeth that as the feet have a syjupathy with
the head, so the wrists have a sympathy with the
heart ; we see the affects and passions of the heart, and
spirits are notably disclosed by the pulse." — Bacmi :
JVat. Hist., No. 97.
2. Quality or circumstance of anything.
" . . . of the influences of heaven, of heat, cold,
moisture, droU";ht, qualities active, passive, and the
like, have swaUowed up the true passages, and i^ro-
cesses, and affects, and consistencies of matter, and
natui-al bodies." — Jiaco7i : iVaL Hist., Cent. IX, § 835,
* af-fec'-tate, ' af-fec-ta'-ted, a. [Lat.
affectatus, pa. par. of affecto.] [See Affect.]
Marked by affectation, far-fetched.
"Aceersitum dictum.. An oration to much affectate,
or a'i we saie, to farre fet." — Elyot : Diet.
" A style or oration too much affected with strange
words ; a little curious or affectated ; witli too mucli
affectation or ciixiosity." — Barret.
af-fec-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. affectation ; Ital.
affettazione, fr. Lat. afectatio = an eager desire
for ; conceit. ]
1. Love of or to, fondness for, affection.
(a) With no culpability implied, hut the
reverse :
"There are even bonds of affectation, bonds of
mutual respect, and ^-eciprocal duties between man
and wiie."—Bp. Hall : Cases of Conscience.
(b) With some slight culpability implied:
" In things of their own nature indifferent, if either
councils or particular men have at any time, with
sound judgment, mLiIiked conformity between the
church of God and infidels ; the cauae thereof hath
been somewhat else than only affectation of dissimili-
tude."—//ooAer; Eccl. Pol., bk. IV., § 7.
2. An aiming at, a striving after.
" It was not any opposition to the law of Moses, nor
any danger threatened to the temple, but pretended
sedition and affectation of the crown objected, which
moved Pilate to condemn him," — Pearson: On the
Creed, Art. 4.
3. An attempt to appear to possess what
one really does not possess, or to be what one
is not ; pretence, show.
If It is sometimes followed by of, as " an
affectation of wit," " an affectation o/ virtue."
"Affectation, A curious desire of a thing which
nature has not given," — Rider,
" Romance ! disgusted with deceit.
Far from thy motley court I fly,
%Vliere Affectation holds her seat.
And sickly Sensibility."
Byron: Hours of Idleness : To Romance.
af-fect'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Affect.]
1. As past participle : With meanings corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
II. As adjective :
* 1. Beloved.
" . . . in all the desperate hours
Of his affected Hercules."
Chapman: Iliad, viii. 318,
2. Given to false show ; pretending to what
is not natural or real ; unnatural (applied to
persons).
" He is too picked, too spruce, too affected, too odd,
as it were." — Shak&ip. : Love's Labour's Lost, v. 1.
"... a most affected and iiedantic writer." —
Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
af-fect'-ed-ly, adv. [ ArFEarED. ] In an
affected manner.
1. Studiously, with laboured intention.
" . . . as if they were designed and affectedly
chosen for that purpose. " — //. More: Decay of Piety.
" Nothing in beauty, in habit, in action, in motion,
can please, that is affectedly laboured and over-
adorned." — Sprat: Sermon b^ore the King.
2. In an affected manner ; stifBy, un-
naturally.
"Perhaps they are affectedly ignorant; they are so
willtno: it should be true that they have not attempted
to examine it."— Oovernment of the Tongue, § 5.
"Some have indeed been so affectedly vain jis to
counterfeit immortality." — Browne : Vulgar Errours,
vii. 10.
af-fect'-ed-ness, s. [Affected. ] Affecta-
tion. (Johnson : Diet.)
af-fect'-er, af-fect'-6r, s. [Affect.]
1. One who affects or produces an effect on
any person or thing.
"I beheld your danger like a lover,
A just affecter of thy faith."
Beaumont & Pletchcr: Bonduca, iii. 2.
2. One who pretends to anything, or who
practises affectation.
"Tlie Jesuits, affectors of superiority, and disgracers
of all that refuse to depend upon them." — Sir E.
Sandys: State of Religioji.
■*^" af-fec'-te-ous-ly, o.dv. [Affectuously. ]
af-fec-ti-bil'-i-ty, s. [Affectible.] Capa-
bility of being affected.
af-fec'-ti-ble, a. [Affect. ] Able to be
affected j that may be affected.
af-fect'-ing, p\ par. & a. [Affect, v.}
1. As present participle: "With meanings
corresiionding to those of the verb.
2. As adjective: Touching, moving; fitted
to excite emotion.
"... the most affecting eloquence."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv.
^ In the same sense as affected.
"These antick, lisping, affecting phantasies, these
new tuners of accents."— iSftaAesp, .■ Rom. & Jul., ii. 4.
af-fect-ing-ly, adv. [Affecting.] In an
affecting manner ; in a way fitted to excite the
emotions. (Todd's Johnson.)
af-fec'-tion. * af fec-ti-oun, «af-fec-
ci-oun (0. Eng. & Scotch), s. [In Fr. affec-
tio>i; Ital. affezione; Lat. affectio, fr. affec-
tvm, supine of afficio = to do something to
affect the mind or body : ad = to, and facio
= to make or do.]
A. Ordinary Language :
L The state of being affected.
1. Syinpathy of one part of the bodily
frame with another. (Shafcesp. : Merchant of
Venice, iv. 1.)
2. State of the mind in general.
"... there grows
In my most ill-composed affection, such
A stanchless avarice that, were I king,"
I should cut off the nobles for their lands."
Sfiakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
3. An emotion of whatever eharacter.
"Affections, as joy, grief, fear, and anger, with sudh
like, being, as it were, the sundry fashions and forms
of appetite, can neither rise at the sight of a thing in-
different, nor yet choose but rise at the sight of some
things," — Hooker: Eccl. Polity, bk. i.
4. Spec. : A drawing of the mind towards
any person or thing, and which does not
depart even when that person or thing is
absent. It is intermediate hetween disposition,
in which there is only a more or less latent
tendency, and passion, in which there is ex-
citement aroused, especially by the presence
of its object. It is chiefly used of x^arental,
filial, or conjugal love, as that mutually
existing between a lover and his mistress ;
but it may be also employed of love for one's
country, for a party or principle, or anything
capable of exciting regard.
H It is followed by to, towards, for, upon,
or on.
" My king is tangled in affection to
A creature of the queen's, Lady Anne Bullen."
Shakesp. : Henry VIII., iii. 2.
" For ... a grateful affection such as the restored
Jews had felt for the heathen Cjtus." — Macaulay:
Hist, Eng., ch. xvL
" I have reason to distrust mine own judgment ; as
that which may he overborne by my zeal and affection
to this cause." — Bacon.
" Nor while on Ellen's faltering tongue
Her filial welcomes crowded hung.
Marked she, that fear {affection's proof).
Still held a graceful youth aloof,
Scott : Lady of the Lake, it 22.
" Thyn is affeceioun of holynesse,
And myn is love, as of a creature."
CJiaucer: C. T., 1160-61.
1" It is sometimes used in the plural. In
a good sense—
"All his affections are set on his own country."—
3facaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
Or in a bad sense.
" And they that are Christ's have crucified the
flesh with the affections [margin, passions] and lusts."
—Galatians v. 24.
II. A person or thing affected, or constitut-
ing an object of love or other passion.
Specially :
* (0. Scotch) : Relationship, affinity, consan-
guinity.
"That iia persone offerit to pass vponn ajsyasis salbe
repellit quhan thai attene to the partie aduersar in
the lyke, or nerrar greia of that same sort of affec-
tioune."—A.cts James VI. (1567), (ed. 1814), p. 44.
C Abnormally:
1. Affectation.
"There was nothing in it that could indict the
author of affection." — Shakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
2. A motion or utterance.
" Every a/(;c(i!o« of theirs was an or!i.cie."—A7idrewes :
Sermons, v. 67.
C. Technically :
1. Med. : A disease or a morbid symptom
affecting the body.
"Local palsy seated m either extremity is mostly
as all the other forms of local p.alsy. found as the first
2. Mental Phil, and Ethics : The same as
A , I. 4 (q.v.).
3. Painting: Passion represented on the
canvas in a lively manner.
' 'Affection is the lively representment of any passion
whatsoever ; as if the figures stood not upon a cloth or
board, but as if they were acting upon a stage."—
Wotton: Architecture.
4. Math, and Nat. Phil. : An essential
attribute, quality, or property of a number,
quantity, magnitude, body, or anything.
' ' The certainty and accurateness which is attributed
to what mathematicians deliver, must be restrained
to what they teach concerning those purely mathema-
tical disciplines, arithmetick and geometry ; where the
affections ol quantity are abstractedly considered."—
Boyle.
" The mouth being necessary to conduct the voice to
the shape ot its cavity, necessarily gives the voice
some particular affection of sound in its passage before
It comes to the lipa."— Holder : Elements of Speech.
t af-fec'-tion, v.t. [From the substantive.]
Vulgar: To show affection to, to love.
" Eaa. But can you affection the 'oman?"
Shakesp. : Merry Wives, L 1.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore^ wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Sjhrlan. £e, oe — e. ey = a. q.u = kw.
aflfectionate— affiance
91
[la Ital. affezzionato.]
laf-fec'-tion-ate,
A. Of persons :
1. Of a loving disposition, tending to love,
amorous.
"Frugal, affectionate, sober, and withal
Keenly industrious. "
Woj'dswortk : Excursion, bk. i.
"From his epistles it appears that St. Paul was a
man of warm feelings and of affectionate disposition,"
— Duke of Somerset: Christian Tkeologij.
2. Inspired with, intense and loving venera-
tion for.
"Man, in his love to God and desire to please Him,
can never be too affectionate "Sprat.
+ 3. Strongly in favour of. (Followed by to.)
" As for the Parliament, it presently took fire ; being
affectionatu ot old to the war of France." — Bacon:
Henri/ ^i^-
*4. Affected.
* 5. Angry, iiujietuous.
B. , Of things : Indicating or expressing love .
" . . . in his speech, assursd them in gracious and
affectionate lunsuage . . ."—Macaulay.-ilist.Eri'/.,
Cll. XX.KV.
■" af-fec'-tion-ate^ v.t. [From the adjective.]
To inspire with love to ; to dispose or incline
to. (Generally in passive voice, and specially
in past participle.)
"Be kindly affectionated one to another." — A'aw
Testament, Cambridge (1683),
* af-fec'-tion-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Affec-
tionate, v.]
* af-fec'-tion-ate-ly, adv. [ArFEcrioKATE.]
In ail affectionate manner.
af-fec'-tioxi-ate-ness, s. [Affectionate. ]
" The quality of being affectionate ; fondness,
affection.
" They [the letters of Cowper] unite the playfulness
of a child, the affectionateiiess of a woman, and the
strong sense of a man. "— yitarteW» lieoiew. No. 5a,
p. 135.
g.f-fec-tioned, a.
1. Disposed. (Generally in composition.)
"Be kindly affectionetl one tu another."— ^o?n.
xiL 10.
* 2. Imbued with affectation.
"An affect loiird ass, that cons state without book,
and utters it by great awatha." — Shahesp. : Twelfth
Nijkt, ii. 3.
t af-fec'-tious, a. [Affect.] Affectionate.
" Kisse of true kindness and affcctious love."
Tragedy of Nero (1607).
af-fec'-tious-ly, adv. [Affectious.] In an
affecting manner ; so as to produce an effect.
(Johnson : Did.)
t af-fec'-tive, u. [In Fr. ofeetif] Fitted to
affect, moving,
(a) Of persons :
"He was an instructive and grave preacher; more
instructive than affective."— Burnet : llist. of his Own
Times (1G86).
Q)) Of things :
"Pain is so uneasy a sentiment, that very little of it
is enough to corrupt every enjoyment ; and the effect
God intends this variety of ungrateful and affective
sentiments should have on us. is to reclaim oui' affec-
tions from this valley of tears." — Rogers.
*af-fec'-tive--ly, t'l/v. [Affective.] In such
a way as to affect. {Todd : Johnson's Diet.)
af-fect'-or.
[Affecter.]
* af-fec'-tu-al, a. [Effectual.]
af-fec'-tu-al-ly, adv. [Affect. ] Passion-
ately.
"... concerning yo^' f.ivo'^' which I most affec-
tuallij coveyte." — Cott. M.SS.
af-fec-tu-6s-i-ty, s. [Low Lat. nffectmsiftts,
fr. Cla.ss. Lat. affectuosus=~fnM of inclination
or love,] The quality of being full of love
or other passion; passionateness. (Johnson:
Diet.)
* af-fec'-tu-ous, o. [In Ital. affcttuoso; Lat.
affectuosus — f nil of love; from aptJn,-< = {\)
state or disposition of body or mind, (2) syni-
patliy, love. ] Affectionate. (Scotch. )
"We aucht to lufe our self and sa our nichtbour
with ane affectiious and trew lufe iiufeyuitlj'. '—
Arcfi^p. Hamilton : Catech (1551),
^ af-fec'-tu-oiis-ly, ^ af-fec'-te-oiis-ly,
adv. [Affectuous.]
1, Affectionately.
" I have sought hym dewirnu^Iv,
I have sought hym afferf/ioiul'/."
Jieli:/ A:t(iq.. ii. Ihl.
"After hys death his life n^ain was daily wished
and cyftfcieiKtaZ^ emung hia subjectea desyred." — nail:
£dwardlV., f. 61.
2. Passionately.
" To locke up the gates of true knowledge from them
that affectuous!// seTteth it tu the glory of God, is a
property belongynge onlye to the hypocritiah Pharisees
and ftje lawyers,' — Leiand : JS'ew year's Gift.
* af-fee'-ble, v.t. [Fr. affaiblir, affoiblir.] To
enfeeble
"... the affeebl ed memhQTa." — Harrison: Descrip.
of Eng. , p. 214.
t af-feer' (1), *af-fear', v.t. [O. Fr. a/eitrer
= to tix a price otticially; Low Lat. aforo:
ad = to, and forum, forus = price (Skeat).^
Old Law : To confirm.
" Goodness dares not check tbee 1 wear thou thy
wrongs,
The title is affeered /—Fare thee well, lord :
I would not be the villain that thou think'at."
Shahesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
t af-feer' (2), v.t. [Afferor.]
Law : To reduce a vague and excessive
penalty to one that is fixed and moderate.
(Huloet. )
f af-feered' (1 & 2), pa. par. [Affeer (i & 2).]
af-feer'-er, s. [Affeer (2).] One who affeers,
' that is, reduces a vague and excessive penalty
to one moderate and certain.
af-feer'-ing (1 & 2), pr. par. [Affcer (i & ■2).]
af-feer'-ment, s. [Affeer (2).] The act or
process uf affeering, or reducing a vague ami
excessive penalty to one that is fixud and
moderate.
af-feer'-6r, o. [Afferor,]
"af-fend'e, v.t. [Offend.]
af -fer-aunt, pr. par, [Affere (2), v.] Be-
lonjiing to, attaching to ; forming a distin-
guisliing mark or characteristic of.
af-fer'-dede, pa. par. [Afeabed.]
' af-fere' (1), v.t. [Afear,]
*af-fere' (2), v.i. [A.N. offerer = to belong.]
To belong to, to pertain to, to be a distin-
guishing mark or characteristic of.
" He was then buryed at Winchester in royall wise,
As to Buche a prmce of reason should affere."
Uardyng. Chron., p, 106,
*af-fere' (Sftgr), af-fer'. a-feir'. ef-feir ,
ef-fcre' (all Scotch). [Affair.]
1. Business affairs, (Scotch.)
" Quhen the king had left the aperiug,
Hya charge to the gud king tauld he
And he said be wad biythly se
Hya brothyr, and se the affcr
On that cuntrt^. and of thar wer."
Barbour, xvi, 27, J/-S. [Jamieson.)
2. Warlike preimration, equipment for war.
(Scotch.)
"Brll Patrik, with xx. thousand, but lett
Be for Dunbar a stalwart sage lie sett
The told Wallace off Patrikia gret affer."
Wallace, viii. 166, MS. [Javiieson.)
3. Appearance, show. (Scotch.)
" But off thair noble gret afffr
Thair service, na tliair realty
Ye sail her na thing now for me."
Barbour, ii, 182, MH. IJajnieson.)
i. Countenance, demeanour, deportment.
(Bng. £ Scotch.)
" That fre answered with fayr afeir
And said, ' Schir, mercJe for your mycht.
Thus man I bow and arrowis bear."
Muming Maiden. (MaitlaTtd Pogins, p. 207.) ]
af '-fer-ent, <■'. [Lat. offerens, pr. par. of affero
= to bear or carry ; ad = to, and fero = tu
bear. ]
Phys. : Bringing to, conducting to, as
opposed to e/erc;(? = bearing or conducting
away from. [Efferent.]
"... these vessels being styled afferent as they
enter the gland, and efferent as they leave it."~Todd
& Bonmiaii : I'kystol. Anat., ii. 274.
"The terms efferent and afferent are only so far
applicable to certain nerves, as they refer to the direc-
tion in which such nervea appear to propagate the
change produced in them, or to the position at which
the effects of the stimulation Income manifest that
direction having reference to the point at which the
stimulus is designed to act." — Ibid., p. 231.
"Of these fibres, some are afferent, or incident
others efferent, or reflex; and these two kinds have an
immediate but imknown relation to each other, ao
that each afferent nerve has its proper efTerent one
the former being excilor and the latter motor."—
Ibid., pp. ^22-0.
* af-fe'ris, af-fe'irs, impersonal v.i. [O. Fr.
affkrt, impers. v. = belongs to, from la.t.affert,
3rd sing, pres, ind. of aff'ero — to bring to : ad
= to, and fero = to bring.] (Scotch.)
1, Becomes, belongs to, is proper or ex-
pedient.
"I sail als frely in allithing
Hald it, as it afferis to king."
Barbour,!. 162, MS. {Jamieson.)
2. Is proportionate, corresponds.
"... great sums affeiring to their condition and
rank, and quality of their crimes. ' — .ilc( Council
(1683). ( Wodrow, ii. 3,181.)
*af-ferm', v-t. [Affirm.]
^ af-f erm'-id, pa. par. [Affirmed.]
af-fer'-6r, af-feer- or, s [From A.N.
affeurer=io tax, assess, moderate.] [Affeer.]
Law : One appointed in court leets, and
sometimes elsewhere, to act with others in
deciding upon oath what amount of penalty
should be inflicted on any one who has com-
mitted an offencfc! to which no precise punish-
ment is attached, but the amount of wJiich is
Ifft tu be SL'ttlcd when all the circumstances
are taken into account.
* af-fe'se, v.t. [Deriv. uncertain, Halliwell
believes that it has no affinity tu A,8. 2^^t^-sian
= to drive away, or to pheeze, with which
Richardson cnnneets it. He thinks it is from
Old Eng, fcsijnc — to make afraid. Used in
Prompt. Pan-., p. 15S.] To frighten,
"She for a while was well sore affesed."
Browne : Shepherd's Pijie, eel, L
"^ af-fesed', po- par. [Affese.]
af-fe-tu-d'-s6, odv. [In Ital. an adj., not an
" adv. = affectionate, obliging, kind : fr. affctto
= iove, affcct.'on.]
Music : In a smooth, tender, affecting
manner, and hence to be performed slowly
rather than quick. It is much the same as
con affetto.
tafi'-gate, s. [Scotch o/— off; ga(e = manner.]
A mode of disposing of, (Used specially of
merchandise.) (Scotch.) (Jamieson : Diet.
Suppl.)
tafif-hand (either as one woi'd, affluxiid ; or
as a cnnipound, aff-hand), adv. it a. Offhand.
" Wert my case, yet clear it up aff-hand."
Jiamsay : J'oems, ii. 154.
t aff-hands. s. Off-^hands, hands off.
"... but aff-hands is fair play "—Scott: Old Mor-
tality, ch, tv.
af-fi-an9e, ^af-fy'-aun9e, s, [Nnrm.-Fr.
a^tautice = L'onfidence ; Ital. fidanza, fidenza=
confidence ; Sp.^cc7t2a=bail, surety ; Low Lat.
Jidantia, fr. Lat. ^d«s = faith.] [See the verb.]
1. A contract of marriage, betrothal ; the
solemn pledging of faith to marry a certain
person, or give a certain person in marriage,
" At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
That I that lady to my spouse had won ;
Accord of friends, consent of parents sought,
Affyaunce made, my happiness begun."
Spenser : F. Q., II. iv. 21.
"In many countries it is necessary to tarry long in
the vestibule of the temple before advancing to the
altar under the title ol affiance&."—Bowring : Ben-
tham's WorTcs, 1 857.
2. Affinity, connection.
"... religion and superstition have more affi-
ance, though the one be light and the other darkness,
than superstition aud profaneness, which are both
vicious extremities." — Jlooker: Eccl. Pol., v., §65.
3. Implicit, or at least strong, trust in man
or in God.
"Ah ! what's more dangerous than this fond affiance f
Seems he a dove? his feathers are but borrowed."
Shakesp. : Senry VI., Part II., iiL L
"There can be no surer way to success, than by dis-
claiming all confidence in ourselves, and referring the
events of things to God with an implicit affiance."—
Atterbury : Sermons.
af-fi'-an9e, vJ. [From the substantive (q.v.).
Fr. fianc€r = to betroth; Sp, oJianzar = to
bail, to fix with ropes; Ital, Jidan::are = to
caution, to guarantee, to betroth : from Lat
fdcs = faith, trust.] [Affy, Affidavit.]
1. To betroth one in marriage; solemnly and
ceremoniously to promise one in marriage.
"Halifax's only son had been ajfianced to the Lady
Mary Finch, Nottingham's daughter,"— J/acauiaw •
ffist. Eng., ch, xsi.
2. To inspire with confidence.
" Doubt you the goda ? Lo ! Pallas' self descends.
Inspires thy counsels, and thy toils attends-
lu me affia.nc'd, fortify thy breast."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xx., S7— 55.
" Pay due devotions to the martial maid.
Aiid rest, affianc'd in her guardian aid."
Ibid., iv. 991-2.
"Stranger (replied the prince), securely rest,
Jfflano'd in our faith ; henceforth our guest"
Ibid., XV. 304-5.
b6il, b6^; poiit, j<S^l; cat, 9011, chorus. 9liin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist,
-tion. -sion. -tioun, -cioun = shiin ; -§ion. -tiou = zhun. -tious. -sious. -cious = shiis. -ble = bgl ; ^e - dei.
ing.
92
aflQ.anced— affirm
Bl~fi'-a,n^edf pa. par. & a. [Affia>-ce, v.]
As adjective:
" It IB Baptiste, and his q^nced maiden."
Longfellow: Blind Girl of Caitcl-Cuiii.
af-fi'-an-9er, s. [Affiance.] One who affi-
ances ; one who makes a contract of mamage
between two people.
af-fi'-an-^Jng, pr. par. [Affiance, v.]
*af-fi9li'e, v,t. [O. Fr. aficJier, from Lat.;5^o
= to fix.] [Affix.] To fix, to settle.
" Of that they sen a womman riche
Ther wol they alle here love afflcke."
(VoK'iT J/S. (HalUwell.)
+ af-f i-da'-tion, s. [Law Lat. affido = to
pledge one's faith.] [Affidavit.] A con-
tract of mutual fidelity.
af-f i-da'-vit, s. [Law Lat., third pery. sing.
pret. indie, of affido, I'ret. affi.davL = to plight
one's faitli ; Class. Lat. ad = to, and Jido ~ to
trust ; fides = trust, faith.]
Law : Properly a voluntary affirmation or
solemn declaration sworn to before a person
at liberty to administer an oath. The affi-
davit must give the name and address of the
person stating the facts within his own
cognisance, and the exact sources from which
other facts are drawn. If lawyers present
affidavits loosely drawn up, their expenses are
disallowed when costs are taxed. [Motion.]
" . . . an affidavit (the perfect tense of the verb
aMOo) being a voluntary oath before some judge or
Officer of the court, to evince the truth of certain facts,
upon which the motion is grounded ; though no such
ai^davit la necessary for payment of money into
court." — Slackstone : Comment., bk. iii,, ch. xx.
" Count Rechteren should have made affidavit that
h:s cervauts had been affronted ; and then Monsieur
Mesnager would have done him justice."— Speed ato?-,
No. 481.
■" Affidav-it Office in Chancery : An office for
the reception and custody of affidavits. It
was abolished by 15 & 16 Vict., c. 87, ss. 27 &
29, and its functions transferred to the Clerks
of Records and Writs.
* af-f ie', v.t. [Affy.]
* af-fied', pa. par. & a, [Affy.]
* af-f lie, *a-file, v.t. [Fr. affihr; Ital.
hffilarc = to sharpen ; Sp. ajilar : fr. Fr. fit =
an edge ; Lat. fihi'm = a thread.] To rub, to
polish. {Lit. &fig.)
" For when he hath his tonge afiled
With soft speche and with lesynge."
Gower : Conf. Atnaiit., bk. i.
* af-fil'-i-a-We, a. [Affiliate.] That may
be affiliated; chargeable as a result. (With
on or upon.)
" AJ/iliable upon the force which the sun radiates,"
— Berbert Spencer: First Principles, ch. xvii,
af-fil'-i-ate, v.t. [Fr. affilier, fr. Lat. ad =
to, and filius = a son.]
1. To adopt into one's family as a son or
daughter.
2. To attempt legally to fix the paternity of
an illegitimate child on one.
". . . hence there would be no medical ground
for affiliating the child to one luau rather than the
other." — Taylor : Med. Juris., ch. Ixix.
3. To adopt as a member of a political or
other society ; or to adopt a society as a
branch of a larger and more extensive one
with the same aim.
" Affiliated in every garrison with the Jacobin club."
— Rgde: Lamartine' s (i-lrondists, bk. i,, § 19.
4. To attribute lo.
"Upon bun, in general, all rites fmd ceremonies of
unknown antiquity were affiliated."— Lewis : Cred.
Earlg Rom. Hist., en. xi., pt. i., § 13.
af-fil'-i-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Affiliate.]
af-fil'-i-a-tiug, -pr. par. & a. [Affiliate.]
af-fil-i-a'-tion, s. [Ft. affiliation, from Low
Lat. affiliatio, from Lat. ad=to ; filius=a son,]
1. Adoption of a child into a family.
2. Law: Legal assignment of an illegitimate
child to the real or reputed father.
"Questions of paternity are involved in those re-
lating to affiliation." — Taylor : Med. Juris. , ch. Ixix.
Affiliation order : An order from a court of
law designed for this purjiose,
3. The initiation of one into a political or
other society ; also the adoption of a smaller
society by a larger and more powerful one
having the same aim.
* af-f in'-age, s. [Ft. affinage.] The refining
uf niL'tals. (Skinner: Diet.)
* af-fl'ne, s. [Lat. affinis, s. = a relative ; adj.
= (l)at the border (ari^Jicm); hence, border-
ing, (2) connected with.] A relative.
.as affines and alyes to the holy orders."
Hall: Ucnry IV/., f. 50.
af-fi'ne (1), v.t. [From Affine, s. (q.v.)] To
' join in affinity.
"... Now, sir, he judge yourself,
Whether I in any just term am affin'd
To love the Moor.' Shakesp. : Othello, i. 1.
" If iiartially oMn'd, or leagued in office.
Thou dost deliver more or less than truth,
Thou art no soldier." Ibid., li. 3.
"* af-f i'ne (2), v.t. [Fr. affiner.] ' To refine.
(.S/jniuer ; Diet.)
^ af-f ined' (1 & 2), pa. par. [Affine (1 & 2).]
* af-f in'-ing (1 & 2), pr. par. [Affine, -u.
(1&2).]
af-fin'-i-ta-tive-ly, adv. [Affinity.] By
means of affinity.
af-f in'-i-ty, s. [In Ger. affinitdt ; Fr.
' affinitc ; Ital. affinila, fr. Lat. affiiiitas = (l)
neighbourhood, (2) relationship by marriage,
(3) union, connection.]
L Ordinary Language &, Law :
1. Lit. : The relationship contracted by
marriage between a husband and his wife's
kindred, or between a wife and her husband's
kindred. It is opposed to consanguinity, or
natural relationship by blood. It is of three
kinds : (1) direct, viz. , that subsisting between
a husband and his wife's blood relations, and
vice versa; (2) secondary, or that which sub-
sists between a husband and liis wife's rela-
tions by maiTiage ; and (3) collateral, or that
which subsists between a husband and the
relations of his wife's relations.
1[ The word affinity in this, as other mean-
ings, may be followed by with, to. or hetween.
"And Solomon made q^miy with Pharaoh king of
Egypt, and took Pharaoh a daughter, and brought her
into the city of David," — 1 Kings iii. 1.
"... The Moor replies,
That he you hurt is of great fame in Cyprus."
And great affinity."— Shakesp. : Othello, iii. 1.
"He would doubtless gladly have avoided the
scandal which must be the effect of a mortal quarrel
hetween persons bomid together by the closest ties of
consanguinity and canity." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. vii.
2. Connections (not necessarily by 1.) ;
associates.
3. Fig. : The resemblance produced, more
or less remotely, by a common origin between
languages now in many respects distinct. Or
generally, the similarity between things whieli
essentially resemble each other.
■' There is a close affinity between imposture and
credulity." — Lewis: Influence of Authority, ch. iii.
II. Biol. Sing. & plur. : A resemblance, or
resemblances, on essential points of structure
between species, genera, orders, classes, &c.,
really akin to each other, and which should be
placed side by side in any natural system of
classification. To this Mr. Darwin would add
that the resemblances arise from the fact that
the species in which they occur were derived
at a more or less remote date from a common
ancestor. Affinity differs from analogy, the
latter term being applied to resemblances
between animals or plants not really akin, but
which ought to be more or less widely sepa-
rated in classifications. Thus the falcons, the
hawks, the eagles, &c. , are related to eacli
other by genuine affinity ; but the similarity
on certain points, such as the possession of
retractile claws, between the raptorial birds
and the feline race of mammals, is one only
of analogy.
" We can understand, on thgse views, the very im-
portant distinction between real affinities and ana-
logical or .adaptive resemblances." — Darwin: Origin of
Species, ch. xiii.
"... the nature of the (Affinities which connect
together whole groups of organisms. "~/6id., pt. i.,
ch. i.
III. Chemistry:
1. Chemical affinity, or chemical attrac-
tion, is the force by which union takes place
between two or more elements to form a
chemical compound. According to another
definition, it is a force exerted between two
or more bodies at an infinitely minute dis-
tance apart, by which they give rise to a new
sub.stance having different properties to those
of its component parts. Elements have the
greatest affinity for other elements which
differ most in their chemical properties.
Thus H has great affinity for CI and 0, but
the affinity between O and CI is much weaker.
Acids unite readily with alkalies, most metals
with sulphur. When two salts are mixed
together they are decomposed if an insoluble
substance can be fonned : thus AgNOs + NaCl
yields NaNOg and insoluble AgCI, and BaCl2
+ MgSOj yields MgClg and insoluble BaS04.
A strong acid generally expels a weaker one,
as H2SO4 expels HCl or COo, and COg precipi-
tates SiOo ; but when two salts are fused, if a
more volatile compound is fonned, it is driven
ofT, as when NH4CI is heated with dry CaCO^,
then (NH4)2C03 volatises. SiOs fused with
salts expels the strongest acids and forms
silicates. Iron filings heated to redness in a
tube decomposes the vapour of water, but Hg
passed over red-hot oxide of iron reduces it to
a metallic state. These reactions are due to
the diffusion of gases, the resulting gas being
diffused through the mass of vapour passing
through the tube. The relative affinities be-
tween different substances varies with their
temperature, insolubility, and power of vapo-
risation. The nascent state is favourable to
chemical combination : thus H and N unite
readily when organic matter containing K is
decomposed by heat or putrefaction, also H
with S. This is due to the bonds of the atoms
being liberated at the moment of decomposi- _
tion. Disposing affinity is the action of a
third body, which brings about the union of
two other bodies, as Ag + SiOg and alkali
forms a silicate of silver ; Pt is attacked by
fused KHO. Organic decompositions in the
presence of caustic alkali, or lime, are also
examples. Catalysis is the action of a body
to bring about a chemical reaction whilst the
body itself undergoes no perceptible change,
as Mn02 in the preparation of O from KCIO3.
Ceilain chemical compounds at high tempe-
ratures are dissociated from each other, as
NH4CI at high temperatures forms NH3 +
HCl. Chemical union is promoted by finely
dividing the substances ; thus finely-divided
metals, as iron or lead, take fire in the air,
uniting with O. Alteration of temperature
alters the affinity ; thus mercury heated to its
boiling-point absorbs oxygen, which it Hbe-
rates at a higher temperature ; also BaO ab-
sorbs O at a low heat, forming BaOg, and
gives it off at higher temperatures. Strong
bases generally replace weaker bases ; thus
alkalies precipitate oxides of iron, &c. (See
Watts' Diet, of Chemistry.)
"The affinity which held together the elements of
the organic substances is destroyed by the cause which
occasioned their death, and they are set free to obey
new affinities and form new compounds." — Todd &
Bouiman: Physiol. Anat., i. 12.
2. Affinity of solution is such an affinity as
exists between a soluble salt and the fluid in
which it is dissolved. Till the liquid is satu-
rated with the salt the two can combine in an
indefinite ratio, instead of being limited to the
fixed proportions in which alone chemical
affinity operates.
rV. Nat. Phil Current affinity : The force
of voltaic electricity.
"The comparison may he best instituted hetween
ner\'ous power and the force of voltaic electricity, or
current a^fflnity, as it has lately been called, which is
developed in the galvanic battery." — Todd & Boicman :
Physiol. Anat., i. 237.
* af-f'ire', adv. [Afire.]
af-firm', *af-ferme', v.t. & 1 [in Fr.
affirmer ; Sp'. afirmar ; Port, offirumr ; Ital.
afermare, affirmare, all fr. Lat. ciffirmo = (1) to
make steady, to corroborate. (2) to assert
positively : ad used intensively ; finno = to
strengthen!; firmus = firm.]
A. Treinsitivc :
1. Ordinary Language :
* 1. To strengthen, to confirm.
" The Pape set that tenne, for his hopyng was
The pes thei suld affernie, for dred of harder cas."
Jt. Brunnc, p. 316.
•[ See also B.
2. To assert positively, to allege confidently,
to aver. (Followed by the objective case or
by that, introducing the statement asserted.)
(a) In a general sense :
"... a mere speculative proposition which many-
members might be willing to affirm without scruti-
nising it seveTely."~Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xxv.
"And they said unto her. Thou art mad. But she
constantly affirmed that it was even so."— ^c(s xii. 15.
{h) Spec. {Scripture) : To teach dogmati-
cally, to preach.
"- . . these things I will that thou affirm con-
stantly. '—Titus iii. 8.
IL Technically :
law £ Ord. Lang. : To confirm the judg-
ment of a legal decision ; to ratify a law.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, re, ce = e. cy = a. qu = kw.
affirmable— aflaiction
93
B. Intransitive:
1. Ord. Lang. : To declare strongly or posi-
tively.
2. Law : To make a declaration solemnly
before a court of law, or before a magistrate,
with the object of confirming a fact ; or
to having an affirmation administered to
(one) by way of contirmation, or as a sub-
stitute for an oath ; as, The witness affirmed
to the fact ; or, He was affirmed to the fact.
OVebster.)
t af-firm'-a-'ble, «. [Affirm.] That may
be affirmed.
" Those attributes and conceptions that were applic-
able and afflrTnahle of him when present^ are now
affirmable and applicable to him though past." — Hale :
Origin of MankiTid.
* af-f irm'-a-bl^, cH?i'. [Affirmable,] In a
way capable of affimiation ; with certainty.
af-finxi'-an9e, * af-f irm -aun9e, .q. [Lat.
' affirmans^yr. par. of offinno.] [Affirm.]
1. Confirmation, ratification of a voidable
act.
" This statute did but restore an ancient statute,
which was itself also made but in afflrmance of the
common law." — Bacon.
+ 2. Affirmation, declaration.
"And e'en when sober truth prevails throughout.
They swear it, till afflrmance breeds a doubt."
Cowper: Conversation.
ai^firm'-ant, s, [Lat. affirmans.] [Affirm-
* ANCE.]
1. Gen. : One who makes an affirmation.
2. Spec-tally. Laiv : One who makes a
solemn declaration in lieu of an oath.
&f-f irm-a -tion, * af-f yrm-a'-^^-on, s.
[In Fr. affirmation ; Sp. afirmacxon ; Ital.
affermazione, all fr. Lat. affimiatio.'] [Affirm.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of affirming anything.
1. The act of bonftiining anything.
" Tlie learned in the laws of our land observe, that
our statutes sometimes jure only the affirmation or
ratification of that which by common Taw was held
before. " — Ilooh&r.
2. The act of asserting anything confidently.
" This gentleman vouches, upon wan-ant of bloody
aMrmation, his to be more virtuous and less attempt-
able than any of our ladies."— Shafteap.: Cymbeline,
L 1.
t IL The state of being affinned, confirmed,
or confidently asserted.
III. TliLi thing confirmed, the assertion con-
fidently made.
"... allowed the affirmation of a Quaker to he
received In criminal cases." — Macaulay : Iliit. Eng.,
ch. xxiii.
B, Technically :
1. Logic : The combination of the two terms
of a proposition so as to produce a statement
or judgment.
2. Law : The act of affirming in the sense
of solemnly declaring in a court of law that
certain testimony about to be given is true.
Also the statement made. First, the Quakers
and Moravians, who objected on conscien-
tious grounds to take oaths, were allowed to
make solemn affirmations instead ; now, every
one objecting to take an oath has the same
privilege ; but, as is just, false affirmations, no
less than false oaths, are liable to the penalties
of perjury.
af-firm'-at-ive, a. & s. [In Fr. affirmatif;
Sp. affinnativo ; Ital. affermativo, all from Lat.
affirmativus. ]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Confirmatory, imparting confirmation to.
2. Positive ; dogmatical in assertion.
"Be not confident and affirmative in an uncertain
matter ; but report things modestly and temperately,
according to the degree of that persuasion which is, or
ought to be. begotten by the efficacy of the authority
or the reason inducing thee." — Taylor.
3. Pertaining to that which asserts, as
opposed to denying a statement or proposi-
tion.
"... rather answers to objections than the ade-
quate materials of offirTnative conviction." — Gladstone :
Studies of Somer, i. 70.
IL Technically:
1. Logic (& Gram. . In the same sense as
A., I. 3.
* 2. Algebra : Positive, as opposed to nega-
tive; having the sign 33^145 + denoting addition,
as opposed to minuis — denotiJig subtraction.
" As in algebra, where affirmative quantities vauwh
or cease, there negative ones begin ; so in mechanicks,
where attraction ceases, there a repulsive vii-tue ought
to succeed." — Neaiton: Optica.
B. As substantive : That which affirms, as
opposed to that which denies.
TI Used with the definite article before it.
1. Lii a general sense :
"For the affirmative we are now to answer such
proofs of theii-s, as have been before alleged, " — Hooker.
" Whether there are such beings or not, 'tis suflQcient
for my purpose, that many have believed the affij-ma-
tiue." — Dryden.
■"The question is, of course, wholly distinct from
that higher one, whether there exiati a Creator and
Ruler of the universe ; and this has been answered in
the affirmative by the highest intellects that have
ever lived," — Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i.. ch, ii.
2. Specially. Parliamentary or otlier voting :
That side of a question voted on which
affirms, in opposition to that which denies.
"The 'WTiigs, who had a decided majority in the
Lower House, were all torVaQ affirmative.' — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
3. Logic : An affirmative pregnant is an
affirmative implying a negation.
af-f irm'-at-ive-ly, ad-v. [Affirmative. ]
1. In an affirmative manner, positively.
"... to the end that though I cannot positively
or affirmative! y advise your ma] esty, or propound uutu
you framed particulars." — Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. i.
2. "Yes" in place of "no." In a way to
render support to a motion submitted to one.
" The people answered affirmatively." —Carlyle .
Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. IV.
**■ af-firmed', po. par. & a. [Affirm.]
af-f irm'-er, s. [Affirm.] One who affirms,
"If by the word virtue, the afflnner intends our
whole duty to God and man, and the denier, by the
word virtue, means only courage, or at most our duty
toward our neighbour, without including in the idea
of it the duty which we owe to God."— H'atts : Loffic.
af-f irm'-ing, jw. par. [Affirm.]
af-fix', v.t (pa. par. affiled, affixt). [Lat. affixus,
pa. par. of affigo =■ to fasten to, to fix on : aO
= to, and Jlgo = to fix ; supine fixum. ] [See
Affiche.]
L Lit. : To fix to the end of, to append
to, to annex, to subjoin ; also to fix to any
part of.
"... the Great Seal was affixed."— ilacaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
"... whereas should they [white cabbage butter-
flies] affix them [their eggs] to the leaves of a plant im-
proper for their food." — Kay : On the Creation.
II. Figuratively:
1. To fix. (Followed by on or upon.)
" Her modest eyes, abashed to behold
So many gazers as on her do stare.
Upon the lowly ground affiled are." — Spenser.
2. To connect with, to unite with.
" He that has settled in his mind determined ideas,
with names affixed to them, will be able to discern
their differences one from another." — Locke.
a,f-f ix, s. (pi. ar-f ix-es, * af-f ix-a). [In
Ger. affixuvi; Fr. affixe, fr. Lat. affixus, pi. ii.
aj^a = joined to. pa. par. of aj^gro.] [Affix, v.]
A word or a portion of a word united to the
latter portion of another one, and in general
modifying its signification ; a suffix.
Tf The plural of this word came into the
English language first as affixa.
" In the Hebrew language the noun has its affi-xa, to
denote the pronouns possessive or relative." — Clarke:
Latin Grammar.
"... fashioning that new-learned language to their
own innovation of points, affixes, and conjugations." —
Howell: Lett., ii, 60.
af-fixed', *af-fixt', pa. par. & a. [Affix.]
af-f ix'-ing, iw. par, [Affix.]
t af-f ix'-i-on, s, [Lat. officio = an addition,
or supplement.] Tlie act of affixing; the
state of being affixed, or fixed to anything.
" Six several times do we find that Christ shed his
blood : in his circumcision, in his agonies, in his
crowning, in his acouiging, in his affixUm, in his
transfixion."— /!/). Hall : Works, ii. 329
* af-fixt', pa. par. [Affix.]
* af-fix'-tiire, s. [Affix, v.] That which is
affixed. (Drake.)
^ Now superseded by Fixture (q.v.).
af-fla'-tion, s. [Afflatus.] The act of
* blowing or breathing upon ; the state of being
blown or breathed upon.
af-fla'-tiis, s. [Lat. = a blowing or breathing
on, a blast, a breath ; affiatum, supine ol affi/y
= to blow on : or ad = to, and jlaius = a
blowing, a breathing ; /o = to blow.]
L Lit. : A breath or blast of wind.
II. Figuratively :
1. Theol : The inspiration by the Spirit of
God of a prophet, imparting to him power to
see sucli future events as God may be pleased
to reveal to him.
" The poet writing against his genius, will be like a
prophet without his affiatus."—Spence : On the Odyssey.
2. Ord. Lang. : The divine impartation to
poets and others of genius.
af-fllCt', v.t. [From Lat. affiictiis, pa. par. of
' affiigo = (1) to fling, strike, or dash against or
down ; (2) to damage, to ruin, to weaken, to
cast down : ad = to, and fligo = to strike, to
strike down.]
1. To inflict on one for some considerable
time, or even for a briefer period, bodily pain
or anything else fitted to produce mental dis-
tress.
"Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to
affiict them with their hardens." —Exod. i. ii.
2. To cast down in mind, to make the mind
distressed ; to trouble.
(a) In a general sense :
" The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a tine boy«
who was her only son, that she died for grief of it." —
Addison: Spectator.
t (&) Spec, (reciprocally) : To practise self-
humiliation as a religious duty.
" And this shall be a statute for ever unto you : that
in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the mouth,
ye shall affiict your souls, and do no work at all,
whether it lie one of your own country, or a stranger
that Bojoumeth among you."— ifc. xvi. 29.
* af-flict', s. [Afflict, v.] A conflict.
" Continual affiict with his enemies." — , Becon:
Works, ii. 542.
af-flict'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Afflict.]
" Say, spirit ! whither hath she fled
To hide her poor afflicted head ? "
Wo7-dsuiorth : W!i.Ue Doe of Rylstone, c, vii.
af-flict'-ed-ness, s. [Afflicted.] The quality
or state of being afflicted ; affliction.
" Thou art deceived if thou thinkest God delights in
the misery and affiictedncss of his creatures, "—^p.
Hall : Balm of Gilead, c 2, § 6.
af-flict'-er, «. [Afflict.] One who afflicts.
af-flict'-iug, pr, 2^o,r. &a. [Afflict.]
I. As pri'scnt participle: In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
^. ^5 adjective : Fitted to produce distress
or trouble ; calamitous, afflictive.
" What, when we fled amain, pursued and stnick
With heaven's affiicting thunder, and besought
The deep to shelter us?" Milton : P. L., bk, ii.
af-flict'-ing-ly, adv. [Afflicting.] In an
afflicting manner.
af-flic'-tion, s. [InFr. apiiction ; Sp. ajliccion;
Ital. affiizione, all fr. Lat. affiictio.] [Afflict.]
t L The act of afflicting.
II. The state of being afflicted ; the state of
being subjected to pain or over-fatigue of body,
or to mental distress.
"Look upon mine o^iction and my pain; and forgive
all my sins." — Ps. xxv. 18.
III. That which, tends to produce continued
bodily pain or mental distress ; a calamity, a
trouble, a trial.
" God hath seen mine affiiction, and the labour of
my hands." — Oen. xxxi. 42.
" The calamity of Moab is near to come, and his
tU^irtioTihasteth fast." — Jer. xlviii, 16,
^ In this sense it is frequently used in the
plural.
" Oh, tell me — life is in thy voice —
How much afflictions were thy choice.
And sloth and ease thy scorn."
Cowper: Traiu.fr. Onion, "Joy (tf the Crois."
* ^ Biead of affiiction :
(a) Bread given to prisoners in jail ; bread
doubtless inferior in quality, and designed to
be distasteful to the eater.
"And say, Thus saith the king. Put this fellow in
the prison, and feed him with bread of affiiction and
with water of affiiction, until I return in peace." —
2 Chron. xviii. 26.
(&) Unleavened bread consumed by Divine
command at certain religious fasts and feasts.
"Thou Shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven
days Shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, e\ en
the bread of affiiction." — Dent, xvi a.
IV. Abstract for concrete: An afflicted per-
son, a person in poverty or distress.
" Then grant what here all sons of woe obtain ;
For here affiiction never pleads in vain."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. viJJL, 31, 32.
\^\, bo^: po^t, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = U
-tlan = sh^u. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -gion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, 5cc. = bgl, deL
94
afflictive— aflFray
af-flict'-ive, a. [In Fi-. afflictif; Sp. ojlictivo ;
Ital. afflUtivo.] [Afflict.] Giving pain, dis-
tressing,
"All this from Jove's afflictluc hand we bear."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xiv,, 75.
af-flict'-ive-l^, adv. [Afflictive.] In an
afflictive manner ; in a way to cause distre.ss.
" Tlie fallen angels, having acted their first part m
heaven, are made sharply miserable by transition,
and more afflictiveJy feel the contrary state of hell." —
jBromne : Christ. Mor., x, 2.
*af-flight' igli mute), s. [In A.S. ajlygan =
to drive away, to put to flight.] Flight, hasty
departure.
" Of the gripe he had a sight
How she new io ajjlight'.'
Torrent of Portugal, p. 82.
^ af-flig'-it, ija. 'par., as if from a verb affiige.
[Lat. ftj^if70 = to afflict.] [Afflict.] (Maunde-
ville.) (Halliwell.)
f aff-ldof , * aff-luf e, adv. [Aloof.]
1. Off-band, unpremeditatedj extempore ;
on the spur of the moment.
"But I shall scribble down some blether
Just clean aff-loof."
Bxirns : £pistle to J. Lapraik.
2. Fortliwith, immediately.
"Sae I was ca'd into the preceence, and sent awa
ajjloof tae siier ve out an' brmg ye tae speak tae the
muckle fo'k. — Sf. Patrick, i. TC.
af'-flii-enge, t af'-flu-en-gy, *. [In Fr.
o_ffl/itcnce ; Sp. ajltieuzia ; Port, affluencia ;
Ital. affAten'^a ; Lat. affluentla, fr, affiuens —
flowing to.]
I. The state of flowing to. (IJt. and Jig.)
"... a perpetual affluency of animal spirits." —
Addison: Spectator, No. 2i7.
II. The act or series of acts of thronging to.
"I shall not relate the affluence of young nobles
from hence into Spain, after the voice of our prince
being there had been noised." — Wotton: Reliq.; Life of
Buckingham.
III. That which flows to (one).
Specially :
1. Wealth of money, or other material
property.
"... a youth of misery was concluded with an
old age of elegance, affluence, and ease," — Goldsmith:
assays, iiL
2. Wealth of emotion, intellect, or any other
ir.'imaterial thing.
" O i^recious hours ! O golden prime.
And affluence of love and time ! "
Longfellow ; TJie Old Clock on the Stairs.
af-flu-ent, a. & s. [In Fr. affiiient; SpT ajlu-
ente; Fort, and Ital. affiucnte, fr. Lat. afflitens,
pr. par. of affi/iio = to flow towards or to : ad
== to, and ^-uo = to flow.]
L As adjective :
1. Lit: Flowing to.
"... which are afterwards to be increased and
raised to a greater bulk by the aMv,ent blood that is
transmitted out of the mother's body." — Haroey: On
Cotisumption.
2. Fig. : Ahounding in wealth.
(a) Abounding in material wealth.
" Lifted at length, by dignity of thought
And dmt of genius, to an affluent lot.
He laid his head in luxury's soft lap.
Cowper : Table Talk.
{b) Abounding in intellectual, emotional,
or other immaterial wealth.
" And fish of every fin thy seas aflTord,
Their affluent joys the grr.teful realms confess,
And blfiss the Power that still delights to bless."
Pope: If owner's Odynsey, bk. xix_, 134-6.
II. As sitbstantive : The tributary of a river.
" Mississippi (i.e., tiie great water), the most im-
portant river of North America, aud, with the Mis-
souri, its principal affluent, the longest in the world."
— Keith Johnstone : Gazetteer.
af-flii-ent-ly, adv. [Affluent.] In an afflu-
ent manner ; abimdantly.
af-flii-exit-ness, s. [Affluent.] Affluency,
abundance of wealth.
af-fliix, affluxion (af-fluk'-shun), s.
[From Lat. affi/nxus, pa. par. of ajlfiuo =■ to
flow to.]
1. A flomng to.
" An animal that must lie still receives the afflux of
colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as it happens to
come to it." — Locke.
2. That which flows to.
"An inflammation, either simple, consisting of an
hot and sanguineous afftvxion, or else denominable
from other humours, accordlngunto the predominancy
of melancholy, phlegm, or choler." — Browne: Vulgar
Err ours.
■^ af-fond', pret, as if from a verb affi,ndan.
[A.S. afindan = to find,]
" A moneth after a man myghtte bom affond
Lyand still on the grownd"'
Huntyno of the Hare, 253.
* af-fong', v.t. [Afonge.]
* af-for'-age, s [Fr. adorer = to value.]
[Affeer.] a duty formerly paid in France to
the lord of a district for pennission to sell
wine or other liquor within his seigniory.
"'■ af-f6r'$e, " a-for'9e, v./. [A.N. afforcer ;
Fr. forcer ; Low Lat. afforcio.]
1. To force, to compel. (MS. Lincoln.)
(HalUwell.)
"Me to aforce is in his thought."
Arthour and Merlin, xj. B8,
To afforce. one's self: To labour to do a thing ;
to exert one's self.
" And hav o/orcette hom the more the hethene away
to drive.'' Robert of Gloucester.
* 2. To add to, to increase, to strengthen.
(Blount, (fee.)
*af-f6r'9e, * af-for'se, *a-f6r'se, adv. [Fr.
forcer.] As if commanded by force ; of neces-
sity.
" Than ffelle it afforse to ffille hem ageyne."
Deposition of Richard II., p. 28.
* af-f6r9e'-inent, ^ af-f6r'-9x-a-inent, s.
[Affobce. ]
Law :
1. The act of strengthening.
2. The state of being strengthened, as "an
aj?'orceme?ii of the assize." (Will: Wharton's
Laio Lexicon.)
3. That which affords strength ; specially a
fortress, a stronghold, a fortification. (Blount.)
atf-fbrd', *a^fbr'the, v.t. & i. [Properly
* aford, from A.S. ge-forthian, iforthian = to
further, promote, from forth.] [Forth, Fur-
ther, Aforthe.]
A. Transitive :
I. To put forth, to bring forwards, to pro-
duce. (Used of fruits, of money, or other
property of any kind, or, indeed, of anything.)
" That our gamers may be full, affording all manner
of store." — Ps. cxliv. 13.
"A large proportion of those divines who had no
benefices, or whose benefices were too small to afford
a comfortable revenue, lived in the houses of laymen."
— Macaulay : JBist. Eng., ch. iii.
". . . fuses easily, and affords a black x>earl a
little blebby." — Dana: Min., 5th ed., p. 612,
II. To bestow, to confer upon, to grant to.
(Followed by two objectives, one of the person
receiving the boon, and the other of the boon
itself ; or with one objective, that of the boon ,
with to prefixed to the person to whom it is
given.)
" The party whose principles afforded him no
guarantee would be attached to him by interest." —
Macaulay : Hist. Enq., ch. vii.
% Sometimes, though rarely, afford is ap-
plied to the opposite of a boon.
III. To be able to incur a certain expense ;
or bear the loss of certain pecuniary or other
material advantages.
1. To be able to spend or give away, without
permanent diminution of one's resources.
"... luxuries which few could afford to pur-
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xil
; a profit, or at least
chase."
2. To be able to sell
without loss. (See v. i.)
3. To be able to incur an expenditure of
feeling, or anything else not of a pecuniary or
material kind.
"The same errours run through all families where
there is wealth enough to afford that their sous may
be good for nothing. "—Su'i/'^.' Mod. ^duc.
" . . . He could afford to suffer
With those whom he saw si'ffer."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk, i.
B. Intransitive : To be able to sell.
" They fill their magazines in times of the greatest
plenty, that so they may afford cheaper, and mcrease
the public revenue at a small expense of its members."
— Addison on Italy.
af-fbrd'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Afford.]
* af-for'-dell, a. [Scotch fordel = ready for
future use.] Alive. (Scotch.)
"Of his brother sum ar dead, Mtheria yet affordell."
~3IS. Seal Arbuthnot Family. [Jameson, Huppl.)
af-f brd'-ing, pr. par. [Afford. ]
* af-fbrd'-ment, o. [Afford.] Grant, do-
nation,
T[ Todd says of affordtnent, " A word much
wanted. "
* g,f-fbr'e, v.t. [A.S. fore = before.] To pro-
mote, to strengthen, to render effective.
" Heete and moisture directyth ther passages
With green fervence tf affore yong cornees."
Lydgate : Minor Poems, p. 244.
1[ Possibly a mistake for afforce (q.v.).
af-fbr'~est, v.t. [Low Lat. afforesto : Lat. ad
= to, and foresta = forest.] To convert into
forest.
' ' It appeareth by Charta de Foresta that he afforested
many woods." — Sir John Davies : On Ireland,
af-for-est-a'-tion, s. [Afforest.] The act
or process of converting cultivated land into
forest ; the state of being so transmuted.
"The charter de Foresta was to reform the en-
croachments made in the time of Richard I. and
Henry II., who had made new afforestations, and
much extended the rigour of the forest laws." — Hale ,-
Cmn. Law of Eng.
af-for'-est-ed, pa. par. & a. [Afforest.]
af-fbr -est-iiig, pr. par. [Afforest.]
*af-fonii'e, v.t. [Lat. ad = to; formo = to
shape, to fashion ; forma = form, figure,
shape.] To conform.
" To hyjn that is most honourable
Jfforme your maners and entent."
Doct. of Good Servauntes, p. 8.
* af-forn', prep. [Aforne.] Before. (MS.
Ashmole.) (Halliwell.)
*a-forst',*a-furst',*a-ferst', a. [Athirst.]
'Thirsty.
" Not halffe ynowh thereof he hadde.
Oft he was afforst."
The Frere & the Boy, iv.
" A-ferst hy were for werynesse,
8o sore that nas ende.'
MS. Coll. Trin. {L'alUwen.)
* aff '-put, t aff-put'-ting, s. [Scotch aff =
off'; Eiug. put] Delay, or some pretence for
it. (Scotch.)
* af-fra'ie, s. [Fr. affrayer = to frighten.]
[Affray.] Fear.
" But yet I am in grete affraie.
Lest thou sholdest not doe as I aaie."
Romawnt of the Rose, 4,39".
[A. S. framian = to
* af - fra' - mynge,
frame.]
" Framynge or afframynge, or wynnynge. Lucrum,,
emolumentum." — Prom.pt. Parv., p. 176.
^ af-&an'-9hii^e, v.t. [in Fr. affranchir = to
make free ; Ital. affrancare.] To make free.
* af-firan'-^liised, pa. par. [Affranchise.]
* af-fran'-Qlu^e-inent, s. [In Fr. affran-
chissevient.] The act of making free ; the act
of emancipating from more or less galliug
servitude.
af-£ran'-ghis-ing, pr. par. [Affranchise.]
*af-frap', v.t & i. [Fr. f rapper = to strike .1
[Rap.]
1. Trans. : To encounter, to strike down.
" I have been trained up in warlike stoure,
To toasen speare and shield, and to affrap
The warlike ryder." Spenser: F. Q., II. ii- 6.
2. Intrans. : Same sense as No. 1 (an objec-
tive case being implied).
"They beene ymett, both ready to affrap."
Spenser : F. Q,., II. i. 26.
t af-fray, v.t (pa. par. affrayed, afraied). [Fr.
affrayer = to frighten, especially with sudden
noise as of something, crashing ; Low Lat.
exfrido =■ to disturb the peace, from Teut.
fridh = peace.] [Affrayed, Afraid.]
1. To rouse out of a sleep or swoon.
" . that had afraied me out of my sleepe."
C/iauccr: Dreame.
" I was out of my swowne affraide."
Gower : Corvf. Airuxn., bk. viiL
2. To frighten.
" Pray let us fii-st, sayd Salyrane, entreat
The man by gentle meanes to let us in
And afterwards affray with cruel threat."
Spenser: F. §., IIL ix. 9.
" Oh, now I would they had -Ciianged voices too :
Since arm from arm that voice doth us affray."
Shalccsp. : Romeo ami Juliet, iii. 5.
3. To put in doubt.
"To «Zfra(/eoneorput oneindoubt."— .ffitZoei; Did.
af-ftray', s. [in Fr. effroi = noise, outcry ;
Arm. effmjza and effrey. See v.t.]
A. Ordinai-y Language :
I. Objectively :
* 1. Commotion, tumult.
fate. f^t. fare, amidst; ^vhat, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, six, maHne ; go, pSt«
or. wore. wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, nnlte, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. », oe = e. ey = a. au — kw*
affrayed— affrontingly
95
"TFTio lived ever in swiehe delite o" day.
That him ne naeved other conscience,
Or ire, or talent, or som kin affray."
CTiaucer: C. T.. 5,537.
2. A fight between two or more persons,
whether it take place in public or private.
If More generally written Fray.
II, Suhjectively : Fear, fright, terror ; the
result of such commotion or fray. (Scotch.)
" Stonayit sa gretly than thai war.
Throw the force of that f yrst assay,
That thai war in till gret affray."
Barbour, ix. 605, MS. (JaTnicson.)
B. Technically :
Law : A fight between two or more persons
which takes place in public. When in private
it is called an assault.
"Affrays (from affrater, to terrify) are the fighting
of two or more ijersous in some public place, to the
ten'or of his Majesty's subjects : for, if the fighting be
In private, it is no affray, but an assault"" — Black-
stone: Comment., bk, iv., ch. xi.
"Little affrays, such as, at every ereat pageant,
almost inevitably take place between those who are
ea^er to see the show and those whose business it is to
keep the communications clear, were exaggerated with
all the artifices of rhetoric." — Maaaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. XL
* af-frayed', * af-frayd', ^ af-fraid'e, pa.
par. [Affbay/Afraid.]
"Thei remeived from the sege and were affrayed." —
Warkworth : CJiron., p. 2.
" With that the darts which his right hande did straine,
Full dreadfully he shook that all did quake.
And clapt on hye his coiilourd wingGs twain.
That allhis many it affraule did make."
Spemer: F. Q.. III. xii. 23.
af-fray'-er, af-fray'-6r, s. [Affray.] One
wlio t-akes part as a principal in an affray.
" Every private man being present before or in
and during the tima of an aftrj-y ought to stay the
affrayors, and to part them, and to put them in
sunder, but may not hurt them if they resist him;
neither may he imprison them, for that he is but a
private man." — Dalton: Country Justice (1029).
* af-A:ay'-ment, s. [Ft. effmyer = to frighten. ]
La w :
1. The offence of terrifying a person by
brandishing a weapon against him.
2. An affray.
^af-frayn'e, * af-freyn'e, * a-ft-eyn'e, v.t.
[A.S. frcegn, pret. of frlgnan = to know by
asking, to inquire, to inteiTogate, to hear, to
learn.] To ask, to question.
" I affrayned hym first
From whenues he come." Piers Ploughman.
af-fray'-or.
[Affrayer.]
t affreight {af-frat')» 'o-t [Ger. befrachten;
Fr. affreter.] ' To hire a ship for the convey-
ance of goods.
If Now generally written Freight.
* affreighted (af-ft>a'-ted), pa. par. r Af-
freight.]
"^ afilreighter (af-frat'-er), s. [Eng. af-
freight; -er. In^r. affrcteur.] One who hires
or charters a ship for the conveyance of
goods ; one who freights a ship.
* affreighting (af-frat'-ing), pr. par. [Af-
freight.]
* aff'reightment (af-flrat'-ment), s. [Eng.
affreight ; -meiit.} ' The act of hiring or
chartering a ship for the conveyance of goods.
[Charter Party.]
*a-fi:end', v.t [Affriend.]
* af-fret', s. [Ital. a/re«a77i€Hio=haste, hurry ;
■ ajfretore = to hasten.] A rencounter, a colli-
sion, an attack, an assault.
" Their steel-bed spearea they strongly coucht, and met
Together with impetuous rage and f orse.
That with the terrour of their fierce affret
They rudely drove to ground both man and horse."
Spemer: F. Q., III. ix. 16.
* af' -ffii, * af'-ftra, s. pL [A.X.] Bullocks,
horses, or other animals fitted for ploughing.
[Avee, B.]
* af-ftic'-tion, s. [Lat. affrictus= a rubbing
against ; affrico — to rub against.] The act or
process of rubbing one thing against another;
the state of being so rubbed ; friction.
"I have divers times observed in wearing silver-
hilted awoTds, that if they rubbed upon my cloaths,
if they were of a light-coloured cloth, the affriciion
weuld quickly blacken them."— Boyle.
^ l^ow written Friction.
^af-&iend% *af-fi:eud', v.t. [A.S. freond,
'freend= friend.] To make friends, to reconcile,
■' Wliere when she saw that cruell war so ended,
And deadly foes so faithfully affrended."
Spenser: F. C, IV. iii. 50.
* af-fi:ieiid'-«d, af-frend'-ed, pa. yar.
[Affriend. ]
t af-fright' (ffTi mute), v.t. [A.S. afyrhtan — to
frighten.] To inspire with sudden and lively
feai', to frighten, to teirify. It was followed
by at or with placed before the object of
dread.
1 Now almost superseded by Fright (q.v.).
" To keep thy sharp woes waking, wretched I,
To imitate thee well, against my heart
Will fix a sharp knife, to affrigJtt mine eye,"
Sliakesp. : Tarquin aiid Lucrece.
af-fifight' {gh mute), 6. [From the verb. In
Fr. effroi.]
1. Fright, the emotion of fear suddenly
inspired and rising to a considerable height.
^ Used chiefly in poetry.
" They lay like fawns reposing.
But now, upstarting with affrigJU,
At noise of man audT steed.
Away they fly to left, to right."
Wordsworth: The Seve7i Sisters.
2. That which inspires fright, an object of
dread, a terrible object.
"I see the gods
Upbraid our suff rings, and would humble them.
By sending these affrights, while we are here ;
That we might laugh at their .""idiculous fear."
BcnJomon: Catiline.
t af-fright'-ed, taf- fright' (gh mute), i>a.
par. & a. [Affright.]
As adjective:
" From Bruno's forest screams the affrighted Jay."
Wordsworth : JJescriptive Sketches.
1[ The form affright is rare, and found only
in poetry.
" As one affright
With helhsh fiends, or furies made uprore,
He then arose." ^ijjenser : F. Q , II. v. :;7.
"* af~fright'-ed-ly (gh mute), adv. [Af-
frighted.) In an affrighted manner ; in a
way to indicate fright.
" The thunder of their rage and boistrous struggling make
The neighbouring forests round affri^htedJii to yuake."
Itrayton: Poly-Olbioii, s. 1'2.
* af-ftlght'-en (gh mute) v.t. [In A. S. afyrhte
= affrighted ; from afyrhtan ~ to frighten.]
To frighten.
af-fri'gh-ter (gh mute), s. [Affright.] One
who frightens.
" The famous Don Quixote of the Mancha, the Tighter
of wrongs, the redresser of injuries, the protector of
damsels, the affr^hter of giants."— Sfteifoo .■ Trans, of
Hon Quixote, 1. iv. 25.
* af-firiglit'-ful (gh mute), a. [Affright.]
J'itted to inspire great dread ; frightful.
"There is an absence of all that is destructive or
affHghtfvA to human nature."— iJecay of Piety.
^ Now superseded by Frightful (q.v.).
*af-fright'-fiil-ly (gh mute), adv. [Affright-
"ful.] In a frightful manner ; frightfully.
*\ Now superseded by Frightfully (q.v.).
af-£right'-ing (gh mute), pr. par. [Af-
' fright.]
"'af-firight'-ment (gh mute), s. [Affright.]
The state of being frightened ; fright, dread.
"Passionate words, or blows from the tutor, fill the
child's mind with ten'our and affrightinent : which
immediately takes it wholly up, and leaves no room
for other impressions."— iocte.' On Education.
af-frSit'-lie, adv. [Fr. effroyer = to frighten.
" (Scotch.) Affrightedly. (Rudd.)
af-fr6nt\ * a-&o^nt'. v. t. & i. [0. Fr. afron-
' ter; Fr. affronter = (1) to face, (2) to affront ;
Sp. a/ro ft tor = to confront; Port, affroniar,
afrontar ; Ital. affrontare — to engage in front, to
attack ; all from Lat. ad = to, and frons, genit.
frontis = the forehead, the front.] [Front.]
A. Transitive :
Essential meaning : To meet face to face, to
confront.
^ Trench considers affront to have originally
meant to strike on the face. Wedgwood and
many others think it was to meet face to face.
1. To do so without its being implied that
such an encounter is a hostile one.
" For we have closely sent for Hamlet hither;
That he, as 'twere by accident, may here
Affront Ophelia." — Shakesp. : Hamlet, iU, 1.
2. To do SO with the implied meaning that
the encounter is hostile.
(a) Of individuals :
"He highly leapt out of his place of rest.
And rushing forth into the empty field.
Against Cambello fiercely him addrest,
"who him affronting soone to fight was ready prest. "
Spenser: F. Q,., IV. jii. 22.
(?)) Of amiies : To confront in a hostile
manner, to engage in a battle with.
"Skilfnll captaines, in arraunging their battailes,
place first in the vantguard thicke and strong squa-
OTons to affront the enemie." — Holland: Ammianus
JUarcellinus, b. xiv.
(c) Fig.: Of anything wholly immaterial: To
confront, to defy.
" I have affronted Aesith.."— Byron : Manfred, ii. 2.
". . . Yea, often placed
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines,
Abominations ; and with cursed things
His holy rites and solemn feasts profan'd,
And with their darkness durst affront his light."
Milton: P. L., bk. L
3. To insult one to the face by language or
demeanour.
"... that a man who was known not to have
signed ran considerable risk of being publicly af-
fronted."— Macaulay: Mist. Eng., ch. xxi,
% In this sense the omnipresent God may
be the object of affront.
" The air of insolence affronts your God,
You need his pardon and provoke his rod."
Cowper : Conversation.
4. Colloquially. In a looser sense : To slight
one, either in his presence or in his absence.
"... that his Majesty would never have been so
grossly affronted abroad if he had not first been
affronted, at home." — MacauZay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
B. Intransitive : To offer an insult to.
% In the example there is probably an
ellipsis to be supplied, in which case the verb
would become transitive.
"Your preparation can affront no less
Than what you heai- of ; come more, for more
you're ready. "—Shakesp. : CymbcUne, iv. 3.
af-front', s. [From the verb. In Fr. affront ;
Sp. afrenta ; Port, affronta ; Ital. affronto.]
'' 1. An encounter face to face.
(a) Not hostile.
"Only, sir, this I must caution you of, in your
affront or salute, never to move your hat." — Green :
tu (luoque.
(b) Hostile: An attack.
" But he met with no other affront from Apollyon
quite through this valley."— ^unyan: Pilgrim's Pro-
gress, pt. i.
*\ On affront : Face to face. (MS. Ash-
mole.) (FhiJliwell)
t 2. Chief y Scotch: The disgrace or shame
resulting from defeat.
"Antonius attacked the pirates of Crete, and by his
too great presumption was defeated ; upon 6he sense of
which affront he died with grief."— ^r6u(7iJiof ; Coiru.
3. Disrespect offered to tlie face ; contuma-
cious treatment by woi-d or demeanour ; an
insult, or souiething which, falling short of
iiicult, is still fitted to stir up resentment.
"He had been apprehensive that the common ijeople,
" ho during his absence had given so many proofs of
tlnir aversion to FoiKiry, would offer him some
fiffruiif."— Macaulay : Hist, Eng., ch. x.
■; In this sense the word may be used of
God or his worship.
"... oft have they violated
The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts.
Abominations rather, as did once
Antioclius." — Milton: P. Ii., bk. iii,
4. Colloquially: Slight disrespect offered t&
one, either in his presence or in his absence.
af-fron'-t^e. [Fr.]
Heraldry :
1. "With the forehead
or face towards one.
2. Face to face, as con-
tradistinguished from
back to back. [See Ad-
DORSED. ]
If In this latter sense
confrontee, or the phrase
" confronting one an-
other," is more fre-
quently employed. affront^e.
3. Standing at gaze.
af-front'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Affront, v.]
"... who shows favour to the few men of letters
who deserve it inflicts on the many the miseries of
disappointed hope, of affrr,nf-xl pride, of Jealousy
cruel as the gTOve."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
* af-front'-ed-ly, adv. [Affronted.] In-
sultingly.
"His majesty hath observed that ever since hia.
coming to the crown the popular sort of lawyers have
been the men that most affrontedly in all Parliaments
have trodden upon his prerogative! " — Bacon.
* af-front'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. affronted.}
" Great impudence." (Skinner.)
af-front'-er, s. [Affront.] One who affronts.
af-front -iilg, pr. par. [Affront J
af-flront'-ihg-ly, adv. [Affronting.] In a
manner calculated to affront.
"bSHf bo^; po^t, jd^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ;
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -^ion, -tlon = zhun. -tious. -sious. -cious = shus.
; expect, Xenophon, e^st. -ing^
-ble. -die, &c. = bel, del. ewe = u.
96
affrontive— afore
af-front'-ive, a. [Enj. affront] Involving
" attront, calculated to afii-ont, offensive.
"How much more affrontioe i& it to despise mercy
ruling by the golden auex^tre of pavdon than by the
uou rod of a penal law 1 "South : Serm. on RestoraUon.
af-front'-ive-ness, s. [Affrontive.] The
* quality of being fitted to affront. {Asli.)
aflf'-set, ». [Seotcli a/= off ; Eng. sH.]
1. The act of putting away, dismission.
2. An excuse, a pretence.
" But woi'da I winua langer using be
Nor will sic affseti do the turn with me.
Jloss : Helenore, p. 85.
t aff'-side, s. [Scotch aff= off, and Eng. side.]
The farther side of any object.
t ^ff-ta'-kin, s. [Scotch fl#=off; tnldn =
tailing.] The habit of taking off, or exposing
otliers to ridicule. (Jameson : Suppl.)
*af-fund', v.t [Lat. affundo = io pour on:
ad = to, and /undo = to pour.] To pour on.
* ^f-fu'f e, v.t. [From Lat. affusits, pa. par. of
affundo = to pour on : ad = to, and fimdo =
to pour.] To pour upon.
"I first affused water on the compressed beans till
the tube seemed wholly inlV—noyle : Works, iv. 568.
* af-fu'§[ed, pa. par. & a. [Affuse.]
^s adjective :
" I pomed acid liciuors to tiy if they contained any
volatile salt or spirit, which would probably have dis-
covered itself by making an ebullition with the af-
funed liquor." — Boyle.
af-fu'-sing, jjr. par. [Affuse,]
af-fu'-fion, s. [Affuse.]
1. Gen. : The act of pouring upon, the state
of being poured upon.
" Uiwn the a#((S(rtft of a tiuctui-e of galls it imme-
diately became as black as iuk."— G-rew ; MuscBuyn.
2. Med. : The poui'ing of water upon the
body as a remedial agent in disease.
* af-fy', ^ af-f ie , "^ a-flye', ^ a-fy ghe (gh
inute), v.t'&i i. [Fr. affier.l
I. Transitive :
1. To affiance, to betroth.
"And wedded be thou to the hags of hell
For daring to affy a mighty lord
Unto the daughter of a worthless king, _
Having neither subject, wealth, nor diadem. '
Shakesp. : King Henry VL, Part II., iv. 1.
2. To bind, to unite, to join, to ally.
"... so that personal respects rather seem to arffle me
unto that synod [DoTti."~Montagu : Appeal to Omar.
11. Intransitive : To trust, to confide in.
"Marcus Andronicus, so I do affy
In thy uprightness and integrity, . . .
That I will here dismiss my loving friends."
Shakesp. : TUtts Aruironicus, i. 1.
* af-fy'-aun9e, s. [Affian-ce.]
Af'-ghan (Ji mute), adj. & s.
As adjective: Belonging to the country
Afghanistan.
As substantive : A native of Afghanistan.
* a,r-g6d-ness, s. [A.S. a/£/od?ies = idolatry :
Ir. afgod = an idol.] Idolatry.
a-field', adv. [Eng. a; Jield.]
I. Literally :
1. To the field.
"We drove a-field."— Milton: Lycidas.
2. In the field.
"And little lads with pipes of com.
Sat keeping beasts a-field."
Old Jiailads, i. 332. (Todd.)
11. Fig.: Extensively abroad.
"... but the words of a First Minister of the
English Crown fly too easily afield."— Times, March 25,
1876.
* a-f il'e (1), V. [A. S. afylan — to foul, to defile. ]
To defile.
"Alas ! heo saide, y nere y-apilled !
For men me clepeith quene afiled.
Kyng Aiisaunder, 1,064.
* a-f il'e (2), V. t. [Fr. affller = to sharpen. ] To
file.
1. Lit. : To file.
2. Fig. : To polish.
" He must preche and well afile his tongue."
Chaucer: C. T., 714.
* a-filed' (1), pa. par. [Afile (1).]
* a-f iled' (2), ^a-fi'-lid, j-apar. [Afile(2).]
*a^find', * a-f ind'e (pa. par. afounck), v.t.
[A.S. afmdan — to find.] To find.
"And tho the Siirsenes afounde
Her lord w;is slayu."— OcJauian, 1669.
* a-fin'e (1), ^a-l^yn's, adv. or a. [Fr. fin =
fine.] In perfection.
" Till grapes be ripe and well a-ftne."
liomaunt of (he Hose, 3.690,
" Mete and drynk they had afyn :
Pyement, clare, and Eeynysche wyn."
Launfal, 343.
* a-f in'e (2), * %-fyn' adv. [A. S. a = on ; Fr.
'fin — the end, from Lat. finis = end.] in fine.
* a-f ing'-ret, * a-fyng'-red, a. [Old form of
a-hungered, froni A.S. ofhungren = to hunger ;
hungrig = hungry.] Hungry, a-hungered.
" A vox gon out of the wode go
Afingret so, that him wea wo
He nes nevere in none wise
Afingret evour half so awithe,"
0/ the Vox and of the Wolf [reign ol
Edw, I.). (Reliq. Antiq., ii. 272,)
a-fir'e.adi'. [Eng. a; fire.]
1. Lit. : Burning.
" Yet give us our despatch :
I am liush'd until our city be ajire,
And then I'll speak a little."
Shakesp. : Coriolani<^, v. 3.
2. Fig. : Inflamed by passion.
"This Jason young, the more she gan desere
To look on him. so was she set a-fire
With his beauty and his semelyness.
Lydgate : Tale of Pmices, ch. 6.
* a-f I've, adv. [Eng. a = at or on ; five.] Into
five pieces.
" Sir Gil to him gan to di-ive_
That his spereurast a-five."
&y of Warwike, p, 395.
* a-fla'me, v.i. [Eng. a = on; /aj?ie (q.v,).]
To flame.
"^' a-fla'-ming, p^'. par. & a. [Aflame.]
" . . the aflaming fiXii."—Api)endix to W. JSIapes,
)}. 291.
a-fla,t', adv. [Eng. a = on ; flat.} Flat, level
" with the ground.
. take a low tree and Ikiw it, and lay all his
branches a«a« upon the gromid."— /(aeon, ^'at. Mist..
Cent. v.. §426.
* a-flaunt', odv. [Eng. a = on ; flaunt.]
Dressed or equipped in a showy manner.
" He sayled all aHaunt."
Herring: Tale, 1598. (Ealliwell.)
" A merie gentleman, seeing a gallant that was
bound for the Indies walk the streets, his hat all
aflaunt, and befeathered with all kinds of coloured
plumes, said . . ."—Copley. Wits, Fits, and Fancies
{1614), p. 29.
* a-flee' (pret. oflcd), v.i. [A.S. fi£on, fiion
'= to^ee.] To flee, to escape.
" He shoke his eares
And from grete feares
He thought hym well ajiee "
Sir Thos. More ■ Workes (1557)
* a-fllght, * af-flyglit'e {gh mute), v. [A.N.]
To be afiuid.'to be troubled. [Afflict.]
" Tho was the boy a^yqht
And dorst not .speke."— Oc/az-win, 191.
a-flo'at, adv. [Eng. a = on ; float]
I. Literally :
Ord. Lang. & Naut . Floating, not aground
or anchored.
" There are generally several hundred loads of
thixh&i: afloat." — Addison: Italy.
II. Figuratively :
1. On the surface, not sinking in grief or
ad\'ersity.
" Your shallowest help will hold me up afloat.
Whilst he ui>on your soundless deep doth ride."
Shakesp. : Sonnets, 80.
"My heart. I thank God, is still afloat ; my spirits
shall not sink with the ship, nor go an inch lower." —
Howell : Letters, iv. 39.
2. Moving, in place of being at rest. (Used
of pei-sons who have embarked upon an enter-
jjrise, or of things driven in some direction or
other by causes external to themselves.)
" On such a full sea are we now afloat.
And we must take the current when it ser\-es.
Or lose our ventures."
Shakesp. ■ Julius Ccesar, iv. 2.
t 3. Uncontrolled, unguarded.
"Take any passion of the soul of man while it is
predominant and afloat . . ." — South : Sermons, ii. 333.
a-flocllt\ a-fla&gllt' {ch and gli soft gut-
tural), pa. par. [Scotch form of affl-ict (q.v.).J
[Flocht.] Agitated, in a flutter. {Scotch.)
" Al this day and nicht bygone my mynd and body
is ajlocht. speciallv sen I hard ther innocent men sa
cruelly tormentlt,"— fleHende» .■ Cron., bk. ix., ch. 29.
*a-fl6g'-en, pa. pnr. [A.S. fiogen, pa. par.
of fleogan = (1) to fly, as a bird ; (2) to flee.]
Flown.
" And were nfiogen grete and smalle,
And eke the aniert'l."
MS. Ashmole. (HaHiweU.)
- a-flb're. adv. [A. S. a = on ; fix>r, fi<yrc = floor. ]
On the floor, (MS. Cantab.) {Halliwell.)
^ a-flyght'e {gh mute), v.i. [Aflkiht.]
* a-fd', v.t. [Afonge.]
^ a-f^ld', pa. par. [Afoile.]
^ a-f6il'e (pa. par. afoild), v.t [A.N.] To
foil, to cast down.
" Al to michel thou ajrt afoild.
Now the blod it is acoild."
Gy of Warwzke, p. 20.
* a-fdnd'e» v.t [A.S. afandian, afaiidigean =>
lo prove, to try.] To prove, to try.
" And nys non ned wyth foule handlynge.
Other other afondeth." W. de Shoreham.
*a-fonge'. *af-f6ng'. *a-fenge, *a-fo',
v.t. [A.B. afon = to receive ; a/angen and
afeng = received, and afehth = receives.] To
take, to receive, to undertake.
'■ And such myght wan yt so ys, then mygbt ther thorn
afonge, , „
That thou myght perauntre Rome wynne ar come
°^ Jiobt. eiouc. {ffeame, ed, 1724, L 91.)
" For nought that y might afo.
Y nil betray therl, Tirri."
Oy of Warwike, p, 199.
t a-foot', * a-foot'e, * a-fo'te, * a f6te,
* a-vo'te, ^ a-uo'te, adv. [Eng. a = on ;
foot; K.^. fot, Jet.]
I. Lit. . On foot ; not on horseback, or in a
vehicle.
"And many knew him, and ran afoot tbithei'. —
Mark vi. 33.
" It felle they foughten both afote."
Gower MS. (ffalhwell.)
IL Figuratively :
1. Of persons: In motion, liaviug com-
menced to execute, or at least to plan an
enterprise.
•'Kent. Of Albany and Cornwall's powers you heard
not? „
Gent. 'Tis so, they are afoot.
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 3.
2. Of things: Inaction.
" The matter being afoot."
Shakesp. : Measure for Measure, iv. 5,
t a-fbre' {Eng. & Scotch), *a-fbr'-en, *a-f6r'-
yene, ^ a-fbrn'e, *^ a-fbm' {Eng.), prep.
& adv. [A.S. (E( = at; fore.] The same as
Before, which has now almost entirely sup-
planted it in ordinary use.
A. As a preposition :
I. Of pkice : Before, in front of, as opposed
to behind, or in the rear.
1. Generally :
"The yonder house that atant aforyene vs."
Chaucer : Troil., bk. il
2. Nautical. Afore the mast: Before the
mast. (Used of a person, it means ha\ang no
title at ordinary times to go on the quarter-
deck, as being only a common sailor.)
II. Of time: Before, earlier than.
"For afore the harvest, when the bud is perfect
. . ." — Isa. xviii. 6,
III. Figuratively :
1. In presence of.
" Afore God I speak simply."
B. Jonaon: Every Man out of his Humour, u. 3.
2. Under the notice of.
" Notwithstandmg all the dangers I laid afore you."
B. Jonson : Silent Woman, iii. 5.
3. Prior to in time ; superior to ifi nature
or in dignity.
"And in this Trinity none is afore or after other."—
Athanasian Creed.
B. As a n adverb :
I. Of place:
1. In front, in the fore part.
" Her lockes that loathlie were and hoarie gray
Grew all afore, and loosely hong unrold."
Spenser : F. Q., II. iv. 4.
2. Before, in front, preceding the rest.
" .^Iniilia, run you to the citadel,
And tell my lord and lady what hath hap'd :
Will you go on afore f "—Shakesp. : Othello, v. 1.
IL Of time : Before, anteriorly to, sooner
than, in time past.
"But it will be past sunset afore I get liack frae
the Captain's , , ."—Seott : Waverley, ch, Ixvii.
IIL Fig. : Rather than,
". . . Afore V\].
Endure tho tyranny of sucli a tongue
And such a pride." — B. Jonaon: Magn. Lady.
C. In cmnposition :
II In so7ne cases afore is separated from
the wnid in conjunction with it by a hj'phen ;
in others the hyphen has disappeared.
fate, fS-t, fare, amidst, what, f^l. father ; we, wet. here, camel, her. there ; pine, pit, sire. sir. marine ; go, pot,
or, wbre, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. ce = e ; se = e. ey = a.
t a-fore'-go-ing, ;;jari'ic'ip. adj. [Eng. afore;
goi7ig.~\ Going before.
" All other nouns ending m -le88 do follow the general
rule aforegoing." — Lilly: Graramar.
* a-fore'-hand, adv. & n. [Eng. afore; suff.
'hand.}
1. As adverb : Beforehand, by a previous
provision.
". . . she is come aforehand to anoint my body
to the burying."— J/ar/: xiv. B.
2. -4s adjective: Provided, prepared, pre-
viously fitted, ready.
"For it will lie said, that in the former times
whereof we have spoken, Spain was not so mighty aa
■jK>\v it is ; and England, on the other side, was more
aforehand in all matters of power."— £aco?i.- Coiisid.
an War with Spain.
t a-fore'-men-tioned, particip. adj. [Eng.
afore ; mentioned.] Before-mentioned.
" Now they were come to the place where the afore-
me)itioned battle was fought."— ^un^/an.- Pdgnms
Progress, pt.-ii,
* a-for'-en, prep. & adv. [Afore.]
a-fore'-named, yartlclp. adj. [Eng. afor&; I
named.'] Before-named.
"Imitate something of circular form, in which, as
in all other aforenamed proportions, you shall help
g yourself by the diameter.'— i'eaeAwm on Drawing.
aforesaid (a-for-sed), 'partidp. adj. [Eng.
afore ; said.} Said before.
"It need not go for repetition, if we resume again
that which we said in the aforesaid expermicnt. —
Bacon: Natural History, S '?71.
aforethought (a-f6r'~that), j^artidp. adj.
[En" afore; thoiight.} Thouglit before, en-
tertained in the mind before, premeditated.
Used especially in the legal phrase, " malice
aforethought," the existence or absence of
which is inquired into when one person takes
another's life. If tlie one kills the other from
malice aforethomjht , then the crime is murder.
If malice aforethought is absent, it is but
homicide or manslaughter. Murder is there-
fore now tlius defined, or rather described, by
Sir Edward Coke, "When a pei-son of sound
memory and discretion, unlawfully killeth
any reasonable creature in being, and under
the king's peace, with malice aforethought,
either express or implied. " (Bladkstone ; Covi-
imiit., bk. iv., ch. 1-1.)
a-fbre'-time, * a-fbre'-tyme, adv. & s
' [0. Eng. afore; Eng. time.]
1. As adverb : Beforetirae, at a former time,
previously.
"Thus saith the Lord God. My people went down
aforetime into Egypt to sojourn there."— /«a. 1". ■»-
2. As substantive : The previous jieriod.
fllla up the blank of the aforetime hi a
manner at onue plausible and impressive. —Qrote ■
Hist, of&reece. pt. i., ch. 1.
■ a-for-gayn', pre-p. [A. S. ofer = over ; and
yejin, ct^e7t = against ; or Scotch for against.]
Opposite to. {Scotch.)
" Aforgaun the achippes ay
As thai sailyt, thai held thaer way.
Barbour, xvi. 555, MSS. (Jameson.)
* a-fbrn', * a-fbrn'e, prep. & adv. [Afore.]
Before.
* aforne-caste, a. [0. Eng. afome -
before ; and casU — a cast or throw, as in the
word forecaste.] Premeditated.
" By high imaginacion aforne-caste ,_ , ..
On a night thorghe the hoggis sky hee brast.
Urrys Chnucer, y. 171.
more then is the angle bdc greater than the
angle b c d, the use of the words much iiwre
implies that the a fortiori argument is used.
Ill
a-for'-ward, ndv. [Eng. a; forward.]
* frout, in 'advance.
" Mid thre hoiidred knyglitea, a duk, that het Siward,
Assailede Corineus hymself « /or!*£ird.
Robert of Gloucester, p. 17.
* a-fbr'-yene, prep. &- adv. [Afore.]
*a-fb'te, adv: [Afoot.]
** a-fou'e, s. [Avow.] Avowal.
" Jako seyde, Y make afoiic,
Y am as redJy as thow."
I'he Frere & the Boy. 66.
a-foul', a. & adv. [A.S. o/ui = a fault ; afulad,
' a/'iiiofi = putrefied ; pa. par. of afulian = to
putrefy, to become foul or corrupt; /iit =
foul, dirty, guilty, convicted.] Foul ; fouled,
as when the oars in a boat-race become en-
tangled.
* a-f or'-nande,
Farv.)
* a-for'-nens, prep.
adv. Beforeliand. (Prompt.
[Old form of Foranent.]
' a-f6und',i't(. par.
[Afind.]
par.
if from verb
[Founder.]
a-fbund'-rit, pa.
dfov ndre or afounder.
"He was ner afoitndrit, and coud none othir help."
Urry's Chaucer, p. 590.
adv. Old form of Over
Opposite to. (Scotch.)
" The castelle than on Tweedmouth made.
Set ewyn afornens Berwyke
Wes tretyd to be castyn down.
Wy^Uown, vii. 8.
"■■ a-forse', * af-forse', adv. [Afforce.]
* a-forthe', v. t. [Afford, ]
" And yaf him mote as he inyghte aforthe."
P,iers /'louiman, p. 129.
* a-forthe', v.i. [Afford.]
" And here and there, as that my litille wit
Aforthe may eek thiuke I translate hit."
Occleve MS.
a fortiori (a for-she-br'-i), prep, governing
adj. [Lat. = from the stronger, i.e., by so
much stronger reason.]
Logic & Math.: An argument derived from
what is stronger ; an argument more potent
than that which has just before been employed.
When in Euclid it is reasoned, e.g., that much
* a-four', prep. &
(q.v.).
a-fraid', ^af-frayed, *a-£ray'-et. pa.
' par. & adj. '[Properly the pa. par. of the verb
to affray, and has no close connection with
afeared. From Fr. effrayer, formerly affraier
= to terrify.] (See Trench, English Fast £
Present, pp. 87, 180.) Impressed with fear,
terrified. (Followed by of, or rarely by at,
prefixed to the object of dread.)
' " The fresoii was afrayet and ferd of that fere.
Jlobson: Romances, p. 15.
"And Saul was yet the more afraid of David."—
1 Sarn. xviil. 20.
"... and Ahhnelech was afraid at the meetmg
of Uavid."— 1 Sam. xxl. 1.
* a-fraye', s [Afb-ray.] Affright, fear.
(Prompt. Parv.,'p. 175.)
* a-fray'-et, pa. par. [is.FRA^it>.]
af-reet, a. [Afr:t.]
a-fresh'. adv. [Eng. a; fresh.] Again, anew,
freshly.
" For it came now afresh again into theipminda how
but a while ago he had slain old Grim Bloody-man, the
giant, and had delivered them from tho lions."—
Bunyan : Pilgrim's Progress, pt. ii.
a-fret', pa. par. & a. [A.N.] Fretted, placed
' enisswise. [Fret.]
As past partiiAfie:
" For round environ her crouuet
Was full of riche stouis afret."
Romauni of t?ie Rose, 3,204.
* a-fret'-ie, v.t. To devour.
" The fend ou ufrctie
"With fleis ant with felle."
Wright : Pol. Songs, p. 240.
* a-freyn'e, v. t. [ Affrayne. ]
Af-ri9-an, Xf-ric, a. & s. [Lat. Africanus,
fr. Africa, generally reckoned by the Romans
the third division of the ancient world, and
now universally regarded as one of the great
' ' quarters " or continents of the globe. ]
I. As adjective: Pertaining to Africa,
1. Hist. The African Company : A company
which, under a charter of Charles II., ob-
tained the exclusive right of trading with
Africa from the Port of Sallee to the Cape of
Good Hope. Its privileges were abolished
by 1 & 2 Geo. IV. , c. 28, its forts and castles
were made over to the Crown, and trade to
Western Africa thrown open.
2. Botany:
The African Almond: The English name of
the genus Brabejum. It belongs to the
Proteacese.
The African Flea-bane : The English name of
the genus Tarchonanthus. It belongs to the
Compos itse.
African Hemp: A fibre prepared from the
leaves of Sansevleria Zeyhxnica, a member of
the Lily order, extensively distributed through
tropical Africa and India.
The African Lily : The English name of the
liliaceous genus Agapanthus.
The African Lote: Zisyphus lotus, a fruit-
bearing plant of the order Rliamnaceab.
The African Marigold : Tagetcs erecta, one of
tlie Compositse, which, though called African,
really comes from Mexico.
ifrican Teak : A valuable wood for ship-
building, the produce of Oldjiddia Afncana,
Bth., a tree belonging to the order Eupnor-
biaceffi, or Spurge-worts.
3. Zoology : The African elephant (EUphas
Africanus). [Elephant.]
II As sidjstantive : A native of Africa, or a
person, wherever born, who belongs ethno-
logically to one of the African races.
Af'-ric-an-ism, s. A word or idiom or
custom -used' exclusively by natives of Africa
or by members of some African race.
af'-rit, ar-reet, ef-reet. s. [Arabic]
Mahommedan Myth. : A particular kind ot
demon.
"CtO— and with Gouls and Afrits rave,
Till these in hon-or sbrin^^away ^^^^ ^^^^^_
Af-ro. In compos. : Pertaining to Africa, from
Africa.
AfVo-Phenlcian. u. Of mingled African
and Phenician descent.
"A numerous half-caste population sprung from
intermarria-es between the (iartliaginianB and the
Lat'velSans. This mixed F^^^^f ^^^^^.^L^/
name of Liby- or Afro-Phemcians. -Arnold Hist, oj
Rome, ch. xxli.
- a-front', * a-frontte . adv. [Eng. a; front.}
I. Of persons:
1. In front, directly in face of one; in
opposition to one.
"Pal These four came all a-front, and mc^ily
thrust at me."-a/iafcesp. .' £:i»g Henry n ., Part i.,
li. 4.
2. Abreast.
" And worst of all that Tmidale fande
X/">-o»«eunuethethei might passe. _ _
^ Tundale : Visions, p. 32.
II Of things: In front ; on that side of any
place or thing on which the speaker at the
moment is.
" We reposed us on a green wood side. ,,
Afront the which a silver stream did glide.
JUirr. for Magistr., p. 651.
* arfroiint', v.t. [Affront.]
* a-fryght'e, a-fi:ight'e {gh mute), pa. par.
or ft. Frightened.
As past participle :
" He behildo gif the binde euel hurt were ^,. .,
And fonde ache uas but afvUiht for fere of thatdmt.
WUlUuri of Palerne, 2,781.
aft (1), *afte, adv & a., and in compos. [A.S.
(f'ft, eft— after, again, behind, afterwards.]
I. As adverb & adjective :
Naui. : Towards or at the hinder part of a
ship ; towards or at the stem of a vessel ;
abaft.
" Seeking King Olaf then.
He rusnes aft with his men."
Longfellow : Saga of King Olaf, xxi.
^ In several parts of England the word aft
is used not in a nautical sense, but as an
ordinary term, signifying behind. (Halliwell.)
Fore and aft :
1. Na%it. Adv. & adj. : At the former and
hinder parts of a vessel ; towards the bow and
towards the stern of a ship.
"Though the flying sea-spray drenches
Fore and aft the rowers' benches."
Longfellow : Saga of King Olaf, xi.
2. Ord,. Lang. Adj. : Pertaining to the parts
of anything which lie at or near its two
extremities.
"... the fore and aft extent of the premolars." —
Owen: Classif. of Jilamm.alia, p. 86.
* II. AsoJjective: Foolish (?) (Halliwell.)
" Hit nis bot trewth, I wend, an afte.
For te sette nego in eni crafte."
Wright : PoUt. Songs, p. 210.
IIL In composition :
1. After ; behind in place.
2. After ; late in time.
""aft-ineal, ^aft-meale, s A late
meal.
" Indeede, quoth he, I keepe an ordinary,
Eightpence a meal who there doth sup or dyne.
And dyse and cardes are but an accessarye :
At aft-jnealcs who shall paye for the wine?"
Thynne: Debate, p. 49
* aft-ward, a. & adv. [Eng. aft ; ward.
In A.S. cp/feiyeard = after, back, late, latter,
full. (Lit. = towards the aft.)] Aft, to the
hinder part.
aft (2), adv.
Oft, often.
[Different spelling of Oft (q.v.).;
{Percy.)
Loil, bo^; poiit, j^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f,
-clan = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -sion, -tlon = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -ble, -cle, -die, &c. = bel, eel, del.
98
af ten— after-eye
af-ten, ru/r. [Difl'erent spelling of Often
(q.v.),] Often. (Sivtvh.)
"A/ten I have youug sportive gilpies seen."
Jiaiiuai/ : Pocjtis, i. 322,
af-ter, *af'-tir, ■ af-tyr, j>rcj'., adv., adj.,
s., v., & ill coiiij'O^ [Fniiicrly thy comijarative
oXaft. From A. IS. ci/ittc = alter, next, second,
new, last. In Sw. efti-r ; O. 8w. after; Dan.
efter &L iujtcr ; Dut. ayirrs; (Jutli. aftra.]
A. As 2 'reposition :
I. Of place: Behind, as oppnsed to before.
1. Placed behind.
"Sometimes 1 pl.iced a third prism after a, second,
and sometimes iilao a fourth after a third ; by all
whioli the iiiuige might be often refracted sideways."—
Newton : Optivlcs.
2. Following in place. (Used of persons or
things in motion.)
(a) III a general sense :
"So Samuel tiu'iied again after Saul."— 1 Str-m. xv. 31.
(p) Spec. : In pursnit of.
". if icr whom lathekiiigof Israel come out? a,fter
whom dost thou pursue? after a dead dug, 'i/lvr a
flea." — 1 Ham. xxiv. 14.
II. Of time: .Subsequent to, posterior to in
time or in date.
"Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign fiflcr me.
Olid he shall sit u[iun my throne in my stead." —
1 Kings i. 30..
III. Fiijnratieehj :
1. According to.
(a) As far as relates to, in relation to.
" Of the sons of lasachar after their families . . . "—
Jfiinib. xxvi. 2:!
(b) In confnrTiiitv with a model; in imita-
tion of ; LIS influenced by.
"... all the silver vessels weighed two thousand
and four hundi'ed shekels, after the shekel of the
sauctuary."— jVmjiiZi. vii. 85.
" This allusion is after fhe Oriental manner: thus
in the Psalms, how frequently are persons compared
to cedars." — Pope : Homei-'s Odyssey, ^Vu/c^.
3. Later than in time ; inferior to in nature
or in dignity.
3. CoUoquiaUij: Ri-sijccting, regarding, as
" He asked after you,"
^ After all, adv. : When everything has
been taken into account ; when everything
has been revealed ; when everjlhing has been
done, when there remains nothing more to be
added; at last; in tine, in conclusion, upon
the whole, at most.
"But after all, if they have any merit, it ia to be
attributed to some good old authors, whose works I
study," — Pope on Pastoral Poctr;/.
After "lie, adv. (Scoldi.) (Lit. = after one.)
Alike. {Jaiiiii'soii.)
"A' my time that's yet bygane
She's fixt jny lot maist after arte."
ColK^ Simple Strains, p. 69.
B. As adccrfj :
t 1. Behind in jilace ; following another.
" Let go thy hold when a great wheel runs down a
hill, lest it break thy neck with following it ; but the
great one that goes upward, let him draw thee after."
— Shakesp. : Kuiii Lear, li. i.
2. Later in time, afterwards.
"And Moses verily was faithful in all his house, as
a servant, for a testimony of those things which were
to be spoken after."— Heb. iii. 5,
C. As adjective :
1. Behind in place.
(>'i) Generally: As in the expression, "the
a/^T-part of anything."
(6) Xfmt. : Pertaining to what is more aft,
i.e. further towards the stern of the vessel.
2. Subsequent in point of time.
Tf In these two senses nften connected by a
hyphen with the substantive which follows it,
so as to form a compound word. (See F.)
D. t As siihstaniive :
"Religion, Providence, an "fc '•)■',>; tale " ■*
Young. Ni'jht Thoii-ihta, 4,
E. i As verb :
Collorpiially : To follow, as "after them,"
i.e. "follow them." In all such cases there
is, no doubt, originally an ellipse of some such
verb as go, after still remaining really a pre-
position. [Cf. On.]
"I'll after him, and seethe event of this."
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2.
F. In eomposition. When constituting the
first part of a compound word it is often an
adjective, meaning siibsequcnt, and the word
of which it constitutes a part may be a sub-
stantive, a verb, a participle, or an adjective.
after-acceptation, s. [Eng. after; ac-
ceptation.] An acceptation or signification (of
a word) admitted not at the outset, but subse-
quently.
"'Tia true, some doctors in a scantier space,
I mean in each apart, contract the place ;
Soine, who to greater length extend the line,
The church's after-acceptation join."
Drydcn: Bind and Panther.
after-account, s. [Eng. after; account.}
A reckoning made subsequently.
"The slavish fears which the dread of an after-
account raised in the minds of these they [the
atheists] call credulous and believing men." — Killing-
heck: Serm., p. 1C5.
after-act, o. [Eng. after; act.]
"After-acts uf sobriety, "—Zrf, Berkeley: Hist. Appli-
cations, p. 76.
after-age, s. [Eng. after; age.] An age
not yet come, a subsequent age. (Generally
in the plural.)
"... what after-age could exceed the Inet of the
Sodomites, the idolati^y and tyi'anny of tlie Egyptians,
the feeble levity of tne Greeks?" — South. Sermons,
vii. 299.
" What an opinion will after-ages entertain of their
religion, who bid fair for a gibbet, to bring in .isniii.-i-
^itition which their forefathers perished m fiame-^ lu
keep out?" — Addison.
after-application, s. [Eng. after; ap-
jihration ] Subsequent apjilicatii.m.
"From the after-application we meet with both
of the symbol and cnaracter of Pan in the mytho-
logical ages . . ." — Coventry ■ Phil. Com- , 4.
after-attack, b-. [Eng. after; attack.] A
subsequent attack.
" Locke aflforded no ground for the after-attacks of
envy and folly by any fanciful hyjjothesis." — IVarbur-
ton to Jfurd, p. 283.
after-band, s. [Eng. after; band.] A
band formed subsequently.
"But, if death
Binds us with after-bands, what profits, then,
Our inward freedom ? " — Milton : P. L., bk, ix.
after-bearing, s. [Eng. after ; bearing.]
Usual or ordinary product of a plant. (Lit.
" The fig-tree denoteth the synagogue and rulers of
the Jews, whom God having peculiarly cultivated,
singularly blessed and cherished, he expected from
them no ordinary show or customary fructification,
but an earlinesa in good works, a precocious or con-
tinued fructification, and was not content with after-
bearing." — Sir T. Browne: Tracts, p. 75.
after-birth, ^ after-burthen, s. [Eng.
after, and birth.]
Phys. : The membrane in which the birth was
enveloped, which is afterwards brought away ;
the secundine.
"The exorbitances or degenerations, whether from
.a hurt in labour, or from part of the afterbirth left
behind, produce such virulent distempers of the blood,
.as make it cast out a tumour." — [i'ieeman . Surgery.
after-call, s. [Eng, after; call.] A call
eoming subsequently. Spec, a call for retri-
bution arising subsequently to tlic commission
of a sin or crime.
"... Hence an after-call
For chastisement, and custody, and bonds,
And ofttimes death, avenger of the past.
And the sole guardian in whose hands we dare."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ix.
after-carnage, s. [Eng, after ; carnage.]
Carnage too often jjerpetrated by ■\-i(.-to)'s in a
battle or siege after the enemy has been over-
powered.
" But the rampart ia won, and the spoil begun.
And all but the after-carnagr done."
Byron : Siege of Corinth, -j.^.
" after-caste, ^ aftir-caste, s. [Eng.
after ; O. Eng. aftir ; O. Eng. cabfc— cast.]
1, Lit. : A throw at dice after the game is
finished, and too late, of course, to produce
any result.
2. Fig. . Anything done too late to be of
use.
" Thus ever he plaj'eth an after-caste
Of alle that he schalle sav or do."
Gouier MS. (HamwcU.)
after-Clap, s. [Eng. after; clap.] An
unpleasant occurrence ivhich makes a noise
after a disagi"eeable affair was supposed to
have come to a termination. (Usually in a
bad sense.) (Eng. & Scotch.)
" For the next morrow's meed they closely went.
For fear of afterclaps to prevent."
Spenser : Hub. Tale.
" Let that man who can he so far taken and trans-
ported with the present pleasing offers of a temptation
as to overlook those dreamiil afterclaps which usually
bring up the reai- of it. . . ."—South : Serm., vi. 227.
after-come, aftercome, s. [Eng. &
Scotch after ; come.] Consequence.
"And how are ye to stand the aftercome! There
will be a black reclroning with you some day." —
Brovniie of Bodsbcck, ii, a
after-comer (Fiuj ), after-cummer,
aftercummer (Sctji), s. [Eng. & Scotch
after; Eng. comer; Scotch cummer.] A suc-
cessor.
" As neither predecessors nor ourselves can keepe,
ywis, nor aftcrcomers shall observe the same." — Tur-
bervile: Mantuan.
"That he and all his aftercummffrs may break the
samen, as a pledge and taiken of our goodwill and
kindness for his trew worthineas." — Lett., Jas. V. (1642).
(Nisbet's Heraldry, i. 97.)
after-comfort, s. [Eng. after ; comfort.}
" Which may their afier-com forts breed."
B. Jonson : Masques at Court.
after-conduct, s. [Eng. after ; conduct.]
Subse(iucnt conduct.
"It will appear from the after-conduct of the chief
priests themselves that they were conscious that the
stoiy was false." — Sherlock: Trial of the Witnesses of
the Jiesurreclion, p. 49.
after-conviction, s. [Eng. after; con-
viciinii.] A conviction or belief arising sub-
set] uently.
" These first and early aversions to the government
which these shall infuse into the minds of children,
will Ije too strong for the clearest after-convictions
which can pass upon them when they are men."—
South: Sermons, v. 46.
after-cost, s. [Eng. after; cost.] Cost
arising after all the charges connected with'a
more or less expensive ojieration had been
supposed tu be met.
"You must take care to carry oflf the laud-fioods
and streams, before you attempt draining ; lest your
ufti-rcost and labour prove unsuccessful." — Mortimer :
Jlusb.
after-course, s. [Eng. after; course.}
Subsequent cuurse ; future course.
" Wliu would imagine that Diogenes, who in his
younger days was a falsifier of money, should, in the
•iftcr-c'iiir.\e of his life, be so great a contemner uf
metal?" — Brourn : Christ. Mor., vi. 2.
after-crop, s. [Eng. after; crop.] A
second crop in the same year as the first.
■' J/fi'rcro7>s I think neither good for the land, nor
yet the hay good for the cattle." — Mortimer : ilutb.
after-damp, ,s. [Eng. after; damp.]
Among miners: A term used to designate
the gas which abounds in coal mines just
after the " fire-damp," or carburetted hydro-
gen, lias exploded. It consists chiefly of
I'Lirl'iinic dioxide or carbon dioxide, formerly
i-allcd carbonic acid gas (CO^).
" The fatal " after-damp " of the coal mines contains
a large proportion of carbon dioxide." — I'ownes :
Manual of Cliem., 10th ed,, p. 175.
after-days, s. jJi. [Eng. after; days.]
" But afterdays my friend must do thee right.
And set thy virtues in unenvyed light."
Congreve to Sir Godfrey Kneller.
" It grtiwi to gucrdnn afterdays."
I'dny'^un . Works (1872), vol. i., p. 267.
after-dinner, i & adj. [Eng. after;
dinner.]
1. As substantive: The time just after dinner,
" Thou hast nor youth nor age,
But, as it were, an after-dinner's sleep.
Dreaming on both."
Shakesp. : Measure for Measure, iii. 1.
2. Asadjcctive: Occurring after dinner, and
pi'ihujis modified by the fact that dinner has
taken jilace ; post-prandial,
" It seems in after-dinner talk,
Across the walnuts and the wine."
Tenuyiun : The Miller's Daughter.
after-divulger, s. [Eng. after : diindger.^
One who subsequently divulges anything.
after-eatage, s. [Eng. after; cataqe.]
Part of the increase of the same year ; after-
math.
"The aftermowth or ,ift,-r-eataqe are undoubtedly
part ol the increase of that siime yi:^."~Burn ■ £ccU
Law.
after-endeavour, s. [Eng. after; endea-
vour.] An endeavour made after a preidous
one.
"There is no reason why the sound of a pipe
should leave traces in their brains ; which not first,
but by their aflcr-cmleavours, should produce the
like sounds."- i.oc/i(?.
after-enquiry, s. [Eng. after; enquiry.'
Enquiry made after an act or occurrence,
"You must either be directed by some that take
upon them to know, or to take upon yourself that
which, I am sure, you do not know, or jump the
after-enquiry on your own ^exiV— Shakesp. : Cymbe-
after-eye, ■y. (. [Eng. after; eye.] To eye
one afterwards.
" As little as a crow, or less, ere left
To after-eye him."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, L i.
Sate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e: se=^e. eiy = a.
after-game— after-wrath
99
alter-game, s. [Eng. <i.fhr ; gaim.]
1. Gen. : A game played subsequently to
another one.
" Our first design, my friend, haa prov'd abortive ;
Still there reuiiiiiis an a^ter guine to play,"
AcUliJson ■ Goto.
2. Spec. Aftergavie at Irish: A particular
game formerly in vogue with gamblers. [See
Devil's Law Ca^e (1623); Comvleat Gamester
(1707.)]
■' What cursed accident was this ? what mischievous
stars have the luana^ig of my fortune? Here's a
turn with all my heart like an ttftergame at Irish." —
Etherege: Comical Revenge (1669).
after-gathering, s. [Eng. after ; gatlur-
ing. ] Crop gathered after the rest ; a glean-
" I have not reaped so great a harvest, nor gathered
0 plentiful a vintage out of their works and writings,
hut that many gleanings and a/ter-ffafJierings remain
behind for such as have more idle hours than myself."
— World of Wonders, i. 9.
after-grass, s. [Eng. after; grass.] The
grass whicli springs uij after a first crop hus
been mowed that year in the same field.
after-growth, s. [Eng. after; growth.}
A growth taking place after another one.
{Lit. iifig.)
"... the greater become the obstacles to repairing
them, arising from the after-growth which would
have to be torn up or broken through," — J. S. Jlitl :
Polit. EcoTL, bk. li., ch. ii., § 2.
after-guard, »'. [Eng aft^r; guard.}
Nanf. (specially in the Royal Navy): The
seamen btationed on the poop of a shiij to
attend to the after sails. (Marine Diet.)
* after-hand, s. A future labourer ; one
of a coming generation.
" Whence after-hands may move the world,"
2'cHnysoa ■ J'rincrga, iii. 24G.
after; hd^^.} Help
after-help, s. [Eng
given subsequently.
" For other after-helps, the want of intention in the
prieit may frustrate tlie mass of the prero'^.itive of
virtue."— A'tr E. Sandys : State of Eeiigion.
after-hope, s. [Eug. ((fter; hoije.] Sub-
sequent hope.
" A splendent sun shall never set,
But here shine fixed, to aft'right
All after-hopi-K of followilig night."
lli:ii Joiison : Entertainments,
after-hours, s. pi. [Eng. after; hours.}
Hours subsequent to those in which any
specilied deed is done or occurrence takes
place.
" Men shall ileal unadvisedly sometimea,
Which a'tt'r-hours give leisure to repent."
•Shdkesp.: Richard III., iv. 4.
after-ignorance, s. [Eng. after; ignor-
ance.} Subsequent ignorance.
" iHany rude souls there were whose nftrr-iguorance
makes tliein nlnm^t- unworthie oi their first infusion,"
—SlaiTord : Niohr. n. 3.
after-inquiry, s. [After-enquiry.]
* after-kindred, ^ after-kinrede, s.
[Eng. after; ktiulrcil, ^ htiircde.] Di.staut
kindred.
"Yet, nathelesse, ymir 'kiadri^i^t: isYmt n^fter-kinredc,
for they ben but litell silibe tn you, and the kiune of
your enemies ben nie sibhe to hem.' — Urry's diaucer,
p. 153.
after-king, s [Eng. after; king.] A
subst'(pient kiii.i,'.
" The glory of Nineveh and the increase of the em-
pire was the work of after-kings."— Shncl-ford : Sacred
aiut Profane Hist., i. i'jO.
after-law,-?. [Eng. after; lav.] A sub-
sequent law, wlietlier or not it is designed to
have a retrospective influence.
after-life, s. [Eng. after; life.]
1. The subsequent portinn of one's earthly
life.
". . . brought up from childhood in habif^s of
luxury which they will not have the means of indulg-
ing ui after-life. — J. S. Afill: Polit. Econ., bk. ii.,
ch. ii., §3,
2. The life after tliis one ; the future state
of existence.
" Uke the Tartars give their wives
With settlements for after-Hves."
Butler : Remains.
after-liver, s. [Eng. ujtcr ; liver.] One
who lives in subsequent times.
" By thee my promise sent
Unto myself, let after-livers know."
Sidney : Bk. ii.
after-living, s. [Eng. after; living.}
The stat« of living subsequently to any specific
time or event.
" 1 have some speech with yoa
That may concern youi- aff.cr-Hving well."
Beaum^ & Fletch. : Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1.
after-long, * after-longe, adv. [Eng.
after; long.] Long after.
" And after-longc he lyved withouten stryfe.
Till he went from his mortall lyfe."
Rcliq. Antiq., 1. 4".
after-loss, b'. [Eng. after; loss.] A loss
sustained after, and possibly in consequence
of, a jjrevious one.
" And do not drop in for an after-loss."
Shakes}}. : Sonnets, xc.
after-love, s. [Eng. after; love.] Love
arising subsequently ; the second or later
love.
" Boling. To win thy aiter-Uwe I pardon thee."
SJtakeyj . King Ricliard III., v. 3
after-malice, s. [Eng. after; maXice.}
Malice arising subsequently. (Drydi^a,)
after-math, after-mowth, s. [Eng.
after; math or mowth = &. mowing.] [Math.]
A second crop of grass mown in the same
year as the first. [Rowen.]
"After one crop of com is taken off the ground in
harvest before seed-time is come, for winter-grain, the
grass will be so high grown that a man m.ay cut it
down and have a plentiful nflermath for hay." —
Holland: Tran^. of Pliny, i. 500.
" Of meadow smooth from aftermath we reach'd
The griffin-guarded gates "
Tennyson : Audley Court.
after-meeting, 5. [Eng. after; viecttng.}
A mcfting held subsequently.
"... it remains
Asthemain point of this our aftvr-mceriiiff "
Shakesp. : Coriolanu-s, ii. 2.
after-moTvth. [After-math. ]
after-night, ."., adj., & a/lv. [Eng. aftr,- :
night.} After nigiitfall. (Used in Anieric;i.)
after-pains, s. pi. [Eng, after ; pains.}
The pains which follow .-hiMbiith, and by
which women are delivered of the seeundine.
"The after-pains mark the final efforts of active
coiitr.iction." — Todd & Bowman . Physiol. A nai., i. 193.
after-part, s. [Eng. after ; -part.}
1. Generally :
" The flexibleness of the former part of a man's age,
not yet grown up to be headstrong, makes it more
governable and saje : and, in the aflerpurt, reason and
foresight begin a little to take place, and mind a man
of his safety and improvement. ' — Locke.
2. Kant.: The part of a ship towards the
stern.
after-piece, s. [Eng. nftrr; j'icrr.} A
piece acted al'tfiT a plji>'. It is j.;encr;illy nf
lighter eharai'ter tlian that wJiicli pri^ceded it.
"Eight and twenty nights it [the West Indian]
-went without the buttress of mxafter-pieee.' — Mem.
of JL Viuiibcrlaml, i, 29C.
after-proof, s. [Eng after; proof.]
L Evidence obtained after an assertion has
bet/n made.
2. Evidence of one's eliai-acter obtained after
action has been taken in one's case.
" All know that he likewise at first was much under
the expectation of his aftcrproof, such a solar iuflu-
ein,t' there is in the solar aspect." — }yotton.
after-reckoning, j;. [Eng. after; reckon-
ing.} Subsequent I'cckoning.
"In Parliament the jwwer of obtaining their object
i-; al'solnte, and the ^ifety c.f the proceeding perfect —
no niies to confine, no after-reckonings to terrify." —
/S'i'-I.le:i Works, ii. 2'Jl.
after-repentance, s. [Eni:. after; re-
jieittaiiee.} Subsequent rejxiitatice.
"PrL-suming niion impunity, through the interposals
of an aflcr-rcpenlnner. '—South : Sermons, ix, 163.
after-report, s. [En^. after ; rep)ort.}
Report or rumour arising; sulisiM|^uently, or at
least not heard of by the parties coneerned
till afterwards ; subsequent leport, informa-
tion obtained afterwixrd.s.
"Is it of any moment whether the soul of man
C'lnies into the world with carnal notions, or whether
it coj'ies bare and receives all from the after-reports
of sense?" — South: Serm., ix. 26.
after-rottenness, s. [Eng. after; rot-
tenness.] Future rottenness.
"Palliated remedies, sneh as by skinning over her
[the Cliurch of England's] wounds for the present
(though probably not so much as that neither), will be
sure to cure them into an after-rottenness and sup-
Iiuration."— jSouf/i.- Serm,., vi. 39.
after-sails, s. pi [Eng. after; saih.]
Nnut.: All sails on or abaft the main-mast.
(Marine Diet.)
after-sermon, .<;. (Eng. after; sennon.]
A sermon delivered subsequently.
" But because our great Lawgiver rei)eated also other
jiarts of the decalogue in his after-serjTions." — Jeremy
Taylor on thi: Decalogue : Works, ed. 1839, vol. iii., p. 6.
after-silence, s. [Eng. after; silence.]
Silence succeeding to noise and tumult,
" It IS not in the storm nor in the strife
We feel benumb'd, and wish to be no more.
But in the aftir-silence on the shore
When all is lost, except a little life."
Byron: Lines on Hearing thaz
Lady Byron was IIU
after-Stage, s. [Eng. after; stage.] A
subsequent stage. (IVchster: Diet.)
after-State, s. [Eng. after; state.] Sub-
sequent state. (Used especially of the state
of man after death.)
" To give an account' of the after-state of the more
degenerate and yet descending --Ails, some fancy p. very
odd hyiwthesia."— G^ani'iWe.- Pre-exvitence qf Souls,
ch. 14,
after-Sting, s. [Eng. after; sting.]
*■ Mixed are our joys, and transient are their date.
Nor can reflection bring them back again.
Yet brings an after-sting to every pain."
Ld. Heroey : Epistles.
after-storm, s. [^ng. after; stor-m.]
" Your calmness does not after-storms provide.
Nor seeming patience morkil anger hide."
Hr.i/den: Cor. of K. Ch., -jl
after-supper, s. [Eng. after; supper.}
The period between supper and bedtime.
"... What masques, what dances sliall we have
To wear away this long age of three hoursj
Between our after-supper and bed-time ? '
Shakesp. : Midsummer JVight's Bream, v. 1.
after-swarm, s. [Eng. after; swarm.]
A swarm of bees leaving the hive after the
Itrst swarm.
after-taste, s. [Eng. after; taste.} The
taste which lingers in the mouth after the
substiuiee which caused it has been with-
drawn or swallowed. According to the ob-
servations of Horn, this is sometimes of a
complementary character, for while the after-
taste of mobt substances is bitter, that of
tannin itself, an exceeedingly bitter substance,
is sweet. (Sec Todd <C Boicman's Fhysiol. Anat.,,
vol. i., 1845, p. 448.)
"" after-think, v.i. [Eng. after; thinlc.]
To rei»ent. (Wiidijfc.)
^ Still used in Lancashire. (Trench : Eng.
Past & Present, p. 81.)
after-thrift, s. [Eng. after ; thrift. ]
Thrift coming too late.
" Sad wiL'.te ! for which no after-thrift atones.
The grave admits no cure for guilt' or sin."
Vou'per • Stanzas subjoined to
Bill of MortalUy (17S8).
after-tossing, s. [Eng. after; tossing.}
The swell which cuntnmes for some time after
a storm at sea.
"Cnnfusions and tumults are only the impotent
remains of an Unnatural rebellion ; and are no more
than_ the after-tossings of a sea, when the storm is
laid,"— jJfWtioji ; Ereeliolder.
after-undertaker, s [Eng. after;
tindertahrr.]
" According to their model, all after-undertakers are
to h\nli]i."~I}ryden.
after-Wise, a. [Eng after; wise.} "Wise
after the event, but too late to be of use for
the occasion in connection with which the
wisdom was required.
"These are such as we may call the afterwise, who
when any project fails, foresaw all the inconveniences
that would arise from it, though they keiJt their
thoughts to themselves." — Addison.
after-wit, s. [Eng. after; wit] Wit in
the sense of wisdom, which comes after the
event which it is designed to afl'ect.
There is no recalling of what is gone and past, so
that afierv'it comes too late when the mischief is
done . " — L'Estra nge.
■^ after- witness, s. [Eng. after; vntness.}
A witness arising after a trial ; a record of an
event after the latter has long gone by.
" Oft have I writ, and often to the flame
Condemned this after-ivitness of my shame."
Lord Hervey : Epistles.
* after-witted, a. [Eng. after; u-ittcd.}
1. Wise after the event has taken place, and
not till then.
2. Uncircumspect, inconsiderate, heady,
rash.
"Our fashions of eating make us slothful and un-
likely to Labour and study, . . , afterunttcd (as we
call it), uncircumspect, inconsiderate, heady, rash."
Tyndal: Exposif.. of Matt, vi, (Trench.)
after-wrath, s. [Eng. after; wrath.]
Wrath arising not at the time, but after reflec-
tion on an insult or injury, which seemed at
the time light, has shown its enormity.
"I hear him mock
The luck of C-esar : which the gods give men,
T" excuse their after-wrath."
SJtakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2.
boil, \>6^; pdit, jd^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aj; expect. Xenophon, e^st. -ing.
-clan = sh^n. -tlon, -sion, -cioun = shiiu ; -sion, -tlon = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shils. -ble, -die, &e. = bel, del.
100
after-writer— again-buyer
after-writer, s [Eng. n/fcr ; mritcr.]
A SLic'ceediiig writer. {iihud.-Jor'l.)
after-years, s. jt^ [Eng. after: iienrs.]
Years succeeding those previuusty refcirolto ;
future years.
"The tiuiietuosity af bis rFaradiiy's] character w;is
then uiichasteued by tln^ tli&ciplnn; t-i which it wa-s
subjected in after-years." —Tundall : l<'ra<j. qf .'Science,
yrd ml., xii. ^55.
''" after-yerne, r.t. [Eng. nfirr: ■ )jrnic —
ye;irn ] Tu yearn after, to long after.
"God^amites usiioghte ay that we f<ir pray.fovbe
wille gyfe u."* better theiiiie we 'ifti-r-ucriin." — M!S.
Lincoln. [IlaUlwell.)
1" The coinpnnnds of After are indefinite
in number, in addition to tlmse given above,
there are After-beauty (Tcinnif^on : I' r in <■''};.■,,
iv.), After-fame (iHa'/btonn: .'^Imlici, on Jlnuwr,
i. (jb), Afi'er-history (Ihul., iii. 2), ''■ Aftee-
send {SiJiin^iir : F. Q., I. v. 10), and others.
'^ af -ter-deal, af -ter-dele, 5. [A.s. after:
doil, dal=a.\nivt, a portion.] [Deal.] Dis-
advantage. {ReiinarO the Foxe, p. 14y.)
a-f-ter-gahg, v.t. [Eng. after, and gang^go.]
To fullu^v. {Sotch.)
" Withgrenthanistranithey thrimled thro' the thrang,
And gae a nod to lier to aftergany."
Ross: Ilclenore, p. 86.
af-ter-hend, af~tir-hend, adv. [a.s.
after = after, and /ieo'/'i = hence. (Ja-mieson.).^
Afterwards. {Seotcli.)
af-ter-ings {Ei'-n. and Scotch), af-t'rins
{Scotch), s. pi [Eng after.] The last milk
taken from a cow's millvings ; strokings.
{English.) (Grose.)
If In Seuteh this fi>rin occurs :
" Stane still stands hawkie, he her neck dues claw,
Till she'll frae her the luasay uft'rms draw."
Morison : Poemx, p. 185.
af-ter-most, a. [Eng. after; and the super-
Iati\-e )iwst. (Ljf. = lin' most after.) In A.>3
asfti rmest, uftermybt.]
.<aut. : Ne;irest to the stern. The oiiposite
of Foremost.
"I ordered the two furemost and the tuu iiftt-r-
■niojt guns to he thrown overboard." — JIawkswurth :
Voi/ages,
af-ter-noon, &. [Eng. after: noon.] The
]ierinil of the day between tweh-e u'cluck
(lion]]) and the e"\'ening.
"And they tarried until njtcrm.oii, and bhey did
eat both of them." — Jndg. xix. 8.
"He arrived there on the nftemoon of Sunday, the
16th of December."'— J/aca«?a?/ ; Bist. Eng. , ch. x.
after-thought (af-ter-thatt, s. |Rng.
after; thouyht.] A tliought wliich did not
occur to one at the tune wlieu the matter to
which it referred was under eiinsid(;ratniii.
". . . this afterthovght was maJe the subject of
a separate negotiation." — Lewis: Early Rom. Hist.,
ch. xii., pt. 1., 5 17,
af-ter-time, ' af'-tir-time, ;.. [Eng. after;
time.'] Futurity.
" Direct against which open'd from beneath,
Just o'er the blissful seat of Para(.li3e,
A passage down to the earth, a passage wide,
Wider Wy far than that of aftcr-tima
Over jUouut Sion, and, though that were large,
Over the Promised Land, to God so dear."
Milton: P. £.. bk. iii.
" What record, or what relic of my lord
Should be to aftertirrn:, but empty breath."
Teniu/son : Jforte d' Arthur.
ar-ter-wards, t ar-ter-ward, ■ af-tir-
ward, ■'^ af-tyr-ward, odv. [A S. cefter-
weard, aftenceardes, cnftewcarde, mftiAvcrd.]
Subsequently ; some time after a specified
event.
H Of the twenty-four passages in which,
according to Cruden's Concnrdonce, this word is
found in the English translation of the Bible,
the form afteru-ard oci-urs in fifteen, and after-
wards in nine ; now uftijrvmrds is almost ex-
clusively employed. The form nftyrioard is in
Prompt. Parv
" Assemblid l>en, his an.'?wer for to hiere ;
A..d after-ward this knifht was bode appiere,
To every wight comaiindid was silence. '
Ibid.. 6,611-13.
■'. . . ..rtc/'w'rtr'? ahalt thou be gathered unto thy
penple."— A'cmi. xxxi. 2.
". . . afterwards he will let you go hence." —
Exod. xi. 1.
'^ af '-tin, adv. [Often. ]
" Sif-tir,'prej). & adv. [After.]
aft'-most, rt. [Eng. aft; -most.] Situated
earest to the stern.
af -ton-lte, s [Corrupted form of Ai'riTHr.N ete
(q.v.).] A mi]ie]-al, called also Aphthonite.
af-tyr, i*rcj). &iadv. [Aft'er.]
■■ aftjrr-part, x. The croup of an aniniid ;
the hinder part of a ship. (Pruiiipt Porv.)
*a-ful-len, v.t. [Fell.] To cast down, to
fell.
■^a-fiire', "dv. [Afire.]
^ a-fiirst', a. [Afforst ] Athirst.
" AfursC score and afyngred." P. Ploivman. 9,243,
'■*afved, ijret. [Have.] Had.
a-fy'e, ■■" a-fy ghe (gh mute), v.t. [Affy.]
' a-fyght'e (gh mute), v.t. [A.S. afcohtan:^
to win by assault or force ; to vanquish by
fighting 1 To tame, to subdue ; to reduce by
subjection.
" Delfyns they iiymeth, and cokedriU,
And afgghtetli to heore wille,"
Kyng Atisaitnder. C.583.
*a-fyn' (1), adv. or adj. [Afixe (1).]
*a-fyn' (2), adv. [Afine (2).]
a'-ga, s. [In Ger. & Fr. aga, from Pers. a/:, o,lca
= lord, a title of rehpect'for a person ..f rank ;
Tartar aha. In A «. u.ga is = an owner, and
if tlie Persian eik or aka is Aryan, they are pro-
bably connected ; but if the Persian ak or aha
is Turanian, then the resemblance between
the Anglo-Saxon and Persian forms is m all
likelihood only accidental.]
Amang the Turks: A civil or military officer
of higli rank. The title is sometimes given by
courtesy to persons of distinction, to largy
landowner.s. and to those officers wlio occutiy j
a confideutial position in tlie ISultan's seraglio.
"There came a vast boily of dr.agoons, oE different j
nations, under the leadij.g of Harvey, tlieir givat uya." \
—Moift .- n-tttle of the JJoolcs. i
ag-a-ba'-nee, s. The nati^'e name in
Aleppo of a cotton fabric embroidered witli
silk.
ag-a-gel'-la, s A Latinised form of Al-
GAZEL (qA'.).
Her. : An antelope, or a tiger with horns
and hoofs.
a-ga'-da, a-gad'-ic, &c. [Ha...ada, H.'^l-.a-
DIC, &.C.]
a-gain' (often as if spelt a-gen'), "a-gayn',
^ a-gayn'e, t a-gen', ' a-geyn , a-gein
(all Eng.), a-gayn', a-gan'e (Scutc'h), prep.
& adv. [A.S. agoi. ageaii, O'hgeav, ongen, adv.
= again; agoi, omiran, oiigoi, jin-p. ^against;
fr. gean = opposite, against ; O. Sw. gen, igeii
= opposite, again ; Dan. igicn ; Ger. darjegen,
gegrii ; Bret, gin — opposite.] [Against.]
"i[ Agen Avas once common, but is now used
only in poetry and in various dialects.
A. Ab -preposition :
3. Towards.
" Till it were ageyn evyn,
The childeme wold gon hom."
Songs and Carols, x,
2. Against.
" Sonjtynie with the lord of Palatye,
Jgeyn another hethene in Turkye."
Chaucer: C. T, Prologue, 65. 66.
" i'or what saith aeint Paid ? the fleissh coveitith
affaynthe spirit, and the spirit agayn the fleisch." —
CJiaucer : The Personcs Tal-e.
"Aqcn that folc of Westsex hii nome an bataylc." —
Eobt. Glouc, p. 240.
" With thir agane grete Hercules stude he
Douglas: Virgil, 141, 25.
B. -^-5 adverb :
I. Of time-
1. A second time, and no more, noting the
repetition of the same act or occurrence.
" To Rome aqayn repaireth Julius."
Ch'u-c'-i- ■ C T.. 13,181.
"But now to puri>09 let us turne agein."
Ibid.. 4.590.
" If a man die. shall he live again? " — Job xiv. 14.
"As if some angel sijoke agm.
All peace on earth, good will to men,"
Scott: Marmion, Introduction to canto i.
^Age», agtn: An exclamation noting im-
patience.
"Agen, agen! Vil no wan give me credit?"
C'kapmau : Jievciigcfor Jlonour {165i).
Again and again: Repeatedly, frequently,
often.
"This is not to be obtained by one or two hasty
readings ; it must be repeated again and again, with
a close attention to the tenouf of the diaeomse."—
Locke.
2. Bi'-sides, in any other time, orin^Mrious
otliiT tiiuf-.s, till- number nut being limited, as
in the former signification, to two.
II. Ofpla.ce: In any other place or i)laoes.
"... thpie is not in the world i"iaiii such .-i m" '"i^
and seminary of brave militarj- people .-u, in Engl^oi'l,
Scotland, and Ireland." — Bacon.
III. Of 'ji'f'ndtij or magnitndL' : Twice as
much, twice ;is great.
" I should not Ije &orrv to .tee p. chnrui (ni a theatre
more than ns large and aa deeii aga'u as ours, built
and .adorned at a king's charges."— /'/•-/t/e/i .■ J)u-
frcsnog.
TV. of reaction following on previous action. :
Baclf.
Sprriall'i :
1. Noting reaction, or rociproiMl action.
"To n'rynde oure corn, and carie it ham agc,'/n.'
2. Ii- lestitution.
Wiaacur : C. 7'., 4,030,
" Wlien your head did but ake,
I knit my handkerchief abiait your brows.
The bebt I liad : a princess wrought it me ;
And I did never ask it you again."
SItahesp. : King John, iv 1.
?y. In return, in recompense
" He that hath pity upon the poor Icndeth unto the
Lord ; and that which he hath given will he pay him
again." — Proo. xix. 17.
4. In answer to a ipic^tion with or with-
out antag'.iiii:^m to the person or Being w^ho
puts it.
"Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own
masters, and to please them well in all things ; not
answering again. ' — THiis ii. 9.
5. In the sense of bringing back the anj>wcr
to a message.
"So David's young men turned their way, and went
'('/"'«. and came and told him all those sayings." —
1 N-n-(, xvv. 12.
V. Of addition to, tratisiti'yv from, or succes-
sion In :
'^\ Tlie word again maybe repeated oftener
than once to introduce a new quotation or
argument, or something additional to what
has been said or clone before.
1. Of"dditi'>n to or transition from :
(a) With no opposition or contrariety
implied.
" A'j'/n, it is of great consequence to avoid in this
operation every source of uncertainty " — Herschcl ■
Antron.. 5th ed., § 214.
"... And again, I will be to him a Father, and
he shall be to me a Son? Andoj/a;", whenlic bringeth
in the first-begotten into the world, he saith, And let
all the .angels of God worship him." — J/cb. i. 5, G.
(h) With such opposition or contrariety
implied.
" Those things that we know not what to do withal
if we had them, and those things again which another
cannot part with but to his own loss and shame." —
L'Estrange : Fables.
2. Of succession : Tlie next in rank, import-
ance, or dignity.
" Question was asked of Demosthenes, What was the
chief part of an orator? He answered, Action. What
next? Action, \■^^lat next, again! Action." — Bacon:
Est,ays.
C. /"- co'V)>o-^ilinn. Agaiii. in composition,
may bf- a prejiosition = against, a^ againsay=^
to say or speak against. Or it may be, as it
generally is, an adrp.ih=^-a.g3\\\, as againhuy
— to buy again, to redeem. If its numerous
obsolete comitonnds were arranged according
to the precise spelling of again in the indi-
viilual example given to illustrate them, some
would require to figure under again, others
under agen, or ngane, or agvnn It has been
thought better to bring tliem together, and to
effect this the form again has been assumed to
exist in all case^., that actually found being
X^laced after it. The same svstem will be
adoiited in similar cases throughout the
Di jtiona^>^
* again-ask, *^ ayen-aske, v.t. To ask
again or back.
* again-beget, " aysn-ljiget, v.t. To
bear or bring forth again.
*again-toite, *ayenbyte, s. Remorse.
"This hoc that h.&t Aycnhyte of inwyt."— .l?/en&)/(e,
^again-buy, agen-buy, v.t. [Eng.
again; bng.] To buy again, to redeem.
" We hopcden th.at he should have uqen-bouqTU
Israel."— iricA-^;/re. ittic xxiv. 21.
" again-buyer, *agayn-byer, s. [Eng.
again ; buyer ] One who buys again ; the
Redeemer. {Prompt Parv. i. 7.)
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there
^r wore, wolf, work, who, son: mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur rule, f≪ try.
; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pdt,
Syrian, se, oe = e. ev = a, au — kw.
again-buying— agamous
101
* again-buying, * ageyn-byinge, s.
[Eng. again; buying.] Redemption, (Fromj-t.
Paw. i. 7.)
* again-call (pa. par. again callit, againe
callet),v.t. [Eng. & Scotch a(/aift; call] {Scotch.)
1. To revoke.
"And thiit the said Robert sail nocht revoke nor
again-call the said procuratour qiihill it be vsit aud
hafe ellect."— ^c^ Horn. Cone. (1-180}, p. 70.
2. To oppose, to gainsay, so as to put in
a legal bar in court to the execution of a
sentence.
"That the dom gevin iu the Schirref court of Duni-
fresB — was weile gevin and evil again calUt — the doin
ye-vTii — aud falsit and agalne caUet—-vfAs.-wci\& geviu,"
—Pari. J a. ill., A. 1469. AcU, ed, 1814, p. It4.
'"^ again-caUing, s. [En^:. & Sc<itch
again ; calling.] Revocation. {Scotch.)
". . . to end lire but ony revocation, ohstacle, im-
liedimont, ur «i/i';/i-c«(;in</quhatt.uinever," — Barry:
Orknv// App., p. A'j\-2.
* again-coming, * agayne-com-
mynge, s. [Eng, again; coiaiag.] Coining
again, return. (MS. Lincoln.) (HaUiicell.)
"" again-gevin, .';. [Eng. & Scotdi gevin
= giving.] Restoration. (Scotch.)
"And alss to sell ane instrument of resignacionne
.iiiil "■K'-iii-frcoin of the foresaid landis . . ."—Act.
Doia Cnnc. A. 14'Jl, p. 229.
* again-rising, * agen-rising, s
[Eng. again, ; rising.] Resurrection.
"And he was before ordained the Sone of God in
vertu, by the spirit of halowing of the atfcn-rising of
deede men." — Wi/cliffe : Rom. i. 4.
■■ again-say, * agayn-say, * agen-
say, * agen-saye, ^ agen-seye {all 0.
Eng.), -^ agane-say (0. Scotch), v.t. [.Eng.
again ; sag.]
1. To gainsay, to contradict.
^ Now shortened into Gainsay (q.v.).
" . . . all you cannot justly nr/aniisui/, nor j'et
truly dei\y."—irall: lltiiiri/ VI., i. <M.
" For I shall give to you inoutli and wisdoui. to w hich
all your adversaries schulen not mowe ageiibtaude and
ugense!/e."—W!jcUffe: Lukax^xi. 15.
2. To recall. (Scotch.)
". revoke and aganesay." — Abcrd. Rnj i,\:,.w],
v. IC.
* again-say, "^ agayn-say, ' again-
saying. "' agayn-sayyng, .s. [From tiie
verb.] Gainsaying, contradiction.
"They gi^auntyd liym hys aekyng
Withouten more agapTinai/yvg."
Richard Coerdc Li-m. COO.
* again-stand, ^ agayne-stand, ' a-
gen-stand, v.t. [Eng. again; s/.o/r/ ] To
stand against, to witlistand. (Sec exani]ile
fj-oiji Wyclitre, under Aoainsay.)
* again-standans, pr. par, [ A< . a i x-
STAND.j (MS. Bodl.) (HalliwcU.)
* again-ward, " agayn-warde, " a-
gein-ward, * agen-^vard, ado. [Eng.
again: wanZ = towin-d.]
1. Baclcward, back again.
2. In an opposite direction.
"And pray'd, as he was turned fro
He would liini turn againward tlio'."'
Qowfr : Confessio A mantis, h\i. i.
3. Again, once more.
4. Conversely.
5. On the other hand, on the contrary,
contrariwise.
"Net ychliuge ynel for yuel. neither curavng for
cursyng.butni^cnu/ardblessynge."— H'(eZ//re..-l/'eMii.9,
a-gainst' (usually pronounced a-g3nst'),
* ar-gaynst'e, * a~gains', ^ a-)^ayns',
^- a-geins', ^ a-gens', * a-geln , prep.
[A.S. togeancs, i"f/0(f.'^ = towards, to, against,
in the way. Dut ieg-ens = against ; i>riens =
toward. Ger. cntgcgcii= to\v;ir<i, towards ;
dagegen = again.st ; gegen = toward, towards.
Closely akin to Again (q.v.).]
A. Of place :
^ 1. Towards, not implying that the motion
is being or will be continued till an actual
collision takes place.
To ride against the king or q^iecn : To meet
the king or queen.
"And preyeth hir for to ride agcin the rjueene.
The honour of his regue to susteene."
Chaucer : C. T., 4,811-r.'.
2. With contrary motion to, continued suffi-
ciently long to produce an actual collision, or
tend to do so. (Used of two bodies or persons,
one or both of them in motion. In the case
of persons, hostility is often in fact implied,
but this is not necessarily the case.)
" Such a force is called into play ^liien one Iwdy
strikes against another."— .^ifcimo/i.' Ganot's Physics,
§54.
3. Upon, so as to obtain support from, as,
"he was leaning against a tree."
i. Simply opposite to. (Used of bodies or
l>laees, butli of which may be at rest, and
neither of which may in any way be supported
by the other.)
" And the children of Israel rose up iu the morning,
and euiMimiwd against Giheah."—Judg. xx. 19.
•| In this sense it is very generally preceded
by over.
" And they ai-rived at the country of the Gadarenes,
which is oeur against Galilee." — Luke viii. 26.
B. Of time : Until, so as to be waiting or
ready.
". , . and am persuaded that he is able to keen
that which I have committed unto him against that
day."— 2 Tim. L 12.
C. More or less jiguraiively :
I. wait a person or persons as the object :
1. In opposition to, in conscious or uncon-
scious hostility til.
"He that is not with nie is agaiiist me." — Matt.
XI i. 30.
2. Adver.se to, detrimental to, injurious to
"Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph is
not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin
away : all thfe-e things are against me." — Gvn xlii. 3C.
II. With a thing for tlie object :
1. With pronounced and conscious opposi-
tion, in contradiction to,
"But they might with equal justice point to ex-
ploded boilers as an argument against the use of
steam." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3rd cd., vii. 130.
2. In contrariety to, contrarily to. incon-
sistently with, not implying an (i-\-ert act tn
give that antagonism effect or i)lace it on
record.
" Which is agent your lawes reverence ? "
Ch'tnccr: C. T., H,075.
" . . . be scrupled not to eat
Against'h.i& better knowledge."
Milton: P. L., bk. ix.
3. Art a set-off against. (Used of a negati\c
quantity as balanced by a positive one, nr
vin- verM.)
"Aff'iiii.^r the fall of Mons might well lie set off the
taking of Athlone, the victory of Aghrim. the sur-
render of Limerick, aud the pacification of Ireland."
— Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xyiii.
11 Formerly, both in Eng, and Scotch, oiinin
was frequently used for against. [Again J
* a-gait', adv. [A.S. gat, geat — a gate ; Icel.
gal'i = a way, I'oad.]
1. On the way, or road.
"A strength thar ■.vaa on the watir ofl'Ure
With iu a roch, rycht stalwart "rucht off f re ;
Agait befor mycht no muii to it wyn."
yVallacc, vi. *i2. .IWA'. {Janiieson)
2. Astir. (Jamii'^an : Stippl.)
^ a-gait'-ward, a-gait'-waird, ailr. [in
fSi-dtch agate ; imnl.]
1. Literally. Of thehndij : On the mad.
" The haill toimsmeu of EcUnr. past on fote n'/uir-
ward that day." — Belha-'en -l/.S'.. Moyscy Mem. Jaiiirn
V[., fol. 41. (Jameson, Sn;./.l.i
2. Figuratively. Of the mind: In a direc-
tion towards.
" Efter he had be thir meauis and numy utheres
broolit me w/'iifward to his intent." —I /istr action.
(Keith: Jlist.. p. 391.}
a'-gal, ;.. A shortened form of Agallochum
(q.v.).
agal-wood, agila-wood, eagle-
wood, ^. The wood of Aloexylon agallvhrnn,
Aqvilaria ovata, and A. aga'llocha or agallo-
chmn. [Agalloch, Agila, Eagle-wood.]
ag-a-lac'-ti-a, s. [Gr. i^aAaxTm (agalalctia),
fr. oiTaAaKTo? (agaloktos) = without milk :
a, priv. , and ya.\a (gala) = milk.]
Med : The absence of milk after childbirth.
ag-al'-ax-y, s. [Gr. aya\a$ia (agaloxia).']
The same as Agalactia (q.v.).
Med. : The absence of milk after childbirth.
a-gal'-l6cli, a-gal'-loch-iim, a-gil-
loch-um, s. (ch guttural). [Gr. aTaAXoxoi-
(agallochoyi) = the bitter aloe: afaWofiai.
(nejnJlo ma i) = to glory; afaWw (agallo) = to
make glorious. Or perhaps it came from
dghil, karaghil, Icalagartty the nam-s of the
agallochs in the East Indies, then native
countr>-. In Hebrew the terms are d^^hm
(ahCilim). nV"?nN (aheloth), which also look
like the native Indian term a little changed.]
[Aloes-wood, Lign Aloes.] A dai-k, fra-
grant, resinous, inflammable substance, once
supposed to be produced by the Exccecaria
agallocha, a Euphorbiaceons plant, but which
is now known to come from two species
of tiie Aciuilariads — the Aqnilaria ovata and
the A. agallochuin. It is the inside of the
trunk of those ttees.
a-gal'-ma, s. [Gr. ayoAjua (agnlma) = (1) a
' delight, (2) a pleasing gift, (3) a statue in
honour of a god, (4) any statue or picture^
(5) an image : ayftAAoyjiai {lUjaUoinai) = to
take delight.]
1. Law: The impression or image of any-
thing upon a seal. (Cmvel.)
2. Gr. Anti'j. : A votive offering.
3. Zool: The type-genus of Agalmidffi (q.v.,
Sup.).
ag-al-mat'-6l-ite, s. [In Ger agalmatoUth ;
fr. Gr. afa^/ia (agalma), (q.v.); XiOa^ (lithos)
— a stone.]
Mineralogij :
I. A variety of Finite, but with much more
silica in its composition. Its hardness is 2 to
2 '25; its sp. gr. about 2'S. It is nsnally
greenish-grey, brownish, or yellowish. It is
found in China, the specimens from whicli
have been called Pai^dditc (q.v.). It is found
also in Ti'ansylvaniu, Saxnny. Onco:^in, oosite,
and gongylite are sub-varieties.
^2. A name formeilv given to some Chinese
specimens of Pyrophj llitc
3. A name formerly given to some Chinese
specimens of talc.
* 4. A synonym of Biharite (q.v.).
S-g'-a-ma, s. [The name given by the people
of Guiana to one of the species (Dnudin : Rep-
files). Thence it has spread to Jamaica and
elsewhere.] A genus of Saurians, the typical
one of the sub-family Agamina?. The A. colo-
nornm, or spinose agama, is common m Egypt.
t ag'-a-msB, s. pi [PI. fem. of Lat. agaimis;
fr. Gr. a7a/ios (f"/'7/*(o.s-) = unmarried : u, priv.,
and 7a/ios (ga-inii.-^) = marriage.]
Hot. : A name L,'iveii by some authors to
rry]itogamic plants. The term denotes that
the union of the sexes in them is not merely
t'onceiiled, as implied in the word Crypto-
li.AMi.x (which see), but is non-existent.
"■ a-gam'-bo, u. or adv. [Akimbo.]
■ a-ga'me, a-ga'me, adv. [Eng. f = in ;
ga.vu I " III game," gamesomely, in Jest.
" I am right glad with you to dwellen here.
I said but againe I would go,
I wis praunt mercy nece (qd. he) tho
V\'ere it agame or no, soth to tell
Nuw ;im I glad, sens that yoii list to dwell."
Chaucer: Troilus, bk. iii,
ag'-a-mi, s. [A South American native name.]
A bird, called also the Trumjicttr from the
sound which it emits. It is the Psophia
crepitans. It belongs to the family Grwidfe,
or Cranes, and the sub-family Psophinge, or
Trumpeters. It is about the size of a large
fowl, is kejit in Guiana, of which it is a native,
with poultry, which it is said to defend, and
shows a strong attachment to the person by
whom it is fed.
a-gam'-i-dse, s. pi. [Agama,] A sub-family
of Saurians, better called Agamime (q.v.).
ag-a-mi'-nse, s. pi. [Agama.] a sub-family
of Saurians, one of the two ranked under the
family Iguauidve. It contains the Iguanas of
the Old World, which ditfer in the insertion
of their teeth from the Iguaninre; or Iguanas
of the New World.
* ag'-am-ist, s. [Gr. dyaixo^ (agnmos) = un-
inarried : d, priv., and yd|LLo? (games) = mar-
riage.] One who is umnarried. Spec, one
who is theoretically opposed to marriage.
" And, furthermore, to exhort in like manner those
agamists and wilful rejectors of matrimony to take
t..i themselves lawful wives, and not to resist God's
huiy ordination.' —Pox : Book of Martyrs. {Rich.}
ag'-a-moid, a. [Agama, and Gr. elios (eidos)
= form, appearance.] (ji the form of the
Agama ; resembling the Agama.
ag'-a-mous, u. [Gr. a^u/xos (agamos) = un-
married.]
'^ I. Gen. : Unmarried.
II. Technically:
t 1. Zool. : Of concealed nuptials.
" The molluscan race are divided into two branches,
the phanerogamous and the agamous or cryptogamic'
— Johnston: introd. to Conchology.
boil, boSl-; pout, j<$i^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist
-cian =: Shan, -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble =
ph=:f.
bel ; -dre = der.
luz
agan— agatMstega
+ 2. Bot. : Pertaining to the flowerless plants
sometimes called Auam.e (q.v.).
* a-gan', prct. [Go.] Gone.
S,g'-a-pae, s. pi. [Agape, s.]
S,g-a-panth'-US, s [Gr a-idirn (orinj,^) =
love, and avflos (fl((//(o.s) = flower : Inir-jhanr,
meaning lovely fotrpr.] African Jjilv A
gcnns of plants belonging to the order Lihuec:!-,
Lily-worts, and the family Hemerorallidp;!'
The species are of a blue colour. Two, the A.
-umheUatus, or large-flowered, and the A , jnwco.r,
or small-flowered African lily, are cultivated
in Britain.
a-ga'pe, adr. or adj. [Eng. a = (m, and gape.]
' Gaping; liavingthe mouth wide open with won-
der, attention, or eager exiicctatioii. [Gape.]
" Dazzles the crowd, and sets them ;U1 at/ape."
J/ilton: P. L., v. 357.
ag'-a-pe, .<;. ; pi. ag'-a-pse. [A Latinized
forra of the Greek o.'ta.^aL. From Gr. a.-ia.-nn
(agaiK'), pi. a^aTrat (rfj/f/^/ai) = brotherly Invu,
or' the love of 'God; not sexual alTection, but
atn-rtion foiuided on reason, implying respect
and reverence. (For an excellent account of
the distinction between a'yairdu) (agapao) = to
love, and ipiXeia (philfo), which mrire generally
implies sexual atfcction, or affection at least
instinctive rather than founded on reason,
see Trf))ch\ Sviioiymes of the Kew Testament,
pp. 4.3-40.)]
Church Histirrv : " \ love-feast," a kind
of feast held by the primitive Christians in
connection witli the administration of the
sacred communion. Either before or after the
Lord's Supper — it is not complrtely decided
which— the Christians sat down to a feast
provided by the richer members, but to which
all, however poor, who belonged to the Churcli,
were invited. As piety declined, the Agapce
began to cause scandal, and finally they were
condemned by the Council of Laodicea and
the 3rd of Carthage, in the fourth century, and
by that of Orleans in A.D. ;j41. It was, how-
ever, found hard to eradicate them, and finally
the Council in Tridlo, A.D. 692, launched the
penalty of excommunication against those
who, in defiance of previous prohibitions,
persisted in carrying them on.
Ag-a-pem'-on-e, s [Gr. aydirn (nrjape) =
brotherly love, and fiovh (monc), s. =(1) a stay-
ing, abiding, (2) a stopping station, from /j.^v(a
(mend) = to remain. Tlie abode of love ] The
name given by the Rev. Henry James Prince,
a clergyman who 'seceded from the English
Church, to a religious society, founded on the
principle of a community of goods, which he
established at Charlinch, near Taunton, in
1845. For some time after the death of Mr.
Prince very little was heard of the Society,
but in 1902 public attention was again called
to it by its pastor, the Rev. Smyth Pigott,
also a seceder from the English Church, who
claimed to be the Messiah.
Ag-a-pem-o'-ni-ans, s.pl. [Agapemone.]
Church History : Followers of the Rev. H. J.
Prince, and inmates of the Agapemone (q.v.).
Ag-a-pem'-o-nites, s. pi. [Agapemone.]
The same as Agapemonians (q-^'O-
ag'-aph-ite, ;.-. [Named after a naturalist,
Agaphi ; suff. -ite.]
Min. : Conchoidal Tarquois (Dana). A
variety of Calaite (Brit. Mus. Catal.).
a'-gar, s. [Eagre, Higre.]
a'-gar-a'-gar, a'-gal-a'-gal, s. [Ceylonese
local name.] The name of a sea-weed — the
(hxicilaria Uchenoicles, or Ceylon moss. It is
largely used in the East for soups and jellies.
3,g'-ar-ic, ^ ag'-ar-ick, i. [In Fr. o.gdnc ;
Ital , Sp., & Port aqarico ; Lat. agaricoti, fr.
Gr. dyapiKov (ognriron) = a tree-fungus used
for tinder, the I'.ohitiia igniarius, Linn. Said
to be from Agaria, a region of Sarmatia. ]
L Botany :
* 1. Gen. : The English name of the fungi
belonging to the genus Agaricus (q.v.).
* 2. S'pcclalhj :
(a) A fungus on the larch. (Gerard.)
(b) An Assyrian herb.
II. Pkarmoxy. What was called the Sur-
geon's Agaric, or Agarinis chimrgoruin-, was
the Boletns igniarins. Tlie Agaric of the oak,
or Agaricus quercus, was also the Boletus
igniarius.
"There are two excrescences which grow upon trees,
both of them in the nature of raushrooms ; the one
the Romans call boletus, which groweth upon the
roots of oaks, and was one of the dainties of their
table ; the other is mttdicma,!, and is called agarick.
which ei'oweth upon the tops of oak.s, though it be
affirmed by some that it groweth also at the roots."—
Bacon.
HI. Min. Agaric Mineral: So called from
its resemblance in colour and texture to tin'
Agaricus genus nf Fungi. A sub-variety of
calcite, an ^'XteusL^■l' mineral species, or rather
genus, of which the 2;-;rd variety or series of
sub-varieties described by Dana includes those
" deposited from calcareous spiings, streams,
or in caverns." Under this heading five sub-
varieties are enumerated, of whii-h the Agaric
Mineral, called also Rock-milk, is the fourth,
the others being Slclactites, Stalarnnite, Calr-
sinter, and Rock-meal Agaric mrneral i.s
either yellowish or greyish-white. It is soft
in texture, dull in lustre, and so light that it
floats for a short time on water. It is almost
entirely composed of carbonate of lime. It is
found in Durham. Oxfordshire, &c. In Swit-
zerland it is used to whiten houses.
a-gar-i-ca'-9e-£e, s. 3?^ [Agaricus.] An
order of plants belonging to the Alliance
Fungales, It contains the most highly or-
ganised species belonging to the Alliance. It
is called also Hymekomycetes (q.v.).
ag-ar-ic'-i-a, 6 [Named from its resem-
blance to the Agaricus genus of mushrooms.]
[Agaricus.]
ZooL: The name given by Lamouroux to a
genus of Zoo]>h;d;cs containing what are
called the Mushroom Madrepores. Lamarck
enumerates five species, and Parkinson seven.
ag-ar'-ic-us, s. ; iil. ag-ar'-i-9i. [Gr.
d-yapiKov (agarikoii).'] [Agaric] A genus
of plants, the typical one of the Fungus
or Mushroom family, consisting of the sjifcies
which i)Ossess a fleshy pileus or ctip, with a
number of nearly parallel or radiating plates
or gills on its "lower side, bearing spnres,
the whole being supported upon a more
MUSHROOMS. (ac;arici.)
or less lengthened stalk. IMon_- than one
thousand species are known. They may be
separated into five natural di\"isions, accord-
ing as the colour of the spores is white,
pink, ferruginous, purple-brown, or black.
There are many sub-genera. Some species
are poisonous. It is difiicult to identify these
with the accuracy which the importance of the
subject demands ; but the following marks have
been given : — An agaric is iioisonous, or at
least suspicious, if it has a very thin cap com-
pared with the thickness of "the gills, if the
stalk grows from one side of the cap, if the
gills are of equal length, if the juice is milky,
if it speedily decays into a dark watery fluid,
if the collar round it is' like a spider's web.
All these characteristics do not meet in the
same individual, but the presence of one or
more of them is enough to inspire caution.
The eatable agarics, British and foreign, are
the A. compestris, or Common Mushroom-
that often cultn-ated in gardens ; the A.
Georgii : the A. pra.tensis, or Fairy-ring Mush-
room ; the A. pcj'sonatns, &c. The A. can-
thvrcflns, piperatus, &c., rontain sugary
matter, considered by Liebig to be raannite.
The agaric of the olive is poisonous, but
pickling and subsequent washing render it
harmless, as has been ascertained by experi-
ence in the Ceveiines. Similarly, the applica-
tion of vinegar and salt deprives the poisonous
A. hulhosns of its noxious qualities ; but too
much eaution cannot be used in expei'iment-
ing upon such dangerous articles of food.
A curious circumstance about some agarics,
such as the A. Gardneri of Brazil and the A.
okarius of the south of Europe, is that they
are luminous.
* a-ga'sed, ^ a-gS.st', *^ a-gast'e, ^ a-
gast'-ed, pa, par. & a. [Aghast.]
^ a-gasp'e, v.t. [Old form of Gasp (q-v.).]
To gasp.
"Galba, whom his galantys garde for aga-^p-y"—
SkeUoii: Works, i. 274.
■ a-gast', v.t. [For etym. see Aghast.] To
terrify, to appall.
" In every place the ug-syme sights I saw ;
The silence selfe of night agast my s])rite "
Surrey .' Viri/ile, bk. ii.
* a-ga'te, adv. [Etym. doubtful; prob. con-
nected with A.S. gan = to go, and Eng. gnlt
(q.v.). In Scotch and in North of Eng. dialect
gtifd IS = went, and gate is = way. Probably
(/ = on ; 'i"te = going. Icel, gata = a way,
road ; A.S. geat, gat = a gate. way. On-going.]
On the way, a-going. [Gai p.]
"Is it his 'motus n-ppidafi/irih' th.it makes him
st.Lmnier? I pray you, Memurj, set him agate again."
—Drawer: Lingua, in. fJ.
ag'-ate, " ag -ath, s. [In Ger. achat, agat ;
Fr.' agate ; Itiil a gata ; Lat. axhntes ; Gr.
axaT^9 (achates).]
1. liUn. : A mineral classed by Dana as
one of the crj"ptucrystalline varieties of quartz,
some <if the other minerals falling under the
same eategnry being chalcedony, carnelian,
onyx, hornstuiie, and jasper. Phillips, and
the earlier school of mineralogists, had made
quartz and chalcedony different minerals, and
placed agate under the latter species. The
classifications diff'er but little ; for Dana defines
agate as a variegated chalcedony. He sub-
divides agates by their cnlours into those
which are banded, those in clouds, and those
whose hues are due to visible impurities.
Under the first (■atl-'-gory is reckoned the eye-
agate, and under the third the moss-agate, or
mocha-stone, and the dendritic agate. Other
terms sometimes used are ribbon-agate,
brecciated agate, fortification agate, &c,
Of these the most familiar is the fortifi-
cation agate, or Scotch pebble, found in
amygdaloid, and with layers and markings
not unlike a furtification. Moss-agate does
not, as the name would lead one to infer,
contain moss, the appearance of that form of
vegetation being piroduced, in most cases at
least, by an infiltration of mineral matter.
"The agate (or agath) was iu old time of great esti-
mation, but now it is in more request. Found it was
first in Sicilie, neare unto a river called also Anhates,
but afterwards in many other places." — Holland:
Pliiue, bk. xxxvli , c. 10.
"Aiid the third row a ligure, an agate, and an
amethyst."— i'arod. x^cvui. I'j.
2. Art: An instrument used by those who
draw gold wire. It is so called because there
is an agate in the middle of it.
3. An American name for ruby tj'pe.
agate-jasper, s. [Eng. agate; jasper.]
An agate consisting of jasper with veinings
and cloudings of chalcedony.
agate-ring, a. A ring with an agate set
in it.
agate-shell, s. The English name nf a
genus of shells— the Achatina of Lamarck
(q.v.).
agate-Stone, s A stone consisting of
agate.
" She is the fairies' midwife, and she comes
In shape no bigger than an ac/ate-ntone
On the fore-fineer of an alderman."
S/iakesp. : Jlomco and Juliet, i. i.
' a-ga'tes, adv. [Scoteh a — all ; gates — ways.
All ways.] Everywhere. [Alg.\te.] (^dAch.)
"Ye maun ken I was at the shirra's the day ; for I
gans about a-gate^ like the troubled sxiirit."— Scoif .*
Antiquary.
* a-gS.th'-er. ^ a-ga'-dre, v.t. [Old form of
Gather (q.v.) ] To gather. (Skinner, &c )
■■■ ag'-ath-is, s. [Gr. d-iaOis (agathis) =^ a. clue
or ball of thread, a cluster, sn I'alled because
the flowers are collected in clusters.]
Bot. : An old genus of plants, now called
Dammara (q.v.).
ag-ath-is'-te-ga, s. [Gr. diiJLe6^(agathos) =
good ; o-Tt^Ji (stege), crTe709 (stegos) = a roof,
a cover.] D'Orbigny's name for a primary
group or order of Rhizopoda. Characters:
Body consisting of segments wound round
about an axis; chambers similarly airangdl.
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e ; se = e. ey = a.
agathophyllum— age
103
each investing half the entire circumference.
(^Oircn : Palccnnt., 2ud ed., p. 12.)
ag-ath-O-phyl'-lum, s. [Gr. ayaSo? (agathos)
= good ; and jyhyllum, Latinized form of Gr.
<pu\\oi> (jthullon) =. a. leaf] Madagascar Nut-
meg. A genus of aroiiKitir trees of the order
Lauraceffi, or Laurels. One species, the A.
aroiiu'ticv'iii, furnishes tlie clove-nutmegs of
Madagascar. {Lindley : ^cg. Kingd., 184V,
p. Oiit;.)
ag-ath-O-poi-eut'-ic, a. [Gr. a-^aQoiroiirU)
(agatho'poieo) : a'^a.Qos {agatlws)=^goo'\; Trottw
(poieo)=to make or do.] Intended tu do
good ; beneviilt/nt.
"All these trusts might be comprised under some
such ^eneriil uame as thiit of agatho-poieiitic trust. '—
liomrtng : Bentham't Morais and Legisl., l1i, xviii.,
§ 54, note,
ag-ath-6§-ma, s. [Gr, ayaOo? {agatlws) —
good; IxTiii] (ns?u?) = smell.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Kutacea;, or
Rue-worts. Some species have white or
purplish flowers. A. pulchella is said tn he
used by the Hottentots to anoint their bodies.
(Trcas. of Bot.)
a-gath'-6t-e§, i.. [Gr. a-Yaeorns ("riathotes)
= goodness; fr. aya66<; (("///'/"i.^) — good.] A
genus of plants of the onli-r Gentianaceae, or
Gentians. A species, tlie ^4. Cliiwyto, an
annual whi<'li .grows in the Himalayas, has
febrifugal qualities, and is sometimes used iri
India when quinine is unprocurable. (Lindley :
Veg. Kingd., 1847, p. 614.)
a-gath'-rid, j""/. par. [Agather.]
a-ga'-ti, s. [The native name used in India.]
A genus of ]iapilionaceous plants, nf which
one species, the A. graiidi flora, a tree with large
white, variegated, or red flowers, grows in
India. Both the flowers and legumes are eaten
by the natives. The bark is bitter and tonic,
and is used in small-pox, while the juice ex-
pressed from the ftowei-s is given in defective
eyesight.
ag'-at-ine, li. [Agate.] Pertaining to agate.
(Wehster.)
" a-ga'-tis, adv. [Scotch a = all ; yalis, i.e.
I'/i;/!', = ways.] [Agates, algate.] In every
way, uniformly. {Scotch.)
" Thiit wyrkya uucht ay tiulmr agntis,
But sum quhar less, aim sum quhar mor,"
Barbour, iv. 7ii'2, J/<S'. IJainicson.)
ag'-at-ize, v.t. [Eng. agat ; suff. -izc = to
makV,] To convert into agate, an opei'ution
wliicli has not unfrequeutly been carried out
in the chemistry of nature.
ag'-at-ized, pa. pa?*. & a. [Agatize.]
agatized-wood, s Wood converted into
agate, but still showing vegetable sti'ucture,
as, for instance, medullary rays.
ag'-At-i-zmg, pr. par. [Agatize.]
"* ag'-at-y, a. [Agate.] Of the nature of agate.
"Au agaty fliut was above two inches in diameter,
the whole covered over with :i friublc cretaceous
crust."— Woodward.
ag'-a-ve, ag-a'-ve» s. [In Lat. agave; from
Gr. a.yav6<s {agauos) = illustrious.]
I. Classical Mythology :
1, One of the Nereids.
2. A daughter of Cadmus, afterwards
-deilied.
"... the mythe of Pentheua . . . torn in pieces
by his own mother Jgavd, at the be-id of her com-
panions in the ceremony, as an intruder upon the
feminine rites as well as a scoffer at the god." — Grote :
Hist. U'rcecc, pt. i., ch. i.
II. Bot. [In Fr. agave; Sp. & Port, agave.]
A 1,'euus of plants belonging to the order
Aniaryllidaceoe, or Amaryllids. The species
have large fleshy leaves, with teeth ending in
spinous points. From the centre of a circle
of these leaves there rises, as the plant ap-
proaches maturity, a tall scape of flowers.
The idea that the agave flowers but once in
a hundred years is, as Dr. Lindley says, a
gardener's fable : what really happens is, that
the plant taking many years (ten to seventy
it is thought) to come to maturity, flowers
but once, and then dies. The best known
species is the Agave Americana, or American
Ali)e. The hard and sj>iny leaves of this fine
endogen form impenetrable hedges. The fibre
is tough enough to make excellent cordage.
The expressed juice may be employed as a
substitute for soap. It may also be manu-
factured into a liquor like cider. The root is
diuretic and antisyphilitic. The jdant is now
cultivated in the south of Europe. The A.
Mexicana has similar properties to those of the
A. Amencana. The A. sajwnaria is a powerful
detergent, and its roots are used as a substitute
agave (AMERICAN ALOE.)
for soap. (Lindley : Vegetable Kingdom, 1S47,
pp. 157, 158.)
*■■ a-gayn', "■ a-gayn'e, jirfj) &,adv. lau'Vin,]
^" a-gayns', prej?. [Against.]
■" a-ga'ze, v.t. [Eng. gaze.] To strike with
amazemeut.
t a-ga'zed, jja. i^or. [Agaze ] [Set; Achast.]
" All the whole army stood agazed ou him."
Shakesp. : Henry VI., Part I., i. 1.
-age, in compos. (Lat. -aglvia) = something
added. N/'fc : (1) An added state; also per-
sons or thuigs in that state taken collectively :
as h"io}id<nie =t\i\i adiled state of being a
baronet ; also the baronets taken collecti'vely.
(2) 'An impost : as port'-nigp = something
added for a poiter, au iiiii>ust fur a porter.
age, s. ll''r, (ige : Arm. oage; O. Fr, cage, eage,
I'dage, rdrd ; Prov. Gdat, ctat ; 8p. cdad ; Port.
i'lad ; Ital etn ; Lat. mtatem, accus. of (^■fas =
(1) time of life, age ; (■_') life in general ; (3) a
period of time, an age ; (4) time or duration
in general ; (5) the people who live through
any such period, (8ee Wedgwood, &c,) The
Lat. <rt(is was formerly O'.nt^'S, from cei'um,
Gr. aiwv (j'Eon) ; 8ansc yooga or yvga = an
a;;e : whence arc Wcl. ]iavg = fulness, com-
liletcness, an age, a space of time ; Gotli oivj ;
Dut LTir.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of organised beings, talccn singly :
1. The whule duration of an nrganised bein^
who or which has a term of existence am!
then passes away.
". . , so the whole agp of Xicob was au hundred
forty and sevi-u years "—lien, xlvii 2S
2. That portion of the existence of an or-
ganised being which has already gone by
"And straightw.iy the damsel arose, .andvalked ; for
slie waji uf the iigc of twelve years."— J/arft v -i-l
3. The latter part of life ; oldness.
"And there was one Anna, a prophetess. she
was of a great age . . ." — Luke ii. 36.
4. One of the stages of human life, as the
ages of infancy, of youth, of manhood or of
womanhood, and of decline. [B. 1, Physiol]
" And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first, the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms ;
And then, the whining scbool-boy, with liis satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school : And then, the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eye-brow : Then, a soldier
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous ill honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth : And then, the justice.
In fair round belly, with good capon lined.
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut.
Full uf wise saws and modem instances,
And so he plays his part : The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon ;
"With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side :
Hia youthful hose well saved, a world too wide
For his shrmtk shank : and his big manly voice.
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound: Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion ;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing."
Shakenp. ; As You Like It, ii. 7.
5. The time at which man or any other
organised being reaches maturity. (B., Lav:.}
" But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full
age, . ." — ffeb. v. 14.
6. The time at which women cease to bear
children.
"Through faith also Sara herself received strength
to conceive seed, and was delivered of a child when
she was past age." — Heb. xL 11.
II. Of organispd beings, viewed collectively :
1. The time required for a generation of
mankind to pass away [Generation, ]
2. Those who are contemporaries on the
earth at a certain time.
"Which in other ages w.as not made known inito
the sons of men."— i>A. iii. 5.
" Yet I doubt not thro" the ages one increasing purpose
runs. , . , . , , , ,
And the thoughts of men are widen d with the pro-
cess of the smis." Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
III. Of unorganised beings : The time during
which an unorganised being has existed in the
same state, as the age of the moon, i e., the
time since it was new moon.
"As the moon gains a.i/e ' —Hcrsch'?l : Astron..
5th fd. (1858), g 417.
IV. Of time or dn ration in general :
1 A particular period of time marked by
certain characteristics which distinguish it
from others. Thus the Greeks and Romans
imagined an age of gold, an age of silver, an
a"-e of brass, and an age of iron, Hesiod inter-
calating also before the fourth of these one of
heroes.
" I venture one rem.ai:k. however, upon Hesiods very
beautifulaccount of the .4ffes. . . . Begimiing with
the Golden, he comes next to the Silver Age arid then
to Brass But instead of descending forthwith the
fourth and last step to the Iron Age. he very smgu-
larly retraces his steps, and breaks the downward
Cham by an -Iffc of Heroes. . , . Aiter this the .'?cale
drop.s at once to the lowest point, the Iron Age , . .
the age of sheer wickedness and corruption,"— (■'/((i/-
sCone: Studie-H an Homer, i. 80,
[•SrQ also B,, Archeol]
"Those who compare the a-je on which their lot has
fallen with a golden age m Inch exists only in their
imagination niav talk of degeneracy and decay. —
JIacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
". . . in the liteT^ity age ot S.ome."— Lewis: Earli/
Rom. Hist., ch. v., § 13.
2. A century, Ltuc hundred years.
3. Colloquially : A long time, as " I have
not seen you for an age."
". . . and suffering thus, he made
Mulutes an ugt:" Tennyson: Gcrmnt and Enid.
B, Technically :
1. Physiol. If the word age be used in the
now all but obsolete sense given under A,,
I. 4, i.e., as one of the stages of human life,
then physiology clearly distinguishes six o/
these : viz., tlie periods of infancy, of child'
hood, of liuyhood or girlhood, of adolescence,
of manlmod' ov womanhood, and of old age.
The period of infancy terminates at two, when
the lirst dentition is completed ; that of child-
hood at seven or eight, when the second den-
tition is finished ; that of boyhood or girlhood
at the commencement of puberty, which in
Britain is from the fourteenth tu the sixteenth
year in the male, and from the twelfth to the
i'curteenth in the female ; that of adolescence
extends to the twenty-fourth year in the
male and the twentieth in the female ; that of
manhood or womanhood stretches on till the
advent of old age, which comes sooner or
latiT. according to the original strength of the
cniistitutn'u in each individual case, and the
haliits whicli have been acquired during life.
The precise time of human existence similarly
varies,
2. Law : The time of competence to do cer-
tain aets. In the male sex, fouiteen is the
age when partial discretion is supposed to be
reached, whilst twenty-one is the iieriod of
full age. Under seven no boy can be capitally
punished ; from seven to fourteen it is doubt-
ful if he can ; at fourteen he may. At twelve
a girl can contract a binding marriage ; at
twenty-one she is of full age. In mediaeval
times, when a girl reached seven, by feudal
custom or law, a lord might distrain his
tenants for aid [Aid, B., 1] to marry, or rather
betroth her ; at nine she was dowable ;
at twelve she could confirm any consent to
marriage which she had previously given ; at
fourteen she could take the management of
her lands into her own hands ; at sixteen she
ceased, as is still the law, to be under the
control of her guardian ; and at twenty-one
she might alienate lands and tenements be-
longing to her in her own right.
* Age-prler, "^ age-prayer (lit. = a praying
of age) : A plea put forth by a minor who has
to defend an action designed to depri\-e him
of his hereditarj' lands, to defer proceedings
till he is twenty-one years old. It is generally
granted.
3. Arckrcol. : In the same sense as A.> II. 2,
The Danish and Swedisli antiquaries and
boil, bo^; pout, j^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin^ as; expect, ^enophon, e ist. -ing
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -§ion, -tion = zhun. -tious. -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die = bel, &c. -dre = d^r.
104
age— agerasia
naturalists, MM. Nilson, Steeiisti'up, Forc-
hanimerj Thorasen, "Worsaae, and others, have
divided the period during which man has
existed on the eai-th into three — tlic age of
stone, the age of Ijronze, and tht; age of iron.
During the first-mentioned of these he is
suiqiosed to liave ]iad only stone for weapons,
&c. Sir John Lubbock divides this into two
—the Pakeolithic or Older, and the Neolithic
ov Newer stone period. [Pal.-eolithic, Neo-
lithic] At the commencement of the age of
bronze that composite metal became known,
and began to be manufactured into weapons
and otlier instruments ; whilst when the age
of iron came in, bronze began gradually to be
superseded by the last-mentioned metal.
(Lyell: The AiUiqaitij of Man. Lubbock:
Pre-hi^torlc Times.)
age, s. [In Fr, achr.] A name sometimes
given to celery. [Acii, SsiALLAGb;.]
age, t'.J. [From the substantive,] T<i assume
the marks of old age; as, "he is aging
rapidly."
a'-ged, a. & s. [Age, s.]
A, As adjective:
I. Of beings :
1. Having nearly fulfilled the term of exist-
ence allotted to one's species. (Used of
animated beings or any individual part of
them.)
" Aud a
" With feeble pace,
And settled sorrow on hia aged face."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxi., 617, 618.
2. Having lived, having reached the number
of years specified ; spol^ien of the time which
has elapsed since birth. <!)ften in olntuary
notices, as "agecl thirty-three," "aged four-
teen years," " a^ed eighty-six," &c.
II. Of things: Old, orveiy old.
"... atyed custom.
But by your voices, will nut so permit me."
Sha/:cp. : Coriolanas, ii. 3.
B. As substantive : Old jieople.
"... and taketh awny the uiiderstaudiiig of the
aged." — Job xii. 20.
+ Tiie, Aged of the Mouiito.iii : A title for the
Prince of Assassins, more commonly called the
Old Man of the Mountain. [Assassin.]
a'-ged-ly, adv. [Aged.] After the manner of
an aged person. (Fhiloet : Did.)
a'-ged-ness, s. [Eng. aged; -ness.} The
quality of being aged ; age.
" Nor ;vs his knowledge grew did 's form decay.
He still was strong; ana fresh, bis brain wsts gay.
Such agednexs might our young ladies move
To somewhat more than a Platonic love."
Cartwright. y'oc?;zs (1501).
a-gee', adv. [Ajee.]
* a-gein', prep. k. adv. [Again.]
' a-geins', pmp. [Against.]
ag-e-lai'-US, s. [Gr. a-feXalo? (agelaios) = be-
longing to a herd, feeding at large : a-yeXti
(agele) = a herd.] A genus of conirostral
birds belonging to the family Sturnida, and
the sub-family Icterime. A. phceniceus, the
Ked-winged S'tarling, is destructive to grain-
crops in the United States.
ag'-el-S.st, s. [Gr. aYtXao-Toe (nfipJasl'-s): from
a, priv., and ye.Xaa) (gelaij) ; int. -(tAao-ojuai
Igekisomai) = to laugh.] One who does not
laugh ; a non-laugher.
". . . men whom Rabelais would have called
agelastn, or non-laughers." — Meredith ' Idaaof Cumedy,
a Lecture at the Loiulon iiutitutiou, (Times, Feb. 5,
1877.)
S-g-el-e'-na, s. [Perhaps from Gr. a-ytXn
(ii(l<l^) — ;i herd.] Agenus otsedentary siiidrrs,
belonging to the family Ai'aneidi.e, and the
sub-family Tapitelie of Walcnaer, The pretty
A. h'hjiriiithica makes its ni^st on commons,
spreading its web almost horizontally over
]]im11i, furze, &c.
''a-gelt' (1), lyrct. fc^^a. par. [A.S. agyltan-
to repay.] Forfeited.
" Yet had he uowt ugeU his lif."
Sevi/n Sages, 686.
* a-gelt' (2), pret. [A.S. agijltan - to offend.]
Offended. (MS. Arundel.) (Halliwell.)
a-gen' culv. [0. Eug. & poetic for Again
- (q-V.).]
a-gen-cy, s. [in Fr. ageiice; Sp. & Port.
agenda ; Ital. azione, azienda ; from Lat.
((i7c//s = doing, pr. par. of ago = (l) to set in
motion physically, mentally, or morally, (2) to
do.]
A. Ordinary Languagf :
1. The exertion of jtower, action, iqieration,
or iikstrumentality, by man or the inferior
animated creation, or by natural law.
(a) By man.
■' , . . employing the a-jcnri/ of desperate men." —
Macaulag: Hist. £ng., ch. x.\iii.
('j) By the inferior animated creation, or by
natural law.
". . , absolutely requiring the agencg of cei-tani
Insects to bring pollen from o]ie flower to the other." —
Darwin : Origin of Upecies (ed. 1359), Introd., p. 3.
" . . . so obscurely coloured that it would be rash
to assume the ayency of sexual selectiou." — Ibid., ch,
XV i.
2. The office or place of business of an agent
or factor for anotlier ; the business of an agent.
" Some of the pm-chasers themselves may be content
to live cheai) in a worse country I'ather than be at the
eliarge of exchange and agencies." — Hwift.
B. Tevhnimlhj:
Laio. A deed of agency is a revocable and
voluntary trust for payment of debts.
*■ a-gend', a-gen -dum; pi. ' a-gends',
a-gen'-da, &. [Lat. agendnm, neut. sing. ;
agenda, neut. pi. of the gerundive participle
oit" ago = to do.]
A. In Its Latin form: sing, agendum =
something to be done ; agenda — things to be
done.
I. Ordinary Language :
1, Generally : Things to be done or iier-
formed, or engagements to be kejit, in conse-
quence of a man's duty.
2. Specially :
(a) A memorandum-book in which such
things are entered to lu-event their being for-
gotten.
(b) A list or programme of several items of
business to be transacted at a public meeting.
II. TmhnicalUj :
1. Christian duty : Things to be done or
practised in contradistinction to credenda =
things to be believed.
" , . , the moral and religious credenda and agenda
of any good man." — Coleridge . Table Talk,
2. Ecclesiastically:
(a) Anything ordered by the Chui'ch to be
done. (SeeB., 1.)
(b) The service or office of the Ciiurch.
(c) A book containing directions regarding
the manner or order in which this is to be
performed ; a ritual, lituj'gy, formulary, missal,
or directoi-y of public worship.
" For their agenda, matters of fact and discipline,
their sacred and civil rites and ceremonies, we may
have them authentically set down in such books aii
these." — Bishop Barlow : Jiemai)^.
B. In its EiKjhbh form, at j(/T«'/(f uU but
( i1i„i:t, bat which may, and it is to be hoped
irlU vooner or later, revive:
I. Anything ordered by the Church to be
done. [A., II. 2(a).]
" It is the agt-nd of the Cliurch. he should have held
him too." — BisJw}) Andrewes : Answer to Card. Perron
(1629), p. 1.
^. Anything to be done, as distinguished
froK ft c/'cc^c/ii! ^anytliing to be believed.
[A., ILL]
"For the matter of our worship, our credents, our
aqeiuU are all according to the rule."— ITOcocits .■
Protest. Apol. (1642), l). 34.
a-gen -ei-6'-sus, s. [Gr. ay^veioq (ageneios) =
beardless; a, priv. ; and •yeVeioi' {•/<:, H'i,on) =
the chin, the part covered by the iieard-l A
genus of fishes belonging to the nrder ■\Iala-
copterygii Abdominales and the family Silu-
ridte. They have no barbels or cirrhi.
a-gen-es'-i-a, a-gen' -e-sis, s, [Gr. a,
priv. ; and vtfeo"ts {genesis) = (l) origin,
(2) birth.] w o >
Physiol. : Impeifect development of the
body or any part of it.
^ a-gen-fri -da, * a-gen-fri'-ga, *a'-gen-
fri'e, 3. [A 8 agen-frigt'ii, agend-frea, agend-
frigeu, agend-frcs, agend-frio = an owner, a
possessor, a master or mistress of anvthing :
agea = own ; frea = lord.] The true lord or
possessor of anything. (Cowel, SJdnncr.)
* a'-gen-hine, * ho'-gen-hine, * ho'-gen-
hyne, s. [A.S. agen = own ; kina, hine=-
domestic,/One's own domestic]
Old Law: By an enactment of Edward the
Confessor, a guest who having lodged tlirey
consecutive nights at an inn, was looked upon
as if that was his residence.' His host was
therefore made responsible for his good con-
duct. On the first night he was called uncuth
— a stranger ; on the second, gust = a guest.
a~gens'» ^J^-ey. [Against.]
a'-gent, o.dJ. & 5. [In Ger and Fr. agent, s. ;
Hi*' agent, agenff. s. : Port, agente, a. & s. ; all
fr. Lat. ageiis = donig, pr. par. of ago = to do, J
A. As adjective : Acting; opposed to patient
in the sense of being the object of action.
" This success is oft truly ascribed unto the force of
imagination upon the body agent." — Bacon : Sat Hist.
B. As substantive :
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Of persons or other animated beings :
(a) Generally : One who acts or exerts power;
an actor.
" Heaven made us ageiiix free to good or ill,
And forc'd it not. though he foresaw the will ;
Freedom was tirst bestrjw'd on human race,
Aiid prescience only held the second place."
Uryden.
" A miracle is a work exceeding the ixiwer of any
created «f7e)i£." — South: Serin.
^ A free agent or a voluntary agent is a
person who is under no external compul.siou
to act as he does, and who is therefore re-
sponsible for his actions.
(b) Specially : One who acts for another, a
factor, substitute, deputy, or attorney. Agents
are of four classes : (1) Commcicla! Agents, as
anetioneers, brokers, masters of ships, &c. ;
(■2) L'uv Agents, as attorneys at law, solicitors,
i:c. ; (3) Social Agent.-^, as attorneys in fact,
and servants. (JVill : Wharton's Law Lexicon.)
(4) Political Agents : Diplomatic functionaries
appointed by a powerful government to arrange
matters with one of inferior dignity. Such
have been frequently employed by the Anglo-
Indian Government to maintain communica-
tions with the semi -independent rajahs.
" All hearts iii love use their own tongues ;
Let every eye negotiate for itself.
And trust no agent,"
ShaJcesp. : Much Ado about Sothiny. li. 1.
"The agent of France in that kmgdom must he
equal to much more than the ordinai-y functions of au
envoy." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiL
"It w.ts therefore necessary that another agent
should be employed to manaije that party.'*— /6m/., ch,
xiii.
T[ The functionary who in England is gene-
rally termed a steward is called in Scotland a
farm agent ov factor.
2. Of things tnaniDW.te, and of natural law :
Anything which exerts action upon another.
. that natural selection had been the clnef
agent of change." — Darwin: The jOescejU of Man,
vol. i., ch. iv,
[See also II. 1, 2, 3, 4.]
IL Tcchniudly :
1. Law. Agent and Patient. : The Herms
applied to a person who at once does a deed, or
has it done to him or her ; as when a widow
endows herself with the best part of lier de-
ceased husband's property ; or when a creditor,
being made a deceased person's executor, pays
liimself nut of the effects which he has to
collect and distribute.
2. Nat. Phil. A physical agent is one of
the natural forces acting upon niitter ; viz.,
gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, or elec-
trii'it>-. (Atkinson : Ganot's Physics.)
3 Cliem. A clicmical agent is a substance
of which ithe action is chemica,l. In various
phenomena light acts as a chemical agent.
4. Med.: A vwdical or medicinal agent is a
substance the action of which on the human
or animal body is medical.
, such ai-ticles of electrical apparatus as are
indispensable with a view tn its application as a
laedieinid agent."~Ci/cIop. Pract. Med., L 703.
a'-gent, ^.t. [From the adj.] To carry out,
to perform. {Scotch.)
"The duke was carefully solicited to agent this
■weighty business, and has promised to do his endea-
vour."— BaiUie, i. 9.
* a'-gent-ship, s. [Eng. agent; suff". -ship.']
The office or work of an agent. Ku\t super-
seded by Agency (q.v.).
" So, goody agent, and vou think there is
No punishment due for your agentship."
Beaum. i- Fletcher : Lover's Progress,
ag-er-a'-si-a, ag-er'-a-sy, s. [Gr. i^^pa-
aia (i'(invsii') = eternal youth.]
Med : A green old age ; actual old age
reckoned by years, but with many of its
charaet eristics vet absent.
fate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot;,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unit^, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; se = e. ey = a.
ageratum— aggravate
105
ag-er-a'-tum, s. [In Ger. & Dan. ageratum;
Fi-. aghate; Sp., Port., & Ital agerato; fr.
Lat. ageraton, Gr. aytipcnov (ageraton)^ some
plant or other which does not grow old : a,
priv. ; and inpas (geras)= old age. So called
because it does not soon decay.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Asteraeeie, or
Composites, the sub-order Tnbuliflorse., and the
tribe or section Vernoniaccie. A, -niexlnnium,
a plant with bluish or occasionally with white
heads, is cultivated in this country as a border
plunt ; other species are k'ss frequently seen.
* a'-ger-dovirs, l-. [Ah;re-Doulce.] Keen,
biting, severe.
** He wrote an epitaph for liia gravestone
With wordes devoute and sentence wjerdows."
SkcUon: WorTzx, i. 411.
" a'-gethe, v., Srd pcrs. sing. pret. [O. Eng
agoetli; fr. ago = go (q.v.).] Goeth. _ (Ritson.)
a-geus'-ti-a, s. [Gr. a-jevarla (ageuslia) =
lasting: a, priv. ; and -fnijofiai (geuo'iim I) — to
taste. J
Mi'iJ. : Loss of the sense of taste. It may be
produced by local palsy of the tongue or tliij
face : by the existeuee of a meehanical deposit
on the surface oi' the tongue in fever, &c. ;
or by the long use of tobacco in any form.
"^ ageyn (a-genO, i>rcp. & wiv. [Acain.]
(I'or its compounds, Ageyn-byinge and
Ai:;eyn-warde, see Again.)
* ag-gel-a'-tion, s. [In Ital. aggelazione;
fr. Lat. ad = to, and f/eZa^io = freezing : gelo
= to congeal; tjeiu^ frost, cold.] Congela-
tion, or solidification of a fluid.
•'It ia romid in hail, and figured in its guttulous
descent from the air, growing greater or lesser ae-
cordjiig to the accretion or pluvious augelatioii about
the fundamental atoms tliereof."— Kir T. Browne:
Vulgar Erroars.
* ag-gen-er-a'-tion, s. [From Lat. aggenero
'= to beget in addition ; or from arl = to, and
gencratio.] [Generation.] The .state of grow-
ing to anything else.
"To make a perfect nutrition, there is required a
traiiamutation of nutriment : now where this convcr-
Bion or wji/cnertUion ia made, there is also required
in the ahinent u. famiUarity of matter.' —flrowde."
Vitlijar En-oars, blc. iii., ch. xxi,
tag'-ger, s. [Lat. : (1) materials heaped up ;
(*2) a mound, a fortress.]
¥(j}t. : An earthwork.
" liefore the west gate there ia at a considerable dis-
tance an agger, or raised worli, that was made for tlte
defence of the city when it was besieged on that side.
—Uearne : Joumcij to Heading.
"ag- ger -ate, v.t. [From Lat. aggeratinn,
sup. of aggero = to form an agger (Aoger), to
heap up: ad = to, and gero— to earry.l To
heap, to lieup up. (Rider.) [Exaggerate.]
* ag-ger-a'-tion, 5. {Lat. aggc ratio.] Aheap-'
ing ; an aecumulation.
"Seeing, then, by these various aggeratiom of sand
and fliltthe sea is closely cut short and driven back.
—Ray: Dissolution of tlui World. [Ord MS., in
Latliam's Jiict )
* ^g'-ger-6se, o. [Fi-om Lat. agger = aheap.]
Heaped up ; in heaps.
■^ ag-gest', v.t. [Lat. aggestnm=& dyke or
mound ; aggesius, a. = a carrying to, an accu-
mulation ; pa. par. of oggero, -essi, -e^^tum = to
cari-y towards : ad = to, and gero = . . tu
bear, to carry.] To heap up. (O'lcs.)
*' ag-gest'-ed, pa. par. [Aggest.]
'ag'-glate, ;;.(. [Aglet, v.]
* ag'-gla-ted, pa. par. [Aglet, v.]
ag-glom'-er-ate, v.t. & i. [From the adj.]
1. Trans. : To heap or collect together by
natural or by human agency into a ball or mass.
2. IntraTis. : To be so heaped or collected
together.
ag-glom'-er-ate, o. & s. [Lat. agglomero =
to wind as a ball or clue, to heap up : ad = to,
and glomero = to form into a ball ; glomus =
a ball or clue ; Fr. agglomerer; Ital. aggomito-
lare.]
I. As adjective :
Nat. Scienrc : Heaped up.
II. As substan tivc :
'7t''i/. : An accumulation of angular fragments
of rocks thrown up by volcanic eruptions. It
is distinguished from conglomerate, in which
the agency massing together the generally
rounded constituents of the rock is water.
ag-glom'-er-a-ted, pa. par. & «. [Agglo-
merate.]
.4s adjective :
Botany: Collected in a heap or head, as
the individuals of the minute fungi called
, Ecidi um Jacohcea ultimately become. {Loudon :
Cyclop, of Plants.)
" In one apglomcrated cluster himg,
Great Vine, ou thee."
Young: liigltt ThougTUs, is..
ag-glom'-er-a-ting, pr. pn r. & a. [Agglom-
erate.]
" Besides the hard agglomerating salts.
The spoil of ages would impei-vious choke
Their secret cnannels." Thomson: Autumn.
ag-glom-er-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. agglomera-
tion ; Poi-t. agglomeraQao.] The act of heaping
into a ball or mass ; or the state of being so
heaped.
"An excessive agglomeration of turrets, with their
fans, is one of the characteristic marks of the florid
mode of architecture whicb was now almost at its
height."— H'ariOJi.- m&t. Eng. Poetry, ii. 223.
^ ^g'-gl6t, 5. [Aglet.]
ag-glu '-tin-ant, «. & s. [In Fr. (iqqlnti,nn,t ;
' Pui-t.. oq\iluini<'nt': ; fr. Lat. agnh'tiuans, pr.
par. of aii'jiultitn.] [Agglutinate.]
1. As adjective : Gluing together ; causing
adhesion.
"I shall beg you to prescribe to me something
strengthening and aygliUinant." — Gray : Letters.
2. As substantive : A viscous substance
capable of gluing others together.
Pharm. AgglutUiants were medicines of a
glutinous nature which were supposed to
adhere to the solids and help to repair what
they had lost.
ag-glu'-tin-ate, v.t. [In Fr. agghUlner; Port.
agglutinar ; fr. Lat. (uiijUitino: a(Z=to ; and
glutino = to glue ; glntai = glue.]
1, Lit. : To glue together, to cause to adhere
by iutLM'posing a viscous substance, kcrping
tilt.' two bodies to be united in contact and
cxeludmg the air.
" The body has got room enough to grow into its full
dimensions, which is performed oy the daily ingestion
of food that is digested into blood, which bemg dif-
fused through the Dody, is agqlutinated to those parts
that were iniuiediately 'i<iqliiiinat':dtvi\'\\e foimdatiou
parts of the womb." — Harvey on Consumptions.
'2. Fig. : To cause anything not of a material
fharacter to unite with another. [Aggluti-
native.]
•[ Used in a tropical sense in Philology.
[See Agglutinative [2).]
ag-glu'-tin-ate, ". [From the verb.] Glued
' loi^etlicr {lif. or jig.). Chiefly in Philology.
[Agglutinative (2).]
ag-glu'-tin-a-ted, pa. pur. & a. [Agglu-
tinate.]
"... the agglutinated BBSiiX."— Darwin : Voyage
round the World, ch. xiv.
ag-glu'-tin-a-ting, pr, par. & >i. [A<:iGLu-
tinate.]
ag-glu-tin-a'-tion, s. [in Fr. agglnVmatio,^ ;
fr. Lat. ngglutino = to glue together.] Thi^
ai.-t of gluing or uniting by means of a viscous
substance ; alsu tlie state of being so united
or made to adhere.
1. In a general sense:
"To the nutrition of the body there are two essen-
tials required, assumption and retention ; then there
follow two more, concoction and agylnCiiuUion ur cit-
hesion."—MoweU : Letters, i, 5.
2. PhiloL : The adhesion of a pronoun to a
verb to make a conjugation, or a preposition
to a substantive to form a declension ; the
root and the adhering word not in any way
being properly incorporated together. [Ag-
glutinative.]
ag-glu'-tin-a-tive, a. [In Fr. agghitinatif ;
Port, agglutihativo.]
1. Gen. : Pnssessing the power to cause
bodies to adhere together ; causing to adhere,
adhesive.
"Rowl up the member with the agglutinative
rowler." — Wiseman,
2. Philol. The agglutinative family of lan-
guages consists of those tongues in which no
proper inflections exist, but in which pro-
nouns are made to adhere to the root of the
verb to form the conjugation, and prepositions
to substantives to form the declension. There
must be no x^roper incorporation between the
root and the adhering word ; the two must
simply lie side by side and " glued " together,
but one must not modify the form of the
other in any way.
^ The teiin agghitinative is specially op-
posed to inflectional The Tui-anian languages
are agglutinative, whilst the An,-an and Semitic
families of languages are inflectional.
" The Turanian languages allow of no grammatical
petrifactions like those un which the relationship of
the Aryan and Semitic families is chiefly foimded.
If they did they would cease to be what they are ;
they would be inflectional, not agglutinntivr." — Mux
Miiller: Hcience qf Lang., 6th ed., voL li. (1871), p. 2D.
^ ag-gra'5e, '^ a-gra'se (pa. par. agraste),
'i\t. [Ital. aggraziare = to restore to favour,
to pardon ; Low Lat. oggraliare = to spare, tr>
pardon: from Lat. j/ct^^'M = favour.] To show
grace or favour to.
" She graunted, and that knight so much agraste.
That she him taught celestial discipline. '
Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 18.
■ ag-gra'9e, s. [See the verb.] Grace,
favour.
" So goodly purpose they together fond __
Of kindness and of courteous aggrase.
Spemer: F. Q., H. viu. 56.
' ag-grand-iz-a'-tion, s. [Aggrandize.]
The act of aggrandizing; the state of being
aggi'aiidized.
•I Xow Aggrandizement (q.v.).
"There will be a pleasing and orderly circulation,
no part of the body will consume by the aggrandtza-
tion of the other, but all motions will be orderly, and
a just distribution be to all parts."— iraier/toiise en
Fortescuo, p. 197.
ag-grand-iz'-a-We, a. [Eng. aggrandize ;
' -nhle.] Capable of being aggrandized. (H ch-
sta:^
ag'-grand-ize, v.t. & i. [In Fr. agrandir ;
Ital. iigginndire: Lat. od = to, addition to,
and grandio= to make great; grandis —
great. ]
A. Transitive :
■' 1, To make great, to enlarge. (Lit and
fig.) (In this sense it was applied to things.)
"These furuish us with glorious springs and me-
diums, to raise and aggrandize our conceptions, to
warm our souls, to awakeu the better passions, and to
elevate them even to a divine iiitch, and that for
devotional purposes,"— JV'a((s .- Jmproo. qf the Mind.
2. To make great in power, wealth, rank,
or reputation. (Applied only to persons.)
"If the king should use it no better than the pope
did, only to aggrandize covetous churchmen, itcimnot
be called a jewel in his crown." — Ayliffo: Parergon.
B, Intransitirc : To become great.
" Such sms as these are venial in youth, especially
if expiated with timely abjurement : for follies con-
tinued till old age do aggrandize and become horrid."
—John Hall : Pref. to his Pocins.
ag'-grand-ized,po. par. & a. [Aggrandize.]
"Austria may dislike the establishment on her
frontier of an aggrandized or new Coui't, whether
likely to receive Inspiration from St. Petersburg or
from Berlin."— Time*, Xuv. 16, 1877.
ag-grand'-ize-ment, s. [In Fr. aggran-
((i-<^(',iiifiit.] The act of aggrandizing ; an
exalting' of one in power, wealth, rank, or
reputation ; also the state of being aggran-
dized.
" Instead of harbourinjf any schemes of selfish
aijgrandizement, he [Solon] bent all his thoughts and
energies to the '.'xecution of the great task which he
bad undertaken." — Thirlwall : Hist, of G-reece, ch. xi.
"The very opportunity creates the wish, and we
hear schemes of territorial aggrandizement attri-
buted to Powers whose obvious interests might have
been thought a sufficient guarantee of their modera-
tion, "-rimes, Nov. 16, 1877.
ag'-gran-di'-zer, -. [Aggrandize.] One
who aggrandizes.
ag ~gran-di'-zing, pr. pa r. [ Aggrandize. ]
"Aggrandizing, money -getting Britain gave twenty
millions for the emancipation of sXa.\es. —Bowring :
Benihams Worfcs, vol. i., p. 28.
t ag-grap'pes, s. pi. [Ital. aggrappare = to
grapple or gi'ipe ; whence aggrappamento = a
taking, a catching.] Hooks and eyes used
on armour or on ordinaiy costume.
* ag-gra'te, v.t. [In Ital. aggradare, aggra-
d ire, a gg rat iare^= to O-ccept, to receive kindly.]
To gratify, to please, to inspire with satisfac-
tion, to delight, to propitiate.
" And in the midst thereof, UTion the floor,
A lovely bevy of fair ladies sate,
Courted of many a jolly paramour,
The which them did in modest wise amate,
And each one sought his lady to aggratr."
Spotser: F. Q., II. Ix. 34.
ag'-gra-vate, v.t. [From the ad.]. In Fr.
aggrav'er; Ital. aggraiure ; Lat. aggravo : ad
= to, and gravo = to load or burden ; gravis
= heavy. (Used only in ajig, sense.)]
1. To render lesS tolerable, to make more
unendurable, to make worse.
" Heaven such illusion only can impose.
By the false joy to aggravate my woes."
Pope: Homer's Odgsaey, bk. xvi., 216, 217.
boil, boy; pout, J4$^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
HCian := Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -§ion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sions, -cious = shiis. -tale, -die = bel, i:c. -dre — der.
106
aggravate— aggressive
" still less could it be doubted that their failure
would aggravate every evil of which they complained."
— Afacaulay : Hist. J^ng., ch. ii.
2. To render a sin or a fault worse by the
addition of some circumstance involving a
new element of blame.
"This offence, in itself so heinous, was yet in him
aggravated by the motive thereof, which was not
malice or discontent, but an inspiring mind to the
papacy." — Bacon: Henry }'//.
3. To make a sin, a crime, or a fault lonk
■worse by skilful colouring introduced by the
person who narrates it ; to exaggerate a
charge.
" Small matters aggravated with heinous names." —
Hall : Edward V.
i. Colloquial: To provoke, to irritate, to
cause to lose the temper.
ag'-gra-vate, a. [Lat. nggravatus, pa. par,
ot "" aggravnr : ad = to, and gravis = hea.yy.]
Burdened, weighed down. (Burdoij: Mtrroiir
of Good Manners.)
ag'-grav-a-ted, 2'cf- i'^^- ^ '^- [Aoorayate.]
ag'-grav-a-ting, pr. pnr. &a. [Aggravate.]
ag'-grav-a-tihg-ly, adv. [Aggravating.]
In an aggravating manner.
ag-grav-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. aggravation ;
Lat. ti^i =: to, and ^/'avoiio = heaviness.]
I, The act of making heavier.
1. The act of making worse or more in-
tolerable.
" Corellius Eufus is dead ! and dead, too, by his own
act! a circumstance of great aggravation tu iiii
affliction." — Mehnoth : Pliny, bk. i., lett. 12.
2. The act of making more blameworthv.
[See No. III.]
1 3. The act of colouring or exaggerating.
" A painter added a pair of whislters to the face, and
by a little aggravation of the features, changed it
into the Saracen's head." — Addison.
i. Colloquially : The act of irritating or
provoking.
5. Bccles. : The threat to fulminate excom-
munication after three monitions of the
Church ; also the stoppage of all intercourse
between the excommunicated party and the
body of the faithful.
II. The state of being rendered heavier,
worse, or more difficult to be borne ; the state
of being coloured or exaggerated.
III. That which constitutes the heavier ele-
ment in anj-thing aggravated.
" He to the sins which he commits, hath the aggra-
vation superadded of committing them against know-
ledge, agaiust conscience, against sight of the con-
trary law." — Hammond.
" Not that I endeavour
To lessen or extenuate my offence ;
But that, on the other side, if it be weigh'd
By itself, with aggravations not surcharged.
Or else with just allowance counterpoised,
I may, if possible, thy pardon find.
Milton: Samson Agonistes.
ag-gre'de; v.t. [Lat. aggredinr = to go to ;
to attack or assault.] To aggravate. (Coles.)
ag-greg-a'-ta, s. pi. [Properly the n. pi. of
Lat. aggregatus, pa. par. of a ggrego.] [Aggre-
gate, v.] Aggregated animals. Cuvier's
name for his second family of Naked Acepha-
lous Mollusca. They are analogous to the
Ascidite, but are united in a common mass.
Oenera : Botryllus, Pyrosoma, Polyelinum,
and perhaps Eschara. Botryllus and Poly-
elinum ai'e now included by Woodward in
his BotrylUda3 ; Pyrosoma is the type of his
Pyrosomidffi, both families of Tunicata ; and
Eschara is not included among the Mollusca.
ag'-greg-ate, v.t. & i. [From the adj. In
Ger. aggregiren; Ital. aggregare.]
1, Trans. : To collect together, to bring to-
gether into a mass or heap ; to add together
into one sum.
'■ So that it ia many times hard to discern, tu which
of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a nmn ought to
be aggregated." —WoUaston : Jtelig. of Nature, § 5..
2. Intrans. : To unite,
" By the atti-action of cohesion, gases and v.ipours
aggregate to liquids ;u.'l solids, without any change of
their chemical uatare.' —Tyndall : Frag, of Science.
S.g'-greg-ate, a &i s. [In Ger. agqregat, s. ;
Fr. agrcgdt, s. ; Sp. agregado, a. ; Ital. a^ggre-
gato, all from Lat. aggregatus, pa. par. of ag-
grego = to bring into a flock : ad = to, and
grego = to grither into a flock; grcx (genit.
gregis) = a flock.]
A, .-It aOjcdive :
I Ord. Lang. .- ColkM-ted together ; made
up by the massing together of its details in
one sum.
. . any part of the aggregate fund."— B7ac&-
stonv : Comment., hk. i., ch. viii.
the aggregate debts of the English residents
in the Low CoxxTxtriea."— Fronde : Hist. £ng. (ed. 1858),
iv. 409.
the compounds or aggregate characters are
broatlly distinguished."— (/torf«o;ie . Studies o?i Homer,
i. 295.
II, Technically :
tl. Physics: Collected together. [See B., II.;
also Aggregated.]
2. Zool. Aggregate animals : Compound
animals, that is, groups of individuals united
together by a common organized external
integument. Examples, the aggregatedPolypes
and the Compound Ascidians. [Aggregata.]
3. Bot. : Gathered together.
ir This term is usually applied to any dense
sort of inflorescence.
t An aggregate flower : One composed of a
number of small florets enclosed within a
common involucre or inserted in a common
receptacle, but with the anthers not united.
Hence it differs from a composite flower.
Ex;iniplcs ■ Dipsacus, Scabiosa.
aggregate flowers.
i. Scabiosa. 2. Dipsacus.
An aggregate fnut, in Dr. Lindley's classifi-
cation, is properly one formed by the union of
the ovaries of a single flower. [Aggregati.]
It is nut the same as a collective fniit (q.v ).
(Lhidlcij : Introd. to Bat, 3rd ed., pp. 233, 234.)
A. Law. An onqregate corporation : One
consisting of two or more persons united, and
which is kept in existence by the admittance
of a succession of new members.
"Corporations aggregate consist of many persons
united together into one society, and are kept up hy a
perpetual succession of members, so as to continue fi <t
ever , of which kind are the mayor and commonalty
nf a city, the head and fellows of a college, the dean
and chapter of a cathedral church." — Blackstone :
Comment., bk. i,, ch. xviii.
C As sithstantive :
1, Ord. Lang. : An assemblage, mass, or
collection of quantities of the same thing,
or of diff'erent things brought together ; the
sum of various numbers, the generalisation of
various particulars.
"When we look to our planet we find It to be an
aggregate of solids, liquids, and gases."'~Ti/ndall :
Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., i. 8.
"... and the aggregate and system of all such
things is nutvj-e."— Coleridge . Aids to Re/lect. (ed. 1S39),
p. 46.
^ In the aggregate, adv. : Not separately,
but collectively ; tou'etber. For instance, the
infantry, the cavalry, the artillery, the en-
gineers, &c., taken in the aggregate, constitute
the army.
"... will differ at least as much in the aggregate
of their derivative properties."-,/. 5. Mill ■ Logic, ind
ed , bk. iii., ch. xx.
". . . it would be difficult to predicate anything
of them 111 the aggregale."~lewis : Early Rom. Hist.,
ch. m.. § 11.
II. Teel\. Physics: A collection together
into OUR mass of things which have no natural
connection witli each other.
ag'-greg-a-ted, ^70. pfr.r. & a. [Aggregate,
;' ] Massed together without any very inti-
mate conjuncbiun of the separate parts. '
Mill. (.0 Geol. An aggregated mineral or rock
is one in which the cnnstituents are not
fhemically combined, but only adherent to
each other, so that they may be separated by
mechanical means. Examples : Granite, the
felspar, quartz, and mica of which are thus
loosely conjoined.
ag'-greg-ate-ly, adv. [Aggregate.] In an
aggregate manner ; taken in mass ; viewed
collectively.
" Many little things, though separately they seem
too insignificant to mention, yet aggregately are -oo
material for me to omit." — Chesterfield ■' Letters.
^g'-greg-a-ti, s. pi. [Lat. m. pi. of aggre-
gatus, pa. irdiV. oiaggrego, -avi ^=to bring into
a flock, to add or join to. ]
Bot. : Lindley's name for bis second class of
fruits, those which are aggregated. [Aggre-
gate Fruit. ] He includes under it the
Etserio, tlie Syncarpiuin, and the Cynaixho-
dum. (Lindley : Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed., pp.
234, 23V )
ag'-greg-a-ting, pa. par. [Aggregate.]
^g-greg-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. agregoMon; Sji,
agregacion; Ital. aggregazione ]
1. The act of collecting together, as sub-
stances of any kind into one mass, or numbers
into one sum,
" . . , by ' material aggregation ' being meant the
w.iv in which, by nature or by art, the molecules of
mattL-r are arram,'ed together." — Tyiidall: Frag, of
Srieni-''. 3rd ed., x.~-J4r, 248.
2. The state of being so collected or added
together.
"... the relations of radiant heat to ordinary
matter in its several states of aggregation.'' — Tyndall
on Heat, 3rd ed. (1868), p. xiii.
"Their individual imperfections being great, they
are moreover enlarged by their aggregation, and, being
erroneous in their single numbers, once huddled to-
gether they will be errour itself." — Browne: Vulgar
Err ours.
3. The whole composed of separate portions
put together ; an aggregate.
" The water resident in the abyss is, in all parts of
it, stored with a considerable quantity of heat, and
more especially in those where the.se extraordinary
aggregations of this fire happen." — Woodward: Nat.
Hist.
ag'-greg-at-ive, «.. & s. [In Fr. agregatif.]
A. As adjective :
1. Disposing towards aggregation. [See
example from Spelman given under B.]
2. Gregarious, social.
" Seldom had man such a talent for borrowing. The
idea, the faculty of another man he [Mirabeau] can
make hia ; the man himself he can make his. 'All
refiex and echo ! ' snarls old Mirabeau, who can see
but will not. Crabbed old friend of men ! it is bia
sociality, his aggregative nature, and will now be the
quality of qualities for him." — Carlyle : French Revol.,
pt. i., bk. iv., ch. iv.
B. As substantive : An aggregating, an
aggregate, a mass.
"To save the credit of the author [the word now]
must be favour.ably understood to be meant of such
customs as were in use either before the Conquest
or at the Conquest, or at any time since, in the dis-
junctive, not in the aggregative." — Siieltnan ■ Feuds,
c. 14.
ag'-greg-ar-tor, s. [Aggregate, v.] One
■who aggregates or collects together.
"Jacobus de Dondis, the aggregator, repeats amber-
grise, nutmegs, and all-spice among the rest." — Burton:
Anatomy of Melanch., p. 365.
" ag-gre'ge, ^ ag-greg'-gyn, v.t. [Agreg.]
* ag-gress', v.t. & i. [Lat. aggressus = an at-
tack, also pa. par, of aggredior ^ to go to :
ad = to, andfiTodior^to walkorgo.] [Grade.]
1. 2Von5. : To make an aggression against,
to attack ; to take the initiative in a quarrel
or fight with anj' one.
2. Intrans.: To make an aggression; to
take the first step in a quarrel or in a war; to
be the first to fight. [See example under the
pr. par.]
* ag-gress', o. [See the verb.] An act of
'aggression.
"Leagues offensive and defensive, which oblige the
princes not only to mutual defence, but also to be
iwsistiug to each other in their military aggresses
Upon others "—Hale : Pleas of the Crown, ch. 15.
*ag-gres'-sing, pr. par. & a. [Aggress.]
" The glorious pair advance.
With mingled anger and collected might.
To turn the war, and tell aggressing France,
How Britain's sons and Britain's friends can fight."
Prior.
ag-gres'-Sion, s. [Fr. agression; from Lat.
aggressio.] The first act or step leading to a
quarrel or a fight ; attack before the other
l>arty to a quarrel has made any assault.
" . . . to make a public protest against the French
aggression," — Froudc: Hist. Eng., en. xii.
ag-gres'-sive, a. [In Fr. agresslf.'\ In-
volving an act of aggression ; implying the
commencement of a quarrel or a fight.
"... contributed greatly to reconcile its military
and aggressive character with the maintenance of its
free institutions." — Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. xii,,
pt. i., 1 14.
" No aggressive jnoveraent was made." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch, xxiL
iate, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; -we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se. ce = e ; Se = e. ey = a.
aggressiveness— agist
107
ag-gi^es'-sive-ness» t>. [Aggressive. ] The
quality or state of bemg aggressive ; quarrel-
someness ; the disposition to make encroach-
ments on, or commence hostilities against,
another power.
"If any apprehensions of the future military ag-
gressiv&ness of an enlaiged and multiplied Montenegro
haVe ever been entertained . . ."— rimeg, Dec. 5, 1877.
ag-gres'-s6r, s. [In Fr. aurc'^seiir ; fr. Lat.
aggreiisor.] The person whn takey the first
st«p in a quarrel ; one who commences hos-
tilities ; an assailant.
" Fatal to fill, but to th' aggressor first "
Pope: Homer's Odysgetj, bk. xmi., ."24.
". . , tliey had recourse to the more solid argu-
ments of sticks and stones : the aggre^&ors were
puni.shed by the empei-or."— ftiftfion ; Declhie and FaU,
ch. xlvi,
* ag-griev'-an9e, ^ ag-greev'-an9e,
* ag-grev'-auns, " a-griev'-an5e, s.
[old form of Grievance (q.v.), which has
now superseded it.] .
1. The act of grieving.
•2. The state of being grieved.
"To the aggrievaiice of good subjects and to the
encouragement of the wicked." — Utanihurst : Hint.
Ireland, p. 17J.
3. Anything which causes grief, annoyance,
or hardship ; a grievance.
" S'ow briefly without circumstance
Deliver those agrievances, which lately
Your importunity poaseast our coumsel
Were fit for audience."
lieaitm. ct Flet. : Fair Maid of tJie Inn, iii, 1.
If Now superseded by Gkievance.
ag-griev'e, a-grev'e, v.t. & i. [O. Fr.
i"jriniii\ fruiii Lat. ad = to, and gravn-, i, from
ijn'ois — lieavy.] [Aggravate, URit:\-E.]
A. Transitive :
1. Gen. : To cause one grief, annoyance, or
pain.
"Those pains that afflict the body are afflictive just
so lone as they actually possess the part which they
aggrieve, but their influence hists no longerthan their
presence," — South: Sermons, vol. viii., ser. 1.
2. To perpetrate injustice against one, or
do anything fitted to make him grieve or com-
plain,
" Sir, moreouere be not gredy, gyftes to giype,
Kather thoushalt yeue hem. that fele heaiagrevi'd."
Crowned King (ed. Skeat), 125, laii.
" It was then rtiaolved, in opposition to the plainest
principles of justice, thiit no petition from any per.-jou
w;ho might thhik himeelf aggrieved by this bill should
ever bo received."— .l/((c«it?«?/.- Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
B. Intrans. : To be hostile.
" The dredful figures gan ajipere to me,
And great gods eke agreved with our town."
Surrvg : Virgil, li,
ag-griev'ed, * ag-grev'-yd, ^ a-greVed.
pa. par. [Aggrieve.]
ag-griev'-ing, * a-grev'-jrnge, pr. par. , «.,
&, s. [Aggrieve.]
As subst. : An aggravation. {Prompt. Parv.)
^ag-gri'se* ^•'- & '■ [Agrise.]
ag-grog'-gyd, pa. par. Aggravated.
{Pri'iupt. Parv.) [Aorec.]
ta-g-group', v.t. k i. [In Fr. agrovper; Sp.
agmpar ; Ital. aggrupare, aggropare = to knot
or bring together.] To group, together; to
combine into a group persons or things origi-
nally separate. So painters group together
figures on their canvas. [Group.]
"Bodies of divers natures, which are aggroiiped or
combined together, ai'e agi'eeable and pleasant to the
sight."— />?T/(ieJt .■ Diifresnoy, § 60.
" ag-group'ed, pa. imr. [Aggroup.]
* ag-group'-ing," pr. par. [Aggroup. ]
* ag-grug'-gynge. j)*-. par. [Agreg.]
ag-gui'ze, [Aguise,]
*agh, *aghe, ^aght {gh guttural or mute),
*agt, *agte (all Eng.), aw, awe (Scotch),
v.t. (pret, & pa. par. aght). [A.S. ogaii, wgan
= (1) to own, to possess, to have, to obtain ;
(2) to give ; pret. & pa. par. ahi, ahte, a;hte.]
1. To owe anything ; to be under an obliga-
tion m duty to do anything ; ought. [Aw.]
" Jjii"™^'^ *''^ ^^^^ ^y"e. and his dere cosyn
OfTorenaes the fire that hym faith aght.
To Macanas the men meultall aomyn "
Colonne : " Gest Bystoria^e " of tlie Destruction of
Troy, 13,092-13,094.
n[ Often used in the phrase " As horn wele
aght = as they were in duty bound.
" To a counsell to come for a cause heffh
And his wille for to wete as horn wele aght."
Volonnc: Gest Hystoriale, 1,703, 1,704.
2. To possess*
" He wan all the world and at his wille aght."
Colonne: Gest Uistoriale, 315.
" He had wille for to wyn, and away lede
By leue of the lord that the loud aqht."
Ibid., 377. 373.
3. To acknowledge. (Colonne: Gest lihto-
riale, Glossarial Index.)
a-ghast' (h mute). * a-gast', *a-gast'e,
* a gast , ^ a-gast -ed, * a-ga'zed,
*a gh'ZGtPO-. par. of Agast, also a. & ado.
[According to Hoare, from A.S. gast = (1) tlie
breath, (2) a spirit, a ghost. Aghast would
then signify friglitKiKid, as if one had seen a
spirit or ghost. Wedgwood considers it con-
nected with the Fris. <nnrysje; Dan. gysc; ^w.
dialects, gysasig = to shudder at ; gase, gust =
horror, fear, revulsion ; Scutch gousty, gou-
strous = waste, desolate, awful, full of the pre-
ternatural, frightful. The h crept into it from
its being L'oufdunded with "ghostly." On the
other hand, the form oguzed arose at a time
wlien it was erroneously thought that it meant
set a.-gazing on an object of astonishment and
horror. Richardson adopts the last-mentioned
etymology.] [Agast, i'.^] Terrified, frightened,
appalled, struck with terror.
■^ 1. With the idea of gazing, in a literal or
figurative sense more or less implied.
" The French exclaimed, tlie devil wjib in arms ;
All the whole aiiny stood agazed ou him."
Shakesp. : Henry VI., Part I., i. 1.
" In the first week of the reign of Kini; Edward VI.,
whilst mo,st men's minds atotja a gaze, ilaster Harley,
in the parish chjitch of Oxford, in a solemn Lent
sermon, publiquely preached .■intipapal doctrine, and
powerfully pressed justiflcatiou by faith alone."—
Fuller: Worthies, Bucks.
2. With no sufli idea implied.
"My limbs do quake, my thought agasted is,"
Mirrour for Magistr., p. 431.
" The porter of his lord waa full sore agnsl."
Chaucer C. T-. 2S5.
" , . . a shivering wretch
Aghast and comfortless,"
Tliomson : The Seasons, Autumn.
If Often cnmbiiied with the verb " (o stand,"
imjilying tliat one is so struclc with terrorthat
he n-niani.s motionless and inr-apable of action.
"The commiHsiinu'i-.'* read and stood aghast." —
J/->r,uiln;, JH.sf Ku,, . ch. Ix.
11 ^ee also examples under N'n. 1.
^' aghe, s. [AwK.]
"*'" a'-ghen (h .sUent), a [A.S agen, agan =
own, proper, peculiar.] Own. (Halliwell.)
*■" a-ghen' (h silent), prep. & adv [Again.]
agh'-ful (h silent), a. [A.S. ege = horror;
-/ul = full.] Fearful.
*a-gllill' (h silent), a. [A.S. o:th d = iiohle.]
Noble. [BETHEL.]
" Knew the kynd and the curses of the clere steruys
Of Articua the aghill, Treaires, and othere
Of the folde and of the firmament."
linmance of Alexander (Stevenson ed.), 23
*agh,'-lich (gh guttural or mute), a. [A.S.
ceghvc, agkec = misery, torment, wickedness,
mischief; o'ghrca, ceglcca. a^gkucea, eglceca,
aglcvcea = a wretch, a miscreant, from ag =
wickedness.] Fearful, dreadful, terrible.
*' Ther hales in at the halle-dor an aghlich mayster."
Syr Oawayne, p. 8.
'■ aght, f.^ [Agh.]
^ aght, "' aghte, "^ aht, * ahte, ^ aehte,
'^ aught {gh and h guttural or mute), s. [A. S.
(rht = property, substance, cattle, posses-
sions, lands, goods, riches, value, estimation.]
Possessions, property.
" For they are al the deul betau^ht
That okervii falslv the wurldes aght."
MS. Hart , 1,701. (Boucher.)
" aght, * aht, " auht (gh and h guttural or
mute), pro. [A..S. ohi, ouht = a.\igh.t, any-
thing, something.] [Aught, Ought.]
*aght '(1). &ucht, ^agh'-tene (gh and ch
guttural or mate), a. [A.S. oiht, eahta, ehta.]
Eight. ■'
*1. Old English:
" Cairet on the cold ythes cogges and other,
Aglit dayea be-dene and the derke nightes. "
CAoana : Gest Hystoriale. 3,242.
2. Scotch :
" Wyth aitcht liuudyre sperei and m.i,"
Wyntou. IX. 4, 57.
*aght (2), a. [A.S. cethel (?).] Noble.
*aght (3), *aght'-and, ^ach'-tuthe (gh
and ch guttural or mute), a. [A.S. (ehi, eahta,
ehta =■ eight.] Eighth.
" The aght es a maister of lare
Blay hete a clerk."
.VS. Cott, Galba. [Boucher.)
" The seuent d.ay toke he rest ;
Ou the achtand come our woo."
MS. Cott., Vespas. {BoiccTier.)
" The achtuthc dale is al of the -vtter rule."
JIS. Cott., Cleop. {Boucher.)
*agh'-tele (gh guttural or mute), v.t. [A.S.
eahtlan = to devise.] To intend.
" The knight said. May I waish in the
For to tel my prevet^
That I have aghteld for to do,"
Sevyn Sages, 3,063.
*agh'-teled, ' agh'-teld (gh guttural or
mute), pa. par. [Aghtele.]
ag'-il-a wood, s. [Native names in India :
iighd, l\iriiij},il. kalagaru.] The fragi'ant wood
lit" AquUnrlo ovata and .-1. agallochum, two
trees beh.mgiug to tlie family Aquilariaceae, or
Aquilariads. [Agalloch, Aquilaria, Aloes-
wuoD, Eagle-wood, Lign-aloes.]
*a-gild', '■'. [A.S agildc = without compensa-
tion ; gilil, gdd, gjild = a payment of money,
an excliaiige, a compensation, a tribute.]
0. Low: Free from penalties, not subject to
custuitiary fines or impositions. (Blount.)
ag'-ile, a. [In Fr. og'de ; Sp. & Port, agil ;
Ital. oglle ; all from Lat. o-gUls — (1) easily
moved; (2) moving easily; (3) quick, acti\'L',
busy; tu/o = to set in motion.] Easily made
to move ; nimble, active.
Used (1) chiefly of the limbs of man or of
the lower animals.
" . . then leisurelj' impose.
And lightly, shaking it with agile hand
From tlie full fork, the Sivturated straw."
Cowper : The Task, bk. iii.
t (2) Of the mind.
" Once more. I said, once more I will inquire
Wli.it is thii little agile, perviuiLS fire,
This fluttering motiuu, which we call the mind ? "
Prior : Solomon, bk. iii.
*.ag'-ile-ly, adv. [Agile.] In an agile man-
ner, nimbly, actively.
t ag-ile-ness, s. [Agile.] The quality or
state of being agile ; nimbleness, activity ;
ability to mo\'e quickly.
a-gil'-i-ty, R. fJn Fr. agilite; Ital, anilita ;
frnin L;il 'tmhtus.} The quality or state of
being agile ; nimbleness ; activity in the use
I'f the limb.s, or more ran.'Iy of the mind.
•' \ liinbnver-Htr;LimMl by lifthig a weight above its
uver its former agility and
a-gil'-loch-um, s LA.i\LLoc hum, \(..ila-
WiHJD.]
" a-gilt', v.t. & l. [Agult.]
" a-ginne', v. [A.S. an-ginnan.] To begin
('I "--■)■
a'-gi-o. s. [In Ger., Fr., Sp,, & Port. u;m,
from ital. rtfirto, aggio = ease, convenience.]
In Cominnx-e: (1) The difference in vakic
between nn'tallic and paper money, or be-
tween one kind of metallic money and another.
Thus if paper money be at a discount, or gold
ctr silver coins worn so much as only to pass
at a reduction, at least in foreign countries,
the difference between its nominal and its
real value is tlie agio. (2) Premium ; a sum
given beyond the nominal value of an article.
(3) The business of a money-chrmger.
A'-gi~on-ites, .-. pi. [Etym. doubtful ; per-
haps from Gr. ayLog (haglos) = lioly.] An
obscure sect of ali.stinents who pietended to
special sanctity. Tiiey appeared inthe spventli
century, and were condemned in the Council
of Gangra.
a'-gi-6t-age, .^. [Fr., Ger., & Poit.] fetock-
jolihing; mana^uvres on tlie part of stock-
jobbers to raise or depress the value of
government or other stocks.
a-gist', v.t. [Norm, or O. Fr. geste = a lodging,
a jtlace to lie down; agiser = to be levant
and couchant; glser, Mod. Fr. grmr = to lie
down ; fr. Lat. jaceo = to lie down.]
A, Transitive :
1, Originally : To superintend the feeding
of cattle not belonging to the king in liis
forest, and collect the money paid by the
ownei'S for such a privilege.
2, Xow : To aftbrd pasture to tlie cattle of
another man at a certain stipulated rate.
B. Intrav>.: To remain and feed for a.
specified time (as cattle).
boil, boy; pd^t, jd^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion, -cioun = shim ; -sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
108
agist ator— aglow
a-gis-ta'-tor, s. [Agist.] The same as
Agistor (q.v.). It is sometimes corriqitL-'fl
into gist-taker and guest-taker, the uneduriiU-il
not being aware that tator as a suffix in a
word modelled on the Lat. and the Eng. taker
are not identical or even akin.
a-gist'-ed, pa. 'par, & a. [Agist.]
"H;igs when fed on the pannnge, v/ero said to "be
agisted."- -Boucher : Gloss. Archaic W'wds, " Agi^st."
a-gist'-er, ». [Agistor. ]
a-gist'-ing, pr. jmr. & fi. [Agist.]
"The agUting im-raer." — Bladc^tone : Comment.,
hk. ii., ohap. 30.
a^gist'-ment, ta-gist-age, ta-gist-a-
tion, .s. [O. ^ng. agist : O. Fr. gise/ne)it = a
"bed or resting-place.] [Agist.]
A. Law :
I. Civil Laio :
1. The act of taking in cattle to one's fields
to graze, on receiving payment for them at ?^o
much per week. It is used especially for
taking cattle into the king's Helds.
" If a man takes in a horse, or other cattle, to graze
and dep:isture in his grounds, which the law cnlls
agisf'invnt, he takes thein upun au implied contract to
return them on demand to the owner." — Black.'itone :
Comment., bk. ii.. ch. 30.
2. The profits arising from the pasturage of
cattle, or in some analogous way.
(a) From the pasturage of cattle.
11 Title of agistinoit. A small tithe paid to
the rector or vicar on cattle or other produce
of grass lands. It is paid by the occupier
of the land, and not by the person who puts
in his cattle to graze. A similar tithe was
abolished in Ireland by the Act of Union, its
payment ha\dng long jireviously been so
vehemently disputed that little of it was ob-
tained.
(&) In some analogous way : Any tax, burden,
or charge: as when lands are charged with
money spent in erecting a baiTier against the
influx of the sea.
II. Canon Law .* A composition or mean
rate at which some right or due may be
reckoned ; as if the word was derived from Fr.
ajustement ; Eng. adjustment.
B. Ord. Lang. : In the above legal senses ;
also any mound, embankment, wall, or barrier
against the influx of the sea or the overflow
of a river, provided that such erection has
been made in discharge of the legal obligation
described under A., J. 1 (b). Boucher states
that this last sense is in use chiefly in the
marshy counties.
a-gist'-or, a-gist'-er, a-gis-ta'-tor, s.
[Agist.] An officer who has the charge of
cattli' i^astured for a certain stipulated sum
in the king's forest, and who collects the
money paid for them. [Agistator.]
" A forest hath laws of her own, to take cognizance
of all trespjisseE ; she hath also her jwculiar ofElcei"3,
as foresters, verdevers, regarders, agisters, &c. ; whereas
a chaae or park hath only keepers and woodwai'ds."
—Ilowell: Lett, i.
t ag'-i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. fuj'itnhUUi Easily
agitated'or moved. {Lit. ^ Ji-j.)
" Such is the mutacyon of the coinmou people, lykc
a rede wyth every wind is agitable and flexible." —
Ball: Edward IV., t 23.
S-g'-i-tate, v.t. [In Fr. agiUr; Sp. k, Port.
agitar; Lat. agitare ; from agito, -nvi. -idn-ni
= to put in frequent or constant niotiuu ;
freq. from ago = to put in motion.]
A. Of things simply Ttiaterial :
1. To move or shake backwards and for-
wards, or up and down, as water in a vessel
may be shaken by the hand, or the ocean or a
lake be put in perturbation by the wind.
" Winds from all quarters agitate the air,
it the limpid element for use."
Cuifper : Taik, bk. i.
Ami fit the limpid e
2. To cause motion in, as God causes the
planets to mo\'e in their orbits.
" By whom each atom stirs, the planets roll :
Who fllls, surrounds, informs, and affifarcn the whole."
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, cajit. ii., iT.
B, Of things not simply mvlcrial :
I. Of pe/rsons, parties, or communities: To
trouble the mind or heart of an individual or
of a community ; to create perturbation or
excitement in a person or persons. The ex-
citing cause maybe an event, an inflammatory
speech by a politician, or anything eapable of
moving the mind or heart.
"While the City was thus agitated, came a .lay
appointed by royal proclamation for a general fast." —
Macaulai/: JTiit. Eng., ch. xv.
" Each consul fornix a party, and agitates the iteople
in favour of his own v\ev/i,." —Lewis ■ Credibilita of
the Early Rom. Hist., ch. xil., pt. ii., § 25,
II. Of questions or projects :
1. To debate or discuss a qnestlon, generally
with publicity, and often with some excite-
ment.
"Though this controversy be revived and hotly
agitated among the moderns, yet I doubt whether it
be not in a greiit jjart a nominal dispute." — Boide on
Colours.
2. To revolve in one's own mind practical
questions or enterprises of moment,
"Formalities of extraordinary zeal and piety are
never more studied and elaborate, than when politi-
cians most agitata desperate designs." — King Ch'irles.
ag'-i-ta-ted, jK'. par. & adj. [Agitate.]
" Then peaee and joy again possess'd
Our queen's long agitated nrenRt."
Cowper: Annies Mirab'dis (lf69).
S.g-i-ta'-ting, pr. par. [Agitate. ]
ag-i-ta'-tion, s [In Fr. agitation ; Sp.
agiiacion ; Port, agitagao ; Ital. agitazione ;
all from Lat. agitatlo — (1) frequent or con-
tinued motion ; (2) emotion, activity of mind. ]
I. The act of agitating.
1. Lit.: The act of agitating, shaking or
moving hither and thither any material thing
or things, as water or the leaves of trees.
" Putrefaetion asketh rest, for the subtle motion
wliich ijutrefaction requireth is disturbed by any
agitation." — Bacon.
2. Fig : The act of dirertly or indirectly
exciting the mind or heart of any one. [8ec
II. (a).J
II. The state of being agitated.
Fig. Of what is not simply material :
(«) Of a person or persons other tJian one's self
agitated : The st-ate of being alarmed, rendered
anxious, or otherwise yyut into perturbation
or excitement.
"In both places the tidings produced great agiia-
tinn." — Alaca-i'lay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
"... kept the City in constant agitation." — Ibid.,
ch. xviii.
" The merchants of the Royal Exchange . . . were
in great agitation." — Ibid., ch. xxiv.
(&) Of a question or project agitated. : The
state of being kept before the public mind by
being discussed at meetings, in the press, or
in any other way.
"The project now in agitation for repealing of the
Test Act, and yet leaving the name of an establishment
to the present national church, is inconsistent." —
Swift : Miscellanies.
(>) Of Okie's own mind agitated : The state of
being revolved in one's own mind, so as to be
thoroughly comprehended. It can in a looser
sense be used of the inferior animals.
" A kind of a school question is started in this fable
upon reasou and instinct : this deliberative proceeding
of the crow was rather a logical agitation of the
matter." — L' Estrange : Fables.
t III. The thing or the person agitated. In
the questions. "Where is the agitation in the
stream?" "Where is the agitation in the
city you bid me look at ? " the meaning is not
"where is the state of agitation?" but " where
is the agitated water?" "where are the ex-
cited people ? "
S.g'-i-ta-tive,
agitate.
[Agitate.] Tending to
ag-l-ta'-to, adv. [Ital. agitare = . .to
agitate ]
Music : In a broken style of perfonnance.
litted to excite surprise or agitation.
S-g'-i-ta-tor, s. [Eng. agitate; -or. In Fr.
iigitnteur ; Port, agitaxl-or ; Ital. agitature ; all
from Lat. agitator.^
1. One who agitates ; one who finds his
happiness, and attempts to make a livelihood,
by stirring uji excitement or commotion.
"... an indefatigable aqitator stsid. conspirator."
— MacauZag: Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
2. Eng. Hist. As a corruption o/adjutaturs :
Officers appointed by the English army in
1047 to attend to its interests during the revo-
lutionary period then in progress.
*\ Clarendon calls them agiiainrs : Wliitlock,
agents or agitators ; Ludlow, at first luiitntors,
then by their proper appellation, adjn'tators.
" The common soldiers made choice of three or four
of each regiment, moat corporals or sergeants, fev/
or none above the degree of an ensien, who wer-e called
agitator.'^, and were to be as a House of Coinmona to
the council of o&ic<iis."— Clarendon .■ Hist, of the Re-
bellion, bk. X.
"The rtcyit'ffl^or,itbegantu change their discoui-se and
to complain openly m council, both of the king and
the malignaoits about hLm."—ii(ri!oto ,■ Memoirs, i. 84.
ag-i-ta-tbr'-i-al, a. [Eng. agitator; -mi.)
Pertaming to aii agitator. iSaturda.y Review,
Feb. 7, lyoy.)
ag-i-ta'-trix, 5. [Lat.] A female agitator.
{Saturday Riview, Marcli 19, 1S81.)
Ag-la'-i-a, 5. proper name. [Gr. proper name,
'\y\aLa(Agloia} ; from a7Aata (aglaia) = (1)
splendour, beauty, adoiimient; (2) festive joy,
triumph, glory ; dyAaos (aglaos) = splendid,
brilliant, bright]
1. Clas.s. Myth. : The youngest of the Three
Giaces.
2. Aslron. : An asteroid, the forty-seventh
found. It was discovered by the astro-
nomer Luther, on the 15th of September,
IS.jT.
' ag'-let, * aig-let, ' ag'-glet, * ag-
glette, -' ag -lette, ^ ay'-gul-et, s. [Fr.
aujuillettc = (1) an aiglet, (2) a slice (of
flesh): fr. aiguille = a. needle- ai9u = sharp.]
[Aiguille.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The tag of a lace, or of the points for-
merly used in dress. These were often cut
into the representation of a man or of one
of the inferior animals. "A little jAate"
(Huloet).
" So faire, and thousand thousand times more faire,
She seemd, when she presented waa to sight :
And was yclad, for heat of scorching aire.
All in a silken Camus lilly whight,
Purfled upon with many a folded plight,
"Which all above besprinckled was throughout
With golden aygulets, that glistred briglit
Like twinckling starres ; and all the skirt about
Was hemd with golden irnige."
Spenser: F. Q., If. iii. 26.
2. The lace to which the tag was attached.
(Albert Way: Note in Prompt. Parv., ii. 8.)
3. "A spangle, the gold or silver tinsel
ornamenting the dress of a showman or rope-
dancer." (Hartshome : Salop Antiq., p. 303,)
"' Aglette Bra ttoJinn," i.e., hracteola =^ a. thin
leaf of gold." {Levins: J/aji/jmZtts Vocabu-
lo-rum. )
"And all those stars that gaze uihjii her face
Are aglets on her sleeve, pins in her train."
0. PL. iii. 194.
" The little stars and all that look like aglets."
Beauni. & Flet.: Two Xoble Kinsm,.,\i\. 4.
B. Technically :
1. Old Bot. : An anther. (Kersey.)
2. An ament or catkin of the hazel-tree
(CoryliLs avellana, Linn.). (Gerard.)
aglet-baby, s. [Eng. aglet; hdby.'\ A
being no larger than au aglet or tag, or
possibly a tag made in the shape of a small
figure. [Aglet, A. 1.]
" Why, give him gold enough, and marry him to a
pupiiet, or an aglet-babi/." — SJuzkesp. : Taming of the
Shrew, i. 2.
aglet-headed, a. [Eng. agUt; headed.]
Having an aglet for its head.
^ag'-let, -^ag'-glet, *ag'-glat, i).;. [From
the substantive.] To set an aglet upon a
point or lace ; to adorn with aglets.
" To agglet a poynt, or set on an affglet ui)on a poj-nt
or lace Femer."— /"aZ^ff^.
a-gley', a-gly', adv. [A.S. a = away from;
ulni} oif the right line; -wi'ong. [Ajee.]
(Scoi<.h )
" The best laid schemes o' mice an' men,
G-ang aft a-gley." Bums.
* S,g-l6'-pen, vA. [Glopen.] To surprise.
" Then airis him one Alexander, to his own moderj
Bees hot aglopencd, madame . . - ."
Romance of Alexander, Stevenson's ed., 874.
a-gl6s'-Sa, s [Gr. a-yXiaa-ao^ (aglds-^os) =
without tongue : d, priv., and fXiaa-a-a (glosso)
= the tongue.]
Entorn. : A genus of moths belonging to the
family Pyralidse. A. pinguinalis and capreo-
latvs are British. The larva of the former
feeds upon butter, grease, and other fatty
substances.
' ag-l6t'-ye, v.t. [Old fonn of Glut. In Fr.
engloutir = to glut.] To glut ; to satisfy.
" To maken with papelotes
Tn aglotye with here gurles
That greden aftur fooe."
Piers Ploughinan, p. 629.
a-gl6'w, a. [Eng. a = on, or at ; glow.}
Glowing.
" And we saw the windows all a-glow
With lights that were passim; to and fro."
Longfellow . The (Jolden Legend, iv.
£^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
cr, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, oe = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
aglutte— agnus
109
"The shoulder of tin; Alphubel was aimihirly
coloured, while the t'i''--^t ni.if"* of the Flotschoru wfus
all a-fftow. and so \\.t>. tli.- sui.mv Bpiiie '.t the Monte
Lsonc."~~r!/n(laU: Fra-j of .-^rienn; ard ciJ.. x. 282.
* a-glutt'e, v.t. [Probably cognati' with
Aglotye (q.v.) = to glut.] To choke.
"And whan she is waking, she nsaayeth t" put over
at then triuK, and it is agliittyd luid kelyd wytli the
glette that &ne hath engendered." — Book of St. Albans.
sig. c. IL
* a-glut'-tyd, I'f. par. [Xv.lutte.]
* a-glyft'e, j7a. jxtr., as if from a verb aglyftc.
[Deriv. uncertain.] Frightened. (MS. Hod.,
1701, f. 24.) (liaUiiveU.)
* ag'-min-al, a. [Lat. agmlnalis = pertaining
to a umrcli or tiaxii ; fruui aj/*tt')i. = anything
driven or set ui nmtion, . . . an army on tlie
march, or simply an army; ago = to lead.]
Pertaining tu an army marcliing, or tu an
army or body of soldiers, however engaged.
ag'-nail, *ag'-nayl, "ag-nayle. ^ag-
nele, "^ ang -neyles, ;•■. [A.fe. angncvgl —
^n agnail, a whitlow, a sore under the nail :
ang, in compos., for a/;;/f = trouble ; nce-gel
= a nail. ]
1. A hang-nail, either on the finger or on
the toe. [Minsheu, Fahgrare, &,c.)
"... with the eliell of a ijoniegarned, they iiurge
iLwuy (iii'jnui/lcs aud suuh hard swellings."— J'uj-j^e?- -
Uerbiil. ( Wriuht : liict. of Obs. & J'rov. £iig.)
2. A whitlow. (Bailey, &n.\)
ag'-nat, ag'-nate, .^. & n. [in Ger. & Fr.
agnat; Sp. &, Port, agnado ; Ital. agnato; all
from Lat. agnatus, pi. wjuvCi : from uguatns,
pa. par. of aguat.i:or = to be liorn in addition
to : ad = to; nascor = to be born. ]
A. As .substantive :
1. Old Human Lui": A person related to
another through males only. He was contra-
distinguished from a •■'v^^nuLte, in the connect-
ing line of whose, kinship to a second person
one or more tenudes had been interposed.
Thus a brother's sun is his uncle's agnate,
because the short line of eonnettion between
them can be constituted by males only ; while
a sister's son is his cognate, because there is
a female in the chain of descent. By the law
of the twelve tables only agnates possessed the
rights of family and succession, the cognates
of every rank being disinherited as strangers
and aliens. Justinian wholly abolished the
distinction between le^nates and cognates.
(Mackenzie: Rom. Lui'\ IS70, ch. ix.)
2. Sc(jtch Law: In this the terms agRates
and cognates are used, but not quite in the
Roman sense. In Scotland all kinsmen by
tlie father's side, whether females inter\-en'e
or ULit, are agnates ; and all by the mother's
side are cognates. (lUid. ; also ErnLim's
Instit.)
B. As adjcclive :
1. L/i. : Peil-iiining to nnxle relatives by the
fatlwr's side.
2. Fig. : Akin, similar. (Used of languages.)
"By iiii attentive cxaniln!i.Ui>n of the peculiarities
in enunciation which each penijle have in the one
way or the other, by -i fair recixirocal analysis of the
agnate wurds they reciprocally use . . ." — Pownall :
Study qf Antiquities.
ag-na'-ti, s. [Lat. pi. of agiuUits.] [Agnate.]
Agnates.
ag-n^t'-ic, o. [In Fr. agiiatlqne; Lat. agna-
ticius.] Pertaining to descent by the male
line of ancestors.
" This I take to be the true reason of tlie cou.st.int
preference of the agnatic succession, or issue derived
Iroiu the male ancestors, through all the stil^cs of
collateral inheritance." — Blackatonc : Cotnment., bk.
iL, ch. 1-L
ag-na'-tion, s. [In Ft. agnation ; Sp. agnn-
cioii; Port. agnaQoo; Ital. agnazione; fr. Lat.
agiiatio.^
I, Law :
1. RoTiuui Law : Consanguinity by a line of
male-s only.
" All who were connected by the tie of the paternal
power, or who would have been so if the common
author had been alive, hsul between them the rela-
tionship called agnation, which alone, by the ancient
civil law, gave tlie rights of family and of succession."
— Mackenzie : Roman Law, .'ird ed., p. 138.
2. Scotch Law : Consanguinity Ity the father's
flide, even though females are links in the
chain of descent. [AtiNATE.]
n. Fig. : Affinity of languages.
"I think a much neater agnation may be found
amongst all the lan^^uages in the northern hemisphere
or our globe." — Povmall : Studg of A nti'/iiities.
-nel, ;
[Fr., tVnm Lat,
= a lamb.]
called also
AGNEL.
(Obverse side.)
An ancient French
mouton d'oi u 1
agnel 0 oi llu
name aqnd \\ i->
given to this coin
frdiii the tiuum
stance that it il
ways boic the
figure of an A /
nus Dei (Lamb of
God) on one sili
[Agnus Dm (1) ]
It was worth about
12 sols 6 deuicrs,
and it was first
struck in the reign
of St. Louis.
ag-ni'-tion, s. [in. 8ii. agnicion; from Lat
agnitio --^ a recoy;nising ; ognosco = to recog-
nise] Recognitiuii.
" .TePus of Nazareth wjis borne in Eethlem, a city
of Inda, wliere incontinent by the glorification oi
the an^-els, the agnition of the shepherds, ... he
was held in honom,'."— (rVra/ion; The Serculh Agt;
vol. I.
ag-ni'ze, r.t. [Lat ognosco = to recognise.]
1. To acknowledge ; to recognise.
" X do agnize
A natural and prompt .ilacrity,
I find in hardness, and do undertake
These present v/ars against the Ottomites."
Shakenp. : Othello, i. C.
"... to agnize the king as the .source of episcopal
authority." — ^V-ottrfe .- Jlist. Eng , ch. x.
2. To know, to learn.
"The tenor of your princely will, from yuu fur tr,
agnize." Cauihi:^.:,.
ag-ni'zed, pa. par. [Agnize.]
ag-ni'-zing, * ag-ni'-syng, pt. par., a., & s.
[Agnize.] ^
As substantive : Recngnition.
". . . y^ agnihi/iig .lud kimwlageyng of thuvi
owiie sinfulnesse."— ri/d? .■ Luke, ch. i., p. 7.
ag-no-e'-tse, 5. j-/. [Or. d-^voia (agnoia) =
want nf perception ; u7i/oeai (agnoeB)—iiot to
percei\'c nr. lanjw . a, priv., and ^I'^vuio-mo
{gignnshu) = to kuow.]
Ch. Hi!,i. : A sect called also Agiio'ites and
Themi.stiani, which flourished in the sixth
century. They maintained that the human
nature nf Christ did not become omniscient by
being tLikcu into conjunction with the divine
nature. 'riii;y were deemed heretics, and their
tenets mi:siv]ireseute<l. They soon died away.
(Mcshvini: Clu'n-h History, Cent. VI, pt. il.,
ch. 5, §y. Note.)
ag-nd'-men, .■)■. [Lat. agnoinen ; from ad, and
nvmcn = name.]
1. A sm-name ajipended to the cosiuouicn
or family name. Thus in the desiguation
Cains ^larcius Ooriolanus, Coriolanus is the
agnomen ; Caius being what is termed the
prcenomcn, and Marcius the nomen, or name
pri.per.
2. In u mrnr gcnvn'l aense : Any epithet or
designation appended to a name, as Aristides
the Jubt.
"... with light sandy-coloured hair and small
gale twitures, from which he derived his ngnoincn of
eau, or white." — Scott: Waverlt-g, ch. xvii."
t ag-nom'-in-ate, v.t. [From Lat. agnomm
(q.v.).] To append an "agnomen" to one's
name ; to surname one from some striking
incident or exploit in his history. (Used
chiefly of persons, but also of places or things
to which memorial names are given,)
" . . the silver stream
VlTiich in memorial of victory
Shall be agnominatvd by our name."
Locrine, iii, 2.
ag-nom-in-a'-tion, s. [Lat. agnominntio ]
1. The act of appending an epithet, title, or
additional surname to the ordiiiaiy name of a
per.son ; the state of Ijcing so appended ; the
surname itself.
" Agnominnfioti. a anniame that one obtaineth for
any act: aho the name of an house that a man
commeth of." — JftTu/teu.
2. Bhetoric, dx. :
(a) The iihu-ing together of two words dif-
ferent in meaning, but resembling each other
in sound.
"The British continueth yet in Wales, and some
villages of Cornwall, intermingled with provincial
Latin, being very sigiiificative, copious, and pleasantly
running upon agnmninatio^ns. although harsh in
aspirations.' — Camden: Jiemuins; Of Language.
(b) An allusion founded on some fancied
resemblance. (Richardson.)
ag-nOS'-tlC, -^^ & a. [Gr. ayvtoaro^ (a(!iidstos)
= uniaiown ; cf. Acts xvii. lio. The wotd
was suggested by Prof. Huxley iu ISOt'.]
A. As subst. : X thinker who disclaims any
knowledge beyo]id that obtained by expe-
rience ; and maintains that no one has any
right to assert any with regard to the absolute
and unconditioned.
"In tlitorv he[Frof. Huxley] is a great. . . agnostic."
—Spi'>.tiitur. Jan. "211, 1S70.
B. As adj. . Pertaining to agnostics or
agnosticism.
"The same agnostic principle which prevailed in
our scliooh of \ihi[oiio\<hy."—i'>-iiiciiJal 'I'alloch i)i
Weckln .Scot. mill II, Nov. IS, 1S76.
ag-li6s'-tic-al-ly,arfi'. {Eai^. agnostic ; -allij.]
In an agnostic manner or tendency.
ag-nos'-ti-9isin, 6. [Agnostic]
Mental rh'!"y>i>h>i £ Theol. . A school of
thought which believes that beyond what
man can know by his senses or feel by his
higlier allections, nothing can be known.
Facts, or supposed facts, both of the lower
and the higher life, are accepted, but all in-
ferences deduced fium these facts as to the
existence of an unseen world, or of beings
higher than man, are considered unsatisfac-
tory, and are ignored.
ag-nos'-tiis, s. [Gr. ayvoio-Tog (agnostos) =
uidviiuwn.]
Palaviil. : A genus of trilobites characteristic
of the I>o\vcr Silurian rocks. A. trinodit.^-
(Salter) and A. pisiformis (Brongniart) are
mentioned by Muichison, in his "Siluria," a«
ni-cuning iu Britain, the latter having beforo
been known only in the Lower Silurian schists
of Sweden. They are minute in size, and
may be the larval form of some huger trilu-
bite. Tliey usually occur in groups, with
nothing but the cephalic shield XJi'eser\eil.
ag-nd-ther'-i-um, s. [Gr. a-yi-w? (agiir>.<^) =
unknown, and 0Y}pLov (thcrton) — ixnuuvi],]
I'i'hrnuf. : The name given by Kaup to a
fossil mamniah
ag'-niis, i. [Lat.] A lamb.
Agnus Dei, s. [LLit. = the Lamb of God.]
1. A figure of a lamb bearing a flag or su^)-
porting a cmsy.
2. A <'aki' of wax stamped with the iigurc
ot u lamb supporting a cm.ss. Such agii-iispf-,
being cousiTruted by the l'o]ie and given away
to tlie I'cople, are suj^iMPScd by the believing
recipients to be j)rotec1ne against diseases,
accidents, or other calamities. [Agnel.]
3. Tlic jiart of the mass in which the priest.
reheal.^es the piayer beginning with tlie word.s
" Agnus Dei."
agnus Scythicus, s. [Lat. = Scvtliian
Iamb.]
Lot. : A name given to tlie rhizome of a fern,
Bichsonia Larometz, which grows in Eastern
AGNUS SCYTHICT'R.
1. The plant. 2. Kluzouie, with stalks cut. a Back of
frond, showing bi.ed-\ti,sels. 4. A seed-vessel upeneU.
Central A.si.i. The stem, which is covered
with brown wunlly scales, somewhat resembles
the body uf a lamb, as do the leaf-stalks its legs.
ag-uiis cas'-tus, s. [Lat.= the chaste tree.)
Agnus here i.s only a transliteration of the
Greek name of the tree, and has nu connection
with agnus = i\. lamb.]
Bot. : Viie.c agnn^-aidns, an aromatic shrub,
with digitate leaver and spikes of purpb.sl.-
blue flowers. [Vitlx.]
" Of I.iurel some, of woodbine many more
And wreathes of agnus casttis others bore "
JJr'jdcn . Floivisr a- Leaf, 17:.
boil, boj^; p6at, J^^l; cat, geU, chorus, $liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e?ist. ph-- f,
-cian = sh^Ji. -tion, -sion = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sions, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die = bgl, &c. -dre = der.
110
ago— agouti
"^ a-go', * a-gon'ne, vA. [A.S. agangan = to
go from, to go or pass by or over.] To go, to
move, to pass, tu proceed, to depart. [Ago,
par.] (MS. Bodl, 415.) (Halliwell.)
"Syr Key arose uppon the morrowne,
And toke his hors, and wolde a-gonne."
Syr Oaivaync, p. 201.
a-go', *a-g6o', *a-g6n'e, ''a-gon', i-go',
pa. par., a., »fe adv.' [A.S. agaii = gone, paat.]
[Ago, v.L]
A. As pa. par., adj., £c. : Gone, departed,
passed away.
" Fi>r in swich Cfuis wommen can have such sorwe,
Whcii that here houabaiid'a ben from hem ago."
Chaucer: C. T., 2,824.
" And yet moreover in his armes twoo
The vital strength is lost, and al agoo."
Ibid., 2,803, 2,80i.
" A clerk ther was of Oxenford alBu,
That unto logik hadde longe l-go."
Ibid., 288.
"That othlr fyr wels queynt and all agon."
'Jbid., 2,338.
B. As adverb: Gone by, bygone, passed,
passed away.
"And for thine asses that were lost three days ago
. ,"—1 Sayn, ix, 20.
". thi'ee days agone I fell aick." — Ibid., xxx. 13.
* a-god'-Cheeld, inUrj. [A,S God = God ;
scyld, scild, gescihl, sceld, sceold = shield.]
God shield you. (Pegge. )
?'~gOg, ctf?/. & adv. [From Eng. a= on, and
" the syllable (/0(/=jog, or shog. {Wedgioood. )
Johnson has doubtfully suggested a connec-
tion with the Liiw French d f/ogo = to (one's)
wJsli, as Us viveiit a gogo=they live to their
wish. Richardson takes it from Goth, gaggan;
A.S. gangaa =^ to go. In Ital. agognare is =
anlently to desire. (Goggle, Jog.) Lit. : Ou
the jog, on the start.] Eagerly expectant,
ardently desirous of starting after an object
greatly wi.shed for.
A. As adjective :
" So three doors off the chaise was stay"d,
^Vhere they did all get in,
Six precious souls, and all agoa
To dash through thick and thin."
Cowper : John Gilpin.
%, The object of desire has on or for before it.
. ^ ^ s generally straggle into these parts, and set
the heiids of our servant-maids so agog for husbands,
that we du Jiot expect to have any business done ivs it
should be ^vnilst tney are in the country. "— .4 cWiaon.
B. As adverb :
" The gawdy gossip, when she's set agog.
In jewels drest, and at each ear a boh."
a-go'-ge, a-go'-gy, s. [Gr. ^707/; (agoge) =
a leading ; 'dfto (o.go) = to lead.]
Rhet : The leading towards a point ; the
coarse, tenor, or tendency of any discourse,
a-gd'-ing, pr. par. [Ago, v.; or from a = on,
and participk^ going.]
1. Going, walking or riding to a place.
" Cham. Sir Thonuis.
Whither were you a-'ioingi"
Shakssp Ilc'ary VIII., i. S.
2. Into motion, in motion.
"Their first movement, and impressed motions, de-
manded the impulse of an almighty hand to set tliein
first i.,going."—Tatler.
a-gom'-phi-aS-is, s. [Gr, a.y6ij.cl>ioq (agom-
' p/uos) = without grinders : a, priv., and 'vofi-
(pioq (l)6ovq) (gomphios, oduui.) = a grinding
tooth, a molar ; fOfjLfoq (j/owtji/tos) = a bolt,
band, or fastening.]
Med. : Looseness of the teeth.
^-g6n\ a-g6n'e, pa. par., a., & adv. [Ago.]
t ^g'-dn» t ag'-one (ph ag'-o-nef ), s. [In
Lsit. agoVii trOnl Gr. 6.-i(hv (agbu) = (l) an
assembly ; (2) an arena^ tlie stadium ; (a) the
Olympic Or btlier games, or a contest for a
prize there ; (4) any arduous 5truggle> trial,
or danger : from a7(o (ago) = tO lead Or carry.]
A cdiitust for A mi'ib, properly speaking, in
the Grf-u-ian piibliC games, but also in a morw
general sense, fiiVywhere.
"They must tlo their exercises too, be anointed to
the a'fOH and tO the combat, as the champions of old."
— Saner o/C : Serih., p. 106
". . ,, Other agones were subsedLUeiLtly added."—
Grote : Mist. Greece, pt. i., ch, i,
a-g6n'6, adv. [Ago.]
a-gon'-^C, a. [Gr, affavo^ (a(;o» os) = without
an angle ; having no dip : a, priv., and ^wvm
(goJiia) = an angle.] Having no dip.
Agonic line : An imaginary line on the
earth's surface, along which the magnetic
coincides with the geographical meridian.
It curves in a very irregular manner. It
passes from the North Pole to the east of the
White Sea, thence it proceeds to the Caspian,
and next tlirough the eastern portion of Arabia
tij Australia, and on to the South Pole ;
thence it runs to the east of South America
and the east of the West Indies, and entering
Continental America passes Philadelphia, and,
traversing Hudson's Bay, 'finally reaches the
North Pole whence it emerged.
"... a line of no variation, or agonic line." —
Atkinson: Ganot's Phi/sics, 3rd ed., p, 56C.
* ag-6'-ni-ous, a. [Eng. agony ; -ous = full
of.] Full of agony; agonising. (Fabian.)
""When Lewys had long lyen in this agonious syckenes."
Fabian Ckron., pt. vi.
ag
g-on-i'|e, V. ; ag-oil-i'§ied, pa. par. & a. ;
3;g-6n-i'-^ing, pr. par. ; ag-6n-i§'-ing-
ly, adv. [See Agonize, Agonized, Agonizing,
Agonizingly.]
ag'-on-ism, s. [Gr. a.')wvi<Tjia (agoiLisma).']
The act of contending for a prize ; a contest,
a combat. [Agon.] (Johnson.)
ag'-on-ist, * ag-on-ist'-er, * ag-6n~
ist'-es, 5. [Gr. ayci}viinr,s (agonistes); whence
Lat. agouihta.]
1. Lit. : One who contends for a prize at
any public games, or on a less conspicuous
arena ; a champion ; a prize-tighter. (R'ider.)
2. Fig. : A person struggling in an agony of
exertion, as a combatant at the Olympic or
other games. (Milton : Samson Agonistcs.)
ag-on-is -tic, ■* ag-dn-is'-tick, S.g-6n-
is'-ti-cal, a. [Gr. a-^wvia-TtKO'; (agonistikos).^
Pertaining to contests in public games.
" The proi)hetic writings were not (saith St. Peter),
I conceive, in an agonistic/i sense, of their own
starting or incitation.~jVa7Jimt>Mrf.- Works, iv. 589.
". . . so IB this agonistical, and alludes to the
prize set, hefore propounded and offered to them that
run in a race . . .' —Bp. Ball : H'oW,;*, vol. i., Ser. 14.
ag-on-iS'-tic-aHy, adv. [Agonestical.]
In an agonistic'manner ; with desperate exer-
tion, like that put forth by a combatant at
the Olympic or other games. (Webster.)
ag-on-i'ze, ag-on-i'se, v.i. & t. [Gr.
a-^iaviioij.ai (a go nizomai) =to contend for a
prize ; from aythv (agon).] [Agon, s.]
A. Intransitive :
1, Lit. : To fight in the ring. (Minshetc.)
2. Fig. : To endure intense pain of body or
of mind ; to writhe in agony.
" The cross, once seen is death to every vice :
Else he that hung there sufFer'd all his pain.
Bled, groan'd, and agonized, and died, in vam."
Cotojjer ■ Progress of Error.
B. Transitive : To subject tu extreme pain ;
to torture. [Agonized.] (Pope.)
ag-6n-i'zed, ag-on-i'sed, jya. par. & a.
[Agonize, u.t.] '
" Of agonized affections."— Wur/isworth's Thanks-
giving Ode. Composed in Jan., 1816.
" , . . first an agonised sufferer, and then finally
glorified."— ero'c Hist. Greece, pt. i., ch. i.
ag-on-i'-zing, ag-6n-i'-smg, pa. par. &
a. [Agonize.]
1. Active: Inflicting agony.
"The lifted axe. the agonizing wheel."
Goldsmith. TJte Traveller.
" I tell thee, youth,
Our souls are parch 'd with agonising thirst,
Which mnet be quench'd, though death were in the
draught."— //cmajw.' The Vespers qf Palermo.
" To the right shoulder- joint the spear applied.
His farther flank with streaming pmpte dyed<
Ou earth he rush'd with agonising pani."
Popa Jlomer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 529-531.
2, Passive: Suffering agony of body or
mind.
" Convulsive, twist in agonizing folds."
Thomson : Spring, 386.
" And bade his agonizing heart be low."
Thomson: Liberty, pt. v.
^g-6n-i'-2ing-ly, adv. [Agonizing.] In an
agonizing manner ; with extreme anguish.
(]\'cUler)
"■' a-g6n'ne, v. i. [Ago, v. ]
ag-6n'-6-thete, s. [Lat. agonothcta, agono-
ihctes ; fr. Gr, ajtauoOtTt^s (agonothetes) ; aytiv
(agon), and Ti0r\ixt (tiihenii) = to set or place.]
An officer who presided over the public games
of ancient Greece.
ag-on-6-thet'-ic, * ag-on-o-thet'-ick, v..
[Gr. a.^^ui>vo(ie^lK6<i(ag^not^leti'kos).'] Peitaining
to the agonothete, or president at the Grecian
games. (Johnson.)
a-go'-nus, s. [Gr. aywvos (affo*tos) = without
angle : a, priv., and ytdna (gonia) =an angle.]
A genus of fishes belonging to the family
Agonida? (q.v., Sup.). The A. catapliractus is
the Lyrie of the BritisTi seas. It is called
also the Armed Bull-head, the Fogge, the
Sea-poacher, and the Noble.
ag'-6n-^, * ag'-6u-ie, * ag'-on-ye, s. [In
Fr. agonie ; Sp., Port., &. Ital. agonia ; fr. Gr.
ayiavia (agonia) = (1) a contest for victory in
the public games ; (2) gymnastic exercise, as
wrestlihg; (8) anguish.]
1. A struggle on the part of an individual
or of a nation for victory ; violent exertion,
ardent and convulsive eftbrt.
"All around us the world is convulsed by the
arjonies of great nations." — Macaulay : Ilist.' Eng.,
eh. X.
2. Bodily contortion or contortions, as of a
wrestler, produced by pain, by a paroxysm of
joy, or any other keen emotion.
" So romid me prese'd, exulting at my sight,
With cries and agonies ai wild delight.
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, hk. x. , 491-2.
3. Extreme anguish of body, of mind, or of
both.
" Who but hath proved, or yet shall prove,
That mortal agony of love?"
Hemans: Tate of tJte Secrrt Tribunal.
" To hear her streets resound the cries
Pour'd from a thousand agonies I "
Ibid. : Alaric in Italy.
" . . . exult in Rome's despair !
Be thine ear closed against her suppliant cries,
Bid thy sou] triumph in her agonies."
Ibid. : Mariiis amongst the Ruins of Carthage.
T[ In this sense it is often used of the
mental anguish endured by the Redeemer in
Gethseraane.
" And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly :
and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood,
falling down to the gi-ound." — Luke xxii. 44,
" By thine agony and bloody sweat ; by thy Cross
and Passion." — Litany.
a-gon-y-cli'-tsB, s. pi. [Gr. i, priv._; -^ow
(gonu) = the knee; and kMvo) (Kiiuo) = to
cause to bend.]
Ch. Hist. : A sect which arose in the seventh
century. They prayed standing, thinking it
unlawful to kneel.
* a-goo', «. & adv. [Ago.]
* a-g6od', adv. [Eng. a; good.^ Well; in.
right earnest.
" At that time I made her weep agood.
For I did play a lamen1:ablo part."
Shakesp. : Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 4.
* a-goon', pa. par. [Ago, v.]
ag'-6-ra» s. [Gr.] The public square and
market-place of a Greek town, answering to
the Roman Forum.
"Another temple of Diana was in the agora." —
Levrin : St, Paul. i. 321.
a-gou-ti, a-goii'-ty, s. [South American
* native name.] One of the accepted English
appellations of the South American and "West
Indian rodents belonging to the genus Dasy-
procta of Ilhger ; another designation applied
to some of them being Cavy. The scientific
name Dasyprocta is from the Gr. baai>^ (dasns).
= shaggy with hair, and ttpwktos (proktos) =
the hinder parts. There are various species,
THE BLACK AGOUTI (dASYPROCTA CRISTATA).
the best known being tlie common Agouti
(Dasyprocta Agouti), called also the Long-
nosed or Yellow-rumped Cavy. The hair is
brown, sprinkled with yellow or reddish,
except the crupper, which is orange. The
ears are short, and the tail rudimentary.
The animal is nearly two feet long. It Is
found in Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, and some
of the Antilles. It feeds voraciously on vege-
table food, especially preferring vai-ious kinds
of nuts. One of the other species of Agouti
is the Acouchy (q.v.).
"On these same plains of La Plata we see the
agouti and bizcacha, animals havuig neaidy the samo
habits as our harea and rabbits, and belonging to the
same order."— Z»arwi»j ; Origin of Species, ch. xi.
^te» f^t, fare, amidst, what, fkUt father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e ; se = e. ey — a.
agrace— agreeableness
111
* a-gra'^e, v.t. [AccRACEr]
*a-gra'de, v.t. [in Sp. agradar = to please ;
Ital. gradire = to accept, approve, mount up;
Lat. gradior = to take steps ; grudns = a
step.] To be pleased -witli. [AciRAVCE.]
(Florio: Ital. DkL, " GradiTc")
* a-gr a'me, a-gre' me, a~gr 6'me, r. t.
[A.S. grcniiiaii = to anger ; grama = anger ;
g ram = iuviuwA auj^er.] To make angry; to
anger.
"Thau wol the officers be tigramed."
plowman's Tale, 2,281.
'" a-gram'-mat-ist, s. [In Lat. agrammatos ;
from Gr. aypa(j.|uaTOs (agrammatos): a, priv.,
and ypd^^^J.aTa, pi. of ypd}j.}i.a {gramma) =
written cliaracter; ypdifxD (_gra.phd)=to write.]
An illiterate ijer.sun. (Johnson.)
a-graph'-i-a, .•>■. [Aoraphis.]
Med.: Inability to write, owing to biain
disease. (Academy, Mar. 15, 1871.)
a-graph'-ic, <i. [Agraphia.]
Med. : Pertaining to, or characterized by,
agraphia (q.v.).
Sig'-ra-phis, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; '^pd<pw (graplin)
= to" write. In Virg , Eel. iii. 100, mentiun
is made of a plant inscribed with the names of
kings. It is .suiiposed that those mythic
tlowers were of this genus, whicli, however,
has no writing un it now, and hence is called
(igraphls =■ unwritten upon.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Liliacete, or
Lily-worts. It contains a British species, the
A. nutans, Wild Hyacinth or Blue-ltell,
formerly caUcd Hyacinthiis non-seriptua. It
flowers from April to June. [Hyacinth.]
a-grar'-i-an, a. & s. [In Fr. agrairc; Port.
agrario ; all fr. Lat. "j^'/TKiif^- = pertmning to
land ; ager = a field.]
A. -Is' adjective :
1. dcii. : Pertaining to fields or lands.
2. Sijcc. : Pertaining to laws or customs, fr
P'llitieal agitation in connection with the
ownership or tenure of land.
" The question which now supersedes the aifrarian
movement in importance, is the proposal for ,a code of
written laws made by the triljune Terentillus. "—
Lewis : Early Rom. lHat., ch. xii., pt. iii., 5 36.
Tlie Agrarian Lams, in the ancient Roman
republic, were laws of which the most im-
portant were those carried by C. Licinius Stolo,
when tribune of the people, in B.C. 367. The
second rogation, among other enactments, pro-
vided (1) that no one .should occupy more tlian
500 jugL-rif. (by on« calculation about 280, and by
another 333, English acres) of the public lands,
or have more than 100 large and 500 small
.'j^attle grazing U]ion them ; (2) that sucli por-
tion of the ])ub]ii' lands above 500 jugera as
was in possession of individuals should be
divided amongst all the plebeians, in lots of 7
jugera, as property ; (3) that the occupiers of
public land were bound to employ free la-
bourers, in a cei-tain fixed proportion to the
extent of their occupation. When at a later
period elTorts were made toreWvethe Lieinian
rogations, such opposition was excited that
the two Gracchi lost their lives in conse-
quence, and this, with their other ])rojects,
])roved abortive. It is important to note
that the land with which the Lieinian or
"agrarian" laws dealt was public land be-
longing to the state, and not, as is popularly
supposed, private property.
"The real opposition to an agrarian law arose from
those who, by occupying' the unappropriated land of
the state, and em]-)loyinLc their capital and slaves in
its cultivation, hiid accjuired a possessoiy right to it."
— Lewis: Early /iom. Hist., ch. xii., pt^ il., § 26.
"Mtenius. a tribmie, the proposer of an apraHan
law, had hindered the levies ot soldiers." — ibid., ch.
xii., pt. iv., §68.
Bot. Geog. Agrarian Region: The name
given by Watson to a botanical region mark-
ing the area of com cultivation, and limited
by the Pteris oiiviJlna. It rises up the High-
land hills to the height of 1,200 feet. It is
divided into the Infra-agrarian, the Mid-
agrarian, and the Super-agrarian.
B. As substantive : One in favour of agrarian
jaw.
a-grar'-i-an-i^m, s. [Agrarian.] The prin-
ciples of those who desire an agrarian law
either in its true or in its mistaken sense.
(Webster.)
a-grar-i-an-ize, v.t. [Agrarian.] To
divide or 'distribute (land) among the poorer
classes bv thR nnp.rnt.ion nf nn nerarian law.
, „ ,_. . V.t. [Agrarian.]
divide or 'distribute (land) among the poc
classes by the operation of an agrarian law.
"* a-gra'ste, pa. par. of Aggrace /q. v.).
* a-gra'yde, v.t. [Icel. greidr.] To dress, to
ornament, to decorate.
"Thyn halle agrayde, and hele the walles.
With clodes, and wyth ryche palles."
Launfal, 904.
ab-gra'ze, v.i. [Eng. a = on, and grazing.'] To
graze. "To send a-grazing" = to dismiss a
servant. (Cotgrave's Diet., "Envoyer;" also
Halliwell.)
* a-gre, v.t. [Agree.]
* a-gre', a. [A.N. agre.] Kind.
" Be raercyfuUe, agrt, take parte and sumwhat par-
doone."— -VS. JIarl. {Ealliwell.)
* a-gre', * a-gree, adv. [A.N. agre.] In a
£indly manner, kindly, in good part.
" Whom I ue fouude froward, ne fell,
Bot toke agri all whole my plaie."
KomauHt of flu; Rose, 4,349.
* a-gre-a-bir-i-te, s. [Agreeability.]
* a-gre' -age, v.t. [From Eng. agree (?).] To
allege.
" Neither dyd I euer put in question yf I shoutde
do you riffht, as you appeare to agrcage." — Lgerton
' Papers, p. 22C.
j *a-great', adv. [A.S. a = on (?) ; great =
\ great.] Altogether. (Barct: Alvearie,)
" a-gre-a'-tion, s. [Fr.] Agreement.
" A popular aj7re«(io7i of all the vudertakers."— .flci*
Chan J. led. 1814), vol. v., liU'j.
a-gree', "^ a-gre', v.t. & i. [Fr. agreer = ii>
accept with favour, to consent to, to agree :
(;re = will, pleasure, favour; Prov. agrcinr =
to agree ; 8p. agradar = to please ; Port.
agradar = (1) to be pleased; (2) to please;
Ital. agt/radlre = to accept, to receive kindly ;
Lat. grains = accept;ible, pleasing. In Lat.
gratia = grace, favour.] [Grace, Grateful.]
A, Transitive :
1. To please.
" If harme agre me, whereto plaine I thenne."
Chniicvr: Troilus, bk. i., 410.
2. To put an end to a controversy or quarrel ;
to carry by unanimous concuiTence a point
which has been debated ; to assent to.
" He saw from far. or seemed for to see.
Some troublous uprore or contentious fray,
Wliereto he drew ui hast it to agree."
Spenser : F. Q., IL iv. 3.
3. To make friends, to reconcile, without
implying that there has been marked variance
previously ; also to make up one's mind.
" The mighty rivals, whose destructive rage
Did the whole world in civil arms engage.
Are now agreed." Roscommon.
B, Intransitive :
I. Of persons or other beings jwssessed of feel-
ings and a will :
1. To be pleased with, and to he prepared to
grant, admit, accept with favour, assent, or
consent to a proposition, opinion, me-asure, or
project submitted to one, joining, if called
upon, in carrying it out in action.
1[ Followed by to of the thing to whicli
assent or 'consent is given.
"And persuaded them to agree to all reasonable
conditions." — 2 Maccabees xi. 14.
2. To concur in an opinion or measure, to
enter into a stipulation or join in a course of
action ; to come to an accommodation with
an adversary, it not being implied whether
the sentiments or proposals were made to or
by one.
% Followed 1 >y v:ith of the person or persons,
and in, on, upon, as touching, an infinitive, or
a clause of a sentence introducing or express-
ing the thing concurred in.
(a) Of concurrence in an opinion or mea-
sure.
"The two historians differ in their accounts as to
the number agreed on for the consular tribunes "—
Lcicis.- Early Roman Hist., ch. xii., § 56.
' ■ In the cases which have been meiitioned. all parties
seem to have agreed m thinking that some public
reparation was CMe."—iIacaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xiv.
*f[ To agree to differ is to consent to a friend
or acquaintance differing in opinion from one
on cei-tain points, and tacitly stipulate that
no breach of friendly intercourse shall thence
arise.
"They could, therefore, preserve liarmony only by
agreeing to dif^ei."~I[acaulav : Hist. Ena. c'h viii
Jfacaulay: 3ist. Eng., ch. xiil. '
(h) Of entering into stipulation.
" And when he had agreed with the labourers for a
penny a day." — Matt. xx. 2.
((■) Of coming to a common resolve with
regard to a coui'se of action.
"Again I say unto you. That if two of you shall
aarce on earth sis touching any thing th.^t they shall
ask. it shall be done for them of my Father which is
m heaven." — Matt. xvitL 19.
"... for the Jews had ngrrrd already, that if
any man did confess that ho was Clu'i'.t, he should be
put out of the synagogue." — John ix. I'-J.
" For God hath put in their hearts to fulfil his will,
and to agree, and give their kingdom unto the beast."
—Reo. xvii. 17.
(d) Of accommodation with an adversary.
"Agree with thine adversary ciuiokly, whiles thou
art in the way with him . . . "—Matt. v. 25.
3, To live in harmony or free from conten-
tion with one, it not being implied that there
has been previous variance.
" Gob. How dost thou and thy master agree ? I have
brought him a present ? How "gree you iiuw V "
Shakesp. : Merchatit of Venice, ii. 2.
"The more you agree together the less hurt can
your enemies do you. '—Droivn : View of Epic Poi-lrj.
" Still may our souls, 0 generous youth ! agree."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxiii., 685,
4, To resemble one another.
" He exceedingly provoked or underwent the envj-.
and reproach, and malice of men of all tjualities and
conditions, who agreed in nothing else." — Clarendoii.
II. Of things :
1. To harmonise with, to correspond with,
to be consistent with.
"A bo'iy of tradition, of which the members, diawn
from scjittered quarters, agree with one another, and
(fffrce also with the genenu probability that ariaea."—
Oladstone : Studies on Homer, i. 49.
2. To resemble, to be similar to. [For au
analogous example, see I. 4.]
11. To be suitable to, to be adapted for, to
be lit.
"Lnc. Thoughts black, hands apt, drugs fit, and time
agreeing ;
Confederate season, else m. cre.iture seeing."
Slidkcup. : Hamlet, iii, 2,
" Many a matter hiith he told to thee,
Meet, and agrccmg «ith thine infancy."
I'ihokct'p. ; Titus Aiulron., v, 3,
4. T( J be nutritious to, to be in no danger of
cxi'itmg disease in.
"I have often thought that our nrescribing asses'
]uilk in such small quantities is iniudicioua, for un-
doubtedly, with such as it agrees with, it would per-
form much greater and quicker cHc-cta in greater
(i\u\i\iit\e»."—ArbuthnQt on Coins.
* a-gree', adv. [Agre, adv.]
a-gree-a-bfl'-i-ty, a-gre-a-bil'-i-te, o.
[Agreeable.] Agr.;cablcness of manner or
deportment.
" All fortune is bliaful to a man, by the agreabilite
or by the egality of hym that suffereth it."~'Chaucer ;'
Boedua, bk. ii.
a-gree'-a-ble, a. [Eng. agree, and -able; Fr.
agreable. ]
1. Colloquially: Disposed to consent with
pleasure to an arrangement or proposal.
2. Consistent with, in harmony with, con-
formable to.
"l Followed by to, or more rarely by with.
IS agreeable to optical principles." — Herschel •
■istroiimny, § 41?.
_ - , is not at all agrecc
b'ood a Christian or so reasonable and great a person.'"
" What you do is not at all anrecahlc. either with s
od a Chrf ^ ' . ; .
- Temple.
3. Pleasing to the senses, to the mind, or
both.
" Once he was roused from a btate of abject despon-
dency by an agreeable sensation, speedily followed by"
a mortifying disappointment."— J/aca«'?a.!/ .■ Hist, of
E)ir/., ch. xiv.
M Often in advertisements of houses one of '
the recommendations held out is
society."
J:. Almormally for the adverb agreeably
(though Webster contends that this use of the.
word is normal and right) : In pui'suance of.
"Agreeable hereunto, perhaps it mi^ht not be
amiss." — Locke on Education. ' - '
a-gree '-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. agreeable;,
-ness.]
1. The quality or state of being agreeable.
" Pleasant tastes depend, not on the things them-
selves, but their agreeableness to this or that parti-
cular palate ; wherein there is great variety."— iocAe.
2. Fitness to inspire a moderate amount of
pleasure.
"It is very much an image of that author's writing,
who h.os an aqrecaj}lenms that charms us. without
correctness ; like a mistress whose faults we see but
love her with them all." — Pope.
bSil, b6^; p^t, j^^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
sin, a^; expect, ^enophqn, ei^ist. -ing;
-tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die. &c' = b^l. deL '
112
agreeably— agrin
a-gree'-a-bly, odi: [Eng. agreeabU; -ly.]
I. In conformity ■with, in harmony witli.
'■ They may look unto the affairs of Judea and Jeru-
saJorn ; cifjreeaU// to that which is ill tht law of the
Lord. —1 Esdra^ \iii, 12.
"^ 2. Alike, in the sume manner.
"■At last he met two knights to him imknowne,
The which were armed both agreeably."
Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 3.
3. Pleasingly, in a manner to give a mo-
derate amount of pleasure.
" I did never ima^dne that so many excellent rules
could be produced so advautageoualyand agreeabli/." —
Swift.
a-g^ee'-an^e, s. [Agree.] Aceommi)i.l;ition,
accordance, reconciliation, agreement. (JJou-
cher.) (Scotch.)
"The committee of estates of P;irliament travail
between them for a</rfeunce, but no settling." —
Spalding.- Hist., i. 333.
"God, who is a Father to both, send tliem s^od
agreeance."—BaiU<i: • Letters, L 91.
a-greed', pc. par. k a. [Agree, v.]
1. As past ■partkijih :
Law : The word agreed in a deed creates a
covenant.
2. As adjective :
"Wlien they had got known and agreed names, to
signify those internal operations of their own miuds,
they were sufficiently furnished to make known by
words all their ide:vs." — Locke.
*a-greer, ^a-grefe, ^a-gref, *a-grev'e,
adv. [U. Eng. a = in ; Eng. f/rie/(q,v.).] In
grief, ;ts a grief, after the manner of one
grieved ; sorrowfully, unkindly.
"Madame,
I pray you that ye take it nought agrcef."
Chaucer: C. T., 16,379.
a-gree'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Agree.]
t a-gree'-ing-ly, adv. [Agreeing. ] In
agreement with.
"Agrueingly to which St. Austin, disputing against
the I>onatists, contendeth most earnestly." — Sheldon :
Miruclfg of Antu-hri!,t.
a-gree'-ment, * a-gre'-ment, s [Fr.
agrcvieut.']
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of agreeing.
II. The state of being agreed to,
1. Of persons :
(a) Identity of sentiments among different
minds.
"Close investigation, in most cases, will bring
naturalists to an agreement how to rank douljtful
forms." — Darwin: Origin of Spades, ch. IL
(&) Mutual stipulation with regard to any
matter ; a bargain, a compact, a contract.
"Three times they breathed, and three times did they
drink.
Upon agreement, of swift Severn's flood."
Skukesp. : Henry IV., Pt. I., i. 3.
"... "We have made a covenant with death, and
with hell are we at agreement. . . ." — Isa. xxviii. 15.
"... thus saith the king of Assyria, Make an
agreement with ine by a present, and come out to
me." — 2 Kings xviii. 31.
(c) Concord, harmony.
"... what fellowship hath righteousness with un-
righteousness ? and what communion hath light with
darkness ? and what concord hath Christ with Belial ?
or what part hath he which belicveth with an infidel ?
And what agreeinent hath the temple of God with
idols?"— 3 Cor. vi. 16.
2. Of things : Resemblance, likeness, simili-
tude ; consistency, harmony.
" There will therefore be a competition between the
known points of agremnent and the knoivn points of
diilerence in A and B." — J. S. Mill: Logie, vol. ii., ch.
XX,, p. 102.
"... either there will be no agreement between
them, or the agreement will be the effect of design."—
Patvij : /lurie PauHiue, ch, i.
III. The thing or things agreed to, specially
the document in which the stipulations are
committed to writing, as "Have you forgotten
to bring the agreeme^it with you ?"
B. Tuchnicalbj :
1. Law : A contract, legally binding on the
parties making it. [The same as A., II. 1 Q}).]
"Agreement, or contract; that is toaay, the making
a promise between two or more persons, upon the
understanding that it is regarded as legally bmding. '
— iioioring : Jientham'a Works, 1. 310.
An agreevient executory: One to be per-
formed ut a future time.
2. Gram. : Com.'ord. [Concord.]
*a-gref', *a-gref'e, adv. [Agreef.]
^ a-greg', * a-greg e, * a-gred'ge, ^ ag-
grege, "* ag-greg'-gyn, v.t. [A.N. In
Fr. agreger is = to admit into a society.] To
increase, to aggravate.
"By wilful malice to aggrege their gre\;inct; '
Ji-jchuh. bk, iii,
"Aud therefore a vengeaunce is not warished by
anotlitr veni^eaiince, ne a wrong by another wrong,
but evericli of hem encreaseth and aggrcgete other."—
Chaucer: Tale 0/ Mclibeus.
^a-gres'se, r.t. & i. [Aggress ]
t a-gres'-ti-al, u. [Agrestic.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Living in the fields or open
country.
2. Lot. : Growing wild in cultivated land.
t a-gres'-ti-an, a. & s. [Agrestic.]
A. As adj. : Rustic, rural ; cliaracteri.stic of
tlie countrj-,
B. As suhst. .- A rustic ; a countryman.
I a-gres'-tic, t a-gres'-ti-cal, a. [Lat.
agrestis, fr. fffjrr = a field.] Pertaining to tlie
lields, pertaining to the country, as ojiposed
to the town ; rural: hence, rustic, unpolished,
(Johnson.)
■^a-gret', a. or adv. [A.S. grcetan = to weep,
to cry out = p?"eo(a?i — to lament; Scotcli, to
greet^=-to weep, to cry.] Sorrowful, in sorrow.
" And gif ye hold no agret
Shall I never it meet." Sir JOegrtvant, 1,769.
* a-gre'thed, * a-grei'thed, pa. par. & «.
[0. Icel. grcidha ; Mid. Eng. grelthaii, graitlicn
= to prepare or make ready.] Dressed, j're-
pared, made ready, trimmed, or ornamented.
"Clothed ful komly, for ani kud Icinges sone,
In gode clothes of gold, agrethed ful riche
With perrey and pellure, pertelyche to the righttes,"
WilUum, of Pulcrne (Skeat's ed.), 61-3.
" AI that real aray reken schold men neuer,
Ne purueaunce that prest ws.s to pepul agreithed."
Ibid., 1,597-8.
^" a-grev'e, v.t. [Aggrieve.]
* a-grev'e, oilv. [Agreef.]
ag-ri-c6l-a'-tion, 6-. [Lat. agricolatio.] Cul-
tivation of lields or the soil generally.
(Johnson.)
t ag'-ri-cole, t ^-gric'-ol-ist, s. [Lat.
agricola.] A person engaged in agriculture.
■'First let the yuuug ugnui/uic ue taught."
Dodsicy: Agncult iii-e, it
t ag-ri-ciil'-tor, s. [Sp. , Port., & Lat. ] One
engaged in agrieulture.
ag-ri-cul'-tiir-al, a. [Eng. agriculture; -al]
Pertaining to the' cultm-e of the soil.
Agricultural Chemistry is the department of
chemistry which treats of the composition of
soils, manures, plants, &c., with the view of
improving practical agriculture.
The Agricultural Class (in Census Returns) :
A term introduced by Dr. Parre in 1861. It
constitutes the fourth class in the Census
Rejiort of that decade, and comprises persons
engaged in agriculture, arboriculture, and
about animals. (Census Report, 1861, iii. 123.)
Agricultural Societies : Societies established
for the promotion of agriculture, as the
"Royal Agricultural Society of England,"
the "Highland and Agricultural Society of
Scotland," &c.
t ag-ri-eul'-tur-al-ist, s. [Agricultural, ]
The same as A'griculturist.
ag'-ri-ciil-ture, s, [In Fj'. agriculture; Ital.
agricoltura ; Sp., Port., & Lai agricidtHra =
the culture of a field. Ager in Gr. is aypus
(agros), and in Sans, agros. It is also cognate
with the Goth, akrs, the Ger. acUr, and the
Eng. acre.] Essential meaning = earth tilt,
earth tillage. (.Beanies: Early England.)
1. In a general sense : The art of cultivating
the ground, whether by pasturage, by tillage,
or by gardening. In many countries the pro-
gress *f human eeonomical and social de-
velopment has been from the savage state to
hunting and fishing, from these to the pastoral
state, from it again to agriculture properly so
called, and thence, finally, to commerce and
manufactures ; though even in the most ad-
vanced countries every one of the stages now
mentioned, excepting only the first, and in
part the second, still exist and flourish. The
tillage of the soil has existed from a remote
period of antiquity, and experience has from
time to time improved the processes adopted
and the instruments in use ; but it is not
till a very recent period that the necessity
of basing the occupation of the farmer on
physical and other science has been even par-
tially recognised. Now a division is made
into fhcoretici'f and practical agriculture, the
former investii;'atiug the scientific principles
on which the cuIti\'ation of the soil should be
conducted, and tlic best methods of carrying
them out ; and the lattur actually doing so m
practice.
The soil used for a^icultural purposes is
mainly derived from subjacent rocks, wliich
cannot be properly understood without some
knowledge of geology, while a study of the
dip and strike of the rocks will also be of use
in determining the most suitable directions
for drains and places for wells. The com-
]iusition of the soil, manures, &c., requires
tor its determination agricultural chemistry.
The weather cannot be properly understood
without meteorologj'. The plants cultivated,
the weeds requiring extirpation, the fungous
growths which often do extensive and mys-
terious damage, fall under the province of
botany ; the domestic animals and the wild
mammals, birds, and insects which prey on the
produce of the field, under that of zoology.
The complex machines and even the simplest
implements are constructed upon principles
revealed by natural philosopJiy ; farm-build-
ings cannot be properly planned or constructed
without a knowledge of architecture. Rents
can be understood only by the student of
political economy. Finally, farm-labourers
cannot be governed or rendered loyal and
trustworthy unless their superior knows the
human heart, and acts on the Christian i)iin-
ciple of doing to those under him as he would
wish them, if his or their relative positions
were reversed, to do to him. Information on
the multifarious subjects bearing on agricul-
tm-e will be found scattered throughout the
work ; it is not according to the plan pursued
that they should be brought together in one
place.
"And the art of agriculture, by a regular connection
and consequence, introduced and established the idea
of a more permanent property in the soil than h.nd
hitherto teen received and adopted." — Dlackstone :
Comment. (1830), bk. ii,, ch. 1.
2. Spec: Tillage, i.e. preparing the ground for
the reception of crops, sowing or planting the
latter, and in due time reaping them. In thi.s
sense it is contradistinguished from pasturage
aud even from ornamental gardening.
" That there was tillage bestowed upon the antedilu-
vian ground, Moses does indeed intimate in general ;
what sort of tillage that was, is not expressed. I hope
to show that their agriculture was nothing near so
laborious and troublesome, nor did it take so much
time as ours dot\i.."^Woodward : A'at. Hist.
t ag-ri-cur-tiir-i^in, s. [Eng. agriculture;
-ism.} Agriculture.
ag-ri-cul-tiir-ist, s. [For etymology see
Agriculture.] One engaged in agriciUture ;
one skilled in it.
ag-ri-mo'-ni-a (Lat.), ag'-ri-mon-y,
* eg-ri-mon-y (Eng.), s. [in Dut. agri-
monie ; Fr. aigrimonie ; Sp., Port., Ital., &
Lat. agrimonia, a corruption of Gr. apyenu)vn
(argemone) = a kind of poppy believed to be a
cure for cataract in
the eye ; apy£fj.oi; (ar-
gemos), apfefiov (ar-
gemon) = a small
white speck or ulcer
which occurs partly
on the cornea, and
partly on the scle-
rotic coat of the
eye] A genus of
plants belonging to
the order Rosacete,
or Rose-worts. The
calyx is 5 cleft, with
hooked bristles, the
petals 5, the stamens
7-20, the achenes 2.
There are two British
species, the A. eupa-
toria, or Common,
andthe--!. odorata, or
Fragrant Agrimony.
It is to the former
of these that the term agrimony is specially
applied. It is a well-known and handsom'e
plant, with long spikes of yellow flowers, and
the cauline leaves inten-uptedly pinnate. In
spring the root is sweet-scented, and the
flowers when freshly gathered smell like
apricots. A decoction of the flower is useful
as a gargle, and has some celebrity as a
vermifuge. It contains tannin, and dyes wool
a nankeen colour. [See Hemp- Agrimony.]
a-grin', «. [A.S. a = on; grin.] Grinning
with laughter, or for some ether cause.
" But that large-moulded man,
His visage all a-grin, as at a wake."
Tennyson : The Princess, v.
COMMON AGRIMONY,
{Flower and Fruits.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; piMe, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. 3e, oq — g, ey = a, qu = kw.
agriopes— ague
113
ag'-ri-6-pes, or ag'-ri-6-pus, s. [Gr.
a-ipu's (ctgrios) = . wild, savage ; uittij (ope)
= sight, view.] A genus of fishes of the
order Acanthupterygii, and the family with
mailed cheeks, the Triglidge. The typical
species is the A. toi-vus, a large fish found at
the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called \iy
the Dutch Seepard (or sea-horse). It is used
for food.
* ag'-ri-ot, ag'-ri-ot tree, s. [Fi-. griottier
= the agriot-tree, from griottc, its fnut.] A
tart cheny. {Ho well : Lex. Tetraglott.)
Sg'-ri-O-te^, s. [Gr. a-iptoTn^ {c'griotes)=(l)
wildness, (2) fierceness, crueltv.] A genus of
Elateridie (Click-Beetles). The larvae of three
species— the A. litiecUus, A. obscurus, and A.
spectator— Riti too well known as .wireworm.s
destructive to crops. The perfect insects
deposit their eggs on or near the roots of the
plants on which they are designed to feed.
The larvae when hatched rapidly increase in
size. They lie in the earth as pupa^ during
the winter months. The perfect insects
usually emerge— the A. lineatus in March,
and the other two in April. They are found
ahundantly till July. {L'nrtis, in Morton's
"Cyclop. Agrie.")
Ag-rip -pix^ -i-an§, s. pi. [Named after
Agrippinus, Bishop of Carthage.]
Church Hi-tit. : The followers of the above-
named Agriiipinus, in the third century, who
taught a kind of Anabaptist doctrine.
* a-grr§e (0. Eng.), ag-gri'^e (Scotch), v.t &
(.; * a-gros' (0. Eng.), v.i. [A.S. agrisau,
agrysdn = to dread, to fear greatly.]
A. Transitive :
1. To ciiuse to shudder, to frighten, to
terrify, to intimidate.
(a) English :
" Such pevnea that oui" herte might agrise."
Chaucer: C. T., 7,231, 7,232.
(h) Scotch :
" .My goLst sail be present the to aggrlse.
Tiiuu 8.il, viiwouithy wlcht, apouu thya wiae
Be puuyat wele." Douglas: Virgil, 113, 16
2. To make frightful or horrible. (See
Spender, Clarendon rd., bk. ii.)
" The wfives thereof so alow and aluggish were,
Eiigrost with mud, which did tham fowle agrise."
Spemer : F. Q., II. vL 46.
B. L' trans. .* To shudder; to be greatly
afraid.
" Theiiiie hit thester hi-gon, and thoiiderde awithe,
Thtit the grauo quakede, and thei agrisen alle."
Joseph of Arimathie, 235. 236.
" That fire under the feet aros,
Nii3 ther non that hiin ugros."
61/ of iVanoike, p. 49.
a-gTi'§e, pa. 2iar. [A.S.] [AoRiSE.]
a'-grom, s. A disease of the tongue, frequent
in Bengal and other parts of the Bast Indies.
* a-gfron'-om-y, s. [In Fr. agronomie ; Gr,
a-ip6votio<; (ugro nomas), s. = a magistrate at
Athena, overseer of the public lauds ; as adj.
= haunting the country, rural ; aypos (agros)
= a field, and i/o/xos (nrnjios) = pasture-ground,
pasture ; vefxtu (nemo) = to deal out, to distri-
bute, to dispense.] Agriculture.
* a-gro'pe, v.t. [A.S. grn2na''i = to grope]
[Grupe.J To grojie, to examine.
"For whn so will it well agrope."
Gower : Cnif. Aviant,, ok. v.
a-gros'-te-SB, s. pi. [Agrostis.] The first
sub-tribe of Agrostideae (q.v.).
ag-ros-tem'-ma, s. [In Port, agrostcma,
fr. Gr. a-,pov (agrov), genit. of a.'^p6^ (agros) =
a field, and a-TtfLfj.u (stemma) = materials for
oro^vning; a wreatli, garland, chaplet. Crown
or garland of the field. ]
Botany: A Linnsean genus of plants, now
looked ujion by many as a sub-genus or sec-
tion of the genus Lychnis. It belongs to the
order Caryojihyllaceee, or Clove-worts, and
the section Silenea^. Lychnis (Agrostemma)
gitlmgo, a tall jilant with large purple flowei-s,
is the well-known corn cockle 30 common in
grain-fields. It l.s said by agriculturists that
when the seeds of the plant are ground along
with those <if corn they are found to render
the latter unwholesome.
^g-ros-tid'-e-SB, s. pi [Ageostis.] a tribe
or section of Grasses, divided into two sub-
tribes, Agrost.-ie and Calamagrostere.
a-gros'-tis, s. [In Fr., Port., c^: Lat. agrostis;
Gr. a7pwtTT£5 (aijrOstiti'^ = a gi'ass (Triticuvi
repens) ; a.-yp6s (agros) = a field.] A genus
of Grasses, the type of the tribe or section
Agi-ostidese and the sub-tribe Agi-ostese. Six
species occur in Britain. Three of these, the
A. setacece, A. spicaventi, and A. interrupta, are
rare or local : the others, A. vulgaris, .the
fine bent; A. alba, the marsh bent ; and the
A. canuia, or brown bent, are common. The
A. cormicopice, or dispar herd grass, was intro-
duced into Britain for agricultural purposes,
iDut has not succeeded well. A. pulchdla,
an elegant garden plant, came originally from
Quito. Many other species occur abroad.
ag-ros-tog'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. a^pf^o-Tts
(agrostis), and 7pa<j.ij (graphc) = a description.]
[Agrostis.] A description of the several
kinds of Grasses.
ag-ros-tol'-o-gy", s. [Gr. ayptocms (a^ms-
tis), and Aoyo? (logos) = a. discourse.] -The
department of botanical science which treats
of the order of Grasses.
*a-gr6te, v.t. [Deriv. uncertain.] To cloy,
to surfeit (Tyrwhitt). To ingurgitate, to satu-
rate (Skinner). [Age-OTONe.]
" But I am agroted here beforne
To write of liem that in loue Iwen forswome."
Chaucer : Legend of Phillit.
* a-gro'-ted, * a-gro'-tid, * a-gro-
tei-ed, pa. par. [Agrote.]
a-gro'-tis, s. [Apparently from Gr. ayponis
" (agrotes) or aypwTns (ogrotes) — belonging to
the field; avpos (agros) = a. field.;] A genus
of Moths of the family Noctuidse. Two
species, the A. exclamaiionis, Heart and Dait
Moth ; and A. segetum, Connnon Dart Moth,
have caterpillars called by agriculturists sur-
face grubs, which aie destructive to various
fteld-crops, as also to garden flowers.
* a-gro'-tone, v.t. [Agrotib.] To smfeit.
The same as Agrote (q.v.). (Prompt. Paw.)
"^^ a-gro'-t6n--yd, pa. par. [Agbotone.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
" a-gro'-ton-ynge, s. [Agkotone.] Sur-
feiting. (Prompt. Parv.)
a-gr6iind', adv. [Eng. a = on, and ground.]
A. Literally:
1. On the ground; resting on the ground;
ashore (q.v.).
"By the middle of the next day the yawl was
aground, and from the shoaliiieaa of the water could
not proceed uny highet."~Dnrwiii : Voyage round t e
World, ell. viii.
2. Ontheground; implying motion towards,
ending in rest upon.
" And falling into a place where two seas met, they
ran the ehip aground ; and the furepart stuck fast. ' —
Acts xxvii. 41.
B. Fig. : In difficulties ; in the same all but
hopeless predicament as a ship is when she is
aground.
* a-griid'ge, v.t. [Old form of Eng. Grudge.]
To grudge. (Palsgrave.)
^-gruf'e, * a-gruif , adv. [Gbxjf.] Flat.
grovelling. (Scotch.)
" Some borne on spars by chance did swfm aland,
And some lay sweltiug on the s'ykie sand,
A gruif \a.y some . . . ."—Jf uses Threiiodie, p. 112.
* a-grj?m', 5. [Algorism, Awgrim.]
?^gryp'-lU-a» 5. [in Lat. agrypnia, from Gr.
a-rpvirvla (ttf/rM^/iia) = sleeplessness ; a-ypv-vo^
(agrupnos) = aleepluss : iypeueiv (agreuein) :^
to hunt, to seek, and iin-i-os (hupnob)= sleep ]
Med. : "VV^akefulness ; called also Insojinia
and Ferviligium (q.v.). [See also Wakeful-
ness.]
a-gryp-no-co'-ma, .<;. [Gr. i-rpvirvla (agrup-
nia), and K«./m (/.oma) = deep sleep; K.ufx6.<^
(koimao)== to lull to sleep; K^r/iat (keimai)
~ to he.]
Med. : Letharg)', without actual sleep.
a-gryp'-nus, s. [Gr. a-rpv-rvfu^ (agrupno^) =
sleepless] A genus nf Coleoptera, of the
family Elateridte. The A. mimnvs, or monse-
coloure<l click beetle, has a larva with a flat
and indented tail, and is one of those destruc-
tive animals called by farmei-s Wireworms.
^a,gt. *a.gte, *hagt, s. [A.S, eaW = esti-
mation ; eahtia)i = to meditate, to de\ise : in
Ger. acht = care, attention ; ochten = to attend
to, to regard.] Thought, anxiety, sorrow,
grief, care, fear.
" Ainalechkes folc fledde for agte of dead."
Stor.1/ of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 3,334.
" With the prisuues to liuen in hagt."
Ibid , 2,044.
* agt, "^ ag"te, s [A.S. <xht.'] Possession;
property.
*ag;te, v.i. [A.S. agan ; pret. ohtc =to own.]
To possess, to own. [Aght, v.t.'\
* agte, pia. par. [Agte, vA ]
* ^gte, V. [Ought.] (Aghtes = oughtest.)
* ^gte, if. [Agt.]
* ^gtes, s. pi. Moneys. [Aght.]
ag-u-a'-ra, s. [See def.]
Zool. : The native name of Canis Jubata,
the maned dog of South America.
a'-gu-a toad, s, [Local name.] The Bufo
Agua of Pr. Max. A large South American
toad imported into Jamaica to keep down
rats.
a'-gue, * a'-gew, "" ag'-we, * ha'-ge, s.
[Skinner and Johnson, whom "Wedgwood fol-
lows, take this from Fr. aigu = sharp, acute ;
in Sp. & Port, agvdo. The primary meaning
would then be an "acute" fever. Serenius
and Tooke derive it from Goth. a(7is = trem-
bling. Webster is of the same opinion, and
cites as cognate words A.S. oige, ege, oga, huga
=■ fear, dread, horror ; Arm. hegen = to shake ;
Irish agle = fear. "The radical idea," he
says, "is a shaking or shivering similar to
that occasioned by terror. "]
* I. OriglnaUy, in a general sense: Any
sharp fever.
" But Ihesu thorgh his mvght, blissed mot he be,
Keised him vpright, ana passed that liage."
Ii. Brunne, p. 333.
IL Hence i n a limited sense :
1, An intermittent fever, in whatever stage
of its progress or whatever its type. A person
about to be seized by it generally feels some-
what indisposed for about a foBtnight pre-
viously. Then he is seized with a shivering
fit, which ushers in the cold stage of the
disease. This passes at length into a hot
stage, and it again into one characterised by
great perspiration, which carries off the dis-
order for a time. The three leading types of
ague are the quotidian, with an interval of
twenty-four hours ; the tertian, with one of
forty-eight hours ; and the quartan, with one
of seventy-two hours. The remote or the
proximate cause of ague is generally the ex-
posure of the body to the malaria generated in
marshes. The remedy is quinine or some
other anti -periodic. [Anti-periodic]
" And he will look as hollow 113 a ghost,
As dim and meagre as an ague's ftt."
SJiakesp. : King John, iii. 4.
2. Specially :
(a) Lit. : The cold fit, often accompanied by
trembling or shaking, which constitutes the
first of the three stages of intermittent fever.
In the phrase " fever and ague," ague means
the cold stage, and fever the hot onp which
succeeds it.
" Cold, shivering ague."
Dryden: Palamon and Arcite.
(b) Fig. : Any shaking produced by eold,
however removed it may be from the first
stage of an intermittent fever.
III. As the rendering of a word of do^ibtful
meaning :
The ague of Scriptiwe. The Hebrew word
nrnp {qaddachluitk), Lev. xxvi. 16, which is
translated "fever" in Deut. xxviii. 22, from the
root n"^p (qaddachh) — to set on fire, is ren-
dered in the Septuagint in Leviticus iKTcpo?
(i7.-^cres)— the jaundice, and in Deut. Truperu?
(;.?(rc/os) = fever, especially of a tt^rtian or
quartan type. Probably a more formidable
disease is meant than simple ague, or the
word may be used in the extended sense of
Xo. I.
" I also will do this unto you : I will even appoint
over you terror, consumption, and the burning ague,
that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of
heart : . ."—Lev. xxvi. IG.
ague-cake, s.
1. J/if. : An alfection of the spleen which
sometimes accompanies ague. There arises
in the left livpochondrium a hard swelling,
indolent at first, generally little influencing
boil, boy; pout. j6^1; cat. 5eU. chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-ciajx = Shan. -tion. -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -§ion. -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
iU
ague— Ahriman
the healtli in this country, but ui warmer
latitudes sometimes becoming large and very
painful, and on its suppuration causing death.
(Dr. Joseph Brown : Art. " Intermittent Fever,"
Cycl. ofPract. Med., ii. 223.)
2. Fig.: A morbid mental excrescence, pro-
duced by lieated feeling.
"... this wortliy motto. ' No bishop, no king,' is
of the same batch, and infrtiited out of the ajtme
fear.i, a meie ague-cake . . ."—Milton: Of Refo^~m
in England.
a^n^e-drauglit, s. A draught designed
to ward off or cui-e an attack of ague.
" Our BoIJiers in the Peninsular hospitals regularly
api)lie(l for an ague-draught (60 drops of laudanum
and a drachm of ether) when they saw their nails
turning blue, which ia generally the first sign of the
commencement of a paroxysm. '—Dr. Brovm: Cycle,
etf Pract. Med., vol. ii.
ague-drop, s. A solution of potassium
arsenite, much used for intermittent fever.
ague-fit» s.
1. Lit. : A fit of the ague.
"Cromwell, who had an <[.7we-/(^ from anxiotv, . . '
—Froude: Hi&t. Eng., pt. i., ch. xv.
2. Met.: A fit of trembling proauced by fear
" Thi6 ugue-fit of fear is over-blown."
Shakesp. : Richard II., iii. 2.
ague-olntmeiit, s. An ointment for the
ague. Halliwell says that in Norfolk one
made from the leaves of tlie elder is used.
ague-powder, s A powder designed
to cure ague.
ague-proof, a. Proof
ague.
■' I am not ague-proof."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 6.
ague-Spell, s. A spell or charm be-
lieved by tlie superstitious to prevent or cure
ague. (Gay.)
ague-struck, u. Struck with ague.
(Hewyt.)
ague-tree, a. The Lauras sassafras.
[Sassafras.] (Gerard, &c.)
ague-weed, s.
Bat. ; (1) Eupatorium perfoUatum. (Amer.)
(2) Gentiana quinquejiora.
a'-gue, v.t. [From the substantive.] To cause
to tremble or shake like one in the first stage
of intermittont fever.
a'-gued, pa. par. & a. [Ague, v.]
"... faces pale
With flight and agued fear."
.Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. *.
* a~guer'-ry, '^J.^ [Fr, aguerrir; frosn gvcnr
'= war.] To instruct in the ait of war ; to
inure to the hardship-s of war. (Lyttleton.)
*aguiler (ag'-wil-er), a. [Fi-. aiguille =
a needle.] A needle-case.
" A silver nedil forth I drowe.
Out of aguiler queiut i-kuowe."
Jtomaunt of the Rose, 98.
a-gui§'-ard-ing, verb. s. [Eng. a = on,
(juisard, and suff. -ing.] The action of a
guisard (q.v.), or mummer; mumming, mas-
(luerading. (Special coinage.)
"Or else they hae taen Yule before it comes, and
gaun a-guisarding."— Hcott: Guy Mannering, ch.
,\xxvi.
*a-gui'i=ie, '^ a-gui'ze, v.t. [Fr. giiise = (V)
manner; (2) fancy, humour.] To guise, to
adorn, to dress out.
" Sometimes lier liead she fondly would agtiize
With gaudy garlands."
Spenser: F. Q., II. vi. 7.
^ It is opposed tu d isg a tsi-i I =a<;msti\,
guised, or dressed out in a way to niidlead,
" So had false ArchimaRO her disg^tysd,
To cloke her guile with sorrow and sad teene ;
And she himselfe had craftily devisd
To be her Squire, and do her service well ntjuisd.
(Spenser : F. Q.. II. i. 21.
* a^gui'§ie, * a^gui'ze, t ag-gui'ze, s
[From the verb.] Guise, dress.
" The fflory of the court, their fashions
And brave aggutze, ..."
More: Song of the Soul, bk. i. 23.
a'-gU-isll, f.. [Eng. ag2ie; •isk.']
1. Lit. : In any way pertaining to ague ;
causing or tending to cause ague ; noted for
the occurrence in it or them of ague.
" And aguish east " Coioper : Task, bk. iii.
"The ngiii^h districts of England continue to be
inhabited""— .-irnoZrf lIiKt yiome, ch. xxiii.
2. Fig. : Alternately cliilly, cold, like a
patient iu the fii-st stage of ague ; or burning
hot, like one in its second stage.
" Her aguish love now glows and bums."
J.anndotvne: To Myra.
a'-gu-ish-ness, s. [Eng. aguish; -ness.'] The
state of being affected by iigue.
Spec. : Chilliness. (Johnson.)
" a-gult', * a-gilt', * a-gilt'e (pa. par.
agelt), v.i. [A.S. agyllan.^
1. To offend.
" He ajllte her nere in other case.
So nsre all wholly his trespaase."
liomaunt of the Rose, 5,832-3,
2. To be guilty, to offend, to sin against.
■' Thanne was he scorned that nothing had agUt."—
Chancer: The Persones Tale.
" And neuer agult the wil i liue in game ue on emest. '
}yiUiam of PalemeiSkeAt ed.), 4,401.
a-giis'-tite, *- a-gus'-tine, s. [Ger. agus-
tin.] A mineral, the same as 'Apatite (q.v.).
*ag'-we, s. [Ague.]
a-gy'e. gye, gie, v-^- [Fr. giUder.] To guide,
to direct.
" Launfal toke leave of Teranour
For to wende to kyng Artour,
Hys feste for to ngye."
Eng. Trans', of Grands Fabliaux, 323.
ag'-yn-a-ry, «. [Eng. agyn(om) ; -ary.]
Bot. : Having no female organs. A term
introduced by A. P. de Candolle to denote
double flowers, which are composed entirely
of petals, no pistils being present.
A-gy-nen'-seg, A-gy-ni-a'-ni, A-gy-
ni-i, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; yui/^ (gune) = a. woman.]
Ch Hist. : A sect who opposed marriage
and the use of flesh-meat, saying that these
practices were opposed to spirituality of life,
and emanated not from God, but from the
devil. They arose about a.d. (394, but not
long afterwards died jiw.iy.
a-gyn'-ic, a. [Eng. agyii(oiis) ; -ic.]
Bot. : Characterized by, or describing, the
insertion of stamens which are entirely free
from the ovary.
B.-gynn'et ""'a-gin', v.t. &i. [A.S. aginnan,
ongi)inen= to begin; ag y nth = hegimieth.]
To begin.
"The maister his tale he gan agin."
The Sevyn Sages, 1,410.
ag'-yn-oiis, a. [Gr. ayuvos (agunos) = having
no wife : a, priv., and yvvr} (gune) = a woman,]
Bot. : Destitute of female organs.
,a, iiiterj. [Ger. ah, ha, ach ; Fr. ah; Port.
itk, ai ; Ital. ah, ahi; Lat. ah, a; Gr. a !i,
or (I a.] An exclamation uttered —
1. In surprise.
"Tlien satd I, Ah Lord God ! they say of me, Doth
he not Biieak iiarubles ? " — Ezck. xx. 49.
2. In exultation.
" Let them not say in their hearts, Ah, so would we
have it . . . " — Ps. xxxv. 25.
3. In mourning.
4:. In contempt (mingled with surprise).
" And they that passed by railed on him, wagging
tlieir heads, and saying. Ah, thou that deatroyest the
temple. "—-.VarA xv. 29.
0. In si]nple pity.
". . . aft/ it [the Bwordl is made bright, it la
wr!i.i>i>ed up for the slaugtiter ' —Ezek. xxi. 15.
6. In mingled pity and contempt.
",l7i sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a
seed of evil-doers, children that are corruiiters " —
iaa. i. 4.
7. In self-abasement.
8. In adoration.
"Ah Lord God I behold, thou hast made the heaven
and the earth by thy preat power and stretched-out
arm . . , " — Jer. xxxii. ]".
IT In such a case, however, it is more fre-
quently written 0.
i-ha', intei-j. [In Ger. ha ha, aha ; Fr. alut ;
' Lat. aha.] An exi-lamatiou uttered with
different modifications, huwc-ver, of the voice
and features.
1. In mingled exultation and derision.
"Thus saith the Lord God ; Becausethousaidst, ylft'7,
attainst luv sanctu;iry, when it was profaned . ' —
/■:zrk. XXV. 3.
2. In surprise.
" . . . yea, he warmeth himself, and saith. Aha, I
ant warm, 1 have seen the fire."— /so. xliv. 16.
^ Sometimes it is doubled.
"Let them be turned back for a reward of their
shame that say, Aha, ahu."—Ps. Ixx. 3.
a-ha', o. [Ha-Ha.]
^a-hang', a. [A.S. ahangen, ahangan =
hung.] Hanged, been hanged. (Robert of
Gloucester.)
a-head', df^y. [0. Eng. a = on; head.^
A. Ordinary Language :
* 1. " On head," on the head, head-foremost,
headlong.
Lit. & Fig. : Used generally of animals or
persons not under proper restraint.
" They suffer them at first to run ahead, ajid when
perverse inclinations are advanced into habits there la
no dealing with thK\'n."—L' Estrange : Fables.
2. Onward, forward, in front, in advance.
" Que of the young men, however, cried out, ' Let us
all be brave,' and ran on ahead." — Darwin : Voyage
round the World, ch. xviii.
^ To go aliead :
(a) Lit. : To proceed iu advance.
"... it w.as necessary that a man should go a/ieod"
with a sword to cut away the creepers." — Darwin.'
Voyage round the World, ch, ii.
(&) Colloquially : To proceed rapidly, tO'
make satisfactory headway in what one is
doing. (Used of literal movement fonvard in
the case of railway guards directing trains or
seamen navigating ships. Used figuratively
of anything in which progress of any kind is.
possible, even though there be no physical
movement.)
B. Naut. : In front, before, further forward
than- a vessel, as " There is a rock ahead. "
* ar-height' (gh silent), adv. [Eng. a = on ;
height.'} On high.
" Edg From the dread summit of this chalky Iwuru
Look up a-height : — the shrill-goreed lark so fax
Camiot be seen or heard. Do but look up."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. fi.
a-liem', inter]. [Hem.]
*ar-lier'e, v.t. [A.S. ahemn = to hear.] To
hear. [Hear.]
* a-hi'gll, * a-hy'ghe (gh silent), adv. [O.
Eng. a = on ; high.^ On high. [Ahy.]
* a-blght' (gh silent), pret. pass, of -^-erb.
[Right.] Was called.
"And that annabul maide AHsaundriue a-hight."
William of Palerne {Skeat ed.f, 586.
a-lunt', a-hind', prep. & adv. [Ger. hinten,
d£hiten.'] Behind. (Scotch.)
"... the long green aliiiU the clachau "^S/r W.
Scott : Wazierley, en. xliv.
■^ a-hoight' (gh silent), " [A.S. a = on ;
heahdhu = height. [Height.] Elevated, in
good spirits. (Florio: Diet., s.v. Intresca,)
a-hold', adv. [Eng. a = on ; hoM..~\
Naut. : Near the wind.
To lay a ship a-hold : To lay or place her in
such a position tliat she may hold or keep to.
the wind.
"Boats.: Lay her (c/toW; set her two com-ses : off to
sea agam, lay her oflV'—Shakesp. : Tempest, i. 1.
a-horsc', adv. [Eng. a=on; horse.] On
* hor.seback. (Hearne ; Gloss. )
a-ho^'-ai, s. The Brazilian name for a shrub
" (Cerbera ahouai), the kernels of the nuts of
which are a deadly poison. It belongs to the
order Apocynacete, or Dogbanes. [Cereeba.]
a-hoy', inter}. [In Fr. /to.]
Naut. : A word used in hailing vessels or
people, as " Ship a-hoy ! "
Ah'-rim-an (h guttm-al), s. [/end Ahriman;
from Zend agro or anghro = wicked, murder-
ous, and maineyus = invisible, from (1) adj.
mainyu, (2) substantive tnano, con-esponding
with the Sansc. onanas = the mind ; in Lat
viens, whence English incntal, &c. (See
Wilson On the Parsee Religion, Bombay, 1843,
p. 328.)]
In the Zoroastrian Creed (that held by the
ancient Persians and their descendants, the
modern Parsees) : The Evil Principle or Being,
supposed to have created darkness, to be tin
fa:;ej fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot.
or. wore, wolf, work wh6, son ; mute, ciil), ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, au = kw.
ahu— aiguemarine
ji5
patron of all evil, and to live in perpetual
f'onflict with Hormusd, the Good Principle, or
Beiug. Ahriman, like Hormuzd, has under
liim a hierarchy of angels. He differs from
tlie Satan of Scripture in heing on an equality
both in years and in power with the good God.
[Z0R0ASTR,IAN1SM.]
£lr-hu', s. [Tartar, Persian, and Bokharian.
Not the ahu of Kaempfen.] The Tartarian
roe (Cermis Pygargas, or Capreokis), which is
identical with the Antilope suhgutturosa. It
is larger than the European roebuck, and
inhabits the mountains in Siberia, Tartary, &c.
ar-h.U.11', adv. [0. Eng. a=on; hull]
Naut. : With tlie sails furled and the helm
lashed on the leeside, causing the vessel tn lie
nearly with her side to the wind and sea, and
A VESSEL A-Ht3LL.
her head inclined somewhat in the direction
ot the wind. This situation affords a great
piotection against the fury of a storm.
a-hun'-gered, a. [Eng. a= on, and hungered.]
Hungered.
g.-hun'-gry, a. [O. Eng. a = on, and hungry.}
Hungry. {SJiakeajx : Merry Wives, i. 1.)
*■■ a-hy', ''an-hy'. ■' a-hy'gh (gh silent), adc
[O. Eng. a = on ; hy = high.] Oji high.
" By that, Rayitiouud waa doubted of ech wight
luto gret hoiiour risen is a-hy.
And worshipped is iii ech company."
Im Coudrette : The Horruvm of Partenaji
(1500 ?)(Skeated.), 1,209-11,
ai, aie, a. [Dut. &- Ger. ei = an egg.] An egg.
a'-i, s. [Ger. & Fr. oA. A word framed by the
.South American Indians to imitate the plain-
tive cry of the animal which they called Ai.]
A species of sloth, the Bradypits tridaciyJna
of Linnasus. As its name imports, it has but
three toes, or rather nails, on each foot, in
this respect differingfrom the Unau (Bradypus
didactylus, Linn.), which has but two. It is
of the order Edentata, or toothless mammals.
It is the only known species of its class which
has as many as nine cervical vertebrte, seven
being the normal number. It is about the
size of a cat. The tail is veiy short. Tlie
limbs also are short, but exceedingly muscular.
It clings with extraordinary tenacity to tlie
branches of trees. It is pre-eminent even
among sloths for sluggishness. Its apathy is
on a par with its inertness. Its practice is
to strip a tree completely bare before it can
prevail upon itself to put forth the exertion
requisite to enable it to roll itself into a ball,
fall to the ground, and climb another tree.
It inhabits Ameri(!a from Brazil to Mexico.
ai-ai'-ai, s. The name given in Paraguay to a
wading bird, the American Jabiru {Mycteria
A ntcriccuui).
ai'-blins, adv. Perhaps, it may be. (Scotch.)
" . . . it may feed a hog, or aiblins twa in a good
year."— Sjj" W. Scott; Giiy Jlannering, ch. xx-v\i.
aid» *ayde, v.t. & l [Pr. aider = to help;
Sp. ayxidar ; Port, ajudar ; Prov. adjudnr,
ajiidar, aidar ; Ital. aiutore; Lat. adJuto =
to help ; freq. from adjutum, supine of adjuru
= to help : ad; juvo = to help. In Arab. ci'i.
is = to assist or strengthen, and ayadu and
adawa = to help (Webster), but these resem-
blances seem accidental.] To assist, to help.
1. Transitive :
"... which aided him in the killing of his
brethren." — Judg. ix. 24.
"... to aid each other in many ways." — Darwin :
Descent of Man, ch, iii.
"Neither shall they give any thing unto them that
make war ui>on them, or aid them with victuals,
weapons, money, or Bhips."— 1 Maccabees viii. 26.
2. Intransitive :
" Or good, or grateful, now to mind recall.
And, aiding this one hour, repay it all."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk, xxiL, 229, 230.
aid, ^ ayde, s. [From the verb. In Fr. aide ;
Sp. ayuda; Port, ajuda ; Ital. aiuto ; Lat.
adjiitits.']
A. Ordinary Language :
L The act of helping or assisting.
IL The state of being helped.
\ 1)1 aid : To render assistance.
" Your private right should impious power invade.
The peers of Ithaca would arm tu aid."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. i., 513, 514.
III. The thing which, or more rarely the
person who renders assistance. (In this sense
it is often used in the plural.)
1. The thing which does it,
" . , . he imght hope for pecmiiary aid from
France." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
"And he has furnished us with some aids towards
the considei-ation of thisquestion. " — Gladstone : Studies
on Homer, i. 23.
2. A person or persons rendering assistance,
(a) Generally :
Qj) Specially : Auxiliary troops or com-
manders.
" No sooner Hector saw the king retir'd,
But thua hia Trojans and his aids he lir'd."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, xi. 3G6.
Tf The word is used in this sense in the term
aide-de-camp, sometimes contracted into aide
or aid.
B. TechnicaH/y :
I. Feudal System: A tax paid by a vassal or
tenant to his lord, chiefly on three occasions,
when the superior just named was put to
unusual expense. These were, 1st, to ransom
him when he was a prisoner ; 2nd, to defray
the charges when his eldest son was made a
knight ; 3rd, to help the eldest daughter to
obtain a husband by furnishing her with a
suitable dowrj'- to be given her at the time
of her marriage. At first tlie aids on these
occasions were voluntary, but the feudal lord
succeeded in converting them into a compul-
sory tax. This, however, was abolished by
the statute 12 Charles II.
"A ids were originally mere benevolencea granted by
the tenant to his lorti in times of difficulty and dis-
tress: but in procesB of time they grew to be con-
sidered as a matter of right and not of discretion."
Slackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch, v.
IL Parliamentary Hist. : A subsidy granted
by Parliament to the king ;ts part of his
revenue when he had to take an active share
in political life. It is generally used in the
plural, aids, and is called also sithsidies and
supplies. [Subsidies, Supplies.]
"The whole of the extraordinary aid granted to the
king exceeded four millions." — Macaulay ; Hist. Eng.,
ch. xvi.
IIL English Law:
1. To j-niji in aid: To put forth a plea or
])etition thiit one who has an interest in a
cause which is being tried shall be conjoined
with the defendant making such application.
For instance, when litigation ai'ises in connec-
tion with an estate, the person in possession
may petition for the "((/ of him who has a
reversionary title to it. Such a petition is
called an aid-prayer.
" In real actions also the tenant may pray in aid, or
call for assistance wf another, to help nim to plead,
Ijecause of the feebleness or imbecility of his own
estate."— BlacJcstone : Comment., hk. iiL, ch. xx,
2. Aid of the King: Assistance demanded
of the king when a city or borough, holding a
fee-farm from the king, has an unjust demand
for taxes made upon it.
IV. French Fiscal Arrangements (in the pi.) :
Duties in most respects coiTespondiii!^ to our
custom-house charges.
Courts of Aids : Courts which take cogni-
sanre of cases arising out of the payment of
aJd^, in tlie sense now explained.
"'' aid-ma^^cr, s. The adjutant of a regi-
ment. (Scotch.) \^?ociety Contendings, p 395,)
taid'-an9e, ^ayd '-0,1196, s [Eng. aid;
-ancc] Aifl, assistance, help,
" For lovers say, the heart hath treble wrong,
"When it is barr'd the aidance of the tongue."
Ska/cesp. : Venus and Adonis.
aid'-ant, *ayd'-ant» a. [Fr. aidant, pr. par.
of aider — to help.'] Helpful, assisting.
" . , . be aidant and remediate
In the good man's distress."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv, 4.
aide-de-camp (approx. ad'-de-kon),
sometimes contracted to aide, s. [Fr.
aide du camp; Sp. ayudante de campo;
Port, adjudante de campo; Ital. ajudante di
campo.]
Military: An officer who receives the orders
of a general and communicates them. His
functions are exercised whilst battles are in
progress, as well as in more tranquil times.
ai'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Aid, v.]
% Used as adjective in the phrase "aided
emigration. " [Emigration,]
aid'-er, s. [Eng. aid; -er.] One who aids, an
assistant, a helper.
" AH along as he went, were punished the adherents
and aiders of the late rebels." — Bacon : Henry 17.
aid'-ing, jw-. par. [Aid, v.]
■■' ai'-dle (1), v.t. The same as Addle = to
render putrid (q.v.).
* ai'-dle (2), v.t. The same as Addle = to
earn (q.^
aid -less, a. [Eng. aid;
destitute of assistance.
5. ] Without aid,
A idless, alone, and sinilten through the lielin."
Tennyson; Mortc d' Arthur.
* aie, s. The same as Ai = an egg (q.v.).
* aiel^, a-. 2'1 [A.N.] Forefathers.
" To gyve from youre heires
That your aiels you left."
Piers Plouyhvian, ]x 31 4,
* aier, a. [Am.]
' aler, s. ,■ pi. aier'-is. [Heir.] An hi;ir.
(0. Scotch.)
* ai'-er-y, s. [Eyrie.]
^ aie^e, 6'. [Ease.]
^ aight'-ed-en (gh mute), a. [A..S. n-l,fn,
eohta = eight.] The same as Aghta:-;ii = tlie
eighth.
aig'-let. [Aglet.]
al-go9'-er-me, sB-g69'-er-ine, a, [Aigo-
CERUs.] Beloii-^iiig to, or characteristic of,
the geiuii; Aigocerus.
ai-g69'-er-us, ae-gog'-er-us, s. [Gr. a'ii
(aix), genit. aiyo? (aigos) = a goat, and Kepa^
(keras) — a horn.]
Zoology :
*1. A lapsed genus of wild goats.
2. A genus of Antelopes, with long s])iral
horns, belonging to the subfamily Antilopinte.
t ai'-gre, s. [Eager, Aker, Higre.]
t ai'-grre, «. [Fr.] Sour, sharp.
like aigrc droppings into milk."
Shakesj}. : Hamlet, i. 5.
^ aigre doulce, a. [Fr. aigre dovx, fern
douce] Sour-sweet. (Holland.)
' ai'-green, a. [Avgreen.]
ai'-gre-more, 5. [Fr]
Art: Charcoal in a state of preparation to
be mixed with other ingredients foi- tlic manu-
facture of gunpowder.
ai'-gret» ai'-grette, a. [Fr. aigrette.]
A. Ordinary Language : A tuft, as of
feathers, or a small bunch, as of diamonds.
" still at thai Wizard's feet their si)oils he hurled —
Tnpots of ore from rich Potosi borne.
Crown? by Cacifiuea, aigrettes by Omrahs worn."
Scott : Vision of Don Jioderii:k. xxxl.
£. Tcchniccdly :
I. Botany. [Egret.]
II. Zoology:
1. [Egret.]
2. In the form Aigrette : Bnffon's name for
tlie Hare-lipped Monkey (Macacos cynomolgus).
\ ai-gue-ma-ri'ne, s. [Ft. = ag^iama. me.]
Min. : De Lisle's name for the aqucvuui.n.ue,
or ber>'l. [Ai.irAMARiNE, Bervi,,]
^oil, b^; po^t, j6^1; cat, 9eU. chorus, 9IU11. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, eyist. -ing.
-tion. -sion = shiin ; -sion. -tion = :shun. -tious, -sic us, -cious = shus. -ble," -die, kc. = bel, del. -gre ~ e:er.
116
aiguilette — Aiolian
* aiguilette (ag'-wil-et), h. [Agli^t.j
^ aiguille (ag'-will), s. [Fr. = a needle,]
1. Ord. Lang. : A needle-shaped peak uf rock.
"... and where the (liijuUlns iibove present no
kind of way for crowumc the heights and outH.uiklng
the defenders."— 2'imf a, Oct. 23, 1877.
2. Mining: Au instrament for boring cylin-
drical holes in the rock to receivtj charges of
gunpowder for blasting purposes.
aiguUle-like, a. [Eng. aguille; like.]
"The aiguille-like peaks on either side."— Times,
Oet. 29, 1877, JfoiUenegrin Corresp.
aiguillons (ag -wil-long), s. pi. [Fr ]
Bot. : Stalked glands, once called sstte by
Woods and Lindley. In the genus Rosa they
resemble aculei, but are distinct from tlieui
in nature. {LiiuUey : Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed.,
1S39, p. 65.)
* aiguisce, * aiguisse, * eguisce, * ai-
guise, > eguisse (ag-wis-se), a. [Fr.,
from aiguuer — to sharpen.]
Her. : Sharply pointed ; applied especially
to a cross on an escutcheon which has its
four angles sharpened, but still terminating
in obtuse angles. It ditfers from the cross
Jitchee in this respect, that whereas the latter
tapers by degrees to a point, the former does
so only at the ends.
t aik, s, [Oak.] (Scotch.)
1, An oak-tree. {Lit. &Jig.)
" . . . sic a sprout frae the auld aik."— Scott : Guy
Maiiaering. ch. xiii.
2. Oak-woud.
I aik-snag, t aik-snaggy, s. A knotty
stump of an oak, or an oak-tree having the
branches roughly out off.
" He'll glowr at an auld-warld barkit aik-snag as if
it were a queez-maddam in full bearing."— 5co« ■ Roh
Roy, ch, xxi.
*ai'-ken» ai'-kin, fw(/- [Oaken ] Oaken, of
oak. '{Scotch.)
" . for bringing hame of aikin tyninier."
Acts, Mary (l5Ga), ed. 1814, p. 545.
ai'-kin-ite, s. [Named after Arthur Aikin,
M.D., F.C.S.] A mineral classed by Dana
with his sulphiirsenites. Compos. : Sulphur
16-7, bismuth 30-2, lead .361, copper 1\-Q —
100. It is orthorhombic, with long embedded
acicular crystals, as also massive. The lustre
is metallic, the colour lead-grey, with a pale
copper-red tarnish. It occurs in the Ural
Mountains, in Hungary, and in the United
States. [Patrinite, Belonite, Aciculite,
Retzbanyite.]
ail, * eyle, v.t. & i. [A.S. egJlnn^to feel
pain, to ail, trouble, or torment ; eglan = to
inflict pain, to prick, torment, trouble, or
grieve. Generally impersonal, as "me egleth"
= to grieve me ; egle = ti'oublesome, ditticult,
hateful. Goth, ag/o -= affliction, tribulation.]
A. Trans. : To cause uneasiness of body or
mind ; tu pain, to trouble.
% It is generally used in interrogatories in
which inquiry is made as to the unknown
cause of some restlessness or trouble. The
nominative to the verb is generally something
indefinite, as what or iiothiny, though in
Piers Plougliriuin the definite word sykuesse
(sickness) is used.
1. Lit, Of 'persons :
" My mother thought. What ails the boy?"
Tetinyson ; The Miller's Daughter.
2. Fig. Of things :
" What aiied thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest ? '
— Ps. cxiv. 5.
B, Jntrans. : To be atlected by uneasiness
or pain.
" And much he aili, and yet he is not sick."
Daniel : Vtezl Wars, bk. iii.
ail (1), s. [From the verb.] Indisposition ;
source of weakness; affliction. {Pope: Moral
Essays, iii. 89.)
ail (2), aile, * elle, s. [Fr. aik = a wing, from
Lat. ala.] The beards of barley. {Gerarde :
Herbal, bk. i., ch. xlvi.)
* ail, imperat. of verb, used as interj. 'Hail.]
ail-^nt'-iis, all-^nth'-iis, s. [From aikmto,
the Molucca name of one f)f the species.] A
genus of plants of the order XanthoxylaccEe,
or Xanthoxyls. The A. glandulosa has very
large, unequally pinnate leaves and unplea-
santly-smelling flowers. In France and Italy
it is used for shading walks, and it has been
introduced into Britain from Cliitia to atfonl
iioun.iliment to a fine si Ik worm {Attaeiis
Cynthia). The AilaiUhus cxcdsa, from India,
is also cultivated here.
A I lanthus Silkworm, or A ilaiithus Moth :
Attacus Cynthia. [Attacus.]
' aile, s. [Fr. auul = grandfather.]
0. Law : A writ lying in cases where the
grandfather or great-grandfather was seised
in his demesnes, as of fee of any laud or tene-
ment in fee simple, on the day that he died,
and a stranger that same day enters and dis-
possesses the heir. (Cowel)
■ aile, s. [Aisle.]
' ai'-lettes, * ail'-lettes, s. ijI. [Fr. ailette
= a winglet. ]
Heraldi-y: Small escutcheons fixed to the
shoulders of armed knights. They were
called also emerasses. They were of steel, and
were introduced in the reign of Edward I.,
and were the origin of the modern epaulet.
ail'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Ail, v.]
" Touch but hig nature in its ailing part."
Cowper: Tirocinium.
ail'-ment, s. [Eng. ail ; -ment.] Sickness,
disease, indisposition, especially of a chronic
chai-acter.
"I am never ill, but I think of your ailments."—
Sviift : Letters.
ai-liir'-us, s. [Gr. uIoXXw {aiolW) — to shift
rapidly to and fro ; and ovpd (m(ra) = tail.] A
genus of mammals belonging either to the
family Ursidffi, or Bears, or to that of Viver-
riiUe, Civets, being a connecting link between
the two. The Wah (A. fulgens) is found in
India.
aim, '^'aitne, ^'ayme, v.t. & i. [0. Fr. es-mer
= to aim or level at, to make an oflfer to
strike, &c. ; also to pm-pose, determine, in-
tend {Cotgrave). Piov. esvuir — to calculate,
to reckon, aesmar, azesnmr, adesiivir, adestimar
= to calculate to prepare ; estimur = to
reckon ; Lat. a;stimo.]
A. Transitive : To direct by means of the
eye to a particular spot against which one
desires to hurl or propel a missile. {Lit. &fig.)
" A. knotty stake then aiming at his head,
Down dropp'd he groaninc, and the spirit fled."
Pope: IIom,er's Odyssey, bk. xiv.
"Another vote still more obviously ainiml at the
House of Stair speedily followed."— •l/acrtitfrey . JJint.
Kng., ch. xiii.
B. Lntransitlve :
I. Lit. : So to direct a missile or other
weapon as, if possible, to make it strike a
particular spot.
" Who gave him strenpth to sling.
And sKill to aim aright,"
Cowper: Olney JJymns, Jehovah S'i-^.'o
II. Figuratively :
1. To seek to obtain a particular object of
desire.
"... did our soldiers, aimfjjj? at their safety,
Fly from the field."
.'i.'iakesp. : Jlcnry IV., Pt. II., i. 1.
* 2. To guess, to conjecture.
" But, good my lord, do it su cunningly.
That my discovery be not aimed at,"
Shakesp. : Two G^-i/.f of yerona, iii. 1.
^ Aim is now unifonnly followed by nt of
the object ; but formerly to was employed.
" Lo. here the wor'.d in bliss ; so here the end,
To which all men do aim, rich to be made."
Spenser : P. Q.
aim, * alme, * ayme, s. [From the verb.]
L The act of aiming.
1. Lit. : The act of so directing, or taking
means to direct, the course of u missile or
projectile as, if possible, to make it strike a
definite spot.
" Each at the head
Lsvell d lii9 deadly aim." JSIiUun P. L., bk. .i,
2. Figuratively :
(a) The act of directing the efforts to obtain
an object of desire ; x^^i^rpose, intention, de-
sign.
"... with amhitious aim.
Against the throne and monarchy of Grud,
Rjiia'd imiJious way." Slilton: P. L., bk, i.
(b) Conjecture, guess.
" It la impossible by aim. to tell it,"— Speawer on
Ireland.
II. The thing aimed at.
1. Lit. : The point to which a missile oi
other WL-:ipon is directed.
" Arrows fled not swifter toward their aim."
Shakesp. : Henry IV., Pt. II., i. 1.
2. Fig. : An object sought to be attained.
" 0 Happiness ! our being's end and aim !
Good, Pleasure, Base, Content, whate'er thy name.'
Pope: Essay on Man, Ep. IV., 12.
*\ In this sense it is often used in the
plural.
" Disgusted, therefore, or appall'd by aims
Of fiercer zealuta."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii.
"On the Historic Aims of 'S.ouiev."— Gladstone :
Studies on Homer, § i 21,
^" To cry aim {Archery): To encourage the
archers by crying out " Aim " when they were
about to shoot. Hence it came to be u.scd for
to applaud or encourage, in a general sense.
{Nares : Glossary.)
" It ill beseems this presence to cry aim
To these ill-tuned repetitions. "
SJuikesp. : K. John, ii. I.
"To it, and we'll cry ai?n."
Beaumont & Flutchcr : False One.
* To give aim {Arcliery) : To stand within a
convenient distance from the butts, to inform
the archers how near their arrows fell to the
mark ; whether on one side or the other, be-
yond, or short of it. {NavQs: Glossary.)
", . . but I myself give aim. thus: wide, four
bows ; short, three and a naif. " — Middleton : Spanisli
Uypsey, ii.
aim-crier, a.
1. Lit. : A stander-by, who encouraged the
archers by exclamations.
2. Fig.: An abettor or encourager. {Nares.)
" Thou smiling aim-crier at princes' fall.'
G. Alarkham: English Arcadiu.
aimed, pa. par. & a. [Aim, v.]
As adjective, used in composition xoith adoerhi :
"The king's troops received three well-'u'mft/
volleys , ."—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., chap. ix.
aim'-er, s. [Alm.] One who aim.s.
"Leaving the character of one always troublcil
with ft beating and contriving brain, of an aimer ..t
great and high spirits . . ." — A. Woud . Athen.Oxeu,
aim'-ful, a. [Eng. aim, s. ; -fid.} Full of
pui-pose ; having a fixed purpo.se.
aim'-ful-l^, (vlv. [Eng. aimfiO : -ly.] In an
aitnful mauiier,
aim'-ing, pr. par. [Aim.]
aiming-drill, s.
^Hl.: Drill in which recruits are taught to
handle and aim firearms, preparatory to
target-stand.
aiming-Stand, ^t.
Mil. : A rest for a rifle, used in aiuiiiig-dnil
(q.v.).
aim'-less, «. [Eng. aim; -less.] Witlmu
aim ; purposeless.
" In his blind uitnl^ss hand a pile iie shook,
And threw it not in vain." Mai, Lucan, bk. •^.
aim'-less-l^, adv. [Eng. aimless; -hj.] In
an aimless manner.
ain, ' a.TT'-in, " kw'-yn, * awne, a. [Own.]
Own. [Scotch.)
" Out o' his ain hBn.d,"— Scott : Waiierley, chap. Ixiv.
ain'-a-lite, s. [Derivation uncertain.) A
mineral, a variety of cassiterite. It is black
or greyish black, contains nearly nine pei
cent, of tantalic acid, and occurs in Finland,
with tantalite and beryl, in albite.
+ ain9e, * ains, adv, [Once.] {Scotch.)
aind, v. & s. [Aynd.]
ain'-sell, a. [Scotch ain = own ; sell = self.]
Own self. (Scotch.)
"... and I'U be your wife my aituell. "Scott.
Guy Mannering, chap. xxvi.
Ai-6'-li-an, a. [Gr. AioAios {Aiolios).^ Mo-
lian (q.v.). Used also substantively.
aip-ta'-si-a, s. [Mod. Lat.] A genus of
sea-anemones (q.v.).
fate, fat. fare, amidst, v/hat, fall, father; we, -wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or. wore, wolf, wosrHi, who, son ; mute, cult), ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. oe = g. ey = a. au — fc^.
air — air-cells
117
'^ air, v.i. (;i pers. sing, airis). [O. Fr. errer
= to travel or journey, from. Lat. iter = a
journey.] [Evre.] To turn, to go.
" ■ . . of iiakyd kn^ghtea
Bot airiJi even furth him ane."
A / i:ca iider, Bteveuson e<L, 5,523-4.
■*air, *aire, * ayr, s. A journey. [Eyre.]
"'air, prep. & conj. [A.S. cgr=befoie.] Before.
[Are, Ere.]
* air, * ear, a. or adv. [A.S. cer = before ;
(erlice = early.] [Early.] Early. (0. Eng.
& Scotch.)
"... air clay or late day, the fox's hide finds aye
the flaying kmfe."-— Scott : Hob Roy, ch. xxvii,
* air, * aire, '^ ayre, s. [Norm. Tiier, Tiere =
an heir.] An heir. [Heir.]
air, * ayre, * aire, "^ aier, * eyr, * elr, s.
[In Wei. awyr ; Irish aer ; Gael, aethar, atMr ;
Arm. aiar; Fr. air; Sp. aire; Port, ares;
Ital. aria ; Lat. aer. From Gr. aw (aer) = the
lower atmosphere, the air as opposed to the
purer upper one, altJ^p (ai(Aer), or ether ; * aw
\a6) = to "blow ; cognate with Sansc. vd, vdmi
= to breatlie, tohlow ; whence Lat. 'ventus^=
the wind.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. Literally :
1, Gen. : The gaseous suhstance which sur-
rounds the globe and is taken into our lungs
when we breathe. (For its composition and
properties, see B., I, 2.)
To take the air is to take a walk or ride with
the view of respiring purer air than is obtain-
able inside the house.
'* The garden was enclosed within the equare,
Where young Emilia took the morning air,"
Lryden : Patamon & Arcite, 1. 20G.
2. The atmosphere, the hollow sphere of air
enclosing our planet.
". . the hirdB of the air have nests."— A/att.
viiL 20.
3, Air in motion, especially in gentle mo-
tion.
"Freeh gales and gentle airs
Whisper'd it to the woods, and from their winga
Flung roae, flung odours from the spicy shrub,
Disporting." Mitton: P. L., hk. vlii.
* 4. The odoriferous particles which convey
the sense of smell to the nostrils.
"Stinks which the nostrils straight ahhor are not
the most pernicious, but such airs as have some simi-
litude with man's 'body." —Bacon.
n. Figurati'vefy :
In allusion to (a) its lightness :
* 1, Anything light or uncertain. Hope
sure to disappoint.
" Who builds his hope In air of your fair looks,
Lives like a drunken sailor on a maat."
SJiakesp. : Richard III., iii. 4.
(b) Its Tiwhility : Volatility, mobility of
temperament or of conduct.
" He was still all air and &Fe."—Afacaulai/ : JJlst.
Eng., chap. xxii.
(c) Its cajiahi.lity for conveying sound:
1. (SeeB., II.)
2. Poet. : A song.
"The repeated air
Of sad Electra's poet had the pow'r
To save th' Athenian walls from ruin bare."
Milton : Sonnet viii.
3. Intelligence, infonnation.
" It grew from the of rs which the princes and states
abroad received from their ambassadors and agents
here." — Bacon: Henri/ VII.
4. Vent, publication, publicity.
" I would have ask'd you, if I durst for shamej
If still you lov'd : you gave it air before me. '
Dryden : Bon Sebastian, v. 1.
If To take air is to be divulged, to obtain
publicity.
"I am Borry to And it has taken air that I have
some hand in these papers." — Pope : Letters.
(d) Its healthful influence when in motion :
Adverse, but bracing influence.
" The keen, the wholesome air of poverty."
Wordsworth : Tlie Excursion, bk. i
(e) Us capability of presenting objects in dif-
ferent aspects at different times :
1. (SeeB., in.)
2. Appearance.
" . , . and again they have too business-like and
simple an nir fox- legendary stories handed down by
popular trjidition." — Lewis: Ea^ly Rom. Hist., chap.
xiL. pt. i., § 15.
" As it was communicated with the air of a secret,
it soon found its way into the world."— Pope." Dedica-
tion to Rape <ff the Lock,
3. The aspect, look, mien, or manners of any
particular person, from which his character
may be inferred.
" So thinks that dame of haughty air.
Who hath a page her book to hold.
Wordsworth: White Doe of IttjUtone, l
" tnyssea sole with air majestic stands."
Pojte: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xiu. 72.
i. Often in the, plural: Affectation, an as-
sumption of dignity to which one is not
entitled, and which it would be inexpedient
to parade even if he were.
"Their whole lives were employed in intrigues of
state ; and they naturally give th'emselves airs of
kings and princes, of which the ministers of other
nations are only the representatives," — .^tZdwort .■
Re)n, on Italy.
B, Technically:
1. Natural Philosophy and Cheviistry :
* 1. Formerly : Any gas, whatever its com-
position.
"The division of bodies into airs, liquids, and
Boli(is."—H6rschel : Study Jfat. Philos. (1881), Lardner's
Cyclop., p. 228.
■* Dephlogisticated air = oxygen gas.
"^ Fixed air = carbonic acid gas.
* Injlamvudile air = hydrogen gas.
* Phlogistieated air = nitrogen gas.
2. Now: The gaseous substance which fills
the atmosphere surrounding our planet. It
is elastic, and is destitute of taste, colour,
and smell. It contains by weight, oxygen
23-10 parts, and of nitrogen 76-90 : and by
volume, of oxygen 20-90, and of nitrogen
79 10 ; or of 10,000 parts there are in perfectly
dry air, of nitrogen 7,912, oxygen 2,080, car-
bonic acid 4, carburetted hydrogen 4, with a
trace of ammonia. But air never is dry ; it
has always in it a varying amount of watery
vapour. When exhaled from the lungs it is
saturated with moisture, and contains about
4-35 parts of carbonic acid. The prevalence
of this latter gas in abnormal quantity is
prejudicial to human life, while air with a
high pcr-centage of oxygen in it is healthful
and invigorating. Dr. R. Angus Smith,
F.R.S., found that the oxygen in the air of
various localities varied as follows ; —
N. E. sea-shore and open heath of
Scotland . . 20-999.
Tops of hills, Scotland . 20-98.
Suburb of Manchester in wet
weather 20'98.
Fog and frost in Manchester 20 'Ol.
Sitting-room which feels close . 20*89.
After six hours of a petroleum
lamp . ... 20-83.
Pit of theatre . . 20 74.
Gallery 20-36.
Average in 339 specimens ot air
iu mines. . . 20-26.
When caudles go out . 18-5.
Difficult to remain in . . . 17-2.
Quart. Journ. of Science, ii. (1865)222-3.
The density of air being fixed at the round
number 1,000, it is made the standard witli
which the specific gravity of other substances
is compared. If water be made unity, then
the specific gravity of dry air is '0012759.
At 62° Fahr. it is 810 times lighter than water,
and 11,000 times lighter than mercury. At
the surface of the sea the mean pressure is
sufficient to balance a column of mercury 30
inches, or one of water 34 feet in height.
[Atmosphere, Acoustics, Bahometee, Pneu-
matics, Respiration.]
IL M^lsic : A tune or melody. A melodic
succession of notes as opposed to a harmonic
■combination. [Tune, Melody.]
" There is in souls a sympathy with sounds,
And as the mind is pitch'd the ear is pleased
"With melting airs or martial, brisk or grave."
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
^ Formerly, harmonised melodies were said
to be airs in several parts, but the term is
at present generally restricted to an unaccom-
panied tune, or the most prominent melody
of a composition, as found usually in the
higliest part, whether in vocal or instrumental
music.
III. Painting £ Sculpture : Gesture, atti-
tude ; that which expresses the character of
the action represented.
" Or great, extracted from the fine antiijue ;
In attitude, expression, airs divine."
Thomson : Liberty, pt, iv.
rV. Horsemanship (plur.) : The artificial
motion of a horse \mder direction.
air-atmosphere, s. The atmosphere
consisting of or filled with air.
"... the lofty air-atJnospJiere." — Prof. Airy on
Sound (1868), p. 8.
air-ljalloon, s. (l) Properly a balloon
rendered lighter than the surrounding atmo-
sphere by the rarefaction of the air within it ;
but (2) the word "air" may be used in the
old sense for any gas, and the term "air-
balloon " thus becomes simply a synonym for
Balloon (q.v.).
" A ir-balloom are hollow spheres made of some light
impei-meable material, which, when filled with heated
air with hydrogen gas, or with coal gas, rise m the air
in, 'virtue of ttieir relative lightness."— ^Uftinjtm.-
Oauot's Physics (8rd ed., 1868), § 169.
air-baUoonist, s. One who makes or
uses air-balloons. (Kirby.)
air-bed, s. A "bed" or mattress made
of air-tight cloth or vulcanized india-rubber,
divided into compartments and inflated with
air. Its disadvantage is that the air withm
it becomes heated by the warmth of the body.
In this respect it is inferior to the water-bed,
which is now generally used instead of it as
an easy couch for the side
air-bladder, if. [Eng. air; bktdder.]
L Ord. Lang. : Any bladder filled with air.
IL Physiology :
1. Gon. : Any bladder or sae occurring in
an animal or j>laut.
"The pulmonary arteiy and vein pass along the sur-
faces of these air-bladders in an infinite number of
ramifications,"— .A rfiiriftnoS on Alim,ents.
2. Spec. : Another name for the swimming
bladder in a fish. [Swimming Bladder.]
"... a bladder usually double, known by the
name of air-bladder, and which is generally placed
above the abdominal viscera,"— ffreizory Haiiy : Hat.
Phil. (London, 1807), § 68.
air-bom, a. Bom of the air.
" And see ! the air-bom racers start,
Impatient of the rein."
Congreve to Lord OodolpJiin.
air-borne, a. (l) Borne by the air, or
(2) borne in the air.
air-braving, a. Braving the air, the
wind, or the tempest.
" . . your stately and air-braving towers."
Shakesp. : Henry VJ.. Pt. I., iv. 2.
air-breathers, s. pi. Animals breathing
air.
"Dr. Dawson's Memoii- on Air-breathers of the
Coal-period."— Q, Journ. o/ Science (1864), p. 675.
air-breathing, a. Breathing air : applied
to terrestrial members of the animal kingdom,
in contradistinction to fishes, which breathe
by gills.
" . . the earliest trace of warm-blooded, air-
breathing viviparous quadrupeds." — Owen: British
Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. xiii.
air-bugs, 5. p^. [Eng. air; lugs.^
Entom. : The English equivalent of Auro-
corisa, the name given by Mr. Westwood to
the Geocores, or Land-bugs, a tribe or section
of tlie sub-order Heteroptera. [Aurocorisa,
Geocores, Land-bugs.]
air-built, a. Built in the air or of air ;
constructed of baseless hopes by a wayward
fancy ; chimerical.
" Hence the fool's paradise, the statesman's scheme,
The air-built cattle, and the golden dream."
Pope: Dunciad.
air-cells, air-sacs, s.
Animal Physiol. : Certain cells existing in
masses in the lungs, where they surround and
terminate each lobular passage. In man they
are but y^oth of an inch in diameter ; in the
other mammals they are also very small. In
birds they are not merely distributed over the
chest and the abdomen, but they penetrate
the quills, and in birds of powerful flight even
the bones. They communicate with the
lungs, afford a great extension to the surface
with which the air inhaled comes in conta,ct,
and in consequence increase the heat and
muscular energy of the bird, while at the
same time diminishing its specific gravity.
In insects some branches of the tracheae dilate
into air-receptacles, the number and size of
which, like the air-cells in birds, are in dirert
relation with the powers of flight. (See Owen's
I nvertebrata, Lect. xvii.)
" On the exterior of a lobule [of the lungs] we
observe bubbles of air of various sizes in its tissue ;
and if the bronchial tubes be injected the loliule is
distended, and its exterior presents a number of bulg-
ings known as the air-a:Ui; about which much con-
troversy has existed."— rwW & Bowman: PhysioU
Anat., li. 388, 389.
b^, bo^; pout, 3^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f.
-ciBLO. = sh^n. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l. deL
118
air-chamber— air-stove
* Vcg. Physiol : An old and erroneous name
still popularly given to certain intercellular
AIR-CELLS.
1, 2, 4. Sections of leaves. 3. Section of pith of a rush.
spaces -which contain air, and are not recep-
tacles of secretion. They are called by Link
lacunce. They vary in size, figure, and arrange-
ment. In water-plants they are designed to
enable the plant to float ; in the stems of
Grasses, Unibelliferge, &c., they are caased by
one part growing more quickly than another.
air-chamber, s.
Me-ch. : One of the chambers in a suction
and force-pump. [Pump.] (Atkinson : Ganot's
Physics, 3rd ed., § 1S5.)
In the plural. Veg. Physiol. : The same as
Air-cells (q.v.).
air-condenser, s. Any machine for
rendering air more dense by subjecting it to
pressure. The principle is that of a syringe
driving air into a close vessel till the required
degree of condensation is jirodnced.
air-current.
A ciurent of air.
air-cushion, s. A cushion consisting of
an air-tight bag inflated.
air-drawn, a. Drawn by the Imagination
in air.
" This is the air-drawn dagger, -which, you said,
Led you to Dimcan." Shakesp. : Macbeth, iii. 4.
air-drill, s A drill driven by com-
pressed air.
air-drum, s. A large inflatable cyst on
the neck of some game-birds.
air-duct, s. The duct leading from the
swim-bladder to the intestinal canal in some
fishes.
air-engine, caloric engine, s. Any
engine which has for its moving power heated
air. that is, which employs air, like steam in
a steam-engine, as a medium for transform-
ing heat into mechanical energy. The best
known air-engines have been those of the
Eev. Dr. Stirling in 1816, Capt. Ericsson in
1833, and Mr. Philander Shaw in 1867. As
yet they have been Y&jy partially successful.
Were they so they would have this advantage
among others over steam-engines, that air can
with safety be raised to a higher temperature
than steam, and therefore can generate a
higher amount of mechanical energy.
air-escape, s. A contrivance for per-
mitting the escape of the air which tends to
accumulate till it obstructs the progress of
the water in pipes led over a rising ground.
It consists of a hollow vessel, having in its
top a ball-cock, so adji^ted that when air
collects in the pipes it ascends into the vessel,
and, displacing the water, causes the ball to
descend till it opens the cock and allows the
air to escape.
air-fountain, s. A fountain in which
the moving power designed to raise the water
in a jet is air condensed within a vessel.
air-gossamer, «. [Air-thbeads.]
air-gun, s. An instrument designed to
propel balls by the elastic force of condensed
air. A strong metal globe is formed, fur-
nished with a small hole and a valve opening
inwards. Into this hole a condensing syringe
is screwed. "When, by means of this appa-
ratus, the condensation has been brought to
the requisite point of intensity, the globe is
detached from the sjTinge and screwed at the
breech of a gun, so constructed that the valve
may be opened by means of a trigger. A ball
is then inserted in the barrel near the breech,
so fitting it as to render it air-tight, and the
trigger being pulled, the elasticity of the con-
densed air impels it with considerable force.
A piece of simple mechanism may supply the
barrel with ball after ball, and thus make
re-loading after a discharge easy and rapid.
air-hammer, s. A hammer of which
the moling power is compressed air, as in
Nasrayth's implement it is steam. Large
hammers of this kind are in use in our prin-
cipal manufacturing towns.
air-holder, s. An instrument for hold-
ing air for the purpose of counteracting the
pressure of a decreasing column of mercury.
air-hole, s. An opening to admit the in-
gress or egress of air.
air-jacket, s. A jacket having air-tight
bladders or bags designed to be inflated, with
the "vdew of supporting the person wearing it in
the water. The air-belt has now superseded it.
air-motive engine,;.. [Air-engine.]
air-pillow, s. A pillow consisting of an
air-tight hag inflated with air.
air-pipe, s. A pipe connecting the hold
of a vessel with the furnace of a ship, and
designed to convey the foul air of the hold to
the furnace that it may be burnt. That this
purpose may be eflected, no air is allowed to
reach the furnace for combustion excepting
that of the hold supplied by the air-pipe.
air-plaht, aerial plant, s. A plant
which is capable of deriving its nutriment
for a certain limited period from the air. The
chief genera to which the name has been
applied are Aerides, Vanila, and Sarcanthus,
all Orchids. [Aerides.]
air-poise, s. [Eng. air; poise.] An in-
strument for measuring the weight of the air.
air-pressure engine, s. An engine in
which the moving power is produced iDy the
pressure of air of different densities.
air-pump, s. An instrument in-vented
by Otto von Guerinke, of Magdeburg, in 1650.
THE COMMON AIR IT. Ml'
It was designed to exhaust the air from a
recei-^'er, but in reality it can do no more
than reduce it to a high degree of rarefaction.
The air-pump now generally in use is a con-
siderable improvement on that of Guericke.
A bell-formed "receiver" of glass is made to
rest on a horizontal plate of thick glass ground
perfectly smooth. In the centre of that plate,
under the receiver, is an opening into a tube
which, passing for some distance horizontally,
ultimately branches at right angles into two
portions, entering two upright cylinders of
glass. The cylinders are firmly cemented to
the glass plate, and within them are two
pistons fitting them so closely as to be air-
tight. Each piston is worked by a rack and
pinion, turned by a handle ; whilst each
cylinder is flitted with a valve, so contrived
that when the piston is raised, communica-
tion is opened between the cylinder and the
receiver, which communication is again closed
as the piston falls. It is evident that when
any one commences to work the machine, the
air in the cylinders will be immediately ex-
pelled the first upward motion that they are
made to take. The valve will then fly open,
and the air from the receiver will fill both
the pistons as well as itself, though, of course,
now in a somewhat rarefied state. As the
same process is again and again repeated, the
air will become increasingly rarefied, though,
as stated above, an actual vacuum never can
result from the action now described.
BiancM's Air-pump is an imijrovement on
the common one. It is made of iron, and has
but one cylinder. It can be made larger than
the common machine, and produces a so-
called vacuum more quickly. It is described
in Ganot's Physics, Atkinson's translation.
Sprengel's Air-pump is a fonn of air-pump
of a totally different kind from the ordinary
one. It depends on the principle of convert-
ing the space to be exhausted into a Torricel-
lian vacuum. (Ibid., pp. 144, 145.) [Vacuum.]
Condensing air-pump, or condensing 'pump.
[Condensing.]
AiV'jiump gauge : A gauge for testing the
extent to which the air has been exhausted in
the receiver of an air-pump. It consists of a
glass tube bent like a siphon. One leg is
closed, as in a barometer, the other open. It
is placed under a small bell-jar communi-
cating by a stop-cock with the receiver, and
the more nearly the mercury stands at the
same level, the more nearly has a vacuum
been produced.
Air-pwmpj of a condensing steain-engine :
The pump which draws the condensed steam,
with the air commingled with it and the
condensed water, from the condenser, and
casts them into the hot well.
air-sac, air-sack, s. [Eng. air; sac,
sack. ] [Am-CELLS. ]
"The bronchial tubes fin birds] open upon the sur-
face of the lungs into air-sacs, which differ iii number
and in development in different birds." — Huxlei/ :
Classif. of Animals, xxvii., "Aves."
" The air-sacks on each side of the mouth of certain
male frogs." — Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. ii., chap,
xiii.
air-shaft, s. A hole bored from the
surface of the earth to some portion of the
galleries of a mine for the purpose of ventila-
tion. There should always be two — one, with
a furnace under it, for vitiated air to ascend ;
the other, with no furnace, for pure air to
descend. If there be but one, it requires to be
divided longitudinally into two passages — the
one for the ascending, and the other for the
descending air.
" By the sinking of an, air-shaft the air hath liberty
to circulate, and carry out the steams both of the
miners' breath and the damps, which would otherwise
stagnate there." — Ray,
air-slacked, o. Slacked or pulverised
by exposure to the action of the air, as "air-
slacked lime."
air-Stirring,
the air.
Stirring or agitating
"... This plague was stared at last
By blasts of strong air-starring Northern wind."
May's Jjiican, bk. vL
air-stove, s. A stove, the heat of which
is employed to warm a stream of air directed
against the surface, which air is then admitted
to the apartment of which the temperature is
to be raised, The stove is enclosed in a
casing somewhat larger than itself, so as to
leave a space of a few inches between the
two. At the lower part of the casing is an
aperture fitted with a register to regulate the
fate, fat, fare, amidst, wliat, f^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, tliere ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
air— airy
119
aduiission of the air, and at the upper pai't
is a similar opeuing to allow of its exit into
the apartment.
air-thermometer, 5. An instrument
which is designed to measui-e the degrees of
heat by means of the expansion of air. When
used to measure small ditferences of tempera-
ture, it is a capillary tuhe with a bulb at the
upper end, and with its lower end plunged
into a coloured liquid in a bottle. The air in
the bulb at the top is heated, so as to cause
a portion of it to be expelled, leaving the
coloured liquid free to rise a certain distance
in the tube. An alteration of temperaturo
will then make the remainder of the air in thu
tube to expand or contract with the effect
of making the liquid correspondingly fall or
rise in the tube. Within certain limits it is
a. delicate thermometer, and was the first form
of that instrument as invented in 1590, by
Santorio, a physician of Padua. It can
measure only the lower temperatures. When
employed to note higher degrees of heat, a
bent capillary tube is substituted for the
straight one. It agrees with the mercurial
thermometer up to 260", but above that point
mercury expands relatively more than air.
The differential thermometer of Sir John
Leslie is amodiflcation of the air- thermometer.
[Differential Thermometer.]
Kimiersley's Electric Jir-thei'viometer : An
instrument consisting of a glass tube closed
at both ends by air-tight brass caps, through
which two wires slide in the direction of the
axis of the tube. These wires are terminated
by brass balls, which are made to approach
within the striking distance. To an aperture
in the bottom of tlie lower cap is fitted a bent
tube of glass, which turns upwards, and is
open at both ends ; the bend is filled with
mercury, or with a coloured fluid, which may
indicate by its rising or falling within the
tube any dilatation or contraction that may
take place in the air within the vessel. Every
time a spark passes between the brass balls
the fluid suddenly rises, but descends again tu
its old level immediately aftei- the explosion.
air-tlireads, or air-gossamers, s.pL
Tlie name given to the long slender filaments
often seen in autumn floating in the air.
They have been darted out by spiders, espe-
cially the Aranea obtextrix, which, mounting
to the summit of a bush or tree, darts sucli
threads out till it succeeds in launching one
strong enough to support it, and float it up
into the air, which it desires to ascend iu
quest of prey.
air-tlireatening, a. Threatening the
air ; lofty.
" Aa from air-threafnlng tops of cedars tall."
Mirror for MagUCratcs, p. 563.
air-tight, a. So tight as to prevent the
passage of tin- air. (Used of a bottle or tube
hermetically seuled.)
"... yrhich close the cylindeiTciir-tight."—Ti/7ida II:
Seat, arded., p. 303,
air-trap, s. A trap or contrivance to
prevent the escape of foul air from a sewer,
or to allow the pure air liberated from water
tu escape from the knee of a water-main.
air-tube, s.
1. Mech. : A tube constructed for the re-
ception or passage of air.
"■ , . thepowerfulair-T(ump9(driven bylargesteam-
engines) which were uaed to eschanat the air-tubes upou
the Atmospheric BAilway." ~ Airy : Sound (1863), p. 18.
2. Physiol: A tube or pipe In an organised
being, designed for the reception or passage of
air. The term Is often used for the tracheai
of insects — tubes which pervade the bodies
of these animals, as arteries and veins do our
own, but with this essential difference, that
they carry air instead of a circulating fluid ;
the arrangement in insects being that "the
air is distributed by a vascular system over
the reservoirs of blood, instead of the blood
being distributed by a capillary network over
a reservoir of aii\" (Owen: I it vertebrata, §
xvii.)
■' . . . that aeries of (ilr-cells associated hy de-
pendence on a sinifle terminal air-tube" — Todd &
Bourman: Phys. Anat., vol. ii., p. 388.
"By this structure the most delicate and invisible
raniincations of the air-tvies may be easUy recognised
nnder the microscope." — Owen : Invertebrata, § xvii.
air-valve, s. A valve commonly applied
to a boiler to guard against the creation of
a vacuum within it when the steam inside is
condensed.
air-vesicle, s. A vesicle or small blister-
looking cavity filled with air.
"The Phifsophora floats by many smaller air-
vesicles." — Oweyi : Invertebrata, Lect. Ix.
air-vessel, s.
1. Uydraul. : A vessel in which air is con-
densed by pressure, in order that when
released its elasticity may be employed as
a moving or regulating power. Such a vessel
is used in a forcing pump to render the dis-
charge of water continuous instead of inter-
mittent.
2. Animal Physiol. : Any vessel containing
air ; specially one of the tubes, or trachea;,
through which air for the purpose of respi-
ration is conveyed into the bodies of insects.
[AlR-TUEE. ]
3. Veg. Physiol. : The spiral vessels, one
main function of which is believed to be to
convey air, charged with an unwonted propor-
tion of oxygen gas, to the interior of plants.
(See Lindky's Introd. to Bot, 3rd ed., 1839,
pp. 299—301.)
air-wave, s. a wave of air.
"... whose length of air-wave was therefore
known."— ^in/ : Sound (1868), p. 251.
air-way, s. A way or passage for the
admission of air to a mine.
*air (1), '*aer'-y, v.i. [Eyrie.] To make
an eyrie, to breed.
" You may add their busy, dangerous, discourteous,
yea, and sometimeB despiteful stealing, one from an-
other, of the eggs and young ones ; who, if they were
allowed to air naturally and quietly, there would be
store sufflcient to kill not only the partridges, but
even all the good housewives' chickens in the country."
—Carew: Survey of ComwaU.
air (2), v.f. [From the substantive air, the
gaseous substance which we breathe. In Fr.
«i/'er.]
I. Of exposure, to atmosplieric air :
1. Of things:
(a) To expose to the free action of the air ;
to ventilate.
"We have bad in our time experience twice or
thrice, when both the judges that sat uiwn the ]iiil,
and numbers of those that attended the business, or
were present, sickened upon it and died. Therefore,
it were good wisdom that (in such cases) the Jail were
aired before they were brought forth." — Bacon:
JiTatural History.
(b) Colloquial : To expose to public discus-
sion and criticism, as "to air an opinion."
2. Of persons : To expose one's self to the
fresh air by walking or riding out.
"Cam. It is fifteen years since I saw my country :
thoui^lii I have, for tlie most part, been aired abroad,
I desire to lay my bones there."— Shakesp. : WiiUeri,
Tale, iv, 1.
TI In this sense sometimes used reflectively.
" Were you but riding forth to air yourself,
Such parting wer"} too petty. Look here, love."
Shakesp. : Cymbcline, i. 2,
IL Of exposure to heat (colloquial) : To ox-
pose to the action of more or less heat, as "to
air liquors," that is, to warm them before the
fire; ** to air linen," i.e., to dry it before the
fire.
ai'-ra, s. [Gr. alpa (aira) = (1) a hammer ;
(2) darnel grass.] Hair-grass. A genus of
Grasses, of wliich six species are indigenous
in Britain. The most common are the A.
ccBspitosa, or Tufted ; the A.flexucsa, or Waved ;
the A. caryophyllia, or Silvery; and the A.
prcerox, or Early Hair-grass. Among the Airas
cultivated in Britain may be mentioned A.
Deschampsia ccRspitosa, called by farmers the
Tufted or Turfy Hair-gi-ass or Hassock-grass.
All the species are elegant plants of delicate
make.
Ai-ra'-ni, Ai-ran'-ists, s. [Named after
Airos.]
Church Hist. : An obscure sect, founded in
the fourth century by Airos, who denied the
con substantiality of the Holy Ghost with the
Father and the Son.
aired, pa. par. & a. [Air, v.t.]
air'-er, s. [Air, v.t.]
1. Of persons: One who airs anything.
2. Of things: A frame on which clothes are
placed that they may be aired.
airgh.
[Ergh.] {Scotch.)
a'ir'-i, s. [A Brazilian Indian word.] The
name given in Brazil to a kind of cocoa-nut.
from the stem of which the Indians of that
region manufacture their best bows.
air'-i-l^, adv. [Eng. airy; -ly.] In an airy
manner. Chiefly in a figurative sense = gaily,
with lightness, with levity.
air'-i-ness, s. [Eng. airy; -ness.]
1. Lit. : The state of being exposed to the
free action of the air ; openness.
2. Fig. : Lightness or levity of disposition,
tending to indulge in extravagant gaiety, even
at times unsuitable for mirth of any kind.
"The French have indeed taken worthy pains to
make classick learning speak their language : if they
have not succeeded, it must be imputed to a certain
talkativeness and airiness represented in their tongue,
which will never agree with the sedateness of the
Romans or the solemnity of the Greeks."— ^eHort.
"Pleasures. . . 10. Gaiety; 11. Airiness: 12. Com-
fort."—JowWno.' Bentham's Table qf the Uprings of
Action. ( Works, i. 205.)
air'-ing, i»". j"^'''* [^^^> '^■'^- ^ '■]
air'-iAg, s. [Air, r.]
I. Of atmospheric air :
1, Gen. : Exposure to the free action of the
air.
2. Spec. : A walk or ride in the open uir for
health's sake.
"Mary had remarked, while taking her aiHvff,
that Hyde Park was swarming with them."— Ma-
caulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xv.
H It may be used also for the exercise of
horses in the open air.
IL Of heat (colloquial) : Exposure to heat.
air'-ish, a. [Eng. and Scotch air; -ish.]
Chilly; cool, fresh.
* airl, ■* ar'-les, ' ar'-lis, s. [Gael, earlas ;
Lat. arrha, a/ra, = earnest-money ; Heb. 1U">S
(arablwn) = a pledge ; fr. n"iy (arabh or gharabh)
= to give a pledge. Cognate with Earnest,
s. (q-v.).] Earnest-money. (Scotch,)
* airl-penny, s. Having the same mean-
ing as the word Earnest-Money. (Scotch.)
" Your proffer o' luve's an airl-penny.
My tocher's the bargain ye wad buy,"
Burtis : My Tocher's the Jeioel.
air'-less, a. [Eng. air; -less.] Destitute of
free communication with the open air.
" Therein, ye goda, yon tyrants do defeat :
jfor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass,
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron."
Sliakesp. : Julius CcEsnr, i, 3.
air'-ling, s. [Eng. air ; -ling.'\ A young, light-
hearted, thoughtless person.
" Some more there be, slight airlings, will be won
With dogs and horses, . . ." — B. Jongon.
aim, s. & a. [A.S. iren.] Iron. [Iron.] (0.
Eng. and Scotch.)
" ' Ye '11 find the stane breeks and the aim garters—
ay, and the hemp cravat, for a' that, neighbour,' re-
plied the Bailie. —Scott : Bob Boy. ch. xxiii.
aim, v.t. [Iron, v.] (Scotch.)
airt, art, v.t. [Airt, s.] To direct, to in-
sti'uct, to advise. (Scotch.)
"Jeanie, I perceive that our vile affections . . .
cling too heavily to me in this hour of trying sorrow
to permit me to keep sight of my ain duty, or to
airt you to yours." — Scott: Heart qf Midlothian,
cb. xlx.
airt, s. [Gael, aird = a quarter of the coin-
pass : ard = high.] Direction ; point of the
compass. (This word is generally used in the
plural, airts.)
" Of a' the airts the wind can blaw.
I dearly like the west."
Burns : I Love iny Jcaii.
air'-3^, s. [Eyrie.]
air'-y, <*. [Eng. air; -y.]
A. Ordinary Langnoge :
I. Literally :
1. Composed of air, or of something analo-
gous to it ; light, bright.
"Tlie first is the transmission or emission of the
thinner and more airy parts of the bodies, as in
odours and infections ; and this is, of all the rest,
the most corporeal."— 5acoii.
"And sauntered home beneath a moon, that, just
In crescent, dimly rain'd about the leaf
Twilights of airy silver."
Tennyson: Audley Court.
2. Pertaining to the air ; filled with air.
"There are fishes that have wings, that are no
strangers to the airy iegion,"—Boyle.
3. Open or exposed to the free action of the
air. If used of a room, then it means well
ventilated ; if of a dress, it signifies not close
fitting, but hanging loosely to the person, so
b6^ boy; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9IUX1, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a.^; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-cian = shan. -tion, -sion =: shiin ; -sion, -tlon = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious — shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
120
aisil — ajoyne
as to be easily moved by the air, and afford
it free ingress and egress.
" The winged Iris heard the hero's call,
And instant haateii'd to their air;/ hall,"
Pope: Homer's lUxid, bk. xxiii., 244-5.
" Thejtainters draw their nymphs in thin and aii^
habits, but the weight of gold and of embroideries ie
reserved for queens and goddesses." — Dryden.
4. High in air.
" Approach, and lean the ladder on the shaft ;
And clinibing up into my airy hoiiie,
Deliver me the blessed sauranient."
Tennmon: St. Simeon St.i/lites.
" , . , round the crest
Of a tall roclc their air;/ citadel."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ni.
II. Figiirativdy :
1. Unsubstantial.
(n) Of spirits: Not material, intangible.
" Ghost throng'd on ghost, a dire assembly, stood.
Dauntless my sword I seize : the airy crew,
Swift as it flash'd along the gloom, withdrew."
Pope: llortiePi Odyssey, bk. xi., 276—278.
(h) Of words, specially of promises, threats,
&c. : Not meaning anything ; empty, insin-
cere, or likely soon to be departed Ironi.
" Nor think thou with wind
Of airy threats to awe whom yet with deeds
Thou canst not." Milton: P. L.. bk. vi.
(c) Of opinions; of feelings, such as hopes,
fears, also of jyrojects : Vain, empty, likely to
disappoint expectation.
"I have found a complaint concerning the scarcity
of money, which occasioned many airy propositions
for the remedy of it." — Temple : Miscellanies.
2. Of persotis or speeches : Characterised hy
levity ; gay, sprightly, vivacious, thoughtless.
"He that is merry and airy at shore when he sees
a sad tempest on the sea, or dances when God thunders
from heaven, regards not when God speaks to all the
world." — Sp. Taylor.
" Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word."
Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, i. 1.
B. Technically:
Astrology. Airy triplicity: The three signs,
Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius.
airy-flying, a. Flying like air, as fingers
delicately applied to the strings of a musical
instrument.
" With airy-flying fingers light."
Thomson :, Castle of Indolence, 1 40.
*ais-il, ^ais-iU, *ais-yU, s. [Aysylle.]
* ai^-lair, s. [Ashlar.]
aisle (il), * aile, * ele, * hele, * el-yng,
* hy-ling, * yle, * isle (il), s. [Fr. aik =
a wing, an aisle, &ic. , aisselle =^ the armpit;
Ital. aki = wing, ascella = the armpit ; Lat. ala
= the wing of a bird or insect, &c. In Archi-
tectnre {pV), the wings, the side apartments,
or the colonnades of a building ; axilla (dimin.
of ala) = the armpit. When spelled isle or
yle, it seems to be erroneously taken from isle
(Lat. insula) = an island.]
1. (pi) The wings of a huilding; specially
the wings of a church as contra-distinguished
from the nave or body of the building.
" The Latin Church called them ailiB, wings ; thence
the French les ailes ; and we, more corruptly, iles ;
from their resemblance of the church to a dove."— Sf?-
0. Wheler's Descrip. of Anc Churches., p. BZ
** The floor
Of nave and aisle, in unpretending guise.
Was occupied by oaken benches ranged
In seemly rows." — Wordsworth : JSxcur., bk. v.
T[ * Transverse aisles : The transepts of a
church or cathedral
AISLL
Church of &t. Euttache, Paris.
2. The lateral divisions of a Gothic building
divided by two longitudinal rows of piers,
pillars, or columns.
3. A passage up the area of a church or
chapel, to enable the worshippers to reach
thtiir res]iective pews. This meaning arises,
perhaps, from aisles having been confounded
witJi alley. [Alley.]
* i. Abnormally: The central portion of a
church. King, in his Vale Royal, as quoted
in tlie Gloss, of Arch., speaks of the body of a
church being divided into a broad middle
" ile," and two lesser " iles," evidently deriv-
ing the word erroneously from is^e (Lat. insula)
= an island.
^ Aisles is often used figuratively for a
natural avenue, from the fancied resemblance
of the trees to rows of piers, pillars, or
columns.
" Ambrosial aisles of lofty lime."
Tennyson : Princess, Prol. 87.
aisl6 (i-la), a. [Old Fr.]
Her. : Winged.
aisled (ild), it. [Aisle.] Convert.ed into
aisles.
" Power, Glory, Strength, and Beauty all are aisled
lu this eternal ark of worship uudeKled."
Byron : Chitdc Harold, iv. 154.
*ai9'-let, s. [For ait; -let.\ [Ait (1).] A
little ait or island.
ai^'-ment, ;.. [Easement.] (Scotch.)
aisne (a'-na), a, (Norm. Fr. = elder, as
aisne fllz — elder son; aisne Jille = elder
daughter.] Older, senior in years or in rank,
(Applied specially to the senior or higher
judge in a court where there are two judges.)
"The aisn6 judge is the older or senior judge. The
term is opposed to ;owi«rt^ judge, the yomiger or junior
judge." — Barnes: £arly Enfflund, p D2.
^alss9li, ^aissli; plnr. *aiss'~9lies» ""ais-
Bhes, * ai3S'-9lien, or ^ ais'-shen, s.
Ashes.
" Unalekked lym, salt, and glayre of an ey,
Poudres dyvers, aissches."
Chaucer : C. T., 16,273-4.
"And leet anoon his deere dou^hter calle ;
And with a face deed as aisslien coJde."
Ibid.. 13,623-4.
ait (1), ^y'-6fc.(l), s. [A.S. ig -- an island;
Dan. oie = the eye ; o = island ; Sw. o =
island.] [Island.] An islet in a river or
lake. [.^iTLOND.]
tait(2), s. [A.S. ato.] [Oat.] The oat. (Un-
less in composition, used generally in the
plural.) (Scotch.)
" Ijet husky wheat the haughs adorn,
And aits set up their awnie bum."
Burns : Scotch Drink
i ait-farle, 5. [Scotch ait ; farle — one of
the divisions of a circular oat-cake ; generally
the fourth of the whole.] [Farle.] (For sig-
nification, see etymology.)
" Two pints of well-boilt solid sowins,
"Wi whauks o" gude ait-far le cowins,
Wad scarce hae eer't the wretch."
A. Wilson: Poems {1190), p. 91.
t ait-jannocks, a. A hannock made of
oats. (Scotch.)
"... but Mattie gie us baith a drsjp sciramed
milk, and ane o' her thick ait-jannocks, that was iis
wat and raw as a divot."—Scott : Hob Roy, ch. xiv.
t ait-meal, s. [Scotch ai( — oat; meal.']
Meal made from oats. [Ait.] (Scotch.)
•"Four bows o' aitmeal, two bows o' bear, and two
bows o' pease.' " — Scott ; Old Mortality, ch. xx.
t ait-seed, t aitseed, s. [Scotch ait ;
seed. ]
1. The act of sowing oats.
"... and that the haill month of March salbe
vacant for the aitseed."— A cts Ja. VI. (1SS7).
2. The season at which oat-sowing takes
place.
" Quhan did that happen? During the aitseed."—
Jamieson.
faith, £. [A.S. aih; Goth, aiths.) [Oath.]
Oath. (Scotch.)
"... these difficulties anent aitTis and patronages
. . ."—Scott: Heart of Mld^Lothian, ch. xxxix.
* aith, ;.. [Heath.] Heath (?). (O.Scotch.)
*' aith-henne, s. A heath hen (?).
" Nae man sail sell or buy any Murefowles, Black-
cocks, Aith-henncs, Termiganes, for] any ore kinde oi
fowles commoiilie vsed to be chased with Hawks,
vnder the pame of ane hunder jjounds to be incurred. '
—Acts Jos. VI., Pari. 16, ch. xxiii.
ai'-tber, adj. & con^. [Either.]
ai-ti-ol'-o-gy, a. [iETioi-ooY.]
ai-to'-ni-a, s. [Named after Mr. W. Aiton,
many years head-gai'dener at Kew.] A genus
of plants doubtfully referred to the order
Meliacete, or Meliads. A. Capensis, from the
Cape of Good Hope, is cultivated in green-
houses.
t ai'-ver, t a'-ver, s. An old horse, a work-
horse. (Scotch.)
" I hae been short-breathed ever since, and canna gang
twenty yards without pegliiug like a miller's aiver."—
Scott : Isnde of Lumonemtour, ch. xxiv.
aix'-tree, s. [Axle-tree.] (Scotch.)
*ai'-zle, *oi'-zel, *i'-sil, *i'-§fille, *i'-sei^
s. [A.S. yslc — i\ fire-spark, a sijark, an ember^
a hot cinder. ]
1. Lit. : A hot cinder ; a bit of wood reduced
to charcoal. (Scotch.)
" She uotic't na, anaizle brunt
Her braw new worset a^jron
Out thro' that night."
Burns: Halloween.
2. Fig. : The ruins of a country ravaged by
war.
"Amang the assis cald.
And latter isUlis of thare kind cuutr6."
Douglas : Virgil, 814, 41.
ai-ZO'-on, s. [Port, aizoa; Lat. at^oon, from
Gr. aei (aei) = ever, and ^tnov (zoon) = living ,
neut. of ^a>d; (zoos) ; ^dm (zao) = to live, to be
in full life and strength.!
1, A genus of plants belonging to the family
Tetragon! aceee. The ashes of two species,
the A. Caiw-Hense and the A. Hispanicuvi.
abound in soda. (Lindley : Veq. King., p.
527.)
2. The English name given by Lindley to
the order Tetragoniacea;, < if which the typical
genus is Aizoon. They bear a close resem-
lance to the Ficoidese (Mesembi-yaceae), except
that they are apetalous. (Ibid., pp. 526, 527.)
a-jar', adv. [Eng. on; char =011 turn: A.S.
acyrran = to turn from, to avert ; cyran,
cerran, cir^^an = to turn. In Swiss Fr.
achar; Dut. alcerre.] [Char.] On (the) turn,
having commenced to turn or be turned, but
with the process not c-omi'lete ; partly open.
". . . he had once stood behind a door which
was ajar." — Macuulay : Hist. £ng., ch. IL
a-je'e, a-ge'e, a-jy'e, adv. [Eng. rt=on;
jee = to move, to turn or wind.] (Scotch, and
some E)i.glish dialects.)
1. To one side, awry, off the right line.
" Whilk xiensylie he wears a thought a-jee"
Rainsay : Poems, ii. 75.
"Tod Lowrie slec wi head agee." — R. Galloway:
Poems, p. 208,
2. Ajar, a little open,
" But warily tent, when ye come to court me,
And come nae, ^mless the back yett be ajee.
Syue up the back style, and let na body see,'
And come as ye were na comm to me.
BurTit: Whistle, and I'll come to You.
3. To one side. SomL-times of tlie mind.
Slightly deranged.
"His brain was a wee ajee, but he was a braw
preacher for a' that."— .bco« .■ Old Mortality, xxxvii.
* a-join'e, * a-j6^n'e, 'ct. [adjoin, Join.]
1. To join.'
2. To add.
"Jason full inatly aioynet to my seluon.
With a soume of soudiours assignet vs with.
Draw furthe in the derke er the day springe."
Colonne: Gest II ystoHale, 1,135-37.
* g,-j6ined', '^ a-j^ned', ^ a-j63^net', pa.
par. [Ajoink] [0. Norm. Fr.ajo2/7ii= joined.]
1. Joined.
2. Added.
T[ For 1 and 2 see the verb.
3. Adjoining, near.
"But uatheles as bhue sche brought hem on weil
Priuely be the posteme of that pevles erber.
That was to mehors chaumbre clioisli a-ioyned."
William qf Paleme (5keat ed.J, 1,751-53.
aj'-o-wains, s. jil. [Ajwains.]
" a-j6y'ne, * ar-jSi'ne, v.i. & t. [Apparently
from A.S. agangan = to go from, to go or pass
by or over ; gan = to go. J
A. Intrans. : To go to.
" Jason [a]ioynid and his iust fFeris,
Steppit vp to a streite streght on his gate."
Colonne: Gest Hys'.oHale, 350-51.
B. Transitive:
L Essential meaning : To cause to go to (?).
IL Specially:
1. To appoint, to allot.
" I aioyne thee this iorney with ioy for to take,
And the charge of the chauuve. Aef as thou mav."
Colonne : (.cJ 1/ ys:oriale, 2.1«T-9S.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what. Jail, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot-
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cuh. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; fe = e. ey — a.
ajTiga— alabandite
121
2. To (;all.
" And Jaaon, that gentill aioynet -was to name :
A (aire man of feturs, and lellist in armys.
As iiieke as a maydeu, and uiery of hiH wurdis."
Colonne: Gest U istoriale, 128—130.
^j'-Ug-a, s. [Gr. dCi'7'7S (azugBs), aifuyos (azngos),
or aCv^ (cizux) = unyoked; unwedded : a, priv. ;
^ei'ivu/j.! (zeugn-umi) — to join, to yoke. Or cor-
rupted from cibigo — to drive away, to hinder
from taking : ub = from, and ago ~ to drive.]
Bugle. A genus of plants belonging to the
order Lamlace^, or Labiates. There are four
British species : the A. reptmu, or Common ;
the A. pyramidalis, or Pyramidal ; the A.
alpina, or Alpine; and the A. chamipitys, dr
Yellow Bugle. The first-named of these is
common in woods, usually flowering in Myy
and June.
* a-jiig'ge, v.t. An old form of Adjudge.
'*" ar-jiist', v.t. An old form of Adjust.
ar-jut'-age, ad-jut'-age, s. [Fr. aj-^tage;
from ajo%iter = to add.] An efflux tube. An
additional tube fixed to the mouth of a pipe
through which water is to be passed, and
detennining the form the water i.s to take, as
a, gas-burner does that of the gas-flame.
" If a cylindrical or coniaal efflux tube or adjiit'iffc
is fitted to the aperture, the amount of tlie efflux'is
considerably increased." — Atkinson: Qanot's Phym:,,
3rd ed., p. 157.
aj'-wains, aj'-o-wains, s. pi. A name
given to some species of the Umbelliferous
genus Ptychotis, used iii India for tlieir aro-
matic and carminative fruits. (Liadley.)
*ak, *ac, *ek, coTij. [A.S. oc=but.] But.
" Softill he awaked,
Ak 80 liked him his layk with the ladi to pleie."
tVUliam of Palerne (Skeat ed.), 677, 678.
"Ek witterli am i wod, to wene swiche a thing."
Jbid., 715.
A-kal'-ees, A-kal'-is, A-kha'-lies, s. 2il-
[Anglicised form of their name in the Punjabee
language.] A race of fanatical Sikh warriors
of fatalistic creed and turbulent character.
* a-k&n'-ti-cone, s [Perhaps from Gr.
oLKavea (dkantlia) ~ a. thorn, and c\kwv (eikon)
= image, likeness.]
Mill. : A name formerly given to dark-
green specimens of epidote brought from
Arendal, in Norway. [Arekdalite, Epidote.]
* ake, s. [A.S. ac, fee] An oak. , [Oak.]
* ake» vA. The same as Aohe (q.v.).
" Myn eerea aken for thy draaty speche."
Chaucer : C. T., l.'>,330,
" ake» s. An old form of Ache.
ak-rCb'-i-a, s. A genus of plants belonging
to the natural order Lardizabalacete (Lardi-
zabalads). The fruits of one species {A.
iptiuata) are used by the Japanese as an emol-
lient medicine. (Lindley : Veg. Kingd., 1847,
pp. 303, 304.)
ak'-e-do^n, s. The same as Acton (q.v.).
a'-kee, s. [A Guinea (?) word.] The fruit of
the tree mentioned below.
Alcee-tree : The English name of a tree, the
BUghia sapida, or Cupania sapida. It belongs
to the natural order of the SapindaceEe (Soaj'-
worts). Its succulent aril is eaten, and i-;
esteemed in the West Indies very wholesome
and nourishing. It can be cultivated under
cover in Britain. (Lindley: I'eg. Kingd., 1S47,
p. 383.)
* ake-horne, s. ph [Old form of plural of
AcoBN.] Acorns. (Chaucer.)
* a-keld'e,pa. par. [Akele.]
^ a-ke'le, ■«.*. [A.S. acdan = io cool.] To
cool. (Chaucer.) [Ackele,]
a-ke'-na (Nedcer), a-ke'-ni-um (Richard),
s. [Ach.<enium, Cypsela.]
a-ken'ne, v.t. [A.S. aeennan.] To beget, to
bring forth, to beju'. (BoucJier.)
*a'-ker(l), s. [Acre.]
*' a'-ker (2), * a-kyr, s. [A.S. egor = the tide. ]
[Acker.]
1. A turbulent current or commotion in the
sea. (TI'aT/.)
^ An old poet, in commending the skill of
mariners in judging of the signs of weather,
says—
■■ Wel knowe they the reume yf it an-yse.
An aher is it cleut, I underatond*.-,
Who5 iiiyght there may no shippe or wyna wyt-
stonde.
This reume in th' occian of propre kyude
Wyt oute wynde hathe his cominotionn ;
The maryneer therof may not be blynde.
But when and where in euery reijioun
It regnethe, he moste haue Insiwctioun,
For in viaxe it may bothe haate aud tary,
And vnaviaed thereof, al mys cary."
Knighthode atid Datable, C'ott. MS. ri/wi, A,xxili.,f. 4D.
" Akyr of the see flowynge (aker F). Impetus
maris. — Prompt. Pan:
2. The bore at the mouth of a tidal river.
[Eager, Higre.]
S,k'-e-toiin, s. [Acketon.] The same as
AcKETON and Acton (q.v.).
"And next his echert an aketoun.
And over that an haberjonn."
Cluiucer: C. T., 15,26900.
a'-kl, s. [j^Iaori.] The New Zealand name of
a shrub, the Metrosideros bvxifolia, belonging
to the natural order of Myrtaceae (Myrtle-
blooms). It is sometimes called the Lignum
Vitn; of New Zealand. It adheres by its
lateral roots to the trunks of trees, and thus
supported climbs to their summits.
a-kim'-bo, "^a-kem'-boU, ' a-gam'-bo,
adv. [Ital. a; sghembo, adv. = awry : as s. =
crookedness; as adj. = crooked, awry. The
Eng. form agamho is of much use in pointing
to the convct etymology, and Latham con-
siders it more correct tliau alcimho. ] [Kimbo. ]
Arched, croolced, bent.
With arms alcimho: \A'ith the arms resting
on the hips, and tlie elbows constituting an
angle pointing outwards.
"He observed them edging towards one another
to whisper, so that John was forced to sit with his
arms a-kimbo to keep them asunder." — Arbufhnot.
"Thereat her rage was so increased, that, setting
her arms a-ke^nboU, and darting flre from her eyes
. . ."—Comical Hist, of Franclon.
" To rest the arms a-gambo, and arprank, and to rest
the tunied-in backe of the hande upon the side, is an
action of pride and ostentation."— Swiwcr,' Chirono-
mia (1644), p. 104. (Latham.)
a-kin', «■ [Eng. a= of ; fciu.] [Kin.]
1. Of persons or other organised beings: Al-
lied to each other by descent, with an affinity
to each other : consequently resembling each
other more or less closely in structure.
"I do not envy thee, Pamela; only I wish that,
being thy sister in nature, I were not so far off akin
in fortune."— A' (d«ei/.
"Thongh in voice and shape they be
Form d as if akin to thee,
Thou surpaBsest, happier far,
Happiest grasshoppers that are."
Cowper : 77ic Cricket.
2. Of things: Like each other.
" 6ome limbs n^ain in hulk or stature
XJnlike, and not akin by nature.
In concert act, like modem friends,
Because one serves the other's enda."— Prior.
" He separat-es it from qiieations with which it may
have been complicated, and distinguishes it from
iiu(-'-tiona which may be akin to iC" — Watts: Jmp.
of the .Mind.
ak'-xnit, s. [Ger.]
Mm. : Tlie same as Acmite (q.v.).
"^ a-kna'we» v.t. [Aknowe.]
' a~kne', *a-kne'e,*a-kna'we,*a-kn6n'.
* a~kne'wes, a-kno'we, adv. On knees ;
kneeling.
"a-kno'we, *a-kiia'\re, v.t. [A.S. on-
i iidvan = to know, to recognise, to acknow-
k-dge, to treat.] To acknowledge, to confess.
^ It is always joined with the verb ben ==
to be : as, "we be aknowe " = we coniess ; "to
heacknowe" — to be aware, to acknowledge,
to confess.
■' I haue the gretli agelt to God ich am aknowe."
iyUlij/ni of Palerne, 4,^91.
"That we are worthi to the deth wel we be aknowe."
Ibid., 4,788.
* a-kno'we, adv. On knee.
a-kon'-tit, s. [Gr. aKtav (^akon), genit. oikoctos
' {aluntos)=. a javelin.]
Min.: A name given to Swedish specimens
of arseuopyrite or niispickle (q.v.).
* a-ko v'-er-en, v.t. (jiret. acovered). [A.S.
acofrian; O. H. Ger. irkdboron.} To recover,
ak'-root, .s. [Ackroot.]
a'-kundf s. [Native name.] A name given in
parts of India to the Mudar (Calotropis gigan-
tc"), a medicinal plant. [Calotropis, Mudar.]
a'-kyn, ti. [Oaken.] (Scotch.)
*■ a'-kyn, v.i. An old form of Ache (q.v.).
(Prompt. Parv.)
- a'-kyr (1), s. The same as Acre (q.v.).
(Prompt. Parv.)
'' a'-k;^ (2), s. The same as Acokn (q.v.).
al may be a complete word or jjai-t of a word
in composition.
A. As a complete ivord, adj. [A.S. al, eal,
oall, eel = whole, every. ] All. Properly s]ieak-
ing, al was used for the nomin. sing., and idh
for the pi. , but the rule was not at all strictly
observed. [All, Alle.]
" Hit bitidde that time thei travailed al a night."
William of Palerne, 2,216.
"Convertyng al unto his propre wille."
Chatu-er: C. T., 3,039.
* al bothe, a. Both of tliem.
"And gon than to that gome a god pas al bothe."
WilUam^ of Palerne. 851.
"" al hole* adv. All wliole, entirely,
-■•holly.
"A derwurth gyfte be wulde with the Jefa
Hym self al hole vn to thy mete."
Sonavcnture (E E. Text Soc. ed.), 161, 182.
B. As part of a word in composition :
J. As a prefix —
1. To words derived from tlie Anglo-Saxon :
(a) All, as almost (A.S. ealma:st); also (A.S.
eallswa, alswa).
(h) Old (A.S. aid, alda) : as Albonrne, Al-
hrightan, Alhnrgh, Albu)-y, all parishes in
England.
(c) Noble (A.S. crthclc contracted), as Alfred.
2. Tri words of Latin origin. [Lat. ad,
changed when it stands before the letter /,
for euphony's sake, into al. Signification in
composition to, more rarely at, up, U}>on, with,
against, &c. : as alligo (ad, ligo)= to bind to ;
allatro (ad, latro) = to bark at ; allevo (ad, levo)
= to lift up ; alluceo (ad, luceo) = to shine
upon ; alludo (ad, ludo) = to play with ; allido
(ad, lido) = to strike against.] To; as allocu.-
tion=-n speaking to. Mure rarely in the
uther senses in whicli al is employed in the
Latin words cited above.
3. To words derired from the Arabic. [Arab,
ft/ = adj., art., or inseparable prefix = tlie.]
Tlie : as Alkoran = the Koran ; Alborak = the
liorak, the mythical animal on which Mo-
hammed performed his equally mythical night
journey to Paradise.
II. As a suffix. [Lat. -alis = of or belonging
to, pertaining tn ; as sriitoitrionaUs — xiertam-
ing to septentrio, or the north.] Of, belong-
ing or pertaining to : as scriptural, pertaining
to Scripture ; autumnal, pertainingto autumn.
C. As an abbreviation, a symbol, or both :
Chem. : An abbreviation and symbol for
Alnminium.
a'-la, s. [Lat. = a wing; pi. nhe An abbre-
viated form of axilla = the armpit. (Cicero :
Ora(., 45, § 153.)]
L Animal Physiol. . A wing, or anything
resembling it.
In thephirnl. Ahe anris (lit. =the wings of
the ear) : The upper part of the external ear.
Aloi nasi (lit. = the wings of the nose) : The
cartilages which art- joined to the extremities
of the bones of the nose, and constitute its
lower movable portion.
Alee of the thyroid cartilage (in the larynx) :
Two square plates of cartilage united in front
at an acute angle. (Todd d:Bow}Min : I'hysiol.
Anal, ii. 433.)
II. Botany :
1. Phir. : The two side petals in a papilion-
aceous corolla. Link formerly called them
talarce. Of the remaining three petals, the
large upper one is called the vcxi.lhtm, or
standard, and the two lower, viewed in con-
junction, the carina, or keel.
2. Singular :
(a) The dilated and compressed back in the
corona of some flowers. (Lindley: Introd.
to Bot.) [Corona.]
* (&) Formerly the pohit whence two
branches diverge. This is now called the
axil. (Lindley: Introd. to Bot, p. 73.)
(':) One of the basal lobes of the leaves of
mosses.
al-a-band'-ite, t al-a-b^nd'-in» s. [Lat.
alabandina = ii ]irer-ious stone, named from
a>6il, b6^; pout, j6^1; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = fc
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shim ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus- -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, del. -zle = z^\.
122
alabareh — alan^
Alabandu, a town iu Caria, near which it was
found.] A mineral classed by Dana among
the sulphides of the Galena division. It is
isometric, occurs in cubes and octahedrons,
or more usually granularly massive. Its
hardness is 3"o to 4, its sp. grav. 3"95 to 4'04.
The lustre is sub-metallic, the colour iron-
black with a green streak. Its composition
is MnS= sulphur 367, manganese 68 '3. It
occurs in Mexico. It has been called also
Manganblende, Blumeubachit, &;c.
al'-a-barcll, s. [Lat. alabarclies = a receiver
of taxes; Gr. a\a(3apxm (alabarches), poasibly
a corruption, of apafiapxn^ {Liddell & Scott).]
Jewish Archceol : A representative and ruler
of the Jews in Alexandria, elected with the
sanction of the Roman emperor, very much
as the leading religious communities in the
Turkish empire have heads over them, recog-
nised by the Porte.
" But Philo. the principal of the Jewish embaaaage,
a man eminent on all accounts, brother to Alexander
the alabareh." — IVhistoii: JosepJtuB's Antiij.,hk.. xviii
8, 11.
^-a-bast'-er, 5. ; al-a-bas'-tre, ' al-a-
blas-ter, a. & a. [In Ger. alabaster ; Fr.
albdtre : Sp., Port., and Ital. alabastro ; Lat.
alabaster (m. pi. alabastra^ = (1) a tapering
box made for holding ointment ; (2) a rose-
bud ; (3) a measure of capacity, holding 10 oz.
of wine or 9 of oil. From Gr. aXa/iaorpos
(alabastros), or the earlier form a\a/9a(rTo?
{alabastos) = (1) the mineral now called granu-
lar gypsum ; (2) any vessel made of it. Ala-
baster was named from Alabastron (near
modern Antiuoe), an Egyptian town in which
there was a manufactory of small vessels or
pots, made formerly, at least, from a stone
occurring in hills near the town, though ulti-
mately other substances were often used, not
excluding even gold.]
1 The common form of tlie word in O. Eng.
was alablaster.
A. As substantive :
L Ord. Lang. : Any material from which
small boxes for holding ointment, or for
similar purposes, were made. Judging from
the descriptions of Theophrastus and Pliny,
the stone most frequently employed was
stalagmite, oiten called in consequence Orien-
tal Alabaster ; in other cases it was a variety
of gypsum. The former is carbonate of lime,
and hard ; the latter sulphate of lime, and
soft.
"... Yet I'll not shed her blood ;
Nor scar that whiter skin of hera than snow,
And smooth as jiionumental alabaster."
Shakesp. : Othello, v, 1.
IL I'echnieaUy :
Min. : Massive gj'ijsum, either white or
delicately shaded. A granular variety is found
in Cheshire and Derbyshire, and a more com-
pact one in England at Ferrybridge in York-
shire, in Nottinghamshire, and in Derbyshire ;
the latter has been made into columns for man-
sion-houses, and is extensively manufactured
at Derby into cups, basons, or other vessels.
Some of the alabaster occurring near the town
just mentioned is white, whilst some has
veins of a reddish-brown colour.
B. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Made of alabaster.
"And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a
sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the
Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of oint-
ment."— Luke vii. 37.
2. Fig. : "White and transparent like ala-
baster.
" with more than admiration he admired
Her azure veins, her alabaster skin."
ShaJcvsjj. : Tarquin and Lucrece, 418-0.
al-a-bas'-tri-an, a. [Alabaster. ] Made
of alabaster; resembling alabaster, {Webster.)
al_a-ijas'-trite, s. [Lat, alabastrites ; Gr.
aXa/3ai7TtTns (alabastitls), or a\a0a<TTiTi<; (ala-
bastitis), properly an adj., alabastrian.] A
box, vase, or other vessel of alabaster used
by the Greeks and Romans for holding per-
fumes.
al-a-bas-triiin, s. [Lat.]
1. Gr. Antiq. : A small elongated vase for
unguents or perfumes, rounded at the bottom
and provided with a broad rim about a small
orifice.
2. A flower-bud.
al-a-bas'~trus, s. [Lat. alabaster = in the
sense of a rose-bud.] [Alabaster,.] The
flower of a jilant when in the state of a bud.
(Li)uiley: Introd. to Botany, 3rd ed., 1830, p.
152.)
^ Sometimes written alabastmm, but impro-
perly. In fact, it should not even be alabas-
tru^, but alabast&r.
a'-la-bes, s. [Greek a.^d(3n£ (alabes), or
a\Aa/3r)? (allahes); Lat. alahcta = a fish, the
Silurus anguillaris, Linn., found in the Nile,]
A genus of fishes of the order Malacopteiygii
Apodes and the Eel family. Locality, the
Indian Ocean.
a-laclE', inter]. [In Ger. ach; Fr. lielas; Pers.
kalaka = perdition, destruction ; alalcsadan
— to perish.] An exclamation of sorrow
evoked by personal distress or jiity for others.
" But then tiansform'd him t<i a purple flower :
Alack, tnat ,;cto chantfe thee Winter hi'dno power!"
Milton : Death of a Fair In/ant.
t a-lack'-a-day, iuterj. [AlacJc and a-day.]
Alack-the-day. The same meaning as the
simpler word Alack.
a-lac'-ri-oiis, a. [Lat. alacer = cheerful,
brisk, gay ; and Eng. -ous= full of.] Cheer-
ful, brisk, gay. (Haminond.)
t a-lac'-ri-ous-ly, adv. [Alacrious.] "With
alacrity ; with cheerful gaiety.
"Epaminondas alacriously expired, in confidence
that he left behind him a perpetual memory of the
victories he had achieved for nis countrj'." — Dr. E.
More ■ Government of the Tongue.
t a-lSiC'-ri-ous-ness, s. [ALACRIou^:!.] The
quality of being full of alacrity. Sprightli-
ness, briskness, cheerfulness, or even gaiety
in undertaking or performing duty.
"To infuse some life, some alacriousness into you,
for that purpose I shall descend to the more sensitive,
quickening, enlivening i)art of the text." — Hammond :
Ser., p. 553.
a-lac'-ri-ty, s [In Fr. allegresse; Sp. and
Port, alegria; Ital. allegressa, allegria, from
Lat. alacritas = cheerfulness, ardour, eager-
ness ; alacer = cheerful, brisk.] Spriglitli-
ness, vivacity, briskness, eagerness ; used
especially of the cheerful ardour with which
certain persons, exceptionally constituted,
undertake and execute duty.
" K. Rich. Give me a howl of wine :
I have not that alacrity of spirit.
Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have."
Shakesp. : K. Richard III., v. 3,
" The young nobles of his court liad tried to attract
his notice by exiMsing themselves to the hottest lire
with the same gay alacrity with which they were
wont to exhibit their graceful figures at his balls."—
Macaulay : Bist. £ng., ch. xvii.
a-lao'-ta-ga, s. [In the Mongol Tartar lan-
guage alactaga is said to mean = variegated
colt.] The name of a small rodent, the Dipus
jaciilus, or Syrian Jerboa. It is found from
Syria, along by the north of India, eastward
to the Pacific. It has often been confounded
with the common Jerboa {Dipus sagiita).
a-l^d'-in-ists, s. pi. A rationalistic sect
amongst the Mohannnedans.
a la fran9aise (approx. a la fi:an'-sa^),
adv. [Fr.] According to the French practice ;
as the French do.
a la grecque, a la grec (a la grek),
used as adv. & s. [Fr.] After the Greek
method.
Arcli. : One of the varieties of fret orna-
ment.
t a-la'ke» interj. [Alack.] Alack, alas !
" Alake I that e'er my Muse has reason
To wyte her countrymen wi' treason."
Bams: Scotch Drink.
al'-a-lite, s. [From Ala, a town a little south
of Trent, in the Tyrol; and \lOos {lithos) =^
stone. ]
Min.: A variety of Malacolite or Diopside,
which again stands in a similar relation to
Pyroxene. It occurs in broad right-angled
prisms, and is sometimes colourless, at otliers
more or less green. Bouvoisin found it crj^s-
tallised in twelve-sided prisms. A mineral
almost the same, bvt having quadrangular
prisms, he denominated Mussite, from the
Mussa Alp where it occurs. [Malacolite,
Diopside.]
*" a'-la-mi-re, s. [O. Ital] The lowest note
but one in three septenaries of the gamut or
scale of music.
"She run through all the keys from a-In-mi-re to
double gammut." — Gnyton; Notes on D. Quix., p. 83.
a-la-mod-al'-it-y, s. [Fr. u la mode (q- y- )••]
The quality of being according to the " mode
or fashion prevailing at the time.
a 1% mode, or a'-la-mode, adv. & s. [Fr.
d. la mode.l
A. As adverb : According to the fashion ;
agreeably to the custom then prevalent.
^ One of Hogarth's series of pictures is
called " Man-iage a la mode."
" So away we went, slipinng and sliding,
Hop, hop, d la mode de deux frogs."
C'owper : The Distressed Travellers.
B. As substantive: A thin, glossy, black
silk used for hoods, scarfs, &c.
"... the regular exchange of the fleeces of Cots-
wold for the alam^es of Lyons." — Macaulay : Bist.
Eng., ch. xxiiL
t a la mort (a la mor), a. [Fr. d Ut mort
=:to the death, or to death.] Mournfully,
melancholy, depressed in spirits
" To heal the sick, to cheer the alamort."
Fanshawe : Lusiad, v. 85.
a-land', adv. [Eng. a; land.] At land, or
on land, implying (1) motion to, terminating
upon, at the land.
"If e'er this coffin drive a-land."
Shakesp. : Pericles, iii. 2.
Or (2) rest upon, or at the land. {Sidney.)
" Three more fierce Enrus, in his an^^ry mood,
Dash'd on the ah.illowa of the moving sand :
And, iu mid oceau, left them mnor'd aland."
Dryden : Virgil ; jEneid i. 161.
"1 Fixli. "Why, sis men do a-land ; the great ones eat
up the little ones." — Shakesp. : Pericles, ii. 1.
" a-land', "^ a-lant', * a-launt', * a-Kaunz'.
[Alant.]
t a-la'ne, a. [Alone.] Alone. {Scotch.)
"Couldna ye let the leddy alane wi your whiggery?"
—Scott : Old Mortalitu, ch, vii.
** a-lan-er-ly, cHif. [Anerly.] Only, alone.
t a-lang', aciy. [Along.] Along. {Scotch.)
"He went on board the vessel alang wi' him." —
Scotc : Guy Mannertng. ch. xi.
*a-lang'e, *a-lyand'e, a. [A.S. elelmnde,
e?ete3i(Zisc= strange, foreign, a foreign country.]
Strange, exotic (?). {Prompt. Parv.) Fitted to
make one " think long " or feel lonely,
* a-lang'e-1^, * ar-lyaund'-lj?, adv.
[Alange.] Strangely (?). {Prompt. Parv.)
Tediously.
^ a-lang'e-nesse, ^ a~lyaund'-nesse, s.
[Alange.] Strangeness (?). {Prompt. Parv.)
Tedium ; loneliness.
a-lan-gi-a -ge-ss, or a-lan'-gi-e-as {Lat.),
a-lan'-gi-ads {Eng.), s. pi. [Alangium.] A
natural order of plants akin to the Myrtaceee,
Combretace*, &c. It consists of large trees
with alternate, exstipulate leaves, corollas
with sometimes as many as ten narrow linear
reflexed petals, and inferior drupaceous fruit.
Locality, Southern Asia, especially India, In
1847, Dr. Lindley estimated the known genera
at three, and the species at eight.
a-lan'-gi-um, s. [The Malabar name Lati-
" nized.] A genus of plants belonging to the
order Alangiacese, or Alangiads. "The Alan-
gium decapetalum and itexapetalum are said
by the Malays to have a purgative hydi-agogic
property. Their roots are aromatic. They
are said to afi'ord good wood and edible fruit."
^ Vanglalse (a lan-gla'§e), used as adv,
[Fr. a I'Anglaise.] In the English method, as
the English do.
al-a-ni'ne, s. [Formed from al{dehyde), and
sutf. -ine; the an being inserted for euphony.]
Clieni. : Amidopropionic acid, C3H5(NH.->)Oo
= C2H4(NH2)CO.OH. A monatomic acid^
which can also form definite salts with acids.
It is obtained by the action of bromine on pro-
pionic acid, and by acting on the resulting
bromopropionic acid by alcoholic ammonia.
Alanine is homologous with glycocine and
isomeric with sarcosine. It can also be formed
by boiling a mixture of aldehyde ammonia,
hydrocyanic and dilute hydrochloric acids.
It forms nearly rhombic prisms. Nitrous
acid converts alanine into oxypropionic acid.
^a-lant', 'a-land', *a-laimt', *a-l^unz',
s. [Norm. Fr. alan, 'alant; in Sp. & ItaL
alano.] A large hunting dog,
"Aboute his chare wente white alaujiz,
Twenty and mo, aa grete as eny stere."
Chaucer : C. T., 2,150-51,
fate, fat, fare, amidst, -what, f^, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
ai antin— alatern
123
ALARIA
EaCULENTA.
a-l^n'-tin, s. [From Dut, and Ger. alant =
' the elecampane plant (Inula helenium).^ The
same as Inulin. A starchy substance ex-
tracted from the root of an umbelliferous
;^lant, the Angelica ArcJiangelica.
Ql'-SUTt •' [Lat. alarius, rarely aiaris = per-
taining to a wing ; ala = a wing,] Pertaining
to a wing, whether that word be used in a
strictly literal, or in a more or less figurative
sense.
Anat. : The alar cartilage is the " wing " of
the nose. (Todd t^ Bowman : Phys. Aiiat., iL 2.)
*a-larg'e, v.l.&t. [Large.]
A, Intrans: To grow largely.
" Swiclie part, iu their nativite.
Was theoi alarged of beute."
Clmucer: Dreme.
B. Trans. : To enlarge, to make great.
" Tbou ahuldiat alarge my seed as the grauel of ths
8e«." — Wycliffe: Genesis v.xx.ii, ^^
a-lar'-i-a, s. [Lat. (7/am(s= winged; from
ato = a wing.] A genus of sea-weeds belong-
ing to the order Pucacete, or
Sea-wracks, and the tribe
Laminarida;. In the classi-
fication of Mr. Haivpy. it
is of the sub-class Melauo-
spermea-, or Dark-spored
Algfe. The only British
species, A. esculenta, called
by tlie Scotch Balderlocks,
is used for food, after being
stripped of its thin part,
by the poorer classes in
Ireland, Scotland, Iceland.
Denmark, and the Faroe
Isles. [Balderlocks.] The
Alaria shoot out into the
water from their slender
yet stiff stems, which are
surrounded at their to]> by
a beautiful collar of short
and sinuous ribbons, from
the fcmtre of which rises a
thoiij;-like leaf fifteen or
twenty yards long, which,
at its commencement, is
narrow, then continues an
eqnal size, and at last
gradually narrows into a point. (The World
of the Scu, Tandon, translated by Hart.)
a-larm', "^ a-lar'-um, * al' arxn'e, * a-
larm'e, s. [Sw. & Dut. alarm; Dan. allarm,
alarm; Ger. Idmi, Zarmen = noise, bustle,
uproar, alarm; Wei. atarm; Yr. alarme; Sp.
alatiia ; Ital. allarnu, all' arme, from allc. = to
the ; arme, arma = arms. When the O. Eng
form aVarme is compared with the Ital. all'
arme, it is seen, as has been done by Richard-
sou, Wedgwood, and others, that the English
word IS from the Italian, and means " To
arms." (See the ex. from Holland's Livy.)
The spelling alnriim evidently arises from a
vocalisation of the r sound.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Objectively:
* 1. "To arms !" an exclamation designed
to act as a sunnnons to arms, with the view
of meeting and resisting an enemy.
"This aayd, he runs downe with as great a noyse
andshowtiiig jls he could, crying aV arme, help citizens,
the castle is taken by the euemie, couio away to
defense." — Holland: Livy, p. 331, quoted by Richard-
son.
2. Such a summons given in some other
way than literally by the use of the words
" To arms. " [B. 1. ] (Spec.) Warning of
danger given by the trumpet.
"... because thou hast heard, O iny soul, the
sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war.'— ^cr. v. la.
T[ Hence arise such expressions as "to hlov^
an alarm," or " to sownd an alai'm," the former
rare, the latter common.
" Blow ye the trumpet lu Zion. ami sound an alarm
in my holy mountain. ' — Joel ix. 1.
1 A false alarm. [B. 1.]
3. A warning of dangers, not connected
with wars
" No powdered pest, proficient in the art
Of sounding an alarm, assaults these doors
Till the street rings ; no stationary steeds."
Cowper : Task, bk. iv.
4. Any tumult or disturbance.
" Crowds of rivals for thy mother's charms
Thy palace flU with insults and alarms."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey.
n. Subjectively: Fear, especially mingled
with surprise ; sudden and deep apprehension
of approaching peril.
"The city is now filled with alarm at the near
approach of the redoubtable enemy."— Leuris: Early
Jiom. Hist., ch. xiL, pt. iL, § 22.
B. Technically :
1. Mil. : The sound of a trumpet or other
signal used in time of war, summoning soldiers
to their posts to meet a threatened danger
which has suddenly arisen.
^ A false alarm is an alarm given by order
of a military commander, either to prevent the
enemy from obtaining needed repose, or to try
the vigilance of his own sentinels.
" One historian even describes the stratagem of the
false alarm at the games as intended, not to furnish a
pretext for the war, but to overcome the reluctance
and inertness of the Volscians." — Leivis: Earl i/ Horn.
Hist. (1835), ch. xiL, pt. iL, § 23.
2. Mech. : A contrivance designed to enable
one to awake at a XJarticnlar hour, or to be
used for some similar purpose. It is to this
signification that the spelling alarum lias
become especially attached. [Alarm-clock,
Alarm-watch.]
3. Fencing : An appeal or challenge.
alarm-bell, alarum-bell, s. a bell
rung on any sudden emergency, and designed
to give prompt and extensive warning of the
danger which has arisen.
" Ne'er readier at alai-m-belta call
Thy burghers rose to man thy wall,
Than now, in danger, shall be thine."
Scott: Mannion, c, v., Introd
" Ring the alanim-hell I let folly ciuake."
Byron Eng. B irds and Scotch Reuiewers.
alarm-clock, s. a dock so contrived
as to strike loudly at a particular hour, say
that at which one ought to awake in the
morning.
alarm-gun, d.
Mint. : A gun fired to give notice that
sudden cause for alarm, or at least for vigi-
lance, has arisen.
alarm-post, s.
MiUt. : A post or station to which soldiers
are directed to repair if danger suddenly arise.
alarm-watch, s. \ watch capable, like
a rliiek, of striking the hours. (S-pec.) A
watili so constructed that it can strike fre-
quently at a certain hour, say that at which
one desires to awake from sleep.
" You sli.all have a gold alamfwatch, which, n^
there may be cause, ahallawake you."— Sir T. Herbert.
alarum-gauge, ■•>- A piece nf mechanism
attached to a steam-engine, and designed tn
give warning when there is a dangerous jins-
sure of steam, or when the water has sunk so
low in the boiler as to threaten an explosioi/.
a-larm', a-lar'-um, * a-larm'e, v.t. [From
the s. In Dan. larvie = to alarm, to make a
noise, to bawl, to bustle; Ger, ldrmen=^ to
make a noise, to bluster; Fr. nlar-mer ; .S]i.
alarmar ; Fort, alarmer ; Ital. allarviare.^
[Alarm, s.]
'^ 1. To summon to arms.
2. To give notice of approaching danger.
" Withered murder
{Alaruin'd by his sentinel tlie wolf,
Whose howl a, his watch) thus with liis stealthy pace
Moves like a ghost." — S/iakoip. : Jfacbcth, ii. 1.
'■ The wasp the hive alarms
With louder hums, and with unequal aruif "
Atldinon
3. To inspire with apprehension of eoiuing
evil ; to terrify.
"... his ghastly look aurprincd and alarmed
them." — Slacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv.
■1, To disturb in any way.
"And, threat'ning still to throw,
With lifted hands, alni-^nd the seas below."
Dryden ; Virgil ; ^Eneid x. 281.
a-lar'med, pa. par. & a. [Alarm, v.]
Longfellow : The Beleaguered City.
ri--larm'-ing, pr par. &a. [Alarm, v.]
" It may be doubted whether our country has ever
passed through a more alarming crisis than that of
the first week of July, 1G90."—Jlacaulau : Hist. Eiig
ch. XV. '
a-larm'-iug-ly, adv. [Alarming.] In a
manner to alarm, to an extent to cause alarm.
"... alarmingly Ta.pid."~Macaulay ■ Hist. Enq.,
ch, iii.
a-larm'-ist, s [Eng. alarm ; -ist. In Fr.
olarmiste.] A person of a temperament the
reverse of sanguine, who in all contingent
matters forebodes the worst, and at times of
excitement perpetually raises needless alarms.
% Todd says, "The word is quite modern.''
" English alarmists regard India as already wrested
from us." — Times. Nov. 16. 1877.
a-lar'-iim, ■'. [Alarm.]
a-lar'-um, v.t. [Alarm.]
al'-ar-Vf «■ [Lat. ('Zariit.';= pertaining to a
wing ; from ala ■= a wing. ]
Nat. Science : Of the form of a wing.
a-las', intcrj. [But. helaat: ; Fr. /u-his ; Ital.
lasso.]
1, Applied to one's own case : An exclama-
tion expressive of sorrow or grief.
"Ala^, how little from the grave we claim !
Thou hut preaerv'st a form, and I a name. —Pope.
2. AppliM to the case of another, or othrrs. or
to things : An exclamation expressive of pity
and concern. (Often followed by /or.)
". . Alas for all the evil abominations of the
house of Israel ! " — Ez^k. vi. 11.
Alas a day, or Alas the day: Ah ! unhappy
day !
"Alan a day.' you have ruined my poor mistiess
. ." — C'ongrere.
"Alas the day ! 1 never gave him cause."
Shakesp. : Othello, iii. *.
AU.-< the while : Ah ! unhappy time !
" For pale and wan he was, alas tlie wh'le ! "
Spenser.
A-lS,s-9i-a'-ni, s. pi. [From Alasco, an altera-
' tion for euphony's sake of Laschi, the name
of a Polish Protestant nobleman.]
Chvrch Hist. : A sect of Protestants in the
sixteenth century, who, in opposing Luther's
doctrine of consubstantiation, maintained that
the words, "This is my body," pronounced
by Christ in instituting the Eucharist, re-
feiTed not to the bread simply, but to the
whole sacramental action in the supper.
a-lSiS'-mod-on, s. [Gr. a, priv. ; eXaa-fut
' (elasma) — metal beaten out, a metal plate ;
odovi; (odous), genit. obovjw; (odontos) = a
tooth.] Say's name for a genus of Molluscs
now reduced under Unio (ci.v.).
t a-Ia'te, adv. [Eng. a= on ; late.] Lately.
"Where chillinR frost alate did nip,
There flasheth now a fire."
Qrecne: Ditticof Doralicia.
a-la'te, a-la'-ted, c [Lat. a?a(iifi = wingcd,
from ala = a wing,]
t A. Ord. Lang.: Having wings (Zi(. or /i?.).
■'Power, like all things alatrd, seldom rests long in
niiy ciintinued line." — [Vaterhouse : Apology foi' Learn-
ing, itc. (1653), p. 56.
B. Technically :
I, Nat. Science:
1. ZooL: Having wings in the literal sense.
WINGED STEM.
2. Bot: Having a thin exi>anded margin,
as the fruit of the sycamore (Aci^r -pseudo-
platanns), various stems, &c.
II. Architecture :
Of a building: Having wings.
" Nainby, Lincolnshire— from an alate temple there ;
as the name testifies :Heb. ganaph, alaliis."^Stuheley :
PaltEogr. Sacra. (1763). p, 73.
a lat'-er-e, Lat. prep, and substantia: used as
adj. [Lat. (Ut.)=iTom. the side.] A legate
a latere is a legate who counsels or assists the
pope. [Legate.]
al'-a-tern, ^ al -a-tern-us, s. [Lat. ala-
termts.] The name given to a species of
Rhamnus, the broad-leaved alatern (R. alatcr-
mis), an ornamental evergreen with flowers,
bSil, boy; poiit, j6^1; cat. 9011, chorus, 9liln, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect. Xenophon. eyist, -ing»
-tion. -sion. -cioun = shun ; -§ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del, tre = ter.
124
alauda — albite
iiuieli frequented liy bL'cs. It lias been intro-
duced into Britain.
"The alaterniis, which we have lately received from
the hottest parts o( Languedoc, thrives with ub iii
England, as if it were an indigene." — Evely^i.
a-lau'-da, s. [Lat. alanda = lark.] The lark.
' A genus' of "birds miistituting the type of
the sub-family Alandinte (q.v.). Five species
occur in Britain. [Lark.]
a-lau-di'-nse, s. pi [Lat. alauda = l(iTk.'i
Larks. A sub-family of Fringillidce, or Finches.
It is allied to the EmberiziniE, or Buntings,
and yet has in the elongated hind claw and
the great development of the tertiary quills a
close affinity to the genus Antbus, or Pipits,
in quite another tribe of birds. [Alauda.]
a-lau'-na, s. [Alavna, the ancient name of
' the Frith of Forth.]
2ool. : A genus of Crustacea belonging to
the family Cuniadse. A. rostrata has been
found in the Frith of Forth, but is rare.
(Hell: British Stalk-eyed Cntstacea.)
^ a-launt', " a~launz\
' a-la'ye, ». [Allov.]
[Alakt.]
ALB.
S.lb» * albe, s. [Eccles. Lat. alba, from Lat.
alhus = white.]
Eccles. : A
long linen robe
hanging down
to the feet,
worn by offi'.-i-
ating priests.
Anciently it was
used also by
those newlybap-
tised, whence
the first Sunday
after Easter,
on which they
appeared in it,
was called Do-
minicc(. in albis
(literally, the
Lord's day in
albs ; meaning,
when albs were
worn). The
Kev. H. J. Tod
says, " It differed from the modern surplice,
as it was worn close at the wrists, like as the
lawn sleeves of a bishop now are."
" Each priest adorn 'd was in a sujiilice white ;
The bishops doun'd their albs and copes of state."
Fairfax : TasBo, ii. 4.
"They [the bishops) shall have upon them in time
of their ministration, besides their rochet, a surplice
or alb, and a cope or vestment." — Rubric of K. Edw. VI.
■* alb, s. An old Turkish coin, called also
ASPER.
^I'-ba, a. [Lat., the fem. sing, of alhus, -a, -urn
= white.] Used in composition = white.
alba terra, s. [Lat. = white earth.] A
name for the so-called philosopher's stone.
^'-ba (1), s. [Eccles. Lat. = an alb.] [Alb.]
^I'-ba (2), s. [Lat. alhvs = white, a pearl.]
* alba firma, s. [Lat. firmus, -a, -um =
firm, strong, stedfast ; alba=of pearly lustre.]
Kent paid in silver, and not in corn ; the
latter method being sometimes denominated
bla-ck mail. Alba firma was sometimes called
also album, from iieut. of albus = white.
S,l'-ba-cbre, S,l'-bi-c6re, s. [Port, alhacora,
albecora; from &acora= a little pig.] Several
fishes of the Bcomberida?, or IMackerel family.
1. The Albacorc, or Albicore, of the Atlantic
near the West Indies, is the Thynnus alhacorus.
It is esteemed for the table. Sometimes the
name is used more loosely for other species of
Thynnus, not even excluding the well-known
Tunny (Thynmis n'Jtjin-is).
" The albicore that followeth night and day
The flying-flsh, luitl takes them for hie prey."
Davors : Secrets of A ngling, ii.
2. The Pacifii. Albacore : The Tin/ nmis pacifi-
ens. Mr, F T) Bennett describes it as attend-
ing in myriads on ships slowly cruising in the
Pacific, but deserting tliofee which are be-
calmed, or which are sailing rajiidly. He
tliinks they seek the proximity of a ship to
protect them against the sword-fish.
al'-ban, s. [Lat. albus = white.] A white,
]-esinous substance, extracted from gutta
pcrrha by either alcohol or ether.
Al-ban-en'-ses, Al-ban-en'-si-ans (si as
shi), s. 'pi. [From Alby, in IVIontferrat, where
tlunr ecclesiastical head lived.] A sub-division
of the sect called Catbari, who rejected the
Manichsean doctrine of the two principles, and
were closely akin to the Albigenses. [Albi-
CEK.SES, Cathari.] (Mosheim : Church Hist.)
al-ba'-ni, al-ba'-iu stone, s. [From the
Alban hills' near Rome,] A dark volcanic tuff,
the pepei-ino of Itaban geologists ; used as a
building stone in Rome before marble came
into extensive use.
al-bas'-trus.
[Alabastrus.]
al-ba'-ta, s. [Lat. albatus = clothed in white.]
What is more familiarly known as German
silver. [Silver.]
al'-ba-tross, * al'-ba-tros, s. [G er. albatross ;
Fr. albatros ; all from Port, alcatros or alea-
tras; introduced into Eng. by Darapier, altered
by Grew to albitros, and by Edwards to alba-
tros. (Griffith's Ciivicr, v.jI. viii., 1829, p. 571.).]
A large sea-bird, lu-longing to tlie Procella-
ridte, or Petrel family. It is the BioDiedeaexu-
lans of Liniipeus. When young it is of a sooty
or brown colour, but when mature it is white
with black wings. It nestles on elevated
land, and lays numerous eggs, which are
edible. It has a voice as loud as that of the
ass. Prom Its colour, its large size, amount-
ing to as much as twelve leet in the expanse
of its wings, and its aTjundance in the ocean
near and especially south of the Cape of
Good Hope, sailors call it the Cape Sheep ;
sometimes, also, it is named the Man-of-war
Bird. There is a northern species near
Behring Straits. [Diomedea.]
"... whales and seals, petrels and albatross." —
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. viii.
(See also Coleridge's Ancient Mariner.)
al-be'-do, s. [Lat. =: the colour white, white-
' ness.]
Astron. : A term used in describing planets,
and meaning "the prox'ortion diff'usedly re-
flected by an element of surface of the solar
light incident on such element." (Monthly
Notices Roy. Astron. Soc, vol. xx., 103, &c.)
t ai'-be-it, * al'-be, * al'-bee, conj. [Eng.
al! ; be; it = 'be it all.] Be it so, admit,
although, notwithstanding. (Obsolescent.)
" I Paul have written it with mine own hand, I will
repay it ; albeit I do not say to thee how thou owest
unto me even thine own Beli besides." — Philem. 19.
"Departed thence : albec his woundes wyde
Not thoroughly heald unready were to ryde."
Spenser: F. Q., 1., v. 45.
al-ber'-l-a, s. [From Lat. albus=- white, or,
according" to Meyrick, from a people called
the Alhenses.']
Her. : A shield without ornament or armo-
rial bearing. (Gloss, of Heraldry.)
al'-bert-ite, s. [From Albert county. New
Brunswick, where it was first found.]
Min. : A variety of asphaltum, from the
typical specimens of which it differs in being
only partially soluble in oil of turpentine, and
in fusing imperfectly when heated. It is
looked on as an inspissated and oxygenated
petroleum. It is found filling an irregular
fissure in rocks of Lower Carboniferous age in
Nova Scotia.
al'-ber-type, s. A rapid process of jihoto-
graphy, in which a plate is prepared by pho-
tographic apjiliances, and then treated with
printing ink. Excellent pictures are obtained
in this way. I'he process is essentially the
same as that of lithography.
al-bes'-5ent, a. [Lat. albescens, pr. par. of
albesco = to become white.]
Bot. : Becoming white ; whitish.
al'-bi~cbre, s. [Albacore.]
*^a,l-bif-i-ca'-tion, * al-bi-fi-ca-ci-oun,
s [Lat. alhus = white ; facto = to make.]
0. Chem. : The aet or process of making
white.
" Oure founieys eek of calcinacioun,
And of watres albificacioun."
CJmucer: C. T., 12,732-3.
^'-Iji-gen-ses, s. pi [In Ger. Albigenser ;
Fr. Albigeois ;' from the town of Albi (Albi-
gea), in Aquitaine, at which a council which
condemned them was held in A.D. 1170 ;
or from Albigesium, a mediaeval name of
Languedoc, wlicre they abounded.]
1. Specifically: A sect wliich is believed to
have sprung from the old Paulicians [Pai-li-
cianr] of Bulgana, and which lei.eived the
further names of Bulgarians, or Bougres ; Pub-
licani, or Popolioani (Paulicianl corrupted);
Cathari, meaning pure; and Lo.^ !<'"> Ilonios,
signifying good men. They are supposed to
have arrived in Italy from the East in the
eleventh centui'j', and in the twelfth they
spread to the south of France. In most
respects they held primitive Scn]tture doc-
tiine, though, in the opinion of many, with a
tinge of Manichftiism. They had the courage
to carry out their religious convictions when
the Church of Rome was in the plenitude of
itK power.
2. In a more general sense : All tlie so-called
heretics in Languedoc, whatever tiivir origin,
who imitated the Albigenses in casting off the
authority of the Church of Rome. Against
these of every name a crusade was let loose
by Innocent III. in A.D. 1209, and when it
had done its work the further suppression
of the sect was handed overtothelny^uisition.
(Mosheim: Church History.)
Al-bi-gen'-sl~an (si as shi), a. [Eng AIU-
gens(es) ; -ian..] " Pertaining to the Albigenses.
"The energy of Innocent the Third, the zeal of the
young orders of Francis and Dominic, and the ferocity
of the Crusaders whom the priesthood let loo.se on
an unwarlike population, crushed tlie* AlOigensian
churches." — Macaulay : liist. Eng., ch. i.
al'-bin, al'-bine, s. [In Ger. albin, from
Lat. a/ft^is = white.] A mineral, a variety of
apophyllite. It occurs in opaque white cubical
crystals in Bohemia.
al-bm-ism, al-b£'-n6-i§m, s. [Eng. al-
bino; -ism.] The state of an albino.
"Every one must have heard of cases of albinism,
prickly skin, hairy bodies, &c., appearing in eeverai
members of the same family." — Darwin: Origin qf
Upecies, ch. i.
al-bi'-no, S.l-bi'-n6, s. [in Ger. albino; But.
and Fr. albinos; Port, albino; Lat. alhineus
=■ whitish ; fr. Lat. albus = white. The name
came originally from the Portuguese, who ap-
plied it to white negroes seen in Afiica.] A
man or animal abnormally white, and with
pinkish eyes. The phenomenon must have
struck most people in the case of white mice
and white rabbits ; it occurs, however, occa-
sionally, though not very frequently, in the
human race, especially among the darker
coloured varieties or sub-varieties of mankind.
The Isthmus of Darien and Africa have been
mentioned as special localities for it. A
human albino has the skin pre tern aturally
fair. The hairs on his head and body are
white. The pigmentum nigrum is deficient
in the eyes, and these organs have a pinkish
appearance, produced by the visibility of the
bluod in the choroid and iris ; moreover, they
are painful when exposed to light of even the
ordinary intensity. Used also adjectively.
Al'-bi-on, s. [In Ger. and Fr. Alhioa ; Lat.
albus = white. From the white clitis of
Dover, &c.] An old name of England still
retained in poetry.
Al-bi-re'-6, s. [CoiTupted Arabic (?)] A fixed
star of the third magnitude, calkd also fi
Cygni. It is in the head of the Swan. It
is a beautifid double star— the primary' one
orange, and the smaller one blue.
al'-bite, s [In Ger. albit, from Lat. albits
= white, and suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.). So
named from its colour by Gahn and Berzelius
in 1814.] A mineral classed by Dana in his
Felspar group of Unisilicates. Its crj'stals
are triclinic ; its hardness 6-7 ; its sp. gr.
2'59— 2'65 ; its lustre on a face produced by
cleavage pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Its
colour is typically white, though sometimes
it is more highly coloured. Its comp. is
silica, 68*6 ; alumina, 19'6; soda, 11-8=100.
Dana divides it into— Var. 1 : Ordinary, (a)
In crystals or cleavable masses; (t)A\entu-
rine ; (c) Moonstone, including Ptristerite ;
((0 Pericline ; (c) Hyposclerite ; (/) (Lamellar)
Cleavelandite. Var. 2. : Compact albitic fel-
site. Albite enters into various rocks : with
hornblende, it constitutes diorite or green-
stone. It occurs also in some granites ; in
the state of felsite it is the base of albite
])orphyry and granulite. It is closely akin to
Oliooclase (q.v.). (Dana.)
albite felsite, albitic felsite, ^. [See
above.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
albite— alcade
12.5
albite porphyry,
whicb the base is albite.
A porphyi7 of
al-bit'-ic, ". [Albite.] Pertaining to albite.
Composed iu greater or smaller propoi-tion of
albite.
" Atlinole ia probably albitic." — Dana: Min., p. 351.
al'-blas-tre, s. [Arbalist.] (Scotch.)
al'-bol-ite, al'-bol-ith, s. [Lat. aibus =
white; Gr. \i9os (IWios) ~ stone.] A cement
prepared by calcining magnesite (carbonate
of magnesia), and mixing the magnesia thus
obtained with silica.
Sl-bdr'-a-o s. [From Lat. albor = ihe white
of an egg ; albus = white.]
Old Med. : The name formerly given to a
disease, said to be a sort of itch or rather
leprosy. It was seated in the face at the root
of the tongue, &u, (Pan- : LoMon M&.l. Diet. ,
1808, i..(JO.)
Al-bbr'-ak, s. [Arab, Pi = the; andftooro'/.]
The animal on whii.li Mohammed is said by
hia followers 1o have performed his night
journey to Paradise. [Borak.]
al-bu-gin'-^-a, s. [From Lat. albugo (q.v.).]
The outer coat of the eye lying between thr
sclerotica and the conjunctiva. It makes thr
white of the eye. It is very sensitive, and
abounds in blood-vessels, which become
visible when inflamed.
al-bu-gin'-e-oiis, al-bu'-gin-oiis, a. [In
Sp. albiigineo; from Lat. albngUiis, genit. of
albugo ('i-v.).] Resembling the white of an
egg. [Albugo.]
" Egg3 will freeze in the dlbu^lnfms part thereof."—
Browne: \'u!ffur Srrours, bk. li.. ch. i.
"I opened it by incision, giving vent, first to an
I albuffineoiis, then to a white concocted matter : uyuu
which the tumoiu sunk,"-- Wiseman : Swgery.
albuglneous humour, s. The aqueous
humour of the eye.
albuglneous tunic^
Albuoinea (q,.v.).
The same
S-l-bu'-go, 5. [Lat. albugo = (1) a disease of the
eye ; albugo = film : (2) pL, scurf on the head. J
Med.: A white speck on the eyes, called
by Dr. Wallis the albttginous, or pearly corneal
speck. Other names given to it have been
s-p&:k, applied when it is seated superficially ;
dnujvii, when it is deeper ; and pearl, when it
somewhat projects. It arises from a chronic
inflammation of the eye.
al'-bul-a, a. [Lat. albula, fern, of albulus, -a
= whitish.] A genus of fishes belonging to
the order Malacopterygii Abdominales, and
the family Clupeidaa (Herrings). Several
species exist, none, however, in Britain.
al'-bum, s. [In Fr. album; Lat. album = the
colour white, anything white. Among the
Romans, specially (1) the tablets on which the
Pontifei: Maxiuius registered the chief events
of the year ; (ii) those on which the edicts of
the Prator were inscribed ; (3) any register.]
A. Formerly :
1. In ancient times : In the senses men-
tioned in the etymology.
•2, III the Middle Ages :
(a) A register of saints ; a muster-roll of
soldiers.
(b) An ordinary letter.
(c) Rent paid in silver. [Alba Firma.]
B. Now: A book tastefully bound, and
kept chiefly by ladies to be filled, as oppor-
tunity presents itself, with scraps of poetry,
or autographs, or anything similar.
album Grsecum, s. [Lat. (lit.) = Greek
white.] A name given to the excrement of
dog;,, which becomes white as chalk by ex-
posure to the air. It is used alsn of the dung
of hyenas, which is almost of the same compo-
sition as bone, and nearly as durable ; among
other places it has been found abundantly in a
fossil state in the celebrated Kirkdale Cavern,
twenty-live miles N.N.E. of York, described
by Dr. Buckland in his Jieliq mm Diluvianoi.
* 3>r-bu-me'-aii, a. [Album.] Pertaining to
an album.
al-bu'-men, al-bu'-mm, s. [Lat., whence
Fr. albuiniiie, Port. aWumina, Ital. albiimc]
1. Chem.: The name of a class of Albumi-
noids (q.v.) that are .<ioluble in water, as sernm
(q.v.) and egg ulbinmn. Egg aibimien dift'ers
from serum by giving a precipitate when
agitated with ether ; it is scarcely soluble in
strong nitric acid ; its specific rotation is 35.5U
for yellow light. The white of eggs is com-
posed of this substance ; it dries up into a
light yellow gum-like substance, which will
not putrefy. It is converted into coagidated
albumen by heating the fluid albumen to 72"
C. It contains sulphur, and blackens a silver
spoon. It is precipitated by strong acids. It
is an antidote in cases of poisoning by coito-
sive sublimate or copper salts.
Coagulated albumen is obtained by heating
neutral solutions ot albumen, fibrin, tfcc, to
boiling, or by the action of alcohol^ also by
heating precipitated albuminates or casein.
It is insoluble in water, alcohol, and scarcely
in dilute potash, but dissolves in acetic acid ;
by the action of caustic potash it is con-
verted into albuminate. Pepsin and Hv, 1
(hydrochloric acid), at blood-heat, converts it
into syiUoiiin, and then into peptone.
Derived albumins are insoluble in water,
and in solutions of NaCl (sodium chloride),
but soluble in dilute acids and alkalies. There
are acid albunnns and alkali albumins.
Acid albumin is formed by adding a small
quantity of dilute HCl (hydrochloric acid) to
serum or egg albumen, and gradually raising
the temperature to 70° ; it does not coagulati-,
and the rotation to the left is increased to TS''.
By neutralizing the liquid, a white floceuleut
precipitate is obtained insoluble in water, but
soluble in alkali and in dilute solutions of
alkaline carbonates.
Alkali alhiiniiii, or albwniinate, is obtained
by adding very dilute caustic alkali, heating
the liquid, and precipitating with acids. It
closely resembles the casein of milk. Potas-
sium albununate is also called protein.
2. Bot. : A substance interposed between
the embiyo and the testa of many plants.
It is sometimes soft and fleshy, and at other
times hard. It varies greatly in amount in
those plants in which it is present, being par-
ticularly large in some endogens, such as the
cocoa-nut, in which it con.stitutes the eatable
I>art of the fruit. It is the perispermiura of
Jussieu, and the endospermium of Richard.
(Lindhy: Int toBot., 3rded., 1839, pp. 24, 249.)
3. Phot. Albumen Process: A process by
which albumen is used instead of collodion to
coat glass or paper. A method of doing this
in the case of glass was published by M.
Niepce de Saint Victor in the Technologist for
1848. It was subsec^uently improved by M.
le Gray.
S,l-bu'-min-ate, s. [Albumen.] One of a
class of bodies in which albumen acts as a
very feeble acid,
al-bu-min-ip'-ar-ous, a. [Lat. olMimen,
and pario = to bear.] Bearing albumen. (Ap-
plied to a jtart, gland, or surface setTL-ting
albumen. ) (Glossa ry to Owen's In ixrtebrate
Animals.)
al-bu-min-i'ze, v.t. [Eng. albumen; -ice]
Phot. : Tu treat with albumen.
al-bu-min-i'zed,iia. j^ar. & a. [Albuminize.]
Albumi li izcd Collodion : The mixture or
compound formed when albumen is poured
over a collodionized plate.
Albmniiiiwd Paper : Paper coated with al-
bumen in lieu of collodion,
al-bu-min-iz'-iiig, pa. par. [Albuminize.]
al-bu'-min-6id§, s. pi. [Lat. albumen, genit.
albuviinis ; Gr. etdoy (eidos) = (l) form, (2)
species, kind.] Proteids. (Ger. eiweisskorper.)
CJievi. : A name given to certain chemical
substances which occur in the animal and
vegetable tissues. They are amorphous, and
their chemical constitution has not yet been
discovered. They contain about 54 parts
of carbon, 7 of hydrogen, 16 of nitrogen, 21
of oxygen, and 1 to l^- of sulphur. They are
dissolved by acetic acid and strong mineral
acids ; nitric acid converts them into xan-
thoproteic acid ; caustic alkalies decompose
them, forming leucine, tyrosine, oxalic acid,
and ammonia. They are divided into the
following classes :— (1) Albumins, soluble in
water ; as serum and egg albumen. (2) Glouu-
LiNS, insoluble in water, soluble in very dilute
acids and alkalies, soluble in a solution —
(tue per cent. — of NaCl (sodium chloride),
as myosin, globulin, Jibrinogen, vitellin. (a)
Derived Albl'.mjn.s, insoluble m watt-r and
in solutions of XaCl (sodium chloride), solu-
ble m dilute acids and alkalies ; as aciil
albumi)i, alkali idhnmins, or albuminvtes,
as casein. (4) Fibrin, insoluble iu water,
sparingly soluble in dilute acid.s and alkalies,
and in neutral saline salutions ; a^s fibrin and
gluten. (5) Coagulated Proteids, soluble
in gastric juice ; as coagidated albumin, (ti)
Amyloids, ov Lardacein, insoluble in ga.stric
juice. (See papers by Ktkule, Wauklyn, &c. ;
also Watts's Chem, Diet.)
al-bu'-min-ous, al-bu'-min-ose, a. [in
Fr. albumineux; Port, and Ital. albv.iidnoso ;
from Lat. albumen (q.v.).]
1. Consisting of albiunen, or, at least, cdu-
taiuing albumen in tlieir composition. Fibrin,
gelatin, casein, and vegetable gluten, with, of
course, albumen itself, fall under this category.
"This looks like the white, or albumen, of the bird's
egg, but it is not albuminous."— Beale : Jiionlasm
(1872), § 44. note.
2. Resembling albumen.
al-bu-min-iir'-i-a, &. [Lat. albumen ; urina
= urine. ]
Med. : A disease characterised by the pre- j
sence of albumen in the urme. It may be
acute or chronic. Acule albuminuria is a
form of inflanmiatiou of the kidneys. Chnni [c
albumiiuiria, the commoner and more furmid-
able malady, arises from grave constitutional
disorders. It is often attL-nded by or pro-
duces dropsy. Whether acute or chronic,
but specially when the latter, it is gtiierally
called Bright's disea^'C, after Dr. Bri^lit, who
first described it with accuracy. [Bright's
Disease.]
"... in caaes of n7b>iminiirii< connected with
kidaey 6iaei\Be."—ToddJ: JJowman . I'Uijs. Anat.,i. 50J.
al-bu-min-iir'-ic, a. [Eng. albumiibur(ia) ;
-ic.]' Marked by, or pertaining to, alluiminiu-ia.
al-bun'-e-a, s. [From Albunea, a prophetic
nymph or sibyl worshipped at Tibur (TivoU)
in a temple still remaining.] A genus of ile-
capod short-tailed Crustaceans belonging to
the family Hippidiu. Example, the Symnista
(A. .'iymnista).
al'-burn (I).
[Alburnuji.]
ALBURN (rVPRINtrS ALBURNUs).
al'-burn (2), s. & adj. [Lat. alburnus.]
A. As submit. : A silvery-white (isli, the
Bleak (Cyx>i'inns alburnus). [Bleak.]
B, As adj. .- Auburn.
al-buru'-ous, s. [Eng. albumum; -ous.]
1. Pertaining or relating to alburnum.
2. Consistinginwlioleorin part of alburnum.
al-bum'-um, or al-burn« s. [In Fr.
aubier ; Lat. alburnum.]
Bot. : The sapwood in exogenous stems ;
the wood last formed, and which has not yet
had time to acquire its pioper colour or hard-
ness. It is interposed lietween the liber, or
inner bark, and the duramen, or heart-wood.
Lindley: Inirod. to Bot. : 3rd ed., 1839, p. 04.)
al'-ca, s. In Sw. alka.] A genus of birds,
the 'typical one of tlie family Alcadic (q.v.).
The wings are so short as to be useless for
flight. Two species occur in Britain— ^I.
impennls (the Great Auk), now all but extinct
everywhere [Auk] ; and A. torda (the Razor-
bill). [Razor-bill.]
al'-cad-se, or ar-9id-00, s. pi. [Alca.] a
family of birds belonging to the order Nata-
tores, or Swimmers. They have the feet
placed very far back, tlie toes united by a
membrane, the hinder one ruditucntMry or
wanting. The genera represented in Britiiiu
are Alca (Ank), Fratercula (Putlin), Merguln;
(Rotehe), and Urla (Guillemot).
&l-ca'de, al-ca'id, al-ca'yde, or al-
ca'yd^ s. [In Ger. alkade ; Fr. alcaide and
alcade; Sp. alcade, from Arab. kayid = the
head ; kcuia = to head.]
Ill ,S]aui, Portugal, and Barbary : The gr-
vermir of a castle ; alsn, the kci-pi-r of a jail.
boil, boy*; po^t, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, 9I1I11, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, ai^; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f.
.-clan = Shan, -tion, -slon, -cioun = shun ; -§ion, -tlon = zhiin. -tious, -^ious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dei.
U Often confounded with an alcalde, wlio is a
civil officer, while the alcade is a military one.
" Tir alcaid
Shims me, mid, with agriin civility,
Bow8," Dryden : Don Sebasiian, ii. 1
al'-ca-hest. [Alkjihest. ]
al-ca'-ic, a. & s. [In Fr. alcaique. Nanifil
after Alcoius, or, to yive the Greek instead of
the Roman form of the name, Alkaios, a lyric
poet, born in Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos,
and who flourished about B.C. 606.]
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to the above-mentioned Al-
ciL'US or Alkaios.
2. Pertaining or relating to the descriptions
of verse called after him, and of which he is
suppo.sed to have been the inventor.
Alcaic Ode: An ode written in the alcaic
metre, composed of several strophes, each
consisting of four lines. Thirty-seven of the
Odes of Horace are in this metre.
Alcaic Strophe. The usual form of this con-
sists of four alcaic lines, viz., two alcaic
hendecasyllables {eleven syllables), one alcaic
enneasyllable (nine syllables), and one alcaic
decasyllabic (ten syllables), as—
Videa | ut al | tA ) etet nive | candidum I
Sorac I te. nee ) jam | sustiue I njit onus f
Sylvre I laoo J rail I tes, ge 1 luque
Flumina. [ cou^tite | rint a, | cuto |
Usually scanned as follows :
--l--l-l---t --
I - ■
. I - V ,
I - I-
' I ■
- V . I - -
B. As snbstaritive : Used by an ellipse botli
in singular and plural for the strophe or the
lines, but more generally for the strophe and
in the pliu"al.
+ al'-cal-a-mide, ;.. [Alkalamide.]
al-cal'-de, s [Sp. ; from Arabic]
Iji Spain : The mayor of a town ; also ;i
.iudge, magistrate, or justice of the peace
Used in the latter sense also in Portugal. It
is not the same as Alcade (q.v.).
" Padre C. Ah ! said you so?
Why, that was Pedro Crespo, the alcalde/"
Longfellow: Spanish Student, iii. 2.
f al'~cal-i, 3l'-cal-y, s. [Alkali. ]
t al-cal-iim'-et-er, s. [Alkalimetee.]
* al'-cam-ist-er, s. [Alchemist.]
al-camph'-or-a, s. [Arab, al = the ; cam-
phara, contracted from Port, camphorosnw =
camphor-tree.] A name given in portions of
Bmzil to the Croton perdicipes, a Euphorbia-
ceous plant, used as a diuretic and in other
ways. (Lindley : Veg. Kingd., p. 279.)
* al'-ca-myne, s. [Alchemy.] The mixed
metal 'described under Alchemy, •! (q.v).
(Prompt. Pari?.)
al-can'-na, a. [In Ger. alhanna ; Fr
I'kenne ; from Arab, alhenna: aZ = the, and
henna.] [Henna.] There are at least two
jil.tnts bearing this name — (1) Lawsonin iner-
mis, (2) Anchusa tlnctori-a. [Alkanin'a,]
" The root of alcanna, though green, ■ft'ill give a red
stn.\\\." ^Browne : Vulgar Errours.
al-car'-gen, o. [Cacodylic Acid.]
al-car-ra'-zas, s. [Sp. alcarraza = a pitcher.]
Porous earthen vessels used in hot countries
for cooling water by means of evaporation.
As the water percolates through the pores of
the vessel and becomes exposed outside to the
action of the air, it evaporates, with the effect
of cooling the portion inside which remains
liquid. {Ganot's Physics, transl, by Atkinson.)
al-car'-sin, al-kar-sin, s. [Cacodyl]
* al-ca'-traz, * al-ca'-tras, s. [Sp] A
name given by the Spaniards and by Fer-
uandez Hernandez and Nieremberg to an
American bird, the pelican of Mexico, pro-
bably the Onocroifflvs Phcenix of Lesson, the
Pdccanus Vieillotii. Clusius and others erro-
neously applied the name to an Indian horn-
bill, the Buccros hydrocorax of Linnaeus.
" Most like to that short-siahted alcatras.
That beats the air above that liquid prlass :
The New World's bird, the proud imperious fowl
"Wh'jse dreadful presence frights the haritiless owl."
Drayton: Owl, p. l,30i.
al-ca'yd, p. [Alcade.]
alcahesl^- alchemy
al'-ca-zar, s. [iSp. = a fortress, a palace ; the
main deck between the main-mast and quarter-
deck.]
1. A fortress, a palace. {Lit. or Jig.)
" But the Old was passhig to his sleep.
In the silent a/cnzar."
I/emaiit, ■ T!ie CiU's Deathbed.
2. A continental place of amusement, de-
collated in the Moorish style.
3. Xaut. : Tlie quarter-deck.
''al'-5e, adv. (Also.]
t al'-^e, s. [Ai.cEs.]
al-5ed'-i-nid, s. [Alcedinid.e.] Auy bird
of the family AlcedinidaB (q.v.).
al-9e-din'-id-8e, s. pi. [Alcedo.]
Ornith. : A family of birds, belonging to
the order Passeres and the suli-order Fissi-
rostres, or Cleft-beaks. They have an elon-
gated bill, usually broad at the base and
tapering towards the point ; their wings are
long and rounded, the tail generally short.
The toes are sometiLnes scansorial (two before
and behind), sometimes two in front and one
behind ; but more frequently they are three
before and one behind. There are three sub-
families, Alcedininse, or True Kingfishers, Dace-
loninffij and Gallulinffi, or Jacaniars. [Alcedo.]
al-5e-dm-i'-iiEe, s. pi. [Alcedo.]
Oraith. : The tyi)ical sub-family of the
family Alcedinidse, or Kingfishers (q.v.).
al-^ed'-i-nine, a. [Alcedisin.e.] Pertain-
ing to, or resembling the true Kingfishers.
al-ce'-do, s. [Lat. alcedo; later alcyon ; Gv.
a\Kvuiu {aUcuon), and akKvinv (ludlcudii) ; fnun
o\<; (hals) = the sea ; and Kvmv (Lud)i) = hold-
ing, pregnant.] [Halcyon.]
Ornith. : The typical genus of Alcedininse,
with nine species, from the Pals^arctic,
Ethiopian, and Oriental regions (absent from
Madagascar), and extending into the Anstro-
Malayan sub-region, A. ispida, the common
Kinglisher (q.v.), is British.
al^-el'-a-phus, s. [Gv. olKky) (alM)=En elk,
and eAa0o5 (elaphos) = a deer.]
Zool. : A genus of African antelopes, con-
taining the bubalinc antelope (A. bubalis), the
liartbeest (.4. caama), and the blesbok (A.
alhifroris\
cil'-jes, t ar--9e, s [Lat. al<:cs; Gr. clAktj
(f(Z/cc)'=elk.]
Zool.: A genus of Ccrvidce (q.v.) with two
species, or a single species(-4. >iiak/tis) running
into two varieties, the moose-deer of North
America, and the elk of northern Europe.
Both are of large stature with broad palmated
horns.
Al-^est'-is. s. [Lat. Alccsti'i^ fr. Gr.'AA/tijoT-ts
(Alkestis), a queen who sacrificed her life for
her husband Admetus, king of Pherge, and in
consequence became the heroine of a tragedy
by Euripides.]-
Astron. : An asteroid, the 124th fnnnd.
It was discovered by Peters on the 23rd of
August, 1872.
3,l-chem'-ic, al-cliein'-i-cal, S-l-chym-
ic, al-chym'-i-cal, n. [From Eng. ol-
chemy. In Fr. alchimlfiiie : Port, and Ital.
alchimlco.] Pertaining to alchemy ; produced
by alchemy.
"The rose-noble, then current for six shillings and
eight-TOnce, the alchymists do affirm as an unwritten
verity, was made by projection or multiplication
alckiimical of Raymond Lally in the Tower of Lon-
don."— CaTnden.
al-chem'-i-cal-ly, al-chym'-i-cal-ly,
' al-chim'-i-cal-ljr, ad.v. [Alchemical,
Alchymical.] After the manner of an al-
chemist ; by means of alchemy.
"Raymond Lully would prove it alchyinically."—
Camden.
^l-chem-il'-la, s. [In Fr. alcliimille; Port
oh-hliiulle ; S]i. alchemUa ; from Arab, (dk-
mebieh, meaning alcliemy, the fancy being
entertained that it possessed alchemical
virtues.] In English, Lady's Mantle, that is,
mantle of " Our Lady " the Virgin Mary. A
genus of plants belonghig to the natural order
Rosaccae., or Kose-worts. Three species occur
in Britain : the A. vidyoris, or Common
Lady's Mantle ; the A. Alpina, or Alpine
Lady's Mantle; and the A. arvi'H!^i<!, the held
Lady's Mantle, or Parsley Piert. The last-
named member of tlie genus is small and
inconspicuous, but the other two are re-
maikably graceful, the A . A Ipina, indeed,
being regai'ded as one of the most elegant
plants in the British flora. A decoction of
the A. vulgaris is slightly tonic. According .
to Frederick Hoffmann, and others, it has also
the effect of restoring the faded beauty of
ladies to its earliest freshness.
al'-chem-ist, al'-chjrm-ist^ ' al-cam-
ist'-er,"al'-kyin-ist-er, s. [Eng. alchemi/;
-ist. In Sw. alkeriiist ; Ger. alchyrnist ; Fr.
alchiriiLStc ; Sp. aUjidmista ; Port, & ItaL
alchimista.] One who studies or practises
alchemy. Hei-mes Trismegistus is mentioned
as one of the eai-liest alchemists, but the
work on tlie sub.iect attributed to him is
spurious. Geber, an Arabian physician, who
lived in the seventh century, is another early
alchemist, but the genuineness of his works
lias been doubted. Raymond LuUy, born in
1235 ; the illustrious Friar Bacon, born in
1-214: ; Arnoldus de Villa Nova, born in 1240,
were all known as alchemists. A number of
similar inquirers arose in the fuui-teentli cen-
tury ; Basil Valentine is said to have lived in
flie fifteenth century, and witli Paracelsus
(1493—1541) the list may be said to closf-.
The successors of the old alchemists may be
grouped in two classes : inquirei"s into nature
in a scientific manner, and impostors wlio
Itrofessed or self-deceivers who hoped to find
means to transmu te the baser metals into goid.
" To solemnize this day, the glorious sun
Stays in his course, and plays the alchemist."
SJtakesp. : King John, \u. l.
" And when this aZcamuter saiigh his tyine "
Chaucer: C. T., 13,132.
al-chem-ist'-ic, al-chem-ist'-i-cal, al-
chym-ist'-ic, al'-chym-ist'-i-cal, a.
[Eng. alchemist; -ic] Practising alchemy.
{Lit. & Jig.)
" The alchymUtical cabalists, or cabaliatical alchy-
mists, have extracted the name, or number, whether
you will, out of the word Jehovah, after a strange
manner," — Light/oot : Mlscell., p. 9,
"As the fii-at sort of legislators attended to the
different kinds of citizens, and combined thein into
one commonwealth, the others, the metaphysical and
alchemistical legislators, have taken the direct con-
trary course." — Burke.
t al'-chem-ize, t al -chym-ize, v.t. [E.i j
alchemy : -ize.'\ To transmute.
" Not that you feared the discolouring cold
Might alchymize their silver into gold,"
Lovelace: Luc P., p. T.
Sl-cligin-y, al'-chj^-y, * al'-chim-y, s.
[In Sw. alkemi; Dan. alchymi ; Ger. aelchymie ;
Fr, alchimic ; Sp. alquimia ; Port. & Ital.
alchimia. Arab. ai = the, and Gr. xnM^'a
(chcmeia) = chemistry ; or from Arab, komia
= secret, hidden, the occult art ; kamai = to
hide]
A. Literally :
1. A study of nature with three special
objects: (I) that of obtaiuing an alkahest,
or universal solvent ; (2) that of acquir-
ing the ability to transmute all metals into
gold or silver, especially the former ; (3) that
of obtaining an elixir vitce, or universal medi-
cine which might cure all diseases and inde-
finitely prolong human life. These objects
were all desirable, and it coidd not be known
a priori wliether or not they were attainable.
To take the transmutation of metals^ the
substances (sune seventy or more) at present
classeil as simple elements may not always
remain in that categoi-y ; at any moment one
may be found to be a compound of other sub-
stances, and require to be taken out of the list.
The possibility of this becomes gi-eater when
it is remembered that not merely do allied
metals generally occur in nature together, but
there is also a definite relation between their
atomic weights. The means adopted in the pre-
scicntific age, when alchemy most flourished
[Alchemist], were more open to ridicule
than the objects aimed at. To achieve success
in the study it was thought needful for one
to obtain first the " jihilosopher's stone," de-
scribed as a red powder with a peculiar smell.
A skilled alchemist was called an "adepi " In
all ages scientific intellects are brougiit into
being, and many " adepts " were the pli,\ sica)
philosophers of the age. Though they failed
in their immediate objects, they discovered
the sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids, and
laid the founrlations of the noble science of
modern chemistry. Others were pseudo-
scientists and impostors who pretended that
they really had made gold : by means »tf men
of this latter type alchemy gi-aduaily sank in
Sate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = Kw.
alchemize— alcoholometer
127
reputation, and ultimately became an object
of ridicule to real scientific inquirers, and to
the civilised world at large.
" Aatrology ami atcJiemy became ]eBta,"—Maaiula!/ :
Hist. Eng., oh. Hi.
2. A mixed metal from which spoous,
kitchen utensils, and trumpets were formed.
The name was given because it was supposed
to have been made by some of the processes
of alchemy.
1 It is called in Scotch alcomye, and in Old
English sometimes alcamayne.
"Bell-metal, &c., and the counterfeit plate, which
they call alchemy." — Bacun : Physiol, Jiem.
" Then, of their session ended, they bid cry
With trumpets' re{jal sound the great residt :
Toward the four winds four speedy chembim
Put to their mouths the sounding alciiiiray,"
MiUoii: P. L., bk. ii.
If Properly speaking, there were two kinds
of "alchemy" in this sense— the white and
the red.
"White alcliemy is made of pan-brass one pound,
and arsenicum three ounces." — Bacon : Phys. /Icm., § 6.
" Red alchemy is made of copper and auri pigment."
—Ibia.. 5 7.
B. Firj. : The process of transforming any-
thing common into something more glorious
and precious, whether this is done by nature
or art.
" Kissing with golden face the meadows gi-eon,
Gilding ijale streams with heavenly alchymy.''
Shahegp. : Scninets, ver. 33.
Al'-clli-ba, s. ' [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed
star of the 4i magnitude, called also a Corvi.
al-chym'-ic, al-chym'-i-cal, a. [Alche-
mic, Alchemical.]
al-chym'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Alchemically.]
Sl'-chym-ist, o. [Alchemist,]
al-chjon-ist'-ic, al-chym-ist'-i-cal, a.
[Alchemistic, Alchbmistical.]
^'-Chym-y, o. [Alchemy.]
al'-9id-se, s. pi. [Alcad^.]
al'-^ine, a. [Lat. alces; Gr. a\Kn (cdlce) = an
elk.] Pertaining to the elk. There is an
alcine gi'onp in the extensive genus Cervus.
Type, the Elk {Cercvn alces, Linn.). [Elk.]
Xlc-man'-iL-an, a. [Eng. Alcman, a proper
name, and -ian, suff.]
1. Pertaining to the Greek lyric poet Alo-
man, who flourished about (350 B.C.
2. Pertaining to the verse called after hun.
It consisted of two dactyls and two trochees, as
" Virgini | bus piie I nsque | canto." Horace
also has an Alcmanian metre consisting of a
dactylic hexameter and a catalectic dactylic
tetrameter.
Alc-me'-ne, s. [Lat. & Gr. Alcjnena (Class.
Myth.), the mother of Hercules.]
Astron. : An asteroid, the 82nd found. It
was discovered by Lutlier, on November "JTth,
1864.
al'-co, s. [A native American generic name
(Buffon).^ The Canis familiaris, var. Ainerica-
nus. A variety of the dog, inhabiting Peru and
Mexico. It has a small head, an arched back,
a short and pendent tail. The fur is long.
That of the back is yellow, while the tail
is whitish. It is akin to the shepherd dog.
al'-CO-hol, s. [In Sw. & Ger. alkohol ; Fr. al-
cool ; Port, alcohol : from Arab, al = the ; Icohl
= stibium = sulphuret of antimony; Heb.,
E. Aram., and Eth. ^HD (kadihol)— to iiaint
the eye-brows black with stibium, as was
done anciently, and still is, by women in
pai-ts of the East.]
A. Ordinary Langiiage:
L As a solid :
* 1. Originally : The mineral mentioned
above, stibium, or sulphuret of antimony,
especially when reduced to an impalpable
powder.
" The Turks have a black powder made of a mineral
called alcohol, which, with a fine long pencil, they lay
under their eyelids, which doth colour them black." —
Bacon: iVat. IlisL, Cent. VIII., § 739.
2. Any impalpable powder, whatever its
composition.
"If the same salt shall be reduced into alcbliol, as
the chyiniflts speak, or an impalpable powder, thp
fiarticle^f and intercepted spaces will be extremely
es.'^ened. " — Boyle.
IL As a liquid: Pure spirit, rectified
spirit, sjiirits of wine, or, more loosely, a
litiuid containing it in considerable quantity.
[See B.]
'■ The Elixir of Pei-petual Truth,
Called Alcohol, in the Arab speecb."
Longfelloio : Gold. Leg., i.
" Sal volatile oleosiun will coagulate the serum on
account of the alcohol, or rectified spirit, which it
contains, "—.4 r6 uthnot.
B. Organic CJiem. : Alcohol is the tiame
given to a class of compoxmds differing from
hydrocarbons in the substitution of one
or more hydrogen atoms by the monatomic
radical hydroxjd (OH)'. Alcohols are divided
into monatomic, diatomic, triatomic, &c.,
according as they contain 1, 2, or 3 atoms
of H (hydrogen), each replaced by (OH)'.
Alcohols may also be regarded as Avater in
which one atom of H is replaced by a hydro-
carbon radical. Alcohol can unite with cer-
tain salts, as alcohol of crystallization. The
O in XX ( O (water) can be replaced by W
(sulphur), as TT ^ S (hydrogen sulphide) ; so
in alcohol, ^ 5 I q forming mercaptan,
C H ") J^ J
-TT^ > S. Alcohol may also be compared
with acids, as gr >^ O (hypochlorous acid),
-TT^ [ O (alcohol) ; the H can be replaced
by K or Na, ^ wn ( *"* (sodium hypochlorite),
and \^ \ O (sodium ethylate), therefore it
can be considered as a weak acid. Also it
can be compared with bases, as tt (- O (potas-
sium hydrate) with acids forms salts and
water. As KHO + HCl = KCl (j)otassium
chloride} and H2O (water), so alcohol' and
acids form acid ethers and water : ^^2^5 [ q
II ,
H
+ ^^ (hydrochloric acid) = H20 and C2H5.CI
(ethyl chloride). An alcohol is said to be
■primary, secondary, or tertiary, according as
the carbon atom which is in combination
with hydroxyl (OH) is likewise directly com-
bined with one, two, or three carbon atonjs.
The hydrocarbon radicals can also have their
carbon atoms linked together in different
ways, forming isomeric alcohols. [Amyl
Alcohol.] Primar>' alcohols, by the action of
oxidizing agents, yield aldehydes, then acids ;
secondary alcohols, by oxidation, yield ke-
tones; tertiary alcohols, by oxidation, yield
a mixture of acids. Alcohols derived from
benzol, or its substitution compounds, are
called aroTuatic alcohols; they contain one
or more benzol rings. [See Benzene.]
ethyl alcohol (commonly called al-
cohol), ethylic alcohol, methyl car-
hlnol, spirits of wine, ethyl hydrate,
5.. C2HeO = CoH5(OHy={g|3^0jj)'.
Chem. : Pure ethyl alcohol, also called dbso-
hite alcohol, is obtained by distilling the
strongest rectified spirit of wine with half its
weight of quick-lime. Pure alcohol is a colour-
less limpid liquid, having a pungent agreeable
odour and a burning taste. Its specific
gravity at 0^ is 0-8095, and at 15-5° is 0-7938,
its vapour referred to air 1-613. It is very
inflammable, burning with a pale blue smoke-
less flame. It boils at 78-4'* when anhydrous.
It becomes viscid at— 100°. It mixes witli
water in all proportions, with evolution of heat
and contraction of volume ; and it readily
absorl ts moisture from the air, and from sub-
stances immersed in it. Chlorine converts
alcohol into chloral, C2HCI3O, but in the
presence of alkalies into chloroform, CHCI3.
By oxidation alcohol is converted into alde-
hyde, C2H4O, then into acetic acid, C2H4O2.
The alkaline metals replace one atom of H,
forming CgHs-NaO (sodium ethylate). Strong
II0SO4 (sulphuric acid) forms with alcohol
(C2H5)H.S04, sulphnvinic acid. HCl (hydro-
chloric acid) with alcohol yields ethyl chloride,
C2H5.CI, and water. Alcohol can be formed
by synthesis from the elements C, H, 0: thus
acetylene, CoHg, can be formed by passing
an electric current in an atmosphere of H
between carbon points; this is converted by
nascent H into olefiant gas, C2H4, which is
absorbed by H0SO4 (sulphuric acid) ; by
diluting with water, and distilling, alcohol is
obtained. Alcohol is used as a solvent for
alkaloids, resins, essential oils, several salts,
&c. Alcohol is obtained by the fermentation
of sugars, when a solution of them is mixed
\^-ith yeast, Mycoderma cervisicB, and kept
at a temperature between 25° and 30°, till
it ceases to give off CO2 (carbonic acid gas).
It is then distilled. Proof spirit contains
49-5 per cent, of alcohol, and has a specific
gravity of 0.9198 at 60" F. Methylated spirit
contains 10 per cent, of wood spirit in alcohol
of sp. gr. 0-830 ; it is duty free, and can be
used instead of spirits of wine for making
chloroform, olefiant gas, varnishes, extracting
alkaloids, and for preserving aimtomical pre-
parations, &c. Wines contain alcohol ; port
and sherry, 19 to 25 j-ier cent. ; claret and hock
and strong ale, about 10 per cent ; brandy,
whiskey, gin, &;c., about 40 to 50 per cent.
These liquids owe their intoxicating effects
to the alcohol they contain.
alcohol bases, o. pi. [Ajmines.]
alcohol metals, s. pi.
Chem. : Compounds formed by union of a
metal with an alcoholic radical, as zinc methyl
2n"(CH3)2.
alcohol oxides, s. pi. [Ethers.]
alcohol radicals, hydrocarbon ra-
dicals, s. pi.
Clieni. : Organic radicals, as methyl (CH3)'.
Alcohols may be considered as hydrates of
these radicals, (CH3)0H, and hydrocarbons as
hydrides, CH3.H. Diatomic alcohol radicals,
as (C2H4)", or glycol radicals, and triatomic
alcohol radicals, as (CgHs)'', &;c., can also be
said to exist. A radical is part of a molecule. '
alcohol thermometer, 5. a thermo-
meter in which coloured alcohol is used in-
stead of mercury.
al'-CO-hol-ate, c. [Eng. alcohol; -ate.]
Chem. : A name given to definite crystalline
compounds, in which alcohol acts like water
of crystallization : thus, ZnCl2 crystallizes
with two molecules of ethyl alcohol, forming
ZnCl. 2(C2H60). The following are also known :
CaCl2.4(C2H60)and Mg(N03)2.6(C2HyO). (See
Watts' Diet. Chem.) Crystalline substiuices con-
taining methyl alcohol, &c., are also known.
cil-c6-h61'-a-ture, s. iFr. alcoolature.] [Al-
coHOL.l An alcoholic tincture prepared with
fresh plants (N. E. D.).
al-co-hol'-ic, a. & s. [Eng. alcohol ; -ic. In
Ft. alcooligue.]
1, As adjective : Pertaining to alcohol ; con-
taining alcohol in greater or lesser amount;
resembUng alcohol.
". . . and which emitted a strong alcohol iv oHovi."
—Cycl. Pract. Mvd., L 462.
2. As subbtantive: One who immoderately
partakes of alcoholic liquors.
"In tho chrnnic alcoholic we have a greater or less
troiiBforination uf the individual . . . "^Brit. aTid
For. Medico-Chirurgical Review, vol. Ix. (1877), p. 368.
al'-CO-hol-i^m, s. [E>r\g. alcohol ; -ism.] Tlie
stiite of being largely under the influence of
alcohol; the excessive upe of alcoholic drinks.
"The most frequent mode (writes Magnau) of tei-
minatiou of chronic alcoholism is dementia."— //7-((,
and For. Mcdico-Chirurgical Beview, vol. Ix. (1877).
p. 309.
al-co-hol-iz-a'-tion, a. [in Fr. alcoolisa-
tion.]
* 1. The act or process of reducing a body
to an impalpable powder.
2. The act or process of rectifying any
si^irit.
al-CO-hol'-ize, v.t. [Eng. alcohol; -ize. In
Fr. alcooliser.]
* 1. To reduce a body to an impalpable
Xjowder.
2. To rectify spirits till they are completely
deprived of any water commingled with thein.
al-c6-h6l'-6-met-er, al-c6-hdl'-met-er»
al-co-hom'-et-er, al-c6m'-et-er, s.
[Eng. alcohol; meter = measurer, from Gr.
fiirpLv (metron) = ii measure. In Fr. nlcoolo-
vieter, alcoometre.] An instrument devised by
Gay Lussac for measuring the proportion of
jiure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain.
It is placed in the liquid to be tested, and the
depth to which it sinks indicates by marks on
a graduated scale what proportion of alcohol
there is in the mixture.
The Centesimal Alcoholometer: The instru-
ment just described. It is called centesimal
because it indicates the per-centage of alcohol
in the liquid.
boil, bo^; pdiit, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, ^enophon, e^lst. -ing.
-cian = shan. -tion, -sioh, -doun = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tlous, -sious, -cions = shus. -ble. -die, &c. =:^ b^l. d^L
128
ale oholometrieal— alder
al-co-hol-o-met'-ri-cal, al-co-hd-met-
ri-cal, S.l-c6-met'-ri-cal, a. [Alcoholu-
METER.] Pertaining to the aluoholometer.
^-c6-h6-l6m'-et-ry, s. [See Alcoholo-
meter.] The act, art, or proces:^ of testing
the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous
liquoi-s contain.
"... the stnndard or proof spirit in ii,U alcoho^'i-
■metr//."— Proceedings of the Physical Si>ch':i/ of Lon-
don, pt ii., p. 99.
al-co-hom'-et-er, s. [Alcuuolomkter.]
S-l-co-ho-met'-ri-cal, a. [Alcoholometri-
CAL.]
■" al'-com-ye, 5. [Alchemy.] The Scotch
name of the mixed metal described under
Alchemy (2).
Al'-cor, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed star
of the fifth magnitude, called also SO Urate
Majoris. It is situated near the large bright
star Mizar, in the middle of tlic tail of the
imaginary "Bear."
t Al-c6r'-an, o. [Alkoran, Koran.]
t al-c6r-an'-ic, '.'. [Alkoranic]
3,l-cor'-no-cd bark, al-cor'-noque (qu
= k) bark, s.
1. A kind of bai-k brought to this country
from Tropical America. It is said to be the
product of Byrsonima laurifolia, rliipalcefolia,
and coccolobcifoUa, plants of the natural order
Malpighiacea;, or Malpighiads. (Liiidley : Veg.
Kingd.)
2. The flJcornoque of Spain is the bark of the
cork-tree (i^hiercus suber). (Trecisi(/ry of Bot.)
al'-cove, s. [In Sw. alkov ; Ban. alkove ; Dut.
alkove, alkoof; Ger. alkoven ; Fr. alcove; Ital.
alcova ; Port, alcova, from Sp. olcoha ; Arab.
alcobba, cobha= a closet. It is not thorouglUy
settled whether the Arabs adopted the word
from the Spaniards, or the Spaniards from the
Arabs. ]
I. Of recesses in sleeping o.partmcnts, vaults,
or ordinary rooms:
1. A portion of a Spanish or other chamber,
separated from the rest, with the view of it.s
being used for the reception of a bed. The
idea was borrowed from the ancients. In state
bedchambers in Spain, the alcove was a flat
form or cstrade, raised a few inches above the
floor, and, as a rule, cut off from the rest of the
chamber by a balustrade provided with doors.
" Deep ill a rich alcove the priucc was Isiid,
And slept beueath the pompous colonnade,"
Pope : Homer's Odysscji, bk. ill., 510, 511.
2. In smaller chambei'S in Spain and else-
where, a recess or closet in which a bed is
placed by day, so as to leave the greater
poi-tion of the sleepuig apartment unencum-
bered by its presence dui'ing the hours when
it is not in use.
3. A similar recess in a vault, designed to
accommodate the coffins of the dead.
" The patriarch or parent of the tribe has the place
of honour In the common cemetery, which is usually
hewn out of the rock, sometimes into spivcious cham-
bers, BupiKirted by piliara, and with alcovea in the
aides, wiiere the coffins are deposited." — Mihnan:
Jlist. of Jews, 3rd ed., bk. 1., vol i., p. 25.
4. A recess in a library or ordinary room.
" This china, that decks tho alcove,
■Which here people cjiU a buffet."
• CoiffiJer : Gratitude.
5. A niche for a seat or statue.
II. Of a ixniiplaU building: A small uriia-
menfal Imilding with seats, erected in a
garden for shelter from rain, fur shade in
bright sunlight, or other purpose.
If This is at present the most common
signification of the word.
" The summit gaiii'd, behold the proud alcove
That crowns it ! yet not all its j>nde secures
The grand retreat from injuries impress'd
Ey rural cai'vera. who with knives deface
The panels, leaving an ohscui-e, rude name,
In choi-acters uncouth, and spelt amiss."
C'ovyjyer : The Titsk, bk. i.
III. Of a recess i)i a grove, a garden, or iilca-
sure ground:
" Look where he comes — in this embower'd alcove
Stands close conceal'd, and sep a statue move."
Cowper : JieCircmenC.
" Clif den's proud alcove.
The bower of wanton Shrewsbury and love.
Pojji; : Moral Ensays, iii. 30'
Al-cy'-O-ne, s. [Lat. Alcyone^ or Ikdeyoiie ;
Gr. 'WKvovt] (Allci(Oiie), from aKuviiiv (cdkuon)
= the kingfisher, or halcyon.] [Halcyon.]
1. Class. Myth. : A daughter of .Jiolus and
wife of Ceyx, king of Trachis, in Thessaly.
Her husband was drowned, and both were
transformed into kingfishers.
" From Cleopatra chang'd his daughter's name.
And call'd A Icyooie, a name to show
The father's grief, the mourning mother's wi e."
Pope: Bomer' 8 Iltad, bk. ix,, fj7C-3.
2. Astron. : A fixed star of the third magni-
tude, called also tj Tauri. It is in the Pleiades,
and is sometimes termed y Pleiadis. This star
was considered by Madler to be the central
sun of the stellar universe, but his opinion
has not been accepted by the rest of the astro-
nomical world.
al-cy-on-el'-la, s [Dimin. of Alcyonium
(q.v.).]
Zool. : A genus of animals belonging to the
Fresh-water Polyzoa, or Ascidian Zoophytes,
the order Hippocrepia, and the family Plimia-
tellidas. A. stagnor^im of Lamouroux is
found in stagnant waters, especially those
containing Iron. It is composed of tubes con-
nected by a gelatinous substance. It is of a
blackish-green colour,
^l-9y-dn'-ic, a. [Alcyonium.] Pertaining to
the Alcyonidg^.
al-^y-on'-id-SB, *'. pi. [Alcyonium.] A
family of Polypi, or Polyj^ies, ranked under
the order Asteroida. The polypary, or poly-
pidom, is attached and fleshy, with nimieruus
chalky spicules. [Alcyonium.]
al-$^-6n-i-di'-a-d0e, s. pi [Alcyonium.]
A family of marine Polyzoa, of the order In-
fuudibulata, and the sub-order Cyclostomata.
al-^^-on-id'-i-um, s. [So named from its
superficial resemblance to Alcyonium (q.v).]
A genus of animals belonging to the Infnndi-
bulate section of the Polyzoa, or Ascidian
Zoophytes. The A. gelatinosum is the species
called by fishermeif and others the Sea Ragged
Staff, the Mermaid's Glove, or, more com-
monly, Dead Jlen's Fingers.
al-^y'-on-ite, s. [In Ger. alcyonit, alcyonittm ;
and 'ite, from Gr. \i9o<s (lithos) = stone.] A
fossil akin to the Alcyonium.
3-l-9y-on'-i-um, s. [Lat. Alcyoneum medico-
men, or simply alcyuuenm, or alcyonium
Gr. 6.\Kv6vtuiv (alkHoncioii) and dXnuoi/toi'
{alki(onion)=- bastard sponge, a zoophyte ;
irom 6i\Kvu)v (alkuoii) = the kingfisher, the
nest of which it was supposed to resemble.]
ZooJ. : A genus of Polypes, the typical one
of the family Alcyonidte. It contains two
British species, A. digitaUtm, or Sea-finger,
known to fishermen as Dead Men's Fingers,
Dead Men's Toes, and Cow's Paps ; and A.
glcmcratwn.
al'-cy-6-noid, s. [Mod. Lat. alcyonlMn; -ui<i]
Any individual of the family Alcyonidte.
' al'-day, adv. [Bng. all; -day.] All day;
continually.
Xl'-deb-ar-an, Ar-deb-or-3,n, s. [Cor-
rupted Arabic] A fixed star of the first mag-
nitude, called also a Tauri. It constitute-i
the eye of Taurus. It is one of the gi'onp of
five stai's anciently called Hyades, and is the
brightest of tlie assemblage. Its colour is
red. It is fomi'l by di awing a line to the
right through the belt of Orion.
" Now when A Ideboran wns mounted hye,
Above the shinie Cassiopeiiis chaire,
' ' "■ '- "- ' ipe did drowned
Spenser, F. Q.,
al-de-hy'des, s. [Contraction from Med.
Lat. aicoftoi deft.3/droge?iai'US = alcohol depiived
of hydrogen.]
C/iem. : Aldehydes are formed by the oxida-
tion of alcohols, and are re-converted into
alcohols by the action of nascent hydrogen ; by-
further oxidation they are converted into acids.
They differ from alcohols in having two atoms
less of hydrogen, which are removed from the
carbon atom containing the radical HO' (by-
droxyl) connected to it in the alcohol; thus
the aldehyde monatomic radical is (0=C — H)'.
The carbon atom having two bonds nnited
to an atom of oxygen, and another to an
atom of hydrogen, the fourth is united to a
monatomic hydrocarbon radical, or hydrogen.
From monatomic alcohols only one aldehyde
can be formed ; from a diatomic alcohol there
may be formed a diatomic aldehyde contain-
ing the radical (OCH)' twice, or an alcohol
aldehyde, or acid aldehyde : thus, glycol
alcohol could yield
Glycol alcohol. Glyoxal. Glyoxylic acid?
CH-XOH) CH2(0H) HCO HCO
I I I I
CHsCOH) HCO HCO (HO)CO
Many aldehydes of monatomic alcohols have
been prepared by oxidation of the alcohols,
or by distilling a mixture of the potassium salt
of tlie corresponding acid with potassium for-
mate, which yields potassium carbonate and
tlie aldehyde. Aldehydes form crystalline com-
pounds with acid sulphites ; they also unite
with aniline. Ketones are aldehydes in which
the atom of hydrogen united to the radic^
(CO)" is replaced by a hydi-ocarbon radical
acetic aldehyde, commonly called
aldehyde, acetyl hydride, s.
CH3
Chemistry: C2H4O = 1 or C2H3O.H.
HCO
Aldeliyde is a colourless, limpid, suffocating
smelling liquid, boiling at 22" ; it is soluble in
alcohol, water, and ether ; its sp. gr. is 0 -8 at 0*.
It is readily oxidized into acetic acid; when
heated with caustic jjotash it forms a resin
called aldehyde resin. Heated with AgNOs
(nitrate of silver), the silver is deposited as a
bright mirror, and the liquid contains silver
acetate. Nascent hydrogen converts it into
alcohol. Chlorine converts it into C2H3O.CI
(acetyl chloride). When treated with H(CN)
Hiydrocyanic acid), it yields alanine, C3H7NO2
(amido-propionic acid). Aldehyde forms a
crystallic compound with ammonia, called
aldehyde ammonia, C2H4O.NH3, which forms
transparent colourless crystals ; these melt
at 76° and distil at 100°. Aldehyde forms
a crystallic compound with NaHSOg (acid
sodium sulphite). It forms polymeric modifi-
cations, paraldehijde and metaldehyde. It is
prepared by the action of chlorine and weak
alcohol, or by a mixture of MnO-2 (binoxide of
manganese) and H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), or
again by distilling a mixture of potassium
iieetate and tormate. It unites with aniline to
form diethidenc-dianiline and water.
al'-denj, ^^a. -par. HoUe.n. [See Halde.]
{William of Palernc, Skeafs ed., 1875.)
ai'-der, s. [A.S. alcr, air; Sw. al ; Dan.
ell, elletrce ; Dut. elzcnhooni ; Ger. erle ; Fr
sate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ;
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try.
BRANCH OF ALDER (aLNUS CLUTINOSA).
aune, \aulm; Sp. aliso ; Ital. alno ; Lat.
atnus.}
Bot. : A well-known English tree ; the
Almis glutlnosa. It grows in wet places. Its
wood has the property of remaining under
pine. pit. sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
Syrian. 39. oe =:: e ; SQ = e, ey = a»
alder— ale-bench
129
water undecayed for a long time ; henco it is
often employed for the piles of bridges, mill-
work, pumps, and sluices. The shoots of tlie
alder, cut ofTin spring, dye a crimson colour,
and the fertile flowers a green one ; they are
also employed 1>y tanners. The hark is bitter
and astringent. It has been used for gargles
as well as in ague. [Alnus.]
"And under the alders that skirt its edges."
Longfellow : Paul lievere's Rule.
alder-branch, s. A branch of alder.
"Trailing o'er the altier-brancJies."
Longfellow: Song (if Hiawatha, v.
alder-buckthorn, s. The English name
€iii\\e. Rhwmnus frcDiguki, a small shrub with
obovate entire leaves, axillary stalked, minute
whitish-green flowers, two or three of them
together, and dark purple berries with two
seeds. It is found In woods and thickets in
England, and flowers in May and June. Its
berries are a hydragogue purgative, but are
not now officinal. It was formerly called the
Berry-bearing Alder. It is still sometiiiH-s
termed the Black lUder.
TT The Black Alder of America is the Prinos
verticiUatan ; the Ited Alder of the Cape of
Good Hope is Cunonia ca^ieiwis ; and tlie
White Alder of South Africa is Flatiiluphus tri-
foliatus ; while that of Xortli America is
Clethra alnifolia. (Treas. of Bot.)
* ald'-er, a. & s. [A.S. aldor, eaklor ; compar.
of old, ecdd = old. ]
1. As adjective: Elder.
2. As siibstantlve: An elder ; an ancestor.
" 0( altleres ot armea and other adventures."
Si/r Gawayne, 05.
■*• Two seemlich sonnea soone they haddeu.
The alder hight Alisaunder, a» I right tell.
And Sir Philip foi-soothe his frobroder hight."
Alexander [ed. Skeat), 2l-2;j.
•al'-der, *ar-dyr, ^al'-ther, *al'-tlur,
* al'-thur, ^ al'-ler, ^ aire, * al-dre,
g&iiit. '^l. of adj. [A.S. ealra, genit. pi. of eal,
al, eel = all, whole, every. Used only in com-
position. Sometimes it is joined with a noun,
but more frequently with an adjective, which,
in almost every case, is in the superlative
degree. (See the words which follow.)]
^alder-best, ^aldyr-beste, ''alther-
best, u. Best of all.
"For hiiu, alaa ! she loved alder-best,"
Chaucer : liooke of the Dutchesse.
* alder-cock, s. The cock of all— i.e.,
the leader of all, (See Hoare's English Roots.)
^alder-cost, * alther-cost, adv. At
the cost of all, or at one's chief cost, probably
the former.
" And which of yow that bereth him beat of alle,
That is to seye, that telleth in this caas
Tales of beat sentence and of solas,
Schal hau a soper at your alther cost
Here in this place sittynge by this post.
Whan that we comen ageyn n-om Canturbery."
Cluiucer : C. T., 801.
^' alder -earst, a. {A.S. airest = first.]
The same as Alder-first — first of all.
(CJuxucer.)
* alder-eldest, o. Eldest of all.
^ alder -fairest, ^ alther -fairest,
^alther fairest, o. Fairest of all.
" The alther fairest folk to see
That in this world may founde be."
Homaunt of the Rase.
"^alder-first, * alther-first, v.. First
of all.
" And alderfirst he bad them all a bone.
Chaucer : C. T., 9,492.
" And ye that wilne to wynne worchipe in aruies,
Folweth nie, for in feith the ferst wil i bene,
That ainertli schal smite the alderfirst dint ,"
William of Paleme (ed. Skeat), 3,345.
* alder-formest, a. Foremost, or first
of all.
"William and themi>erour went alder-foremest,
and Alphonu3 next utttir." ~ William of Palernc.
Skeat'9 ed., 4,884-5.
* alder-highest, * althir-hegeste, a.
Highest of all.
"This is the name that is abowne all names, name
aUlur-hegeste."—Ilit:hard Uolle do Jlampole.
* alder-last, ^ alder last, «. Last
of all.
" And alderlaxt of everychon.
Was i>eyated Povert al aloon."
Rom. of the Rose.
* alder-least, « aldyr-leste, a. Least
of all.
" Love, agens the which ho so ofTendith
Hym self n\Wi&t altherlctt availleth."
Cluiucer : Troiliis & Creseide, bk. t
"" alder-lievest, a. [From A.S. Inf, lii/e —
love. In Ger. aller-liebit] Loved most of all.
" The mutual conference that my mind hath had.
In courtly company, or at my beads.
With you, mine aidcr-tlevest sovereign ;
Makes me tlie bolder." — Shakesp. : 1 Sen. VI., i. 1.
*^ alder-lowest, u. Lowest of all. (Reliq.
Antiq., i. 7.)
* alder-most, ^ alther-moost, a. Most
of all.
" But aZthermaost in honour, out of doute,
They had a relik hight Palladion,
That W.1S her trust abovyu evei-ychon."
Chaucer : TroUus & Creseyde, bk. i.
^alder-next, *alther-nexte, a. Next
of all.
" The Saterday althernexte sewyng."
Lydgate: AMinor Poems. (Wright.)
'^ alder-SConiSt, a. [A.S. sco7ie = beauti-
ful. SameasALDER-FAiREST(q.v.). {Cluiucer.)
* alder - wisest, * alther - wysest,
altherwysest, a. Wisest of a.-.
" And trewly hit syt wele to be so ;
For altherwysest han therwith be plesyd."
Chaucer: 2'roiliis & Creseide, bk. i.
% There are many other similar compounds.
Al-der-a'-min, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A
fixed star of the third magnitude, called also
a Cej;ihei,
al'-der-man, s. [Xorthumbrian aldormon;
from A.S.' ealdor = an elder ; man = man ;
Ger. aldermann; Fris. alderman; generally
supposed to be from alder (older), and man,
alder being the comparative of the Anglo-
Saxon aid or eald. If so, then an alderman
is so called from being, as a rule, well-up
in years. But Dean Hoare thinks the term
means not alderman, but of all tlie men chief,
the alderman being the first in the council
after the mayor. [Alder, in composition.]
*■■ 1. In Saxon times : A person possessed of
an office of rank or dignity. The title Alder-
man of all England was applied to the first
subject of the reabn, and, as Rapiii informs
us, corresponded to our Grand Justiciary.
Other aldermen, or ealdermen, were governors
of counties ; hence the Englisli word earl
(See Hoare, pp. 94, 95.) Even kings were so
called, as, for instance, Cerdic, founder of
the kingdom of Wessex, and his son Cyniric.
Tlie office reached its higliest dignity about
the times of Ethelred and his son Edward.
Take to a shop, liehind a counter lie.
Dryden : Juv. Sat,
2. An apocalyptic "elder." (Rev. iv. 4, 10.)
" For amigells and arcangells all thei whit vseth,
And alle altlermen that bene ante tronum."
Piers Ploughman, 690-1.
3. One of the class of mnnicipal officers
ranking in dignity above the councillors, and
below tlie mayor, in the burghs of England
and Wales. In the corporation of London,
which was not included in the Burgh Reform
Act, the aldermen are elected for life. In
England and Wales they are elected for six
years, one half going out every three years.
They are elected by the corporation, and are
one-third part as numerous as the councillors.
In Ireland they arc elected by the distin-
guished citizens or burgesses. In Scotland
tlie word alderman is not in use, the corre-
sponding term there being baillie. Aldermen
(and baillies) exercise magisterial functions
like those discharged by justices of the peace.
"But elbows still were wanting : these, some say.
An alderman of Cripplegate contrived."
Cowper: Tai,k, bk i.
al'-der-nian-9y, s, [Alderman.] The func-
tion or office of an alderman.
al-der-man'-ic, ct. [Alderman.] Pertaining
or relating to an alderman, or to the office
which he fills.
*" al-der-mS-n'-i-ty, s. [Alderman.]
1. The behaviom- and mannei-s of an alder-
man.
" I would fain see an alderman in chimia ! that is, a
treatise of atdermanity, ti-uly written."— £e« Jonson :
ataple of Jfews, iii
2. The society or fraternity of aldermen.
" Thou [London] canst draw forth thy forces, and fight
The battles of thy aldermaniiy ;
Without the hazard of a drop of blood.
More than the surfeits in thee that day stood."
Ben Jonson : Underwoods; Speech ace. to Horace.
al'-der-man-like, a. [Eng. alderman; -like ]
Like an alderman.
al -der-man-ly, a. [Eng. alderman; -hj =
like.] Like an aldermaa ; pertaining to an
alderman ; as might be expected from an
alderman.
" Wanting an aldermaidy discretion." — Swift :
Miscetl,
al'-der-man-ry, s. [Alderman.] The dig-
nity or office of an alderman.
al-der - mgn - ship, s. [Eng. alderman;
-ship.] The same as Aldermanry.
al-dern, a. Made of alder.
"Then oMern boats first plowed the ocean.'
May : VtrgU,
Al'-der-neys, s.pl. [From Alderney, one of
the Channel Islands.] A designation given to
a breed of cattle, better termed Jerseys (q.v.).
'"aid fa-der, s. A father-in-law. [Eld-
father. ]
" Sir Alexander the atlnll thine aid fader bajie
The thare but grauut me to geve."
Alexander, ed. Stevenson, 5,376-7.
Al'-dine, a. [From Aldus Manutius, a cele-
brated printer who li^ed in
Venice in the sixteenth cen-
tury.]
1. Aldine Editions: Edi-
tions, chiefly of the classics, at
whicli emanated from the
})rinting-press of Aldus Manu-
tius mentioned above.
2. More recently the word
has been used for an edition
of the English poets, designed imprint of
to be of special excellence. aldus.
al'-dol, 3. [Eng. ald(ehyde) (alcoh)ol.]
Ch€m. : C4H8O2 = CH3.CH(OH).CH2.CHO.
A substance intermediate in its chemical
charaiturs between aldehyde and alcohol. It
is a colourless, syrupy liquid ; at 135" it is
converted into water and crotonic aldehyde.
It is obtained by the action of hydrochloric
acid at a low teiniierature on a mixture of
aldehyde and water.
Al'-dri-an, "^Al'-dry-an, s. [Corrupted
Aiabic] A star in the neck of the Lion (tlic
constellation Leo).
" Phebus hath left the angel luerydyonal,
And yit ascendyug was a best roial,
Thegeutil Lyoun, with his Aldryan."
Chaucer: C. T,, 10,577-9.
Al-dro-vS.n'-dine, a. [Named after Aldro-
vandi.] Pertaining to Ulysses Aldrovandi, a
celebrated Itahan naturalist (1527 — 1605).
Aldrovandi ltd (iirl : A name given by Mac-
gillivray to the Scops-eared Owl (Scops Aldro-
vandi). [ScoPS.]
^' al'-diir fa-dur, s [A S. aldefwder = a
grandfather.] An ancestor. ,
"... that wolde bone haue.
Thin alduifadur Alexandre."
Stevenson: Alexander, Api>end[x, 1,049-50.
ale, s. [A.S. aloth, alath, ealoth, ealath, eol-oth,
ealo, ealu, eala, eal; Dan. ah; Sw, 67; Dut.
eel; Ger. ael; Fr. ah, adopted from the Eng.;
Gael, leann, liomi, ol, 611, v.= to drink, s.=
drink, potations, drunkenness.]
1, An intoxicating liquor, made by infus-
ing malt in hot water, then fermenting the
liquid so formed, and adding a bitter, usually
hops. It differs from porter in having a less
proportion of roasted malt. It was the
favourite drink of the old Germans, the
Anglo-Saxons, the Danes, &c. The old Welsh
and Scots had two kuids of it, spiced and
common ale, the former being legally fixed
at twice the value of the latter.
" His breed, his ale, was alway after oon."
Chaucer: C. T., 343.
^ As a rule, beer is the term applied to weak
ale ; but in some parts of England this rule is
reversed, and the weaker liquor is called aU,
Medicated Ale is that in which medicinal
herbs have been infused or added dm-ing the
fermentiition.
* 2. A merry meeting in a rural district.
So called because the consumption of ale was
a prominent feature in such gatherings.
"Tha.tale ia festival, appears from its sense in com-
pobition ; as. among others, in the words Leet-a?fl,
Lanilxt/c, Wliitson-«?f, Clerk-a?/,-, luid Church-aie."—
Warton. Hist. Eng, Poetry, iii. 128, note.
" On ember-eves, and holy ales."
Shakesp.: Pericles, L, lutrod,
ale-bench, s. [Eng. aJe, and bench; A.a
calo-benr.] A bench either inside or outside
of a puljlic-hrxise.
boil, b^; poftt, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^t. ph = f.
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -sion. -{ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -clous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§l ; dre = der.
130
ale-berry— alembic
' . . . as he talketh now with you, so will he talk
■when he is on the ale-bench."— Bun^an: P. P., pt. i.
ale-berry, s. A beverage made by boiling
ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread ;
caudle, wami broth.
" Their ale-herries, cawdles, possets, each one,
Syllibuba made at the milking pale,
But what are composed of a pot of good ale."
BeauTTioTit and Fletcher.
ale-brewer, s. A brewer of ale.
"The summer-made malt brews ill, aud is disliked
by most of otir ale-brewers." — Morti-nier : Rusbandry.
* ale-conner, * ale-kenner, * ale-
foiinder, * ale-taster, s. [AU-conner or
Jcenner means one who knows what good ale
is.] One of four officers formerly chosen by the
liverymen of the City of London, in common
hall, on Midsummer Day, to inspect the mea-
sures used in public-houses, and ascertain that
they were of the proper legal capacity. Similar
officers existed also in other parts of England.
" Headborouehs, tithing-men, ale-conners, aud sides-
men are appointed, in the oaths incident to their
offices, to be likewise charged to present the offences
[of dT\mk.em\es6]."— Act of Pari. 21 Jac I., ch. 7.
* ale-cost, s. [Ale, and cost occurring in
the Eng, word costmary ; Lat. costum; Gr.
k6o-to5 X^^ostos) = an Oriental aromatic plant,
Costus sjKdosus.] An old English name of
the common costmary, Pyreflirum tanacetwin,
formerly called Balsa-mita vulgaris, a compo-
site plant. The appellation was given because
the plant was put into ale.
* ale-draper, s. A common designation
for an ale-house keeper in the sixteenth
century.
"Well, I get me a wife; with her a little money; when
we are married, seek a house we must ; no other occu-
pation have I hut to be au ale-draper." — H. Chettle:
Kind-harts Drearnes (ed, Rimbault), p. 37.
* ale-drapery, 5. The selling of ale.
"Two milch maydens that had set up a shoppe of
ale-drapers/." — H, Chettle; Kind-harts Dreame (ed,
Kimbault). p. 20.
ale-fed, a. Fed with ale.
ale-gallon, s. A gallon measure of ale.
In the United States and Canada, au ale-
gallon is to an imperial one, as 1*01695 to 1.
{States-man's Year-Boole.)
ale-giU, s. [Eng. ale; gill =gi-oimd-ivy.]
A liquor prepared by infusing the dried leaves
of ground-ivy in malt-liquor. It was reputed
abstersive and vulnerary, and was used in
disorders of the breast and in obstructions of
the viscera.
ale-house, s. [Eng. ale, and Jwuse ; A.S.
ealo, and Tuts.] A house in which malt liquor
(ale, beer, or porter) is sold, but no spirituous
liquors ; a beerhouse.
"They filled all the aZe-honses of Westminster aud
the Strand." — Macaulay : IJlst. Eng., ch. iii,
* ale-knight, s. A " knight " of the ale-
house ; one who frequents an ale-house, and is
its champion and defender.
" The old ale-knights of England were well depainted,
by Hanville, in the ale-house colours of that time." —
Camden.
ale measure, s. A liquid measure for
ale. (Ash.)
^ The ale or beer measure at present used
in Britain is the following : —
2 Pints = 1 Quart written 1 qt.
4 Quarts = I Gallon ,, 1 gal.
9 Gallons = 1 Firkin „ 1 fir.
18 Gallons = 1 Kilderkin ,, 1 kil.
3(3 Gallons = 1 Barrel ,, 1 bar.
1^ Barrel = 1 Hogshead ,, 1 hhd.
2 Hogsheads = 1 Butt „ 1 butt.
2 Butts = I Tun „ 1 tun.
ale-shot, s. A shot or reckoning to be
settled for ale purchased or consumed.
(Webster.)
'■■ ale-silver, s. A duty paid to the Lord
Mayor of Ldridon by the ale-sellers within the
City.
* ale-stake, s. A stake set as a sign
before an ale-house.
" As gret aa it were for an ale-stake."
Chaucer: The Proloffue, 6GQ.
* ale-taster, s. Formerly an officer ap-
pointed in every court leet, and sworn to
look to the assize and the goodness of bread,
and ale or beer, within the x>recincts of that
lordship. (Covjel)
ale-vat, s. [Eng. ale, and vat; A.S. ealo,
and feet.] A vat in which ale is fermented.
* ale-washed, a. Steeped or soaked in ale.
"... ale-washed wits." — ShaTcesp. : 1 Henry V., iii, fl.
A woman who keeps an
ale-wife,
ale-house.
" Ask Marian Hacket, the fat ale-wife of Wincot, if
she kno\v' me not." — Sluikesp. : Taming of the Sfirew ;
Induction, ii.
a-leak', a. [Eng. a = on ; lealc.'] Leaking.
a-lean'-ing, pr. par. or adj. [Eng. a = on ;
leaning.]
Poet. : Leaning.
" Weak Truth a-leaning on her crutch,"
Tennyson : To , B.
al'-e-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. aUatorius = pertaining
to a gamester ; ale-ator = a gamester ; alea — a
die or cube.] Pertaining to what is uncertain,
and as if dependent on the throw of a die.
Aleatory contract: A contract or au agree-
ment of which the eff'ects, whether they
involve gain or loss, depend upon an uncer-
tain event. (Civil Law.)
a-lec'-to, s. [From Alecto, one of the Furies.]
1. The Alecto of Leach, a genus of Star-
fishes, now more generally called by Lamarck's
name of Comatula (q.v.).
2. A genus of Polyzoa. Example, A. diclio-
ioma.
* a-lec'-tor, s. [Gr. iXeKToip (alektor) = a
cock: a, \n-iv. ,_a.nd. \4ktpov (hktron) =. hed ; or
t)\fc«TtiL)p (elektdr) = the beaming sun.]
Znol. .* Merrem's name for the birds of the
gallinaceous family CiucidEC. [Curassow.]
a-lec-tor'-i-a (1), s. [Lat. alectorius = per-
taining to a" cock.] [Alector.] A stone,
called also Alectorlus lapis, Alector olitlios, ani.!
Cock-stone, said by the ancients to be found in
the gizzards of old cocks. They attributed to
it many fabulous virtues.
a-lec-tor'-i-a (2), s. [Gr. aKcKrcop (alektor),
and aAeKTpog (a?e?c(ros) = unwedded ; a, priv.,
and KeKToov (lektron) = bed ; meaning that
nothing has been made out regarding the
male organs of fructification.]
Bot, : A genus of plants belonging to the
allianceLichenales,and the order Parnieliacea-.
The A. Arabutn is reported to be sedative ;
the A. usneoides may be used for the same
purpose as the Iceland Moss ; and the A.
Juhata, a British species found on fir-trees,
employed like archil for dyeing, (Lindley :
Veg. Kingd., 1847, pp. 47, 48.)
a - lee'- tor - 6 - mach -'y, a - lee- tr^- 6 -
mach-y, s. [Gr. aXe'KTwp (alektor) = a cock,
and /xaxv) (rtiache) = a fight.] A cock-hght.
a-lec-tru-ri'-nse, »■. pi. [Mod. Lat. alec-
trur(it-'^)j Lat. fern. pi. adj. suif. -inoi.] A
sub-family of Tyrannida: (q.v.). They arc
found in South America.
a-lec-tru'-riis (Mod. Latin), _a-lec'-trure
(Eng.), s. [Gr. aXeKTuip (aZe/ctof) = cock, and
ovpd (oura) =^ tiii) ]
Zool. : Cock-tails. The typical genus of the
sub-family of Birds called Alectrurinfe (q.v.).
The tail is long, compressed, and able to
be erected in so remarkable a way that the
circumstance has suggested the generic and
the popular names. Type, A. tricolor.
a-lec-tru'-rous, a. [Alectkurus.] Having
" a tail like that of a cock.
ar-lec'-try-6-man-9y, s. [Gr. aXenrpuMv
(alektruoii) = a cock, and ixavTeia (viantela) =
divination.] Imagined divination by means
of a cock. A circle being described upon the
ground, and divided into twenty-four equal
portions, each with a letter of the alphabet
inscribed in it, and a grain of wheat laid upon
the top of a letter, a cock was then turned
loose into the area, careful note being taken
as to what grains of wheat he ate. The letters
under the eaten grains were then made into a
word or words, and were supposed to be of
value for purposes of prophecy or divination.
The practice was said to have existed during
the declining period of the Eoman empire.
A-lec'-try-6n, s. [Gr. aXewTpuun/ (altklrvdn)
' — a cock. ] A name given by Longfellow to a
cock in a farm-yard.
" And, from out a neighbouring faxm-yard,
Load the coek Alectrt/on crowed."
Longfellow : Pegasus in Pouiul.
a-lede, s. [A.S. Uod = people, law.] Bule.
(Scotch.) i' i' >
' ' He taught him ioh a lede."~Sir Tristram, p. 22.
* ar-ledg'e-ment, s. [Prom Eng. ahggc (q.v.).]
Ease; relief. (Skinner: Diet.)
a-le'e, adv. [Eng. a = to, at, or on ; lee.]
Naut. : To or at that side of the vessel to-
wards which the wind is blowing. The helm
of ^ ship is alee when it is pressed closely to
the lee side of the vessel. When this is the
case the fact is intimated in the words,
"Helm's a?ec; " on hearing which the sailors
cause the head-sails to shake in the wind,
with the view of bringing the vessel about.
The order to put the helm alee is generally
given in the words "Hard alee," or "Lutf
ake." (Falconer: Marine Diet., &c,)
al'-e-gar, s. [Eng. aU and eager, in tlie sense
of sour ; Fr. aigre = sour.] [Eager.]
1. Properly : Sour ale ; the acid produced
when ale has undergone afeimentation similar
to that which converts alcohol into vinegar.
It is used by the makers of white lead, by
dyers, &c., instead of vinegar. (Dyche: Diet.)
2. Vinegar, from whatever source produced.
* ar-leg'e, v.t. [Alegge.]
* a-leg'-e-aun9e, t>. [Aleggeaunce. ]
* a-leg'-er, a. [Fr. alegre and alVegre; Lat.
alacer.] Sprightly, gay, filled with alacrity.
". . . do all condense the spirits, and make them
strong and al^ger." — Bacon: Jifat. Sist., Cent, viii.,
§738.
*a-leg'ge, *a-leg'e, v.t. [Fr. alUger = to
ligliten, to disburden, to relieve. In A.S.
alecgan, alecgean is = to lay down.] [Allay.]
1. To alleviate, to ligbten.
" The joyous time now uigheth fast,
That shall alegge this bitter blast,
And slake the winter aorowe."
Spenser: Sliepheards Calender; March.
2= To absolve from allegiance. (Scotch.)
"All bis liegis of alkyn greis
Conditiouiiys, statis, and qualiteia,
Levit and lawit alegit be
Of alkyn aith of fewtd." Wi/ntoun, ix, 20.
■** a-leg'ge, v.t. [Allege.]
^ a-leg -ge-aun9e, * a-leg'-e-aun^e, s.
[Alegge.] Alleviation.
" What hootes it him from death to be unbownd,
To be captived in eiidlesse duraunce
Of sorrow and despeyre without aleggeaunce."
Spenser: P. §., IIL, v. 42.
a-leg'-get, pa. par. [Alegge.] Alleviated,
allayed.]
" AUe the surgyens of salerne so sone ne couthen
Haue your langourea a-legget i leue for sotbe."
William (^ Palerne (Skeat ed.), 1,033-4.
* ale'-h6of, s. [A.S. ealo = ale ; heafod=^
head. In Dnt. eiloof is = ivy.] A plant, the
ground-ivy (Nepeta gUclioma). It was called
alehoof, as being among the old English the
chief ingredient in ale. [Alegill.]
"Alehoof, or ground-ivy, is, in my opinion, of the
most excellent and must general use and virtue, of
any plants we have among us." — Temple.
a-le'ide, pa. par. [A.S. alegd = deposed,.
frightened.] Abolished, put down.
" Pes among the piiple he put to the reaume,
A-leide alTe luther lawea that long had been ■usedJ'
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 5,240...
"^al'-ei§, s. Old spelling of Aloes.
*a-le'lve, v.t. Old form of Allevxate.
a-lem'-bic, * a-lem'-bike, .". [Fr.
ulavibique ; Sp. & Port, alamiique ; Ital. im-
Mcco; Arab, alan-
Mk: al= the; anbik
= a chemical ■\'es-
seL] A vessel made
of glass or copper,
which was formerly
used for distillation.
The lower part of it,
shaped like agom-d
(in Lat. cvcurbita),
was called in con-
sequence cucurbit ;
whilst the uiii)ri
part, which recei\ed
the steam and con- alembic.
densed it, was
named the head, and had a bealt,, which
was fitted into the neek of a receiver. The
alembic has now, in a large measure, given
place tu the retort and the worm-still.
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf, work, w^ho, son; mute. ciib. ciire, unite, cur. rule, -full; try. Syrian, se, ce — e. ey = a. e\F = u-
alemtorotli— alferes
131
- V^iols. croalets, and siiblimatories,
Coucurbites, and alemAUces eeke."
Chaucer: C. 2'., 12,721-2.
" This art the Arabian Geber taui<ht,
And in alembics, finely wrought,
Distilling herbs and flowers . . ."
Iiongfellow : Golden Legend, t
^l-em'-broth, s. [.Vrabic]
Alchemy : Alembroth, or salt of alembroth,
was (1) an alkaline salt believed, like the
celebrated alkahest [Alkahest], to bave the
power of dissolving bodies and promoting the
separation of metals from their ores. It con-
tained HCI2.2NH4CI.OH2. (2) A double salt
of corrosive sublimate and sal-ammoniac,
HgCl3(NH4Cl)2.HoO.
a-lengtll' (Eng.), a~lentll' (Scotch), adv.
[Eng. a = at or on ; length. ] At leng:th ; x\n-
folded to full length ; stretched out at full
length.
al-e-och'-a-ra (ch guttural), s. [From Gr.
dXfos (aleos) = warm ; a\ea (alea) = warmth,
heat : and x"'P'^ (chairo) — to rejoice ; x^^poi-
{c/iara) = joy.] A genus of beetles belonging
to the section Braehelytra and the family
Tachyporidae. Some species deposit their
eggs in rotten turnips, and the larvge, when
liatched, feed afterwards in large numbers on
the decaying bulbs.
* al'-eois, s. Old form of Alleys (?).
Mint. Arch. : Loopholes in tlie walls of a
fortified building through which arrows might
be discharged.
a-lep'-i-dote, s. [Gr. a, priv., and \enis
(lepis), geuit. XevlBos (lepidos) = a scale ; XtTrw
(hpo) = to strip off' a rind or husk.] Any fish
without scales.
a-lep-6-9epli'-a-lus» s. [Gr. i, priv., Actt/V
(lepis) = scale, and xe^aAtJ (kephcde) = head.
Having the head bare of scales.] A genus of
fishes belonging to the order Malacopterygii
Abdominales, and the family Esocida (Pikes).
Type, A. rostratiis, from the Mediterranean.
cil'-er^e, s. [Sp. alercc = the larch-tree ; from
Lat. IfiTix; Gr. Xaptf (larix)=.the larch (Larix
europtea.'] The Spanish name for the European
larch and the American species of the Pine
family akin to it.
" Ou the higher parts, brushwood takes the place of
larger trees, with here and there a red cedar or an
alerce pine. ' — Barwijj. : Voyage round tlie World, ch.
xiii.
al-ert', adj. & s. [Fr. alerte ; Sp. alerto ;
' Ital. all' erta = on the watch ; erta — liill,
declivity; stare all' erta = to stand on one's
guard (lit. , on the hill) ; erto — steep, upright ;
Lat. erectus = upright, erect, lofty ; pa. par.
ot'erigo = to put up straight, to erect.]
A, As adjective:
1. Watchful, vigilant ; not to be thrown off
one's guard.
"The inalecontents who were leagued with France
wvi-v niart and full of \\0]i6." —Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. XV.
2. Brisk, sprightly, quick in movement,
and flippant in speech and conduct.
"I saw an alert young fellow that cocked his hat
upon a friend of his, and iiccosted hlin. "Well, Jack,
the old prig is dead at last.' "—Addison : Spectator.
B. --Is s^ibstantive : Watch. ,
Oil the alert : On the watcli, on one's guard ;
ready in a moment to start 'ip and act. (Used
specially of a militar.y or civil watch, but also
of a political party, or of an individual, &c.)
" Nestor gives the watch an exhortation to be on
tJie alert, and then re-enters within the trench. "—
Qladatone: Studies on Homer, vol. iii., 35, 3G.
.T.-lerf -ly, adv. [Eng. alert, -ly.] In an alert
manner, briskly.
al-ert'-ness, s. [Aleut.] Cheerfnluess in
undertaking work ; alacrity ; sprightliness.
"... in energy, alertness, and discipline, they
were decidedly superior to their opponents,"— -l/o-
caulay : Hist. JSng., eh. xx.
a-le-tlli-6l'-6-gy, *. [Gr. a\ri9eLa (alethei")
= truth ; -ology.\
Logic : That part of logic which treats of
truth and eri'or, and lays down rules for their
discrimination. {Haviilton : Logic, iv, 69.)
^l-e'-tris, s. [From Gr. a\etap (aleiar) —
wheaten flour, the plants being powdered
over with a kind of mealy-looking dust ; aAew
(alco) = to griud,] A genus of North American
plants belonging to the order Hseniodoraceie
(Blood-roots). The A. farinaa is the most
intense bitter known. In small dnses it is a
tonic and stomachic, and has been found use-
ful in chronic rheumatism. In large doses it
produces nausea and vomiting.
t al-ett'e, s. [Fr., dimin. of aile = a wing.]
Arch. : A small wing ; a jamb or door-post ;
the face of tlie pier of an arch ; the border of
a panel which overshoots a pilaster.
^l-eiir-i'-te^, ^\ [In Fr. aleurit; Gr. aAeupirvjs
(aleurites) — made of wheaten flour.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Euphorbiaceae (Spurge- worts). The best
known species is the A. triloha, which grows
in the Moluccas, in India, and elsewhere.
The nuts are believed to be aphrodisiac. Thu
Tahitians chew the scummy substance whicl.
exndes from the seeds.
S-l-eiir-o'-def, a. [Aleyrodes.]
al-eiir'-o-inaii-^y, s. [Gr. aX^vpofiavTcloi
(aleuromanteion) = divination from flour ■
aXevpov (aUuTOii), generally in the \A. a\evpo
(aleura) = flour, and {jiavTeCa (manfc/i') = divi-
nation.] Divination by means of the floui
with which the victim was besprinkled.
Sl-eiir-om'-e-ter, s. [Gr. dKevpov (aleuran)
= fine flour, and Eng. meter.] An instrument
for ascertaining the bread-making qualities
of wheaten flour.
lil-eur'-dne, i>. [Gr. aXevpov (akaron) = fine
flour.]
Cheni. : A name for the protein granules
found in the endosperm tif ripe seeds and in
the cotyledons of the embryo.
'^ a-lev'-on, u,. Old form of Eleven.
'* a-lew, s. [Halloo.] A clamour, outcry,
howling, lamentation.
"Yet did she not lament, with loud a?i'w
As women wont, but with deep sighs and sinffulfs few."
Spemer: F.Q., V. vi. 13.
ale'-wife, a-l6of (pi. alewives or aloofs), s.
[North Amer. Indian.]
Zool. : Chipea scrrata, an American fish of
the Herring genus.
Al-ex-and'-er» s. [La.t. Alexanaer ; Gr. 'AAtf-
av6po<; (Alexandron). (1) The original name
of Paris, who figured in the siege of Troy. It
was given because of his success in defending
the shepherds of Mount Ida, among whom he
was brought up, against robbei-s and wild
beasts. From a.\e'f u (alexo) — to ward or keep
off; a.v>]p(ancr), genit. av8p6v (avdros) = a ma.n :
" defending men." (Liddell & Scott.) (2) The
world-renowned Alexander of Macedon, born
B.C. 356, died B.C. 3'2S. (3) A multitude of
other men in ancient and modern times called
after the Maci;donian king.]
.Alexander's foot, s. [Named after No.
2.] The name of a plant; the Pellitory.
{Skinner.) [Pellitory.]
al-ex-and.'-er§;, s. [A con-uption of Lat.
olusatrii m, the specific name of the plant ; from
Lat. olus — kitchen herb, and atrnm = black.]
The English name of the Smyrnium olusa-
trum, a plant of the order Apiacea; (Umbelli-
fers). It is from three to four feet high, with
bright yellow-green, slightly aromatic, leaves
and flowers of the same colour in dense round
umbels. It is most frequently found near
the sea. It was formerly cultivated instead
of celery.
Al-ex-an'-dra, s [The feminine form of
Alexander.]
1. Rom. Hist. : One of the nurses or attend-
ants of the Emperor Nero.
2. Eng. History: Wife of Albert Edwai-d,
Prince of Wales, and eldest daughter of
Christian IX. of Denmark.
3. Astron.: An asteroid, the 54th found.
It was discovered by Goldschmidt, on the
11th of April, 1S58.
Xl-ex-an'-dri-an, Al-ex-an'-drine, a.
k s. [From the name of Alexander the Great. ]
A. [From Lat. Alexandrinus = pertaining
to Alexandria, the maritime capital of Egypt,
named after Alexander the Great, its founder.]
L As adjective :
1. Gen. : Pertaining to Alexandria.
Bot. : The Alexandrian laurel. A popular
name for the Ruscvs racemosus, which is not
a lam-el at all, but an aberrant member of
the LUiaceai, or Lily family. [Ruscos.]
2. Hist.: Pertaining to the celebrated school
of Alexandria, or some one of the philosophies
which emanated thence.
Alexandrian School of Philosophy. In a
gejteral soise: The teaching of the series of
philosophers who lived in Alexandria nearly
from the commencement of the dynasty of
the Ptolemies on to the early centuries of the
Ch]-istian era. Specially, the teaching of the
Neo-Platonists, who attempted to spiritualise,
hannonise, and modify for the better the
several pagan faiths and philosophies, with
the Aaew, among other results, of raising a
barrier against the advance of Christianity.
[Keo-Platonists.]
IL As substantive :
1. A native, or, more loosely, an Inhabitant
of Alexandiia.
2. A person attached to one of the Alexan-
drian philosophies.
3. The same as B., I. (q.v.).
B. [From a kind of verse used in a French
poem on the life of Alexander the Great,
published in the twelfth century. (In Fr.
alexandrin ; Sp. & Port, alexandrino.).}
I. As s\ihstantive :
Prosody : A kind of verse consisting of
twelve syllables, or of twelve and thirteen
syllables alternately. It is much used in
French tragedies. English alexandrines liave
twelve syllables. The last line from Pope
quoted below is an example of one.
" Our numhera should, for the most part, he lyrical.
For variety, or rather where the majesty of thougjht
reiiuii'es it, they may be stretched to the English
henjic of five feet, and to the French Alexandrine of
iiix."—Dryden.
" Then, at the last ajid only couplet, fraught
With some uiimeanmg thing they call a thought ;
A needless Alexandrine ends the song ;
That, like a wounded snalce, drags its slow length
along." Pope: Essay on Criticism..
II. As adjective: Pertaining to an Alexan-
drine; having twelve syllables.
Alexandrian-judaic, a. Pertaining
to or emanating from tlie ]iowerful Jewish
colony long resident in ancient Alexandria.
"... the Alexandrian- judiac theology."—
■ StrauM : Life of Clirist, Trans, lb46, vol. i., § 46.
al-ex-an'-drite, s. [Named after Alex-
ander I. , Czar of Russia. ]
Min. : A variety of chrysobeiyl, of a green
colour by daylight or magnesium light, but
an amethyst colour by gas or candle light.
It is an aluminate of glucina. It is ortho-
rhombic. Hardness, 85 ; sp. gr., 364. Lustre
I'itreous, transpaient. Found in the Ural
Mountains. '
al-ex-i-pharm'-ic, al-ex-i-pharm'-i-
cal, * ^l-ex-i-pharm'-a-cal, it. & s. [In
Fr. alexipharmaque, adj. & s. ; Sp. and Port.
ohxi^'harmaco, ad.j. ; Lat. alexipharmakon ;
Gr. a\e^L^6.pfiaKos (aUxipharmokos), fr. aXe^m
(alex6)= to ward off; <{>a.pfj.aKOv (x^harmakon)
= meilicine, drug, remedy,]
A, As adjective : Constituting an antidote
against poison.
" Some antidotal quality it may have, since not only
the hone in the hart, hut the hotn uf a deer, in alexi-
pharmacal." — Browne : Vulgar Erronm.
"A prosperous condition hath such a secret poison
in it, as against which no medicine hath heen suffi-
ciently alexipharmacal." — Pierce: Serm., 29th May,
1661, IJ. 1-2,
B. As
poison.
: An antidote against
S,l-ex-i-ter'-i~al, al-ex-i-ter'-ic, al-ex-
i-ter-i-cal, a'. His. [In Fr. aUxitere, adj. &
s. ; Port, alexlterio : from Gr. aA6^i)T^pLos
(alexetcrios) = able to keep or ward off, from
aAe'^w (alexo) = to ward oft'.]
A. -4s oxljective: Acting, or at least given
as an antidote against poison.
B. As substantive : An antidote against
poison.
' al'-ey, s. [Alley.]
al-ey-ro'-des, s. [Gr. dXeupMitir (aleurodes)^
like flour : 6.l\tvpov (aleuroii) = wheaten flour ;
eZiSo? (ados) = form, appearance.] A genus of
insects of the family Aphidae, of which one
species, the A. prohtellcc, is often fomid in
large numbers on cabbage, brocoli, &c.
*al-fer'-es, * al-faiy-es, s. [0. Sp. alfer&i;
Sp. alferez = a.ii ensign, from Arab, al-fdris
aoil, Do^; poilt, j6wl; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; ~§lon, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = hel, del ; dre = der.
132
alfet— Algiabarii
(al = the, and filris = a horseman).] An en-
sign or standard bearer.
*' It may be said to have been adopted for a time as
au English word, bemg in use in ouv lumy duriiig the
civil wars of Charles I. In a MS. iu the Harleian Col-
Jeution, No. 0,804, §90, among papers of that period, it
is often repeated. 'Alfcres John Manueriug, ^Vce*
Arthur Carrol,' &e. " — jVtires.
*al-fet, s. [Low Lat. alfetvm, from O.E. dl =
burning, and f<Et = vat.] Tlie caldron used in
the ordeal of boiling water.
* a! -fin, * al-fyn, «. [Alphyn.]
Xl-fon'-si-a, s, [Named after Alphonso
Esterse, Duke of Ferrara.]
Bot. : An old genus of palms belonging to
the section Cocoin?e. It is now nierged in
Elieis (q.v.). One species, the A. a-mygdalino,,
has been computed to have as many as
207,000 male flowers in a spathe. (Lindley :
Veg. King., p. 134.)
* al-f ri-dar'-i-a, * ai'-frid-a-ry , s. [Deriv.
uncertain, prob.'Arab.]
Astral.: "A temporary power which the
planets have over the life of a person. " (Kersey. )
"I'll flnde the cuspe, and alfndaria"
Albiimazar, iii Dodsley, vii. 171.
ar-ga (pi. al'-gse), s. [Lat. ~ sea- weed.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Sea-weed.
"Garlanded with alga or sea-grass."
Ben Jonson : Masque of Blackness (Introd.).
2, Bot. : Any plant of the Algales.
S-l-ga'-ge-se, al'-gse, &. i>L [Alga.]
Bot. : An order of flowerless plants belong-
ing to the class Thallogens, and containing
/M^5
GROUP OF ALG^.
1. Diatoms. 2. Protococeus. 3. Spirogyra, 4, Fucus,
5. Coiiceptacle of Fqcus, e. Oogonium. 7. Antheridial
branch. 8. Oosphere with antherozoids. d.Sargassum
baccif''-rum.
what are commonly denominated Sea-weeds,
with other allied species. Lindley elevates
the Algte into an alliance called Algales,
which lie divides into five orders. [Algales.]
al-gse-ol'-o-g^, &c. [See Algology and its
derivatives.]
^I'-gal, a. & s. [Alga.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to sea-weeds, or to
the botanical order of Algse.
"By clearing off the algal growth." — Tate: British
Mollusks, iv, 185.
B As subst. : Any individual of the Algales
(q.y.).
" In many apjals the cellular spores are surrounded
by cilia."— ]e«ci/c. Brit. (9th ed.), v. n'j
algal-alliance, s.
Bot : The Algales (q.v.).
&l-ga'-les, s. pi. [Lat. alga = a. sea-weed.]
[Aloa.]
Bot. : An alliance of plants, belonging to
the class Thallogens, and consisting of Sea-
weeds and their allies. The species are
flowerless, without proper leaves, hut the
higher species have lobed fronds formed of
njiiform cellular tissue, and the sporules con-
tained in thecie. The alliance contains five
orders : Diatomaceas, Confervaceee, Fucacey^
(fhe typical one), Ceramiaeei£, and Characeffi
(q.v.). Another division given of them is
into Melanospermeffi, or olive-spored ; Khodo-
spermeffi, or rose-spored ; and Chlorospernie!!:',
or green-spored. In 1827, Lindley estimated
the known species at 1,094. The most highly-
organised and typical of the Algales inhabit
the ocean, their geograpliical distribution in it
being marked, like that of plants on land ;
others occur in freshwater, and some on damp
soil, rocks, walls, or glass.
al-ga-ro'-ba, s. [From Algarroho, a town in
Andalusia: or from Arab, c/ = the ; kJiarronh
= carob-tree.]
1. The earob-trce, C<'ratonia siliqua, which
is one of the Cajsalpinieit. [Carob.]
2. Certain South American species of Pro-
sopis, belonging to the sub-order Mimosete.
"... where there is a tiny rill of water, with -a
little vegetation and even a tew algarroba trees, a
kind of rQiTunso.." —Darwin : Voyage round the World,
ch. xvi.
algaroba bean, s. The name given to
the pods of the Ceratonia sU'tqua, which are
imported from Spain.
al'-gar-6t, al'-gar-oth, s. [Either Arabic
or named after its inventor, Algarotti, a
physician of Verona.]
Chem. : The name of an emetic powder. It
is a pale fawn-coloui'ed crj'stalline precipitate,
consisting of a compound of trichloride and
trioxide of antimony obtained by pouring
antimonous chloride, SbCl^, dissolved in HCl,
into water. Alkaline solutions dissolve out
the chloride and leave the oxide.
al'-gat, * al-gate, * al -gates (Eng.),
^ al -gait» * ^I'-ga-tis (:Si:otch), adv. [A. S.
al-geats = always, altogether ; al = all, whole,
and geat, gat = a. gate, door, opening, or gap.]
[Gait, Gate ; Agate, Agates, Agatis.]
1, Always, continually, at all times, under
all circumstances.
" That he was deed er it was hy the morwe ;
And thus algates housbondes had sorwe."
Chaucer: C. 7"., 6,337-8.
2. Altogether, wholly.
"And how and whan it schulde harded he,
"Which is unknowe algat unto me."
Chaucer: C. T., 10,559-60.
' ' Cristea cm^ mot thou have, brother art thou myn ;
And if I schal algate be beteu anon,
Cristea curs mot thoii have, hut thou be that oon."
Chaucer: C. T., 114^116.
3. In any way, by any or by all means, on
any terms.
" Alisandrine algate than after (that) throwe
Bi-thought hire feel busily howe beat were to werche
To do William to wite the wille of hire lady."
William of Paleme, Skeat's ed., 649—651.
4. Certainly, of a truth, verily, indeed,
" And seyd, ' My fadyr euer la=itj'ng,
Shall my dere sone dye algate ? "
Bonaventura. 698, 699.
5. Nevertheless.
" But if thou algate lust light virelayea.
And looser songs of love to underfoug,
^Vho but thy aelfe deserves sike Poetes prayse ? '
Spenser: Shep. Cal., xi.
al'-gaz-el, s. [Arab, dl = the ; gazl = gazelle.]
The'name given to a species of antelope, the
AntilopeBezoartica, inhabiting Western Africa,
in the vicinity of the Niger and in Gambia.
It is about 5 feet 2 inches long, and 3 feet 5
inches high. The horns are separate from
each other. They are about 3 feet long, and
have their lower half annulated with thirty-
six rings.
Al'-ge-bar, s. [Arab. ai = the; gehar; Heb.
liaa or laa (gibbor) = brave, strong, energetic.
Used in Gen. x. of a hunter : "iij {gablw.r,
gabher) =to be strong or brave.] A poetic
name for the constellation Orion, viewed as
resembling a strong man or a hunter,
" Begirt with many a blazing star,
Longfellow : OccuUation of Orion.
*f[ In using the expression "Occultation of
Orion," Longfellow explains that he speaks
not astronomically, but poetically. He is well
aware that Orion cannot be occulted, but only
the individual stars of Avhich it is composed.
al'-ge-bra, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., Ger.,
Sp., Poii., and Ital. algebra; Ft. algebre.
Evidently all from Arabic. Many etymologies
from this language have been given. It has
1 iLcu taken from the Arabic phrase, al jebr e al
mnkabalah = restoration and reduction (Peiiiij/
Cyclo.). This view is essentially adopted by
Wedgwood, who spells the phrase eljabr wo, el
mogdbala, and renders it = the putting together
of ' parts, and equation.] What Sir Isaac
Newton termed universal arithmetic. The
department of mathematics which enables one,
by the aid of certain symbols, to generalise,
and therefore to abbreviate, the methods of
solving questions relating to numbere. It
was not till a late period that the Greeks be-
came acquainted with algebra, the celcbratea
treatise of Diophantus not having appeared
till the fourth centuiy, A.D. The science
came into Western Europe through the Arabs,
who probably derived it from the Hindoos. It
conducts its operations by means of alpha-
betical letters standing for symbols of num-
bers, and connecting signs (+ — , &c.) repre-
sentative of arithmetical processes. Of the
letters, those near the commencement of the
alphabet — a, b, c, d, &c. — generally stand for
known quantities ; and those towards its end —
X, y, and z — for unknown ones. One of the
most important operations in algebra is the
solution of what are called equations — a beau-
tiful and interesting process which, without
tentative guesses of any kind, fairly reasons
out the number or numbers for which one or
more unknown quantities stand.
" The Greek Algebra was as nothing iu comparlsoD
with the Greek Geometrj' ; the Hindu Geometry was
an little woithy of comparison with tlie Hindu
Algebra."— Calcutta Seview, Ji. (1840), p. 540.
Double Algebra : A term introduced by Prof.
De Morgan for a kind of algebra, which he
thus dettnes : —
" Signification of Symbols in Double Algebra..
—This particular mode of giving significance
to symbolic algebra is named from its mea,n-
ings requiring us to consider space of two
dimensions (or area), whereas all that ordinary
algebra requires can be represented in space of
one dimension (or length). If the name be
adopted, ordinary algebra must be called
-De Morgan : Trigonom. ojid Double
t(1849), c. v., p. 117.
al-ge-bra'-ic, al-ge-bra'-i-cal, a. [Eng.
algebra; -ic. liiFoTt. algehralco.]
1. Gen. : Relating to algebra ; containing
operations of algebra.
"In the case of algebraic reasoning. ." — Her-
bert Spencer, 2nd ed., vol. it, p. 19, § 28L
"Its algebraical conditions will be the following."
— Airy on Sound (1868), p. 44.
2. S^jec. ; Ha\ang but a finite number of
terms, each term containing only addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and ex-
traction of roots, the exponents of which are
given. (In this sense it is opposed to tra'tis-
cendental.)
Algebraic tniri^e: A curve, the equation of
which contains no transcendental quantities ;
a figure, the intercepted diameters of which
bear always the same proportion to their
respective ordinates. *
Algebraic signs: Symbols such as -h (plus)
the sign of addition ; — (minus) that of sub-
traction ; X or . that of multipheation ; -i- that
of division ; and ( ) implying that the
quantities within parentheses are to be treated
as if they were but a siugle one.
al-ge-bra'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Algebraic] By
the process or processes used in algebra.
"... this, however, has not been proved alge-
braically."—Airy 071 Sound (1868), p. 122.
al-ge-bra'-ist, s. [Eng. algebra ; -ist. In
Ger. and Dut. algebraist.] One who is pro-
ficient in algebra.
"... the synthetick and analytick methods ol
geometricians and algebraists . . ."— Watts : Logic.
3,l-ge-bra'-ize, r. t [Eng. algebra; -ize.] To
reduce to an algebraic form, and to solve by
means of algebra.
Al-gei'-ba, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed
star of the second magnitude, called also 7"^
Leonis.
" al'-gen, v.t. [Halgen.]
Al'-gen-ib, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed
st:ir of the second magnitude, called also 7
Pegasi.
Al-ger-i'ne, a. & s. [From Algiers, in the
north of Africa, now the capital of Algeria.]
I. As adjective : Pertaining to Algiers.
IL As substantive : A native of Algiers.
al'-ger-ite, s. [From Mr. Francis Alger, an
American mineralogist.] A mineral, a variety
of Scapolite, which is reduced by Dana under
AVeruerite, though he has a Scapolite group
of Unisilieates. He considers algerite as an
altered scapolite, allied to pinite. It occurs
in New Jersey.
Al-gi-a-bar'-i-i, s. [From the Arabic] A
Mohammedan sect who attribute all the actions
of men, whetlier they be good or evil, to the
agency of God. They are opposed to the
Alkadarii (q.v.).
i&te, fat, fare, amidst, x^hat, f^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or^ wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; miite, cub, ciire, i.inite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, sb, ce = e. ey = a. ew = u-
algid— alienate
133
from Lat algidits.]
t al'-gid, a. [In Fr. algide ;
Cold. (Coles.)
al-gid'-i-ty, al'-gid-ness, i*. [From Lat.
algidu^ = uold.] Coldness.
"Algidity, algor."— CoZes; Eng. and Lat. Diet,
Sl-gir-ic, a. [Lat. algificus; from algvs =
cold, and /ftcio = to make.] Producing cold.
(Johnson.)
al-god'-on-ite, s. [Named after the silver
mine of Algodones, near Coquimbo, in Chili,
where it is found.] A lustrous mineral, con-
sisting of 83-50 parts of copper, and 16-50 of
arsenic ; found both in North and South
America.
Al'-gol, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed stai-
in Medusa's head, in the constellation Per-
seus. It is called also 0 Persei. It is techni-
cally of 2^ magnitude ; but really varies in
brilliancy from the 2nd to the 4th magnitude
in 3^ hours, remaining thus for about 20
minutes. In 3^ houra more it is again of
the 2nd magnitude, at which it continues for
2 days 13 hours, after which the same series
of changes takes place again.
SJ.-go-log'-ic-al, a. [Eng. algolog(y); -ical]
Pertaining to algology.
al-gol'-o-gist, s. [Eng. algolog(y); -'1st.]
One who studies algae ; one versed in algolojiy.
al-gol'-o-gy, s. [Lnt. alg(a) ; suff. -ology.]
Bot. : The study of Alg*.
al'gor, s. [Lat. cdgor = coldness.]
Med. : Any abTunmal coldness in the bodv.
(Parr : London Med. Diet., 1809.)
Xl-gor-es, s. [Corrupter! Arabic] A star of
the third^nagnitude, called also 5 Corvi.
* &r-gor-ithm, * al'-g6r-i§m, * 3,l'-g6r-
i^me, * al'-grim, s. [Arab.] Aritluuetic ;
numerical coniputation. [Awqrim.]
"He[Gerbert] certaiuly was the first who brought
the alc/orithm from the Saracens, and who illUBtrated
It with suuli rules »s the most Btudiouu in that Bcieuci;
canuot explaiu." — Warton : Mitt, o/ Eng. Poetry, Ui. 46.
* 3«l''g6se, a. [Not from Lat. algosus = abound-
ing in sea-weed, but from alqor or algus =
coldness ; algeo = to be cold, to leel cold, j
Full of cold ; very cold. (Johnson.)
al'-gous, a. [Lat. algosus — full of, abound-
ing in sea-weed ; alga = sea-weed.] Pei-tain-
Ing to sea-weed ; abounding in sea-weed ;
resembling sea- weed.
al'-guaz'-il, s. [Sp. algiiacil ; Arab, al = the,
and wazir = an officer, a lieutenant, a vizier.]
In Spain : An inferior officer of justice,
whose duty it is to see the decision of a judge
carried into execution ; a constable.
" The eorregidor, iu consequence of my infomiatiun,
has sent this alguazil to anpreheud you." — Smollett :
Gil Bias.
dl'-gum, al'.-miig, &. [Heb., pi. D'Qi3b«
(algummim), 2 Chron. ii. 7, 10, 11, and with
the letters transposed, D^apbw (alinnggivi),
1 Kings X. 11, 12. According to Max Miiller,
from the Sanscrit word valguka = sandal-
wood ; fca is a termination, and valgn has
almost the sound of algum.'] The wood, ap-
parently sandal-wood, which Solomon and
Hiram's mariners brouglit from Ophir, pro-
bably at the mouth of the Indus, along with
gold, ivorj', apes, and peacocks. The terms
for apes and peacocks, like that of algum, and
the corrupted form almug, are primarily of
Sanscrit origin ; and there can be no doubt
that they were brought directly or circuit-
ously from India, and seemingly from Malabar.
(See Max Miiller's Science of Language.) [San-
dal-wood, Ape, Pkacock.]
al-hag'-i, s. [Arabic] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Fabaceai (Leguminous
Plants), and the sub-order Papilionacea;. It
contains the Camel -thorns, A. camelorwm, A.
Tnaurorum, &c. They are, as the name im-
plies, thorny plants, which are found in the
desert, and afford food to the camel as he
traverses those wastes. Several species of
Camel's-thorn, allied to A. mauT07~iim, pro-
duce a kind of manna in Persia and Bokhara,
but not, it is said, in India, Arabia, or Egypt.
[Manna.]
Al-ham -bra, 5. [Arab. = a red house.] The
palace and fortress of the Moorish sovereigns
of Grenada, in Spain. It was built in the
year ofthcHcgira ii7'=A.D. 1273. Extensive
and splendid ruins of it still exist.
" He pass'd the Alhambra'a calm and lovely bowers.
Where slept the glistening leaves and folded flowers."
Jieimms: The Abencerrage, c. 1.
al-ben'-na, s. [Arab, al = the, a.nd Jbenna.]
[Henna.]"
al'-i~as, adv., s., & a'lj. [Lat. adv. = other-
wise.]
A, -^5 an adverb :
Law: A term used to indicate the various
names under which a penion who attempts to
conceal his true name and pass undei- a ficti-
tious one is ascertained to have passed during
the successive stagi.--s of his career.
^ Used in a similar sense iu ordinary lan-
guage.
"Nor Verstegan, alias Rowly, [had ■' undertook '=
undertaken] the confidence to render well-nigh all thi
B. As a substantive :
1. A second name, or more probably one of
a string of names, assumed by a member of
the criminal classes to render his identifica-
tion difficult.
"... forced to assunie every week new aliases
and new disguises." — Macanln i/ . Hist. Eng , ch. xxi.
* 2. Formerly : A second wTit or execution
issued against a person when the first had
failed of its effect. The first was called a
capias, requiring the sheriff of some county to
take a certain person that he might be sued
on a specified (.barge. If the answer were
Non est invenUis (lie is not found), then an
alias writ went forth in which these words
occuri'ed, Sicut alias prcecipimus (as we have
fonnerly commanded you). If this failed, a
pluries writ followed. [Pluries.] (Black-
stone's Comment, bk. iii., ch. 19; also Appen-
dix, p. XV.; bk. iv , ch. 24,) It was abolished
by 15 and 16 Vict, c. 7t5, § 10.
C. As adjective : In a similar sense to B. 2,
as " an alias writ."
S-l'-i-bi, s. [In Lat. not a substantive, but an
adverb ^ elsewhere, in another place.]
ifiiy; A plea that the person accused of
liaving committed a crime, perpetrated, of
course, at a certain place, coidd not possibly
have done what was laid to his charge, inas-
much as he was "elsewhere" at the time
when the breach of the law occurred. If he
substantiate this, he is said to prove an alibi.
"... characteristically negligent in taking stops
to verify the aliH which he had set up." — Daily Tele-
graph, 8th Oct., 1877.
t 3,r-i-ble, a. [Lat. alibilis, from alo = to
nourish.] That may be nourished. (Johnson.)
- al'-i-c3.nt, * &l'-i-cS>nt, * fil'-i-g3,uiit,
'^ al'-li-g^t, s. [Named from Alicante, a
province and fortified city in Spain.] A kind
of wine said to be made near Alicant from
mulberries. (Narcs. ) [Allegant. ]
"You'llblood three pottles of alicant, by this light,
if you follow them."— 0. PL, in. 252.
"... as the emperor had eoramanded, the wine
(as farre as my judgement gave leave) being aUigant."
—.Sir Thomas Smith : Voyage to Kussia (1605).
^l-i-da'-da, ^'-i-dade, s. [In Sp. alidada,
from Arab.'] "The label or ruler that moves
on the centre of an astrolabe, quadrant, or
other mathematical instrument, and carries the
sight." (Blount: Glossog., 1719.)
a'-li-en, a. & s. [In Ital. alieno, from Lat.
alienus = (1) belonging to another person or
thing not one's own ; (2) not related, foreign,
strange ; (3) unsuitable ; (4) hostile ; (5) dis-
eased in body or mind ; fr. alius = another. ]
A. As adjective :
1. Of foreign extraction ; having been bom
or had its origin in another coimtry ; or
simply foreign. (Used specially of man, the
Inferior animals, plants, or countries.)
"... no honourable service which could not be
JLS well performed by the natives of the realm as by
alien mercenaries." — Macaiilay : Ifist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
" The mother plant admires the leaves unknown
Of alien trees, and apples not her own." — Dryden.
" Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave
On alien shores." Tennyson : TJie Lotos-eaters.
Alien Priories: Priories filled solely by
foreign monks. These were suppressed in
the time of Henry V., and the lands given to
the crown. They were not again revived in
Britain. (Blackstone: Comment, bk. iv., ch. 8.)
2. Foreign, with the added sense of being
estranged from in nature or affection.
3. Estranged from ; averse to ; hostile to,
wlieresoever born. (Used of persons.)
" Oft with its fiery force
HiB arm had quelled the foe,
And laid, resistless, in its course.
The alien armies low." — J. Montgomery.
^ In this sense used with from or to.
"The sentiment that arises is a conviction of the
deplorable state of nature to which sin reduced us ; a
weak, ignorant creature, alien from God and goodness,
and a prey to the great destroyer," — Rogers : Sermoii.
4. Incongrous with ; inconsistent with ; not
fitted to liarmonise or amalgamate with ; in
contrariety to the genius of; adverse to.
(Used of things.)
"To declare my mind to the disciples of the fire, by
a similitude not alien from, theii' profession." — Boyle.
B. As substantive :
L Ord. Lang. : One born in another country
than that in which he now resides ; a foreigner.
". . . for he said, I have been an alien in a
stiange land." — Exod. xviii. 3.
"Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses
to aliens." — Lam. v. 2.
^ It is sometimes followed by from or to.
". . . being aliens from, the commonwealth of
Isi-ael." — Ephes. ii. 12.
" The lawgiver condemned the persons, who sat idle
m divisions dangerous to the government, as alienn to
the coinmimity, and therefore to be cut ofl" from it" —
Addison: Freeholder.
n. Technically:
Lauj : A person born out of the British em-
pire, and whose father is not a British subject.
The whole body politic may be divided into
three classes : natural-born subjects, consti-
tuting the great mass of the people ; aliens,
or foreigners residing in Britain, but not
naturalised ; and denizens, who are naturalised
aliens. The children of aliens, if the former
are born in Britain, are denizens. Formerly an
alien could neither purchase nor inherit landed
property, and in commercial matters he was
taxed more heavily than natural -born subjects.
(Blackstone's Commentyhk. iv., ch. 10.) By the
Act 7 and 8 Vict., c. 66, passed in 1844, Viirious
restrictions on aliens were swept away.
alien ami, or amy, s. [Fi-. ami —
friend.] [See Alien-friend.]
alien-duty, s. The duty or tax formerly
paid by aliens on mercantile transactions in
larger measure than by natural-born subjects.
alien-enemy, 5. An alien belonging to
a country with which Britain is at the time
at war. (Blackstone's Comment, bk. i., ch. 10.)
alien-friend, ami or amy, s. An
alien belonging to a country with which
Britain is at peace.
: bom.] A man
alien-nee, a\ [Fi-.
born an alien.]
* a'-li-en, * al'-l-ene, v.t. [Fr. allencr; fr.
Lilt, alieno.'] The same as Alienate (q.v.).
Used (1.) Of property :
" If the son alien lands, and then repurchase thein
again in fee, the rules of descents are to be observed,
OS if he were the origimil purchaser."— i/«Ze.- I/ist. of
Co7nm,on Law.
". . . our whole estate alieneddnd cancelled." —
Jeremy Taylor : On Forgiving Injuries.
(2.) Of the affections or desires :
"The king was dibquieted when he found that the
prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of, or
inclination to, the ma^rtiage."— Clarendon.
a-li-en-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. alien ; ability.
In Fr. aliinabilite.] Capability of being alien-
ated. (Used of property.)
a'-li-en-a-ble, a. [Eng. alien; -able. In Fr.
alienable.] That may be alienated. (Used of
property. )
"Land is alienable and treasure is transitory, and
both must pass from him by his own voluntary act,
or by the violence of others, or at least by fate." —
Dennis: Letters.
a'-li-en-age, s. [Eng. alien; -age.'] The
stiite of being an alien.
"Why restore estates forfeitable on account of
alienage I "—Story.
a'-li-en-ate, v.t. [Lat. alienatus, pa. par.
of alieno = to make another's ; to estrange ;
alienus = belonging to another, foreign, alien.]
1. Law and Ord. Lang.: To transfer one's
title to property to another ; to dispose of
property by sale or otherwise. Whilst the
feudal law existed in full force, it was not
])ermitted to any one to alienate his property
without the consent of the- superior lord.
Ultimately, however, the right became esta-
lilislied by successive stejis, and one may now
boil, bo^; pout, j^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. deL
134
alienate — alimentiveness
alienate an estate really liis own uy sale, gift,
marriage settlement, devise, or other method.
Anciently, a person alienating lands and tene-
ments to another, contrary to law, as a punish-
ment forfeited them altogether. This hea^i'
penalty was specially enforced against the
king's tenants in capite ; most, if not all,
private vassals escaped from it. Afterwards
the forfeiture was modified into a fwe for
alienation. (Blacksione : Comment., hk. ii.,
chaps. 18, 19; bk. iv., eh. 33.) [Alienation,
Mortmain.]
"He could not alienate one acre -without purchasing
a license." — Macaalayj Uist. Eng., ch. ii.
2. To estrange the affections from one who
before was loved, or from a government,
dynasty, or ruling house, to which loyalty
was felt.
"... then my mind wfts alienated from her,
lilte as my mind was alienated from her sister." —
Hzek. xxiii. 18.
" I shall recoimt the errors which, in a few months,
aUenated a loyal gentry .ind priesthood from the
House of Stuart." — Mucaalu// : llut. Eng., cli. i.
a'-li-en-ate, a. & s. [Lat. alienatus, pa. par.
of aliem' = to make another's, to estrange.]
A. ^s adjective : Estranged ; withdrawn in
affection from.
"0 alienate from God, O spirit accursed.
Forsalten of all good." Mdtvn : P. L., bk. v.
B, As substantive : An alien ; a stranger.
"Whosoever eateth the lamb without this house,
lie is an alienate." — Stapletan : Fortresse of the Faith,
fol. 148.
a'-li-en-at-ed, pa. jwr. & a. [Alienate.]
" His eye survey'd the dark idolatries
Of alienated Judah." Milton; P. L., bk. i.
a'-li-en-at-ing, pr. par. [Alienate, v.]
a-li-en-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. alienation, from
Lat.' alienatio.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1 The act of alienating.
n. Tiie state of being alienated.
Used (1) Of the transference of property by
gift, sale, or otherwise, from one to another.
(See B.)
" God put it into the heart of one of our princes to
give a check to sacrilege ; her successor passed a law
wliich prevented all future aliejiati&ns of the church
revenues." — Atterbury.
(2) Of the estrangement of the affections
from one previously loved, or from a govern-
ment to which loyalty was felt ; the transfer-
ence of the desires from one object of pursuit
to another.
" It is left but in dark memory, what was the
ground of his defection, and the alienation of his
heart from the king." — Bacon.
(3) Of the aberration of reason in an insane
person ; delirium.
" Some things are done by man, though not through
outward force and impulsion, though not against, yet
without their wills ; as in alienation of mind, or any
like Inevitable utter absence of wit and judgment."
Hooker.
B. T''.clinicalhj :
Law ; The transference of land or other pro-
perty from one peraon to another. Alienation
may take place by deed, by matter of records,
by special custom, and by devise.
Alienation in Mortmain : An alienation of
lands or tenements to any corporation, sole or
aggregate, ecclesiastical or temporal.
Alie^iation Office: A place to which all writs
of covenants and entries were carried for the
recovery of the fines levied upon them. It is
now abolished.
a' - Ii - en - a - tor, s. [Lat. alienator ; Fr.
ttUt^nateur.] One who alienates (ip?c., of pro-
perty).
"Some of the Popish bishops were no less alienators
of their episcopal endowments." — IVharton: Life of
Sir T. Pope, p. 40.
* a'-li-ene, v. Old spelling of Alien. (Black-
stone.)'
a'-li-en-ee, s. [Eng. alien; -ee.] One to
whom property is transferred.
"The forfeiture arises from the incapacity of the
alienee to take." — a/actefone ,- Comment., bk. ii.
ch. xvilL
a'-ll-en-ism, s. [Eng. alien; -ism.]
1. The state of being an alien.
"The law was very gentle in the construction of the
disability of alienism." — Kent.
2. The treatment or study of mental diseases.
a'-li-en-ist, s. [Alienism.] One devoted to
the study or treatment of mental diseases.
a'-li-en-or, s. [Eng. alien; -or.] One who
alienates or transfers property to another,
". . , for the (ihenor himself to recover lands
aliened by him durini; his insanity." — Blacksto)tc :
Comment., bk. ii., ch. xix.
t a-li'fe, o.dv. [Eng. ft = on ; life.] On ray life.
(A mild oath.)
" I love a ballad in print a'-life." — Shakesp. :
Winter's Tale, iv. 4.
a-lir-er-oiis, a. [Lat. alo. = a wing ; and
fcro = to bear.] Bearing wings ; possessing
wings. (Johnson.)
a'-li-form, a. [Lat. ala = vjiu^ ; forma = f otto,
shape.] Wing-formed ; shaped like a wing.
a-lig'-er-OUS, a. [Lat. aliger, from ala = a
wing; and gero = to bear, to carry, to have.]
Bearing wings, i.e. possessing wings. (John-
son. )
a-light' (gh silent) (1), v.i. (pret alighted, or, in
' poetry, alit). [A.S. (a)Wito,n, gelihtan = to
alight, to descend from ; from liht, leht =
light, not heavy. The meaning is thus to
lighten anything byremovingaweight from it. J
1. To descend, as a bird from the wing ; to
cease flying and rest upon the ground.
"That there should be geese and frigate-birds with
webbed feet, either living on the dry laud or most
rarely alighting on the w&tei:."— Darwin : (h^igin of
iS2^ecte8, ch, vi,
" I saw his wing through twiliglit flit,
And ouce so near lue he alit,
I could have smote, but lacked the strength."
Byron: Mazeppa. 8.
2. To descend, as a person from a carriage,
or from horseback.
" My lord, alighting at his usual place.
The Crown, took notice of an ostler's face."
Cowper: Retirement, 585.
3. To reach the ground, as falling snow, or
anything else descending from the sky, or
from above one.
" But storms of stones from the proud temple's height
Foui' down, and on our battered helms alight."
Dry den : Virgil; jEneid ii. 554.
4. To stop, to pause as a man on foot running.
" Came riinning in . . .
But he for nought would stay his passage right.
Till fast before the king he did alight."
Speiuer : F. Q., I. xii 24, 25.
5. To light on, happen on, meet with.
" By good fortune I alighted on a collection of MSS.
in the btate-paper office." — Frauds : Hist. Fng., iv. 549.
a-light' (gli silent) (2), v.t. [A.S. aliUan.] To
make liglit, to remove a weight from, to lighten.
a-light (gh silent) (3), v.t. [A.S. aleolitan,
olyhtan = to illumine; leoht = light.]
1. To illumine, to give light to.
" For to wissen hem by night
A fiery piller hem alight."
Gowej- : C. F., ii. 183.
2. To set alight, to set light to.
" Anon fer sche alight." Layle Frcine, 199.
a-light' (gh silent), a. [Alight, v.] Alighted,
as from a horse or vehicle.
" How that we bare i« in that ilke night.
Whan we were in that ostelrie alight."
Cliaucer: C. T., 723, 724.
a-ligtlt (ghsileYit),adv. [Alight(3),i'.] Lighted.
a-light'-iiig (gh silent), pr. jmt. [Alight.]
t a-lign' (g silent), v.t. & i. [Fr. aligner = (1)
to lay out in a straight line, (2) to square.]
A. Trans. : To measure by means of a line ;
to regulate or adjust by means of a line.
B, Intrans. : To form a line, as soldiers do.
a-ligu'-ment ((/ silent), *. [Eng. align ; -ment.]
In Fr. alignenwYit.]
1. The act of adjusting by means of a line.
2. The state of being so adjusted".
3. The line of adjustment.
4. Engin. . The ground-pian of a road or
earthwork.
a-li'ke, * a-ly'ke, a. & adv. [A.S. onlic, anlic,
on = on -y'lic = like.]
A. As adjective :
1. The same ; without any difference.
"... the darkness and the light are both aZi&e
to thee." — Ps. cxxxix. 12.
2. On the same model.
"He fashioneth their hearts alike."— Ps. xxxiii. 15.
*\ This adjective never precedes the noun
which it qualifies.
B, As advert : Equally.
"... thou knowest not whether shall prosxwr,
either this or that, or whether they botli shall be alzfttt
good." — Ecclcs. xi. G.
t alike-minded, .s. Like-minded ; simi-
lar in mind or disposition.
" I would to God, not you only that hear me this
day, but all our brethren of this hoid, were ahke-
■minded." — Bp. Hall; Item., p. 82
al'-im-a, s. [Gr. aAt^uo^ (halimos) = belong-,
iiig to'the sea: a.\q {Itals) = the sea.] A
spurious genus of Crustaceans, representing
a stage in the development of the Stoma-
poda.
al'-i-ment, s. [in Fr. aliment; Sp., Port., &
Ital. alimento ; Lat. alimentuni, from alalia
nourish, to feed.]
1. Lit. : Nutriment supplied to an organised
body, whether animal or vegetable ; food.
" Though the alitnents of insects are for the most
part in a liquid form . . ."—Griffith's Cuvier, vol.
xiv., p. 70.
2. Fig. : That which tends to nourish, and
consequently to perpetuate anything.
". , . he saith they were but alimeivtB of their
sloth and weakness, which, if they were taken away,
necessity would teach them stronger resolutions." —
Bacon : Colours of Good and Evil, en. x.
Scotch Law : The maintenance which jiarents
and children are reciprocally bound to lucord
to each other when a necessity for it exists,
(It is used also for similar obligations.)
al'-i-ment, v.t. [From the substantive. Jn
Fr. alim^nter ; Sp. and Port. aliniJ^ntar ; Ital.
alimentare.} To furnish with food and other
necessaries of life.
al-i-ment'-al, a. [Eng, o.Umoit ; -a7.] Per-
taining to aliment ; fitted to supply aliment ;
nutritive.
"... and the making of things inalimental to
become alimental may be an experiment of great
erofiit for making new victuaL" — Bacon: A'at. J/ist.,
ent. viL, § 649.
al-i-ment'-al-ly, adv. [Eng. alimental ; -ly. ]
So as to furnish aliment.
"The substance of gold is invincible by the powerfull-
est action of naturall heat,and that not only alimentally
in a substantial mutation, but also medicamentally in
any corporeal conversion." — Browne: Vulgar Errours.
al-i-ment'-ar-i-ness, s. [Eng. aUmevtury ;
-ness.'] The 'quality of being alimentarj' ; that
is, furnishing notu-ishment. (Johnson.)
al-i-ment'-a-ry, a. [Eng. aliment; -ary.
In Fr. alimentairc ; Port. & Ital. alimenta/rio ;
from Lat. oUi)teitturii(s.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Pertaining to aliment, as the "alimentary
canal." (See B., I.)
2. Furnishing aliment.
" Of alimentarj/ roots, some are pulpy and ^'ery
nutritious; as turnips and carrots. These ha%-e a
fattening quality."— ArbutJinot : Aliments.
B. Technically :
L Physiology :
1. Alim-entary Canal : The great tube or
duct by which the food is conveyed through
the body.
". . . including the alimentary canal." — Owen:
Maminalia (1859), p. 57.
2. Alimentary Coinpartment : The lower part
of the pharjmx, which is dilatable and con-
tractile. It affords a passage for the food
from the mouth to the (Ksoi^hagns. (Todd d
Bowman: Physiol. Anat, vol. ii., 185.)
3. Alimentary Miicous Membrane : The mem-
brane which lines the interior of the long and
tortuous passage by which food taken into
the mouth makes its way through the body.
The ducts of the mucous, as well as some
other glands, open into it. (Todd <£■ Boicvian:
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., 162.)
4. Alimentary Tube : The passage by which
the food makes way through the body from
the mouth downwards. (Ibid., p. 1S5.)
II. Law. Ali-)nentary Lctv: : The law by
which parents are held responsible for the
alimentation of their children. In Scotch Law
it is called obligation of aliment.
al-i-ment-a'-tion, s. [Eng. aliment; -otion
In Ger. & Fr. alimentation ; Sp. alimentadon.l
1. The act or quality of affording nourisb-
ment.
" . ... they [the teetb] are subservient in man not
only to alimentation, but to beauty and speech "—
Owen: Classif. of the Mammalia (1859), p. 50.
2. The state of being nourished by assimila-
tion of matter received into the body or frame.
"Plants do nouriab, inanimate bodies do not: they
have an accretmn, but no alimentatio}u"—Baconi
Nat. Hist.
al-i-ment'-ive-ness, s. [Eng. aliimnt, -ive,
-ness. ]
£^te, fat, fare, amidst, -what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, i
or. wore, wolf. work. wh6. son ; mute, cub, ciire, ignite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw. j
alimonious— alkalify
135
Phren. ; A protuberance on the brain or
skull, alleged to constitute the organ which
imparts the pleasure which is felt in eating or
drinking.
"t al-i-md'-ni-ous, a. [Eug. aliinony ; -ous.'\
Pertaining to nourishment.
"The plethora reuilers lis leau, by suppreasing our
8pirit8,_ whereby tlu-y are incapacitatetl of digeHtiug
the alimonh
sumption.
t huiiiours into ftosli." — Harvey: Con-
al'-i-mon-y, s. [Lat. al i7)io nia and alimonium
= nourishment, sustenance ; from a^o = to
nourish. ]
Laio : (a) The proportional part of a hus-
band's income allowed a wile for her support
during a matrimonial suit ; also (&) that granted
her at its termination. In matrimonial liti-
gation between husband and wife, he is obliged
to allow her a certain sum, generally a fifth of
his net income, whilst the suit continues ;
and if she establish ground for dissolving the
marriage, he must give her what the court
directs. She is not, however, entitled to
alimony of any kind if she elope with an adul-
terer, or even desert her husband without
adequate reason.
" Till alimony or death them parta." HudUtrag.
Al'-i-6th, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed
star of the third magnitude, called also e Ursje
Majoris. It is situated in the tail of the
imaginary " Bear." This star is often used in
observations for finding the latitude at sea.
al'-i-ped, a. & s. [In Sp. & Port, alipede.
From Lat. alipes : «?a = a wing, and^jes, genit.
pedis ^ a foot.]
A, As adjective : Wing-footed ; with toes
connected together by a membrane which
serves the purposes of a wing.
B. As substantive : An animal whose toes
are connected together by a membrane which
serves the purpose of a wing. The Bats, or
Cheiroptera, have this structure.
3.r-ip-ite, s. [Gr. a\iTrijs (alipes) ^= without
fat: a, priv., and AiVo? (lipos) = Xat, without
fat ; and -ite = At'^tj? (lithos) = a stone. So
named because it is not unctuous. ] A mineral
of an apple-green colour, containing about
thirty-two per cent, of oxide of nickel. It
occurs in Silesia. Dana makes it distinct
from, though closely akin to, pimelite. The
British Museum Catalogue regards the two
as identical. Alipite is sometimes written
Alizite. [Pimelite.]
Sd'-i-quant, a. [In Ger. aliquant ; Fr. ali-
quante ; Sp. &Port. aliquanta ; Lat. aliquantus
= somewhat (great), or somewhat (small) ;
hence, in considerable quantity or number.
From the root aZt- = any, and ia'iia?ii'«s = great.]
Pertaining to a number which does not
exactly measure another number, but if used
as its divisor will leave a remainder. Thus 4
is an aliquant part of 7, for 7 -^ 4 = 1, with a
remainder of 'i.
T[ Aliquant is the opposite of aliquot.
S-l'-X-quot, a. [In Ger. aliquot; Fr. aliquote ;
Sp. & Port, allquota; Ital. alUpioto. From
Lat. a2('7?to( = somewhat, some, a few.] Per-
taining to a number which will measure
another given one exactly, that is, without
leaving a remainder. Thus 4 is an aliquot
part of 8, for 8 -r 4 = 2 exactly.
" lu place, then, of measuring thia precise alifu/)t
part. . . ."—Uerschel : Astron.. 5th ed. (1858), § 213.
al'-ish, a. [Eng, ale ; -ish. ] Resembling ale ;
having some, at least, of the qualities of ale.
" stirring it, and beating down the yeast, gives it
the sweet tUish taste." — Mortimer : Husbatidry.
al-is'-ma, s. [Lat. alisma; Gr. akicr^a. (alisma)
= the water-plantain.]
Bot. : A genus of plants of the natural order
Alismaceje, or Alisniads. Three species occur
in Britain : the A. plantago, or Greater Water-
plantain ; the A. itatans, or Floating Water-
plantain ; and the A. ranuncidoides, or Lesser
Water-plantain. The first is the best known.
It is frequent in lakes, rivers, and ditches,
and lias pale, rose-coloured flowers, with six
stamens. The Calmucks eat its rhizoina,
having first dried it to take away its acidity.
al-i5-ina'~9e-sB, or al-i§'-m^d§, s. pL
[Alisma.] *
Bot. : An order of endogenous plants, with a
perianth of six pieces, the tliree outer being
herbaceous, and the three inner petaloid. The
ovaries are numerous. The genera Actinocar-
jms, Alisiiia, and Sagittaria (q.v.) are British.
al'-is-6n-lte, s. [Named after Mr. R. E.
Alison, of Chili.] A mineral; a variety of
covellite. Colour, deep indigo blue, tarnishing
on exposure. Compos. : sulphur, copper, and
lead. It is found in Chili.
al-i-sphe'-n^d, s. & a. [Awkwardly com-
pounded of a mixture of Latin and Greek.
Lat. ala = a wing ; Gr. cr0^ (sphen) ^ a wedge,
and elSos (eidos) — form, shape.]
A. As substantive: One of the greater wings
of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull.
•■. . . tne foramen ovale pressing the a!Mpfte«o(tf."
— Flower: Osteology of the Mammalia. (1870), p. 113.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to, or connected
with, the greater wings of the sphenoid bone.
"Through this tlie external carotid artery runs for
part of ita course, aud it has been called the alisphenoid
canal." — Floioer : Osteology of the JIam,maUa (1870),
p. 118.
^ a-lit'e, adv. [Eng. a; and little, contracted.]
A nttle.
" And though thy lady would alite her greve.
Thou ahAlt thy ptJice hereafter moke.
Chaucer: TroUut, bk. iv
t al'-l-truiik, s. [Lat. ala, = a wing; and
Eng. truiiky from Lat. truiicus.]
Entom. : The thorax in the Hymenoptera
(Camb. N'lt. Hist.). Often used of those seg-
ments of the thorax which carry the wings.
* al'-i-tiire, s. [Lat. alltura.] . Nourishment.
(Blount: Glossographia, 2nd ed., 1719.)
g, - live, ^ a - ly've, * a - li'f e, * 6 - life.
* on live, a. [A.S. on. life = in life, alive ; on
= on, in ; lif =■ life.]
L Literally : In a state of life ; living, as
opposed to dead.
"... and Noah only remained alive, and they
that were with him in the ark."— fftv*. vii. 23,
TT It is sometimes used simply to give em-
phasis to the noun with which it agrees. At
tii'st this was done in fonnal and serious com-
position : now it is colloquial, and even begins
to carry with it a slight tinge of the ridi-
culous.
"John was quick, and underBtood business ; but
no laan alivn v/a& mure careless in looking into his
accoimta." — Arbuthnot.
II. Figuratively:
1. Existent, as opposed to extinct ; remain-
ing ; continuing.
". . . I had not left a purse alive in the whole
ssiuy. "—Shukesp. : Winter's Tale, iv, 4.
To li'Cp alive, v.t. : To maintain in such a
state of continued existence.
" Hence Liberty, sweet Liberty, inspires
And keeps alive hw fierce but noble fixes,"
Coioper: Table Talk.
"This fonie, if duo to her beauty, would probably
have kept her uame alive." — Qladstone : Studies on
Ilotaer, i. 167.
2. Of quick, susceptible temperament ; or,
for the time being, highly active in mind or
body, especially in the phrase all alive.
" She's liappy here, she's happy there,
She is uneasy everywhere ;
Her limbs are all alive with joy."
Wordsworth: Idiot Bov.
3. Swarming witli living beings ni active
moveiiieiit; thronged, crowded.
"Ill it few miuutes the Boyne, for a quarter of a
mile, was alive with muskets nurt greeu bougha."—
Maeaalay : Hist. Eng., cbap. xvi.
4. hi a spiritual sense: Temporarily or per-
manently free from the power of sin ; having
sin dead within one, or being one's self dead
to it.
" For I was alive without the law once : but when
the oumuiaiidmeut came, siu revived, and I died," —
Horn. vu. Q.
5. yensitive, attentive. (With to or unto.)
" Likewise reckon ye also youraelves to be dead
indeed unto sin, but alive unto God through Jeaus
Christ our Lord."— A'ora. vi. 11,
al-iz-ar'-ic, a. [Eng. alizar(in) ; -ic] Per-
taining to or derived from madder.
alizaric-acid, s. [Phthalic-acid.]
3,l-iz'-ar-ill, s. [From alizari, the name given
to madder in the Levant.]
Chem.: Ci4H804=Ci2H6(CO.OH)2. Thechief
colouring matter of madder (Rubia tinctoria).
It crystallises in red prisms, slightly soluble
in water or alcohol, but dissolving in concen-
trated sulphuric acid, also in alkaline liquids.
It is a feeble dibasic acid. Heated with zinc
dust, it is converted into anthracene. Nitric
acid oxidises it into oxalic and phthalic
acids. Alizarin has been produced artificially
by oxidising anthracene to anthraquinone,
converting the latter into dibrom anthraqui-
none, and heating this with caustic potash,
the two atoms of Br are replaced by (0H)2.
al'-iz-ite.
[Alipite.]
al-ka-dar'-it, s. [Arab, alkadan = a decree.]
Among the Moliammedans : A sect who
maintain free-will as opposed to the doctrine
of eternal, absolute decrees. They are a
branch of the Motazalites, and have for their
theological opponents the Algiabarii (q.v.).
al-ka-hest, s. [In Ger. alkahest; Sp. alkaest;
Arab, al — the ; Ger. geist = ghost, spirit ; =
all spirit : or Low Lat. alk(alc) est = it is an
alkali; = all spirit; spirit of salt.] A word
first used by Paracelsus, and adopted by his
followers to signify (1) what was fancied to
be a universal menstruum, a liquid CJipable
of resolving all bodies into their constituent
elements; (2) fixed salts volatilised.
^l-ka-bes'-tiCf a. [Eng. alkahest ; -ic] Per-
taining to the alkahest.
Al-ka'id, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed
star of the 2^ magnitude ; called also Beuet-
nasch, and n Urste Majoris. [Benetnasch.]
al'-kal-a-mide, ar-cal-S-mide, s. [From
alkali and aviide (q.v.).]
Chem. : An amide containing both acid and
alcohol radicals.
al-kal-es'-9en9e, al-kal-es'-9en-95^, s
[Eng. alkalescent; -ce, -cy.] The state of be-
coming alkaline, or the tendency to do so.
al-kal-es'-9ent, a. [Eng. alkal(i); -escent,
from Lat. cn'^o'cus = increasing. In Fr, alcales-
cent ; Port, alcahscente.]
1, In process of acquiring the properties of
an alkali, or possessing a tendency to become
alkaline.
"All auimal diet ia alkalescent or anti-acid."—
Arbuthnot.
2. Bot. : Having the properties or effects of
an alkali. Example, Rumex acetosa,
S,r-kal-i[. * ai'-cal-y, s. [In Sw., Ger., &
Sp. alkali; Fr., Port., and It-al. alcali. From
Amb. ai = the, and kali^= plants of the genus
Salicomia (Glass-wort), which, being burnt,
left behind a white residuum now called
alkali. The word was then first a botanical,
and afterwards a chemical one.] A salt of
any kind which effervesces with acids ; but
now the tenn is used to denote a strong base,
which is capable of neutralising acids, so that
the salts formed are either completely neutral,
or, if the acid is weak, give alkaline reac-
tions. Alkalies turn reddened litmus blue,
turmeric paper brown, and most vegetable
purples green ; they have a soapy taste, act
on the skin, and form soaps with fats. The
fixed alkalies are the hydrated oxides of the
alkaline metals and metals of the alkaline
earths. The volatile alkalies are ammonia
and the amines of Organic Chemistry; their
salts are volatilized at a moderate heat. The
term alkali in commerce usually means caustic
soda or potash, impure, NaHO or KHO ; both
are used in the arts for the manufacture of
glass, soap, and many other purposes. Caustic
potash is used in surgery as a cautery.
" Salt tartre, alcaly, and salt preparat."
Chaucer: C. T., 12,73B.
alkali-metal, s. A metal whose hydrate
is an alkali. The alkali metals are all mona-
tomic, oxidise in the air, and decompose water
at ordinary temperatures. They are potas-
sium, sodium, lithium, caesium, and rubidium.
alkali-works, s. pi. Manufactories where
alkali is jirepared. Also applied to those in
which carbonate of sodium is manufactured
from common salt, by converting it into sul-
phate of sodium through the action of sul-
phuric acid, and roasting the sulphate of
sodium with a mixture of chalk and coal-dust.
Alkali works are regulated by Acts of Parlia-
ment, 26 and 27 Vict., c. 120, and 31 and 32
Vict., c. 36.
al-kal-i-fi'-a-ble, u. [Eng. alkalify; -able.]
Capable of being converted into an alkali.
al'-kal-i-f ied, pa. par. & a. [Alkalify.]
al'-kal-i-fy, v.t & i. [(l) Alkali ; (2) the v,t.
from Lat. facio = to make ; the v, i. from fio =
to become, the passive of /acio.]
1. Trans. : To convert into an alkali.
2. Intran-s. : To pass into the state of an
boil, bo^; poiit, jtf^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, eyist, -ing.
-tion, -sion, -cloun = shun ; -§ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. := bel, del ; dre = der.
136
alkaligenous— all
alkali ; to Ije couverted into or become an
alkali.
3l-kal-ig'-en-OUS, o. [Arab., kc, alkali and
Gr. '^evmo) (f/e?i?itto) =to beget; from -ytvi/a
{gemia) = birtli ; the causal of yiyvo^Lai (gigno-
mai) = to be born.] Generating or producing
alkali.
3l-ltal-im'-et-er, s. [In Ger. alJcalbneter,
from Arab., &c., alkali ; and Gr. /ifTpoi/
{mctron) = a measure.] An instrument in-
■'/ented by M. Descroizllles for ascertaining
the amoimt of alkali in commercial potassa
and soda by neutralising it with a standard
acid solution. It is called also hurette. One
of another kind has been contrived by Dr.
Mohr of Coblentz. It consists of a graduated
tube with a shorter glass tube attached to it,
and a clamp by which the flow of the liquid
can be regulated.
a,l-kal-i-met'-ri-cal, a. [Alkalimeter.]
Pertaining to the measurement of the propor-
tion of alkali in certain impure salts.
" The oliject of an alkalimetrical process may also
be obtained . . ."— Gra/tam.- C/tem.. vol. i., p. 562.
al-kal-im'-et-ry, s. [Alkalimeter.] The
measurement of the amount of alkali con-
tained in caustic soda or potash, and of car-
bonates of the alkalies in a commercial
sample, by means of a standard acid solution.
(See Watts's Diet Ghem.}
al'-kal-ine, a. [Bng. alkali; -ine. In Fr.
alcalin ; Sp. alkalino ; Port. & Ital. alcalino.]
Having the properties of an alkali.
"... an alkaline sinie." — Arbuthnot.
^ An alkaline substance has a soapy taste,
turns reddened litmus paper blue, gives a
brown colour to turmeric paper, neutralises
acids, dissolves organic matter, and forms
soaps with fats. The alkaline metals are
potassium, sodium, lithium, caesium, and
rubidium ; the metals of the alkaline earths
are calcium, strontium, and barium.
al-kal-in'-i-ty, s. [In Ger. alkalinitat; Fr.
alcaliyiite,] The quality which constitutes
any substance an alkali.
" It is an alkaline fluid, and its alkalinity is chiefly
due to the ineseuce of free soda." — Todd & Lovmian :
Physiol. Anat., ii. 296.
al'-kal-i-oiis, a. [Eng., &c., alkali; -ous.]
Possessing the properties of an alkali.
" Each of them may partake of an acid and alkalious
nature." — Dr. Kinneir : Essay an the Nerves (1739), p.
134.
* al'-kal-iz-ate, v.t. To render bodies al-
kaline' {Johnson.)
al'-kal-iz-ate, a. & s. [Alkalize.] Possessed
of alkaline properties.
A. As adjective : Impregnated mth alkali.
"The colour of violets in their syrup, by acid
• liquonrs turns red ; and by urinous ana alkalizate
turns green." — Hewton.
B. As suhstaiitive : "That wliich has the
qualities of alkali." (SJieridan: Diet., 4th ed.,
1797.)
^l-kal-i-za'-tion, t al-kal-i-^ta'-tion, i^.
[Alkalize.] The act of alkalising bodies, or
impregnating them with an alkali. (Blount.)
al-kal-i'ze, v.t. [Eng. alkali; -ize. In Ger.
alkalisiren ; Fr. alcaliser ; Port, alcalisar ;
Ital. alcalizzare.] To render alkaline either
by working a chemical change in them, or by
impregnating them with alkali. {Webster.)
al'-kal-oid, a. & s. [(l) Eng., &c., alkali; and
(2)Gr. etSos {eidos) = form, appearance.]
A. ^s adj. .-Resemblinganalkaliinproperties.
S. Assubst.: One of a class of natural organic
bases containing nitrogen, and having high
molecular weights. They occur in many plants,
and some in animal tissues ; they have not,
except Conine, been formed by synthesis. They
arc substitution compounds of ammonia, most
are tertiary amines. They form salts with
acids, and double salts with platinic chloride.
They are generally crystalline bodies, soluble
in hot alcohol, sparingly soluble in water.
They have mostly a bitter taste, act power-
fully on the animal system, and are used in
medicine as quinine, morphine, and strych-
nine ; they are often violent poisons. The
names of most of the alkaloids end in ine, as
theine, which occurs in tea and coffee.
* al'-ka-mye, s. The metal "alchemy"
(q.v.). {Prompt. Parv.)
al'-kan-et, '^' al'-ken-et, s. [Arab, al-
kani'ia.] [Henna.] The English name of
several plants.
t 1. Properly iawsojiia inermis. [Henna.]
2. (rt)The Alkanna tinctoria. [Alkanna.]
Lindley mentions that it was once supposed
to exliilarate, and was in consequence re-
garded as one of the four cordial flowers ; the
ALKANET (aLKANNA^TINCTORIA).
other three being the borage, the " rose," and
tlie "violet." (&) Its root, which is much
used to give a fine red colour to oil and other
fatty matters, and was f6rmerly employed to
stain the face.
3. The English name of the genus Anchusa,
belonging to the oixler Boraginaceee, or Borage-
worts. Two are doubtful natives of Britain,
A. officinalis, or Common, and.<4. sempervirens,
or Evergreen Alkauet. The former has purple,
the latter beautiful blue flowers. The ever-
green species is less rare than the other.
^l-k^n'-na, s. [Arab.] A genus of Boragina-
ceaa, or Borage-worts, akin to Anclmsa (q.v.).
A. tinctoria, generally palled Anchusa tinctoria,
is the plant to which the name alkanet is most
frequently applied. [Alkanet.]
al-kar'-gen, a. [Eng. alkar{sin) and oxygen.]
[Cacodyl.]
* al-kar-oun, a. [Alkoran.]
al-kar'-sin, s. [Eng. alk(ali), ars{enic), and
suff. -in.] [Cacodyl.]
^l-ke-ken'-gi, s. [In Fr. alkekenge ; Sp.
alkakengi, alkaiiquegi,alkanq2iengi ; Port, alke-
kengio.] The specific name of the Common
Winter Cherry, Physalis alkekengi. Though
called cherry, it is really of the Nightshade
order. The berries are acidulous and slightly
bitter. The ancients considered them as de-
tergent and ajierient. The plant is a native
of Southern Europe : the fruit is eaten in
Gei-many, Switzerland, and Spain.
Al-ke'-na, s. [Corrupted Arabic] Afixed star
of magnitude 2^, called also 7 Geminorum.
al-ken'-na, ^l-hen'-na. [Henna.]
al-kerm'-es, s. [In Fr. alkermes ; Sp. alker-
mes, alquermes ; Arab, al = the, and kermes. ]
[Kkrmes.]
0. Med. : An imagined remedy made mainly
of kermes " berries," really the swelled bodies
of insects belonging to the family Coccidae,
that to which the cochineal insect belongs.
With this were combined into a confection,
pippin-cyder, rose-water, sugar, ambergris,
musk, cinnamon, aloes-wood, pearls, and leaf-
gold. Sometimes, however, the sweets were
omitted from this strange confection. Much
medicinal virtue was attached to it ; but it is
almost needless to add that it has disappeared
from the modern pharmacoxioeia.
"The other is of beads, made of the scarlet powder,
which they call kermes, which is the princiiml ingre-
dient in tneir cordial confection alkermes.' — Bacon:
A'at. Bist., Cent, x., % 965.
Al'-ke^, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed
star of the fourth magnitude, called also a
Crateris.
alkoran, alcoran^ ^ alcheron, * alkar-
oun (^1-kor-an' or al-kor'-an), s. [In
Ger. alkoren ; Fr. alcoran ; Ital. alcorano.
From Arab, al = the ; koran =■ book.]
1. The Mohammedan Scriptures. [Koran.]
"The holy lawea of our Alkaroun,
Geveu by Goddes messangere Makamete."
Chaucer: The Man of Lawes Tale, 4,"52-3,
•* I had rather believe all the fables in the Legend,
and the Talmud, and the AU-onni, than that this
universal frame is without a mind."— fincon." Essays,
Civ. and JUoj:, chap, xvi,
2. Arch. : The name given to a high slender
tower in Persian mosques in which the priests
at stated times recite aloud i^rayers from the
Koran. {Gvnlt.)
al-kor-^-ic, S,l-cor-S,n-ic, a. C*^ng.,
&c., alkoran; -ic] Pertaining to the Konm.
al'-kor-^n-lSt, s. [Eng., &c., alkoran ; -ist.]
One who adheres to the letter of the Koran,
rejecting all traditions. The Sheeah sect is
alkoranist, while the Soonnee one adheres to
the opposite practice.
all, *al, ^ale, ^^lle, *awl, ^awle (E7ig.);
a' (Scotch), adj., s., adv., conj., and in compos.
[A.S. eal, ml, al, pi. mile. In Sw. all, hel;
Dan. al, alle; But. al, olle, geheal ; Ger.
aller, in compos, all; Goth, alls; Irish &
Gael, nile ; Arm. ole; Wei. all, hole; Icel.
allr, pi. allir; Goth, oils, allai; O. H. Ger.
al, aller. Gesenius recognises a connec-
tion, also, with Heb. "js (Icol) = every, all.
Wedgwood looks in another direction, be-
lieving all to be from the same root as aye
(q.v.).l
A, As adjectipe :
L Ofnuniber: The whole number of ; every
one of.
" And Samuel said mito Jesse, Are here all thy
children?" — 1 Sam. xvi. IL
XL Of quantity :
1. Of an article, of work, &c. . The entire
amount ; the whole of.
"Six days shalt thou labour and do aH thy work."
— JUxod. XX. 9,
2. Of time: The entire, or whole dm-ation of.
"... Master, we have toiled all the night, and
have taken iiotliiiig. . ." — Luke v. 5.
3. Of Space or extension : The whole extent ;
whether this is to be reckoned by length only,
by length and breadth, or by length, breadth,
and depth,
" Ther was also a Doctoui" of Phisik,
lu al this world ne was ther non him lyk."
Cliaucer : C. T., 413, 414.
^ Sometimes all is loosely used, especially
in colloquial language, for a large niuuber,
quantity, amount, or extent of anything ;
though this may fall far short of the whole.
"I am a linen-draper Iwld,
As all the world doth know."
Cowper : John Gilpin.
B. As substantive :
1. Plural : All people ; all persons of the
kind indicated.
"And all that believed were together,"— .^ c(s ii. «.
2. Singular:
(a) The whole, as opposed to a part.
" And win, what haply fate may yetlACCord,
A soldier's death — the all now left an empire's lord."
Memans: The Last Constantinc, 90.
(b) Every person ; every thing.
C. As adverb :
^- 1, Originally: A particle intended to give
increased emphasis to a sentence or clause
of a sentence. It is still so used in tlie lan-
guages of the Germanic family.
" He thought them sixpence aXl too dear."
Shakesp. : Othello, iL 3. (Song.)
2. Just ; exactly ; at the exact time when,
or the idace where.
" All as the dwarfe the way to her assjTi'd."
apenser : F. Q,, L, vii, 18.
3. Wholly, completely, entirely.
"Woe to the bloody city i it is all full of lies and
robbery.' — JVaA. iii. i.
"Unwounded from the dreadful close.
But breathless all, Fitz-James arose."
Scott : Lad!/ of the LaTie, v. 16.
4. In all respects.
" None are all evil."
Byron : The Corsair, I. xii.
5. Only; to the exclusion of all other
persons or things.
"Sure I shall never marry, like my sister.
To love my father all."
Shakesp. : King Lear, L 1,
* D. As conjiniction : Although.
" And those two froward sisters, their faire loves,
Came with them eke. all they were wondrous loth."
Speiiscr: F. Q., IT., ii. 34.
^ In this sense it is often written albe, 01
albee (q.v.).
^ There are many phrases in which all ia
found in composition with other words. The
most impoi-tant of these are-
fate, fat, fare, amidst, wbat, f^ll, father ; we, wet, liere, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; se = e. ey = a^
all-abandored— all-destroying
137
AfteT all: After evei-ything has become
known or been taken into account.
All along: (1) The whole way along (in
space) ; (2) during the whole bygone period to
which reference is being made (in time) ; (3) a
term used in bookbinding, denoting that the
thread passes from end to end of the fold, or
directly between the distant points of punc-
turation.
All and soinc: One and all; every one;
everything.
" In armour eke the souldiers all and some,
Witli all the force that might so soon he had."
Jfirr. for Mag., p. Dl.
All a-row, all-a-roto : All in a row.
" My friends above, my folks below.
Chatting and laughing all-a-row."
Pope: JTnitatioiu of Horace, Sat. vi., 135-C,
t All four. In the same sense as All
Fours, No. 1 (q..v.).
". whatsoever goeth upon all four.'—Lev.
xi. 42.
AllSpV'Ts: (1.) The whole of the four ex-
tremities (used of a human being creeping on
amis and legs, or arms and knees ; or of the
ordinary movements of a quadruped).
"He [the gorilla] . . . betakes himself to all
fours." — Owen: Classif. of tJte Maynmalia (1859), p. 89.
(2.) A low game at cards played by two ; so
named from the four particulars by which it is
reckoned, and which, joined in the hand of
either of the parties, are said to make all fours.
(Johnsou.) (3.) Law : One case is sometimes
said to be on all fours with another one whun
the two agree in all particulars with each
other. {Will : Wharton's Law Lexicon.)
"... it must stand on all-fours with that stipu-
lation,"— Daily Telegraph, March 15, 1877.
All in all: (1.) Supreme and undisputed
ruler (adj., used of God).
" And when all things shall be subdued under hliu,
then shall the Son aleo himself bo subject unto hhn
that put all things under him, that God may be all in
dU."—l Cor. XV. 28.
(2.) The aggregate of the qualities required
to form an estimate (substantive).
" Ham. He was a man, take him for all in all,
I shall not look uiwu his like again."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i, 2.
(3.) In all respects {adv.).
" lAtd. Is this the noble Moor whom our full senate
Call aU-in-all sufficient?"
Sliafcesp. : Othello, iv. 1.
All one : In all respects the same thing.
" The Saxons cotdd call a comet a fixed star, which is
aU one with stella crinita, or cometa." — Camden:
Jlemains.
All over : (1) Spread over every part ;
wholly, completely. {Colloquial.)
(2) AU included.
"Give me your hands, all over."
Hhakeap. : Julius Cmsar, ii. 1.
All t)ie better : In all respects the better.
Used loosely for " So much the better."
iAll to: [All-to].
And all: Included, not excepted.
" A torch snuff and all, goes out in a moment, when
dipiied in the vnponr."— Addison : Jleinarks onltaly.
At all: In auy respect; to the extent; in
any degree ; of any kind ; whatever.
" I find in him no fault at all."— John xviii. 38.
E. In composition : In composition all mny
"be an adjective, joined with a present or a past
participle, or an imperative, as all-absorbing,
all-abandoned, albeit; an adverb, joined with
an adjective or present or past participle, as
all-Tnerdful, aU-pervading, all-accomplished ; a
substantive, as all-shicnned. ; or an interjec-
tion, as all-hail.
all-abandoned, a. Abandoned by all.
". . . this aUrObajidoned desei"t." — Shelton : Tr. of
D. quiz., i. 4, 1.
all-abhorred, a. Abhorred by all.
" . . alUabJiorred war."
Shakesp. : Henry IV., Part I., v. 1.
all-absorbing, a. Absorbing alL En-
grossing the attention ; wholly occupying the
mind so as to leave no room for thought about
anything else. {Webster.)
all-accomplished, a. In all respects
accomplished ; of thoroughly finished educa-
tion. {Webster.)
all-admiring, a. Wholly admiring.
" Cant. Hear him but reason in divinity.
And, alt-admiiring, with an inward wish
You would desire, the king were made a prelate."
Shakesp. : King Henry V., i. 1.
all-advised, a. Advised by all.
"He was all-advised to give such a one." — Bishop
Warburton: Letters, p. 13.
all-aged, a. Of all ages without distinc-
tion.
"Lowlander made the AlJ^aged StiUtes."— rfjnes,
3oth Oct., 1875, Sporting hUelligence.
all-amazed, a. Thoroughly amazed.
"And all-amazed brake off bis late intent."
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis.
all-approved, a. Approved by all.
."—More: Song of the
all-approving, a. Approving of every-
thing.
" The courteous host, and ull-approi-ing guest."
Byron: Lara, I. xxix.
all-arraigning, a. Arraigning all people,
or every part of one's conduct or reputation.
"We dread the all-arraigning voice of Fame."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xxi., 348.
all-asslstless, a. "Wholly unable to ren-
der one's self or others assistance.
" stupid he stares, and all-assistless stands."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xvi., 070.
all-atoning, o. Atoning for all, or for
everything ; making complete atonement.
" A patriot's all-atoning name."
Dri/den ■ Abs. and AchUophel.
all-be, conj. [Albe.]
all-bearing, a. Bearing, in the sense of
producing everything ; omniparous.
" Where on th' all-bearing earth unmJiTk'd it gi'ew,"
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. x., 362.
aU-beauteous, a. Eveiywhere, and in
all respects, full of beauty.
" . A ll-bcaittcous world ! "
Byron : Heaven and Earth, i. 3.
all-beautif\]l, a. In all respects very
beautiful.
" All beautiful in grief, her humid eyes.
Shining with tears, she lifts, and thus she cries,"
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xix . 301-3M
all-beholding, a. Beholding everything.
" Jove to deceive, what methods shall she try.
What arts, to blind his all-beholding eye ?'
Pope : Homer's lUad, bk. xiv., 185, 186.
all-bestOTnng, a. Bestowing everything,
or bestowing whatever is bestowed.
■' Had not his Maker's all-bestowing hand
Given him a soul, and bade him understand."
Cowpcr: Conversation.
all-blasting, a. Blasting every creature
under its influence.
" This boundless upas, this all-blasting tree."
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 120.
all-bounteous, a. Infinitely bounteous
— an attribute of God.
"... the all-bounieous King, who shower'd
With copious hand." Milton ■ P. L, bk. v,
all-bountif^l, a. [The same as All-
BOuxTEOus.] Infinitely bountifid; whose
bounty has no limits. {Webster.)
all-bright, a. Completely bright ; bright
in every part.
" All-brigM in heavenly arms, above his squire,
Achilles mounts, and sets the field on fire."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xix., 434-5.
all-but, all. but, adv. Only slightl.
falling short of universality ; nearly, almost.
"... I tgo acknowledge the aU-(>ut omnipotence
of early culture and nurture." — Carlyle: Sartor
Jtesartiis, bk. ii., ch. ii,
all-changing, a. Peipetually changing.
" . this all-changing word."
Shakesp. : K. John, ii. 2.
all-cheering, a. Cheering all ; inspiring
all with cheerfulness.
" . the all-cheering sun."
Sltakesp. : Jiomeo and Juliet, i. 1.
all-collected, «. Thoroughly collected.
"Fierce, at the word, his weighty sword he drew,
And, all-collected, on Achilles flew."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxii., 389-90.
all-comfortless, «. Wiiolly without
comfort.
"All-comfortless he sits, and wails his friend."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xix., 3G7.
all-commanding, a. Commanding all.
that is, issuing commands to all ; possessed of
unhmited sovereignty.
" Who, by his all-commanding might.
Did fill the new-niiule world with light,'
Milton : Trantl. of Ps. cxxxvi.
all-compelling, a. Compelling all
beings, and in all matters.
", . and all-compelling Fate,"
Pope; Homer's Iliad, bk. xix., 88.
all-complying, a.
and in every jjarticular.
Complying always,
"All bodies be of air conipos'd,
Great Nature's all-complying Mercury,"
More . Song of the Soul, App., 28.
all-composing, adj.
making all tranquil.
Composing all ;
" . all-composing sleep.
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxiv., 8.
all-comprehending, a. Comprehend-
ing everything. {Webster^
all-comprehensive, n- [The same a.s
All-comprehending.] Comprehending every-
thing.
"The divine goodness is manifested in making all
creatures suitably to those ideas of their natures,
which he hath in his all-comprehensivc wisdom." —
Olanvill: Pre-existence of Souls, ch, 8.
all-confounding, a. Confounding all.
" Ever higher and dizzier are the heights he leads us
to; more piercing, all-comprehending, all-confound-
ing are his views and ghinces."— Carlyle : Sartor
Resartus, bk. i., ch, xi
all-concealing, ». Concealing every-
thing.
" all-concealinif night"
Spenser : M. Hubb. Tale, ver, ,^^0.
all-conquering, a. Univei-sally con-
quering ; everywhere victorious.
" . all-conquering Rome."
Cowper: Expostulation,
" And sunk the victim of all-conquering death,"
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xviii., 160.
all-conscious, «. In every respect con-
scious.
"He, whose all-consc'ious eyes the world behold,
Th' eternal Thunderer, sat tbron'd in gold."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. viii., 5.'iO-l.
all-considering,
things.
" On earth he tum'd his all-considering pyes."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xi.. 111.
" To few, and wondrous few, has Jove assign 'd
A wise, extensive, all-considering mind. '
Ibid., bk xiii,, 917-16.
all-constraining, a. Constraining all.
"... Nature, by her «Z?-c"0?ij{^raj'ni)iff law.
Eacli bird to her own kind this season doth invite."
Drayton: Polyolb., Song 13.
all-consuming, a. Consuming every-
thing exposed to its action.
" , an all-coiisuming flre."
Byron : Hours of Idleness.
" To God their praise bestow.
And own liis all-consuming power.
Before they feel the blow."
Goldsmith : An Oratorio, act iii.
Considering all
Controlling all.
all-controlling,
(Eccrett.)
all-covering, i*. Covering all ]ierson3
or things.
" No ; sooner far their riot and their lust
All-covering earth shall bury deep in dust."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xv,, 37-8,
all-creating, a. Capable of creating
everything ; which actually creates, or has
created everything.
" His other works, the visible display
Of all-creating energy and might."
Cowper : Task, bk. v.
all-curing, o. Curing all or everj'thing.
"When Death's all-curing baud shall close their
eyes." Sandys: Job, ch. xxi.
all-daring, a. Daring everything ;
slirinking from no effort, however arduous.
". . . the nW-(Zarirtff power of poetry." — B. .lonnon :
Masques at Court.
all-dazzling, a. Dazzling all.
"... bind
To his young brows his own all-dazzling wreath."
Cowper : Traiisl. of Latin Poems of Montil. i
all-defying, a. Defying all.
•■ Li>ve, all-defying Love, who sees
iHo charm in trophies won with ease."
Moore: The Fire-Worshippers.
all-depending, a. Depending more or
less upon every creature.
". . , bereft
By needy man, that all-depending lord,"
Thomson : Summer.
all-designing, u.. Designing all things.
{Webster.)
all-destroying, a. Destroying every-
thing.
" But ah ! withdrav/^ this all-destroying hand."
Pope: Homer's I licui, bk. xxi,, 437.
b6il, bo3^; pout, j<f^l; cat, gell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-tion, -sion, -cioun — shun ; -sion, -tlon = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shtis.
Ls; expect, Xenophon, exist,
-ble, -die, &c. = bel, del ; dre =
ph =
der.
f.
138
all-devasting— All-hall ows
all-devasting, u. Dt\-aslatiijg every-
thing.
"Frihiii wounda her eaglets suck the reeking blood,
Aiid all-devasting war providea her food;'
Su/idi/s: Job, p. 5S.
all-devouring, a. Devouring or con-
suming everytliing. (Lit. d" Ji;;.)
"... all-devouHnff Anine."
Cowper . fianung of Lord MaruificIcCs Library.
all-dimming, a. Eendering everything
dim.
"Then clo3e his eyes with thy aU-dbmninff'htaid."
Marnton : Address to Oblio. at the end of Satires.
all-directing, «. Directing everything.
". . . all-dlrecting dny."
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii, 47.
Discerning eveiy-
all-discerning,
thing. QVehstcv.)
all-discovering, a. Discovering in the
sense of disclosing everything.
" Till aU-discQvering Time shall further truth declare."
More : Song of the Soul, Inf. of Worlds, at. 93.
all-disgraced, a. In every respect dis-
graced ; thoroughly disgraced.
" The queen
Of audience, nor desii-e, shall fail : so ahe
From Egypt drive her all-disgraced friend,
Or tjike his life there."
Sliakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, liL 10.
all-dispensing, a.
1. Dispensing all things.
" As frankly bestowed on them by the all-dispensing
bounty as rain and sunshine." — Milton: Of Reform.,
bk. li.
2. Affording a dispensation from the en-
forcement of a law or penalty ; indirectly
granting permission to do an otherwise illegal
act.
■* That little space you safely may allow ;
Your allrdUpensing power protects you now,"
Dryden : Hind and Panther.
all-disposing, a. Disposing all things.
" Of all-dispos'lng Providence."
Wordsworth : The White Doe of Itylstone, c. vL
all-divine, a. In all respects divine ;
infinitely divine.
" Then would I wiite the all-diuine
Perfections of my valentine."
Howell: Letter, t 5, 21.
all-divining, a. Divining everything ;
sagaciously unravelling every present mystery
and forecasting every future event.
" But is there aught in hidden fate can shun
Tliy allrdivining spirit ? "
Sir Ii. Fanshawe : Pastor Fido, p, 18L
all-dreaded, a. Dreaded by all.
" . the all-dreaded tliunder-stone. "
Shakd'p. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.
all-dreadful, w.. In all resisects dread-
ful ; very dreadful.
" Wheu Juno's self and Pallas shall appear,
All-dreiulful in the crimson walks of war,"
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. viii., 459-60.
all-drowsy, a. Very drowsy.
" All-drowsy night." — Browne: Brit. Past., ii. 1,
all-eating, a. Eating eveiything. {Lit.
& Jig.)
" Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise."
Shakesp. : Sonnets, iL
all-efficacious, a. In all respects effi-
cacious. {E oerett. )
all-efficient, a. Of unlimited efficiency.
In all respects, and to an unlimited extent,
efficient. (Webster.)
all-eloquent, a. In the highest degree
eloquent ; of unbounded eloquence.
" 0 Death all-eloquent I you only prove
What dust we doat on, when 'tis man we love."
Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, 335-6.
all-enilt>raclng, a. Embracing every-
thing. (More or less figurative.)
". . . an all-embracing ocean tide."— Carlyl-e :
Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. I.
" Riion as, absorb'd in all-enibracing flame,
Sunk what was mortal of thy mighty name."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xxiv., 91-2,
"A comprehensive, aU-nnbrachig, truly Catholic
Christianity "—Milman : Hist, of Jews, 3rd ed., Pref.,
vol. i., p. xxxiv,
all-ending, u. Putting an end to all
things.
" Methinks, the truth .shall live from age to age,
A3 'twere retail'd to all posterity,
E^'en to the general all-ending day."
Sliakesp. : King Richard III., iii. 1.
all-enduring, «.. Enduring everything.
all-enfolder, s. He who unfolds every-
thing.
" Who dares to name His name,
Or belief in His proclaim.
Veiled in mystery as He is, the All'enf older i"
Goethe. (Q,noted in Tyndall's Frag, of Science, xiv. 442.)
all-engrossing, a. Engi-ossing all.
"... the all-engrossing tLrinent of their indus-
trialism."—/. S. Mill : Pol. Econ., bk. i., ch. vii., § 3.
all-enlightened, c. In all respects or
on all matters enlightened.
" 0 all-enlightened mind ! "
Pope: Hom,ar's Odyssey, bk. xiii., 484.
all-enlightening, v.. Enlightening all,
or everything.
" Foi-th burst the aun with all-enlightening ray."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xvii., 735.
all-enraged, v,. Enraged in the highest
degree.
" How shall I stand, when that thou shalt be huii'd
On clouds, in robes of fire, to ,iude;e the world,
Usher'd with golden legions, m thine eye
CaiTying an aUrenraged majesty ? "
John Hall : Poems, p. 77.
all-envied, c. Envied by all.
", . . til' a?Z-eH(^iecigift of Heav'n."
Pope: Miseellanies ; Horace, Epist., bk. i., *.
all-essential, «. Quite essential ; that
cannot on any account be dispensed with.
(Everett.)
all-evil, a. In all respects evil ; evil in
the highest degree.
" his own alJ-c-nil son."
Byron: Parisina, bk. \i.
all-excellent, a. Infinitely excellent ; of
unbounded excellence.
" 0 Love all-excellent."
Cowper . TransL from Guioii.
all-flaming, a. In n. thorough blaze ;
flaming in every direction.
" She could not curb her fear, but 'gan to start
At that all-jtaming dread the monster spit."
Beaumont : Psyche, viii. 85,
All Fools' Day, s. The 1st of April ;
the day when, according to the ethics handed
down probably from pre-Christian times, it
is considered right, if not even laudable, to
make fools of all people, if one can, or at
least of as many as possible. The approved
method of doing this is to send them on silly
or bootless errands. The victim thus en-
trapped is called in England an April fool,
in Scotland an April gowk, and in France
Poisson dAvril, an April fish. A similar
practice obtains in India at a somewhat licen-
tious festival ca,lled the Hull, or Holee, which
is designed to celebrate the vernal equinox.
" The first of April, some do say.
Is set apart for All Foots Hay."
Poor Robin's Almanack, (1760).
" The French too have their All Fools' Hay, and call
the person imposed upon 'an April fish, poisson
d'Avril,' whom we term an April fool." — Brand:
Popular Antiquities.
all-forgetful, a. Wholly foi'getful.
". all-forgetful of self."
Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. i,, 4.
all-forgetting, a. Forgetting all people.
"How blest the solitary's lot,
Who all-forgetting, all-forgot,
Within his humble cell."
Burns : Despondency, 3.
all-forgiving, a. Forgiving aU.
" That all-forgitiing king,
The type of Him "above."
Hryden: Thren. Aug., ver. 257.
all-forgot, all-forgotteif, a. Wholly
forgotten, or forgotten by all.
" For hours on Lara he would fix his glance,
As all-forgotten in that watchful trance.".
Byron : Lara, I. xxvi.
(For ex. of All-forgot, see All-fokgetting.)
all-giver, s. The giver of everj-thing.
all-glorious, v.. Infinitely glorious.
"All-glorious King of kings."
Cowper: Transl. from Guion ; Joy in Martyrdom.
all-good, s. tb a.
A. As subst. : A name sometimes given to
a idant, the Cheiinpodium Bonus Henricus,
called also the Mercui-y Goose-foot or Good
King Henry. It is common iu Britain.
[Chenopoduim.]
B, As adj. : Infinitely good.
all-governing, a. Governing all.
" Bub Jove, all-governing, whoso only will_
Determniea fate, and minifies good with ill."
Pojje; Homei-'s Odyssey, bk. xvii., 507-8,
all-gracious, a. Infinitely gracious.
all-grasping, a. Grasping everything.
all-great, c. In every respect gi-eat ;
infinitely great.
"... that France was not all-great." — Carlyle:
Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. VI.
all-guiding, a. Guiding all persons and
things.
" Wow givp rae leave to answer thee, and those,
Who God's all-guiding i^rovidence oppose "
Sandys : Job, ch. xxxv.
all -hail, imper. of v., or interj., s., & v.
[Eng. all, and hail = health, ]
A. As an imperative of a rcrh, or as an
interjection : A salutation to God, to a human
being, or to an inanimate thing.
1. Applied to God, it indicates reverential
joy or adoration in approaching his presence.
" Jehovah, with returning light, all-hail."
Byron: Cain, i. 1.
2. Addressed to a person, it properly wiches
him perfect health, but is used more vaguely
as a salutation to e.xpress the pleasure which
is felt in meeting him.
"And as they went to tell his disciples, behold,
Jesus met them, saying. All-hail." — Matt, xxviii, 9.
3. Addressed to a thing, it implies that it is
to the utterer a source of great delight.
" All-hail, ye fields, where constant peace attends !
All-hail, ye sacred solitary groves !
All-hail, ye books, my true, my real friends."
Walsh.
B. As substantive : Welcome.
" G-reater than both, by the all-hail hereafter ! "
Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 5.
" Give the (i?i-AaiZ to thee, and cry, 'Be bless'd
For making up this peace ! ' "
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, v. 3.
C. As a verT} : To salute,
" WTiiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it,
Came missives from the king, who all-hailed me.
Thane of Cawdor." ShaTzesp. : Macbeth, i, 5.
AU haUond,
[All- HALLOWS.]
* All-haUond-eve, s. The eve of All-
hallows' Day. [All-hallows' Eve.]
AU-haUow,
[All-hallows.]
aU-hallowed, adj. HaUowed in the
highest degree.
". OVLX aU-haHQw'd 3.v^"
iijyfan : Heaven and Earth, i. 3.
AU-haUo^^een, s. [All-hallows' Eve. ]
AU-haUowmas, s The same as All-
hallows (q.v.).
All-haUo'wn, a. Pertaining to the time
about All-hallows.
Tl An All-haUown summer is a late summer.
" Farewell, thou Latter spring ! farewell,
All-haUown slimmer."
Shakesp. : Henry IV., Part I., i. -i.
AU-SiaUoiirs, AU-haUow, AU-hal-
lowmas, HaUowmas, * AU-hallond. «
[Eng. alt; hallows, or liallow ; A,S. halge
(genit. halgaii) = saints.] [Hallow.]
1. The old English designation of All
Saints' Day, the 1st of November, formerly
ushered in throughout Britain hy the cere-
monies and merry-making of All-halloween.
[All-halloween, All Saints' Day.]
" Book of Eiddles ! why. did you not lend it to Alice
Shortcake upon AtUhallotamat last, a fortnight alore
Michaelmas ? "—.bftaAcfi;?. ; Merry Wives, i. 1.
2. During the darkness of media?val times
if the example which follows mav be trusted
there were people who believed AU-hallows to
be a sanit instead of a saints' day, and had no
misgivings with regard to the genuineness of
"his' relies when exhibited.
" Prendes. here shall ye ae ev\-n anone
Of .l/?-?if(;^>wc5 the blessed jaw-bone
Kiss it Ikirdely with good devociou " '
Hey wood: Four Ps.
All-hallo ws-eve, ♦AU-haUond-eve,
AU-haUoween, *AU-liaUoween-tlde,
HaUoween, s. [Eng. all ; MUows-eve ; hal-
lond = ]mUoius; eve, ee-n — eventide. In A.S.
tld, (ife;.= tide, time.] The 31st of October,
the evening before AU-hallows (q.v.). Till
recently it was kept up (especially in Scot-
land) with ceremonies which have apparently
come down from Druidical times. [Hallow-
een.] Though connected with All Saints' Day
(1st of November), yet it seems to have been
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pjt, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, ignite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, sb, oe = e. ey = a. ew = u.
All-hallow-tide— all-redeeming
139
formerly a merry-making to celebrate the end
of autumn. .:aid liclp to fortify tliemiud against
the advent of winter.
"Froth. AU'hallond et'e."
Uliakesp. : Measure for ifeasure, ii, 1.
■■Betwixt Michaelmas ami AU-halloween-tide. .
—Tile Petition of John Field, in Froude's Hut. of Enq
ch. vl. J J <
All-hallow-tide, s. At or about the
*' tidf " or time of All-hallows (q.v.).
all-happy, n. Completely happy. Happy
in the higliest degree. {yVebster.)
all-hating, a. Hating all.
" thia all-hating world."
Shakesp. : Richard If., v. 5.
all-heal, s. [Eng. all; heal: doubtless
from the erroneous notion that the plant so
designated was a remedy for all diseases.]
^ 1. The mistletoe.
"This was the most respectable festival of our
Druids, called yule-tide ; when mistletoe, which they
called ull-heaf, was carried in their hands and laid on
tneir altars, as an emblem of the salutiferous advent
of Messiah."— HCukeleT/: Medallick Bist. of C'araimu^,
b. 2.
2. A name for a plant, the Valeriana offici-
nalis, or Great Wild Yah'rian.
ALL-HEAL (VALERIANA OFFICINALIS).
3. Clown's All-heal; a j)lant— the Stachys
^aZi(.';/ri6— belonging to the Labiatte, or La-
biates.
all-healing, a. Healing all (diseases).
"The Druids' invocation was to one all-hcnJinq or
all-saving imw^r.'—Selden ; Drayton's Polyolb.,Q,\ju.e D.
" Thy nU-healing grace and spirit
Revive again what law and letter kill."
Donne : Div, Poems, xvi.
all-helping, a. Helping aU.
"That all-healing deity, or allrhelping medicine,
among the Druids." — Seidell on Drayton's Polyolh.,
Song 9.
all-hiding, a. Hiding all things ; con-
cealing all things.
" 0 Night, thou furnace of foul reekinjg smoke,
Let not the jealoua day behold that face
Which underneath thy black all-hiding cloak
Immodestly lies martyr'd with disgrace ! "
Shakesp. : Tarquin and Lucrccc.
all-hollow, adv. Completely; as "to
beat one irll-hoUov^," that is, completely to
surpass one. (Vulgar.)
all-holy, a. Infinitely holy ; holy to a
boundless extent.
"... the yearning for rescue from ein, for recon-
ciliation with nji Alt-holy God." — Milman: Hist, of tlie
Jews, Pref., vol. i., p. xxii.
all-honoured, a. Honoured by all.
'■ . tlie afl-Jtonour'd honest Roman, Brutus."
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, ii. C.
all-hoping, a. Hoping everything.
"... all-1ioinng i&voMT and kindness."— 6'ar?)/?e;
Heroes and Hero- fVors/iip, Lect. VI.
all-hurting, a. Hurting all things.
" That not a heart which iu his level came.
Could 'scai)e the hail of bis all-hurting aim."
Shakesp. : A Lover's Complaint.
all-idolizing, a. Idolizing everything.
"All-idolizing worms, that thus could crowd
And urge their sun into thy cloud."
Crashaw : Poems, p. 156,
all-illuminating, a. Illuminating every-
thing. {Webster.)
all-imitating, a. Imitating everything.
" All-iinitating ape."
More : Song of the Soul, I. ii. 130.
all-important, a. Important above all
things ; in the highest degree important ; ex-
ceedingly important,
" The all-important emotion of sympathy is distinct
from that of love." — Harmin : Descent of Man, Part
I., ch. iii.
all-impressive, a. Exceedingly im-
pressive ; impressive in the highest degree.
(IVebster.)
all-including, a. Including all.
■' . . . when he spreads out his cutting-board fur
the last time, aud cuts cowhides by unwonted patterns,
and stitches them together into one continuous all-
including case . . ." — Carlyle: Sartor Jiesartas,
bk. iii, ch. i.
all-infolding, i^. Which covers over or
infolds all things,
'■ The foodful earth, and all-infolding skies,
By thy black waves, tremendous Styx ! that flow.
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xv., 42, 43.
all-informing, a. Informing all.
" 'Twas He that made the all-informiny light,
And with dark shadows clothes the aged night."
Sandys: Ps. civ.
all-interesting, c. In the highest de-
gree interesting. {Webster.)
all-interpreting, a. Interpreting all
things.
" The all-interpreting voice of Charity."
Milton : Doct. and Dine, of Divorce, ii. 9.
all-invading, a. Invading everything.
"What art thou, Frost? and whence are thy keen
stores
Deriv'd, thou secret all-invading power?"
TJwmson : The Seasons ; Winter.
all-jarred, a. Completely, or in all re-
spects jarred ; completely shal<:en.
"All was conftised and undefined
To her atl-Jarr'd and wandering mind."
Byron : Parisina, xi\-.
all-judging, o. Judging all.
" . of all-judging Jove."
Milton : Lycidas.
all-just, 0. Infinitely just; perfectly
just. {Webster.)
all-kind, a. Perfectly kind ; kind in tlie
highest degree. (Webster.)
all-knO'wing, a. Knowing everything ;
possessed of all knowledge.
" Since the all-knowing cherubim love least."
liyron : Cain, i. 1.
all-knavish, a. Wholly knavish.
"After the same manner it may be proved to be
all-weak, all-foollBh, and all-knavish." — Bovrriny .
Bentham's Works, vol. i., !>. 282.
all-licensed, o. Licensed by all, or
having received boundless license.
"... your all-licensed fool."
Shakctp. : Lear, i. 4.
all-loving, a. Infinitely loving ; of un-
bounded love.
" By hearty prayer to beg the sweet delice
Of God's all-loving spright."
More : Song of the Soul, I. iii. 32,
all-making, c. Making all ; all-creating,
omnific.
■■By that all-seeing and all-making mind."
Drydcn.
all-maturing, a. Maturing everj-thing ;
bringing all things forward to ripeness.
" Which all-maturing Time must bring to light."
Dryden: Ann. Mir., ver, 'Mi.
all-merciful, u. Infinitely merciful ; of
unbounded mercy.
" The All-merciful God.."— Coleridge : Aids to Iti-Jlcc-
tion, 4th ed., p. 20L
all -murdering, a. :Murdering every
creature within his or its power to kill.
" . one all-murdering stroke."
Sir Jl. Faiishawe : -Wft Book of Virgil.
all-nameless, a. Xot on any account to
be named.
" Since that all-nameless huur."
Byron : Manfred, i. 1.
all-noble, a. In all respects noble.
"Spirit and matter have ever been presented to us
in the rudest contrast, the one as all-Tioble, the other
as all-vile." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science,vi\. 164.
all-nourishing, a. Nourishing all;
nourishing all men, animals, and plants.
'■Friend, hast thou considered the 'rugp-ed all-
nouriJthing Earth,' as Sophocles well names her?" —
Carlyle: Sartor Besartus, bk. ii., ch. vi,
all-obedient, a. Thoroughly obedient
to every command.
" Then bows his all-obedient head, and dies."
CrasJiaw : Poems, p. 169,
all-obeying, l-.. Receiving obedience
from all.
" Tell him, from his all-obeying breath I a«ar
The doom of Egypt."
Shakesp. : A ntony and Cleopatra, iii. 1.
all-oblivious, a. Causing complete for-
getfulness.
" 'G-ainst death and all-oblivious enmity
Shall you i>ace forth." — Shakesp. : Sonnets, Iv.
all-obscuring, a. Obscuring everything.
" Till all-obscuring earth hath laid
The body in perpetual shade."
Bp. Henry King's Poems : The Dirge.
all-overish, a. [All over, and the sufiix
-i.sh.] Possessed of a feeling of being out of
health from head to foot, without being able to
specify any disease existing in one's fi-ame.
(Vulgar,)
all-overpowering, u.. Overpowering
all.
"Yes ! such a strain, with all-o'erpowering ineRsnre,
Might melodise with each tumultuous si)uud."
Scott: Vision of Don Boderick, lutrod., ver. 2.
all-overtopping, u.. Overtopping all
the rest.
— Carlyle: Sartor Besar to.
all-panting, a. Tliorcughly panting.
" stung with the smart, all-panting with the pain."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xl, 351.
all - patient, w. Thoroughly patient.
(Mitjord.)
all-penetrating, a. Penetrating every-
thing.
" Since I cannot escape from thy [ClirisfsJ all-pene-
trating inesence , . ." — Stafford : Niobe, h.. Zl.
all-peopled, a. Peopled by all.
'■ . the all-peopled earth."
Byron: Cain, i. L
all-perfect, a. Infinitely perfect.
"... such th' all-perfect Hand 1
That pois'd, impels, aHd rules the steady whole."
Thomson : Summer.
all-perfection, s. Complete perfection.
[All-perfectness. ]
" All-perfection nt the British Constitution." — Bow-
ring: BenthaTn's Works, vol. i., p. 225.
all-perfectness, s. Complete perfec-
tion ; perfection unmarred even by the smallest
flaw or imperfection.
"... the world, heaven, and all-perfectness." —
More: Conj. Ctibb., ]}. 153.
all-pervading, a. Pervading all space.
all-piercing, a. Piercing everything.
" Lest Phtebus should, with his all-piercing eye,
Descry some Vulcan." — Marston: Satires, Sat. 5.
all-pitiless, a in the highest degree
pitiless ; totally destitute of pity.
"An allrpttiless demou , . ."
liyron : Manfred, ii. 2.
all-pondering, «. Pondering on every-
thing.
■' To whose all-pondering mind . . ."
Wordsworth : Sonnets to Liberty.
all-potent, a. Having all power ; all-
povrerful, omnipotent. (Ii-oing.)
all-powerful, a. Having all power ;
omnipotent. (In its proper sense it can be
used only of God, but it is sometimes loosely
employed of men.)
"O all-powerful Being ! the least motion of whoca
will can create or destroy a world . . ." — Swift.
"... the all-powerful Campbells." — Macaulay.-
Hist. Eng., ch, xix.
all-praised, a. Praised by all.
" This gallant Hotspur, thia all-praised knight."
Shakesp. : Henry J V., Part J., iii. 2.
t all-prayer.
Unceasing prayer.
". . . he [Christian] was forced to put up his
aword, and betake himself to another weapon callei]
all-prayer (Eph. vi. 1&)."—Iiunyan : Pilg. Prog., pt. t
all-present, a. Present everywhere ;
omnipresent. (Webster.)
all-preventing, a. Preventing every-
thing. (S-j^ec.) Preventing a person or persons
from being taken unawares by an enemy or by
danger.
" The cautious king, with all-preventing care,
To guard that outlet, plac'd Eumaius there.
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xxii,, 146, 147.
all-protecting, a. Completely protect-
ing ; in aU respects protecting ; protecting
against everything said or done. (Webster.)
all-quickening, a. Quickening all ; im-
parting life to all,
all-quickening grace."
Cowpcr . Charity.
all-redeeming, u. Redeeming all ; ran-
soming every one.
"Not the long-promised light, the brow whose
beaming
Was to come forth, all-conquering, all-mlpeminn."
Moure ■ Liilla Boohh.
b^ b6^; poiit, jor^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, e^t. -ing.
-clan = Shan, -tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -^ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
140
all-rending — Allah
all-rending, a. Rending everythmj;.
" The all-rending Hammer fltmg from the baud of
Tlior." — Carlyle: //croes, Lect. I.
all-righteous, «. Of uutounded right-
eousness.
" Such future scenes th' all-rigMeous powers display
By their dread aeer. and such uiy futui'e day."
Pope: Vomer's Odyssey, bk. xxiii., 303-4.
all-ruling, a. Ruling over all ; possessed
of univei-sal sovereignty.
all-sagacious, u. Possessed of perfect
sagacity. {Webster. )
All Saints' Day, s. A festival instituted
by Pope Boniface IV. , early in the seventh cen-
tury, on the occasion of his transforming the
Roman heathen Pantheon into a Christian
temple or church, and consecrating it to the
Virgin Mary and all the martyrs. It did not
take root for two centuries later, but once
having done so, it soon spread through the
AVestern Church. It is kept by the Churches
of England, Rome, &c., on the 1st of Novem-
Tier. It is designed, as its name implies, to
lionour all saints, or at least those no longer
living on earth. It was formerly called ijl-
liallows (q.v.).
all-sanctifying, a. Sanctifying all.
" The venerable aud all-sanctifying names of the
Apostles."— fTase on the Resurrection, t^. 328.
all-saving, a. Saving all.
"The Druid's invocation was to one n.ll-healing or
all-saving iM>wer." — Selden : Drayton's Polyolb., Song 9.
all-searching, a. Searching everything.
"Consider next God's infinite, all-searching know-
ledge, which looks through and through the moat
secret of our thoughts, ransacks every comer of the
heart, ponders the most inward designs and ends of
the soul in all a man's actions." — Houth : Serm., ii. 99.
all-seed, s. The name given to the Poly-
carpon, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Caryophyllaceee, or Clove-worts. The A.
tetrapliyllum, or Four-leaved All-seed, occurs
wild on the southern coasts of Britain. It
has three stamina and a three-valved, many-
seeded fruit, [POLYCARPON.]
all-seeing, a. & s.
As adjective: Seeing every person and thing.
(L.t. &jlq.)
". . . for what can 'scape the eye
Of God alUseeing f"— Milton : P. L., bk. x.
" Q. Eliz,. All-seeing Heaven, what a world is this ! "
Sfiafcesp : Richard III., ii. l.
" . the all-seeing sun."
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, i. :;.
As substantive : The Being who sees all per-
sons and everything — God.
" . he has cast himself before the All-seeing
." — Carlyle: Sartor Jiesarius, bk. ii., ch. iii.
all-seer, s. He who sees all.
" That high All-iieer, which I dallied with,
Hath ttirned my feigned prayer on my head."
Shakesp. : Richard III., v. i.
all-sbakiug, a. Shaking everything.
" Thou all-shaking thunder."
Shakesp. : Lear, iij. 2.
all-shamed, a.« Shamed, or put to shame
beJore all ; completely put to shame.
" Tho' thence I rode all-shamed, hating the life
He gave me." Tennyson: Enid.
aU-shrouding, a. Shrouding everj-thing.
(Webster.)
all-shunned, u. Shunned by all.
" His poor self,
A dedicated heggar to the air.
With his disease of all-shunn'd poverty,
Walks, like contempt, alone."
Shakesp. : Tim. of Ath., iv. l.
all-sided, a. On evei-y side.
"... a culture which should not be one-sided,
but all-sided."— Tgndall : Frag, of Science.
all-silent, a. In complete silence.
" ^bfully or all-silent gaze upon him
with such a ftxt devotion, that the old man,
Tho' doubtful, felt the flattery."
Tennyson ; Merlin and Vivien,
All Souls' Day, o'. The day on which
the Church of Rome commemorates all the
faithful deceased. It was first enjoined in
the eleventh century by Oidlon, Abbot of
Cliniy, on the monastic order of which he was
tlii^ iiead, and soon afterwards came to be
adDjited by the Church generally. It is held
on tlie 2nd of November.
"Rich, This is Alf Souls' Day, fellows, is it not?
i'<hi-r. It is, my lord.
Rich. Why, then All Souls' Day is my body's dooms-
day."— Shakesp. : Richard JII., v. l.
All Souls' Eve, s. The evening before
All Souls' Day. The evening of Novem-
ber 1st.
" 'Twas All-Souls' Eve, and Surrey's heart beat high :
He heard the midnight bell with anxious start,
Scott : Lay of the Last Minbtrel, vi, 16.
all-spreading, «. Spreading in every
direction.
" . all-spreading happiness,"
Byron: Cain, i, 1.
all-Strangling, a. Strangling all.
"... the surges of the aW-«(rrt«3iirt(7 deep _. . ."
Byron: Heaven and Earth, pt. i., s. iii,
all-subduing, «. Subduing all persons,
or all things.
" Love, all subduing and divine."
Couiptr : Translation from Guion.
all-submissive, a. Completely submis-
sive ; in all respects submissive. (Webster.)
all-sufficiency, s. Sufficiency for every-
thing.
" 0 God, the more we are sensible of our own indi-
gence, the more let us wonder at thine all-sufficiency."
— Bp. Hall ; Occasional Meditations, Ixx,
all-sufficient, a. & s.
A. As adjective :
1. Sufficient for everj'thing.
"Books and schooling are absolutely necessaiy to
education, hut not all-sufficioit." — J. S. Mill : Political
Econmny (1848), vol. i., bk.ii., ch.vii., g 2, p. 330.
2. In all respects sufficient.
"Here, then, is an all-sufficient waiTant for the
assertion of objective existence, "~i^e7-fcc?-( Spencer:
Psychol., 2nd ed. (1872), vol. ii., p. 452, § 448.
B. As substantive : The all-sufficient Being
—God.
"Through this [faith] Abraham saw a phcenix-like
resurrection of his sou, as possihle with God ; therefore
oheyeth that command of offering his son, believing a
metamorijhosis jwasible with the All-sufficient. —
Whitlock : Manners of the English, p. 544.
all-surrounding, a. Surrounding every-
thing. .'Spec, encompassing our globe.
" . all-surroundlng heav'n."
ThOTnson: Spring.
all-surveying, a. Surveying e-\'ei7thing.
" Then I observed the bold oppressions done,
•veying ^wn."
Sandys : Eccles , p. 6.
all-sustaining, a. Sustaining all things.
"Doth God withdraw his all-sustaining might?"
Sir J. Beaumont : Poems, p. G9.
all-telling, a. Telling, that is, divulging
everything.
" All-telling fa,me
Doth noise abroad, Kavarre hath made a vow."
Sliakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, ii. 1.
all-terrible, a. In all respects terrible ;
terrible to all.
" High o'er the best all-terrible he stands.
And thunders to his steeds these dread commands."
Pope: Homer's Uiad, bk. xix., 438-9.
all-the-world, s.
Fig.: An epithet applied by a person in love
to tlie object of affection.
" You are my all-the-world, ajid I must strive
To know my shames and priiises from your tongue."
Sliakesp. : Sonnets, cxii.
t all to, t all-to, t all-too, adv. [Eug.
all; to.}
1. Originally, the all and to were distinct
from each other, the to being connected with
the verb immediately following, to which it
imparted force. At lirst that verb was always
one meaning to break or to destroy, aud
the prefix to implied that this breaking or
destruction was complete or thorough.
"The hagges and the higirdles
He hatn to-brotce hem all."
Piers Ploughman, Via. 1., S.OT.'i.
" Al is to-hroken thilke regioun." — Chaucer: C. T.,
2,759.
2. Subsequently, in the opinion of some,
the all and to laecame connected, acquiring
the signification of altogether, qitite, wholly,
completely. Others would reduce all these
cases under No. 1, and sweep No. 2 away.
"It wiis not she that call'd him alMo naught :
Now she adds honours to his hateful name."
Shakesp. : Venus and Adonis.
" She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings,
That, in the various bustle of resort,
Were all-to ruffled, and sometimes impaired."
Milion ■ Comas.
"And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone
upon Abimelech's head, and all to brake his scull."—
Judg. ix. 53.
". . . your Bonaparte represents hi a Sorrows of
Napoleon Opera in an ail-too stupendous style ; with
music of cannon-volleys, and murder-shrieks of a
world . . ."—Carlyle ■ .Sartor Resartus, bk. ii., eh. vi.
all-too-JTull, a. Altogether too full.
"Strait-laced, but all-too-full in bud
For Puritanic stayB."
Tennyson : The Talking Oak.
Altogether too
all-too-timeless,
timeless.
" But some untimely thought did instigate
His all-toa-ti7nel<;ss speed, if none of those."
Shakesp. : Targuin and Lucrece.
all-triumphing, a. Triumphing every-
where, or over every one,
" As you were ignorant of what were done,
By Cupid's hand, your all-triumphing son."
B. Jonson.
all-un'nrilling, a. Highly unwilling.
" His presence haunted still ; and from the breast
He forced an all-unioilling interest."
Byron : Lara, I. xii.
all-upholder, 5. One who upliolds all.
(Special coinage.)
" Glestms across the mind His light.
Feels the lifted soul His might,
Dare it then deny His reign, the All-upholder f
Goethe. (Quoted in Tyndall's Frag, of Science.
all-watched, a. Watched throughout.
" Nor doth he dedicate o:ie Jot of colour
Unto the weaiy and all-watched night."
Shakesp. : Ben, V., iv., Chor.
all-weak, a. Thoroughly weak.
"After the same manner it may be proved to be
all-weak, all-fooliah, and all-kuavish." — Bo wring : Ben-
tham's Fragment of Government, voL i., p. 282.
all-'Wise, a. In all respects wise. Wise,
with no admixture of folly. (A term applied
to the Supreme Being, or to His action in the
universe. )
"Adam. God, the Eternal ! Infinite! All-wise f
Byron : Cain, i L
all-'Witted, u. Having all descriptions of
wit.
"Come on, signior, now prepare to court this all-
witted lady, most naturally, and like yourself." — B.
Jonson : Every Man out of his Bumour, v. L
all-worshipped, a. Worshipped by all.
"... in her own loins
all-worthy, a. in the highest degree
worthy.
" Pis. Oh, my all^worthy lord !
Clo. All-iDorthy villain ! "
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iii. b.
al'-la, jyrep. [In Ital. the dative case fem. of
the definite article la, the one which is used
before feminine nouns beginning with a con-
sonant. Or it may be considered the prep.
alio, alU, agli, alia, alle, which is = to, at, and
is identified with the article. It coiTesponds
with the French an, avx, a la.}
1. To the ; according to.
2, After the manner of the . . ; as AlUi-
Francese =. after the French fashion.
alla-breve, a. , a. , & adv. [Lit. = accord-
ing to the breve.] In quick time ; in such
time that the notes take only half their usual
time to execute. It is the same as alla-capella.
It is very rarely used in modern music.
alla-capella, a., s., & adv. [Li7.^ accord-
ing to the capella, or rather cappella, meaning
chapeh] As is done in church music, which,
contains one breve, or two semi-breves, or
notes equivalent to them in time.
alla-prima, s. [Lit = to the first ; mean-
ing, at the first ; at the very first.]
Painting: A process by which the proper
colours are applied at once to the canvas
without its being previously impasted for
their reception.
Al'-la, s. [Arab.] [Allah.]
al'-lag-ite, s. [In Ger. allagit. Apparently
from Gr. aWa-^rj (aJZaj/t) = change ; aWdo-abt
(allasso) — to change ; -He.} A mineral, a
variety of rhodonite, arranged by Dana in his
Curboiiateii section. It is of a dull green or
reddish-brown colour, and is found in the
Haiz mountains.
Al'-lah, s. [Arab. Allah, contr. from AUIlali
= the Adorable ; the (Being) worthy to be
adored. ^I = the ; Ilali, from alah = to
adore. Heb. n^'p« (Eloah) ; E. Aram. 7\bvt
(Elah)= God.} The name of God in use
among the Arabs and the Mohammedans
generally.
" He called on Alia, but the word
Arose unheeded or unheard."
Byron : The Giaowr.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wglf, work, who, son : mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu - kw.
allamanda— alle ge
HI
Allah akbar, ii'iu-j. =God (is) gi-eat. A
Mohammedau war-cry.
Alia liu, AUa ho, interj. (=God is)
A Mohammedan war-crj-, consisting of words
taken from the muezzin's call to prayer. The
full form is Allah-hu alhar — God is great.
(5ee Herklots, Saffur Shiirncc/'s Moosulmans of
Indict,, 1832, p. xcviii.)
'■ Gkid and the prophet—^ Ua Hu I
Ul) tij the skie3 with that wild halloo '. "
Byron : The Siege of Corinth, v. 22.
Allah il Allah, interj. God is the God.
■' Alia il AUn ' Vengeance swells the cry —
Shame laouiits to rage that m^^st atone or die ! "
Byron : The Corsair, 11. 6,
al-la-maiL'-da, s. [Called after Dr. Frederick
Allemand, a professor of Natural History in
Leyden University, and a correspondent of
Linnteus.] A genus of plants belonging to
the order Apocynacese, or Dogbanes. The
A. cf'thartiiu is, as its name implies, ca-
thartic. In moderate doses it is useful in
such diseases as painter's colic, but given in
excess it is violently emetic and purgative.
(Litulley : Veg. Kingd., 1847, p. GOO.)
all'-a-mort, Li.. [Fr. alamort.] [Amort.]
^'-lan-ar-ly, miv. [Allenarly.]
al'-lan-lte, s. [From T. Allan, the Edinburgh
mineralogist, who first recognised it as a dis-
tinct species. J
Mi)i. : According to the British Museum
Catalogue, a variety of Orthite ; but Dana
considers it a distinct species. He x*laces
it in his Epidote group of Unisilicates. It
is monoclinic and isomorphous with epidote.
Its crystals are sometimes tabular and flat, at
others long and slender, or even acicular.
The hardness is 5'5-6, the sp. gi'av. 30 to 4'2.
It is generally of a pitch brown or black
colour, with a sub-metallic pitchy or resinous
lustre. It is akin to epidote, and is a cerium
epidote. It contains the other rare metals—
lanthanum, didymium, yttrium, and some-
times glucinium. Dana divides it into seven
varieties : (1) AUanite proper, including
Cerine, Bucklandite, and Tantaliie ; (2) Ural-
orthite, (3) Bagrationite, (4) Orthite, (5) Xan-
thorthite, (6) Pyrorthite, and (7) Erdmannite.
It is found in Greenland, Norway, and other
places.
al-lan-to'-ic, a. fEng. allantois ; -ic] Be-
' longing to the allantois ; pertaining to the
allantois.
allantoic acid, s. An acid found in the
liquor of the fcttal calf. It was formerly
called amniotic acid. [Allantois.]
allantoic fluid, s. A fluid found in the
embryo of man and animals. The most notable
element found in it is allantoin (q.v.).
al-lan-t^d', a. St, s. [Allantois.]
A, As adj. : Allantoic.
B. As suh'it. : The allantois.
al-lan-to'-in, s. [Fiom allantois (q.v.).]
Chem. : C4N4Htj03. A neutral organic sub-
stance whicli contains the eleruejits of 2 mole-
cules of aniiiioniuni oxalate, minus 5 nvjlecules
of water. It is found in the allantoic liquid
of the fcetal calf. It is obtixined artificially,
together with oxalic acid and urea, by boiling
uric acid with lead dioxide and water, and
forms colourless, tasteless prismatic crystals.
^l-lan-to'-is, t al-lan-to'-id, ^■. tin Fr.
and Port, allantoide ; from Gr. oAAai'Toeifiijs
(allaiitoeides) = shaped like an aWas (alius),
genit. aAAacTos (alkuiios) — a kind of meat,
intermediate between our sausuge and black-
pndding.] A thin membrane existing in the
embryos of ani:,iotic vertebrata. It is situated
under tlie chorion, and outside the amnion
of the embryo. It is well developed in the
Ruminantia, but less so in the Rodentia. In
the chick <A' birds it becomes applied to the
membrane nf the egg-shell, andcuiistitutL's the
breathing apparatus of the young animal till
the lungs are formed. The embryo of man
possesses an allantois, which, however, is but
transient, shrivelling before the end of the
second month of development, and soon after-
wards entirely disappearing. {Todd d' Jl'nc-
man : Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., pp. 5fl0, 603, 020.)
al-lan-tiir'-ic, a. [Eug. ullantnis; uric]
Obtained from allantoin and uric acid.
allanturic acid, &.
rheni. : Anorganic acid having the fonnula
CyXijli-Oi^ H, obtained from uric acid.
al'-lar, a. The same as Alder (q v.). (.'<cutih.}
' al-las', interj. [Alas.]
■ al-la'~trate, v. [Lat. aUatro = to bark at :
ad = to; latro = to bark.] To bark as a dog.
"Let Cerherus, the dog of hell, allatrate what he
list, to the contrary."— S<«Mes ; Anat. of Abitses.
al'-la-v6-lee, adv. [Fr. a la voUe (lit. —
according to flight) = at random. ] At random.
(Scotch. ) (Javieson . )
al-la'y, * a-la y, ' a-la'ye, * al-legg'e,
a-legg'e, v.t. & i. [Wedgwood considers
that the A.S. alecgan and the Fr. alUger have
both had to do with the origin of this word,
which in its old form is best spelled with a
single I (alegge) when from alecgan, and a
double one (allegge) when from atleger. The
A.S. alecgan, imp. alege, is = (1) to place, to
lay down, to lay along, (2) to lay aside, con-
fine, diminish, take away, put down or depress.
Cognate with Dut. leggeii = to lay, put, or
place. The Fr. alleger is = to ligliten, unload,
ease, relieve, mitigate ; lege = empty, light.
In Sp. aliviar ; Ital. alleviare; Lat. allcro =
(1) to lift up, (2) to lighten, to alleviate, (3)
to diminish the force of, to weaken ; from
levis = light, not hea\7". At first, allay and
alloy were the same words.] [Alegge, Al-
lege, Alloy, Alleviate.]
A. Transiticc :
* \. Formerly : To mingle the precious
metals with baser ingredients.
2. To diminish the acrid character of a
substance ; to mix wine with water,
" Being brought into the open air,
It would allay the Duniiug quality
U£ that fell poison which u^sailetli him."
Shakegp. : King John, v. 7.
" If he diinketh wine let him alaye it, or let it be
soure." — Hollybush : Homieh Apothecary, p. 41.
3. To appease, to quiet, to diminish, tn
soften, to nntigate. (Applied to the appetites,
the emotions, the passions, &c.)
" But God, who caused a fountain, at thy prayer,
Fruiu the dry ground to spring, thy thirst to aUai/
After the brunt of battle. , . "
Milton: Satnson Agonist es.
"But his exhortations irritated the passions which
he wished to allay."— if acaulay : Hist. Eng., cli. xii.
B. Intra itsit ive : To abate.
t al-la'y, s. [From the ^-erb.] [-\llov, s.]
The act of adding one thing to another, with
the effect of diminishing, mitigating, or sub-
duing the predominant characteristics of the
one to which the addition is made ; the stati; of
being so mixed ; the thing added to, mingled,
or combined with the other ; the mixture or
combination thus made.
Used (1.) Of vietiih : An alloy of one nietiU
with another ; alay, ala>ji:, alhnj being the old
way of writing alloy. [Alloy ]
'• For if that tliay were put tu such assayes.
The gold of hem hatli now so badde alayes
With bras, that thou^li the coyn be fair at ye.
It wulde rather brest in tuo than plye."
Chaucer: C. T, 9,042-5.
" The Scriptures mention the rust of gold, but that
is in regard of the allay."~Lord Bacon: WorTus.
(2.) Of other things: Used in the general sense
already gi^'en.
" Dark coloui-s en slly sufTer a sensible allay by little
scattering light."— iVficroH ; Opticks.
"True it is that the greatest beauties in this world
are receptive of jui allay of sorrow."— /ei- em j/ Taylor :
Life of Jesus, § XV.
al-layed', pa. par. & a. [Allay, v.t.]
al-lay'-er, s. [Allay.] A person or thing
* that has the power of allaying.
" Phlegm and pure blood are reputed allayers of
acrimony. "—Harvey.
al-lay'-ing, pr. %iar. & a. [Allay.]
" .l/co. . . one that loves a cup of hot wine with
not a drop of allaying Tyber in "t."
Shakesj}. : Coriolanus, ii. i.
al-lay'-naent, s. [Eng. allay ; -nunt. In Fr.
allege incut.] The act of allaying ; the state of
being allayed ; that which allays, alleviates,
diminishes, mitigates, or subdues.
"... and apply
AUaymgnts to their act. '
SJiakesp. : Cymbeline, i. G,
* alle, u. & adv. [All.]
al'-le, -5. [The Swedish name.]
Zool. : The little auk, or black and white
diver, Mergulus alle, or M. mchinolcu>:o-< It is
called also the Common Rotche. It inhabits
the seas north of Britain, and visits our coasts
only during winter, [Alca. ]
t al'-le-cret, s. [Ger. alter = all ; kraft —
strength.] A kind of light armour worn by
the Swiss and some other nations in the six-
teenth century.
t al'-le-criin bra'-bo, s. [Brazilian name.]
The name given in Brazil to a plant, the Hy-
■pcricum laxiusculurii, there reputed to be a
specific against the bites of serpents. (Lindl. :
Nat. Sys. Bot, 2nd ed., 1813(3, p. 78.)
'■■ al-lect', v.t. [In Fr. aJInher ; Ital. allett'nr;
Lat. allecto, freq. of aUicio = to draw gently
to, to entice ; * lacio =to draw gently.] To
entice, to allure.^
" Allected and allured to them."
Hull : Henry YL. an. 30.
"" S,l-lec-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. allectatio, fr. allecto
= to allure.] EnticeniL-nt, allurement.
al-lec'-tive, tf. &s. [Eng. allect ; -ive.]
A. As adjective : Enticing, alluring.
"Womau yfarced with fraude and disceipt,
To thy confiislon most allective bait,"
CJiaucer: Rem. of Love, ver. 14.
B. As substui'tive : An entiL-t.--meut, an
allurement.
" Ajo. allective to aynne."— Sir Thomas More: WorJccs.
al-ledge, v. [Allege.]
* alle-f eynt'e, a. [Apparently from Eng.
alle = all, and Fr. faineant = lazy, idle, slug-
gish.] Lazy, sluggish. (Frompt. Fare.)
* alle -feynt'e- lye, adv. [Allefevnte.]
Lazily, sluggishly {rrompt. Far v.)
^ all'e - f ul - ly, adv. Totally, completely,
(Frompt. Farv.)
* al-le -gan$e (1). * al-leg'-e-an9e, s
[Allege.] An alleviation.
■■How foolishly doth he second his allegeances.'-'
True Soncvn/ormist. (Pref.) ^
* al'-le-gan9e (2). * ai'-le-gaxm^e, " al-
le-ge-an9e, s. [O. Fr. allegeancc] A
lightening, relieving, relief.
" I hadde noon hope of allegaunce."
liomaunt of Rose, p. ";.
*Al-le-gant, ' Al' i-gaunt. s. [Alicant]
Wine froui Alicant.
^l-le-ga'-tlon, s. [In Fr. allegation; Sp. c'/f-
gacioii ; Ital. allegazione ; Lat. alkgatin = {\)
a dispatching, a mission, (2) an assertion
by way of proof or excuse; from alleg-i.]
[Allege.]
A. Ordinary Language :
t 1. The act of affirming ; the act of posi-
tively asserting or declaring. *
2. The assertion which is made by one
alleging anything ; especially used for an ex-
cuse, justificatory plea, &e.
" My lord of Suffolk, Buckingham, and York,
Reprove my allegation, if you can ;
Or else conclude my words efTectual."
Shukesp. : Henry VL, Part II., iii, L
B. Technically :
I. In the Ecclesiastical Courts :
1. Formerly: A specific charge against a
person drawn out in articles. It followed on
the citation of the party. The next step after
the allegation was the defendant's answer
upon oath. Any circumstances which the
defendant felt disposed to comnmnicate for
his defence or exculpation were propounded
in what was called his defensive allegation.
(Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 7.)
* Allegation of facndties was the statement
of a person's means. It was used in proceed-
ings respecting alimony.
2. Nov) : The first plea in testamentiiy
causes ; also every successive plea in causes of
every kind. A rvsponsive allegation is the
first plea given in by a defendant. A countvr
allegation is the ]'laintiff's answer to this de-
fence. An exceptive allegation is one which
takes exception to the credit of a witness.
II. In the Civil and Criminal Courts: An
asserted fact, the adduction of reasons or
witnesses in support of au argument. (JViJI :
WJmrton's Law Lexicon.)
al-leg'e,tal-led'ge,*a-legg'e, *a-ley'de,
v.t. & i. [In Fr. alleguer = to allege, to cite ;
Sp. alegar; Port, allcgar; lta.\. allegare. From
lioll, tooy; poiit. j6^1; cat, 5ell. choras, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph =f-
-tion. -sion, -cioun = shun; -sion, -tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel. del. tre=ter.
142
allegeable— alleluiah
Lat. allego, -avi = (1) to dispatcli on private
business ; (2) (later) to adduce, to allege : ad
= to, and lego, -avi = to send as an ambas-
sador, to appoint by will. &c.]
A. Transitive :
1. To adduce as an authority, or plead as an
excuse.
". , . no law of God or reason of roan hath
hitherto been alleged of force sufficient to prove they
do ill . , . "—Hooker.
"If we forsake the ways of grace or goodness, we
cannot allege any colour of ignorance or want of in-
struction ; we cjiunot aay we nave not learned them,
or we could -aoV—Bi&hop Sprat.
2. To affii'm positively, to declare, to aver.
[See v.i,]
B. Intransitive : To assert, to affirm posi-
tively, to aver.
" Mere negative evidence, they allege, can never
satisfactorily establish the proiMsition, " — Owen :
Classif. of Mammalia, p. 5S,
^-leg'e-a-ble, n. [Eng. allege ; -able. ] That
may be alleged.
"Paasmg over of time i3 not allegeable in. pre-
scription for the loss of any right."— i^rotide .■ Hist.
£ng., pt. i., vol. iv., p. 1B4.
al-leged', pa. par. & a. [Allege.]
" It was not snfficient to prove that the Bishops had
written the alleged liheL — Jfacaula// : Mint, En'j.,
ch. viii.
* al-leg'e-ment, s [Eng. allege ; -ment]
Allegation.
"To Ramah they come _ to Saul, with many com-
plaints and allegemeiits in their mouths," — bishop
Sanderson : Sermons.
al-leg'-er,
* alleges.
[Eng. allege; -er.] One who
"The narrative, if we believe it as confidently jis
the famous aUeger of it, PamphiUo, appears to do
. . . "—Boyle.
al-le'-gi-ange, * al-le'-ge-an9e, "^ al-
leg'-aun9e, s. [Norm. Fr. ligeance ; Low
Lat. litgancia, ligiantia, ligeitas = allegiance.
Generally taken from Lat. alligo = to bind to :
ad = to ; ligo = to bind. But Ducange, whom
Wedgwood follows, derives the above words
from Low Lat. Utus, lichts, ledits — a person
intermediate between a freeman and a serf,
and who owes certain services to his lord.]
[Liege, Lad.]
I. The area or dominion within which the
bond of obligation described under No. II.
exists.
" Natural-born snbjccta are such as are bom within
the dominions of the crown of England: that is, within
the ligeance, or, as It is generally called, the allegi-
ance of the king ; and aliens, such as are horn out of
it" —BlackstoTie : Comment., bk. i., ch. 10.
II, The obligation itself.
1. The tie or ligamen which biiids the sub-
ject to his liege lord the king, in return for the
protection which the king allows the subject.
It is founded on reason, and therefore affects
all natui'al-born subjects of the king, that is,
all born within his "ligeance." For a long
time it was formally called universal andper-
pettial, to distinguish it from the local and
temporary obligation contracted by aliens,
whilst they remained in a country, to the
ruler of that land in return for protection
received. Recent legislation has, however,
given up this principle, and a British settler
in the United States, who has for ever left his
country, is no longer entitled to claim the
protection of our sovereign, or expected to
render him or her allegiance in return.
"... yet, he, that can endure
To follow with allegiance a fallen lord.
Dues conquer him that did his luaster conquer,
And earns a place i' the story "
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, iii, 11.
"To which of these two princes did Christian men
owe allegia)ice f"—Macaulai/ : Hint. Eng., ch. xiv.
Local allegiance is such as is due from an
alien, or stranger born, for so long time as
be continues within the king's dominion and
protection. (BlacTcstone : Comment. , bk. i. ,
ch. 10.)
Natural allegiance is such as is due from all
men born within the king's dominions imme-
diately upon their birth. (Blackstone : Com-
rmiit., bk, i,, eh. 10.)
Oath of allegiance : An oath binding one who
takes it faithfully to discharge such obligation.
For 600 years previous to the Revolution of
368S, this was of a sweeping character, but
immediately after that great event it was
modified, and made to run thus : "thatheftlie
person swearing it] will be faithful and bear
(n(e allt^giance to the king." It will be seen
that no mention is here made of the king's
heirs, and no effoi-t is made to dellne the
nature or extent of the "allegiance" to be
rendered. Modifications of the oath of alle-
giance have since been made by 21 & 22 Vict.,
c. 48 ; superseded by yO & 31 Vict., c. 75, § 5 ;
and it again by the Promissory Oaths Act,
31 &; 32 Vict., c. 72, that now in force.
2. The infinite obligation due by every in-
telligent creature to the Creator.
" Your military obedience, to dissolve
Allegiance to the acknowledged Power Supreme."
Milton: F. L., bk. iv.
t al-le'-gi-ant, u-, [Allegiance.] Loyal.
"... poor undeserver, I
Can nothin" render but alUtgiant thanks.
My pray'rs to heaven for you."
Sltakesp. : Henry VIII., iii. 2.
al-leg'-ing, pr. par. [Allege.
al-le-gor'-ic, al-le-gor'-i-cal, a. [In Fr.
aUcgoriqiie ; Sp. alegorico ; Port, and Ital.
aliegorico ; Lat. allegoricus; Gr. aWrifopiKo^
(allegorikos).^ Pertaining to an allegory ; con-
taining an allegory ; resembling an allegory.
" A kingdom they iJortend Thee, hut what kingdom,
Real or allegoric, I discern not. . . "
Mdton : r. R , hk. iv.
al-le-gor'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. allegoric;
-ally,] After the manner of an allegory.
"Anaxagoras and his school .ire said to have ex-
plained the whole of the Homeric mythology allegori-
cally."—Max Mtiller: Science of Lang., vol. ii., p. 431.
"Even when he speaks alleaorically he seems to
represent the first form of allegory, in which it is
traceably moulded upon history, and serves for its
key." — Qladstone : Studies on Homer, i. 196.
al-le-gor'-i-cal-ness, s. [Eng. allegorical;
-vfss.] The quality of being allegorical.
(Johnson.)
* al'-le-gor-ism, s. [Eng. allegor(y); -ism.]
An allegory. *(Bp. Jewell.)
al'-le-gor-ist, s. [Eng. allegory; -ist. In
Gtir. allegorist ; Fr. alUgoHste; Port, and Ital.
I'llegorista.] One who allegorises ; one who
uses figurative language, or writes a work of a
figurative character.
" Bunyan is indeed asdecidedly the first of allegorLtts
as Demosthenes is the first of orators, or Shakspeare
the first of dramatists." — Macaulay : Htst. £ng.,
ch. vii.
al-le-gor-i'ze, S.l-le-g6r-i'§e, v.t. & i. [In
Ger. allegorisiren ; Fr. allegoriser; Sp. aJego-
ri:ar ; Port, allegorisar ; from Later Lat, alle-
go Hzo.]
A. Transitive : To conveit; into an allegory ;
to interpret allegorically ; to explain in a
figurative sense.
" An alchsanist shall reduce divinity to the maxims
of his laboratory, explain morality by sal, sulphur,
and mercury, and allegorize the Scripture itself, and
the sacred mysteries thereof, into the philosopher's
stone. " — Locke.
' ' He hath very wittily allegorized this tree, allowing
his supposition of the tree itself to be true." — Italcigh.
"As some would allegorize these signs, so others
would confine them to the destruction of Jerusalem."
—Burnet: T/ieory.
B. Intransitive: To use allegory, to speak
in a figurative manner. (Sometimes followed
by iipon, of, regarding, &c.)
"After his manner, he allegorizeth upon the sacri-
fices of the \0.'v/."—Falke against Allen, p. 223.
"Origen knew not the Pope's purgatory, though he
alZfififoWze o/ a certain purgatory." — ihid., p. -147.
al'-le-gor-ized, pa. par. & a. [Allegorize.]
al-le-gor-i'-zer, s. [Eng. allegorize; -er.]
One who allegorises.
"The Stoick philosophers, as we learn from Cicero,
were great allegorizers in their theology." — Coventry :
Phil. Conv., V.
al-le-gor-i'-zing, pr. j^ar., «., & s. [Alle-
gorize.]
al'-le-gor-y, * al'-le-gor-ie, * 3,l'-le-
gor-ye, s. [In Sw. aUegnrl; Dan. and Gcr.
allegorle ; Fr. allegoric ; :Sp. alegoria ; Ital.
and Lat. allegoria; Gr. aWnyopia (allegoria) ;
fr. aWo^ (alios) = another, and a-fopevn} (ago-
n-iin) = to speak in the assembly, to harangue ;
ayopd (agora) =■ an assembly, the forum ;
aTei'pdj (ageiro) = to bring together.]
1. A discourse designed to convey a different
meaning from that which it directly exjoresses.
A figure of speech or a literary composition in
which a speaker or writer gives forth not the
actual narrative, dcscri]ition, or whatever else
he seeks to present, but one so much resem-
bling it as on reflection to suggest it, and
bring it home to the mind with greater force
and eftect than if it had been told directly.
In many cases the description given appeals
to the eye, whilst the truth designed to be
conveyed is one of a moral or spiritual kind.
As a quotation already made. [Allegobist]
shows, Macaulay considered John Bunyan as
unquestionably the first of allegorists ; and
every reader of the " Pilgrim's Progress " will
at once understand lioth what an allegory is,
and how effectual a vehicle it can be made for
the communication of religious knowledge.
Spenser's "Faerie Queene"is a moral allegory.
A brief allegory may be considered as a single
metaphor; a long one as a series of Tmtaphors.
The distinction between an allegory and a
parable is very slight. Crabbe says that a
parable is mostly employed for moral purposes,
and an allegory in describing historical events.
The latter differs from a riddle or enigma in
not being intended to perplex. For the dis-
tinction between an allegory and a myth, see
the subjoined example from Max MUller.
"The difl'erence between a myth and an 'jMegary
has heen simply but most happily explained hy Pro-
fessor Blackie m his article on Mythology in C7iam.ber^
Cyclopoedia. ' A myth is not to be confounded with an
allegory ; the one being an unconscious act of the
X>opular mind at an early stage of society ; the other, a
conscious act of the individual mind at :iny stage of
social progress.'" — Max Mailer : Science of Language,
(0th ed., 1871), vol. iL, p. 430.
" And thus it was : I writing of the way
And race of saints, in tnis our gospel day,
Fell suddenly into an alleqory
AlDout theii- journey, and the way to glory. ..."
Bunyan: Apology for IHl. Prog.
" But he who waa of the bondwoman was horn after
the fleah ; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
"WTiich things are an allegory." — i^al. iv. 23, 24.
^ In the passage fr6m Galatians — the only
place in the Authorised Version of the Bible in
which the word allegory occurs — it is a mis-
translation, and shoidd disappear. The ren-
dering should be : " Which things are alle-
gorised."
2. Painting and Saulptiire : A figurative
representation of something else than that
which is actually painted or sculxitnred.
Sil-le-gret'-to, a. or adv.. Sis. [Ital. dimin.
of allegro = joyful ; somewhat joyful.]
Music: As adv. & adj.: With pace and
character livelier than that indieatt;d by the
word andante, but less rapid and brilliant
than that denoted by allegro (q.v.).
As substantive: A movement in the time
now described.
al-le'-gro, a., adv., or s. [Ital. = joyful.]
A. -4s adject ive or adverb :
L Ordinary Language : Gay, merry, cheer-
ful. (Miltoti : Allegro and Fenseroso.)
IL Music : Gay, joj-ful, mirthful, sprightly,
and, by implication, quick in time. It is the
fourth of the five grades of musical pace and
character, Largo, Adagio, Andante, Allegro,
Presto.
B. As substantive :
Music : A movement in the time now de-
scribed.
allegro agitato, a. or adc. Allegro in
an agitated manner.
allegro assai, a. or adv. Vuiy allegro.
allegro brlllante, «. or adv. Allegro in
a brilliant manner.
allegro giUSto, a. & adv. a just and
precise allegro. The tenn is generally em-
ployed to guard a performer agauist com-
mencing at a too rapid pace.
allegro moderato, a. & adv. Mode-
rately allegro.
allegro di molto, a. & ode Exceed-
ingly allegro.
allegro vivace, u. & adv. Allegro in a
spix'ited manner.
^ Piit allegro, ad,]. & adv. . Quicker, more
qmck.
IT Poco allegro, adj. & adv. : A little quick
rather quick.
*alle-li6le, *^ alle-heyle, «,. [Mid. Eng.
alte; hx)le = whole or hale.] Whole, sound
(Prompt. Parv.)
*alle-ll6o'-ly, adv. [Mid. Eng. allc--^-An;hooly
= wholly.J Wholly, entirely. (I'nnapt. Parv.)
alle-iaia (Rev. xix 6), ai-le-ia -iah
(lah or la as ya). s. [Hallelujah.]
£ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, sb, ce = e. ey = a. <iu = X^w,
allelykely— alligation
143
* alle-lyk'e-ly, o.dv. [O. Eng. alk = all ;
lykely = li\u-\y.'\ Equally, evenly. {Prompt.
Farv.)
al'-le-mand, al'-le-mande, al'-maiu, s.
[In Ger. allemande, ftom Fr. AUemagne = Gev-
niany. From Ahmanni, the Germanic tribe,
whose name(probatjly meaning All-men) seems
to imply that they were a very miscellaneous
assemblage of people. The name appeared
about the middle of the third century, if not
earlier. The Alemanni were then on the
Upper Rhine. In 490 they were defeated by
Clovis, at the battle of Tolbiae, fom- league's
from Cologne.]
1. Music : A slow air in common time ; or a
grave, solemn air, with a slow movement.
2. Dancing : (a) A brisk dance. (6) A figure
In dancing.
al-le-mont'-ite, s. [From AlUmont, where
it occm-s.] A tin-white or reddish-grey
mineral. Composition : S'bAs2, or arsenic
G2-15 to 65-22 per cent., and antimony 3478
to 37 '85.
1 3.1'-leii-ar-l3r» t fi-l'-lan-ar-ls^, * an-
er-ly, * an'-yr-ly, adv. [Etym. doubtful,
perhaps Eng. = alone ; -er = more ; -ly.\
Solely, entirely, only, singly, alone, solitarily.
{Hcotoh.')
" . . . ia not like Goshen, in Egypt, on which the
sun of the heavens and of the gospel shineth allenarly,
and leaveth the rest of the world in utter darkneas,"
— Scott : Heart qf Mid-Lothian, oh. xxxix.
'* al'-ler, a. [A.S. genit. pi. of ml = all.] The
same as Alder, a. (q.v.).
" other for spense of mote or drynk that we spenden
heere,
I am oure eatour, and here oure ajlcr pnra."
Chaucer: C. T., 316, 317.
a,l-ler'-i-6n, al-er'-i-6n, s. [Fr. aUrion,
from Mod. Lat. ularionevi, ace. of alario =
large, eagle-like bird.]
Her.: Aneaglewiththe wings expanded, their
points turned downwards, and no beak or feet.
^ al'-lev-eiire, s. [O. Sw. (?), or fr. French
leveur =■ lifter, raiser, gatherer (?).] A coin
formerly in use in Sweden : its value wat,
about 2id.
■*g<l-lev'-i-ate, a. [Low Lat. alhviatus, pa.
par. of allevio; Lat. ailevo ~ to lighten: ad,
expressing addition, levo = to lighten.] Alle-
viated.
al-lev'-i-ate, v.t. [From the adj. ; Sp. aliviar;
Ital. alleviare.] [Levity, Lift.]
1. To make light in a figurative sense ; to
lessen, diminish, mitigate, allay. (Opposed to
aggravate — to make heavy.)
"... those gentle offices hy which female tendcr-
nesi3 can alleviate even the misery of hopeless decay
, ■' — Jfacaula,// • Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
2, To extenuate or excuse an offence.
[Aggravate.]
al-lev'-i-a-ted, -pa. par. k a. [Alleviate.]
al-lev'-i-a-ting, pr. par. [Alleviate.]
al-lev-i-a'-tion, s. [From Lat. alhvatio^a.
' lifting up.]
1. The act of lightening, lessening, or miti-
gating an emotion, or extenuating a fault.
" All apologies for and aUemations of faults, though
they are the heights of humanity, yet they are not
the favours, but the duties of friendship."— Soitift.
2. That which lessens or mitigates sorrow
or other emotion, or extenuates a fault ; an
alleviating circumstance.
"Pleaaurcs. ... 32. Relaxation ; :!3, .-(Kei>ia^io)i ;
34. Mitigation."— .Bow r/jii* ; Bvntham's Table of the
Sprirtifs uf Action. ( Worktt, i. 205 )
al-leV-i-a-tlve, a, & s. [Eng. alleviate; -u'c]
1. As adjective: Which alleviates.
2. As suhUanilvc : That which alleviates.
"Some cheering allevintive to lads kept to sixteen
or seventeen yeiirs >jf nae iu pure slavery to a few
Greek and Latin words.' —Corah's Doom (1G72), p. 126.
fi,l'-ley (1), ^aley, ^^ ai'-laye, *S,r-lye,
Sil'-iire, s. fc a. [Sw. alle ; Dun. & Ger. ullee ;
Port. aJIm ; O. Fr. alier ; Fr. allee = a passagp,
frora<i;ier = to go : (ii£. = a passing or going).]
A. As substantive ;
I. Ordinary I. tin gun (jc:
1. A walk in a garden, or a path in a wood
or iilantation.
"Where n^te.vs are close gravelled, the earth putteth
forth the first year knotprass, and after spiregra>is. "—
Bacon : Nataral Historif.
'. , . I know each lane, and every aZiey green,
Diugle, or buaby dell, of this wild wood,
And every bosky bourn from, side to side."
Milton: Comus.
"And rode till midnight, when the college lights
Began to glitter fliefly-like in copse
And linden alley : then we past an arch. "
Tennyson : The Princess, l
2. A narrow passage in a city, as distin-
guished from a public street. As a rule, it
is not a thoroughfare for wheeled carriages.
(a) Designed for bowling.
" Two sortes of allayes in London I finde —
The one agaynste the lawe, and the other againste
kinde.
The first is where bowlings forbidden, men use.
And wastynyetheyrgoodes, do their labour refuse."
Crowley: Jijngrams ; Of Allayes (\bbfi).
(5) Designed for the habitation of the
poorer classes.
" The other sorte of allayes that be o^aynst kynde
Do male my harte wepe when, they com to my
mind;
For there are por people welmost innumerable
That are dryren to begge, and yet to worcke they
are able.
If they might have al things provided aright."
Crowley: Epigrams; Of Allayes (ibb^i).
"That in an a^e^hada priv6 place."
Chaucer: C. T., 14,980.
" That town ia a small knot of steep and narrow
alleys , . " — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v,
^ The Alley, or Change Alley, was a place in
London where stocks were formerly bought
and sold. {Ash: Diet., 1775.)
3. Fig. : One of the narrower passages for the
conveyance of blood through the human frame.
" That, swift as quicksilver, it courses through
The natural gates and alleys of the body."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. o.
IL Technically :
^ 1. Arch. : Formerly an aisle in a church.
[Aisle.]
" The cross allye of the Lanthome before the Quire
dore, goinge north and suuth." — Gloss, of Arch.
2. Fruiting: The compositor's standing
place between two opposite frames. {Ameri-
canism. )
3. Drill Husbandry : The vacant space be-
tween the outermost row of grain on one bed
and the nearest row to it on the next parallel
bed.
4. Perspective : Any passage represented as
greater at its entrance than at its exit in the
background, so as to give it the appearance
of length.
B. As ctd jcdirc : Pertaining to or derived
from an alley, as above described.
" Aliis ! it's not wys, a greate ouer syght,
Vo Aldermen and other that take allaye rente."
Crowley: Epigrams; Of Allayes.
^I'-ley (2), s. [A dimin. or corruption of ala-
baster (q.v.).] A fine marble or taw, originally
of alabaster.
Sil'-leyed, a. [Eng. alley (1); cd.] Formed
into an alley ; of the form of an alley.
" By pointed aiale, and shafted stalk.
The arcades of an alley'd walk
To emulate in stone."
Scott : Marmion, ii. 10.
al-li-a'-ceous, a. [In Fr. alliace ; Lat. al-
lium.} [Allium.] Pertaining to the plant-
genus Allium, which contains the onion,
garlic, &c.
1. Bot. : AUiaceoiis plants are plants more or
less closely resembling tlie genus Allium.
2. Mill. : Pertaining to the odour, like that
of garlic, given out by arsenical minerals
when exposed to the blow-pipe or struck by
the hammer. (Phillips: Mineralogy.)
al-li'-an9e» t al-li'-aun5e, * al-i -31196,
*' al-y'-aun9e, s. [Eng. ally ,- -ance. In
Dan. alliance; Ger. allians ; Fr, alliance, from
allicr, Uer = to tie, to unite; Sp. alianza ;
Port, alianza; Ital. alleanza.] [Ally.]
A. Ordinary Language : The act of uniting
together by a bond ; the state of being so
united ; the document in which the nature of
the union is particularised.
Specially :
1. A treaty, compact, or league formed be-
tween two or more independent nations. It
may be offensive or defensive. [Offensive,
Defensive.] Also the parties so uniting.
"Thus was formed that coalition known as the
Triple A lliance."— Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. ii.
2. :Marriage, viewed specially as bringing
into intimate relations two families previously
unconnected ; also kinship of a less intimate
kind ; also the person so uniting.
". . . and read
The ordinary chronicle of birth.
Office, alliance, aud promotion — all
Ending m dust."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
ARMS OF .^.LLIANCE.
"Fur mj' father's sake,
And for alliance' sake, declare the canse
My father lost his head."
Shakesp. : Henry YI., Part J., it o.
"I would not boast the greatness of my father.
But point out new alliances to Cato."— Jrfdisori.
3. Fig. : Any sort of union more or less
closely resembling either marriage or a league
of nations.
B. Technically. Her.. Anns of Alliance are
arms which come
into a man's posses-
sicm by matrimo-
nial alliances, as the
arms of his wife,
which are impaled
with his own, and
those of heiresses,
which he, in like
manner, quarters.
The arms here shown
are those of the
Prince and Princess
of Wales. {Gloss, of
Heraldry, 1847.)
* al-li'-an9e, v.t. [From the sub.stantive.]
To join in alliance ; to unite.
" It [sin] is allianced to none hut wretched, forlorn,
and apostate &]^\ri\s."—Ciidworth : Serm., p. <f2.
^ al-li'-ant, s. [Eng. ally; ant] An ally.
" We do promise aud vow for ourselves of each party
alUants, electurs, princes, and states."- TAe Accord of
Ulm. ( Wotton's Item.., p. 532.)
al-li-ar'-i-a, s. [From Lat. allium, = garlic ;
also the le'ek, which the alliaria resembles
in smell.] A genus of plants belonging to
the order Brassicacefe, or Crucifers. The A.
offi-cinalis is the common garlic mustard,
Jack-by-the-hcdge, or Sauce alone. It was
formerly called Erysimum alliaria.
&r-li9e, * al'-lis, s. [From Lat. alosa or
alausa = the shad.] The Allice-shad (q.v.).
Allice-shad {Alosa. communis) : The name of
a fish of the family Clupeidas (Herrings). It is
about two feet in length, and in Britain is
found chiefly in the Severn.
t al-ll9'-l-©xi-9y, s. [Lat. allicio = io draw
gently, to Liitice ; ad = to, and !acio = to draw
gently. Ger. lockcn ; Dut. lolckcn; Sw. locka;
Dan. loklce.] The power of attracting any-
thing ; attraction ; magnetism.
" The feigned central allidency is but a word; and
the manner of it atlU occult." — Qlanville.
tal-li9'-i-ent, s. [Lat. all id ens = attracting,
pr. jjar. of allicio.] That which attracts.
" The awakened needle leapeth towards its allicient."
— Robinson . Eudozu, \). 121.
*al-li'e, v.t. [Ally.]
■"al-li'e, a. [Ally.]
al-ll'ed» pa. par. & a. [Ally.]
Frequently as adjective:
1. Bound together in a league, or united in
marriage.
". . . the other chiefs of the allied forces." —
Macaulay : Jlist. Eng., ch. xxi.
2, Related to by affinity ; akin to. (Used
often in describing animals or plants.)
"But that the same laws should largely prevail with
allied animals is not surprising. " — Dartoin: Descent
of Man, pt. ii., ch. xv.
al'-li-gant, a. [Lat. alligans, pr. par. of
alligo = to bind to.] Binding (?), or a mispro-
nunciation by an uneducated woman of ele-
gant (?).
"Yet there has been knights, and lords, and gentle-
men, with their coaches ; I warrant you, coach after
coach, letter after letter, gift after gift; smelling so
sweetly (all musk), and so rushling, I warrant you,
in silk and gold; and in such alUgant i^erms," —
Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Wijidsor, ii. 2.
1 3l'-li-gate, v.t. [In Sp. aligar. From Lat.
alligo =^ to bind to: ad = to, and ligo^to
bind.] To bind or tie together {lit. or Jig.).
"... certain connatural instincts alligated to
their nature." — Hale : Origin of Mankind.
t al'-li-ga-ted, pa. par. & a. [Alligate.]
t al'-li-ga-ting, pr. par. [Alligate. ]
al-U-ga'-tion, s. [In Ger. alligation ; Sp.
aligacio-n ; Lat. dlligatlo = a tying to ; ad =
to, and Jigatio =■ a tying, a binding.]
1, The act of tying together ; the state of
being tied together.
2. Technically. Arith. : A division of arith-
metic which treats of the process for finding
the value of compounds consisting ot mgre-
\jfSil, boy; po^t, jo^l; cat» ^ell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go» gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; ^sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -clous, -ceous = shiis. -"ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
lU.
alligator — allocution
dients difrering from each other in iirice. It
is divided into medial and alternate. Medial
alligation is when the quantities and prices of
the several ingredients are calculated to deter-
mine the value of the mixture, and Alternate
when from the value of the separate ingre-
dients and the value of their mixture is de-
duced the quantity of each which enters into
the compound. Alternate alligation has three
varieties : (1) Alligatioii simple, when the ques-
tion is unlimited with respect to the quan-
tities both of the simples and of the mixture ;
(2) alligation ■partio.l, wlien the question is
limited to a certain quantity of one or more
of the simples; and (3) alligation total, when
the question is limited to a certain quantity
of the mixture.
al-li-ga'-tor, ' al-li-gar'-ta, la-gar-
tos, s. [In Dan., Ger., & Fr. alligator ; from
Sp. el legarto = the lizard, pre-eminent above
other lacertine animals in size. Herrera calls
the caiman lagarto a erocodilo ; Cowel derives
it from Port, allagarto = a crocodile ; Sir T.
Herbert from allegartos, which he calls Sp.
and Almain (Todd's Johnson). Sir Walter
Raleigh terms the alligator Lagartos (q.v.).
Al would then be the Spanish definite article
el — the ; and when the English sailors heard
it pronounced immediately before lagartos,
they, as Trench believes, supposed it part of
that word. (Trench: Study of Words, p. 118.)
Some older writers looked for the origin of the
word alligator in another direction, deriving
it from legateer, or allegater, the alleged Indian
name for the animal. ]
" I do remember an apothecaiy, —
And hereabouts be dwells,— which late I noted
In tatter'd weeds, with overwheliuiug brows,
Culliug of simpler ; meagre were his looks.
Sharp iniijery hud worn him to the bones :
And 111 his ueedy sliop a tortoise huiig,
Au alligator stufi'd,"
Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, v. i.
1. Zool. : A genus of reptiles belonging to
the order Crocodilui, and the family Crocodil-
idse. It is known from its nearest allies, tlie
Crocodiles and Gavials, by having the head
depressed and the canine teeth of the lower
jaw received in a i)it in tlie upper. The hind
feet are never completely webbed, and some-
times there is scarcely any membrane at all.
The genus was formerly thought to be con-
fined to the New World, but in 1890 two speci-
mens of the Chinese Alligator (.^1. sinensis)
were received by the Zoological Society, and
exhibited in their Gardens, Regent's Park.
ALLIGATUB l_ALHGATOK MlHSIbSIPIENSiS).
The best known species is A. mlssissi^yiensui,
the Alligator of the Mississippi. It attains
the length of fifteen or eighteen feet, or even
more. At the approach of winter it buries
itself in a hole on a river's bank, and becomes
for a time torpid.
2. Popularly : Any crocodilian animal in-
habiting the New World. These are not all of
the genu-s above described; thus the "alli-
gators" of the West Indies are true croco-
diles.
alligator apple, s. A kind of Anona,
A. pahistris, which bears a fine sweet-scented
fruit, but too narcotic to be eaten. It grows
wild in soft marshy places in Jamaica. Its
Avood is so soft that it is called cork-wood,
and is made into corks.
alligator pear, s. a tree, the Laurus
persea, which is about the size of an apple-
tree, and produces a fniit about the dimen-
sions of a large pear. It is highly valued in
the West Indies, the pulp being rich and mild,
but requiring some addition, such as pepper
and salt, to give it pungency. It is called
also the Avocado pear.
alligator tortoise, s. The Chelydra
serpentina, a tortoise found in North America.
Its head and limbs are too large to be retracted
within the shell. It belongs to the family
Emydidee.
"^ al-lig'-a-tiire, s. [Lat. alUgatura: ad = to,
and ligatura = a. band, a ligature, from Hgo =
to bind.] A bandage. The old form of Liga-
ture (q.v.).
al-lign'-ment, a-lign'-ment (g silent), or
al-lan'e-ment, s. [Alignment. ]
al'-li-kee, s. The Teloogoo name for a sedge,
the Scirpiis duhius of Roxburgh, the tuberous
loots of which are eaten by the natives of
Southern India, who consider them as good
as yams. (Lindley : Vcg. Kingd., 1S47, p, 118.)
al-lin'e-ment, s. [Alignment.]
^ Al'-li-oth, s. An old form of Alioth.
^1-li're, *SFl-lir§', a. [Alder, a.] Of them
all. The same as Alder (q.v.).
" Sir Meleager, in gret mynd a man out to sende
To Sir Alexander belyve thalre allire maister
To coine and help " — HCeoenson : Alexander, 1,254-6,
" Alexandire the athill, he atlirs acoide." — Ibid., 620.
al'-lis, s. [Lat. alosa.] The same as Allice
(q.v.).
al~li'-^ion, s. [Lat. allisio, from allido = to
strike or dash against : ad =to, and loido.'\
1. Ordinary Lang.: A striking or dashing
against with violence.
" There have not been any islands of note or con-
siderable extent torn and cast off from the continent
by earthquakes, or severed from it by the boisterous
alliiion of the sea." — Woodward.
2. Marine Law : The running of one vessel
against another. The same as CoLLisioN(q.%'.).
al-lit'-er-al, a. [Lat. ad = to, and literalis =
pertaining'to a letter ; Altera = a letter.]
1. Ordinary Lang. : Pertaining to the prac-
tice of commencing two or more ■words in
immediate succession with the same letter.
2. Ethnol. and Fhilol. : A term applied by
Ajjpleyard to the CafFre family of languages.
(Max Mailer: Science of Lang.)
al-lit-er-a'-tion, s. [In Ger. and Fr. allitera-
tion ; Port. allitpra<}ao : Lat. ad = to, and
Hteratio = instruction in reading and ^vriting ;
litera = a letter. ]
1. The commencement with the same letter
of two or more words in immediate succession.
Milton's expression, "Behemoth biggest born"
(P. L., bk. vii.), i« au alliteration ; so is the
example which follows : —
" Apt alliteration's artful aid."
Churchill : Prophecy of Famine.
2. Less properly : The repetition of a parti-
cular letter in the accented parts of words,
even though these may not all be at their be-
ginning; as —
" That, hush'd in grave repose, expects his evening
prey." Gray.
al-lit'-er-ar-tive, a. [In Ger. alliten
taining to alliteration.
}.} Per-
GoldsmUh : Traveller, lutrod,
". . , alliterative "poetr J." — Darwin: Descent of
Man, pt. i., ch. iL
al-lit'-er-a-tive-ness, s. [Eng. allitcrvtivp.-
ness.} The quality of being alliterative. (Cole-
ridge.)
al-lit'-er-a-tor, s. [Lat. ad = to, and Uterator
= (1^ a teacher of reading and writing, (2)
a grammarian.] One who habitually prac-
tises alliteration.
al-li-tiir'-ic, a. [Eng. all(oxan), it connect.,
and uric] Pertaining to or derived from
alloxaniin.
allituric acid, s.
Chein. : C(jX4H504.H. Au acid obtained
from alloxantin.
al'-U-um, s. [In Fi". ail; Sp. ajo; Port, allio ;
Ital. aglio ; from Lat. allium, alium = the
garlic, leek, &c.
Theis deri^'es it
from the Celtic
all = acrid or
burning. ] A
genus of plants
belonging to the
order Liliaceee,
or Lily-worts,
and the section
Scilleai. Eight
species occur in
the British flora,
but one is doubt-
fully native. Of
these the A.
ursinum, the
Broad-leaved Garlic, or Ramsons, is pretty
frequent, and another, the A. vincorc (Crow-
garlic), is not rare. The most familiar species
ALLIUM.
. Bulb. 2. Plant. 3. Flower.
4. Single Floweret.
ARMS OF THE
EASTLAND COMPANV,
of the genus are, however, those which occur
in our gardens. The onion is A. cepa; the
leek, A. p>orrv.m ; the garlic, A. sativum; the
chive, A. sclimnoprasum ; and the shallot, A.
ascalonicum. The chief species cultivated in
our Eastern empire are the A. ascalonicu'ni and
the A. tuberosum. The hill-people in India
eat the bulbs of A . leptophyllum, and dry and
preserve the leaves as a condiment.
" He allium calls his onions and hia leeks." — Orabbe
al-lo-ca-mel-iis* s. [From Gr. aXAos (alios)
= another, hence strange, unreal, mythic; and
Kd/.in^o<i (kamelos),
Lat. camelus = a ~
camel.] Ah unreal
or mythic camel.
In Heraldry :
The ass -camel, a
mythical animal,
compounded of the
camel and the ass ;
borne as a crest by
the Eastland Com-
pany, now merged
in the Russia Coni-
panv (Glossary of
Hcu'ldnj.)
al'-lo-cate, vj. [Lat. c«f = to, and loco = to
place ; locus — a place.]
1. Ordinary Lang. : To locate or place one
thing to another ; to assign, to set aside ; to
place to one's account.
"Upon which discovery the court is empowered to
seize upon and allocate for the iiumediate inainteuance
of such ehildreu a sum not exceeding a third of the
whole fortune."— 5urfce.- Popery Laws. (Ilidiardton.)
2. In the Exchequer : To make an allowance
on an exchequer accoimt.
3. To fix the proportion due by each land-
holder in an augmentation of a minister's
stipend. (Scotch.) (Erslcine's Institutes, II. ,
ii. 10.)
al'_lo-ca-ted, pa. par. [Allocate.]
al'-ld-ca-tmg, pr. par. [Allocate.]
al-lo-ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. allocation; Itah
allogazioiie ; Lat. ad = to, and locatio = a
lilacing, an arrangement ; loco = to place. ]
1. In a general seiise : The act of putting
one thing to another; the state of being so
allocated ; the thing allocated. Frequently
used in connection with the assignment to an
applicant of shares in a company or land in a
colony, after the purchase-money for one or
other of these has been x'aid.
2. Spec. : The admission of an item in an
account, and its consequent addition to the
other items. The term is used chiefly in the
Exchequer, and a writ " de allocatione facienda "
is a writ directed to the Lord Treasurer or
Barons of the Exchequer, commanding them to
allow an accountant such suras as he has law-
f lUly expended in the execution of his office.
al-l6-ca'-tur, s. [Law Lat. (lit. = it is al-
lowed.),]
Law: A certificate given by the proper
officers, at the termination of au action, that
costs are allowed.
al-loch'-rd-ite, s. [in Ger. allochroit ; Gr.
(1) d\\o5 (alios) = another ; (2) xpoa (chroo) =
surface .... colour; and (3) suff. -ite.] A
mineral, a variety of Andradite, or Lime
Iron-garnet, which again is classed by Dana
under Iron-ganiet, one of the three promi-
nent groups into which he divides the great
mineral species or genus Garnet (q.v.). Al-
lochroite is of a greyish, dingy yellow, or
reddish colour. It is opaque, and has a
shining \itreo-resinous lustre. It strikes fire
with steel. It is found in the iron mine of
\irums, near Drainmen, in Norway.
al-loc'~la-Slte, 5. [Gr. aWos (alios) =
another; K\acri';_(klasis) = breaking, fracture ;
from KAdto (klao) = to break, break off". So
called because its cleavage difffers from that of
arsenop>nite and marcasite, which it is like.]
Au orthorhombic mineral classed by Dana
with his Sulphides. It contains 32-69 of
arsenic, 30-15 of bismuth, 16-22 of sulphur,
10-17 of cobalt, with smaller quantities of
iron, zinc, nickel, and gold. It occurs in
Himgary.
al-l6-cu'-tlon, s. [Lat. alloc^ltio = (1) a
speaking to ; (2) a consolatory' address ; (3) an
oration addressed by a Roman general to his
soldiers : ad = to, and locutio = a speaking,
from loqiioi- = to speak.]
Sate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt
or, wore, wglf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib. ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, as, oe = e. ey = a. qu -= kw-
allodial— allotropy
145
1. The act of si'cuking.
2. That which is " sitokeu," whether liy the
lips or by the pen.
11 Used specially of utterancfs by the Pope
on matters regarding which he deaircs to
address his followers and the world.
al-16'-dl-al, o. [In 8\v odal; i>ei , Fr., &
Port. uJhiilial ; fSp. a!<-<hiij.] Pertaining to
land, or the ti-nurc of land held without any
acknowledgment of a feudal supcriur ; held
not by feudal tenure, but independently.
"... aUoi/ful, tli:it U, wholly independent, and
held of no sinjerior at ;iLl." — Blackatone: Comment.,
bk. ii., ch. 4.
al-16'-di-al-ist, s. [Eng. ollodiol ; -ist.] One
who holds allodial land.
"Moreover, instead of I'.iyiii-,' a fine like the fiee
alloUialist , , ." — Penny l'yi:l., 1. 355.
al-lo-di-al'-i-ty, ■^. [Eng. nJ/o'Ho?; -^ty. In
Fr. allodialitr ; Ital. aJhjO.iaJito ] The state of
being in possessii.tu of allndial land.
" AUodialita, s.f., aUvdiality." — Graglia: Ital. BiC
(1848).
al-lo'-di-al-ly, ode. [Eng, allvdial; -ly.} By
the tenure called allodial.
"And in Germany, accoi-din^^ to Du Ciinge (Gloss,
lit. Barones), a class of men Lulled Semper Baroiifs
held their lands allQdiaUy."—PrHii// Ci/cl , i, 35C.
t al-16'-di-an, a. [Fromf'//n(?,'!(m(q.v.).] The
same as Allodial (q.v.). (Cornel.)
al-lo'-di-um, s. [in Sw. odalgodo ; Ger.
allodium; Fr. alien, or fro. ii.c-o lint ; Low Lat.
allodium. A word of uncertain (.■tyuiolng^
According to Ponti-ppidan, it cotui-s' from all
and odh = all property, whole estate, or pro-
perty in the highest sense of tin' word. Odh
is connected with odal ; Dun. odd ; Orcadian
vd(d : all having the same signification as the
word (ddodiol. Less probably derived from
the Ct'ltic allod =^ ancient.]
1. Law : Landed property belonging to a
person in his own right, and for which he
consequently owes no rent or service to a
superior. It is contradistinguished from feod
{feud), whicli is landed property held from a
superior, on condition of the tenants rendering
him eert-ain service. Arcordingto Sii Edward.
Coke, Blackstone, and other writers, there is no
allodial land at all in Britain, every fragment
of the island being lri_-ld mediately or imme-
diately from the sovereign. It is consiOered
however, by those who have investigated the
subject that "udal," namely, allodial tenure,
exists in parts of Orkney. [Udal.] The land
in the British Colonies and America is also
allodial. (Blach'itoue: Comment., ii.,4, 5, 7.)
t 2. An estate inherited from an ancestor,
as opposed to one acquired in any other way.
al-16g'-6n-ite, s. [In Ger. allnfjomt. From
Gr. a\Ao? (alios) = other; yioi-ia ((loniu) =
angle ; -ite.]
Mill. : A mineral, called also Herderite (q.v).
al'-l6-graph, s. [Gr. aAAo? (alios) = another.
and yf>a<}}7} (graphi) = 3. writing.] A docnnieut
written by otlier i)arties than those to whom
it refers, it is opposed to Autograph.
al-lo-mor'-pllite, s. [In Ger. allomorphit ;
Gr. aKK6/j.op(po^ (allomnrphos) = of stiange
shape : a\\os_{allos) = another, strange, and
fxop<^-q (morphe) — form, shape; -ite.]
Min. : A mineral, a variety of barite, or
barytes. It has the form and cleavage of
anhydrite. It is found near Kudolstadt, in
Germany.
"■al-lo'ne, u. Old spelling of Alone.
^ al-ldnge', s. [Fr. allonge = lengthened ; pa.
par. of allonger = to lengthen, to extend, as
the arm ; hence to thrust.j
1. Ill Fencing : A pass or thrust with a
rapier, so called from the lengthening or ex-
tending of the fencer's ami in delivering the
blow.
2. Horsemanship: A long rein used when a
horse is trotted in the hand.
3. Comm. : An additional slip of paper an-
nexed to a bill to afford room for endorsements
when the original bill is too small for the
purpose. {Bytes: On Bills, 10th ed., p. 150.)
t al-l6o', v.t. Rare form of Halloo (q.v.).
" A Uoo thy furious mastifi'; bid him vex
The noxious herd, and print upon their ears
A sad memorial of their past oSence."~Philips.
* al-l6on', a. Old spelling oi Alone.
al-lo-pal-la'-di-um, i. [Gr. aAAo? (allos)=
another; Eng., &c., palladium.] A mineral
which crj'stallises in hexagonal small tablets,
while palladium, to which it is akin, does so
in minute octahedrons. In occurs in the
Harz Mountains.
al-l6-path-et'-ic, a. [Gr. aWo^ (alios) =
another, and TraenriKos (pathctikvs)— anhject
to feeling] [Allopathy.] Pertaining to allo-
pathy.
ai-l6-^ath-et'-ic-al-ly, odr. [Eng. allopa-
thctical ; -ly.] After the manner litrescribed by
allnpathy.
al-l6-path'-ic» a. [In Fr. allopathique ; Gr.
aWoq ((///o^) = another, and ■Trdtfo'; (pathos) =
state, C( indition. ] [Allopathy. ] Pertaining
to allopathy.
al-l6-path'-ic-al-ly, odr. [Eng. allopathi-
cal ; -ly.] After the mannev prescribed by
allopatliy.
al -lo-path-ist, or al-lop'-a-thist (the
form al'-l6-path, occasionally used, is of
doubtful pniprirty). s. [In Ger. allopath.]
One who iiractise^ ur btlieven in allopathy.
al'-l6-path-y, or al-l6p'-a-thy, ? [In Fr.
and Ger. ollopathie; from Gr. aA\os (o//os) =
another, and irdOos = anything which befalls
one ; hence, a passive state or condition ;
TraOeTv (j-atlu.'in), 2 aor. inf of Tratrx" (jyascho)
= passively tu receive an imprcssinn, to
sutfer.] A systL-m of medicnie— that ordi-
narily practised— the object of which is to pro-
duce in the budily frame another condition of
things than that in or from which the disease
has originated. If tins can be done the disease,
it is inferred, will cease. Alloi>athy is opposed
to homeopathy, which aims at curing diseases
by }troducingin antagonism to them symptoms
sinnlar to those which they jiruduci' ; tin;
homceopatldc doctrine being that "like is
cured by like."
11 It is chiefly by homceopathists that the
term allopiathy is used.
al'-lo-phane, s. [In Ger. allophnn ; Gr,
aAAos (a/^js) = another, and ipaivu (■iitiniiid)=:
to make to appear. The reference is to its
change of appearance under tlie blow-pipe.]
A nnneral claascd by Dana as the tirst of his
8ub-siliciitc^. It uri.urs amorphous, in in-
crustations, stalactitic, or nearly luilvernlent.
It is pale sky-blue, green, brown, yellow, or
colourless, its hardness is 3; sp. gr. 1S5-
1-89. It is very brittle. It consists of silica,
19 y to 24-11 parts ; alumina, 32-20 to 41 parts ;
water, 35-74 to 44-20, with a little lime.
al-l6-phan'-ic, a. [Gr. d\}\.os(allos)= unothev,
and ^ai'i'w ii'hciiw) = to cause to appear.]
Pertaining to anything which changes its
appearance, or of which the aspect is altered.
allophanic acid, s.
Chem. : C:.NoH403. A monureide of car-
bonic acid obtained by passing the vapour of
cyanic acid into absolute alcohol.
'^ al'-lo-phite, s. [Gr. aAAo? (alios) = another,
and 6(j}LTris (ojjhites) = serpentine.]
Min. : A pale greyish -green mineral, a
variety of Penninitc. It contains silica,
36*23 ; alumina, 21 92 ; magnesia, 35-53, with
smaller amounts of water, sesquioxide of
iron, and oxide of chromium. It resembles
pseudophite. It is found in Siberia.
t al-lo-phyl'-i-an, a. & s. [Lat. allophylus;
Gr. aAAd0vAos {alloj^hulos) = of SLTiother tvihe :
aAAo9 (alios) = another, and ^^vAjJ (phuU) =
a tribe.]
A, As adj. : A term, introduced by Prichard
(Nat. Hist, of Man, 2nd ed., pp. 185, ISG) to
characterise the nations or races of Europe
and Asia not belonging to the Indo-European,
the Syro- Arabian, or the Egyptian races. The
term has all but fallen into disuse, having
been superseded by Turanian (q.v.).
B, Assuhst. : Amemberofanysuchrace[A].
al'-lo-quy, s. [Lat. alloquium ; from allo-
quor = to speak to : ad^ to, and loquor = to
speak.] The act of speaking to any one ; an
address delivered to one in conversation, or
more formally.
parsley fern
(allosorus crispus).
al-l6-s6r'-us, i. [Gr. uAAo? ('^^?os)= various,
and the bnt,'iiiii-;il word sonis = the organs
of fructification
upon a fern. 8o
named on account
of the different
aspects of the
sori at diverse
I'criods,] A genus
of ferns now mucli
more commonly
kno-\\'n by the
name of Crypto-
gramma. A. fris-
jHts is now C.
crispa, and is
commonly called
the Parsley Fern
from its similarity
in apjiearance to
that plant. In
the annexed illus-
tration is shown
a specimen with
one fertile and two barren fronds.
al-l6t', *a-lott'e, * a-l6t', v.t. [A.S. hlcotnn
= to cast I'jts. to apiioint or ordain by lot ;
/t,to( = alot.]
t 1. To distribute by lot.
2. To distribute in any way, to give a share
to each.
" Since fame wfis the only end of all their studies, a
man ciumut be too scrupulous in allotting them their
due portion of it." — Tatler.
3. To grant, to bestow, to assign.
" Five days we do allot thee for provision.
To shield thee from disasters of the world ;
And, on the sixth, to turn thy hated hack
Upon our kingdom." Shakcxp. : Lear, i. 1.
al-l6t -ment, 5. [Eng. allot; -ment.]
A, Ordiiionj Language:
1. The act of assigning by lot, or of assign-
ing in any way to one as his lot or share, or
of bcjitowing anything on any one.
2. The state of being so allotted, or having
one's lot assigned.
"I see it not in their allotmnit here."
Bifron . Cain. ii. i.
3. Anything allotted.
(a) Anything allotted to a person ; one's
share or portion.
"... and they were not even permitted til buy the
ir!Ioti'icnt.->, when the grantee was willing to sell" —
L' wi.-. E'irli/ Rom. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i., § 'J.
(b) Anything appropriated to a particular
X-iurpose, or set apart for a special use.
" It is laid out into a grove for fruits and shade, a
vineyard, and an allotment for olives and herbs."—
Broo^ne.
B. Tfcluiicfdl]!:
1. Comm. .- The dividing of a ship's cargo
intrj portions, the right of purchasing which is
assigned to several persons by lot.
2. Pnlit. Econ. Allotment of Land, or the
Allolmeiit Siistcm: An assignment of small
l.ortions of land to agricultural labourers or
the humbler rlass of artisans gratuitously,
or for a small rent, to enable them to eke out
their scanty incomes, and develop home feel-
ings in tlnnr minds. Or an assignmeni, of
portions of land for the production of i)ar-
ticular crops. (Mill: Pol. Econ., i)p. 440, &c.)
allotment-holder, o. One who holds
an allotment.
"It does not answer to any one to pay others fur
exerting all the labour which the pe-isant, or even the
ullot'ment-liolder, gladly undergoes when the fruits
are to be wholly reaped by himself." — Mill : Polit. Econ.
al-lo-trop'-ic, al-lo-trop'-ic-al, a. [Eng.
allotropy : -ic] Pertaining to allotropy ; exist-
ing in diverse states, as carbon in tlie fonn of
the diamond, in graphite, and charcoal.
"Well, what is lamp-black? Chemists will tell
you that it is an allofropic form of the diamond : here,
in fact, is a diamond reduced to charcoal by intense
heat. Now the aUotropic condition has long been de-
fined aa due to a difference in the arrangement of a
body-a particles." — Tyndall on Heat, 3rd ed., p. 32a.
al-lot'-rop-ism, s. [Eng. allotropy; -ism.]
The same as Allotropy (q.v.).
al-lot'-rop-y, al'-lo-trop-y, s. [Gr. aAA6-
TpoTTos (allotrojios) = of or in another manner;
aAAo? (alios) = another, and tpottj? ((rope)— a
turn, turning, change; TptTrw ((repo) = toturn.]
The name given by Berzelius to the variation
of properties which is observed in many
substances. For instance, there are some
minerals which crystallise in two distinct and
unallied form of crystals. This dimorphism ia
a case of allotropy. (Graham's Chemistry, vol
hSU, hS^; po^t, jd^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hiii, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph =£
-tion. -sion. -cioun = shiin ; -^ion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bfl, dfl. qu=li7.
10
146
allotted— alloy
]., pp. 170 — SI,) For the diamond and carlion
see example under Allotropic. So alsijtiiere
is a variety of sulphur which is soluble, and
another which is insoluble ; and a connnon,
and again an amorphous phosphorus differing
in their qualities.
al-l6t'-ta-ble, a, [Eng. allot ; -ahle.} That
may be allotted or assigned,
al-lot'-ted, pa. ^ar. & a. [Allot.]
" WTiat will tlie suitors? Must my serv?int- train
Th' allotted labours of the dfiy refrain,
For them to form some exquisite re[^)ast ? "
Pope: Momei-'s Odyssey, bk. iv., 906—908.
" In the house of God every Christian ha."* his allotted
functiou."— iiVoiirfe: Bist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 361.
al-l6t'-tee, s. [Eng. allot ; -tee.] A jierson
to whom land is allotted when an Enclosure
Act is being carried out, or sliarea are assigned
when a public company is being formed.
al-l6t'-ter, s. [Eng. allot; -er.] One who
allots or assigns.
al-l6t'-ter-y, s. [Eng. allot; -ery.] That
which is assigned to one by lot or otherwise.
" Allow me such exercises as may become a gentle-
man ; or give me the poor allottery my father left me
by testament."— iSfttttesp. ; As You Like It, i. 1.
al-lot'-ting, pr. par. [Allot.]
* all-o'-ver, prep. [Eng. all; ot'cr.] Over and
above. (Scotch.)
". , , which makes his emolument above twentie-
four thousand marks a yeare, by and allover his heri-
table jurisdiction." — Culloden State Papers, p. 3a&.
* al-lo^' (1), * a-low (1), ar-loue (1), v.t
[O. Fr. alouer, from Lat. allaudare, adlaudare
= to praise, from ad = to, and laus (ace.
lavdem) = praise.]
* 1. To praise.
"Saint Mary Magdaleynwas more alowed of Christ
for bestowing that costly oyntemente vpon hys he.ide. "
Sir T. More : Works, fo. 672.
* 2. To approve, to sanction, &c.
"Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of
your fathers : for they indeed killed them, and ye
build their sepulchres. '—Luke xi. 48.
* 3. To take into account, to reckon.
"Abram levede to God, and it was alowid to bym
for ryghtwisnes."- WycUffe . Genesis xv. 6.
al-l6^ (2). *a-low (2), V.t. & i. [0. Fr.
alouer = to let out to hire, from Low Lat.
alloco, from Lat. ad = to, and loco = to let, to
lease, to farm out.]
A. Transitive :
I, Ordinary Language :
1. To accord, grant, give, or bestow, either
in satisfaction of a claim of right or from
generosity.
" But in the Netherlands England and Holland were
determined to allow him nothing." — JIacaulay : Jlist.
Sng., ch. xxiv.
2. To permit, as a course of conduct ; to
grant licence to.
" Let's follow the old carl, and get the bedlam
To lead him where he would ; his roguish madness
Allows itself to anything," Shiikesp. Li:ar, iiL 7.
3. To admit of, to tolerate, as being con-
sistent with the genius of.
"All that the nature of his poem demanded or
allowed."— Pope : Homer; Odyssey. (Postscript).
4. To admit, or concede, as that a statement
is true, or that a right has been established.
(Followed by an objective case, or by the
infinitive mood.)
" And have hope toward God, which they themselves
also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the
dead."— jlcrt xxiv. 15.
"That some of the Presbyterians declared openly
against the king's murder, I allow to be tiwa."— Swift.
II. Technically :
Coinm. : To deduct from rent or other
money for a specified cause.
B. Intransitive :
* 1. To permit, to suffer.
* 2. To grant, to concede, to admit.
3. To make an abatement or deduction for.
"Great actions and successes in war, allowing still
for the different ways of making it, and the eircuin-
stances that attt-nded it," —Addison.
al-ld'wr'-a-ble» a. [Eng. allow; -aUc]
*"A. [See Allow (1).] Approvable, worthy
of approbation. {Racket : Life of Archhp.
Williams, quoted in Trench's Select Gloss., p. 4.)
B, [Allow (2).] Permissible, that may be
allowed, either as legitimate in argument, or
unobjectionable in conduct.
" A i>lea, allowable OT juat." Cpwper : Conversation.
al-l<Jw'-a-ble-ness. .-. [Eng. allow ; -ahle ;
-ntss.] The quality of being allowable: law-
fulness, exemption from prohibition.
"Lots, as to their nature, use. and allowableness ii\
matters of recre.ation, are indeed impugned by some,
though better defended by others."— A'oit^A.' Sermom.
al-l6^'-a-bly, ar^y. [Eng. a^^Oiy; -cd)lc; -ly.]
In a manner that may be allowed.
" These are much more frerfuently, and more allow-
ably, used ill poetry than in prose. "~io-Mi(7z.
** al-l6^'-an9e (1), * al-ldw'-auii9e, ^ al-
<J\ir'-an9e, * al-ow'-ans, s. [Eng. allow
(1) ; -ance.]
* 1. Praise, approbation.
" His pilot
Of very expert and approved allowance."
Hhakesjj. : Othello, ii. 1.
2. Sanction, consent.
" The taking from another what is his, without his
knowledge or allowance, is properly called stealing."-
Locke: Human Understanding, bk, ii., ch. xxviii.,
p. 19G.
3. Taking into acctmnt, reckoning.
"The lord loketh to haue alowance tor hus hestes."
P. Plowman, p. 161. (llicltardson.)
al-lo^-an^e (2), * al - low - aun9e, 5.
[Allow (2).]
1. Ordinary Language :
* 1. An allotment, an appointed portion of
food, liquor, &e.
" Short allowance of victual."
Longfellow ■ JfUes Sta.ndish,v.
"Id. such a scant allowa/ice '-i star-litrht."
.J/d/on. Conn,.';, 308.
2. An abatement, deduction.
Euloet :
(a) Figitra^
(1) An excuse.
"The whole poem, though written in heroick verse,
is of the Pindarick nature, as well in the thought as
the expression ; and as such, requires the same grains
of allowance for it." —Br y den.
(2) An abatement.
"After making the greatest a^^oicaJice for fraud," —
^facaulay : Hist. Eny., ch. xxi,
*3. Permission, licence, indulgence.
"They should therefore he accustomed betimes to
consult and luake use of their reason before tliey give
allowAnce to their inclinations."— iocite.
4. Assent, acknowledgment ; assent to the
truth of an opinion ; admission that there is
justice in a clainL
"Modesty in general which is a tacit allowance of
imperfection."- i:«rfte ■ Hubllmc & Beautifal, \. 332.
5. Sulferance, permission.
"There were many causes of difference; the chief
being the allowance of slavery in the South,"— /'Vfe-
man: Gen. .Sketch of Sist., p. a64.
6. A stated sum of money given in lieu of
rations, of food, &c., or designed to enable a
person occupying a high official station to
dispense hospitality on a large scale,
". . . that, though he drew a large allowance
under pretence of keeping a public table he never
i^ed ^an officer to dinner."— .(/ncdiiia;/ .■ Hist. Eng.,
IL Technically:
(a) Law :
1. The state of being admitted: as, the allow-
ance of a franchise = the admission that a
franchise which one has been exercising or
claims legitimately, belongs to him. (Black-
stone: Comment, bk. iii., ch. 17.)
2. The state of being granted : as, the allow-
ance of a pardon = the granting of a pardon -
the allowance of a writ of error = the permis-
sion to obtain a writ of error. (Blackstone •
Comment., bk. iv., chaps. 30, 31.)
3. Money or property alh.tfed, as, for in-
stance, that which is allotted to a bankrupt
for subsistence. (Blaclstoni:: Coinmcnt., ii. 31.)
(b) Comm. : Deductions from the weight of
goods sold on account of the weight of the
jjackages in which they are endnsed; or,
more specifically, for draft, tare, tret ' and
cloff(q.v.).
t al-l6\p"-an9e, v.t. [From the substantive.]
To put upon allowance ; to assign a cnrtain
weighed or measured quantity of food or
liquor.
"You've had as much as you can eat . . . Then
don't you ever go and say you were allowanced, mind
thAt."—U-ickenit : Old Curios-Uy IShop, ch, xxxvi.
al-l6^ed', pa. par. & a. [Allow.]
-4s adjective:
1. [Allow (1).] Approved of, tolerated,
sanctioned, licensed, chartered.
" There is no slander in an allow'd f"°}-,,/ i, s.
S/iake^p.: Twelfth ^^ '■'"'•
2 [Allow (2).] Admitted, not d^med^,
yielded to ; or in tlie other senses ol i-n^
verb.
"These, my If"'''' j.„
Are such allotoed infirmities, that houesy
Is never fiee of." ^ihakesp. : Winter's Taie. i- ■
al-lovl;-'-er, *. [Eng. alloio ; -er.] One wlio
allows.
"This unruly handfull of ministers that n"^*^^.^^^
fashion of keeiiing this pretended assembly, togetner
with their associates and alluwers, i\o much brag_ oi
the equity of their cause."'— T/te King's Di-clnration,
in a Heclarafum of His Majesty's Proceedings against
those attainted of High Treason (leoe), p. 13-
al-low'-ing, aH6^'-yn, pr. par., u., s.,
& conj. [Allow.]
' As conjnnctiun : Supposing, admitting for
the sake of argument.
al-lox'-an, s. [Eng. all{autoin) ox{alic), and
suff. -a It.]
Chern. : A suli^tance obtained by the action
of strong nitric acid on uric acid in the cold.
Alloxan crystallisi^s in large efflorescent rect-
angular prisms, C4N.2Ho(:)4 4H2O, which lose
their water of crystallisation at 160". Alloxan
dissolves in water ; the solution is acid and
astringent, and stains tlie skin red ; it gives
a blue colour with a feri-ous salt and an alkali,
and white preciititate of oxalurarnide with
hydrocyanic acid and ammonia,
al-lox-an'-ic, a. [Eng. alloxan; -Ic] Per-
taining to alloxan.
alloxanic acid, s.
Chem. : C4H.4y.2O5. A bibasic acid obt-ained
by adding baryta- water to a solution of alloxan
heated to (30'^, and decomposing the barium
salt by dilute suljihuric acid. Alloxanic acid
crystallises in small radiated needles. Its
silver salt is in-joluhle and anhydrous, and
when its salts are boiled with water they are
decomposed into urea and mesoxolates.
al-lox-an'-tin, s. [Alloxan.]
Chem.: C8N4H4O7. :iHoO. A substance ob-
tained by passing H^.:'^ through a strong cold
solution of alloxan, v'hen the alloxantin is
precipitated along with sulphur ; it dissolves
in boiling water, and separates on cooling
in the form of small four-sided, oblique,
rhombic, colourless prisms. Its solution
reddens litmus paper, gives a violet-coloured
precipitate with baryta-water, which disap-
pears on heating ; it reduces silver salts. By
chlorine or nitric acid it is oxidised to al-
loxan. It is converted into dialuric acid by
passing H^S through a boiling solution of it.
A hot saturated sulution of alloxantin, mixed
with a neutral salt of ammonia, turns purple,
which disappears, uramile being deposited.
When boiled with water and lead dioxide,
alloxantin fonns urea and lead carbonate. Its
crystals, when heated to 130'-"', give off their
water of crystallisation.
al-loy', " al-Ia'y, * a-la'ye, *. [In Dut.
allooi ; Fr. aloi (from loi = ]a\v), olliage ; Sp,
llga; Port, liga ; Ital. Icga, Ic gan za = leRgne,
alloy. (See the verb.) Connected with Lat.
llgo = to bind, and with le.v = law ; the 'pro-
portion of any metals combined for the pur-
pose of the coinage being regulated by law.
(See Wedgioood, &e.).]
% Alloy was formerly spelled Allay (q.v.).
A. Ordinary Language :
L Literally:
1. The act of mixing a baser with a more
precious metal for a legitimate purpose or for
fraud. Used specially, though not exclu-
sively, of the coinage. The general alloy of
gold is from twenty-tv/o to two per cent. ; a
pound of silver contains 11 02. 2 dwt. of silver,
and IS d\vt. of alloy. Fo" jewellery there
are the following legal standards : 18, 15, 12
and 9 carats. ' '
" The gold of hem hath now so badde alaves
With bras, that though the coyu be fair at ye.
It wolde rather brest m tuo than plye."
Chaucer: C. T.. 9,043-5.
2. Tlie baser metal so mixed witli the one
more precious.
II. Fig : The act of mixing anything of
lesser value, or of no value at all, with some-
thing precious.
nf 'lIL.iKfi^'l ^^ interesting to see how the pure gold
mirfXH W+V"*-? ^'^''M ^y^^" 1^^™ philosophers Wi^
mmgled by the two statesmen with just that ciuantitv
of aOoy which w;.s necesaaiy for the wor^ng.-'i-
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxi
fate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, f^li, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
t or» wore, wolf, work, who, sen ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; se = e. ey = a.
alloy— alluvium
147
B. Technically:
1. C/tem. ; The mixture of any metal with
any other, precious or less precious, it matters
not, mercury only being excepted. A mixture
of mercury with another metal is called an
aanalgam, and not an alloy. [Amalgam.]
"The combinatioiiB of metallic elements among
themselves are distmgtiished by the geueral term
alloi/s, iuid those of mercury as amalgams," — QraJiam :
Chem., 2nd ed., vol. i,, p. llo.
2. Mill.: A. natural alloy is the occurrence
of two or more metals united in a stiite "f
nature. Osmium and iridiiua, when met
with, are always in this condition. [Iridos-
MiNE.] On the coutrary, the alloys of metals
for manufacturing purposes are, as a rule,
aitiftcially made. Thus brass, an alloy of
copper, contains 28 to 34 per L',crit, of zinc ;
gun-metal, W parts of copper to 10 of tin ;
bronze, 91 p;irts of ei'j'per, 2 parts of tin, 6
pai-ts of zinc, and 1 pttrt of lead.
al-l6^', * al-la'y. * a-la'ye, c- (. [Apparently
* from the'verb, rather than the verb from it.
In Fr. ullier = (1) to ally, to unite, to alloy ;
Port. Ugar; Lat. ligo = to hind.] [Allay.]
L Literally :
1, To mingle a precious metal with one nf
a baser chai-acter.
"Silver maybe soaAily alloyed -with most metals."
—Gralutm, : Chem., 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 343.
2. Tu mingle two metals together without
reference to the question whether one is more
and the other less precious.
II. Fig. : To diminish the purity or value of
anything by mingling with it that which is
interior to it in these respects. (Sometimes it
has after it with, or more rarely htj.)
'■ Hia history appi-iLTs to be better .-Lscertriined than
that of his f itthei . Cypselus ; but the accounts of him
are largely alloyed with fable."— ieww .■ Early Horn.
Hi&t., ch. XIV., §1-1.
. . learned with >k4it,ht, alloyed by shame
, . " — Jfucaitlay : /list. F.ii-y , cli. x.
t al-l6y'-age, s. [Eng. alloy ; -age. In Fr.
alUa.ij'i, from cc^Zicr = to alloy.] Tlie art of
allowing metals ; also, the combination thus
formed. {Lavo isier. )
al-loy'Cd', pa. par. St. a. [Alloy, v.]
al-loy'-ing, p*"- 2>«^- [Alloy, v.]
all'-spi9e, s. [Eng. all; spice. So named
because its flavour somewhat resembles that
of a mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg. ]
1. A kind of pepper, consisting of the
dried berries of Pimciita officinalis (Myrtas
I'immta, Linn., Eugenia PivietUa, De C), a
tree belonging to the order Myrtaceae (Myrtle-
blooms). It is imported almost entirely from
Jamaica, and is hence called Javmica pepper.
It is termed also Pimento, from Sp. pimlenta
= pepper ; its berries in shape and flavour
resembling peppercorns. The trees are culti-
vated in Jamaica in plantations called pimento
wallis. Their unripe fruits, and to a lesser
extent all parts of them, abound in an essen-
tial oil, which has the same composition as
oil of cloves ; of this the berries yield from
three to five per eeut. It is a powerful irritant,
and is often used tu aUay toothache. The
ALLSPICE (PIMENTA OFFICINALIS).
Leaves, flower, and fruit.
bruised berries are carminative : they stimu-
late the stomach, promote digestion, and re-
lieve flatulency. The allspice imported into
this country is derived from Pimenta officmuJi^,
and not from Plmeu.ta acris. The latter
affords a product somewhat similar, which is
occa.'sionaUy used as a substitute for the other.
Hence the allspice-tree, properly so called, is
the Phnenta officiiudis.
2 The English name of the genus Calycan-
thus, and specially of C. Jloridvs, which lias
a scent like the pimento-tree. It grows
in Carolina, and Is often caUed the Corohuo
allspice. Linclley, in his Nat. Syst. of Bot.,
termed the order Calycanthaceffi, the Carolina
Allspice tribe; but in his Veg. Kingd. he
altered the designation to Calycanths.
1[ Japan allspice is the English name of the
genus Chimonanthus, which belongs to the
Calycauthaceee ; Wild allspice is Benzoin odoH-
J'enim, a species of the Laurel order, said to
have been used as a substitute for the true
allspice in the American War of Independence.
{Lindley : Veg. Kingd. and Treas. of Bot., &c.)
al-lu-aud'-ite, ?. [Named after M. Alland.]
The name given by Damour to a mineral
supposed to be altered tiiplite, found near
Limoges. It is not the same as the Alluaudite
of Bernhardi. Dana classes it as a variety of
Triphylite (q.v.).
al-lu'de, v.i. [In Sp. olndir; Poii. alhuHr ;
' Ital. alludere; Lat. alludo = tu play with ;
ad = with respect to ; ludo = to play.] To
make indirect reference to, to hint at, without
directly mentioning.
" These speeches of J<fvome and Chrysostom do seem
to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then
m use." — Hooker.
al-lu'-dmg,j-'r. par. [Allude.]
al-lU'-mee, a. [Fr. allnmc, pa. par. of allunicr
= to light.] [Alluminate.]
Ecr. : A term applied to describe the eyes
of animals when they are depicted sparkling
or red.
*" al-lu'-min-ate, v.t. [Fr. allnmer = to
light, to illuminate; from ^((/(aerc = light ]
To colour, to paint upon paper or parchment,
to illuminate a manuscript.
'i\ Now superseded by Illuminate (q.v.).
■ al-lu'-min-6r, s. [Fr. allmner ~ to light.]
One who colours or iiaints upon paper or
parchment. He was called an alhimiaor, that
is, an illuminator, because of the hght, graec,
and ornameutwhich he imparted to the figures
on which he ojierated. (See Stat. 1 Rich. III.,
cap. 9 ; also Coivel)
^ Now contracted into Limner (q.v.).
* al-lun-ge, * al-lin-ge, * al-lun-ges,
al-UnS, cidy. [A.a. vcltnnij", eallinoa.] En-
tirely, completely, fully.
"It semethe as it were of whete, but it ia nut
all'iicges of sucbtj sauoui-." — JluuudcoiUe : Travels,
p. iea.
"Turn me alhiiiye to the."
0. £. Jioiniliea (ed. Morris); L 18G.
al-lur'-ance^ s [Allure.] Enticement,
flattery."
" To draw by allurance. Mandior."— Buret.
* al-liir'e, s. [From Fr. ieiirre = a lure.] A
lure or decoy for birds ; oi-, figuratively, a
source of temptation to people.
^ It is now contracted into Lure (q.v.).
"The rather to train them to his allure, he told
them both often, and with a vehement voice, how
often they were aver-toi>ped and trodden down by
gentlemen, "—i/ atfura rd.
al-liir'e, v.t. [From Fr. lenrreT=to decoy, to
" lure; from leurre = a lure.] To draw or
tempt one forward by presenting an object of
attraction likely to act upon him or her, as
bait does upon rtshes, or the crumbs in a
snare upon birds.
" They allitre through the lusts of the flesh, through
much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from
them who live in error "—2 Peter iii. 18.
al-liired', pa- j^t^^- & «■ [Allure, v.]
al-lur'e-ment, s. [Eng. allure ; -ment.']
1. The act of alluring.
" Adam by bis wife's allurrment fell,"
Milton: P. 7J., bk. ii,
2. That which allures ; that which attracts
or tempts.
" With feminine alluremen* soft and fair."
Wordsworth : £xciirslon, bk. viii.
al-liir'-er, s. [Eng. allure; -er.] One who
allures, attracts, or entices.
"Our wealth decreases, and our changes rise ;
Money, the sweet atlarcr of our hopes,
Ebbs out in oceans, and comes in by drops."
Drydea : Prologtie to the Proplietess.
al-liir'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Allure.]
A. As prescut participle or adjectivi;: Luring,
enticiug, attraeti^-e.
B. As b-iibstaiiiive : Enticement, lure.
"I stand.
Thus heavy, thus regardless, thus despising
Thee, andtby best aZ?uWny*-." .
Beaumont & Fletcher : Woman s Prize. L 3.
al-liir'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. alluring ;_ -ly.]
' In an allmiug manner, attractively, enticingly.
{johasun )
t al-liir'-ing-ness, s. [Eng. cdlunng; -ncss.]
The cpiality of alluring or attracting by the
presentation of some object of desire. {Dyclie.)
al-lu'-sion, a. [In Fr. alhision; Sp. alnsion;
' Ital. alius io ne : from Lat. aUusio = a, playing
or sporting with. ] [Allude. ]
1. Ordinary Language: A reference to any-
thing not directly mentioned, a hint.
consideratiuus to which no allusion cAn be
found 'in the writings of Adam Smith or Jeremy
Beu.th-j.m."—JI acaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
2 Rhet. : A figure by which something is
applied tu or understood of another, on ac-
count of a eertuiii resemblance between them.
al-lu'-sive, a. [In Sp. alusivo; Fort, and
Ital. allusivo.'i
A, Ordinary Language:
1. Containing an allusion. [SeeB.]
~ 2. Parabolical.
■' U!'i-.irc or parabolical, is a narration applied only
to express some sjiecial purpose or conceit, which
latter kind of pa. .ibolical wisdom was much m^eia
use in the ancient times, as by the lables of ^sop,
and the brii-l eenttnces of the Seven, and the use of
hieroclyphii -.. may appear."— £iiCOu; Advancomcnc of
Learning, >j1i:. ii.
B. Technically:
Her. : Allusive anus, called also canting or
panniug arms, and, liy the French, an)us par-
lautcs, are those in
which the eharges
suggest tlie bearerS
name. Thus the arms
of Castile and Leon
are two castles and
two lions. Tlie arms
of Arundel are swal
lows (Hiroiidelles). Till
tlie time of James I
allusive arms were
treated respectfully,
but afterwards thoy
fell hito 'lisicpiite
(Gloss. ofHeraXdrij.)
al-lu'-sive-l3?, ado. [Eng. allusivt ; -ly ] By
" means of an uilusion ; by way "T allut,inn,
. . by thiihr ta^lfN (Matt, xxiv, 28), by which,
allu-iir.-Jii, are imloil tlif Kuniaii ai'mies, whose ensign
was. tlic o.Lgle."— //'(/((-/iijju;.
al-lu'-sive-ness, s. [Eng. allusive; -ness.]
The quality of being allusive.
" There may, according to the uiultlfarious all-usive-
7ies8 of tlie prophetical style, another notable meaning
be also intimated."— J/o»*(.'.' Scuen Churclws, ch. a.
al-lu'-s6r-y, a. [From Eng. allusion.] Con-
taining an allusion.
"This was an unhappy n7?w«0JV/ omen of his after-
actions."-//ca(/t's Flugcllum,, ur Life of C'roinwoll
(1070), p. 12.
al-lu'-vi-al, a. [Eng. alluvium; -at In Ger.
and Fr. nlluvial; Lat. alliivius.] Pertaining
to alluvium ; washed a\vav from one place and
deposited in another. (Used s]ieeially in geo-
logy.)
" Portions of plains loaded with alluvial accumula-
tions by transient floods." — L^ell : Pmicl}/. of Oeol.,
8th ed. (1830), ch. xlvu.
Alluvial deposits : Deposits consisting of
alluvium (q.v.).
t al-lu'-vi-OUS, a. [Lat. alluvius.] Alluvial.
al-lu'-vi-um, t al-lu'-vi-6n (Eng.), al-lu-
vi-O (Scotch), s. [In Fr. alluvion; Sp. a'?;-
vion ; Port, alluviao; Ital. alluvione. From
Lat- aUiivio = (1) an inundation, (2) alluAdal
land ; alluo = to wash against : ad = to,
against ; luo = to wash. ]
A. Onliuart! Language: The act or process
of washing away soil, gravel, rocks, &c., and
depositing the debris in other places ; also the
materials thus deposited.
either by alluvion, by the washing un of
B. Technically :
L Geol. and Physical Geog. In these sciences-,
the form of the words is alluvium, or rarely
alluvion.
ARMS OF ARUNDEL.
boil 1)6^; pout, j 6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, 5liiii. bench ; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a?; expect, 3Cenophon, exist
-tioiL. -sion. -tioun, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious. -cious = shns. ^1*^ - T?-' - - -' « - '*■
d/>l
148
ailway— almanac
*' 1. Formerly : The gravel, mud, ^and, ^r ,
df.'pnsitcd by water subsequently to the
Noai.-hiau deluge. It was opposed to dUti-
vium, supposed to be laid down by the deluge
itself, or, in the opinion of others, by some
.great wave or series of waves originated by
the sudden upheaval of large tracts of laud or
some other potent cause, different from the
comparatively tranquil action of water which
goes on day by day. [Diluvium.]
2. Noiv:
(a) "Earth or mud. gravi-ls, stones, and
otlier transported matter which have been
washed away and thrown down by ri\'ers,
floods, or other cau^cb upon land not per-
manently submerged Itcuf-atli the waters of
lakes or seas." (LiirlJ : Pr'ni'^lp. of'leoL, dh'^-
sary.) As generally use.d, the word is specially
enqiloyed to designate tlie transported matter
la nl down by freshwater during the Pleisto-
cene and recent periods. Thus it indicates
partly a process of mechanical operation, and
jjartly a date or period. It should not be for-
gotten that the former has gone on through
all bygone geological a.'^M-s, and has not been
conliliL'd to any one thne. Many of the
hardest and most eumpai-t roeks were once
loosely-cohering fh'hris lai<l down by water.
The most typical example of alluvium niay
be seen in the deltas of the Nile, Ganges,
Mississippi, and many other rivers. Some
rivers have alluviums of different ages on the
slopes down into their valleys. The nmre
modern of these belong to the recent peril id,
as do the organic or other remains which they
contain, while the older (as those of the Somme,
Thames, Ouse, &c.), which are of Pleisto-
cene age, enclose more or less rudely chipped
flint implements, with the remains of mam-
mals either locally or everywhere extinct.
[Neolithic, Paleolithic, Pleistocene, iic]
Though in many cases it is possible clearly
to separate alluviums of different ages, yet
the tendency of eacli new one is to te.tr ux),
re -distribute, and confound all its i>redeces-
sors.
"Moreover, the last operations of water have a
tentlency to disturb and conft*i:ncl together all X)ve-
existing aUumii,mi."—Li/cU : Elem. of Gcol., eh. vii.
" As a general rule, the fluviatile alluvia of different
ages . . . '■ — Ibid., ch. x.
(h) Volcanic aUurinm : Sand, ashes, &c.,
which, after being emitted from a volcano,
come under the action of water, and are Ity it
re-deposited, as was the case with the mate-
rials which entered and flUed the interior of
houses at Pompeii. (Lyell : Elements of Geo! ,
ch. XXV., index.)
(c) Marine alluvinm: Alluvium produced
1 'y inundations of the sea, such as those whicli
have from time to tune overflown the eastern
coast of India. {LyeJl : Princip. of Geol, ch.
xlvii.)
II. Lmi}. The form of the word generally
used in English law is cJJnvion, and in Smtrli
law cllnvio. In both of these the enactment
is, that if an " eyott," or little island, arise in
a river midway between the two banks, it
belongs in common to the proprietors on the
opposite banks ; but if it arise nearer one side,
then it belongs to the jiroprietor whose lands
it there adjoins. If a sudden inundation cut
off part of a proprietor's land, or transfer the
materials to that of anothei', he shall be re-
compensed by obtaining what the river has
deposited in another place ; but if the i>i'Ocess
be a gradual one, there is no redress. (Blaclc-
sfonc : Cuviment, bk. ii., ch. xvii.) (" Albi-
vio :" Index to Erskine's Instit. Scotch Laio.)
* all-way, "^ all'-wayes, "" all waycs,
"^ al-wey, oxhK [Always.] {Frovvpt. Purr ,
Spenser, &c.)
al-ly', * al-ly'e, *al-li'e, 'a-ly', v.t. [Fi.
f/7^ier = to ally, to combine; Sp. alior : Port.
"I liar: from Lat. alUgo::^ to bind to; Pi{jo =
■to bind.]
1. To unite or form a relationship by means
of marriage.
"Eliashib was allied iinto Tobiah,"— J\'c7(.
xiii. 4.
2. To unite in a confederacy ; also, to unite
by the bond of love.
"These three did love each other dearely well,
Aud with so flrme iifFectioii were allj/de."
Bpciwer : F. Q.. IV, ii. 43.
" 0 chief ! in hlood, and now in arms allird I "
Pope, noyner's Iliad, bk vi. , GG7.
3. To establish between two things a rela-
tion founded on their resemblance to each
other.
"Twi> lines are indeed remntely aUi<?d t.i Vli-l,-!!'.-*
seniitf . but thej' are too like tlie ttuderni.-,H^ ui Ovid '*—
I)riid<:Ti.
^ AUy is used more frequently in the pas-
sive than in the acti\'e voice.
al-ly', ' al-lye, "^^ al-li'e, ' a-ly , s. [From
* the verb' InPr. o'uie.]
1. A per.son nnited to another by the mar-
riage bond, or by the tie of near relationship.
" ' This day I take the for myn allyc,'
Sayde thLs blisful faire ujayde deere."
Chaucer : C. T., 12,220-^1
^ Now rarely used in this sense, unless
when the jierson to whom one is united is of
rank or political imijortanee
"This gentleman, the prince's near alhi."
Skakesp. : Romeo & Ju/itt, iii. l
2. A state or prince bound to one by a treaty
or le.igiH- ; a confederate.
" Li'Wis had spared no effort to gain so valuable an
all'/." — Miii-aulay : Hist. En{j., ch, ix.
" Then, turniii!; to the marti.'U hosts, lie cries;
Ye Troj'ins, D.a'dans, Lyeians, and nUir^ .'
Be men, my friends, in action as in name "
Pope : IIomcr'B Iliad, bk. xvii., 20.i-207.
"" al'-ly-Chol-y, a. [Aiijiarently the word me-
loneliohj half remembered by an uneducated
person.] Melancholy.
"Host. Now, my young guest, methiuks you're
nlliicholln ; I pray you, why is it ?
,/((/. Marry, mine host, because I cannot be merry."
Shakesp. : Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv, •!
" al'-lyfe, Mjy. [Bug. a??,- if.] Although.
"That allyfe your Lordshippes letters came .
— W. Blttheriiane, Letters (1523), Monast., iv. 4T7.
al-ly'-ing, pir. par. [Ally, v.'\
al'-lyl, .3. [From allium (q..v.).]
Ohcm. : A monad organic radical having the
formula (C3H5)', isomeric with the triad radical
propenyl (O3H5)'", two of the carbon atoms
being united to each other by two bonds.
allyl alcohol, s.
Chem. : CgHgO = CsHs.OH^ alLylic alcohol
= acrylic alcohol, a primary monatomic alco-
hol obtained by decomposing allyl iodide with
silver oxalate. The allyl oxalate is decom-
posed by ammonia, yielding oxamide and allyl
alcohol. Allyl alcohol is a colourless, pungent
liquid, boiling at 103°. It is oxidised into
acrylic aldehyde and acid.
Allyl Iodide, CgHgl, is obtained by distilling
glycerine with phosphorus tetriodide. A
liquid boiling at 100°. By the action of zine
and hydrochloric acid it is converted into
in'opeue.
Allyl Sulphide, (C3H5)2S, exists in volatile
oil of garlic, obtained also by distilling allyl
iodide with potassium monosulphide.
Allyl Svlpho-cyaiwte, C3H5.CNS, occurs in
volatile oil of mustard.
al'-lyl-ene, s. [Eng. allyl; -ene.]
Cliem. : C;:{H4 = propine, a hydrocarbon, ob-
t.ained by the action of sodium ethylate on
bromopropene, It is a colourless, stinking
gas, which burns with a smoky flame. It
gives a yellow iirecipitate with cuiJrous
chloride,
^" al'-lynge, odr. [A.S. erdhmga, colli,i(ia,
allunqa = entirely, absolutely, altogether.]
Completely ; absolutely. [Alluxoe.j
'■ Hit is not allyncie to carpe, sire kyng, wher-of we
comeii."— ./osr^j/t 0/ Arimathie, 440,
" Alhpigc. to cnrpe = altogethei- (the riglit thing) to
speak; rmite (the tiling) to upmxkJ'—Glossai-ial IrMex
to Joseph of Ai-imatliie.
al'-ma, A. [Alme.]
al'-ma, a. [Fem. of Lat. adj. olmus =. nourish-
ing ; from alo = to nourish.]
Alma Mater (lit =: the nourishing mother,
or the fostering or bountiful mother) : A term
often applied to the university at which one
studied, and which, like a bountiful mother,
fostered the higher powers of one's intellect
and heart.
"The studious sons oi Alma Mater."
Byron: Granta.
^ al-ma-can'-tar, s. (Arab.). [Almucantar.]
Al'-mach, * Al'-ma-ac, s. [Corrupted
Arabic] A fixed star of the third magnitude,
called also 7 Andromedaa.
al-ma'-die, s. [Local name.]
1. In Africa : A sort of canoe, or small
A'cssel, about twenty -Inur feet long, made
geuerallj'' of baiiv, and in use among the
negroes.
2. /■/' India : A swift boat^ eiglitv feet hmg,
and six or seven broad, used at Culicid., on
the coast of India, amall ^-essels of this
description are called also cathuri.
Ar-ma-gest, s. [In Ger. almagest ; Fr. ahiut-
gc^lc ; Wp.. Pint, & Ital. almage^sto. Fiom
Arab. arti( le 0? — the ; Gr. /.ityia-ro^ (megistos)
= greatest, superl, of jueyas (megas) =great.]
1. Spec. : A name of honour conferred on a
book treating of geometry and astronomy,
l>ubli.s]ied by tlie celebrated Alexandrian geo-
grapher and astronomer Ptulemy.
'■ On rri.N<., and character, and talisman,
And •iliii'i'-r-st, and alrar, iiothniE briL'ht."
!i< of yhc L'l// of (he Last Minstrel, ri. 17.
2, ('':n. : Any similar production.
al-ma'-gra, al-ma'-gre, s. [Sp. Called
by the Lathi writers Sll. Atticum, that is,
Attic or Athenian yellow ochre.] A line
deep-red ochre, of high specific gravity, den^.e
yet friable, and with a I'cjugh, dusty Mirlace.
Ibis found in Spaiu, and is used at Seville to
colour snuff".
al'-mai, s. [Almh;.]
^ Al'-main, " Al'-mayne, Al -maun, u,.
& s. [From Fr, Alhma.gne — Germany,]
A. As adj. : German.
" Ahnniii rutters with their horsemen's staves."
Mario I'm: . Fuiistics.
B. As siihstantire :
1. A German.
"Why, he drinks you, with facility, your Dane
dead drunk: he sweats not to overtlirow your Al-
main." — Shakesp. : Othello, ii. Z.
2. A kind of solemn umsic. {Korcs, &c.)
almain-leap, s. A dancing leap.
^.Imam-rivet, s. [Eng. ahnoAn; rivet.]
A kind of light armour introduced into this
country from Germany. It has plates of iron
for the defence of the arms.
"... and by the statute of the -tth and 5th of
Philip and Slary. we leam that the military force
of the kingdom was composed of . . . black bill-
men, or halberdiers, who wore the armour called
almaiii-r/Kcts, and morions or sallets, and haquehu-
tiers similarly appointed." — Planch^ : Sist. Brit.
Costume (1S4/), p. 31H.
(ftee also Blount's Glossographia.)
al'-maist, adv. [Almost.] (Scotch.)
al'-man fur'-na9e, s. [Almond-furnace.]
al'-m.an-ac, al'-man-ack, s. [In Sw ,
Ger., & Fr. ahiianacli ; Dan. & Dut. 'jPiuanaJ. ;
Sp. ahmtiialc, ahnaiiuqiic ; Port, ahnoiiarh ;
Itai. alniintacfo. Apparently Arab. Fmbably
from al — the ; manach = a calendar or diary :
from mana, or manah ^to compute; Heb.
n;0 (manah) = to di^^tribute, to compute.
^Yedgwood points out that in the Arab, of Syria
ahnanakh is = climate < 'V teni]>erature. Others
consider the word to be of Teutonic derivation.
Thus Dean Hoare believes it Anglo-Saxon. He
says tliat a square stick on which the Anyln-
Saxons carved the course of the moon during
the year, to fix the times of new and full
moon and the festival days, was called by
thrui almonaght^all-nu'cn-heed. {Ibiore: Emi.
P<ints, 1855.) Other deri^'ations, both Arabic
and Teutonic, have been given.]
^^ 1. A kind of instrument, usually made of
wood, inscribed with various figures and
Runic characters, and representing tlie order
of the feasts, the dominical letters, the ila>s
of the week, the golden number, and other
matters. It was used liythe old Scandinavian
nations for the ei imputation of time, civil and
ecclesiastii'al. li might be made of leaves,
connected like those of books, or of brass, or
honi, or the skins of eels ; or the information
might be cut on daggers, or on tools of various
kinds. Such productions were sometimes
called rimstocks. or primestaffs, orrunstocks,
or runstafls, or clogs. Remnants of them are
still found in some English counties.
2. A small book primarily designed to fur-
nish a calendar or table of the days belonging
to the several months of the year for which it
is constructed. It is known that an almanac
was published by the Greeks of Alexandria
about the second century A.D. Almanacs
were produced by Solomon Jarchus, about
^te, fat, fare, amidst, wliat, fall, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, potp
or, wore, wglf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. ew = u.
almandite— almoner
149
IVjO A.D. ; by Parbach, 1450—1461 ; and by
Regioniontanus, between 147.3 and 1506. In
this country James I. gave the monopoly of
almanac.k-printmg to tlie Universities and the
Stationers' Company, but the former were no
more than sleeping partners in the concern,
and were, therefore, only partially disgraced
by the extent to which astrologii-;d predictions
were issui;d in their works. Not that the
company, much less the universities, believed
in these airy vaticinations ; they only pandered
to the '-rcilulity of the public, which would
not till 1S28 tolerate jlu almanac with thcsr
blots upon it omitte<l. In 1775 and 177?,
mortal blows were struf-k at the inonopoly of
the Universities and tlip. Stationers' Company,
and the publication of almanacs is now free
to all. An objectionable stamp duty of Is, 3d.
on eacli copy issued has also been .swept away.
Some modern almanacs, in addition to the
calendar, cont^iin an immense mass of astro-
nomical, historical, political, and statistical
information, all brought up to the latest date.
" Here cuiue.:, the nlinanack of my true date.
WhiLt now '! "—f^haki:^!'. : Cmnedij of JCrrors, i, 2.
'■ Tn w.atch the stonns and hear the sky
Give all owT almanacks the lie."
C'owpcr : Verses on a Flood at Ohiej/.
^ The Nautical Alntinicc is a work origi-
nated in the year ITim , by Dr. Maskelyne, the
astronomer royal, and many years edited by
liinj. It contains a summary of the lunar
observations made at Greenwich Ob.servatory,
and by its aid the mariner observes the moon
and adjai^eut stars with his sextant, and from
coiiiiiarisoii of his observatitons with the posi-
tions given in the Nautical Almanac com-
putes ijis longitude, and ascertains tlie place
of his vessel on the trackless ocean. Tliis
work contains about 000 pages of elaborate
astronomical tables, constructed Mi)e,cially for
the use of seamen in any part of tlie globe,
but containing valuable infoi-mation for the
astronomer on land. Each month has twenty
jiages, containing full details of the pheno-
mena of the sun and moon ; then follow the
eiihemerides of the seven principal planets.
After this comes a catalogue nf the leading
lixod stars, with their annual variations, fol-
lowed by a list of the principal stars near wiiicli
the moon ]iasses in her monthly revolution
through the heavens. The eclipses of the
year are elaborately described. Then follows a
list of stars to be occulted bythc moon during
each month. The eclipses of Jupiter's satel-
lites, so useful in determining the longitude
at sea, together with the i-ontiguration of tlie
satellites on those orcasions when the jtlaui-'t
is visible, are sueressively detailed ; besides
other matters equally valuable to the mariner.
This almanac has always been published thiec
or four years in advam^e, in order that it may
be sent to all parts of tlic world in time for
the observation of the phenomena described
in its pages.
'almanac -maker, ^ A maker of al-
manacs.
'■ M:it]if iii.iticiaiis Olid 'ilmanac-m(i?ccrs aiv fmced
ti> &Lt tliL'ii nwii progiiosticka. " — O'aj/ton's jS'otc!, on
Hon QicU , ]> it-g.
al-m&nd'-ite, al-mand'-ine, al~mand'-
in, al'-mond-ine, 5. [From Lat. Alaban-
(Ucus (Pliny) = pertaining to Alabanda, a eity
of Caria, where the mineral was cut and
polished. Alabanda is said to have been
called from Alabaiidus, its founder.] A
mineral, a variety of garnet classed by Dana
under the heading Iroa-ahiriiina qanut. Com-
position : Silica 86'1, alumina SO'ti, protoxide
of iron 43 '3 = 100. Thus it is mainly a silicate
of alumina and protoxide of iron. When it
is of a deep red colour and transparent, it is
called jini-ions garnet; when brownish-red,
or ti-anslucent, com'nion garnet; when black,
vu'lanite. It is found in Ireland, Norway,
Greenland, Hungary, Brazil, and other places.
■■ But I would throw to them "back in mine
Turkis ;uid agate and almondinr "
Tennyson: T/ie J/a;nun, s.
* al'-man-dre, s. [Almond.]
* al'-mar-y, s. [A-mery. ]
^ Al'-maun, 5. [Alm.\in.]
* al'-maiind, s. [Almond.]
* al'-mayne riv'-ets. [Almain Rivets.]
al'-me, al'-ma, al'-mal, 5. [Mod. Arab, of
Egypt, aline, dlmai = the learned; corrupted
from Arab, aliinah, fem. adj. = knowing, wise.]
An Egyptian dancing-girl.
t al-me'-na, s. A weight used in vaiious parts
of Asia to' weigh salfron. It is about two
pounds.
" al'-mer-y, '" al'-mer-ie, a. [Ambry.]
^ al'mi^, al~messe (l silent), s. tAlms.]
'" al-inigh*;'-i-ful (ah silent), a. [Eng. «?-
inlijhty; -j'ul.] In llie fiUlest Sense po^ses*^ed
of almighty power
alinis/htifid -vmcp of J esvi3."—U'dal: Luke iv.
al-might'-i-ly (gJi silent), adv. [En;- "l-
laigkiij ; -ly.'\ With almighty iiower.
al-m.ighf-i-ness {gh silent), s. [Eng. ah
mighty; -/icis.J 1 he quality of being almighty ;
omnipotence.
" Saah. Ask Him who made thee greater than myseh'
And mine, but nut le--& subie^'t ii' Hjs own
Aliiiig/aiiiess." Ilyron ■ 'Ucaixn and Earth, i. 3.
Al'-might-y, Al'-might-y, "Al'-myght-
ye, Al'-myght-i, ' al-mygt-y (gh and
y silent), a. JH. b. [Eng all; Mightg AS.
uilmiht. ohaihti, ojlinili'tifj. euimHit, cahnihH,
ealniihiig, a. ; .Elmihtiga, Ei'linihtiga, s ]
A. -45 adjective :
1, III a. ■itrlrt ^i-iise: Omnipotent; able to do
everything not inconsistent with the divine
attributes, and not involving a eontradictiun
in terms,
". . . lsxa-t\\& Ahniglity God . . ."— tfe/i. xvii. l.
" Insensible of Truth's alwiglUy charms,
JStiirts :it her first approach, and sounds tfi iimis ! "
Cowpcr - Uoi:,i
2. In a loose .n-asc: Po'^^essed of great ability,
sticngth, or power.
■' n iiulilt alm'tglity Sampson, leef and deere,
H.tdilest thou iiouglit to wommen t^jld thy secri5."
Cliauccr . C T., Ib.b'Jb'H.
B. .15 substantive: God, ^'iewed .speeialiy
in connection with his omnipotence.
"I am Ahiha and Omepa, the heginniuf; and tin-
ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which wa>, iuid
which is to uoine, the Almighty." — ICei). i. 8.
" The trembling queen (th' almighty "rder yiveii)
Swift irom tl? Id^m summit shot tn heavt-u "
Pope: Homer's i Had, bk. w., a, t,"..
alm'-ner (/ silent), ,,. [Almoner.]
al'-mond, al-maiind {I .silent), 5. [in
Sw., Dan., & Ger. inaitdel; IJiit. amaiidel ; ¥1.
oriwnde (the fruit), anwi>,dier (the tree); >i\K
('limnulra (tlie fruit), almendio (the tree) ;
Ital. 'iiwiidoh', maitdorla; Lat. amiigdchi and
aiiiiigdttliiiii, (the fruit and tin- tree both);
uinygihihis (the tree only). Fi'om Gr. anvi-
ba.\n {(iiiiiigdaU), aixv-^baXov (aiiti'ijilalin,), .lud
a/^y-vfiaXos (uiitin/'lti/"-.) =: the almond fruit and
the almond-tree ]
ALMOND (AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS).
Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit.
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The fruit of the almond-tree. It is a
slight ovate di-upe, e.xternally downy. There
are two varieties of it, the one sweet and the
other bitter. Sweet almonds are eaten. Taken
in moderate amount they are nutritive and
demulcent, but consumed in large quantities
they are purgative. Bitter almonds contain
prussic acid, and eaten in large quantities are
poisonous. The distilled water containing
their concentrated essence, if drunk, is almost
instantly fatal. Brandy and ammonia may be
given as an antidote.
"... spices and myrrh, nuts and aimo«(is. "—('.(■;;
xliii. IL
" Pound an almond, and the clear white colour will
be altered into a dirty one, and the sweet taste into an
oily one," — Locke.
2. The tree on which the fruit now described
grows, the Amygdalus cmnniauis, of which
there are two varieties, the A. coinmunis,
simply so tenncd, and the .4. cmnrmina, var.
O'lnara, or bittu almond. The former ha;;
])ink and the latter white flowers. They
bloom very early in the season. The leaves
are oblong-lanceolate, witli st^rrated margins.
Both varieties ol almond are eii]ti\-ated in
this eountry, the sweet one being the more
common. Tliev seem to have come origiually
from Persia, Asia Minor, tSjha, and the north
nt Afiiea. [Amvgdalus.]
^ Almond in iSciipture seems correctly
tran.slated.
" .M. my varieties of the ahnontl are cultivated, dif-
f*.ni)|,'inthenatm'eoiC their fmits," — Treas. of Botany.
B. Technically :
I, Among lapidaries : Pieces of rock crystal
us(-d in adorning branch candlesticks.
IL Anatomy:
1, Almonds ••/ the throat, or tonsils: Two
round glands placed at the basis of the
tongue on either side. Each has a large oval
sinus opening into the fauces. This, with a
number of smaller sinuses inside it, discharge
a nmcous substance designed to moisten and
lubricate the fauces, laiynx, and cesophagi\s.
2. Almonds of the ears: An inaccurate name
soinetiines given to the almonds of the throat,
or toiiftils.
"The tonsils, or ahnond^ of the vara, are also fre-
ipu-ntiy swelled in the king's evil ; whichtumniir may
be \t.'ry well reckoned a sjiecies df it/'—Wheinan: Surg.
C. In Conijiosition. Among the compounds
are the following : —
almond-blossom, s The blossom of
the almond-tree.
" Wlicre all about your palace-walls
The sun-lit ahnond -blossom- shakes."
Tennyson: To the Queen.
almond-flower, s The flower of the
almond-tree.
" Siirings out of the silverj' almand-JlQwer,
That blooms on a leaflf^s bough."
Mo'jni ■ Lallaliookhi Light of the II aram.
almond-leaved willow, s. Salix
ahtiiii'l'\lniii, now ranked, not as a distinct
speries, but simjilv as a Variety of S. trumdro,
the blunt-stipuled tiiandrous willow.
■■ Trees more and more fady, till they end in an
almond- wdliyw." — tihcnstone.
almond-oil, bitter almond-oil, or
benzoic aldehyde^ s.
t'hi'm. ; An oil obtained by pressing al-
monds The oil of bitter almonds, at least
wlieii niijture. i.s very poisonous. It has,
however, bi-en used as a cure in intermittent
level-. It produces ui-ticaria. It also relieves
intnAieatloiJ.
almond-peach, s A hybrid between
the almond and the peach, cultivated in
Franr.-e.
almond-Shaped, v. Of the form of an
alm<»nd.
". . . round or ahnond-Kh'ip^d nodules of some
mineral."'— Z^c«.- Manual of ijnul.. 4th ed., ch. xxviiL
almond-tree, s. [Almond.]
"And I said, I see a rod of an almoml-tree."—Jer.
i. 11.
" Nut a vine, not au fihnoad-trce. was to be seen on
the slopes uf the suimy hills ruuml what had once been
Heidelberg."— .l/flcnjfJ'^i/y. Ili^r Eng., c^.-xii.
al'-mond fur'-na^e, s. [A corruption of
Fr, -4?;cwa/i'/ — German.]
]\kdi. : A kind of furnace used by refiners
to separate metals from cinders and other
dross. By means of it also the slags of litharge
left in rehning silver are reduced by the aid
©f charcoal again to lead.
al-mond-ine.
[Almandite.]
al-mond-worts {l silent), s. pi. [Eng-
nhno-nd ; en, N ] Lindlev's name for the order
Drupace.e(q.v.).
al'-mon-er, " alm'-ner {I silent), s. [Fr.
amnonicr.} A iiersoii whose office it is to dis-
tribute alms. It was first given to such a
fiuictionary in a religious house, there being
an ancient cauon which specially enjoined
each monastery to spend a tenth part of its
income in alms to the poor. By an ancient
canon also, all bishops were required to keep
almoners. Kings, queens, princes, and other
people of rank, hatl similar functionaries.
"... the chaplain and almoner of the queen
dowiLger. " — Maeaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. vi,
1[ The Lord Almoner, ot Lord High Almoner
of England, is a functionary chained ^vith the
hSil, hoy; pout, j6^1; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -dre = der ; -gre = ger.
150
almonry— aloes
duty of distributing tlie royal aliii^. Amid
otlier resources for doing this were the for-
feited goods of a felo cle se ; but by the Act
33 & 34 Vict., c. 23, tliese are not now taken
from the heirs. The Archbishops of York
long acted as Lord High Almoners of England.
Now there is an " Hereditary Grand Almoner "
(the Marquis of Exeter), and under him a
Lord High Almoner and a sub-almoner, both
ecclesiastics. [Maundv.]
al'-mon-ry, ' aim -ry, ^ aim -er-y (/
silent), ^- awm'e-tory, ^ awm'-er-y, s.
[Er. aumoiierie ; Ital cloiiosiiiieria]
1. A room in which alms wrre distributed.
In the case of monastic establishments, the
almunry yras generally a stone building near
the rhnrch.
" The queen's vny.il alms were distributed on S ittii -
day by Mr. H.iitby, at the almonry office "—JVfjifs,
Api'il 16, 1838.
2. Sometimes confounded with AMBRv(("i.r.).
al'-most, * al'-moste, al -mest, "^ all
most, (J.dv. k adj. [Eng. oU ; most.]
1, As adverh : Nearly, well nigh ; \'ery nearly
approaching the wliole
" And Piiul s.iid, I would tn God, that not only thou,
but also all that hear me tlii;- diiy, were both almost,
and altogether such as I am, except tliese bonds."—
Act.i XXVI. 29.
t 2. As adjective : Well nigh ; all but.
". . . between the first rudiments of an art, and
its almost perfection." — Gohhinith : Polite Lea-niing.
alms, * alme§( {I silent), "^^ al'-mess, * al'-
messe, * al'-mos, ' el-messe, s. [A S.
cel'iiiesse, cshnosse, o.-hnii-^ie, flmes. In S\v.
afmosor : Dan. alvvtu^rr ; Dut. aahnoes : Ger.
almosen; Fr. o.iimoiie ; 'Ndrni. Fr. almoynes ;
Sp. limosna: Port, esmolo.; Ital. Ivmoslna;
Low Lat. ch'e'.}iosy)ia ; Gr. !:\€niJ-o(ruvrj (e!ec-
mosiine)=:(l) pity, mercy, ("2) charity, alms;
e\eta) (eheo) = to have pity; ^Aeo? {eleos) =
pity. Thus alvis in English, when traced to
its origin, is really the Greek word iKen/J-oa-'ivri
(deemosuyie) corrujjted ; and the fact that so
long a Greek word should have been worn away
into so short an English one, is fitted to
suggest that in these islands during the Middle
Ages it can scarcely ever have been out of
people's lips. The Continental nations, it
will be observed, have not yet succeeded in
reducing the six Greek syllables into less than
three or two ; we have cut It away into a mono-
syllable, not susceptible of much further re-
duction. There must have been among our
ancestors much charity or mucli mendicancy,
or much of both one and the other. ]
A. Ordinary Langupije : Money, food, cloth-
ing, or anything else given as a gratuity to
relieve the poor. [Gelation.]
^ The s of the word alms is not the sign of
the plural ; it is the cr (s) of the Greek word.
Alms is now, however, often used as a plural.
"... whan a freeman by kyn or burthe is con-
streigued by povert to eteii the alynes of his euemyes."
— Chaucer : Tale of McJibeui,
" . . . who seeing Peter and John about to go into
the temple, asked an alms." — Acti iii. 3.
B. Tcchni colly :
In Law :
(a) Reasonnhle alms : A certain portion of the
estates of intestate persons allotted to the
poor.
(6) Temire by free alms, or franlc olmoyne :
Tenure of property whii'h is liable to no rent
or service. The term is especially applied to
lands or other jiroperty left to churches or
religious houses on condition of piraying for
the soul of the donor. Many of the old
monasteries and religious houses in Britain ob-
tained lands in this way, which were free from
all rent or service,
alms-basket, s. The basket in which
money or ])rovi,sions are put in order that
they may be given at the fitting time in alms.
(Lit. m^fig.)
" Oh, they have lived long on the alm.H-bas'ket of
words!" — iil>nki:xi'. ■ Lotm'.'i /.itboiir's Los', \ 1.
alms-box, s. A box for the reception of
money or lu-ovisions to be yiveii in alms.
Anciently aims weu; i.-ollerted in such buxes
both in churches and in private houses.
alms-Chest, s A rliest for the reception
of money or jirovisions to be given as alms.
In English churches it is a strong box, with
a .slit in the upper part. It has three keys :
one kept l)y the clergyman, and the other
two by the churchwardens.
alms-deed, s. A deed, of which the
essence was L;i\'iTV4 of alms, an act of charity.
tills wnjiiiiri [Dorcasl was full of good works,
and aliiiA-ilri-iU which she did.' —Acts ix. ;i6.
" And 80 wear out, in almn-deed and in prayer.
The sombre close of that voluptuous day
Which wrought the rum of my lord the king "
Tennyson: Onineoerc.
*~ alms-drink, s. Wine contributed by
others in excess of one's own share.
" 1 fieri.'. They have made him drink nlms-drinTc."
Shakes}: ■ A-ifon-/ and Cleopatra, ii, 7.
* alms-folk, s Persons supported by
alms.
" This knight and his lady had the character of very
^ond ahns-folks, in ryipcct of their great liberality to
the poi>r."—iitrype : Ann. of ike lief., i. 233.
alms-giver, s. A person who gives
liberal alms to the poor.
"The fugitives of Palestine were entertained at
Alexandria by the charity of John, the Archbishop,
who is distinguished among a crowd of saints by the
epithet of alms-giver." — Gibbon: Decline atul Fall,
cli. xlvL
alms-giviiiLg, s. The giving of alms.
"Mercifulness, and alma-qiiiing, purgeth from all
sins, and delivereth from death." — Ifomilies. Ek. 2, "Of
Alm-s<leeds."
alms-house, *' almess-house, s.
1. A house designed for the support of tlie
poor on a private charitable foundation.
"And, to relief of lazars, and weak age
~ ■ aral t
. . Isup^
Shakesp. : Henry V., i. 1.
A hundred alms-houses right well supplied."
2. A i:ioor-house, what is now called a work-
house. A house designed for the support of
the poor upon public rates.
" Only, alas ! the i>oor, who had neither fiiends nor
attendants,
Crept away to die in the almshouse, home for the
nomeless."
Longfellow : Evangeline, pt. ii,, v. S.
"^ alms-man, ' almes-mann, ;>. A man
who lives by alms. [Bedesman.]
"My gay apparel for an alms-man's go^vn."
Shakesp. : Jiichard il., iii. S.
*" alms-people, a. People supported by
alms. •
" They be bound to pay four shillings the week to
the SIX almspeople." — Weever : Funeral Monuments.
t ai-mu-can'-tar, t al-mu-can'-ter, + al-
ma-cS-n'-tar, t al-mo-can'-tar, 5. [Arab. ,
whence Fr. almico ntaro.t : Ital. ahnuca-ntaro.]
A circle drawn parallel to the horizon. Gene-
rally used in the plural for a series of parallel
circles drawn through the several degrees of
the meridian. They are the same as what are
now called ■paralUls ofaltUvdc.
almucantar's staff, s. An instrument
commonly made of jjear-tree or box, with an
arch of fifteen degrees, used to take observa-
tions of the sun about the time of its rising
and setting, in order to find the amplitude,
and consequently the variation of the compass.
ar-mu9e, a'u-mu^e, s. [Low Lat. almv-
cium.] A cover for the head, worn chiefly by
monks and ecclesiastics. It was square, and
seems to have been the original of the square
cajjs woru by students in some universities,
schools, and cathedrals.
al'-mud, s. [Sp.]
Ill Spain and Bvrhary : A measure for corn.
It contains about half an English bushel.
ai'-mud. s. [Turkish, fr. Sp. a?mi't?(?).] [Al-
MUDE.] A measure used in Turkey and Egypt.
It is = 1-151 imperial gallons.
al'-mude, s. [Port.] A wine measure used
in Portugal. The almvde of Lisbon is =3 7
imperial gallons, that of Oporto = 5 '6. {Stotes-
mari's Ycdr-Book.)
al'-miig, ■■> [Algdm.]
al-mu-ge-a, o. [CoiTupted Arabic]
Astrol. : A certain configuration of the five
planets, in respect to the sun and moon,
correspondent to that which is between the
hours of those planets and -the sun's and
inoon's hours. (Rees : Cyclop.)
al-my'gh-ty, a.
[Almighty.]
tal'-nage,taul'-nage,s. [Fr. ainwge; 0. Fr.
OAdvoge ; from niive — D.n eil.] [Ell.1 Mea-
surement bv an ell as a standard ; ell-measure.
(Cowel)
tal'-nag-er, t aul'-nag-er, s. [Kng-fdiingc,
or aii/i'nqf: -er.] An' oflicer whose original
function it was to examine woollen cloth,
ascertain that it was of the proper length,
affix to it a seal testifyini; to the fact, and then
collect alnage-duty. Ni.-xt, a searcher and a
measurer relieved him of part of his work,
leaving him only the alnage to collect ; and
finally this, and with it his office, was swejit
away "by the Act 11 and 12 William III., c ^0.
tAl'-nath,tAll'-nath,.s. [Corrupted Arabic]
The first star in the* horns of Aries, whence
the first mansion of the moon derives its
name
" And by his thre speerea m his worching,
He knew ful wel how fer Alhiath wa.s schove
Fro the heed of thilk fixe Aries alMve,
That m the fourthe speere considred is."
Chancer 0 T., 11,592-5.
'' aln'e-way, oflv. [Alway.]
""" al'-night (p/t mute), .s. [Eng. all; night.] "A
service which they call alnigkt, is a great cake
of wax, with the wick in the midst ; whereby
it Cometh to pass that the wick fetcheth the
nourishment farther off." (Bacon.)
Al-nil'-am, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed
star of magnitude 2^, called also e Orionis.
al'-nus, s. [Lat.] [Alder.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Betulacefe (Birch-worts). The flowers
are monaeious and amentaceoLis. In the
barren ones the scale of the catkin is three-
lobed, with three flowers ; the perianth is four
partite ; tlie stamina, four. In those which
are fertile the scale of the catkin is subtrifid
with three flowers, and there is no perianth.
The ovary is two-celled, two-ovuled, but only
one ovule reaches perfection. The only British
species is A. ghitinosa, the Alder (q.v.).
t a-16'-dy, 5. [Allocial.] Inheritable land.
(Whai-tun's Law Lexicon )
al'-oe, s. [In Sw. aloeort : Dan , Dut., Ger.,
Sp., and Ital. aloe; Port, aloe, aJocs ; Fr. aloes;
Lat. aloe ; Gr. a\6n (aloe). Not the same as
the <ujhi.l of sonfe Hindoo languages.] [See
Agalloch, Agila.]
A. Ordinary LoMguage :
1. Any species of the genus described under
B, or f\-cn of one, such as Agave, with a close
analogj' to it.
M The American aloe is the Agave AmcH-
cana, an Amaryllid.
2. The aloe of Scripture, which is probably
the agallochum. Royle believes that the
reason why the aloe proper and the agallochum
became confounded was that allodi, alloet, or
allieh, the Arabic name of the latter, closely
resembled ehoa, the appellation given to the
former in various Hindoo tongues., [See
Agalloch:.]
B. Technically ;
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Liliaceee, or Lily-worts, and cnn^tituting
the typical genus of the section called Aloinffi.
The species are succulent herbs, shrubs, or
even trees, with erect spikes or clusters of
flowers. They are used in the West Indies for
hedges ; the juice is purgative, and the fibres
are made into cordage or coarse cloth.
al'-oed, a. [Eng. aloe; -ed.]
1. Mixed or flavoured witli aloes ; bitter.
2. Shaded by aloes.
al'-6e§, "al'-eis, s. [Aloe.]
A, OriVmnry Language:
I, Literally :
1, The drug described under B.
2. The aloes of Scripture. [Heb. D^brTN
(ahnlnn), Prov. vii. 17; nS^Hii (ahrdoth). F^'.
xlv. 8 ; Song iv 14. Gr. aXon (aloe), John
xix. o'.).] The fragrant resin of the agalloch.
[Aloe (A. 2), Aloes- wood, Lign-aloes.]
IL Fig. : Anj^hing bitter to the feelings.
" And sweetens in the suffering pangs it bears,
The aloes of all forces, shocks, and feara."
Shakesp. . A Lover's Complaint.
B. T'Thairrdly:
Pharm. : The inspissated juice of the aloe.
The cut-leaves of the j>lant are put into a tul»,
the juice collected from them, and either
boiled to a proper consistence or exposed to
the sun till the fluid part evaporates. Tliere
are four pi-incipal kinds, two officinal. (1)
Barbadoe^ Aloes (Aloe BarhademiA), formed
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, maiine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; miite, cub, ciire, unit«« cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. au= kw.
aloes— aloofness
151
from the,iuice of the cut-leaf of Alne vulqans.
It is imported in gourds, and has a dull yel-
lowish-brown opaque f-olour, breaks with a
dull conchoidal fracture, shows cry.st;ils under
the microscope, has a nauseous odour, and is
soluble in proof spirit. (2) Sncntrine Aloes
{Aloe Sonifrina), the produce of several species
of aloes ; it occurs in reddish-brown masses,
and breaks with a vitreous fracture. Its pow-
der is a brig] it orange colour. It has a fruity
smell. It conies from Bombay. (3) Hepatie
Aloes, or East India Aloes non-oHieinal, is
liver-coloured ; its powder is yellow. (4)
Cape Alo(.-s, the produce of Aloe "^jdnito and
other non-officinal species, is a greenish-bi'own
colour; this is gi^en to horses. An inferior
variety is called Caballine Aloes. Aloes acts
as a purgative, affecting chietly the lower part
of the intestinal canal. It increases the flow
of the bile ; it often produces gi-iping when
given alone, and sometimes causes hii^mor-
rhoids. The watery extract of aloes is free
from these objectionable properties. Cape
Aloes is less purg^ative. The use of aloes is
not followed by constipation. Aloes Itas a
very bitter taste.
aloes-resin, $.
Chem. : A substance differing from resin in
being soluble in boiling water. It is produced
by the oxidation of aloine.
aloes-wood, s.
Crimm. : The name for a highly fragrant
gum taken Irom the inside of two trees — the
Aq-ixilaria ovaUi. or Mohm-eu',!^, a native of
Malacca, and A. agoModnnn. whicli grows in
the district of Silhet, in Bengal. It is an in-
flammable resinous substance 8oi!ie Asiatic
nations consider it as a cordial ; and in Europe
it has been prescribed in cases of gout and
rheumatism. [Agalloch, Aquilaria, Aloes,
(A. 2), LiGN-ALOES.]
* al'-oe^, s. [Sp. o?ici==oil.] An olio, or
savoury dish composed of meat, herbs, eggs,
and otlier ingredients, the recipe for wliicli
is to lie found in an old book of cookery
called 'Die Ilouseviife's Jewel, printed in lO'.'G.
{Bouclmr. )
al-6-et'-ic, a. ks. [In Fr. aJojtiqvr ; Tort,
and Ital. chirtlco.]
1. As adj. : Pertaining to the Aloe genus of
plants, or to the substance called aloes ; con-
sisting chiefly of aloes.
"... a perceptiljle smell of aloetic drugs." —
Carlylc: Hartor lii-^nrlii.t, bk, ill, chap. iv.
2. As siihstonfirc : A medicine of which the
principal ingredient is aloes. (Q/dncy.)
aloetic acid, o.
Chem. : An acid occurring in aloes.
al-6-et'-i-cal, a. [Eng. aloetic; ->fJ.] The
same as Alo'etic, adj. (q.v.).
"It may be excited )iy aloetical scfinimoniate, or
acrimoiiioua medicines."— Wiseinan's Surgery.
3>l-6-ex'-yl-6n,.';. [Gr. iXon (aloe), and fiJXoi'
(aru/o/i) = wood.] A genus of papilionaceous
plants. The A. nijalliylunn produces one of
tlie two kinds of Calambac Eagle-wood, or
Lign-aloes. [Lign-aloes. ]
^,~X6ft't <i'lc &prep. [Eng.a^on; loft.] [Loft ]
A. As ailvcrb :
I. Ordinanj l.nnijuoijc :
1. From a lower to a higher situation.
(Applied to an animate or inanimate being
ascending.) (JAt. d^fiff.)
" Simon also built a monument upon the sepulchre
of his fathfir and hia brethren, and raised it aloft to
the sight, with he\vn stone behind and before." —
1 Alaccab. xiii. 27,
" L-j temper'd and allay'd by sympathies
Aloft ascending,"
Wordsworth : Tfie Mliite Doe of Rylstone.
2. High, far from the ground. (Applied to
an animate or inanimate being at rest.)
"The peacock in the broad ash-tree
Aloft is roobted for the night."
Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylstone, iv.
II. 'Technically :
Navt. : High above the deck, in the rigging.
or even at the mast-head ; also on the deck, as
opposed to below.
"Come, a/oft, boys, alt^ft!"
Beanm. and Ftct. : Knight of the Burning Pestle.
H All hands aloft: An order designed to
0^11 the seamen on deck from below.
B. As preposition : Above.
" N'uH I breathe again
Aloft the flood, anJ l.\ii give audience
To auy tongue, speak it of what it will.-'
tihakesp. : King John, iv. 3.
Al'-O-gi, s. pi. [Gr. a\o7os {alogos) = (1) with-
out speech, (2) without reason.] Unreason-
able or senseless people.
"... the greater number of our Alogi, who fui-nl
on the husks of Christianity."— CoJerirfffe.- Akh to
Beflection (ed. 1830), p 187.
A-16'-gi-ans, s. pi. [Gr i, priv., and A 6709,
' the Logos, translated "Word" in John i. 1,
14.] [Logos.]
Church Hist : A sect which arose towards
the end of the second centuiy ; they denied
that Christ was the Logos, rejected John's
Gospel and the Apocalypse, and considered
tliat the miraculous gifts mentioned in the
New Testament had ceased to exist in the
Church.
al-o-got'-roph-y, s. [In Ger alogotropliie.
From Gr. aXoyoq (nlogos) = without reason,
unreasonable: a, priv., and Xo^o? (logos) =
reason ; xpo^j; (trojihe) = nourishment ; Tpt^w
(trepho) = to nourish.] Disi)roportionate
nourishment of portions of the body ; over-
nourishment to some parts of the body as
compared with others, as in the disease called
the rickets.
al'-o-gy, s. [InFr.alogie; Gr aXo-yta (alogkt)
= (1) want of esteem, disrespect, (-) senseless-
ness ; a, priv. , and Xdyos (logos) = word, reason. ]
Unreasonableness and absurdity. (Coles.)
al'-6-ine, s. [Eng. aloe ; -ine.]
Chem. : CnHjiOii, the active principle in
all aloes. It crystallises in needles.
al-o-in'-e-SB, s. pi. [Alob.]
Bot. : The third of the eleven sections into
which Lindley divides the order Liliacere.
[LiLIACE.E.]
" Si -6m, a. [Alum.]
al'-o-man-^y, s. [Gr u\q (hals) = salt, and
fiavTcia (mantcio) = divination.] Imagined
divination by means of salt.
a-16'-na, s. [Derivation uncertain.] A genus
of En'tomostraca belonging to the family
Lynceidic. Three species, A reticvlnto., A.
qiiadrangvhiris, and A. ovata, are British.
a-16'ne, *al-l6on' (Eng.), a-la'ne (Smirh),
a & adv. [^ng. fd! : mip In Sw. allena ;
Dan. oAem ; Dut. oUcmi ; Ger. oMein.^
A. As adjective :
1. Not in the company of others; by one's
self, in solitude. (Used of one single person
wlien temporarily or permanently apart from
all others.)
"I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the
house-top." — Ps. cii. 7.
^ Sometimes tlie word aV is prefixed to
alone to render the idea of solitude more em-
phatic.
"Alone, alone, all, all alone,
Alone on the wide, wild sea,"
Ooleridge: Ancient Mariner.
^ It may be used of two or more persons
separated from all other company.
"... and they two were alone in the field."—
1 Kings xi. iu
2. Possessed with the feeling of solitude.
" Then stirs the feehng infinite, so felt
In solitude, when we are least alone."
Byron : Childe Harold, HI. xc.
3. Not to be matched ; peerless.
" To her, whose worth makes other worthies nothing :
She is alone." ' Shahesp. ; Two Gent., ii. i.
To let alone signifies = to leave undisturbed,
to allow to remain quiet. It is used some-
times to dissuade one from officiously aiding
a man quite competent to manage his own
affairs ; at others, to caution a person against
compromising himself by speech or action,
when it would be wiser to abstain from either.
(Followed by an objective case of a person or
thing.)
"Is not this the word that we did tell thee in
EgjTjt. saying. Let us alone, that we may serve the
Egj-ptians ? "~£xotl. xiv. 12.
+ i. Own, peculiar.
" God, by whose alone power and conservation we
all live, move, and have our 'being."—Bentley.
B. As adverh : Merely, simply, only.
" To &od alloon in herte thus sang sche."
Chaucer: C. T., 12,0S5.
" With wise reluctance, you would I extol.
Not for gross good alone which ye produce."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
^ Blair objected to this adverbial use of
the word. He thus discriminates between
only and alone: "Only imports that there is
no other of the same kind ; alone imports
being accompanied by no other. An only
child is one which has neither brother nor
sister ; a child alone is one which is left by
itself. There is a difference, therefore, in
precise language betwixt these two jdirases,
'Virtue only makes us happy,' and 'Virtue
alone makes us happy.' Virtue only makes
us happy, imports that nothing else can do
it ; virtue alone makes us happy, imports that
virtue, by itself, or unaccompanied with other
advantages, is sufficient to do it." (Blair:
Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres, 1817,
vol. i., p. 2-M').)
" a-lo'ne-ly, ^ all 6'ne-ly, u. & eMv. [Eng.
alone: dy.]
1. A 'i adjective : One only.
■" By the same grace of God, by aloncly God."
Mounfagtc : Appeal to CcBuar, p. 202.
2. A.'^ adverh: Only, merely, singly.
" The sorowe, daughter, which I make,
Is not all oiiely for your sake."
Goicer ■ C'anf. Am., b 1.
a-lo'ne-ness, s. [Eng. alone ; -iiess.] The
state of existing alone. (Ai)plied to God.)
"God being . . , «?07i(? himself, and beside himself
nothing, the first thuig he diJ. or possibly and con-
ceivably could do, was to determine to coinioimicate
himself, and did so accordingly, priino prbnum, com-
municate himself out of his Alonenesse everlasting
unto somewhat else." — Mountagii's App. to C'tssar, ih Ci.
a-ldng', fidr. & jire;i. [A.S. niulhnig = on
length, by the side of.] [Long.]
A. -4s adverb :
1. In the direction of anything lengthwise.
" Some rowl a mighty stone ; some laid along.
And, bound witn burning wires, on spokes of wheels
are hung," Dryden.
2. Through any space measured lengthwise.
3. Onward, in motion forward, in progres-
sive motion.
" Come then, raj' friend, my genius, come along.
Thou master of the poet and the song ! "
Pope : Essay on Man. iv. .T74
All along : Tlie whole length, full length ;
all throughout, in space or in time.
"Thev were all along a cross, untoward sort of
people.''— Soii^ft.
"Along hy : [Along with]. (Shalcespi. : Julius
C<.e.sur, ii. 1.)
Along with : In company with, in union
with, in conjunction witii.
"I your commission will forthwith dispatch.;
And he to England shall along ivith you-"
Shiikcsp. : Hamlet, iiL 3,
Along shire (Nant.) : Along the shore, as of
a sliip moored lengthwise along the shore.
Along shorenmn : [Long Shoreman.]
Lying along : Pressed down on one side, as
by the weight of soil.
B. As preposition :
(1) In consequence of, owing to. (Chaucer.)
(2) By the side of.
"Along theJfiwn where scattered hamlets rose.
Goldsmith : Deserted Village.
■ a-l6ng'e, *al-l6ng', v.t. [Old form of
Lono, !■.] To cause to long for.
" And he was sore alongcJ after a good meel."
Chaucer C. T., G30.
a-l6ng'-side, adu. [Eng. along; side.]
Nant : By the side of.
a-ldngst'» adv. [Along.] The same as Along.
"The Turks did keep strait watch and ward in all
their ports alongst the sea coast." — KTtolles : Hist.
> of Turks.
a-loof , * a-loofe, "^a-loiif'e, arty. & prep.
[Foroji?oo/;Dut. feIoef=toyvind\va.rd.(Skeat.)]
A. As adverh :
1, To windward.
2. At a distance, but within view.
" Thy smile and frown are not aloof
From one another." Tennyson: Madeline.
'^ B. As prep. : At a distance fi'om.
To hold, staiul, or keep aloof: To take no
part, to abstain, to keep clear.
" It was on these grounds that the prince's party
wis now swollen by many adherents who liad pre-
viously siood aloof from it."— Jfacaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. X.
+ a-l6of -ness, s. [Eng. aloof; -ness.] The
stute iif keeping at a safe distance from. (Lit
(ivfifi ) An Old English word used in Rogers'
'■ Xaaman the Syrian," and re^■lved by Cole-
ridge, who apparently did nut know that it
had l)een in use long before {Trcncli : On
Sonie Di'fic. in our Eng. Did., \\ 15.)
boil, boj-; poiit. j6^1; cat, ^eU, chorus, $liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^st. -ing.
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -sion, -tion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious. -ceous = sbiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
152
alopecurus—alphabet
al-o-pe-ciir'-us, s. [In Sp., Port., & Ital.
alopeGuro ; Lat. alopeeums ; Gr. aAoiTreKoypo?
(alopekouros), from aAwTrnf (aiopex) = a fox,
and ovpd (o«ra)=the tail.] Fox- tail. A
genus of grasses (Graminaceai), of the tribe
Phalarete. Six species are indigenous in
Britain, the A. ■prateiists, aJpiiiu:>, agrestis,
hulbosus, geniculutiis, and fiilviis. The .4.
pratensis, or Meadow Fox-tail Grass, is useful
for forming lawns, and is valuable for both
hay and iiasture, ;(s are also A. gentctdatus
and most other species of the genus.
al-o-pe'-fi-a, al'-6-pe-9y, s. [Lat alo-
pecia ; Gr. aAwTre/cta (cdupekia), from aXtonrj^
laljpex) = a fox,]
1, Old Med. : A disease like the mange in
foxes, m which the hair falls off; fox manse.
2. Mod. Med. : (1) The falling of the hair
from certain parts of the body. (2) Baldness.
al-6'-pi-as, al-6-pe'-9i-as, s. [Lat. alo-
pecias; Gr. dAojjreKtoL? (alojyel'ins).]
Zool • A genus of fishc? belonging to the
THE THRE.SHER (ALOPIAS VULPES).
family Squalid^, oi- Sharks. A. viil-pes is the
Thresher, or Fox- Shark.
al-d-p6-nd'-tus, s. [Froin Gr. aXanS? (alopos)
= fox-like, and i/Sto? (nytos) = the back.] A
genus of Saurians belonging to the family
Iguanidae. [ Aplonote. ]
a-ldr'-ihg, " a-l6r -y-ing, 6. [Alure]
al-6'-sa, s. [In Ger. & Fr. alose ; Lat. alosa
ov alaHsa.~\ A genus of tishes, of the family
Clupeidse. It contains two British species,
the .-1. jinta, or Twaite Shad, and the A.
communis, or AUice Shad. The shads resemble
herrings in their funn and structure, but are
so much larger than the well-known species
that they have been popularly <-aIled the
mother of herrings. The Tw-aite Shad enters
the Thames and other rivers in Miij, and
spawns there in July. The Allice Shad is
rare in the Thames. [See Allice and Alice
Shad.]
" a-16'se, v.t. [Norm, alosci- ; Fr. louer = to
praise.] To praise.
* a-lo'^ed, i^a. par. [Aluse.]
" Too bryiig at his bauer, for bold thei were.
And aloscd lu luwd for leeflich knightes."
Alisaunder (Skeat's ed ), 138-9.
al-ou-at'-ta, al-ou-at'-e, s. A name nf
the Mono Colorado, or Red Howling Monkey
Qlycetes senicidus, llliger) of South America.
[MyCETES.]
o-lond', *a-lowd', ado. [Eng. a; loud.]
Loudly ; with a loud voice.
" . , break forth into singing, and cry alou<l , . ."
—Isa. liv. 1.
" Then ^an the cursed wretch alowd to cry.
Accusing highest Jove and gods ingrate."
tSpenser : F. Q., IL, vii, CO.
* ar-lou'e, v,t. [Allow.]
* a-lou'-ten, v.
bow to.
[A.S. ?datafi = to bow.] To
" As the lioun is lorde of living beasiss,
So the ludes in the lond alou/vn him shall."
Alisauiuler (Skeat's ed.), 851-2.
a^lo'w, ** a-lo'we, aclu. [Eng. a; low.] Low;
in a low place ; not high. (Generally, but not
always, opposed to aloft.'
" And now alow and now aloft they fly."
Dryden.
" Not the thousandth part so much for your learn-
ing, and what other gifts els you have, as that you
will creep alowe by the ground. "—/'oa: .- Life of Tindal.
"t a-l<S^', a. [Eng. a = on ; Scotch loxo = a
blaze.] In a blaze, on fire.
"Sit
—Scott
1[ To gang aloio (y. i.) = to take fire.
" Sit doon and roam, ye sure the atieks are aloiv."
■Scott : The Pirate, ch. v.
■ al-o\^'-er, a. or <id
OVER. {Old Scotch.)
' a-l6^'se, intcij. [Alas(?).]
The same as All-
a-loy'-Si-a, s. [Named by a Madml botani-
cal professor after Maria Louisa, Queen of
Charles TV. of Spain. 1 A genus of jilants
belonging to the order VerljL-naceie, or Ver-
beiics. A. >itriodora is the Lenion-sccnte'l
Alny.sia.
alp. s. sing., but more often in the pi, Alps,
"^ Alpes. [In (.ier Alpen ; Lat. pi. Alpes,
more rarely sing. Alpis; Gr. plur. "AXnus
(Alpeis) : from a\(p'j^ {(djilioa), Lat. cdbita^
white ; or from Irish & Gael, at/yj = a huge
mass or lump.]
I. Literally :
1. Plur. : A magnificent cliain of mountains
conueeting France, Italy, Switzerland, Ger-
many, and Austria. They are of crescent
form, extend about six hundred miles, and
contaii* Mont Blanc, tihe loftiest mountain
in Europe, which rises 15,744 feet above the
level of the sea.
2. .Sing . Any high mountain, wherever
situated.
•■ O'er r
" Alps frown on Alps, or rushing hideous down,
As if old Cliaob were again return'd,
Wide rend the deep, and shake the solid pole."
Thomniiii: Winter.
II. Fig. : Anything towering, and opposing
formidable obstacles to the person who wishes
to surmount it, or to ignore its existence.
•[ This may be {a) physical —
" Those that, to the poles approaching, rise
In billows rolling into alps of ice."
TJioTTtson : Liherty, pt. iv.
Or (h) mental or moral.
" If the body bring but m a complaint of frigidity,
by that cold application only, this adamantine alp
ot wedlock has leave to dissolve." — Milton: Tetra-
chortion.
al-pac'-a, 6. [Sp. American.] The name given
to a species of llama, which has for a long
time back domesticated in Peru. It was
first found by Pizarro, and was afterwards
scientifically described in 15i)0 by Acosta. Its
modern zoological name is Aachenia Fuco. It
THE ALPACA (aUCHENIA PACO).
has a long fine fleece, valuable in the woollen
mamifactnre. Quantities of alpaca-wool are
continually imported into Britain, and the
animal itself has recently been introduced
into both England and Ireland. There is a
second species of llama in Peru, but its fleece
is short, and therefore much less valuable.
[Llama.]
' alpe, s. [Boucher thinks it is from cdp = a
mountain, to which the tufted head of the
bird is hyperbolically compared.] A bullfinch.
" For there was many a bridde syngyng,
Thoroughout the yerde al thringyng.
In many places were nyghtyngales,
Alpes, fynches, and wodewalea."
Chaucer : Rom. of Ro^e. G55-6.
■'alpe, ^. [A.S. e?^;.] An elephant. {Old Scotch.)
Aljics-hoii (alpi:.-, = alpe's = elexihant's ; lion
= bone); Ivory.
" Thei made her bodi bio and blac,
Thater was white so alpes-bon."
Leg. Cnthol.. p. 18a. (BalVwell.)
al'-pen-glow, s. [Ger. Alpm = the Alps ;
glidie = glowing, ignition.] The glow from
the Alps.
"On August 23, 1869. the evening A?i>rj>-glow was
very line."— r^Hdaii.- Frag, of .'Science, x. 282.
&1 -pen-Stock, s. [Ger. Alpeu = the Alps ;
s/'ic/i:= stick.] A staff used by an explorer
to aid him in ascending the Alps or other
mountains,
al'-pha, s. [Gr. ahipa (olpho).]
A. OtdliLcnj Language:
1. Lit. : The first letter of the Greek alpha-
brl. As a Greek numeral, it stands for 1 ; or
marked thus (a) for 1,000.
2. Flguraflrdy :
(a) The Being of all others first existent,
(Applied to Christ.)
" I am Alpha and Ome^'a, the first and the last. . .'
—Rev. i. 11.
(h) Combined with onifga, and applied to
things, it means = the first and the last, tlie
supreme aim, or the sum tot^l; as " Ambition
was the very aljihu. and onugc of his existen(;e."
B. Techniadly:
1. Abtroii. : Al]tha (a) and the other Greek
letters are used to catalogue the stars in the
:5t'Veral constellations, even though some of
tliem may have Arabic or other distinctive
names. Alpha (u) stands for the brightest stai'.
This method of indicating the stars in each
constellation in the order of their brilliancy
was first introduced by Bayer, a German
astronomer, in the 17tli centuiy. It is still
retained in modern star-maps and catalogues.
2. Chcvi. : Alpho. or u, is used to distinguish
one of the nn.idifir.itions of the same com-
XJOund, as —
Alphu'cyinir acid: A nionatomic aromatic
acid, CjiHi4<")-. forujed by tlie action of
caustic alkalies on rymjl cyanide.
Alpha- or sell Ic acid. : C16H14O7, obtained
from the South American variety of lioccella
tinctoria.
Alpha -loluic a>.ld : C6H5.CH.2.CO.OH, a
moiiatoiuic, crysta.]line, aromatic acid, melting
at 76 '5°. It is prei^ared by boiling benzyl
cyanide with strong i)utash solution as long as
ammonia is liberated
Alpha-xylic acid: C6H4(CHiO.CH2.CO.OH,
a crystalline, aromatic, nionatomic acid, ob-
tained by boiling xylyl chloride with K(CN),.
and boiling the resuitmg xylyl cyanide with
potash.
al'-pha-bet, *. [In Dnt., Ger., k Fr. alphabet;
Sw. and Dan. alfahei : Sp. and Ital. oJfaheto ;
Port alrhohdn; Later Lat. of Tertullian
(about l'.i5 A,D.) and of Jerome (about the
end of tlie fourth century) cdphahetum; Gr.
of Epiphanius (about 'o'l^i A.D.^ o.'K<pd.iir\7og
(cdphahctos), from Gr. aXtpu {olpha) = t\\& first,
and /3JiTa {beta), the second letter of the Greek
alphabet,] A table or list of chai'acters which
stand as tlie signs of particular sounds. Kopite
in 1819, and Gesenius in 1S:.'>7, with mueli
probability, traced hack most of the chief
Syro-Anibian alphabets, and nearly all those
current in Europe, to the ancient Pha-nician
one. The latter investigator constructed an
elaborate table of tlicir complex affinities. The
square Hebrew now used in printing figures
hi this table as a descendant of the old Ara-
mtean, modified by the influence of the Palniy-
rene letters. The old Greek characters are a
primary offshoot from the earliest Phccnician,
and the Roman letters are modifications of the
Greek alphabet. Perhaps the old Phcenician
alphabet itself may have been altered from the
Egyptian hieroglyphics, and they again from
}iieture writing lilce that by means of which
the ancient Mexicans on the coast sent to
their government an intimation that white
men (Spaniards) had landed in their connt.^5^
[Hieroglyphics.] Other families or groups
of alphabets exist besides those now indi-
cated. The cuneiform letters of Babylon,
Assyria, Persia. &n- . are not closely akin to
these now described, and appear independent.
[Arrow-headeu, Cuneiform.] The alpha-
bets of all the modern languages of India have
apparently been derived from one common
cliaractcr — the Devanagari. Inscriptions in
caves, on seals, &;c., show an older form uf
this than that to which one is accustomed in
ordinary Sanscrit books. It does not seem to
have sprung from the Phwuician. [Devana-
GAxxi.] Similarly iudependent of the latter
tongue and of each other are the Chinese cha-
racters, the Mexican or Aztec alphabet, and
that of Yucatan. Other groups may yet be
discovered, and some of those already known
may be affiliated together. It will be obser^'ed
that any division of mankind formed on
similarity or dissimilarity of their alphabets
would be of an artificial kind : it is mainly
on philology, physiology, and history that a
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, w^olf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qii -dew.
alphabet— alswili
153
projior etlinological arrangoment mv.st rest.
[Wl-c a (page 1).]
al'-pha-bet, v.t. [From the substantive.]
To arrange in the order of the ali^hahet, to
designate or number bv means of tlie letters
of the alphabet. (IVrh^ta )
al'-pha-bet-ar'-i-an, s. [ALrnABCT, s.]
One engaged in learning the alpliabet.
"EvL'iV aliihahrUiriaii kumv^ well that the Latin
[for a cityj ih arbs or <:ivitas"— Archbishop Haiu-rolt .
Sermons.
* al-pha-bet ic, " al-pha-bet'-ick, al-
pha-bet'-i-cal, o. [In Fr. alphcibeilque ;
Sp. *& Ital. alfabetlco; Fort. cdpJmbetico.'] Per-
taining to the alphabet, aiTanged in the same
order as the letters of tlie alphabet.
"I have digested in an alphabetical order all the
couutieH, corijuratioiis. and boroughs in Great Briraiii,
with their respective tempers. "—*'»(/(.
al-pha-bet'-ic-al-ly, adv [Eu^^ alphabeti-
cal; -?(/■] Ill ail alpluibetical manner, in the
order 'in which the letters of the alphabet
stand.
" I had once in my thoughts to contrive !i grammar,
more than I Ciin now comprise in short hints; and a
dictionary, alphabetically contJitning the words of the
language which the deaf person is to litH-TO.."— Holder :
Uleracnts of Speech.
al'-pha-bet-ism, s. [Eng. alphabet; -i^m ]
Not^ition by means of alphabets instead of by
symbols for ideas.
". , then from this to alpliahethm, in which
the syUable is no longer denoted by an invisible sym-
bol, but is resolved into vowel and consonant, ea<;h
with its own iiccepted sign." — Eneyclop. Brit. (9th ed,),
"Alphabet."
Al'-phard, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed
star of tlie second magnitude, railed also a
Hydi-te, or Cor Hydne = the heart of the
Hydra.
Al-phec'-ca, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A
fixed star "of magnitude 2>, called also a
C'ornme Borealis.
al-phe'-i-dse, s. pi. [Alpheus.] A family of
decapod, long-tailed Ciaistaceans.
al-pben'-ic, ^■. [Arab, al — U:e, and fdiml
= sugar.]
Med. : White barley sugar used for colds.
Al'-pher-atz, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] A fixed
st;ir 111 tbe lirst magnitude, called alsu a
Andromcdie.
al-phe'-US, s. [Alplicus, a river in the Pclo-
juiiiiiesas, or a fabled god iiresiding over it.]
A genus iif Crustaceans, the typical one of the
raimly AIpliei(he. Twti species— the ^. mbcr.
or EdwiiJ'ds's Red Shrimp, and A. affiiiis, or
the Sciirlet Shrimp— have occun-ed," though
rarely, in the British seas.
Al'-phirk, s. [Corrupted Arable.] A lixed
star uf the tliird magnitude, called also (3
Cephei.
al-phi'-t6-nian-9y, s. [Gr. a\<pirov {aJphi-
to)i)= peeled or pearl-barley, or b;trley-ineal ;
juavreiu ()/i<^'u/f((') ^ prophecy or dhinatinn.]
Divination by means of bai'ley-nieal. (Knowks.)
Al-phon-sin, Al-phon'-sine, a. [From
Alphonso X , King of Castile and Lenn.]
Pertaining to the above-mentioned Alphonso.
Alphonsin tables, s. I'l Astronomic^il
ta,bles, published in A.D. V2'o-2, which had been
prepared under the patronage of the sovereign
just named, by certain Jews of Toledo.
«tl~phdxi'-sui, s. [From Alphonso Ferri, a
Neapolitan pliysieian, who lived in the IGth
eentuiy.] An instrum£nt invented by the
above-mentioned Alphonso Ferri for extract-
ing bullets from gunshot wounds. It consists
of three branches, closed by a ring. When
msi'rted into a wound, the ring is drawn
back, su as to allow the brandies to separate
and take hold of the ball. Then the ring is
]iushed from the haft, by which means the
branches grasp the ball firmly, and permit of
its being extracted.
al'-pbUS, s. [From Gr. aX^d? (alphos) = a dull
white leprosy, or tetter, found especially on
tlie face ; the same which is called in Latm
vitUir/o.'}
Mi'il. : With the same meaning as the corre-
sponding Greek word. (See etymology.)
al-phyn, *al-pbyne, ^ al-iyn. al-fixi,
"^au-iyn, 5. [Probably a Per.sian or Arable
word.] A name for the bisliop in chess.
"Hebyheld the kyngsette yu the pley . . . among
aufym and puwiiys."— Wcsm Rnmanorum (ed. Herr-
tage), p. 70.
a,l'-pi-gerie» o. [Lat. AIpcs; or Gr. "AAttcis
(Alpeis), and yewdoi (geiuiao) - to engender.]
Produced in Alpine districts or countries ;
growing in Alpine regions. (IVebstcr.)
Al'-pine, c & s. [in Fr. Alpln; Sp. & Ital.
Alpino, from Lat. AJpiims.]
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to the Alps, or to any high
mountain,
"He was a creature of the Alpuie sky "
Uemans: League of the Alps, 21.
2. Growing on the Alps, or growing on any
high mountain. Applied especially tu plants
which are at home in elevated regions, or, if
natives of the plain, have their structure
modified to adapt them to the high and un-
genial localities which they now inhabit.
B. As mbstantive : The Alpine Strawbeiry,
which is a variety of the Wood Strawberry,
Fragaria vesca.
Alpine-brook, s. A species of Saxifrage ;
the ^aufraija rioidaris.
Alpine-Stock, s. [Alpenstock.]
al-pin'-i-a, s. [Named after Prosper Alpinus,
an Italian botanist who lived in the sixteenth
century.] A genus of plants belonging to the
order Zingiberae^.e, or Ginger-worts. Sonic
of the spei-ies. as, for instance, the A. nutans,
are very beautiful. Their rhizomes jiossess
ALPINIA NUTANS.
aromatic and stimulating properties. The
Galanga major of druggists, and the Carda-
moms of commerce, are produced by speeies
of Ali>inia. [Galanua, Cardamom.] Tlie
fri'sh roots of the A. gakuiga are used to season
li^h and for other economical purposes. They
and the rhizomes of A. racemosa are used by
Indian doctors in cases of dyspepsia. In infu-
sion, they are deemed useful also in com^^Iis.
The root of the A. aromatica, whicli, as' its
name implies, is finely aromatic, is eiuployed
in Bengal as a carminative and stomachic.
(Lindkii : Vcg. Kingd , 1847, pp. lOU-7 ; and
other writers. )
alp-ist, alp'-i-a, s. [Fr., Sp,, and Port.
a/idstc] A small seed used for feeding birds
It IS derived from a species uf canary-grass
{Phaldris).
al'-quiere, al'-queire, s. [Port] A mea-
sure used in Portugal and Brazil. The alquiere
of Portugal IS = 0-36 of an imperial bushel-
the alquiere of Rio, in Brazil = 1 imperial
bushel, {^tatcb man's Year-Book.)
al-read'-Sr, ^ al-read'-ie, all read'-y,
adv. [Eng. all; ready. In Dan. aUcredc }
Properly all ready, completely prepared ; but
generally used to mean at a bygone time, or
commencing at a bygone time, and end'ing
now, or i-ireviously to some event wliieh has
occuiTed.
_ "Is there anything whereof it may he said. See, this
IS new y it liath been already of old tune which wa«
before us." — Eceles. i, 10.
«![ It may be used in the future perfect tense •
as, "Long before the formal decision of the
judge, the verdict of public opinion willa^rccirf*/
have been given."
'" als, adc. k conj. [Also.]
Al-sa-tian, Al-sa'-cian, *. [From Alsatia
- Alsace.]
1. A native of Alsatia, or Alsace, a German
territory between the Rhine and the Vosges
mountains, long in French possession, but
re-taken by Germany during the war of 1S70-1.
± One of the names adopted by those debtors
and others who fied to a sanetuary to avoid
imprisonment.
•[ The term was ajiplied in the 17th centuiy
to thr outlaws whu lived in "Whitefriars, which
went by the name Alsatia. (See Sir Walter
Scott's Fortunes of Nigel )
al seg'-no, odi\ [Ital. segno = 3. sign, mark,
index.] [Sign.]
Mask: "To the sign." A direction given
to a singer or player to go liack to the sign
^■, and repeat tlie music from that place. It
is an expedient to ^^jtve the space and trouble
of printing the same notes twice over.
Al'-shain, s. [Corrupte<l Arabic] A fixed
star of magnitude oh, eallcd also /3 Aipiilie.
al-^in-a'-^eous, a. [Eng. and Lat. alsine ;
Eng. sutr. -aecouti.l Pertaining to the genus
Alsine, or to ehickweed ; resembling chick-
weed in some particular. An alsinaccovs
corolla, in Link's classification, is one with
short, distant claws.
al-si'-ne, 5. [Sp. & Lat. o.lslue ; Gr. a^a-lvn
(alsl/ir). A plant, probably ehickweed ; from
aXcros (^'?.^^^"-■) = a grove ] Vliiekweed, an old
genus i.if ]ilants belonging to the order Caryo-
jihyllaceic (Clove-worts). It is now broken up^
tlie speeies being distributed among the genera
Arenaria, Stellaria, and S[iergularia. Alshw
medUi is the Lininean name for the Common
ehickweed, now called Stellaria media.
al-si'-ne-se, s. pi. [From alsine (q.v.).]
Bnf. : One of the three sub-orders into which
the Caryojihylhiceai (Clove-worts) are divided.
The sepals are distinct, and when equal in
number to the stamens, are opposite to them.
They have a close aftinity to the Silenea',
though having far less eonspicaous flowers.
The genera Sagina, BuiTunia, Cheiieria,
Honckeiiya, Aienaria, Malachium, Stellaria,
Holusteuiu, Moenchia, and Cerastium are
represented in the British llora. [Cakyo-
PHYLLACE.-K.]
al'-so, ■- alse, - als, ~ als'-wa, adv & conj.
[.V.s. ccdswa, ealhira, ir.hncn, alsica. Also-
is etymologically the same as as (q.v.).]
1. Also, likewise, in like manner, even as.
". . . . thereof \mi^ William a-woudred and
meliois alse."~- Williain qf I'alerne (Skeafs ed.), 2,503.
". and for the peril als."— Ibid., tlDfJ.
"2. As. [See etymology. See also As.]
'\ilso freseh as the hank." Joseph of Arim., 595.
Also I'-d : As well.
" He seigh the peple thorw peine, passen in-to helle.
Also wel the holyeste heolde thider eueue
As the moste fooles." Joseph of Arim., 112, 113.
al-soph'-i-la, s. [Gr. aXcros (id^o:<) = a grove ;
(pl\os (i>hi}>>.s) — a friend.] A genus of ferns,
most of them arl.ioreseeiit. They occur in
tropical America, the South Sea Islands, the-
Malay Aidiipelago, ;md Australia. About
sixty-tive species are known.
als-to'-ni-a, s. [Named after Alston, once
Professor of Botany in Edinburgh ] A genus-
of plants belonging to the order Apocynacete,
or Dog-banes. The A . scholarls has wood as-
bitter as gentian. (Lindhy: Fci/. A'i?i;/.,p. 600.)
als'-t6n-ite> s. [Named from Alston in Cum-
berland, near which it is found.]
Milt. : The same as Bromlite (q.v.).
als-troe-mer'-i-a, ■, [Named after Baron
Claudius Alstro;mer, of Sweden, who, when
travelliug in Europe, sent many plants to
Limiaetis.] A ^'enus of Pla-Hts belonging to the-
order Amaryllidacefe. They are beautiful, and
A. liqtu is highly fragrant. The A. sahella
is a diaphoretic and diuretic ; the A. ornata is
astringent, and a kind of arrowroot is made
in Chili from the roots of the .1. 2>atlida,.
* als'-wil-i. *alss'-wilc, adv. [A.S. alswile
or ealhu'ih: : als = as, i;iutZc=suc,h.] Even as,
likewise.
" And good let oo thu hem bi-se
.ilswilc als hem biliu[f])ik bee."
Story of O'eii, and Lxad {ed. Morria), 4,107-8.
b6il, bo^; pout, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9bin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-cian, ~tian = sh9Ji. -tion.-sion;=shun; -tion, -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious, -ceous= shiis, -ble, -die, &c. =b9l, d^I.
154
alt— alterative
alt, s. k u. [Ger.] [Alto.]
Al-ta'-ic, u.. [Altaite.] [Tukanian.]
Al-tair', s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed star
of magnitude 1^, called also a Aquilce.
al-ta'-ite, s. [Named from the Altai or Al-
taian range of mountains in Central Asia;
Altai in some Tartar tongiu's is — a gnld
mountain.] A mineral placed by Dana in liis
Galena divi,sinn. It is a compound analogous
to Hessite. It is tin white, with a yellowish
tinge. A .sjnecimf^n consisted of tellurium
37, lead ■iT'bi, silver ll'^o, and gnl.l ;^ Sij
= 100.
al'-tar, '^ al'-ter, ^ al -tere, ' aul -ter,
" a'u-ter, " a'w-ter, s. [A s oUcr in
Svr.altarc: Dan. nltrr; Dut. alUwr: Uvw, 8p ,
& Port, aifnr : Fr. m'tcl ; Ital. oltnrc Fnau
Lat. altar or altari:=ai\ altar, especially one
Iiigher and more splendidly adorned tlian an
ara. From aJtns = high.]
A. Literolljj: An erection made for the
offering of sacrifices for memorial purposes, or
for some other object. ^
1. Ill Patrkirclii'd tiiiies. An altar designed
for sacrifice is mentioned in Scripture as early
as the time of Noah (Gen. viii. 20). Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob built se'\'eral altars in places
where for a brief or more lengthened period
they sojourned. Most of these appear to have
been for sacrificial purposes, and one or twn
seem to have been for memorial ends ; but tlie
most unequivoca.1 ease of the memorial altav
was subsequently. (Josh. xxii. 10 — :;4 ; Gru
xii. 7, S ; xiii. 4, IS ; xxii. 9 ; xxvi. 2o ; xxxiii.
21} ; XXXV. 1, 7.)
2. In Jev.'ish tinicf: At Sinai directions wei'e
given that altai-s should be of earth or of stout-
unhewn, and that the ascent to them should
not be by steps (Exod. xx. 24—20) Wlien the
tabernacle worship was established, there was
an altar of wood covered with brass, designed
for sacrifice, and one overlaid with gold, on
which incense was burnt (Exod. xxvii. 1 — :^ ;
xxxi. 1—10). Both had projections at the four
comers of the upper surface. To those of
the brazen altar victims were bound, and a
fugitive from death seizing hold of one of these
could not legally be dragged away to meet hi,s
doom. Strictly speaking, all sacrifices were
to be confined to the one sacrificial altar, but
the injunction was observed only to a partial
extent. (1 Sam. vii. 17 ; 2 Sam. xxiv. 2o ;
1 Kings xviii. 32.)
3. Ill Christian times:
(a) In the early Chrif^tian centuries altars
were generally of wood. During the sixth
century stone was employed in the construc-
tion, and tliis continued to the time of the
Reformation.
(h) III the C'h u rrh of Home an altar is
essential, it being believed that in the mass
an actual though unbloody sacrifice is off'ered
for sin. Formerly, also, there was an uppei'
altar (superaltare), which was a small portable
one for the consecration of the communiuu
elemeijts, when the i">riest had not the oppor-
tunity of using the altar in a church or chapel.
(c) In the Church of England. The stone
altars which were in the churches when the
Refonnation began [see (a)] were removed
about the year l.x'iO, and tables substituted
for them. Queen Mary restored the altar.s,
which were, however, again removed ou the
accession of Queen Elizabeth. What is some-
times called "the altar" is everywhere in the
Prayer Book called " the holy table."
4. Among tlie ol'l pthuic and modern non-
Christian ■nations. IMany of the old ethnic
nations built altars for idolatrous worship on
the tops of hills or in groves. The Greeks
and Romans built high altars to the heavenly
gods, and some of lower elevation to the demi-
gods and heroes, whilst they wfirship])ed the
infernal gods in trenches scooped out of the
ground. Many nations have had. and yet
possess, altar.-' of tiuf, stone, woo'l, or, in rare
cases, even of horn; but they are wholly
absent among the Mohammedans.
B. More or less f(jii roil rrly :
1. Used of Christ, by the figure of .speech
called metonymy, by which tlie altar is sulv
stituted for the piacular victim offered upon
it in sacrifice. (Heh. xiii. 10.)
2. The most sacred spot or most sacred
service of religion, truth, or aught else to
which complete consecration of the jjowers is
due. (Pope: Homer; lUcai v. .'j'.i2.)
3. T}ie liymeneal altar, or simply the altar:
The aitar in a church before which a marriage
is solemnised. [Hymeneal.]
" In many countries it U necessary to t-arry long in
the vestibule of the temple before advancing to the
altar, under the title of affiances."— fiowrmtf .' Be.n-
tham's Principle of the Ciiiil Code. ( Works, vol. i , 850.)
To lead to the hymeneal altar : (Lit.) : Used,
properly, of a bridegroom, who, after tlie first
portion of the marriage service has been per-
formed in the body of the church, goes with
his bride to the communion rails, for the
conclusion of the service as directed in the
rubric. (Booh of Common Prayer.)
1" Loosely and incorrectly = to marry.
altar-bread, s. Bread used in the cele-
bration of the Eucharist. In the Roman
Church it is thin, round, and unleavened, and
usually stamped with a crucifix. [Host.]
altar-card, s. A portion of the Mass,
printed and placed on the altar to assist the
memory of the celebrant. There are three ;
one is placed at each side and one against the
tabernacle. They are occasionally used in
Ritualistic churches.
altar-carpet, s. The carpet covering
the sanctuary.
altar-cloth, s. The cloth which covers
an altar in a church.
altar-fire, s. The fire on an altar, or
connected with religion,
altar-frontal, s. [Antependium.]
altar-hearse, s. [Herse.]
altar-horn, s. [Horn.]
altar-piece, s. A picture or ornamental
sculpture behind the altar in a church.
altar -place, s. A place which has
served for an altar, or on which an altar has
been at one time reared. (Byron : Darkness.)
altar-plate, s. The plate which is de-
signed for the service of the altar.
altar-screen, s. The partition behind
an altar in a church ; the reredos wall or
screen at the back of an altar.
altar-Stairs, s. pi. The stairs of an
altar. (Used in a figurative sense.)
" The grent world's altar -stairn
That slope through da.rkne3S up to God."
Tennysan . In Memoriam, liv.
altar-Stone, s. The stone constituting
the altar ; also, loosely, the chancel or sanc-
tuary. (Scott : Lord of tlie Isles, ii. 24.)
altar-thane, a. The same as Altakist.
ALTAR TOME.
altar-tomb, s. A raised monument re-
sembling an altar. It is a term of modern
introduction. (Gloss, of Arch.).
altar-vase, s. A vase to hold flowers for
the decoration of an altar.
altar-vessel, 5. a vessel used in the
Anglican Coinniunion Service or in the Roman
Mass.
altar-wise, adv. After the manner of an
altar. (Land: Speech in the Star Charaber.)
al'-tar-age, &. [Low Lat. altaragium.]
1. Revenue derived by a priest or clergy-
man from offerings made in connection with
an alt.ar.
2. An altar or altars erected within a church
in mediroval times, with money left t(^ pur-
chase masses for some person deceased.
al'-tar-ist, al'-tar-thane, s. [Eng. altar.]
Old Enq. Laio: One who mini.stered at the
altar, and was the recipient of the offerings
there presented. [Thane.]
alt-az'-i-muth, s. [Eng. alt(itvde\ and
azimvfh (q.v ).] The same as Azimuth and
Altitude Instrument (q.v.).
al'-ter, r.t. k i. [Ft.' cdterer = to alter; Sp.
& Port alterar ; Ital, aUcran:; Low Lat.
fd/rro. From Class. Lat. alter = one of two.]
[Altercation.]
1. Trnjis. : In some respect or other to
change anything more or less completely from
what he or it was before.
"And the God thii/t hath cnuaed his name to dwell
there dc-troy all kings and people, that shall put trj
their h;iiiil to (t^fcr and to destroy this house of God
which is :'it Jerusalem." — Ezra vi. 12.
" My c(j\'(;n.'xnt will I not break, uor alter the thing
that is ;.'uue uut of my lips,"— /*.*. Ixxxix, 3i.
2. Intmns. : To change; to become different
in some respect or otlier.
al-ter-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. alter; dbility.]
The quality of being alterable ; capability of
being altered ; alterableness, (Webster.)
al'-ter-a-ble, ft. [Eni;. alter; -able.] Able to
be altered ; capable of being altered.
"... the manner of it is veiy alterable; the
matter and faot of it is not alterable hy any power
under the hky."— Carl //le : Heroes and Hero- Worship,
Lect. V.
al'-ter-a-ble-ness, ,s. [Eng. alteroMe; -ness. ]
Alterability ; capable of being altered. (John-
son.)
al'-ter-a-bly, adv. [Eng. altercd)h; -ly.] In
an alterable manner; in a manner capable of
change. (Johnson.) 1
al'-ter-age, s. [From Lat. altar = a foster
father; o?o=torear.] The breeding, nourish-
ing, or fostering of a child. (Davies on Ireland.)
al'-ter-ant, a. !s s [Eng. alter ; -ant. In
Fr. alterant.]
1. As adjective : Altering, changing.
"And whether the body be alterant or altered." —
Bacon. A'at. Hist. Cent, ix., § 800.
2. As siibsto^ntive: An alternative. (Used in
medicine.)
al-ter-a'-tion, s. [Fr. alteration; Sp. altrra-
cion ; Port. alteraQdo ; Ital. cdterazione ; Low
Lat. a.ltero = to change.]
1. The act of altering, or change.
"Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath
in it mcouveniences, and those weighty." —Boolccr.
2. The state of being altered.
" Blethinks it should he now a hupe eclipse
Of sun and iiiooii ; and that the affrighted globe
Should yawu at alteration."
iiliakesp. : Othello, v. 2.
3. The change made.
"When man fell,
Strange alteration f Sin and Death .amain
Following liis track (such w.os tlie will of Heaven)
Paved after him a broad and beaten way
Over the dark abyss." Milton .■ P. L.. ii. 1,021.
& s. [Fr. alteratif m..
al -ter-a-tive,
alt:.otl'v.:, f.]
A. As adjective : Producing alteration.
■'. . . such all internal cellular or cellulo- vascular
structure as can receive fluid matter from without,
alter its nature, and add itto the aZ(e7-a.eiDe structure."
~07ve7i : Palwontol. {I860), p. 4.
Chiefly Med .- Producing alteration in the
svstem, from a morbid state to, or towards,
one of health.
"By an altei'ative course of treatment is commonly
meant the continued exhibition of certain medicinal
agents supptmed to have the power of altering certain
disordered iutiuiis, chiefly of a chronic character "—
C.'/rl Pract. Med . i. 53.
B. As buhstantive :
1. Lit. Med. : A kind of medicine which,
when given, appears for a time to liave httle
or no eft'eit, but whicli ultimately changes, ur
tends to change, a morbid state into one of
health. Garmd divides alteratives into se\'en
groups : (1) Mercurial Alteratives, (2) Iodine
Alteratives, (3) Chlorine Alteratives, (4) Ar-
senical Alteratives, (5) Antimonial Alteratives,
(0) Sulphur Alteratives, and (7) Alteratives of
undetermined action.
2. Fig. : Anything fitted to produce an
alteration for the better on a morbid mind.
■* Like an a^xithecary's shop, wherein .are remedies
for alt infirmities of mind, purgatives, cordials, altera-
tives."— Burton : Anat of Mel., p. 279,
£^e, f^t, fare, amidst, Ttrhat, falX, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. oe = e ; 3e = e. ey = a.
alter c ate— alternation
155
al'-ter-cate, v?. [In^iK altercor; Ital o.Iler-
aire. From Lat. altfrcor, sometimes "Ui-rco^
to wrangle, to quarrel ; from a/te7-= another.]
To carry on an angi-y contention in words ; to
engage in noisy wrangling.
al-ter-ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. nitn,ntioii: Sp
altercacion ; Port. aUcroK^oo; It.il. oltcrcii-
zione ; Lat. oUercatio, from alterco.] [Alter-
cate. ] A wrangling, dispute, or > lei nite.
Angiy contention of words between two per-
sons.
"... A stormy altercation iollowed."~MacaiUaT/ :
Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
" Livy regrets that he caniiut ri=cei-t.uii the truth
with re3i>ect to this imseeuily aUin-ratinn " — Lewis:
Early Jimn. Hint., ch. xili., I't. ii , § ;iy.
al'-tered, pn. par. & a. [Alter.]
" But he fouml the comrade of hia youth an altered
mail." — Macaiilay : Bist. Eng., ch. xxLv.
al'-ter-ing, %>r. -par. & a. [Alter.]
"With age, and altering rheums? Can he siieak?
hear! ' Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, iv. 3.
al-ter'-i-ty, s. The state of heing another ;
the state of being different. {Cidcridge.)
al'-tem, a. [In Fr. o.Ucrne ; Port, alkrno.
From Lat. altemus = every other, alternate ;
from alter = one of two.]
A. Ord. Lang. : Alternate.
" And God made two great lights, great for their use
To man, the greater to have rule by day,
The less by uight, altern ; and made the etara."
Milton: P. L., Iik, vii.
B. TeclinkoUy:
1. Geoin. Alt er 11 base : A term used for abase
which is not the true niie. Thus, if in an
oblique triangle the true base is = the sum of
the sides, then tlie altern base is = their diffi-r-
ence ; or, if tlie true base is = the diffei'ence
of the sides, tlien the altern is = their sum.
2. Crystallography : Exhibiting on its rq.)per
and lower i^art faces which alternate among
themselves, but which, when the two parts
are compared, correspond with each other.
*ar-tem, v.t. [From Eng. altern. In Fr.
alterner ; Sp. & Port, alternar; Ital. alternare.]
To alternate.
"Alternar, ac, to altern." — Fernandez : Spanish
Di€t. (1811). -
t al-tern'-a-5y, 5. [Eng. altcrii ; -acy.] The
state of being alternate. {Wchstcr.)
t al-tern'-al, a. [Eng. nltrm; -al] Pertain-
ing to what is alternate. Alternati\-e. (Sher-
wood.) Done by turns or coui'ses one after
another. (Bullokar. )
t al-tern'-al-ly, adv. [Eng. oUenml ; -hj.-\
The same as Alternately.
" Affranius and Petreius did command
Those campa with equal power, but concord made
Their government more firm : their men ulwy'd
AUemally both generals' cumnmnda."
May - Lucan, hk. iv.
tal-ter'-nant, rt. [In Fr. oUemont : Lat.
alternans, pr. par. of altcrno = to do tir.st one
thing and then another ; oltcrnus = one after
another, interchangeably ; alter = one of two,
the other.] Alternating.
al-ter-nate, or al'-ter-nate» v.t. & i.
[Alternate, q.] [Altern, a. & v.]
A, Transitive: To perform by turns with
another person or persons, or to change one
thing for another reciprocally, i.e., to do first
the one, then the other, and afterwards the
first again, uniformly observing the same
order of succession as long as the operation
goes on,
"Tlie moat high God. in all things appertaining unto
this life, for sundry v.ise ends, alternates the disi)osi-
tiou of good and evil."— ('?■-•"■
" Those who in their course.
Melodious hymns about the --in'ivi^n throne
Alternate S.U. mghtlonti."—M/ltoii ■ P L., bk v.
B. Intransitive :
1. In time: Tohappenby turns with another
occurrence.
"... tempests quickly alternated with sun-
shine."—/^-OMrfe.- Ifist. of Lug., pt. i.. vol. iv., 94.
2. In pJacr : In turns to precede and then
to follow anything el?'''. Often used in geology
for a bed, or a series of beds again and again
recurring in a section ; but in most vKst-s
what now are successive re-appearances in
place were produced in a remote age by the
return of the same combination of circunr-
stances in time.
"... but 03 we proceed northwards to Yorksliire,
it [the mountam lime'*tnnh?J hexiiis to •i/'erimfe with
true coal measures." — Lyeli - Jf'inua! nf drtil., ch. xxiv.
al-ter'-nate, a., s., & adv. [From Lat. alter-
Tiatus, pa' par. of alterno.}
A« -4s adjective :
I. Ord i I ixtry Language :
1. Of time: Done or happening in a series,
first one and then the other, by turns; leci-
procal. In colloquial language, "turn about."
" In either cause one rage alone possessed
The empire of the alternate victor's breast."
Byron: Lara, ii. 10.
"... Castor and Pollux, who enjoyed a peculiar
privilege of life after death, and reviaited the earth in
some mysterious manner on alternate days. "— (V;arf-
stone . Studies on Homer, i. 134.
2. Of relative 2'<l"ce or jios't ion. (See II., 1.)
IL Technically :
1. Bot. : Alternate leaves are those which
are not inserted opposite to each other, hut
of which each is higher or lower on the stem
nate on a common i>etiole. Example : Poten-
tilla rv'pf:stris, Tohtifcro balsomiim.
alternate leaves.
c0m5i0n elm (ulmus campestris).
than the c<trrcsi)onding one on the otlier side,
Tlie word oUcrnaie is the re^'erse of opyositc
also when used of other portions of a plant, as
sepals, petals, stamens, &c.
2. Zool. : In a corresponding sense to that
described under No. 1.
^ Alternate generations. [See Alternation,
B. 1]
3. Other PlnisWal Sciences: "With a similar
meaning.
^[|<lh Alternate angles: Two angles ar.'
said to be alternate with each other when thev
are made by two straight lim-s, intersectrd
by a third, and are on j^
opposite sides of that \
third. One alternate c \g ]>
angle is beneath the nT '
first of the two lines \
so intersectt^d, and the .2 \^ L
other is above the H\
second one. If the \b
two straight lines be
parallel, then the alternate angles are equal
tn each other. (See Euclid, I. 29 ) If the
straight line a b intersect the two parallel
straight lines c d and e f, then c g h and
G H F constitute one, and d o h and g h e a
second pair of alternate angles.
Her. Alternate quarters : A term applied tu
the first and fourth quarters on an escutcheon,
which are generally of the same kind; and
also to the second and third, which also simi-
larly resemble each other.
B. As snhstantivc : That which alternates
with anything else ; an alternative ; a -vicis-
situde.
" ' Tis not in Fate th' alternate now to give."
Pope : Somer's Iliad, bk. xviii., 117.
" And rais'd in pleasure, or repos'd in ease.
Grateful alternates of substantial peace."
Prior.
C. As adverh : Alternately.
If Common in poetry, owing to the difficulty
of introducing olternofdy into a line.
" And live alternate, and alternate die.
In hell beneath, on earth, in heaven above."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xi., 372-C.
" Oft, placed tlie evening fire beside,
The minstrel art alternate tried."
Scott : Rokeby, iv. 13.
al-tem'-ate-ly, ac?t'. [Eng. alternate; -ly.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. In time: Happening by turns.
'• ■ Tis thus, reciprocating each with each,
Altcmatebj the nations learn and teach."
Cowper: Charity.
2. In space : In reciprocal succession ; first
on one side, and then on the other. (See B. 1.)
B. Tcchnicrdbj :
1. Bot. Alternately pinnate: A term used
of a pinnate leaf which has the leaflets alter-
ALTERNATELY riNKATE LEAVES.
(TOmiFERA BALSA3IUM.)
2. Geejm. or Ala. : If there be four magni-
tudes or quantities in proportion, of wliicli
the first is to the second as the third to the
fourth, then eitlier cf the expressions p'-'^^''"'"-
tando (by permutation) or alternando (alter-
nately) is employed, when it is inferred that
the first proportional has the same ratio to
the third that the second has to the fourth, or
that the first is to the third as the second is
to tlie fourth.
Thus if A B : c D : : j.i N : P Q,
thru these proportionals are placed alter-
nately ; if they stand thus —
c: D : A B : : P Q : M N,
or A B : M N ; : c D : p Q.
iSn alsii if a -.h : : c : d,
then thesH" symbols are placed alternately if
they are written
b : a : : d : c, and a : c : : h : d.
(See Euclid, Bk. V., Def. 13, Pn-p IG.)
t al-tern'-ate-ness, s. [Eng. altemnte ;
-ness.] The same as Alternation (q.v.).
al-tern'-a.t-mg,pr, 2'i:n-. kn. [Alternate, i;.]
al-tern-a'-tion, s. [In Sp altemnci'W ; Port.
idh-f ,inr,n_. ; Ital. alremoziovr, from L;it. alter-
iiatio.]
A. 0 rili nary Language :
I. Gen. : The siicn-ssion of thing.s to one
another in a reciprocal order; interchange of
things r.ftener than once with others, in time
or in space.
(") In time :
"... the al>.?runtion of day and night ."
-^Lei'-'i- : Astron. of the Ancients, ch. i., § 9.
" During two or three days there were many alter-
natjom of hope and fear." — ,i/"cva(?«s/.- Hist. Eng
ch. XX.
" f'low olti-rnnthns c}i land and sea.' —i9?"e)i.- Olas^if.
of the Mniiniialin. p. b^i.
(b) In bpuce :
"Each successive tide brings its charge of mixed
powder, deposits its liuplex layer day after day, and
nnally masses of immense thickness are piled up
which, by presening the alternations of sand and
mica, tell the tale of their formation."— Tw^rtfl/? ■
Frag, of Snf.nvp. 3rd ed., p. 409.
IL Specially :
1. Responses by the congregation in litur-
gical worship,
" For such alternations as are there used must be by
several x>erson3 ; but the minister and the people can-
not 80 sever their interests as to sustain several per-
sona, he being the only mouth of the whole body which
he presents."- jtfiffoji Apology for Smectymnma.
2. Alternate performances between the two
divisions of a ehuir.
B. Tcihnlrally:
1. Biol, or Zool. Alternation of flchcrations:
The rendering of a scientific term used by
Prof. Steenstrup to express an abnormal kind
of generation, called by Prof. Owen Met<t.-
gene^is. It implies that one kind of birth
takes place in one generation, and another in
the next ; the third is again like the first, and
the fourth resembles the second. In the first
generation there is the ordinary propagation
of the race by impregnation ; in the second,
immature animals, which appear as if they had
not passed beyond the larval state, give birth
to young. This feature in the case Prof. Owen
calls Parthenogenesis (q.v.). By the curious
arrangement now ntcutioned, the young do
not resemble their immediate parents, but their
grand-parents ; as in due time what may he
termed their grandchildren will resemble
them. The Ij^st known instance of alternation
bSil, boy; pout, j6^1; cat. 9eU, chorus, ^hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist, -iug,
-tion, -sion. -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious, -ceous = shiis. -ble, -die. &c. = bel. deL
156
alternative— alto
'if generations is in the Aiihidrs. [Aphis.]
i^ti'fiif^truji: AUeniailoii oj (hiiieratiniit^, Unij
Sofli'ty. U'lxii: Iitoci-t. Antm., '^nd e'l., iqi.
667, oas.)
2. Alg. : Alti.'rnations are the same as what
are more generally vallvn iPi_'nnutatiuns.
al-tern'-a-tive, tt. & s. [In Ger. aliernatir;
FT.alteritotif, adj., rtHcnuitu'e, s. ; Sp. .^:. P<irt.
attenuttlvo, adj., alter lUttlni, s; It; J. I'ltunta-
tivo, adv. = by turns ; altcniatlc", s,]
A. As o'ljective :
I. Onliiicry Lintgiiagc :
1. Offering a rlioice of two tilings, as an
" alteniatlpi: proposal."
2. Alternate.
"The manners, the wita, the health, the age, the
streiif^h, and stuture of men daily v.iry, but so as by
a vicissitude and revoliiti<jii they retuj u again to the
fornier points ir«in which they declined, and again
decline, and agani return, by altunuitiDc aaid iuter-
chant;e.ible (.'uurse."— if«/ucici7rs Apoh-ti.'/, i< 41.
n. Tech n icall !j :
1. Bot. : A tvj m used when the pieces of an
organ being in two rows, the inner i« L-overed
by the outer in such a way that each of the
exterior rows overlaps half of two of thw
interior uik-s.
2. Gnviiiino.r: The alternative '•onjiniction^
are Either — or, AVhethei' — or, Ni-itlR-r — nor
(Bain : English Gra/imiun', London, 18C:J, p. (55.)
B. As siCbstaiiticc :
1. Strictly : Permission to choose eitlier of
two thingy, but not both : also the t\vo things
viewed as standing ttjgcthcr that choice may
be made between them. In this sense it has
no plural.
" , . . this was partly owing to their apparmt
difficulty In understanding the simplest nUcnu(tli'ij "
— Dnrwiii: Voyage round the World, ch. x.
2. More luosely : One of two things offered
for choice. In this sense the two things
offered are called, not as they should be, an
alternative, but two alternatives.
"... and announce that if this demand is re-
fused, the alternative is war. The Rinnans refuse all
redress, and accept the alternative," — Leivis : Early
Jicnii. Illst., ch. xii., pt. i., § 9,
3. .5^^^ more loosely : One of several things
offered to choose among.
T[ There is no alternatirf, means, no choice
is offered ; only one thing is presented for
acceiit^nce.
" With no alternative but death."
Loiiiffellow : The Golden Legend, iv.
al-tern'-a-tive-ly, culc. [Eug. alternative;
-ly.] By turns ; reciprocally.
"An appeal aUeriiatlaelii matle may be tolerated by
the civil law ;is valid." — Ai/liffe : Parergttn.
al-tern'-a-tive-ness, s. [Eng. altcmotlcc;
-ness.] Tlie quality or state of b.eing alterna-
tive. {Bailey.)
t al-tern'-i-ty, s. [Eng. •dicni; -it>j] The
same as Alteenation (q.v.).
" They imagine that an animal of the vastest dimen-
sions, and longest duration, sboiild live m a continual
motion, without the altemitij and vicissitude of rest,
whereby all other animals continue."— A't<- T. Bro-wiu: :
Vulgar Erroars.
al-thae'-a, al-the'-a, s. [In Sp. k Port.
althea ; Ital. oltea ; Fr. & Lat. althaea; Gr.
aA^ciia(a^?/Kr(ft)= marsh-mallow : ci\y<ij (altlw)
= to cure ; so called from its healing virtues.]
1. A genus of plants belonging to the order
Mah'acete, or Mallow-v/orts. It contains one ^
ALTH.EA OFFICINALIS.
generic British species, the A. officinalis, or
Common Marsh-mallow, and one only appa-
rently wild, the A. hirsuta, or Hispid Marsh-
malluw. The A. rosea of (jur gardens is the
Hollyhock. Its flowers are used in Greece in
poultices, lozenges, Ac. Its leaves are said to
furnish a colouring matter not info'i-.^r to
indJL^d. ]\Iarsli-niallow coiitaiiis mucli muci-
lage and altheinc. which is the same as a^jiara-
gin. It is used as a demulcent to allay
cough.
" AliluEa with the purple eye ; the broum.
Yellow and bright, as bullion unalloy'd."
r-AWi>cr. Task, bk. vi.
2. An asteroid, the 119th found. It was
discovered by Watson on the 3rd of April, ISTii.
al-the'-ine, s. [E-n^. althea ; -in.e.'\ A vege-
table principle found in the loots of the
marsh mallow, now sliown to be identical
with Asparagin (q. \'- ).
"al'-ther, a. [Aldeb, Elder.] Elder. {Piers
Plowman.)
^al'-tlier, *al-tllir, "al'-thirc, a. [Al-
der.] Of all. ' (For their 'numerous com-
pounds, as Althee-cost, Alther-fairest,
Alther-first, &c., see Alder.)
'"Certes, ne never other man
Sith Lameth was. that althcr-first bygau
To loven two, as writen folk biforn, '
Chaueer: C. T., 10,86t
"In althire maiste joy."
Alexander (t(^. Stevenson), 486.
" -4 f(7«r)?rs£ ye schul conaidre , . ."—Chaucer : The
Talc of Melibeus.
al' -though, ^ all though, ^ al thogh
{tt'gh or gh silent), conj. [Eng. all; though.
In Dut. al, or alhoewel = although. Though
= A,S. thcah, theh.] [Though.] Notwith-
standing that ; however it may be that ; even
if ; even siijiposing that. *
"At fkogh'h.e were of age,"
Jionaventura.
"But Peter said unto him, AHhougk all shall be
offended, yet will not l."—Mark xiv. 2!).
* al'-ti-ca, s, [Haltica.]
■^ al'-ti-grade, a. [Lat. alius = high ; gradus
= a step, a pace ; gradior = to take steps, to
wallc] Rising on high ; mounting, ascending.
(Johnson.)
al-til'-6-q.Uen9e, s. [In Port, altiloqucneia ;
Lat. alius =h)i^h, and ?0(^/teJi^;V( =flueney of
speecli ; loquor = to sjicak.] Lofty speech ;
pomijosity of language. (Johnson.)
al-til'-6-quent, a. [Lat. altus = ]iiQh, and
loquens — speaking ; pr. par. of loquor= to
speak.] Lofty or pompous in speech. {Bailey.)
al-tim'-et-er, s. [Lat. altns = high, and Gr.
fitrpov (iiietron) = that by which anything is
measured ; a measure, a rule.] An instrument
employed for measuring altitudes trigono-
metrically.
al-tim'-et-ry, s. [For etym. see Altimeter.
In Sp. & Port. (dliiiietiia.~\ Tlie art of measur-
ing altitudes tngononietrically, as by a quad-
rant, theodolite, &c. (Johnson.)
al'-tin, s, [Russian.] A Russian coin woi-th
between a penny and three half-pence sterling.
It is equal in value to three copecs, one hun-
dred of which again make a rouble.
t al-tin'-car, s. [Tincal.]
al-tin-gi-a'-^e-se, o. pi [From the old bota-
nical genus Altingia, now called Liquidambar. ]
Liquidambars. An order of exogenous plants,
placed by Lindley in his first .sub-class Dicli-
nous Exogens, and in his eighteenth Alliance,
the Araentales. It consists of tall, balsam-
bearing trees, which are placed under the Lin-
iiEean genus Liquidambar. [Liquida:\iear.]
They are found in the hotter parts of Asia
and America.
al-tis'-6n-ant, al-tis'-6n-ous, a. [In Sp.,
Port ,& Ital. o^^'soHa;(/L-; Sp ^Tin-t. altisono;
Lat. altisonas = hiQb. somidni.y: c/^ds = high ;
sonans, jir. par. of soJic = to .sound : or from
sonus = a sound. ] High sounding ; of lofty or
pompous sound.
"Specnl.T.ti'.e and positive dootrines, and aKwo»aJi-(
phrase a . " — Ewlyn.
al-tiss'-i-mo, a. or anlv. [Lat, altissiyius,
superl. degree of altus.] [tALTO, Alt.] a
term used in music to designate the sounds
tliat lie in the octave above the pitch of
sounds in alt— viz., from g"' to/"".
S,l'-ti-tude, s. [In Fr. altitwh; Ital. altitn-
iline. From Lat. a?^i(Mdo = altitude ; altus =
liigh.]
A. Onhnary Laiujno/je :
I. Lit. : The ■■lev.itnm of an object above its
base, or of an olijeet in the air aljuve the sur-
face of the eartli.
"... Oft did he take delight
To measure th' altit-ndc of some tall crag
That is the eagle's birthplace, or some peak.
Familiar with forgotten years."
Wordsworth : The Excursion, bk. 1
II. Figuratively :
1. The highest point in degi'ee of anything.
"He did it to please his mother, and to be partly
proud, which he is, even to the altitude of his virtue,"
— filiakesjj. : Coriol., i. 1.
2. High rank, superiority in wealth or other
resources ; mental or moral elevation.
"Your altitude offends the eyes
Of those who want the power to rise." Swift.
3. (Plural.) Hauglity airs.
B. TechnieaUy:
1, Ger/in. : The altitude of a triangle, paral-
lelogram, or other figure, is the straight line
drawn from its vertex perpendicular to its base,
or the base produced. (Euclid, bk. vi., def. 4.)
2. Perspectire : The altitude of the eye is a
right line let fall from the eye perpendicular
to the geometrical plane.
3. Trigonom. : The same as A., I.
An acecsaihlc altituOe is one the lower part
of which maybe approaclied, so that a base
may be measured from it for the purpose of
trigonometrical calculation. A n inacccssihh
aUitn<k is one of which the lower part is
unapxiroachable ; as, for instance, a castle
beyond a river which one has not the means
of crossing.
4, Astrmi. : The elevation of a heavenly
body above the horizon, i c., the arc of a verti-
eal circle intercepted between the centre of
tlie body and the true horizon. It is generally
expressed in '', ', and ". The apparent alil-
inde of a heavenly body is the apparent height
above the sensible horizon. Its ii'ue altitude
is its height above the real horizon, after cor-
rections have been made on account of refrac-
tion and parallax. Meridian altitude is the
altitude of a heavenly body when passing the
meridian. The body is then at the highest
point it can on that day reach.
Observed oltitudr is the altitude as shown by
the instrument with which the observation
was taken.
Refraction of altitude is the Increased eleva-
tion given to a heavenly body by refraction.
Altitude and Azimuth Instrument. [See
AziJtuTH AND Altitude I?3strusient.]
t al-ti-tud-in-ar'-i-an, s. [Lat. altUudinis,
genit. of (f?f(i(''?(.i = height ; suffix -arlan = A
person who.] A term occasionall.y used to
indicate a person of lofty aim or pretension,
an ambitious person. (Coleridge.)
t al-tlV'-ol-ant, a. [Ital. altivolante; Lat.
altus = high, and mlan': = flying, pr. par of
volo, ■axi= to fly.] High-flying. (Evelyn.)
^ al'-to, adv. [All to. ]
t al'-to, alt, 5. [In Ger. alt, alto; Fr. liaut;
O. Fr. lumlt; Sp., Port.., & Ital. hlto; Lat.
altus. It iii;iy have a remote connection with
E. Aram. ^^1'! {illo-y or ghillay) = highest ; Heb.
n!?^ (dldli) ■= to ascend, and various cognate
words. 1 A term designating pitch of sound,
derivctl from the old gamut of the organ-
builders. The sounds lying between g, the
liighest note on the treble stave, and f, seven
notes above (or, as it would now be written,
from g" to/'"), are said tu be in alt.
al'-to, a. k s. [t Alto, Alt]
A, As adjeetice :
I. Music:
1. Tlic term applied to the highest male
voice, most usually falsetto, having a com-
pass of about an oct:ive and a half, from /to
c", called also the counter-tenor voice. The
term contralto is usually applied to the
lowest sort of female voice, which frequently
takes the same part in vocal music as the alto
male voice.
2. When applied to musical instruments
the term is usually employed to designate
those next in pitch above the tenor of the
same spefics, as alto trombone.
II. Old Law. Alto and hasso, or in alto and
in basso (high and low), were words used to
mean tlie reference of all differences, great
and small, to arbitration.
J&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. ew =£^-
altogether— alumina
i:n
B. ^1.'^ suhstantUx : The- [lart of the music
suug t»y persons injsM-ssing the alto or euu-
traltn voice. [A., 1., 1, Music]
alto-clef, s. A name for the C clef wIll-u
it is placed on th(.- thii-d line of the ___^^
stave ; called also the CounUr-fcnor ■ jUi ■
clef. The usual form of the clef is - tftj
shown in. the accompanyin- tigure.
[Clef. ]
alto-fagotto, s. A musical wind instru-
ment, known also by its French name of the
bcissoii quinti-. It i^ similar in character to
the bassoon or fagntto, and has a cninpass of
the same extent, but tive notes higher in
pitch. [BAssijON.]
alto-rilievo, or alto-relievo, «. [Ital.
oXto lilievo ; (.'?/o = high, and r';7ie-i'o = relief.]
SCULPTURE IN ALTO-RILIEVO.
Sculptured work of which the figures project
more than half their true pnipuitions, as
shown in the illustration. Wlit-n tlicy pm-
ject just one-half, the term used is il/cr-.o-
relievo ; and when less than half, Bast:v-reJicro,
or in English, Bas-relief. (Glossary i>f Arch.,
5th ed.) LBas-Relief.]
alto-rlpieno, s. [Ital.] An alto part,
either vocal or instrumental, used fur filling
up and adding tu the force of a Ihttti. [See
RiPIENO, TUITI.]
alto-viola, s. [ItaL] A strin^CL-d instru-
ment of the violin species, usually called tin-
ri.<'l(> or tenor, snniewhat larger than tin-
violin, and with a system of tuning li\-e notes
lower in pitch. [Viola, Tenor.]
al-tO-geth'-er, n./r. [Eng. all; together.]
Wholly, completely, entirely.
"Thou wjiat a/fo'ji;tlii-r born in sins." — John ix. 3t
t al-toun, s. [Scotch al = auld = old ; tuim
= town.] Old town. {Scotch.)
al'-tru-ism, j. [In Ital. altrui = others ;
aUriii = otlier people's goods. Lat. alteruter
= one of two, the one or the other, either ;
a^(t!j"=one of two ; iifer= which of tlie two, or
wliether. A word framed by j\I. Cointe, and
adopted with warmly expressed approval by
Herljert Spencer, to express an antithesis to
Egoism.] Benevolence, beneficence. (Herbert
Spencer: Psychol. (1881), vol. ii,, § 524.
al'-tru - ist, ,«. [Fr. altmiste.] One who
practises altruism.
al-tru-is'-tic, a. [From Eng. altr^dsm (q.v.).
A word framed like altruism by M. Cointe,
and adopted with high approval by Herbert
Spencer, to express an antithesis to Egoisttr.]
Bunevolent, beneticent. [Eoo -altruistic]
Herbert Spencer: Psychol. (1881), vol. ii., § 524.
al-tru-ist'-ic-al-ly, aih.\ [Eng. altruistic;
-al, -ly.] In a b'ene\'olent manner ; with care
for the interests of others. (H. Smncer : Data
of Ethics, § 73.)
al-u'-fi-ta, s. [Lat. ah(cita=a gnat.] A
genus of moths, the typical one of the family
AlucitidfR.
3l-U-9it'-i-d3e, s. pi. [From the typical
genus Alucita (q.v.).] A family of moths,
distinguished by having the wings split into a
series of feathtr-like lobes. A few speeic'i
exist in this country. One, the A. hexodnctyhi,
called erroneously " the Twentj'-plume Mntli,
for it has, in reality, as many as twenty-four
plumes, may often be seen running up window-
panes in autumn.
al'-u-deij, s. [In Fr. aludel; Gr. a, and Lat.
lutiim = mud, clay, potter's earth. Without
clay- ; without luting.] A subliming pot used
for chemical purposes, without a bottom, but
which was fitted into a second, and that into
a third, and so on, without luting being re-
quired. The complex vessel thus made was
nsed In sublimations. At the bottom of the
furnace a pot was placed to hold the sub-
stanre which had to be sublimed, and at the
top ,1 head was added for the purpose of re-
taining the '^iqiniir which might arise from
the i->rucess. (i^uincey.)
al'-ii-la, s. [Dinrin. of Lat. ala = a wing.]
1. Ornith. : The bastard wing.
2. Eutoin. : (1) One of the two minute mem-
braneous scales situated above the halteres In
some dipterous insects. (2) One of the similar
scales placed under the elytra of certain
water-beetles.
al'-um (1), ' al-ym, s. [In Sw. alnn ; Dan.
iillini : Dut. oliiiii ; Ger. ahmn; Fr. alinn;
^IK aluvibrc ; FoTt-nlv/ueiL; Ital. alhnne. From
Lat. olumen — alum.]
1. Chi'Tii.: The name given to double salts
of suljiliatr of aluminium with sulphates of
putasMum, sodium, aumionium, or of otht-r
monatomic metals, as silver, thallium, cresinm,
rubidium. They crvstallisc- iu octohedra.
Potash alum, Al>.K2(S04)4-i-ii4H.jO. is pre-
pared by the dceonipusition of a shale con-
taining iron pyrites, Fe8^>. wlxich is gently
burnt and exiiosrd to the air in a moist state ;
it oxidises and forms sulpliatt^s, and, on the
addition of a iiotash salt to the solution ob-
tained by water, alum crystallises out. Alum
has a sweet astringent taste, reddens litmus
paper, and dissolves in its own weight of
boiling water. Wudium alum is very soluble.
Ammonium alum is often prepared by adding
the ammonia liquor of gas-works instead of
potash. Alum is used in dyeing and in pre-
paring skins, &c. Alums can be also formed
111 which ferric or chromic sulphates replace
aluminium suliihate, as ]>utassin-ferric sul-
phate, Fei>K2(S04),i-l- L'4H.,(_). and ammonio-
cliromic sulpliate, Ci-j(NH4)j(S<_)4)4-l-24H20.
These crystallise in the sonu^ term, and can-
not bi' separated from each other by crj'stalli-
.^ation. Alum is used in inediciue as an
astringent in doses of ten to twenty grains.
Burnt alum is alum deprived of its water of
rrystallisatiou by heat ; it is used externally
as a slight escharotic.
"... and oyle
Oi tiirtre, aJym, glas, berm, wort, and argoyle "
Chaucer: C T., 12,740, n;,74l.
2. MineraJiig}!. Dana makes Alum the type
of a group uf minerals, classed under his
•■Oxygen Compounds— Hydrous Sulphates,"
and I'laces under it Tschermigite and Kalinite.
Ammoniii Alum: A mineral, called also
Tschermigite (q.v.).
Fi'dther Alum: A mineral, called also Halo-
tricliite (q.v.).
Irnii Alum: A mineral, called also Halo-
trirliite (q.v.).
Magnesia Alum : A mineral, called also
Pickeringite (q.v )
Minigcnesc Alvm : A mineral, called also
Apjohnite (q.^'.).
Xatirc Alum : A mineral, called also Ka-
linite (q.v.).
So'h Alum: A mineral, called also Meudu-
zite (q.v ).
3. Art : Saccharine Alum is a composition
made of common alum, with rose-water and
the \\dute of eggs boiled together to the con-
sistence of a paste, and thus capable of being
moulded at pleasure. As it cools it grows as
hard as an ordinary stone.
* alum-earth, or poleura, s. Names
formerly given to a fibrous mineral of a silky
lustre, brought by Dr. Gillies from the Chilian
Andes. It was said to be used by the inha-
bitants as a mordant iu dyeing red. Ure
describes alum-earth as an impure earthy
variety of lignite. Both alum-earth and
poleura seem to have disappeared from tbe
most modern works on mineralogy.
alum-root, s.
1. The English name of the Geranium inacu-
latum. Its root contains a great deal of
tannin, and is powerfully astringent. Bigelow
recommends it in diseases whidi on their
removal leave debility behind. Thi-' tincture
maybe locally ;!pplied with much .id\'anlagi-
in sore throats Piid ulcerations of the mouth
(Lindley: Vcg. KluijO.)
2. Heuclw la A'tnc ricana and Hcuchcru cortusc.
plants of the Saxifrage order, both 'jf which
figure in the Ameiiean I'harmaeopoiia,
alum-sehist, .«. [Ali-ji-slate.]
alum-slate, alum-sctiist, s. A kind
of sLiti' occurring low iu tlie (.'la-boniferous
rocks of BrJtam. It is a silireous clay, with
coaly matter and bisulphiile of iion in minute
jM.rtions Alum ih often manutactured from
it [Schist.]
alum-Stone, s. [Alunite,]
al-iim, o.t. [From the substantive ahnu. (I);
in Dan. allunc ; Ger. alaunen ; Fr. ahuier.]
Dyeiuij: To steep in a solution of alum, or
otherwise to impregnate with the salt. The
fibre of cotton which has been impregnated
witli an aluminium salt has the property of
retaining A-egt-table (.-olouring matters so fir]ii!>-
that the} canuL't be washed out ; such colours
Mf called /as^
al'-um (2), s. [Lat ] A plant described ))y
Pliny a& resembliiiL; thyme or sage. Some
havj made it the \-omtrey (the Symphytuui
Uiuchum of Bory).
al'-iimed, i-'" j^f^^^-^^- [Alum, u]
al-u'-men, s. [Lat.]
Chevi. : The technical word for common
alum. [Alum (1).]
al-u'-mi-an, s. [Lat. alum i n{L-^) \ suff. -oi ]
A miner'd cla.s5ed by Dana with his Crocoite
group ot Anhydrous " Sulphates, Chromates,
Telluratrs." it is wJiite and sub-translucent.
It consists of sulphuric acid, GO'9 ; alumina,
:'Afl. It is found in Spain.
al-u'-min-a, t al'-u-mine, s. [In Fr.
ulumiue ; from Lat. alumina, pi. o£ olumen ■:=^ ,
alum.]
1. Chevi. : The only oxide of aluminium
known. Its sp gr. is 3 9. It is isomoriihic
with ferric and chromic oxides It occurs
native in cn'stals, as corundum, ruby, sap-
phire, and less pure as emery. It is the
harilest siib.stance known except the diamond
It can be obtained by precipitating a salt of
aluminium by ammonia and igniting the pre-
oi]>itate. It is nearly insoluble in most
aciils. It is a white, insoluble, tasteless, ainor-
I'hous ]iowder. Thi'ee hydrates are known,
Al.jO;, IIJJ, AloO:j,L>H.j0.andAl203.yH20; the
tiih\drati' is the ordinary gelatinous precipi-
tate. It is soliililc ill acids and fixed alkalies.
It is a weak base, many of its salts having an
acid reaction. It is largely used in dyeing as
a mordant. It forms insoluble compounds
with vegetable colours called lakes. It occurs
native as (Hhbsilc. The monoliydrate is Dias-
porc. Tlie dihydrate cannot act as a mordant ;
it is soluble in acetic acid. (See Watts's Diet.
Chem.) Silicate of aluminium forms the basis
of clays.
2. Miucralogy. Aluminium, sometimes called
argii, or tlie argillaceous earth, is the basis of
all clays, and imparts to them the plastic cha-
racter for which they are distinguished. For
the aspects which it presents when it occurs
native, see No. 1. It enters into the com-
position of many minerals, the proportion in
which it occurs being generally stated just
after that of the silica ; thus, garnet taken
from the Ural ]Mountaius has silica 30 "86, and
alumina 2419.
Cupreous Phosphate of Alumi no. : A mineral,
called also Amphithalite (q.v.).
Flvate of Ahnnine: A mineral, called also
Fluellite (q.v.).
Fhiosilicate of Alumina: A mineral, called
also Topaz (q.v.).
Hydrate of Ahnnina : A mineral, called also
Diaspore (q.v.).
Hydrosnlphatc of Alumina : A mineral, called
also Aluminite (q.v.).
Hydrous Phosphate of Alumina and Lime : A
mineral, a variety of Amphithalite (q.v.).
Mellit'' of Alumina: A mineral, now called
simply Jlellite (q.v.).
Notin: Carbonate of Alumina and Lvme : A
mineral, called also Hovite (q.v.).
b^ boy; pout, j<J^l; cat, 9©!!, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f,
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shun; -tlon, -gion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious, -ceous'= shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l. deL
168
aluminate— alvite
Sitliphospkate of Aliuiiliia : A mineral, called
also "Wavellite (q.v.).
Sulphate of Aluvilna : A mineral, called
also (1) Alumian, (2) Alunogen, and (3) Felso-
l^anyitt; (q.v.).
al-um'-in-ate, s. [Eng. alumin; -ate.]
Chem.. : The hydrogen in aluminium trihy-
drate can be reyjlaoed by an equivalent quantity
of various metals ; such compounds are called
cdumiiiates, as potassium aluminate, Al.jOsKgO.
Some occur native, as Bpinell, an aluminate
of magnesium ; Gahnite, an alumniate of
zinc. (See Wutt^'6 Diet, of Chem.)
al-um-in-if-er-ous, a. [Lat. alumeii, genii.
-inis — alum ; fero = to bear,] Bearing almn ;
containing alum.
al-um-m'-i-form, «- [Lat. alwnien,- genit.
alitminis, and forma — form, shape.] Having
the form of alumina. (Chapta'.)
* al-um-in'-i-lite, s. [Lat. aht'inen = aiam,
and suff. -ite.] Tpe name of a mineral, called
also Alunite (q.v.).
al - um' - in - ite, s. [Lat. alumen = alum,
and suif. -ite.] A mineral called also Web-
sterite. It is a hydrosulphate of alumina.
Its composition is alumina 'i'D'S. ' sulphuric
acid 23 "2, and water 47*0 = 100. It is opaque,
has a dull earthy lustre, a white colour, and
an earthy fracture. It adlieres to the tongue.
Found in the Harz mountains, in Germany,
and in Sussex, in England, &c.
al-um-m'-i-um, s. [In Ger. & Dut. ahi-
miniiiiii. From Lat. alumen — alum.]
Chem. : A tetratomic metal ; symbol Al ;
atomic weight 27 '4 ; sp. gr. 2-6 ; melts at red
heat. It is a white, sonorous, ductile, malleablf
metal, not tfxidised in the air, nearly insoluble
in dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, readily
soiul^e in HCl, and in solutions of potash or
soda with evolution of H. It is used for in-
struments and ornaments ; it furms a valuable
alloy witli copper, resembling gold, and not
easily tarnished, called aluminium bronze.
It is prepared by decomposing the double
chloride of aluminium and sodium by metalln;
sodium. It forms one oxide, alumina, Al.jO^
fq.v.). Its most important salts are alums
(q.v.) and aluminium chloride, AI^CIq, which
is formed when aluminium hydrate is dis-
solved in HCl, but upon evaporation HCl
escapes and leaves AI.2O3. It can be obtained
by pouring CI over a mixture of Al^Os
and carbon lieated to redness. It is a trans-
parent waxy substance, boiling at 1S0°. It
forms double salts with alkaline chlorides,
as A1.2Clg.2XaCl. Aluminium fluoride, AUPc
also forms double .salts, aluminium and so-
dium. Fluoride, AUFe.GNaF, occurs as the
mineral cryolite in Greenland. Numerous
silicates of aluminium occur as minerals [see
Clays, Felspar, &c.]. Tlie salts of aluminium
are recognised by giving a blue colour when
moistened with nitrate of cobalt, and heated
before tlie blow-pipe. Alumina is precipitated
from its solutions by caustic alkalies as a
white precipitate, soluble in excess ; ammonia
gives a similar precipitate, insoluble in excess ;
alkaline carbonates precipitate the hydrate,
and CO2 escapes ; ammonia sulphide gives a
white precipitate of aluminium hydrate. The
salts of aluminium belong to the same class
as the ferric and chromic salts ; oxides of
aluminium, chromium, and sesquioxide of iron
are precipitated with ammonia. [Analysis.]
The alumina and phosphate of aluminium
are dissolved by boiling with caustic potash ;
phosphate of aluminium is distinguished by
being insoluble in acetic acid.
al-um'-in-OUS, a. [Lat, aluminis, genit. of
aluvieu = alum, and suflix -011s = fidl of.]
Composed, at least, in part of alumina, or
in some otlier way pertaining to alumina.
" "When tte flr'it aluminous solution, containing not
less than 4 or 5 per cent, of nluialna . . ." — Graham :
Chem., 2ud ed., vul. ii., p. 759.
Sl'-um-isll, o. [Eng. alv.,.., -isJi.'] Some-
what resembling alum.
". . . tasting 3ometriing ahnnhh. and being
found near some places ■which afford alum." — U'lHt.
Jiojal Soc. iv. lye.
Sr-lum'-nus, s. ; pi. ^-lum'-ni. [Lat. ahnn-
nus, adj. =:nom'ishcd, brought up; a/o = to
rear, to nourish.] One brought up at a school,
a university, or other place of learning. Thus,
an alumnus of Cambridge University means
one whose higher education has been obtained
there.
al-um-6-cal'-9ite, s. [Lat. ahimen, and
caU, genit. calcis =■ lime.] A mineral, a
variety of tripolite, which is itself again a
variety of opal. It seems to be tripolite with
a little lime and alumina.
al'-iin-ite, al'-um-stone, * al-um-in'-i-
llte, s. [Alunlbiifi from Fr. aiu,ji = alum, and
suit. -Iti:. Alum-stone is from Eng. ahum., and
stone. [Aluminilite.] a mineral classed
by Dana under his "Oxygen Compounds
— Hydrous Silicates." It consists of about
35 50 of sulphuric acid, 39*t)5 of alumina,
about 10 of pntusli, and 1.0 of water. It
crystallizes in obtuse rhomboids, variously
mollified. It is white, greyish, or reddish. It
vjtries from transparent to sub-translucent.
Dana makes five varieties : (a) Ciystallised ;
{}j) Fibrous concretionary ; (c) Massive and
moderately tender ; (f^ Hard, mainly from
disseminated silica ; (p) Cavernous. It forms
seams in trachytic and allied rocks, being
produced by the action on them of sul-
phurous vapours. It occurs in Italy, Hungary,
and France. Roman alum is prepared from
this mineral. It is almost free from iron.
"Alum-stone appears to be continually produced at
the Solfatara, near Naples, ajid other volcanic dLstrict^,
by the joint action of siilphurous acid and oxygen
upon trachyte ; a vol-canic rock composed almost en-
tirely of felspar." — Graham: Chem., vol. i., p. 607.
al-un'-o-gen, s. [Fr. aUin = alum, and
7et.i'a(o (geiiiiao) = to engender.] The name
of a mineral ; according to the British Museum
Catalogue, the same as Keramohalite ; but
of the two names Dana prefers alunogen. He
classes it with "Oxygen Compounds — Hydrous
Sulphates," and makes it the type of a group
containing itself with Coquimbite. It gene-
rally occurs either in delicate iibrous crusts or
massive. It is white, tinged with yellow or
red, has a vitreous lustre, is sub-translucent
or transparent, and tastes like alum. It is a
sulphate of alumina, cmitaining about :i;0'40 of
sulpliuric acid, 16 of aluniina, and 40 of water.
It is found near Bogota, and also in the
vicinity of Kouigsberg.
t a-lunt', adv. In a blaze.
To set alunt, v t. . To cause to blaze (lit
imiX fig.), (.'^..vtdi.)
" For if they raise the taxes liifther.
They'll set alunt that anioobtiii' fiie."
ifooO- Scot. Pastorals, p. IG.
" al'-iire, * al'-oure, * al'-iir, * al'-iir-a,
'^^ al'-liir-a, ' a-l6r'-ing, " a-l6r'-yng,
al'-iir-yng, 5. [Lj Fr. cllcure, or allce;
Low Lat. uUorium, alatoria. Cognate with
Alley (l) (q.v.).]
A. Generally of the form ahrrc, or one of
the four which innuediately succeed it.
1. The passage beliind the battlements in a
castle, cathedral, church, or similar building,
which served as a channel to collect the water
which fell upon the roof, and was carried off
by the gurgoyles ; the galleries behind the
battlements of a castle.
" Up the alurs of the castles the ladies then stood,
And beheld this nohle game, and which knight
were good." /lob. Gloucester.
The towra to take and the torellis,
Vautes, aloaris and curneris."
Kyiig Alisaunder. (Xolcs to Prompt. Pari), .tc.)
2. A passage, a gangway, a galleiy.
" For timber for the new alur between the king's
chamber and the said chapel."— Zfrti^Zcy Houses of
Parliament, p. 127. (Gloss, of Arch.)
3. A covered walk, sometimes called a
deambulatory, in a street.
" Devysed were longe, laige, and wyde
Of eveiy streate on the Ironter side ;
Fresh aluresv/'iXih lusty hye ])yuacle3.
And in mounstryhig outward wbtly tabernacles.
Vaulted above lyku' to reclyiiatoryes,
That were called deambulatoryes.
Men to walke togethirs twaine ami twaine.
To keep them dvye when it happed to rajnie."
Lydgatc: Boke of Troije. (Gloss, of ArcJt.)
i. The clerestory galleries of a nave or
transept in a cathedral.
" In suoerioribus aUuris ecclesiue."
Elu Sncris Jioll, 31 E. {Gloss, of Arch.)
5. The middle aisle or passage in a church.
" In allura inter frontem et rubroctum chorL"
Testam. Ebor., p, 197. (Gloss. ufArclu)
6. A walk in a garden. (Lydgate : Story of
Thebes.)
B. (Chiefly of the form aloring, or the two
immediately succeeding it.) The parapet wall
surrounding the alure, or gutter, described
under A. 1.
" A botras lisiiig unto the tabill that sail here the
aloryng." — The Cutterick Contract. (See Gloss, of
A rch. )
al-urg'-lte, s. [Gr. iAoupyo? (alonnjw) -
wrought in by the sea, sea-purple ; aAs {hats)
= the sea; ''epyw (ergo) = to do work,
and suff. -ite. So named from its colour.]
A mineral, arranged in the British Museum
Catalogue as a variety of Biotite. It occurs
massive and in scales. It varies in colour
from purple to cochineal red ; tliere is much
]iiariganese in its composition. It is found at
yt. Marcel, m Piedmont.
a-lu -§l-a, c. [Gr. aAfCfs (alush) = distress,
anguish.]
Path. : Hallucination (q.v.).
alusia elatio, o. Sentimeiitalism ;
mental extra vagunce.
alusia hypochondriasis, s. Hyjio-
chondriacism ; low spirits. (Mayne : Lexir.
Med. Terms. )
al-u'-ta, s. [Lat. = a kind of soft leather
dressed with alum.] In English it has the
same meaning.
al-u-ta'-^e-ous, u. [Lat. alutachis = per-
taining to aluta, or soft leather.]
Chiejly as a hoto.nical term:
1. Leathery, having the consistence of
leather, as the leaves oi P mints kmrocerasus.
2. Leather-yellow, whitish-yellow.
al-u-ta'-tion, s. ' [Lat. ahiia (q.v.).] The
tanning of leather.
al-u'-ter-es, s A genus of fishes of the
order Plectognathi, and the family Balistida?.
al'-ve~ar-y, ^ al'-ve-ar-ie, s [In ItaL
nloeario; Lat. alceariinn ;ind alveare = a
bellying vessel, a bee-hive; from alveiis = ix
cavity, a hollow vessel ; alvus — t]ni belly.]
1. A bee-hive (Ut. &.Jig.). (Barret.)
2. Ainit. : The hollow of the external ear,
or the buttom of tlie concha, in wdiicli the
cerumen, or wax, is dei)Osited.
al~ve-a'-ted, o. [Lat. cJcc^'/^s = hollowed
out like a trough.] Formed like a bee-hivt; ;
of the same shape as a bee-hive.
al'-ve-6-lar, t al'-ve-6-lar-y, a. [From
Lat. ah'col-us.] [Alveolus.] Pertaining to
the alrcuU, or sockets of the teeth.
alveolar arch, s. A semi-parabolic arch
in the upper jaw, separating the palatine from
the zygomato-facial region, and perforated in
the miulthy alveoli, or honeycomb-like x'itsfur
the insertion of teeth. There is a correspond-
ing arch in the lower jaw, also with alveoli.
"... which l«junds the aloeolar arch in front."
— Todd <t Bowman : Phijsiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. I7a.
alveolar processes, s. pi. Cavities
in w)iich the teeth are fixed ; they are called
also alveoli.
" The alveolar processes in both jaws appear with
the teeth, and disapi^ear when no longer needed to
supiwrt and enclose them." — Tudcl & Bowman: Phy-
siol. Anat., vol. il., p. 181.
al'-ve-6-late, a [Lat. alveolatiis = hollowed
out like a little trough, channelled ; from
alveolus (q.v.).] Excavated like the section of
a honeycomb ; honeycombed, deeply filled, as
the receptacle of many Composite flowers aud
the seeds of Papaver (Poppy).
t al'-ve-ole,
VEOLL'S.
An Anglicised form of Al-
al'-ve-o-lite, s. [Lat. alceolvs, and Gr. \ieo<^
(litho!i) = stone.]
Zool. : A genus of fossil Polypiaria, founded
by Lamarck. It belongs to the Cretaceous and
Tertiary strata.
al'-ve-o-liis, s. ; plur. al'-ve-6-li. [Lat.
I'h'enlns = a little trough ; dimin. of olvus=:
the belly.]
1. One of the sockets in which the teeth are
set, or other similar cavity.
" The alveoli, or sockets in which the teeth are set,"
—Todd .t- Bowman: PhysioL Awit., vol. ii., p. 173.
2. One of the cells of a honeycomb.
al'-vine, a. [From Lat. alvus — the belly.]
Pertaining to the belly, or to the intestines.
alvine concretions, s. pi Concretions
or calculi arising in the stomach or intestines.
S,l'-Vite, s [From Lat. alvus = the belly
and SQlF. -Ite {Min.).'] A mineral placed by
Dana in his Hydrous Silicates. It contains
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or., wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, S^ian. se, oe = e. ey = a. ew = u.
Alwaid— amalgam
159
Miliea, 20'33 ; alumina and gluciuni, 14'11 ;
thoria, (?) 15 13; sesquioxide of iron, 9ti6 ;
yttria, 22 01 ; zirconia, 3 '92, with other in-
gredients. It is a reddish-brown, greasy
mineral, with crystals like those of zircon,
and urcnfb in Norway.
Al'-waid, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A fixed star,
of magnitude •J.'h, called also /J Draconis.
al-war'-grim, s. An English name for a
plover, the Ckaradrlus wpr tear Ins, which some
consider to be the young of the Golden Plover,
C. pliLvialis.
al'-wayf , t al'-way, * all'-wey, * al-
\7aies, * al'-wayes, ^all'-wayes, ^all'
"wayeg, aiJv. [A.S* ealne waj. ('!!'\ iccis ;
cal.=- ull ; wcij = way.] (1) At all Wiiys, at
ali guingd ; {I'j at all times.]
I. Throughout.
1. All the while, without intermission ; un-
interruptedly.
" The cliikl weped al-iuay wonderliche fast." —
William of Pale tne(eA. Skeat), 345,
" But loke alwey that thy coimseilours have thilke
thre condicioima that I have sayd bifore." — CJniwjcr.
" I have set the Lord ahvays hefore me."— A^^. xvi. fi
2. Whenever opportunity presents itself;
at stated and other convenient times ; on all
occasions.
", , and prayed to God ala'a;i."—Acts x. 2.
11. For a very lengthened period.
1. For ever.
" I loathe it ; I would not live alvjay."—Job vii, 16.
2. Dm-ing life ; while one lives.
"... Mephibosheth, thy master ■■- son, shall eat
bread aJway at my table." — 2 Sam. ix. 10.
* III. Although. ^Scotch.)
"The kind and maner of the disease is concealed:
aiwaies it may be gathered of the penult verse of
the chapter."— ^ritcc Serm. {1531),
IV. As an expletive without definite mean-
ing. (Scotch. ) (Jatri iehon),
^ The forms al%i'aies, ahcaycs, cdhroijcs, and
all icayes are in Spenser, F. Q.
* Al'-wes, s. An old form of All-hallows.
* al'-ym, m. [Alum.]
^l'~yP~"iiin, s. [Gr, dXvirov (alupon), a certain
plant; fronx aclj. a\u7ro? (aZif;/jos) = without
jiain. So called from its anodyne qualities.]
A plant mentioned by Dioscorides. It was
once conjectured to be the Globular ia Almnnn,
one of the Selagads, but is now beliewil to be
a Euphorbiaceous species. {LimJUij : V<:<j.
Kingd., p. 6G7.)
al-ys'-i-a, s. [Gr. a\vai^ (hahisis) = a chain,
a bond.]" A genus of insects belonging to the
family IchneumonidEe. The A. mandnador is
believed by Mr. Curtis to be parasitic m the
maggots of Anthomyza and other two-winged
flies which feed on the roots of turnips. A.
nijiceps, a smaller species, has similar habits.
3l-ys-sin'-e-eB, s. j'l [From alyssum (q.v.).]
A tribe of plants belonging to the order Bras-
sicacex (Crucifers). Its representatives in
Britain are the genera Armoracea, Coehlearia,
Koniga, and Draba,
al-ys'-s6id, a. [Lat. alysson; Gr. etboq (eidos)
=rform, aspect.] Resembling the alyssum.
(Mayne.)
al-ys'-SUm, s. [In Fr. alysse ; Port. & Ital.
' allsso ; Sp. cdisn; Lat. alysson ; Gr. aAuo'trLti'
(alusson), a plant used as an antidote to the
bite of a mad dog : d, priv., and Xuacra (Ivssa)
. = rage, madness. Or a plant used to cure
hiccup: u, priv., and XuC-j (hizd) = to have
the hiccup.] Alysson Madwort. A genus of
plants belonging to the order Brassicaceffi, or
Crucifers. A. scixatlU, popularly called Gold-
dust, is a showy plant with bright yellow
flowers. It flowers early in the season. It,
with other species, is sometimes used to
decorate rockeries on the margin of walks in
gardens. Sweet Alyssum is Glyce or Kontga
maritima. [Koniga.]
^I'-y-tes, s. [Gr. olAutos (cdutos) = continuous,
in allusion to the connected mass of eggs the
animal carries about.] A genus of Ampliibia
belonging to the family Ranidie. The A.
obslctr leans is the Xurse-lVog (q.v.).
''a-lythe, v.t [Alight (2).] To lighten,
to mitigate.
" Ful feyiie she wulde hys pene alythed."
K. de Grunne's Trans, of lionaventura, 589,
a-lyx'-i-a, s, [Apparently from Gr. aA.u|i.s
(('/(( r(s) z= a shunning, an avoiding.] A genus
of plants belonging to the order Apocynaceae, or
Dog-banes. The species, of which sixteen are
known from Australia, Madagascar, and tropi-
cal Asia, are evergreen trees or shrubs with
fragrant flowers. The bark of A. Uellata is
aromatic.
am, "^ ame, c [0. North, am : A.S. com ; Goth.
Ini; Pers. am; Gr. dfXL {tuiU); Mol. Dur.
IfL-fj-i (ernMi); Lith. es-mi; Sau.sc. asml, from
as = to be.] The first person sing, present
indicative of the verb to be. [Be.]
"And God said unto Mosea, I a.m that I am: and
he E,iiil, Thus shalt thou sky unto the children of
Israel, I am hath sent me unto yon."— Exod. in. 14.
" f 'ome then, my eoul : I call thee by that name,
Thou liusy thing, from whence I know I am .■
For knowing that I am, I kimw thou art ;
Since that mufit needs exist, which can impart."
Prior.
" What hard misfortime brought me to this same ;
Yet am I glad that here I injw in .•safety ame."
Spcn.',er ■ J-\ Q., III., viii. 23
am-, 2? A'/. [Ambi-.] Thesameasam&J^ = around,
but much rartr. Example, ani-plej-i-caiil =
embracing the stfin (around).
A.IVC, IIS an abbreviation : (1) For Lat. artium
iiKKjisttr = master of arts ; (-) for Lat. anno
miuidi = in the year of the world.
a'-ma, a'-mul-a, ha'-ma, ha'-mul-a, s.
[Dut. aam (q.v.).]
Ecdes. : A vessel in which wine, water, or
anything similar, was kept for the eucharist.
* am-a-bil'-i-ty, a. [Amiability.]
* a-ma'-byr, s. [Welsh =; the price of vir-
ginity.] A custom formerly existent at Clun,
m siiropshirc, and some otlier places, by
which a sum of money was p.iid to the feudal
lord whenever a maid was married within his
teiTitory.
am-a-crat'-ic, a. [Gr. a^a (hama) = together ;
Kpa-Tw; (/LTf!(os) = strength, mind.]
0-ptics: Uniting tlie chemical rays of light
into one fot-ns. (Used of photogi'aphic lenses.)
{Sir J. Jk;schLl.)
amadavat (estbelda amandava).
am-ad'-a-vat, s. [Occurs in this form in
' several o'f the Hindoo languages.] An Indian
bird, the Estrelda amandava. Male : Bill,
carmine-coloured ; upper parts, brownish-grey
before, red behind ; lower, whitish, with dashes
of red and black ; wings dark, covered, as
are the sides and posterior parts of the back,
with white spots. The female is less highly
coloui-ed. A small bird, about five inches
long, occurring in the Indian Aichii)elago.
[Amadina, Estrelda.]
"The Bengali haboos make the pretty littlo malea
of the amadauat {Estrelda amandava} fight t'''^el\\tr."
—Barwin : Descent of .I/an, pt ii., ch. \iii.
* am.-aHlet'-to, s. [Xamed by Evelyn, after
the person who first introduced it.] A kind of
pear. (Slcinner.)
am-a-dl'-na, ». [From Indian name a mac^fivfi
(q.v.).] A genus of birds arranged by Swain-
son under his family Fringillinte, or Finches,
and his sub-family Coecosthraustinte, or Hard-
bills. One of its sub-genera he makes Estrelda.
[ Amadavat. ]
am.'-a-d6t, s. [In Ger. amadottenbirn.] A
kind of pear. {Miller, Johnson.)
am'-a-dou, s. [In Fr. amadoit.] A kind of
brown match, tinder, or touchwood, brought
chiefly from Germany. It is called also
spunk, German tinder, and pyrotechnic sponge.
It is made by steeping a large fungus— the
Boletus igniarius— in a strong lye prepared
with saltpetre, and afterwards drying it tho-
roughly. In addition to being employed as a
match, it is used to stop hiemorrhage. The
Heriiandia Guianensis, a species of Daphnad,
readily taking fire with flint and steel, is used
as amadou. In India, a fungus, the Polyponis
fomentarius, or an allied species, is employed
for the same i^urpube. (Lindley : Vegetable
Kiaijdoiii.)
* A-mai -mon, * A-may'-mon, s. The
name of a fiend, inferior in rank to Sidoniiy
or Oftiiioday. According to R. Holmes, "he
is the chief whose dominion is on the north
part of the infernal gulf" {Naves.)
".^jnaimon sounds well ! Lucifer, well, &c. . . "
Shukcup. : Merry Wives, ii. 2.
"He of Wales, that gil^c Amaim,on the bastinado,"
&c. Ibid. : 1 Henry IV., ii. 4.
a-ma'ill, ''"■'r. [A. 8. a = on; mo^gen, mfrgyn=i
main, strength, power, force, energy, valour.]
[Main, ^May, Might.]
1. With mighr, power, force, or strength ;
energetically.
"Silent he i^tood ; then laugh 'd ui^iain—
And shouted. ..."
WordsworOi The Mother's Rcdirn.
2. Quickly, at once.
"Now, when he was got up to the top of the hill,
there came two men running a/iiai/i . . ."—Bunyan:
Pihjriiu's Progress, pt i.
Nant : To strike amain = to lower or let.
fall the topsails. To wave aiaain=^to wave a
drawn swnrd, or make a signal of a similar
kind to the enemy, as a demand that llicy
lower their topsails.
a-ma'ist, adv. [Almoj^t ] Almost. (S,;<tch.)'
a-mal -gam, " a-mal'-gam-a» s. [In Fr.
innnhjame; Sp., Port., and Ital. amalgavia.
By some derived from Gr. ufia (7ta?/(r') = to-
gether, and -/uij-tio (fiiniieu) = to marry. By
others taken from ^idKayfia (■nmlagmo.) = (1)
an emollient, {■:'.) soft materials, from ixaXda-a-ta
(malasso) = to soften. The latter is the more
probable derivation. ]
I. Literally :
1, Ghem. : The union or alloy of any metal
with quicksilver (mercury).
"Alloys of mercury or amnlgains — Mercury com-
bines with a great number of metals, forming com-
pounds called amalgams, which are liquid or Kolid
according as the mercury or the other metal prevails."
—Gra/iam : Chemistry, vol. ii., p. 324.
2. Mineralogy :
(a) A mineral classed by Dana under his
"Native Elements." It occurs crystallised,
massive, or semi-flnid. Its colour and streak
are silver-white. It is brittle, and when cut
gives a grating noise. It consists of silver
34 "8, and mercury (j.5"2, Itoccursin Hungary,
the Palatinate, Sweden, Spain, Chili, and
elsewhere.
(b) Gold Amalgam : A mineral occurring in
white crumbling grains about the size of a,
pea, or in yellowish-white four-sided prisms.
It consists of gold 39 "02, and mercury 60 '98.
It is found in Columbia and in California.
II. Fig. : A mixture of two things, which
in their nature are different from each other.
(«) Of two physical substances.
"... either that the body of the wood will be
turned into a kind of amulgama. as the chemists call
it . . ." — Bacon: Nat. Hist., Cent, i., §99.
(b) Of what is not physical.
b6il, boj^; pout, j^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -mg,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tiou, -^ion — zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -We. -die, &c. = bg 1, d§L
160
amalgamate— amarulence
" They have .itti-miited to uuiifimiid all sorts of citi-
zens, as wuU as thi-\ conhl, iiitu one liimioyeiieuus
111. ISO ; ami then tln-v have (U\itlecl this their amnl-
f/atiia into a iiuniliui of ineohereiit reiiublicks." —
linrJce.
a-mal'-gam-ate, v.t. k i [Eng. amalgam;
-ale. In Oer. a'tnahjainnra ; Fr. aiualgaiiier ;
Sp. &, Fort, a luahjii ma I- ; It;il. amatgamare.]
A. Traiisltirc :
1. Lit. : Tu luiite ov allnj' a jiietal \vith
quicksilver.
" When the zinc is \n\i-e, or iK surface amalgwinatcd
with inerfuiy . . ■ " — (jraluini : Chciu , iud ed , vol.
i , p 'J45
2. i^if/. : To compound two things togctlier.
" Insratitnde is iiideeil theii" fonv cardinal vii'tuea
coinyacted and amalfia)iiatcd into one." — liurl^c.
"... all iudiiiatioii tn ninnl'i'di'iti? Eastera
beliefs with (iveek philosophy "—/>u/i(' of Somerset:
Christian Theol., xiJ. 6C.
B. Intransitive: To mix togctlier intimately,
to l)lend, to merge into one, to become united.
{Lit. or fig.)
" The feudal system had, .some centuries hefnre,
l)eeii introduced into the hill-country, l)ut hadneithei
destroyed the mtriarc-hal system nor innnTt/amutrd
cumiiletely witn it." — ^lacaulay : Iltst. Knu-, ch. xiii.
a-mal'-gam-a-ted, pa. I'ar. & adj. [Abial-
GA.-VIATK.]
" In the ((i)t((7.(7nmt!fec? plate it is not zinc itsL-lf, hut
a chemical comhination of mercury and zinc, "hiidi is
presented to the iicid."— (vrrt/javii ■ Chcin., 2nd ed.,
vol. i., p. 247.
a-mal'-gam-a-ting, jir. imr. [Amalgamate.]
a-mal-gam-a'-tion, s [Eng. avialgarn ;
-ation. In Ger. ^S: Fr. auialgauuitlon; Sp.
avialgajimcion ; Port, amalgarnagao.^
1, Lit. : Tlie aet or process of uniting or
alloying a metal ■\vitli mercuiy ; or the state of
being so united. (It is by amalgamation that
native gold and native silver are extracted
from the rocks in which they occur.)
" Amnlfjamation is the joining or mixing of mercui'y
with any other of the niet!d3."—flac-o«.- I'liysiol. Jicm.,
5C.
2. Fig : The act or iirocess of uniting two
tilings together, or the state of being so
united.
"Early in the fourteenth century the aTnalgtima-
timi of the races was ail but complete."— J/acauZa^;
lli!,t. Eng , ch, i.
t a-mal'-gam-a-tize, v.t. [Eng. avmlga-
iiude ; -ize.] To amalgamate, to blend, to
unite.
" . . . amalqamatizinr/, or turning into a soft
body," — Uavon . I'hijsiol. Han.
■" a-mal'-game, v.t. [Fr. amalgamer.'] The
same as AJIALGA^rATE: (q.'V'.).
"What i.S .some three cmiici's of fresli materials? —
Is't no more ?— No more, sir, of gold, to amalgame
with some aix of Hitrcury." — Sen Jonson : Alch., i. 3.
^ a-mal -gam-iiig, * a-mal-gam-ynge.
As substantive : Amalgamation.
"That we hadde in oure matiers siiblymynge,
And in ainiilgmniin'je, and calcenynt'e
Of yuyksilver, y-clept mercury crude."
Chaucer : C. T., 12.098—12,700.
a-mal'-gam-ize, v. [Eng. amalgam; -ice.]
To amalgamate. (Gregory.)
a-mal'-ic a^'-id, s. [Gr. a^taXds (amalos) =
' (1) .soft, slight, (2) weak, feeble.]
Chem. : C8(CH;j)4.N407 + aq. A weak acid
obtained by the action of chlorine on caffeine.
It is a hydrated tetrametliyl-alloxantin. By
the action of ammonia it is converted into a
uun-exide of caffeine, forming green ciystals
and a crimson solution.
A-mal'-plii-tan, a. [From Amalfi, a sea-
* poit of Southern Italy, situated on the CfUlf
of 8alerno,] Belonging to or connected with
Amalfi.
Amalphitan Code, s. A ( oUection of
laws bearing on navigation, collected by tlie
inhabitants of Amalfi about the eleventh
century, and received as authority for a long
period subsequently.
Am-^l-the'-a, am^al-the'-a, a. [Lat.]
I. As a -proper name :
1. Roman Archwology:
(a) One of the ten Sibyls. It was she who,
according to the old Eoman legend, offered
Tarquinius Prisons the nine Sibylline books
at a price so liigli that instead of giving her
"wliat she asked, he laughed at her, believing
her to be nhad. On this she burnt three of
tlie nine volumes in his presence, and asked
the original price for the reniainiug six. Mcrt-
ing with a second refusal, tilie proceeded to
burn three more, and asked the full yi-'\i->-
for the remaining three. Awed by her extra-
ordinary conduct, the king at hist purchased
the three for the sum originally asked for
the nine. [Sibyl.]
(!}) The nurse of Jupiter.
2. An asteroid, the 113th found. It was
discovered by Luther, on the l:^th of March,
1S71.
IL As ahotanlcal term:
Bid. : Besvaux's name for the species of
fruit railed EUcrio, when it lias no elevated
receptacle, [Et.ekio.J
a-man'-ca, s. [Sp.] A species of yellow lily
growing in Peru.
"On the hills near Lima, at a height but little
greater, the groimd is carpeted with moss and bed.s «i
beautiful yellow lilies, called AmuiKjaef.."— Darwin :
Voiiagc roinui the World, ch. xvi.
* a-mand', v.t. [Lat. amando = to send away.]
To send one away. (Cocke ram )
"^ a-man-da'-tion, s [Lat. amandatio = a
sending away; a ■nuiwlo — to send away, to
reinrive.] The act i>t sending ou a message
or embassy. (Juhuson.)
a-man'-dine, s. [Fr. amandi: — an almond.]
A cold cream, proxiarcd from alnmud.s, for
chapped bands.
^" a-man '-do-la, s. [Ital. mandurlo = an
almond. ] A marble with a honey-combed
a]ipcarance ; in colour, green, with white
Sl'OtS.
t a-mang', ^ a-mang -is, *^ a-man -iss,
jvrep. [Among.] (Scotch.)
am-an-i'-ta, s. [Gr. a/savTrai (anmnitai),
jihu: = a sort of fungi. From "A^ai-o?
(Amvnos), a mountain in Cilicia, where many
fungi grew.] A sub-genus of Agaricus, the
typical genus of the alliance Fungales, and
tlie order AgaricaceiB. The A. musca.ria is
ordinarily poisonous, so much so that the
name miiscaria (from musco. = a fly) is de-
signed to imply that the Amanita steejied in
milk kills the flies which partake of tlie liquid
tluis poisoned. Yet, so much does the (piality
of a fungus depend on climate and place of
gi'owth, tliat, if Langsdorf is accurate, the A.
miiscaria in Kanischatka and other portions
of Korth-eastern Asia, is not poisonous, but
only intoxicating. (Lindley : Veg. Kiiigd., p.
3S.)
am-an-i'-tine, o. [From amanita.]
Clicvi. : The poisonous luinciple in, the
Amanita. [Amanita.]
* a-znan'se, v.t. [A.S. o.mansumkni-==-to dis-
j_oin, to excommunicate ; ox'posed to mcen-
sinnian or gtutivnsumaii = to join, to marry.]
To interdict, tc excommunicate, to accurse.
"He nmarisede alle thulke, that suche vnrnrlit adde ido
To thecliurch of Kanterbury, and the kiijg^i-crnwned so."
/tob. Gloiic, vol. ii., p. 474.
a-man- 1j-en'-SlS, s. [in Dan. & Ger. amanu-
ensis ; Sp., Port., & Ital. amanuen^c ; all from
Lat. omaii-uensis: a = from ; mamus = hand.]
A jierson employed to write what another
dictates.
a-mar'-a-cus, s [in Fr. amaracus ; Lat.
amo.racus; Gr. d/xapano? (amaralcos), a/iapoKoi'
(amarakon) = (1) a bulbous plant, (2) mar-
joram.]
1. Poet.: Marjoram. Spec, the dittany of
Crete (Origammi dictavuis).
"Violet, ainaracus, and iisphodel."
Tennyson : (Enoiie.
2. A genus of Labiate plants of the sub-
section or family QriganidiB.
t am'-ar-ant, s. Rare form of Amaranth ;
found principally in poetiy.
a-mar - an-ta'-9e-SB, a-mar-anth-a-
5e-0B, s. pi. [Amaranthus ] Amaranths.
A natural order of plants, consisting of
"Clienopodal exogens, with separate sepals
opposite the stamens, usually one-celled an-
thers, a single ovary often containing several
seeds, and scarious flowers buried in imbri-
cated bracts." The order is divided into three
sub-orders — Goniphrene:e, Achyrantheie, and
Celoseiii. The species are generally unattrac-
amaranth.
(amaranthus hypo-
chondriac us.)
tive weeils, but sometimes thej' arc <>[ more
showy appearance. In 184(3, Lindley esti-
mated tlie known
species at 2S2 ; now,
it is believed, about
000 are known. They
occur chiefly in the
tropics of America
and Asia ; a number
also ai'c Australian.
None arc truly wild
in Britain ; but
the Cockscomb, tlie
Globe Amaranth, tlie
Prince's Fcatln^r, and
Luve - lies - bleeding,
are found in gardens
]\Iany Amaranthace;c
an.' used as potherbs.
Aiiinninthiifi ohlu^ifo-
///'s is said to be
diuretif ; Govfphrcna
officinalis and 'macro-
cepliala lia\'e a high
reputation in Brazil
as remedies in intermittent fever, diarriioi-a,
colic, and snake-bite.
am'-ar-anth, t am'-ar-ant, s. [In Ger.
I'Din'ranth ; Fr aniara'ntc, amarojith-e- ; Sp.,
Pnrt., & Ital. innaraxAo; Lat. amarantv.s ; Gr.
afjidfiavrv; (ami'iuntns) : as adj. = unfading,
undecaying ; as subst. = the never-fadhig
Hnwcr, aiuarant; a, Vi'iv., and iJiapaivoj (vui-
raitio =■ to put out, to quench : in the ])assive
= to die away, to waste away, to fade.]
1. Poet. : An imaginary flower supposed
ne\'er to fade.
" lunnortal amarant, a flower which once
In ParadL-^e fajst by the tree of life,
Began to bloom ; but soon for niaii's offence
To iieaven removed, where first it griiw, there grows.
And ftower.s aloft, shadiiit the fount of life.
And wliere the river of bliss through muist of heaven
Rolls o'er Elysiau flowers her amber stream "
Milton: P. L . blc in.
2. The English name of the several species
b(l(iUL;iiig to the botanical genus Amaranthus
(q.V.).
3. Plnr. : Amaranths. Lindley 's English
name for the botanical order Amaraut^cea'
(q.V.).
am-ar-anth'-ine, am-ar-ant -ine, adj.
[Eng. umaranth, amcrunt ; -inc. In Ger
amo.raiithiii. Frnm Gr. afiapavTivoii (omaro n-
tiiios) = of amaranth.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to amaranth.
" By those hajipy souls that dwell
In yellow nieiuls of iu>ph(idel.
Or ainiiraiUkine bow'rs." Pope.
2. Fig. : Unfading, as the poetic amaranth.
" 'Tis hers to pluck the a-)naranthine flower of faith."
Wordsworth : While Doe of Rylstone (Introd.).
'• Of amarnntine shade, fountain, or spring,
By the wiitero of life . . ."
Milton : P. /-.. bk. xL
am-ar-anth'-iis, t am-ar-ant'-us, s
[Lat.] [Amaranth.] A genus of ]>lants, the
typical one of the order Amarantaceie. It is
p'laced under the sub-order Achyranthea;. A
.species, tlie A. Blitum, or Wild Amaranth,
has here and there escaped from English
gardens. A. iiulanclioHcus and tricolor are
tender annuals, and A. ^ang^iineRs and com-
datus common bolder flowers. The leaves oi
A. viridis are employed externally as an
emollient iioultice. A ohtn^ifvliiis is said to
be diuretic. A. dchilis is useel in Madagascar
as a cure for syphilis. The seeds of A. Jm-
lani'tui ens and A. Anardhana ar^ wt^^d as corn
ill India. (Lhidley : Veg. Kingd.)
t am-ar-ant'-ine, «. A rare form of the
word Amaranthine.
a-mar'-ine, s. [From Lat. muants = bitter,
referring to the bitter-almond oil (benzoic
aldehyde) which, with ammonia, constitutes
liydrobenzaniide, one of its ingredients.] A
chemical substance formed by boiling hydro-
benzamide with aqueous potash. Its formula
is C^jiHigNo. It is insoluble in water, but dis-
solves readily in alcohol. It is called also
Benzoline (q.v.).
t a-mar'-i-tude, 5. [hat. amantudo.] Bitter-
ness.
"What amarUvfle or acri-mony is denrehended m
choler, it acipiires from a commixture of melancholy
or external malign bodies."— //«r<iey on Coiisamption.
* a-mar'-u-len9e, s. [From Lat. aviam-
?e»/7(s = full of bitterness.] Bitterness. (Juhn-
soii.)
fate, f3,t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; -we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ce, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
* a-mar'-U-lent, a. [From Lat. amarulentuu
= full of bitterness.] Full of bitterness.
(Boucher.)
ftm-ar-Srl-li-da'-9e-0e, s. pi [Amaryllis.]
Amaryllids. An order of plants placed by
Lindley in the Narcissal alliance of the class
Endogens. In their six-partite or aix-cleft
coloured perianth, and their three-celled fruit,
they resemble Lily-worts, from -which, how-
ever, they are at once distuiguished by their
Inferior ovary. In 1846 Lindley estimated
the known species at four hundred. The
representatives of the order in the British
flora are Narcissus, Galanthus, and Leucojuni.
Beautiful as they are, most of them have
poisonous bulbs. The Hottentots are said to
dip the heads of their arrows in the viscid
juice of the bulbs of Hmnantkus toxicaruis
and some allied spiees. Several are emetii-,
having a principle in their composition like
that of the squill. Oporanthvs luteus is pur-
gative, Alstromeria salsilla tliaphoretie and
diuretic, and Amai-yllis omata astringent. A
kind of arrowroot is prepared in Chili from
Alstromeria pallida and other species. A
wine called pulque is made from the wild
Agave of Mexico.
Sim-ar-yl'-lis, s. [In Sw., Dan., and Fr.
amdryllis ; Sp. & Port, amarylin. From Lat.
Amaryllis, the name of a certain beautiful
girl beloved by the shepherd Tityrus, also the
AMARYLLIS.
servant-girl of a sorceress. (Virgil.) A similar
meaning in Theocritus. From Gr a/napiio-crui
iamarusso) = (1) to sparkL?, (2) to dazzle.] A
genus of plants, the typical one of the order
Amaryllidacea;. The species are numerous,
and splendid in appearance ; many are culti-
vated in greenhouses, stoves, flowcr-})ots, tkc.
The A. oriiata is astringent. [Belladonna.]
a-mar'-yth-rine, s. [Lat. f(mar»s = bitter,
and Eng. erythriiic] The bitter principle of
erythrine.
*a-mass', ^a-masse, s. [in Fr. amas;
Ital. ammasso ; Lat. ?Jiassa = that which ad-
heres like dough, a lump, a mass ; Gr. fj.aCa
(maza) = barlcy-biead, txaua-oi (masso) = to
knead. ] A mass, a heap ; an accumulation.
" This pillar is but a medley ov amass of all tlie pre-
cedent oniaiiients, malciBg a new kind by stealth."—
Wotton.
a-mass', v.t. [From the substantive. In Fr.
ama^ser ; Ital. ammassare.] [See Amass, s.]
1. Lit.: To make into a heap, as to knead
dough into a lump ; to collect together, to
accumulate, in a more figurative sense.
"The rich man is not blamed, ils liavmg made use
of any unlawful means to amass riohea, as liavmg
thriven byfraud and injustice, "—fl/j. Atterburj: Suno.
" ?>?'' '^^.^ amasses an unbounded store,
llie wisdom of great nations, now no more."
Cowper : Tirocinium.
a-mas'sed, i^a. par. [Amass, y.]
a-mas-set'te, s. [Fr. ]
Painting: A scraper, spatula, spattle, or
painters knife ; a blade used for collecting the
colours together whilst they ai-e being ground.
a-mas'-sing, pr. par. [Amass, v.]
£L-in^ss'-ment, * a-mas'-ment, s. [Eng.
amass; -meiit.] Amass heaped up, a collec-
tion, a heap, an accumulation. -
"What is now, is but an amas}nent of imajniiarv
conceptions, prejudices, ungrounded opiuions jind
infinite imiioBturos. —(franuill^: Scfpsin SciriL',ificn.
am-as-then'-ic, adj. [Gr. Hfsa (haTnd) =
together ; a-Bivos (stJienos) = strength.]
Ojytics : Uniting tlie chemical rays of light
into one focus ; amacratic. (Used of photo-
graphic lenses.) (Sir J. Herschel.)
' a-ma'te (I), v.t. & i. [From O. Fr. amater,
mater = to mortify ; fr. inat = dull, faint, sad ;
Ger. ?naW.]
1. Trans.: To stupefy, to paralyse.
"Thou, wretched man, of death haat greatest need,
If in tiiie b;i.ianue thou wilt weigh tny stjite ;
JFor never kuighb that dared warlike deed
Hoie luckless disftdveuture did anuite."
Spenser : F. Q., I. ix. lo.
2. Intrans. : To be stupefied, to be stupid.
^' a-ma'te (2), v.t. [Eng. a ; -mate.] To act as
mate to, to entertain as a companion, to kei'p
company with, to associate with.
"And ill the midst thereof upon the floure,
A lovely bevy of faire ladies sate.
Courted of manya jolly paranioure,
The which them did in modest wise amatc.
And each one sought his lady to aggrate."
fipenser: F. q., II., ix. 34.
am'-^i-teur, am-a-teur', s. & a. [Fr., from
Lat. amcdnr = a lover ; amo = to love.]
A. As subst. : One who follows any science,
art, or occupation, not from pecuniary
motives, but from a love for it, and who, a.s
a rule, is not so proficient in it as if he had
to depend upon it for a livelihood.
", _. . it is precisely that in which amnteiirs of
the scieiiLC— and especially voyagers at sea— provided
with good eyes or moderate instruments, might em-
]>loy their time to excellent advantage."— Z/er^ViW.-
Astroii., bt\\ ed. (1858), ^ 8:i2.
B. As adj. : Done by or in any way per-
taining to an amateur.
am'-a-teur-ish, a. [Eng. amateur; -ish.]
Pertaining to, or characteristic of an amateur.
am'-a-teur-ish-ness, s. [Eng. amateurish;
■ness.] The quality of being amateurish.
am'-a-teur-ism, 5. [Eng. a)ruUeur ; -ism.]
Tlie quality of being an amateur ; the practice
of any arb or sport as an amateur.
am'-a-teur'-Ship, s. [Eng. amateur; ship ]
The procedure or characteristics of an amateur.
(Edinb. Revietv. Worcester.)
im'-a-tive, «. [From Lat. amo = to love.]
Amorous.
im'-a-tive-ness, s. [Eng. amative; -ness.]
Phrenology: A protuberance on the skull,
supposed to mark the portion of the brain
which stimulates to sexual intercourse. It
covers the portion of the brain known as the
cerebellum, which is situated at the back of
the head between the two mastoid processes.
The researches of Dr. Carpenter have thrown
great doubt on the correctness of this view.
[CEREBELLUJf.]
' am-a-tor'-cul-ist, s. [Lat. amatorctdus.]
A pitiful little lover. (Johnson.)
dm-a-tor'-i-al, n. [Lat. amatorius, from amo
= to iove. (Applied especially to sexual
affection.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Feitaining to love.
" amatoi-ial verses ."—Warton.- Hist. Enrj
Poetry. ■'
" They seem to have been tales of love and chivalry
amatorial sonnets, tragedies, comedies, and pastorals ''
—Ibid., IV. 7. ^
2. Causing love, or designed to cause love.
11. Aaat. : A term applied to the oblique
muscles of the eye, from their being used in
ogling.
am-a-tor'-i-al-ly, adv. [Eng. amatorial ;
-Jy.] In an amatoiy manner ; as a lover does.
ain-a-tdr'-i-an» a. [Lat. amatori(us) ; suft'.
-an.] Amatory. {U'ebster.)
am-a-tbr'-i-ous, a. [Lat. amatorius.] Ama-
tory.
"This is no mere amato}-ious novel ; but this is a
deep and serious verity."— J/iHo/i.
am'-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. avmtorivs.] Pertaining
to love ; causing or designed to cause love.
''. . . by amatory potions, not only allure her,
hut nece.sait;i.Le her to satisfy his lust, and iuclme her
effectually, and draw her inevitiibly to follow him
spontaneously."- £;). Uramhall against Uobbcs.
am-a'-tsja, [Japanese =Tea of H('u\-en.] A
kind of tea made in Jnpau from the di-ied
leaves of Hydrangea Thunbergia. Its name,
"tea of heaven," shows the opinion whidi is
entertained of its excellence. (Lindley: Veg.
Kingd., 1S47, j). 570.)
am-au-ro'-sis, s. [In Fr. amaurose ; G\\
a^i.a<l^ll}(Tls (amaurosis) = a darkening, from
d/iaupdoi (amauroo) = to make dark ; a/iacpo?
(amauros) = dim, faint.] A disease of the
eye arising from impaired sensibility of the
retina. It is held to exist when a patient
without opaque cornea, closed pupU, or csitji-
ract, complains of lost or defective vision. It
commences with confused vision; then there
is the appearance of a black spot in the centre
of an object looked at ; next, floating bodies
called muscce volitantes appear before the eye,
or objects appear brighter than natural. In
the commencement of the disease the pupil
dilates and contracts sluggishly ; after a time
it becomes more dilated and fixed ; and at
last there is established a state of complete
blindness, constituting the true gutta serena.
Amaiu'osis arises from inflammation or tur-
gescence of the retina, from derangement of
the digestive organs, from exercise of the eye
on minute objects, and from injury or disease
of the fifth nerve or its branches, or from in-
jury of tlie eye itself. (Dr. Arthur Jacob, Art.
"Amaurosis," Cyclop. Pract. Med.)
amaurosis sufTusion, s. A suffusion
of the eyes produced by amaurosis. (Fig.)
"... but never perhaps did these amaiirosis
aiiffasions so cloud and distort his otherwise most
piercing vision, as in this of the Dandiacal liodj/l"^
Cay-li/le: Sartor Hesartus, bk. iii., chap. x.
am-au-ro'-tic, a. Pertaining to amaurosis ;
affected with amaiu'osis.
" The symptoms complained of bv an amaurol'io
patient . .'—Br. Arthur Jacob, Art. " Amauroais"
in Cyclo. Praet. Med.
a-mau§'-ite, s. Tlie name given by Gerhard
to a grannlite brought from Moravia. Dana
classes it under Albite (q.v.).
a max'-im-is ad min'-im-a. [Lat.]
Logic: From the greatest things to the
smallest.
a-ma'ze» v.t. {Eng. a; maze.} Properly, to
bewilder, as if one were in a maze or labyrinth.
More specifically :
1. To perjilex or bewilder, by presenting to
one something beyond his capacity to under-
stand.
" When his disciples heard it, they were excee^in^'ly
amazed, saying, Wlio then can be saved ? "—J/««. xix.
25.
2. To bewilder one with alarm.
"And when the men of Israel turned again, the
men uf Benjamin were ainazed : for they saw that evil
was come uikui them." — Jtidg. xx. 41.
3. To perplex and stun with sorrow.
"And he taketh with him Peter and James and
John, and began to be sore atnazed, and to be ^■ery
heavy." — Mark xiv. 33.
■k. To astonish.
"And all the people were ainazed, and said. Is not
this the son of David ? "—Matt. xii. 23.
"... from amazlnfj Europe with her wit, to
amusing theiti with the greatness of her catholic cre-
dulity.' —Hofdsmilh : Polite Luarning, ch. vi,
11 Blair thus distinguished the four words
surprised, astonished, amazed, and confounded :
" I am siirpnsed at what is new or unexpected ;
I am astonislied at what is vast or great ; I am
amazed with what is incomprehensible ; I am
confounded hy what is shocking or terriljle."
(Blair: UJiet. & Belles-Letties, 1817, vol. i., p.
228.)
t a-ma'ze, s. Bewilderment on encountering
anything incomprehensible ; terrifying, or
occasioning deep sorrow. (Rarely used except
in poetry.)
"... soon our joy is turn'd
Into ijerplexity and new nm.azc."
Milton: P. it., bk. ii.
" The stars with deep amaze."
Ibid. : Morning of Chrixt's Xatirlf/j.
"XowwasChnatian somewhat in amaze." — Banyan:
Pilg. Prog., pt. L
a-xna'zed, t a-ma'-zed, pa. por. k adj.
[Amaze, v.]
" Wlio, with his miracles, doth make
Amazed heaven and earth to shake."
Milton; Pauhn cxxxvi.
a-ma'z-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. amctzcd; -ly.] lu
amazement.
" Wliich, when her 8a<l-beholding husband saw,
Amazedly in her sad face he stares."
ShakeajJ. : Tarquin & Lucrece.
"Stands Macbetli thus maaz'-dh/f"
Ibid. : JIficbeth. i\. 1,
bSil, b6^; po^t. j6^1; cat, cell, chorus,
-tlon. -sion. -tloun, -cioun = shiin ;
9MU, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f=
-tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious =^ shus. -ble = bel ; -die = del.
11
J 62
amaze dness—ambe
ar-ma'Z-ed-ness, s. [Eng. amazed ; -uc^s. ]
The state of being amazed.
". , . whereupon, after fi little amazcdiiesa, we
were all coramiiiided out of the chamber." — Shalcesp. :
Wintei-'s Tale, v, 2.
a-ma ze-ment, s. [Eng. amaze; -Dieufi Be-
' wilderment of mind caused by the presenta-
tion of anything incomprehensible, wonderful,
terrifying, or fitted to inspire deep son'ow.
"... they were filled with wonder and amazemt'Hf
at that whicli had happened unto him." — Acts iii. 10.
a-ma'Z-ing, )'/■. -par. [Amaze, v.]
" Amazing sceue ! heboid ! the glooma dieclose."
Tliomson : The Seasotis ; Autumn.
a-ma'Z-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. amazing ; -ly. ] In
' an amazing manner. In a manner fitted to
bewilder. To an amazing extent
" Zws. My lord, I shall reply amazingly.
Half 'sleep, half waking."
Shakesp. : Mitlsum. Night's Dream, iv. 1.
Axa'-a-zon, Am-a-zone, s. [In ,Sw. & Dan.
Arnaaon ; Dut., Ger.,&Fr. Amazom; Sp. and
Voii. Ahwzona; Ital. Aniazzone ; J jut. Amazon ;
Gr. ' Afia^f^v (Avmzon) ; from a = without, and
/iaifo? (viu=<is) = the breast, from the story
that the Amazons cut off their right breast
to prevent its interfering with the use of the
bow.]
1. A nation on the river Thermodon, the
modem Termeh in Pontus, in Asia Minor,
said to consist entirely of women renowned
as warriors. Men were excluded from their
territory, and commerce was held only with
strangers, whilst all male children born among
them were killed. They are mentioned by
Homer. Diodorus also speaks of a race of
Amazons in Africa,
" Glanced at the legendary Am.azon
As emhlematic of a nobler age."
Tenni/son: The PHncess, ii,
2. A bold, masculine woman ; a \irago.
" When I see the avenues of the Strand beset every
night iivith troops of fierce Amazons, who, with dread-
ful imprecatione, stop, and beat and plunder pas-
sengers, Icanuot helpwishlngthatsuch martial talents
were converted to the benefit of the public." — Qold-
stnith : Assays ; Female Warriors.
" Yet are Spain's maids no race of ATttazons,
But form'd for all the 'witching arts of love."
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 5"
3. Plural:
(a) The females of an Indian tribe on the
banks of the great river jMiuanon, in South
America, who assisted their liusbands when
fighting against the Spaniards, and caused
the Maranon to receive the new name of the
Amazon, {Garcilasso, p. 606.)
AMAZONS OF THE KING OF DAHOMEY S GUARD.
(b) Any female soldiers, such as the band
of female warriors kept by the King of
Dahomey in Africa.
i. Eniom. : Ruber's name for the neuters of
a red ant (Polyergus), which are accustomed to
sally forth in large numbers from their nests,
in militaiy array, and jiroceeding to some
neighbouring anthill belonging to another
species, plunder it of the larvse of its neuters.
These, when hatched, become a kind of pariah
(■;i.sle in the habitation of the Amazons.
amazon ant, s. The same as Asiazon,
No. 4.
" Huber is erroneous m supposing that the amazon
ants have a siiug."— Griffith's Cavier, vol. xv., p. 501.
amazon-like, a. Like an Amazon.
" Hib hair. French-like, stares on his frighted head.
One lock, umazon-like, dishevelled."
Bp. Hall : Satires, iii. 7.
amazon-stone, s. A mineral, bright
verdigris green, and cleavable ; a variety of
oiilioclase.
^m-a-zo'-ni-an, a. [Eug. amazon ; ~ian.'\
1. Pertaining to the female Amazons in
Asia Minor or Africa.
"... those leaves
They gather'd broad as Am.azonian targe,
And with what skiU they had, together sew'd."
Milton : F. L , bk. i.x.
2. Pertaining to masculine women.
" I do not less willingly own my own weakneps than
my sex, being far from any such amazonian boldness
as affects to contend with so many learned and godly
men." — Bp. Taylor: Artificial JZa-ndsomeness, }>. 179.
" How ill beseeming is it in thy sex
To triumph like an aniazonian trull ! "
Sliakesp. : 3 J/en. VI., i. 4.
3. Pertaining to the river Amazon, or to the
territory of Amazonia on its banks. ]
am'-az-6n-Ite, s. [From Amazon, the great
South American river, and -ite = Gr. XWo^
{lU]ws) — a stQiie.] The name of a mineral,
called also Amazon-stone : it is a variety of
Oi-thoclase. [Amazon-stone. ]
^mb, t am, prejlx. [In compos, only. Lat.
o-mb = on both sides : around, as amhio = to
surround ; ambo = both ; am, with the same
meaning, as am-phctor ■=■ to encircle. Gr. a}x<pi
(amphi) — on both sides. In A.S. emh, ymb ;
O. H. Ger. umpi ; Irish un, um; Welsh am;
Sansc. oljM, abhiU'^-i.l
amb, am'-ba, s. In some of the languages of
India, a mango-tree, Mangifera Iinlica.
Ran amb, s. [From Mahratta ran = the
jungle.] The hog-pluni, Spondia^ riiang!fp.ra.
" am'-ba^e, t am-ba'-geg, s. [Lat. amhages
= (1) a going round, a going by a roundabout
way ; (2) a circumlocution, a quibble ; (3) ob-
scurity, ambiguity. In Ital. ombage.]
■* 1. Turning ; change.
"... shall, by amhages of diets, bathings, anoint-
ings, medicines, motions, and the like, prolong life." —
Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. il., p. 62.
2. Circumlocution ; also quibbling, the use
of ambiguous language intended to modify or
deceive.
"Epigramma, in which every mery conceited man
might, without any long studie or tedious am^bagc,
make hia frend sport, and anger his foe, and give a
prettie nip, or shew a shaiiie conceit in a few verses."
—Puttenham : Art of Poesie, L i., ch. 2:7.
" And, but if Calkas Icde us with ambages.
That is to seyn, with dowble wordes slye,
Swich as men cleT>e ' a word with two I'isages.' "
Chaucer J Trailus and Crcjiseide, bk. v.
"They gave those complex ideas names, that they
iiii;j:htthe more easily record and discourse of things
they were daily conversant in, without long ambagen
and circumlocutions." — Locke.
t am-bag'-iu-ous, «. [From ambaginis, obs.
genit. of Ambarjcs (q.v.).] Circumlocutory.
{Christian Observer. Worcester.)
t am-ba'-gi-oiis, a. [Lat. ambagiosus.] Cir-
cumlocutory, {Jok nsoti. )
t am-bag'-it-or-y, a. [Eng. ambag(es) ;
-itory.] Circumlocutory. (Scott.) (IVorcester.)
am'-ba-ree, am'-ba-dee, s. [Mahratta
amhadee.] The native name of an Indian
malvaceous plant, the Hibiscus cannabimis,
or Hemp-leaved Hibiscus. The natives use
the leaves for greens, and hemp is made from
the fibres of the bark.
t am'-bar-ie, am-bar'-ee, s. [Mahratta
ambaree.] The covered seat on the back of an
elephant, better known as a howdah.
S-m'-bas-sade, s. [Fr.] [Embassy.]
" When you disgraced me in my ambas-sade.
Then I degraded you from bemg king,"
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., iv. 3.
am-bas'-sa-dor, * 3,xu-bas'-sa-dour,
* etn-bas'-sa-dor, s. [In Sw. ambassador ;
Dan. ambassaiior; Fr. ambassadevr ; Sp. em-
baxadoT ; Port, embaixador ; Ital. ambascia-
dore, ambascidtorc = an ambassador ; amba^-
siadorazzo = a deputy ; ambascioso = full of
grief and sorrow ; ambasdare = to pant ; am-
bascia = shoiiness of breath, suffocation ;
Low Lat. ambasciari^ to carry a message ;
Lat. anibactus = a vassal, a dependant upon a
lord. Cognati^ with A.S avibiht, ambeht, am-
bylit, emboli, ombiht = a servant, messenger,
legate ; Dut. ambacht, trade, handicraft, pro-
fession, business ; Ger. aviten, amtiren = to
peiform the duties of an oflrce ; amt — charge,
plaee, office, magistracy ; O. H. Ger. ampaJi-
tan = io minister, ambaht = 3. minister, also
service; Gotli. n ndbahts = a. niinistev, a ser-
vant, and bahti = service, ministiy ; according
to Grimm, from and (Ger. a??if) = office, and
bak — back.] [Embassy.]
I. f!en. : A messenger, by wlionisoe\'er sent,
" A wicked messenger falleth into mischief, but a
faithful ambassador la health " —Prov. xiii- 17.
II. Specially :
1. Lit. : A minister of high rank sent on
an embassy to represent nominally bis sove-
reign, but really his country, at the court of
another monarch, or at the capital of a repub-
lic. Sir Henry Wotton's definition of an am-
bassador as " an honest man sent to lie abroaxi
for the commonwealth," however coiTCctly it
may have described the older school of diplo-
matists, is now, it is fondly trusted, quite out
of date. QVotton : Letter to VeUerns, A.D.
1612.) Ambassadors are of two kinds : extra-
ordinary, employed on special missions ; and
ordinary, who reside permanently at the seat
of government to which they are aecredited.
All the ancient ambassadors were of tlie former
class. In every civilised nation the person
of an ambassador is sacred, his mansion also
is inviolate, and his retinue subject to no
local jurisdiction but his own. An envoy
is an inferior kind of ambassador dispatched
on a special mission. A resident, or charge
d'affaires, is also of less dignity than a jjroper
ambassador. Many such residents exist in
India, and represent the Anglo-Indian Govern-
ment at the courts of the several native rajahs.
Consvls are again of Inferior rank to residents,
and are specially charged to protect and pro-
motethe commercialenterpriseoftheircountry ,
in the i>lace where thej"" are stationed.
" Howbeit in the business of the ambassadors of the
princes of Babylon who sent unto him to inquii'e of
the wonder that was done in the land . . . ." —
2 Chron. xxxii. 31.
■* . . . the killing of an ei.ibassador." — Blackstonc ■
Comment., bk. iv., ch, 6.
"An extraordinary ambassa-^lor of high rank was
Instantly dispatched by lievris to RoTae."— Mncaulay :
Hist. Eng,, ch. xiv.
2. Fig : An apostle, regarded as a repre-
sentative of Christ, sent on a special mission
to men.
" Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as
though God did beseecli you by us : we pray j^ou in
Clirist'a stead, be ye reconciled to God." — 2 Cor. v. 29,
asn-bas'-sa-dor, v. t. [From the substantive.]
To oppress a sovereign with the incubus of
too many and too importunate ambassadors.
T[ The use of the word as a verb is of recent
invention, and can hardly be called correct.
" These are no longer the times in which a young,
gentle, and nervous Sultan Medjid used to be
literally amiassadorcd, to Asufb..' "—Times, 19th of
Jan , 1876, Pera Corrcsp.
ara-bas-sa-ddr'-i-al, a. [Eng. ambassador ;
-ial.] Peiiaining to an ambassador ; as " am-
bassadorial privileges." {Eclectic Hci-iew.
IVorccster.)
am-bas'-sa-dress, s. [Eng., the fem. form
of ambassador. In Sw. ambassadris ; Fr.
ambassadrice ; Ital. ainbasciodrice ; Port, em-
baixitriz.]
1. The wife of au ambassador.
2. A woman sent on a message of any kind.
(Used generally in a mock-heroic sense.)
" ' Again ! ' she cried, ' are you a^nl>as8adresses
From him to me ? ' "
Tenm/son : Tlie Princess, iii,
t am'-bas-sage, ^ am'-bas-sy, " am-
bas'-sat-e, " am-bas-sat-ry'-e (Old
Eng.), * am-bas -si-at, ■" axn'-bax-at
(Old Scotch), s. [In ISw. ambassad; Fr. am-
bassede; Port, eraho.ixada ; Ital. ambasciato.\
An embassy.
" Or else, while the other is yet a great wav off, he
sendeth au ambassage, and desireth conditions of
peace."— ZrwA:e xiv. 32.
" What needeth gretter dilatacioun
I sav by tretys and a^nbas'^cUrye,
And by the pope's mediacioun."
Cltaucer : C. T., 4,653.
" The kynge then gaue unto that hve am,bassat-e,
Full riche giftes and gold enoughe to spende."
Ilardynge ■ Cliron., fol. 74, b.
" Th.TJi the amha^siat that w.a.3 returnit airane
From Diomedes. . . ."—Douglas: Virgn, 3G9
" Our soverane lordis legacioun and ambaiat.
Act. Bom. Cone. (1491), p, SCO.
asn-bas'-sis, s. [In Fr, ambasse.] A genus
of fishes, of the order Acanthopte^'gii, and
the family Percid;e. The species, which are
small and ne;irly transparent, occur in the
rivers and ponds of India.
[Ambassage, Embassy. ]
am'-bas-sy,
An embassy.
ambe, ^m'-bi, ■?. [Ionic Gr. i^i/3ij (ambe), Gr.
an/3u}v (and)on) = a projecting lip or edge ;
from amb =about.]
i&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
o" wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib. ciire. unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; se — e* au = kw.
ambel— ambiguous
163
1. Old Surgery: An instrument formerly
usKd for reducing dislocated shoulders. It
waa so called b^ause its extremity jutted out.
2. Anat : The superficial jutting out of a
bone.
"' ^m'-'bel, s. [Amble. ]
ain'-'ber,s. & «. [In Dan. ambra; Dut. & Ger.
amber ; Fr. ambre (all these forms meaning
iimbergrease or the mineral amber). In Sp.
ambar; Poi-t. ambar, alambra; Ital. ambra
(all these forms meaning the mineral amber
only); Pers. anbary anahar ; Arab, anbar, an-
ha'nin = (l) ambergris, (2) amber.] [Ambeu-
<;ris.]
A. As substantive :
I. The genuine amber.
1. As a mineral. It is called also Succinite,
from Lat. succinmti = amber. [Succinite.]
Its colour is generally yellow, but sometimes
reddish, brownish, or whitish and clouded. It
is resinous in lustre, always translucent, and
sometimes ti-ansparent. It is brittle, and
yields easily to the knife. It fuses at 287" C.
It is combustible, burning readily with a
yellow flame, and emitting an agreeable odour,
it is also highly electrical, so much so that
electricity is derived from the Greek word
ri\eKTpov (elektron), or jjXeKTpoj (elektros) =■
amber. Composition: Carbon, 7894; hy-
drogen, 10-53 ; oxygen, 10'53 = 100. Found
occasionally in masses as large as a man's
head ; but at other times in smaller pieces,
some no larger than a grain of coarse sand.
Occurs along the Prussian coast of the Baltic,
between Dantzig and Memel, as well as in
various other parts of the Continent ; in
Middlesex, near London ; in Essex, Suffolk,
Norfolk and York ; and finally In Asia and
America. It is valued as a gem.
" , . . whose siatera, metamorjjhosed into poplar-
trees, shed tears at his death, which were hardened
inlo amber." — Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients, ch. i., §2,
" Pomemnian amber was set in Lydian gold to adorn
the necks of queens." — Macaulay : JILst. l!ng.,ch. xxiv.
2. Asageologiailproditct. Plinywas correct
■when he considered it to be an exudation from
trees of the Pine family, like gum from the
cherry, and resin from the ordinary pine.
Prof. Goppert, of Breslau, in 1845, deemed it
a resinous exudation from an extinct pine,
Finns succinifer, most nearly allied to P.
abies (Abies excelsa, the Norway Spruce), or P.
picea (Jhies picea, the Silver Fir). He be-
lieved that forests of this tree once grew in
the south-eastern part of what is now the bed
of the Baltic in about 55° north latitude, and
37—38" east longitude ; but that during the
time of the drift they were swept away, and
the amber carried south and south-west to
Poraerania and the adjacent regions, where
now it is found. Subsequently he discovered
that amber had been foimed not by the P.
succinifer only, but by eight other allied
species, if, indeed, all the Abietinae and Cu-
pressimeas of the time and place did not share
in its production. In 1845 he thought it of
the age of the Molasse (Miocene ?) ; in 1854 he
deemed it Pliocene, and perhaps of the drift
formation (Upper Pleiocene = pleistocene) ;
but its exact age is as yet undetermined. Of
ItiS species of plants found in it, thirty still
exist. 800 species of insects have also been
met with in it, with remains of animals of
other classes. [Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol.
ii. (1846), i. 102 ; vol. x. (1854), ii. 1.]
n. The amber of Scripture.
^ In Scripture the word " amber," "^ipl?
(chashvial) (Ezek. i. 4, 27 ; viii. 2), is not wJiat
is now caUed by the name, but a mixed metal.
It may be polished brass, or brass and gold,
or .silver and gold ; it is difficult to say which,
"And I saw as the colour of «m6er, as the appearance
of fire round ahout within it . . ." — £zek. i. 27.
B. As adjective :
1. Made of amber.
" Sir Plume, ol amber snuff-box justly vain.
And the nice conduct ul a clouded cane."
fope : Rape of the Lock, iv., 123, 124.
2. Coloured like amber, reflecting light as it
does, or in some other way resembling it.
" To dream and dream, like yonder amber light."
Tenni/soii: Tiie Lotos-uatcrs.
C, 1)1 Composition it is a substantive or
adjective.
amber - coloured, a. Coloured like
amber.
" jBiron. An amber-colottr'd raven was well noted."
Shakcsp. : Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 3.
amber-drink, s. Drink of the colour
and translucency of amber.
"All your cleai' amber-dritiJc is flat," — Bacon.
amber-dropping, a. Dropping amber.
amber-flora, s. The flora educed from a
study of the vegetable fragments found in
amber.
" Tlie stomach of the fossil Mastodon found in New
Jersey cnntjiined twigs of Thuia occidcntalis {found
in the ainber-jlora)."—T. R. Jones ■ <l J. Geol. Soc,
vol. X., ii. 4.
amber-forest, .>. A forest of amber-
producing trees.
"... we are led to infer a similar extension in
former tunes of the amb(^--foresU."—T. R. Jones: Q.
J. Geol. Soc, vol. X., il 3.
amber-locked, «. Ha\ing locks of hair
coloured like amber.
". . . nay, thy own aTnber-locked, anow-and-rose-
hloom Maiden . . ."—Carli/le: Sartor Resartus,hk^
i., ch. V.
amber-seed, s. A seed resembling millet.
It has a somewhat bitter taste. It is brought
in a dry state from Martinico and Egypt. It
is called also Musk-seed.
amber-tree, s. Tlie English name of the
Cinchonaceous gemis Anthospermum. It is
an evergreen, with leaves like those of heath,
which are fragrant when bruised.
amber-weeping, a. Letting fall drops
of " amber."
" Not the soft gold, which
Steals from the am,her-weeping tree.
Makes sorrow half so rich.
As the drops distlll'd from thee."
Crashaw ; Poetns, p. 2.
am'-ber, v.t. [From the substantive. In Fr.
ambrer.'\ To scent with amber.
" Be sure
The wines be lusty, high, and full of spirit,
And ajnber'd all."
Beaum. & Flet. : Cast, of the Countri/, iii, i.
am'-bered, pa. jiiar. Sua. [Asiber, t'.]
am'-ber-grease, am'-ber-gris, "* am-
ber-greese, '"" am'-bra-greg-i-a, ;<. [Eng.
amber, and Fr. gris. In Fr. ambre-gris ; Sp. &
Port, ambar-gris ; Ital. ambragrigia. Lit. =
grey amber.] [Amber.] A light, fatty, in-
flammable substance, opaque in lustre, ashy
in colom-, with variegations like marble, and
giving forth a pleasant odour when heated.
It is found in masses smmming on the sea
in certain latitudes, or cast on the adjacent
coasts, or buried in the sand. It is a morbid
secretion found in the stomach, or more pro-
bably in the gall-ducts, of the great-headed
Cachalot, or Spermaceti Whale (Physeter mocro-
cephalus). In this country it is now used
solely in perfmnery, having the property of
adding to the strength of other perfumes.
" Bermudas . . . where hugh lemons grow ;
Where shining pearl, coral, and many ji pound.
On the rich shore, of amberffris.is found '! "
IValler: Battle of the Summer Islands, 8.
am-bi-, j^re/. [Lat. = Gr. aiJ.(f>C- (amplii-).']
Round about, around, on both sides.
[AaiPHi-.]
am-bi-dex'-ter, * am'-bo-dex-ter, a. &
s. [In Fr. ambidextre; Sp. and Port. am6t-
dextro ; Ital. ambidestro = using both hands
equally. From Lat. ft7)i&o = both ; dexter, adj.
= to, or on the right side.]
i L As adj. : Using either hand with equal
facility.
" How does Melpy like this? I think I have vext her :
Little did she know, I was ambidexter."
Sher^iilan to Swift.
IL --l.^' siCbstantive :
1. One who can use either of his hands with
equal facility.
"Eodiginus. undertaking to give a reason of am-
hidexters, and left-handed men, delivereth a third
opinion. " — Browne.
2. Ludicrously : A person who, when politi-
cal or other parties are in conflict, is almost
equally ready to take either side.
"Thereat are hypocrites, amhodfxters. oiitsides "—
Burton: Anat. qf Melanclwly ; To the Reader, p. 36.
3. Lav) : A juror or embraceor, who accepts
money from both sides for giving his voice in
their favour. •
"... Thy poore client's gold
Makes thee to be an ambodexfer bold "
Oamage : Epigrams, Ep. to a Latoyer, E. 71.
am-bi-dex-ter'-i-ty, s. [Formed on the
analogy of dexterity y from Lat. dej:teritas.'\
1. The quality of being able to ase either
hand with almost equal facility, (Johnson.)
2. The pretence of agreement with each of
two aiitagonistic parties ; double dealing.
(Johnsmi.)
am-bi-dex'-troiis, a. [Eng. ambide.^ ter ;
-ous.]
1, Using either hand with equal facility.
"Others, not considering ambidextrous and left-
handed men, do totally submit unto the efficacy of the
liver. " — Browne.
2. Pretending agreement with each of two
antagonistic parties ; dealing in a double
manner.
"iEsop cnndemna the double practices of trimmers,
and all false shnfflmg and ambidextrous dealings." —
L'Estrange.
am-bi-dex-troiis-ness, s [Eng. ambi-
dextrous ; -ness. ]
1. The quality of being ambidextrous.
(Johnson.)
2. Double dealing.
am'-bi-ent, a. [In Fr. amhiaat; Port, aia-
biente, adj. ; Sp. & Ital. arnhlente, as s. = the
ambient air. From Lat. ambiens, pr. par. of
ambio = to go around or about.] Surround-
ing, encompassing on all sides, circumfused,
investing. (Used especially of the air, but
also of other things.)
"... and this which yields or fills
All space, the ambient ;ur wide interfused."
Milton: P. L., bk. viL
" With darkness circled and an ambient cloud."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. vii., 187.
"Blue ambient mists th' immortal steeds embr;t<;ed."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. viii , C).
" deep in am,bient skies."
Ibid., bk. v., 98G.
" In vain their clamours shake the ambient fields."
Ibid., bk .vii., 155.
am-b^g'-en-al, a. [In Ger. ambigene. From
Lat. ambo = both, and gemi = the knee. Lit.
= pertaining to both knees. ]
Geonietrii: A word used in the following
mathematical term : —
An ambigenal hiipcrbola. Sir Isaac Newton's
name for one of the triple hyperbolas nf the
second order, having one of its infinite legs
falling v.'ithin an angle formed by the asymp-
totes, ami the other falling without.
am'-big-u, s. [Fr. & Sp. n»i/j(i7J(= ambigu-
ous.] An entertainment, consisting not ol
regular courses, but of a medley of dishes set
on together.
" "When straiten'd in your time, and servants few.
You'd richly then compose an ambigu;
Where first and second course, and your dessert.
All in one single table have their part."
King : Art of Coohnry.
am-bi-gu'-i-ty, s. [In Fr. amhiguite ; Ital.
avibiguita; Lat. amblguitas, from ambigmis.]
1. The state of being ambiguous ; doubtful-
ness or uncertainty of signification.
". . . the point was at last left in dangerous a jji-
biguity." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., cli. xvi.
2. Anything which is jjmbiguous.
t (a) An event, or series of events, not easily
understood.
" Prince. Se;il up the mouth of outrage for a while,
Till we can clear these ambiguities.
And know their spring, their head, their true descent."
Shakcsp. : Itonieo & Juliet, v. 3.
(b) A word, or a series of words, in a sjieech
or written composition susceptible of more
than one meaning, and which therefore intro-
duces uncertainty into the whole sentence in
which it occurs.
" The words are of single significitinn, wltliout any
a-inbiguity; and therefore I shall not trouble yon, by
straining for an interpretation, where there is no
difficulty ; or distinction, where there is no difference."
— South.
am-big'-U-oiis, a. [in Fr. ambigu : Sp. &
Ital. amhiguo. From Lat. ambiguus=(V)shift-
ing from one side to another, changeable ;
(2) uncertain : (S) (of spea-h) perplexed, dark,
ambiguous ; (4) (of conduct) vacillating : am-
bigo = to wander about, tu go round ; amb =
around ; ago = to set in motion, to drive ; witJi
reflective pron. = to go.]
1. Susceptible of two or more meanings.
( Used of spoken or written words or otliei-
utterances, or of deeds or events.)
T[ Blair thus discriminates between the two
words equivorrd and ambtgnous : "Ah equi-
vocal expression is one which has one sens ■
ii]ten, and designed to be understmul ; anothei
sense concealed, and understood only by the
person who uses it. An ambiguous expression
is one which has apparently two sens^'^, antl
boll, b^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -mg^,
-tion. -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious, -ceous = shus, -ble, -die, &c. - bel, deL
164
ambiguously— atnblygonite
leaves us at a loss which of them to give it.
All equivocal expression is used with an in-
tention to deceive ; an ambiguous one, when
it is used with design, is with an intention
not to give full information. An honest man
will never employ an equivocal expression ; a
confused man may often utter ambiguous
ones without any design." (Blair: Rhet. d'
Bellcs-Lcttres, 1817, vol. i., p. 233.) "Whatels ,
in the first of the appendices to his Logic,
explains the signification of thirty ambignou.s
terms — viz., argwnunt, mitliority, case., &c. —
and inserts seven more treated by Prof. Senior,
the eminent political economist.
" No man understood better how to instigate others
to desperate enterprises by -words which, when re-
l>eated to a jury, might seem innocent, or, at worst,
ambiguous." — Macaulay ; ffist. F.ng., ch. v.
"... Oh, couldst thou speak.
As in Dodona once thy kindred trees
Oracular, I would not ciuious ask
The future, best unknown, but at thy mouth
Inquisitive, the less amblffuous past."
Cowper : I'ardley Oak.
2. Accustomed to use words susceptible of
two or more meanings. (Used of persons.)
"Th" ambiffuous god who rul'd her lab'ring breast,
In these jnyatenous words his mind exprest.
Some truths reveal'd, in terms involv'd the rest."
Dryden.
3. Occupying the boundary line between.
At home in more elements than one.
" , . , ambiguotts between sea and laud.
The river-horse and scaly crocodile."
Miltmi: P. Z., bk. vii.
am-l)ig-\l-OUS-l^, adv. [Eng. amhigvous:
-ly.] In an ambiguous manner, in wordw
susceptible of more interpretations than one.
" "Wilfrid ambiguous?,!/ replied."
Scott : Hokeby, ii. 23.
am-big'-lJ-OUS-ness, s. [Eng. ambiguous;
-ness.l The quality of being ambiguous. Sus-
ceptibility of more interpretations than oue.
(Johnson.)
^ 3,in-bil'-ev-OUS, a. [Lat. amho = both, and
Zce-vi(S = left] "Left-handed on both sides."
(Bro7.one: Vulgar Erroitrs.)
am-bil'-6g-3^, s. [Lat. anibo — both ; Gr.
\6yov (logos) — a word, language ; Ae-yw (lego)
= to say, to speak.] Talk or language of
ambiguous meaning. (Johnson. )
am-bil'-o-quous, a. [Lat. onibo — both, and
loquor = to speak.] Using ambiguous expres-
sions ; involving ambiguity of speech. (John-
son.)
am-bil -6-(luy, s. [Lat. airibo = both ; loquor
= to speak.] The use of ambiguous expres-
sions. (Johnson.)
am'-bit, s. [In Sp. & Ital. amihito ; from Lat.
anibit^is.^ The circumference, compass, or
circuit of anything.
" The tusk of a wild boar winds about almost into a
perfect ring or hoop, only it is a little writhen ; in
measuring oy the ambit, it ia long or round about a
foot and two inches." — Grew : Museum.
am-bi'-tion, ^ am-bi'-cion (Eng.), "^am-
bu'-tion (Old Scotch), s. [In Fi-. amhitio,! ;
Sp. anibicion ; Port, anibigao ; Itsd. am oizionc:
from Lat. amdilio = ambition ; ambio = to go
around, or go about ; and itio = a going, from
ire = to go. A going round, or going about
of candidates for office in ancient Rome.
AvihUio was considered a lawful kind of
canvassing ; while amhitus implied unlawful
effoi-ts to obtain an office ; as, for instance, by
bribery. ]
■^" 1. A going about to solicit or obtain any-
thing desirable, or to sound the praise of
one's own deeds.
"I on the other side
" Us'd no avibitio^i to commend my deeds ;
The deeds themselves, though mut<!. spoke loud
the doer." Milton : Samson Agon.
2, A desire for power, which one may seek
to gratify in a thoroughly unobjectionable
manner, but which, when strongly developed,
temiits one to adopt tortuous or tyrannical
courses with the view of removing obstacles
to the attainment of his wishes.
"... with afar fiercer and inure earnest anihi-
(j^i . , ."—Macaulay: Hist. JSng.,ch. ii.
"... ascendancy on the sea the gi'eat object of
their ambition." — ibid., ch, xxiiL
3. A desire for superiority or excellence in
any object of pursuit.
"The quick'ning power would be, and so would rest;
The sense would not be only, but be well ;
But wit's ambition lougeth to the best.
For it desires in endless bliss to dwell."— flciii/r'.!.
^ Amhltion is often used with the infinitive.
and sometimes with of before a noun ; occa-
sionally it is used in the plural.
" Like kings we lose the conquests gain'd Ijefore,
Ey vain ambition still to make them more."
Pope .• Essay on Cr^idsm, 64, 6ii.
" There was an ambition of wit, find an affectation
of gaiety." — Pope : Preface to Jiis Letters.
"WTiat aims and ambitions are crowded into this
little instant of our life . . ."—Po2)e: Letter to
AOdiaon (1713).
t am-bi'-tion, v.t. [From the verb. In Fr,
ambitionner ; Sp. &Port. ambicionar.} To seek
after with an eager desire to obtain.
"They wrought their fates by nobler ends, by
ambitioning higher honours." — Moral State of Eng-
land (1670), p. 16.
am-bi'-tion-less, «. [Eng. ambition; -lcss.~\
Without ambition. (Pollolc.)
am-bi'-tious, a. [In Fr. ambitieux, from
Lat. ambltios^is.]
I. LitsraUy. Of persons:
1, Desirous of acquiring power, rank, or
office.
" 4 at. Mark'd ye his words ? he would not take the
Therefore, 'tis certain, he was not arnbitious."
Shakesp. ; Julius C'cesar, iii. 2.
2. Desirous of gaining mental or other supe-
riority, or of achieving some great intellectual
feat from a higher motive than that of excell-
ing others.
"... Ainbitious &om\& —
"Whom earth, at this late season, has produced
To regulate the moving spheres, and weigh
The planets in the hollow of their hand.'
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iv.
1j It is sometimes followed by of idaced
before the object of ardent desire.
"... ambitious of the favour which men of dis-
tinguished bra-^-ery have always found in the eyes of
women." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
II. Fig. Of things :
1. Swelling or mounting up, like the desires
of an ambitious person.
"I have seen
Th' ambitious ocean swell and rage, and foam.
To be exalted with the threatening clouds."
SIvakesp. : Julius CcBsar, 1. 3.
2. Designed for display ; showy, pretentious.
3.xn-bi'-tious-ly, adv. [Eng. ambitious; -ly.]
In an ambitions manner, with eagerness of
desire after power, greatness, or any other
object believed to render one eminent among
liis fellows ; also ^vith the intention of display ;
pretentiously.
" With such glad hearts did our despairing men
Salute th' appearance of the prince's fleet ;
And each ambitiously would claim the ken.
That with first eyes did distant safety meet."
Dryden.
" And the noblest relics, proudest dust.
That Westminster, for Britain's glory, holds
Within the bosom of her awful pile,
Ambitiously collected. . . "
Wordstoorlh: Excursion, bk. vi.
t am-bi'-tious-ness, s. [Eng. ambitiom;
-ness. ] Ambition.
"... reigning here as gods vpon earth in am-
bltiousni3SS."—}iale : Image of Both Charches, pt. i.
am'-ble, '■" am'-bill, '■' am'-bule, v.i. [In
Fr. ambler; Sp. amhlar ; Ital. arribiare. From
Lat. ombulo = to go about, to walk.]
1. To adopt the pace called an amble. [See
the substantive.] Properly applied to a horse,
but sometimes also to its rider.
" Frequent in park with lady at his side,
Ambling and prattling scandal a.i he goes."
Cowper : The Task, bk. iL
2. To move easily, without hard shocks or
shaking.
" Orl. Who ambles time withal ?
Ilos. With a priest that lacks Latin, and a rich
man that hath not the gout, for the one sleeps esisily
because he cannot study, and the other lives merrily
because he feels no pain ; the one lacking the burden
of lean and wasteful learning, the other knowing no
burden of heavy tedious penury ; him time ambles
withal." — Shakesp. : Ax You Like It, iii. 2.
3. lAidicrotisly : To move with submission
and by direction, as a horse which ambles
uses an unnatural x^ace.
" A laughing, toying, wheedling, whimpering she.
Shall make him amble on a gosaip's message,
And take the distaff with a hand as patient
As e'er did Hercules." Howe : Jane Shore,
^m'-ble, ■ am'-bel, ^ aum'-bel, s. [From
the verb. In Fr. amhle; Sp. ambla ; Ital,
umbio.] The first pace adopted by young
colts, but which they quit on becoming able
to trot. In an amble, a horse simultaneously
moves the fore and hind leg on one side (say
the right), whilst those on the other stand
still. Then when the legs first moved are
again fast im the ground, the other two
are simultaneously moved forward. Riding-
masters discourage the pace, and limit the
horses which they train to the walk, the trot,
and the gallop. •
" His steede was al dappnl gray.
It gotli an ambel in the way."
Chaucer: C. T., 15,292-3.
" Such as have translated beting out of the old
hackney-pace to a fine easy amble."— Ben Joiison :
Every Man in his Humour.
am'-bler, "" am'-blere, s. [Eng. amble ; -ct-.]
A horse which has been taught to amble, a
pacer.
" A trotting horse is fit for a coach, hut not for a
lady's saddle; and an awbler is proper for a lady's
saddle, but not for a coach," — Howell : Lett., 1., v. 87
am-bli-5epli'-al-us, s. [Gr. afxfiXvs (amUns)
= blunt; Ke<pa\ri (kej^hale) = head.] A sub-
genus of Coluber, or snake ; or it may be
elevated into a distinct genus. The name
cannot be distinguished by the ear, but only
by the eye, from Amblycephalus, a genus of
insects, to which, of course, it has no affinity.
[CoLUBEB, Amblycephalus.]
* am'-blig-6n, s. [Amblygon".]
'- am-bli-go'-ni-al, <*. [Amblvgonal.]
axn-blmg, am'-blyng, pr. par., adj., & o.
[Amble, v.]
1. As participle or (po.rticipioX) adjective :
"An abbot on an ambling pad."
Tennyson : Tlie Lady of Shalott.
" 1 am rudely stampt, and want love's majesty,
To strut before a wanton ambling nymph."
Shakesp. : Itich. III., i. 1.
2. As substantive :
"... and this is true, whether they move tft
latera, that is, two legs of one side together, which is
tollutation or ambUng." — Sir T. Browne: Vulgar
Errours, iv. 6.
^m'-blmg-ly', adv. [Eng. ambling ; -ly. ]
With an ambling pace or gait. (Johnson.)
' ^m-blo'-sis, s. [Gv. afxffXwac; (amblosis).']
Abortion or miscarriage. (Glossograpjliia Nova,
2nded., 1719.)
am-blo'-tic, a. &-s. [Gr. afi(3\(aa-iq (amblosis)
= an aboi"tion.]
1. As adjective : Tending to cause abortion.
2. As substantive : A medicine designed to
cause abortion. (Glossogr. Nov.) (To admin-
ister any such to a pregnant woman is felony,
by the Act 24 & 25 Vict., c. 100, § 58.)
ani-bly-S,pli'-i-a, s. [Gr. afifiXv^ (amUns) =
(1) blunt, (2) dull ; a^^ (haphe) = Q.) ^ lin-
ing, (2) union, (3) touch ; ainw (hapto) = to
fasten, ... to touch.] Dulness or in-
sensibility of touch ; jihysic^l apathy.
am-bly-9eph'-al-us, s. [Gr. afx/JXC? (avi-
bliis) = blunt, and K^4)a\^ (kephoJ,e) = head ]
A genus of insects of the order Homoptera,
and the family Cercopidse. The A. int^r-
mptus, the Hop-frog, or Froth-fly, breeds in
May, and in July and August is found in
numbers in hop plantations, where it does
damage by sucking the sap from the plants.
[Amblicephalus.]
t am'-blyg-on, * am'-blig-on, s [Gr.
a.fj.(B\v<!(aniblus):= blunt, obtuse ; ^oJi^ia (gonia)
= a corner, an angle.] An obtuse-angled
triangle.
^ The form avibligon is in Dyche's Diet.
(1758).
t am-blyg -on-al, ^ am-bli-go'-ni-al, u.
[From Eng. amblygon; -al.] Pertaining to an
obtuse angle ; containing an obtuse angle.
T[ The form avibligonial is in Glossogra.pliia
Nova, 2nd ed. (1719) ; Dyche's Diet. (1758).
am-blyg'-6n-ite, s. & a. [In Ger. ambligonit.
From Gr. oL/x(3A.vyt6i'tos (amb'lngoiiios) = having
obtuse angles ; a|Li/3Au? (amblns) = blunt, ob-
tuse, and -ytofia (gonia) — a corner, an angle ;
suff. -ite (Mi?i.) (q. V.).]
A. As substantive: A green, white, grayish,
or brownish-white mineral, consisting of
phosphoric acid, 47-58 to 56W; alumina,
35-69 to 36-88 ; lithia, 6-68 to 9-11 ; soda, 3-29 ;
potassa, 0-43; and iron, S'll. It is usually
massive, but sometimes columnar. Wheii
crystallised it is triclinic. It varies from
sub-transparent to translucent. It occurs in
Saxony, Norway, and the Uniteil States.
gate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, thdre ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, ru-e, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; de = e. qu = kw.
amblyopia—anibry
Mi. As adjectii-e : Dana has an Ainblygonite
grouj! uf minerals, the seventh of the nine
Vifhith he classtis under Anhydrous Phosxihates
and Arsenates.
&ni-bly-6p'-i-a, s. [Amblyopy.]
am-bly-ops'-i-dsB, s. pi. [Fi-om amhlyopsls
(q.v.).] A family of fishes belonging to the
sub-order Pliysostomata and its Abdominal
section. It uuntains only a small blind tish
' A iiihhio'psU spekcus), found in the ciives of
North America.
am-bly-op'-sis, &. [Gr. aii^\Cq (amUus) =
(1) blunt, (2) dull of sight ; and 6ii/*s (opsLs) =
loolc, iipiiearance.] The tyitieal genus of the
Amblyopsidte (ri.v.).
am-bly-6p-y, ^ am-bly-d'-pi-a, * am-
bll-6'-pi-a, s. [Gr. a.n/3\u>^ (ambld2Js) or
d/t^AwTTos (avibWpos) = dim, bedimmed, dark ;
afj.fi\vq (ambhis) =■ . . . dim, and w\}j (dps)
= the eye, face, or countenance.] Weakness
of aight not proceeding from opacity of the
irornea, or of the interior of the eye. It is of
two kinds — absolute and relative. Absolute,
l)roduced by old age or disease ; relative, as
in near and far-sightedness, strabismus, &c.
^ The form ambliopia occurs in Glossogra-
pkia Nova, 2nd ed. (1719).
Sjn-blSrp'-ter-iis, s. [Gr. aiJL^\6^ (amblus) =
blunt ; and -mepov (pteroii) = a feather, a wing ;
anything like a wing, a fin, for example.] A
genus of fishes, found in the Carboniferous
formation. In 18.04 Morris enujuerated three
siieuies from ycotkmd, and one from Ireland.
am-bly-rh^'-clius, s. [Gr. i/i/3A vs (amblus)
= blunt; and py7xot (;rhniighvs) = ii snout or
muzzle, a beak, a bill ; pv^^w (rliuzeo) or pu^a
(r/tit-;o) = to growl or snarl.] A genus of lizards,
of the family Igaanidae. The A. cristatus, dis-
i^overed by Mr. Darwin, found in Galapagos,
is an ugly animal, three, or sometimes fom-
feet long, which lives on the beach, and occa-
sionally swims out to sea. (Darwin : Voyage
itountl the World, ch. xvii.)
am-blys'-to-ma, a. [Ajibystoma.]
am-bly-iir'-us, s. [Gr. aM/SXi'-s (amblus) —
blunt; oL-pa (o«7-a) = tail.] Agenus of lepidoid
tislies. A. macrostonvus is found in the Englisli
lias.
am'-bo (pi. am'-bo^, am-bo'-nes), s.
[Fr. & Ital. aiiibone ; Gr. ifx^uiu (amhon),
genit. uiJ./3(iivor (ambdiius) = iuiy rising, as of
a hill ; in later Greek, a raised stage, a pulpit,
or reading-desk. From avu/Balvu) (aiiahaind)
= to go up ; avd (ana) = up, and /3aivtn(bat)w)
= to go. Ambo is cognate with the Latin
iiniho, genit. (n/i6u/u6' := a convex elevation; a
hi IMS, as of a shield.]
[ cl \i ill "to re Tng lesk ' thee Iv
ai 1 1 It U m al 1 1 S et a tl cie
wno two ambones, one for reading the Gospel,
and the otlier for reading the epistle ; but in
must cases one sufficed. (Gloss, of Arch.)
"The principal use of this ambo was to read the
Scriptures to the people, especially the epistles and
Kospels. They read the gospel there yet, and not at
tlie altar. '—^r 6. yVTieler: Des. of Anc ChurcJies,
p. 78.
" The admirers of antiquity have been beating their
braiiia about their atnbonen." —Miltoti • lief, in Jinq.
bk. i.
Am-b6^-na, s. & a. [One of the Molucca
Islands ; also its capital.]
A ^ adjective. Amboyna wood: The wood of
Plcrospemiuiii Iiidlciim, one of the Byttneriads.
am-bread'-a, s. [In i-'r. amhre = ambcj'.]
A kind of fictitious amber sold by Europeans
to the natives of Africa.
am-bri'-na, s. [Apparently fmui Fr. ambre,
referring to the ai-omatic odoui- of the several
sitecies.] A genus of plants belonging to the
order Chenopodlacea;, or Ghenopods. The A.
aiLtliehtibitica, called in North America "Worm-
seed Oil, Ih powerfully anthelmintic. The A.
('iiili,i>m)Ulc,-^, or Mexican tea, and A. botnjs,
possess an essential oil, which renders them
tonic and anti-spasmudic. (Liiidlcy : Veg.
Kingd., p, 513.)
am'-brite, s. [Fr, amW: = amber (?), and
bulf. -Ue.]
Mill. : A mineral, chissed by Dana under
his Oxygenated Hydrocarbons. Compos. :
Carbon 7(i-38 ; hydrogen 10-88; oxygen 12-70,
and ash '19. It is yellowish-gray, sub-trans-
Ijarent, occuiTiiig in the province of Auck-
land, New Zealand, in masses as large as
the liuman heads. It is often exported witii
the resin (kauri -gum) of Daiinnura Australii:,
which it mucli resembles. [Kauri.]
am-brd'-si-a, * am'-bro-^ie, * am'-bro^e,
s. [In Dan., Ger., Sp., Port., & Ital. ambro-
sia; Fr. ambroisie, \ambrosie; Dut. umbro-
syii ; Lat. ambrosia, all from Greek ayj.)3pocrta
("iiibrosla), from a, negative, and /SpoTos =
moiial = ^1) the food or the drink of the gods ;
literally, immortal food ; suitposed to give
immortality to all who partook of it ; (-2) a
mixture of water, oil, and various fruits used
in religious rites ; (3) Mad. , a perfumed
draught or salve ; (4) a plant (Aiid)rosia vutri-
tlma). In Sanse. amriti is — the elixir of im-
raox'tality.] (Liddell di Scott.)
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Lit : The fabled food of the gods, as
nectar was the imagined drink.
" And ijour'd divine aniJ>rosia in his breast,
With nectar sweet (refection of the eoda !)."
Pope : Homer's Iliaii, bk. xix, 3"5-6.
■' . . . gorgeous frescoes which represented the
^rods at theu" oanquet of ajn^rccla." — Macaiday .
J/int. Eng., ch. xxiv.
II. Figuratively :
1. Whatever is very pleasiint to the taste or
the smell.
" The coco, another excellent fruit, wherein we find
better than tlie outside promised ; yielding a quart of
ambrosle, coloured like new white wine, but far more
aroiii.atick fciated."— A'i;* T. Herbert: Travels, p. 29.
" Her golden lockea that late in tresses bright
Enibreaded were for hindring of her haste,
Now luoae about her shoulders hong undight.
And were with sweet ambrosia all oeaprinckled
light." Sp,.;m-> : F. Q., III., vi. 18.
2. Certain alexipharmic compositions.
3. A fragrant plant ; a wild sage.
" At flrat amhrose it selfe wiis not sweeter.
At last black helleljore was not so bitter."
Burton: Anat. <^ Melaru, iiL 2.
B. Technically :
Botany : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Asteraceie, or Comi)o.sites. They are
mostly annual weeds, of no beauty, which
derive their name from Wv, fact that when
bruised they emit an agreeable smell. None
are British ; their habitat being Southern
Europe, Africa, India, and North and Soutli
America.
t ain-Dro'-gi-ac, a. [Lat. am&rosiacits.] Am- •
bi'osial.
" A-mArosiac odour for the smell."
Ben Jonson : Poetaster, iv. a
am-br6'-§i-al, a. [Derived cither from Eng.
ambrosia, or from Gr. afifipoa-to^ (anibrnsios)
= ihimortal, divine, and so = divinely beau-
tiful or excellent.]
1. Consisting of, or containing, the fabled
ambrosia.
*■ There stopp'd the car, and there the coursers stood
Fed by fair Iris with ambrosial food."
Pope: ffomer's Iliad, bk. v., 459-60.
2. Ha\nng, really or presumably, the ta.'.ti
or fragrance of ambrosia.
" And all amid them stood the tree of life.
High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit."
Milton: P. /.., bk. iv.
" . . . Of their ainbrosial food
CiLU you not borrow? , , ."
TJiomson: Auttmin.
" Thus while God spake, ainbrosial fragrance flll'd
All heaven . . ."—MiUon: P. £., bk. ill
'• The bath renew'd, she ends the pleasing toil
With plenteous unction of ambrosial oil."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 5B5-90.
3. With the sense of divinely or lastingly
beautiful or excellent (der. 2). As trauski-
tion of Gr. a;i/ip6c7io5.
" &hakes bis a>nbrosial curls, and gives the nod."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. i., 684.
1[ The modern use of the word seems to
vary bt-twecu, and to a '.■eit;iiii extent blend,
meanings '2 and 3, bo that it is difiiciilt always
to say which uf the two senses predominates.
" But the solemn oak-tree sigheth.
Thick-leaved, ambrosia'."
T< ";./■<.» Clurtbel, L 7.
" The broad ambrotial aibles ol lofty lime
Made noise with bees and breeze from end to end.'
2'ennysoii : Princess. (Prol.)
sm-bro'-si-al-lsT, odv. [Eng. amhiosiai]
After the manner of ambrosia ; with a sweet
taste or a delicious perfume.
" He smiled, and opening out his milk-wliite palm.
Disclosed !i fruit of pnre Hesperian gold
That smelt ambrosially." Tennyson: (Enonc.
t aioa-bro'-^i-an, a. [Eng. ambrosla.'i The
same as Ambrosial (q.v.).
'And swim imto Elysium's lily fields ;
There in ambrosian trees I'll xylite a theme
Of all the woeful sighs my sorrow yields."
Song in the Seven Chatnp. qf Christendmn.
Am-bro'-gi-an, n. [Named after Ambrose,
who was born about A.D. 340, became Bisliop
of Milan in 374, and died in 397.] Pertaining
to Ambrose.
Avibrosiati Chant: A mode of singing or
chanting introduced by Ambi'ose of Milan.
It was more monotonous than the Gregorian
chant.
Ambrosian office, rite, or use : A form of
worship introduced by Ambrose at Milan, and
which was afterwai'ds successfully maintained
against the papal effort to exchange it for
another.
am'-bro-^in, s. [Fi-om Ambrose, Bishop of
]Milan.] [Ambrosian.]
Numls. : A coin struck in mediiBval times
l)y the dukes of Milan, on which Ambrose
was represented on horseback holding in liis
right iKind a whip.
3,m'-br6-type, s. [From Gr. a^jSporog (am-
hri.to<) = imiiiurtal, and ruiro? (titpios) =tyjn'.]
A kind of photographic ])icture on glass, in
which the lights ai'e represented in silver, and
the shades are produced by ■ a dark back-
ground visible through the unsilvered glass.
amj^br^, * ^m'-bi^e, * aum'-br^, * aum'~
ber, * am'-ber, * aum'-er-y, ' aum'-ry,
''a,l'-mar-y, *S,l'-mer-y, s. [In Fr. nrmoire
= a cupboard ; Sp. & Port, armnrio, almario ;
Ital. armaria, arniadio=.a. press, a chest ; tier.
a?jftfir = a cupboard ; Media;v. Lat. idiuanoUim
(Class. Lat. armariolum) =: a. little. I'liest or
closet, a small book-case ; Mediaev. Lat. al-
marium (Class. Lat. a^inarium) := a. place for
tools ; hence a chest for clothing, money, &c. ;
f(rma = tools, implements. In the Middle
Al;vs, according to Ducange, bookcases and
libiaries were called armaria.]
1. Gen. : A cupboard or a chest, specially
one designed to contain the tools, implements,
vessels, or books needed for one's profession
(ft) The nic;he or cupboard near the altar in
a church, designed to hold the utensils re-
quisite for conducting worship, or otluiwise
be convenient to the officiating priests, ^^onie-
times the anibiy is a hollow space within the
wall itself, at others it is a wooden box affixed
to the sui-face of the AvaU. Ambries -wt-re also
placed in monasteries for the convenience of
the monks. (See examples ih Globs. of Arch.)
(b) A cupboard, cabinet, or case for keeping
the most needful books of a student, or any-
thing similar.
boil, bo^; poiit, j<S^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon. exist. ph = £
-tlon, -sion, -tiouu, -cioun = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c = b§l, d^L
166
ambsace— ambustiinent
" Aliruirioluiiv. a lytell almary or a cotaborde.
Scrinium, Anglice, almeri/."— Prompt. Pnrv.
"All my lytell boltes I putt lu almeries {scrinils
chnrtophilacils, forulis, vel armariis), all my greatter
l;okib I put In my lyberaiy," — Prompt. Parv.
(c) A close press or ouptioarcl for keeping
cold Nictuals, bread, &c. (0. Eng. & Seoteli.)
"The only furniture, excepting a waahiug-tub and
a wooden press, called in Scotland au ambry." — 'Scott :
Waverley, ch. xxxvii.
(d) A safe for keeping meat.
" Ahnery of mete kepynge, oi- a saue for mete.
Cibutum. " — Prompt. Parv.
"Almery, aumbry to put nieate in, unes almoires."
—Palstf. '(Pro7n.pt. Parv.)
2. Less properly: Tlie place wliere an al-
moner lives, and where alms are distributed ;
an almonry ; the similarity of sound between
this and an almery causing the two words to
be confounded. Nor is the error much to
be lamented, since alms previous to distribu-
tion were often kept in an almery, or cup-
board. [Almonry.]
3. A chronicle, an archive. [Armary.]
"These same thingis weren born in discripciouns
and tlie aimeWes [comment ariis, Vulg,]of Neemye." —
Wyclilfe: 2 Mace. ii. 13.
d,mbs'-a9e, ame^i'-age, s. [Lat. amho =
both, and Eng. ace.] A double ace, the term
applied when two dice turn up the ace.
"I had rather be in this choice, than throw ambs-ace
for lay life."— Matesp. ; All's Well that A'/ids Well, ii. 3.
* am -"bU-Tbey, s. [Deriv. uncertain.] A kind
of wild endive (?).
"A kinde of M'ild endive, like avibubey." — ^oinen-
clator (1535-). (Halliwell : C'ontr. to Lexicog.)
S,m-bu-la-crar'-i-a, 5. [From amhulacmm
(q.v.).] A name given to the groups or series
of the coronal pieces in an echinus, which are
perforated. (Griffith's Cuvier, vol. xii., p. 541.)
am-tou-la'-criiin (pi. am-bu-la'-cra), s.
[Lat. anibidacruni — a walk planted with trees ;
from aniMdo — to walk, ]
Zool. Plur. : Ain^iilacra are the perforated
spaces arranged in regular lines from the apex
to the base of an Echinus, or Sea-urchin.
Through these, when the animal is li'\'ing, the
tubular feet or tentacles are protruded.
am'-bu-lan9e, .^. [Fr. In 'Povt. amUdanda.]
An Invention made in France by Baron Percj'
for removing wounded men from the battle-
field. It consists of covered wagons on
springs, in which the wounded and sick may
be conveyed, without much jolting, to the
rear of an array, to obtain the surgical and
other aid which they require.
Sjn'-bu-lant, a. [In Fr. & Ital. ambulant ;
Port, amhtikmte ; Lat. ambulans, pr. par, of
anibido = to go about, to walk.] Walking.
Ambulant brokers at Amsterdam are those
brokers or exchange agents who, though trans-
acting brokerage business, j'"et cannot give
valid testimony in a law court, not having
been sworn before the magistrate.
Her. : Ambulant signifies walking, and eo-
ambidant walking together.
t ani-bu-late» v.i, [Lat, amhulattim, supine
of. avibulo^to walk backwards and forwards.]
To walk, especially to walk backwards and
forwards. {Eng. & Scotch.)
"I half ambulate ou Pamasao the mountain." —
Ever-Green, vol. ii., p. 65.
3jn-bu-la'-tion, s. [Lat. ambtdatio.] The
act of walking.
"From the occult and invisible motion of the
muscles in station, proceed more offensive lassitudes
than from a^nbulation." — Browne : Vulgar Errours.
^m'-bll-la-tive, a. [Eng. ambulate; -ive.
In Sp* ambulativo.] Walking. (Sherioood..)
S-m'-bu-la-tor, s. [Lat. m. = (1) one who
walks' about ; (2) a costennonger. ]
Roa.d surveying : An instrument for measur-
ing distances. The same as Perambulator.
am'-bu-la-tor-3^, a. & s. [in Fr. ambula-
toire; Port. & Ital. ambulatorio. Prom Lat.
ambulatorius = (1) movable, (2) suitable for
walking.]
A, As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Possessing the power of walking.
"The ^adient, or ambulatory, are such as ret^uire
some basis or bottom to uphold them in their motious;
such were those self-moving statues which, unless
violently detained, would of themselves run away," —
£p. Wilklns . Math. Maffick.
2. Pertaining to a walk : met "with upon a
walk ; obtained while walking.
" He was sent to conduct hither the princess, of
whom his majesty had an ambulatory view m his
travels. " — Wotton.
3. Moving from place to place ; movable.
" His comicil of state went ambulatory always with
him." — IIowcIl : Letters, i., 2, 24.
" Religion was establi'ihed, and the changing ambu-
latory taberuacle fixed into a standing temple."—
South : Sermons, vii. 288.
II. Technically :
1. Ornith. : Fitted for walking. (Used of
birds with three toes before and one behind—
the normal aiTangement. Opposed to scan-
sorial = fitted for climbing, having two toes
before and two behind.)
2. Law :
*(o.) An ariibulatory court is one which is
moved from place to place for the trial of
causes.
* (&) An ombidatory will is one which may
be revoked at any time during the lifetime of
the testator.
B, As substantive :
Arch. : A place to walk in, such as a cor-
x'idor or a cloister. It is called also deambu-
AMBULATOIiY.
latory or ambulacrum. Barret defines it as
"the ov^rmost part of a wall, within the
battlements whereof men may walk."
"Parvis is mentioned as a court or portico before
the church of Notre Dame at Paris, in John de Meun's
XJart of the Roman de la ii,ose. The word is supposed
to be -jfintracted from Paradise. This perhaps signified
an ambulatory. Many of our old religious houses had
a place called Paradise."— IfartoJi ; Hist, of Ena
Poetry, i. 453.
3,m-bur'-i-a, s. [Lat. o.mburo = to burn
around, to 'scorch.] A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Chenopodiacete, or
Chenopods. A. anthelmintica, a native of
North America, furnishes the anthelmintic
called Wormseed Oil. Other species also fur-
nish volatile oils used in medicine.
am'-biir-y. an'-bur-y, s. [Possibly con-
nected with A.S. ampre, ampore = a. crooked
swelling vein. Webster asks if it may come
from Lat. umbo = the navel, or from Gr.
a^(3wv (ambon) = a rising, a hill, the rim of a
dish, &c.]
Farriery: A wort on a horse's body, full of
blood, and soft to the touch.
am-biis-ca'de, ^ am-biis-ca'-dd, s [Fr
embuscade; Sp. & Port, emboscada; Ital. em-
boscata. From Fr, embusquer (t.) ; Sp. em-
boscar (t.), emboscarse (i.) ; Port, emboscar (t.) ;
Ital. imboscare (i.), the transitive verb%= to
place m ambush ; the intransitive = to lie
concealed in bushes : em, im = Eng. in ; and
Fr. buisson, bosquet— s. clump of thorny shrubs
or bushes ; Sp. & Port, basque = a wood, a
grove ; Ital. boscata = a grove, boseo = a wood,
a forest.]
1. The military device of lying concealed
among bushes, trees, or in some similar place,
with the view of waiting for a foe, and then
suddenly attacking him when he does not
suspect danger to be near ; an ambush.
(a.) Lit. In military life :
" ^o^^times she di-iveth o'er a soldier's neck,
And then di-eams he of cutting foreign throats,
VI breaches, ambu^eadoes, Spanish blades."
Shakesp. ; Jiomeo and Juliet, i. 4.
. " .-^mbuscades and surprises were among the ordinary
incidents ol-wa.i:."—Afacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
{b) Fig. In civil life :
" In civil as in military affairs, he loved ainbJiscades.
surprises, night atta<;ks.''— J/araw/ny .■ JTist. Euff.. ch.
2. The place where the soldiers and others
lie in wait.
" Then waving high her torch, the signal made.
Which roua'd the Grecians from their ambiincade."
JJruden.
t 3. The soldiers or others lying in wait.
Fig., lurking peril.
" What deem ye of my path way-laid,
My life given o'er to amhvscade f"
Scott : Lady of th^ LaJcc, v. 8.
^ To lay an arabuscoAe (v.t.)=r-to lay an
ambush. [Ambush. ]
To lie in ambuscade (v.i.) =^ to lie in ambush.
[Ambqsh.]
" When I behold a fashionable table set out, I fancy
that gouts, fevers, and lethargies, with iunuiticrable
distempers, lie in ambuscade among the dishes." —
A dditoii.
&m-bus-ca'de, * am-bus-ca'-do, v.t & i.
[From the substantive.]
A, Trans. : To place in ambush ; to attack
from a covert or lurking-place.
"By the way, at Eadgee Mahal, he was with such
fury assaulted by Ebrahimcan (by this time re-
encouraged and here am.buscado'd with six thousand
horse), tliat Httle wanted of putting him to the rout."
—Sir T. Herbert : Travels, p. 85.
B. Intrans. : To lie in ambush.
aim-bus-ca'-ding, pr. par. [Ambuscade, v.]
"An ironic man, with his sly stillness, and ambus-
cading ways . . . ' — C'arlyle: Sartor Resai-tun, bk.
li., ch. iv.
am'-bush, * em'-biish, s. [From Fr. em-
6uo/te — ambush, em&i(5Qi(^r = to lie in ambush;
properly, to lie in a wood.] [AjIbuscade.]
1. The state of lyiug or remaining concealed
in a wood, in a clump of trees, or in any
similar lurking-place, "sdth the view of sur-
prising a foe. {Lit. & fig.)
" ("Tiarge 1 charge ! their ground the faint Taxallans
Bold 111 close ambush, base in open field." [yield,
Dryden : hidian Em.peror.
2. The act of attacking a foe from such a
place of concealment.
" Nor shall we need.
With dangerous expedition, to in-\'ade
Heav'n, whose high walls fear no assault or siege,
Or ambusli from the deep." Milton : P. L., bk, ii.
3. The place where the party in concealment
lies hid. (See No. 1.)
" Then the earl maintained the fight ; but the enemy
intending to draw the English further into their
ambush, turned away at an easy pace." — Hayward.
4. The soldiers or others lying in wait.
(a) Lit. : With the aliove meaning.
" And the am6Hs7[ arose quickly out of their place,
and they ran as soon as he had stretched put his
hmid."— Josh, viii, la
(b) Fig. : Unseen peril.
" file Mars inspired to turn the foe to flight.
And tempt tne secret ambush of the night. "
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xiv., 253-4.
^ To lay an anibush : To place soldiers or
other combatants in a suitable spot wlience
they may surprise an enemy.
" Lay thee an ambush for the city behind it." —
Joshua viii. •!.
"'Tw.^3 their own comuiand,
A dreadful ambush for the foe to lay."
Pojje : Homer; Odyssey xiv. 529-30.
To lie in ambush : To lie concealed in such
a place till the time for action arrives.
"And he took about five thousand men, and set
them to lie in arnbush between Betli-el and Ai, on the
west side of the city."— JosA. viii. 12.
am'-biish, * em'-bush, v.t. & i. [From the
substantive.]
1. Trans. : To place in ambush ; to cause to
lie in wait.
" When Ilion in the horse receiv'd her doom.
And unseen armies am.bztsh'd in its womb."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xi., 039-40.
If Reciprocally : To conceal one's self.
" What council, nobles, have we now ?—
To ambush us in greenwood bough."
Scott : Lord of the Jsles, v. 16.
2. Intrans. : To lie in wait, as soldiers for
their enemy, or an assassin for his victim.
% The use of the word as a verb is almost
entirely confined to poetry,
am'-bushed, j^a. par. [Ambush, r.i,]
" The soft and smother'd step of those that fear
Surprise from ambush'd foes."
Heinans: The Last Constantine, 80,
*' Haste, to our ambush'd friends the news convey."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xti., 365.
am'-bush-ing, pr. 2JC'r. [Ambush, v.]
t am'-bush-taent, * em'-bush-ment,
em'-busse-ment, * em'-bo^sse-
ment, "^^ bussh'-ment, o. [Eng. ambush;
-»M'n^] An ambush (q v.).
f&te, f^t, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father; we. wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work. who. son ; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian, se. oe = e. ey = a. ew = iL
amDust— amend
167
"But Jeroboam caufied an amfjushment to come
about behind them : so they were before Judah, and the
wmbushmeTit woa behind them,"— 2 C'hron, xiii. is.
" Saw not nor heard the ambiishme?U."
Scott : Jiokeby, iv, 27.
* arin-bust, a. [Lat. amhustus, pa. \yAv. of
amburo = to bui'n around, to scorch ; from
pref. am& = about, and uro = to Xium.] Burnt,
scalded. (Johnson .)
am-bus'-ti-on, s. [L;it. amhustio = a. burn :
from amb^iro.] A barn or scald. {Cockeram.)
S.iii-*bys'-to-ma, s. [Gr. a/j.)3Au? (amhlvs)^
blunt, and o-tojilu (stonui) = moutli.]
Zool. : A niiswriting for Amblystoma, a
large genus nf tailed batrachians, which
undergo remarkable transformations. [Sire-
don.]
*a.iTift, s. [Fr. Ci-nie = soul, iniad, from Lat.
anuria; Dut. adem.] The spirit.
" '['hilt alle thia werde it is fulfllde
0£ the aiJie. iind of the sineUe."
J/y , Col. Med. Edinb. (Boucher.)
* ame, v. (l pers. sing. pres. indie). [Am.]
* a^ne,^^^ [Ger. ahmen; Bavarian a7?i&», hdvien
= to gauge a cask, fathom, measure.] [See
ex.] To place. (Early Emj. Text Soc.)
"I compast hem a kynde crafte and kende hit hem
deme,
And ained hit in myn ordeuauuce oddely dere."
Alliterative Poems ; Cleanness {e(\. Morris), 697-8.
* ame, v.t. & i. taim.]
*aine, s. [Alm ]
am-e-toe'-an. An incnn-ect spelling of Amce-
ByEAN" (q.V.).
a-meer', a-mir', meer, mir, s. [Hindus-
tani.] An Indian title of nobility.
"Sepniate trestties were entered into with the
Khyriioreaud Kyi\iiniba.d Ameers."— Cnlcurtn IWoiow,
vol. 1., p. 2->7.
ameer ocl omrah, or amir ul otnra^
s. Noble of nobles, lord of lords.
a-meer'-ship, s. [Eng. ameur ; ship.] The
office or dignity of an ameer (q.y.).
* a-me'ise, a-me'ss, a-me'ys, a-me'is,
v.t. [O.F. ome^ir, arnaiRlr = to pccify.] To
mitigate, to appease. (SQotch.)
"But othyr lordis that war him by
jlmeissyi the king , . ."— flHr&our, xvi. IM.
t Sm-eit', s. [Amice.] (Scotch.)
a-mei'-va, s. [An American Indian word.]
* A genus 'of lizards, the typical one of the
family Ameividic. The species are elegant
and inoffensive lizards which abound in the
West Indies.
_ a-mci'-vi-dse, s. pi. [From arM,iva (q.v.).]
' A family of lizards which in the New World
represent the Lacertidaj of the Eastern hemi-
sphere. One, the Telus teguexiv, is about
six feet in length.
^^m'-el, ' am'-il, *au'-mail, *au'-mayl
(Eng% a-mal'-ye (Scotch), v.t. [In H\v.
amelera; Dan. evlailere ; Dut. emailleereii ;
Gei". emailliren; Fr. emailler ; Sp. & Port.
esvmltar; Ital. sinaUar& — to enamel, to cover
over with mortar ; smalto = cement, mortar,
basis, ground, pavement, enamel.] [Enamel.
Smelt, Melt.] To enamel.
' ' Ajid her straight legs moat bravely were embayld
lu gilden buskins of costly cordwayiie,
All bard with golden beiides, which were eutayld
With curious antickes, uud full foyne auynayld."
Hpemer: y. y„ II iji. 27.
* am' -el. * Sjn'-mel, ^ ^m'-mell,
* am -all. au-mail (Eng.), a'-maiile,
* a'-mal (6'coic/t)) s. [Amel, v.\ Enamellinr-
enamel."
"The materials of glass melted with calcined tin
comiiose an uudiaphanouB body. This white amel is
the basis of all those fine concretes that goldsmiths
and artificers employ in the curious art of eiuimelling."
—Soi/le on Colours.
" Heavn's richest dinuionds, set in mnel white."
Fletcher : Purple IsL, x. 33.
" Marke how the payJe is curiously inchased.
In these our daies such workes are seldome found.
The handle with such anticks is imbraced.
As one would thinck they leapt above the ground ;
The nrrnnell is so faire and fresh of hew.
And to this day it seemeth to be new."
An Ould-facioned Love, by J. T. (1594).
a.na-el-an'-chi-er, s. [From aTnelancier,
the old Savoy name of the medlar.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Po-
macesb, or Apple-worts. It resembles Pyrus,
but has ten cells in the ovary. The species
are small trees indigenous in Europe and
North America. N(me are wild in Britain,
but the A. vulgaris, or Common Amelanchier,
has long been cultivated in England, some-
times attaining the height of twenty feet
A. hutryapium is the grape-pear of North
America.
am'-el-corn, s. [Probably from Lat. a-mylum,
amidum ; Gr. a/xuXov (amnion) ~ starch. Or,
according to some, from 0. Eng. aniell = be-
tween, and corn, because it is of a middle size
between wheat or barley. " Olyra, -se, f. , rice,
oramelcom." (Coles : Lat. Diet., 1772.) " Amel-
eorn, Triti cum amy lium , olyra , amylium. "
(Ihid.) Fr. scourgenn — amel-corn, or stsirch-
corn.J A wild or degenerate wlieat, which is
sown in the spring, and, being ground, yieldb
a very white, but very light and little-nourish-
ing meal. (Cotgrave.)
a-me'-U-or-a-ble, s [Eng. aTnelioiiott');
snff. -oMe.] Capable of being ameliorated.
(Webster.)
a-me'-li-or-ate, v.t & i. [Fr. ameliorer:
from Lat. meUoro — to make better ; vielior =
better.]
1. Trans. : To make better ; to better, to
improve.
" In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate
his ownconditivn."— Jfacaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. iii.
2. Intrans.: To grow better; to improve.
(Webster.)
TT ADieliorate, though now thoroughly in
use, is not in Dyche's Diet. (1758), nor in
Johnson's last edition (1773), nor in Sheridan
(4th ed., 1797). It appears as a nev/ word in
Todd's Johnson (2nd ed., 1S27).
a-me'-li-or-a-ted, pa. par. [Ameliorate.]
a-me'-li-or-a-ting, pr. par., a., & s.
[Ameliorate.]
a-me-li-or-a'-tion, s. [Fr. amelioration ;
Lat. melioratio.] The act or process of
making bettei', or the state of being made
better ; improvement.
"There is scarcely any posBible amelioration of
human affairs which would not, among its other
benefits, have a favourable operation," — J. S. .Mill.
Polit. Econ. (1848), bk. i., ch, xii., § ;J.
a-me'-li-or-a-tdr, s. [Eng. ameliorate; -or.]
One who ameliorates.
". . . but dishonest ' ameliorators' a.r9 far more
anxious to break up the Ottoman Empire by their
'improvements' than to benefit its inhabitants." —
Dailij Telegraph, lath Dec, 1877.
a-mel', * a-mell'. prep. [In Sw. emellan ;
Dan. imellem.] Between. (Boucher.)
^ d.m'-ell. s. [Amel.]
a-mel'-le-flB, s. pi. [From ameUiis (q.v,).] A
sub-tribe of Asteroidese, which again is a tribe,
of Tubuliflorous Composites.
^m'-elled. j"^- P'^''- & «• [Amel, v.] En-
amelled.
". , . thiue amell'd ahote."— Phillips : Past. , 2.
" So doth his [the jeweller's] hand iuchase in am-
meWrfgold," — 9. Chapman on Ji. Jonson's " Sejanus."
a-mel'-liis, s. [A plant mentioned by Virgil.
* It is the purple Italian Star-wort, Aster
amellus, Linn, ] A genus of plants, the type of
the AmeUeje (q.v.). A. Lychnites, villosvs, and
spinulosiLS, have been introduced into Britain.
a-men. or a-men,«tO'.. s-, & adv. or int^rj.
[In Sw., Dan., Dut, Ger., Fr., Sp., & Port.
amen; Ital, ammen, ainmene ; Later Lat, amen ;
Gr. i/ivt/ (am^n) : all from Heb. pM (amen), a
verbal adj. = fii-ra, trustworthy ; also a noun
= trust, faith ; and an adv, = certainly, truly :
from ]Q« (avian) = to be energetic, firm, or
strong. In the passive, to be firm, trust-
worthy, or certain. In Isa. Ixv. 16, the words
rendered "God of truth" are, literally, "God
of amen." In the N. T. "verily" is the
rendering of '^fiijv (Amen).']
A. As adjective: Firm, certain, trustworthy;
deserving of all confidence.
" For all the promises of fiod in him are yea, and in
him Anien . . ." — 2 Cor. i 2i>.
B. As substantive : The faithful one ; the
true one. "These things saith the Amen,
the faithful and true Witness," Rev. iii 14
Though in the passage in English, Amen is
clearly a substantive, yet, properly speaking,
it is the Hebrew ad.i. amen, and is designed
to be synonymous with the words " faithful "
and " true," which succeed it in the verse.
C. As adverb or interj. : S<> belt. Slay i-l,
be as has been asked, said, or promised.
"And therefore I say. Amen, So be it " — Ch. Cate-
chism.
" Even the prophet Jeremiah said. Amen ■ the Lord
do so : the Lord perform thy words which thou hast
prophesied . . ." — Jer. xxviii. 6.
Used (a) at the end of prayers.
"For thine is the kingdom, and the ixiwer, aud the
glory, forever. Amen.' — Matt. vi. ly.
Tl To render it more emphatic it is some-
times reduplicated.
" Blessed be the Lord God of Israel from everlasting,
and to everlasting. Amen, aud Amen." — Ps. xli, 13.
(&) At the end of imprecations.
" Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his
mother. And all the people shall say, Am,en." — DezU.
xxvii, 16,
(c) After thanksgivings.
"Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how
shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say
A men at thy giving of thanks, seeing he imderstandeth
not what thou sayest! " — 1 Cor. xiv, 16.
(d) After prophecies, the fulfilment of which
is eagerly sought.
"He which testifieth these things saith. Surely I
come quickly. Ainen. Even so, come, Lord JeBUS." —
Jiev. xxii, 20.
(e) In assent to commands gi\en forth by
legitimate authority. When David issued
orders that Solomon should be proclaimed
sovereign, "Benaiah the son of Jehoiada
answered the king, and said. Amen : the
Lord God of my lord the king say so too."
(1 Kings i. 36.)
a-men-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. amenable, and
suff. -ity ] The state of being amenable to
^ui'isdiction ; liability to answer any charges,
if any be brought. (Coleridge.)
a-men'-a-ble, a. [Fr. amener = to bring,
conduct ; introduce, f^use ; induce, bring to;
(jiai((.) = to haul down : amene, s,, summons,
call of authority, citation, order to appear ;
m/mer = to lead, conduct, drive, command,
. . . : from Lat. nrf = to ; viamis = hand.]
[Demean.]
1. Lavj (& Onl. Lang. : Liable to certain legal
jurisdiction ; liable to be called upon to
answer charges, if any be brought against one.
" Again, because the inferiour sort were loose and
poor, and not amenable 1k) the law, he provided, by
another act, that five of the best and eldest persons of
every sept should brin^ in all the idle persons of their
surname to be Jastifled'by the law."— Str John nat'ies
on Ireland.
" Else, on the fatalist's unrighteous plan.
Say to what bar amenable were man ?
Covyper : Progress of Error.
2. Inclined to submit to ; subject to.
" It was vain to liope that mere words would quiet a
nation which bad not, in any age, been very ainenable
to control " — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
a-men'-a-ble-ness, .'■■. [Eng. amenable ; -ness. ]
The .same as Amenability (q.v.). (J. I^ye
Smith.)
a-men'-a-bly, adv. [Eng. amenohlc ; -ly.]
In an amenable manner. 0Vebster.)
-'■' a-men'-age, v. t. [Fr. amenager = to regu-
late the management (of woods).] To manage.
" With her [Occasion], whoso will raging Furor tame.
Must first begin, and well her amenage."
Spenser: F. Q., 11., iv. 11.
a-men'-age, s. [Fr. amener.] [Amekaele.]
Mien, carriage, behaviour, conduct. (Kants.)
* a-men'-an^e, * a-men'-aun9e, o. [Fr.
ameiier. (See Amenable.).] Mien, carriage,
behaviour.
" How may strange knight hope ever to aspire,
By faithfull service and meet amenaunce.
Unto such blisae ? " Spenser: F. Q., II., ix. 5.
air-mend', ^a-mend'e, "^ a-mend -en, v.t.
& i. [Fr. amender ; Ital. ' amtnendare ; Lat.
emendo, from e = without, and menda or vten-
(Zwm = a blemish or fault.] [Mend.]
A. Transitive : To remove defects in any-
thing.
" Of your disese, if it lay in my might,
I wold amenden it, or that it wer night."
Chaucer: C. T., 10,781-2.
" And pray yow that ye wol my werk amende."
Ibid., 12,012.
Specially :
(a) To correct a fault or error of any kind
in a written or printed composition, as in a
bill before the legislature, a literary work, &c.
" But would their Lordships amend a money bill 2 "
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xx.
(b) To correct what is vicious or defective
in one's conduct or moral character.
" Therefore now am.end your ways and your doings,
and obey the voice of the Lord your God . . ,'-_
Jer. xx-\i. 13.
fjSil, TaS^; pout, Jo^l; cat, 9eU, chorns, 9Wn, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist -ing.
-tion. -sion. -cloun = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious, -ceous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. ='bel, deL
168
amendable— American
B. Intrcuisitive : To become "better by the
removal of whatever is amiss.
" Theu enquired he of tliem the hour when he began
to amend."~John iv. 52.
a-mend'-a-ble, a. [En^.aimnd; -abk. In
Fr. armndcibU ; VlbX. ammaidabih.'] That may
be amended ; capable of being amended.
{Sherwood.)
a-mend'-at-6r-y, a. [Eng. atnend; -atory.']
Amending, corrective. (Hah.)
a-mend'e, a-mend', s [Fr. amende =
penalty, fine] A penalty ; a recompense.
T[ Often in the plural. [Amends.]
amende honorable.
1. In Okl French Law: A humiliating
punishment inflicted upon traitors, parricides,
or persons convicted of sacrilege. The offen-
der was delivered into the hands of the exe-
cutioner, his shirt was stripped off, a rope put
round his neck, and a taper placed in his
hand. In this state he was led into the court,
where he implored imrdon of God, the king,
the court, and his country.
2. Now (hi England): Public apology and
reparation made to an injured party by the
person who has done him wrong. It is
called also amends.
a-mend'-ed, *^ a-mend'-id, pa. par. & a.
[Amend, v.]
"Thismakth the feend, this moste ben amendid."
Chaucer: C. T., 7,415.
* a-mend'-en, v. t. [Amend.]
a-mend'-er, s. [Eng. amend; -er.] One who
amends. (Barret.)
ar-mend'-ful, a. [Eng. amend; full.'] Liable
' to amend, correct, or punish.
" Far flj- such vigour your amendftil baud ! "
Beaumont & Fletcher : Bloody Brother, ilL 1.
" When your ears are freer to take in
Your most a^nendful and unmatched fortunes."
Ibid.
* a-mend -id. [Amended.]
a-mend '-xng, 2>r. pa'"- & s. [Amend, v.]
As subatantive : Correction.
" All ingenious concealings or am^7idinus of what is
originaUy or casually amiss."— /fp. Taylor: Artificial
Handsomeness, p. 163.
a-mend'-ment« s. [Eng. aimnd ; -mcnt. In
' Ger. & Fr. amendemcnt.]
A. Ord. Lang. : A change from something
amiss to what is better.
'■ "We Btedfastly and unanimously believe both his
(Homer's] iMem and our constitution to be the best
that ever numan wit invented : that the one is not
more incapable of amendment than the other . . ."
— Pope: Homer's Odyssey, P.S.
Specially :
I. Of persons:
1. Change from a state of sickness to, or in
the direction of health.
"Serv. Your honour's players, hearing your amend-
Are come to play a pleasant comedy, [ment.
For so your doctors nold it very meet."
Sliake^p. : Taming of tlie Shrew, Induction, ii.
2. The removal of intellectual faults or de-
ficiencies.
" There are many natural defects in the understand-
ing capable of amendment, which .ire overlooked and
wholly neglected."— iocfte.
3. Improvement or reformation of moral
conduct.
"Behold! famine and plague, tribulation and an-
guish, are sent as scoui-ges for amendment." — 2 Esdrag
xvi. 19.
II. Of things: The removal of defects.
" Before it was presented on the stage, some things
in it have itassed your approbation and amendment.'
— Drydstt.
B. Technically:
1. Jmw : The correction of any mistake dis-
covered in a writ or process.
2. Legislative Proceedings : A clause, sen-
tence, or ].iaragi-aph proposed to be substituted
for another, or to be inserted in a bill before
Parliament, and which, if carried, actually
becomes part of the bill itself (As a rule,
amendments do not overthrow the principle
of a bill.)
" The Irijrds agreed to the bill without amendments :
and the King gave his assent." — Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. xvi.
3. PuUic Mrrtlngs: A proposed alteration
on the terms of a motion laid before a meet-
ing for acceptance. This " amendment" may
be so mucli at variance with the essential
character of the motion, that a counter motion
would be its more appropriate name.
a-mends', s. pi. [Fr. o.mende. In Ital
ammc^ula.]
1. Lit. : Satisfai^tion, compensation ; atone-
ment for a wrong committed.
"Andlieflhall miike 'iraends iuv the harm he hath
done in the holy thing , . ." — Lev. v. IC.
2. Fig. : Compensation for sorrow, suffer-
ing, or inconvenience.
"... and finding rich amends
For a lost world in sohtiide and verse."
Cowper : Task, bk. iv,
* a-me'ne, a. [In Sp., Port., and Ital. ameno,
from Lat. amcemis.l Pleasant.
" Dame Nature bade the goddes of the sky,
That sche the heveu auld keepe amene and dry, "
LordHailes: Banntityue.
a-men'-i-ty, 5. [Fr. amenite; Ital. amenita;
Lat. oiiuunitas = pleasantness ; amcenns =
pleasant.] Pleasantness of situation or of
prospect ; agreeableness to the eye.
"Acknowledge that to Nature's humbler power
Your cherisli'd sulleiniess is forced to bend
Even here, where her amenities are sown
"With sparing hand."— }i'ordswo7'th : Exc., bk. iv.
a-men-or-rhoe'-a, s. [In Fr. amenorhee;
Port, ameuorrjiea.' From Gr. a, priv. ; fj.{]v
(nicft) = a month ; pew (rheo) = to flow.]
Med. : An obstruction of the menses. It
may be divided into retention and suppression
of the menses. [Menses.]
a-men-or-rhce'-al, a. [Eng. ame/wrrhoia ;
-al] Pertaining to amenorrhcea.
" It appears to depend principally upon a torpid or
amcnorrhaal condition of the uterus. ' — Dr. Locock:
Cycl. Pract. Med., "Amenorrhcea."
a men'-sa et thbr'-6. [Lat, = from table
(i.e., board) and bed.] A legal term used when
a wife is divorced from her husband (so
far as bed and board are concerned), liability,
however, remaining on him for her separate
maintenance.
am -ent, a-ment'-iim, s. [Lat. amenticm =
(1) a strap or thong tied about the middle of a
javelin or dart to give it rotation, increase the
force with which it was thrown, and recover
it afterwards ; (2) a latchet with which to
bind sandals.]
Bot. : A kind of inflorescence, the same that
is now called a catkin, and to which the old
authors also applied the designations of catii-
hjs, iulus, and niicavientum. An omentum is
AMENTUM.
X. Willow. 2. Butteri\ort. 3. Plane. 4. Beech.
a spike, which has its flowers destitute of
calyx and corolla, their place being supplied
by bracts, and which falls off in a single piece,
either after the flowers have withered, or when
the fruit has lipened. Examples : the hazel,
the alder, the willows, the x^oplars, &c.
6im-en-ta'--5e-se, s. ^*?. [Amentum.] Jussieu's
name for an order of apetalous exogens, cha-
racterised by the possession of amentaceous
inflorescence. It is now broken up into the
orders Corylaeese, Betulaceai, SalicaceL^i, &;c.
S-m-en-ta'-ceous, a. [Amentum.] Pertain-
ing to or possessing the inflorescence denomi-
nated the ament or catkin.
"Ord. Ixxxvi. Cupxiliferae, Rich. Montecious. Bar-
ren, H. amentaceous, or on a lax spike." — Soaker A
A mot . British Flora (7th ed. 1855), p. 412,
a-ment'-i-a, a-ment'-y, s. [Lat. amentia
= want of reas'on, madness, stupidity ; ameus
= mad, frantic ; more rarely foolish : a for
ah = from ; and Tn"as = mind.]
Med. : That kind of madness which is cha-
racterised by utter fatuity, the total failure of
all mental action to such an extent, that many
in this st-ate would not eat unless food were
actually put into their mouths ; or lie down,
or i-ise again, unless put to bed and brought
out of it again by their attendants. It is the
saddest to behold of all kinds of madness.
a-mcnt'-um, a. [A:\tENT.]
a-ment'-y, s. [Amentia,] Madness.
am'-en-use, v.t. [Fr. avieiiuiser = to plane,
to diminisli, to render tliin ; Lat. i'mminno-
or minno = to lessen, to diminish.] To lessen,
to diminish.
' The tliridde is to ameniise the bounte of his
neighebor," — Chaucer: Tlie Fersones Tale.
■ a-mer', v.t. [Amerre.]
" am'-er-al, .^ [Admiral.]
a-mer9e', r.t [Fr. ft = to, at; 7?iem = (l)
mercy, (2) thanks ; a merci = at the mercy
(of), at the discretion of,]
1. Laiv : To inflict a pecuniary penalty, the
amount of which is fixed at the discretion of a
court ; to place one at the king's mercy, with
regard to the fine to be imposed. [Amerce-
ment.] (Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., cli. 2;i.)
" But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine.
That you shall all reiJent the loss of mine."
Shakesp. : Jlom.eo and Juliet, iii. I.
XL Ordinary language :
L To fine even when the amount of the
penalty is legally fixed, and nothing respecting
it is left to the discretion of the court.
" And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels
of silver,"- /JeifJ. xxii. 19,
2. To punish in any other way than by a
fine,
" Millions of spirits for his fault a^nerced
Of heaven, and from eternal splendours flung."
Milton: P. /,., hk. i.
"... Must the time
Come thou shalt be amerced for sins unknown ?"
Byraa : Cain, iii. 1.
T[ Amerce is followed by in, of, for, or with,
jilaced before the fine or other penalty inflicted.
(See the examples given above,)
a-mer'9e-a-ble, adj. [Eng. amerce; -able.}
Liable to be amerced.
"If the killing be out of any vill. the hundred is
amcrceable for the escape." — Hale : H. P. C, xi. 10.
a-mer'^ed, j'X'. par. & a. [Amerce,]
a-mer^e'-ment, t a-mer'-9i-a-ment,
* a-mer'-gi-ment, * mer'-93?-ment, s.
Low Lat. aiiierdam^ntwin.]
1. Old Jmw : A fine inflicted on an offender,
the amount of which was left tu the discretion .
of the court, and was determined by affeerors;
whereas the amount of a fine, properly so
called, was settled by statute, and could not
be altered by the .inclges wlio executed the
law. Now that (within certain limits) the
amount of fines is generally left to tlie discre-
tion of the law courts, the distinction between
hues and amercements has disappeared.
" , . , ainercimentes, whiche mighte more re-
.sonably ben callid extorcioims than mercymentis." —
Cliaucer : The Persones Tale.
"... that all a7nereem,etite^ and fines that slial
be imposed upon them shall come unto themselves."
— S}}CTLScr : Present State qf Ireland.
" The amercem.e>it is disused, but the form .'itill con-
tiuues." — Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii,, cli. 2:;.
amercetnent royal, s.
1. A penalty imposed on an officer for a mis-
demeanour in his offlce.
2. Fig. : Punishment of any kind ; loss.
(Milton : Civil Pover in Eccl. Cavses.)
a-mer'-9er, «. [Eng. amerce; -er.] One who
amerces. One who inflicts a fine, at his discre-
tion, on an offender. One who iufl.icts a fine
or punishment of any kind. (Coles, 1772.)
t a-mer'-9i-a-ment, * a-mer '-9i-ment,
s. [Amercement.]
A-mer'-i-can, a. & s. [Eng. America; -an.
In Ger. Americanisch, adj., Americaner, s.; Fi-.
Americain, adj. & s. ; Sp. , Port. , & Ital. A met i-
cano. Prom Avierica, the name applied to
two great continents of the globe, called—
with little regard to justice— after a Florentine,
Amerigo Vespucci ; though the great pioneer
who had ojiened the way for him and othei
explorers had been the immortal Christophei
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, lall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, mar£ne ; go, pot
or. wore, w^plf, work, whd. son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, as, oe = e ; ^ = e. qm = kw-
Americanism— amiable
169
Columbus. C'nluinbus is popularly called the
(liscovej-er of Aiiif-rica ; but it appears estab-
lished 0)1 good evidence, that about four cen-
turies before he, on the memorable 12th ol
October, 1402, landed on Guanahaui, or "San
Salvador," one of the Bahama islands, the
Norwegians liad fallen in with Greenland, and
had settled in it ; nay, more, that they had
even a feeble colony near Rhode Island, on the
Western continent itself. But no impoi-tant
results followed to mankind, or even to them-
selves, from these explorations. Alexander von
Humboldt considers that the general adoption
of the word Anierka arose from its lia\'iiiL!
been introduced into a popular worlc on geo-
graphy published in 1507.]
A. As (i(lj<;d Ice : Pertaining to America.
" And that ehill Nova Scotia's unpromlsinK strand
la the last I shiill treatl of American land."
Moore: To the Boston Friffati:.
TI A number of American animals and plants,
tliough identical in genus, are yet different in
species from their analogues in tlie Old "World.
A yet greater number are named as if they
were of the same genus, though not so in
reality. All such terms, and others similar to
them, if they iind a iilaee in the Dictionary,
will be arranged under one or both of the sub-
stantives with which the adjective American
agrees. Thus, in Zoology, American hlight
(Lach)ius lanlgenis), will be found under
Blight ; and in Botany, American Aloe
(Agave Americana), under Aloe and Agave ;
American C'l-anberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus),
under Cranberry and Oxycoccus ; and
American Marmalade {Achras viaimnosa}, under
Marmalade and Achras.
B. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. At first: An aboriginal ofthe New World;
a so-called "Indian" belonging to the New
World.
" Siiuh of late
CohimbuB found the American, ao girt
With feather'd cSiictuve ; naked elae, and wild
Among'the trees, on isles and woody shores."
Milton: P. L., bk, ix.
2. Now : Any human inhabitant of America,
aboriginal or non-aboriginal, white, red, or
black. Specially, a native of the United
States of North America. The name began
while yet the future Republicans were British
colonists.
"It hSH henn naid in the debate, tliat wlieii the
first American levenue act (the act in 17G4 iiiiiiosiiij;
the post duties) n.issed, the Atnericuns did not objecL
tu the principle, '—liarkc on ConcU. with America.
IL TechnicaUy :
1. Ethnnl. : Tlie American race is one of the
jirimary or leading divisions of mankind, the
Aryan or Indo-Germanic, the Hemitic or Syru-
Arabian, tlie Turanian or Mongolian races
being some of tlie others. The American
■\;iriety of mankind has long, lank, black hair,
TVPKS OF AMERICAN INDIANS.
not curly ; a swarthy-brown, copper, or cin-
namon-colouied skin ; a heavy brow ; dull
a]ul sleepy eyes, with the corners directed up-
wards—in this respect resembling those of
tlie Malay and Mongolian races ; prominent
cheek-bones ; a salient but dilated nose ; full
;ind compressed lips, and an expression of
gentleness combined witli a gloomy and severe
look. It includes all the American Indians,
with the exception of the Esquimaux (Eskimo),
who appear to be Tuiunians from the north
of Asia.
2. Philol. : All the American languages are
classified as polysynthetic, by which is meant
that the greatest number of ideas is com-
pressed into tlie smallest number of words.
[Polysyntuetic]
A-mer'-i-can-ism, s. [Eng. American ;
-ism.] A word or phrase believed to be of
American origin, or, at least, to be now used
nowhere excejit in Ameri(^. The genuine
Americanisms are far fewer than some supiiose.
Many words and expressions supposed to have
originated in the United States have really
been caiTied thither by settlers, and still
linger in some county or other of England.
A-mer -i-can-ist, 5. [Eng. American; -isf]
" . . . one who investigates what is dis-
tinctive of America, so far as tliat it belongs,
or is supposed to belong, to the domain of
scientific research." {Times, Jan. 9, 1S77.)
A-mer-i-can-i'ze, v.t. [Eng. Ameriain;
-ize.\ To render American, especially —
1. To naturalize one as an American. {Jacl;-
son.)
2. To assimilate political institutions to
those of America.
am-er-im'-num, s. [Lat. amerimnon ; Gr.
a.fi4ptnvov (amerimnon) = tlie house-leek ; a,
priv., and f^4pl^lva (merimna)-=^ care, because
it requires no care in cultivation.] A genus of
Papilionaceous plants, tribe Dalbergieie, witli
no affinity whatever to the honsi^-lfck. J.
ebeiuis is "American ebony."
*" S.m'-er-ous, «.. [Amorous.]
"' a-mer're, * a-mer', r.f. [A.K u,iinrran =
to dissipate, waste, consume, spend, distract,
defile, mar, losu, spoil, destroy.] To destroy.
" He van with a drawe awevde
To liya nioinentr3'e,
Viid all hys u'oddyfi th
With greet en nye. '■
Octnvian. I., 1,30". (Boucher.)
' a-mer'-vayl, v.i. [Marvel.]
* a'ines-a9e, *. [Ambs-ace.]
^a-mese', v.t. [Ameise.]
a-mes'-yng, >. [Ameise.] Moderation.
" Th:it iii i;i.>* inild amcsyng he merc> may fyiide."
A(iitvr»th-c Poeins; Patience (eil. Muiris), 400.
^ am'-et, s. [Ant.]
am-et-^b'-ol-a (lat. ), am-^t-a-bol'-i-
an^t, s. pi. [From Gr. iM«7apoAos (ametabolos) ;
a, piiv., and fLera^oKoi (jjiefabo^os) = change-
able.] [Metabola.]
Zool. : A sub-class of insects, consisting of
those whicli do not undergo metamorpliosis.
It includes three orders : the Anoi)lura,or Lice ;
the Malhiphaga, or Bird-lice ; and the Thy-
sanura,orKpring-tails. All are wingless insects.
' ^-metli-od-i-cal, a. [Eng. a, from Gr. i,
priv. = not ; methodical.'] Not methodical.
(Bailey.)
1[ UnmetJiodiccd has now taken its place.
a-meth'-od-ist, i-. [Eng. o, fr. Gr. a, priv.
= not ; metliodist.] A physician who dties not
proceed on methodical (in the sense of fixed
or ])hilosophic) princiides, but acts em}iiri-
cally ; a quack.
" But what talk I of the wrong and ciosse ooiiise.'; of
such physicians' practice, since it cannot be iookt for,
that these onipiricall amcth/idists should imderstand
the order of art. or the art of order?"'— Il'/ij/^ocft;
Manners of the English, p. 89.
am'-eth-yst, * ^im-at-yst, s. & a. [in 8\\-
& Dut. ametist : Dan. 'amethist ; Ger. amethyst ;
Fr. cnncthyst ; ^\\. & Ital. ametista ; Port, amc-
thysta, araethysto; Lat. amcthiisfus. From Gr
a/itBvcTToq (aiiieth a-<ios) : as adj. = not drunken ;
as s. =ai'eniedy for drunkenness ; a, priv.,
^60(10 (methuo) = to be dnuik ; fj.iBv (methn)
= wine. So named either (1) from the foolish
notion that it was a remedy for drunkenness ;
or (2), as Pliny tliinks, because it did not
reach, though it ap]n'oximated to, the col-nir
of wine.]
A. As substantive:
1. A mineral, a variety of Quartz, named by
Dana Ametliystine Quartz. Its colour, whicii
is cither diffused through the entire crystals or
affects only their summits, is clear purple or
bluish violet; hence it is sometimes called
violet-quartz. The colouring matter is gene-
rally believed to be manganese, but Heiiitz
considers it to arise from a mixture of iron and
soda. The U-auty and hardness of the ame-
thyst cause it to be regarded as a precious
stone. It occurs in veins or geodes in trappean
and other rorl:s. The best specimens are
brought from India, Armenia, and Arabia
but others of an inferior sort occur in various
parts of Britain.
2. The Oriental amethyst : A rare pnrjde
variety of 8;tpphire (q.v.). [See also C'u-
RL'NDUM.]
^ The word amethyst in the English Bible
[Sept. and N. T. Gr. a/jiteva-Tog (nviethustos)
(Exod. xxviii. 19 ; Rev. xxi. 20)] is the render-
ing of the Heb. word n^bnN (aehhelaviah).
It is from the root ubvi (chhalam) = to sleeji ;
apparently from the delusion that the fortu-
nate possessor of an ametliyst is likely to sleeji
soundly. The last stone in the thiid row of
the Jewi-sli high-priest's breastplate was an
" amethyst" (Exod. xxviii. 19) ; and the twelfth
foundation of the new Jenisalem, mentioned
in Rev. xxi. 20, was to be an " amethyst."
3. A colour, that of the mineral described
aliove. (See B.)
"A hmulred and a hundred savape peaks, in the
last lij^ht of Day ; alt glowing, of ^old and amethjist
. . ." — CarlyJe: Surlor Hcsartus, hit. ii., Ll:ap, vi.
B. As adjeetice:
Her. : The term applied, in describing the
arnioi'ial bearings of peers, to the colour
called purpure.
"The twelfthe the gentyleste in vcli a plyt,
Q'he aiH(if//.'.t puii>re with ynde hleute."
AUiterittivv J'oons; Pca.rl(e<i. MoiTls}, 1,014-15.
ain-eth-yst'-e-a» s. [Ger. amethyste pflanze;
Dut. amcthystkriiid ; Fr. amethystee.'\ A genus
of plants belonging to the order Lamiacea)
(Labiates). A. coiindea is a pretty garden
annual, with blue flowers.
am-eth-yst'-ine, a. [in Fr. amethystin ;
Lat. amf.thystiiius; Gr. au.e6viTTtvo<; (amethus-
ti.ns).}
1. rilade of or (.-ontaining amethyst.
"A kind of amethystine flint not composed of
erystals or grains, but one entire nnussy stone, —ffv-e^tf.
2. Resembling amethyst in colour or in
otJH'i- resi"iects.
". , . to .I'^Hume a red amethiistincimt."—Grahnin:
Chfiu , -Jiiil ed., vol. i.. p. 618.
3. Otlierwise iiertaining to amethyst.
' a'-meye, s. [Amy.]
Am-har'-ic, a. [From Amhara, an Abyssinian
kingdom, having Gondar for its capital] The
language of Andiara. It is classed by Max
Miiller under the Ethio])ic, wliich again he
places luider the Arabic, or Southern division
of the Semitic languages.
•Am-herst'-i-a, s. [Called after Lady Amherst,
wife of Lord Amherst, Governor-general of
India from lS2a tn IS^S.] A genus of ]ilants
belonging to the order Fabacea;, and the sub-
order C*salpiniea^ The only known species
is the A. nohilis, one of the most splendid
trees existing. The flowers are large, scent-
less, and of a bright vermilion colour, diver-
sified with three yellow spots, and disposed
in gigantic ovate pendulous branches. The
leaves are equally pinnate, lar^'e, and, when
young, of a pale purple colour. It grows
near Martaban, in the Eastern peninsula.
TheBurme.se fall it thoca, and offer hand fuls
of the flowers before the images of Booddlia.
a'-mi-a, s. [Lat. amia; Gr. a/jt'a (aniia) = a
fish, tlie Scomber sarda of Bloeli, v/hich is
allied to the tunny.] A genus of fishes for-
merly plao(;d in the Eaocidaj, or Pike family,
but now constituting the type of the Ganoid
family Amiid;e (q.v.). The s]iecies inhabit
rivers in the warmer pails of America. The
amia of the ancients, it will be ])erceived, is
quite different from any of these fishes.
a-mi-a-toil'-i-ty, * am-a-bil'-i-ty, .9
Fr. amabilitc : Ital. nmabilita, from Lat.
amabilitas.] The quality of meriting love ;
amiableness, loveliness. It is applied not so
much to attracti\f ness of ])hysical aspect, as
to humility, good tenipei', and other moral
qualities fitted to t-xcite lo\'e.
"So many arguments of nminbility and endear-
ment"—■/oj-em.j/ Taylor : Of Not Judging, p. c.
a -mi-a-ble. a.. [In Fr. aimable ; Sp. amiqable,
".mable ; Ital. amahllc. From Lat amabilis =
lovely ; amo = to hivf ]
1. Possessed of qualities fitted to evoke
love, or a feeling nearly akin to it.
(a) 0/ persons:
"... a man, not indeed fawltleas, but distinguished
iKith by his abilities and by his amiable (lualities "—
Macaulfiif ■ I/isl. Eng , oh. xiv.
boil, b^; poSt, J<S^1; cat, 9CU, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -oeo'us = shus. -ble, -die, &c, = bel
del.
170
anuabieness— amines
AJUANTHIUil.
(6) Of things :
"How amiable are thy taberuaclea, 0 Loid of
hosts ! " — Ps. Ixxxiv. 1.
2. Exiiressing love.
"Lay atnialtle siege to the honesty of this Ford's
wife : use your iijt of wooing."— Shakes}).: Jlcrrr/ ]\'iv<.'s,
11. a.
am'-i-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. amiable; -ne.\'^ \
Tlie same as Amiability. The possession nt
the qualities fitted to call forth love.
"As soon ti3 the natural gayety ami avi iableness uf
the young man wears oft', tliey have nothing left tu
commend them."— A ddinon.
am-i-a-bly, fitZr. [En^^ mubihle; 'ly.]
1. In an ftmiable manner; in a maimei'
fitted to call forth love.
". . . in all the other parallel dincuurst-.s .nul
pai-ables, they are amlnb/i/ pei ^piououa, i iguruua, and
bright."— BlackwaH . Sue. Class, i. aBO.
' ^. Pleasingly.
" Tlic palaces rise so amiablif, and tlie musu ues and
humiuums with their cerulean tiles and gilded vanes. "
—SrrT. Herbert's Travels, p. 12'J.
am-i-anth'-i-form, o. [In Ger. amianth:-
fdvhtig.] Of the form of amianthus, witli long
flexible fibres.
am-i-anth'-i-um, s.
ANTHUS {?).] A genus
of plants belonging to
the order Melanth i
eeiE (Melanths). The
A. musco.'toxmim, is
its name imports, is
used to poison, flies
The Americans of the
United States call this
plant FaU Poison, and
say that cattle are poi
soned if they feed in
the fall (or autumn)
upou its foliage.
(Liudley : Vegetable
Kingdom, p. 199.) The
illustration shows the
complete plant and
one of the single
flowerets.
ixn-i-anth'-oid, ' am-i-anth'-oide, a. k
s. (Eng., &c., ammntli(u^)\ -oUl, frum Gr.
e75os (eidos) = form.]
1. As adjective : Of the form of amianthus ;
resembling amianthus.
2. As substantive : A mineral akin to Amian-
thus No. 1, that arranged under Amphibole.
It is i-alled also Byssolite and Asbestoid(q.A^).
Amianthoid Magnesite, or Amianthoide Mag-
nesite. A mineral, called also Brucite (q.v.).
am-i-anth'-iis, s. [In Ger. aviianth; Fr.
amiante ; Sp. aniianto, amianto ; Port. & Ital.
amianio ; Lat. amiaiitns. From Gr. a/diavm';
(ftmiVni(os)= undefiled, pure: from a, priv.,
and fiialva}(viiaind) = (I) to st-ain or dye; (2) to
defile, to sully. So called because, it being
incombustible, the ancients were wont from
time to time to throw into the fire napery and
towels made of it to cleanse them from im-
purity. They also sometimes enclosed the
bodies of their deceased friends in cloth of
the same material, that when cremation took,
place the ashes might remain free from inter-
mixture with those of other people.]
1. Mln. : A mineral, a variety of Asbestos,
which again is classed by Dana as a variety of
Amphibole. Tremolite, Actinolite, and otlier
varieties of Amphibole, unless they contain
much alumina, have a tendency to pass into
varieties with long flexible fibres of flaxen
aspect, to which the name of nndantlms \h
applied.
2. A name for the fibrous kinds of chrysolite,
which Dana classes as a variety of Serpentine
As in the former case, there are long flexible
fibres, looking like those of flax. The colour is
greenish-white, green, olive-green, yellow, and
brownish. It constitutes seams in serpentine
rocks, occurring at home in Cornwall ; Portsoy ;
Unst, and Fetlar, in Shetland ; abroad in
Savoy, Corsica, the Pyrenees, and other lo-
calities. Most of the so-called amianthus is
of this second variety.
3. Any fibrous variety of Pyroxene.
am'-ic, a. [Eitg
ing to an amide.
am = aviide ; -ic. ] Pertain-
amic acids, s. pi.
Chc.m. : Acids consisting of a bivalent or
trivalent acid radical combined with hydroxyl
(OH)' and amidogen (NHg)', as suceinaniic
acid(C4H40o)"OH.NH2.
am-i-ca-bil'-i-ty, -s. [Eng. amicable; -it)/.]
The quality or stabe of being amicable ; ex-
ceeding friendliness.
am'-i-ca-ble, o. [In Ital. amicabile; Lai,
oinkubdis, from amicus = a frieud.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. Friendly, imbued ivitli the spirit of friend-
shiji.
" Enter each mild, each amicable guest,
Receive and wrap me in eternal rest." — Pope.
2. Expressing friendship, manifesting friend-
liness to.
" All amicable smile retaiu'd the life."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii.
3. Designed to be friendly ; resulting from
friendliness, and intended to promote it.
(Used of arrangements, conferences,colloquies,
agreements, treaties, &c.)
" Halifax saw that an amicable ari-angenient was no
longer possible." — Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. x.
T[ Treating on the dift"erence between ami-
cable and friendly, Crabb says that amicable
implies a negative sentiment, a freedom from
discordance ; friendly, a positive feeling of
regard, the absence of indifference. We make
an. amicable, accommodation, and a friendly
visit. Amicable is always said of persons who
have been in connection with each other ;
friendly may be applied to those who are per-
fect strangers. Neighbours must always en-
deavour to li^'e amicably with each other.
Travellers should always endeavour to keep
up a friendly intercourse with the inhabitants
wherever they come. " To live amicably or in
amity with all men, is a point of Christian
duty ; but we cannot live in friendship with
all men, since /rie)ids/ti^ must be confined to
a few."
B. Technically :
1. Laic. An avUcable snit is a law-suit com-
menced by XJGisons who are not really at
variance, but wdio both wish to obtain, for
their future guidance, an authoiitative de-
cision on a doubtful point of Jaw.
2. Arithm. Amicable numbers ai'e pairs of
numbers, of which each is equal to the sum of
all the aliquot parts of the other. The lowest
pair of amicable numbers are 2'2U and 284.
The aliquot parts of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11,
20, 22, 44, 55, 110, and their sum is 284. The
aliquot parts of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71, 142, and
their sum is 220. The second pair of amicable
numbers are 17,296 and 18,416 ; and the third
pair 9,363,584, and 9,437,056.
am'-i-ca-ble-ness, s. [Eng. amicable; -ness.]
The quality of being amicable. (Applied to
persons, to the mutual relations of societies,
or tu arrangements.) (Dyche's Diet., 1758.)
am'-i-ca-bly, adv. [Eng. amicable; -ly,] In
an amicable manner ; in a friendly way.
" Two lovbly youths that amicubli/ walkt
O'er verd.ant meads . . ." P7iilips.
" am'-i-cal, a. [in Fr. amiad ; fr. Lat. amicus
= a fi-ieud, and suffix -al.] Friendly, amicable.
" An amical call to repentance and the practical
belief of the Gospel. By W. Watson, M.A., 1691."—
A. Wood: Ath. Ox., 2nd ed., vol. ii., col. 1,133.
S-m'-ige, ^ am'-is, ■ am'-isse, s. [In Fr.
amid; Sp. amito ; Port, amivtn ; Ital. ammitto.
From Lat. amictns — an ui)per garment ;
amicio = to throw
around, to wrap
about.]
1. Properly : Tlie
uppermost of th*-
six garments anci-
ently worn by an
officiating priest ;
the others being the
alba or alb, the ci)i-
gidum, the stola or
stole,t\ie manipnlns,
and the planetn. It
was of linen, was
square in figure,
covered the head,
neck, and shoulders,
and was buckled or
clasped before the
breast. It is still
worn under the alb.
It is not the same
as the aumuce, or almuce, which is from Lat.
almutium. [Almuce.]
2. Any vest or flowing garment. (Ncres.)
"C-ame forth with pilgrim nteps. in amice gray.'"
Milton: r A', iv. -127.
ECCLESIASTIC WEARINO
AN AMICE.
a-nu'-ciis ciir'-i-ae, o. [Lat. = friend of the
senate or court. ]
Law : A bystander who, in an amicable
spirit, gives information to the court regard-
ing any doubtful or mistaken point of la■v\^
a-mid', ^ a mid'de, a-xnidst', ^ a-midde^ ;
prep. [Eng. o = in ; mid : a = in ; midst.
A.S. on-middau = in the midst; middes = in
midst ; fr. 'nildde = middle, super! midmest.^
1. In the midst or middle.
" But of the fruit of this fair tree amidst
The garden, G-od hath said, Ye Hhall not eat."
Milton: P. L., bk. ix.
2. Among.
"... amid the gloom
Spread by a brotherhood of lofty elms."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i,
3. Surrounded by, attended by.
" The second exijedition sailed as the first had sailed,
awiif^ the a«cla] nations and blessings of all Scotland."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
'^\ Amid is now more common in poetry than
in prose.
am'-ide, s. [Eng. oni =C(mmonium or am-
monia; suifix -ide.'\
Cliem. : Generally in the plural. Amides
are compound ammonias, having the hydrogen
atoms replaced by acid radicals : as acetamide,
N(C.2H30)Ho ; di'acetamide, ^{C.2B.-^0).fil ; and
triacetamide, N(C2H30)'3. Acid radicals can
also replace H in amines, as ethyl-diacetamide,
(CoH5)'(C2HaO)'2N.
am'-id-iu, am'-id-me, .>. [From Lat. amy-
Inm ; Greek a/iuKov (mii uhnt) = sturch (?)']
[Starch. ]
am'-id-6, a-mid', in compos. Combining
forms of am'ides.
amido-caproic acid, s.
Chemistry: C5Hio(NH2)CO.OH = Leucine.
Produced by digesting together valeral am-
monia, hydrocyanic acid, and hydrochloric
acid. It is also formed bv tlie putrefaction of
cheese, and by the treatment of horn, glue,
wool, &c., with acids and alkalies. Leucine
crystallises in white shining scales, which
melt at 100°. It is slightly soluble in water.
When it is heated witli caustic baryta, it yield.s
araylamine and CO^.
amido compounds, s. pi.
Chem. : Compounds in which one atom of
hydrogen has been replaced by the monatomic
radical (NHq)' ; as amido-propionic acid =
C2H4(NH2),CO.OH.
amido-propionic acid, 6. [Alanine.]
am'-id-6-ben-zene, .-. [Eng. amido; ben-
zene.] [AXILINE.]
am-id'-6-gen, s. [Eng. amide, and Gi-.
yevvdio (gennao) = to engender, to produce. J
A name given to the monatomic radical (NHv)'.
a-mid'-ships, adc. [Eng. amid; -ships.]
1. In or towards the middle part of a sliiji.
A stateroom or cabin so Situated is not so
aflected by the pitching and rolling of the
vessel as if it were farther forward or aft.
"The above magnificent steamers have good ac-
commodation amidships." — Thnes. Nov. 4, 1375.
2. In a line with the keel.
a-mid'-ward, adv. [Midward.]
* a-mig'-del-e, s. [Amvgdalus.] An almond.
" It was grene and leaved bi-cumen.
And nutea amigdeles tbor oune nunien,"
Story ofOer. i- Exod., ed. Morris, ^,809-40.
t a-mi'-go, s. [Sp.] A friend.
" Chispa {drhikinql Ancient B-iltaaar, amitjr, > "
Longfellow: The Upaitisli Student, I, 4.
am'-i-id, s. [See def.] Any fish of the familv
Amiidae (q.v.).
am'-i-id-se, s. pi. [From amia (q.v.).] A
family of fishes belonging to the order Ganoi-
dea, and the sub-order Holostea, They lia\-e
small horny scales, usually covered with a
layer of animal matter. The tail is homocerca:.
but with a certain approach to the heterocercal
type. The family consists of small fishes, in-
habiting rivers in the wanner pai-ts of America.
^ am'-iL [Amel, v.]
am-ines, s. pi. [Eng. am — ammonia, or am-
monium; suffix -inc.]
Chem. : Compound ammonias, having th;^
hydrogen replaced, atom for atom, by alcnlioi
radicals. When one atom of H is replaced
l^te, fat, fare, amidst, w^hat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot.
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e. ey = a, qu = kw.
aTuis— ammonia
tltey are called inonamines ; when two H atoms
are replaced, diamines; when three atoms of
H, triamines. They are obtained by heating the
iodides of the alcohol radicals with ammonia.
Thus iodide of ethyl and ammonia jields ethj'l-
amine, N(C.2H5)H2 ; by heating the mono and
the diamines with more iodide of ethyl, di-
ethylaniiue, N(C2H5)2.H, and triethylamlne,
N(C.jjH5)y, are obtained. Triethylamlne unites
directly with iodide of ethyl, forming
N(C2H5)3. C2H5I, triethylanune ethyl iodide.
This compound, heated with silver oxide and
water, fonns N(C2H5)3. CoHg. OH, a stroJig
base, which is solid, like caustic potash. The
H atoms can be replaced by different alco-
hol radicals, as niethyl-ethyl-amylamine,
N (C H3)' (C2 H5)' (CsHn)'. The H can be also
replaced by metals, as monopotassaminc,
NH^K, and tripotassamine, XK3. The amines
have a strong alkaline reaction like ammonia,
and unite with acids to form salts.
" am'-is. [Amice.]
a-xniss', * a-xnis'se» * a-mis', * a-mys',
* a-m^s'se, y.. f., &. odv. [Eng. a-miss =
rau>s (q.v.). In A.8. viis in comp. is — a defect,
an error, evil, unlikeness ; and missian is =
to miss, err, mistake.]
A. As substantive : A fault, a mistake ; cul-
pability.
" Each toy seems prologue to some great amis.''."
Hhakesp. : Jlamlet, iv. 5.
" Theu gentle cheater, urge riot ray amiss.
Lest guilty of my faulta thy sweet self in-ove."
Ibid. : Sonnets.
B. As adjective, hut following the substantive
with which it agrees : Faulty, wrong ; im-
proper, unfit ; criminal.
" But most is Mars umi^xe of all the rest,
Ami next to him old Satnrne, that was wout be
best." $i>enspr: F. Q., V., Intro., 8.
" For thiit which thou hast sworn to do amiss,
la yet atttiiin when it is truly done."
fihakesp. : King John, iii 1.
C. A'^dilverh : In a faulty manner ; wrongly,
impropcrl)', criminally.
" I ne hadde not mochc inystake in uie, ne seyd
ami/8." Chaucer: The Tale of MeUbeus.
" For in this world certain no wight ther is,
That he ne doth or seyth some time amis."
Chaucer: C. T., 11,091-2.
" And king in England too, he may l)e weak,
And vain enough to be ambitious still ;
May exercise aTuiss his proi)er powers."
Coioper : The Task, bk. \-
" a-mis'-§tion. [Lat. amissio.] Loss.
t a-mit', v.t. [Lat. aniitto.]
1, To lose. {English.)
" Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air,
whereby it acquireth no new form, but rather a con-
sistence or determuiation of its difBuency, and amit-
teth not its essence, but condition of fluidity."—
Brmone : Vulgar Errours.
2. To alienate ; makeover. (Srotrh.)
"In quhilk case the vassal tinea iuid amittis fi.U the
lands cjuhilk he holdis off the superioui, and the
propertie thereof returnea to the suireriour," — Skene:
Do Vcrborum Significatiune, p. 43. (Bottdier.)
a-nut'-ter-e le'-gem ter'-rsa, a-mit-
ter-e lib'-er-am le'-gem. [Lat. (lit,) =
to lose the law of the land ; to lose fi-ee law.]
To lose the privilege of swearing in a court of
law, and consequently forfeit the protection of
the law, as do outlaws, wlio can be sued, but
cannot sue. By 6 & 7 Vict., t;. 85, certain
criminals and interested persons, whose evi-
dence was formerly rejected, may now give it,
the jury being afterwards left to decide what
it is worth.
* Sm'-i-tiire, s. [Eng. amity; -tire.] Friend-
ship.
" Thow, he saide, traytoure,
Yurstuiday thow come in am,itvre."
Alisaunder, 3,975. (Boucher.)
?im'-i-ty, ^ axn'-i-tie, " a-my'-te, s. [Fr.
amitie; Norm, amistie ; Sp. aniistad ; Port.
ainizade ; Ital. amista, amistade, amistate.
From Lat. a7)i,ici(w = friend.ship ; orao = to
love. ]
1. Ord. Lang. : Friendship, harmony, mutual
good feeling. It may be used—
(a) Of nations, and is then opposed to war.
" The monarchy of Great Britain was in league and
amity with all the world."— ,S<> J. Davics on Ireland.
(b) Of political parties, or generally of the
people of a single country among themselves ;
in which case it is opposed to discord.
" The amit)/ of the Whigs and Tories had not sur-
vived the peril which had produced it."— ilacaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. x.
(c) Of private persons ; when it is opposed
to qiiarrelling.
" The pleasures of amity, or self -recommendation, are
the pleaauros chat may accompany the iiersuasion of a
man's being in the acquisition or the possession of the
goodwill of such or such assignable person or persons
in pai-ticular ; or, as the phrase is, of being upon good
teriaa with liini or them ; and as a fruit of it, of his
being in a way to have the benefit of their spontaneous
and gratuitous services. "—fioiiiri?) .(7,- Jientliam.'s I'rinc.
of Morals & Legislation, ch. v.. § VL, -L
(rf) Of impersonal existences.
"' To live on terius of amity with vice."
Coufper : The Task, bk. v.
2. Astrol. : A most favourable omen.
" . . , and therfore the astronomers say, that
whereas in all other planets conjunction is the i»er-
fectest amity; the sun contrariwise is good by aspect,
but evil by conjunction." — Lord Bacon's Marks (ed.
176S), vol. i. : Colours of Good and Evil, ch. vii., p. 441,
amin, in eomposition.
Cliem. : A contraction
ammiridammonium.
for Ammonia ;
am -ma, s.
abbess'
[Heb. □« (erfi) — a mother.] An
am'-ma, s [Gv. a^^ia (Itcmvia) = anything
tied or made to tie ; a cord, a band : utttw
(Iwpto) =■ to fasten or bind. ]
1. Snrgery : A girdle or truss used in
ruptures.
2. Meiisiiratiiin : An ancient Greek measure,
about sixty feet in k-ngth.
ana-m,a'll-i-a, s [Named after John Am-
mann, a native of Siberia, and Professor of
Botany at St. Petersburg.] A genus of ]ilants
belonging to the order Lythrace*, or Lo*>s('-
strifes. The leaves of A. vesicatorlcv have a
strong smell of muriatic acid. They are very
acrid, and are used by tlic Hindoo practitioners
in cases of rheumatism to raise blisters.
(TAndley : Veg. Kingd., 1S47, p. ^T.*;.)
am'-mel-lde, s. [Eng. am = ammonia ; vul
= inelan (q.v.) ; suffix -ide.\
t Chemistry: CeH^NgOg. A white insoluble
powder, formed by the action of concentrated
acids or alkalies on ammeline or melaraine.
ain'-m.el-ine, s. [Eng. am = ammonia ; mel
= melan ; suffix -ine. ]
Chi'in. : C3H5N5O. An organic base, formed
by builing m^lan. for several hours with a
stdution of eaustie potash. It crystaUIy(.'s
in white microscopic needles, and is insoluble
in alcohol and water.
am '-mi, s. [Lat. amml and aminium; Gr.
a/i|Ui {avmii), and aix^iiuv (a-mmion) = aw um-
belliferous plant, Ptychotis coptica (?), fr. a/^^o?
(ammos) or 'dfifioq (hammos) = sand.] A genus
of umbelliferous plants, of delicate haliit,
with finely-divided leaves and white flowers.
They grow in sandy places. They occur on
the Continent of Europe ; but none are truly
British.
^m'-mi-dl-lte, s. [Gr. a/i^tov (ammion) =
cinnabar in its sandy state ; an/j-oq (ammos) =
sand.] A scarlet mineral, classed by Dana
under his Monimolite group of Anhydrous
Phosphates, Arsenates, and Antimonates. It
is an earthy powder, considered as a mixture
of antimonate of copper and cinnabar with
some other ingredients. It is found in the
Chilian mines.
^ am'-mir-al, s. Old spelling of Admiral.
'' am'-mite, " ham-mite, s. [Gr. uju/io?
(ommos) or u^u/xo? (Jiammos) = sand.] An
obsolete name for the rock now called, from iU
resemblance to the roe of a flsh, Oolite=voe-
stone. [OoLrrE.]
^m'-mo, in compos. [Gr. a.ntJio<; (avimos), ci/i^o?
(htnnin'jb-) = sand.]
1. Sand.
2. Cliem. : A contraction for ammonium ; as
ammo-chloriridammonium.
am.'-md-9ete, *. [Amjioccete.]
* am-mo-chry'se, s. [Lat. aimwchrysus ;
Gr. atifioxpva-6<; (ammochrusos) ; afifio^ (ammos)
= sand, and xP"0"ds (chrysos) = gold : golden
sand.] A mineral, described by Pliny
which has not been identilied. It was a
gem like sand, veined with gold. Some
thouglit it may have been golden
have
mica.
ain-md-9oe'-te,
dividual of the
(q.v.).
i. [Ammoccetes.] Any in-
pseudn-genus Ammoca'tes
am-mo-jce'-tej, =;. [Gr. aju/ios (amvw^) =
sand, and koitt} (koite) = a bed.]
Zool. : A pseudo-genus of Cyclostoiiiata,
the sole species of which is now known to
am-mo-dy'-tes, s
dates) — sand-tJurj
bvrrjv
LARV,\L FORM OF PETROMYZON BRANCHIALIS.
be the larval form of Petromyzon branchialis,
the Sandpiper.
am-m6-9oe'-ti-form, a. [^lod. Lat. am-
moccetes, aud -form.} Having the shape or
character of an ammoccete or larval lamprey.
am,'-mo-dyte, s. [Ammodytes.]
1. The English equivalent of the word
Ammodytes (q.v.).
2. A venomous snake, the Vipcra ammod!itr<,
called also the Sand-Natter. It is found in
Southern Euroije.
[Gr. afifiodtirr}<; (avtvto-
Tower ; d/^i^uos (ammos) =
sand; bvrnv (dutis) = diver ; dvia (dtio) = to
enter, ... to plunge or dive.] A genus
of fishes belonging to the order Malacoiiterygil
Apodes, and the family Anguillida; (Eels). It
contains the Sand-eel (A. tohiaiius), and the
Sand-lance (A. laiicea). These two species,
long confounded by naturalists, have now
been distinguished. The A. tobiamis, at Edin-
burgh called the Hornel [horn-eel ?], is the
longer, being sometimes a foot in measure-
ment ; the A. lancea, which is common, is from
live to .seven inches.
am-mo'-ni-a, s. [In Ger. amvwnial: ; Fr.
ammoniofpie; Port, ammonia ; Ital. artnouiaco
= hydrochlorate of ammonia. From sal am-
moniac, the salt from which it is generally
manufactured. That name again came fi'oiii
Ammonia, the district in Libya where it was
first prepared, or from its being first manu-
factured from camels' dung collected by the
Arabs at the temple of Jupiter Aniinon, in
the locality just named.]
Cliem. : A substance consisting of NHg.
Molecular weight, 17. Sp. gr. 8-5, compared
with H ; compared with air (1), its sp. gr. is
0'59. It is a colom-less, pungent gas, with a
strong alkaline reaction. It can be li(iuefied
at the pressure of seven atmospheres at
15°. Water at 0<^ dissolves 1,150 times its
volume of NH3, at ordinary temperatures
about 700 times its volume. ' A fluid dram
of ammonics liquor fortior contains 15'83 grains
of XH3, and has a sp. gi-. of 0-891. The lirptor
ammonias of the Pharmacopoeia has a sp. gr.
of 0'959, and a fluid dram contains 5-2 grains
of NHg. (Water being unity, the specilic
gravity of ammonia is '0007594.) Ammonia is
obtained by the dry distillation of animal or
vegetable matter containing nitrogen ; horns,
hoofs, &c., produce large quantities, hence its
name of spirits of hartshorn. Guano consists
chiefly of urate of ammonia. But ammonia is
now obtained from the liquor ef gas-works ;
coal containing about two per cent, of nitrogen.
Ammonia is fonned by the action of nascent
hydrogen on dilute nitric acid. Ammonia
gas is prepared in the laboratory by heating
together one part of NH4C1 with two parts
by weight of quicklime, and is collected over
mercury. NH3 is decomposed into N and H3
by passing it through a red-hot tube, or by
sending electric sparks through it ; the result-
ing gases occupy twice the volume of the
ammonia gas. It is used in medicine as an
antacid and stimulant ; it also increases the
secretions. Externally it is emplnyed as a
rubefacient and vesicant. Ammonia liniment
consists of one part of solution of ammonia to
three parts of olive oil. Ammonia is used as
an antidote in cases of poisoning by prussic
acid, tobacco, and other sedative drugs. Sub-
stitution ammonias are formed by the replace-
ment of H by an alcohol radical forming
Amines (q.v.), and by acid radicals forming
Amides (q.v.). There are also ammonia sub-
stitution compounds of cobalt, cop])cr. mer-
cury, and platinum. (See ira.tts':> Diet. Cltna.)
ammonia alum.
[Am-^ion'ium Alum.]
boil. TaS^; p^t, jtf^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9I1I11, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, aj; expect, Xenophon, exist -h
-tlon. -sion. -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious,
-Clous, -ceons=shus. -ble, -die, &c. ^
bel. del.
ammoniac —ammonium.
ammonia and soda phosphate, -^-
A liiiiieral, called also Stercorite (q.v.).
Bicarbonate of Amraonia: A iiiiaeral, called
also Teschemaclierite (q.v.).
Muriate of Ammonia: A mineral, called also
Sal-ammoniac (q.v.).
Phosphate of Ammonia: A mineral, called
also Stercorite (q.v.).
am-mo'-ni-ac, a. & s. [In Sp,, rort., & ital.
(immoiiiaco ; Fr. ammoiiiacuvi.]
1. As adjectii^e. Ghem.: In part composed
nf ammonia; pertaining to ammonia ; ammo-
niacal.
2. As siihstantive : Gum-ammoniac. [Ammo-
NiACUJi (q.v.).]
am-m.6-lii'-a-cal, ri. [In Ger. avimoniala-
Usrh ; Fr. & Port, ainnwniaiv!.] In part cnm-
]iosed of ammonia ; pertaining to ammonia.
The same as ammoniac Nn. l,
'This aminonlacnl compound ." — Graham:
CJtciu., 2ml ed., vol, ii , p. 20'J.
am-m.6-ni'-a-cuin, »'. \In Fr. amTnoniacuvi ;
Ital. ar^iioiiaco.] A gnm resin, called also
gum-ammoniac, which is inipniied into this
(■(juntry from Turkey and the East Indies in
little lunqis, or tears, of a strong and not very
])leasing smell and a nauseous taste, followed
Ity bitterness in the mouth. It is a stimulant,
a deobstruent, an exijectorant, an antispas-
juodic, a discutient and a resolvent. Hence it
is internally employed in asthma and chronic
catairh, lisceral obstructions, and obstinate
colic, whilst it is used externally in scirrhous
tumours and wliite swellings of the joints.
Tlie plant from which it comes has not yi^t
been thoroughly settled. That of Persia I'ms
been .--aid to come from the Doreina Amnioiiin-
niDi, but is more probably derived from tlie
FcriiUi oriental is. (Lindley : Veq. Kingil.)
GaiTod believes it to be from the first-named
of these two plants, which grows in Persia and
the Punjaub. Both are Umbellifei-ae.
Am-mo'-ni-an (1), t Am-o'-ni-an, axlj.
[Froin Greek "AfLinov (Aminon) and "A/swu
(Amon). Plutarch says that AvLO)i was tin:
earlier and more correct form. Heb. ]^C^^
(Amon), Jer. xlvi. 25. On the Egyptian
jiionuments Avin.'] Pertaining to Jupiter
Amnion, or to his celebrated temple iu tlic
oiisis of Siwah in Libya. [Ammonite.]
■' Joyful to that palin-p) anted, fountain-fed
Ainmonian Oa,iis in the waste."
Tennyson, : JSarly Sonnets, iv.
Am-mo'-ni-an (2), o. [From the philosopher
mentioned in the def.] Relating to Animonius
Saecas, who set up a school at Alexandria in
the latter part of tlie second century, ami
founded the Xeo-Platonic philosophy. He
maintained that all religious taught essentially
the same truths, and required only to be
i-ightly interpreted completely to harmonise.
To produce the wished-for agreement he alle-
gorised away whatever was distinctive in the
several systems. Oi'igen adopted his views.
am-mo'-ni-o-. in compos. = ammonium ;
as ammonio-viagiK'siii II , o.vimonio-pallo.do'iis =
ammonium in combination with magne.simn,
anuuonia in combination with palladium.
Am'-mon-lte, .';. [Eng. Amnion ; -ite. In
Guv. animonit ; G]"eek "A/i.iuuji' (Amvion), eithei'
an Egyi^tian word, or from the Gr. a/A/xo;
((inL„u>.<) = sand, and suffix -itc. "Ainnion-
stune." Jupiter Ammon had a celebrated
temple in an oasis of tlie Libyan desert,
;ind was wtirshipped there under tlie form
of a ram, the liorns of which the fossil
Annnniiites were thought to resemble. Hence
tlic genus was called by the older natnra-
list.s Vornu Ammunis, a designation altered
l»y Brugaiere into Ammonite.] A large
genus of fossil chambei'ed shells, belonging
to the class Cephalopoda, the order Tetra-
brancliiata, and tlie family Animonitidffi. The
shL'U js> discoidal, the inner whorls more
ni' less foiK'.ealed, the septa undulated, the
sutures lohed and foliated, and the siphunein
dorsul. Rffore geoloL'-y became a science,
(■\cii scientilic mm, and much more the un-
scientitic. were greatly perplexed by these
fossils. They were looked on as real ram's
horns, or as the curled tails of some animals,
or ns petrified snakes, or as convoluted marine
wtnms or insects, or as vertebrtc. The petri-
fied snake hypothesis being a popular one,
sonic dealers framlulently appended heads to
make the rcieniblanee more complete. It is
to ammonites that Sir W. Scott refers when
he say.'; Lnat—
" . . . of thonaand Bnakes, each one
\Va.s changed into a coil of stone
When holy Hilda prayed,"
Jfarinion, ii. 13.
The ancients venerated them, as the Hindoos
still do. About 700 so-called species have
been described, ranging from the Trias to the
Chalk. Several attempts ha-\-e been made to
-\MMONiTE.
divide the genus into sub-genera or sections ;
or if Ammonites be looked upon as a sub-
family, then they will be elevated into genera.
The following is the scheme adoi^ted in Tate
& Blake's Yorkshire Lias, pp. 267, &c. : —
A. Aptychiis ahsent. (By aptyckns is meant
the operculum, cover, or lid, guarding the
aperture of the shell.)
Chamber short, ajipendage ventral. Phyt-
loceras (Suess). Distribution : Trias to Cre-
taceous. Ex. : A. heterophyllnm.
Chamber short, appendage dorsal. Lyto-
ccr(i.<! (Sness). Trias to Cretaceous. Ex. : A,
Jimhriattim.
Chamber 1^—2 whorls. Arcestes (Suess).
Trias.
Chamber short, appendage ventral, aper-
tural margin I'alciform, ornaments argonauti-
form. Tn-chyreras (Laute). Trias.
B. Aptychns jyresent :
I. Aptychns undivided :
1. Hor^nj aiiaptyclms:
Chamber 1 — 1-^ whnrl, pointed ventral ap-
pendage. Arictites (Waagen). Trias and Lias.
Ex.: A. Buclhi:i:li.
Chamber -3 — 1 whorl, rounded ventral ap-
]iendage. ^^rjoceras (Waagen). Trias and Lias.
Ex.: -4. capricormis.
Chamber i— 5 whorl, long ventral appen-
dages. AmaiiheusQihmf.'). Trias to Cretaceous.
Ex. : A. margaritutiis.
2. Calcareous (sideics) : Shell imknown. Cre-
taceous.
II. Aj'tychiis divided, calcareous:
1. Aptychus externally furrowed :
Aptychns thin, chamber short, apertnral
Diiargin falciform, with acute ventral appen-
dage. Harpocera-s (Waagen). Jurassic. Ex. ;
^4. raxliaas.
Aptychus thick, chamber short, apertnral
margin falciform, rounded ■\'eiitral appendage.
Oppelia (Waagen). Jurassic and Cretaceous.
Chamber short, with a groove or swelling
near the apertui'e, margin with auricles and
I'ounded ventral appendages. Haploceras
(Zitt). Jurassic and Cretaceous.
2. Aptychus thin, yranulated externally :
Chamber long, apertural margin simple,
or furnished with auj-icles. Stephanoceras
(Waagen). Jurassic and Cretaceous. Ex. :
A. comimtnis.
Chamber long, aperture narrowed by a
furrow, simple, or furnished with auricles.
Perisphinctes OVaagen). Jurassic and Creta-
ceous.
(.'hamber short, ai)erturG simple, or furnished
witii auricles. Cosvwceras (Waagen). Jurassic
and Cretaceous.
3. Apjtychus thicl, smooth, jnindated exter-
nally :
Cliamber long, umbilicus large, shell with
furrows, venti-al apjiendage nasiform. Simo-
cerob. Tithonic.
Chamber short, apei-tural margin generally
simple. Aspidoceras (Zitt). M. and Upper
Jurassic and L. Cretaceous.
Dr. Oppcl of Stuttgart (about A.D. 1856),
Dr. Wright of Cheltenham (l^iiO), and others,
have divided tlie Lias into ditt'erent zones.
distinguislied from each other by tlte occu-
rence in them of typical ammonites. The
zones at present recognised are liere presented
in an ascending series, commencing with the
oldest. Geologists quote them in such a foi-m
as this : The zone of Ammoniiis planorbis at
the base of the Lower Lias, the zone of A.
cajiricornus in the Middle Lias, &c. [Zone.]
Lower Lias : A. 2^l(i-norhis, A. aitgulatus, A.
Bucklnndi, A. oxynotus.
]\liddle Lias : A. Jamesoni, A. cajiricoTnus,
A. margaritatus, A. spinoius, A. aitnulatus.
Ui)per Lias : A. serpentinus, A romiuuuis,
A. Jnrensis.
The following ammonites charact<'rise the —
Midford Sands : A. opalinus.
Inferior Oolite : A. Hnrnphrieslaiius, A.
Sonierhii, A. Murchisoni, A. Parkitlsoid.
Fuller's Earth : A. gracilis.
Cornbrash : A. macrocephalns.
Kellowaj' rock : A. Koniigi, A. Callovicensis,
A. s^tbloivis.
Oxford clay: A. Duncmil, A. Ja.\oni, A.
jierarmatus, A. Goliathus, A. Cordatut^, A.
].aviberti, A.Eugenii, A. Hecticus, A. deatattiA
Coral rag ; A. varicostatiis.
Supra coralline : A. decijiieh..-:
Kimmeridge clay: A. hiphr, A. serratus^
A. niutdbilis.
Portland Oolite : A. giganieus.
In 1S68 Judd divided the Lower Neocomian
(Wealden) rocks into the zones of Ammonites
A^tierianus, A. Noricus, and A. HpeHonensis.
Lower Greensand : A. Deshayesii.
F. G. Price gives the following ammonites
arranged in zones from the Upper Neocomian
to the Greensand of the Gault at F'olke-
stone : — A. mammillatus, A. Interruj'tiis, A.
aiiritua var., A. Delaruei, A. lautns, A. dena-
rius, A. unritus. A, Beudanti, A. varicosus,
A. rostratiis.
Grey chalk: A. Coupei, A. Maiitclli, A.
Rliotomageusis, A. varinns.
^ Ammonites in the Himalayas occur 16,200
feet above the sea.
am-mo-nit'-i-dse, s. pi. [From Eng., &c.,
ammonites (q.v.).] The family of Tetrabran-
cliiate Cephalopods, of which the genus Am-
monites is the tyxte. It contains also the
genera Anryloceras, Scaphites, Tirrrilitcs, Ha-m-
ites, Bac>i^:t£3, and several others. All are
c.v:unct.
am-mo-nit-if'-er-ous, :'. [Eng., kc, am-
monite, and Lat. fero = to bcai' or cany.]
Containing the remains of ammonites.
"The atnmonUiferous beda of the Liat. —Qitar,
Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi. (18G0), pt. i.. p. .i75.
am-mo'-ni-um, s. [In Ger., &c., ammonitim.'}
Chem. : The name given by Berzelius to a
supposed monatomic radical (NH4)'. It is
doubtful whether the ammonia salts — as
chloride of ammonium, NH4CI — contain this
radical, that is. whethei- N is sometimes a pen-
tatomic element, or the molecule of NH3 is
united "with the acid, as HCl, by molecular
attraction —thus, NH3.HCI — iu tlie same
manner as water of ciystallisation is united
in certain crj'stalline salts At high tempera-
tures this salt is decomposed into NH3 and
HCl. The so-called amalgam of mercuiy and
ammonium decomposes rapidly into hydrogen,
ammonia and mercury. It is formed by
}dacing sodium amalgam iu a saturated solu-
tion of NH3HCI. It forms a light, bulky,
metallic mass. A dark-blue liquid, said to be
(NH4)2 (ammonium), has been formed at low
temperature and high pressure. But many of
the salts of ammonium are isomorphous with
those of potassium and sodiiun. The salts of
ammonium give off NH3 when heated with
caustic lime or caustic alkali. With platinic
ehloridc they give a yellow precipitate of double
]>latinic ammonium chloride; also with tar-
taric acid a nearly insoluble white crystalline
ju-ecipitate of acid tartrate of ammonia. The
salts of ammonium leave no residue when
heated to redness.
ammonium alum, also called ammo>
nia alum, s.
Min.: The name of a mineral ; the same as
Tschermigite (<|.\'.). The British Museum
Catalogue of Jhnerals terms it Aniinoniitm
Ahtm; Dana, Ainoio)iia Alum.
ammonium carbonate, s.
Cliem. Several ammonium carbonates are
known. (See Chem, Soc. Journal, 1870. pp.
171, 2711)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, wliat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, ftill ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e. ey = a. ew = n.
ammophila — atnoret
ammonium chloride, b.
1. Chevi.: NIi4Cl or XHo.HCl. oUained
chiefly by neutralizing the liquor of gas-works
by HCl. It is tlieii evaporated to dryness and
sublimed, and forms a fibrous mass. It is
soluble in i^i pan^s of cold -water. It forms
double salts witK chlorides of M-;, Xi, Co,
Mn, Zn, and Cu. It is used on the Cuntinent
as a remedy for Uf uralgia.
2, Mill. : The name of a muicral, called also
Sal-auunoHi;ic. Formerly it was termed also
Chloride of Aiiiraonium.
ammonium nitrate, NH4.N(tj, or
NHg. HNO|},(r> stallises intransparent needles,
.Try soluble in water ; by heat is decomposed
into nitrous oxide, XoO, and 2H2O.
ammonium nitrite, NH4.NO2, rn
NH3.HXO1, is decomposed by heat into X
aud'2Hoi.) '
ammonium phosphate, (NH4);i.P04 or
(NH4)2.HP04. Microcosmic salt, uscdiu blow-
pipe expeiiments, is an ammonium, hytli'Ogen,
and sodium phosphate, Na(NH4).HP04.
ammonium sulphate, s.
1. Chem. : (NH4)2.S04 or (X1I;.)._>.H2S04. A
white .salt, soluble in two parts nf i-idd water ;
crystallises in long six-sided prisms.
2. Mill. : The name of a mineral, called also
Mascagnitc (q.v.). Formerly it was termed
also Sulphate of Ammonia.
ammonium sulphide, s. A salt of
ammonium, used as an analytical re-agent :
it is prepared by passing H^k into a strong
solution of XHy in water to saturation.
am-mdph'-il-a, s. [Gr. dufius (amnios) or
afj.fs.og (/ia'rt( )//,('*■) = sand, and i/k'Aos (philos),
adj. = beloved ; subst. = a friend, a lover. A
lover of sand.]
ZooL: A genus of Hymenopterous insects ;
fanuly Hphecidai. Several species exist in
Britain. Like other burrowing Hymenoptera,
they are popularly called Sand-wasps. [Sand-
V/ASP, FOSSOREA.]
2. Bot. : Sea-reed. A genus of grasses which
contains the A. arundinacea, formerly called
Arundo amiarin, or Fsfnnvia arenaria^ the
Common Sca-n-i-d— Marum or Mat-weed. It
is woven in Sus.scx into table-mats and basket-
work ; but its chief utility is in the citonomy
of nature, in which it protects sand-dunes,
and sandy coasts in general, from being blown
away by wind, or speedily removed by tlic
action uf the sea.
am-mo-schist'-a, s. [Gr. afifio? (avimos) =
sand : andLat. schiitx.^. Gr. axt<n6s(schistos)=.
split, cleft; from a-xiC<^ (schizo) =10 split or
cleave. ] Sand-schist.
am-mo-trag-el'-a-phiis, 5. [Gr. a^u/iof {mu-
■mos) = sand, and Tpaytha<pos (tragektplios) — a
mythii- animal, the goat-stag; rpa-jov (tragus)
= a he-goat ; eAaipor (elaphos) = a deer.] The
aoudad, a wild sheei^ ; to a certain extent
a connecting link between the sheep and the
goat. It is met with on the mountains of
Northern and Eastern Africa.
am-mu-ni'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to, and
iiiuuUio = a fortifying, fortification ; muuic =
to raise a wall ; to fortify.]
Forriierlij : Military stores in general.
Xaw : i'owder, shot, shells, &c., for guns of
all soi-ts.
'■ Anns for ten thousand men and i?reat quantities
of ammunition were put on board." — Jlacaulay :
J! int. 1,'nj., cli. xii.
ammunition bread, s. Bread for the
supply of an army in the field or a garrison.
(Joinition.)
ammunition-waggon, s. A waggon
used to convey ammunitmn.
" Ammunition-wafjffons were prepared and loaded."—
Frouda: Hist. Enn- (1853), vol. iv., p. 275.
*a,m'-ner-y, s. [From almner = almoner.]
The same as Almonry. An alms-house.
3,m-ne'-si-a, s. [Gr. aitvna-ia (nmnc.ria) = for-
getfulness ; u, priv., a.nd m/ivija-Kt,} (mimneskn) ;
fut. iJ.v>')o-ui Oa»('s'') = to put in mind.] For-
getfuhie.-,?, ; loss of memory.
am'-nes-ty, s. [In Fr. amnistie ; Sp. mn-
nestia and amnhtia; Port. & Itid. amidst i o ;
Lat. amiu'stio. Frum Gr. a/jLvna-Tia O'vincsthi)
= forgL'tfulncss of wrong : a, priv. , nnd ,i\.7,(rTi<;
(mncstis) — remembering.] An act of oblivion
pxssed after an exciting political period. Its
object is tn encourage those who have com-
promised themselves by rebellion or otherwise
to resume their ordinary occupations, and this
it does by giving them a guarantee that they
shall never be called upon to answer for their
past otleiices.
" But the Prince had determined th.tt, as far as his
Ijower extended, all the jjaat ahould be covered with a
gener-Al amnesty." — Macaulay : Hist. JUiiff., ch, xiii.
am-mc'-ol-ist, s. [Lat. ammcola, from
amnis = a river, and colo = (1) to cultivate,
(2) to inhabit.] One dwelling near a river.
(Johnson.)
am-nig'-en-OUS, a. [Lat. amnigenus = born
in a river ; cminigeiia = born of a river ; amu is
= a river, and gen, the root of gigno = to beget,
to bear.] Born of or in a river. (Johnson.)
am'-m-on, am'-iui-os, s. [Gr. afiviov (am-
vdon) or afiviov (amnion) — (1) a bowl in whicli
the blood of victims was caught ; (2) the mem-
brane round the foetus ; the caul. Dimin. of
afLvog ((iviiios) = a lamb.]
Animal Physiol. : The innermost membrane
with which the fcetus in the womb is sur-
rounded. In the development of the higher
animals, the germinal membrane, at a very
early period, separates into two layers : the
external one serous, and the internal one
mucous. The portion of the serous lamina
immediately surrounding the embryo develox>s
two prominent folds, one on each siele, which,
ayiproaching, form two eonsidei-able reduplica-
tions, and ultimately unite into a closed sac.
It is these uniting folds that are termed the
amnion. (Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anut.,
vol. ii., pp. 384, 588, 606.)
Liquor Amnil: An albuminous fluid filling
the amniotic cavity. [Amniotic Cavitv.]
Bot. : A clear and transparent fluid arising
after fecundation in the centre of the ovulum,
where it appears first in tlie form of a small
drop or glubule. In some cases it has no
particular cuticle, but in othei"s it ia investevl
with a fine and filmy membrane, called by
Mirbel, quintin; and by Brown, rmbi-yonic sar.
am-ni-6t'-ic, u. [Eng. ainnio(ii). t, and -iV.]
Pertaining to the amnion ; tormed by the
amnion ; contained in the amnion.
amniotic cavity, s. A particular cavity
in the partially-developed fcetus of an animal.
It is filled with the liquor amnil, and has
within it the embryo. [Amnion.] (Todd and
Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., !">. 588.)
am-6-be'-an. [ Am<ebean. ]
am-o-be'-iim. [Am(ebeum. ]
a-moo'-ba, «. [Gr. 0/10(^9.7 (amoih?) = (l) a re-
compense, (2) a change : from an^ifita (ameihd)
= to change.]
Zool. : A term applied to a Protozoon which
perpetually changes its form. It is classeil
under the Rhizopoda. It is among the sim-
plest living beings known, and might be de-
scribed almost as an animated mass of perfectly
transparent moving matter. Amo-btc may be
obtained for examination l)y jilacing a small
fragment of animal or vegetable matter in a
little water in a wine-glass, and leaving it in
the light part of a warm roum for a few days.
(Prof. Lionels. Beale : Bioplnsni. 1872, § 75, pji.
49, 50.) The Anurb" diffiu.:us is sometimes
called, from its incessant changes of form, the
Proteus.
am-oe-b£e'-an, am-o-be'-an, am'-e-be-
an, a. Answering alternately. [Amcebeum.]
am-ce-be'-iim, am-o-be'-iim, s [Gr.
aixoti3ii7o^ (amt>i&aios) = interchanging, altei-
nate ; afiot^i] (amoibe) — requital, recompense ;
afj-si^iii (ameibo)=to change.] A poem con-
taining alternating verses, designed to be sun'^
by two people, one in answer to the other ; a
responsive song.
aijl - 6ib'- ite, s. [Gr. atJ-oi^rj (amoibe) =:
change ; sufi'. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Min. : A variety of Gersdorffite or Nickel
Glance (q.v.). It contains arsenic, 47*4 ; sul-
phur, 15-2; nickel, 37-4. It occurs at Lich-
tcjiberg, in the Fichtelbirge.
am-o-li'-tion, s. [Lat. amolitio = a renio:--
ing ; a putting away from ; amolior = to
remove ; vioHor — to put one's self in motion,
to construct or build ] Reijim'nl
" We ought here tu consider — a r?itif;v;i! or .imolUion
of that fiuppoaal; — the grounds and reajjons of thii.
amolUion.' — Up. Seth Ward: Apology for the Jil if sterlcs
qftiui C!ospel{lG7S), pp. 4, 5.
a-mo'-me-ce, s. pi. [Amomu>[.]
Bot. : Jussieu's name for an order of endn-
genous plants, called Scitamineee by Brown,
and ZingiberaccEC (q.v.) by others.
a-mo'-mum, s. [In Ger. a,vwme and Irmhi-
■moinen ; Dut. kardanunn ; Fr. amome ; Sp.
and Ital. cardavwmo ; Port, cardomono ; Lat.
avuiinuvi ; Gr. a/iw/ioi' (aind-mov) — an aromatic
shrub from which the Romans pre[iared a
fragrant balsam. Arab, lioinuninai, IVmu
hamma = %o warm or heat; the heating
plant.]
1. A genus of plants belonging to the order
Zingiberacea?, or Ginger- worts. They are
natives of hot countries. The seeds of A.
granuin paradisl, A. -maximum, and on the
frontiers of Bengal of A. aromaticinn, are the
chief of the aromatic seeds called Cardamoms
(q.v.). A pungent flavour is imparted to
spirituous liquor by the hot acrid seeds of A.
angustifoliuin, vmcrospermvm, ■maximum, and
Cli'sii. (Lindley : Veg. King., 1S47, p. 107.)
" The amomuTn there with intermingling floweis
And cheiTies, hangs her twigs,"
Cowper : The Task, bk. iii.
2. The specific name of the Sison amomnvi,
the Hedge-bastard Stone-parsley, believed by
some to be the Amomum of Pliny and Dios-
corides. It is wild in Britain.
3. Among the French: The Solaniim ptseudo-
capsicum.
a-mong', a-mong'st, * a-mong'ef,
' a-mong -ui§(, ^ a-mong'-est, ^ a-
mong'e, * e-mong'e (all Eng.), a-m^ng'
(Scotch), prep. [A.S. on-mang, ongaiunig =
antong ; gemang (pfep, = among), s. = /i
mixture, a collection, an assembly, an en-
cumbrance, a burden.]
1, Noting environment hy : Mingled with,
in tlic midst of : with persons or things on
e\eiy side.
"... and Adiim and his wife hid themselves from
the presence of the Lord Oud amongst the trees of the
garclen." — Oeii. iii. 8.
"... they have heard that thou Lord art aviong
this people."— jVfnnfc. xiv. 14.
" Unmindful that the thorn is near,
Amang t\ic leaves."
Hums: To James Siiti'h.
2. Noting discrimination or selection from
any niunbtr ur quantity: Taken from the
number of.
". there is none upright am.onsj men." — Jficah
vii. 2.
" There were also womeu lookinc on afar oft", wimu'i
whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary . ."—Murk
XV. 40.
" Senek am.onges other wordes wy.sc
Sfiith, that a man aught him wel avysL- "
Chaucer: C. T., 'J,:ilt7-3.
3. Noting diijtribution to various persons,
or in various directions.
" There is a lad here, which hath five harley loaves,
and two small fl-shes : but what are they amon-i so
many?"— Jo/oi. VI. 9.
T[ Here there is properly an ellipsis. " Wluit
ari; they [when they will have to be parted]
among so many ? "
A-mo'-ni-an, ti, [Ajimonian.]
t am-or-a'-do, s. [Lat. amor = love; from
amu — to love.] A lover. [Inamorato.]
am-or-e'-an^, s. pi. [Corrupted Aramaean (?).]
A sect of Gemaric doctors, or commentators
on the Jerusalem Talmud. [Talmqd.] They
were preceded by the Mishnic doctors, and
followed by the Sebureans.
am'-or-et, am'-or-ette, am'-our-ette,
* am-or-et'-to, s. [Fr. amourette = (1) lovt;
(2) a love affair.]
1. An amorous ^voman ; a wanton giii.
" When amo7-ets no more can shine,
And Stella owns she's not divine."
Dr. J. Warton : Poe^ns; Sappho's Advl c.
" And eke as well hy amorettes
In inoiirning black, ft? bright brunettes."
lifyin. of the fioie.
2. A love-knot (?).
" For not iciad in silke was he,
But all in tlouns and flourettes,
I-painted all with amorettes."
Itom. of the i: • -', 802.
3. A petty amour ; a trifling flirtation.
"Three amours I have had in my lifet.mis' iisftr
nmourettes. they are nut ^^ urth mentioning.' — ha[«h'ii
bai, b6$; pSiLt, j<Jvi^l; oat, geU, chorus, ghin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph =
tion, -sion. -tioun. -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -?ion = zhiin. -tious. -sious. -oious '= shus. -We, -die, ic = be], deL
174
amoretto— amove
[Ital] A man enamoured.
^ Spenser uses Amoretj Amorctt, nr Anioretia,
/IS a ]iro])er name.
" With whom she went to seeke f.iire Atnor-:!."
SpcitMei-: F. Q.. IV. \l 4C.
" Faire Amorett must dwell in wicked cliaoJies,
And Scudamyre here die with sorrowiuff."
Jbid., ni. xi. 24.
" she Imre Belphcehe; she bore in like ciice
y;iyr(i Amoretta in the secojul pljice."
Jbid.. Ill vi. 1.
am-or-et'-to, s. [Fr. anwirctlc \ [Amoki:t.]
An amorous man.
"The amoretto wjis wout to take his st.niil iit une
place — where sate his inistreBs."—Ga>/ton : .Voii:'''Vit B.
Quix., y. 47,
* am-or-ev'-ol-oiis, a. [Ital. nmorevoU.]
Sweet, obliging, affable, generous, amorous.
" He would leave it to the pvincessa to shew her
cordi.il and ainorevolous aflectiuiis " — Ihicket , Llfv of
Archb. ^Villialns,\it. i,, p. 161. (Treadi.)
* am'-or-i-ly, adv. [Old form of Merrilv. ]
Merrily.
■' The second lesson Rohin Redbreast aaiig,
Haile to the god and goddess of oitr lay,
And to the lectom ninorily he sproug.
Haile (ud. eke), O fresh season of May."
Chaucer: The Court of Loi'-
am'-or-ist, s. [Lat. ar/ior = love ; Eng. suit'.
-1st.] A man professing love; an inamorato,
a gallant.
" Female heautie-s are as fickle in their faces aa their
minds ; though cstsnalties should spare them, ajje
brings in a nece.ssity of decay; leaving dotei's upon
red and wliite iierplexed by iucei'taiuty both of the
continuance of their mistress's kmdness and her
beauty, both which are necessary to the amorvit's joys
and quiet."— Boi/U:.
ar-moru'-'ingS, adv. [Eng. a^on ; moviilngs.]
On or in the mornings.
" Thou and I
"Will live 30 finely in the country, Jaques,
And have such pleasant walks into the woods
Amombigs." — lieauin. and FL- yoble Gent., ii. 1.
am-or-o'-sa, s [Ital. adj. f.] A wanton
IVnuile.
"I took thein fntin nmorosas, and \iolators of the
bounds of modesty." — ^Ir T. Herbert's Travels, p. 191.
am-or-o'-so,
Sm'-or-ous, " am'-er-oiis. a. [Lat. amur,
and Eng. suff. -07(i' = full of. In Fr. amourexix;
Sjt., Port., & Ital. a-inorosa. From Lat. amor
= love.]
t 1. In love v/itli, enteitaining love for;
desirous of obtaining. This love or desire
m;iy be attributed to a person or other being,
or to a thing personified; and it may go out
towards a person or thing. (Formerly foiloweil
by on, now by of.)
(a) lA-teraUi) :
" This siinyer, wluoh that hight Aurilius,
On Dorigen that was so ameraii.-'."
CJtaucer: C. T.. 11,803-4.
"Sure my brother is iimorons on Hero."
Shake.ip. : Much Ado about J\'o'hing, ii. 1.
" E\ en the gods who walk the sky
.\rL- amorous ot thy scented sigh."
Moorv : Anacreon, Ode 43.
Q>) r'njuratlvely :
" Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made
Tlie water, which they Ije^t, to follow faster.
As amorous q^ their strokes."
Shakesp. : Antony aucl Cleopatra, ii. 2.
2. Naturally inclined to love ; having a
sti'ong jiropensity to be inspired with sexual
passion.
(a) Lit. Of i-icrsons :
^ Crabb says that atnorous, loving, aud/o»(7
*'are all used to mark the excess or distortion
of a t(^nder sentiment. Amorous is taken in a
criminal sense, Jovitig and fond in a contemp-
tuous sense : an indiscriminate and dishonour-
able attachment to the fair sex characterises
the amorous man ; an (A'lrweening and
childish attachment to any object marks the
loving and fond person. . . An amnrous
temper should be suppressed, a loving temper
should be ivgiilati'd ; a fond tejupcr should
becheckeil." {Cruhh : Eng. .Si/noninucs.)
"... where I w.as taught
Of your chaste daughter tlie wide difference
' Twixt amorous and vill.ainous."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, v. s.
(/)) Fig. Of tilings personified:
"Nor Chloris, with whom amorous zephyi-s play,"
Cotvper : Milton's Latin Foems, Elegy iii.
" While the amorous, odorout. wind
Breathes low between the simset and the moon."
Tennyson : Eleanorc, 8.
3. Relating to or belonging to love; indi-
cating love : produced by love ; fitted to
inspire love, or excite to sexual indulgence.
" Where the gay blooming nymph constrain'd his stay
With sweet, reluctant, umoi-ou.<i delay."
Po])e : Homer's Odi/xseu. bk. xxiii.. nGl-2.
" . . . to the hari> they sung
Soft amorous ditties, and in dance rame um."
Milton, i: I.., hii. xi.
am-or-ous'-ly, «rfy. [Eng. ammwis; -^i/.] In
an amoTOUs manner ; fondly, lovingly.
" If my lips should dare to kias
Thy taper fingers atnorously."
Tennyson : Madeline, S.
3.m'-or-ous-ness, s. [Eng. amorous; -nc^s.]
The f-piality of being amorous; disposition to
love.
" Lindanior has wit and amorous nc-sx enough to make
him find it more easy to defend fair ladies, than to
defend himself against them."— Boyle on Colour^:.
a-morph'-a, s. [In Dut. and Fr. anioij>ho ;
Gr. a.fiop(t>o<! {amorpkos), adj. = unshapely ; a,
priv., and /j-opqtrj (rnorphil) = forni ; alluding
to the fact that the corolla has neither aha
nor carina.] Bastard Indigo. A genus of
papilionaceous plants. A. fruticosa was for-
merly cultivated in Carolina as an indigo
plant.
a-morph-o-phal'-lus, s. [Gr. awop0of
(anixirpJiQs) = (1) misshapen ; (2) shapeless ;
and (/taWdf (pliallos) = a i^hallus.] A genus
of plants belonging to the order Araccic, or
Arads. The A. orixensis has very acid roots,
and, when fresh, is apjilied in India, in cases
of cataplasm, to excite or bring forward tu-
mours. It is powerfully stimulating. A.
monta'num is similarly employed. (Lindl. :
Veg. Kingd., pp. 12S, 129.)
a-morpll'-ous* a. [In Fr. amor%ilie ; Port.
amorpho ; Gr. anop^o-; (avwrplws) = (1) mis-
shapen, (2) shapeless: a, priv., and noptpi]
{iiwrj)M)^fovin, shape.] Without form, shape-
less. (Used specially in mineralogy, in which
it is applied to minerals of indefinable, inde-
terminate, or indefinite forms.) (PhiUi/is :
Mineralogy, '2nd ed., 1S19, p. Ixxxiii.) Ex-
ample -. Native minium.
a-morph'-y, s. [Gr. i^op^/a (oiaorj-hif).^
Shapelessness, iiTegularity of form.
"As mankind is now disposed, he receives much
greater advantage by being diverted than instructed ;
his epidemical diseases being fastidiosity, amorphy,
.and oscitatioii."— TKie of a Tub.
a-mor'-rha, s. [Possibly from Sp. uniorrnr
■= to buw the head.] An American jilant with
jmrple flowers.
"Bright with luxuriant clusters of roses and purple
amorrhas.
Over them wander the buffalo herds, the elk, and the
roebuck." Longfellow : Fvangeline, pt. ii., 4,
a-mort', culv. [From Fr. a la viort = after the
manner of the dead. In Sp. amortiguado ;
Ital. ammortilo.] As if dead, dejected, spirit-
less, depressed.
" How fares my Kate? what, sweeting, all amort ?"
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3.
a-mort'-ise, r.t. [Amortize.]
a-mort-i-za'-tion, s. [In Ger. amortisation ;
Sp. avwrtizacion ; Port, amortisaqcta.'] Tlie
act or the right of alienating lands in mort-
main.
" Every one of the religious orders was confirmed bj'
one pope or other ; and they made anebpecial provision
for tlieiu after the laws of amortization were devised
-Aylijfe's Parergon Jart-
a-mort'-ize-ment, s. [Fr. amort lssc>n<-nt=^
1 (of debts), liquidation; 2 (finance), sinking:
'S, redemption.] The same as Amortization-
(q.v.). (Johnson, tCc.)
a-mort'-ize, a-mort'-ise, v.t. [Norm.
amort izr-r or amort ir ; Fr. omortir; (Sp. omnr-
tizar; Port. amortisar=:io sell in mortmain ;
Ital. ammortLre = to extinguish; Lat. wior.s
genit. 7)ior(K>;= death.] [Mortmain.]
1. In a general .icnsc : To make dead, to
render useless.
" But for as moche .as the good werkes that men don
while they ben in good lif, been all amortized by sinue
following."— Cftaucer .■ The Personnes Tali:.
2. Law : To transfer the ownership of land
or tenements in permanence to a corporation,
guild, or fraternity. [Mortmain.]
". . . if his Majesty gave way thuj to amortize
his tenures, his courts of wards will decay. "—ZiacoJt to
the Marq. of Buckingham, Let. 205.
^ a-mor'-we, *a-mor -wen, ' a-mor -ewe,
adv. [A.S. rt=on; moriiru, mo'rgyn, morhgen
= morrow.] On the inoirow.
"This niessanger a-morwc whan he awook."
Chaucer: C. T., h:l2C.
A'-mos, s. [Heb. Dini» {Amos or Glumws).}
1. AHi-brew prophet ; not to be confounded,
as some of tlie early Christian writers did,
with Amoz, the father of Isaiah, whose name,
V^-*? {Amos\ has ^J instead of 1\ and ^ inistead
of D. J-Ie -was a native of Tekoa, about six
miles soutli of Bethlehem, wheJ-e he was a
herdman and gatherer of sycomore fruit.
Though a native of Judah, he iirophesied in
Israel, some time between 798 and 784 B.C.
He was a contemporary of Isaiah and Hosea.
2. The book of the Bible called by the name
of the foregoing prophet. Its Hebrew is ex-
cellent, though there are in it peculiarities of
spelling. It has always been accepted as
canonical. It is twice quoted in the New
Testament (ch. v. 25, 2t), in Acts vii. 42 ; and
ix. n in Acts XV. 16).
a-xno'-tion, s. [Lat. amotio — a. removing or
'removal; from aworcj^ to move away.] Be-
rn ovaL
" The Universities of England shall need no other
punishment than what amotion of i church honours
and preferments will occasion them." — Waterlioiise :
Apology for Learning, &c (1C&3), i). 91.
" Tlie cause of his amotion is twice mentioned by
the Oxford antiquary. "— 7". Warton's Life of Sir T.
Pope, p. 251.
a-mount', v.%. [Fr. moutn- = to ascenil, from
' ■)nont — a mountain ; Norm. & Fr. amont =
up (a stream); Sp. amontar, oiiLOitarse = to
get up into the mountains (montar = to
mount, monte .= a moLint ; montana = a
mountain, monta = an amount) ; Port, ar/ion-
toar = to heap or hoard up (vioute, montanlm
= a mountain); Ital. ammontare = to lieap
up (moiitarc = to amount; moatagna = a
mountain.) In all these langunges avwunt
and mountain are connected, suggesting the
fact that if new items of debts, of assets, or
of anything be constantly added to others
which have gone before, the sum total will
ultimately be (at least, hyperbolieally speak-
ing) mountain-high.
I. Lit. : To go uj), to mount.
" So up he rose, and thence am.ounted .streight."
S/Ji-'i-icr F. Q., I. ix. 54.
II. Figv'afiocly :
1. To -un into an aggregate "by the accimm-
laticn of particulars ; to mount up tn, to add
up to.
" Thy substance, valued at the highest rate,
Cannot amount imto a hmidred marks."
^hakesp. : Comedy of Errors, i. 1.
". . . he had a taste for maritime pursuits, which
amounted to a passion, indeed almost to a mono-
mania,"— Macaulay : Hist, of Eng., ch. xxiii.
2. To count for, to deserve to be estimated
at, Svhen eveiything bearing on the case is
allowed for.
" Thus Jiiuch an
a-mount', s. [From the verb.]
1. The total, when two or more sums are
added together.
"The timount was fixed, by an unanimous vote."—
Macaulay ■ Hist. Eng., ch. xxjii.
2. The result when the effect of several
causes is estimated.
" ,^iid now ye lying vanities of life,
Wlieit are you now, and what is your ainoutU f
Vexation, disappointment, and remorse."
r/tonwoJi,
r-mount'-ing, pr. par. [Amount, c]
asn'-our, am'-oure, s. [Fr., from Lat.
amor =■ luve.] A love affair; an affair of
";.ll;nitiy (Used almost exclusi^-ely of illicit
i.n.,)
" But lovely peace, and gentle amity,
And m Amours the passing howres to spend."
Spitnser : F. Q., II. vi. 35.
■' Giey and some of the agents who h;td served him
in his uinoiir were brought to trial on a charge of
cons\nr!icy."—Macaulny : Hist. Eng., ch. v,
a-mous'e, .■•. [Possibly from Gr, a/ioutro^
{amousos)^ . . . unpolished, i-ude, gro.ss.]
A rounterfeitgem or precious stone. ((Uossog.
A'oai, 2uded., 110.)
a-mo'v-al, s. [Eng. amocf ; -al] Complete
removal.
" The amoval of the.si.- msutlerable nuisances would
infinitely clarify the air." — Evelyn.
' a-mo've, c.t. [Fr. emouvoir, from Lat.
amoveo = to remove away : a = from ; moveo
= to move. ]
1. To remove.
"She no lesse glad then he desirous was
Of his departure thence . .
That sho well pleased was thence to amove him farre "
Spc.i.<rr ■ F. Q., II. vi. a?.
2. To move, to inspire with emotimi. (This
^ellsl■ is not from Lat. amoveo = to move away,
to remove, but from the simple verb moyco =
tn move.)
■' .-Vnd him amor,'': with siieaches seeming fit.
' Ah. deare Saiisloy ' . ."
S/>cii.-,er F. Q.. I. iv, 4.^.
fate, fat, fare, a^mdst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pioe, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e. ey = a, ew = u-
AMPHIBIA,
i, Hria ccerulea. White's Tree Frog, a native of Australia. 2. Rana chimata, the Noisy Frog, a native of North America.
3. Menopoma alleghaniensis, a native of North America. 4. Amphiuma means, a native of North America. 5. Tadpole of Xenopus
IcEvis. a native of Africa.
3
6. Ceyatophrys oinahi. a native of Eastern South America.
amoving— amphibological
175
"* a-mA'V-ing, pr. imr. [Amove, v.]
^ a-m^y'nt, s. Company.
"As iiewe fiyt to God ful due,
Aud to the gentyl loiiibe liit arn amoynt.'*
Alliterative Poemg ; Pearl (ed. Worria), S93-4.
amp-ar-thros'-is, A". [Amphiarthrosis.]
am-pel'-i-dse, s. pi. [From Ampelis (q.A-.).]
Chatterers. A family of birJs belonging i->
the order Passeres, and the sub-order Denti-
rostres. They stand between the Lnniidn',
or Shrikes, and the jMu.-^cicapida;, or Fly-
(catchers. They chiefly inhabit the warmer
regions. They ai'e often very beautiful in their
plumage. They feed on fruits and insects.
The AmpelidsB may be divided into six sub-
families : (1) Dieruriuffi, or Drongo Shrikes ;
(2) Campephaginffi, or Cateii)iUar- eaters ;
(3) Gymuoderinse, or Fruit Crows ; (4) Aiii-
peliiite, or True Chatterers ; (0) Piprince, "i
Manikins ; and (6) Pat-liycephalinge, or Thick-
heads.
am-pel-id'-e-Ee, s. pi. [Fi'om Gr. a/jureXos
{avipelob) = ii vine.] Vine-worts, An order
of plants placed by Lindley under the Ber-
beral Alliance. They are called also Vitacea^.
The calyx is small ; the petals 4—5 ; the
stamens as many, and inserted opposite to the
petals ; the ovary two-celled ; the berry often
by aboi-tion one-celled, with few seeds. There
is not a modern genus Ampelos.
am-pel-i'-nse, o. pi [Ampelid.e (4).]
am' -pel-is, s. [Gr. a^TreAt? (amjjelis) =■ dimin.
from afj.ireKo<; (ampelos) = (1) a young vine,
(2) a kind of bird.] The typical genus nf
the family of birds called Ampelidas, or
Chatterers". The beautiful Bohemian Chatterer
is Ampelis garriila. [Chatterer.]
am'-pel-ite, s. [Gr. aixireKlTLs {ampelltis) =
pertaining to the vine, ytj a/x7reA.iTis {ge ampe-
lltis) =■ " vine-earth ; " Lat. aniiKlitis = a kind
of bituminous earth with which the vine was
sprinkled as a preservative against worms ;
from aixireKos (ampelos) =■ a vine.] Perhaps
a preparation of cannel-coal, with which hus-
bandmen in France smear their vines to kill
insects. [Cannel-coal.]
am-pel-dp'-sis, s. [Gr. anireKos (ampelos) =
vincj and oi|*ts (opsis) ~ look, appearance.]
Bot. : A genus of Ampelideae (q.v.) Being
rapid in growth, the species are sometimes
used for covering walls and arbours.
axn-pere', s. [Named from a French elec-
trician.] [Unit, s., II. 4. (2).]
^m'-per-sand, s. [See def.] A corruption
of ami per se = and standing by itself; the
sign &.
am-plli-. ill composition. [Gr. aii^C (amphi)
= on both sides ; Sansc. ablil, abhitas ; Lat.
amb and am; O. H. Ger. wmpi (wm). [Amb.]
A Greek preposition governing the genitive,
dative, and ae<!usative,] On both sides. (See
the words which follow.)
am-phi-ar-thro'-sis, s. [Gr. dju.<^t^ (avijM)
= on both sides ; apflpojo-is ((trthrosis), or,
more classically, apdptsiSia (arthrodia) = rvU-
culation; apdpoui (arthroo) = to fasten by a
joint; aipOpov (arthron) = a. joint ; " apto (aro)
= to join ; Sansc. ar.]
Anat. : A form of articulation in which two
plane or mutually adapted surfaces are held
together by a cartilaginous or fibro-cartila-
ginous lamina of considerable thickness, as
well as by external ligaments.
If It is considered by Todd and Bowman to
be a variety of the synarthrodal joint. In
man it occurs in the articulations between the
several vertebra?, between the ossa pubis, and
between the ilium and the sacrum.
am-phib'-i-a, s. pi [Neut. pi. of a/i^i/3ing
(amphihios) = living a double life, i.e., both
on land and water : Gr. aiun^t (ampft.i)= double,
and j3io? {hi'i:<) = life.] [Amphibium.]
Zoology : Animals which can live indiscri-
minately on land or water, or which at one
part of their existence live in water and at
another on land. It is used—
1. By Linnseus for the third of liis six
classes of animals. He includes under it
reptiles in the wide sense of the word, with
such fislies as are most closely akin to tliem.
He divides the class into three orders, Reptiles.
Serpentes, and Xantes.
2. By Cuvier, in his negiie Aiiivml, for his
third tribe of Carnivorous Mammalia, the first
and second being the Plantigrades and Digiti-
grades. He included under it the Seals and
their allies. In his TaUea^t, Elementaire, the
an-augement is different, the Amphibia bemg
an order ranked with the Cetacea (Whales),
under his third gi-and division, Mammalia,
which have extremities adapted for swimming,
the fir.st being " Mammalia which have claws
nr nails," and the second "those which have
hoofs. "
3. Bv Macleay, Swainson, Huxley, and other
modern zoologists, the fourth great class of
animals corresponding to Cuvier's reptilian
order Batrachia. It is intermediate between
Reptilia and Pisces. They have no amnion.
Their visceral arches during a longer or
shoiter period develop filaments exercising a
respiratory function, or branchiie. The skull
articulates with the spinal column by two
condyles, and the base occipital remains un-
ossified. But Huxley divides them into four
orders, the Urodela, the Batrachia, the Gym-
nophiona, and the Labyrinthodonta. The
frog, the toad, and the newt are familiar
examples of the Amphibia.
■ am-phib'-i-al, a. & s. ['Eug., &c., amphibia :
-al.]
1. As adjective: Pertaining to any amphi-
bious animal.
2. As substantive : An amphibious animal.
% Now superseded by Amphibian (q.v.).
am-phib'-i-an, a. & s. [Eng., ka. , amphibia ;
-au.]
1. As adjective: Pertaining to any amphi-
bious aniinal, or specially to the Amphibia
(q.v.).
2. As substantive: An animal belonging to
the Amphibia (q.v.).
". . , the close affinity of the fieh and the am-
phibian."—II uxlei/ : Clobtif. of Aidmals, xxv.
" It is founded on some reiitilc-i aud ainphibia7U."—
Darvrin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i.
t am-phib'-i-o-lite, s. [Gr. a^0t/?i<is (am-
phibios), and Xi6o<! (lLthos) = stone.] A fossil
amphibian.
am-pliib-x-6l-6g'-i-cal, a. [Eng. avipM-
biology ; -ical] Relating to amphibiology.
Am-phib-i-6l'-6-gy, « [Eng. ampliihla ;
■logy. In Ger. amphihiulo'/ie. From Gr.
aiitf}l/3ios (amphibios), and Aovos (logos) = a dis-
course.] The department of science which
treats of the Amiihibia.
a,sn-phib'-i-OUS, a. [In Fr. amphibie; 8p.
& Ital. anjibio ; Port, amphihio ; Gr. d^(/i(/3(os
{•nnphihios) = amphibious, living a double life,
i.e., on land and water: ajLtt^i (aviphi) = on
both sides, double, and ^ios (bios) = life.]
1, Capable of living both on land and in
water.
" As scju as the young [crocodiles] me bom, they
hasten to cii.it themselves into the water, but the
greater mmiber of them become the prey of toi-toises,
of voracious flsh, of amphihio us animals, and even, as
is said, of the old crocoililes."— (3ri//(W(.'« Ciuitr, vol.
IX., p. 186.
2. Of a mixed nature.
" Traulus of ainphibious breed,
Motley fruit oi mungrel seed." Swift.
am-phib'-i-ofts-ness, 6-. [Eng. an^^hibiovs;
-iiess.] The quality of being able to live both
on land and water, or of x^artaking of two
natures.
t am-phib'-i-um, s. [In Ger. amphibium ;
Latinised from atupi^iov (amphibion), neut. of
aii(pi/3to^ (a)(i3>/(.ii)ios) = li'ving a double life.]
Living either on land or water. Its plural is
Amphibia (q.v.). While the sing, amphibium
is rare, amphibia is a common scientific word.
" Sixty years is usually the age of this detested am-
phibium [the crocodile], whether it be beast, fisli, or
seriJent."— Sir T. Herbert : Travels, p. 3G4.
am-phib -6-le, s. [In Lat. amphibolus ;
frc.n Gr. 6.fx<pifio\o's (amp/tiBoZos) = doubtful,
ainbiguous ; a^l<pt^d\\u} (aviphiballo) = to
throw around as a garment ; v.L, to turn out
nncertainly : an(pi (am.p/ti) = around : ^d\\o3
(balld) = to throw.] The name of a mineral,
or great mineral genus which the British
Museum Catalogue makes synonymous with
Hornblende. Dana considers that the term
Ampliibole proposed by Haiiy .should have
the precedence, inasmuch as that distinguished
scientist was the first rightly to appreciate the
species, bi'inging together under it horn-
blende, actinolite. and tremolite. It A-aries
mncli in comimsition, and its constituent
elements will be best exhibited under its
several vai-ieties. These Dana classifies as
follows : —
I. Containing little or no alumina :
1. :Maguesia— Lime — Amphibole = Tremo-
lite. . , ., -
2. Magnesia — Lime — TrdU — x^mphibole =
Actinolite. * ..i t.
3 Maf'nesia— Iron— Amphibole =Anthoi3te.
4! Magnesia — Lime — :\Ianganese — Amphi-
bole = Richterite.
,5. Iron— Magnesia— Amphibole =Cunnning-
tonite. , ., , lA
(). Iron— Manganese— Amphibole = Uanne-
morite. ^ ..
7. Iron— Ampliibnlc = Grunente.
S. Asbestus,
II. Aluminotis :
9 Aluminous :Magnesia — Lime — Amphi-
bole = (a) Edenite, (b) Smaragdite.
10 Aluminous Magnesia— Lime— Iron Am-
phibole = (a) Pargasite, (h) Hornblende.
11. Aluminous Iron— Lime— Amphibole =
Noralite. .
12 Aluminous Iron — Manganese— Amphi-
bole = Camsigradite. (See these words.)
•[ Dana makes Amphibole the type of a
gi'oup and also a sub-grouj), of minerals, which
he classes at the head of his Bisilicates.
am-phi-bol'-i-a, am-pbib'-ol-y, s. [Lat.
amphiboUa, from Gr. dp.(pi^o\ia(ampUholia)^
(1) the state of being attacked on both sides ;
(2) ambiguity. From Greek dfj.<pil3o'\o^ (avi-
)>h!.bolm)= (I) imt round as a garment; (2)
attacked from both sides; (3) ambiguous :
an-pt^iWci (ampUiballo) = to imt round, to
surround, to double ; a,u^i' (nmphi), and ^aAAo
(ballo) = to throw.]
A. Chiefly in the form Ainphibolia :
Logic : What logicians have described as the
fallacia amphiboUa;. It occurs when a sen-
tence, though consisting of words each of
which, taken singly, is unambiguous in its
meaning, is yet itself susceptible of a double
signification, on accnunt of the order in which
the words are arranged, or for some similar
reason. The Latin language was particularly
liable to afford examples of amphibologj'— a
fa<-t well known to those who gave forth the
" prophetic" utterances of the ancient oracles,.
as in the famous answer returned to Pyrrhus.
when he asked counsel as to whether he would
lie succe-ssfid if heinvaded the Roman empire,
" Aio te, ^^aeida, Romanos vincere posse"
(" I say that you, O son of yEacus, can conquer
the Romans ;" or " I say that the Romans can
conquer you, O son of .^acus "). Similarly, the
witch "proi)hecy" in English, "The Duke
yet lives that Heniy shall depose." may mean
'" The Duke yet lives who shall depose Henry,"
or, "whom Henry shall depose;" but it may
be said that the word that is ambiguous, and
that consequently the sv^ntence is an example
not of amphiboly, but of equivocation. (See
Wliatdy's Logic, 9th ed,, 1S48, bk, iii., S 204.)
B. In the form Amphiboly:
Ordlaai-y Language: In the same sense as.
that given under A., Logic.
"Come, leave yoiir schemes,
Aud fiue ainphiboUc-s."
Ben. Jonaon : Magn. Lady, ii. 5,
" If it oracle contrary to our interest or humour, we
will create an amphU>oly, a double meaning where'
there is none." — WJdtlock : Manners of tlie Eng., p. 254.
" JIaking difference of the quality of the offence
may (say tliey) give just gi'ound to the accused pai-ty
either to conceal the truth, or t^ answer with such
inaphiholies and equivocations as may serve to his
own preservation." — Bp. Hall: Cases of Consuicitce.
am-phi-bol'-ic, a. [Eng., &c., cvmphlboU;
-ic] Pertaining to amphibole, containing
amphibole ; cimsisting to a greater or less
extent of amphibole.
am-phib'-o-lite, am-phib'-o-lyte, s.
[Eng. amphibo(k) (q.v.) ; lite=Gv. At0o? (llthQs).
= a stone.]
1. Another name for Hornblende-rock (q. v. ).
(DttJia.)
2. A name for a rock, called also Diabase,
which consists of hornblende and Labradorite
compacted together into a fine-grained com-
pound.
am-pliib-d-log'-i-cal, 0. [Eng, ampihlbology ;
-ical.] Pertaining to amphibology; of andii-
guous meaning.
" A fom-th insiunatf^, ingratiates himself with au
am2ihiboloi/ical si>eetih." — Burton: Anat. Mel., p. eil.
boil, bo3^; po^t, j^^l; cat. ^ell, chorus, 9liln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e:^ist. -rng.
-tion. -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -clous, -ceous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
276
amphibologically— amphiscians
S-m-phib-O-log'-i-cal-l^, adr. [ElI,',^ am-
phibological; -ly.'] In a manner to involve an
amphibolia ; with ambiguity of meaning.
(Johnson.)
am-phib-ol -6-gy, '^ S.m-phib-6l'-6-gie,
s. [In Fr. amphibologie ; Sp. and Ital. anfibo-
logia; Port, and Lat. amphihologia ; Gr.
a/ji<piJ3o\o^ (amphibolos) = (1) put ronnd as
a garment, (2) attac^ked from both sides, (y)
ambiguous; \6yoi; (logos) = wovd, discourse.]
The same as Amphibolia ((l.^'.).
" For goddia sijeke in amphibologies.
And for one aothe they tellin twenty lies."
Chaucer : Trail, and Crusn., iv. 1.406-7.
" Now the fallacies whereby men deceive others, and
are deceived themselves, the ancients have divided
into verbal and real : of the verbal, and such as con-
clude from mistakes of the word, there are but two
worthy our notation ; the fallacy of equivocation and
ainphUiologij." — Browne: Vulg. Errours.
am-phito'-ol-oid, a. [Eng. ampMboh, and Gr.
cldo? (ettfos) =- appearance. J Hftving the ap-
pearance of amphibole.
ain-ph3nt>'-ol-OUS, a. [Eng. a')np>hibol(y), -ous.
In Lat. aviphibohui ; Gr. ai^tpifSoXos (amjj/u-
holos). ] [Amphibolia. ]
1. Of actions : Boubtfnl, ambigaous.
"Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel;
lH)th parties declaring' themselves for the king, and
inakiug use of his name in all their reinoustrances to
justify their actions." — Euwell.
2. Of words : Susceptible of a double con-
struction, thougli the meaning of each word,
taken singly, is apparent.
"An amphlbolouii sentence is one that is capable of
two meaiiinga, not from the double sense of any of the
words, but from its Jidiuitting of a double construc-
tion."—If/jaa-i^/.- Logic, 9th ed. (1848), bk. iii., § 10.
am-phib'-ol-y, s. [Amphibolia.]
am'-phi-brach, am-phib'-ra-chys, s.
[In Ger. ampjhibvachys ; Fr. ampihibraque ; Lat.
awphibrcichys ; Gr. afxcpifipaxf? (aviphibrachus)
= short at botli ends ; a/icpi = on both sides ;
/Spaxt's (brachus) = short.]
Pros. : A foot of three syllables, the middle
one long, and the first and third short : '-' ~ '-' ,
as in the Greek bXatov (e-ldl-on), the Latin
a I Zls I md, or the English in \ Im i man.
axn-plii-brancli'-i-a, s. j^^. [Gr. af^pl (aviphi)
= on both sides ; yapa-yxi'u (branchia) =■ (1) fins,
(2) gills, (3) for (3p6fXi^ (bronchia^ — the bron-
chial tubes.] The tonsils and the parts sur-
rounding them. (Glossogr. Nova, (He.)
^m-phi-yce'-li-a, s. [Gr. a/j.(piKoi\o^ (am-
phikoilos) — hollowed all round, quite hollow ;
0LfL(pt, and KoIAo? (koilos) = hollow.] In Prof
Owen's classification, the first sub-order of
Crocodilia (Crocodiles), which again is the 9th
order of tlie class Reptilia, or Reptiles. (Oiceii :
Palceoiitol.)
am-pbic'-Oin-e, s. [Lat. (Pliny), from Gr.
aiJ.'piKOfj.o-i (amphikomos) — (s.s adj.) with hair
all round ; (as snbst.) an imidentified precious
.stone, used for divination and to inspire love.]
Bat. : A genus of Bignoniacese (Bignoniads).
A. Einodi and A. arguta, both from India, are
fine flowers.
am-phi-c6§['-mi-a, s. [Gr. afi(jn (ampiKl) =
on both sides ; and Koer/xios {kosiii,lo!<)= well-
ordered ; Koa-fio? (kosinos) = urdcr ] A genus of
ferns, of which the typical species, A. capciisis,
is a fine tree-fern, twelve to fourteen feet high,
growing at the Cape of Good Hope and in
Java. (Treas. of Bat)
Am-phic-ty-on'-ic, a. [Eng., ke., Amphlc-
tyon ; -tc.] Relating to the Amidiictyonic
League or its members.
" The affairs of the whole Amph/c/yoi'tc body were
transiLcted by a congress."— 'J'hirlwall . Jlist. Orccci;
vol. i., ch. X,
ani-phic'-t3^-on§, &. pi [According to the
Greeks, from an ancient hero, Amphictyoii,
said to have founded the most celebrated of
the Amphictyonic associations ; but he seems
tn have been a myth invented and named
in order to explain -the existence of the
association. Boubtless from Gr, a/i^iKTloveg
((I I nphiktiones) ^ they that dwell near, next
iiei<rhbours ; a.fj.^i (aviphi)^ round about ; and
KTiCo} (ktizo) — to people a country.] Delegates
from twelve of the states of ancient Greece
which entered into a league to protect the
temple of Apollo at Delplii, and to promote
peace among the confederate states. The
eoni-eption was a noble one, but, like the Holy
Alliance in modern times, the performance was
of a different character. The Amphictyonic
Lf-'iiguc were cluerty responsible for two cruelly-
conducted wars, and on the whole exerted
an evil rather than a beneficial Influence
Besides the association which attained such
celebrity, and which met in the spring at
Delphi, and in the autumn at a temple of
Demeter, within the i>ass of Thermopyhc,
there v/ere other ancient Amphictyouics uf
lesser celebrity.
"... a war which will be hereafter mentioned
between the Ampkictyons and the town of Crisaa."—
Thirlwall: Uvst. Greece, vol. i., ch. x.
Am-phic'-ty-on-y, s. [Gr. ' \tx(i}iKTvovla (Am-
p]d(:tuonia) = (l)i\ni Amphictyonic league or
council; (2) a league in general.] The Am-
phictyonic League or its council, as also any
association of a similar character.
"The term amphicti/on,!/, which has probably been
adapted to the legend', and would Ije more properlj'
wTitten amphiclioni/, denotes a body referred to a
local centre of VLnio\\."—!ntirlwaU : Mist. Greece, vol.
i. (1835). ch. X., p. 374.
axn'-phid, s. [Gr. a/i^t (amj?/i,i) = around. ]
Chem. : A name applied by Berzelius and
othere to any compound consisting of an acid
and a base. It is opposed to Haloid (q..v.).
am-phi-des-ma, s. [Gr. a/x(^t = on both
sides ; 6eV,u.a = a bond.]
Zool, : A genus of orbicular, bivalve mol-
lusks, with long sijihons, and a large tongue-
shaped foot. (Van der Hoevcn.)
am-phig'-a-mous, a. [Gr. a^a^t = on both
sides, or doubtful ; and ydfxos = marriage.]
Bat. : Having no trace of sexual organs.
(De Candolle.)
am-phi-gas'-tri-a, s.i'i. [Gr. afj.<pl (ampld) =
on both sides ; and plur. of fa<TTpiou (gastrion)
= a sausage ; diinin. from -jaaTijp (gasteT)=^ the
heUy.]
Bot. : Stipule-like appendages at the base
of the leaves of various Jungermannias.
am '-phi-gene, s. [Gr. d/i0/ (amphi) = on
botli sides, Cindycvvao}(gennao)^=^to engender,
to produce ; so called from tlie erroneous belief
that it had cleavage on both sides.] A mineral,
the same as Leucite (q..v.).
axn-phig -en-OUS, a. [Gr. a/itpl (amphi) = on
both sides ; fewdm (gennao) — to engender.]
Bot. : Growing all around an object.
t am-phig'-en-yte, s. [Fi-om amphigene
(<i.v.).] The name given in the parts around
Vesuvius to a lava occurring there which has
thickly disseminated through it grains of am-
phigene. (Dana.)
■■ am-phi-hex-a-he'-dral, a. [in Fr. am-
phihexoMre : from Gr. d/j.<fji (umpld) = on both
sides, on two sides; and hexaliedral, from
hexahedron = a cube, not a hexagonal figure.]
Grystallog. : Hexahedral in two directions ;
terminating in each of two directions with a
hexahedron or cubical figure. (Cleo.vela nd,
quoted by IVebstey.)
am-phir-o-gite, s. [Gr. dncjn\o-jov (amphi-
^yos) = disputed, disputable; a.ij.ipi (amphi) =
onbothsides; X^-^o^ (logos) = . . discourse.]
A doubtful mineral, if mineral it be, called
also didyinite, and provisionally placed by
Dana under Muscuvite. It was foj-merly called
talcosc schi.it, and Dana believes it probably
only a mica schist.
am-phil'-o-gy, s. [Gr. dfx<pi\oyia (amplnlo-
(7 / ft) = dispute, debate, doubt: i./j.(jji (amphi)
= on both sides, and A67<ow (logion) = an
announcement ; \6yo^ (logos) = a word, a dis-
course.] Ecj_ui vocation ; ambiguity of speech.
(Johiisun.)
am-phim'-a-^er, s. [Lat. aviphiinacms; Gr.
dfj.cpifxaKpas (amphi inakros), as substantive =
au ainphimacer ; as aclj. = long at both ends :
dii'iii (amplt i) = on both sides ; ^luKpds (inakros)
= large, long.]
Prosodji: A foot consisting of three syllables,
the first long, the second short, and the third
long: as Gr. evjxevqs (eumcnci.), Lat. dejlmt'it
and Eng. slumberuig. (Glossog}\ Nova, dsc.)
am-phi-ox'-i-dse, s. pi. [From a-mphioxvs
(i[.v.).l A family of fishes, whicli Owen makes
tlie only une under his first sub-order Phaiyn-
gobranciui, or Cirrhostomi, of his Order I.,
Derniopteri. Huxley regards it as the only
family under his sixth and last order of fishes,
tlie Pharyugobranchii. [Amphioxus.]
am-phi-ox'-iis, 6. [Gr. a./j.<pi (amiyhi) = on
1 .oth sides ; i>^v? (oxm) = sharp. So designated
because it tapers at both ends.] A genus of
fishes of an organisation so humble, that the
first specimen discovered was believed by
Pallas to be a slug, and was described by him
as the Linutx lanceolatus. It is now called
Amphioxus lanceulat2ts . It is found in the
Archipelago, and is a member also of the
British fauna. [Amphioxid^. ]
" . . . so lowly organised as the lancelet, or am-
phioxits." — Darwin: jyescentof Man,, vol. L, pt. i.,ch. vi.
am-phi-pneust'-a, am'-phi-pneusts.
s. pi. [Gr. dfj.^i (amphi) = on both sides, and
TTviui (jjJieo), fut. TTv^crofxai (pnensomai) ^hy
breathe. Double-breathers. ]
-2^00?. ; An old order of tailed amphibians
which retain the gills through life.
axn'-phi-pod, am'-phi-pode (i>ing.), am-
phip'-od-a, am'-phi-pods, am'-phi-
pedes (pi.), s. [From Gr. ap.^C (amphi) ~
on both sides ; ttou? (jJOiis) — genit. iroSoq
(podos) = foot ; TToSa (poda) = feet. Having
feet on both sides.]
A. Sing. : An animal ' belonging to the
Crustaceous order Amphipoda. [See plural.]
B. Plur. : An order of Crustaceans, con-
sisting of species pro^'ided with feet both for
walking and swimming. They live in the
^vate^, or burrow in the sand, or are pai-asitic
upon fish. When tliey swim they lie on their
side. Suine, when on shore, leap with agility.
The order consists of two families, the Hy-
peridffi and the Gamniarida'.
am-phip'-o-dal, a. [Amphipod.] The same
as aniphipodous (q.v.).
azn-pbip'-o-d^n, s. [Amphipod.] Any in-
dividual of the Amphipoda.
d<ni-phip'-6d-OUS, a. \_'E.\v^. amphipod; -o^ts.']
Pertaining to the Amidiipuda (ii. v.).
am-phip'-ri-on, s. [Gr. a-fstpi. (amphi) = on
both sides, and irpiwv ('prion) = a saw.] A
genus of fishes belonging to the order Acan-
thopteiygii, and the family Scitenidse.
ain-phip'-ro-style,s. [In Fr. amphi2yrostyJe ;
Port, amphyprostylo ; Ital. aiifiprostilo ; Lat.
ampihiprostylos ; all from Gr, a.}ig>iiTp6(no\u-;
(cvinpihiprostidos) = having a double prostyle :
a^qti (ainphi) = on both sides, and m-pooTuKw;
(prostidos) = having pillars in front ; Trpd (jh o)
= before, and cnvKo? (stnlos) — a pillar.]
Arch. : A temple having a portico at either
end ; a temple with pillars before and behind,
but none on the sides. (Glossogr. Nova.)
am-phi-sar'-ca, s. [Gr. ti/i"/"' (amphi) = on
all sides ; and adp^ (sarx), genit. a-apKoi; (oar-
kos) =: flesh.] A name applied to fruits which
are syncarpous, superior, dry externally, in-
dehiscent, many-celled, and pulpy internally.
(TAndley.)
am-phis-baB'-na, s. [Lat., from Gr. ais^ia-
/3atua (amphishaina) =^ a sei^pent found in
Libya, fabled to have two heads, and in con-
sequence to be able to move equally well in
either direction. Gr. o.fi<f)i^ (amphis) = at or on
both sides ; ^aivm (baino) — to walk, to step.]
1. Myth. : The fabled snake of the Greeks
and Romans just described.
" With coniplicjited monsters head and tail,
Scorpion and asp and amphisbcenu dire."
Milton: P. L., hk. x., 52r,.4.
2. Zool. : A serpent-like genus of lizards,
formerly classed with the Ophidia. The
species are American. They feed on inserts,
and are often seen in the vicinity of ant-hills.'
am-phis-bse'-ni-dsB, s. pi. [From the typi-
c-;il genus Amphisbcena (q.v.).] The family of
Saurians, of which the genus Amphisbtena is
the type. They are cylindrical, vermiform ani-
mals, with their heads no thicker than tlieir
neclis, and their tails exceedingly short
Their eyes are small, and sometimes con-
ceah'd. Only m the genus Chirotes aj-e there
visible lunbs. Most of the species come
from America.
am-phis'-fi-an^, am-phis'-9i-i, o. pi,
[Lat. amphiscii, from Gr. aiitpia-nlot (amiihis-
kios), as adj. = throwing a shadow both ways ;
a^i^/ (aviphi) = on both sides, and a-Kid (skia) =
a shadow.] Those who live in that part of th^
S&te» fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6» son ; mute, ciita, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, te = e ; se = e. qu = kw.
amphisien— amphoric
177
world where, at one season of the year, their
shadows fall northward, and at another south-
ward. Ill other words, the people residing
within the tropics.
^m-plus'-i-en c6ck'-a-tri9e, s. [Fr. am-
phiscien = tropical (see Amphiscians), and
Eng. coGkatHce.]
Her. : A name for the mythic animal called
the Basilisk, which resembles a cockatrice,
but is two-headed ; the second head being
af&xed to its tail. (Gloss, of Her.)
am-phis'-i-le, am-phys'-y-le, s. [Gr.
afL^i (amphl) = on both sides ; second element
duubtful.]
Zool. : A genus of fishes of the order Acan-
thopterygii and the family Fistularidse. Tliey
have the back covered with large scaly plates.
Locality, the Indian Ocean.
am-phi-sper'-nu-iim, s. [Gr. ifj.<l>C (amphi)
= on both sides, ou all sides ; and o-Tre'pjaa
(sperma.) = a seed.]
Bot. : Prof. Link's name for a pericarp, which
is of the same figure as the seed it contains.
am-phis' -to-mum, S,m-phis'-t6-ma, s.
[Gr. dfi^n' {amphi) = on both sides ; o-rd^a
(stoma) = mouth,] Agenns of trematode para-
sitic worms, which have two minute apertures
like mouths, one at each end of their body.
am-phis' -y-le, s. [Amphisile.]
am-phith'-a-lite, s. [In Sw. amjithalit.
Jrom Gr. aii^_iya\r}s(amphUhales) = (l)hloom-
ing on both sides ; (2) flourishing, abounding,
rich : a^i^i (amplii) = on both sides ; iiaK^iv
(thalein) — 2 aor. inf. of 6d\\i<i {t}iaUo) — to
abound, to be luxuriant. Dana says that it
is so called because it is usually surrounded
by other beautiful minerals, though unattrac-
tive itself.] A sub-translucent mineral, of a
milk-white colour. ' Composition : Phosphoric
acid, 30"06 ; alumina, 48'50 ; magnesia, 1 "55 ;
lime, 5-76; and water, 12'47. It occurs in
Sweden.
am-phi-tlie'-Sr-tral, o. [Eng. amphitheatre ;
-al. In 'Ger. aviphitheatrisch ; Fr. amphi-
tlUdtral ; from Lat. amphitheatralis.] Per-
taining to an amphitheatre ; resembling an
amphitheatre. (TooTce. )
am-phi-the'-a-tre, s. [In Dan., Dnt., &
Glt. amiihitltcafcr ; Fr amphithedtre ; 8p. &
Ital. uiiftlcatro : Port, a mphitheatro ; Lat. am-
phithcairvm. From Gi'. afi^iBedrpov (amphi-
tlieatron) : dfj.<pi (ainiilii) = on both sides, and
Bearpov (theatron) = a theatre, from ^edojuat
(theamnai) =■ to see.]
I. As the name implies, a double theatre.
The ancient theatres were nearly semi-
circular in shape ; or, more accurately, they
were half ovals, sn that an amphitheati'e,
theoretically consisting of two theatres, jjlaced
with their" concavities meeting eacli other,
was, loosely speaking, a nearly circular, or,
more precisely, an oval building. Amphi-
theatres were first constructed of wood, but
in the time of Augustus stone began to be
THE COLISEUM AT ROME.
employed. The place where the exhibitions
took place was called the arena (Lat. =sand),
because it was covered with sand or sawdust.
The part next the arena was called podium,
and was assigned to the emperor, the senators,
and the ambassadors of foreign nations. It
was separated from the arena by an iron rail-
ing and by a canal. Behind it rose tiers of
seats, the fii-st fourteen, which were cushioned,
being occupied by the eqvites, and the rest,
which were of bare stone, being given over to
the common people. Except when it rained.
or was exceedingly hot, the amphitheatre was
uncovered. Among the sights were combats
of wild beasts and gladiator fights. The
Romans built amphitheatres wherever they
went. Remains of them are still to be found
•*%«,
PLAN OF THE COLISEUM.
1. Section of ground plan, 2. Section of first floor.
G. Section of second floor. 4. Section of highest gallery.
in our own country at Cirencester, Silcliester,
and Dorchester ; but the most splendid ruins
existing are those of the Coliseum at Rome,
which was said to have held 87,000 people.
" Conceive a man phiced in the "burning iron chair at
Lyons, amid the iiisLOts and mockeries of a crowded
a-)npJiit}icatre, and stlTl keeping his seat ; or stretched
upon a grate of iron, over coals of fire, and breathing
out his soul among the extiuisite auflTerincs of such a
tedious execution, mther than renounce nis religion
or blaspheme his Saviour." — Addison.
2. Fig. : A valley surrounded with hills so
as to resemble an amphitheatre.
"The amphithratre which surrounds the spacious
basin now exliilnts everywhere the sigiis of prosperity
and civili6;itini]."— .l/'Kvn(?-f^ ■ Hist. Eng., en. ix.
3. dordriiing :
(a) The disposition of trees or .shrubs in an
amphitheatric form ; their arrangement for
this purjiose on a slope, or with the smaller
ones in front, so as to make it appear as if
they were growing on a slope,
(h) The arrang(.-meut of turf in an aniphi-
tliejitric form.
am-phi-the-at'-ric, ami - piii - the - at-
ri-cal, ('. [Lat, aiii'phithtL'lnciis = Yiertain-
iiig to an ampliitheatre.]
1, Pertaining to an amphitlieatre ; exhibited
in an amphitheatre.
"In their am phi theatrical gladiatures, the lives of
caiitives l;iy at the mercy of the ■vM\^OLT."—Qayton :
A'otijson I). Qinx.. IV 21.
2. In form resembling an amphitheatre.
". . , the name of bay is justified, as applied to
this grand ampbitheatncal depression," — Darwin:
Voyage round the World, ch. xix,
a,m-phi-tlie-at'-ri-cal-ly, f^dv [Eng. am-
phitheotrical ; -/y.] In the form of an amphi-
theatre. (Worcester.)
am'-phi-there, s. The English term corre-
sponding to the word Amphitherium (q.v.).
" . . . we must travel to the antipodes for niyrme-
cobiaua, the nearest living analogue to the ainphitlieres
and a^mlacotheres of our oolitic strata." — Owen :
Classijic. of Mainmalia, p. 55.
am-phi-the-ri'-i-dse, s. pi. [Amphithe-
KUh^i.] A family of fossil mammals (.-lassed
by Owen with the Insectivora, but possessing
some marsupial affinities.
am-phi-ther'-i-um, s. [Gr. dix^i (amphi)=
on botli sides, here = doubtful ; 0y]piov (thcrion)
=a beast, especially one of the kind hunted ;
diiiiin. of 6r\(} (tMr) = a wild beast. So called
by Blainville from the dilficulty of placing it,
tliere having been discussions whether it was
a mammal, a reptile, or even a fish.] A genus
of fossil mammalia, founded by Blainville
from a fossil jaw found in Oxfordshire in the
Stonesfield slate, a sub-division of the Lower
Oolite. The A. Prevostii was examined by
Cuvier in 1818, noticed by Buckland in 1823,
and figured by Prevost in 18L'.5. There is a
second species, the A. Broderipii of Owen.
(See Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds. )
Am-plii-tri'-te, Am- phi -trite, s. fin
Ger., &c., AmphitHte; Lat. Amphitrite ; Gr.
M;ti^(TpiTn (AmphitHte) =^ (1) the wife of Posei-
don (Neptune), (2) the sea.]
1. Classic Myth. (See the etym.)
" Or some enormous whale the god may send
{For many such on Afnphitrite attend)."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. v., 538-9.
2. Zool. : A genus of animals belonging to
the class Annelida, and the order Tubieola.
They have golden-coloured bristles, arranged
likt combs, or a crown, in one or more rows,
on the anterior part of the head. There are
very numerous tentacula round their mouths.
Some foi-m light tubes, which they cany
along with them.
3. Astro)i. : An asteroid, the twenty-ninth
found. It was discovered by Maith and Pog-
son March 1, 1854, the date on which Bellona
was first seen by Luther.
am-phif-rop-al, a. [Gr. a^<^c (amphl)^o\\
both sides, and TpoTnJ (trope) = a turning
round or about, or rpoiros (tropos) = a turn ;
TpeVw (trepo) to turn.]
Bot. : Cnrved round the body to which it
belongs. (Lindley.)
■ amphitropal embryo, s. An embryo
so curved as to have both apex and radicle
presented to the liiluni, as in Re-^etla.
am-phit'-rop-ous, a. [Amphithopal.]
Bot. : A term used in describing the ovules
of plants.
An amphitropous ovule : One whose foraminal
and chalazal ends are transverse with respect
to the hiliun, which is connected with the
latter by a short raphe. (Lindley.)
Am-phit'-ry-6n, s. [Gr. 'Afi^irpvoiv (Am-
philnion) = a king of Thebes, the son of
Al^Lens and Hippoinene.]
1. Lit. : [See Etym.].
2. Fig. . A host, the giver of a banquet.
a,m'-phl-type, s. [Gr. dti<j}i (amjJhi) = on
br.th sides ; tvttos (tupos)=tjpc.] An applica-
tion of the calotype process, negative and posi-
tive pictures being produced at once.
am-phi-um'-a, s. [Cr. o.tJ.<f>i (aviphi) = on
botli sides ; tlif; second element is said to be
a corr. of Gi', irvevfia (pneuma) = breath, for
tliL'hu animals have both gills and lungs.]
Zool. : The type genus of tlie family Ani-
,phinniida'. They have exrredingly i'lonf:,^ati.'d
boilie.s, with the legs and feet but Mlightly de-
velopi-'il. One species (the A. trlductyhun) has
thnr toes, another (the j4. mefut^) Itasbuttwo,
am-phi-um'-i-d£e. s. pi. [Amphiuma.]
Zool. : A family of Urodelian Amphibia,
chietly from North America. [Amphiuma.]
am-phod'-el-ite, s. [In Sw. amphodelit] A
mineral, a variety of Anorthite. Its colour
is reddisli-gr<y nr dingy peach-blossom red.
It is found in Sweden and Finland. It is
called also Lepolite.
am'-phor-a (Lat.), t am'-phor (Eng.), s.
[Ger., Port., &c., amphora; Fr. amphore, from
Lat. amphora; Gr, dfx^opevs (am23horeus) ; cf,
A.S. amber.]
1. Among the Romans :
1. A two-handled vessel, generally made of
clay, and used for holding wine, oil, honey, or
even the skeletons or ashes of the dead.'
amphora.
2. A liquid measure, containing 48 sectari,
or nearly six gallons. The Greek amphoreus
held nearly nine. The capacity of the Saxon
ambra is unknown.
"... which forbade all senators and sons of
senators from being the owners of a ship of the burden
of more thiui 300 ampiiorce." — ArTiold : Rome, cIl xliL
II. Bot. : A genus of diatoraaceous j^lants.
am-phor-al, a. [Eng., &c., amphora; -a/.]
Pertaining "to or resembling an amphora.
am-phor'-ic, a. [Eng., &e., amphora; -ic]
Resembling an amphora.
b6il, bo^; p^t, j^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bencb; go, gem; tbin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e:^st. ph =f.
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin; -fion, -$ion = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious. -ceous=shus. -ble. -die. &c. =bel. del.
12
178
ampithoe— amplitude
amphoric resonance, s.
Med. : A sound as of one blowing into an
amphora, bottle, or smaller vessel, heard in
certain circumstances in auscultation of the
lungs.
am-pith'-6-e, am-phJth-o-e, a. [From
Aniphithoe, one of the Nereids.]
Zool. : A genus of Amphipodous Crustaceans.
^m'-ple, a. [In Fr. ample; Sp. a,iij>Uo ; Port.
amplo ; Ital. ampio. From L;it. amphis.]
I. Large, wide, great. Used spmkdhj —
1. Of 'laaterkd things or of space:
(a) Spacious, roomy ; widely extended.
" . and all the people in that ample hoiis "
Spenser : F. Q,, III. xi. 40.
"And Mycalesaia'a ample pinyplain."
Pope: Homer s fliad, hk. ii., 593.
" Their cliffs above and ample bay below."
Ibid., 6B1.
" An ample forest, or a fair domain,"
Ibid., bk. XX., 223, 224.
(6) Large in material bulk.
" O'er the smooth siirface of an am,ple ci'ag."
Wordswort7i : Excursion, bk. iii.
2. Of the inind or spirit: Great intellectu-
ally, morally, or both ; of vast courage.
" Thy so\il as ample as thy bounds are small,
Endur'st the brunt, ami dar'st defy them all."
Cowpcr : Expostulation.
3. Of wealth or its distrihation:
(") Large in amount.
"The other fifteen were to be unplaced noblemen
and gentlemen of am.ple fortune and high character."
—Macavlay: Bist, Eng., ch. ii.
(&) Liberal ; munificeut.
" Extended Phrygia own'd thy ample reign.
And all fair Lesbos' blissful seats contain."
Pope ■ Jfomer's Iliad, bk. xxiv., 685-6.
" When men lived in a grander way,
With amjjler hospitality,"
Longfellow: 3'al-esofa IVayside Inn ; Prelude.
4. Of style in spealcing or writing : Copious,
diffuse ; not concise.
" His confessions during his imprisonment were free
and arnple." — Froude : ffist. S«.j7., pt. ii.,vol. iii., ch, xiv.
II. Fully sufficient, if not even more than
enough.
"... ample and conclusive evidence." — Darwin :
Descent of Man. pt. i., ch. i,
"Foreign nations did ample justice to his great
qualities.' — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
*\ Crabb says of the difference between
ample, spacious, and capa/:ious : " AmpU is
figuratively employed for whatever is extended
in quantity ; spacioiis is literally used for
whatever is extended in space ; capacious is
literally and figm'atively employed to express
extension in both quantity and space. Stores
are anipU, room is ample, an allowance is
ample; a room, a house, or. a garden, is spa-
cious; a vessel or hollow of any kind is
capacious; the soul, the mind, and the lieai-t
are capricious. What is ample suffices and
satisfies ; it imposes no constraint. "What is
spnciuiis is free and open ; it does not confine.
What is capacious readily receives and con-
tains ; it is liberal and generous." (Crahb:
Eng. Synon.)
am'-ple-ness, s. [Eng. ampZe; -ncss.] The
quality of being ample,
"Impossible it is for a person of my condition to
produce any thing in proportion either to the omple-
nesa of the body you represent, or of the places you
bear, "South.
am-plex-a'-tion, s. [Lat. amplexus = an
embracing; amplcttor = to embrace.] An
embrace,
" . . . the amplexation of those sacred feet. "
— Bp. Hall: Contempt, on tlie Resurrection.
am-plex'-i-caul, t am-plex-i-caul'-ent,
a. [Lat. amplcctor = to embrace, and caulis
= the stem of a plant.]
AMPLEXICAUL LEAVES.
1. Germander Speedwell (T>)-o/iKVf Cha nueil nn)-
2. Henbit Dead Nettle (Laniinm u'liplcxicuidc).
3. Elecanipaue (Inula Helenium).
Bot. . Embracing the stem, clasping the
stem ; as the base of the leaves in some cases
does. Example, Hyosoyamus aiger. (Liadley,
d-c.)
am'-pli-ate, v.t. [In Sp. & Port, ampliar ;
Ital. iimpliare ; fioiu Lat. auijiHo.^ To make
wider, to extend, to enlarge,
" He shall look upon it, not to traduce or extenuate,
but to explain and dilucidate, to add and ampliate."
—Browne.
t am-pli-a'-tion, ;>. [luFr. cnirpliatioii ; Sp.
ampliaibiii ; Port, aiiipllaguo ; Ital. ainplla-
:i'iiic ; fiuin Lat. amplicUlo.}
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Enlargement, extension.
" Odious matters admit not of an ampliation, but
ought to be restrained and interpreted in the mildest
sense." — Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Ditfuseness ; amplification of style.
" The obscurity of the subject, and the prejudice and
prepossessionof most readers, may plead excuse for
B. Law : Deferring of judgment till a, case
has been more fully examined.
'\ Amplification is now generally used in
its stead,
am'-pli-fi-cate, '-.t. [in sp. & Port. amiM-
Jicar ; Ital. ainplifuare ; from Lat. amplijico.]
To amplify, to ejilarge, to extend. (Johnson.)
am-pli-f i~ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. amplifiaitiun ;
Sp. o/mplificacion ; Port. ampliflcagaQ ; Ital.
amplijicazione ; from Lat. a'lnjMjicatio.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : Enlargement or extension of space,
or of a material object. Specially, an enlarge-
ment of the ordinary size of an object by the
aid of the microscope.
" Tlie degree of the amplification of the one-fiftieth
object-glass made for me. . . "—Beale : Bioplasm
(1872), § 3.
2. Specially: In the same sense as No. II.
(Hhet.).
"... elaborate ampliflcatioiis, in which epithet
rises above epithet m wearisome clim.iix."—JIacaiday :
Ifiit. Eng., on. vi.
II. Rhct. : A descent to minute particulars
in a narrative, so as to lengthen it unduly ;
the presentation of a subject in many liglits,
Avhen a smaller number would better answer
the purpose ; the employment of a multitude
of words where a few would be more effective ;
copiousness of language.
am'-pli-fied, pa. par. [Amplify.]
am'-pli-fi-er, - am -ply-fy-er, s. [Eng.
amplify ; -er.]
1. One who enlarges any space or any
material object.
" . . . the wouderfull tyranny which should
folowe m y^ great cytie Rome wherof thev were the
fyrst amplyfyers."—Bale : English Votaries, pt. ii.,
Pref.
2. One who uses amplification in rhetoric.
[Amplification.]
" Dorillaus could need no amplifier's mouth for the
highest pouit of praise. "—Sidney.
am'-pli-fy, v.t. & i. [in Fr, amplifier. From
Lat. iiinphi!, — ample; /acio = to make. ]
A, Transitive :
I. Ordinary LoAiguage:
1. To enlarge or extend a space, any mate-
rial substance, or an object of sense. Spec,
tu enlarge the size of an object by the aid of
the microscope ; or to increase sound by re-
flection from a concave mirror.
"All concaves that i^mceed from more nan-ow to
more broad, do amplify the sound at the coming out."
— Bacon.
2. To enlarge or extend anything not mate-
rial in its composition.
(a) Generally :
" ■ ■ . is 't not meet
That I did amplify my judgment iu
Other conclusions? "
Sfiakcsp. : Cymbeline, i. 6.
" I tell thee, fellow.
Thy general is my lover ; I have been
The book of his good acts ; whence men have read
His fame uuparallel'd, haply amplified."
Sliakesp. : Coriol., v 2.
(h) Specially : In the same sense as No. II.
"He further supposes that these brief notices were
a-mplified by the hi3torianE, upon their own con-
jectures."—Aewfia; CredibilUy of tJie Early Raman
Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. ii., § 19, vol. li., p. 95,
II. Technically:
Rhct. : To enlarge on any subject ; to descend
to minute particulars in a narrative ; to use a
superfluity of arguments in a debate ; to em-
ploy a ditfuseness of style in writing ; to exag-
gerate.
B. Intransitive :
1. To speak or write diffusely.
" I have (as I think I formerly told you) a vei-y good
opinion of Mr. Howe's sixth book of Lucan ; indeed, he
amplifies too much, as well as Breboeuf, the famous
French imitator."— /*o;je .■ Letter to H. Crmnwell {1710).
^ It is sometimes followed by on.
" When you affect to atnpUfy on the former bj'anches
of a discourse, you will often lay a necessity uiwu
yourself of contracting the latter, and prevent your-
self in the most impoi'tant part of your design," —
Watts: Logicfc.
2. To exaggerate ; to speak or write hyper-
bolically.
" Homer amplifies, not invents; and aa there wan
really a people called Cyclopeans, so they might Oe
men of great stature, or giants." — Pope's Odyssey.
am'-pli-f^-iiig» jjr. par. [Amplify.]
am'-pli-tude, s. [In Fr. & Port, amplitude:
Sp. amplititd ; Ital. amplitudine. From Lat.
amplitiido = (i,) width, breadth, size, bulk,
(ii.) Of moral qualities. Sac. ; (1) greatness ; (2)
dignity, grandeur ; (3) Rhetoric, copiousness.
From ampins = ample.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Ofs-pace or of material things:
1. Width, breadth, extent.
" Whatever I look upon, within the amplitude of
heaven and earth, is evidence of human ignorance." —
Glanville.
2. Size, bulk, largeness, greatness.
"Men should learn how severe a thing the true
inquisition of nature is, and accustom themselves, by
the light of particulars, to enlarge their miiidb to the
am.plitnde of the world, and not reduce the world to
the narrowness of their minds. " — Bacoiu
"... the amplitude at the largest i.s probably a
hundred times thai of the smallest." — Tyndall : Frag.
of Science, 3rd ed., vii. l.'Jr,
II. Of the mind: Breadth, comprehensive-
ness, capacity, greatness, largeness.
"But in truth that amplidule and acuteness of
mtellect, . . ."—Macaulay : Hixt Eng.. ch. vn.
". . amplitude of comprehension , — Ibid.,
ch. xiv.
III. Of the position or resources of an indi-
vlih.uil or a community :
(a) Power, splendour, dignity.
". . . hut iu the great frame of kingdoms and
commonwealths, it is the pL.wer of princes or estates
to add amplitude and greatness to their kingdom.?.*' —
Bacon: Essays, Civ. and Mor., ch. xxix.
(Ij) Suflieiencj', abundance, or over-abun-
dance.
rV. Copiousness, superabundance of words.
"You should say every thing which has a proper
and direct tendency to this end ; always proportioning
the amplitude of your matter, and the fulness of your
discourse, to your great de&igii ; the length of your
time, to the convenience of your hearers," — Walts:
Logick.
B. Tcrhuically:
I Nat. Phil. : Breadtli, width, extent.
(Used specially of anything which oscillates
or vibrates. )
" Technically speaking, the amplitudes of the oscil-
lations are increased." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science,
3rd ed., viiL, 2, p. 176.
"... to determine by measure the amplitudes
of the vibrations of particles of air in a wave of sound '■
—Prof. Airy: Sound {1868), p. 148.
"But the ultimate amplitude of the recoil is si'mu
attained."— Tyndall : Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., i,, ■J4,
II. Gunnery: The amplitude of t\\Q mw^i: oi
a projectile is the distance it traverses mea-
sured along the horizontal line subtending the
parabolic curve along which it moved in its
flight. It is now in general more simply
termed the range of a gun.
IIL Astron. : The angular distance from the
east point of a heavenly body at the moment
of its rising, or fi-om the -west point at the
instant when it sets. Depending, as it does,
on the declination of the heavenly body and
the latitude of the place, tbe sine of the
amplitude is equal to tlie sine of the declina-
tion, divided by the cosine of the latitude
The amplitude of the fixed stars remains un-
altered during the yeai- ; that of the sun, on
the contrary', greatly varies : standing at
nothing at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes
and 39" 4-t' in the latitude of London at the
summer and winter solstices. Amplitude
measured when the sun or a st^ir rises, is called
ortive, or eastern; and that when it sets
occiduous, or western. If a stiir rise north of
the east point, its ort i^-e amplitude is northern,
and its occiduous amplitude southern, and
VLce versd. Tlie azimuth of a heavenly body
IS the complement of its amplitude.
Magnetic amplitude is an amplitude measured
not from the true, but from the magnetic east
or west.
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; 'we, 'wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son : mute, ciih. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e. ey = a. ew = u
amply— amuse
179
amplitude compass, s. A compass
designed to aid in measuring the amplitude of
the sun or other celestial body at its rising or
setting.
fim'-ply, adv. [Eng. ample; -ly.]
1. Largely, liberally.
" For whose well -being,
So amplif and with hands so lilieral,
Thou hast provided all things."
Milton: P. L., bk. viii.
2. Quite, completely.
" But shallow cisterns yield
A scanty short supply ;
The morning sees them amvly fill'd.
At evening they are dry.'
Cowper: Guion's Livair/ Water.
" The pledge which he had given had therefore been
amply Ttideeme<i.."~'3Iacaula!/ : Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
3. Copiously ; in detail.
" Some parts of a poem require to be amply wi'itten,
and with all the force and elegance of words ; others
must be caat into shadows, tnat is, passed over in
silence, or but faintly touched."— iir^/t^ot . Bufresnoy.
-^ampt'-man, s. [Sw. amtman ; Da?t. antmcmd
= bailiff.] The custodian of a castle. {Scotch.)
"Befoie my departing, I took .an attestation from
the ami>imitn of the castle, of the good order and dis-
cipline thiit was kept by us there. '—J/om-o's .ffai/ierf.,
pt. ii., 'J. 10.
am'-pul, ''am'-pol-y {Eng.), am'-pul-la
{Lut.),s. {Aiiip%illa'hasth<i'g>l. oiiijyidke.) [A 8
a'mjndle, ampolU, am2}eUe=a. vial, bottle, or
flagon ; Fr. ampoule; Sp and Ital. ainpolla;
Port, empola ; all from L;tt. ampulJn = a nearly
globular vessel ; a glass or earthenware flask
bellying out like a jug, used especially to hold
unguents, perfumes, &c. Perhajis from iniij)
= amb, ambi, Gr. afitpi = around, and Lat,
olla=- a pot or jar.] [Amphora.]
A, In (/ic/onjis ampul, arapoly,('Jirf ampulla:
Eccles. : One of
the sacred vessels
used at the altar.
Such vials were
employed for hold-
ing the oil for
ehrismation, as
also that for con-
secration, corona-
tion, enclosing
tin; relics of sainte
and similar . pur-
poses. [StH- Am-
pulla. ]
" Ajid als he in his celle sate,
He saw a fend ga bi the gate.
And boystes on hiin sell he bare.
And amiiolics also leehe ware,"
MS. Coll. Med., Ediiib. (Boucher.)
B. In flie fnriii ampulla only :
I. Biol. : Any laembranous bag shaped like
a leathern bottle.
II. Specially :
1. Anat. : A dilatation occurring in each of
the semi-circular ranals of the ear.
"Each is dilated at one end into an a^npnlla of
more than twice the dian\ptev of the tube." — Todd ■s:
Bowman ■ Physiol. Anat., ii., p. 7-1.
III. lioiany:
1. One of the little flasks composed of
metamorphosed leaves found on certain water-
jilants, such as Utricularia, It is called also
Ascidium (q.v.).
2. A spongiole of a root.
Spm-pul-la'-ceous, a. [Lat. amjmllace-us ;
from ampullxL (q.v.).] Pertaining to an am-
pulla (q.v.); resembling a little flask or
bladder.
Sm-pul-lar'-i-a, ?, [From Lat. ampulla.'] A
gemis of ]\[olluscs, of the family Paludinid;©.
Its English name is Apple-shell or Idol-shell.
The shell is globular, with a small spire, and
a large ventricose body. In 1851, ^Ir S
Woodward estimated the known species at
fifty. In 1871, Tate made them 136. Tliey
occur in South America, the West Indies,
Africa, and India, in lakes and estuaries.
They are fine large shells, occunlng, as a rule,
in fresh water, though species are found in
Egypt, in Lake Mareotis, which is a salt-
water lagoon, and in India, among marine
sliells, at the mouth of the Indus.
Sm'-pu-tate, v.t. [In Dan. ampuiere; Fr.
amputer ; Port, amputar ; Lat. aiiipnto, ~av!,
-atum; jj'i(io = to i.trune, to cleanse. From
tlie root pii, in Latin picrus; Sansc. p^l=-to
purify.]
L Surgery: To cut off. (Used especially
of a limb, or the portion of a limb.)
AMPULL.^.
" Amongst the cruisers it was complained that their
siirgeon.s were too active in arnpiUtUing fractured
memljei-s." — Wiseman: Surgery.
2. Gardening : To i)rune trees.
am'-pu-ta-ted, pa. par. & a. [Amputate.]
am'-pu-ta-ting, pr. par. ,[(.,& s. [Amputate.]
S,m-pu-ta'-tion, o. Eng. amputate; -Ion.']
In Ger. & Fr. amputation ; Port, amputagao ;
Ital. amp-iitazionc; all from Lat. amputatio =
a cutting or lopping off ; amputo = to cut
away or off. ]
1. Surgery: The act of cutting off a limb,
or a portion of a limb.
"Amputation is not unfrequently advisable in order
to prevent the occurrence of gangrene."— J/'iHer ."
Saryery (1864), p. 149.
2. Gardening: The pruning or dressing of
vines, &c. {Dijche, 1758.)
* am'-pute» v.t. [Lat. amputo.] [Amputate.]
To cut off. (Cockcrani.)
[Gr. a/iTTi/f (ampux) — a band
ampyx.
am-pyx,
or fillet.]
1. A band or
fillet used by the
ancient Greek and
Roman women for
binding their front
hair ; a head-band ;
a snood.
2. A similar head-
band for elejihants
and horses. Homer
describes the steeds
of the god of war
as thus adorned.
am.-ri'-ta, 6'. & a. [Sansc. a»(ru/ = the water
of immortality, nectar ; aviar = immortal :
a, like the Gr. a, priv., and mntto = dying ;
ro;_niatt: witli Lat. mortor = to die; mors =
(itv.tli.]
A. As mbst : The ambrosia of the Hindoo
gods.
B. As adj. : Immortal ; conferring immor-
tality, or bearing fruits that do so.
"The divine Amrita tre«
Th.at blesses heaven's inhabitants
Witli fruits of immortality."
Moore: Light of the Har on.
Ams-dor'-fi-ans, s. pi. [From Nicholas
Anisdorf, their leader.]
Church Hist. : A German Protestant sect in
the sixteenth century who, with their chief,
are said to have maintained that good works
are not only unprohtable, but are obstacles to
yalvation. Amsdorf made this assertion intlie
heat of controversy, and does not seem to have
meant much more by it than to enforce the
teaching of the Apostle Paul, " tliat a man is
justified by faith without the deeds of the
law " (Rom. iii. 28).
* am'-shack, v.t. [Hamshagket.] {Scotch.)
am-s6'-ni-a, 5. [Named from Charles Amson,
a scientitic'traveller in America.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Apocynacese, or Dogbanes. The species
are pretty, and are easily propagated. They
were introduced from North America.
* amt, s. [Ant.]
a-m.uck', a-mdk', a. or adv. [It has no
connection with the English word muck; but
is from the Malay amuk = engaging furiously
in battle, attacking with desperate resolution,
rushing in a state of frenzy to the commission
of indiscriminate murder. (See the def.) Ap-
plied to an animal or a man in a state of violent
rage. {Mar:,d(;n: Malayan Bict.,iS12.)'] Wild,
headlong, frenzied ; in a state of frenzy. Used
only in the expression To run a muck or
amucky which means to rush, under the in-
fluence of opium or "bhang " (an intoxicating
drug made from hemp), out of one's house
into the street, armed with a sword, a dagger,
or other lethal weapon, and kill every one —
man, woman, or child — who cannot with
sufficient promptitude escape. This maniacal
and inhuman method of venting rage is mostly
confined to the Malays ; or if practised by
other races, it sca,rcely ever passes beyond the
limits of the Mohammedan world. (Generally
followed by at, sometimes with on or against.)
am'-U-let, s. [In Dan., Dut., & Ger. amulet;
Fr. amuleite ; Sp., Port., & Ital. amuleto; Lat.
amuleturn. From Arab, hamalet — an amulet ;
hamala = to carry.]
1. Lit. : Anything hung round the neck,
placed like a bracelet on the wrist, or other-
wise attached to the person, as an imagined
preservative against sickness, " witchcraft,''
or other evils.
Amulets were
common in the
ancient world,
and they are so
yet in nations
where ignor-
ance prevails.
Thus an ob-
servant visitor
to a school in
India may see
many a pupil
with a piece of
ordinary string
tied bracelet- amulet.
fashion round
one or both of
his wrists. This is an amulet, or talisman,
which having been blessed by a Brahman.
has then been sold for half a ru]iee (about a
shilling), or even for a rupee itself, as a sure
preservative against fever. [See Talissian,
Charm. j
"... the little images of the tutelar deities, even
the earrings, probably considered as aimilcts or talis-
mans, were taken away and buried." — Mibnan: Hist,
of Jews, 3rded., \ul. i., p. 3C,
" How uould she thus tb.it gem forget?
Her mother's saijitt.'il a/mitet."
Byron: Bride of Abydos, ii. 5.
2. Fiij. : A pi-eservative against sin.
"... thou hadst an amulet
In the loved image, gi'aven on thy heart,
Winch would have saved thee from the teinpter'a art."
Moore: Lalla Rookh; Veiled Prophet.
am-U-let'-ic, a. [Eng. nvmlet ; -ic] Per-
taining to an amulet. Ql'chstcr.)
t a-mur'-ca, s. [In Ital. aviwca EndviorcMa ;
Lat. amuYva; Gr. a^xopfn {avwrge), afi6pf>}<;
amorgC's) — the watery piirt which flows out
when oUves ai'c pressed ; oil-lees : afxtp'jQ}
(uinrriio) —to phick or pull. (Nmer used of
iKpiifis ).] Oil-lees ; a lye made of oil.
" Thuugh grain, that touchetli oil or fat, receiveth
hurt, yet the Bteeping of it in the dregs of ml, when it
beginneth to putrefy, which they call ainurca, is
thouglit to assure it against worms." — Bacjii ■ J\'at,
Eiit., Cent, vii., § C70.
* a^mur-c6s'-i-ty, s. [From Lat. amurca
(^q.v.).] The (juality (^r qualities inherent in
the lees of any substance. {Johnson.)
* a-mur'-coiis, tt-. [Eug. a»titroa; -ous.]
1. Pertaining to the lees of oil. {Ash.)
2. Foul with tbe dregs of anything.
a-m.u's-a-'ble, a. [Eng. amuse ; -able. In
Fr. uinu.st'hlt' ] Ca}tal)le of being amused.
{Mackintosh, li'urabtcr.)
a-mu^'e, v.i. & t. [Eng. mvse, v.i. ; Fr.
amnsirr = to divert ; from inuscr = to loiter,
to trifle^ Ital. musare = to lounge ; Ger.
mitssiij = idle.]
t A. Intransitive :
1. To muse, to think, to reflect ; to be
absent in mind, owing to the concentration of
the attention on the thoughts with which one
is occupied at the time.
" Or in some pathless wilderness amusing,
Pluckmg the mossy bttrk of some old tree."
Mee : Lucius Junius Brutus, i. 2.
B. TroMsitlre:
*1. To cause to muse ; to occupy or engage
the attention, and consequently to divert it
from other objects.
" Being am.icsvd with grief, fear, and fright, he
could not find a house," — Fuller : Ch. Hist, of Britain,
bk. ix., § 14.
"Such a religion as should afibrd both sad and
sf'lenui objects to amuse and affect the pensive part of
the sout" — South: Hermans.
" 2. To keep a person from departing, or from
acting, by telling him some frivolous story
which causes him to lose his time and his
opportunity ; to delude by vain promises, or
expci'tations, or preten<;es ; to cheat, to de-
ceive.
" Eishoii Henry, on the other side, amused her with
dubious answers, and kept her m suspenise for some
days."— Swift : Character of K. SteijJien.
" And then for the Pharisees, whom our- Saviour
represents as the very vilest of men, and the (jreatest
of cheats ; we have them amusing the world with pre-
tences of a more refined devotion, while their heart
was at that time m their neighbour's cotieva."— South :
Serm., ii. 153.
b^ boy; pout, j 6^1; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -ceous = shu-^. -ble, -pie, &c. — bel, peL
180
amused— amyllier
H In this, as in other senses, it is sometimes
used reciprocally, when it means to deceive or
delude one's self with some vain imagination.
"They think they see viBions, and are arrived to
some extraordinary revelatiuus : when, indeed, they
do but dream dreams, ami amuse themselves with the
f antastick ideas of a busy imagination. "—More : JJecaij
<if Pietij.
3. To entertain or divert the mind ; to
inspire it with agreeable emotions ; in general,
though not always, attended with mirth.
" AmK.'id at ease, the godlike man they found,
Pleas 'd with the solemn harp's harmonious sound.
Pope . BoiHcra Iliad, bk. ix., 2i:\ 2-ie.
" With these went all who live by amuifing the
leisure of others, from the painter and the comic
poet, down to the ropedancer and the merry andrew.
—Macaulay: Mist. Ung., ch. i.
a-mu'sed, pa. ^x^-r. [Amuse.]
" Amused spectators of this bustling stage."
Cowper : Task, bk. v.
t a-mu'^-ee, s. [Eng. n»n(sc; -ee.] The person
amused, as contradistinguished from the
amuser.
". . . given the amuser, the a^rtwseemust also be
given." — Carlyte: Heroes, Lect. III.
a-mu'se-ment, s. [Eng. amuse; -ment.
* 1. Subject i rcJ >i : An occupation of the
attention ; the state of being in a reverie,
" Here I put my pen into the ink-horn, and fell into
a strong and deep a?nitsement, revolving in my mmd
with great pei-plexity the amazing changes of our
afCKiTs."— Fleetwood : Pn^. to Lay Baptism.
2. Objectively : Whatever is fitted to engage
the attention ; to divert it from other objects
of contemplation ; to inspire it with pleasing
and even mirthful emotions, or to delude it
with vain exx»ectations.
" In a just way it is lawful to deceive the august
enemy, but not to lie ; that is, by stratagems ajid
semblances of motions, by amusements and intrigues
of actions, by ambushes and wit, by simulation and
dissimulation."— Je?'e77iy Taylor: BuctorDubitantiitm,
bk. iii., c. 2.
*■ , . . his favourite amuscmetits were architec-
ture and gardening." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.. ch, xi.
amusement-moxiger, s. One who deals
in amusement as in an article of merchandise.
One who caters for the amusement of the
public.
" Next, busy actor on a meaner stage,
A->n\iSPfm.e^tZ-inonger of a triflnig age,
Illustrious histrionic patentee.
Cojoper : Valediction
a-mus'-er, s. [Eng, aitmse ; -er. In Fr.
o.museuT.'] One who amuses, (Cotgrave.)
■^ am-U-§ett'e, s. [Fr. = child's play,] A
small one-pounder cannon, designed, on ac-
count of its lightness, to be used in mountain
warfare.
a-mus'-ihg, i^r. par. & a. [Amuse.]
"I have the greatest proof in nature at present of
the amusing power of jioetry, for it takes me up so
entirely, that I scarce see what parses under my nose,
and hear nothing that is said about me." — Pope:
Letter to Jervas (1714).
"... and with a strange.
Amusing, yet uneasy novelty . . ."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i.
a-mu'§-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. ainusing ; -ly.']
In an amusing manner. (Todd's Johnson.)
t a-mu'^-ive, rt. [Eng. am^se; -ive.] Which
amuses the mind.
" Whose lofty elms and venerable oaks
Invite the rook, who, high amid the boughs.
In early ajjring his airy city builds.
And ceaseless caws amusive."
TJimnson: Seasotis ; Bpring.
t a-mu's-ive-ly, adv. [Eng. amusive; -ly.'\
In a manner to give amusement.
"A south-easterly wind succeeded, blitwinq; fresh,
and murmuring amnsively among the pines " —
Chandler : Trav. into Greece, p. 12.
■^ a'-my, *a'-meye, s. [Fr. arnica friend.]
A friend, a lover, a sweetheart.
" Scheo saide heo was ameye
To Ammon, the god of pieye "
Alisaunder, i. 50.
" For he aaide, iu that nyght Ammon
Scholde come to theo lady
And beon hire leof ami/."
Ibid., I 376, [Boucher.)
a-my -9i-3e-a,
Arachnida.
[Mod. Lat.] A genus of
a-my'-el-ous, a, [Gr. ap.i^eAos (a.in'^ie.los) =
without marrow ; a, priv., and /iweAds {viuelos)
— marrow.]
Med. : A terra applied to or descriptive of a
fcetus in which the spinal cord is absent.
a-myg'-dal-se, s. -pi. [Lat. a-mygdala, pi.
aviygdalm'= an almond. In Fr. amydales
(pL); Port, amygdalus (pi.).] The tonsils, or
what are popularly called the "almonds" of
the throat. [Almond,]
a-myg'-dal-ate, a. & s. [MediEe.val Lat.
nmygtiuhitvm, s. ; from Lat. amygdala, amyg-
difhim, nv amygdalns = the almond,] [See
Almond.]
A, As adj. : Made of almonds. (Johnson.)
B. As substantive :
1. An artificial milk, or emulsion made of
blanched almonds. (Blount, Difche, £c.)
2. Chem. : A salt whose acid is the amyg-
dalic.
a-myg-dal'-e-se, s. pi. [From Lat. amygdalus
(q.v.).] An old sub-order of Ro.-^iLceie, elevated
by Lindley into his order DrupaLCte, or Al-
mond-worts. [Drupace^.]
a-myg-dar-ic, a. [Lat. amygrkdvs; Eng.
-ic] Pertaining to plants of the genus
Amygdalus.
amygdalic acid, s. C-.>oH280i3. An
acid obtained from the hittiT almond.
a-myg'-dal-in, s. [Lat. amygdalinus — per-
taining to'an almond.]
Chem.: Amygdalin, C20H.J7XO11..3H..O, is
extracted by alcohol from bitti-r almonds and
the leaves of the Cherry Laurel (Ci:i asiis
Lanrocerasus). It crystallises in very small
white crystals, and is decomposed by the
action of a fermentable substance, Syn-aptase,
in the presence of water, into hydrocyanic
acid, (CN)H, benzoic aldehyde, C'eHp.CO H,
and glucose, CeHi^Oe-
a-myg'-dal-ine, o. [Lat, amygdalinus. ]
(1) Pertaining or relating to almonds ; (2) re-
sembling almonds. (Johnson.)
t a-myg'-dal-ite, s. [Lat. amygdalites.] A
l^lant mentioned by Pliny, which is so culled
from resembling the almond-tree. Probal.ily
a Euphorbia.
a-myg'-dal-oid, a. & s. [1. L^it. amygdala;
Gr. ajuu^SdAn (amvgdale), contracted from
anvydaKia (amugdalea) = the kernel of an
almond. 2. Gr. eidos (eidos)=that which is
seen, form, shape : el'dw (eido) = to see. The
form of an almond.]
tL As adj.: Almond-shaped. The more
common term is Amyodaloidal (q..v.).
2. As substan. Geol. : Any rock in which
round or almond-shaped nodules of some
mineral, such as agate, chalcedony, calc spar,
or zeolite, are scattered through a base of
wacke, basalt, greenstone, or other kind of
trap. Amygdaloid is of volcanic origin. When
bubbles of steam and gas are rnnfined in the
molten matter they form small cells. When
the lava before cooling runs f<jr some distance,
the cells, originally globular, become almond-
shaped. The mineral which they contain is
introduced, after or during consolidation, by
matter separating from the mass or infiltered
by water permeating the rock. (See Lyell's
MoMiial of Geol. , ch. xxviii.)
a-myg-dal-oid'-al, a. [Eng. amygdaloid;
-al] Alraond-.shaped. Spec, pertaining to
the rock called amygdaloid.
"In aome of the ainygdaloidal traps of Scotland,
where the nodules have decomposed, the empty cells
are seen to have a glazed or vitreous coating, and in
this respect exactly resemble scoriaceous lava or the
slags of lumaces ' — Lycll : Man. of Geol., ch. xxviii.
a-myg'-dal-us, s. [Lat. amygdalus ; Gr.
ajj-v-^boKoq (oinugdalos) = the almond- tree.]
[Almond.] A genus of plants belonging to
the order Drupaceaj, or Almond-worts. It
contains, among other species, the common
peach, A. Persica, with the nectarine (\"ar.
nectarina), the almond, A. aymmunis, with
the var. aiJiara, or bitter almond. They are
valued both for their flowers and their fruit.
The flowers of the common peach are gently
laxative. They are therefore suitable to be
employed in the ailments of children,
Sm'-yl, s. [Lat, amylum, amulum; Gr. a./j.u\ov
(o.ninlon) = fine meal . . . starch ; a/iuXog
(amnios) = not ground at the mill: a, priv.,
and /Lii;\o9 (mulos) = a mill.]
Clmn.: A monatomic alcohol radical (CsHji)',
also called Quintyl from its containing five
carbon atoms.
C
rC(CH3)3
amyl acetate, a. [^eu Amvl Ethers.]
amyl alcohols, quintyl alcohols,
s. pi. CsHiiO. Eight alcohols may have this
formula.
Four primary :
rCHa.OHs.OHo.CHg f CH2.CH.(CH3)2
H ^1h
OH lOH
Butyl carbinol ; Isobutyl carblnol ;
boiling pt- 135°. boiling pt. 132",
I OH ^OH
Three secondary :
rCH2.CH9.CH3 /'CH.(CH3)2 fCHa-CHg
jcH3 - ck^^ ckH^-cH3
ion (oh (oh
Methyl-propyl car- Methyl-isopropyl Diethyl
binol ; bg. pt, 120", carbinol ; bg. pt, 108^ carbmol ;
bg. pt. 117'.
One tertiary :
/-CH2CH3-)
r, ) CHo f Dimethyl-ethyl
^ S r'T-l r carbinol ; bg.
The boiling-points are given of the six
alcohols which have yet been obtained. (See
Watts' s Diet. Chem.)
The important alcohol is isobutyl eorhinol,
commonly called amijl alcohol ; it forms the
greater part of fusel oil, which is obtained in
purifying spirits distilled from corn or pota-
toes. It is a colourless, oily liquid, witli a
penetrating, peculiar smell and burning acrid
taste; sp, gr. O'Sl. There are two modi-
fications which act diflerently on polarised
light ; by oxidation it yields isovaleric acid,
amyl ethers, a. pi. SeVL-ral are known ;
the most important is aiiiyl acetate, q^_^^}q c O,
obtained by distilling sridium acetate with
amyl alcohol (isobutyl carbinol) and sulphuric
acid. It boils at 140°, is a colourless liquid,
and has the flavour of jargonelle pears. It is
used in iierfumery.
am-yl-a'-ceous, a. [In Fr. amylace ; from
Lat. amylum =■ starch (q.v.).]
1. Generally: Pertaining to starch, contain-
ing starch ; resembling starch ; having the
properties of starch.
"Amylaceous substances are not digested by the
stomach, but are acted upon whilst they are in the
small intestines." — Todd & Bowman. Physiol. Anat.,
vol. ii., p 242.
2. Botany. Amylaceous grtnmles : Certain
granules of starch found in all plants, and
particularly abundant in some, as in the
rhizoma of equisetum. Turpin called them
Globuline. (L\ni1hij : Introd. to Bot, 3rded.,
1839, bk. i., ch. i )
am'-yl-am-inc, o. [Eng., &c., amyl; aniine.}
.C5H1:
Cliem. : An amine.
e, -^ H [■ N.
(.H )
am'-yl-ene, quin -tene, pen -tene, s
[Eng,, &c., amyl ; -ene.]
Chem. : C5H10. Three isomeric olefines are
known having this formula.
Pentci/e, or Ethyl-allyl,
CH3 — CH._> — CH2 — CH=CH2,
obtained Yiy the action of zinc ethyl on allyl
iodide. A limpid liquid, boiling at 39*^.
Amylciic, or Isopentene, obtained by dis-
tilling amyl alcohol with ZnCU, A ci'ilour-
less liquid, boihng at 35°, Its formula is
g3g>CH— CH=CH2.
Methyl EthyletheneJ.^'^^yc^GB.—CB.^,
prepared by action of strong alcoholic potash
on tertiary pentyl iodide. It boils at 36*".
amylene glycol, s. (C5Hio)"(OH).,. a
diatomic alcohol. It is a thick, sweet, colour-
less liquid, boiling at 177''.
a.in'-yl-ic, a. [Eng. amyl; -ic] Pertaining
to amyl.
" Amylic a-lcdhol."— Graham : Chem., vol. ii.
* a-myl'-li-er, s An old form of Almond.
[Amygdalus.]
fate, fS,t. fSxe, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. ew = iL
amyloid— anabaptist
181
am'-yl-^d, a. [Amyl, and Gr. elSo? (euios) =
form, appearance.] Ri-btnibling or containing
aniyl.
amyloid substance, oi- lardacein, s.
Chcm, : An albuminoid (q.v.) which in cer-
tain diseases is deposited in the liver. It is
coloured red "by iodine, and violet by H08O4
and iodine; concentrated HCl dissolves it,
forming acid-albnmin. Dissolved in KHO, it
forms jiotassium albuminate. It ran also be
obtained by the action of very dilute HCl and
fibrin, and evaporating the solution to dryness
in a water-bath. It is insoluble in gastric juice.
Am'-jh^-ald-ism, s. [From :Moses Aniyraldus
or Amyraut. a* French theological professor at
yaumur, wlio was boru in 1596, and died in
1064.]
Chnn-h Hist. & ThevJ.: The tpnets of Amv-
rald and his followers. They were that viud
desires the happiness of all men, and that
none are excluded from it by an eternal decree.
That those who would be saved must believe
in Christ. That the power of believing is
refused to none, but divine assistance effective
for the puriwse is not bestowed on all. These
views were called Universalist, but they were
so in words rather than in reality.
■ am'-y-rale, i. An old form of Admiral.
{SroUL)
am-yr-i-da'-9e-3e, ^. pi. [From the typical
genus Amyris (q v,).] An order of exogenous
plants placed by Lindley under his Rutales,
or Rutal alliance. The Amyrida-.-eii^ have a
panicled iiifloivsi-rnee, hypogynous stamens,
double the petals in number, a one-ei-lled
ovary, with two to six pendulous ovules ; the
fruit sub-drnpaceous, samaroid, or leguminous,
with from one to two seeds, the leaves com-
pound with pellucid dots, and abomidiug in
resin. They occur in the tropics of India and
America, in the latter region extending as
tar nortli as Florida. In 184(;, Lindley esti-
mated the known species at forty-livf.
am'-yr-is, s. [Lat. wyrrlia and vinrrhls ; Gr.
(xvppC<i (m?(/T/(ts)= a plant, M>iirlil^ oihirato.]
The typical gi.nuis of the Aniyridui-e;is or
Amyrid order ot phiuts It li;is ;i finely
smelling resinous gum. A. ffUmcUwiis pro-
duces the relelirated Balni nf (Jilcad. [Balm ]
The ^. toxifcra is said to be iinisonuus. Tin'
A. Pliimierl and the A. hcjiunlra furnish part
of the Gum Elemi of commerce. The wood of
A. halsainifenr in Jamaica yields one kind of
Lignum Rhodium. The layers of the liber of
a species belonging to the same genus iirc
employed by the Nubian Jloliammedans f'lr
paper. {Lindley: Vug. Kliigi} , p. 460.)
* a-mys', adv. Old spelling of Amiss.
a-myz'-tli, s. The Mexican name of a speiMes
of Bea-lion (Otarla), tcmnd on the sea-coasts
and estuaries of the American Pacilic cuast.
Its skin is valued on account of tlie lengtli
and softness of its hair.
an, article. [A.lS an, a:ii= (1) one ; (2) single,
sole, another; (3) a certain one, some one;
(4) Any, everyone, all. In Sw. en; Dan. ai,
rt'ri; but een, eeiie; Ger. cin ; Gael, cvm ;
Irish eiii, can, aon ; Welsh vn. yn ; Cornish
vynyn ; Arm. ynncm; Lith. weno ; Fr. un.j})i ;
Sp. uno, un ; Port, hum; Itah u?io: L;tt.
anus; Gr. els (lieis), masc, eV (Ik-)/), neut =
one.] [(.»NE.]
I. Its form: The indefinite article, and at
first its only forin, being placed before words
beginning with a consonant, no less than those
_ commencing with a vowel, as is still the case
"with the similar word one. [One.] (See the
subjoined examples in which an is used before
a consonant.)
" He it setten on d/* mirie stede."
Stori/ of Qen. and Exod. (1250). etl. Morris, 680.
" Itf a weie an time he cam."— /ix'rf., 1,4.;.^
" On an busk raiie and wel tidi."— /6(U, 2,01.^.
" ^inkire."— /6irf., 2,451.
"-4«wis man."— /&(rf., 2,C49.
■■ An^K-V'—Ibid., 2,"C?.
Nriw tlie form a occurs as well as an. For
rules as to when the one and when the other is
employed, see A. as a jiart of i^/hcrh (A,. V,,
page 1). See also Moon's Bad Engll'^li (ISGS),
pp. 56, &c.
^ In some words now beginning with n,
that letter has become detached from a, and
has adliered to the commencement of the
subsequent word, which formerly began with
a vowel. Thus, in East Anglia, according to
Forhy, an ass is called a nasil or w-zlf, 1 e.,
an asil, or an azzle. Similarly, a newt, ori-
ginally called an eft, evet, or ewt. In adder,
again, the contrary appears to have happened :
it was at first a nadder, and became an adder.
So also with ct^'™"'. originally nvpron. [Adder,
Natrix.]
II. Its signification: The primary significa-
tion of an is (1) one, in a very indefinite sense,
any one; {2) each; (3) any; (4) one in parti-
cular; (5) every. [See A as a part of speech
(A, v., p. 1). See also Moon's Bcul English,
■p. $9.] Stnnetimes an, like a, is placed before
a partici])le or an adjective without in any way
altering the meaning.
"And when he had f;isted forty days and forty
nights, he was afterward an huiigred." — Jfatt. iv. 2.
an, conj. [A contracted form of And (q.v.).
Wcdi^wood thinks this may have come from
e'rn, a contraction of even ; O. Sw. (uan ^ and
yet, still, continuously. Home Tooke derives
]t from A.S. unnan = to give. In Lat. an is
= or, or whether ; Gr. av (an), contraction
from edv (mn) = if, haply, perchance ; Arab.
& Sam. an = if ; E. Aram. "[« (an), and ^^«
(ayln) = if, or whethei-.]
1[ An is obsolete in English, but still exists
in S^ntch.
1. If.
* (a) Old English :
" He can't flatter, he !
An honest mind and plain, he must s])eak truth.
An they will take it, so; if not, he's plain " _
Shakesp.r Kiny Lmr. ii. 2.
(h) Scnich:
"Troth, I kemia— ([» thfv come so many as they
speak o' . ."—Scoll. A nti'juari/, ch.idiv.
2. As if.
■.My next pretty correspondent, like Sliakesiieare'
u in Pyrainua and ■"' " ' ' "
nightingale." — Addhon.
-3. And
an, or a, as a prefix, derived from the Greek.
iGr. dv (c(j), or a, gi-ncrally called a (idplui)
jirivativc, but a.v, and not a, is the urigiuLiI
form. In English, Anglo-S;ix.iii, (.)ld Sax.ui,
German of all ages, and (iotli. nn; Dut. on;
Old Xorsc & Sw. 0; Dan. u; Wcl. an; Gael.
o.ii«, an, a„i; Lat. in; Sansc an.} Fi'om a
stndv of its use in Gaelic, Prof Key infers
that'it originally signified /*'"'///, from wiucli
there came the senses (2) of negation, and (;;) 1 if
iiitensitv. Badness is a ne^'ation of good, and
the nmi-e intense that it is, the more is it
worthy of the nanu' of hndness, [See Prof.
Key's Fltiloloriival A\'srtys (1S6S), pp. I'JT— 14S.]
Ni'\v an priv. is nsi'd befiu'c a vowel, and a
liefi)re a colisonant, as anoinidniis, I'tltuittt.
'an, UUUe, v.f. [A.S. unnan, gevimnn — to
h'^\^ 1
1. To give. (Bom her.) To appropriate, to
allot as one's own. (Jirmieson.)
"Y take that me gode an."
Sir Tri^frnn, iii. 7. [BoucJier.)
2. To consent. (Boucher.)
" Ich an wel ! cwath the nightingale,
Ah wraime, nant for thire tale. '
Bale and NigMingale, 1,T2S.
"an, c.t [O. Sw. an, pres. tense of una, or
/nt/m = to wish well (S in Boucher.).'] To
wish well to (Bonvhrr) To owe, to be in-
debted to. (Janmson.)
" Tristrem si)eke bigan
111 King, God loke the
As y the love and an
And thou hast served to me."
Sir Tristrem. i. 77.
^an, adv. or conj. [Icelandic en, enn = than.]
[Than.] Than.
"And als was he mar an prophet."
MS. Coll. Med., Adinb. (Boudier.)
an, prep. [On.]
' an, 5. [Inn.]
an'-a, prefix & s. [From Greek. Gr. avd
(ana) = up ; with numerous significations
derived from this primary one. According to
Prof. Key. cognate with Lat. an, o, ad, & in;
"Wel. ad; Gael, ath or as; Breton ad or as;
Irisli ath, adh, an, or amh ; Old Sax. ant ; Mid.
Ger. ent or en. ; Mod. Ger. ent ; Dut. ont ; Old
Frisian and, ont, on, and, ant. und ; Dan. &
Sw. und; A.S. on, od, cet, and «/. (Key:
Fhil/jhig. Essays, pp. 1 to 56.).]
1. As a prefix: Up to ; increase, or strength-
ening ; repetition, or improvement ; back,
backwards. (See the various words which
follow.)
2. As a substantire. [Gr. dva. (ana), iu the
distributive sense = each, throughout.]
Med.Prc.icripti"iis: The like quantity. It
is otteu contracted to ud, or a: as ana -i oz. ;
fltt 3 OZ. ; a a oz.
" In the same weight prudence and innocence take,
A}ta of each does the just mixture make."
Cowlei/.
"He'll hriKg an apothecary with a chargeable long
bill of alias." — Dryden.
a'-na, a'-na, suffix & s. [From Latin. In
Fr."f'na. Projierlv. tlie terniitiation of the
iK'ut. pi. in Latin adjectives ending iu anus,
as in -siug. Truji.'nn.^ = a Trojan man; nent.
pi. Trnjana='£v'>ydn things.]
1. As a svffix: Added to proper names, as
an appellation of books consisthig of clever
or witty sayings of deceased men of eminence,
and anecdotes regarding them ; some doubt-
less authentic, others as obviously mythic.
This use of the term ana seems to have begun
in Fi-ance about the middle of the seventeenth
<rntu]-y, whence it spread to other i^arts of the
Continent, and to England. The Sealigerana,
or Scaligeriana, appeared in two parts : the
first ultimately caUed, however, Sraligeriana
Secunda, first appeared in the year 1666 ; the
former in 169ii Among other Continental
ana the Menegeana came forth in 1602, and the
•^n^^giana in 172U. England has had its >Yal-
]>uiinna, its Addisoniana, its Johnsoniana, its
Swiftiana, its Mdin-iana, ^o ; and some works
like Bosweirs celebrated Life of Johnson,
thougli not c;dled ana, might with much pro-
prn-ty receive the name. Sometimes ana is
made a suffix to the name of a place, as
rff/i'i/'/V/N'Mn. = the gosMp or scandal of Tun-
bndge Wells.
"They were pleased to publish some Tiinbripiinia
this --cason. but «uch ■("" ' I believe tb<;rc iirver
were so many vile little verses put together betort. —
West to Gran.
2. As an indcpcndi nt n-ord, vhen it hernmes a
substontivc pi. (See example under No. 1.)
an-a-bai'-na, ■'' [Gr. dva^aivia (onnh,<ino) =
to go up : dvd (anu) = ni-i, and ^aivoi (haino) =
to go.] .V genus of plants belonging to the
alliance Aigales (Sea-weeds) and the order
Confervaeetb (Ouifervas). It is to the ^. or
Spha:ru:V'!" sj.indi.'^ that the green colour of
the water in Lallydrain Lake is attributable.
(Lindley: Vey. Kinyd., p. 16.)
an-a-bap-tism, ^■. [In Ger. an-hapti^m ; Fr.
anahaptismc ;'h\' & Port, anahaptlsmo ; Lat.
ana'baiiii'-i"'us; Gr. a.va^aTTTttTu.a (" ncd)aptlsma)
= re-baiitism. from dva^aiTTL^ta (anabaptizo) =
(1) to dip rc].catedly; (2) to re-baptise; avd
(iriu')=\n the sense of again, and fiairTi^ui
{^linpti:<'.) = {'l) U> dip in or under water, (2)
to draw water, (:;) (New Test.) to baptise.]
(LiddrU £ .Seott.)
1, The doctrine of tlie German Anabaptists
of the .sixteenth century.
+ 2. Tlie doctrine of the modern Baptists,
h.'iked at frniji the point of view of those who-
hold that baptism administered in infancy is
valid, and consequently that if it be repeated
in adult life there is a second baptism.
" Anabaptism is an heresy long since condemned
both by the Greek and Latin ChuTch." — Featley :
Dippers Dipt, p. 1.
"That would be Browuism and Anabaptism indeed."
— MiUon : Jleason of Ch. Gov., hk. 1,
an-a-bap'-tist, s. [In Ger. AnahaiJtist ; Fr.
('in<ha}tttste ; Sp. anahaptista, anahati.'ita ;
Port, (uudjaptlsta; Ital. an.aijotista.] [Ana-
baptism.]
A. As substantive. Ch arch History :
I: A member of a well-known fanatical sect
which largely figured in the ecclesiastical and
civil history of the sixteenth century. It
began to attract jiotice within four years
of the ever memorable 31st of October, 1517,
on which Luther affixed his "theses" to
the gate of the castle church of Wittenberg.
The most eminent of its early leaders were
Thomas Munzer, Mark Stubner, and Nicholas
Storck. They had been disciples of Luther ;
but becoming dissatisfied with the moderate
character of his reformation, they cast off"
his authority, and attempted more sweeping
changes than he was prepared to sanction.
During his absence, th^, in 1521, began to
preach their doctrines at "Wittenberg. Laying
claim to supernatural powers, they saw visions,
uttered "prophecies," and made an immense
number of prosel>H:es. The ferment which
the exciting religious e'v'ents taking place in
Central Eurojie had produced in men's inindb.
b6il, bo^; piSut, j<$^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, ~§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, >ceous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
182
anabaptistic — anachoret
had made them impatient nf social or political
as well as of spiritual despotism ; and in
1525 the peasants of Suabia, Tliui'ingia, and
Franconia, who had been much oppressed by
their feudal superiors, rose in arms, and com-
menced a sanguinary struggle, partly, no doubt,
for religious reformatiun, but chiefly for poli-
tical emaneipation. The Anabaptists cast in
their lot with the insurgent peasantiy, and
became their leaders in battle. After a time
the allied princes of the Empire, led by Philip,
Landgrave of Hesse, put down the rebellion ;
and Munzer was drteated, captured, put to the
torture, and ultimately beheaded. In 1532,
some extreme Anabaptists from Holland, led
by a baker called John Matthias, and a tailor,
John Boccoldt, called also, from, the place
whence he came, John nf Leydeii, seized on
the city of Miluster, in Westphalia, with the
view of setting up in it a spiritual kingdom,
in which, at least nominally, Christ might
reign. The name of iliiiistL-r was changed to
that of Mount Zion, and Matthias became its
actual king. Having soon after lost his life
in a mad warlike exploit, the sovereignty de-
volved on Boccoldt, who, among other fanati-
cal freaks, once promenaded the streets of his
capital in a stiite of absolute nudity .__ On the
24th of June, 15:55, the Bishop of M'dnster re-
took the city by fitrce of arms, and Boccoldt
was put to death in the moht cruel manner
that could be devised. The excesses of the
Anabaptists Avere eagerly laid hold of by the
Popish party to discredit the Reformation.
It was in the year 1534, when Boccoldt was
in the height of his gloiy iu Miinster, that
Ignatius Loyola took the first step towards
founding the order of the Jesuits, and the
extension and rapid success of that celebrated
fraternity are to be attributed in a very large
measure to the reaction against Protestantism
produced by the share which the Anabaptists
took in the peasants' war, and the character
of the spiritual sovereignty which they set up"
while j\liinster was in their hands.
+ 2. One belonging to the modern Baptist
church. The term is used only by those wlin
believe in infant baptism, and is properly
becoming obsolete, there being an unfairness
in using an expression which suggests a con-
nection between the turbulent fanatics of
Miinster and the quiet law-abiding English
Baptists. [Anabaptism. ]
"... rebels, Bchismaticks, Presbyterians, Inde-
■pemlentB, AnabaptistH, Quakers, the blessed oft'sjjrnig
of the l.ite reforming times." — South : Sennons, vi. S3.
B. As acljeijln: : Relating to the Anabaptist
doctrine or sect.
"■ . . the anabaptist anarchj-."— Frowde ; //;,'.■/.
Eng., pt. i., ch. ix,
3,n-a-bap-tis'-tic, ^ an-a-bap-tis'-tick,
an-a-"b5.p-tis'-ti-cal, n. [Eng. anahap-
tut; -ic or -ical.~\ Pertaining to Analiaptism,
or to the sect holding the doctrine so charac-
terised by its opponents.
"The excellent Bucer takes occasion severely to re-
the good creatures of God, and would frown at any
mirth in comnany, though never so innocent." — £p.
Bull's Works, ii. 057.
", . . anabiijitlsficij, autinomian, heretical,
atheistical epithets . . ." — Milton: Colasterlon.
t an-a~bap'-tis-try, s. [Eng. cumhaptist ;
-try.] The Anabaptist doctrine, worship, or
dominion.
" Thug died this imaginary king ; and anabapti-stry
was suppressed m Munster. ' — Pagitt: Heresiographn.
*■ an-a-bap-tl'ze, ^'.*. [Gr. ava^a-KTi^tn (ana-
bajjtizo) = to baptise a second time.]
"Though some call their profound ignorances new
lights, they were better anabii ptized into the ajDpella-
tion of extinguishers." — Whitlock: Manners of the
EnglUh, p. 160.
* an-a-bap-ti'-zmg, vr. par. & a. [Ana-
baptize.]
As substantive : Re-baptising.
"... the tni'ihiiptizuig of infautd, &c," — Fell :
Life of Hammond, § 1.
an'-a-baS, ^. [Gr. ava^aa-w {miohaUio) = iQ
go lip : avo. {niin) = up, and ^aivui (bail"'}) = to
go.] A genus of fishes of the order Acan-
thopteni, and the family Anabatidie. The
species the A. testudineus, of Southern India
and Java, ordinarily live in rivers and fresh-
water ponds, emerging, linwever, at times,
and worming their way, by means of their
serrated opercula and the spines in their fins,
along the ground, and, according to some
observers, even up trees. In Tamul, the name
given to them is Panciri = Tree-climbers.
an-ab'-a-sis, s. [Gr. avd^aa-L-; {nnoh(i^is) =
(1) a going up, as on horseback ; (:>) a journey,
an expedition : ava^aivta (onobaino) = to go
up ; avd (ana) — up ; jSatVoj (baino) = to go.]
1. Spec. : The name given by Xenophon to
his celebrated work describing the expedition
of Cyrus the younger against his brother
Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia. Arrian
also calls the expedition of Alexander the
Great to Asia an anabasis.
2. Geii. : Any similar expedition, as that of
Napoleon 1. to Moscow. (Dc i^'umcmj.)
an-a-ba'th-rum, s. Lat., from Gr. dvd^adpov
(ani'l>(ithmi'.) = a seat upon .steps, a professor's
chair j A pulpit, desk, or higli seat.
an-a-bat'-x-dse, s. pi. [From anabos, the
tjiiical genus (q.v.).] A family of rtsln-s be-
longing to the order Acanthoptera. Cuvier
formerly placed them under his family witli
labjTinthiform pharyngeals.
* an-a-blb'-a-zon, s. [From Gr. am^t^a^w
(cniabihazo) = to make to go up : o.v6. (arm) =
up, and ^i)3a^w {bibaz6)=^ to make tti ninunt.]
Astronomy: "The Dragon's head, or the
northern node of the moon." {irlo.^.^n^j. Novn.)
an'-a-bleps, s. [Gr. dva (ana) = up, and
(SAeVto (blepx'i), fot. ^Ae'i/za) (hlei)Sd)—tQ look.]
A genus of abdominal fishes, of the order
Malacopterygii Abdominales, belonging to
the family Cyprinida'- (Carps). Their eyes
gi-eatly project, and moreover seem, but only
seem, as if divided into two ; hence the speeics
is called A. tetropMlwhuus. It is found in the
rivers of Guiana.
an-a-bro-chi^'-mus, s. [Gr. dva^poxCa-ixo-;
(anabrochismos) ; afa/Spoxi^w (anahrochizo) =
to draw out by a loop : avd (mm) ^u]}, and
Pp6xo9 (brochns) = a noose or slip-knot.]
Old Med. : " A way of drawing out the in-
verted pricking hairs of the eyelid." (Glossog.
Nnm.)
an-a-bro'-SlS, s. [Gr. afa/Spwo-t? (auohn'^ii'),
from )3paKns (brosis) = au eating up ; (1) meat ;
(2) an eating : ^L^pwcr/cw (bibrosko) = to eat,
fut. &pu}a-ofj.aL (brosnmai).] A wasting away of
the body.
" AnabroHs is a consumption of the body by sharp
humoiiva."—GIossogr. A'ova.
an-a-camp-ter'-i-a, s. pi. [Gr. ii-aKojuTr-
-njp'toi' (anakomj't'.'rion) = a place to walk bark-
wards and forwards in.] Lodgings of tlmse
who fled to religions houses for sanctuary.
an-a-camp'-tic, ^ an-a-camp'-tick, a.
[From Gr. avaKatxirTto (anaJcaiDiito) = to bend
back ; d.vd (ana) = back, and Kd(XTTTci) (k-anii'tn)
= to bend. J Pertaining to anacamptirs (ipv.).
" Anaca7n2)tick (G-rJaignifies reflecting."— G?oS5. jVora.
anacamptic sounds, s. Reflected
sounds, such as those of echoes ; sounds
falling from acute to gi-ave.
an-a-camp'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. ana-
caMptical; 4y.] By reflection. (Mutton.)
an-a-camp'-tics, rf. pi. [Akacamptic ]
1. Anciently: The science of reflected light,
now called caioptrks.
2. The science of reflected sounds.
an-a-camp'-tis» s. [Gr. dvaKd^xTTTia (avn-
kavipto) = to bend back : dvd (ana) = back,
and KaiLLTTToj (kainpto) ■= to bend. Wo called
apparently from the reflexed edges of the
pollen masses.] Richard's name lor a genus
of Orchidaceas containing the pyramidal
orchis, A. pyrojinidalis, the 0. pijramidnlis of
Linnaeus, and many modern writers. It is
British.
an-a-cantb-i'n-i, s. ph [Gr. dv, priv. , and
atcai'Sn'os (aka)ithi}ios) = thorny ; frnm aKai^Ba
(akanthu) = a thorn ; a/c^ ('t.lp) = a point.]
Zool. ; In Midler's classification of Fishes,
the second sub-order of the order Teleostea.
It is eqni^-jilf-nt to the Malacopterygii of
Cuvier and ot)ii'r writers. It is distinguished
from the Ar;uitlioptera (the same as the old
Acanthopterygii) by the absence of spines iu
the rays of the fins. There are four families :
the AmmodytidEe (Sand-eels), the Ophideidie,
the GadidEe (Cods), and the Pleuronectidai
(Flat-fishes). The la.st-nientioned family has
fossil representatives.
an-a-canth'-us, s. [Gr. d, priv. and euph.;
dKavBa (aknutho) = a. thom.] A geuus of
fishes of the Ray family.
an-a-car-di-a'-9e-se, s. j??. [From anacar-
ditim, the typical genus.]
Auacards or Terebinths: An order of exo-
genous i")Iants, placed bv Lindley under his
Rutales, or Rutal alliance. They have
usually imisexual flowers. The stamina are
equal in number to the petals, or twice as
many, or even more ; the ovary is generally
single ; the fruit most commonly drupaceous ;
the seed, solitary. The leaves are without
dots. The order consists of trees or shrubs,
with a resinous gummy caustic, or even millcy
juice. They oc(;nr in the tropics of >>ot!;
worlds. In is4'.i, Lindley estimated the
know^ species at ]iinety-five. Among these
may be noted the Ca-ilimv-nut, the Pistariji-
nut, and the Mango-fruit. Plants of the
order furnish various viirnislies, lacs, lacquer,
and mastic. Rhus toxicodinuh-on and Jl. radi-
cu)is are exceedingly iioisonous.
an-a-car'-di-um, s. [In Sp. anacardio;
Port. anamrOo; Gr. cifa (rf/jr/) = resemblance,
and KapSCa (kardin) = heart So called from
the form of the nut.] A genus of plants, the
type of the order Anacardiacete (Anacards).
It (.'ontains the Casbew-nut of commerce (A.
occldcntaU), the clammy jnice of which is used
in India for varnishing. The varnish is first
white, but afterwards becomes black. ^It is
all but poisonous ; so is the fruit, which acts
u]ton the brain. (Lindley: Veg. Kingd., p.
4i-'tl) The tree itself is an elegant one, witli
panicled corymbs of sweet-smelling flowers.
an-a-ca-thar '-sis, .?. [G r. = a clearing aw.T y :
di'd (anc) ■=. up, and KaBdpa-i<; (katharsis) =
cleansing : KaOaipui (katha.iro) = to make pure
Cleansing by an upward action ; expectoration
or vomiting. (Parr )
t an*a-ca-thar'-tic, a. & s. [Gr. dva.Ka6ap-
TiKo? (a )iokatluirfikos).~\
1. As adj. : Promoting ((') expectoration, or
(Ji) vomiting. (Glossogr. Knra.)
2. As sid)stan. : A medicine fitted to excite
expectoration or vomiting.
an-a-geph-al-se-o -sis, s. [Gr. araKef^a-
Koiioiats (a)ialcepihaJaidsi'-) = a summary : dvd
(ana), anil K€i^aA.(.'a>o-is (kephaliosis) ^ (1) a com-
prehension of several notions in a general
term ; (2) summary treatment ; Ke^aAr} (lccp>hale)
= the head.]
PJi-et. : The recapitulation of the heads of a
discourse. (Glossogr. Nov". )
a-nach'-ar-is, s. [Gr. dvd (ana), in the
sense of a 'irprilthni o/, and X^P^^ (vhririi:)=L
a contraction for Uydrocharis. A repetition of
ANACHARIS ALSINASTRUM.
1. Portion of a plant of Anachnrls aUinastrum.
2. End of a branch, showing female flower.
3. Female flower eularjfed.
4. Main stem, showing branching and rootlets.
5. A leaf enlarged.
the Hyilroeharis, or Prog-bit.] A genus ot
plants belougin-: to the order Hydrochari-
daceLe. or Hydro.-haris. 1\\q A. oUinastrnm,
or Lung-tiowered Auaeharis, an American
plant, is now naturalised in ponds, canals, ■
&c., in Britain.
a-nach'-6r-et, " a-nach'-6r-ite, s. [see
Anchorite.]
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, w^ork, who, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. ew = u.
anachoretical— anaglyphic
183
*a-na-ch6r-et'-i-cal,a. [O. Eng. aimchoret
= anchorite ; suffix -icnl In Fr. anachorctique ;
Sp. anacoretico ; Fort, anachoretuv.] Pertain-
ing to an anchoret or anchirite.
"Those severe anachoretical and irfiitosoi>hical per-
sons, who live meanly aa a sheep, aud withDut ^-anety
as the Baptist." — Bp. Ta//lor : Sermons at Golden Grove.
j an-g,-chr6n-ic, a. [Gr. avd (nna) = 'b^(±-
ward ; xPovlk6<; (chn.iiiihos) = of time ; XP°''°'>
(chronos) = time.] Invulving an anachronism,
(Cohrldgc. J] 'orcester. )
an-ach'-ron-ism, * an-ac'-ron-ism, a.
[In Ger. an a-chronism ; Fr. anochronhmr ;
Sp and Ital. onarrouismo ; Port, onachro-
nlr^mo; all from Gr. ai'axpoi't(r/jio? (aiiachro-
nismos) : ava. (emu), and xpof '■'^/^o? (chronis-
mos) = (1) a long duration, (2) a coming late ;
XpovC^tii (chrouizo) = to touch ; xpo''o? (chronoa)
= time.] The placini; of an liistoric event,
or manners and customs, &.c., at a wrong
■chronological date. The term is especially
used when anything is dated too early. Thus,
it would be a veiy great anachronism were a
modern poet to introduce cannon at tlie siege
of Troy.
"This learls me to the defence of the famous ana-
c7i.ronunn, in iiuikiiig ^neas and Dido contemporaries ;
for it is certain that the hero lived almost two hun-
■di'ed yeara before the building of Carthage." — Drydeii.
"The statement, therefore, which represented the
Boman envoys in the year after the first secession a.s
obtaiuiug corn from Dionysius the elder, resembles
the anachronism which makes Niima the disciple of
Pjrthagorns, or that which tlescribes the colloquj'
between Solon and Ci'cesiis." — Lewis: Early Roman
Hist., ch. xii., lit, ii., § 19.
jln-a-chron-is'-tic, a. [From Eng. ana-
chroTiis^m) ; -tic. Or from Gr. avd (ana) =
hack ; xpofio-To? (ckronistos) = tarrj'ing, delay-
ing.] [Anachronism.] Pertaining to or in-
volving an anachronism ; wrongly dated.
" Among the anachronistic improprieties which this
poem contains, the most conspicuous is the fiction of
Hectors sepulchre." — Warton: Ei&t. E. P., ii., §5.
I an-a-cla'-sis, s. [Or. ii/aKAacns (anaJdasis)
= a bending back and breaking; dva.K\6.ui
(,nu>U,<0)=(l) to fracture, to bend back, (2)
tc break short off; avd (ana) =back, and
KKd(o (kl"n) = to break.]
Surgery : The bending back of any part.
Sill-a-clas'-tic, ". [Gr. dvaKXaa-To^ (ana-
kk'.slo^) =bent back.] Bent bade ; refracted.
anaclastlc glasses, s. [Called in Ger.
verder gldser, i.e., vexing glasses, from the dis-
turbance prndured by their resilience.] A
kind of sonorous flat-bellied phials, shaped like
inverted funnels, with bnttmns extremely
thin, and slightly convex. When alternately
hlled with air, and exhan.-^tcd by the month,
they emit a considerable sound, produced by
their thin bottoms assuming fir.st a convex
and then a concave form. They are made
chiefly in Germany,
^n-a-cl^'-tics, s. pJ. [Anaclastic] The
science of dioptrics ; the science which treats
of refracted light.
t an-a-Cll -sis, i. [Gr. dvdK\La-L<; (><,iul-Ush)
^ a lying or leaning back : am (hack), and
K^iVi? (klisis):=ii bending, iuclinatiun ; «AiVa>
(klino) = to make, to bend.]
Afed. : A term used 1 \y Hij^po crates to
deseribe the reclining pasture of tlie sick ;
also a coucli or sick-bed.
^.n-a-^oe-no'-sis, s. [Gr. avaKotVajo-tj (ana-
koinosis) = an arrangement, a cnnimunica-
tion : dvaKoivoui (anokoinoC') = to communicate
or impart ; or di'd, intensive, and kolvoio-ls
(koinosi-^) = a making common ; Koti-dw
(loiiioo) = to make common; koivos (koinos)
= common.]
Ehet. : A figure by which a speaker applies
to his opponents for their oiMnion on some
point in dispute between him and them.
an-a-col-u'-thon, s [In Fr. anacoloutJie.
From Gr. dvaKoXovBos: (anakolo^tthos) = ^Ya.nt
of sequence; dv, priv., and dKoKovOos (akolon-
/7ios)= following ; dKo\ovBiio (akoloiitlieo) = to
follow.]
lihct. & Gram. : Want of sequence in a sen-
tence. Sucli a chanije in the structure of a
sentence as to render it ungrammatical.
^n-a-c6n'-da» .-\ [Ceylonese name.] A large
snake, the KiDiectvs murimis, which occurs in
tlie island of Ceylon.
^n-a-c6s'-ta, s. [Dut.] A woollen diaper
made in Holland for the Spanish market.
an-ac-re-on'-tSc, a. & s. ; an-ac-re-6n'-
" tique, s. [In Fr. Aiincreoiitiqnc ; Sp., Port,
and It^l. Ano-creontico. From Anacreon, a
celebrated Greek lyric poet, who flourished
about 540 B.C. His writings were elegant in
diction, and melodious in cadence, but liable
to censure from a moral point of view, his
unvars'ing themes being wanton love and
wine. ]
A. ^5 adjective: Pertaining to Anacreon,
or to erotic poetry.
Prosody. Anacreontic verse : A kind of A'erse
ranch used by Anacreon. It consists of three
feet and a half, usually spondees and iambuses,
though sometimes anapeests occur in it.
"It is, indeed, a memorable fact to be recorded of a
hoy, that, before completing his fifteenth year, he had
translated the Greek Hymn of Syuesius into English
Anacreontic vei-se." — Dc Quincey's Works (ed. 1863), vol.
ii., pp. 71, 72.
B. As svhstantivc :
1, A verse composed in the metre called
Anuornnti':. [An.u'RElintic Verse.]
2. An erotic poem ; a poem treating on
Anacreon's favourite subjects, love and wine.
"Tu the miscellanies [of Cowley] succeed the ana-
creoiitiijnes, or pavaphrastical translations of some
little poems, which pass, however justly, under the
name of Anacreon."— ,/o/in-son ■ Life of Cowley .
AXACMEOA'TIC.
" Friend of my soul ! this goblet sip,
'Twill chiLse that peusive tear ;
'Tis not BO sweet as woman'.i lip,
But, oh ! 'tis more sincere.
Like her delusive beam,
'Twill steal away thy mind :
But like atfectioii's dream,
It leaves no sting liehind '."—.Voorc.
■^ an-a-cri'-sis, s. [Gr. dvdKpL<n<; (nnoki-!>!!^)
= an examination, an inquiry: avd ("iin) —
again, and KptVi? (krlsis) = a separating;
KpLvoi (krino) =■ to separate.]
Amouf} old Cirllirnis: Interrogation of wit-
nesses, esjiecially by tortnie.
an-a-yyc'-lus, s. [_lnFv.an«c>j':k: Sp.,Port,,
&. Ital. aiiacicio : Gr. dvaKVKKeui ((inakvk!':n) =
to turn round again: dvd ("ii<<) = [[•rain, and
kvkKcim (kiikleo) = to move round ; kukA.o9 = a
ring or cn-cle. So called because there are
rows of ovaries without flowers, I'laced in a
circle round the disk,] A genus of iilants be-
longing to the order Asteiaccic, or Composites.
The ^. /-(/''/Vr/j/.s- was brought to the south of
Ireland in ballast, but is not a genuine British
plant. The Pellitory of Spain (A. pyrethnnn)
has a fleshy root, which, when fresh, produces
on the hands of those who gather it first a
sensation of great cold, and then one of burn-
ing heat. In rheumatic aff"cctions of the
mouth it is emxiloyed as a masticatory. In
other diseases it is used as a powerful rubefa-
cient and stimulant. (Lindley : Vcg. KiiK/^l
p. 707.)
an'-a-dem, an-a-deine, s. [Lat. ana-
devia; Gr. amSijiaa {I'lnnlfini'), for dvaSia-iJ.a
(anadrsiiiii) — (i baud for women's hair.] A
garland or fillet. A chaplet or crown of fiowers.
"In ai>aih;ms for whom they curiously dispose
The red. the dainty white, the goodly damask
rose. Drayton: Polyolb., Song 15.
" The self-lov'u will
Of man or woman should not rule in them.
But each with other wear the anademe."
B. Jonson : Masq. at Court.
"At the end of [this sone], Circe was seen upon the
rock, quamtly attired, her hair loose about her
shoulders, wminadcm of flowers on her head with a
wand m her hand."— ir. Brown .- Inner Teinple Masque.
" Sit light in wreaths and avadcms."
Tennyson : The Palace of Art.
an-a'-di-a, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A genus of
snakes containing tlie A. occUata, or Eyed
Anadia, believed to be from India.
an-a'-di-a-dse, s. pi [From the tvpical
genus Auadia (q.v.).] A family of Ophidians.
an-a-di-pl6'-sis, s. [Lat. anadipilosis, from
Gr. ai/aStTrAojo-t? (oiuidi/dosis) = a doublin-"''
back. In rhet. = a repetition ; in gram. = a
reduplication : dvd (ana) = again, and StVAoKTt?
(di2)los_is) = a compounding of words : SittAow
(dijyloo) = to double ; 5i7rA6o? (di-ploos) =
double.]
Rhet. : The reduplication of a word by the
repetition at the commencement of a' new
clause of the word by which the former one
was termiiKtted. (Glo^sorir Nova.)
"... as. Tie retained 7*m virtues amidst all hia
misfni tunes, misfortimes which only litj virtues bronoht
upon liim." — Johnson.
an'-a-drom, s. [For etym. see Anadromous.]
Any fish which ascends rivers : the eel, for
instance.
an-ad'-rom-ous, a. [Gr. dva5po|Ltos ("no-
droiims) =: running up. as a fish " running up "
a river: dvd (aH") = iip, and Spojaos (drovios)
= a course, or numing ; Spafielv (drnviiiu), pr.
infin., and Se'Spojaa (dedroma), 2 jierf. <.if Tpe'xoj
{trcchd) = to run.] Pertaining to such fishes
as at certain seasons ascend rivers.
a-nSB'-mi-a, s. [Gr. dvai.fj.ia (a j^ cam (>/,) = want
of blood: dv (an), priv., and al/xa {Minima) =
blood.] Bloodlessness : a morbid state of the
system produced by loss of blood, by depriva-
tion of light and air in coal-mines, or causes
more obscure. The patient is characterised
by great paleness, and blood-vessels, easily
traceable at other times, become unseen after
great liicmorrhage, or in cases of anajmia.
(Todd &■ Bowman : Physiol Anat., ii. 20;',.)
ail-£e'-mic, a. [Gr. dyaifios (((»ai7ao6-)=:blood-
' less ; Eng. sufliK -u\] Relating to the disease
called Anffiinia (q.v,).
"If the brain be ancemic, the quantity of suvround-
iiig fluid will be large."— rodri .t- Bowman : Physiol,
AnaC, vol. i-, p. 233.
an-se-mot'-roph-y, 5. [Gr. dvaLfjiO^ (annimos)
= bloodless, and rpoi^j; (tropiw) = nourish-
ment.] Want of nourishment ; its cause being
deficiency of blood.
an-SeS-the'-si-a, 5. [Gr. dvaiaB-qa-Ca (anois-
tlit^iii) z=\v3.i\t of percex^tion, or of feeling:
ac ("'(), priv., and aLaOr^a-is (aisthcsls) = \^GV-
ception by the senses ; ai(r0dyOfj.aL (ohtlta-
nomai), fut. ala-O^a-ofjLaL (aisthcsonhii) =. to
perceive.] Loss of feeling ; insensibility.
an-aes-thet'-iic, an-ses-the'-tic, a. & s.
[Gr. dv (an), priv,, and alaOrjTLKos (aisthetlkos)
= perceptive.]
A. As. adj. : Pertaining to an anaesthetic ;
deadening or destroying consciousness. [B.]
B. As substantive (PL) : A class of medicines
which, when inhaled in the form of vapour,
destroy consciousness for a time, and with
it tlie sen.se of pain. Garrod makes nmes-
thetics the third order of his sub-class, defined
as medicines acting especially upon the brain
proper, but probably also upon other portions
of the central ncr\-ous system. Among the
uses to which they are put ai"e the alleviation
of jiain and spasm, the production of uncon-
sciousness during surgical operations or i3ar-
turitioii, and the procuring of sleep in de-
lirium. The best known are chloroform,
ether, and nitrous oxide.
"Since the introduction of ether and chloroform as
anaisthctics in the practice of surgery. "—rudci £■ Bow-
man : Physiol. Anat., vol. ii,, p, 40C.
an-£es'-the-tise, v.t. [Anaesthesia.] To
render insensiule by an anaesthetic. (Jour.
il/('(^. Soc, ix. 210.)
an'-£es-thi^e, v.t. [Ax/esthesia.] To anifs-
thetise (Daily Telegraph, April 8, 1880, p. 5.)
an-a-g^l'-llS, 5. [In Sp, anagalide; Ital.
anagallide ; Lat. anaga.Uis ; Gr. arayaAAt's
(nnaijfiltis) ; dvd (f'Uft) = again, and ayaAAw
(injoiliJ) = to make glorious, to adorn.]
Bot. : A genus of Primulacece (Primworts).
Two species occur in Britain, the Auoijallis
arimsis, the Scarlet Pimpernel, and the A.
hinella, or Bog Pimpernel. The former is a
well-known plant, ea?,ily recognised by its
pretty rotate flowers, ' generallv criinson,
though more rarely blue, flesh-white, coloured
or white, with a purple eye. Opening in sun-
light, and closing when the beams of the
luminary are withheld, it is sometimes called
the poor Man's Weather-'^dass It flowers
fiom yiay to Xovcmber. Loudon says that in
our latitude it opens about 7 or 8 a.m., and
closes about 2 'or 3 p.m, A very poisonous
extract can be formed from it ; nevertheless,
the plant has been used in ca^es of madness,
epilepsy, and dropsy.
an'-a-glyph, S. [Gr. dvayKv4>-^ (oaaglvphc) =
a work m lo_w relief: did (ana) ~ up, and
y\v4>-n (gluphe) = carving ; yAv'i^w (glupho) =
to hollow out, to engrave.]
."^cuJjiftire : A figure cut in low relief on a
plane or smooth smface, as in the case of a
cameo.
an-a-glyph-ic, a. [Gr. dvay\v4,o? (<ninglu-
phos).] The same as Anaglyptic (q v.)
Anagliiphick Art: "The art of carving and
engraving." (Glossogr. Nor,< )
boil, h6^; p6ht, j6^%^l; cat, 9ell, chorus. 9hin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-tion, -sion. -tioun, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sioiis, -cious =
as ; expect, Xenophon, exist.
= shus. -ble, &c. = bpl. -tique =
-mg.
tik.
anagly ptic — analemma
an-a-glyp'-tic, a. & s. [Lat. anaglyptus ;
Gr. avdyAvTTTos (inagluptos)/]
1. Asndj.: Wrought in low relief, embossed,
engraved, or enchased in low relief. Wlieii
the design is produced by the engraving or in-
dentation, as in the case of seals, it is then
termed diaglyphU; or intaglio.
2. As suhstanilv'. : Anything wrought in
low relief, in tlie manner desi.-i-iljed under tlie
adjective.
" They rather coiii^ern the statuary art ; though we
might yet srifely. I think, admit some of the Greek
anagly pticks." — Eunl'jii: Sculptura, p. 16.
an-a-glyp'-to-graph, s. [Gr. avayXv(l}ri
{n'liKjhiphi') =a work in low relief ; _'ypa(i)T)
{iim]>Jii') — a drawing ; •ypa<f»n) (grapho) = to
scratch, to scrape, to grave.]
Nat. Phil. : A machine for producing draw-
ings or etchings in relief, from models, foins,
medals, &c. One sent by Mr. George Hogarth
Makins to the Kensington Loan Collection is
described in the Report (1877), p. 478.
an-a-glyp-to-graph'-ic, a. [Eng. anaglyp-
tog'raph; -ic] Pei-taining to the art of pro-
ducing drawings or etchings in relief, or to
the anaglyptograph (q.v.).
an-a-glyp-tog'-raph-y, s. [Lat. anagitij)-
tus ; Gr. a.v6.yKvTVTo-; (a>w ght'ptos) = wrouglit
in low relief, embossed ; ypaifiTj (graphe) =
delineation ; ypatftta (graphd)=: to grave, scrape,
or scratch.] The art of copying works in
relief. (Edinburgh Revleio. Worcester.)
an-ag-nbr'-i-sis, s. [Gr. arayi-aipto-ts (a/^rt-
(7Ji(j7-isis):= recognition: a.vd (a(((f.) = again, and
71/tupicn? (^worisis) = aeiiuaintance (with each
other); Yi-copt'^w (gndrl:(7) = to make known.]
Recognition ; the deROKcmcat in a drama.
(Blair.)
an-ag-no'-SlS, s. [Gr. ava.yvijjat<; (aiii'gnosli)
= a knowing again: dva. (ftnrY,) = again, and
yvojcri^ (gnosis) =■ an inquiry, judgment ; yvCjvat
(gnonai), infln. of yi-yi'uio'KtD (gignosko) ^ii>
know.] Recognition. The same as Ana-
gnorisis (q.v.).
an'-a^go-ge, an'-a-go-gy, s. [In Fr. aiw-
gogie ; Sp. ana-gage, anagogio ; Poit. & Ital.
anagogia; Gr. ai/ayiuyTj (anagoge)^ a leading
up: dvd (ana) = up, and dywyi) (agoge) ^ A
leading ; dym (ago) — t<> lead.]
Thenl. : Elevation of the mind to spiritual
ol^K.ets.
1[ The form aiiagogy is in Dyelie's Diet.
(1T5S).
Exegetics : The pointing out of a spiritual
sense under the literal words of portions of
Scripture ; the indication of a reference to
New Testament doctrine in the prophecies,
types, and symbols of the Old. [Anagogical.]
Mini. : The return of humours or the rejec-
tion of matters upward liy ]neans nf tlie
mouth.
^n-a-go-get'-i-cal, c [Formed as if from
Gr'. duayioyriTiKo'i {i(nu<i''"lctikos), front dvayojy^
(anagoge) (q.v.).] Pertaining to anagoge. The
same as A.n'agouical (q.v.). (lialley.)
an-a-gog'-i-cal, a. [In Fr. anagogique ; Gr.
dvayoyyiKos (anagogikos) = raising the niind to
heavenly things, mystical.] Pertaining to
anagoge ; mysterious, elevated, spiritual. (Ap-
plied specially to one of the four chief methods
of interpreting Scripture, the other three being
the literal, the allegorical, and the tropological
methods. )
" Anagogical. MysterimTi, or which hath an ele-
vated, raised, and uncommon signification."— Siou/if.
" Which is an anaqogical troije or hygh speakynge
of my lorde above hys corapasse," — Bale : Yet a Course
at the Rom,yshe Foxe, fol. 36.
"From the former of these two have heen drawn
certabi senses and expositions of Scriptnrea, which
hiid need be contained within the bounds of sobriety ;
the one anagogical, and the other philosophical.' —
Bacon Advancement of Learn., bk. 11.
" We cannot apply them [prophecies] to him, but by
a mystical anagogical explication."— ,5^o((ffe.- Semi.,
viii. 161.
an-a-gog'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. anagogical;
-/'//.] Mysteriously, with spiritual elevation;
in a spiritual sense. (Johnson.)
an-a-gog'-ics, * an-a-gog-icks, s. pi
[Gr. dvayiDyiKos (anagogikos) = mystical.] Tlie
gtudy of mystlc<il subjects.
"The notea upon that constitution say, that the
Misna Torah was composed out of the cabalisticks .and
anagogicks of the Jews, or some alleporical niterpreta-
tions pretended to be derived from Closes."-//. Addi-
son .■ State of tlie Jews. p. 248.
an'-a-gram, s. [In Sw. anagram ; Ger. ana-
grarnm ; Fr. anagramme; Sp. anagranui ; Port.
& Ital. anagraniina. From Gr. aud (aua)=
backwards, and ypdfj.fj.a (//ra»Miia)== that which
is drawn or written, a letter : ypd^to (gi'apho) =
to grave, to write.]
1 1. The letters of any word read bae,kwards.
Thus in a satire on the Whig government
under Lord Melbourne, which appeared in a
provincial Tory paper, the political leader was
described as Enruoblem, which was simply
Melbourne spelled backwards.
2. The letters of any word or words trans-
posed in their order so as to make another
word, or more generally a short sentence.
Thus the letters in the name of iVilliam Noy,
Attorney-General to Charles I., who toiled
hard in his vocation, become, when transposed,
I nwyl in laio. Similarly tlnlcn becomes by
transposition angel, and Mm-y, army. The
practice was not much in vogue among
the Grei-ks and Romans, but it was com-
mon among the Jewish cabalists. Among
European nations it first began to be exten-
sively employed in the sixteenth century.
Sometimes writers put not their own name
but its anagram on their worlds ; thus,
Calvin put not Calvinus, but its anagram,
Alcuinus, on the edition of his InstituiiS
published at Strasburg in 1539. In certain
cases mathematicians who had made dis-
coveries for which they wished to claim
priority without communicating their secret,
gave forth its anagram instead of itself. This
was done by Galileo, Huyghens, and Sir Isaac
Xewton. Sometimes these anagrams were
intentionally so obscurely worded, and of
such a length, as to render their solution
almost impossible. Thus Galileo announced
his observntions on Saturn : — Sniaismrmilme
poeta leumi bone nugttaviras = aUlssimii-in
planetam t^^rgeminum obserro.vi (I have ob-
served tliat the most di.stant planet is triple-
formed). Huygliens also announced his dis-
covery iif Saturn's ring in the following ana-
gram : — aaaaaaa cece'c d eeeee iiiiiii 1111 mm
nuunnnnnn 0000 pp <[ rr s ttttt unuuu =
antuUo elngitur, tenui, 'piano nnsquam coho:-
rente, ad ccllpticam indiuato (it is surrounded
by a slender ring, nowhere coherent, inclined
to the ecliptic).
" Though all her parts be not in th' usual place,
She hath yet the anagrams of a good face ;
If we might put the letters but one way.
In that lean dearth of words, what could we say?"
Bonne's Poems, p. 70.
" Thv genius calls thee not to p\irchase fame
In keen iambick.'!, but mild anagram."
Br.i/den : Alav Fiecknoc, v. 204.
t an'-a-gram, v.t [From the substantive.]
To construct an anagram by transposing the
letters of any particular word. (Warhnrton.
Worcester.)
an-a-gram-mat'-ic, an-a-gram-mat-
i-cal, a. [From Gr. dvd (ana), and ypaij.fj.d-
TLKo? (gruiiiinatiLos) ; dvdypajxfxa (anagiuimno)
=. an anagram.] Containing an anagram
" For whom wa^ devised Pallas's defensive shield,
with Gorgon's he;ul thereon, with this anagramnia-
Heal ■Vi0xa."—C'aiiv.lc a.
"Some hilaces] have contiimed anagrammaf ical
Appellations, from half their own and their wives'
names joined together."— Sw^/i.- On Barb. iJunom m
Ireland.
an-a-gram-mat'-i-cal-ly, adc. [Eng.
anagratnmatical ; -ly.] After the manner of
an anagram. '
"PleaBe to cast your eye anagrammatirally upon
the nameof thebalsamuni ; you will find, ' Oonveniimt
rebus nomina siept auis." "—Gar/ton .- Jfotcs on Don
Quix., iii. 3.
an-a-gram'-xnat-i^m, s. [Gr. dvaypafj.ixoL-
TL(rix6<; (anagrainrnatismos)^ The art or prac-
tice of making anagrams.
"The only quintessence that hitherto the alchymy
of wit could draw out of names is anagranimatism, or
meta^rammatism, which is a dissolution of a name
truly written into its letters as its elements, and a
new connection of it by artificial transposition, with-
out luldition, svibtrai^tion, or change of any letter into
difTerent words, makiuL' some perfect sense apxjliuble
to the person named "—Camden.
an-a-gram'-mat-ist, s. [Fi-om_Gr. dva
(ana), and ypdpLfxarL<nYj<;(graiainatistes).~\ One
who makes anagrams.
"To his lo. fr. Mr. W. Aubrey, an incenious ana-
grfimmatitt, late turned minister."— (.■ftyitrr7(; .■ Ej^i-
grains. E]> 18.
an-ar-gram'-mat-ize, v.t. [In Fr. aiux-
grammatiser; Port, anagramiaidhar ; Ital. aaa-
graniTiiaiiz-are; Gr. ai/aypa/x^art'^w (anagram-
■maiizo.] To make anagrams.
■■ others suppose that by the word Sophyra, which
Is Opliyr anagrammatized, mentioned m the ^^.^.^"^^
twn interpreters, ia intended or meant Sottaia or
Suplnii-.i."— i'iV T. Herhcrt: Trav., p. 350.
'■()tiiL-rs, in Latin, aiutgrammatize it (the name of
EveJ imm £oa into i'.e ; because, they s;iy, she was tne
caubC of wvel"~AHs-(iii JIcbc Homo, p. 182.
an'-a-graph, s. [Gr. dvaypa^r, (anagraphe) =
(a writing up, a record ; dvaypd^w (a nagrapho)
= to write up: dvd (((/(!() = up, and ypo^w
(graph'"') ■= to write ]
\. Ar inventory ; a register.
2. A commentary.
a-na'-gros, s. [Sji.] A Spanish measure for
* grain used chietlv in Seville, and containing
about two biisliels.
an-a-gy-ris, s [In Port, anagyro ; Ital.
aniglride; Lat. anagyros ; Gr. dvdyvpi<; (ana-
gitris) and dvdyvpos (anagnros) : dvd (ana)'=
backwards ; yvpo<; (guros) = a circle.] A genus
of papilionaceous plants, one of the CistrojJical
Eupodalyries;;. The A. fnilda, a bush with
trifoliolate leaves and yellow racemose flowers,
has purgative proi^erties, and its seeds are
narcotic.
^n-ai'-xna, a. [Gr. d = without, and aV/xa
(haima) = blood ; dvaip-Ca (niiaiini'i) = want of
blood.] A zoological term used by Aristotle,
and signifying withovt blood. It need scarcely
he added that -Aristotle's idea of the bloodless
character belonging to certain animals was
wholly erroneous. [An.-emia.]
a'-nal, a. [From Lat. anus = the anus.] Per-
taining to the anus.
Ichthyol. : The anal fin is the fin placed on
the lower part of a lish's bi.idy. and so far
behind as to be near tlie anus.
"... the fir.-^t rays of the doi-sal and anai fiua." —
Griffith's Cavier, vol. x., \>. 7.
an-al-9ite, an-al'-gime, s. [In Ger.
i{nalzini ; Gr. dva\Ki<; (analkis) = weak : d,
priv., and clAkt) (a?/i.'e)= strength. So called
because by rubbing it becomes weakly electric]
A mineral classed by Dana as the type of his
Analeite grouji. It occurs isometric, in trape-
zdhedrons, and massive gi-anular. Its hard-
ness is .5 to 5'5, its sp. gr. H'^^ to '2 20 or 2'278,
the lustre vitreous, the colour white tinged
with other hues. It varies from transparent
tn opa([ue. It is bi'ittlc It consists of silica
51 to 0.5-12, alumina 22-23 to 24-13, lime 0-27
to 5-S'2, soda 6-43 to 14-05, potassium 0-55 to
4-46, and water 7-OS to ir~5. It is found in
Scotland in the Kilj^atrick and Campsie Hills,
at Bowling, in Glen Farg, on the Calton Hill
near Edinburgh, and at Kilmalcolm ; in Ire-
land in Antrim ; in the Faroe Isles ; in various
other parts of Eiin ipi- ; in Nova Scotia,
Canada, and the United States
*\ Dana considers Picranalcime probably to
be analeite altered by the magnesian process,
and Cluthalite also to be changed analeite.
analcime carnea, s. [Lat. camm =
fleshy ; from mm, genit. carnis — flesh.] The
old name for Sarcolite (ii.v ).
analeite group, s. A group of minerals
placed by Dana as the third in order under
the Zeolite section of his Hydrous Silicates.
an-a-lec'-ta, s. p?. [An.a.lects.]
an-a-lec'-tic, a. [From Gr. dva\€KTiKoq
(analektiko^).'] Pertaining to analects ; as,
an analcctic magazine — i.e., one containing
essays or selections. (Webster.)
an'-a-lects, an-a-lec'-ta, s. pi. [In Ger.
a)ialektcn; Fr, anidcctcs ; Sp. analcvtos. From
Gr. dvdKeKTa (analckta), neut, pi. of dvdKeKToz
(analektos) = choice, .select.]
• 1. Crumbs which fall from the tixble ; " the
remains or fragments taken off the table."
(Dychc, 175S.)
2. A collectiiin of short literary productions,
as essays or jottings ; '* cei'tain parts or por-
tions selected out of different authors."*
(Dyckc.)
an-a-lem'-ma, s. [In Ger. & Lat. analemma.
From Gr. dvdKy)fj.fj.a (analemma) = that which
is used for repairing or supporting anything ;
avaAap./Sai'co (ancdambano) = to take up : dvd
(ana) = up, and Kajx^dvai (lambano) = to take.l
1. Geom. : A projection of the sphere on the
lilane of the meridian orthographically made-
by a straight line and ellipses, the e>e being
supposed at an infinite distance, and in the-
east or west point of the horizon.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. q.u = kw.
analepsia— analysis
185
2. Mech. : An instrument made of brass or
wood on which the projection now mentioned
is drawn, with an horizon or cursor fitted to it,
in which the solstitial colure and all circles
parallel to it will be represented as concen-
tric, all circles oblique to the eye as ellipses,
and all the planes of which pass through the
eye as straight lines. The aualemma now
described is used for illustrating, at least with
an approach to acciu-acy, the various astrono-
mical problems.
an-a-lep'-sis, an'-a-lep-sy, an-a^lep-
Sl-a, s. [Gr. a.va.\'i}\ijL<; (anali'psls) = a taking
up, ' restoration ; avaKajx^dvut (unaJambano),
fut. ai/aA.T)i|/ofiat (analepsomai) = to take up, to
restore to health : avd (ana), and \afi^dvai
(lavibano), fut. K-^tpofiai (lepsoviai) = to take.]
1. The augmentation or nutrition of an
emaciated body ; recovery of strength after
disease. (Quincey, dtc)
2. The name given by Johannes Anglicus and
Riverius to a kind of epilepsy which is said
to proceed from disorder of the stomach. It
is sometimes used in a more extended sense
for epilepsy in general. (Parr.)
an-a-lep'-tic, * an-a^lep'-tick, a. & s
[In Fr. aii(flcjjtl<'i'(€ ; from Gr. ai'aAvjTrTtKo?
(anaUjiiiLo.-,).^
1. As (itljertive : Restorative.
"Anafepfivk medicines cherish the nerves and renew
the sijirits and strength."— Qui/icy.
Analeptic Tanks: In Garrod's classification
of medicines, the same as blood tonics or
blood restoratives (q.v.).
2. As suhst. : A medicine designed to impart
tone to the systijm, restoring flesh, strength,
and cheerfulness after sickness or weakness
from whatever cause ; a restorative.
* an-a'-lie, ' aziailizie (a-na'i-ly-i), v.t.
[Aliene.] To alienate.
"Wil ye me to have analied, sold .lud disprmed, as
I by the.-%e presents rtiiif/^c . . . to the wiid B , . ."
— Spottiswoode : Style of Writs. [Boucher.)
* a-nal'-o-gal, a. [Eng. analog(y); ■('!.]
Tlie same as Analogous.
"Wlien I see many analogal motions in animals,
though I ciinuot call them voluntary, yet I see them
spoiitaneouM, I have reason to conclude that these in
tiieir principle are uot simply mechanical."— //a^c.
an-a-l6g'-i-cal, c. [In Fr. analogbiKe; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. aiuiliKjUo ; Lat. iLitiihujicus ; Gr.
avaKoyiKos (i"(a^jy(7aw) — proportional, analo-
gous.]
■* 1. Analogous.
"There ia placed the minerals between the inani-
mate and vegetable province, participating something
analogical to eitlier, '—Hale : Origin of Manki^id.
^ Dr. Johnson draws the following distinc-
tion between the words analogous and ana-
logical: "Analogous signifies having relation,
and analogical having the quality of repre-
senting relation."
2. Logic ami OnUnarij Lang. : Pertaining to
analogy; ]ieitaniing to resemblnnces of any
kind, on wliich may be founded reasoning
falling short of the conclusiveness
by induction. [Akalogy, Induction.]
"The cases in whicli analogical evidence affords in
itseU any very higlx degree oi probability are, as we
have just observed, only those in which tlie resem-
blance is very close and extensive." — Joint Stitart Mill :
Logic, 2nd ed. (1846), vol. ii., cli. xx., p. 105.
3. Biol. : Pertaining to two animals, two
plants, or even an animal and a plant, which
in cert-ain respects resemble each other ; the
similarity, however, being one of analogy ouly,
and not of affinity. [Analogy, Affinitv.]
"All analogical resemblances, as of a whale to a
8sh . . ." — Darwiti: Descent of Man, voL i., pt. i.,
ch, vii,, p. 230,
an-a-l6g'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. analogical;
•ly. ] In an analogical manner.
". . . we are often obliged to use these words
analopically to express other i>owers of the mind which
are of a very different nature."— ifcid,' Inquiry into
the Hunum Mind, c. 7.
an-a-l6g'-x-cal-ness, s. [Eng. analogical;
-ness. ] The quality of being analogical ; fitness
to be applied for the illustration of some
analogy.
" an-al'-og-ie, s. [Analogy.]
au-al'-6g-i^, s. [In Ger. analogism; Fr.
analogisnw; Port analogisino. From Gr.
dvaKoyitrtLos (a. n" log is i nos) = fresh calculation,
reconsideration, a course or hne of reasoning,
proportionate calculation ; from ivaXoyCiofj.ai
(analog izomai) — to count up again : avd. (ana)
= ;igain, and Ao7t^o/xat (logizonud) = to count]
1. An argument from the cause to the effect.
(Johnson.)
2. Investigation of things by the analogy
which they bear to each other. (Crabb.)
an-al'-og-ist, s. [Eng. o.nalog(y); -ist.~\ One
who on a particular occasion, or habitually,
reasons from analogy. (Webster.)
t an-al'-6g-ize, t;. *. [Eng. aTia^or/Ci/); -i;e. Gr.
at'aAo'yt^o/j.ftt (analogizoinai).'] [Analogism. ]
To reason from analogy ; to ■ explain by means
of analogy.
"We have systems of material bodies diversely
figured and situated, if separately considered ; they
ropreseut the object of the desire which is analogized
by attraction or gravitation." — Cheync: OnJlegvmen;
Natural Analogy, § 8.
t an-al'-6g-ized, pa. par. [Analogize.]
t a-nal'-o-gon, s. [Neut. of Gr. adj. avdkoyog
(o»a/03os) = proportionate, analogous to. ] That
whicli is analogous to sometliing else.
an-al'-og-ous, a. [In sp., Port.. & Ifcil.
onalogo; Ijnt. analogus ; Gv. dvdkoyo^ (a nalogob)
— proportionate to.]
1. Lvglc & Ord. Lang. : Presenting some
analogy or resemblance to; parallel to in some
resjieet ; similar, like.
"The language is analogous, wherever a thing,
Slower, or prnieiple in a higher dignity is expressed by
he same thing, power, or principle in a lower but
more known form." — Coleridge; Aids to
(1839), p. 140.
"... the artificial instruments which we our-
selves plan with foresight and calcnlatidn tor analo-
gous uai;s." — Owen : Class//, of the Mammalia, p. 02.
•[ It is followed by to of tlie thing to which
the reseiiibla]iee is perceived.
"... that the particular parts principally <ib-
jected against in this whole dispensation are uiuilogoim
to what IS experienced in the constitution and course
of Nature or Providence."— /fM/fc;* ,■ A nalogy, Iiitrod,
2. Grdnimar. Nouus are soirietimes divided
intfi nnimcal, equivoatl. and analogous.
(Whatehj: Logic, bk. ii., ch. v., § 1.)
3. J'uro-clcr.tricity. A nalogous poh: is the
n.uiic given to the end of a crystal which
shows positive electricity when tlie tempera-
tnre is rising. It is opjioscd to antilnfinn^
pol-e (ii.\.). (Atlcinson : Ganot's Physics, § o;-;7.J
4. ]Jinlng!i:
((') Having a relation "f ;malogy, but not
one of affinity.
"The pigeons in one order [the Raaores], and tlit-
Edentates in the other (^Ungulata], follow next: h-t
U3 therefore see how far these groups are analugoue."
Swainson : Birds, vol. iii. (1837), p, Ico.
(/') Having a relation of analogy combined
witli one of affinity.
" The two owls, the two tyrant fly-catchers {Pyro-
cephalua), and the dov^, are also smaller thMu the
aiialngnus but distinct species."- />arwin.- Voyage
round the World, ch. xvii.
Anitlngons varUition: Variations of a similar
character in different species, geu«i-a, ^c.
" Many of thesL- rt^seiiibl.iiioe^ ;irf more probably due
to a'i(f/(»;o(i.s viiri.itiun. \\biL'li lullnws, a« I have else-
wheie attuniiited tuijh.iw, lii.iii cu-df-ucnded organisms
having a .'-iniil.ir oull■^tltutl^Il, jtiul having been acted
on by ■^iiiiil.ir causes luduciiig vari;iliility." — Darwin :
Descent of Man, vol. i . pt, i., ch, vi , p. 194.
an-al'-og-oiis-ly, aih\ [Eng. analogous;
-ly.] In an analogous manner.
"Can you, then, deinonstvate from his unity, or
omnipresence, which you conceive but anaJoqouslii
and imperfectly, , . . '—Skelton : Deism lieo.. Dial. 6.
". . the same word may be emi)loyed either uni-
vocally, equivocally, or analogously." — Whately .
Logic, bk. li., ch. v., § L
an'-a-ldgue, s. [Fr. analoqnc = analogous ;
Gr. dvdKoyo'; (analogos) = proportionate to :
di-d (aiia) = up to ; K6yo<s (logos) = reason. Ac-
cording to reason ; analogous to. ] That which
resembles something else in one or more
respects.
Spa iaUy :
X. Phllol. : A word in one language corre-
sponding to a word in another.
"S. (Sanscrit) ap, water, the analogue of the Latin
aqua."— Key: Pltilologieal Sssuys II8GB), p. 258.
2. Biol: A part of an animal or plant which
has the same function as another part in a
second animal or plant diflerentiy organised.
[HOMOLOGUE.]
3. Geol: Any body which corresponds with,
or bears great resemblance to, another body.
(Especially used by geologists in comparing
fossil remains with living specimens.)
"... the great abundance in the oolitic ocean of
fishc, whose nearest livmt; analogue is the Port Jack-
son shark (Cestraciou)."— 'if.'Cii ; British Fossil Mant-
ynaU aiul Birds (1840), j\ xiv.
an-al -og-y, * an-al -6g-ie, s. [In Sw. &
Dan. analngiii ; Ger. lS: Fr. analogic : Sp., Port.,
Ital., & Lat. analogia : all from Gr. dvaAoyia
(aiialogla) =(l) equality of ratios, proportion ;
(2) analogy ; dvd (una), and Aoyoj (logos) .
= a ratio, &c. ; Ae'yw (lego) — to count.]
A. Orel. Lang. : Similitude of relations
between one thing and other (see B., Logic,
No. 1.), or such resemblances as are described
under Logic, No. '2. (The thing to which the-
other is compared is preceded by to or with.)
" The A nal-o(fy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to
the Constitution and Course of Nature. By Joseph
Butler, LL.D., late Lord Bishop of Durliani."
■]■ When both are mentioned together tliey
ai-e connected by the word between.
". . . if a real analogy between the vegetable
world and the intellectual' and moral system were
presumed to exist . . ."—Isaac Taylor: JUlemcnts
of Tliouglit, 8th ed. (1846), p. 3L
B, Technically :
I. Logic :
1. Resemblance of relations, a meaning
given to the word lirst by the mathematicians,
and adopted by Ferguson, Whately, and, as
one of various senses, by John Stuart Mill.
To call a country like our own, wliich has
sent out various colonies, the mother country,
implies that there is an analogj' between the
relation in whicli it stands to its colonies and
that which a niotlier holds to her children.
(Mill's Logic. (See B., II., Math.)
2. More usually : Resemblance of any kind
on which an argument falling short nf induc-
tion may be founded. Under this meaning
the element of relation is not specially dis-
tinguished from others. "Analogical reason-
ing, in this second sense, may be reduced to
the following formula : Two tilings resemble
each other in one or mure respects ; a certain
proposition is true of the one, therefore it is
true of the other." If an invari;tMc conjunc-
tion is made out between a proj^erty in the
one case and a property in the other, the
argument rises above analogy, and bcconnis
an induction on a limited basis ; but if no
such conjunction has been made out, then
the argument is one of analogy merely. Ac-
cording to the number of qualities in one
body which agree with tho^e in another, may
it be reasoned with conlidi>nce that tlic as >'ct
unexamined qualities of the two bodies wdl
,dso be found to correspond. (Slill's Lugir,
pp US— 107.) Metaphor and allegory address
the imagination, ^vliilst analogy ai^ieals to the
reason. The former are founded on similarity
of aitpeanuiccs, nfcirccts, or of incidental cir-
cumstances; tlie latter is built up on more
essential reseiiililauces, which afl'ord a proper
basis for reasoniug.
II. McttJi. : Proportion ; the similitude of
ratios. (Euclid, Bk. V., Def. 8,)
III. Grammar: Conformity with the struc-
ture or the genius of a language.
rV. Biol. : The relation between parts which
agree in function, as the wing of a bird and
that of a butterrty, the tail of a whale and
that of a fish. (Huxley's Classif. of Animals,
lyij'J, Gloss.) Ridations of analogy were made
wry prominent in the system of the now ex-
tinct Quinary School of zoologists. They are
to be carefully distinguished from those of
affinity. [Affinity. ]
"... the analog^/ of the hawk to the shrike, or
eagle to the lion."— ,SMia()wo)i,- Classif. of Birds, i. 345.
"The analogy between the swau and the ostrich is
one degree, that between the ostrich and the giraffe is
another, while the analoffn between the bee and the
weaving birds (Plooeanre) is another. "-/(tirf,
t an'-a-lys-a-ble, a. [Axalyzable.]
t an'-a-lyse, v.t. [Analyze.]
an'-a-lys-er, i. [Analyzer.]
an-al'-ys-is, s. [In Sw. analys; Dan. analysis;
Ger. analyse (Logic), analysis (Math.); Fr. &
Port, analyse ; Sp. analisis ; Ital. anuU^i.
From Gr. dvd\vai<; (cmahms) = (\) a lousing,
releasing; (2) a dissolving, the resolution of
a whole into its ]iarts, analysis opposed to
genesis or synthesis ; in Logic, the reduction of
the imperfei't figures into the pi^riect one;
(8) the solution of a problem, i:c. : dvd\vt^
(anaU'o) = to unloose ■ dvd (ana) = backward,
and \v(o (hio) — to loose.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : The art of analysing ; the state of
being analysed ; the result of such investiga-
tion. The separation of anything physical,
mental, or a mere conci-ptioii into its con-
stituent elements (A scicntiftc word which
b$il, bo^; po^t, J6^i; cat, 9eU, chorus. 5hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph =t
-tion, -sion, -cioun = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious, -ceous = shus. -ble, -die, i:c. = bel, deL
J86
analysis— analyzed
has partially established itself in ordinarj'
speech.) [Analyze, s.]
"We ciimot know anything of nature, but by an
nnfiJi/sis of its true initial causes; till we know the
first svriiigs of natural motions, we are still buu
i^noraiilh "—Glanville.
Used specially —
(1.) In some of the senses given under B.
<q.v.).
"... but the subsequent translation of the shock
of the sitherenl waves into consciousness eludes the
anali/sts of science."— Ti/mlall : Frag, of Science {Sra
ed.), viii,, p. 177.
(2 ) A syllabus, conspectus, or exhibition of
the heads of a discourse ; a synopsis, a brief
iibstract of a subject to enable a reader more
readily to comprehend it when it is treated at
length. Thus Liudley, in his Vegetable King-
dom, presents a roiispertus of the several
■orders of plants under the lieading "Ai-tiflcial
Analysis of the Natural orders."
B. Technicallij:
I. Math. : The term analysis, signifying an
unloosing, as contradistinguished from syn-
thesis =3. putting together, was iirst employed
by the old Greek geometncians to characterise
■one of the two processes of investigation
which they pursued. The Analytical Method
of inquiry has been defined as the art or
methud of finding out the truth of a proposi-
tion bv iirst supposing the thing done, and
■then iva.soning back step by step till one
arrives at some admitted truth. It is called
also the Method of furci'tli'n ov Eesohition.
Analysis: in Mathematics may be exercised on
finite or on infinite magnitudes or numbers.
Tlie analysis of finite quantities is the same as
Specious 'arlthwriir or (dychra. That of infi-
nites, called al.^n the new anahjsis, is particu-
larly used in fluxions or the differential cal-
culns. But analy.'iis could be employed also
in georaetiy, though Euclid preferred to make
his immortal wurlc synthetic ; it is therefore a
departure from correct language to use the
word anah/sis, as many on the Continent do,
as the autitliesis of geometry ; it is opposed,
as already mentioned, to synthesis, and to
that alone.
"Calculations of this nature require a very high
<inal!/sis for their successful performance, such as is
far beyond the scope and object of this work to
attempt." S erscJiel : AsCron., 5th ed. (1858), § 604.
II. Chem. : The examination of bodies with
the view of ascei-taining of what substances
they are composed, and in what propoi-tion
these substances are contained in them. The
former is called qv.alitative and the latter
qnaiiiiiatim analysis.
"The following method may be adopted for this
kind of quantitative analysis."— Todd & Bowman:
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 308.
L'lieiiucal analysis is classified into Blow-
pipe, Qiialitatirr, (PravimetricoJ, imiWnlnmetrii:
analysis ; and tlie Proximate and the UUiiaatc
analysis of organic bodies.
1. Blowpipe Analysis: The substances ex-
.■amined by the blo'W'pipe are (1) heated alone
■on charcoal ; (2) heated on a platinum wire
with borax (q.v.) ; (3) with microcosmic salt,
NaH.{NH4)PO4-l-4H20; (4) with sodium car-
bonate ; {^) on a piece of charcoal which has
been moistened with a few drops of nitrate of
oobalt ; (0) fused with potassium nitrate. The
reactions are given under the respective metals
(q.v.), (Consult Plattner on the Blowpipe.)
2. Qualitative Analysis is employed to find
out the composition and properties of any un-
known substance, and to separate different
substances from each other. It is performed
in the following manner :— The substance is
dissolved in distilled water ; if not soluble in
water, then in hydrochloric acid or in aqua-
regia ; if insoluble in these, it is fused with
sodium carbonate. The commoner bases and
acids contained in the solution are tested for
as follows : —
Add hydrochloric acid. A vhite precijiit^de
is either AgCl (argentic cldoride), IIg.jCi:>(nier-
curous chloride), or PbCl^ (plumbic <-lil<iride).
Filter ; pass H.-.S (sulphuretted hydrogen
gas) through the filtrate. A black -precijiitotc
is either PbS (plumbic sulphide), CuS (cupiic
sulpliide), HgS (mercui'ic sulpliide), or Bi.^W^
(suli)hide of bismuth). A yelloio precijiitatc
is either CdS (cadmium sulphide), AsnSs or
AS.2S5 (sulphides of arsenic), or SnS^ (stannic
sulphide). A brown precipitate is WnH (stan-
nous sulphide). An orange prcrApitatc is
yb.iSs (antimonic sulphide).
Filter; boil the filtrate to exi>el H^S, add a
few drops of nitric aeid, and boil to oxidise
the iron ; then add chloride of ammonium and
ammonia. A red frcripitatc is FeoO^ (ferric
oxide). A bluish-green precipitate is CtoO-^
(chromic oxide). A white i>rei:ipifo.te is AI0O3
(aluminic oxide), or iihosjiliates, borates, and
oxalates.
Filter ; to the filtrate add sulphide of ammo-
nium. A black precipitate is either CoS (sul-
phide of cobalt), or KiS (sulphide of nickel).
Apinhprecipitoieimwrn^brown is MnS (sul-
phide of manganese). A white precipitate is
iin8 (sulphide of zinc).
Filter ; to the filtrate add ammonium car-
bonate. A white precipitate is either BaCOg,
yrCOn or CaCO;, (carbonates of barium,
strontium, or calcium).
Filter ; divide the filtrate into two parts. To
one part add NaoH.P04 (sodium phosphate).
A white precipitate: is Mg(NH4)P04-l-6Hnij,
indicating the presence uf magnesia. Tin.-
other imi-t is evaporated to dryness, heated
strongly to drive off" the ammoniacal :>alts,
and if there is a residue it is tested for potash
and soda.
Ammoniacal salts are tested for in the origi-
nal solution by addin.i; caustic potash, which
liberates ammonia, NH-j, which is recognised
by its smell, and by its turning red litmus
i:iaper blue.
The sulphides of arsenic, antimony, and tin
are soluble in sulphide of ammonimn, and
are re-precipitated by HCl.
The tests for the other rarer metals and
acids, and the confirmatory tests for the
above, are given under their respective names
(q.v.).
Acids may be te.sted for as follows : — Car-
bonic, hydrosulphuric, liydrncyame acids are
liberated by stronger aeids with etlervcscence.
Carbonic, arsenious, arsenic, chromic, boracic,
phosphoric, oxalic, hydrofluoric, and silicic
acids give from a neutral solution a wltlte
p/recipitoie, with BaCl2 (barium chloride),
which dissolves in hydrochloric acid ; but
sulpliuric acid gives a vMie precipitate in-
soluble in acids.
Tartaric and citric acids are recognised by
the precipitate charring wlien heated, and
emitting fumes of peculiar odour.
Chloride of calcium, with phosphoric and
boracic acids, gives a white precipitate, which
is soluble in acetic acid ; also with oxalic
and hydrofluorie acids, a v:h\tG precipitate,
insoluble in acetic acid.
Nitrate of silver (AgXOg) gives a bUck pre-
cipitate with hydrosulphuric acid, a yellmr
precipifcde with arsenious, phosphoric, and
silicic acid ; a red precipitate with chromic and
arsenic acid; and a ivhiic piecpitatc with
boracic and oxalic acids. All these precipi-
tates are soluble in nitric acid.
Nitrate of silver (AgNOs) gives a precipitate
insoluble in nitric acid with hydrochloric,
hydrocyanic, hydrobromic, and hydriodic
acids.
Ferric chloride (FeoClg) gives a red colour
with acetic acid and sulphocyanie acid ; a Nad:
precipitcde with gallic and tannic acids ; a
blue precipitate witli ferrocyanides.
Nitric acid (HNO3) and chloric acid (HC10;i)
are not inecipitated by any reagent. Their
salts deflagrate on ignited charcoal
For confirmatory tests for acids, see under
their respective names. (See Fresenius', Gal-
loway's, or Will's Qualitative Analysis.)
3. GravimctricoJ AvaJysis, or quantitative
analysis by weight, is the method of separating
out 'if a weighed quantity of a compound its
constituents, either in a pure state or in the
fui'm of some new substance of known compo-
sition, and accurately weighing the products ;
from the results of tliese operations the per-
centage of the constituents contained in the
substance can be determined. (For method^j
see Fresenius' Qvanfituticc Analysis.)
4. Volumetrical Analysis, or ciuantitativc
analysis by measure, determines tlie amount
of the constituents contained in a yiven solu-
tion by —
(c) Neutralisation of a measured quantity
of the liquid by a certain ^-olnine of a standard
solution of acid ur alkali.
(b) By the quantity of a standard solution ot
an oxidising or reducing agent required to
oxidise or reduce a measured quantity of the
liquid to be tested.
(0) By o)iserviug when no furtlier precipita-
tion ta]<ps place on adding the standard solu-
tion of the reagent to a known volume of the
liquid to be tested. (See Button's Voluhietrlc
Ana.hjKis and Mohr's Titririnellwde.)
5. "^y Proximate Analysis -we determine the
amount of sugar, fat, resin, alkaloid, &c. . con-
tained in an organic compound, each of Ihr-^e
being removed and sei.ar.iteiL by different
solvents, &c.
6. By Ultivw-te Analysis of an organic sub-
stance we determine the percentage of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and
phosphorus contained in it. Thus tlie amount
of carbon and hydrogen is determined by
burning a weighed quantity of the substance'
in a combustion tube along with oxide of
copper, and collecting the water produced in
a weighed U tube filled A\dth chloride of cal-
cium, and the carbonic acid gas in weighed
bulbs filled with caustic potash. (See Fre-
senius' Quantitative Analysis.)
III. Other sciences, Logic, Metapjhysics, Philo-
logy, Ac. : The separation of anything which
becomes the object of scientific inquiiT into
its constituent elements ; also the result thus
obtained.
" Analysis cmisists in making experiments and oI>
Ber\'ation3, and in drawing general conclusions from
them by induction, and admitting of no objections
but sxich as are taken from experiments, or other
certain truths." — Newton: Opticks.
"By anatomico-phytiological analysis we separate
the solids and fluids of the body into their various
kinds, and classify and arrange them according to
their t-haracters and properties. "—rocirf <£ Bounnan:
Physiol. Anat, vol. 1, Introd., p. 34.
"By vris^natlc analysis Sii WilliPi.m. Her.schel sepa-
rated the luminous from the non-luminous rays of
the sun. and he also sought to render the obscure rays
visible by concentration."— ri/?2rf«H. Pmc/. of Science,
3rd ed., viii. 5, p. 185.
'■. . . it will be st?en that sjmthesis, or putting
together, is the keynote of the ancient languages, as
a.iali/m, or dissolving, is of the moderns." — Beamcs:
Compar. Gram... Aryan Lang, of InUia. vol 1, i*. 113.
"... this first st«p in the anahjsis of the object
of belief."—^. S. Mill ■ Logic, 2nd ed. (1846), i). 24
an'-a-lyst, s [In Fr. analystc ; Port, ana-
hjsto.] One who analyses ; one who prac-
tises or understands analysis.
" I beg leave to repeat and insist that I consider the
geometrical analyst as a logician, i.c . so far forth ac
he reasons and argues," — Berkeley : T//e A nalt/st, § 20.
an-a-lyt'-ic, an-a-lyt -i-cal, a. [In Fr.
analyti-p'i ; Sp. 6l Ital. an edit ico ; Port. aiia?i/-
tico. From Gr. ai'oAuTiKo^ (nuahdikos).'] Per-
taining to analysis ; resolMng anything, oC
wliatever character, into its constituent pai-ts.
(It is opposed to syntiietical.) [Analytics.]
"If however, Logic be divided into the Anal-ytic
branch and the Synthetic, he |Beutliam] has left be-
hind hhn traces- of his Labours in both departments."
— Bowring : Bentham's Works, vol. 1., p. 81.
an-a-lyt -i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. analytical;
-ly. ] In an analytical manner.
"If this were rt«i(?y/ca;;(/ and carefully done . . .
— Boyle: Works, vol. 11 , p. 185.
an-a-lyt'-ics, * an-a-lyt'-ick, s. [From
En*g. analytic (q.v.). In Ger. analytik; Fr.
anedytigue.'\
Logic : The department of logic which treats
of analysis.
11 The fonn analyticlc is in Glossogr. Nova.
"Towards the composition and structure of which
fnrm it is incident to handle the parts thereof which
are propositions, and the parts of propositions which
are simple words, and this or that part of logic which is
comprehended in the analytiirs." — Bacon.
an'-a-lyz-a-ble, a. [Eng. analyze; -able.}
Capable of being analyzed.
■■. . . the mental processes into which they enter
are more readily analyzable." — Berhcrt Spencer:
Psychol , iinil ed., voL ii., p. 35, § C37.
an'-a-lyz-a-"ble-ness, s. [Eng. analyze ;
-able ; -ness.] The state of being analyzable.
[Webster.)
an-a-lyz-a'-tion, s. [Eng. analyze: -ation.]
The act of analyzing. {'Jent. Mag. ii'orcester.)
an'-a-lyze, an'-a-ly^e, v.t [In 8iv. analy-
sera; Ban. analjjsere ; Ger. analysLren ; Fr.
analyser ; Port, analysar.] [Analysis.] To
resolve anything, of whatever character, into
its constituent eienient:^.
*■. . . if we analyze language, tbat is to say, if
we tr.ice woids back tu their most, i)riiiiitive elements,
we arrive not at letters, but at roots."— J/ax JllUler :
Sci. of tang., 6th ed., vol. ii. (1871), p. 80.
"No one, I presume, can anuh/Z': the sensations of
ide.isiire or pain." — Darwin D.scent 0/ Man, vol. i.,
pt. 1., ch. ill.
* an'-a-lyze, ^■. [Gr. ardAvo-i? {•nudusis).']
Analysis. [Analysis.]
'■The iUHihjZK of it [a little tractate] may be sp.ired,
.mi;e It la m ni.iuj hands."— //uc-A-t'(.- Lifeof Anhb)>
WiWn- -.. . .
oin Eng. ^ui
\ iiiiiiiio. — nuinui.. jutje oj -in iiu/i
, p. lul. (Trencli : On Some Def. m
V- 14.)
an'-a-lyzed, an'-a-ly^ed, pa. par. [Ana-
lyze, Analyse, v.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore. wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; se = e. qu =^ kw.
analyzer— anarchy
x.i7
an'-a-lyz-er, ^n-a-lys-er, s. [Eng. ana-
lyze or anaJysi: ; -er.\
i. Gen.: One who or that which analyses.
"I need no better n/i't^/zser than yourself."— Jw/ioy
Ball against Br&wnists, 6 .)1
" Particular reaaoiia incline me to doubt whether the
Sre be the true and unlveraal analyzer of mixt bodies. "
— Boyle.
2. Optics: The name given to a crystal
mirror or other instrument used to exhibit
the fact of light having undergone polarisation.
" Every instrument for in^'estigating the properties
of poiarised light consists essentially of two parts, one
for polarising the light, the other for ascertaining the
fact of light having undergone polarisation. The
former part is called the polarizer, the latter the
anQ.lyzer."— Atkinson : Ganots Phi/sics, 3i-d ed., p. 532.
" Our incipient blue cloud is a virtual Nicol'a prism,
and between it and the real prism we can iiroduce
all the effects obtainable between the polarlaer and
analyser of a i>olariscoi»e."— T^ndai? .' Fi-ag. of Science,
3rd ed., X. 274.
an'-a-lyz ing, an'-a-ly^-ing, vi'- 3'«'-
[Analyze, Analyse, r.]
* an-am'-ayl, r.t. [E^:A^tEL.]
an-a-mirt'-a, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Menispermacere, or jMeiiisppi mads. The
A, cocGulvs produces the .'seed called Copculus
TiidicAis, which is ]ioisonous, but yields a fatty-
oil on being crushed,
an-am-ne'-Sis, s. [Gr. a.vdfi.vy\<Ti^ {anamnesis)
= recollection, from avaju,ifx;ajcr*ca> (annmiiii-
nc.'iko) = to remind one of anything ; ava. (ann)
= again, and /lAt/iiTjcrKto (Tnimnesko) = tu re-
mind.]
Rhet. : A figure calling to mind atiythiiig
which has been forgotten. (Jjriossogr. Nut'ij.)
Sn-am-nest'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. auafxvria-TLKos
(anamiiestikos) = able to recall to mind.]
1. ^s adj. : Pertaining to anamnesis ; acting
as a remembrancer.
2. As siihstant ire : A medicine believed to
restore the memory. (Glossogr. Nova.)
lbi-a-morph-6''Sis» an-a-morph'-6-sy,
s. [In Ger., Fr., & Port, anamorpliosc. From
Gr. ai/aiLtop^wcrts (aiiainorplidsis)^ a. forming
anew : ava (awa)= again, and ij.6p<f3(o(TLs (mor-
phosu) — (1) shaping, moulding ; (2) from
ju.op</)d(o_ i^inorplwo) = to give form to ; /J.op0^
(viorpUe) = form. ]
Pcr^fpctive : A projection of any object in
such a way, that if looked at from one point
of view it will appear deformed; whilst fi'om
another it is properly proportioned. Sonic-
times the object is so projected that to tlic
naked eye it appears deformed, whilst a mirror
of a jiarticular shape will at ouce present it in
its proper aspect.
^n-amp'-sis, s. [Altered from Gr. avdKafj.tpL<;
(anakamjysis) — n turning round or back; re-
turn.] A genus of fishes of the family Labridie
(Wrasses). They are from the Indian (_)cean.
•I Cuvier, &c., spell this word anamjjses.
an-a'-na, an-a'-nas, an-a-nas'-sa, s. [In
Dan., Ger., Fr., Sp., & Ital. ainn>ns'; Port.
ananas or aiwnaz. From nonas, the Guiana
name. ]
I, Ord. Lang. (Of the forms fl)iaii«, ftUttJifs,
and ananassa.) The pine-ajiple.
1. The pine-apple.
" Witness, thou best andna, thou, the pride
Of vegetable life, beyond whate'er
The poets imag'd in the golden age."
Thomson: SeasonH ; Summci:
2. A fruit of the same family— the nromplia
Piiigvln, tailed in tlie "West Indies Pciigidit ;
but, of course, not to be confounded with the
well-known bird of the same name.
II. Technically. (Of theformo??,«?ia5s« only.)
Botamj : A genus of Bromeliaceae (Bromel-
worts), to wliich tlie pine-ajiple, A. sativa,
belongs. [Pine-apple. ]
an-an-chy'-te§t, «. [From Gr. a, priv. ; a-yx^
(angcho)=to press tight, to strangle. " Xot
pressed." ipwm.).'] A genus of Eehinoderms
occurring in Cretaceous strata.
an-an'-dri-a, s. [See Anandroits.j a genus
of plants belonging to the order Asteracece
(Composites). The A. discoidea has mucila-
ginous and other leaves. (LimJIcy : J'eget.
Kingd., p. 70S.)
an-an'-drous, a. [Gr. at/afSpo? (anandros)
= without a husband ; avrip (aner), genit.
dvSpo? (('ndros) = a. ma.n, . . a husband.]
Bot. : Pertaining to a flower which is desti-
tute of stamens ; as are the females of all
ANANDROUS FLOWERS.
1. Mulberrj-. 2. Common Birch. 3. Bulrush.
4. Hop. 5. Bottle Sedge.
moncecious and dioecious plants ; for example,
the willows.
* an-ang'-er, v.t. [Anger.] To anger, to in-
cense.
". . . and when the emperoure herde this, he M-as
greatly amoued and sore anangered."—yirgiUus (ed.
Thorn).
S,n-ang'-u-lar, n. [Gr. dv (an), priv., and
Eng. angvkn- (cpv.).] Not angular.
* an-an'-tres, conj. [Enavnter.]
S,n-a-psest, an'-a-pest, s. [In Ger. ana-
pv'^t ; Fr. aiiopeste ; Sp. &Port. anapesto ; Lat.
ana prr bias. From Gr. a.vdnai.(TTo<; (onapaistos),
as substantive = anapaest ; as adj. = struck
back; dvaTraCut (a na pa !(]) = to strike again or
back; dvd (aHft) = again; Trai'w (paid) = to
strike.]
Pros'idy : A foot consisting of three syllables :
the tirst two short, and the third long. It
may, froui one point of view, be considered
the re^■er.se of a dactyl, which has the first
syllable long, and the second and third short.
In Latin, IleleuH; is an anapest. In English it
is difficult to find single words, each consti-
tuting an anapest ; the tendency in our
language being to pronounce trisyllables as
dactyls. Orcrjlmr and various other words
beginning with over nmy he made anapaests ;
thus. 0 ! ver \ floir, 6 | rer \ reach, though tliey
might also be made amphiniacers, 0 | ver \ flnir,
0 I rrr I n-ach. The following is an anapiestic
line : —
To your homes \ cried the lea \ der of Is [ ra - el's
host.
" An niiape'it is all their music's song,
Whosi.' iii'st two feet are short, and third is long."
Sir J. Davies : Orchestra, st. 70.
an-a-pses'-tic, t an-a-pes'-tic, "^ an-a-
pes-tick, a. & s. [In Fr. ano.pesti.qnc : Lat.
onnpn'sticus ; Gr. dvairaio-TLKO'; (anapa httko^).^
1, As adjc'-t i re : Pertaining to an anapcest.
Annpcestic Verse : A verse consisting mainly
of anapffists. [Anapest.]
. our common bxu'lesque AJexaiidrine or
anapeUic yerze."— Percy on tlie Met. of P. Ploipman's
Visions.
2. As suhstantive : An anaptestic line or
verse.
"... several seeming examples, where an a-na-
peMiclc is temiiiiated with a trochee, or a tribrachys,
oracretick."— .Cenffc^ - Phal. III.
an-a-psest'-i-cal, t an-a-pes'-tic-al, a.
[Eng. anapcrstic, anapestic ; -al] The same
as Anapestic, adj. (Worcester.)
an-a-psest'-i-cal-ly, t an-a-pest'-x-cal-
ly, adv. [Eng. anapmstical, anapesticoJ, ; -ly.]
After the manner of an anapest, or an ana-
pestic verse. (Christian Observer. Worcester.)
* ab-na'pes, s. [See def.] A corruption of " of
Naples," used to describe u. kind of fustian
formerly made in that city. (.Y. E. D.)
"A wealt to\v;ird the hand of fustian ana/jes."—
Lanehani: Letter .'J^.
an-apli'-6r-a, s. [in Ger. anapher ; Fr.
anaphore ; Port. & Lat. anaph.ora. From Gr.
dva4>opd (anaphora) = a 1 inngmg up, a rai.sing ;
ai'a^epto (ancqihero) =■ to bring or carry up;
dvd (ana) = up, and <|)e'pa) (phero) = to carry.]
Ilhetoric : The commencement of siiccessi\'e
sentences or of successive xevses ^vith the
same word or words, as —
Where is the wise ? JVhere is the scribe ?
Whsre is the disiniter of this v;orld ?
an-aph-r6d-i§'-i-a, s. [Gr. ai/a^poSio-ta (a na-
phrodisia) : dv (an), priv., & dtfypoSia-ie!. (ojihro-
disia), neut. pi of a<|)po6t(nos (aphrodisios) =
belonging to venery ; 'Ac^poStTTj (Aphrod itij) =
Venus.] Sexual impotence.
an-aph-r6-di§'-i-ac, s [Eng. onaphro-
disi(a) ; -ac]
Phorm. : A medicine intended to diminish
sexual feeling. Garrod divides remedies of
this kind into direct and indirect : the former
acting as sedatives on the sjiinal cord ; the
latter lowering the tone of the general system.
an-a-pler-6t'-ic, " an-a-pler-ot'-ick, a.
& s. [Lat. anaplcroticvs ; Gr. dvairkripwa^L';
(anaplerC'sis) = a filling uji ; dvairX-qpotij (ana-
pleroo) = to fill up : dvd (ana) = up, and
TrAi7p6aj (pKro<7>) = to fill ; TrA^pTjs (plei'CS) =
full.]
1. A-' adjci-lire: "Whicli fills up; especially
used of "filling up" flesh in an emaciated
boily
" AiKipJrro'ic med/t'ines are such as fill up ulcers
with tlt'-h "^(flos!iO!jraijhi(( .\oi'a.
2. As svhstanti.ve : A meilicine fitted to "fill
up " flesh in an emaciated body.
an-a-p6ph'-y-sis, s. [Gr. dv («»), priv. =
not, and dTr6<f>vo-i<; {opoph,usi>) = (1) an off-
shoot ; (-J) Anaf., the process of a bone ; the
prominence to which a tendon is attaclieLi.]
AwH. : A process connected with the neural
arch, whicli projects more or less backwards,
and IS generally rather ylender or styliform.
(See Flower's Osteology of the Mmninalla, 1S70,
pp. 15, 10.)
an'-arch, s. [Gr. dvapxo'? (miarchos), atlj. =
without head or chief.] One who is the
author of anarcliy ; wn^ who plots or ettects
tlie overtlirow ot le,^itimate govei^'nmunt.
■■ Tlnifl s.itnH : and him thus the An>irc!i old,
\\ itli laUei iiii^ speech and \ isiige tuconi posed,
Answered. ' Alitton. P. L., ii, yas.
an-arch'-ic, " an-arch'-ick, an-arch-
i-cal, a. [Eng. anarch; -Ic ; -ical.] Per-
taining to anarchy, tending to subvert legiti-
mate government.
■■ Wliich they regarded as anarchic and revolution-
ary. —Froadc Uist. £iig., pt. i., vol. ii., i). 40L
an-arch'-i-caHy, adv. [Eng. anarchical;
-hj.] In an anarchical manner ; in opposition
to established authority ; lawlessly.
an-arch'-isiU) A'. [Eng. anarch: -i^^m.] An-
archy; the piinciplesorpractice of anarchists.
■' It will prove the mother of absolute anarchism:'
Sir E. Dertiig .■ fi/jei^chc:,, p. 153.
an'-arch-ist, s. [As if from Gr. d^'apxtVi-rj?
(anarch ibli:--).] One who aims at or succeeds
m producing anarchy ; one who oppose^.
"There is no pretence at all to suspect that the
Egyt)tian3 were universally atheists and anarchists."
—Ci'UworCh: InCellectuat System, bk. i., c. 4.
an'-arch-y, s. [Fr. anarchic; from Gr. dv
apx,ia. (anarchia), dvapxo<; (■(n<nrho.'<) = without
a head or cliief: dv (an), priv., and apvo?
' [archns) = leader.]
1. Absence or insufflcience of government ;
social and political confusion owing to the
want of strong controlling power.
"That a community should be hurried intn errors
alternately by fear of tyranny and by fear of nnnrchy
isdoubtlessagreat evih"— J/aea»;ny.- Ifist. Ln/}., ch.
XV.
2. A social theory which would do away
with all authority except that sanctioned by
conviction, and which is inti^n<led to secure
individual liberty against tlie encroachments
of the state. [Socialism.]
3. Disorder, confusion.
"Wherei.Mo";t Xu:ht
And Chaos, ancestors of Niiture. ImM
Eternal ayiarchy." JlilCon . P. L., ii. 896
bSil, b6y; pout, j6wl; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9iiin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -img,
-tion, -sion. -tioun, -cioun = shiin : -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious - shus» -ble. &c. = bel. -tre = ter.
188
anarrichas— anathematised
Srll-ar'-ricll-as, s. [Gr. dvapptxaoiuat (anar-
Wuc/wtoma 0 = to scramble up.] A genus of
ftshes of the order Acanthuptei-ygii, and family
Gobiodas. It contains the A. Ivpia, called
in England the Wolf-fish ; in Scotland, the
8ea-wolf or Sea-cat ; and in the Orkneys, the
Swine-fish. It is more L-oinmon in the north
than in the south of Britain. In our latitudes
it attains the length of six or seven feet. It
has a cat-like head, wolf-like vorai-ity, and a
by no means prepossessing appearance.
an-arth'-rous, a. [Gr. avapOpo? (anarthros)
= without joints: av (an), priv.. apBpov (ar~
i/t'ro?i) = a joint, . . the article ; apapiaKto
(aritrisfco)=: to join.] It is; tlie reduiilicated
form of apoi (aro), which occurs only as a rout.
1. Sntom. : Without joints.
2. Gramnmr: Without the article.
a'-nas, s. [Lat. anos, genit. andtis = a duck.]
The typical genus of the Anatidte, a family of
wading birds, and of the Anatina?, one of its
sub-families. It contains the most charac-
teristic of the ducks. The wild duck is the
Anas Boseluis of naturali.st« (Bosdto^ is the
Greek ^oo-kols (boskas) = a kind of duck.)
[Wild Duck.] Moyt, if not all, the siiecies of
the genus breed in the cold region:?, and
migrate to our own <>v similar temperate coun-
tries at the approach of winter.
an-a-sar'HSa, s. [In Fi\ anasarque; Port.
anasarca; Gr. ava. (ana) ^ up, and crdp^ (sarj),
genit. o-apKo? (sar/.-os) = flesh.]
MeiL : A disease characterised by a dropsical
elt'usion of serum into the cellular tissue. It
may be acute or chronic, local or general.
The dropsical effusion which often appears m
children after scarlatina, and that which after
lieart disease in old age creeps up from the
lower limbs till it terminates life, with other
drojisifal eifusions, are all ranked under
anasarca. Anasarca may either generally or
locally attend upon organic disease of any
part of the body.
"... that dropsical effusion which is commonly
called Anasarca." — Todd & Boivman : Phys. A not., i. 53.
an-a-sar'-cotis, a. [Eng. anasarca; -oiis.]
Pei-taining to anasarca.
"This anftsarcmis swelling is commonly obseired
fii-st in the face." — I)r. J. HarwcU: Ci/clo PracT. J/vd.,
"vol. 1 , p. 78.
t an- a-stal'-tic, a, [Gr, afao-raATtKos (ana-
st(dUkos) = fitted for c-heeking ; avaa-TeWm
(a nastello) = (1) to send or raise up ; (2) to draw
back, to restrain ; avd {ana) = again, and
o-re'AAw (stdlo) = to set in order, to send.]
Old Med. : Astringent.
an-as'-ta-sis,5. [Gr. dvda-Taai<; (ajiastasis) =
(1) a making to stand up, (2) a removal, (3)
a or the resuiTection ; avi(TTy]p.i (cinlstcmi) =^
to make to stand up, to raise from sleep or
from death; dvd ("ju^^up or again ; and
ia-T7j|U.t (histemi) = to cause to stand, to raise ]
'^ 1. Uhl Med. : Hippocrates used the word
in various senses, as for (a) a migration of
humours, and (&) a rising up or recovery from
sickness.
2. Theol. : The resurrection. In tlii^ Grei'k
of Matt. xxii. 26 and many other part.s of the
New Testament (Sometimes a work on the
resurrection is called Anabiosis.)
an-a-Stat'-ic, ". [Gr. avda-raro'; (anastatos).']
Pei-taining to the rai.sing up of an.y person or
thing.
anastatic printing, s. A nn thod of
zincography invented by Wood in 1S41, de-
signed to reproduce drawings, engra^dngs,
pi lilted matter, &e., whether recent or old. If,
Uiv instance, it be sought to obtain the Jac-
iiniile of an old newspaper, the paper is first
wettc<l with dilute phosphoric acid, and then
Xdaced between sheets of blotting paper to
remove the supei-fluous moisture. It is then
found that the acid has corroded the blanks,
but has not affected the printed letters. The
sheet is m-xt placed in contact with a plate,
and pressure applied, which msikes a. facsimile
of tin-' letters in reverse order on the plate.
Gum is next applied, and more ink, then a
little acid, and finally again ink, when the
printing stands out as clear and distinct as in
the original.
an-a-stat'-i-ca, *. [Gr. avda-Taro^ (anastaios)
— made to stand uji ; from ai/atrracrt? {<nMS-
fosf<) (q.v.).] A genus of plants belonging
to the order Brassic:ic-e;t% or Crueifers. Tlie
A. hierochientliia is the celebrated " Rose
of Jericho." It is an annual, inhabiting the
Egyptian desert. It is so highly hygrometric
tliat when fully developed it contracts its
rigid branches so as to constitute a ball.
Exposed then to the action of the wind, it is
driven hither and thither. If, however, it be
brought in contact with water, the ball-form
vanishes, and the branches again acquire their
natural expansion. Superstitious tales about
this so-called rose are afloat in the East. It is
said to have first bloomed on Christmas Eve,
and continued in flower till Easter ; at its
birth heralding the advent of the Redeemer,
and iramediatel)^ before its departure honour-
ing his resurrection. It is almost unnecessary
to add, that for *these fancies there is no
foundation whatever in fact. (Gardener's
Chronicle, 1842, p. 363. Lindley : Veg. Kimjd.,
lS-17, p. -.ibA.)
an-a-stom-at'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. avd (ano)^
through, and arotia (storaa) = the mouth.]
1. As adjective : Having the quality of open-
ing vessels, or of removing obstructions,
2. As sithstantive : A medicine having the
quality of opening the mouths of the vessels
of the body and removing obstructions. Ex-
amples ■ deobstruents, cathartics, and sudo-
rifics. (Glossogr. Nova.)
a-nas'-to-mose, a-nas'-to-mize, v. i.
[In Frencli unactomoser ; Port, aaastomosane.
Finiu Gr. dvaa-TOfj-oM (anastornoo) = to furnish
with a mouth : dvd (a » a.) = throughout, and
(TTojadw (stonion) = to stop the mouth of ;
tTTop-a (sto'ma) = mouth.]
X"t. Scivncc : To l)lend together mouth to
mouth. (Used of vessels or cells which, re-
taining their distinction throughout a great
part of their extent, still either really or
apparently blend together at their mouths ;
to inosculate.)
"Anastomosing {anastoinozawt): the ramifications
of anything whicn are united at the ^luints where they
come in contact are said to au(i-.-iti/nc'ise The term is
confiued to veins."— Luiiflet/ : Introd. to Bat., p. 46C.
"The capillaries are very fine, their meshes large,
and they anastomose thmughout." — 2'odd i- Bounnaii :
Phifiiol. Anat.. vol. ii. (1356), p. 274.
a-nas'-to-mos-ing, pr. par. k. c [Axasto-
* jrosE.]
"... the branching or anastomoHing character
of its fibrillre."— 7'otM & Doiorruni : Physiol. A nat., i. 74.
"... the length of the transverse (t;itisfomcii((/y
capillaries. "^/ii(f., vol. i., p. ICG.
a-nas-to-mo'-sis, s. [In Fr. & Port., fjins-
tomosc ; Gr. avaa-TofHiHTf; {<'.iia':,tniiLOsls) = an
opening, an outlet, a discharge.] [Anasto-
mose. ]
1. A uniting by the mouths of vessels dis-
tinct during the greater part of their course.
(Used especially of the veins and arteries in
the human or animal body, and of the veins
in plants.)
"One of the most simple of these anasfonoses is
found in the union of two arteries, originating from
different trunks to form one."— Torid & Bowman ■
Physiol. Anat, vol. ii., p. 323.
2. An interlacing, as of any branched sys-
tem ; a network.
" The anastomosis of nerves thus formed differs from
the more correctly named aiiastomisisot blood-vessels ;
for in the latter case the canals of the anastomosing
vessels coiamunicate, and their contents are mingled ;
but in the former the nerve-tubes simply lie in juxta-
position, -without any coalescence of their walls, or any
admixture of the material contained within them." —
Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 218.
an-a-Stom-Ot'-lC, a. &s. [Gr. dvao'TOfxtoTiKO';
{a.nastoiiiAitiki's) — fit for opening.]
1. As ailjcctivc : Pertaining to anastomosis.
"All anastomotic branch."— Todd .V- Bowman :
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 116.
2. As svistaiitivc. Old Med. : A medicine
designed to open the mouths of the extreme
blood-vessels. (See Parr's London Med. Diet.,
1S09, vol. i., p. 107.)
an-as'-tropli-e, an-as -troph-y, s. [In
Ger., Fr., & Sp. anastroplte. Fmrn Gr. dva-
arpotpri (anastrophc) = a turning 1 lack or wheel-
ing round; dvauTpitbio (a nastrsplw)= to turn
upside down, to turn back : dvd (ano) = back,
and (TTpec^w (strepho) = to twist, to turn.]
-fi/'f/. tO Gram. : A figure by whii:h tlie
natural order of the words in a sentence or in
a clause is reversed. (Glossogr. Nov.)
an'-a-tase, s. [Gr. avdraa-i'; (anataMs)^ ex-
tension ; arareiVw (a njiteino) = to stretch up :
dvd (ana) = up, and TetVw (icino) = to stretch.
Named a"f'/'-/.s/^ = ,.xtensi<)n, from the length
of its Cl•y^taIs as compared witli their breadth .
they are, hoive\er, minute in size.] A mineral,
called also Octiiliediite (q.v,).
an-ath'-em-a, + lin'-a-thenie, * an-
ath-em, s. [In Ger. anathem; Sp. & Itai.
un'itenia; Port. & Lat. anathema. In Greek
tlicic were two similar words, one dvd6rifj.a.
((nij'theina), and the other dvd0ep.a (anathemri).
Both in Latin became a?ia(7iema. In Greek the
first signified a votive offering set up in a
temple to be preserved ; the second, ultimately
at least, a similar offering devoted to destruc-
tion. It is from tin? latter that the English
word awtheinii comes. Both are from dvarC-
6t}ij.i (nnatithenii) = to lay upon, to set up
as a votive gift; dvd (ana) = up, and Ti6r}ijn,
(tifhenii) = to pul;, to ijlacc]
I. In the Nev: Testament :
1, The act of pronouncing "accursed," the
solemn giving over of a person to God for
utter destru'.'tion, coiTesponding to what is
called in Hebrew D^rr (chMrein), or tHTi
(chlierem), 1 Kings xx. 42. (See Trench's Sy-
nonyms of the New Testo.nieiit, pp. IT — 22.)
2. The object of such a curse.
"If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him
he A natltema."—! Cor. xvi. 2:i.
II. Church Ili-itoi !j :
1. Excommunication and denunciation by
a pope, a council, or a bishop, of a real or
icputed ofiender. This was called the jadi-
tio.ri/ anathema. Scott thus describes it : —
" At length, resolved in tone and brow,
Stenily he questiou'd him — 'And thou,
Unhappy ! what hast thou to plead.
Why I denounce not on thy deed
That awful doom which canons tell
Shuts paradise and opens hell ;
AnatheTua of power so dread,
It blends the living with the dead.
Bids each good angel soar away,
And every ill one claim his prey ;
Expels thee from the church's caj-e.
And deafens Heaven against thy prayer ;
Arms everj' hand against thy life,
Bans all who aid thee in the strife-
Nay, each whose succour, cold and scant,
"With meanest alms relieves thy want ;
Haunts thee while living, — and, when dead.
Dwells on thy yet devoted head,
Rends Honours scutcheon from thy hearse.
Stills o'er thy bier the holy verse,
And spurns thy corpse from hallow'd ground.
Flung like vile carrion to the hound ;
Such is the dire and desperate doom
For sacrilege, decreed by Rome.' "
Scott : Lord <^ tlie Isles, ii. 2B.
"Her bare anathevias fall but like so itnuiy brutes
/u^mma upon the schismatical." — South ■ S'-rmoii-'y
"... the Apostle, who hath denounced an ana-
theme to him. . , .'—Sheldon: Miracles of Anti-
christ (1616), p. 5.
"Your holy father of Rome hath smitten with his.
thunderbolt tif excomminiications and anathcines, at
one time or other, most of the orthodox churches of
the world." — Ibid., p. 129.
2. The afjjuratory anathema pronounced by
a convert in renouncing his " errors " or
" heresies."
an-ath-em-at'-i-cal, a. [Gr. ara^ejuaTiKos-
(anathenuifikos.).'] Relating to an anathema;
containing an anathema. (Johnson.)
an-ath-em-at'-i-cal-ly, adi\ [Eng. anathe-
niatnnl ; -ly.] In au auathematical manner.
(.fnhnsoa.)
an-ath'-em-at-ism^ s. [In Port, onathem-
I'tismo; Gr. dvaOGp-aTLtrpLO^ (anathernatismos).]
An excommunica-tion, a cursing.
"Sundry civil effects— excommunication and ana-
themattsTn by law do work." — Dr. Tooker: Of Hie
Fabrique of tlie Church {1604).
an-ath-em-at-i-za'-tion, s. [In Fr. ann-
tlwnMti.v.'iif'ii ; Port, a nat}iemati::ai;uo.] The
act of anathematising, an excommunication,
an accursing.
" Anatluni'-olisation, excommunication, and accurs-
ing are synonymous."— (.■0017; enrf of the Laws of Oie
Church of Scotland (1830), xxxv.
an-ath'-em-at-ize, v.t. [In Fr. anathema-
tiser; Sp. anatcmati:or ; Port, anatlwmatiso r ;
Ital. anate nihzare ; Lat.^ anatheraatizo ; Gr.
dva.Q€p.aTi^iji (a)ia.thtiiuitizo).'\
1. Lit. : To excommunicate, to accurse, to
put under a ban.
"The iiope once every year (on Maunday Thursday)
excommunicates and anathematizes all heretics."— £w.
Barlow: Ke^nains, p. 220.
2. Fig. : Publicly to denounce.
"That venality was denounced on the hustings,
anathematized from the pulpit, .and burlesqued on iSie-
stage. —Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
an-ath'-em-at-ized, po. par. & a. [Ana-
thematize.!
fate, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. ew = u.
anatliematizer— anatomy
189
an-^th-em-at-l'z-er, s. [Eug. o.nathematize;
-er.) One who excommunicates, curses, or
denounces.
"How many famous churches have been most un-
justly thunderstruck with direful censures of excom-
munications, upon pretence of this crime, which have
been less guilty than their anathematizers!" — Bp.
Sail : Cases of Conscience.
an-atb-exn-at-i'z-ing, pr. par. [anathem-
atize.]
t an'-a-theme, ». [Anathema.]
an-^tli'-er-uxn, s. [Gr. av (an) — without,
and a9-qp (ather) = the beard or spike of an ear
of corn; awn. Awiilcss.] A genus of plants
helonging to the order Graminacefe, or Grasses.
ANATHERUM NAEDUS : ROOT, STEM, AND FLOWER.
(One-aixth natural size.)
The A. mui'icatitm is said to be acrid, aro-
matic, stimulating, and diaphoretic ; while
the A nardus ihis-sl'ssl-s similar qualities to
such an extent, that it is called the Ginger-
grass. (Liiidley : I'ey. Kiiigd., p. 113.)
an-at'-i-dse, s. [From Lat. anas = the Duck
genus.] A family of birds, the last of the
Natatorial, or Swimming order. They have a
flattened bill covered with a soft skhi, and
furnished at the edges with a series of laniellu-,
with which tliey sift the mud in which they
seek their food. The family contains geese
and swans as well tis ducks, and has been
divided into the following sub-families : Ana-
tinffi (True ducks) ; l'"uligulina; (Pochards) ;
Mergiiias (Mcr^jaiiserh) ; Cygnniie (Swans) ;
Anserina; (Geese) ; and riieiiieuiiterinEe (Flam-
ingoes), the last-njimed sub-family coniiectuig
the familj' Anati(he and the order Natiitures,
or Swimming, with the Grallatores, or Wading
Birds.
* an-at-if -er-otis, «. [Moil. Lat. anas, and
/era = to bear.] Producing ducks or geese,
i.e., barnacles. [Barnacle, 2.]
"If there be anati/itrouH trees whose corruption
breaks forth into beriiai;lea, yet if they corrupt, they
clegeuerate into niaygnts, whiuh produu-ts nut them
again." — Browne: Vuljjitr Errours, hk. iii., ch. xii.
an-a-ti'-nae, o. [Lat. ftuf(/i?i«s = pertaining
to 'a duck.] The typical sub-family of the
Anatidas. [Anas, Anatid.e.]
t an-at'-O-^i^m, s. [In Fr. anatocism^ ; Sp.
auatocismo ; Lat. anatocismus ; Gr. ai/aTOKta-
/no? (anatoklsmos) = compound interest : am
(ana) — again, and tokos (tokos) = (I) a bring-
ing fortli, (2) offspring, (3) interest nf money ;
TtKTw ((ifc(o) = to bring forth.] Compound
interest. (Glossogr. Nov.)
+ an-a-tom'-ic, an-a-tom'-i-cal, a. [Fr.
anatcrmiqiie ; Sp , Poi-t., & Ital. anatomico =
anatomical; Lat. auaftmtico^ := an anatomist;
Gr. avaTo/xtKo? (anatomikos) = skilled in ana-
tomy.] Relating or peilaining to anatomy.
[ Anatosiy. ]
1. Spec. : Used for the purpose of anatomy.
" An a7iatamicatiante."~WaU8 : Logick.
2. Proceeding on the principles of anatomy ;
as exhibited by anatomy.
" . . . the various tissues, the atiatomical charac-
ter or which will be discussed in subsequent iiages." —
Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 4G.
". . the aiiatomica7 evidence by which they
may be supported."— /6m!., vol. ii., p. 47.
3. Separated into minute portions, as if by
the knife of an anatomist.
"The continuation of solidity is apt to be con-
founded with, and, if we look into the minute ana-
tomical parts of matter, is little different from, hard-
ness."— Locke.
an-a-toin'-i-cal-l^, adv. [Eng. anatomical ;
-ly.] In an anatomical manner; on the
recognised principles of anatomy ; in the way
required by anatomy ; by anatomical research.
"The presence of nerves, and their mode of sub-
division, have not as yet been satisfactorily demon-
strated anatomically.'— Todd & Bowman: Physiol.
Anat., vol. i., p. 70.
"... it ceases to be anorfomica?/!/ recognisable."
—Ibid., vol. i., p. 168.
^n-at'-om-ist, s. [In Sw. anatomist; Fr.
anatomiste ; Sp., Port., & Ital. ano^tomista.]
1. Lit. ; One who dissects the bodies of men
or animals to ascertain their internal organi-
sation. One who dissects plants with a
similar object in view is never simply called
an anatomist ; he is denominated a vegetable
anatom ist. Adjectives are prefixed to the noun
to indicate the depai-tments of animal anatomy
which a cultivator of the science specially
studies ; as^
Comparative anatoinist : One versed in com-
parative anatomy.
" Pursuing the comparison through the complexities
of the bony framework, the comparative anatomiM
would first glance at the more obvious characters."—
Owen ■ Clcissific. c^f the Matnmaha, pp. 77, 78.
Moihid anatomist: One whose special de-
partment of the science is morbid anatomy
[Anatomy. ]
"... the researches of the morftirf (cinfomiif? *■—
Todd & Bowmun .- Physiol. Anat., i. 316.
^ The chief names in antiquity which have
come down to our time as anatomists are
those of the second Hippocrates, who was
bnni B.C. 460, and died about 377 ; Aristotle,
who made his chief anatomical investigations
between B.C. 334 and a27 ; Herophilus and
Erasistratus of Alexandria, in the third cen-
tury B.C. (?) ; Celsus, A.D. 3 to 5 (?) ; and the
most illustrious, in this respect, of all, Galen
of Pergamus, who was born in A D. 131, and
died about the beginning of the third century.
In modern times the revival of anatomical
study began in Italy, and quite a crowd of
illustrious inquirers flourished in that country
before nuieh was done in this department of
seiiiiice in the other parts of Europe. The
first was Mondtui of Bologna, who flourished
about A.D. 1315. Of the rest may be men-
tioned Eustachi, about 1495 or 1500, after
whom a tube in the ear is called, and a
viilvular membrane in the lieart [Eusta-
chian]; Fallopio, or Fallopius, who was born
about 1523, and died in 1562, and who
gave a name to the Fallopian tubes of the
uterus ; Cfesalpini, after whom the Ciesalpinia
genus of plants is called ; and finally, Malpighi,
born in 1628, and died 1694, after whom the
Malpighia genus of jilants and a gland are
named. Of the early English anatomists, the
most illustrious was llarA'cy, wJio was born in
Vi'iS, published his imniurtal work, in which
the circulation of the blood is intimated, in
1628, and died in 1657. The later anatomists
who have rendered good service to the science
are too numerous to be mentioned here.
2. Fig. : One who examines the internal
structure of anytliing ; one who keenly dis-
.-leets anything submitted to his scrutiny.
an-a-tom-i-za'-tion* s. [Eng. anatomize;
-<dioii.] The act or process of anatomizing.
an-at'-om-ize, v.t. [In Sw. anatomisera ;
' Fr. anotomiser ; Sp. & Port, anatomisar : Ital.
analomizzare.']
1. Lit. : To dissect an animal with the view
(if a.scertaining its internal structure. Simi-
larly, to dissect a plant.
" Our industry must even anatomize every particle
of that body which we are to uphold." — Hooker.
2. Mentally to dissect or separate into
minute portions, with the view of thoroughly
understanding it, any object presented to the
senses, or any idea suggested to the mind.
"... his psycholo^cal dissection went no farther
than the extremities of the subject he had laid out for
anatom,izing." — Botoring : Bentham's H'orfe (1841!) vol
i., p. 11.
" I think It will be moat useful to begin, as it were,
by dissecting the dead body of language, by anatomis-
ing its -phazL^tic strncture . . ."—Max Miiller : Science
of Lang. (6th ed.), vol. ii. (1877). p. 80.
an-at'-6m-ized, pa. par. [Anatomize.]
gm-at'-om-iz-ing, pr. par. [Anatomize.]
an-at'-dm-y, * an-at'-6m-ie, s. [In Sw.
&, Dan. anatomi ; Ger. & Fr. anatomic ; Sp. &
Ital. anatomia ; Latin anatomia, anatomica,
anatomise. From Gr. avarofi^ (anatome) ^= a
cutting up, a dissection ; avarefivui {nnalcvmo)
= to cut up: avd (a?to) =: up, and ri\xvui
(t>:imio) = to cut.]
A. Ordinary Langnngi: :
I. LiteraUij:
1. The act or process of dissi-eting the body
of a man or an animal, with tlie view of ascer-
taining its internal organization, its develop-
ment, and the changes which its structures
undergo in disease. The act or process of
similarly treating a plant. (In this first sense
anatomy is an art.)
2. Tlie knowledge of the internal sti-ucture
of huiiiau nr animal bodies, or of plants, ac-
quired by such dissections. (In this second
sense anatumy is a science.)
II. FiiV'/'ativcbj :
1. A skeleton.
" Oh that my tongue were in the thimder's mouth,
Then with a passion I would shake the world.
And rouse from sleep that fell analunii/
Which cannot hear a feeble lady's voice."
Shakcsp. .■ K. John, iii. 4.
2. The body.
"... Oh, tell me, friar, tell me.
In what vile part of this anatomy
Doth my name lodge? tell me, that I may sack
The hateful mansion."
S/iakesp. : /iomeo and Juliet, iii. 3,
3. Ill ridicule: Athin.mcagrfc-lookingperson.
" Thev brought one Pinch, a hungry lean-faced villain,
A iiiL'ie •inntumii, a mountebank,
A thre.idliari; jiiLigler, and a fortune-teller.
A nfedv, liulluw-ey'd shariJ-luE.kuiL; wretch,
A In nvj, dead man." — Shakcsj}.: Com. of Errors, v. 1.
4. Sueli elaborate <livision and sulidi\ihion
of anything as remind one of dis:^eetions by
an anati'iiiiht.
"It is therefore in the anatomy of the mind as in
that of the body ; more good will accnie to mankind
by attending tu the large, open, and perceptible parts,
tlian by studying too much such liner nerves and
^■easels as will for ever escape our observation." — Pope.
B. TrchiiimUy:
I. Science : The knowledge of the structure
nf organised bodies obtained by their dissec-
tion. (rSi-e A , I. 1. 2 ) It is naturally divided
into (1) Animal Anatomy, g< iierally called by
way Lif eminence simply Anatomy, and (2)
Vcgetiible Anatomy
1. Animal Alio tviiiy. To t)iis the name of
^ontniiiy is sometunes applied. It is naturally
subdi\ided into (o) Human and (//) Cunipara-
tive Anateiniy.
(i') Human Anatomy, or the anatomy of the
huwan snhjaf It is sometimes called An-
thropotttuiy (q.v.). The ]irejudice against
allowing the body of a relative, or even a
eurpse of any kind, to be disseeted, long re-
tarded tlie progress of this highly important
and useful department of human knowledge,
the amieiits, and many moderns ton, being
obliged til limit their dissecti()ns to the dead
bodies of the lower animals, drawing analogies
thenee to the human frame instead of directly
studying the corpses of mankind. Happily
this difficulty has now been in large measure
overcome in all civilised countries. Human
anatomy is generally divided into three sub-
divisions, Descriptive, General, and Fathologi-
lal or Morbid Anatomy. The first investigates
the various organs of the human body as they
are in health, and the third as they are in
disease ; whilst the second inquires into the
tissues, structures, or characteristics which
are common to several uiguns. Sometimes
Descriptire Anatomy, as distinguished from
that whicli is General, is called Farticular or
Specidl. Sometimes, again, a new category is
added, Surgical Anatomy, whieli treats of the
position of the several organs with the view
to possible surgical operations.
(&) Comparative Anatomy : The science which
compares the structure of man with that of
the inferior animals, and also that of the
se^■cl■al classes, orders, i:c-, of the animal
kingdom among each other, to ascertain the
resemblances and dissimilanties in their analo-
gous structures and organs. The knowledge
thus acquired is then used for purposes of
classification and for the study of develop-
ment. This is the science of Cuvier, Owen,
and Huxley.
"There is no just ground to fear that the time
required to gain the requisite elementary knowledge
of Comparative Anatomy will detract from that which
ought to have been exclusively occupied in the study
of human anatomy and surgery."— Oz^^n ,■ Lectures on
the Comparative Anatomy arid Physioloqy of tlie In-
vertebrate Animals (1843), p. o.
^ Akin to Comparative Anatomv are PhysiO'
logical Anatomy, defined by Todd and Bow-
man (Anat., vol. i., p. 28) as "that kind of
anatomy which investigates structure, with a
special view to function," &c. ; Transcendental
bSil, b6^; poiit, j6^1; cat. 9eU. chorus, 9liin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, a?; expect. Xenophon. eyist. ph = s;
-tion. -sion. -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -gion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious, -<jeous = shiis. -lile, -die, &c. = b?l, d^L
190
anatreptic— anchor
Anatomy, which inquires into the plan or
model on which the animal structure and its
several parts have been ft-amed.
2. Fcyt'fabie Anatomy: The similar dissec-
tion of a plant, or any part of it, to ascertain
its structure. It is sometimes called also
Phytotoray (q.v.).
". . , little "waa known of vegetable physiology,
nothing of vegetable anatomy."— Ltndleu : liitrod. to
Bot. (3rd ed., 1839), Pref.
IL Art:
1. The art described under A., I. 1 (q.v.).
2. Artificial anatomy : The art of making
niudels in wax, or some similar material, of
the several parts of the frame in healtli and
disease.
an-a-trep'-tlC, a. [Gr. a.varpeTVTiK6<; (aiui-
trcptikos) = tnTQing over, overthrowing ; ai'a-
Tpdnio (anatrepo) = tu turn up or over, to over-
throw : oLva (ana) = up, and TpeVto (irepo) = to
tuin.] Overturning, overthrowing. (Enfield.)
^ a-na'-tron, * a-na'-trum, s. [Gr. vlrpov
(nitron)— na.tTon, not saltpetre, but potassa,
soda, nr both. Lat. nit rum ; Ital. natrum.]
(_)ld names for Natron (q.v.).
an-at'-rop-oiis, a. [Gr. avaTpeTrm (anatrepo)
= to turn up or over.]
^ Bot. : The temi applied to the position of an
ovule of which the whole inside has been so
reversed that the apex of the nucleos, and
consequently the foramen, corresponds with
the base of the ovule, with which, however,
it maintains a connection by means of a
vascular cord called the raphe. Examples :
the almond, the apple, the ranunculus, &c.
(Llndley : Introd. to Bot.)
^n-aUX'-lte, S. [Gr. avav^-qs (a II aiux^):= not
increasing : a.v (an), priv., and ail^w (auxd)=.
o-v^avu) (awxaiio) = to cause to increase.] A
mineral, according to the British Museum
Catalogue, a variety of clay, but placed by
Dana under the same number as Comolite.
It is translucent, is of greenish-white colour
and pearly lustre, and contains about 557
parts of silica, a large percentage of alumina,
11-5 of water, a little magnesia, and protoxide
of iron. It occurs at Bilin, in Bohemia.
an'-bur-y, a,n'-"ber-ry, am-bur-y, i.
[A.S. ampre, ompre = a crooked swelling vein.]
I. A soft wart on a horse's neck.
* 2. The disease called " fingers and toes " in
turnips. The roots of turnips grown in too
wet soil or otherwise unfavourable conditions,
rot, and send forth an offensive smell. Insects
are then attracted to the decaying structure,
and deposit their eggs, which in due time
generate larvaa, whose office it is to consume
the putrid bulb. One of the sjiecies most
commonly found is the Trlchoccra hii'iaahs, or
Winter Gnat.
t atl^e, adv. [Once.] Once. (Scotch )
. - the puir Colonel was only out ance."—
Scott: Waverley, ch. IxiLi.
-ance, or -an'-9y. An English sufHx, corre-
sponding to and derived from the Lat. -anfia ;
as Eng. abundance, Lat. ahundantia. It is =
the state of : as ah'nndance =■ the state of
abounding ; temperance = the state of being
temx^erate.
* an-cell'e, s. [From Lat. a^ncilla.] A hand-
maid.
'■ Glorius virgin, mayden. moder off' God,
Doughterand ancelle, which milkest with-all
The sone of God with thy breetes brod."
27ie Itomam of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 6,455-T.
an'-9est-dr, * aun'-9est-dr, '^ an'-9es-
tre, "^ an'-9es-soure, s. [Fr. anrcire; 0.
Fr. ancessoiir ; Sp. & Port, (pi.) aiitci-essores ;
Ital. a7itcccsi,ore. From Lat. antecessor = he
who goes before ; anteccdo = to go before.]
One from whom a person is descended, whether
on the father or mother's side. It is distin-
guished from predecessor, one who pre-\'iously
held the office to which one has now succeeded.
^ The Old English term which ancestors
displaced when it came into the language was
Fore-ehlers. (Barnes: Early Eng., i\ 104.)
"But I will for their aakes remember the covenant
of their anrextors, whom I brought forth out of the
]ana of Egypt. . ."—Lev. xxvi. 45.
an-ges-tbr'-i-al, lo. [Eng. ancc^tnr ; -ial.]
Ancestral.
". , . they wish to adhere to their uncestorial
form of a regal government." — Lewis. Early lioman
Uist., ch, xi., § 1.
aii-9es'-tral, an'-9es-trel, a. [Formed as
from Lat. antecessoralis ] Pertaining to ances-
tors ; derived from or possessed by ancestors.
"He generally vegetated as q\iietly as the elms of
the avenue which led to his ancestral grange." —
Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. viii.
an'-9es-tress, 5 [0. Eng. anccstre; -ess.]
A female ancestor. (More u.sually ancestor is
used in a feminine sense.)
an'-9es-try, * au'-9es-trie, ' aun'-9es-
trie, '^ aun'-fes-trye, s. [O. Eng. an-
cestre ; -y. ]
1. The whole series or succession of persons,
the last pair of whom were one's father and
mother ; the men and women who lived in
one's country before he was born, and came of
the same race as he now is.
"... Many precious rites
And customs of our rural ancestry
Are gone or stealing from us."
Wordsworth: The Excursion, bk. ii.
2, High birth, aristocratic or otherwise
honourable lineage.
•' Who so wil seeke, by right deserts, f attaine.
Unto the type of true nobility ;
And not by painted shewes, and titles vaine.
Derived farre from famous auncestne."
Spenser: Sonnets; True NobiUtii.
" Heirs to their labours, like all high-bom heirs,
Vain of our ancestry as they of tneivs."
Byron: Opening of Drury Lane Theatre, 1812.
' an9h'-ent-r^, ;
^ an'-che-soiin.
[Ancientry.]
[Encheson.]
aiich-i-e'-ta, s. [Named after P. Anchietea, a
Brazilian writer on plants.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Violacese, or Violet-
worts. A. salutaris, a creeping bush/smelling
ANCHIETA SALUTARIS : BRANCH, FLOWER, AND
SEED.
{One-fourth natxual size.)
like cabbage, is a native of Brazil, and is con-
sidered by the inhabitants of that country as
useful in skin diseases. It is also a purgative.
(Lindley : Veg. Kingd., p. 339.)
ancli'-i-l6ps» s. [Gr. ayx^'Atoi^ (angchilops)
— a sore at the inner corner of the eye ; ayx^
(angchi) = near ; A, euphonic ; and on// (ops) =
the eye.] Same meaning as the Greek word.
ahch-i-ther'-i-um, s. [Gr. ayx^ (angchi) =
near ; 6r^pCov (tlwrlon) = a beast, specially a
wild beast hunted.] A fossil mammal belong-
ing to the family PalffiotheridEe. It has been
called also Hipparitherium, suggesting an
affinity to the horse in the neighbouring
family of Equids. The A. Anrclianense
occurs in Miocene rocks in Spain, France,
Germany, and in Neliniska, but has not
hitherto been found in Britain.
" The second and fourth toes may be subsequently
developed as in the rhinoceros ; or they may be repre-
sented only by mere splint-like rudiments of their
metacarpals, as in the horse. All intermediate condi-
tions are met with m various extinct forms, as Palse-
otherium, Anchitherium, and Hippariou." — Flower;
Usteol. of tJie Mammalia (1870), p. 20J.
an-cho'-ic a9'-id, s. [From Gr. ayx^t-v (on-
chein) = to throttle, with reference to its suf-
focating fames.]
Chemistry : Lepargvlic acid, Cc) Hip O4. =
(C7Hi4)"(CO".OH)2. A d'ibasic acid obtained
by the action of nitric'acid on Chinese wax or
the fatty acids of cocoa-nut oil.
anch'-6r (1), ^5,n'-cre,^an'-kre/an'-ker,
s. [A.S. ancer, unror, oncer. In Sw. ankor,
ankam ; Dan., Dut., & Ger. anker; Irish a/i-
Icairc, ancoir, ingid; Gael, acalr ; Corttish
ankar ; Arm. ancor ; Fr. ancre ; Sp- ancla,
ancora ; Port, and Ital. ancma ; Lat. ai^-cora,
less properly anchora; Gr. ayKupa (a7i(?'i-'''-^ct) ;
Russ. iacor; Pers. anghar. All from a root
a?tG or cmg = a bend. In Sansc. ak, ankanii,
ake = to bend ; ankas = a bend or curve.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The well-known instrument for
mooring a ship. (Described at length under
B. 1.)
Tl Of the several nautical phrases arranged
under B. 1, some have made their way into
ordinary English. Siiecially —
To cast ancJior :
(a) Lit. : To drop the anchor into the sea
with the design of mooring the vessel.
"Regularly at that sta'iiin several English ships
cast anchor in the ha.y."— J/ ucautay : Bist. Eng., en,
(b) Fig. : To infix itself finnly in a rock, as
a tree does on a mountain side.
" Aloft the ash and warrior oak,
Cast anchor in the rifted rock."
Scott : Lady of t}ie Lake, I. xii.
To drop the anchor, or ^.i drop anchor: To
let it run down into the sea. The same as
cast anchor.
" Entering with the tide.
He dropp'd his anchors and his oars he ply'd,
Furl'd every sail, and drawing down the mast.
His vessel moor'd, and made with haulsers fast."
Dryden.
To lie at anchor: To remain steady in the
water without drifting ; being held to a nearly
fixed spot by the anchor.
To tiaU at anchor: The same as to lie at
anchor, but employing more motion.
" Far from your capital my ship resides
At ReithruB, and secure at anchor rides."
Pope.
To weigh anchor : To heave or raise the
anchor from the ground to which it is fastened.
2. Fig. Scripture, &c. : That which gives
stability and security to hope or faith or the
affections.
" Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both
sure and steadfast, and wliich entereth into that
within the vail." — ileh. vi. 19.
B. Technically :
1, Mech. £ Nant. : A well-known instrument
for preventing a ship from drifting, by mooring
her to the bottom of the sea, ya-ovided that
the water is shallow enough to permit of this
being done. Its invention was at a very
, early period. Those of the early Greeks were
simply large stones, sacks filled with sand, or
logs of wood loaded with lead. Then the
Tuscans, or Midas king of Phrygia, introduced
a tooth, or Jlukc, which was ultimately ex-
changed for two. The modern anchor consists
of a long tar or shank of iron (-■■), branching out
at the lower extremity into two arms (b) ending
in flukes (a), barbed at their extremity, and
with a stock of oak ur wood (d) at the upper
one, while it terminates in a ring, to which a
rope or chain is affixed. The arms or flukes are
designed to penetrate and fix themselves in the-
sea-bottom. They consist of a blade, a palm,
and a bill. The one end of the shank is made
square to receive and hold the stock steadily
in its place without turning. To keep the
stock also from shifting along the shank,
there are raised on it from the solid iron, or
welded on it, two square tenon-like projections,
called nnts. The end of the shank next the
stock is called the small round. The other
extremity, where the arms and the shank
unite, is called the rrown ; and the points of
the angle between the arms and the shank.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, woli; work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. ew = ii.
the throat A distance equal to that "between
the throat of one arm and its bill [Bill] is
marked on the shank from the place where it
joins the arms, and is called the trend. The
use of the shank is to present an attachment
for the cable. [Cable, Shackle, Ganger.]
That of the stock is to make the anchor fall
in such a way as to enable one of the flukes
easily to infix itself in the ground. Large
vessels have more anchors than one, which
are stowed in different parts of the ship. The
best bower to the starboard, the small bower
[Bower] to the port-cathead, with the flukes
on the bill-board, the slicet anchor on the
after part of the fore-channels on the star-
board side, and the spare anchor on the port
side. [For other anchors, see Stream,
Kedge, Grapnel, Mushroom, Floating,
Mooring.]
2. Naiit. Some technical jihrases which
have found their way into English literature
have already been given. [A. l.J Others
are the following : —
An anchor is said to coitic home when it
is wrenched out of the ground and dragged
forward by the violence of the wind or the
sea, or by the strength of ,a current. It is foul
if it become entangled with the cable ; a-wash,
when the stock is hove up to the surface of
the water ; a-peaic, when the cable is so di-awn
as to brmg the ship directly over it ; a-cockhill
[A-GOCKBiLL], when hanging vertically ; a-tip,
wlien drawn out of the ground in a pei'pen-
(licular direction ; and a-weigh, when it has
been dra-\vn just out of the ground and hangs
vertically.
At anchor is the same as anchored.
To back an anchor is to lay down a small
anchor a-head of the one by which the ship
rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of
tlie principal one to aid in preventing its
" coming home."
To cat the anchor: To draw the anchor to
the catliead by means of a machine called the
" cat."
To jish the anchor: To employ a machine
called a "fish" to hoist the flukes of an
anchor to the top of the bow.
To steer the ship to her anchor : To steer the
ship to the spot where the anchor lies while
the cable is being heaved on board the ship.
To shoe the anchor: To cover the flukes of
it with a triangular plank of wood to enable
it to fix itself morti tenaciously in a soft
bottom.
To sweep the anchor : To dredge at the
bottom of the anchoring ground for a lost
anchor.
To throw the anchor. The same as Cast the
anchor (A. 1).
3. Art: The shape of a buckle, the latter
being usually described. as having a tongue
and an anchor. (Todd's Johnson.)
i. Arch, : A kind of carving somewhat re-
sembling an anchor. It is generally used as
part of the enrichment of the bottoms of
capitals in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic
orders, or as that of the boultins of bed-
mouldiiigs in Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
cornices, anchors and eggs being carved
alternately throughout the whole building.
5. Her. : An anchor is an emblem of hope.
C. In composition, anchor is a substantive.
anchor-ground, s. Ground suitable for
anchoring. It should not be too deep, or too
shallow, or rocky. [Anchorage. J
anchor-hold, s.
1. Lit. : The hold or fastness of the anchor,
2. Fig. : Security.
"... as the one and ouly assurance and fast
anckor-liald of our aouls' health."— Camrfert.
anchor-Uning,
[Bill-boards.]
anchor-smith, a. A smith who forges
anchors.
"Smithing comprehends all trades which use either
anchor-stock, s. The transverse beam
of wood or bar of iron near the ring of an
anchor.
3,rich'-dr, *SA'-cre, *an-kre, v.t & i.
[From the substantive. In Sw. ankra ; Dan.
aiikre ; Dut. ankeren; Ger. ankerii; Fr. an-
crer ; Sp. anclar, ancorar; Port, ancorar; Ital.
ancorarsl}
A. Transitive: '
1. Naut. : To moor by means of an anchor.
2. Fig. : To fix firmly, to cause to rest.
". . . and great Pompej'
Would stand, and make his eyes grow iii my brow ;
Tliere would he anchor his aspect, and die
With looking on his life."
Hhakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, i. 5.
" Stars countless, each in his appointed place.
Fast anchored in the deep abyss of space."
Cowper : Retirement.
B. Intransitive :
1. Naut. : To come to an anchor.
"'Hoarse o'er her side the rustling cable rings ;
The sails are f url'd ; and ancJtoring round she swings."
Byron : Corsair, i.i.
2. Fig. : To fix (the eye) upon.
" PosthuniTis anchors ui>on Imogen :
And she, like harmless lightning, throws her eye
On him. Shakesp. : CambeWie, v. 5.
* ^nch'-or (2), s. [Anchorite.]
^anch'-6r (3), a. [Anker.]
anch'-dr-a-ble, a. [Eng. anchor, -able.] Able
to be used as a place of anchorage.
"... and the sea everywhere twenty leagues from
land anchorai>le."—Sir T. Herbert's I'ravels, p. 40.
anch-dr-a-car-pa'-9e-a, s-. pi. [From Gr.
ayKvpa. (angkura) = (1) an anchor, (2) a hook ;
and KupTTo? ikarpos) = the wrist, the carpus.]
Zool. : The name given by Milne-Edwards
to a tribe of Entomnstracans, belonging to the
order Lerneadre. They attach themselves to
their prey by means of long, arm-shaped ap-
pendages springing from the thorax, imited
to each other at the tip, and terminating in a
horny button in the centre. It contains two
families represented in Britain — the Lernceopa-
dadse and the Anchorelladffi.
ahch-dr-a-9er-a'-9e-a, s. pi. [From Gr.
ayKvpa (angkura) = (1) an anchor, (2) a hook ;
and Kepa5 (keras) = a horn.]
Zool. : The name given by Jlilne-Edwards to
a tribe of Entomostracans, belonging to the
order LerneadsB. They attach themselves to
their prey by means of the head itself, which
is furnished with one or more pairs of horn-
shaped appendages, projecting laterally. It
contains two families, represented in Britain
—the Penelladis and the Lernaoceradae.
S,nch'-6r-age (age = ig), s. [Eng. anclwr ;
-age. In Fr. ancrage; Sp. aiicorage.]
* 1. The hold of the sea-bottom by the
anchor.
"Let me resolve whether there be indeed such effi-
cacy in nurture and first production, for if that suii-
posal should fail us, all our anchorage were loose, and
we should but wander in a wild sea ' —Wotton,
3. The set of anchors belonging to a vessel.
"The bark that hath discharg'd her freight
Returns with precious lading to the bay
From whence at first she weigh'd her anchorage."
Shakcsp. ; Titus Andron., i. 2.
3. Duty paid at a port for permission to
anchor.
"This corporation, otherwise a poor one, holds also
the anchorage in the harbour, and bushelage of mea-
surable commodities, as coals, salt, .fee., in the town of
Fowey."— Care w .■ Survey of VornwaU.
4. A place suitable for anchoring in — that
is, a place in which the water is of convenient
depth, and the bottom such as will permit
the anchor to hold. (This meaning, which is
not m Johnson, as if it were unknown in his
time, is now the almost exclusive signification
of the word anchorage.)
". . . the water was so deep that no anchorage
could be fomid." — Darwin: Voyage round the World,
ch. xi.
anch-dr-a~st6ni-a.'-9e-a, s. pi. [From Gr.
dyKvpa (anakura) = (1) an anchor, (2) a hoolc ;
and arofia (stoma) = mouth.] The name given
by Milne-Edwards to a tribe of Entomostra-
cans belonging to the order Lerneadw. They
attach themselves to their prey by means of
their stout foot-jaws, which are armed with
strong hooks. It contains one British family,
the ChondracanthidBe.
anch'-ored, pa. par. & a, [Anchor, v. ]
^s adjective :
1. Held by an anchor.
"In the anchor'd bai'k."
Bl/ron : Corsair, i. 7.
2. Shaped like an anchor ; forked. (Used
of a serpent's tongue.)
"Shooting her anchor'd touguq,
Threat'ning her venom'd teeth."
Jlore : Song of the Soul, II. ii. 29.
3, Her. : An anchored cross Is one the
four extremities of
which resemble the
flukes of an anchor,
as shown in the illus-
tration. It is called
also anchry or ancre.
It is designed to be
emblematic of hope
through the cross of
Christ. Cf. Heb. vi.
19, "Which hope we
have as an anchor of
the soul, both sure
and stedfast."
anchored cross.
anch-or-el'-la, s. [Dimin. of Lat. anchoret or
ancora ~ little' anchor.] A genus of Entomo-
stracans, the typical one of the family Ancho-
rellad*. The A. wicinata is parasitic on the.
cod and the haddock. The A. rigosa was taken,
upon a cod.
anch-6r-el'-la~dsB, s. pi. [From anchorella,
(q. v.).] Afamily of Entomostracans, belonging;-
to the order Lerneads and the tribe Auchora-
carpacete. It contains only one British geuu,s,.
Anchorella (q.v.),
an'-chor-ess, *an'-cres, 5. [Eng. anchor
= anchorite; -ess., to mai-k the feininii.ie
gender.] A female anchorite.
" Anch'resses that dwell
Mewed up in walls." — Fairfax : Tasso.,
" To this secluded sjiot, now famous more
Than any grove, mount, plain bad been before,
By relique, vision, burial, or birth.
Of ujichoress or hermit."
Jirowne : Bi-it. Pastorals, ii, 4.
^ch-or-et'Jfo, anoh-6r-et'-i-ca,l, a.
[Eng. anchoret, -ic, -ical. In Pr. anachoretirj^ue;
ajj. anacoretlco ; Fovt. anachoretico ; Gi\ avaxtn'
pr]TLK6^ (anachdreiikos).^ Pertaining to an an-
chorite ; after the n^aiviev of an hermit.
anch-6r-et'-ish, a. [Eng. anchoret; 4sh.}
Resembling an anchoret in sonxe way.
anch'-or-et-ism, s [Eng. anchoret; -isvi.]
The state, condition, or mode of life of an.
anchoret.
anch'-or-ihg, pr. par. [Anchor, v.].
Siich'-dr-ite. ahch'-or-et, t an-ach'-or-.
et, " an-ach'-6r-ite, *anch'-dr, * an-
ker, i'. [A.S. ancer; Fr. anachorete ; Sp. &
Ital. anacoreta ; Port. & Lat. anachoreta ; Gr.
avojXMpi]Tn'i (anachorUes), from ai/axtopeo) (auft-
choreo) = to go back, to retire : ava. (ana) =
backwards, and ^wpew (choreo)=to make room
for another, to retire ; x^po^ (choros) = space,
room.]
1, Church History: Any person who, from
religious motives, has renounced the world,
and retired from it into seclusion. (For the
distinctions between the various kind of As-
CETiCs, see that word. See also Eremites.),
The peculiarity of the anchorites, properly so,
called, was, that though they had retired for.
solitude to the wilderness, yet they lived there,
in fixed abodes (generally caves or hovels) in
place of wandering about. When they did
travel they slept wherever night overtook
them, so that visitors might not know where'
to find them. They were most numerous in
the Egyptian desert, where they lived on
roots and plants, believing that to afflict the
body was the best method of spiritually bene-
fiting the soul. Most of them were laymen ;
there were also female anchorites. They first
arose, it is said, about the middle of the third
century, and in the seventh the Church ex-
tended its control over them, and ultimately
threw difficulties in the way of any one who
wished to adopt such a mode of life. [Ascetic,
Eremite, Monasticism, Monk, &c.] (Mosheim:
Cliurch Hi-sL, Cent, iv., pt. ii., ch. iii., § 15.)
2. Ill a genercd sense : Any person of similar
habits to those of the old anchorites now
described. The mistaken desire to retreat
from the " world " to the wilderness is not
distinctively Christian : it tends to manifest
itself to a greater or less extent in all religions
and in all ages. Anchorites of various Hindu
ascetic sects are at present to be found among
the jungles and hills of India, and they were
much more numerous when the dominant
faith in that land was Booddhism.
-" To desperation turn my tnist and hope !
An ancJior's cheer in prison be my scope."
Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 2.
" Yet lies not love dead here, but here doth sit.
Vow'd to this trench, like an anachoHte. '
Donne.
"bSil, to6y; po^t, jtf^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; :sin, as; t expect, Xenophon, e:^t. -ing.
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -t^ion, -^ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -We = "b^l. -ere, -kre = ker, -tre = ter-
192
anchovy— ancientry
an'-9h6v-y, an-^ho -vy, s. [In^w.anjovis;
Dan. amdweis ; iJiit. auf-juvi^ ; Ger. anschoci-;
Fr. anchois; bp. andioa, aiuliocu ; Port, an-
chova; Ital. acciiiga. ; Lat. aphya, apua ; Gr.
a4>vr} (aphue), usually translated an anchovy or
sardine, but according to Yarrell and Adams,
the mackerel-midge (Motella glanca).^ (LiddeJ!
(& Scott.) A fish, the Engmulu cncmsLcolus of
Fleming ; the E. vuhjo/ris of Cuvier. It belongs
to the Clupeidje, or Herring family. In general,
its length is from four to five inches ; hut speci-
mens have been found seven and a-lialf inches
ANCHOVY (eNGRAI'LIS ENCRASICOLUS)
long. It is common in the Mediterranean and
parts of the ocean. It occurs also, though
not very commonly, on the shores of Britain,
Shoals of anchovies annually enter the Medi-
terranean, and various fisheries exist along
its northern shores, the most celebrated being
at Gorgona, a small Island west of Leghorn.
Sometimes another species, the E. imhtto,
is either mixed v/ith, or substituted for the
genuine fish. There is a large importation of
anchovies into London.
anchovy-pear, s. The English name of
the genus Grias, which is placed by Lindlcy
doubtfully under the order Barringtoniacese
(Barringtoniads). Grias caulifiora, the steni-
fiowering anchovy-pear, is an elegant tree,
with large leaves, which grows in the West
Indies. The fruit, which is eaten, tastes like
tliat of the mango, and is pickled in the same
Avay.
anchovy-sauce, j. a sauce made of the
fish called anchovy.
an-Chu'-sa, s. [in Ital. cmcvsa; Sp. & Lat.
aiichuba. 'From Gi'. ayxouo-a (a;)(icho7isa) —
alkanet ; a-yx^ (ctiigcho) — to press tight, to
strangle ; so called from a ridiculous notion
entertained by Dioscorides that one might kill
a viper if he irritated its throat by spitting
into its mouth after having chewed the leaves
of alkanet. 1 A ,i.;enus of plants belonging to
the order Bora-inareie (Borage -worts). Two
species are generally inserted in the British
flora, but both are doubtfully native. They are
the A. officinalis, the Conimoji, and the A.
sevipervireiis, the Evergreen Alkanet. Lycopsis
arvctisis is sometimes ealled Aiidtnsa arvensis.
The rejxl alkanet, once termed Andutsa tine-
torla, now figures as Alkaiiim iinctoria. [Al-
KANNA, Alkanet.] A beautiful specie.-^, some-
times cultivated in flower-borders, is Andiusa
po.nicvkita or Italics.
an-chu'-sic, a. [Mod. Lat. andnis(ci); Eng,
sutt'. -ic] Derived from or contained in a
plant or plants of the genus Anchusa (q.v.)
anchusic-acld, d. [Anchusine.]
anch-ii'-sine, s. [Eng. andtusa ; -nie.] A
red colouring matter obtained from the plant
formerly called Anchusa tinctoria, but now
Alkanna tinctoria.
anch-y-lof'-er-as, s. [Gr, a-j/KuAo? {angku-
los) = crooked, and xepas {keras) = horn.] A
shell belonging to the class Cephalopoda. The
A. Callovieusis) occurs in the Kelloway rock.
anch'-y-lose. iink'-y-16f e, ^ anc'-y-l6§e,
v.t. &. i. [Gr. ayKvKodi (angkuloo), 1 fut,
ayKvK(oai>y (angkuloso) = to crook, hook, or
bend ; ayKvXrj {a-ngk'iilc) = th.e bend of the arm ;
ayKog (angkos) = a bend or hollow.]
A. Trans. : To stiffen by consolidathig the
surfaces of (as of two bones. JMore frequently
used in the passive.)
•■ They [the teeth] are always lodged in sockets; .and
never anchj/losed with the subatfliice of the jtvw,"—
Owen ■ Classif. of Ma^nmalia, pp. 11, 12.
B. Intrans. : To grow stiff (as a. joint); to
grow together (as the surfaces of two bones).
S.hch-y-16'sed, arik-y-16'sed, anc-y-
16'^ed, pa. par. or a. [Anchylose.]
1. Grown together (as two bones), stiffened
(as a joint).
"Coalesced and atuShnlosed zygaijophysea."— J/imrt .■
The Cat. p. 45.
2. Cramped, rigid.
anch-y-16'-sis, ank-y-lo -sis, anc-y-lo-
sis, s. [Gr. ayKuAwtrtg (aiujkulosis) = a stiffen-
ing of the joints or of the eyelids.] [Anchy-
LOSED.]
Anat. : The coalescence of two bones, su as
to prevent motinn between them. If anj'thing
keep a joint motionless for a long time, the
bo-nes which constitute it have a tendency to
become anchylosed, in which case all flexibility
is lost. In other cases, when anchylosis is the
lesser of two evils, the bones which nature i?^
about to weld together should be kept in the
positions in which they will be of the greatest
use when the union between them takes
place.
"Had immobility 136611 the object to be attained,
that might have been more eflectually accomplished
by the lusion of the extremities of tlie segments to-
gether, as in anchylosis."— Todd i- bowman: Physiol.
Anat., vol. i., p. 133.
aiich-y-lot'-ic, ank-y-l6t'-ic, anc-y-
l6t-ic, a. [From Eng. anchylosis.] Pertain-
ing to anchylosis.
^" an'-cien-gy, s. [Eng. ancien{t) ; -cy. InFr.
onclennetc.] Antiquity. [Ancienty.]
"... And the rest of the bishops follow him, in
their due precedency, according to the dignity and
uiicit'iicies uf their respective sees."— Jura Cleri, p. 42.
an'-cient, a. &c s. [Ft. ancien ; Sp. ancia.no ;
Ital. rniziano, from aji^i = before. Cognate
with Lat. antiquus = o\&, ancient ; a-?i(icus =
in front, foremost ; and ante = before.]
A. As aiJjedive :
1. Ordinary Langunge :
1 1. Old, estimated taf'itly or explicitly by
the standard of human life.
(a) Pertaining to persons advanced in years.
(Disposed tu yoiuig.)
"... Then they began at the ancifue men which
were before the house " — Ezek. ix. 6.
(h) Pertaining to things which have existed
for some considerable time in one's history
(Opposed to recent.)
" But they, \ipon their ancient maLice, will
Foi"get witli the least cause, these his new honours."
Shakesii. : Coriolanus, ii. 1.
2. Old, estimated bv the average duration of
that to which the term aiicii>nt is applied.
"... some far-spreading wood
Of ancient growth." Cowper: Task, bk. 1.
"... s-wancicnt castle overgro%vn with weeds and
ivy. . . ."—Macaulau I/ht Jlu'J , ch. xvl.
3. Old, estimated by the historic standard
of time.
(a) Opposed to modern, and especially re-
ferring, at the present day, to the centuries
anterior to the fall of the Roman Empire. (In
this sense, which is the most common use of
the word, it is opposed to modern.)
" The whole history of anchnit and of modern times
reciiriUi no other such triumph of statesmanship."—
Jlucaalai/; Bist. £iiff., ch. ix.
(h) In the mouth of one who lived at an
early period of the world's history, it meant
an age prior to his own.
"la this your juyouK city, whose antiquity is of
ancient days';"— /sa. xxiii. 1.
i. Old, estimated by the geological standard
of duration.
" Processes now going on in nature on a small scale,
or ijiiitated artificially by man, may enable us to
comprehend imperfectly in what manner some of
these infinitely grander anc'icitt metamorphoses were
efl'ected." — Murclvison : Siluria, ch. i.
5. From eternity.
"Thales affiirms that God comprehended all things,
and that God was of all things the most ancient, be-
cause he uever liad any begimung."— TZaicif^ft.
% The words ojidcnt and old are akin in
meaning, and it is not easy to draw an abso-
lutely precise line between their respective
significations. Old, being opposed to nev:, is
especially used of anything which is fresh
when new, but has a ti',ndency to wear out
when old, or has nearly reached its proper
term of exi.stence, as an old hat ; but it is
also used when the lapse of time has increased
instead of diminished the value of an article,
as old wine. So also we si)eak of the old
masters, meaning those who lived long ago,
not those who are advanced in years. Finally,
old generally indicates a lesser amount of
duration than ancient. [Old.]
II. Technically :
In Lavj :
(a) Ancient demesnes or an-cient doinains:
Such manors as, after the survey the results
of which were recorded in Doomsday book,
were found to belong to the Crgwn. (Coivel)
(b) Ancient sergeant: The eldest of the
Queen's sergeants. (17 harton.)
(c) Ancient tenure: The tenure by which
the manors which belonged to the Crowii in
the times of Edward the Confessor and >\ il-
liam the Conqueror were held. (Cowel.)
((}) Ancient writings: Legal documents more
than thirty years old. (^Wharton.)
B. As suistantive :
I. Ordi no ry Language:
tl. An old man, especially when invested
with important office in the community.
"The Lord will enter into judgrment with the
ancients of his people, and the princes thereof."—
isa. ill. 14.
"The ancient and honourable, he is the head; and
the prophet that teacheth lies, he is the taM."—!bid.
ix. 15.
* 2. A predecessor in anytliing.
"He toiicheth it as a special pre-eminence of Junias
and Andronicus, tliat in Christianity they were his
ancie nts. ' ' — ifo oker.
% The reference is to Paul's statement,
"Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and my
fellow-prisoners, . . who also were in
Christ before me." (Rom. xvi. 7.)
3. (Plur.) Those who lived long ago. To
us in general this means before the faU of the
Roman empire, the relapse into semi-barbarism
which followed its o^■erthrow making a great
gap in time between the civilisation of what
may be called the old world and that now
existing. In this sense, ancients is opposed to
moderns. This is the common use of the
word. Sir i.i. Cornewall Lewis ein]iloys it
thus in the title of his book. The Astronomy
of the Am icnts.
"Some by old words to fame have made i^retence.
Ancients in phrase, mere modems in their sense.'
Pope: Esi>ay on Crilict^m, 324, C25.
Tl To those who lived in the early ages of
the \\'orld, of course the term signified men
of a considerably prior date.
"As saith the proverb of the ancients. • . —
1 Sa>ii. xxiv. 13.
■4. The Being existent from eternity.
" I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and tlie
Andriit of days did sit." — Dan. vii. U (see also verses
13, i.'2).
B. Tcrhnically. In the Inns of Court. * (a)
III the Middle tempU, those who had passed
their readings, (h) In Gro.y's Inv, the oldest
barristers, tiie society consisting of benchers,
ancients, barristers, and students under the
bar. (e) In the Inns of the Chancery, the
division is into ancients and students, or
clerks. {Wharton: Law Lcricon, ed. "Will.)
■■' an'-cient, ^ an-shent, s. [A corruption
of Fr. enseignc, from Low Lat. insignia, Lat.
insigne = a standard.] [Ensign.]
I. 0/ things :
1. A flag, ensign, or streamer of a ship, and
formerly the flag or ensign also of a regiment.
". , . ten times more dishonourable ragged than
cin. old-ta.ced ancient. "SJiakesp. : 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2.
"It was a spectacle extremely delightful to behold
the jacks, the pendants, and the ancients sporting in
the wind."— /)0H Quixote (ed. 1687), p. 56D. (Boucher.)
2. Heraldry: (a) In the form anshent = t\i&
guidon used at funerals, (h) A small flag
ending in a point. {Gloss, of Heraldry.)
II. Of j:>crsons: The bearer of a flag, a flag-
bearer, an ensign-bearer, an ensign in a regi-
ment.
"This is Othello's ancient, as I t-ake it.—
The same indeed, a veiy I'aliant felloM' "
Shakes}}. : Othello, v. 1.
" Tis one lago, ancient to the general."— Ibid., ii. 4.
" . ancient Tisiol."—Shakesp. : 2 Ee'n. IV., ii. 4.
" , . . and now my whole charge consists of
ancients, corpoi"als, lieutenants, tr'^'ntlemen of com-
panies . . 7'Shakesp. : l Hen. I \'. iv. 2.
an'-cient-ly, adv. [Eng. ancient; -?i/.] In
ancient times ; in times long gone by ; the
antiquity being estimated in any of the ways
mentioned under Ancient (q.v.).
"The eolewort is not an enemy, though that were
ancientlji received, to the vine only, but to any other
plant, because it draweth strongly the fattest juice of
the earth." — Bacon.
"... for new varieties are still occasionally pro-
duced by our must •uiciently domesticated produc-
tions."— Darwin: Origin of Species, ch. xiv,
an'-cient-ness, s. [Eng. ancient; -ness.'\
The state of having existed from ancient or
old times ; antiquity.
" The Fescenine and Satumian were the same ; they
were called Satumian from their ancientness, when
Saturn reigned in Italy."— TJrydcji.
t an-cient-ry, * an'-chent-ry, s. [Eng.
aneient ; -ry. In Fr. aiLcienneti ; Ital. anci-
anita.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, taH^ fatber; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work. wh6, son ; mute, ciib, cure, ignite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. ew = u.
aneienty— andesite
193
S.n-^i
1. The honour or dimity of having ancestry
capable of being traced a long way back.
" Wherefore, most foolielily do the Irish think to
ennoble themselves by wresting their ancientr// from
the Spaniard, who ie unable to derive himself from
any in certain." — Spenser: On Ireland.
2. The people of ancient lineage taken col-
lectively.
" . . . wronging the ancientry. "Shakesp. ■'
Winter's Tale, iii. 1.
3. Antiquity, ov imitation of it.
"Heralds may here talce notice of the antiquity of
their art ; and, for their greater credit, blazon abroad
this precious piece of anclefttri/ ; for before the time
of Semiramis we hear uo news of coats or crests ! —
Gregory's Posthuma, p. 236.
"You think the ten or twelve first lines the best;
now I am for the fourteen last ; add. that they contain
not one word of ancientry." — }Yest to Gray, Lett.
5, § 3. ^^
* an'-cient-y-, s. [Eng. an<-iaa; -%} Age;
antiquity. [Ancientry. ]
" Is not the forenamed council of aneienty above a
thousand years o^oV— Martin : Marriage of Priests,
sign. I., ii. b.
■le, s. [Lat.] A shield said to have
fallen from heaven during tbe reign of Numa
Pompilius. It was believed to be the shield
of Mars ; and as the prosperity of Rome was
supposed to depend upon its preservation,
eleven others were made like it, that any one
wishing to steal it might not know which to
take. (Could it have been originally a lump of
meteoric iron ?)
" Recorded to have been sent from heaven in a more
celestial manner tliau the ancilc of ancient Eome. —
Potter : On the Number 666, p. 176.
"The Trojans secured their palladium ; the Romans
their (incile; and now the Roman Catholicks have so
great care of their images."— Brevint : Saul & Saynuel
at Endor, p. 385.
Sn-cil-lar'-i-a, if. [Lat. anciUn = a maid-ser-
vant.] A genus of shells belonging to the
family Buccinidte. Both the shell and the
animal resemble those of Oliva. Recent —
twenty-three species from the Red Sea, India,
Madagascar, Australia, and the Pacific Ocean.
Fossil, twenty-one. Eocene— Britain, France,
kc. (Woodward, 1851.)
^ an'-^U-lar-y, * an-9il'-lar-y, a. [Lat.
anrAUaris = pertaining to female servants.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to female servants or
their occupation ; subservient.
2. Auxiliai-y, aiding.
" It is beneath the dignity of the king's courts to be
merely ancillary to other inferior jurisdictions." —
Blackstone.
Iili-9il'-le, ^. [Lat. oMcilla.'\ A maid-servant.
(Chaucer.)
^n-gip'-i-tal, S,n-9ip'-i-tous, a. [Lat.
anceps, genit. auelpitls = (1) two-headed ; (2)
having two sides, double.]
Bot : (The translation of the Latin anceps.)
Twn-edged, compressed, with two sharp edges,
as the stem of an iris.
5,n-9is-tr6-cla'-de-aB, s. pi. [Yrom Ancis-
trodadiis (q.v.).] A new order of plants pro-
posed by Planchon for the reception of a
solitary and anomalous genus Ancistroeladus.
The inflorescence is in panicles, with ten sta-
mens in one row, five shorter than the others.
The ovary is one-celled, Avith a single ovule.
The fruit is a nut, crowned by the persistent
calyx. Its nearest affinity is with the Dip-
terocarpaccEe. i^Frcas. of Bot.)
Sn-^is-tro-cla'-diis, s. [Or. ayKia-Tpov (ang-
kistron) = a fish-hook ; a-yKos (angkos) = a
bend or hollow ; KAdSo? (klados) — a slip or
shoot of a tree ; kAoicj (klao) = to break, to
break off".] A genus of East Indian climbing
plants, the type of Planchon's order Ancistro-
cladeffi (q.v.).
cinc'-le, H. [Ankle.]
* anc'-ome, * onc'-ome, * unc'-ome, s.
[A.S.] A kind of boil, sore, or foul swelling
in the fleshy parts. (Krr-c>i's Dirt.)
"Swell bigger and bigger till it has come to an
ancome." — Ala7-ston: Eastward Hoc, iii. l.
^nc'-dn, s. _[Lat. ancon, genit. anconis; Gr.
ayKuiv (angko il) = the bend or hollow of the
arm, the elbow,}
1. Anatomy : The apex of the elbow.
2. Architerture (plural ancones) : (1) Orna-
ments on the keystones of arches, or on
the side of door-cases ; (2) the corners of walls
or beams.
3. ZooJ. & Agric. : A name for a breed of
sheep, now extinct It originated from a
malformed lamb with short crooked legs, so
that it find its progeny in which this pecu-
liarity was perpetuated were \inable to leap
fences. (Used also adjectively.)
"This is known to have been the c^se with the
anc07i sheep."— Darwin : Origin of Species, ch. i.
^n-c6'-ne-al, a. [Eng. ancon; -eaL] Per-
taining to the ancon or apex of the elbow.
" Serving iis the point of attachment to the extensor
muscles of the fore-arm, called the olecranon or
anconeal process."— /Vower; Osteology of the Jfarn-
malia (1B70), p. 243.
an-c6'-ne-us, * an-c6-noe'-us, s. [Lat.
a)iGon; Gr. ayKwp (oTig/wii) = the elbow.]
Anat.: A muscle used in distending the
fore-arm or cubit. (Glossographi". Soco, dc.)
3,n-c6n'-6id, a. [Gr. ayK<^v (a//.fir?jou) = elbow,
and Jdos (ei(7o.s) = form, appearance.] Elbow-
shaped, angular.
an'-c6n-y, s. [Gr. ayKUiy (angkoii) = the
elbow (?).]
Iron manvfoxture : A bloom ^ATOUght into
the figure of a flat iron bar, about three feet
long, with two square rough knobs, one at
each end. (Chamhers.) [Bloom.]
* an'-cre, s. [Anchor.]
^ an'-cred, pa. par. & a. [Anchored.]
'' 3,n'-cres, ». [Anchoress.]
an-cyl'-od-on, s. [Gr. ayKvXo^ (angknios) :=
bent, crooked, ami oSov? (odoi'.^), genit. oSovtos
= a tooth.] A genus of fishes of the family
Scitenidffi.
S<nc-y-lo'§[Cd, po. pnr. & a. [Anchylosed.]
a,nc-y-lo'-sis, «. [Anchylosis.]
anC-S^-lot'-oni-US, s. [Gr. ayKvkr} ("nrjln-lH)
= (1) a bend in the arm ; (2) a joint bent or
stiffened by disease ; (3) a loop, a thong :
Te'/xi'io (teinjio) — to cut.]
Siirgery : (1-) -^ crooked knife or bistourv.
(2.) A knife for diviibng the' /nrn uni linguonn
tongue-tied persons. {Hoopcfs Le.xlc. Med.)
an'-^^l-US, s. [Gr. ayKv\o^ {n nqluhji^), adj. =
crooked, curved, rounded.] A genus of fiuvia-
tile shells belonging to the family Limnteidae.
They have limpet-like .shells, and are called
river-limpets. In 1875 Tait I'stimated the
recent species at forty-nine, and the fossil
at rli'\-oii ; the latter from the Eocene. Tw.i,
A. Jinviatilis and A. obloitgvs, occur recent in
Britain.
and, "' ande, covj. & s. [A.S, and: Dnt. en ;
Ger. vnd. The English (ni.d and o,> — if, are
essentially the same word, and weiv of old
used almost interchangeably.] [An.]
A. As conjunction :
*" 1. As expressing contingenr-y.
" An'l thou wilt gyuen vs any good."
Pierce the Plotvmans CreUe (1394, ed. Skeat), 3S3.
(a) As standing for if, though, or although.
" It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as they will
set an house on fire, arid it were but to roaht their
eggs." — Bacon.
(b) As joined to if and therefore redundant.
"I pray thee, Launce, an if thou seest my boy.
Bid him make hiiste."
Shakesp. : Two Gent, of Verona, iii. l.
2. As a simple connecting particle, conjoin-
ing words with words, clauses with clauses,
or sentences with sentences. This is now
the normal use of the word and.
" Shem, a7id Ham, and Japheth."— Oe/i, vii, 13.
" Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in
the seas. rtJitilet fow 1 multiplyintheearth."— f.t'«. i.22.
" J nd he put them altogether into ward three days.
A nd .Joseph said unto them the third day, Tiiis do, and
live : for I feiir God."— Wt'/i. xlii. 17, 18.
B, As sidjsiantive:
" Thou servest me, I ween, wt iffes and with andes.'
—Sir T. More : IVorks, p. 54.
^ In Gen. iii. 16. "Thy sorrow and thy
conception "= the sorrow of thy conception.
In this respect the English simply copies the
Hebrew. A similar idiom exists in Latin.
Virgil speaks of hurling " molem et montes " (a
mass and mountains) = a mass of mountains.
* -and as 0 sxiffix.
Old English dialects : The present participle
termination in northern dialects, nt>w snper-
seded by the southern -ing.
" His ghttcrand .armour shiiiM f.ar away."
Speiuer : F. Q., 1. vii. 29.
and'-a, s. [? Native name.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Euphorbiacete (Spurge-worts). Habitat,
Brazil. The Anda is remarkable for the pur-
gative properties of its seeds, in this respect
resembling the not remotely allied plant, the
well-known castor-oil. The Brazilians use
them in indigestion, liver-complamts, .laun-
dice, and dropsy. They are called Purga da
Paulistas. Their rind roasted on the hre is
used in diarrhoea brought on by cold. It
steeped when fresh in water, they render the
liquid so narcotic that it is sufficient to stupefy
fish The oil is well adapted for the purposes
of the painter. The fruit is eatable. (LmdUy :
Nat. Syst. of Bot., 1836, p. 114.)
t S,nd-ab'-a-ti§m, s. [From Lat. andahata =
a gladiator whose helmet was without any
opening for the eyes.] Uncertainty.
"To state the question, that we might not fail to
andabatism, we are to understand, that as there be
two kinds of perfection, one of our way, the other of
om: couutrj' to which we are tnvvelling; so there aie
two kinds also of fnmiling God's law, one of this life.
the other of the next."— STieVorrf ; Learned Discourses
(1G35), p. 121.
and-a-lUS'-ite, s. & a. [From Andalusia, m
Spain, where it was first found; and -itc=-
\{Bos (lithos) = stone.]
A. As substantive : A mineral classed by
Dana with his Subsilicates. It is ortho-
rliombic. The hardness in typical spechnens
is 7 '5, but in some opaque kinds only 3—6.
Its sp. gr. 3-1 to 3% 3-05 to 3-35 ; its lustre
vitreous ; its colour whitish-red, flesh-red,
vii.ilet, pearl-gray, reddish-brown, or olive-
green. There is strong double refraction.
The composition is silica, 33 to 40-17 ; al imina,
5096 to 610; sesquioxideof iron, 0'30 to 5'71 ;
sesquioxide 'A manganese, 0'53 to 0'83 ; mag-
nesia, 0-17 to 1-U; lime, 0-21 to 412; soda,
O'lO ; potassa, 0'30 to 150; water, 0'25 to
2-eO. Dana divides andalusite into " Var. 1,
Ordinary; 2, Chiastolite (made)." Andalusite
is found in argillaceous schist, in gneiss, in
mica-schist, and rarely in serpentine. It is
sometimes allied to kaolin, to mica, or to
cyauite. It occurs at Andalusia in Spain, in
Germany, Austria, France, and Russia ; at
Killincy Bay, near Dublin, in Ireland ; near
Ballachulish, in Scotland ; and at Cumber-
land in England. Myelin has the comitositioD
of cyauite and andalusite.
B. As adjcctii-c : Dana has an Andalusite
group of minerals defined as anisometric,
containing only sesquioxides. It includes
andalusite, fibrolite, kyanite, and topaz.
an-dan'-te, s. & axlv. [Ital. andante — going,
the pr. par. of andare = to go.] [Wend.]
1. As substantive : A moderately slow move-
ment between largo and allegro. It is the
third in order of the five kinds of musical
movement.
"... and gives to prayer
The adagio and andante it demands."
Cowper : Task, lik ii.
2. As adverb : In the time described above.
3,n-dS,n-ti'-n6, adv , a., &s. [Ital.] A move-
ment quicker than andante, of wliich the word
andantiiio is a diminutive. It is intermediate
between andante and allegretto.
an'-dar-ac, s. [Sandarac] Red orpiment.
&ii-da'-te§, s. [Celtic] A goddess or female
power worshipped in Britain in pagan times.
" And to Andates, female power ! who gave
(For 80 they fancied) glorious victory."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ix.
An-de'-an, a. [See def.] Pertaining to,
living in, or found on the Andes, a inouii tain-
chain extending along the Pacific <^oasfc of
South America.
and'-e§-ite, s. [In Ger. andesin. From the
Andes mountains, in which it occurs.] A
triclinic mineral classed by Dana in his
thirteenth, or Felspar group of Unisilieates.
The hardness is 5 — 6 ; the sp. gr. 2"61 to 2"7-l ;
the colour white, gray, greenish, yellowish, or
flesh red ; the lustre sub-vitreous, inclining to
pearly. It consists of silica, 57'15 to 60-29;
alumina, 17 02 to 26'78; sesquioxide of iron,
0-30 to 8'35 ; magnesia, 0-03 to 1*85 • lime,
2-24 to 9-23 ; soda, 3-91 to 7'99 ; potassa, 0'05
to 399 ; and water, 034 to 3'84. It is often,
if not always, altered oligoclase, and itself it
sometimes changes to kaolin. It occurs in
the Andes, in Canada, in France, and Austria.
Saccharite, a variety of it, is found in Silesia.
[Andesyte,]
b^, b^; po^t, j^l; cat, 9ell« chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph =f.
-tioUf -sion = shun ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -cieu = shen, -cient = sh$nt. -le = el ; -ere = ker.
13
Sn, -de-syte, s. [From lunlrslti', but with ytc
111 jjlace of -itf, to show tliat it is a votk, and
not a iiiiiu'ral.] A syL-niti-'-like rock occurring
in the Andes One of its ingredients is the
mineral Andcsiti- (i[.\ ),
and-ir'-a, s. [The Brazilian name.] A genus
of plants belonging to the Papilionaceous sub-
order. About twelve species are known, all
tropical American tix-es of moderate licight,
■with alternate equally pinnate leave.-^ aliuut a
foot Ion-, and axillaiy or terminal panicles of
generally shuwy flowei's. The fruit is wne-
seedeil, ilrui)ace"ous, and in aspect like a plum.
A. incnius is the cabbage-tree of the West
Indies. [Caebagk-tbek.i" Its bark and that
of.-t. iTfj/wt are anthelmintic. In small quan-
tities it is drastic, emetic, purgative, and
narcotic, while in larger doses it is actually
poisonous. (LlncUey: Veg. Kingcl, p. 548.)
fiiil-dir-a-gua'-ca, s. [A South American
name of the Vampire Bat, PhyUostonw sjiec-
triaa.] [Phvllostomid e, Vamfvre ] (Wee
Griffith's Cuvier, vol. v., p. 71.)
S-nd'-ir-on, hand'-ir-on, ^^ awnd'-ir-6n,
* awynd'-yrne, * awynd'-er, s. [In
A.S. hnDHJ-lacii is = a branding-iron or rod,
a tripod (BosmoHh), but this does not seeni
the origin of the English word. Sw. hraud-
j 67^)1 ; Fr. &Arm. land lev ; JIeili;ev. Lat. cuuleno
= an andiron. Skinner derives it («) from
handix\v(X irons, or(u)fnini and and irons, or
(c) from brand and irons. In Yorkshire the
term eiulArons (see h) is applied to two coarse
iron plates used to contract the tire-place.
AXDIRiiNs.
These being movable may be placed at a
distance from each other when a large fire is
wanted, and nearer when wliat is needed is
only a small one. Boucher thinks that caul
in andirons is the A.8. separable prep, and,
Gr. avTi (ccnti), implying opposition, and that
and-irons are pieces of iron opposed to each
other. Wedgwood believes the true etymo-
logy is the Flemish vend-ijscr, from irrmlrn^^
to turn : andiron would then be the rack in
front of the kitchen dogs in which the siiit
turns.]
Generally in the 'plural .- A ])air of and-irons
= fire-dogs. A utensd consisting of two
upright and generally nj'namented pillar.s at
some distance from each other, with a hori-
zontal bar connecting them together. It was
originally designed, as it still is in America,
to prop np tlie extremities of logs of wood
whilst they were being burnt. Then it was
used to support the ends iif a spit.
"... Her a-ndironn
{I had forgot thein) were two wiiikiu^ Cupids."
Hhakesp. : Cyinbcline, ii. 4
andiron brass, .■:. Lustrous brass, suit-
able tu be used in the constructum of andirons.
"And besides, I take it, 'in-firon Itrnni, which they
call white bras'), hath some mixture of tin to help the
lustre." — Savon: Physiol. Hem.
an'-drad-ite, s. [Xamed after the Portu-
guese 'mineralogist, D'Andrada, wlio lirst
described it.] A mineral arranged by T'ana
as a sub-variety of garnet, and tlie vai-iety
chrome-garnet. He designates it " E. Lime
Iron-garnet." It is tlic same as Allochroite.
Its colours are various shades of yellow, green,
brownish red, brown, and black. It is sub-
divided by Dana into— 1. Simple Lime Iron-
garnet : (a) Topaziilite ; {)}) Colophonite ; {>.)
Melanite, incluiling ryreneite ; (c/) Dark-green
Garnet, including Jeilctite 2. Manganesian
Lime Iron-garnet : (") Rothotfite. including
Polyadelphite ; Qi) Aplume. 8. Yttrifcrous
Lime Iron-garnet, or Ytter-garnet. Sub-
division 1 seems to include CaldeiaTe, the jdace
of which is not yet thoroughly determined.
an'-drs8-a, s. [Called alter J. C. R. Andj-e, a
German botanist] The typical genus of the
Andra-aceit; (q.v.).
an-dr0e-a'-9e-se, " 2'^- [From Andro.v
(q.v ).] Spbt-mosses. An order of aerogenous
jilants, placed bv Lindk-y under his Wuscales,
or Muscat alliance. It contains only the single
genus Andraia, which agrees with mosses in
having a calyptra and operculum, and with
Jungermanniaeeae in having a valvular theca.
In 184Ci Lindley estimated the known sjiccies
at thirteen.
S,n-dr3,n'3,t'-6m-y, s. [Gr. av^p (aner),
gen. avBpos (luidros) = a man as opposed to a
woman ; and a.caTo/i.>j (anatome) — dissection.]
[Anatomv.] The dissection of a human being,
especially of the male sex.
an-dre-as-berg'-6-lite, s. [(l) Andreas-
berg, a bailiwick and town of the province of
Hanover, in tlie Harz mountains, with mines
of iron, cobalt, cop[ier, and sdver in the
vicinity; (2) -lite] A mineral, the same as
Harmutomf: (q.v,).
^n-dre n-a, s. [From Gr. avdp-qvr} (anthrenc)
= a wasp.] A gunus of bees— the typical one
of the family Audrenidie. The Britisli species
are numerous ; all are small, solitary bees.
an-dre'n-i-dse, s. •pi. [^Tom Andreno (q.v.).]
A family of bees, one of two constituting the
sub-tribe Anthophila. They differ from the
Apid;e, the other family, in having a sliort and
bluut trunk, and iu other respects. The
species are all solitary in their liabits.
an'-dre-6-lite, s. [In Ger. andreolich ]
[Andreasbergoltte.] a mineral, the same
as Harmotome (q.v.).
^n-droe'-gi-iim, s. [Gr. dvrjp (aner) ; genit.
aV6p6s (iindrus) = a man, as distinguished
from a woman ; and oIkos (oikos) = a house.]
r.ot. : Ruper's name for tlie male system or
apparatus o-f a plant; in other words, for the
stamens. (Lindley: hdroil. to Botany.)
an-drog'-ra-phis, b. [Gr. dv-qp (aner).
genit. eii'Spos (inulros) — a man ; ypa<^is (gra-
ph Is) = a style f( ir writing. ] A genus of plants
Ijelongingtothe order x\cauthacc£e. A.jiunicv-
lata, called in India Kariyat, is a bitter tonic
and stomachic, very similar to quassia. It is
used in general debility, in convalescence after
fe\'er, and in an advanced stage of dysentery.
an-drog'-yn-al, a. [Formed as if from Lat.
ondro'jynaUs.] [Androgyne.] The same as
Androgynous (q.v.).
an-drog'-yn-al-ly, adv. [Eng. androgynal ;
-ly.] With the characteristics of hermaphro-
dites ; at once male and female.
" The examples hereof have undergone no real or new
transe>.ion, hut were androgiimtHu born, and imder
some kuKi of herm.aphrodites."— BroM^Jte.- Vulgar
Errours.
* an'-dro-g^rne, s. [in Lat. s. fem. = a mas-
culine, lierolc woman ; in Gr. feminine of
auBp6yvvo<; (andrognnos) — n hermaphrodite,
from avijp (aner), genit. ai-Spos (aurfros)=;i
man, a male ; and yuc^ (gnnij) = a woman.] A
hermaphrodite.
"Plato, under the person of Aristophanes, tells a
xtury, how that at tii-st there were three kinds of men,
tli.it 1^, male, fumale, ami a third mix*, species of
tliu iither two, called for that rea.sou androgi/nes.' —
J-ei-raiid: Love Melancholy, p. 72.
an-drog'-yn-oiis, a. [Lat. ondngynvs = \\
hermaphrodite.] Presenting the character-
istic-s of both sexes in the same individual ; at
once male and fejuale ; iiei-taining to a her-
maphrodite.
"Early a)"lrfi/ii/nuiii condition nf the vertebrata."
—Darwin: /h-^rr,if of Jf.ni. \ul. i. (1P71). p. vii.
". . heriLiai»hrodite ur androoinioit^." — Ibid.,
vol. ii., part i., ch vi.
But : Producing both male and female
tir'.,^ans on the .same root, or in tlie same flower.
(London : Cycln. of Plants, 1829, Gloss.)
an'-droid, an-dr6i'd-es» s. [Gr. air^p (aver),
genit. arSpos (fJi'/zos) — a man, and elSos
((■(■(?fi.-;) = form, appeaiance.l The name gi^'en
to any machine constructed to inutate some
of the movements or actions of a man, as,
for example, t(i an automaton flnte-jdaycr,
exhibited in Paris in 1T3S, by the constructor,
Vaucason ; or an automaton rope-dancer, occa-
sionally seen in London now.
An-drom'-ed-a, s. [Lat. and Gr.]
1. Class. Myth. : A dauglitci- of Cepheus,
king of Ethiopia, and Cassiope. It was fabled
that she was chained to a rock by order of
Ju^jiter Annnon, and then exposed to the
attacks of a monster. Perseus released, and
.ifterwards married her. On lier death she
was changed into tlie constellation which bears
her name. (Ovid : Metani., iv. 070, 6iv.)
2. Astron. : A constellation, fancifully sup-
posed to resemble a woman chained. It is in
the northern hemispliere, and is surrounded by
Cassiopeia, Laceiia, Pegasus, Pisces, Triangu-
lum, and Perseus. It contains the briglit
stars Aliuach and Mirach, and Alpherat is on
the boundary-line between it and Pegasus.
There is in the girdle of Andromeda a tine
elliptic nebula, visible to the naked eye, and
continually mistaken l»y tlie uninitiated for
a comet. (Herbdicl: Astron., § S74.)
" from eastern point
Of Libra to the fleet-y st-ir that beara
Andromeda far ott' Atlantic; sejui."
Milton: P. L., bk. iii.
3. Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Ericace;?, or Heatll-wort^. A sjiecies
(tlic A. poli/olia, or Marsh Andromeda) occurs
\
JIARSH ANDROMEDA (ONE-THIRD NATURAL SIZE),
in the bogs of Britain, the desolate character of
the localities which it inhabits recalling to
classical minds of fanciful tendency the barren
rock to wdiich Andromeda was chained (see
iS'o. 1). The Marsh Andromeda is an ever-
green shrub, with beautiful rose-coloured
drooping flowers. Its shoots poison sheep, as
do those of the A. Mariana, which grows in
America ; and the -4. ocalifolia, of Nepanl, acts
with similar effect ui>on goats. A. hypnoidcs,
which looks wlien in leaf like a njoss, co\ers
great ti'acts of ground in the Lajtlaud Ali'S,
and adorns them with its red flowers.
an-dro-pet'-al-OUS, a. [Gr. airqp (aner) = a.
mail, and iriTaKov (jietalon) = d. leaf, but used
by botanists for a petal,]
Botany: Having stamens transformed into
petals, as sometimes takes place when a
single flower is converted into a double one.
An-droph'-a-gi, s. pi. [Gr. \\.v&po^6.yoL
(Androphagoi), the peoi>le dc-^ciibed beh'w ;
avSpo^ayo^ (androphagos) — eating human
flesh; avqp(aner) = a man, and 2 anr. inf.
^ayeii' (iihag cin) = to eat.] A race of can-
nibals, adjacent to Scythia, mentioned by
Herodotus ; hence cannibals generally,
An-droph'-or-um, s. [Gr. ayiyp (ancr) = a,
man, a male ; and (^e'pto (pherd) = to bear.]
Bot. : Mirbel's name for the tribe formed by
the union of the lilaments in monadelphous
plants. (Lindley : Introd. to Bot.)
S,n-dr6-p6'-g6n, s. [In Sp., Port, & imi.
uiitiropugon; fcMu Gr. av»ip (cnu'r) = a man,
ami Tr<;.-»u.i' (pyf/o») = 'T- I'eard : there being on
the flowers a beard-lilce tuft of hairs.] A genus
of ])lants belonging to the order Graminace;v,
or Grasses. Tire .4. sorghvni. better knowi^ as
Holcns sorohicm, is extensivclv cultivated in
India as a cereal It i.s tlie Jowaree or Jondla
of that countiT, and is called in English Great
]Vnilet Another species, also grown in the
Dcccan as a cereal, is A. saccltarai'ns, or Shaloo.
Other species are the -4. Srhn-nauihvs, or
Lemon-grass [Lemon-grass] ; the A. cohnans
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, cub. ciire, unite, ciir, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. -gua = gwa.
androsace— anemone
195
aromatic^is [Calamus] ; and the A. Isvmran-
cusa. The fragrant roots of the A. tnuricatns,
called throughout India Kkus, arc used for
making tatties LTatty], or for similar pur-
poses.
an-dro-sa^'-e, s. [Fr. androsace. In Latin
androsaces, Greek ai'SpocraKes {androsakes), is
not a plant, but a madrepore, from avijp
(aiicr), genit. av&pos (cuulros) = man, and craKog
(sakos) = a shield, to which the large round
hollow leaf of tlie most common species has
a i-ertain resemblance,] A genus of plants
belonging to the order PrimulaceEe. Elegant
mountain plants found on the continent of
Europe. None ai'e wild in Britain.
an-dro-ssexn'-iiin, s. [Lat. androsamon ;
Gr, avSpoa-aLfiop (androsaivioii), lit. = man'^)
blood ; avfjo (cuier), genit. avSpoi {(Oidros) = a
man, and o.if±a (/iumm) = blood.]
'* 1. Ancient dass'tc ivriters : A species of St.
Joliu's Wort, with blood-red juice : Eypericuiii
andvoscemium, montanmn or ciliatiuii.
2. Modern Botany: A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Hypericacese, or Tutsans.
The A. qffteinale is tonic and astringent.
^n'-dro -Sphinx, s. [Gr. ivBp6tT4}Lyi (amlro-
spkinz), from aviip (oner) = a man, and a<t)Cy^
(sphinx).'] A man-sphinx, that is, a sphinx
with the bust of a man, and not, as is usually
the case, with that of a woman.
an-drot'-6m~^, s. [Gr. arSpoTofiew (andm-
tonieo), lit. — to cut a man ; avrjp (ancT) = a
man, and refxvui (temno) = to cut. ) Dissection
of the hunjan body, in contradistinction from
zootomy, or dissection of the bodies belonging
to the inferior animals. (.Johnson.)
-^n-droiis, in compos. [Gr. aurip (aniir) = a
man, a male.]
Bot. : Pertaining to the stamens. It is used
only in composition, as moiiandrous plants,
those with one stamen ; dlandrona, those
with two, &c.
* &nd'-swere, v. & s. [Answer.]
* and'-vile» s. [Anvil.]
ane, u. [One.] One. (Scotrh.)
". . . a)(c o the Cnltinel's iiiii rnlfled Miu'ks.
— Xir Walter Scott: iVin'ci'lcu, cli, X-i.xi\.
t ane, vX [Ger. eincn := to agree.] To agrte,
to accord. (JScotch.)
" S:iv a Impiiyde hym tn ta the Kyiig,
And anudtov his riUMiaowiiyiig,"
Wt/iitoiiH, III. iii, 42.
t ane-a'-bil, «. [O. Fr. anihU — oa]iable ; Lat.
iithifbilis = unmarried.] Unmarried. (Scotch.)
". . . ttneabil or siiiglU woman."— A'ci/. Maj.. bk.
Ii., c. 19, § 3. [Jamieaon.)
* a-ne'al. [Anele.]
a-ne'ar, adv. [Eng. a
near.'] Near.
The liuly shrieks, unci, well a-near I
Doth fall in travjiil with lier le.ii-."
Shakcsp. : J'uriclea, iii. (Introd).
a-ne'ath, -pn'/i. & ailr. [A.S. heneothan = be-
neath.] Beneath. (Scotch.)
"See, yoiuier'3 the Riitton'a Skerry— he aye held his
nel) ahune the water In my day — hut he 's ancath it
now."— Scow. ■ Antlquar;/, ch. vii.
* an-ec-dot'-i-cal, a.
-ical. In Fr. anecdotiritie ;
3,n-ec-do'-tal, a. [Eng. anecflote ;
taining to anecdotes. (PruJ. Jt'ihoi'
■al]
S.n'-ec-d6te, s. [In Sw. anckdot ; Dan. &
Ger. anckdnff : Dut. & Fr. anecdote; Port.
(ftu'l.ilutu : It;tl. oucddoto; Gr. aveKSoro'; (anck-
dvl"!<) = something not published, but kept
secret: av (an), priv. , and gkSoto^ (ckodot€s) =
■given out ; U (ek) = out, and Sordg (dotos) =
granted ; Si&iofiL (didom!) = to give. ]
1. Originally something kept unpublished,
secret history, or an ancient work not in fact
publishedj though there was no intention of
keeping its contents undivulged. The best
collection of anecdotes, in this first sense of
tlic word, is generally said to have been that of
Wnratori, in A.D. 1709 : but the thing, if not
the name,' must have been much older.
■" Some modem nnecdoten aver.
He nodded in his elbow chair." Prior.
2. A Short but generally striking nan-ative
'Of some single event lu a jiei'son's history, re-
lated generally with a view of exhibiting his
■characrteristic peculiarities. Among tlic best
•t-oliections of anecdotes, in the modei-n sense,
nre tlte ''Percy Anecdotes," sent forth by
Geoige Byeiley and Joseph Clinton Robinson,
* S.n'-ec-dot-ic,
[Eng. anecdote, -li
Port. o.necdotico.]
1. Pertaining to anecdotes.
"Particular anccdotlcal traditions, v^hose authority
ia unknown or su.spicious." — JJoUiigbroke to I'opc.
2. In the habit of relating anecdotes,
an'-ec-dot-ist. s. [Eng. anecdote ; -ii-t. In
Port, anecdotida..] One wlio relates anecdotes
by word of mouth or by the pen. (Ogilvie.)
* ^n-e'-dingf s. [Aande, Aind, Aynde.]
Breathing. (Scotch.)
" All thar fleache of swate wes wete,
An aic a stew raiss out oif tham then,
OS anediiig bath off horse and men."
' a'ne-f^ld, «. [Aefavld.]
Barbour.
(Scotch.)
^ a'ne-hede, s. [A.S. an, fe*i = one; suffix
7if«"? = Eng. hoodorhead; as in A.S. wiidnican-
had = Eng. widowhood; iiu&lcuhad = Eng.
maidenhead or maidenhood.] Oneness, union.
" Theanehede of Goddwithmannia si,o\\le."—Jlic7iard
JioUe de Jlam/jole, viii. (ed. Perry), p. n.
* an-ei'-mi-a, an-e -zni-a, s. [Gr. aveifnov
(aneiinon) = without clothing ; a, priv., and
etjLia (eima) = dress, a garment ; eVi'u/xi (hen-
numi) = to dress. So called from tlie naked
appearance of the spikes of inflorescence.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Poly-
podiaeefe, or Fenis. A. tomentosa smells like
myrrh. (Lindley : Veg. Kingd., p. 70.)
'* ^n'-el-a9e, an-el-a'-9i-6, a. [Anlace.]
* an-ele (I), a-ne'al, - an-n^ le, v. t. [A. S.
Oil = oil.] To atlminister extreme unction to.
" Hyt ys not gode to be lielut.
How a wyght achal be an-elef."
Instructions /or Parish Priests (ed. Peacock), 1811-12.
* a-ne'le (2), v.t [Derivation uncertain, prob-
ably from Lat. anhelo = to pant.] To attack,
to worry. (R. iMurris.) To approach. (.Sir
F. Madden.)
"Bothe M'yth bullez and bwez and bun;z other
quyte
And etuynez that liym a-iwlcde, of the hL-jrht;
felle," Sir Gawayne (ed. R. Morris), 722, 72J.
* an-e-lec'-tric, a. & s. [Gr. av (an), priv.,
and Eng, electrics (cj.v.).]
1. As adjective : Non-electric.
2. -4s siihstavlire (pJur.): A term formerly
used to designate those bodies which were com-
monly believed to be incapable of becoming
chTtrical by friction.
"... bodies were formerly divided into ideoelec-
tries, or those which become electric;il by friction, and
anclec'rlcs, or those which do not ])0SHeBB this )iro-
perty." — Atkinson ; Qanot'ii Physics, ard ed, (18G8), p. 566,
an-e-lec'-trode, s. [Gr. av6. (ana) = uji ; and
Eng. d€ct,odf(q_.\.).]
EJec. : The positive electrode or ]iule of a
galvanic battery. (Faraday.) [Anoul:.]
an-e-lec-trot'-o-nus, s. [Pref. an-, and
Eng., &c. electrotonus (q.v.).] The condition
of tlie nerve close to the positive pole. (Uanot :
Fhyslcs (q{.\. Atkinson), p. [r24.)
* a'ne-ly, adv. [A.S. mi = one ; Eng. sutf. -ly
= lilie,] Only ; alone.
"I fande Ihesu in deserte. fastande In the monte.
ancli/ prayanda."— A'(c/i([rri /Zo?lc Uc JJumpolc.
*an-e'l-ye, v.t. [Lat. anhelo.] To aspire, to
breathe. (Scutch,)
'* a'ne-ly-nes, s. [0. Eng. ancly (q.v.) ; -no,
= -ness.] Loneliness.
" , , noghte in wautone joyenge, bot In bytter
gretynge, noghte emange many, bot in nnelimes '—
Jiicliard Rollc de Jfampole, I, {ed. Pen-y), p. 5.
an-em-og'-raph-y, ;;. [Gr. a^eiaos (anc^no^)
= the wind, and ypa<l>ri (grapUe) = . a
description.] A description of the winds.
aji-em-6l'-dg-y, s. [Gr. ave^xo^ (ancmos) =
the mnd, and \6yo<: (logos) = a discoursu ]
The science which treats of the winds,
an-em-om'-et-er, s. [in Ger. anemometer ■
Fr. a nemo met re; Port, anemometro ; Gi: aveuo?
(a?ientos) = the wind, and iierpou 0"elrun)=ia
measure,] An in-
strument designed to
measure the velocity
of the wind, on which
its strength depends.
Anemometers have
been made of three
kinds : 1st, those in
which a windmill twists string round an axle
against pressure ; 2nd, those in which a de-
fined surface, say of a foot square, is pressed
THi
II nrnn
nnn
• — [fgfebddd^iji -j
Fig
1.
1
against a spring (Fig. 1) ; 3rd, those in which
water or some other liquid is made to stand
at a higher level in one leg of an inverted
Hiphon than in the other (Fig.
2). The anemometer now most
commonly in use is more akin
to the first, which also was the
earliesttypeof the instrument,
than it is to the second or the
third. Four light metallic
hemi sjilieres,
called from Dr.
Bobinson, who
first emidoyed
them, Robin-
son's cups (Fig.
3), are made to
revolve like a
vane or weather-
cock, and are
found to do so
at the rate of
exaetly one-
third the velo-
city of the wind,
in pencil marks by a self-registering apparatus.
an-em-om'-et-ry, o. [In Fr. anemometrie ;
Port, anemometria. (For etym. see Anesio-
HEXER.).] A measurement of the velocity and
strength of the wind. [Anemometer.]
an-em'-on-e, 3,n-em'-6n-:y, s. [In Dan.,
Ger. , Dut. , Fr., Sp. , Port. , Ital. , &Lat. anemone;
in Port, also anemola. Gr. a.vefj.oit/r} (a)iemone),
lit. = wind-flower, from ave/ios (anemos) = the
wind ; because the flowers are easily moved
by the wind.]
A. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms anevwne and
anemony.) Ai.y wild or cultivated jtlant of
the botanical gLiius Anemone. (See B., 1.)
"From the bohj wing of vernal breezes shed,
A7te'}ionies, auriculas, eurich'd
With shlniiiy meal o'er all their velvet leaves."
Thomson : Hpring, fl3C.
B. Technically. (Of the form anemone only.)
1. Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Banunculaceiu, or Crowfoots. "NVhat t(/
The result is then recorded
anemone. (one-third natural SIZE.)
the uninitiated seems a corolla is in reality a
petaloid calyx highly developed. Two ane-
mones are genuine natives of Britain . the A.
nemorosa, or Wood, and the A. pulsKtilla, or
Pasque-flower Anemone. Two others, the -1.
ApoDiina and A. rami ncido ides, are natural-
ised. A. coronaria and hortensis are common
garden flowers
2. 2ool.:
marine radi,
^^:?^'S^^^^
SEA A^■E.^[UNES.
A popular name for tbose
teil animals wlui-li pi-eseut some
boil, hS^i poftt, J<i^l; cat, cell, cborus, 9hin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this;
s™. a? ; expect, Xenophoc, exist, -ing
-oian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die. &t = bel, deL
196
anemonia— angeiotenic
resemblance to the anemone, but really look
more like the Ghrysanthemuni or some others
of the Compositte. The "anemone " meaning
the Sea-anemone is A. mesemhryantheinum,
called also the Bendlet ; the Snake-locked
Anemone is the Safjciriia riduata, and the
Plumose Anemone is "the Adlnoloha dianthus.
a-nem'-o-ni-a, s. [Anemone.] A genus o{
' sea-anemones (q.v.).
t an-em-on'-ic, a. [Eng. anevioyie ; -ic] Per-
taining to the anemone.
an-em'-on-iJie, an-em'-on-m, an-em-
O'-ni-a, s. A chemical substance obtained
from various species of anemone.
3ji-em'-6n-y, a. [Anemone.]
an-em'-o-scope, s. [In Fr. anivioscope; Sp.
anemoscojno ; from Gr. arejuos {ancmos) = the
wind, and a-KOTvita (s/:ojjeo) = to look at.] An
instrument for rendering visible the direction
of the wind. In that commonly used there is
a vane exposed to the wind acting upon an
index moving round a dial-plate on which
the thirty-two points of the compass are en-
graved.
an-en-9e-phar-i-a, s. [For etymology- see
Anencephalus.] Absence of the brain, or
a portion of it.
an-eil-5epll'-a.l-ic, a. [Eng,, &c., anencp.'ph-
alus (q.v.); Eng. -ic] Brainless; without a
brain.
" In the ancncephalic fcetus in which all the enceph-
alon, but part of the medulla oblongata is wanting
" — Todd & Bowman: Phys.
an-en-^eph'-al-ous, a. [Eng., &c., anen-
ceplialiis (q.v.), and Eng. suff. -ous.] Brain-
less ; anencephalic.
" . . .an a'ncncej>ltalous fcetus." — Todd & Bowinan :
Physiol. Anat.. vol. i., p. 217.
an-en-9epli'-al-us, s. [Gr. av (an), priv.,
and eyK€^a\o'; (engkephalos) = the brairi ; adj.
= without brain.]
AniTnal Physiol. . A fcetus born without the
brain.
* an-end (1), * an-ende (1), * an-end-es,
* an-ont, ^ an-ente, *■ an-ent-is» * an-
ent-es, * an-ens, * an-empt-es, ^- o-
nence, * an-ent, * an-enst, prep. [A
contraction for anefent or onefent, representing
the true form anefen or onefen = A.S. on-efen
= even with, near, on an equality with.]
1. Opposite.
" Bot a wounde ful wyde and weete con wyse,
2, Respecting, regarding, concerning. (En^.,
in the forms an e)ide and anente ; Scotch, in
the form ane^it.)
" An-ande ryghtwys men, yet saytz a gome
Dauid in sauter, if euer ye eey hit."
Alliterative Poems : Pi:arl{eA. Morris). 6'J6.T.
an-end (2), "■ an-ende, on-end {an or on
— on, in, and end), adv.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. On end, perpendicularly.
2. Lastly.
" I drede on endc quat schulde byfalle,
Lest ho me es-chaped that I therchos."
Alliterative Poems ; Pearl (e^. Morris), 18C-7.
II. Naut. : A term applied to the situation of
any mast or boom when standing perpendicu-
larly to the plane of the deck, to that of the
tops, &n. Top-masts are also said to be an-
end when they are hoisted up to their usual
station at the head of the lower masts.
an-e-pal-laC'-ta, S. pi. [Gr. ayeTraAAaKTOS
{auepallaktos) ■= not interchanging; av, priv.,
ewaKKda-a-iJi (epaUasso) = to change over, to
interchange ; tTrt (epi) = upon, or over, and
aAAaercw (allasso) = to change.] The term
applied by Aristotle to those animals in which
the upper and lower teeth do not interlock ;
namely, the herbivorous quadrupeds. (Ovjen :
Classif. oftlie MaminaMa, p. 2.)
3.n'-er-Iy, <*. Single, solitary. (Scotch.)
an'-er-6id, a. & s. [Gr. a, priv. , and vtjpo^
(ncros) ~ wet, damp ; from vdw (nao) = to
flow.]
A. As adjective : Xnt containing any liquid.
(Used chiefly in the expression, " Aneroid
li;irometer.)
Aneroid Barometer: A barometer not con-
taining a liquid, but constructed on a totally
different princiiile from a mercurial barometer.
ANEROID BAROMETER.
Various forms of the instrument exist. One
of these consists of a cylindrical metal box
exhausted of air, and having its lid of thin
corrugated metal. As the pressure increases,
the lid, which is highly elastic, and has a
spring inside, is forced inwards ; whilst, again,
as it diminishes, it is forced outwards. Deli-
cate multiplying levers then transmit these
motions to an index which moves on a scale,
and is graduated emjiirically by a mercurial
barometer. It is wonderfully delicate, but is
apt to get out of order, particularly when it has
been exposed to great variations of pressure.
From its portability it is much used for deter-
mining the heights of mountains. (Ganot's
Physics, 3rded., 1868, pp. 130-1.)
B. As siibstantive : A barometer of tlie kind
described under A.
anes (often pronounced en§i), axlv. [A.S. aves,
genit. m. and n. r.f ai>, (en = (1) one, (2) single,
sole, another; anc, o:cne-= once, at once.]
1. At one time, at once ; once. (Scotch.)
" I downa take muckle siller at anes ."—Scotl :
Aivtiquarij, ch. xii,
2. Only, solely.
ane^ er'-rand, adv. [0. Eng. anes = sole;
Eng. errand. Lit. -^solc errand.] Of set imr-
pose, (Scotch.)
" . . . if he was coming alive again aTics errarul."
— Scott : Redgauntlet, ch. x.
an'-es-is, s. [Gr. ai/eo-ts (anesis) = (1) a loosen-
ing, relaxing, (2) remission, abatement ; ai/tTj/xt
(anievii) = to send up or forth, ... to slacken,
to relax : dva. (ana) = iip, and Itjixl (hiemi) =
to set a-going.]
Med. : The abatement of morbid symptoms.
a-ne|i-6-rhiz'-a, s. [Gr. avrjo-ou (ancson), or
dirqa-aov (anesson), the same as dirq9oi'(ahvihon)
= dill anise, and pi^a (rhiza) = root.] A
genus of plants of the Umbelliferous order, of
which one species, the A. cajiiensis, is used in
Southern Africa as an esculent. (Lindley :
Vcg. Kingd., p. 976.)
a-netb'-ol, s. [Lat. cniethum = a.Tiise; oleum
= oil.] [Oil OF Anise.]
a-neth-um, s. [In Fr. aaeth: Ital. auctn ;
Sp. eneldo ; Port, endro. From Lat onethion ;
Gr. dvtjOov (anctlhon) = anise or dill.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Apiacese, or Unibellifers. A. gru rcolni s is
the dill. Its fruit is aromatic and carminative.
a-neu'ch (/t guttural), ca^t'. [Enough.] Enough.
(Scotch.)
an'-eiir-i^m, t an'-eiir-y^m, s. [In Fr
aai'iTtsme, ancvrysme ; Sp. &; Port, aneurisma ;
Gr. ai'eupvo-^a {ancnnismo), and aveupytr/io?
(o)irnriisiitos), from dvevpvuoi (aneuriino) =: to
widen, to iipen ; evpvvui (eiir^nio) = to make
wide or broad ; evpuy (eums) = wide, broad.]
Med. : A morbid dilatation of the aorta, or
one of the other great arteries of the body.
Pour varieties of this malady have been
described. In the first the whole circum-
ference of the artery is dilated ; in the second,
or true anemism, the dilatation is confined to
one side of the artery, which then takes the
form of a sac ; in the third, or false aneurism.
the internal and middle coats of the artery are
ulcerated or ruptured, while those which are
external or cellular expand into a sac ; m the
fourth, or mixed variety, the false supervenes
upon the true aneurism, or upon dilatation.
(Dr. J. Hope, Cyclo. Pract. Med., vol. i-, P- 104.)
Srn-eiir-isni'-al, a. [Eng. aneurism ; -aL
In Fr. anevrismal, anevrysmal ; Port, anett-
rismai] Pertaining to an aneurism; aff'ected
by an aneurism.
" . . . a rational treatment of aneurysmal and
wounded arteries. "—rodd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat.,
vol. i., p. 2'J.
a-new', adv. [Eng. « = on; oiew. In Sw.
a iiuo.]
1. Another time ; over again ; afresh, again,
"... when, lo ! the North anew,
W'lth stormy nntiuns black, on England pourd
Woes the sev-rest e'er a people felt."
Thomson ■ Liberty, pt. iv,
2. Newly, in a new manner, freshly.
"He who bejgins late is obliged to form anew the
whole disposition of his soul . . ."—liogers.
anfelt, s. [Anvil.]
an-frac'-tu-ose, a. [From Lat. anfractuosus
= winding, crooked.] [Anfractuosity,] An-
fractuous.
" Behind the drum are several vaults and air,fractuose
cavities iu the ear-bone, so to intend the least sound
imaginable, that the sense might be affected with it :
as we see m subterraneous caves and vatQta how the
soiuid is redoubled." — Ray.
an-frac-tu-6s'-i-ty, s. [Eng. anfractuose;
-iiy. In Fr. anfrorAvoi:i(l' ; Lat. anfractits =
(1) a curving or bending, an orbit ; (2) a tor-
tuous route.] [Anfractuous.] The quality
or state of being anfractuous ; tortuousness.
" . . . their surface is genei-ally smooth : the
anfractuositics, when present, are few and simple." —
Owen : Classif. of the Ma-mmalia, p. 24.
an-fr^C'-tu-oiis, a. [In Fr. anfractneux ;
Port, avfra-ctuoso. From Lat. anfra^tus, adj.
= broken, bent, round, winding, crooked ;
OH- = ambi-= around, and fractus = broken,
pa. par. oSfrango = to break.]
A. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : Winding, crooked, mazy ; full of
winding passages ; spiral.
". . . with anfractuous spires and cochleary turn-
ings about it." — FUller : Worthies; London.
2. Fig. : Tortuous.
"... anfractuous and involved consequences." —
Up. Taylor: Jiale of Conscience, bk. ii., c. 3.
B. Techniecdly :
Botany: Spiral, resembling in direction the
spires of a corkscrew, or full of turnings and
winding passages. (Lindley.)
an-frac'-tu-oiis-ness, s. [Eng. anfrac-
tiions; -ncss.] The quality of being anfrac-
tuous ; anfractuosity, tortuousness. (Bailey.}
* an-gard-ly» *an-gare-ly, an-gar-ly,
*an-gurd-ly» adv. Angrily. [Angry.]
■" an-gar-i-a'-tion, 5. [In Fr. angarier — to
follow after, to persecute ; ItaL angariare =
to force, to overcharge ; angarmtore = an
oppressor ; angheHare = to compel, to oppress ;
angheria = force, compulsion ; Lat. angario ;
Gr. dyyape6oi (angareuo) [see Matt. v. 41, in
Gr.] = to press one to serve, as an dyyapo^
(angaros) (in Lat. angarius) a slight niodifi-'
cation nf a Persian word, angaria = a mounted
courier; Gr. dyyapeia. (angareia) = (1) Spec,
such service, (2) Gen., service to a lord,
villenage.] Compulsion, service forcibly ex-
acted.
"But if iu these earthly angariations one mile,
according to our Saviom's counsel, may bring on
another : yet, in spiritual evil ways, no compiusion
can prevail upon a resolved spirit." — Bp. Hall : Temp-
tdtions Jiepclled.
"This leading of God"s Spirit must neither be a forced
angariatioii (.is if God would feoffe grsice and salvation
upon us against oxir wills), nor some sudden protrusion
to good." — Bp. Hall: Rem., p. 153.
"The earth yields iis fruit, but it is only perhaps
once a year, and that not wiWiout much cost and an-
qariation, requiring both our labour aud patience," —
/bid., !>. 43.
an-gei-ol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. ayy^lov (angeion) =
a vessel; Aoyos (logos) = a. discourse.] The
doctrine of the vessels of the body. (Brande.)
an-gei-o-ten'-ic, a. [Gr. dyy^lov (angeion)
= (1) a vessel, (2) a blood-vessel ; retVw (teino),
fut. TsvCi (te)id) = to stretch, strain, extend.]
Lit. = straining the blood-vessels. (See below.)
angeiotenic fever, s. A name of in-
flammator>' fever. Pinel believed its seat to
be in the organs of circulation, (Dr. Jhrcedie:
Cyclo. of Pract. Med., vol. ii., p, 1G2.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what. Jail, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit. sire, sir, marine; go. pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, wh<^, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. ew = u.
angeiotomy— angelica
197
au-gei-ot'-om-jr, s. [Angiotomy.]
an'-gel, * an'-gle (1), s. & a. [in A.S. eagd,
angel; Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. cwjet ; Russ.
angel; Irish amgeal, amgiol ; Fr. migt; Sp.
angel; Port, aiijo ; Ital. angelo ; hut. angel-us.
From Gr. ayyeAos (angelos) = (1) a messenger,
(2) an angel, (3) the message brought ; ayyeAAw
{angellO) = to hear a message, to annomice.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinanj Language:
1. Gen. : * A messenger, one employed to
carry a message, a locum teiiens, a man of
business. (In tliis sense it is masc. or fem.)
"Resigns his crowii to anqel Carwell's trust."
Maroell : Britannia aiul Raleigh, 122.
T[ Grosart, the editor of Marvell's works,
considers that this is the true explanation of
the very cunimon "Angel Inn." (Amlrew
Marvell : Pornis, ed. Gmsart, vol. i., ]>. 335.)
2. Spec. Lit. : One of an order of spiritual
heings superior to man in power and intelli-
gence, vast in number, holy in character, and
thoroughly devoted to the worship and service
of God, who employs them as his heavenly
messengers. Their existence is made known
to ns by Scripture, and is recognised also in
the Parsee sacred books.
"... uoe mall, iioe aji{;rZ<!, iioe god." — Orfhographie
and Congruitie of the Britaii. Tongue (ed. Wheatley).
"And the angel Misweriug said uuto him, I am
Gabriel, that ataiid In the presence of God."— /;«ftc i. 19.
" We find, as far aa credit Ih to be given to the celes-
tial hieRirchy of that eupposed Dionysius, the senator
of AtheiLs, the first phuie or degree ia given to the
angels of love, which are termed Seraphim ; the second
to the angels oi light, which are termed Cherubim ;
and the third, and so folluwiug pluces, to thrones,
priucipalities, and the rest, vrliich are all angels ot
power and ministry, so as the angels of knowledge and
illumination are placed before the amieU of office and
domination." — Lord Bacon: Ado. of Ltarn., bk. L
^ We learn from Scripture that many angels,
originally holy like the rest, fell from their
pristine purity, becoming so transformed in
character that all tlieir powers are now used
for the purpose of doing evil instead nf good.
These are to be identirn-d with the devils so
frequently mentioned in holy writ.
"And the angels which kept not their first estate,
but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in
everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment
of the gi-eat day."— ■/'itde C.
" He cast Upon them the fierceness of his anger,
wi-ath, and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil
angels among them." — Ps. Ixxviii, 49
3. Figuratively :
(a) Christ in angelic form or otherwise.
(Compare Geu. xxxi. 11 — l;;, with John i, IS.)
(b) A spirit which has ;issumi.'d tlie aspect nf
some liuman being. Tin.- rcfm-iJiR't.' probably
is tn the Jewish belief that each person has
bis or her guardian-angel.
"But she constantly affirmed th.it it was even so.
Then said they, It is his angel." — ..li '.s xii. 15.
(c) The represeiitati\f' of each of the seven
Asiatic churches. '" Unto the angel of the
church of Ephesus wi-ite " (Rev. ii. 1) ; and
"unto the angel of the churcli uf Smyrna
writp," ver. S. (See also ii. 12, IS ; iii. 1, 7, 14.)
{iT} An appellation given by m\ intimate
friend, or esjiecially by a lover, to the object of
his or lier affection.
" For Brutus, as you know, was Cicsur's angel:
Judge, 0 you gods, how dearly (.':usar loved him !"
Shakesp. . .fnUn-. Ciesar, iii, 2.
(e) A person of seeming innocence, purity,
and benevolence.
" Oh, what may man within hiin hide,
Though angel on the outwiird bide '."
SJiakex-ii. : Measure for .Measure, iii. 2.
4. The name of a beautiful lish, Poviacanthus
ciliaris, which has large green scales, and the
laminae above the gills armed with blue
spines. It is one of the Cha;todons, from tlie
coast of Carolina, and is quite ditlereut from
the British angel-tish (q.v.).
II. Techtdadly:
Numis. : A gold coin, named from the fact
that on une side of it was a representation
ANGEL OF EDWARD VI.
of the Archangel Michael in conflict with the
Dragon (Rev. xii. 7). The reverse liad a ship
with a laj'ge cross for the mast, the letter E
on the right side, and a rose on the left ;
whilst against the ship was a sliield with the
usual arms. It was first struck in France in
1340, and was introduced into England by
Edward IV. in 1465. Between his reign and
that of Charles I. it varied in value from 6s. 8d.
to 10s. It is not now current either in France
or here. The last struck in England were
in the reign of Charles I. {II. Noel Humphreys :
Coins of England, 5th ed., 184S ; and other
authorities.)
". . . shake the bags
Of hoarding abbots; their imprisoned angels
Set them at liberty. '—Shahesp. : K. John, iii. 3.
". . . and a counterfeit anj^e? is made more like
a true angel than if it were an angel coined of China
gold." — Bacon: Inter, of Jfat., ch. xi.
B. As axljcdive : Angelical.
" All angel now — yet little less than all.
While still a pilgrim in our world below."
Scott : Lord of the Isles (Conclusion).
C. In composition, Angel is generally a sub-
stantive, but sometimes it is an adjective.
angel-age,s. [Eng.angel; anda(7g = time
of life.] An age or period of life at which
a certain character is possessed, or certain
actions done. It is not the same as Angelage
(q.v.).
" Why should you two.
That, happily, have been as chaste as I am.
Fairer, Itniuk, by much (for yet your faces,
Like ancient well-built piles, show worthy ruins),
After that angel-age turn mortal devils?'
Beaujn. and Fl. : Valentinian, i. 2.
angel-bed^ s. A bed without posts.
angel-choir, &. A choir of angels, espe-
cially that which sang when Christ's birth
was announced to the shepherds at Bethlehem
(Luke ii. 13, 14).
"God set the diadem upon his head.
And angel-choirs attended."
Cowper: The Task, bk. vi.
angel-fish, s. A fish of the Squahdje, or
Shark family, the reverse of angelic in its look,
but which derived its name from the fact that
its extended jiectoral fins present tlie appear-
ance of wind's. Jt is called also Monk-fish,
Fiddle-Ilsh, 8liark-ray, and Kingston. It is
ANCEL-FISH.
the Sqtic(ti)ia angelus of Dmneril, the
Squahis sqnatiiia of Linnieus. It has
an affinity to tlie Rays, as well as to
the Sharks. It lies close to the bottom of the
sea, and feeds ravenously on flat-fishes. It
sometimes attains the length of seven or eight
feet. It is more common in the south than
in the north of Britain, and is not uncommon
on the coasts of tlie United States. (Yarrell :
British Fishes, vol. ii., pp. 407 to 409.)
angel-form, s. A form deemed to be or
resemble that of an angel.
" To weeping grottos and prophetic glooms.
Where angel forms atliwart the solemn dusk."
Thomson: Seasons; Autinun.
Si2igel-guest, s. An angel who has been
received as a guest.
angel-hand, s. The hand of an angel.
" Fleeter than the stariy brands
Flung at night from angel-hands."
Moore: ParadUe and the Peru
angel-head, s. The head of an angel cut
in stone or other material.
" What, always dreaming over heavenly things.
Like angel-heads iu stone with pigeon-wmgs ? "
Cowper: Conversation.
angel-like, a. & adv. Like an angel ; in
an angelic manner.
" How angel-like he sings ! "
Shakesp. : Cginbeline, iv, 2.
angel-peopled, u. Peopled with angels.
(Jeivsbn ry. )
angel-quire, s pi. A quire (choir) of
angels.
"And join thy voice mitn the anqel-quire."
Milton : The Morning of Christ's A'utivitg.
angel-seexning, u. Appearing as if they
were angels.
" Ihan these same guileful angel-seeming spriehts.
Who thus in dreams, voluptuous, soft, and bland,
Pour'd all th' Ai"abian heaven upon our nights."
Thomson: Castle of Jndolencv, i. io.
angel-trumpet, *. A trumpet used by
angels.
" Where the bright seraphim, in burning row.
Their loud uplifted angel-trumjicts blow."
Mdton: At a Solemn Music.
angel-water, $. A scented water pre-
pared in Portugal. It consists of rose, orange
blossom, and myrtle water commingled to-
gether, and additionally perfumed with musk
and ambergris.
angel -welcome, s. A welcome by
angels. (Low ring.)
angel-wing, s. The wing of an angel.
" Subjected to his service, angel-iving'i
And flaming ministers, to watch and tend
Their earthly charge."— ^l/*Z(0Ji ; P. L., bk. ix.
angel-winged, a. Possessed of wings
resembling those of angels.
Fig. : Rising to a high and serene atmo-
sphere.
" She [philosophy] all angel-winged
The heights of science and of virtue gains,
Where all is calm and clear."
Thomson: Spring.
angel -worship, s. The worshipping of
angels.
" .1 ngel-ivorship ia plainly forbidden in the text of
St, Paul, wliiuh I am now considering [Cul. ii. I'J, 2Uj, as
also in Rev. xix. lo, xxii. i)."—Trupp: Popery truly
stated, pt. ii.
^an'-gel (2), * an'-gell, s. [A.S. angd =
a huuk, a fishing-hook.] A hook. {>icotck.)
angell-hede, *. The hooked or barbed
head of an arrow.
" Ane angell-liede to the hukis he drew."
Wallace, iv. 554. [Jameson.)
an'-gel (3), ^^ [Apjiarently a corruption of
Eng. angle (q.v.). In Fr. angc = chain-shot.]
angel-shot, s. Chain-shot ; cannon-shot
cut in halves, which are then connected to-
gether by means of a chain,
an'-gel-age, s. [VAv^.angel; suffix -aj/e. ] The
existence or the state of angels.
an'-gel-et, s. [Dimin. of angel.] An old
English coin, in value equal to half an "angel."
[Angel, s.]
an' -gel-hood, s. [Eng. angel ; suff. -hood.]
Angelic natuie or character ; the state of being
an angel. (£. B. Browning: Song for JiaggeS,
Schools.)
an-gel-ic (1), * an-gel'-ick, * an-gel'-
ique, an-gei'-ic-al, «. [In Dan. engleliig ;
Gei'. angel ilea ; Fr. angellque; Sp., Port., &s
Ital. angelico ; Lat. angelicus, from Gr. dyycAi-
Kos {angel ikos).'}
1. Gen. : Pertaining to a messenger of any
kind.
** Angelick Cromwell, who out-wings the wind."
Marvell: F-irst Annloersary, 12G.
2. Sjiec. : Pertaining to an angel, or the
hierarchy of angels ; resembling an angel ;
like what an angel might have done ; of a
nature like that of the angels ; superhuman.
"The union of womanly tenderness and angelic
patience."— J/ucaw^ay ■ Hist. Eng., ch, xiv.
^ A ngelic Doctor: A title given to St. Thomas
Aquinas.
angelic-hymn, s. The hymn sung by
angels to the sliepherds. {Luke ii. 14.)
angelic-salutation. *. The Hail-Mary
(q.v.J.
an-gel'-ic (2), «. [From Eng.. &c., angelica
(q.v.).] Pertaining to the Angelica plant.
angelic acid, s.
Chern. : C^HkO- = C4H7.CO.OH. A mona-
tomic acid bulnnging to the aciylic series,
obtained by boiling the root of Angelica arclir
angelica with lime and water, and distilling
the concentrated liquid with dilute sulpliuric
acid. Angelic acid forms long needle ci-ystals,
which melt at 45°, and boil at 190°.
an-gel'-i-ca, s. [In Ger. angelika ; Dut.
t:ii[idtuorlcl ; Fr. angellque ; Sp. anjelica ; Dan.,
P(nt., & Ital. ajigelica. From Lat. angelus;
Gr. avyeAos (angelos) = an angel So called
from its medicinal qualities.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Ajiiacea;, or
Umbellifers. It contains one sjiecies, the
boil, 1)6^; poilt, }6^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph-f.
•tion, -sion, -tioun, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, &.c. = beL -ique = ick.
198
angelical— anginous
A. sylvestris, or Wild Angelica, truly indi-
genous in Britain, and one, the A . arch-
anrjclica, or Gardt^n Angelica, naturalised. It
ANGELICA SVLVC.VrRIS : BRANCH, FLOWER, AND
SEED. (ONE-FIFTH NATURAL SIZE.)
IS sometimes cultivated for its leaf-stalks,
■which are blanched and eaten as celery, or
candied with sugar. It is regarded as stimu-
lant and unti-pestilential.
■' In his hand he carried,
A yigcUciis Uiirootecl,
With delicious fragrance
Filling all the place."
Longfellow : Tlie Saga of Kiufj Olaf, ch. xvi.
angelica-root, s. The root of the Arch-
angelica ojjlcinalis. It is fragrant, bitter, and
liungent. When first tasted it is sweet, "but
leaves behind a glowing heat in the mouth.
The Laplanders eat the stalks, roasted in hot
ashes, for coughs, hoarseness, ^c, and boil
the tender flowers in milk to promote per-
spiration in catarrh attended with fever. In
a candied state it is eaten as a sweetmeat.
{Lindlsy : Vcrj. Kingd., p. 7T(J.)
angelica-stalk, i. The stalk of an an-
gelica plant-
" Now will I confess it.
Better things are iewels
Than angel icn-stalk-i are
For a Queen to wear."
Lonafollow : The Saga of King Olaf, ch. xvi.
angelica-tree, s. Aralia splnosa. Its
leaves are like those of the Angelica, whence its
name. It is a small tree ornamental for lawns.
an-gel'-i-cal, u. [Angelic]
3.n-gel'-i-cal-l^, n»ii'. [Eng. angrJical ; -??/.]
In an angelic manner; as an angel might be
expected to do. (JVehster.)
S,n~gel'-i-cal-ness, s. [Eng. angelical ; -ness.]
The quality'of being angelical. {Webster.)
An-gel'-i-^i s. pi. [Plural of Lat. angelicus
= angelie.l
Church Hlstonj : The name given to an old
Christian sect who greatly venerated angels,
if indeed they did not attribute to them even
the creation of the world. They flourished
about A.D. ISO.
an-gel'-i-fy, v.t, [Lat. angelus = an angel;
facto = to make,] To render angelic.
"The Houl at this first resurrection must be spiri-
tualized, refined, &i\dangelifieci." — Farmdon ■ Sermons
{1647), p. 55.
An-gel-i'-na, s. [A female name, from Lat.
a'ngehLS = iin angel.] An asteroid, the sixty-
fourth found. It was discovered by Tempel,
on the 6th of Marth, 1S61.
An'-gel-ites,s. 23?. [InGei. Angeliten. Kamed
fi:om Agelius, or Angelius, a part of Alexandria
in which they used to meet. ] An old Christian
sect, a branch of tlie SabelUans, who flourished
towards the termination of the fifth century.
They believed that the persons of the Trinity
were not the same or self-existent, but dis-
tinct gods, existing by participation in a deity
common to them all. They were called also
Severites and Theodosians, from Seyerus and
Theodosius, who were successively their
leaders.
an-gel-dr-6g-3^, s. [Gr. avyeXo? (angelos) =
an angel, and Aoyo? (logon) := a discourse.]
The department of theology which treats of
angelic beings.
". , , the manner in which the interpreter con-
Btaiitly tre.'ts of angclology and demonology," —
Strauss : Life of Jesus (Sf artineau's transl. ), vol. i. , § 17.
an-gel-o'-ni-a, s. [Sp avgelon; from Lat.
a)igelus= Gr. dyye\oq {angelos) = an angel.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Scro-
])hulariacete (Fig-worts). A. salicaricefoUa, or
Violet Angelonia, is a herbaceous stove-plant,
■with fine large light-blue flowers.
an-gel-oph'-an-y, s. [Gr. ayyekog (angdos)
= an angel ; <^atVaj {phai)id)^to bring to light ;
to make to appear.] The appearance or mani-
festations of angels.
". . . the Theophany and Angeluphann of the
Old and New Testament." — Slrau.i-i Life of Jesus
(Martineau's transl.), vol. i., § 14, p. C7.
an'-gel-6t, s. [Fr.]
1. NaiiiUiii.: An ancient French coin struck
at Paris whilst that capital was temporally
in English ocrupation. It was so called from
having on it the figure of an angel supporting
the escutcheon of England antl France.
2. A small cheese made in Normandy.
3. Music: A musical instrument somewhat
resembling a lute. (In this sense it is pro-
bably derived from the Fr. ancke, the reed of
a wind instrument. {JohnsoR.)
an'-gel-us, s. [Lat. = angel ] A prayer to the
Vii-gin, instituted by Pope Urlian II., offered
in Roman Catholic countries in tlie morning,
at noon, and in tlie evening, at the sound of
a bell called the Angdus. It is ^u called
because it begins with the words "Angelns
Domini nuntlavit Mariai " (the angel of the
Lord announced to Mary). [Hail-Mary.]
"Sweetly over the village the bell of the Atiaelixs
sounded." Loiiyfellow : Evany kLIili:, i, 4.
aiig'-er, s. [A.S. ange = straitened, sorrow-
ful, troubled, from Icel. angr = grief, soitow.
Aiig in compos. = trouble. It implies nar-
mwness, constraint, or difficulty ; as ang-
sum, angesavi — difficult, narrow; angbreost
=. an asthma, a difficulty of breathing (An-
guish). Cognate with enge — narrow, confined.
Medisev. Lat. angarai = vexation, trouble,
distress, anxiety ; Lat. ango ; Greek a-^x'^
(angchd) = to press tight.]
* 1. Ori.ginally : Any vexation, distress, or
uneasiness of mind having its origin—
- (a) In bodily pain.
" I made the experiment, setting the moxa where
the first violence of my pain hegan, and where the
greatest anger and soreness still continued, notwith-
ataudijig the swelling of my ioot."—7'emple.
^ Though the substantive has now lost this
sense, the adjective still retains it ; for we
speak of " an angry wound."
(b) In any other cause. Spec. , grief.
" She held hire hard in thralles wune,
Auddede hire furge and anger niune "
Story of Gcii. and Exod. (ed. Morris}, 971-72.
2. Nov) : An emotion or passion of the
human heart excited by the spectacle of wrong-
doing, especially to one's self. When it arises,
the heart beats more frequentlv, the blood
circulates more rapidly, the voice becomes
loud and menacing, ail thought of personal
danger passes away, and a desire is felt, if
indeed it be not carried out, of punishing
the offender. Essentially anger is a virtuous
emotion, planted in the breast to intimidate
and restrain wrong-doers ; but, through human
intirmity, it is almost sure to be abused in one
of four ways. A person under its influence may
be hasty, passionate, fretful, or revengefuL
"... «nffffr is like
A full-hot horse, who being allow'd his way,
Self-mettle tires \\mi."~Sliakesp. : Jlenri/ VIIL, i. 1.
" A slight flush
Of moral anger previously had tinged
The old man's cheek." — Wordsworth: Exc, bk. v.
% In Scripture it is frequently attributed to
God.
" And the Lord's anger was kindled the same time,
and he sware, sayiiig, . ." — .V«)ni. xxxii 10.
"... let not thine anger burn against thy ser-
vant."— Gen. xliv. 18.
II In poetry anger has sometimes, though
rarely, a plural. In this case it ceases to be
an abstract word, because a concrete one —
successive acts or states of indulgence of anger.
" Delicious siJites and darling angvrs."
Tennyson ; Madeline.
ang'-er, v. t. & i. [From the substantive. |
A, Transitive:
* 1. To render painful (used of the body) ;
to trouble, to vex (used of the mind).
"He tm-neth the hunioui3 back, and raaketh the
wound bleed inwards, and angereth malign ulcers and
pernicious imposthumations. — Bacon.
2. To inspire with anger, to provoke.
Used—
(a) Of man:
" By them that are no people, and by a foolish uatioa
I will anger you." — Jiumans x. la.
(h) Of God:
"They angered him also at the waters of strife.''
—I's. ovi. 32.
B. Intransitive: To become angry. (Scotch.)
angj'-ered, ^ra. par. & a. [Anoer, V ]
" The flush of anger'd shame
O'erflows thy calmer glances."
Tennyson ' JIfadelino, 3.
a<ng'-er-ful,a. [Eng. on^er; -/ul(l).'] Angry.
(Sylvester: The Arke, 205.)
ahg'-er-ing, pr. par., a., 6z. s. [Anger, v.]
ang'-er-less, a. [Eng. anger; -less.] Calm;
without anger. (Sylvester: The Arke, 222.)
t ahg'-er-ly, * ang'-er-lich, adv. [Eng.
anger, -ly ; A.S. He = like.] Angrily; like an
angry person.
"And an.-zcr^icft y wandrede the Austjiis t-i proue."
Pierce tfu; Plowman's C'rede (ed. ftikeatj, 268.
' Why, how now, Hecate? you look tinge}-?.'/."
Shakesp : Jfacbeth, "•
'.. 5.
* ang'-er-ness, s. [Eng. anger; -ness.] The
state of being angry.
" Hail, innocent of angemess I "
MS. cited by Warlon. Hist. Eny. Poetry, i. 315.
an-gi-eh'-chy-ma, 5. [Gr. ayyi^lov O'ngeion)
= a vessel, and eyxvi^-a. (engchv'iiia)= nn infu-
sion; eyxeti} (engcheo) =^to pour in ; ti- ((.■/0 =
in, and xew (ched) = to pour. ]
Bot. : Professor Morren's name fur vascular
tissue. It is his foni-th division of tissue, and
comprehends (1) Pleurenehyma, or woody
tissue ; (2) Tracheufhyma, or spiral vessels ;
(3) Modified trachenchyma, or ducts; (4) Cinen-
chynia, or laticiferous vessels.
an-gx'-na, s. [In Fr, angine : Port. & Lat.
aiii/i ii<i ^ the quinsy. From Lat. migo, Gr.
ayxiM (iingcho) ~ to press tight, especially the
throat; to strangle.]
Medicine :
* 1. A quinsy or other inflammatory disease
of the throat.
"Angina. — . . . It is an iiifliimmation on the parts
of the throat subservient to respiration, speech, and
deglutition; it is called a straug\dation of the Lauces,
more ijroperly an inflammation uf the inLei:ual fauces."
—Parr: Med. Diet. (1809), i. 116.
2. The angina pectoris (q. v.).
" Ajigina occurs in both sexes." — Dr. John Forbes :
Cycl. Pract. Med., vol. i., p. 8G.
angina pectoris, s. [Lat. = angina of
the breast.] The name first given by Dr.
Heberden in ITiJS, and since then uni\'er-
sally adopted as tlie designation of a veiy
painful disease, called by him also a disorder
of the breast; by some others "spasm of
the chest," or "heart-stroke," and iiopularly
" breast- pang. " It is characterised by intense
]iain in the prsecordial region, attended by a
feeling of suffocation and a fearful sense of
impeuding death. These symptoms may con-
tinue for a few minutes, half an hour, or even
an hour or more. During the paroxysm the
liulse is low, with the body cold, and often
covered with clammy perspiration. Death
does not often result from the first seizure,
but the malady tends to return ai more or
less remote intervals, genemlly proving fatal
at last. There are several varieties of it : au
organic and a functional form ; and again
a pure or idiopathic and a complex or sym-
pathetic one have been recognised. Angina
is produced by disease of the heart. It
specially attacks elderly persons of iilethoric
habits, men oftener than women, generally
coming on when they are walking, and yet
more if they are running up-stairs or exerting
great effort on ascending a hill. Stimulants
should be administered during the continu-
ance of a paroxysm ; but it requires a radical
improvement of the general health to produce
a pennanent effect on the disorder.
S.n-gi'-nose, a. [Lat. anginosiis, fem. angi-
nosa. ] Pertaining to angina (q. v. ).
anginose scarlatina, s. [Lat. scarla-
tina, an ginosa.] A variety of sc^iiiatina, more
severe tlian Scarlatina simplex, and less dan-
^^erous than Scarlatina mahgna [Scarlatina.]
(2\inner : Manual of Medicine.)
an-gi'-nous, a. [Lat. anginosiis; Fr. angi-
ncux.] Pertaining to the Angina pectoris.
"... the anginons symptoms being either feebly
manifested . ."—Cyclo. Pract. Med., vol. i., p. 87.
late, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pdt,
or. wore. wolf, work, wh6, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, q.u = kw*
angioearpians— angle
199
an-gi-o-carp'-i-an^, s. pi [Anc;iocarpous.]
Bot. : Mirbel's second class of fruits. The
fruit is seated in envelopes not forming part
of the calyx. It is opposed h* Gymnocavpians
Ol-v ). (Linclky : Introcl to Jiot., p. 232.)
an-gi-O-carp'-oiis, n. [Gr. ayyeior {anpcion)
= a vessel, a pail, a receptacle; from ayyog
(o //'/■;,«) = a vesst-1, a jar, and KopTrds (karitos)
= fruit]
Bot. : With fruit seated in an envelope not
constituting part of the calyx.
an-gi-Og'-r^I>h-y, s. [In Fr. angiographie.
From Gr. ayye'iov (angeio)i) = . . . a vessel
(of the human hody), and -ypat^ij {grcqihe) = ix
drawing, a writing, a desci'iption.]
Anat : A description of the vessels of the
human body, arteries, veins, lymphatics, ^r.
g^n-gi-ol'-o-g^, 5. [In Fr. angiojogie; Sp. &
Port, angiologia. From Gr. ayyelov (angeion)
= a vessel, and \6yos (^'i/"s) = a discourse.]
Anat: The science which treats of the
arteries, veins, and other vessels in the liunuin
body.
S,n-gi-6-m6ii-6-spenn'-ous, «. [Or.
ayyelov (ctRgeion) = 3. vessel; fj.6yo<; {vwiiob)-=-
alone ; and a-irepfia {si'Ci-ma) = seed.]
Bot : Producing one seed only, and that not
naked, but in a seed-vessel.
an-gi-op'-ter-is, s. [Gr. awetov (angelov) =
a vessel ; TrrepiV ({)teris) = a kind of fern.] A
genus of plants belonging to the alliance
Filieales (Ferns), and the order Dana^at-eie
(Danaeworts). The A. crrctn. is used with a
fern of another genus in the South Sea Islands
in preparing cocoa-nut oil. (Lindley : Veget.
Kingrl, p. 79.)
an'-gl-6-SC6pe, s. [Gr. iyye'iov (angcion) =
a vessel, and o-KOTrew (skopeo) •= io look at, tu
contemplate.] An instrument designed to be
employed in the study of the capillary vessels
of an organised body.
5,n-gi'-6-sperni, s. [Gr. ayyelov (angeion) =
a vessel, and a-rrepfxa (sperma) = seed.]
B«t. : A plant presenting the characters of
Linnffius's order Angiospepnia (ti-v.).
an-gi-o-sperm'-i-a, s. pi [Gr. iyyetd-
o-TrepjLLo? {angclusperj'iios) = havmi^ the seed in
a capsule ; also €vayyeLoo'Tre'p|LLaT09 (''iiaiigcio-
sperrnatos), from ev (':;t)= in, ayyelou ((nigcioii)
= vessel, and cnr4pfj.a. (spenna) = a seed. ]
Bot. : In the ai'tiflcial classili cation of Lin-
nams the second order of the class Didynamia.
It includes those didynamous plants which
have their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel, us
contradistinguished from those in which tliey
are apparently "naked." [Gvmmospermia ]
Most of the Sci'ophulariacea; and their imme-
diate allies fall under this Linntean order.
an-gi-6-sperxn'-ous» a. [Angiospee.mia. ]
Bot. : Having the seeds inclosed in a peri-
carp. It is opposed to Gynmospermous (ipv.).
[Angiospermia.]
an-gi-6s'-pdr-OUS, «. [Gr. ayyelov (angc ion)
= a vessel, and a-rropo^ (sporos) = a seed, a
spore ; o-Tretpo) (speiro) — to sow.]
Botany: Having the s]iures enclosed in a
hollow shell or bag : e.g., Lyeoperdon.
3,n-gi-6t'-oni-y» s. [In Fr. angiotomie ; Sp.
and Port, ongiotoutia. From Gr. ayyelov
(niigelon)^^ ix vessel of the body, and rojaos
(tomos)= a cut, from Teju-fto (t€mnd)= to cut.]
Med. : The cutting open of a vein, an artery,
or some other vessel of the body.
&ng'-lar~lte» s. [From Anglar, one of the
places' where it is found.] A mineral, a
massive variety of Vivianite (q.v.).
an'-gle (1), s. [A..S. angct, angil, angl = a
hook, a fishing hook; Dan. angel; Dut. hengel]
A fishing rod, with its attached line and hook.
"They take up all of theiii with the anffT^, they
catch them in their net, and gather them iii their
drag. . ."—/tab. i. 15.
" The iKitient fisher, takes his silent stand,
Intent, his aiigle trembling in his hand :
With looks unmov'd he hopes the scaly breed.
And eyes the dangiug cork and bending reed."
Pope: ]\'indsor Forest, IS'— liO.
angle-rod, s. A fishing rod.
"The second bigness is used for angle-rods. ."—
Bacon: Xat. Hist., Cent, vii., §656.
&n'-gle, V. i. & t. [From the substantive. In
Dan. angle; Dut. hengelen ; Ger. angeln.]
A. Tnfmnsitlve :
1. }At. : To fish with a rod, line, and hook.
"The ladies angling m the ciystal lake, ^
Feast on the waters with the prey they take.
WalUr.
"But anfih'd in the higher pool."
'TcNiii/hon : The J/Ul-er's Daxighter.
2. Fig. : To attcniiit to gain human hearts by
the use of tempting bait of one kind or uthei'.
"She knew lier distance, and did angle for me,
Matlding my ejigeniess with her restraint "
tfJiakctp. : All's Wull that Eiuls Well, v. 3.
t B. Transitive:
1. To fish for (as with rod and line).
" If he sijaKe courteously, he angled the ]ieoi)le'3
hearts: if he were silent, be mused npon some dan-
gerous plot."— A'idiietf.
2. To allure, to draw.
"You have iiiiijled me on with much pleasure to the
Tliatch'd Hou-je.' — Walton : Coin/jL Angler, cli, 1.
an'-gle (2), s. [In Fr. an(iJr ; Sj.. and Poi-t.
anijiil"; Ital. angolo ; from Lat. anguhis =
an angle, a cnrner ; Gr. a.yKv\os (angkiUos) —
.-rooked. In Wei. o,(f-//i> is =an angle. Cognate
with A.S. angel, angil ==^ a, hook (see Angle,
Xu. 1) ; Teut. ang or eng=a. narrow strip.]
A. Ordinary Langnage : The nitening be-
tween two lines which meet one another; a
corner, as of a roiim.
" Foi', where the lock and wall
Met in an angle, bung a tiny roof."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii.
B. Technically : The inclination of two lines
to oiic another.
1. Geometry. Angles may be ranked under
two leading divisions, j^lo-ne and solid angles.
A )ilane angle is the inclination of two lines to
one another in a jilane, which two lines meet
together, but are nut in the same straight line.
[Plane.] A solid anylc is that which is made
by the meeting in mir pciint uf more than twn
plane angles, which, lu.iwewr, are not in thc
same plane. [Solid.] Each of the leadin.L;
divisions, plane and solid angles, may again
be subdi-videdinto reetUlne(d, •■urelVuiear, and
mixed angles. A plane rectilineal angle is the
inclination to each other of
two straight lines, whicnmeet
tiigetlier, but are not in the
same straight line(Fig. 1), A
enrv ill near angle is the in-
clination to each ntlier of Fig. 1.
two curved lines, which meet
in a jioint (Fig. '2). A miml angh' is uiie
formed by the mcetJn.L^ of a curve and a
straight line (Fig :i)
Angles are measured by arcs (Fig 4, yx n.
p q). and it is immaterial ^ ^
with what radius the latter
are described. The result js
generally stated in degrees,
]ninutcs, and si'.'oikN, o ' " ;
thus— 3G° 14' l^:i" ^ :36 ile-
grees, 14 minutes, and '2?>
seconds. AVhen an angle is Fi,
isolated from other angles,
it may be named by a single letter, as a (Figs.
1 to 4) ; but when two or more angles meet
at one point they are named by three letti-i's,
never by one or two. In such eases the letter
at that point is always
named in the middle.
Thus, in Fig. 5 there are
two angles, the first of
which may be named
indifferently e <j a nr
ACE, but not E A c ;
and the second d c a
or A c D, but not c a d.
The lioint at which the
lines forming the angle
meet is called the angular point, or the vertex
of the angle, and the lines themselves the
sides or legs of the angle. In Figs. 1. 2. and
3, A is the angular ponit of the respective
angles, the legs or sides being
unlettered. In Fig. 5, c is
the angular point, and b c,
A c, and c D, or (■ E, c A, and
D 0 are the sides or legs.
Plane rectilineal angles an^
generally divided into right
and oblique, or into right,
ohtxisc, and acute. When a
straight line standing upon
another straight line makes
the two adjacent angles (those on the right
and left of it) equal to one another, each nf
them is called a rigid angle. An oblieine angle
is one which is not a ]-ight angle. An obtuse
angle is that which is gi'eater than one right
angle, but less than two. An nnite angle is
that which is less than a right angle : both
Fig. 3.
Pig. 4.
Fig.
are oblique. The angles mai'ked .a. in Figs. 1
and 4 are aeute angles. In Fig. 5, if a c niai; ?
the adjacent angles ace and a c rt eiiuai to
each other, then ^
each of them is a
right angle. In Fig.
ti, A CD is an obtuse
angle, and a c b an
acute angle. Anal- b— "^ ' --P
ogous terms exist Fig. Ci.
in the case of cur-
vilinear and mixed angles. Thus, in Figs. 2
and 3, a is an aeute angle. A spjlierical angle is
one formed by the intersection or the meetmg
of two L,a-eat circles of a sphere. Many other
de.-^i-nations are applied to angles; thus, in
Geoiuetiy there are opposite, e.>tn-inr. inhrior,
alternate, vertitaland <dher angles, also angles
ofcontart, &c. CSee the italicised words.)
2. Mevh. In this science there are angles of
dirertion, of friction, of oppose, &c.
3. Optics has angles of incidenrr. of rejkriion.
of refraction, of deviation, of polarisation, *S:c.
4. Astronomy has 'Anole!^ of position, ofsitHO-
tinn, of chvation, indination. depression, &c.
(For tliese see the italicised words with wdiich
anglr is combined.)
5 Fortifu-ation. Dead Angle: An angle so
formed tliat a small plot of ground in front of
it can neither be seen nor defended from the
parapet.
6. Anatomy. The a/(f/?e o/ i/ieja?" is the point
atwhich the'vertical h'indoredge ofthe ramus,
deseending from the condyle, meets the hori-
zontal inferior border {Flmrer: thteol. ofthe
Marnmi'lia, 1S70. p. 1:^1-')
•y Facial Angle. [Facial.]
angle-bar, s.
Juinmi : A vcitir'al bar at one of the angles
of a polygonally-shaped window.
angle-toead, s. A liead of wood or other
material aifixed vertically to the exterior angle
of a ro(un or similar erection, and placed in
the same ])lane with the plaster. It is called
also sta_ff-head.
angle-brace, angle-tie, >.
Carpentry: A piece of timber affixed to two
adjacent sides of a quadrangular frame, so as
angle-erace.
tr, make, with the angle to which it is op]iosite,
a right-angled triangle. If the wood join the
two opposite angles of the rectangle, tlien it
is called the diagonal hraee or tiu.
angle-bracket, s. A bracket jilaced at
the point where two straight lines containing
an angle meet, but not at right angles to either
of those sides.
angle-capital, s.
Arrliitectiirc : A term used in describing
lonie ciii'itals. It signifies such a capital on
the flank column of a portico, having the
volutes placed at an angle of 40^"' with the
plane of the front and returning friezes.
angle-float, s.
Plastering: A float made to any internal
angle of a room. [Float.]
angle-iron, s. Plates of iron, angular in
form, used for the cilges of any structure.
angle-modillion, 5. [Modilliun.]
angle-rafter, s.
Arrhitecfure : A rafter placed along the
angle of a hipped roof.
angle -shades, 'j. A fine British moth,
Fliloiinjilmra laetioidcsa. the genenc name,
Avlneli means bearing fia.rne, alluding to the
shape of the markings on the anterior wings.
b^, b6^; pout, j($^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-tion, -sion = shfin ; -tlon, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shus. -cien = shen, -cient = sh^nt. -ble = bel ; -gle = gel.
200
angled— Anglo
The insect has long, slender ciliated antennse,
the abdomen tiifted, and the win^s dentate.
The upper wings are pale rosy white, clouded
with olive brown, each with a large triangular
purplish mark in the centre, and beyond it a
white band. The hinder wings are whitish,
with a dusky central crescent, and two or
three faint transverse-waved dusky Hues. The
expansion of the wings is nearly two inches.
The caterpillar is green, with a row of oblong
white spots on the back, and a continuous
white line on each side. It feeds on culinary
vegetables and various field plants. The moth
is common in England, and is found also in
Scotland ; it is met with most plentifully in
April, June, and September, there being appa-
rently three broods in the season. (Jardine :
Nat II lalist's Library, vol. xl., 235, 230.)
angle-staff, s. A vertical head of wood
or other material affixed to the exterior angle
" of a building, in line with the plaster.
ang^le-tie, s. [Angle-bkace.]
an -gled, a. [Eng. angle (2); -etl] Furnished
with angles. (Used chiefly in composition.)
" . . &tty-angJed custarda."
B. Jonson: Masques, Nept. Triumph.
" The thrice three-angled beech-nut shell."
Bp, Ball : Sat. iii. 1.
aA-gle-me'-ter, s. [Lat. angulus, and Gr.
fieVpoi' (metron) = a measure. ] An instrument
used by geologists to measure the dip of
strata, the angle of joint-planes, &c. (Brande. )
ang'-ler, s. [Eng. angle ; -er. In Ger. angler;
Dut. heugelaar.]
1. Gen. : One who angles ; one who fishes
with a rod.
" Five or six years after the Revolution, an inde-
fatigable angler published an account oi tfuutlaud." —
JIacaulay : Hist, of Eng., ch. xiii.
2. Spec. ; A fish called also Sea-Devil, Frog, or
Frog-fish; and in Scotland, Wide-gab, signify-
ing wide mouth. It is the Lophiiis jiiscatorius
of Linneeus, and is placed under the order
Acanthopterygii, and the family which has the
pectoral fins feet-like. It has an enonuous
head, ou which are placed two elongated ap-
THE ANGLEH-FIHH.
pendages or filatm-nts, the first of them broad
and flatti^ned at the end. These, being mo:--
able, are manceuvred as if they were bait ; and
when small fishes api)ioach to examine them,
th(^ angler, hidden amid mud and sand, which
it has stirred up by means of its pectoral and
ventral fins, seizes them at once; hence its
name. It occurs along the British coasts, and
is three, or occasionally five feet long. (Yur-
rdl: Bilt. Fishes.)
An'-gle-sey M6r'-ris» s. [From Anglesey,
or A nglesea, the island, and Mr. William Morris,
its discoverer.] The name given by Pennant
to a supposed distinct genus and species,
Leptocephahts morrisii, of the family Muree-
nida^, or Eels, This form is now known to be
only an arrested stage in the development of
the conger-eel.
3ng'-les-ite, s. [Named from the isle of
Anglesey, in wliicli it was first found.] A
mineral classed by Dana under the Celestite
group of Anhydrous Sulphates, Chromates,
and Tellurates. Aitglesite has been called also
" Lead mineralised by vitriolic acid and
iron," '■ Lead Vitriol," and " SulpJiate nf
Lead." It is orthorhombic. The hardness is
2-75—8 ; the sp. gr. 6-12 to 6-^0. The lustre
is resinous, vitreous, or adamantine ; the
colour white, tinged with yellow, gray, green,
or blue. Anglesite varies from transparent to
oiiaqiie. It IS very brittle. The composition
is sulphuric aeir;,'26'4; oxide of lead, 73 '6 =
UK). In addition to Anglesea, it is found in
Cornwall, Derbyshire, Cumberlaml, in Scot-
land at Leadhills, in Australia, America, and
elsewhere. A ^-ariety of it is called Sardinian
(q.V.),
I ' II preous Anglesite: A mineral, the same as
LlNAKITE (q.V.).
Xhg'-li-can, f Xng'-lic, a. & s. [In Dut.
Angllcaansch ; Ger. Anglicaner (s.) ; Fr. An-
glican; Sp., Port., & Ital. Angliaino ; Lat.
Auglicanus. From Aiiglia, a Latin name of
Britain, which at a yet unascertained date
superseded that of Britannia, -which had been
formerly employed. The Lat. Anglia is from
A,S. or O.S. Anglen, now Angeln, a district in
the south-east of Schleswig, extending from
the river Schlei, in the south, to the Fleus-
burg Hills on the north, with an area of about
330 square miles, and a population nt iiresent
amounting to about 50,000. Angdn comes
from A.S. ange, enge = narrow.]
A. An adjective:
1. Pertaining to England ; English.
"... the sober principles and old establishment
of the Anglican church."— J-'ell : Life of Hammond, §1.
2. Pertaining to one holding the religious
views described under B., 1 or 2. Spec., pei'-
taining to one holding high church views or
to high churchisni.
B, As substantive :
1, In tits fiixfrciifli centiiry : One who held
Koman Catholic doctrine, but preferred the
rule of the English king or parliament to that
of the Papacy.
"Secondly" [the reference is to A.D 15391, "there
were the Anglican^, strictly orthodox in the specu-
lative system of the faith, content to separate from
Kome, but only that they miglit bear IfcUian fruit
more profusely and luxuriantly when rooted in their
own soil."— Froude : Ili^t. £«?., pt. i., vol. lii , ch. xvi.
2. No-iv:
(a) A member of the Church of England
belonging to the High Church party.
(b) An English churchman, whether high,
low, or broad.
"The old persecutors, whether Pagan or Christian,
whether Arian or Orthodox, whether CathoUuka,
Annhcaiis, or Calviniata, actually were, or atleast they
hatl the decorum to pretend to be, strong Doyuiatists."
— Burfce: Letter to it. Burke.
Ang'-li-can-i^m, s. [Eng. Anglican; -ism.
In PY. Anglicaiiisme.]
1. The Anglican system of doctrine or ad-
he.
' to it.
2. Admiration of England leading to efforts
to copy its institutions.
Ang'-li-5e, adv. [Lat,]
1. In English. (Used of language or idiom.)
2. After the manner of the English. (Used
of manners or (_-ustniiis.)
Tf This word is frequently written tluis^
Aii,glice.
Ang'-li-9i-fy, ;■ t [Anglid, genit. sing of
nomin. pi. of Lat. Aiuilicus: suff. -fy, from
faclo = to make.] To make EngJish ; tu An-
glicise.
Ang'-U-9ism, ■^. [In Ger. Angliri.^m ; Fr.
iiHglicisiiic; Port. & ItaL Anglicismo.l The
Eiiglisli idiom, such as our countrymen are
ahnost sure to introduce when they attempt
to speak or wTite an ancient classic or a
modern Continental tongue.
Ang'-li-^ize, v.t. [Eng. Anglic; -Ize. In
Ger. Englicisiren.] To make English ; to as-
similate to the English language in idiom, or
to the English people in pronunciation, man-
ners, customs, or sympathy.
" He [the letter U] pleaded, that the same place and
powers, which Y had in tlie Ureek language, he stood
fully intitled to in the English : and that therefore of
right he ought to be possessed of the place of Y even in
all Greek words Anglicised, jib system, hypocrite, Slc."
— Edwards: Can. C'nt., p. '275,
"The glaring affectation of ^wg/icisinf/ Latin words."
— Warton: Hist. Eng. Poetry, ii. 282.
Ahg'-li-9ized, pa. par. <fc n. [Anglicize.]
Ang'-li-^i-zing, pr. pur. [Anglicize.]
Ang'-li-cus su'-dor, 6. [Lat. = the English
sweat ; the English perspiration.]
Med. : A term applied to the sweating sick-
ness of the Middle Ages. [Sweating Sick-
ness.]
Ahg-li-fic-a'-tion, s. [Lat. ^»(7/'US = Eng-
lish ; fano = to make.] The act or process of
rendering English.
Ang'-li-f led, 2'<i. pur. & a. [ANGLiyv.]
Ang'-li-fly, v.t. [Lat .4 ,ia;ws = English; -fv>
from Lat. fa£lo = to make.] To make English
It is used (1) of people who, born in another
country than England, yet settle here, or
copy English manners, or approximate more
or less to a correct English pronunciation.
It may be also employed of a place thronged
by English, or modified in the direction of
English manners by an influx of tourists or
settlers from this country.
"... indeed, I should think that Calais or Boulogne
was much more Anglified." — Darwin : Voyage round
tlie World, ch. xxL
(2) Of an English idiom occurring in speech
or composition in another language.
Afig'-li-fy-ing, }"'■ V^f- [Anglify.]
ang'-ling» jjr. par., a., & s. [Angle, i-.]
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As adjective :
1. Fishing with an angle.
2. Designed to be used in fisliing.
C. -is substantive: Fishing wdth a rod and
tackle. This may be done at the bottom of
the water, midway between the bottom and
the surface, or with the fly on the surface
itself.
" Then did Deucalion first the art invent
Of ajigling." — /Jaror.s : Secret/, of Angling, b, i.
angling-rod, s. a fishing-rod.
Ang'-lize, v.t. [Anglicize.]
An'-gl6. In compos. = English, but properly
implying that the word combined with it is
the more emphatic one, though this rule is not
always observed. Among the numerous com-
liounds which it forms are the following : —
Anglo-American, a. & s.
A, As adj. : Pertaining to an American,
whose more or less remote ancestors were
English.
B. As subst. : An American more or less
remotely of English deseent.
Anglo-Catholic^ o. &s.
A. As adj. : Eegarded as being at once
English and Catholic.
B. ^5 substantive :
1. In tlie sixteenth rmtiiry: An Englishman
who, though a Roman Catholic, leaned more to
his country than to the Papacy.
"... and the Anglo-Catholics did not intend to
repeat the blunder of showing a leaning towards the
Romanists." — Froude : Hist. Eng., ch. xvii , vol. iii.,
p. 517.
2. Now: A member of the English Church
■who contends for its Catholic character.
Anglo-CathoJic Church : Any church modelled
on the English Efeformation. (IIoolc.)
Anglo-Danish, a. Pertaining at once to
the Danes and the English.
" His excellent and large collection i.f AuKlo-Saxou
and Anglo-Danish coins.' — JVotton: View of Hickes's
Thesaurus, p. 82.
Anglo-German, a. Pertaining at once
to the Germans and the English.
". . . if the An;ilv-Ver>nan league assumed an
organised form."— /"riiiaif . Hist. Eng., pt. i., vol. iii.,
eh, xvii
Anglo-Imperial, c. Pertaining at once
tn an empire (not the British one), and to
England or the English.
", . , would put a final end to Anglo- hnperial
tvifti-Ti^."— Froude : Hist, of England, pt. i., vol. iii.,
ch. xvii,
Anglo-Indian, u. & 5.
A. As adj. : Pertaining at once to India and
to England.
" Every Anglo-hidian official .' — Times of
India, July 19, 1878.
B. As subst. : A native of England or of the
British Isles resident in India.
"There is no doubt of its permanent popularity
among Anglo-lndtaiis "—Times of India, July I'j, 1878.
Anglo-Irish, r.. & s.
A. As adj. : Pertaining at once to the Irish
and the Enghsh, or to one who has relations
^\'ith both.
B. ^s subst. : A settler in Ireland, who was
of Enghsh origin, and, unlike the native Irish
was regarded as within the " Pale."
"The Anglo-Irish of the Pale and the Celts of the
provinces. —Froude: Hist. Eng., pt i., ch. xviii
vol. IV. iJ . ^ .
Anglo-mania. [Anglomania ]
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme. pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt
or, wore, wolf, work, whd. son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, f^ll ; try, Syiian. se, ce = e. ey ^ a. qu = kw.
Anglomania— anguish
201
\
Anglo-Norman, a. ^ ^.
A, As adj. : Pertaining to the Anglo-
Normans.
" Unable to encounter the shock of the A nglo- Norman
cavalry."— Scoi( ; The Gorman Borsa-Shoe. (Note.)
B. As substantive : A Nonnan, and yet an
Englishman. (Used specially of the Normans
who came over with William the Conqueror,
and, not returning to the Continent, became,
and still are, an important element iu the
composite English nation.)
Anglo-Saxon, ». & s.
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons.
". . . Ant/lo-Sax(m monasteries." — jtfacaMja//;
IJiat. £ng., ch, l
2. Pertaining to the Anglo-Saxon tongue.
"It is estimated that ia Euglish there are ahoiit
38,000 words. Of these, 23.000, or more than five-eighths,
are of Anglo-Saxon onym."— ^oswortft .■ Anylo-Haxon
and ling. Diet. (pref.).
S. As siCbstaniive :
1. One of the Anglo-Saxon race— that is, of
the mingled Anglo-Saxons and other Teutonic
tribes from Avhom the English, the Lowland
Scotch, a great proportion of the present in-
habitants of Ulster, and the mass of the popu-
lation in the United States and various British
colonies sprung.
"Thus it appears that one Jute, three Saxon, and
four Angle, altogether eight kingdoms, were established
in Britain by the year 586, and that the Angles and
Saxons bore the leading and chief part in the expe-
ditious ; thev, therefore, when settled in this comitry,
were collectively called Anglo-Saxons." — Boswarth :
Anglo-Saxon and Eng. Diet. (pref.).
2. The language originally spoken by the
race or races mentioned under No. 1.
"Anglo-Saxon, that is Angle, Engle, or English
Saxon, ia the language of the Piatt, Low, Flat, or
North part of Germany, brought into this country
by the Jutes, the Angles, and Saxons, and moditied and
written in England. Those who remained in their
old locality on the Continent had the name of Old
Saxona, and their language Old Siixon; but those settled
in Britain were properly designated Anglo-Saxons, and
their language, perfected and written in England, wjia
caW^^i Anglo-Saxon." — Bosmorth : Anrjlu-Saxunand £ng.
Diet. (pref.).
% The Anglo-Saxon tongue did not pass
directly into the English. The Norman con-
quest, as was inevitable, introduced a new
element into the language, and produced tem-
porary confusion. When this began to pass
away, and it became evident that the tongue
of the conquered rather than that of the con-
querors was destined ultimately to prevail, it
was not the old Anglo-Saxon pure iind simple
which remained. There came in place of it
various dialects, specially a Midland, a Nortli-
ern, and a Southern one. It was a mixed
dialect, mainly Midland, but also slightly
Southern, which with Chaucer, in tlie four-
teenth century, became tlie standard language ;
and at last, by a series of insensible changes,
developed intu tlie modern English tongue.
[English.] (See the several volumes pub-
lished by the Early English Text Suciety.)
Anglo-Saxonism, s. [\ word or idiom
belonging to or borrowed from the Anglo-
Saxon tongue.
Anglo-Turkish, o. PiTtaining to or
formed between England and Turkey ; us
" the Anglo-Turkish Convention."
An-gl6-ma'-ni-a, .';. [In Fr. anglo}na)iie :
Port. angtoma}iiu.\ A i>tLssion on the part of
a person or persons belonging to another
country to imitate whatever is English. Such
a tendency manifested itself in Germany iu
the seventeentli century, and it has sometimes
appeared, thougli to a less extent, in France.
Xn-glo-ma'-ni-^c, s. [Anc;l()M.a.nia.] One
possessed by Anglomania (q.v.).
An-go'-la, s. The native name of a country
on the we.st cnast of Africa, between lat.
8° 20' and 9^ 20' S.
Angola-pea, s. A papilionaceous plnnt,
belonging to the genus Cajanus (q.v.). It is
called also Pigeon Pea.
aA'-gon, s. [In Fr. angon.] A Imrbed spear
used by the Anglo-Saxons, the Franks, and
many other Teutonic nations.
— o'-or, s. [Lat. = (1) a cimipression of the
neck, suffocation, the quinsv ; (2) anguish,
torment, vexation ; from ango = to sutfocate,
to strangle.]
1. Pain.
"If the patient lie surprised with a lipothyrnous
anr/onr, and great oppress abunt the stomach, expect
no relief from cordials, "—^arwey.
^ng
2. Anxiety and constriction in the pre-
cordial region. {May)ie.)
"^Angor Pectoris. [Lat. = intense pain in
the breast.] The name used by Franehe, in
1813, for the disease called Angina ]'ectori^.
[Angina.]
An-gbr'-a, s. [The name of a vilayet in
Asiatic Turkey.] A stuff made from the wool
of the Angora-goat.
Angora-goat, s. A goat reared in the
vilayet of Angora, famed for its wool.
An-gos-tiir'-a, An-gus-tiir-a, s. [The
old name of a city in Venezuela, in South
America, now called Ciudad-Bolivard.]
Angostura bark : A bark, very valuable as a
febrifuge, in possession of the Capuchin friars
belonging to the missions on the river Carony,
in South America. It is a Rutaceous plant
of the genus Galipea, but whether it is the
G. cusparia (Bonplandia trifoliata), or the G.
officinalis, has not yet been completely deter-
mined. (Lindhy : Veg. Kingd., p. 471.) In
Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants it is said to
be the Cusparia febrifiiga.
an-gos-tiir'-in, s. [Angostura.] A prin-
ciple extracted from the Angostura bark.
S,ng'-red (red as erd), pa. par. [A>gered.]
S.ng'-ri-ly» a4v. [Eng. angry; -hj.] In an
angi7 manner ; under the influence of anger.
" Let me not «?i3W?;v declare
No pain was ever shar^ like mine."
Cowper : Olney Bymns, xliii.. Prayer for Patience.
^iiS'-rf, *an'-gre, a. [From Eng. anger; -y.']
A. Ordinary Language :
^L Of things inanimate : Bitter.
* ■ The clay that cleuges ther-by am corayes strong.
As alum and alkaran, that angro am bothe."
AUiteratiae Poems ; Cleanness (ed. Morris), 1,034-5.
IL Of the body: Inflamed, painful. (Used of
a wound or sore.)
III. Of the mind or heart.
1. Temporarily under the emotion of anger.
(a) Followed generally by with of the person
regarded with anger.
"... Now therefore be not grieved nor angry
with yourselves that ye sold me hither."— Geu. xlv. 5.
(&) * Formerly it was occasionally followed
by at of the person.
". . . nreye aiiqri/ at me because I bavo made
ft man every whit whole on the sabbath day:"— John
vii. 23.
((■) Followed by at or for of the thing
exriting anger.
wherefore should God be angry at thy
voice. T—EcclcH. V. 6.
" . , wherefore then be ye angry for this
matter? "—2 Sum. xix. 42.
1^ It may be used of the inferior animals ;
and (with the inappro]n-iateness of all human
language employed of the Divine Being) of
'"-■Vii aiif/r'i Wasjje th' one in a viall had.
Spenser: F. Q., III. xii. IB.
" And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his
heart was turned from the Lord God of Israel, which
hati appeared unto hiin twice." — 1 Kings xi. 3.
2. Habitually under the dominion of anger,
" It is better to dwell in the wilderness than with a
contentious and an angry woman." — Prov. xxi. 19,
3. Exhibiting the marks of anger, proceed-
ing from anger, sounding angrily.
"The north wind driveth away rain; so doth an
angrn countenance a Imckbitiug tongue." — Prov.
XXV. 23.
T[ Sometimes the term angry is applied to a
whole group of passions, in place of a single
emotion or its manifestations.
" He had always been more than sufficiently prone
to the (ittj/r?/ passions." — J/acaulay: Hist. Eng., ch.vii.
4. Fig. : Of such a character, that if it pro-
ceeded from a being capable of emotion, it
would be regarded as a manifestation of anger.
" So that wildest of waves in their angriext mood.
Scarce break on the bounds of the land for a rood."
Byron : The Siege of CoHnth, ver, 16.
B. Technically :
Hist. : Angry boys was the designation as-
sumed by gangs of uproarious youths, wlio
rendered the London streets unsafe during
the Elizabethan age, like the Mohawks of a
subsequent time. (See Nares' Gloss. : Boys.)
' ' Get thee another nose, that will be puU'd
Off, by the angry boys, for thy conversion."
Jieaum. and Flet. : Scomf. Lady, iv. 1,
ang-sa'-na, ang-sa -va, s. [Xame given in
some Indian languages.] A red gam resem-
bling thai called dragon's blood. It is brought
from the East Indies.]
ang'-u, s. [West Indian name.] Bread made
from" the Cassada (Jatroplia manihot), a
Euphorbiaceous plant growing in the West
Indies.
An'-gui-fer, s. [Lat. a»iiuifer; from anguis
= a snake, and fero = to bear.]
Astron. : Another name for the northern
constellation Ophiuchus, which has been
called also Serpentarius.
an-guil'-la, 5. [Lat. = an eel. In Fr. an-
guille ; ^x^'. aiignlla; Ital.anguHla.} A genus
of fishes of the order Apodal Mitlacopterygii,
and the family Mui-fienidee (Eels). At least
three species occur in the British fauna—
A. acutirostris (Yarrell), the Sharp-nosed Eel ;
latirostris (Yarrell), the Broad-nosed Eel ; and
A. mediorostris (Yarrell), the Snig. [Eel.]
S.n-guil'-li-form, a. [Lat. angnilla = an
eel; and /ormtt = form, shape.] Eel-shaped.
(Todd's Johnson.)
an-guil-li-form'-ef, s. pi [From Lat. an-
guis = a snake, and forma = form.] Accord-
ing to Cuvier, the only family of fishes in-
cluded under the order Malacopterygii Apodes.
It is now more commonly called Mursenidte.
an-guil'-lu-la, s. [Dimin. of Lat. anguilla
= an eel.]* The typical genus of the family
Anguillulidy; (q.v.). The "eels" in vinegar
are .4. accti : the similar animals in blighted
wheat, A. trittci ; and those in sour paste,
A. giutinosus.
an-gnil-lu'-li-dSB, s. pi. [From the typical
genus Anguillnla.]
Zool. : A family of annulnse animals belong-
ing to the class Nematelmia, and the order
Nematoidea. It consists of non-parasitic
nematnid worms, and nearly corresponds to
Dujardin's family of Enoplidie. Typical genus,
Anguillnla (q.v.).
an-guin-ar'-i-a, s. [From Lat. anguineus
= pertaining to* a snake.] A genus of ilou-
phytes belonging to the family Eucratida;.
There is a British species, the A. spatulata.
{Johnston's British Zoophytes, 1847.)
an'-guine, a. [Lat. anguinus, from anguis
= a snake.] Pertaining to the genus Anguis,
or to snakes in general.
Angi'hie Li:ard (Chamcesaura anguina): A
lizard with four rudimentary feet. It is very
suake-like. It inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
an-gui'-ne-al, c. [Lat. anguineus^ Per-
taining to a s'nake, snaky ; resembling a snake.
ah-guin'-i-dee, s. ji. [Anguis.] A family
of serpent-like lizards. Typical genus, Anguis.
It is sometimes reduced to a sub-family, An-
guininse, or made altogether to disappear in
the family Scincidae.
an-guin-i'-nse, s. pi. [Anuuinid^.]
an'-guis, s. [Lat. anguis = a snake.] A
genus of lizards of the family Sfincidai. It
contains the Anguis fragilis, or Slow-worm,
which is so snake-like, from its being entirely
destitute of limbs, that until lately it was
ranked with the Ophidians. Though called
the Blind-worm, it is not blind, but has per-
fectly visible though small eyes. The popular
belief that it is venomous is quite eri'oneous.
an'-guish, * an'-guy9li, s. [A.S. ange =
vexation, trouble, sorrow, affliction, anguish ;
ange =■ vexed, troubled, sorrowful, trouble-
some, vexatious; a')i^swm = diffic[ilt. narrow.
In Sw. dngsldn, angcst ; Dan. angest, n-ngste ;
Dut. & Ger. angst, angoisse ; Sp. ansla, an-
gnstia; Port, angnf^fia; Ital. angoscia, an-
gosciainento = anguish, vexation ; angtistia =
distress, scarcity. From Lat. angustia = a
strait, a defile, generally in the plur., angvs-
ticB = straits ; angnstus = narrow ; ango = to
press tight. (Anger.) Properly, such present
fear and anxiety for the immediate future as
arise when one has got squeezed into too narrow
a place and cannot extricate himself.]
1. Excessive pain or distress.
(a) Excessive pain of body.
". , . the 'Uiijnhh as of her that bringeth forth
her first child . . ."—Jer.iWdl.
(b) Excessive distress of mind.
" For when thacces of anguych watz hid in my sawle."
Alliteratiiu' Poems; Patience (ed, Morris), 325.
"... we saw the anqaish of liis soul when he
besought us, and we would not hear." — Ocn. xlii. 21.
2. The expres.sion in the countenance of
intense bodily pain nr mental distress.
boil, boy; po^t, jii^l; cat, cell, cborus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-^tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &;c. = bel, del. gui = gwi. ^ = a.
an guish— anhydrite
" site spoke : luid, furious, with distracted iJace,
Fears in tier htart ;iiid anijaish iu her liice,
Flies throuyli the dume (the maids her steps pm-siie),
Aiid mtimits the walla "
I'ojjc : Jfumvr's Iliad, bk. xxii., 692-595.
3. Anything fitted to excite intense bodily
pain or mental distress.
"Seeing myself cnLja-ud, vea and engulfed in so
many anfjitisha and pcrpicxitii;s,"— rrtnw. of Locca-
Uni (IG26), p. 37.
"" an'-guish, v.t. [From the substantive.] To
cause anguish to ; to indict excessive bodily
pain or mental distres.s on.
" Socrates was seen and observed to be much t.m-
guishvd, grieved, and perplexed ; still seeming to feel
Some grief of mind."— JVtt^ti. of Buccalliu (1026), p. 108.
an'-guished, pa. par. & «. [Anguish, v.]
"A strong emotiuii shakes mj' angnisli'd breast,"
Pope. iJo-iner's Odyssay, bk. xix., 442.
ang'-U-lar, «. [In Fr. angulaire; Sp. & Port.
c.nijtilar ; Ital. oii.gokiie. Fvn- hat. ang^Uari^i
= ]iaving angles or corners ; angulus = :i
corner, an ajiglc]
A. Ordinary Lcmgnagc:
1. Lit.: Having angles or corners, cornered;
so shai^ed as that the sides are united to each
other by angles ; containing an angle ; aiding
to constitute an angle ; situated at the point
where aii angle is formed.
"As for the figure of crystal, it is for the most part
hexagonal or six-cornered, being built upon a confused
matter, from whence, as it were from a root, antfular
figures arise, even .'U5 in the amethyst and basaltes." —
Browne: Valgar Erroitrs.
[See also B., I. 1, &c.]
2. Fig. Of persons: Too little disposed to
make conccs.sions to others, and therefore
exciting or tending to excite opposition to
itself which a more conciliatory course of con-
duct would have prevented from arising.
B. TeclmlcriUy :
I. Mathematics :
1. The angular foUit in an angle is that at
which the two lines inclined to each other
meet. (Used also in natural philosoi^hy and
other sciences.)
"The distance of the edges of the kui'.es from one
another, at the distance of four inches from the
angular puii.t where the edges of the knives meet, w.is
the eighth part of an inch."— A'ew^on .- Optlcks.
2. -^H(/H?ar scciio/i is the section or division
of an angle into any number of equal parts.
Angular sevtiuns: The branch of mathe-
matical analysis which investigates the pro-
perties of circular functions.
II. Mechanics :
1. ^^ngular motion is the motion of any
body aro'nid a fixed point, whether it revolves
like a planet or vibrates backwards or for-
wards like a pendulum.
Angle of angular motion or AnqU of rotn-
ti-on : The angle made by the two directions
before and after the turning of a line per-
pendicular to an axis. (8ee III. 1.)
2. Angular velocity is the absolute velocity of
a budy moving round a fixed axis at a certai]i
unit of distance. (See III. 2.)
III. Astronomy :
1. Angular intervals : Arcs of the equatur
intercepted between circles of declination
passing through the heavenly bodies observed.
2. Angular motion :
(a) Angular motion of (he sun is a calculated
movement of the luminary through space,
which in 1TS3 made Sir William Herschel
propound the hypothesi.'^ that the luminary
was in progress towards the star A Hcrculis.
(b) The angular mtitimi of the stars is a
minute deviation from their relative places of
several "fixed" stars, as the two stars of 61
Cygni, e Indi, ti Cassiopeia^, and many others.
(Herschel: Astron., §§ S52-4.)
3. Angular vcioctty. The angular vclocifi/ of
the sun's a.p]iaic}it vtotion is in the inverse pro-
portion of the squjire of the distance : thus, in
compare the daily motion of the sun in longi-
tude at one point, a, of its path, and at anotlier
B, the formula used is : Tlie square of the line
connecting the earth and sun, when the latter
is at B, is to the square of that connecting
them when he is at a, as the daily motion at
A is to the daily motion at e, (Herschel :
Astron., § 350.)
^ The expression is used in a similar sense
of the planets.
IV. Perspective : A kind of perspective in
which the two sides of the leading object re-
presented are not jiarallel tu the jilane of the
picture, and in which, thex-efore, the horizontal
* ang'-u-lous, a. [Iu Fr.
hooked.
'eiix.] Angular,
"Nor can it be a diflerence, that the parts of solid
bodies are held together by hooks and tuujulous invo-
lutions, since the coherence of the parts of these will
be of as diflacult a conception."— (viadW^u.
* an-giist', a. [In Ital. angusto; Lat. angustiis,
from a)igo = to press tiglitly.] Narrow, strait,
contracted. (Glossogr. Nov., 2nd ed., 1719.)
an-gus'-tate, a. [Lat. ojigustatus, pa. par. of
an.gusio = to make narrow. J
Botany, &c. : Narrow at the base, but dilated
above,
S,n-gus-ta'-tion, s. [From Lat. angustus =
narrow.] The act of making narrow, the state
of being made narrow ; straitening.
"Tlie cause may be referred either to the grumous-
neas of the blood, or to obstruction of the vein some-
wheie in its pass.ige. by some angustalion upon it by
part of the tumour "— Wucman.
ah-giis'-tl-clave, a. [In Fr. angusticlave;
Lat. angnsticlavius, from angustus = 110^0^,
and cJojnis^a. nail, ... a purple stripe
on the tunic]
In old Eotiu : "Wearing a narrow purple
stripe on the tunic. This was done by the
Equites, or Knights, and by the plebeian
tnbunes, whilst the senators had a broad
purple stripe.
lines are so drawn as to meet each other at a
vanishing point. It is called alsu obliguc
pvrs^mtive.
V. Anatomy:
1. Angular Artery: The tenninal part of the
facial artery, whicli inosculates at the inner
side of the orbit with a terminal branch ut
tlie ophthalmic artery. (Quain: Anal., 187^,
vol. i., p. 3(30.)
2. Angular vein: The vein formed by the
junction of the supra-orbital and frontal veins.
It is perceptible beneath the skin, as it runs
(ibliquely downwards, near the inner margin
of tho orbit, resting against the side of tlie
nose at its root. (Ibid., p. 470.)
VI. Botany :
1. Of the general form: Having projecting
longitudinal angles. (Sometimes the terms
" acute angled" and " obtuse angled" are
used.)
2. Spec. Of the margin of a leaf or other
organ: Having several salient angles on the
margin, as the leaf of JJatura stramonunn.
(Lindley.)
ang-u-lar'-i-ty', s. [From Lat. angularis =
liaving angles.] The quality of being angular,
i.e., having corners. The GlossograplUa Nova
defines it : "Squareness; also an abounding
in nooks and corners."
" What body ever yet could figure show
Perfectly perfect, as rotundity
Exactly round, or blameless angularity f"
Mora : Snug 0/ the Soal, III. ii. 38. ,
ang'-U-lar-ly, adr. [Eiv^. augnlar; -ly.] In j
an angular manner; with angles, with corners.
". . . a labyi-inthean face, now ««(7«7«r?,'/, now circu-
larly, every way a^ijeated."—/S.Joiuon : VyiUhia's linveU.
"Another part of the same solution altorded us an
ice augalarly figured." — Jiogln.
t ahg'-U-lar-neSS, s. [Eng, angular; -?iess.]
The quality of being angular- ; angularity.
(Juhnsun's Diet)
ang'-u-late, ang-u-la'-ted, a. [Lat. an-
gulattis, from angiilo = to make angular, an-
gulus = an angle.] Angular ; having angles.
" Topazes, amethysts, or emeralds, which grow in the
fissuies, are ordinarily crystallized or shot into anga-
lateil figures ; whereas in the strata, they are fomid in
rude lumps like yellow, purple, and green pebbles."—
Woodward.
aiig-U-lo, in compos. Having an angle.
angulo-dentate, a.
Botany : Angular and tootlied, angularly
toothed. (Loudon : Cyclo. of Plants, 1^29,
Glosi.)
t ahg-u-lom'-et-er, s. [Lat. angulus = an
angle, and Gr. fxirpov (metrun) = measure.]
An instrument for measuring angles. The
more common term is ANt;LEMETER, and in
the case of crystals, in mineralogy. Gonio-
meter is eniiiloyed. [See these words.]
aiig-u-los'-i-ty, s. [From Lat. angulosus =
full of corners.] Nearly the same as angular-
ity; but perhaps, as its etymology suggests,
a stronger word. (Johnson's Diet.)
an-gus-ti-fo'-li-ate, ah-giist-i-fo'-li-
oiis, a. [From Lat. a ngiistus = narvoyf, and
folium, = a leaf.]
Bot. .- Having the leaves narrow.
An-giis-tur'-a, s. [Angostlra ]
'^ Sn'-h^ng, v.t. [A.S. hangian = to hang.}
To hang up ; tu hang.
" The remenamit were anhangd, uini .- and lesse,
That were consented to this cui'siidii'-f^se "
Chancer: C. T . L'I.CjO, 13.0^1.
* ^n'-hanged, pa. par. [Anhang.]
an-har-mon'-ic, a. [In Fr. anharmonique ;
Gr. au, priv., and apj^tdfi-o? (hornionios)^^ pro-
ducing harmony.] N'ot harmonic. [Har-
JIUNIO. J
anharmonic ratio or proportion, s.
Gcvin. : The term used liy Prof. Cha'^L-s,
when iuur points, a, b, c, d, being in a stniight
a c be
line, the ratio or proportion is r~j : r~^' Or
when A, B, c, d meeting in the same point,
sin. (a : c) sin. (b ; c) „ .
■ ■/ — < : -.-—-; v* [Harmonic] (Chasiesr
sin. (A: d) sin (b;d) •■ ■• ^
(uvini'trie Si'j.ci lj:iire, 1852, p. xix.)
an-he'ale, v. I. [Lat. anhdo.] To paut-
(Latinier : Works, \. 51.)
an-he-Ia'-tion, s. [Lat. anheloMo = dilfi-
culty of breathing, panting, from anhelo = to
pant; ho.lu = {l) to breathe, (■.:) to exhale.]
TJie act of panting ; the state of being short
of breath, difficult respiration.
"Those miknown tendencies and anhelalioiis of
divine souls after the adorable object of their love." —
aianvil: Utrrm. (I68l),p. aia.
an-he-ld'se, a. [In Sw. aandehs. From Lat_
anJivlns = (1) panting ; (2) causing shortness^
of breath.] Out of breath, panting. (Johnson.)
an'-him-a, s. [Brazilian name.] The name
of a bird, the Horned Screamer (Palamedca
cormita, Linn.). It is a wading bird. and.
THE ANHI.MA (PALAMEDEA CUUNI'TA;.
the type of the family Palamedeidte of Mr.
G. R. Gray. It is blackish, with a red spot on
the shoulder. The top of the head bears a
long, horny, slender, and mobile stem, and
the wing is armed with two triangular spurs.
It lives in the marshy parts of South America,
and has a powerful voice, heard at a great
distance. The sexes manifest much fidelity
to each other.
t an-hun'-gr^, a. [A-hungrv.] Hungry.
(Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 1.)
* an-hy', c'l/c. [Old Eng. aji = on; 7ii/ = high.}
On high.
. . besechith god an-high."
Jiotnaiu of Parteiuiij (ed. Skeat}, 2,704.
3,n-hy'-dride, s. [From Gr. aw^pia. (anudria)
= want of water ; ai/uSpos (anudru.s) = wanting
water: av (an), priv., and iJBwp (hudOr) ^
water.] An anhydride or an anhydrous acid
is a chemical substance formed by the substi-
tution of an acid radical for the whole of the
hydrogen in one or two molecules of water.
(Graham: Chem., 2nd ed., vol. ii., p, 042 ) By
tlie action of water they are converted into
acids. Anhydrides do not act on litmus or
other vegetable colours.
an-hy-drite, s. [in Gcr. anhydrit; Gr. aw-
Spos (anutlrob) — without water ; referring to
the fact that it contains no water of crystEd-
lisation. ]
Min. : A mineral classed by Dana under his
Oclcstite group. Its crystals are orthorhombic.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who* son; miite. ciito, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. e3, oe = e. ey = a, gu= gw.
anhydrous— animal
203
The hardness is 3— 3'5 ; th-i sp. gr. 2-S99—
2'9Sj ; the lustre vitreous, or somewhat
pearly ; tUt; colour white, or 'brick-red. Com-
position : Sulphuric acid, 55'80 to 597S ; lime,
40'21 to 4:V0(i, with smaller poi-tions of silica,
sesquioxide of iron, and water. It is altered,
by the absorption of moisture, into gypsum.
It is divided by Dana into Var. 1. Ordi-
nary, (a) Crystallised; {h) Fibrous; (c) Fine
granular ; ((/) Scaly granular, under wliich
is racked Vnlpinite (q.v.). Var. 2. Pseudo-
morxjlious. It occurs in various parts of the
Continent, aud in North America.
itn-hy'-drous, a. [In Ger. anhyder. From
Gr. acuSpos (amtrfros) = without water; av
(cLii), priv., aud ufiwp (hudor) = water.]
1. Chemistry : Having no water in its com-
position ; as anhydi-ous gypsum, gypsum witli
no water in its composition.
". . . thus the n?iAj/d7"0iM sulphuric acid does not
redden Utmiis."— Gi-a/Mim; CJtemistrij, vol. ii,, p. 188,
2. Mineralogy. Dana divides the minerals
classed as compounds of Chlorine, Bromine,
and Iodine into (1) Anhydrous Chlorids, (2)
Hydrous Chlorids, aud (S) Oxychlorids. (Dana :
Min., 5th ed., p. 110.) He separates Fluorine
Compounds into Anliydrous and Hydrous
(Ibid., p. 123), and adopts the same classifica-
tiou of the Oxyds: 1st. (Ibid, 131); the
Silicates (Ibid., ii03) ; the Phosphates, Arsen-
ates, Autimnnates (Ibid., 527) ; the Sulphates,
Chromates, Tellurates (Ibid., 613), and the
Carbonates (Ibid., 6(59).
* an'-i, u. [Any.]
a'-ni, a. [Tlie Brazilian name.] The name
jiiven to the birds helouging to the genus
Crotopliaga, and indeed tn tliose ranked under
the sub-family Crotopliaginae, a division of the
CucLdidffi, or Cuckous. The typical anis —
those of tlie genus Crotophaga— are found in
South America in companies. They are
about the size of our blackbird.
* an'-ie, a. [Any.]
* an-i-ent'e, v.t. [Fr. a»ca7i/tr=to annihilate;
from a. = to, and /ietn<( = nothing, nought. J
To bring to nought ; to frustrate. The Stiuie
as Anientisse (q.v.).
* 3<n-i-en'-tisse, v.t. [Fr. aurknitissevient =^
annihilation; a iieantir =■ to auniliilate.] To
reduce to nothing ; to anni]iilat(_^
". . . the whichtlireethiiii-'s yt' nc him not (tJi'C'i-
tissed or destroyed." — Cluiucer . .Mclibcus.
* 3.n-i-en -tissed, pa. par. [Anientisse.]
I- a-ni'ght (gh silent), adv. [Eng. a = ou, at,
and night.'] At night, during the night.
"I broke my sword upon a stuue. and bid hiin take
that for coming anigJU to Jane Suiile."— S/wtesp. . As
You Like it, ii. 4.
f a-ni'ghts (gh silent), adv. [Eng. a = on, at ;
nights, pi. of night] Night after night.
"Sir Toby, you must come in earlier anights; my
lady takes great exceptions at your iU hours." —
Sliakesp. : Twelfth NiglU, 1. 3.
" The turnkey now his flock returning sees,
Duly let out anigJUs to steal for fees 1 "
Swift : Description of Morning.
&n-i[g-6-z3-nth'-6s, s. [Gr. ii/t'trxw (aniscUo),
the same as avex*^ (anecho) ■=: to hold uji, t(i
lift up : and av6o<; (anthx)s) = flower. ] A genus
of plants belonging to the order Hamodoracete
(Blood-roots). They are curious Australian
plants, witli yellow or green flowers. Tlie
roots of the A. Jlorid-iis, though acrid when raw,
become mild and nutritious when cooked, and
are used for food by the nati^'fs of the Swan
river. (Liudlcy : Veg. Kingd., 1S47, p. 152.)
an'-il, s. [In Ger., Fr., Port., & Sp. anil =
indigo ; Arab, nilon ; Mahratta and some
other Indian languages ■)iUa=dark blue, as
Nilgherry Hills = the Blue Hills.] The Indigo
ulant.
fi.n'-ile» a. [Lat. anilis.] Old-wcmanish.
t an-ile-ness.
Anility.
[Eng. anile; suff. -«ess.]
S,n-il'-ic, rt. [Eng. anil; -ic] Pertaining to
anil (q.v.).
anilic acid, s.
Che-rn. : Indigotic acid =nitrosalicvlic acid,
C7H5NO5 = C7H5(X02)03. Obtaine'd by the
action of boiling nitru- acid and water on
indigo, or on salicylic acid. It ciystallises in
light yellow needles, soluble in hot water and
alcoliol.
an'-il-ine, s. [from aiiil (q.v.)] = amido-
benzene = amido-benzol = phenyl-
amine =
C6H7N=V H
/C6H5\'-)^^_
H y ~
C«H5(NH2)'.
Chem.: Anilinewas first obtained by distiUing
indigo with caustic potash. It occurs in the
heavy oils from coal-tar. It is prepared from
benzene, CgHg, which is converted into nitro-
benzene, CgH5(N02)', by the action of strong
nitric acid. The nitrobenzene is reduced to
aniline by the action of acetic acid and iron
filings, or by sulphide of ammonium. Aniline
is the basis of most of the coal-tar colours.
It ip an oily, colourless, refractive, volatile
liquid, boiling at ISS''. Its sp. gr. at 0*^ is
1'036. Itsolidifiesat ~8°toa crystalline mass ;
when exposed to the air and light, it becomes
brown. It is nearly insoluble iu water, but
dissolves in ether, alcohol, and benzene. It
forms crystalline salts with acids. It does
not turn red litmus paper blue. A slight
trace of aniline gives a deep purple colour
with a solution of bleaching powder. Aniline
combines with the iodides of alcohol radi-
cals like amines. The atoms of H united
to N iu aniline can be replaced by alcohol
radicals, as ethyl aniline —
(CeHs
xJh
ic,H5.
The H in the benzol ring (CjjHs) can also be
replaced by radicals forming substitution
compounds of aniline, of which, when one
atom of H is replaced by an atom of CI or a
radical, there can be always tliree modifi-
cations : thus, three modifications of nitro-
auiline (C6H4)(N02)(NHo) are kuovvu ; also
chloraniliiip, C6H4C1(NH2)'. aud bromauiline,
CsH4Br(NH2). [See Kekule's Organic Chem.]
]VI. Langorrois has found that the putrefactitm
and decomijositii.'u of animal matter can be
prevented, even when it is exposed to the air,
and in an elevated temperature, by the use of
small quantities of aniline. (Mai lad Press and
Clixak'.r, quoted in the Times, Muy 7, 1873.)
aniline black, s. A dye produced by a
mixture of aniline, potassium cltlnrate, and
cupilc sulplifitc or a vanadium salt. It is used
in calico printing.
aniline blue, s. Obtained by heating
rosaniliue with excess of iiuiliue at 150'^—
160'^ A hydrochloride of tiiplicnyl-rosaniline,
C2oHi6(C6H5>3N3.
aniline-green, s. The aldehyde green
is obtained trom aldehyde, niagejita, and sul-
phuric acid heated together, and then poured
into a boiling solution of sodium thiosiilphate.
The dye is precipitated by sodium acetate.
The iodine green is obtained by heating
aniUne violet with iodide of methyl.
aniline orange, ^ A salt of dinitro-
paracresol.
aniline purple, or mauve, is prepared
by adding to iiniline sulphate a dilute solution
of potassium bichromate. It contains a base
called mauveine, Ci)7H24N4.
aniline red [see Rosaniltne], called
also Magenta. Obtained by heating crude
aniline witli arsenic acid to 140*^. The pre-
sence of toluidine is necessary for its for-
mation.
aniline violet, s. Obtained by heating
rosanihne with ethyl iodide, a hydroiodide of
triethyl-rosaiiiline, C2oHic(C-jH5)3N3.
aniline yellow. [See Chrysaniline.]
S.n-il'-i-ty, s. [Lat. aniUtm, from anilis =
Xiertaining to an old woman, old womauisli ;
anus = an old woman ; Celtic lien = old.]
The state of being an old woman. The state
of entertaining such ^dews and feelings as are
natiu-al to women well advanced in hfe.
"Since the d.iy in which the Reformation was began,
by how many strange and critical turns has it been
perfected and handed down, if not entirely without
spot or wrinkle, at least without blotches or marks or
anil it I/"— Sterne: Sermon on the Inauguration of K.
George IU.
■[ Todd says : "Anil it t/ is not confined to
the feminine character, as Dr. Johnson would
imiily. It means dotage iu general, iu our
older dictionaries."
an'-im-a-ble, a. [From Lat. animo = to fill
with breath or air, to animate.] Capable of
being animated. (Johwioii's Dirt.)
an-im-ad-ver'-sal, a. & 5. [From Lat.
aiiimadversuin, suijine of animadvcrto.] [Ani-
madvert. ]
1. As adjective: Having the faculty of per-
ception, or the power of i-iciceiving.
2. As substantive: That which has tlie
faculty of pen.-eption ; the soul.
"That lively inward animadvcrsal : it is tlio soul
itself; for I cannot conceive the body doth animad-
vert; when as objects, plainly exposed to the sight,
are not discovered till the soul takes notice of them."
—More: Song of the Soul, Notes, p. 22.
an-im-ad-ver'-sion, s. [In Fr, animadvcr-
iiO/;. From Lat. onimadvcrsio = (I) the per-
ception of an object, attention ; (2) censure,
punishment.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of perceiving an object ; atten-
tion.
" The soul is the sole percipient which hath animad-
vei-s-ion and sense, properly so called." — Glanville.
2. As close attention to any one's conduct
is pretty sure to detect serious imperfections
in it, tlie word acquired the secondary signifi-
cation of severe censure, repmof, serioua
blame. This is now almost its sole meaning.
" He dismissed theii' commissioners with severe and
sharp animadversions." — Clare-ndon.
3. Punishment. [See II.]
" ■\\Tien a bill is debating in Parliament, it is usual
to have the controversy handled by pamphlets on both
sides, without the least aniinadversion upon the
a u thors . " — Swift.
II. Technically :
McdUcr. EccUs. Law: The infliction by the
civil power, at the instigation of the church,
of punishment on offenders against ecclesias-
tical law.
" An ei.'clesiastical censure and an ecclesiastical an!~
raadoersujn are ditt'ereut things: (or a censure has a
relation to a spiritual punishment, butan a-'itnu'ii'er-
«!o« has only a respect to a temporal one, as degntda-
tion, and the delivering the person o\ ei to the secular
court." — Aijliffe; I'arergo^i.
^ S-n-im-ad-ver'-sive, a. [From Lat. ani-
madversina, supine of animadverto. [Animad-
vert.] Having the power of perceiitioii.
"The representation of objei'ts t-.< tin suul, the only
aninindri'i-si',- principle, is coin eyed bj tjiittiuns made
on the iiiiuitdi.iLti organs of sense." — iliunvdle.
an-im-ad-ver'-sive-ness, s. [Eng. ani-
onadversin: ; -ness.] The quality or state of
perceiving; perception. {Johnsun.)
an-im-ad-vert', v.i. [Lat. animadverto —
(1) to turn the mind tn, (2) to notice, (S) to
censure or punish; a»(/H('^= the mind; oil-
rcrto = to turn to ; ad — to, and verto = to
turn.]
1. To turn the mind to any person or thing ;
to notice.
2. To blame, to censure, to make objurga-
toiy remarks upon.
" Certain questionable people , , . were niiit/md-
verted uiJoii [in an Act oi Parliameiitj,"— i-Vowi^e."
HiAt. Eng,, vol. ii., p. 434.
3. To punish.
" If the Author of the universe animadverts upon
men here below, how much more v/ill it become liim
to do it n]).ui their entrance into a higher state of
being V — Grew.
^ Anim-advert is followed by vimn or on.
(See the furegoiug examples. Very rarely
against is also used.)
"Your Gr.-ice very iu.stly a nbnadverts against the
too great disposition of finding faults . . ."—Pojie :
Letter to the Luke of Buckingham {1718).
an-im-ad-ver'-ter, s. [Eng. cuimadvert;
-er.} One who censures or punishes.
"God is a strict observer of, and a severe animad-
verter upon, such as presume to partake of those
mysteries without such a preparation." — South.
an-im-ad-ver'-tiug, j_>r. par. [Animad-
vert.]
S,n-ini-ad-ver'-ti§e, v.t. [ANniADVEUT.j
To inform. (N'ubhe : Lenten Stnffe.)
an'-im-al, 5. &. a. [Lat. animal = an animal ;
aniniale'^ neut. of adj. aut/ua/ts = possessing
life. [Animate.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A beastj as contradistinguished from a man.
'■ CombativeneBS is the natural disposition which
"'^'P.,, ."""""'*■ *^^' ^" various degrees to quarrel
and fight. — Penny Cgcl., xviii. 16.
2. In cnntcuivt : A man of no intellect, or of
bestial pivipeusities. (Johnson.)
3. In the same sense as No. II. (Znol.)
This signification of the word includes man.
bSil. bo^, pout, j*5wl; cat. 9eH, chorus, $hin, benc.b; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, eyist. -ing.
-tion, -sion, -tioun = shun; -tion, -$j.on = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous, -ceous=shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
204
animalcula— animating
"... tliouyh defenceleas, M;lu can arm liiiufielf
with every vai'iety oi ■weiiijon, iliiiI become thu iiiost
terribly destructive oi animals." — Owcit : C'iassi/. of
the Mammalia, p. 5i>.
II. TcdiiucaUy :
ZooL : An organic "being, rising above a
vegetable in various respects, especially in
possessing sensibility, will, and tlie power of
voluntary motion. Professnr Uwen delines an
animal as an organism which can move, which
receives nutritive matter by a mouth, whicli
inhales oxygen and exhales carbonic acid, :uid,
finally, which develops tissues, the proxhnate
principles o£ which are quaternary compounds
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
ipwtii : PakeoiiL, ISfiO, p. 4.) Though, practi-
cally speaking, there is in general lio diffi(;ulty
m distinguishing an animal from a vegetable,
yet the animals and plants of humble organi-
sation closely approach each fither in structure,
and it is not always easy to say whether a
particular organism belongs to the one king-
dom or the other. By his bodily organisation
man is an animal, though liis mental and
moial qualities give him an immeasurable
superiuj-ity over all the other members of the
animal kingdom. (For the classification of
animals, see Animal Kingdom.)
B, As adjective:
1. Pertaining to an animal as opposed to a
vegetable, or to an animal as distinguished
fvojn the more general term, an organised
being, as Animal F-anctions (q.v.).
" The animal meiiibi'anes exercise the property. . ."
Todd andSourman; Physiol. Aiuit,, vol. i., p. 54,
2. Pertaining to the inferior sentient beings
as ojiposed to man ; brutal.
"The immortal Aristotle, iii his system of the
animal world, excludes man from his scheioe." —
S^oaitison: Clansific. of Quadrupeds, § 15.
3. Pertaining to those parts of our complex
nature which we have in common with the
inferior sentient beings, as contradistinguished
from those mental, moral, and spiritual capa-
bilities in which man on the earth stands alone.
"There are things in the world of spirits, wherein
our ideas are very dark and confused : such ;is their
uuion with animal nature, the w;iy of their acting on
material beings, and their converse with each other." —
Waits : Logick.
animal charcoal, s. [Charcoal.]
animal economy, s. Tlie natural laws
on which the welfare of the animal world de-
pends, and to which, within certain limits,
instinct teaches the several species to conform.
animal electricity, s. [Galvanism]
animal flower, s. A name often given
to those radiated animals whifh have their ten-
tacles in rows ai"Ound their mouths, ntjt unlike
the petals of a double flower. The term has
been applied specially to various species of
the genus Actinia, which have been called,
from their fancied resemblance to particular
flowers. Sea Anemones, or fixed Sea-nettles.
(Griffith's Cuvicr, vol. xii., p. 572.) The other
radiated animals which have been called
animal flowers belong to the genera Holo-
thnria, Tubularia, Sertularia, Hydra, and
Alegonia. [Actinia.]
animal food, s.
1. Food consisting of the flesh or otlier
portions of animals.
t 2. Food designed for animals.
animal functions, s. pi. Functions (jxei--
cised by animals. They are divided intn two
classes. (1) Tliose peculiar to and character-
istic of animals, as distinguished from organ ir
functions, wliich are common to them and
vegetables. The animal functions of this
first category are sensibility, or innei"vation,
and voluntary motion, or locomotion. (2) The
merely vital or vegetative fun<'tians, which are
common to animals and vegetables. These
are nutrition and generation. [Organic Func-
tions.] (See Todd and Bowman's Fhij^^lol.
A<iat., vol. i., p. 25.)
animal heat, s. The heat possessed by
the higher animal;^, and which, so long as they
retain life, they niiiintain, wliatever the sur-
rounding temperature may be. It is highest
in birds, and lowest in reptiles and fishes.
animal kingdom, s. One of the three
great kingdoms of visible Nature, the othertwo
bi-ing the Vegetable and the ;Mineral Kingdoms.
Cuvier divided the Animal Kingdom into four
gieat sub-kingdoms — 1, Vertebrata ; 2, Mol-
liisra; 3, Articulata ; and 4, Radiata. Pro-
icssor Owen, in his Palffiontnlngy, adopts the
following cla.'ssification : — Kiugilom I. Pi'O-
tozoa. Kingdom II. Animalia. Sub-kingdom
I. Invertebrata ■ Province 1, Kadiata ; 2,
Articulata ; '6, Mollusca. Sub-kingdom II.
Vertebrata. (See his Paloiontol., ISliU.) Pro-
fessor Huxley divided the Animal Kingdom
into eight distinct groups ; — Vertebrata, Mol-
lusca, MoUuscoida, Ccelenterata, Annulosa,
Annuloida, Infasoria, Protozoa. It is now
generally admitted that no exact line can be
drawn between the lowest animals and the
lowest plants ; and classifications of animals
are based un the principle of descent from a
common ancestor, the term phylum being used
instead of Order. Scarcely any two authorities
agree as to the number of these phyla or tribes ;
but the following is a good working division :
Protozoa (forming one phylum) ; Metazoa :
Phylum 1, Ccelenterata; 2, Echinodermata ;
3, Vermes; 4, Arthropoda ; 5, MoUuscoidea ;
0, MoUuscii ; 7, Vertebrata.
animal magnetism,^. A science, orart,
so called because it was believed that it taught
the method of producing on persons of sus-
cei)tible organisation effects somewhat similar
to those which a magnet exerts upon iron. It is
now generally denominated Mesmerism (q.v.).
animal mechanics,^. [Mechanics.]
animal oat, s. An oat (Avena sterili-i),
which has a beard so hygrometric that, when
the seeds fall otF, it twists itself and moves
spontaneously, when certain alterations in the
weather occur. At such times it resembles
a strangely -shaped insect crawling on the
ground, whence its English name of Animal
Oat. It is sometimes grown as an object of
curiosity.
animal painter, s. A painter whose
special taste and skill lie in the representation
of animals.
animal painting, s. The department
of ]iainting which treats of the representation
of animals.
animal spirits, s. pi. Xerv(.us or vital
energy, the gaiety and capability for action
which arise from the possession of a sanguine
temperament and a healthy physical organi-
sation.
animal strength, a. [Strength.]
an-im-al'-cu-la, .s' jyl [The neut. pi. of Lat.
aiiimuJculv/ni, but not classic ; compounded of
amnuil, and the termination culum, signifying
little.] Minute animals.
■" Sometimes the word anhn'ilcuUi is mis-
i:aken by incorrect writers for a Latin noun
of the first declensiun, and receives at their
hands a plural (nunijilcidcu. Such an error
should be carefully avoided. [Animalcule.]
an-im-al'-cu-lar, a. [Eng., &;c., animalcula ;
-ar.j Pertaining or relating to animalcula.
"It rendered at once evident to the senses why air
filtered through cotton-wool is incompetent to gene-
rate aiihnalCLilar life. — Tj/ndall : Frag, of Science,
3rde(]., xi. 324.
an-im-al'-cule, s. [Fr., from Lat. animaJ-
i.-ii.ki(q.y ) In Port, auliiailculo.] An animal
so minute as to be visible only by means of
the mieroscoi)e. The term is applied spe-
cially to members of the classes Infusoria and
Rotifera ; the former called Infusorial, and
the latter Wheel-animalcules. [Infusoria,
KOTIFERA.]
Infusorial AnnnnJoiIci^" — Owen: -Com-
parat. Anat. oftJielni'trlcbrutn (1^4:;), p. l".
". . the Kotifera, or ~^h&e\-animahni(^." —
HuxUij : Introd. to the CloMif. of Animals (1B69}, p. 47.
t an-im-al'-cu-line, a. [Eng., &c., animal-
cnle ; -(/((.'.] Pertaining orrelating to animal-
cula.
^ Not so common a term as Animalcular
(q.r,).
" A Ji/ji/'tZcif/i/je putrefaction is the immediate cause
of those diseases."— ZJr. Dwight : Trae. in A'ew Jing.,
it^., vol. 1,, p. 430.
an-im-S,l'-cu-list, s. [Eng., &c., animalcule ;
-is! ] One who makes animalcules a special
study.
an'-im-al-ish, a. [Eng. animal; -ish.] Like
an animal.
an'-im-al-i§m, s. [Eng. fni.i'/»a/; -ism.] The
series of qualities which characterise a mere
animal in contradistinction to a man.
an-im-a,l'-i-ty, s. [In Ger. a n i „i.aUtdt ; Fr.
animal iti' ; Ital. aninudltd.} Conformity to
the animal type of structiu'c.
" It ia evident that such characters must bt derived
from the animal functions of sensation and motion,
lor these not only constitute and create an animal, but
also by their jfreater or less capacity may be said xn
some meaiiure to establish the degree of its auimality.
— Griffith's Cuvier, vol. i., p. 5a.
^n-im-al-i-za'-tion, s. [Eng. animalize;
-ation. In Fr. anlmalisation ; Port, ani-
iiutlisagao,] The act of making into an animal,
or into animal matter; the state of being
made into an animal, or into animal matter.
an'-im-al-ize, v.t. [Eng. animal; -ize. In
Fr. animaliser ; Port, animalisar.]
1. To make into an animal ; to impart
animal life to.
2. To convert into animal matter.
an'-im-al-ized, i^a. jjctr, & a. [Animalize.]
As adjective :
"But they eat, I observe, a very large proportion of
fat, which is of a less anintalizcd i\3.tuie."~J}arunn :
Voyage round the World, ch. vi., p. 117.
an'-im-al-iz-ing, pr. -par. &. a. [Animalize.]
.4s adjective:
"... the unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet
on the animalizLng tendency of his own philosophy."
— Coleridge : Aids to Rellection (188y), p. a7.
t an'-im-al-neSS, s. [Eng. animal ; -ncss.^
The quality or state of being an animal ;
animal existence.
an'-im-ate, v.t. &i. [In Fr. animer ; Sp. &
Port, animar; Ital. anivutre. From Lat. auimo
= to till with breath or air, to make alive. To
endow with aniina = air, a soul.J [Animal.]
A, Transitive:
I. Literally : To endow with natural life ;
to impart life at first, or preserve it when
imparted.
" Where searching sunbeams scarce can find a way
Earth animated heaves." Tlwiiison : Hununer, 296.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of inanimate things: To impart the sem-
blance of life to ; to give power to ; to heighten
the effect of.
" Heroes in animated marble frowa."
J^ope : Temple uf Fame, "3.
2. Of persons :
(a) To inspire with courage or ardour, to
enliven, to stimulate.
" Thus ann'd, he animates his drooping hands."
Fope: Bomer ; Iliad v. 606.
(&) To imbue or inspire with ; to cause to be
actuated by.
" Thej^ would come up to Westminster animated hy
tlie spirit of 1640." — JIauaulai/ ; Hist. Eng., ch. viii.
B, Intrans. : To become lively, to revive.
{Mad. D'Arblay: Cecilia, bk. i., ch. iv.)
an'-im-ate, a. The same as the i^articipial
adj. Animated (q.v.).
"... the admirable structure of nHi'«a((; bodies."
— Bentle.ij.
an'-im-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Animate, v.]
As adjective :
", . . the same anbmited descriptions,
— Lewis : Early Jiom,. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i., § 1.
" .... on the report there was an anim,ated
debate." — .Vacaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
Animated Nature: That portion of Nature
in wliich there is life, in contradistinction to
that from which life is absent.
" Nature inanimate employs sweet soiuids,
But anim.ated Nature sweeter still.
To soothe and satisfy the human ear."
Co toper . Task, bk. i.
+ an'-im-ate-neSS, s. [Eng. animate ; -ness.}
The state of being animated. (Johnson.)
an'-im-a-tihg, pr. par. & a. [Animate, v.]
As adjei'tive :
" . . . to the sun allied,
From him they draw their aniinating fire."
Tho)nson : Seasons; Su7nmer.
" As from a lethargy at once they rise,
And urge their chief with antinating cries."
Pope ■ Homer's Odyssey, bk. x., 658, 559.
Animating Principle : An English term
corresponding to the Greek »/a>x^ {jysnche),
which means (1) breath, life ; (2) soul ; (3)
reason ; (4) a living spirit, supposed to go
through all the earth and the ocean. It was
called by the Romans anima mundi. In the
plural, animating principles correspond to the
Greek tpvxaC (psuchai). The hypothesis of
Aristotle on the subject was that there were
an inflnite number of distinct animating prin-
ciples, no two precisely identical with each
other m qualities. Each uf these necessarily
had its corresponding budy, -which accounted
l^te, fat, fare, amidst, Tvhat, f^ll, father ; "we, Tvet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t-
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; fe = e. qu = kw.
animatingly— anisometric
205
for the great diversities among the species of
animated beings existing in the world. All,
however, acted nnder the direction of the
supreme animating principle or (^va-i^ (phusis)
= (1) growth, (2) outward form, (3) nature.
The immortal Harvey held a somewhat similar
rhelief, and the "materia vUcb" (material of
life) of John Hunter, the " organic force " of
Miiller, and the ' ' organic agens " of Dr. Prout
are all akin to the \j/vxri (psuche), or animating
principle of Aristotle. (See Todd and Bow-
man's Physiol. Anat., vol. i., pp. 16, 17.)
an'-im-a-ting-ly, adv. [Eng. aniinating ;
-ly.} In a manner to produce animation.
an-im-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. animation; Sji.
anlmacion ; V ovt. aniTnagao ; ItaX. animazio])r :
Lat. animatio, from aiiimo = to fill with breath
or life; anima = air, life.] The act of ani-
mating ; the state of being animated.
Specially :
1. Lit. : The act or process of making to
breathe or live for the first time, or after ^'itul
action has been suspended ; also the state of
having life thus imparted or revived.
"The body is one . . . much more by the nn!-
matioH of the same soul quickening the whole frame,"
—liUhop TayJor : Of Repeittance, c. vi., § 2.
" Anitnation (Lat.) is the informing an animal body
■witli a mvLL"—Glo»sog. JVov.
Suspended animation is a term used in the
case of persons all but drowned, in whom the
vital actions have temporarily ceased, and will
probably do so permanently unless means be
adopted for their immediate restoration.
2. Figuratively :
(ft) Of riieii or other conscious heings, singly
or in combination : The act or process of
inspiring life-like energy or ardour ; also the
state of having such energy or ardour im-
parted.
"... the faction which had been prostrated and
stunned began to give signs of returning aniination."
— ifacattlai/ : Hist. Eng., ch, xvi.
(li) Of things inanimate : The act or process
of making painted or sculptured figures so
life-like that they appear to the imagination
as if actually alive.
Sin'-im-a-tive, a. [Eng. animate ; -ire]
Having the power to impart life or spirit.
^n'-im-a-tdr, s. [Lat.] One who or that
wliich animates or imparts life or spirit.
". . . those bodies , . . conform themselves
to situations wherein they best unite unto their a ni-
tnator." — Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. ii., ch. 2.
S,n-i-ine', a. [Fr. anime = animated.]
Her. : A term used when wild animals are
represented with fire proceeding from their
mouth and ears. It is called also incensed.
(Gloss, of Heraldry.)
an-i'me, s. [In Ger., Sp., &c., anime.] A
resin procured from the Hymencea Courbaril, a
plant of the Papilionaceous sub-order. It is
of a transparent amber colour, an agreeable
smell, and little taste. The Brazilians use it
in fumigations for pains and aches arising
from cold.
3,n-im-et'-ta, s. [Ital. = the part of a cuirass
which covers tlie body in front.]
Ecdes. Ritualism: The cloth with which
the cup in the eueharist is covered.
&n'-ini-ine» *. [Lat. anim{a); Eng. suff. -inc.]
Chem. : An organic base obtained from bone
oil. It has not been prepared pure.
^n'-im-l^m, o. [From Lat. anima = the
principle of animal life.] [Animus.] The
doctrine that the pliendnena of Ufe in animals
is caused by the presence of a soul or spirit ;
and that the functions of plants are carried
out by the principle of life, and not by any
chemical or material causes. (Webster.)
^n'-im-ist, s. One who holds the doctrines
of Animism (q.-\'.). (IVebster.)
S,n-i-mo' fiir-an'-di (uSed in Eng. as adv.).
[Lat.] With the mind or intention to steal.
* ^n-im-d'se* a. [in sp. animoso ; Lat. a)ii-
viosus.] Full of life and spirit; spirited.
* &n-im-6'se-ness, 5. [Eng. animose; -ness.]
The quality of being spirited. (Johnson.)
S-n-im-OS'-i-ty, s. [In Fr. animositi ; Port.
animosidaclc ; Ital. unimnslta, aniviositade,
animositate ; Lat. animositas = (1) boldness,
(2) impetuosity, (:j) hatred; animosiis = full
of courage, spirited ; anima = (1) wind, (2) the
air, (S) breath, life. Gr. aveixo<; (anemos) =
wind ; Sansc. animi, anas = wind, air : an =
to breathe.]
* 1. Spirit, courage, boldness, "without im-
plying the presence of the malignant element.
(See ex. from Plutarch's Morals in Trench's
Select Gloss., p. 6.)
2. Irrepressible anger or hatred against one,
prompting the individual who entertains it
to open endeavours to injure the person
against whom his spirit is so violently excited.
" Animositt/ (LatT), stoutness, stomachf ulness ; Ani-
mosities, quarrels, contentions. "—Glossogr. A'ov,
"To the evils arising from the mutual animoBity of
factions were added other evils arising from the
mutual anitnosUy of sects." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. XI.
an'-im-iis, s. [Lat. = the spiritual and ra-
tional soul in man ; opposed to anima— (I) the
principle of animal life. (■!) the will, purpose,
(3) the affections, the inclinations, the pas-
sions.] Intention ; purpose, especially of a
hostile character founded on the presence of
animosity in the heart.
"The lightest of these charges were symptoms of an
animus which the Crown prosecutors would regard as
treasonable." — Eroude: Hist. Eng., vol. iii,, ch. xiv.
"During the last eighteen months there had been a
s anirmis in certain quarters against the subject
races of the Porte."— J/r. Treveti/an, AI.P. ; Times,
Feb. 2, 18TB.
^n-in'-gaif s. [W. Indian name.] The desig-
nation given in the West Indies to several
plants, most of them Aroids. One sj^eeies, if
not even more than one, was formerly used in
sugar refining.
^]l'-Z-6n, s. [Gr. avibiv (anion), pr. par, of
af etjLLt (aneimi) = to go up ; avd (ana) = up,
and idjv (ion), pr. par. of el/xi (eimi) = to go.]
Electrolysis : Faraday's name for that element
in a body decomposed by voltaic electricity
which appears at the anode [Anode], or posi-
tive electrode of the battery. It is opposed
to Cation (q.v.).
^n'-is-al, s. [From Eng. , &c. , a nise.] A
chemical snbstonce called also anisic aldehyde
and hydride of anisyl. (Foivnfs : Chemistry.)
^n-i-san'-thoiis, a. [Gr. ano-o? (anisos) =
unequal, and aLv6o<; (anthos) = a flower.]
Bot. : Having perianths of different forms.
S-n'-i-sate, a. & s. [Anise.]
A. -As adj. : Resembling anise.
B. As subst. . A salt of anisic acid.
an'-ise, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., Fr., Sp., &
Port., anis; Dut. anys; Lat. anisum ; Gr.
avLtrov (a)i.isoji)and avrfdov (anethon), also Ionic
avjrq(rov (annison), avrja-ov (aneson) ; poetic.
avvTiTov (anneton), avr}Tov (aneton) ; later Attic,
Doric, & ^olic avLirou (anison), awia-ov (anni-
son) = dill or anise. Arab, ainison.] [Ane-
THUM.]
1. The anise proper : An umbelliferous plant,
the Pimpinella anisnin. It is cultivated in
Malta and Si-tain for the sake of the seeds.
ANIfcE (pimpinella ANISFM)
One-sixtl: natural size ; plant, flower, and ripe fruit
enlai^ed.
which are imported into this and other coun-
tries. They are aromatic and carminative.
Its scent tends to neutralise other smells. It
is sometimes sown here for its leaves, which
are used like fennel as a seasoning or garnish.
2. Tfie anise of Scripture : In Gr. to avr}9ov
(to [the] anethon), should, it is believed, have
been translated "dill," Anetlnnn graveolcns.
[Dill.] It also is of the Umbelliferous order.
. for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and
, . . ." — Jliitt. xxiii. 2a.
Oil of anise: A solution of anise camphor, or
anethol, C10H12O, in an oil like turpentine ; it
solidifies at 10^. It is the essential oil of
Pimyinella anisum. The camphor is obtained
]mre from alcohol by pressure and crj'stallisa-
tion. In pharmacy it is used as a stimu-
lant, aromatic, and carminative : it relieves
flatulency, and diminishes the griping of pur-
gative medicines. (Oarrod.)
anise-camphor, *. [Anethol.]
Chem. : A white crj'stalline substance ; sp.
gr. 1*014. It melts at 18°, and boils at 222"^.
an'-i-seed, s. [Eng. ani(se); seed.} The seed
of the anise (q.v.).
aniseed-tree, s. [Anise-seed tree, so
called because the leaves and capsules have
a strong smell of anise-seed.] The English
name of lUicium, a genus of Magnoliaceai, or
magnoliads. The best known species are /.
fioridanum and I. parvifioruni, from Florida.
an-i-sett'e de Bourdeaux (Bdr-do"), s.
[Fr.] A liquor consisting of anise macerated
in eau-de-vie.
an-is'-ic, ft. [Eng. anise, and suff. -ic] Per-
taining to anise or anise-seed.
Anisic acid = Methyl-paraoxybenzoic acid
= hydrate of anisyl = draconic acid, CgHgOs.
A monobasic aromatic acid, obtained by the
oxidation of anisic aldehyde. It crystallises
in colourless prisms which melt at 175°. It is
soluble in hot water, alcohol, and ether. By
distillation with lime it yields CO2 and anisol.
Anisic alcohol : CgHioOa- An aromatic
alcohol obtained by treating anisic aldehyde
with alcoholic potash. It boils at 250°. It
crystallises in hard white needles, which melt
at' 23°.
Anisic aldehyde — Anisal = Hydride of
Anisyl : CgHgOo. An aromatic yellow liquid
obtained by oxidising anisic alcohol. It is
oxidised into anisic acid, and by nascent H
converted into anisic alcohol ; it forms crys-
talline compounds with alkaline acid sulphites.
Also obtained by the action of dilute HNO3
and anise-camphor. It boils at 255°.
S,n-is-i-di'ne, s. [From Eng., &c., anise.]
Chem. : N.C7H7O.H2 = methylphenidine, an
organic base formed by the action of sulphide
of ammonium on nitranisol ; it combines with
acids forming salts.
an-i-so-dac'-tyl-ej, s. pi. [Gr. ai/tcro?
(ftnrsos)= unequal : aV (an), priv., and itros
(isos) = equal ; (2) SaKTuAo? (daktulos) = a finger
or a toe.]
Zool. : Temminck's name for those inses-
sorial birds which haye toes of unequal length.
an-i-so-dyn'-a-mous, a. [Gr. (l) avLo-o^
(rn/isos) = unequal: av (an), priv., and icros
(isos) — equal ; (2) &vvafj.is (dunamis) = power,
strength ; Svvaixai (dunamai) = to be able.]
Bot. : Of unequal strength. (Used of mono-
cotyledonous plants which, when they ger-
minate, grow with greater force on one side of
their axis than on the other.
an-i-so'-ic a^'-id, s. [From anise (q.v.).]
Chem. : CioHigOg. A product of the oxida-
tion of oil of star anise.
an'-is-6l, if. [Lat. aiiisuvi = anise, and oleum
= oil.]
Chemistry : CjUsO = C(jH4(CH3).OH. An
aromatic alcohol (also called methyl phenol,
methyl carbolic acid, or dracol) obtained by
heating potassium phenate, CeH^.OK, with
methyl iodide, CH3.I; also by the dry dis-
tillation of methyl salicylate, or by distilling
anisic acid with excess of caustic baryta.
Anisol is a colourless liquid, boiling at 152°.
It dissolves in H2SO4, forming suljihanisolic
arid, C7HgS04. By fuming HNO3 there are
one. two, or three atoms of H replaced by
(NO:i)', forming mono-, di-, or tri-nitr anisol,
whicli by reducing agents give corresponding
basic amido-compounds ; as C7H7(NO;^)0, iii-
tranl'^ol, gives C7H7(NH2)0, nitran7sidinc.
(See Watts's Diet. Chem.)
an-i-s6-met'-ric, u. [Gr, ai'tcro^eTpos (ani-
snmetros)^ o( unequal measure with : av (an),
pnv. ; Itro? (isos) — equal to ; jLLeVpoc (nictron)
=. a measure.]
t6il« bo^; pout, j6wl; cat, cell, chorus, 9kin, "bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian - shan. -tion« -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, >^c. = bel, del.
206
anisonema— anneal
Mill. : Of unequal measurement.
"II. Titauits Group. Anisome'ric," — Dana: i/in .
eth ea., p. 36-2.
" JVIesotype Group. Anisometric."—!bid., p. 421.
an-i-so-ne'-ma, s. [Gr. arto-os (anisos) =
unequal ; and i/^fxa (nemo)— a thread.]
Zool. : A genus of Infusoria belonging to the
family Thecamonadina.
an-i-sop'-li-a, s. [Gr. avia-o? (avisos) = un-
equal, and ottKov (hoplo}i)=a. tool, an imple-
ment, a weapon.] A genus of lamellicorn
beetles. One species, A. hoHLcola (Garden
Chafer or May-bug), which may be recognised
by its green body and tawny elytra, is common
in England from May to June, destroying
thorn hedges, roses in gardens, corn in fields,
&e. Anotlier, A. agricola {Field Chafer), green
in colour, is similarly hurtful in France and
Germany.
S,n-l-so-scel'-i-d0S, s. pi. [Gr. ai/ta-os (anisos)
= unequal ; aKeXo^ (skelos) = the leg, including
the foot.] A family of bugs. The Diactor
hULneatus has enormous expansions on the
hindmost pair of legs.
S.n-i-s5~sper'-ma, s. [Gr. avta-os (amsos) =
unequal, and a-rrdpfia (sperma) = seed.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Cueur-
bitaceae (Cucurbits). The seeds of A. passi-
fiora contain a bitter oil mixed with a bland
sebaceous matter and resiu. Taken in small
doses they are stomachic, but swallowed in
larger quantities they act as purgatives,
{L li alley : Veg. Kingd., p. 315.)
S,n-i-sd-stsin'-on-ous, u. [Gr. ii/to-o?
(anisos) = unequal, and a-T^timv (stcmon) = a
thread. ]
Bot. : Having the stamens in number un-
equal to the petals. (Lindley.)
t ^n-i-sos'-tom-ous* a. [Gr. ai'to-o? (anisos)
= unequal, and <TT6fj.a (stovia) = mouth.]
Bot. : " Having unequal mouths." (Used
■ of a calyx or corolla divided unequally.)
aa'-i-syl, 5. [From Eng., &c., anise.]
Chem. : C8H7O.2. An organic radical con-
tained in anisic acid, anisyl hydi'ide, &,t;.
3,ll-ith'-er, a. A Scotch form of Another (q. v.).
Su'-ker (1), s. [In Dut., Ger., & Dan., anker ;
Sw. ankarc]
1. A Dutch liquid measure containing about
lOi imperial gallons.
2. An English liquid measure for spirits,
wine, &c., containing about 8^ imperial gallons.
". , anfterfiof brandy." — MacaiUai/ : Hist. Jing.,
ch. xii.
* an'-ker (2), *
* S.nk-er'-as,
[Anchorite.]
Old spelling of Anchoress.
* ank'-ere, s. Old spelling of Anchor (q.v.).
3-n'-ker-ite, s. [in Ger. ankerit. Named after
Prof. Anker, of Styria.] A mineral classed by
Dana under his Calcite group of Anhydrous
Carbonates. Its crystals are rhombohedral ;
it occurs also massive, granular, or compact.
The hardness is 3 5 to 4 ; the sp. grav. 2'95 to
3"1: the lustre 'vitreous to pearly; the colour
wliitf^ gray, or reddish. It is translucent, or
nearly so. Its composition is carbonate of
lime, 46'40 to 5tJ"-i5 ; carbonate of magnesia,
11'8.5 to 36"35 ; protoxide of iron carbonate,
13 20 to 35*31 ; protoxide of manganese car-
bonate. 0-34 to 10-09. It is found in Styria,
in Nova Scotia, &c.
3,n-kis-tr6-de§'-inus, s. [Gr. ayKia-Tpov
(aiuiklstro7i)=.a, fish-hook; Seo-[j.6<; (desnws) =
a bond. ]
Bot: A genus of Desmidiacete. Character:
Cells elongated, attenuated, entire, aggregated
into faggot-like bundles.
an'-kle^ an'-cle, s. [A.S. ancle, andeo; Sw.
& Dan. ankel; Ger. aenkel ; Dut. ciikel.] The
joint by which the foot is united to the leg.
"... and he brought me throuffh the-watera ; the
waters were to the aiLulvs." — A'zet. xlvii. a.
" For still, the more he works, the more
Do his weak anklci swell "
\yord.t,worlh : Simon Lee.
ankle-bone, ancle-bone, *. The bone
of the ankle.
"... immediately his feet and ancle-bones re-
ceived streugtii." — AcU iii. 7.
ankle-deep, a. Sunk in some semi-
liquid or liquid substance as deep as the
ankles.
" Hence, ankle-deep in moss and flowery thyme,
We mount again . . ." — Cowper : Task, bk. I.
ankle-joint, s. The joint of the ankle.
", , . the backward position of the aitkle-Jolnt
surface presented by the aatragalua to the tibia." —
Owen: C'laasif. of the JfammuUa, p. C7.
an'-kled, a. [Eng. ankle; suffix -ed.] Per-
taining to the ankles. (Chiefly in composi-
tion.)
" Well ankled, two good confident calves." — Beau-
Tnont & Fletcher : WU at Several Weapons.
ank'-let, s. [Dimin. of Eng, ankle.]
+ 1, A little ankle.
2. An ornament placed on the ankle as a
bracelet is on the wrist. It is much woi'n in
the East.
* an'-kre, s. [Anchor.]
* ank'-ress, e. Old spelling of Anchoress.
ank-y-l6'^ed, u. [Anchylosed.]
ank-y-l6'-sis, s. [Anchylosis.]
ank-3?"-l6t'-ic, «. [Anchylotic]
an'-la9e» 3.n'-las, s. [In Mediav. Lat. ane,-
laciuM. From Wei. anglas = a sword.] A
falchion, a wood-knife, a dagger.
" An anlas and a gipser al of silk
Heiiff at hi3 geruul, whit as morne mylk,"
Chaucer: C. T., 359, 360.
" Bot Arthur with ane anlace egerly amyttez.
And hittez over in the hulke up to the hiltez."
Morte Arthur e {ed. Perry), l,l-t6-«.
"And by his aide an anZace hung."
Scott : Jtokeby, v. 15.
S.nn, s. [Annat.] (Scotch.)
an'-na, s. [Jlalirattaa?wtct; Bengali and Sansc.
aiia.'\ An imaginary coin used in calculations
in India. It is the sixteenth part of a rupee, is
in value about l^d. sterling, and is estimated
to contain four pice.
an-na-ber'-gite, s. [From Annaberg, in
Saxony, where it occurs.] A mineral placed
by Dana in his Vivianite group. It is mono-
clinic, has capillary crystals, and is besides
massive and disseminated. The colour is a
fine apple-greeu ; the streak greenish-white.
Composition : Arsenic acid, 36'S to 38 '90 ; pro-
toxide of nickel, 35 to 37 '35 ; oxide of cobalt,
from a mere trace to 2'5 ; water, 23"91 to 25 0.
Besides Annaberg, it is found in Dau^jhiny,
in Connecticut, and other places.
^n'-nal, s. [In Fr. annal is = annual (used
specially of plants). From Lat. annalis = be-
longing to a year ; annus =■ a year. ]
A. Singular (Annal).
+ 1. Generally : The singular of the word
Annals (q.v.). [Annal-writing.]
2. Technically. In the Roman Catholic
Church : A mass said for an individual every
day in the year, or annually on a particular
day of each year. (Du Cange.)
B. Plural (Annals). [In 8\v. & Dan. anna-
hr ; Ger. annalen ; Fr. annalcs ; Sp. anales ;
Ital. annali. From Lat. annales (pi.) ; rarely
aiLualis (sing.) = year-books, yearly records,
from annus = a year.]
1, Properly : The record of historical events
arranged chronolngically, and divided into
yearly portions, lu this sense the record of
the important events in the Roman State, said
to have been made annually for the first six
cen*-uries of its existence by those who succes-
sively filled the high office of Pontifex Jlaxi-
mus, were annals.
"Their model -nas the official a7tnals of the year
kept by the Pontifex JIaximus. "— £e«iis .- L'arl'/ Jiom.
Iliit., ch. ii., § 8.
2. More loosely : Records of historical
events, or even of less important incidents,
although they may not be formally divided
into yearly portions. There has been con-
siderable dispute ri.->giLrding the precise differ-
ence between ann.ils and hi.story. [See a
dissertation on the subject by Xiebuhr in the
Philological Museum, vol. ii. (Cambridge,
1833), pp. eei-tiTo.] Broadly speaking, annals
are simple records or chronicles of events, in
yearly portions or nthtrwise, without any
effort to trace oceurrenct-s to their causes, to
investigate the cliaractiTs and motives of the
chief actors, or to intercalate pliilosophical
generalisations. When these ek-ments are
superadded to the bare chronicle of incidents
then annals become history.
" Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful Hmlle
annal-book» s. A' history. (Tennyson :
Coming of Arthur, 116.)
annal-writing, s. \\'riting of annals.
", , . the distinction we have stated between
history-writing and aitnaUwriting." — Penny Cyclo.,
vol. ii,, p. 41.
an'-nal-ist, s. [Eng. annal ; suffix -ist. In
Ger. 'annalist ; Fr, annaliste ; Sp. aiialista ;
Fort. & Ital. annalista.] Oue who writes
annals.
" The native historians of Rome, who were prior to
Sallust, DionysiuB, and Livy, have been sometimes
grouped together under the common designation of
annalUts."— Lewis : Early Rom. HUt., ch. iii,, § 11.
" The records of an annalist may be jejune."— /itti.,
ch. xiii,, pt. i., § l,
". . . confirmed in every page of the Celtic
annalists."— Froude : Hist. Eng., cb. viii., vol. ii., p.
1254.
an-nal-ist'-ic, o.. [Eng. annalist; suffix -ic]
Pertaining to annalists.
" Nowthe annalistic style is marked by brevity and
dryness." — Lewis: Early Jiom. Hist., ch. xiii., pt. i.,§ 1,
". . . the dry rinuti(<5/ic style of the early Eoman
historians." — Ibid., ch. ii., 5 2.
an'-nal-ize, v.t. [Eng. annal; suffix -ize.]
To note down as annals.
" Observe the miracle, deserving a Baronius to an-
nalizeiV Sheldon: Jiir. of ArUich. {1616), i). 332.
an'-nal^» a. pi. [Annal.]
an'-nat (Eng. & Scotch), * ann (Scotch), s.
Often in the plural, an'-nats, an'-nates.
[In Ger. annaten ; Fr. & Ital. annate; Sp.
anata ; Port, annala. From Lat. annus =a
year.]
I. " Primitioi " (First-fruits) :
1. When the Papal power was dominant:
The first year's revenues of a benefice which
each new incumbent was required to remit
to the papal treasury. Cowel says that
first-fruits were called annates because paid
after one year's profit of a living had been
obtained. The original imposition of annates
is generally attributed to John XXII. in the
fourteenth centurj', but they existed before
his time. Valuations of them were made in
England in A.D. 1254 and in 1292. (See
Mosheim's Church Hist., Cent, xiv., pt. ii., ch.
ii., § 6, Mui'doch's note ; also Cent, xv., I't. ii.,
ch. ii., § 532.)
"Though the Council of Basil damned the payment
of annats, yet they were paid here till Henry VIIL
annexed them for ever to the crown^" — ISp. Marlow:
Jiemains, p. 172.
2. Since the Reformation :
(o) In England : The first-fruits exacted by
Henry VIII. in England, at the Reformation,
were the annates of the bishoprics, which the
king had dissevered from the Pope. They
were valued in A.D. 1535, the result being
recorded in what was generally called Liber
Regis (the King's Book). By this valuation
the clergy still are rated. During the reign of
Queen Anne, the annates were given up to
form a fund for the augmentation of poor
livings. [Queen Anne's Bounty.]
". , . which annates, or first-fruits, were first
suffered to be taken within the realm, for the only
defence ot Christian people against the Infidels," —
Ads of Pari, S3 ann. Hen. VICL, 31.
" Nu antiates would be sent anj'_ longer to Rome." —
Fronde: Hist. Eng., cb. vii., vol. li., p. 194.
(b) In Ireland : Before the passing of the first
Reform Bill the annates were applied primarily
to the repair of ecclesiastical buildings, and
tlien to the augmentation of poor livings ; but
about a year after that event the annates were
abolished, their place being supplied by a
graduated tax on the higher clerical incomes.
(c) In Scotland, the annat is declared by Car.
IL, Pari, Sess. 3, cap. 13, to be due to the
executors of a deceased minister, and to be
half a year's stipend in addition to what he
liad earned by his official services up to the
time of his death. [For details see CiuHjicnd
of the Laius of the Church of Scotland (lU'dO), p.
a2(3.]
IL In the modern Church of Roriie : Masses
said for a year either for the soul of a person
deceased, or for that of a person living.
(See Ayliffe's Farcrgon.)
an-ne'al, v.t, [A.S. an(elan = (l) to kindle,
to inflame, to light ; (2) to anneal. From
a-lnn = to kindle, light, set on fire, albu to
bake ; cc^ = fire.]
late, fat, fare, amidst, what., fsill, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, ".vork, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full; try, Syrian, se, cie = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
annealed— annihilation
207
L L iteraHy :
I. To heat a metal with the view of regu-
lating its elasticity, or glass to render it less
brittle, or to lix colours in it. When a metal
is to be annealed it is raised to a temperature
lower than the ons ue(:(.*;,t,arv to temijerit, and
then allowed to euol slowly. The elasticity
of the metal is thus diminished. Springs
have thus imparted to them the precise mea-
sure of elasticity which is deemed the most
suitable. Glass is similarly annealed. It is
tirst heated, and then allowed to cool slowly.
(See Ganot's Physics, ;ii'd ed., 18(38, p. (33.)
" But when thou dost anneal in gl.'xsa thy story,
theu the liu'htaudelory
More rev'rend gi-oivs, aiid more doth win,
■Which elae shews waterish, bleak, and thin."
Herbert.
"Beneath those chambers of the Sun,
Some amulet of gems aiiTwaCd
In upper fires ..."
Jloore ■ Paradise and the Peri.
t 2. To temper by nold. (Shemtotis.)
3. To bake. (Used of tiles.)
II. Figuratively : To temper the character
by the lieat of sulfering or trial, so as to enable
it to endure more without being shattered.
"The mind to strengthen and anneal.
While on the stithy glows the steel ! "
Scott : ItoJu'by, i. 3L
an-ne'aled, pa. par. & a. [Anneal, j
"Both the poles, you iind, attract both ends of the
iiQedle. Replace the needle by a bit of annealed iron
wire, the same effeots ensue." — 2'jjiidall : Frag, of
Science. 3rd ed.. xiii. 081.
an-ne'al-ing, ^ a-ne'al-ing, pr. par., a.,
& s. [Sometimes corrupted into Nealing.]
As substantive : The process of first heating
and then cooling a metal, with the view of
regulating its elasticity or tempering it. The
process of similarly treating glass to render it
less brittle or fix colours in it.
"Enameling and aiu^aUii'/." — Sprat : Hist, of the
Royal Soc, p. 286.
an-nec'-tent, u. i^'nini L;it. aimrrtois, genit.
annectenics, pr. par. of <uniccto=ito tie to, to
annex; oci = to, and necto^to bind, to tie.]
Annexing, connecting. QVebster.)
^n'-nel-id, d.n'-nel-ide, "^ an'-el-ide,
an-nel'-i-dan, s. [Annelida.] Au animal
belonging to the class Annelida. (Huxley, dix.)
an-nel'-i-da, s. pi. [Lat. annellns, or anellus
= a little ring, dimin. of an mUn.'^, or an'uk^s =
a ring.] A class of animals belonging to tin'
sub-kingdom Articulata, the Annulosa of some
naturalists. They are sometimes called Red-
blooded Worms, being tlie only invertebrated
animals possessing this character. They are
soft-bodied animals, mostly living in the
water, sometimes in moist earth, but never
parasitically within tluj bodies of other
animals ; the higher ones possessing limb.s,
though of a rudimentary character, which
makes them resemble centipedes ; wliilst the
lower ones, like the leeches, are wholly desti-
tute of these appenda^^es. The respiration is
effected by external branchiie, by internal
vesicles, or by the skin itself. Contractile
vessels supply the place of a heart. The ner-
vous system consists of a single or double
ventral cord, furnished with ganglia at inter-
vals, and surrounding the cesophagus above.
Cuvier divided them into three orders — Tubi-
cola, Dorsibranchia, and Abranchia; IMilne-
Edwards into Suctoria, Terricola, Tubicola,
and Brrantes ; Professor Huxley into Clia-
tophora and Discophora ; and Griffith and
Henfrey into Tnrbellaria, Snctona (Apoda),
and Chaetopoda (Setigera). [Annellata.]
S-n-nel'-i-dan, s. [Annelid.]
an~nel-la'-ta. an-el-la'-ta, s pi [Lat.
anelltis, annellus = a little ring.] A name
sometimes given to tlie class of animals culled
by Cuvier Annelida. It is thus used in the
first edition of Owen's Comparat. Anaf. of the
Invertebrate Aaimals (1843), but in the second
edition (1855) Annulata is the term used.
a>n'-nett, s. [See def.] A jirovincial name for
the Kittiwake gull, Larus tridadylus.
^-nex', v.t. [In Fr. annexer; Sp. awxar:
Port, anncxar. From Lat. annexuvi, supmc
of annecto = to tie on or to : arf=to, and necto
= to bind to, tr. add to the end of anything.]
I. Ord I uary Language :
1. Properly: To tie to the end of ; to append.
2. To add simething of lesser size or im-
portance to anything else of greater size or
importance existing previously. ^It is often
used for the addition of another Kingdom or
province to au empire.)
" He wished to humble the United Provinces, and
to annex Belgium. Franche Compt6, and Loraine to
his dominions." — iVacaulay : Hist, Eng., chap, ii.
" The great fiefs which, three hundred years before,
had been, in all but name, independent principalities,
had been annexed to the crown. — Ibid.
3. To connect something with another by
the relation of sequence to it, as a jienalty to
a crime.
"... some fatal curse innex'd.
Deprives them oftlielr outward liljertj- ;
Their inward lost." — JfHton ,- /'. L., bk. xii.
II. TeclmicaUy :
1. English Latv: To appropriate church
lands to the Crown.
1. SrMts Law: In the same sense; also to
transfer church lands lying at a distance from
the chui'ch to which they belong to another
one to which tliey are more contiguous. [An-
nexation.]
'*■ an-nesc', s. [From the verb. In Fr. annexe;
Port, annexa.] Anything annexed, axjpended,
or added.
1. Of writings :
"Moaes did in other annexes of the l!i.-w."— Jeremy
Taylor: Of the Decalogue. V.'orks (ed. isasi), vol iii',
p. 43.
1[ An additional stipulation to the Anglo-
Turkish convention of ISTtt was called an
an-nex.
2. Of buildings: A subsidiary building
added on to a main building, as in the c^se of
the machinery annexes of the Exhibition of
1B62. In this sense it is generally spelt
annexe, as in French.
S-n-nex'-ar-y, s. [Eng, annex; suff. -arj/.]
Something appended ; an addition.
" . . , of these societies, . . , unto which sundry
of thorn are no other than annvurir'i ,iud appurten-
ances."—Sir .ff, Sandys: Slate of Keligion.
an-nex-a'-tion, s. [Eng. anm-x; suff. -ntiov.]
The act of annexing; the state of being an-
nexed; anything annexi-ii.
I. Orditmri/ Langijij'jc :
1. The addition of any document or writing
to the end of one which is already in exist-
ence. The joining of something smaller to
sometidng greater, or something less to some-
thing more important. (Used esjiccially of
the addition of a kingdom or province to an
empire, that of a fief, a bishopric, or any liL^lit
or jirivilege formerly in the hands of subjects
to the Crown.)
"On the other Ii:ind, the proposed annexations in
Asia, which had an injurious oeariiiy uimn tlic in-
terests of Great Erittin, are not likely t" excite any
serious opposition on the part of tho other European
Vowers."— Marquis of Snltshury to Lord Odo Jiussell
June 8, 1878.
2. The addition of one thing to another,
the thing added being joined to its predecessor
by the bond of logical or other sequence.
'■ If we can return to that charity and peaceable
mindedness which Christ so vehemently recommends
to ua, we have ]]i- own promise tliat tho whole body
will be full of h,;ht. .Van. vi., that -ill other Ohristian
virtues will, by way of concomitance or ajuzfara^io**
attend them." — llainmond.
IL Techiilcalbj :
(ft) Eng. Law: The appropriation of church
lands to the Crown ; also the vesting of a
privilege, jvitronage for example, in one hold-
ing a certain otlice.
"How«7i)iezaf(o»w of benefices first came into the
Church, whether by the prince's authority or the
pope 3 licence, is a very great dispute. ■■-/li/;;//e ■ Parer-
gon.
"The Dean of Windsor, by an ancient amiexation
13 patron thereof.'— /?;;. UaU .ipeciulitics of i)ii Life,
(h) Scots Loir: In the same senses; also
the aiipropriation of lands lying ;it a distance
from the chnreli t'> which thcv bflon.r tn
anntlier one to which they are moi'e contigu^ous.
an-nex'ed, jm. par. & o. [Annex, v.]
an-nex'-ing, pr. par., u.., & s. [Annex, v.]
t an-nex'-ion (xion = kshun), s. [in Fr
annexion; Sj).anexion.] Annexation; addition!
" It is neces.'tary to engage the fears o' men bv the
nnnr.r,on of such penalties as will overbalauce"tem-
poral pleasure. —y?o£7CT-s.
" AVith the annexions of fair gems enrich'd
And deep-brain-d sonnets, tb.it did amplifv
Each stone s dear nature, worth, and quality "
Shakeip. .- A Lover's Complaint.
an-nex'-ion-ist. ft. [Eng. annexion; -isf ]
Tending to annexation.
", . . with the mysterioua neutrality of Ger-
many on one ;uk1 the anm-x,n,ust inclinations of
Italy on the other aide . . — ro^its, Xuv 13 isrc
boil, b^. pout, 36^1; cat, 9011. chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin.
-tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zldiin. -tious, -cious = shus. -ble. -die &c. =
t an-nex'-naemt, s. [Eng. anyiex ; suff. -vient.'}
The act of annexing, the state of being an-
nexed ; the thing annexed.
" AVhen it falls.
Each small anne.TJnent, petty consequence.
Attends the boiat'rous ruin."
Sfiakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 3.
an-ni-cut, an'-i-ciit, s. [Native term.
Canarese annekattie, ^niekattc.']
In Indhi : A dam or mole built across a
river to raise the level of the water for the
purposes of irrigation, and, to a certain extent,
also with the view of facilitating navigation.
Such an annicut was some years ago con-
structed near the mouth of the Godaver;
River.
'■ One of the priuci pal antcutt has given way, and the
watera have swept down into the plain, doing enor-
mous damage to tlie crops,' —Times, Sept. 10, 1873.
an-ni'-hil-a-ble (h silent), a. [Eng. annl
liiUcite) ; -able.] Capable of being annihilatetl
au-ni'-hil-ate Qi silent), v.t. [In Fr. ojini-
hiler ; ISp. aniquilar ; Port, anniqnilar ; Ital.
O-iinichilarc. From Lat. annihilu : ad= to,
and niltil = nothing.]
1. To reduce to non-existence in the literal
sense of the word.
"There ia nothing more certain in nature tb:in that
it is impossible for any body to be utt.ilv annihi-
lated ; but that as it was the worlc of tht- iniiiiipjtcncy
of God to make somewhat of nothing', so it rcquiretli
the like omniijol^ncy to turn somewhat into nothing. "
— Lord Bacon: Nat. JJist., Cent, i., § lOU.
2. To reduce anything to non-existence by
dissolving it into its constituent elements,
and thus destroying its distinctive character.
Thus an army is annihilated if some soldiers
belonging to it are slain, some taken prisoners,
and the remainder so demoralised that they
have scattered in all directions ^vith no inten-
tion of again repairing to their standards.
" Ho proposed, ho said, first to annihilate the army
of Vaudemont." — Macaulay : Hist. JSng,, chap. xxi.
3. To annul, to abolish, to destroy the
force i if.
"There ia no reason that anyone commonwealth
should annihilate that whereupon the whole world
has agreed. '—Hooker.
4. Fig. : To make one feel as if blotted out
of existence, as by severe rebuke, the lefnsal
of an important request, &c. (For ex. see
Annihilating as adj.)
S-n-ni'-hil-ate (/i silent), a. [Annihilate, v.}
Reduced to nothing ; null and void. ■
"... then you do repute tho same as vain, and
amuhdate.'—Oath to the Siatute -of Succession, A.D.
^n-ni'-hil-a-ted (h silent), pa. par. & n.
[Annihilate, c]
"Annihilated senates — Roman, too.
With all thy vices, for thou didst lay domi
Witli au atoning smile a more than earthly crown."
Byron .- Childe Harold, iv. 83.
3,n-ni'-hil-a-tmg, pr. jmr., «,., & s. [Anni-
hilate, v.]
A.&B. As present participle & adject) re : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
'■ If they must mourn, or may rejoice
In that annihilatauf voice."
Byron: T!ic Siege of Corinth, 24.
C. As snhstantive : The act of blotting out
of existence, either by reducing to nothingness
or b>' resolving into its constituent parts • the
state of being thus blotted out.
-.-^ , V ■ ■ ■ for spirits thnt live throughout '
\ ital m every part, not as nviil man
lu entrails, hejirt or head, liver or reins
Cannot but by annihilating die."
Milton : P. L., bk. vl.
an -ni- hi! -a' -tion {h .silent), s. [Lat.
annilnh'tio. In Fi: annihihituui; Sp.oniqni-
lacion ; Purt. anniquUaguo ; Ital. annichila-
zioae.]
I. The act of blotting out of existence—
(1) By reducing tu nothingness—
'■ The tempest coineth : Heaven and Earth unite
For the annihilation of all life.
Uiieciual is the strife
Between our strength and the Eternal Might ' "
Bur-jn : H.-arcii ami Earth, i. 3.
Or (2) by resolving into its constituent ele-
ment^, and renderhig useless for the piu-pose
to effert which these were cianbined.
II. The state of being tlius blotted out of
existence.
•'God hath his influence into the very essence of
thm^s, without winch their utter annihilation could
not choose but KjIIow. —Hooker. '-"uiu
_ % Blank annihilation = complete annihila.
tion.
". . . which presents not the too fugitive clim-Dsesof
as; expect, ^eaophon, exist, -ing.
bel, del. -cle, -kle = kel. -kre = ker.
an-ni-hil-a'-tion-i§m, s. [Annihilatiox.]
Eccks. : Tlie doctrine that the wicked -will
be annihilated aftei' death.
an-ni-hil-a'-tion-ist, s. [Annthilationism.]
Eccles. : One who believes inannihilationisni.
(Used also adjectlvely.)
an-ni'-hil-a-tive, a. [Eng. annihilate ; -ive.]
That causes annihilation.
an-ni'-hil-a-tor (h silent), s. [Eng. anni-
hilate; suffix -07'. ] One who, or that which
annihilates. (Tn the latter sense chiefly in
composition, as smolce-annihilator.)
an'-nite, s. [Named from Cape Ann, in North
America.] A mineral classed by Dana in liis
Jlica group. Its hardness is 3 ; sp. gr., 3'169 ;
colour, black ; streak, dark green. Composi-
tion: Silica, 37-39 to 39-55 ; alumina, 16-66 to
]6-73; sesquioxide of iron, 12-07 to 13-74;
protoxide of iron, 17'4S to 19-03 ; potassa,
10'20 to 10-66, with smaller proportions of
sesquioxide of manganese, magnesia, &c. At
Cape Ann it occurs in granite.
an-ni-ver'-sar-i-ly, adv. [Eng anniver-
sa.ry ; suffix-?)/.] At tlie return of the same
period of the year ; annually.
"A day was appointed "by publick autliority to be
kept atmiversarily sacred unto the memory of that
defiverance and victory." — Bp Ball: Jietn., p. 312.
an-ni-ver'-sar-y, a. & s. [In Fr. anniver-
suire ; Sp. anicersario; Port. & Ital. amiiver-
sario. From Lat. amiiuersarius = yearly,
annual; au7u = of the year, genit. of annus
= the year, and versuvi, supine of verto^= to
turn.]
A. -4s adjective :
* 1. Performed in a year.
" The heaven whirled alxiutwith admirable celerity,
most constantly finishing its amiiversarji vicissi-
tudes."—^n^.
2. Recurring once a year at a stated time ;
annual, yearly.
Anniversary services : Services held on an-
nually recurring days to commemorate cer-
tain occurrences which happened on those
days, or are associated with them. Most con-
gregations of recent origin have an anniversary
service to commemorate the day on which
their church was opened. The name is less
frequently applied to Good Friday, Christmas
Day, and similar Christian festivals.
B. As suhstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. An annually recurring day on which some
notable event in ecclesiastical, in national, in
local, or in personal history took place, or is
wont to be celebrated.
"... the memory of the ront at AUia, kept
alive by a solemn (ivmoersari/, was fresh in the minds
of the people." — Lewis: Early Rom, JJist., ch, xiii,, pt.
i., § 13.
" That day was the anniversary both of William's
bii-th and of his maxTiage." — Macaulay : Eist. Eng.,
ch. ix.
" It was near nine in the evening before the House
rose. The following day was the 30th of January,
the annioersary of the death of Charles 1." — Ibid.,
ch. X.
2. The celebration which takes place at
such annually recurring iieriods.
"Donne had never seen Mrs, Drury, whom he has
matle immortal in his admirable annioersaries." —
Dn/dcn.
II. Technically. In the Church of Rorae : An
office for the souls of certain deceased persons.
which is celebrated once a year, but which, it
is held, ought to be so daily. {Ayliffc:
Paver go II.)
* an'-ni-verse, s. [Lat. anni, genit. of an-
nus = a year, and versus = turning ; verto — to
turn. The turning of a year.] An anniver-
sary.
"... shall an annioerse
Be kept with ostentation to rehearse
A n)ovtal prince's birthday, or repeat
An eighty-eight, or powder plot's defeat."
Male on Chrislmas Day.
an'-niv-ite, s. [Named from the Anniver
valley in the Valais.] A mineral, a variety of
Tetrahcdrite.
S,n'-n6, s. [Lat. Ablative of annus = a year.l
Anno Domini. In the year of the Lord,
ie., our Lord Jesus Christ. The time ig
hxed by the calculations of Dionysius Exiguus,
which are erroneous, it is thought, by about
four years. [Dionysian Era.] (Usually
written A.D.)
Anno Mundi. In the year of the world.
(Usually written A.M.)
^ Since Geology has proved the earth to
have existed infinitely longer than was once
believed, the expression Anno Mundi, in the
old sense, has become obsolete. The dates
which it furnishes are now known not to have
even approximated to the truth.
an'-no- da-ted, a. [Node.]
Heraldry: Bowed, embowed or bent like
the letter S. {Gloss, of Heraldry.)
an'-no-ddn, s. [Anodon.]
* an'-nois-an^e, a. [Nuisance.]
an-nom'-i-nate, i\t. [As if from a Lat. an-
nominor.] To name. (Soidhey : The Doctor,
ch. viii.)
an-nom-in-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. annomina-
tion. From Lat. annomiruitio, agnortiinatio ;
ad = to, and nominatio = a naming; nomino
= to name ; noinen = a name.]
1. Alliteration, The use of several words
beginning with the same letter.
"Giraldus Cambreusis speaks of annomination,
which he describes to be what we call alliteration. —
Tyrwhitt : Ess. on the Lang, of CJtaucer, § 1, «.
2. Rhet. : A paronomasia, a pun. The using
of two words alike or nearly alike in sound,
but widely different in meaning.
an-no'-na, s. [Lat.]
1, The year's produce ; hence the necessaries
of life, grain.
" L. Minncius was appointed prefect of the annona,
with the special duty of providing supijlies of corn."—
Lewis.- Earfy Rom. Jlist. (1855). ch. xii., pt. iv., § 59.
2. Bot. [Anona.]
an'-nd-tate, v.i. [In Fr. annoter ; Port, an-
notar ; Ital. annotare. Fi'om Lat. annoto =
to write down, to comment upon.] To make
notes or comments upon a book or manuscript
or other composition. (Used also as v.t.)
"Give ine leave to annotate on the words thus."—
Hive : Oration, p. 26.
an-no-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. annotation; Sp.
anotacion; Port, aniiotagao; Ital. annota-zione.
From Lat. annotatio = a noting down, anno-
tation : ad = to, and notatio = a marking, a
noting ; nolo = to distinguish by a mark ; nota
=. a mark.]
1. The act of noting anything down.
2. The thing noted down. Generally in the
plural, signifying notes, comments, or scholia
on a published work or a manuscript writing,
of which the anuot-ator is not the author.
" It might appear very improper to publish annota-
tions without trie text itself whereuuto they relate." —
Boyle.
Med. : The first symptoms of a fever, or
attack of a paroxysm.
t an-no-ta'-tion-ist, s. [Eng. annotation;
-ist.] One who annotates ; an annotator.
". . . Mr. Mede hath with far more clearness
shewn, than the annotationisfs of the new way have
discovered."— irortft-mf/'oK,' Miscell., p. 58.
an'-no-ta-tor, s. [Lat. annotator = an ob-
server, remarker, overseer. In Fr. annota-
teiir ; Sp. anotador ; Poi't. annotador ; Ital.
annotatore.] One who makes annotations ;
a scholiast, a commentator.
"I have not that respect for the (i»«o(afors which
liih in the world." — Felton: On
an-no-ta'-tor-y, a. [Eng. annotator, and
suff. -J/.] Containing annotations. iWehster.)
an-not'-i-nous, a. [Lat. annotinus = of a
year old ; from uniivs = a year.]
Bot. : Yearly, annual, having the growth of
a year.
an-not'-to, an-not'-ta, [Arkotto]
an-nou'n^e, v. t. [Fr. annoncer = to proclaim ;
nonce = a nuntio ; Sp. aminciar ; Port, annun-
ciar ; Ital. aiuiunciare. From Lat. annnncio
or anmintio = to announce, to proclaim :
cal=-to, and mintio^ to proclaim ; -jniJitt-its
= a messenger.] [Nuntius.]
1. To proclaim, to publish as news, to make
publicly known. (Followed by the objective
case of the intelligence made known, or by a
clause of a sentence introduced by that.)
" Of the Messiah I have heard foretold
By all the prophets ; of thy birth at length
Announc'd by Gabriel with the first I knew."
Milton: P. R.. bk. iv.
" The peal of a musket from a ijarticular half moon
was the signal which announced to the friends ot the
House of Stuart that another of their emissanea had
got safe up the rock."— J/acowtay .- Hut. Eng., ch. xiu.
t 2. To give forth a judicial decision,
" Those, mighty Jove, meantime, thy glorious care,
Who model nations, publish laws, announce
Or life or death."' Prior.
an-n^n'5ed, p«. yiar. & a. [Announce.]
an-noun'ce-ment, s [Eng. announce ;
-ment.] The act of announcing ; the state of
being announced ; the news proclaimed, pub-
lished, made known, or declared.
% Of modern introduction into the lan-
guage, announcing having been the terai for-
merly employed. [See Tod.]
"As soon as Lewis was again at Marli, he repeated to
the Court assembled there the announcement which
he had made at Saint Germains." — Macaulay : llist.
Eng., ch. JLxv.
an-nou'n-cer, a. [Eng. announce; -er. In.
Fr. annonceur.] One who announces. (Cot-
grave.)
an-nou'n-^mg, pr. par. [Announce.]
an-no^', * a-n^'e, ^a-noi'e, v.t. [Norm.
aiuujyer, from neure or nuire = to hurt; Fr.
ennuyer = to weaiy ; niiire = to damage, to
hurt ; Ital. annoiare = to weary, to tire ;
nuocere = to hurt. From Lat. noceo =■ to lianii
or hurt.] [Nulsance, Noxious.]
1, Lit. Of persons or other conscious heings :
To tease, to molest, to put to inconvenience,
to trouble, to inflict vexation upon.
" None awenture, for wich the knyghtis weire
Anolt all at the abiding thare."
Lancelot of the Laik (ed. Sk&it}, bk. i. 850, 351.
" His falous-chip abasit of that thing.
And als therol anoyt was the king."
Ibid., bk. li., 2,243, 2,244.
", . . he determined not yet to dismisatheiu, but
merely to hunibleaud anno// them." — Macaulay : Uist.
Eng., ch. iv.
2. Fig. Of unconscious existence:
(ft) To drive or toss hither and thither.
" His limbs would toss about him with delight,
Like branches when strong winds the trees annoy,"
Wordsworih.
(b) To harm, to injure.
"Salamon saith, that right as motthes in schepes
flees amioyeth the clothes, and the smale wormes to the
tre, right so annoyeth sorwe to the herte."— Cftawcer.
* an-noy', * an-no^'e, s. [From the sub-
stantive.] Annoyance. (Obsolete, except in
poetry.)
" Councel or help ; and therfor telleth me
Al your annoy, for it schal be secrt."
Chaucer: C. T., 14,540, 14,541.
" And, in the shape of that young hoy.
He wrought the castle much annoy."
Scott : The Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. :;i.
an-noy'-an^e, s. [Eng. annoy; -ance.]
1. The act of annoying, molesting, or
teasing.
" For the further aniioyance and ten-our of any be-
sieged place, they would throw into it dead bodies." —
W/lkiiu.
2. The state of being annoyed, molested, or
teased.
"... a government which has generally caused
more annoyance to its allies than to its enemies." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xx.
3. That which annoys, molests, or teases.
" Prud. Can you remember by what means you find
your annoyances, at times, a.-i if they were van-
quished?"— Banyan: P. P., pt. h
^- an-no^'e, *. [Annoy.]
an-noy'ed, 2M. par. & a. [Axxoy, v.]
an-no^-er, 5. [Eng. annoy; -cr.] One who
annoys. (Johnson.)
* an-noy'-ful, * a-n6i'-fiil, a. [Eng. an-
noy; full.] Eminently capable of inflicting
annoyance.
" For al be it so, that al tarying be anoiful, algates '
it is not to repreve in geving of jugement, ne in ven-
geance taking, when it is suffisant and reasonable."—
Chance?- : Mellbeus.
* an-noy'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Annoy, v.]
■^ an-no^'nte, v.t. [Anoint.]
^ an-noy-'-oiis, ^ a-noy-ous. a. [Eng.
annoy; -ou-s.] Troublesome, fitted to produce
annoyance.
" Ye han cleped to your conseil a gret multitude of
people, Jul chai^eaut and ful anoyous for to here."—
Chaucer : Melibcus.
an'-nu-al, a. & s. [In Fr. annuel ; Sp. anual ;
Port, annual; Ital. annuale. From Lat.
annualis = a year old ; annus = a year.
^te, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
annualais— annular
209
"Annus was synonymous witli aiiiiidns, and
originally meant a ring or uii'cle, like i-'trcuiy
and circultis." (Lewis: Astron. of the Ancients,
uh. i., § 3.) The old form of tannis was amnus.
as in solemnis. {Key : Philol. Essays, l«ij«, ji.
200).]
A. -4s adjectii^e :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Requiring just a year tu finish ; i^er-
formed exactly in a year.
" ThiLt waits thy throne, ;is through thy vast domain,
Annaal, along the bri^'ht ecliptic road."
Thomson: Heasons : Hinniiiei'
2. Occurring or returning every year.
"To C.iatile came the annual galleons l.-ulen with
the tveasures of Amtivicii.."—.Vu<:aulay: Hist. Eng..
ch. xxiii.
3. Fulfilling its function and running its
course ; or being l)orn, living and dying within
a period often fallin.i; short of, but in no case
exceeding, a year. («ee II. 3, and B. 1 )
" Every tree rnav. m some sense, he said to he an
annual \M\it, both leaf, flower, and fruit proceeding
from the coat that was superinduced over the wood
tlie last yenr."—Jiai/.
•if The Old English word which annual
partly displaced when it came into the lan-
guage was yearly. {Barnes : Early English,
p. 104.)
n. Technically :
1. Astronomy :
Annual Equation. [Equation".
Annual Parallax. [Parallax.]
Annual Variation. [Variation.]
2. Scots Law. Annual rent : Rent annually
paid by a proprietor of lands, or houses to a
creditor as interest of his debt, and ceasing if
the debt be paid.
3. Botany and Gardening :
(a) Annual leaiv^s:, called also deciduous
Imrts, are those whieli fall in the autumn, as
those of most of our common trees. {Lindley.)
(b) Annual rings: Concentric rings or circles
seen when exogenous stems are cut across
transversely. Though generally indicating
annual additions to the woody growth, yet
there are rare and abnormal cases in which
a tree may produce two of them in 0 year
(c) Annual plants [B. 1.]
B. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. Botany & Gardening : A
plunt which is sown, grows up, flowers, sheds
its seeds, and dies, all within the compass of
one year, or, more probably, of the portion of
the year extending from spring to autumn.
" Now is the time to procm'e and sow (under glass)
the seeds of all the choicest aj(?j((((/w . Astenof
varietiea, Imlsanis, zmniaa, and stocks are quite ludis-
peuaahle."— 7/o/-Cic. Record, IVIarch 1, 137T.
2. A book published only once a year, and
probably about Cliristmas.
•] See also Anxuel.
an'-nu-al-ist, s. [Eng. annual; isL] One
who edits or writes in an annual.
r-n'-nu-al-ly, adv. [Eng. annual; -hj.\ Year
liy year, e\'ery year.
"An army for which Pavllainent would aunualfy
flame a imht,iry code."— J/atuu(ti^: Hii.t. Eifj.. ch.
xxiii.
■ an'~nu-ar-y, ". & s. [In Pr. annuaire;
Port. animario = a book published once a
year.]
A. As adj. . Annual.
" Supply anew
With annuary cloaks the wandering Jew."
John Hall : Poertu. p. 10.
B, As suhst. . An aanual publication.
* an'-nu-el, ^ an'-u-ell, s. [Fr. annuel =
annual.] * A mass ti' be said annually on the
anniversary of a person's death, or the money
to pay for it. [Ajinal, A. 2.]
" To hauen hir to our houa and heuten gif y mighte
An Anuell for myn oweu [vse] to helpeu to clothe,"
Pierce the Plowman s Crede (ed. Skeat), 413, 414.
* an'-nu-el-ler, s. [From Fr. annuel =
annual.] A priest who sings anniversary
masses for persons deceased.
" In London was a prest annueller
That therein dwelled hade many a year."
Chaucer: C. T., 12,940.
an-nu'-l-tant, s. ['E.ng. annaity ; -cii^] One
who receives or is entitled to receive an
annuity.
" A& the annuitants dropped off, their annuities
were to he divided among the survivors, till the num-
her of survivors waa reduced to seven."— J/Hc«M^ai/ .'
Hist. Eng., ch. xix.
an-nu'-i-ty, ci. [Fr annnite; Ger. annuitdt,
' trom Lat. annus = a year,]
A. Ordinary Language : A tixeil sum of
money paid yearly.
Specially :
1. A ye^nly allowance.
'■ He w.i.-, generally known to be the son of one earl,
.and brotiici to another, who .supplied h^-, expence
beyond what his annuity from his father would hear."
— Clarendon.
2. In the same sense as B., Arithmetic, Latr,
(isc. (For example, sec Axnuitant.)
B. Technically :
1. Arithmetic, Law, t(r : A sum of money
which, according to the etymology, should be
paid annually, bnt is moie frequently settled
half-yearly or quarterly, given to one as a
superannuation or other allowance for services
rendered, in whicli case it is synonymous witli
a pension, or in consideration of its value in
money i>aid beforehand. Under the Roman
law annuities weie sometimes gi'anted by
wdl, the obligation of paying tliein being
imposed upon the heir. Borrowers in the
Middle Ages were frequently obliged to grant
annuities, in lieu of interest, the exaction of
which by creditors was forbidden ;is usury ;
and the practice received the Papal sanction
in the fifteenth century.
Annuities may be primarily divided into
annuities certain, and life inniuities.
All annuity certain is one in which the
annual payment does not depeiul upon any
contingent event, but is t(.' be made certain
either in perpetuity or -during a period named
A perpetual annuity, or j^eiyetuity, differs fiom
interest in this respect, that the purchaser of
the former cannot demand back the priucipal,
whilst if he has put his money out at interest
he can. He may, however, sell his annuity to
some one else, wliich i^ tantamount to obtain-
ing the principal back. The other original
party to the transaction can, as a rule, at
any time terminate the obligation to pay the
annuity by giving back the principal.
A Ufc annuity, often called simply an
annuity, is one payable diiriug the lifetime
of the annuitant or annuitants. An iin-
viediatc annuity is one commencing at om^e,
and payable whenever the stipulated pei'iod
for the handing over of the first in.stalment
arri\'es. A deferred or reversionary annuity is
ouc of which the payments are not to cmu-
mence till after the lajise of a eonsiderable
period. A m,in of forty, for example, may
make pi'ovisioii for his declining years by
purehasiug ;in annuit.s" not to commence till
he is sixty, if he live so long. A teviporanj
or terminable annuity is one which will cease
at a ci-rtain stipulated time, say in twent>'
years, or at the death of an individual. The
term or period for which it is to eontinue i.-.
generally called its sto,tii~._ An annuity not
to commence till after a eert;iin period, and
then to continue for ever, is called a deferml
pfrpetuity. To the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer all Government annuities on the lives
of individuals are terminable annuities ;
whilst the interest of the national debt, which
is also called an annuity, is a perpetual one.
It does not cease till that portion of the
priucipal is paid off. An annuity in possession
is one which has already commenced. Adjoint
annuity on two joint lives is payable to the
survivor. If the annuity is to cease on the
first deatli it is described as a joint annuity
on tlie joint continuance of two lives. Few
annuities of the latter kind are granted. The
holder of an annuity is called an annnitant ;
the person ou whose life the annuity depends,
the nominee; and the annual sum paid, the
rent or the viagnitude of tlie annuity.
The calculation of annuities falls under the
province of arithmetic. A perpetual annuity
is easily calenlatedj the yearly payments of
which it consists being simply interest on the
principal given for its purchase. To calculate
a life annuity it is needful to ascertain tlie
probabihty of life in one of the age and sex of
the applicant for an annuity. [Probability,
Expectation, Life, Mortality.] The other
element is what compound interest the sum
paid for the purchase of the annuity would
fetch during the number of years that the life
is likely to continue.
The principles on which the value of an-
nuities certain is calculated, are applicable
also to the case of leasehold property.
The subjoined table shows the value of an
annuity of £1 per annum, estimated on the
life of a male or of a female, at the several
ages given below, it being supposed that at
the time of calculation interest is 3 per cent,
annually. The purchase money is stated iu
l)Ounds sterling and decimals of a xjound :—
Ai,'e last y
Birthday. M.ile Female.
0 ... £18150(J ... £18-8502
10 ... 23-1071 ... 23-1470
■20 21-0012 ... 21-209:;
30 . 19-0143 ... 19-3374
4U 10-4744 , . 17-0353
50 ... 13-4242 ... 14-0942
60 ... 10-0170 ... 10-5274
70 . . 6-13100 ... 7-Ul(.12
SO ... 3-9192 ... 4-1S72
90 ... 2-178S ... 2-3277
100 ... 11071 ... l'24L'j
Government annuities, both immediate
and deferred, are now granted to persons
above five vcars of ag^ for sums not less
than £1 and not more than £100 at any
Post Office at which Savings Bank business
is transacted.
"These duties were to he kept in the Ex.ehequer
sepai-ate from all other receipts, and were to form a
fund on tlie credit of which a million vas to he nused
hy life annuities."— Macaalay : Hist. Eng., eli. mx
" The diflerences between a I'ent .and .an annnitu are,
thiit every rent 13 going out of land; hut an aninnf,/
eharyes only the granter, or his heir.s, tliat have :u>sfti
hy descent. The second dift'erence is, that for the
recovery of au annuity no aftioii lies, hut only the
writ of annuity against the granter, liis heirs, or
biii'cessurs ; hut of a rent the same actions lie :is do
of laud. The third diflereiice i^, that an aniintty is
never taken for assets, hecause it is no f i eehoUl in law ;
nor shall be put in execution upon a statute merchant,
Btiitute stiiple, or elegit, as a rent ia.i\.y-"—Cowel.
an-niir, v.t. [In Fr. annukr ; Sp. anular ;
Port, aiinullar; Ital. annnllarc ; Ecclcs. Lat.
annullo ; from ad = to, and milium, accns.
neut. oTnullns^uoiie.]
*■ 1. To reduce to nothing. (Used of per-
sons, as well as things.)
"Truly the like yt hiui might to tlo good, and done
it not, y" crown of wor.'-liip shall he take from hein,
witli shame ahall they he annulled."— CUimccr . Test
of Love, hk. iii.
" Li'-'ht. the prime work of God, tu me i^ extinct,
Aiiii .ill hei various objects ol delii^iit
Annull'd, which might m part my grief have e.osed."
Milton . .SiOMfj/iAgonistes.
2. To abrugate, to make void, rej.eal, nul-
lily, or abnlish a law, a legal deci.sion, an
oliligatiiiii, arrangement, or a custom deriving
it.-5 valnldy from constituted authority; also
to nullify a gift, grant, or promise by whom-
soever made.
", , . Hi.it lie should aasunie the power of (funwZ-
Jni't some luiiyiiKiUts and soiiie statutes."— J/'cvfM^rey :
n,:.t. Eng., ell. xiii.
" How in jin hour the pnwer ■\iliwh eiive "imnh
Its gifts, transferring fame a> lleetiiig too."
Byruii ■ Ch. Mar., lii. 18.
all subsisting deht-i shall be forthwith
nniniVe<J, ;iiid all insolvent debtoi-s, reduced to sla\eij'
bv their creditors, shall he liberated," — Lewis: E-irl'j
Jiout. Hi->t . ch. xu., pt. i., § 10.
an'-nu-lar, a. [Fr. annulaire; from Lat.
annularis or anula.ris = pertaining to a signet
ring; annulus or annlus = a ring.] In the
form of a ring ; ringed ; wearing a ring, as
a)inular finger. {Beaumont: Psyche, 50.)
1. Min. An annular crystal is a hexagonal
prism with six, or an octagonal prism with
eight, marginal faces disposed in a ring about
its base, or one or other of these iirism's trun-
cated on all its terminal edges.
2. Astron. An annular eclipse of the sun is
au eclipse in which the whole of the moon is
seen upon the sun's
disc. The moon,
however, in certain
IJOsitions being too
small ti^ cover the
disc, the sun ap-
peal's iu a form
more or less resem-
bling a ring. At
other times the
moon is so situated
as to be able to pro-
duce a total eclipse
of the greater lu-
minarj'. (Herschel :
Astron., 5th ed., 1858, § 425.) An annular
nebula is a nebula of a form suggestive of a
ring. Such nebula exist, but are among the
rarest objects in the heavens. A nebula of
this character, situated between the stars /3
and y Lyrae, has been resolved by Lord
Rosse's powerful telescope into a multitude
of minute stars, with filaments of stars adher-
ing to the edges. {Ibid., 10th ed., § 875.)
3. Ana.t. : Noting any part of the human
frame which approaches the form of a ring.
ANNULAR eclipse.
b^l, bo^; poiit, j6wl; cat, 96!!, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = £.
-tion, -sion, -tioun, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -$ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d@L
14
210
annularly— anocysti
"ThAt tiny iiML'ht not in liendiue the arm or lei;
rJHe lip, lie hasticil tlitiii to the bones by aiLnaliir
ligaments."— C'/(e^//(i'
Annular protitberancc : The same as the
Pons Varolii It is called also the Isthmus
enn'pliaJi, and the Nodus cucephali. (Todd £
Bowman: Physiol. Anal., vol. i., pp. '273, 274.)
4. Arch. Annvlar vcndt : A vaulted roof
supported on circular walls.
an'-nu-lar-ly, arfy. [Eng. annular; -ly.] In
the form of a ring.
Sji'-nu-lar-y, a. [hat. annularis, annnlarius.]
In the form of a ring or rings.
"Because continual respiration is necessary, the
wiiul45ipe is iiiaOe with annuJarij cartilages, that the
siiles of it may not flag and fall together,"— T^fry.
a-n-nu-la'-ta, s.pl. [From Lat. annnlatvs, ov
njt»/c/(i(s= furnished with a ring; ninviiliisov
annlus = a ring.] A class of annnlose animals
—the same which was called by Cuvier the
Annelida. [Annelida.]
an'-nu-late, an'-nu-la-ted, ' [See An-
'nul.ata.]
I. Ord. Lang. : Furnished with rings, or
m.idi' '.if a .series of rings ; marked with ling-
likc I'urrows or depressions.
" This group [of antelopes] is distinguished by
havnii: heavy, thick, annulated homs.'—Perin^ Cijcl.,
li. S','.
II. Technically:
1. Zool : Pertaining to the class Annulnta,
Cuvier's Annelida, or, like them, having the
hody formed of a series of rings.
2. Bot. : Ringed, surrounded by elevated nr
depressed bands ; as the roots of some plants
or the capulte of several oaks. (Lindley.)
3. Ifcr. : Having a ring or annulet. (U-^ed
specially of a cross with its extremities thus
fretted.)
an-nu-la'-tion, s. [From Lat. annuliitus =
ringed.]
Dot., (Cr. . A ring or circle. (Loudon: Cycl.
ofPlaats.)
an'-nu-let, 5. [In Fr. annclet; Ital. ancktto ;
from Lat. annidus or amdus = a ring.]
I. Architecture :
1. A small fillet, one of several encircling
the capital of a Doric column, just under
tlie ovolo or echinus, as i
shown in the illustration. |
They are also called fillets
and listels. Their number
varied, being tliree, four, or
five, according to the taste
of the arcliitcLt.
2. A narrow flat mould-
ing common to other parts
of the column which it en-
circles.
II. Jler. : A ring borne on an escutcheon.
(In heraldic descriptions the
colour of the annulet must
always be expressed )
* (ft) Formerly it stood as
the syiiibitl of nobility and
jurisdiction, being the gage
of the royul favour and pro-
tection. [See Annulum et
Baculdm.)
(h) Now it is the mark of
distinction wliich the fifth
son in a family bears on his coat of arms.
an-nu-let'-ty, a. [Eng. annulet ; -y.] Per-
taining to an annulet ; annulated, or ringed.
(Gloss, of Ai'ch.)
S.n-niil'-la-ble, a. [Eng. annul ; -able.] Capa-
ble of being annulled, repealed, or abrogated.
(S. T. Coleridge.)
S-n-nul'-ment, s. [Eng. annul; -ment] The
act of annulling. (TocM.y
an-nu-loi'-da, s. pi. [Lat. annuhis or amdus
= a ring; and clSo? (eidos) = form, apjiear-
ance.] In Professor Huxley's classification,
one of the eight primary groups into which
he divides the Animal Kingdom. He places
it between the Aunulosa and the Infusoria.
He includes under it (1) the Trematoda, or
Fkikes ; (2) the Tceniada, or Tape-worms and
Bladder-worms ; (3) the Turbellaria ; (4) the
Acanthocephala ; (5) the Xematoidea, or
Thread-worms ; and (6) the Rotifera, or Wheel
Animalcules. But he thinks it not improbable
i
ANNULET.
ANNULET.
that the Annuloida will require ultimately to
be merged in the Mollusca. (Huxley : Introd.
to die Classif. of A^ii-inals, 1809, pi>. SI — 8(3,
1:27, 128.)
an-nu-ld'-sa, s. pi. [Lat. anuulas or amdus
= a ring.] 'A sub-kingdom of the Animal
Kingdom, corresponding with Cuvier's Articu-
lata. The word Articulata, signifying jointal,
U iiot a sufficiently distinctive term, for the
Vertebrated animals arc also jointed. Annu-
losa, signifying ringed, is decidedly better, for
the animals ranked under this sub-kingdom
have their skeh;ton, which is external, com-
posed of a-serie-^ <.>f rings. Prof. Huxley
divides them mtn Cluetognatha, Annelida,
Crustacea, AracAnida, Myi'iapoda, and In-
seeta, these classes being ranged in an ascend-
ing order. The last four are further grouped
together luuler the designation Arthropods
(q.v.).
t an-nu-ld'-san§, s. j-K [Annulosa.] An
Englisli term corresiionding to the Latin Au-
nulosa (q.v.).
an-nu-16'se, a. [Annulosa.]
1. Gen. : Ringed.
2. Spec. : Pertaining to animals of the sub-
kingdom Aimulosa,
"The body is always divided into rings or transverse
joints ; from wliicli circumstance naturalists have
agreed to call tliem unmilose or ringed animals." —
.^"lairison A: Shiic/ctirU : Hist, ami C'lussif. of JnsccCs
(1810), p. 1.
an'-nu-liini et bac'-u-lum. acctis. sing, of
two llat. suhsiaatires with copulative et. They
are in the accusative because the preposition
per is understood. [Lat. = (by means of) a ring
and a staff or crosier.] [Annulus.] A ring
and pastoral staff or crosier formerly delivered
by kings to bishops on their clectum. These
were designed, it was said, to confer the tem-
poralities annexed to the spiritual office ; but
Pope Gregory VII. and his successors con-
tended tliat the symbols adopted were not
those of secular, but of sacred office. The
papal views on the subject ultimately pre-
vailed; and the Emperor Henry V., with the
othei' European sovereigns, agreed to confer
investitures not per auituhirn et hacnlum, but
per scepirura, by the sceptre, the undoubted
symbol of temporal authority.
an'-nu-lus (plur. an'-nu-li), s. [Lat. =a
ring, i
I. Bot. : (1.) The thickened longitudinal ring
which partially suiTounds the sporangia of
ferns. (Lindley.) (2.) The elastic external
ring with which the brim of the sporangium
in mosses is furnished. (IMd.) (3.) That part
of the veil in fungi which, remaining next
to the stipes, surrounds it like a loose collar.
(Ibid.)
II. Anatomy :
1. Gen. : Anything resembling a ring.
•'They [the horns of the ^yl-ghna iAntilope picta)\
are perlectly smooth and without annuH. —Pennii
CycL. ii, 75.
2. Tedmically. Anmdiis ovalis : A thick
fleshy ring nearly surrounding the fossa ovalis,
a depression on the middle of the septum in
the right auricle of the heart. {Todd and
Bowman : Physiol. Auat., vol. ii., p. 335.)
III. Astron.: The "ring" of light left
during a solar eclipse, when the sun's disc is
almost covered by the dark body of the moon.
[Annular, 2.]
"... an anuidar eclipse, a phenomenon to which
much interest is .xttached by reason ol' some curious
optical phenomena first observed l)y Ulr. Baily at the
moments of tbt formnig and breaking of the annulus,
like beads of light alternating with black thready
elongations of the moon's limb, known by the name
of ii:u]y-s\}eaAs.'"— Ilerschel: Astron., Wthed. (I86'j),
§ 425.
an-nu'-mer-ate, v.t. [Lat. anntimero = to
count out to, to pay ; ad = to, and numero =
to number.] To add a number to a former
one. (Johnson.)
an-nu-mer-a'-tion, s. [Lat. annumeratio or
adnnmeratio, from annmnero.] Addition to a
fonner number. (Johnson.)
An-nun'-5i-ade, .^. [Fr. Annonciade.]
Church Hi.^t. : A religious order of women
foundei.1 by Queen Jane of France, wife of
Lewis Xn., and confirmed by the Pope in
1501 and 1517. It was called also the order of
the ten virtues or delights of the Virgin Mary,
and was designed to honour these specially
by reciting the rosary. (Hook.)
t an-nun'-5i-ate, + an-niin'-ti-ate (ti
as shi), v.t. [In Sp. anunciar. From Lat.
annuntio, annuncio : ad ^ to, and nuntio =:
to announce; ;(("/(t-its = a messenger.]
1, Gen. : To announce ; to proclaim tidings
of an important character.
"Let my death be thus annunciated .and shewii
forth till I come to judgement." — Bp. Bull: Corriipf
of the Church of Rome.
2. Spec: To announce, as tlie angel did to
the Virgin Mary that she was about to become
the mother of the long-promised Mes^iali.
"There should he see his blessed Saviour's conception
annuntiatcd by the angel, March 2b."— lip. Halt,
Rem., p. 33.
". . . they who did «)i««j?c/rtre unto the blessed
Virgin the conception of the .SavioiU' of the world . . .'
—Pearson on the Creed, Ai't. it.
t an-niin'-fi-a-ted, t an-niin'-ti-a-ted,
* an-nun'-^i-ate (ti as shi), pa. par. &
a. [Annuntiate.]
" Lo Sampson, whiclie that was annunciate
By thaugel, long er Ins nativitc.
Chaucer: C. T., 15,501-2
an-Run-5i-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. annonciation :
fSp annul locmn ; Ital annunziazione. Fruui
Lat, annuntiolin, aiLUunciatio.]
I, Gen. : Annuuiicemeut ; promulgation of
important tidings.
"The annunciation of the Gospel." — Hammonds
Sermons, p. 57a,
II. Specially :
1. Tlie announcement by tlie angel td the
Vii-giu that she was about to become the
mother of the Divine Saviour.
"Upon the day of the annunciation, or Ljidy-day.
meditate on the incarnation of our blessed tjjiviouv;
ami su upon all the festivals of the year. ' — Dp. Tai/lor.
"The most prevalent of these was the year coin-
ineuciiig on the festival of the Annunciation of the
Vir-iii, or Lady-day, JVIarch 25, which was ''euL-ntli'
listed ui England from the l.Hh century till the .tbnl.
tii'ii oi the old style in 1752." — Lewis; Astroa. of '/-■■
Aneceul!.. chap i., § G.
2. An a])pt;ll;ition given by the Jews if' a
portion of the Pas.sover ceremonies.
Annunciation-day, s. The 25th of
March, the day on which the Churches of
England, Rome, kc, celebrate the angel's
annunciation of the Saviour's apjiroaciiing
birth to the Virgin Mary. It is called also
Lady-day.
an-nun'-^l-a-tor, s. [In Ital. annunziviorc ;
from Lat. annua tiator.']
1, Gen. : One who announcL-s.
". . . appeal to Jloses and the prophets as an-
nunciators of the death of ies\^s."— Strauss : Life of
Jesus (Transl. 18i6). § 107.
* 2. Eccles. : An officer in the cliui ch at
Constantinople whose duty it was to inform
the people of the festi"\'als about to be cele-
brated,
an-nun'-gi-a-tdr-y, a. [Eng. annunciator ;
-y.] Containing an announcement ; giving
intelligence, (ll-'orcester.)
an'-nus, s. [Lat] A year. The ablati\'e
anno occurs in such expressions as Aidio
Jl/((-((h', contracted. 4.. U. = in the year of the
world ; Anno Domini, contracted A.D. = in the
year of our Lord.
Scotch Laiu. Annus deliberandi (a year for
deliberating) : A year allowed an heir to
deliberate whether or not he will enter ou
possession.
a-nd'-a» s. [A name found in the MH8 of
Governor Loten,] A sub-genus of ruminating
animals provisionally placed by Col. Haiitilton
Smith under Antilope, Tlie typical species
is the A. depressicornis, a quatb-nped resem-
tding a small buffalo, found gregariously in
the mountains of the island of Celebes.
a-no'-toi-um, s. [Gr, arw (and) = up, upward,
. . . aloft ; ^Loo) (bioo) = to live.] A genus
of beetles belonging to the family Ptinida?.
It contiiin-:; the well-known Death-watch in-
sects, A. stricdvm, A. tesselcdum, &c.
an-o-ca-thar'-tic,
[Gr.
(ajio) =
upwards, and ' KaOaprLKos (kathartilcos)
up,
tit for cleansing, (2) purgative ; KaBaipui (ta-
tlmiro) = to purify, to cleanse ; KaOapoi (katha-
ri3s)= clean, pure.) Purging upwards ; enietir.
^Castle : Lexicon Pharnuiceuticitm. 2nd ed
(1827), p. 273.)
* an-6-5ys'-t2, s. pi. [Gr. ipo, (aiio) = up, up-
wards, and KjitTTK (bistis) = bladder.] An
old division of Ecliinida:,' comprising tliosc
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go pot
or, wore, wplf. work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, re, oe = e ; a = e. qu = kw.
anode — anomalistic
211
specie.^ wliich have the vent on the dorsal
surface. The others, were Pleiirocysti, with
tlie vent marginal; antl Calocysti, with the
vent on tliu under surface. Fleming divided
the Anouysti into two sections : (1) Vent
ventral, in the axis of the hody ; genera,
Cidara, Echinus^ Clypeits. (2) Vent lateral,
above the margin ; genera, Cassidida and
Nrtdeolites.
3.n'-6de, s-. [Or. ai/oSos (anodos) = a way up ;
avd (ana) — \\i>, and 6Sog (liodos)=a. way, a
road.]
Elect rnjjjsis: The name given hy Faraday
to what iy called by Dauiell the zincode, and
by various other writers the positive pole of
an electric batteiy ; or, more precisely, the
" way" or path by which the electric current
passes out and enters the electrolyte on its
way to the other pole. It is a platinum plate
occui>ying the same place in the decomposing
cull that a zinc jilate does in an ordinary cell
of a battery. The other plate corresponding
tu the sfcund platinum one in an ordinary
cell is citlied by Faraday the cathode or ka~
thotic, by Danifl'l the platUiodc, and >iy many
otiier writers tlie negative pole. At the ijosi-
tive pole appears one element of the de-
composed body called anion, and at tlie
negative the other element termed cation.
[Kathode.]
an'-o-don, t an-6-don'-ta, s. [Gr. dvoSow
(anadoiDi), iiLnit. sing., and d.i/oS6i^Ta(a)iodonta),
iit'iit, ]ilur. of dvoBovs (ftHO(?o?(s) — toothless :
a.1/ i'ui), priv. , and ofiou? (odous), genit. oS6vto<;
{odo)i(Oi>) = CL tooth.]
1. A genus of fresh-water molluscs belong-
ing to the family Unionida^, or Nakles. The
ordinary English name of them is Swan-
mussel. Woodward, in 1S51, estimated the
known recent species at fifty, and those found
ill a fossil state at five, the latter from the
EiH-cne formation. Tate raises the former
number to 100, and the latter to eight. .-1.
cygiiciis is the river-mussel.
2. A L^enus of serpents de^ititute of teeth.
Tliey belniig to the family Das. .leltidte. One
siieiaes, the Dasypeltis scabra, or Rough Ano-
ddu, feeds on eggs, which it sucks. It is
found in Southern Africa. (Wood: Not. Hist.,
1303, p. 135.)
an'-6-dyne, s. & a. [In Fr. anodln; S])., Port.,
i: Ital. auodino. FromGr. avi^hvvo<i{<''nddu}hos)
= free from pain; a.v {o/n), priv., and oSuioj
{od\ine)= grief, pain.]
A. As substantive :
1. Afed. : A medicine which alleviates pain,
though, if given in too large doses, it induces
stn[. lu-
ll GaiTod arranges anodynes with narcotics
and suporiflcs together thus : — Class II.
!\[i.'iiicines whose px-incipal elfeets are upon
the nervous system. Sub-class I ^Medicines
acting especially upon the brain proper; but
jiroiial'ly also upon other portions of the cen-
tral nervous system. Order 1. Exhilarants.
Order 2. Narcuties, Anodynes, and Soi^oriflcs.
Order 3. Aniesthetics. Opium is soporifir-
aiul anodyne ; whilst belladonna is anodjaie
and anti-spasmodic.
2. Fig. : Anything designed to mitigate the
pain produced" by the consciousness of guilt;
an opiate for the conscience.
" He had at his command an immense tlispeiisary of
anodynes for wounded consciences." — Macaulay : Mist.
Jiit'j., chap, vi.
E. As adjective : Mitigating or assuaging
pain.
. . whilst anodyne, emollient, or gently laxa^
tivi; eiiemata should lie administered." — Dr. Joseph
Browne: Cijclop. fracf. M6d., vol. ii,, p. 228.
an-6d'-^-OUS, a. [Gr. kv>^lvvo<; (anddunos)
= (1) free from pain; (2) mitigating pain.]
Having the qualities of an anodyne ; miti-
gating pain of body, or stilling inquietude of
mind. (Coles.)
*a-n6g', a. [A.S. genog, genoh= sufficiently,
abundantly, enough.] [Enough.]
" It iulde listed longe anog."
Start/ of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Skeat), 600.
* a-noi'e, v.t. [Annoy, v.]
■^ a-noi'e, s. [Annoy, s.]
* a-nm'-fdl, a. [Annoyful.]
a-no'-ine, a. f .\ nii a . ] Pertaining to the
Anoa (q.v.). In Griffith's Cuvier the last sub-
division of Antilojie is called the Aaoine group.
{.Griffith's Cavkr, vol. iv., p. 292.)
an-6i'nt, * an-6y'nte, " an-noy'nte, v.t
' [Fr. otndre,' -pa., par. oint. In Sp. & Port.
anfiir, untar ; ItaL ttgnere. From Lat. uugo
or iinguo.]
I. Literally :
1. To pour oil upon. This may be—
(1.) For purposes not specially sacred.
"But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head,
and w.ash thy face." — Jlatt. vi, 17.
{•1.) For sacred purptoses, and specially for con-
secration of a person, jj?acc, or thing. Under the
Old Testament economy this was done in the
case—
(a) Of Jewish 2Jr tests.
"Then shalt thoii take the anointing oih and pour
it upon his [Aaron's] head, and anoint him." — Exod.
xxix. 7.
(h) Of Jewish and other kings.
" Samwel also said unto Saul, The Lord sent me to
anoint tliee to he king over his people, over Israel." —
1 Sam. XV, 1.
". . . and when thou coniest, anoint Hazael to he
king over Syi-ia," — 1 Kings xix. 15.
(c) Of Jewish proplivis
". . . and Elihha the son of Shaphat of Abel-
meholah shalt thuu anoint to be prophet in thy
room." — 1 King'i xix. 16.
(d) Of the tahernacle and its utensils. (For
the anointing of the tabernacle, see Exod. xl.
9 : for that of the altar of Imrnt-otleriiig, see
ver. 10 ; and for that of the laver and its foot,
see verse 11.)
2. To smear with some more or less viscous
substance, whieli need not be oil.
(1.) For 2^ii-'>'J>oses not specially sacred.
"... he anointed the eyes of the hlmd man with
the cliiy." — John ix. 6.
" Anointed let me be with deadly venom ;
And die, ere men can s.'iy— God save the Queen ' "
ShaJccsp. : Jiichard III., iv. 1.
"^ (2.) For sacred purposes.
" That hade ben blessed bifore wyth bischopes hondes,
and wyth l}esten blod busily anoynted."— Alliterative
Poems; C'leannessieA. Mon-is), 1,445-6.
II. Figuratively :
1, Very seriously :
(1.) To set solemnly apart to sacred office,
even when oil was not actually poured upon
the head.
(2.) To adopt the means of obtaining spiritual
discernment.
"... and anoint thnie eyes with eye-salve, that
thou may ent see." — Rev, iii. 18,
"^ 2. Jocosely: To give a good beating to.
" Then thay put hym hout, the kync away fly,
Wlijoh so well was anoynted iudede,
That no sleue ne pane had he hole of brede."
The Rom.ans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 5,652-4.
axi-6i'nt-ed, "" an-^'nt-ed, * an-noy'nt-
ed, pa. par., a., & s. [Anoint.]
A. & B. As past participle and adjective:
In senses corresponding to those of the vei'b.
"Thou [Tyre] art the a^toiyited cherub . . ." —
Ezek. xxviii. 14.
C. As suhstaniii-c :
I. An anointed king. Used —
1. Literally :
(a) Of any Jewish king [Anoint, I. 1, (2),
{&)] ; the customary phrase being *' the
anointed of the Lord," or " the Lord's
anointed."
" The breath of our nostrils, the arwinied of the
Lord, was taken in their pits. "—/.am. iv. 20.
"And David said unto him. How wast thou not
afraid to stretch forth thine hand to destroy the
Lord's anointed ?" — 2 Sam. i. 14.
(&) Of an English or other sovereign. In
this sense the term is applied with latent
sarcasm to those despotic rulers who have
largely exercised what has been termed "the
right divine of kings to govern wrong."
" Still harder was the lot of tliose Protestant clerey-
nien who continued to cling, with desperate fidelily,
to the cause of the Lord's anointed." — Macaulay:
Jlist. En-i., ch.aii. xij.
2. Fignratin'ly:
(ft) Cyrus, as executing the Divine commis-
sions of conquering Babylon and releasing the
Jews from captivity.
"Thus saith the Lord to his anoiiited. to Cyrus,
whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations
before him." — Isa. xlv. l
(b) Christ, the Me.ssiah, the. former appella-
tion being from Greek, and the latter from
Hebrew ; both signifying Anointed. (John
i. 41.)
" But let us wait ; thus far He hath perform'd,
Sent His AnoitUed/'—Afilton : P. R., bk. ii.
t II. An anointed prophet. (Lit. cC fig.)
[Anoint, I. 1, (2), (c).]
"Saying, Tuuch not mine anomivd. and do my
prophets no harm."— l Cliron. xvj. 22 ; Ps. cv. 15.
an-oint'-er, s. [Eng. fmoi/i?; -er.] One who
* at the moment is engaged in anointing, or
whose office is to anoint.
1. In a general sense.
"... and the sinner also an anointer." — Strauss:
Life of Jesus (Ti-ansl. 1846). i JO.
2, Church Hist. (See the example.)
"At Watlington, in Oxfordshire, there was a sect
called Anointers, from their anointing peo^de before
they admitted them into their comniimion." "-
Plot's Oxfordshire, ch. xxxviii.
bras, iii. 2.)
[Grey. Xoiea on Hudi-
an-6int'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Anoint.]
X, As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As adjective. Uszd—
1. Of the person applying the oil.
■* . the anointing woman. ."^Strauss:
Life of Jesus [Tniusl. lS4Ct, §90.
2. 0/ the oil ajjplied.
'• . . spiceb for anointing oil, ."—Exod.
XXV. G.
". . . This shall be an holy anointing oil unto
me throughout your generations." — Ibid., xxx. 31,
C. As substantive :
1. Lit. : The act of anointing ; the state of
being anointed for ordinary or for sacred pur-
poses.
" Their bathings and anointings before their feasts,
their perfunieB and sweet odours in diver
their feasts."— Hakfwill: Apology, p. ;
verse kinds at
". . . for their anointing shall surely be an ever-
lasting priesthood throughout their generations." —
Exod. xl. 15.
3. Fig. : The reception of spiritual benefit,
even when no actual apxdication of oil has
taken place.
" But the anointing which ye have received of him
abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach
you: but as the same anointing teacheth you of all
thinLTfe, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath
taught you, ye shall abide in him." — 1 John ii, 27.
an-oint'-ment, s. [Eng. anoint; -mcnt.]
The act of anointing ; the state of being
anointed. (Lit. d'fg.)
". . of his holy anointment from God the
Father, which made him supreme bishoi) of our souls,
. . ." — Milton: Animadv. Jiem. Dcf.
an'-6l-is, s. [From Anoli, in-Anoalli, the name
given to the Anolis in the .Vntilles.] The same
as thi; Anolius of Cuvier. A genus of Saurians,
belonging to the family Iguanidte. Various
species exist, some of which have been re-
moved to other genera. All are from America.
Two of the best known are the Gveen Carolina
Anolia (A. }>rinci'paHs), and the Red-throated
Aiioli.s, a native of the American continent
and the West India islands.
t an-om'-al, s. [Fr. anonial = anomalous.]
An-aiiumalous verb or other word. (Ogilvie.)
an-6m'-a-li-ped, an-om'-a-li-pode, a.
& s. [In Ger, annniaJfjicdisch. From Gr.
avtii^aKia (cuionioZift) — anomaly, and Lat, jjes,
genit. pedis, or Gr. ttou? (polls), genit. ttoSo?
(podos) = foot.]
A, As adjective: Having an anomalous foot ;
having the middle toe united to the exterior
by three phalanges, and to the interior by a
single phalanx only (said of some birds).
B, --Is substantive: A bird \vith toes thus
constituted.
* an-onL'-al-i^xa, s. [Formed by analogy, as
if from a Greek ai/w/xaAtcr/xa (andmalisvia).'}
[Anomalous.] An irregularity, an anomaly.
(Johnson.)
an-6m-al-is'-tic, an-om-al-is'-ti-cal, ■'.
[In Ger. anomalistisch ; Fr anoynalistiriue ;
Port, anonudistico.] Pertaining to what is
anomalous or irregular.
Astronomy :
Anomalistic Period: "The time of revolu-
tion of a planet in reference to its line of
apsides. In the case of the Earth, tlie period
is called the anomcdistic year. " (G. F. Chambers :
Astron., ed. 1867, Gloss.)
Anomalistic year : A year consisting of
365 days, 6 hrs., 13 min,, 49-3 sees. It
exceeds the sidereal year by 4 niin., 39 '7
sees., because owing to a slow motion which
the longer axis of the earth's ellii)se makes of
11 "S seconds yearly in advance, our planet is
the number of minutes and seconds mentioned
above in travelling from perihelion to peri-
helion. (Herschel: Astron., 10th ed., § 3S4.)
boll, Iso^, pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hm, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
-tion. -sion. -tioun, -cioun = shun ; -^ion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious.
sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ~ing.
-cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
2V2
anomalistically— anonymosity
an-om-al-is'-tic-al-ly, n>lr. [Eng. ano-
itinllstical ; -lij.] In an anomalouy way; in
an atmormal way ; irregularly.
an-om'-al-OUS, ". [In Fr. anomal; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. aaomf'Io ; Lat. tmomalos. From
Gr. acu>ju.aAos(c.iwj)ia/os) = uneven, irregular;
deviating from a general rule : av (on), priv.,
and ofjLa\6<; (hoinahis) ^ even, level, sinnnth;
o/xos (homos) — one and the same, in common ;
Wei. hama; Irish amJiail = similar.] Deviating
from rule ; irregular, abnormal.
" Aud how loiig was the anomalous government
plaDned by the genius of Saucroft to liiat." — Macau-
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. x.
an-om'-al-oiis-ly, oOv. [Eng. anojiialons;
-ly.] In an anomalous manner.
"Eve was not solemnly begotten, but suddenly f rjiiiied
aud anomalously i^roceeded fioui Adam." — liruwin.-
Vulgar Erroars, bk. v,, ch. v.
an-om'-a-ly, s. [In Ger. & Fr. anomaJle;
Sp. anrii'u'liii, ojionioUdad. From Gr. dytu^a-
Ai'a (itiiuvu'Iiii) = unevenness, irregularity,
deviation from rule; ai^uifj.aKo'; (uiinuialos) =
uneven, irregular; a, ac, priv., and o/xaAds
(/wmaZos) = even, smooth; bfjios (hovtos)= one
and the same.] [Anomalous.]
A. 0 rdi. liar >j Language :
Gp.n. : Deviation from rule ; irregularity.
"As Professor Owen has remiirked, there is no
greater anoinaly in nature than a bird that caiinot
fly." — Darwin: Origin of Species, ch, v.
" The truth is that the dispensing power was a great
anomaly in poUtic^i.'! — Macaulay ■ Hist. Eng., ch". ii.
B. 2\'chnicaUy :
1. A'itron. : The deviation ia a planet's
course from the aphelion or apogee. It is of
two kinds, the frvc and the mean anoimdy.
The true is that which actually takes place.
The mean is the angular motion which would
have been performed had the motion in angle
"been uniform instead of the motion in area.
(Herschel: Astron., 5th ed., § 499.)
Astroii. Excentric Anomaly : " An auxiliary
angle employed to abriilge the calculations
connected with the motion of a planet or
comet in an elliptic orbit. If a circle be
drawn, having its centre coincident with that
of the ellipse, and a diameter e(pial to the
transverse (major) axis of the latter ; and if
from this axis a perpendicular he drawn through
the true i»lace of the body in the ellipse to
meet the circumference of the circle, then the
excentric anomaly will be the angle formed
by a line drawn from the point where the per-
pendicular meets the circle, to tlie centre, with
the longer diametrr of the ellipse." (Hind.)
Describe the circle a e o d, so that its centre
L shall coincide with that of the ellipse,
A B c F, in which the planet p moves, and its
diameter a c be = tin- longer axis of the
EXCENTRIC ANOMALY.
ellipse. Let s be the position of the sun in
one of the foci of the ellipse, then a is that of
the planet when in perihelion, and c that
which it occupies wlien in aplielion. Join
p s, then the angle p s l is the trm anomaly.
Proximity to the sun made the planet travel
more quickly at a than at c. If the rate had
been uniform, it would not have reached p.
Let it be supposed that it would have been
only at e, then a s e is its mean anomaly. Let
fall p B a perpendicular to a c from p ; pro-
duce it in the other direction to b in the cir-
cumference of the circle ; join b l, then alb
is the exmntric anomah In calculating the
motion of the moon, the earth is supposed to
be at s, as it is also held to be when inquiiy is
made into the apparent course of the sun
through the ecliptic.
2. Music : A small deviation from a perfect
lnter\'al, in tuning instruments with fixed
notes ; a temperament.
an-o-me -aii§, an-o-moe'-ans, s. pi. [Gr.
icd/xoios (aMO'moios) = unlike : di- (o,n), priv.,
and ojaoios (liomoios) — like.]
Church Hist. : A sect who are reported to
have held that Christ was a created bt^ing,
and possessed of a nature unlike that of God.
Their leader was Eunomius, secretary to
iEtius. He was made Bishop of Cyzicum
in A.D. 360, and died about S'.H. The Ano-
nieans were considt-red extreme Arians. They
were condemned by the iSeun-Arians at the
Council of HL-leucia in A.D. O.j'J. but they soon
afterwards retaliated at the Council or Synod
of Constantinople.
an-6'-mi-a, s. [Gr. avd/ioto? (aHOiaoios) =
unlike (If '00(7 (yard); ai'0|Uta(a7iowt(a)= lawless-
ness (Owen).'] A genus of molluscs belonging
to the Ostreidse, or Oyster family. They are
found attached to oyster and other shells, :)nd
frequently acquire the form of the surface
w\ih which they are in contact. Tliey are not
eatable. In 1S75 Tate estimated the known
recent species at twenty, and the fossil thirty-
six, the latter from the 'Jolite upwards. The
A. Ephvppiuni is the saddle-shell. It i^i a
beautifuUj'' thin and elegantly waved shell.
It inhabits the British .se:i*.
an-o-mi'-i-dse, s pi. [From the typical
genus Anoniia (q.v.).] A family of Conchi-
ferous Molluscs, recently separated from Os-
treidie. Tate includes under it the genera
Anomia, Plaeunomia, Placuna, Carolia, Placu-
nopsis, and Placenta.
an'-o-mite, s. [From Eng. anomia (q.v.), and
-ite.] A fossil anomia.
an-dm-o-don'-ti-a, «. 'p^- [Gr. avofj-o^ (ano-
?ftos)= irregular : a.,\}vi\\, vo/j-oq (novios)=. . .
law, aud uSou? (odons), genit. bS6vTo<y (odontos)
= a tooth.]
Palmont. : In Professor Owen's classification,
the fifth order of the class Reptilia, or Reptiles.
He inckides under it two families, Dicyno-
dontia aud Cryptodontia.
an-o-moe'-ans. [Axomeans.]
an-6m-ur'-a» s.pl. [Gr. afOM-os (ajwmoh)—
without law ; ovpa (oura) = tail.]
Zool. : A sub-order of Decapod Crustaceans,
intermediate between Macrura and Brachyura,
differing from tlie former in the absence of an
abdominal fan-shaped fin, as also of natatory
feet ; and from the latter in general pnsseys-
ing appendages attached to the penultimate
segment of their abdomen. Tlie sub-order is
divided into the families Paguridse, Hippidse,
Raninidfe, Homolidffi, and Dromiidte (q.v.).
Its best known representatives are the Hermit
Crabs (Paguridas).
an-om-iir'-al, anom-iir'-ous, a. [Mod.
Lat. anornur(a) ; -al, -ous.] Belonging to,
characteristic of, or resembling the Anomura
(q.Y.).
an'-om-y, 5. [Gr. avojuta (anomia) = lawless-
ness ; d, priv., and ndjao? (nomos) = law.]
Breach or violation of law ; lawlessness.
" rf sin be good, and just, and hiwful, it is no more
evil, it 13 no sin, uo anomy."— Bramhall against
Hobbes.
a-xion', ""a-no'cn, adv. [A. 8. on = in ; an =
one. Junius, Home Tooke, &c., supply
minute, a.nd make anon mean primarily "in
one minute." Webster believes it should be
in continuation, in extension, applied first to
extension in measure, and then by analogy to
time. He quotes the Saxon Chronicle, A.D.
1022, where it is stated that a fire " weax on
lengthe up an on to thani wolcne," which he
fieely renders, "increased in contimtatiou to
the clouds." See also, he adds, A.I). 1127.
Morris brings anon from A.S. a.iutne, otiane =
in one moment. (Alliterative Poenis, Gloss.)
In Bosworth's A.S. Diet, anon is— singly,
and 07i-an = in one, once for all, continually.]
I. Quickly, speedily, at once, in a short
time.
" And hastily for the Provost thay sent.
He came anoon, withoute tarying."
Chaucer: C. T., 15.027-23.
If Anon, sir = Immediately, presently, sir;
or as the phrase now is, "Coming, sir," was
the customary answer of waiters in the Eliza-
bethan age, when called to attend on a guest.
(Kares.)
" Like a call without Anon, sir.
Or a question without an answer."
iVitts RacreatioTU, dign. T. 7.
2. At other times. (Oppo.sed to sometimes.)
" FliU forty days he paas'd, whether on hill
Soinetitnes, anon in ahady vale, each niijht.
Or harbour'd iu one cave, is not reveal'd "
Milton F. R; bk. ..
Ev>^r ayid anon : Every now and then.
" anon-right, "-'y. Immediately, at once.
a-no'-na, s. [Corrupted from the Malay
' maftoft, 'pronounced, in the Banda Islands,
menona.]
Bot. : The typical genus of the order of
plants called Aiionaceie, or Aiionads. It con-
tains the Custard Apple (A, sqtiamosa), the
Sour-aop (A. imtrioatai, the Bullock's Heart
(A. reticvhhta), and the Clierimolia {A. cheri-
molia), &c. Tlie seat of the genus is properly
the warmer parts nf America, but the specie.s
ANONA SQUAMOSA (cuSTARD APPLE).
now named are cultivated in India, wliere the
Custai-d Apple is called Sei-taphul (that is, See-
tas fruit), and the Bullock's Heart, Ramphul,
that is, Ramas fruit. A. paJustris is the cork-
wood of Jamaica. A species of Anmia grfw in
Britain during the Eocene period, its seeds
being found fossil in the London clay of
Sheppey. The seeds of A. squamosa are highly
acrid and poisonous. Powdered and mixed
with flour made from grain {Cicer arletlnuvi),
they are used by the natives of India for
washing their hair. In Brazil corks are made
from the root of A. palustris. and the light
white wnod of A. syJvatica is employed by
turners ; whilst the fruit of the last-named
species ib eaten at desserts.
an-o-na'-^e-se (ilforf. Lat.), a-no'-nads
(Eng.). s. pi. '[From the typical genus Anono
(q.v.).] An order of exogenous plants classed
by Lindley under his Ranales, or Ranal
Alliance, They have six petals, hypogynous
stamina generally indefinite in number, nu-
merou.s ovaries, and a many-carjielled, .suc-
culent, or dry fruit, and alternate simple leaves
without stipules. They are trees oj- shrub.-,
occun-ing in the tropics of both liemisjiheres.
In lS4ij Lindley estimated the known si>eL-ies
at .300. Most have a powerful aromatic taste
and smell, and tlie flowers of some are highly
fragrant. Some have a succulent and eatable
fruit. [Anona.]
an-o-na -ceous, a. [Axoxace-e.] Pertain-
ing to, characteristic of, or closely resembling
the Anonacese (q.v.).
* an-on'-der (Eng. & Scotch), " an-6n'-er,
* S-n-iind'-er (scotch), prep. [A.s. an = in ;
otider=En^ under.] Under.
" Ther nis non betere anonder suiine."
King Horn (E. E. T.), 567.
'■ Then the Bible amtnder Ins arm took he."
Hogg: Mountain Bard, p. V).
* a-nont\ * an-dnd'e, "* 6n-ond'e, '' an-
end'ew'-ei^. [Anend.] Opposite to, level with.
■' Eere thyii ost a-nont thy breste
In a box that ys iioneste."
Instructions for Parish Priests (ed. Peacock), 1,962.
an'-6-nym, s. [Anonymous.]
1. One who remains anonymous.
2. A pseudonym.
an-on-ym-al, (
rANoNYMOIL'S.]
an-on-3^m'-i-ty, s. [In Dan. avonymitet.]
[Anonymous.] The state of being anonymous ;
anonymousness, anonymity.
t an-on-y-mos'-i-ty, s. [From Gr. ivt^tw-
lxo<; (anijnumos) ; Eng. suftix -ity, from Lat.
-itas.'\ The state of being anonymous ; anony-
mousness, anonymity.
f&te, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, heVe, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se. oe = e. ey=a. qu = kw-
anonymous— An sar
2ia
an-on'-y-mous, «. [In Sw. aaonyn ; Fr.
uiiuiijjiae; ii\>. & Ital. cuionimo; Pint, aaoity-
nw. From Gr. a.viliw^o'; {uiiuiurin»s) : av {an),
priv., and ovoixa (oiwiiui) — name.]
" 1. Whicli lias not received a name, imply-
ing, liinw vev, that one will yet 1 le attached to it.
"These aiiimfLloults serve also for food to another
anonymous \u>t.-i:t oi the waters." — Rui/.
2. Intentionally nameless. Vstd—
(ft) Of the authorship of verbal statements,
writings, x-)'-iblieations, &(;.
". . . anonymous lettei-s." — Macaulay : Sist.
Eiig., ch. \ii,
{}>) Of writt-rs not appending their names to
tlii-iv literary productions ; of benevolent men
withholding their names when they give
charity.
"Tlie i;i»iiliat'iiitB on both sides were generally an-
onymous."— MiicaiiUiy : Hist. Ming., ch. xxiii,
" Nearly a hundred years have passed since an
aiwnym^us benefactor founded in France a prize for
vhtuQ."— Daily Jfews, 3rd AnguBt, 1878.
an~6n'-y-mous-ly, «(Zy. [Eng. aiionyimus ;
-iy.] With no name attaclied to it.
"... the edition published anonymously .
— Scott: William, arul Helen.
an-on'-y-mous-ness, s. [Eng. anomjmoas ;
-fiess.] Tlie state of being aimnymous ; anon-
ymity, anouymosity.
* a-no'on, adv. [Anon.]
an-6p-16-the're» 6. [Anoplotherium.] The
Euglisli name —
(1.) Spi:c. : Of the Anoplothcr'mm <:(niiuu(iu\
■'. . . the aquatic cloven-hoofed animal which
Cuvier has called Anoplothere."—OwcH : Brit. F<j>,s.
Mammals and Birds (1846), p. xviii.
(2.) Geii. : Of any fossil mammal belonging
to the same family.
L'i:i-vlne Anujiinihcre : DicliohuaQ Cervimim.
[DlCHOBUNE, ANuPLOTHERE.]
an-6p-l6-the-ri'-i-d0e, s. pi [Asoplo-
THERiuM.j A family of mammals belonging
to the order Pachydermata. All are extinct.
[Anoplotheriu:m.]
an-op-lo-ther'-i-um, s. [From Gr. av (an),
jiriy., ottKov (Iinj.lon)^ Si weapon, and 9r\piov
{tlu'rioii) = Ijeiiftt "Unarmed beast." The
name rcIVrs to the ab.seni.-e of such natural
weapons as tusks, long and sharp, canine teeth,
horns or claws.] The appellation given by
Cuvier to a genus of hoofed quadrupeds found
in the middle Encene gypsum of the Paris
liasiu. It i.-^ tlie type of tlie family AiiDiiln-
theridic {4. v.). A eurious peculiarity uf tlie
^\^..
SKELETON OF AXOPLOTHLEIUM.
Ano]iliit]ierium genus, shared only by man, is
that the incisors and canine teeth were so
equally develojied that they formed one un-
broken series with the premolars and true
molars. The ,4. commune was about four and
a-half feet long, or with the tail, eight feet.
Itisfound nut ]iierelyin the vicinity of Paris,
but also in the contemporary Eocene sti-ata of
Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. [Axoplo-
THERE.] (Ouxn : Brit. Foss. J/i'»(<ft. rf; Birds,
pp. 432-4:i',) )
an-6p-16-ther'-6id, a. & s. [From Eng.,
&c. , cnoplvthcrium (q.v.), and Gr. etfios (eidos)
= form.]
1. As adjcrtire {Palceont.) : Resembling the
Anoplothcriam.
2. .4s sKhbtantlve (Pakeont): An animal re-
sembling the Anoplotherium.
»in-6p-lur'-a, s. pi. [Gr. av (an), priv.; ottAov
(ho-ploii) = a, tool, ... a weapon, arms;
ovpd (oura) = tail. Having unarmed tails.]
2ool. : An aberrant order of insects, some-
times termed from their parasitic habits
Parasitica or Epizoa. They have six legs, no
wings, and either two simple eyes or none.
They undergo no proper metamorphosis,
tlii>ugh there is a certain semi-transformation
[In Fr. anormal.] [Abnor-
when they shed their skins. They are para-
sitic upon mammals and birds, and are gene-
rally termed lice. There are two sub-orders :
(1) Haustcllata, or Rhynchota, having a mouth
with a tubular, very short fleshy haustellum.
and (2) IVIandibulata, or Mallophaga, in which
the mouth is provided with two horny man-
dibles.
an-op'-sy, s. [Gr. av (an), priv., and w»// (dp:^)
— the eye ]
Med.: Absence of sight, want of vision;
blindness.
an'-6-rex-y, s. [In Fr. anorexie ; Port.
anoiL' III . Gr. avope^ia ((fiwrc.cic): av (an),
priv., and ope^is (ore./('s) — a longing or yearn-
ing after anything; opeyoj (on<jn) = to reach,
to stretch out]
Med. : Want of appetite.
t a-nor'-mal,
MAL. ]
" an-or'ne, '"an-our'ne, v.(. [Lat. adorao.]
To adorn, (.scotch.)
" Thar lyle illumynt and aiwrnit clere."
Douglas : Virgil, 188, 24.
ein-orth'-ic, c [Gr, av (an), priv., and 6p069
(orthos) =- straight . . . right, as a right
angle.] Irregular ; abnormal.
CrystaVogr. : A term applied to all crystals
which do not belong to the more regular sys-
tems, i.e. , which do not fall under the cubical,
the pyramidal, the rhomb oh edral, the pris-
matic, or the oblique systems. (Phillips :
Mill., ed. 1852, p. 9.) The Anorthic is called
also the Triclinic, the Doubly Oblique, and
the Tetarto-prismatic system. [Triclinic]
(See Dana's Min., 5th ed. ISTfj, p. xxvi.)
&n-orth'-ite, s. [in Ger. anorthU. From Gr.
dv (an), priv., and bp66<; (orthos) = direct,
straight; suff. -ite. So named in 1823 by
Rose from its "anorthic," or what would
now be called triclinic, crystals.] [AxoRTHir.|
A mineral placed by Dana under his Fr\.
spar group of Unisilicates. Anorthite occurs
ciystallised or massive. Its hardness Is 6— V ;
sii. gr. 2i;ij — 2 7S ; lustre of ordinary faces
vitreuuri. of cleavage planes inclining to pearly
colour, white, grayish, or reddish. It is
trans]tarent or translucent, has a conchoidal
fracture, and is brittle. Coiuxiosition : Silica,
4178 to 47-153 ; alumina, 2S-(.i3 to 37-5 ; lime,
s L'8 to Pi'll ; magnesia, 0'29 to S'ST' ; sesqui-
oxide of iron, -07 tu 4-0 ; potassa 0-25 to 6'58 ;
soda, (.)'27 to ■'.'35; and water, O'lil to 5-03.
The varieties nrdgnised by Dana are (1) Anor-
thite pruper, which oeeuis in Italy among the
old lavas of ^Monte SLinuna, at Jlount Vesuvius,
and on thr i.sle of I'j-oeidii. It has been called
also Christianite and Biotine. Thiorsite is
the same s]ieeies from the ],)lain of Thiorsa,
near Heela, in Iceland. (2) Indianite, from
India. (3) Aniphtidelite, ftoni Finland and
Sweden, called also Lepolite. It includes
Latrobite. from Labrador, and apparently
Tankite froiH Norway. Besides these, Linseite
and Sundvikite are altered Anorthite. Dana
numbers C'vehii>ite, Barsowite, and Bytownite
as if they too were not i>ropeily distinct from
Anorthite.
an-orth'-o-scope, 5. [Gr. dc (an), jiriv.;
6p06s (orthos) =■ straight ; a-Kondoj (skojico) = to
look at.]
Optics: An instrument for producing a xjar-
ticular kind of optical illusion by means of
two opposite disks rotating rapidly. The
hinder disk, which is transparent, has certain
distorted figures painted upon it. The other
one, which is in front of that now described,
is opaque, but is pierced -with a number of
narrow slits, through which the figures on the
disk behind it may be viewed.
an-os'-mi-a, ». [From Gr. dv (an), priv., and
uo-ju.7/ (ij^inc) = smell.]
Med. : Absence of the sense of smell. When
it exist.s, which is but rarely, it is a congenital
defect, or arises from disease or from the sub-
jection of the olfactories to strong stimuli.
t an-os-tom-o'-sis.
[Anastomosis.]
an-os'-tom-us, s. [From Gr. avui (ono) =
above, and o-roju-a (stcnna)=t\\e mouth.] A
genus offishes belonging to the Salmon family.
an-6th'-er (Eng.), an-ith'-er (.scofc/'o, a. &
adv.' [Eng. an, other ;'A.fi. au = one and
other.] [Other.]
A. As adjective:
1. Xut the same ; different.
"But iny servant Caleb, because he had another
spirit with him . . ." — Xumb. xiv. 24.
" When the soul is beaten from its station, and the
mounds of virtue are broken down, it becomes quite
another tliini; from what it was before," — South.
2. One in addition ; one more.
" Have ye another brother?"— Gfoj. xliii. ,.
3. Any other.
"Discover not a secret to another."— Prov. xxv, 9.
■i. Nnt one's self.
"Let another man praise tiiee, and not thine own
mouth. '—Pr'jv. xxvii. 2. ,
5, It is sometimes used when the two
entities compared belong to ditferent cate-
gories, whereas in its more normal senses
aiiother implies that they are of the same kind.
" I tiin the Lord : that is my name ; and my glory
will I not gi ve to another, neither my praise to graven
images."— /s«. xlii. 8.
* B. As adv.: Otherwise.
"*Ei >Iary,' quoth the menskfnl, 'me tliynk hit
another.' " Sir Gawayne (ed. Slonis), 1.2f.s.
1 (1) One to another, or one another (Etig.) =
ane anlther (Scotch), is used reciprocally
" This is my commandment, That ye love one
another."— Jolm XV. 12.
" There has been mony a blythe bu'ling— for death
and drink-draining areiiearneighbours to ane anlther."
— Scott: Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xxiii.
(2) You're a)iother : The tu quoipie of the
uneducated classes. Davies gives an example
from Udal : Roister Doister, lii. 5.
"^ another-galnes, a. Of another kind.
" If my father had not plaid the hasty fool, I might
have had anothergaines husband than Dametas. '—
Sidney.
* another-gates, 3. Of another kind.
[Other-gates.]
"And his 'bringing up anotJier-gates marriage than
such a minion." — Lyly : Mother Bonibie, i.
"A good report maketh the bones fat, saith Solo-
mon ; and that, I ween, is anotliergates manner, than
to make the face shine." — Bp. Satiderson : Sei'mojis.
" Hudibrns, about to enter
X'linn another gat eit adventure."
Butler : Uudib., iii. .123.
* another-guess, «. (Corrupted from
oiiother-gnisc.) [Eng. another, and Fr. guise =
manner, way, corresponding in meaning to
tlie Eng. & A.S )rise appended tu a word, as
likewise] Of another kind. (Vidgar.)
"Oh Hocus: whuve art thou? It naed to go in
anothcr-guess maiuitT in thy time." — Arbuthnot.
another-guise, a. [Another-guess.]
R-not'-ta, o. [Arnotto.]
* an-O'-ven, ado. [A.S. an = on, and vfoji =
up, above, higlj.] Aliove.
" And aette hit on his K"'erde,
Anuuen at than orde. "
King l/arnlE. E. T. S.), 623-4.
* a-noii'me-ment, i--. [Anorke. ] Ornament.
"The hous and the anournemeTtten lie hyghtled togeder."
Altitfi-iUivc Poems; Cleanmixx (q(\ ?Iorris), 1,200.
" a-noy'e, r.t. [Old form of Annoy (q.v.).]
To hui-t.
" Who badde foure eph-its of tempest
That power han to noyeu land and see,
Bothe north and south, and also west and est,
^rtoi/ejineytherlonde, see, ne tree?"
Cliaucer : C. T., 4,913-14.
an'-sae, s. pi. [The pi. of Lat. ansa = a handle,
a haft. ]
Astron. Ansce of Saturn's ring: The pro-
jections nr ;irins of the ring on each side of the
globe of the planet. (Hind.) They were so
THE ANs.i; OF Saturn's ring.
called by Galileo and other early astronomers
from their resembling to the eye of one lookin"
at them through the imperfectly-constructed
telescopes of that period, the handles of a
pot or other utensil.
An'-sar, An-sar'-i-an,s. [Arab.] a helper,
an auxiliary; sjjec., one of the inhabitants of
boil, bo^; pout, j6^1; cat, 5ell. chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, eyist. ph = fc
-tion. -sion, -tiouu = shun ; -pon, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -ceous, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, ^eL
MecciL wlio befriended Malioniet wlicn lie fled
thither fi-oni Mecca, A.D. tj2-2.
"Hii.ljravest disciples . . . asaembled round his
persun ; aii<J the equal, though vjirious, merit of the
iloHlema was distinguished by the names of MoIim-
geriaus a.iid Amam: the iucitlv-es of Mecca and the
auxiliaries of Mediua."—Gii5o«.- UtcUne & Fall, cli.l.
an'-sate, an'-sa-ted, o
having a Jiandly ; IViuii
Furnislied with a handle
or handl'js.
ansated cross {crux
ansata), s. The handled
Tau cross, uniformly
found in tlie hands of
the old Egyjitian deities,
being regarded as the
symbol of life. It was
called in Coptic ankh =
life. {Cooper : Archaic
Diet.)
I. [Lat. ansatiis =
ansa = a handle.]
n
ANSATED CROSS.
^ ans8, s. [Lat. ansa = a handle.] One of the
handles of a caiiiiini.
an'-ser, s. [Lat. anser ; Ger. gans ; 0. H. Ger.
kans ; Eng. gander, goose; Gr. xv^ (chP.n) ;
Sansc. liansa.]
1. Zool.: A genus of Natatorial or Swim-
ming birds, the typical one of the sub-family
Anseringe. It contains the geese. SevL-ral
species are found in Britain, either onutinu-
ously or as winter visitors. [Goose.]
+ 2. Astron. : A portion of the constellation
called by Hevelius Vulpecula et Anser (the
Fox and Goose). It belongs to the northern
hemisphere, is placed over the Eagle, imme-
diately under the star Albireo, or ^ Cygni,
with a little one called the Arrow between.
It is rarely met with in modern star-maps.
an'-ser-a-ted, a. [Lat. anser =. goose ; Eng.
-atetl]
Heraldry. An anssi'ated cross is one with
its extremities shaped like the heads of lions,
eagles, or similar animals.
an'-ser-e§, s. ph [The pi. of Lat, anser = a
goose.] The third of Linnaeus's six orders of
Birds. The species are characterised by smooth
beaks, broadest at the point, covered with
smooth skin, and denticulated. The toes are
web-footed. The tibise are short and com-
pressed. It includes the birds now called
Natatores, or Swimmers. [Natatores.]
an-ser-i'-nss, s. pi. [Anser.] A sub-family
of Anatidae (Ducks), containing the Geese.
^n'-ser-ine, a. [Lat. anserimis.] Pertaining
to the Anseres, or Geese ; resembling a goose ;
framed on tlie model of a goose ; after the
manner of a goose.
". . . a flattened beak like that of a duck, which
is used in the anserine maiiuer to extract insects and
worms from the mud." — Owen: Classific. of the Mam-
malia (1859), p. 27.
^ an'-seyne, o. [Enseinyie.]
* an-sla'ight {gh silent), s. [Onslaught.]
An onslaught, an attack, an affray.
" I do remember yet that anslaight, thou wast beaten.
And fled'at before the butler."
Eeaumont & Fletcher : Mons. Thomas, ii. 2.
an'-s"wer {m silent), * an'-swere, *' an'-
swer-en,* and -swere {Eng.), ' an'-swir
{Scotch), (vj sdent), v.t. 6: i. [A.S. aiiswarian,
andsu-arian, an dsioeriau = to answer: and,in-
separate prep, hke Gr. avrC (anti), denoting
opposition in reply, in return ; and sivajxui ^
to answer, cognate with sicericoi = to swear.
[Swear.] In Sw, svi<ra, and in Dan. svarc
and ansvare =■ to answer.]
A. Transitii'c :
I. Literally :
1, To reply to a question formally put to
one. (In this and some of the following senses
ansv.m' may be followed by an objective of the
person replied to, by an objective of the com-
munication made, or by both together.)
" And he him aiisioerede modi and bold."
Story of Gen, and Exod. (ed. Morns). 2,723.
"The baptism of John, was it from heaven or of
men V answer me."— Mark xi. 30.
" But he answered her not a word." — Matt. xv. 23.
(See also the example under No. 3.)
1" In the authorised version of Scripture the
expression occurs, '* answered him and said."
"And Peter answered hiin and said, ."—Matt.
xiv. 28.
2. To reply to a statement of fact^, or an
argument, whether given forth verbally, in
writing, or by means of the press. Spec, to
attempt in whole or in part to refute it,
"This reasoning was not and could not he answered."
—Macaulai/: Hist. Fng , ch. xiv
3. To reply to an accusation ; to endeavour
to rebut it.
"And the high priest arose and said unto him,
AnswuresC thou nuthing? What is it which these
witness against thee V"—J/a?^ xxvi. 62.
4. To sing in alternate parts, or In any other
way to alternate with another person in what
he or she is saying or doing.
"And the women, answered one another as they
player], and said, Saul hath slain his thousands, and
David his ten thousands." — 1 Sam. xviii. '
(Apparently one choir sung " Saul hath slain
his thousands," and a second one finished the
sentence by adding " And David his ten
thousands.")
" With piercing shrieks hia bitter fate she moans,
While the sad father answers groans with groans."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxii., 614, 515.
"So spake the mournful dame : her matrons hear,
Sigh back her sighs, and answer tear with tear "
Ibid . GC, 663.
5. To solve an arithmetical, mathematical,
or other question or problem proposed to one.
II. Figiiratively :
1. To make a suitable return for anything
said or done. Thus, to answer a prayer or
petition is, if it be deemed right, to grant
what it solicits ; to answer the door-bell is to
go and ascertain wlio has rung it, and what
his object is in visiting the house ; to answer
a legitimate claim on one's purse is to pay it ;
to answer an evil doer or evil deeds is to
punish him or them; to answer an enemy's
lire in battle is to fire back at him.
" Thou calledst lii trouble, and I delivered thee ;
I answered thee in the secret place of thunder." —
Ps. Ixxxi. 7.
" I the Lord will answer him by myself. And I will
set my face against that man, and will make liim a
sign aiidaproverb, and will cut him oft' from themidst
of my people."— Eze/c. xiv. ", 8.
2. To stand accountable for ; to incur the
penalty of.
"Shall he that conteudeth with the Almighty in-
struct him ? he that reproveth God, let him an.iwvr
it. —Job xl. 2.
" In thine own person answer thy abuse."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., ii. l.
"... who studies day and night
To answer all the debt he owes unto you,
Even with the bloody payments of your deaths,"
Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., i. 3.
" Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial
law in the world," — Ibid., Henry V.
3. To be suitable for ; to be capable of being
employed for ; to serve for.
"... money atiswereth all things." — Eccl. x. 19.
4. To correspond to or with.
"Weapons must needs he dangerous things if they
answered the bulk of so prodigious a person." — Swift :
Gullioers Travels.
" Still follow Sense, of ev'ry art the soul.
Parts answ'ring parts shall slide into a whole."
Pope : Moral Essays, Epistle IV.. 65, CG.
5. To be opposed to, to face.
"Fire answers fire ; and. by their paly beams,
Each battle sees the other's imiber'd face "
Shakesp. : Henry V. ; Chorus.
B. Intransitive :
I, Literally :
1. To reply verbally, or in writing, to a
question, a call, a summons, a judicial charge,
a petition, or a prayer.
" But there was no voice, nor any that answered." —
1 Hinffs xviii. 26.
*I In the English Bible the expression
" answered and said " is common.
"But he answered and said unto him that told him,
Who 13 my mother? and who are my brethren?" —
Matt. xii. 48.
Once it is used anomalously, in the sense of
made a statement, no question having preceded
it : "The king avsioercd andsaid unto Daniel "
(Dan. ii. 2i:') Daniel had not previously to
this addressed the king. (See also Acts v. S.)
II. Figuratively :
1. To reply to any of these by deeds rather
than words.
"... and the God that answereth by fire, let him
be God."— 1 Ein<]>: xviii. 24
2. To speak for, to vindicate, to witness for.
"So shall my righteousness answer forme in time to
come."— Oe«. xxx. 33.
" I have ever been of opinion, that, if a book can't
aTiswer for itself to the public, 'tis to no sort of purpose
for its author to do \t."—Pope : Letter to the Hon. J. C.
(ini).
3. To be held responsible for, tn be liable
for, to be accountable for ; to satisfy any de-
mands which justice may make eancerning
(one's actions).
" Those many had not dared to do evil,
If tlie first man that did th' edict infringe,
Had answer'd for his deed."
Shakesp. .- Meas. for -!/<.■" ^ . ii- 2.
4. To be suitable for, to ser\'-e for, to succeed.
"... the trial in great quantities doth not answer
the trial in small ; and so deceiveth vaany."— Bacon.
"Jasou followed her counsel, whereto, "hcD the
event hajl answered, he again demanded tiic fietce." —
lialelgh.
5. To correspond to or with.
" Dql. Hear me, good madam :
Yuur loss is ;is yourself, great ; and you bear it
As answering to the weight."
Shakes}). : Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2.
" As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of
man to man. "— /'?-o«. xxvii. 19.
6. To sound in return, as in the case of the
response from an echo.
"The woods shall answer, and their echo ring '
Pope: Pastorals: Sum'/fjr,lS.
7. To vibrate to the touch, or other\vi.se act
reciprocally to,
" Say, do'st thou yet the Eoman harp command?
Do the strings answer to thy noble hand V "
Dryden.
an'-awer, * an' -swere, ^ an-swar,
■" and'-swere (c silent), s. [A.S. andswaru.
In Sw. &. Dan. svar.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally:
1. Gen. : A reply to a question, command,
call, entreaty, address, or argument.
" Efft] this andswere. ben ut gon,
Jloyses forth and Aaron."
Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris). 3,081, 3,082.
" So watah al samen her answ/tr soght."
Alhteratioe Poems; Pearl (k<\ ili.rrja), ."iir.
" Now advise, and see what answer I shall return to
him that sent me." — 2 Sam. xxiv. 13.
2. Specially :
(a) A reply to a legal accusation against
one. (B., Lav.)
" At my first answer no man stood with me, hut all
men forsook me." — 2 Tim. iv. IG.
(&) A reply in an oral debate to the allega-
tions of an opponent, or a publication in reply
to another publication.
(c) Tlie solution of an arithmetical question
or a geometrical problem, the former at least
being generally proposed in the form of a
question.
II. Figuratively :
1. A return for anything said or done.
"... the answer was given by a volley of mus-
ketry."— Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. iv
2. One thing produced by another ; an
effect viewed as proceeding from a certain
specified cause.
"Contraction is an answer to stimulus "-roiid &
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 174.
3. Account to be rendered to justice.
" He'll call you to so hot an answer for it,
That you shall chide your trespass."
Shakesp. : Henry V., n. 4.
4. The reverberated sound of an echo.
B. Technically (Lair): The formal defence
made by an accused person against the
charge brought against him, or the formal
reply of one side in a lawsuit to the allegations
of the other. Also the appear.iiiL-e for such
defence. {Ayliffe's Parergon, and other au-
tJwrities.)
+ answer-jobber, s. One who mak.-s a
business of writing answers.
" What disgusts me from having any thing to do
with answer-Jobbers is, that they have no conscience."
—Swift
an'-SWer-a-ble (w silent), a. [Eng. answer;
-a&/e.]
1. That to which a more or less satisfactory
answer can be given.
2. Responsible, liable to be called to account
for, liable for.
" For the treaty of Dover the king himself is chiefly
answerable." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, ii.
3. Correspondent, similar, like.
" It was but such a likeness a^ an imperfect "-lass
doth give; answerable enough iu amne features^and
colours, but erring in others. -S/'i/jit'^.
4. Proportionate to, commensurate to or
with.
I. '■' ', .• ■ ,P^ twenty cubits was the length, and the
height m the breadth was five cubits, answerable to
tlie hangings of the c<j\xrt.'— Exod. xxxviii. le.
5. Suitable.
. . it was a violent commencement, and thou
rt'fil.77 ^^^ '^^ answerable sequestration "—Shakesp. :
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine* ed not
or. wore. WQlf, work, who. son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule. luU ; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
answerableness— antacict
215
" If answerable style I can njjUiin
Of uiy celestial i>iitroiiesa."' Milton.
6. E'iual, sufficient to meet.
"There be no kings whose means are answerable
unto other men's desires." — fialeigh.
an'-swer-a-ble-ness (w silent), s. [Eng.
cmsircrahle'; -ness. ] The quality of Toeing
answerable.
" To Bhew therefore the correspondency and answer-
ableness -which is I.etweeu this bridegroom and his
spouse, ' &c-—J/armai- : Transl. of Beza, p. 196.
an'-swer-a-bly (w silent), adv. [Eng.
ansxuerahU ; -ly. ] Pi-oportionally, correspond-
ingly.
" It be-irs light sorts into the atmosphere to a greater
or lesser height, answerablu to the greater or lesser
intenseness of the heat."— U'oodwaW.
an'-swered. {w silent), -pa. j>rir. & «. [See
Answer, u.]
an'-swer-er (tc silent), s. [Eng. answer; -er.]
die -who answers to a iiuestion. or who replies
ill a controversial manner to a writing or pub-
lication.
" I know your mind, and I will satisfy it : neither
will I do it like a niggardly ansirrrrr. gotnij no further
than the bounds of the question "—Hidncy.
" It is very unfair in any writer to employ i^^norance
and malice togethei-, Ijeeause it gives his answerer
double wort." — Swift.
an'-swer-ihg, - an'-swer-yhg {w silent),
pr. 'par., a., &, s. [Answer, r.]
" Discret ache waa in answe^-yng alway."
ClUtUCcr: C. T.. 13,403.
". . . while Evll the Greeks around
"With answerhu/ sighs return'd the plaintive sound."
Fopif: JJomer's Iliad, bk. iv., 184, 185.
"... for an answering sign,
That the good Cross doth hold its lofty iilace
Within Valencia still."
Jfcmans : Siege of raleticia.
an'-swer-less {w silent), o. [Eng. answer;
suffix -less.j Without an answer, either as
not yet having been replied to, or as not
capable of being answered. {Byron.)
ant, ^ aunt, ' amt, * am'-et, * em'-et,
em -met, s. [According to Junius, tlie Eng.
word ant is derived from Eng. emmet, A.S.
mmette ; Trench considering tlie successive
steps of the process to have been emmet, evict,
amet, urat, and ant. (Trench: Eng. Past and
Present, pp. 198 to 200.) A.S. cevictc, cemette,
cemetta, cmnytta, emete, cinette ; Ger. ameise.l
1. Ord. Lang. & Entom. : The name given to
(■■eitain small, but singularly intelligent and
industrious insects well Itnown in tins and
other lands. They are classed liy naturalists
under Heterogyna, the fii-st tribe of acu-
leated Hymenoptera. Ants live in society
like the more common species of was]is and
bees. Like them also, their polity consists of
three kinds of individuals, males, females, and
neuters, the last-named being probably abor-
tively-formed females. The males are winged
during the wliole course of their existence,
the females only during the pairing season,
and the neuters not at ail. The males and
females meet not on the ground, but in the
air, Snon afterwards llu- males, which cannot
■do much for themselves, having neither stings
nor even mandibles, perish of cold or other
liardsliips. The fLiiiali.'S, on the contrary,
immediately after meeting with the other sex
in the air, lose or actually pull off their wings,
are found by neuters, and become the object
of their tender care. The neuters are the
most numerous class of ants, and do nearly
the whole work of tlie community. ISpecially,
they carry the fg^'s, the larv;c. and the cocoons
from place to place in tlic nest, as the
temperature and nmisture vary ; they feed
the larvn; with liquid disgorged from the
stomach, and besides open the cocoons for
them when they are ready to emerge as per-
fect insects. Hence the neuters are sometimes
called workers or nurse-ants. Sir John Lub-
bock says that ants can distinguish colours,
being particularly sensitive to violet. They
have very delicate smell, but apj^arently no
hearing. The different species present curious
analogies to the earlier stagi-'s of human pro-
gress—the hunting and pastoral, and even
the agricultural. {Brit. Assoc. Meetlng^ at
Dublin, 16th Aug., 1S7S. ) There are various
genera and species of ants, ditlering in habits
and methods of operation. Some, like For-
mica sanguiuaria and F. ca-spitnm, have been
called Mining-ants ; others, as F. flava, pro-
duce a kind of masonry ; while F. riifa, the
Wood-ant, similarly aildrosses itself to car-
pentry. Finally, some ants keep aphides as
graziers do milch cows, on account of a
secretion which they yield; and others hold
slaves, the eggs, larva\ and pupae of which
thev have cantured in war. Of these the
most notable *ls the Amazon-ant. [Amazon,
Xo. 4. See also Heterogyna, Formica,
Mykmtca Atta., &.C.]
1[Th'.iant of Scripture, Hcb. HIQ? (nemaldh),
Sept. fs.vpf;.7)^ {initrmex), Vulg. formica, seems
correctly translated.
"Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways,
and be wise."— Pros. vi. 6.
"The ants area people not strong, ."—Prov.
XXX. 2o.
2. Popidarhj : The White Ant [Termites],
which is not a genuine ant at aU, but a neu-
ropterous insect. [Anthill.]
ant-bear, s. The name generally given
in Demerara to the Great Ant-eater, Myrmeco-
■phagajubato. [Ant-eater, JMyrmecophaga.]
ant-eater, s.
1. The English name of the animals belong-
ing to the genus Myrmecophaga of Linnaeus.
[Gr. /Aup|ai7f {minmvx) = an ant, and i^a-yos
(phages) = a glutton ; <^ayeti' (phagcin) = to
eat.] They have a lengthened muzzle ter-
minated by a smaU, toothless mouth, from
which they protrude a long, thread-like tongue,
envereil with viscous saliva. This they thrust
into the nests of termites or those of ants
proper, sucking the animals which adhere to
it up into their mouths. Their claws are
strong, and are used for tearing to pieces the
structures erected by the Termites. Among
the speeie,s may be enumerated the M juhatii,
the Great or JVianed Ant-eater, which has four
toes before and five behind, and the M. di-
dactj/la, the Little or Two-toed Ant-eater.
Both are South American.
The Scaly Ant-eaters are of an allied genus,
Manis. Thes"" derivi' their English name
from the fact that they are covered with
thick scales, which gi\-e them the superficial
appearanee of rejililes The Short- tailed
Manis, jV. pentadnrtjiJu, Linn., is found in
Bengal and the Indian Archipelago, and M.
tetradactyla in Africa The proper and Scaly
Ant-eatera belong to tlie mammalian order of
Edentata, or toothless animals. To the same
order belong the Cajie Ant-eaters (Orji<lrn<pvs
Cape7isis. [Aaud-vark.] Prof. Owen con-
siders it remarkable that "not a trace of a
Sealy Ant-eater, recent or extinct, has been
discovered in South America, where the
Edentate order is so richly represented by
other generic and specilic forms." (Owen:
British Fossil Mainmnls and Birds, 1S40, p.
xxxix.)
The Porcvpine Aiit-co.ter, or Aculcatcd Ant-
eater (Echidna Hystrix), is not closely allied
to the siieeies now mentioned, but is one of
the jMuiiotremata. [Echidna.]
2. The King of the Ant-caters: A bird, the
Tiirdus rex of Gmelin, and Corvus qrcdlariais
of Shaw, now Grallaria rex. [Ant-catcher,
Ant-thrushes.]
ant-eggs, ants' eggs, s. pi
1. Aicnratcly: The eggs of ants. They are
of dilVerent bizes and in small parcels, so that
they can be moved from place to place.
2. Popnlorhi, hut erroneously : The elongated
egg-looking bodies which ants when disturbed
seem so anxious to carry off. They are not
eggs, but cocoons. They have been recom-
mended as food for the nightingale and other
birds, and Inn-c been extensively used for
feeding pheasants and jiartridges.
ant-hill, ska. [In A.S, cemete-hyll,
cem^ttc-hylL]
A. As snbstanth'c :
1. The mounds or hillocks raised by some
species of ants proper. There are manv in
Epping Forest, in the vicinity of Queen Eliza-
beth's Lodge, and elsewhere.
"Put blue flowers into an ant-hill, they will be
stained with red; because the ants drop upon them
their stinging litiuor, which hath the effect of oil ol
vitriol."— iJay.
2 The much more remarkable erections
made by different species of termites (white
ants). In most cases the descriptions of un-
scientific tra\'ellers refer to tliese rather than
to the constructions of the ants proper. The
nest of the African Termes hellicusus is de-
scribed by Sparnnann as rising ten or twelve
feet above the surface of the earth. Its sliape
is that of a sugar-loaf. Externally it is
covered with a broad cap, whilst inside it is
divided into a multitude of chambers. The
2'. atrox and the T. mordax build nests two
feet high with conical roofs, called tuiTotted
nests. [White Ant and Tebmes.]
B. As adjective: In various respects pre-
senting the characteristics of an ant-liill like
those just described ; small, petty.
"... all things that do pass.
Upon this ant-hill earth ! "
Thomson: Custte of Indolence, i. 49.
ant-hillock, s. Nearly the same as Ant-
hill (q.v.), but smaller.
"Those who have seen aiit-hiUocks .' —Addison.
ant-like, a. Like an ant.
ant-lion, s. The English name of a genus
of insects [Myrmeleon.] It belongs to the
order Neuroptera, and has gauzy wings like a
dragon-fly, from which, however, it may be at
THE ANT-LION.
a. Perfect Insect. b. Larva.
once distinguished by having longer antennre.
Tlie species are called Ant-lions from the
extraordinary habits of their larvse, which
construct a funnel-shaped pitfall in the sandy
or dusty ground, at the bottom of which they
bury themselves all but their antenna. When
ants or otlier insects are hurrying along they
are apt to miss their balance and tumble into
the pitfalls, where they are at once devoured.
It is said that when they do not quite lose
their equilibrium on the brink of the abyss,
they are helped into the jaws of death by a
shower of sand or dust flung up from below.
Ant-lions occur in the south of Europe, in
India, &c.
ant-thrushes, t ant-catchers, ant-
eaters, s. pi Names given to the several
species of birds idaced by Illiger under his
genus Myiothera, and some of its immediate
allies. They belong to the family Turdid;e,
and the sub-family Formicating, called j\Iyo-
theriuie by Swainson. They live on in.sect.s,
especially on ants. They are found in Imth
Continents, but those of the Old World have
tlie more brilliant plumage. The Common
Dipper (Cincliis aqtiaticus), a British bird, is
arranged in the same sub-family. The names
Ant-thrushes or Ant-catchers are preferable
to that of Ant-eaters, used in Griffith's Cuviit,
vol. vi., 399. as the latter designation has
long been pre-occupied for various mammalian
animals.
"" ant, conj. [And.] And.
" Twio-wifiug ant twin-manslaght- "
Story of Genesis and Exodits (ed. Moms), 485.
an't, conj. A contraction for and it, or and
if it : as " au't please you " = if it please you.
(Jolinson.)
an'-ta (1), s. [Lat.] The sing, of Ant^ (q-v.).
an'-ta (■!), s. The Brazilian name of the Ameri-
can Tapir (Tapir-us Avicric-anus).
ant-a9'-id, "'^ ant'-i-ag-id, a. & s. [Gr. avrt
(initi)— in opposition to, and Eng. amd(i[ v.).]
1. As adjeitive : Diminishing ae-'dity ; alkal-
ine,
Pharm. Antacid or Alkaline MediriuKs:
Agents designed to diminish aciility in the
frame by increasing its alkalh.itA' ' For in-
.^tance. they reliev.- heartburn, ivindi is pro-
duced by an over-aeid state of the alimentarv
Tt)6il, boy, poiit, jd^l; cat, 5eU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, ^em; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -mg.
-tion, -sion, -tionrr. — sb^'^pf -tion, -siou = zhun. -tious, -slous, -cious, -ceous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. ^bei, del.
216
antacrid— anteal
canal, increase the alkalinity of the blood,
alter tli^e urine and other secretions. In
Gain id's classification alkaline or antacid
nu-dicAiivs are the second order of his first
class (liipdicmes which act upon the blood);
these again ranking under his first division
(nUrrual remedies). He divides Alkaline or
Ant;icid Medienies into (1) Direct Alkaline
HliiipiIil^s; (J) Lhrtrt but not rfinote Antacids,
at Iciist upon the iirine ; ;ind (:-;) Remote
Alkaline Remedies. (Uarrod: Mntcric Medica,
3rd ed., ItfLiS, rr- y85— 387.)
"All animal diet is alkalescent or anti-acid."—
Arbuthnot.
2. As si.ihstaiitivc : An antacid or alkaline
remedy. (See the adjective.)
" OiK are anti-acids, so far as they blunt acrimony ;
but as tliey are hard of digestion, they produce acri-
mony."— Arbuthnot.
"It will be seen that a sub-division of these medi-
cines i■^ iiia<le into direct and remote a^Uacids." —
Oarrod Materia Medica, 3rd ed., p. 38e.
* an-tac'-rid, ft [Gr. avri {anti) = opposed,
to ; acrid (q. v.).] Fitted to correct acrimony.
an'-tse, s. j'l [Lat. In Ger. antcn; Fr. antes;
^^p. antns ; Ital. ante.]
Roman Architecture: Pillars on either side
of a door, or pilasters terminating the side
walls of temples when they are prolonged
beyond the faces of tlie end walls. [Axtes.]
an-tag'-on-istm, s. [In Fr. antagonisme;
Port, antaf/onismo. From Gr. avTayi^ui<rfi.a
(aniagonisma) = a struggle with another.]
1. Ihe state of being mutually opposed ;
contrariety of things or principles.
2. Tlic act of antagonizing ; opposition.
"Tniatet;^ have abaudoned their old attitude of ex-
clusiveneas and antagonis^n."— Times, Sept. 17, 1878.
an-tag'-on-ist, 5. & a. [In Fr. antagoniste ;
Sp., Port., & Ital. _antagniiista. From Gr.
avTayiovLcrrr}^ (aiitagonistes) = an adversary,
opponent, rival.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Language :
1. A person who combats against one in
a public contest or in battle.
" The earldom of Shrewsbury had been bestowed, in
the fifteenth centui-y, on John Talbut, the antagonist
of the Mftid of OrleAns."—Jfacanhi^ : Mist. £iiy., ch.
viii.
2. A controversial opx^onent ; a person
encountei'ing one on the held of public dispu-
tation.
"Mr. Locke was a philosopher; his antagonist,
Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester, was a man of learn-
ing."—tro?<ismi(7i .- The Bee, No, viii.
II. Tc'hnically :
Anatoviy: That which counteracts. (Used
specially (if muscles which, like the flexor
and extensor muscles of the arm, operate in
counteraction of each other, and, between
them, p]'oduce the needful motions of the
limb.)
"^Muscles opposed inaction are cnUed a ntuffonists." —
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vul. i,, x>. 1G9.
B. As adjective : In conflict with ; opposed
to in nature or in action.
"... the nature of the two an'agonist forces by
which the pruductiveness of agricultural industry is
determiiled." -J". ,$'. Mill: Political Economy (1S4S),
vol 1., Ijk. i., ch. xii., § 3, p. 224.
". , fiie antagonist schools of philosophy." —
Herbert Speiicer : Psychol., 2ud ed., vol. ii., §417, p. 3S9.
an-tag-6n-is'-tic, ''■' an-tag-on-is'-tick,
an-tag-6n-is'-tic-al, a. [Eng. antago-
fni^t ; -II , -tou?.]
1. In personal conflict or contention with.
" It may In.- too, i' the ordinance of nature ;
Their viiluiivs are not yet so combataut,
Or tnily aiUa</onixtick, as to fight.
But ijiiiy admit to hear of some divisions
Of fortitude, may put 'em off' their quarrel."
B. Joiuon : Marjn. Lady.
2. Opposed in action to.
. the action of the external and internal inter-
co^talH nixibt be antagonistic." — Todd & Bowman :
Ph./scoL Anat., vol. ii., p. 399.
an-tag'-on-ize, v.t. [Gr. aira-ytoft'^o/nat (aii-
tagOnizoinal) = to struggle against : avTi(antl)
= a.gainst, and a.yoivi^ofj.aL (agd7iizo'inai)=^ to
contend for a prize.] [Agonize.] To contend
against in combat or in controversy ; to oppose
in action.
"... the brain and apinal cord are suiTOimded
by fluid, the pressure of which, probably, ajttagonises
that which must be exerted through the ijlood -vessels."
— 2'odd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat.. vol. i., p. 297.
an-tag'-on-ized, an-tag'-on-ised, pa.
]iar. I Antagonize.]
an-tag'-6n-iz-ing, an-tag'-on-is-ihg,
jir. par. [ANTAGONIZE.]
there is some antagonizing principle at
wi trk capable for a time of making head against tlie
law.'— y. S. Mill: Pol. Econ., hk. i., ch. xii., § 3.
but the antKujoiuzing agency, ."—
Ibid.
an-tag'-on-y, s. [Gr. avTaytovCa (antagonia) ]
A struggling ngainst in combat ; contest or
controversy with ; opposition tu.
the incommunicable aiitanoiuj that is be-
tween Christ and Belial, . . ."—Milton. Itoct. and
Di^cipl. qf Divorce, i. 8.
'an-tal'-glC, a. & 5. [Gr. avrC (anti)= op-
posed to ; ciA-yos (i'lgo.-i) = pain.]
A. As culjectLve: Fitted to alleviate pain;
anodyne.
B. As suistantivr. : A medicine fitted to
alleviate pain ; an anodyne. {Johnson.)
■ an-tal'-kal-i, *. [Gr. avTL{antL)= opposed
to; Eng., &c., alkali.] A chemical agent which
has the property of neutralising an alkali.
Nearly all the acids can do so.
'^ an-tal'-lcal-ine, s. [Gr. avrC (a?i^t) = op-
posed to; Eng., &c., alkali; -ine.]
Med. : A remedy designed to neutralise an
alkali, or counteract an alkalescent tendency
in the system. The same as Antalkali (q.v.).
*an.-ta-nac'-la-sis, s. [In Ger. antan^clasis.
From Gr. avTavdK\a(TL<; {antanaklasis) = (1) a
reflection of light, of heat, or of sound ; (2) the
use of a word in a different sense : avrl {anti)
= against ; avd (ana) — . . . again, and xAacns
{klasis)= a breaking; kKoloj (klad) — to break
otr.]
Rhetoric :
1. A figure by which a word is repeated in
a sentence, but in a different, if not even in a
contrary, sense from that in which it was
used on the first occiision. As, In thy yoiith
learn some craft, that in old age thou rnayest get
thy living without craft. In the first clause it
may be observed that craft means handicraft
or business, and in the second, trickery.
(Glossog. Nova.)
2. The returning, after a parenthesis, to the
same words which were previously employed.
By doing so the structure of the sentence is
made more clear.
"■ an-tan-a-gd'-ge, s. [In Ger. antanagoge.
From Gr. di-Tavdyio (a ittn naqo) = to lead up
against ; or dvTi (unti) = ;igaiust, and afayoj-y/y
{anagoge) = a leading up,] [Axagoge.]
Rhct.: A figure by which, when the accusa-
tion ot one's adversarj' is felt to be unanswer-
able, lie is declaied to have done the same
thing which he charges against one, or at
least to have acted quite as badly.
* S.n-taph-r6-dis'-i-ac, a. &. s. [Gr. dvri
(a)rfi) = against and ni^poSio-taKos (aphrodi-
siakos) = belonging to venery ; d^poStcios
(I'l'hrodisios) — belonging to love or venery.]
[APliaODITIC]
A. As adjective: Fitted to lessen or extm-
gui.sli venereal desire. The same as Anaphro-
DISIAG (q.v.).
B. As substantive : A medicine fitted to lessen
or extinguish venereal desire,
^ an-taph-ro-dis'-i-a-cal, a. [Eng. antoph -
rodisiac ; -al.] The same as Antaphropisiac,
adj. (q.v.).
^ an-taph-ro-dit'-ic, ' an-taph-ro-dit-
ick, ('. & s. [Gr. dvTi {anti) = agAinst, and
'A^poSirri {Aphrodite) = Venus ; a<tpds {aphmi-)
= foam, whence she was fabled to liave
sprung.]
A. As adjcctiev :
1. Fitted to lessen or extinguish venereal
desire. [Anaphrodisiac] (Johnson.)
2. Suitable to be employed against the
venereal disease. (Glossog. Nova.)
B. As substantive :
1. A medicine fitted to lessen or extinguish
venereal desire. (Johnson.)
2. A medicine suitable to be employed
against the venereal disease.
* an-tap-6-plec'-tic, a. [Gr. am-l (anti) =
against, and an-oTrAyj^ia (apoplexi-a) = apo-
I'lexy.] Suitable to be employed in apoplexy.
(Julinson.)
" an-ta'rch-ism, s. [Gr. avrC (anti), and apxv
(archc) = . .'. -sovereignty.] Opposition to
governinent in general. {tVchstcr.)
''' an-ta'rcli-ist, s. [Antarchism.] One who
opposes all government, and fancies lie may
possibly better his condition if anarchy arise.
^ an-tarcli-is'-tic, * an-tarch-is'-tic-al,
a. [Eng. antarclu^f. -ic, -iral.] Opposed to
government in general. (Webster.)
* an-tarc'-tic, a. & s. [In Fr. antarctique ; Sp.
& Ital. anfarticn; Port, antarctiro. From Gr.
avTapKTiKos (ahtarktikos) ; avri {anti)~ over
against, opposite to, and dp^rtKos (arktikos) =
near the Bear, noi-thern ; dpjcTO? (arktos) = (1)
abear, (2) th3 constellation of the Great Bear.]
[Arctic.]
A, As adjective: Ojiposed to arctic; the
opposite of arctic.
Antarctic Circle: A small circle of the earth
described around the Southern pole at a dis-
tance from it of 23° 28'. Sometimes, however,
the term was more loosely applied to the South
polar regions in general.
t A nta rctic Pole : The Southern pole, whether
of the earth or of the heavens. (Glossog.
Nnca.)
* Antarctic Tropic: The tropic of Capricorn.
" Query, whether in the coast of Floiida, or at Braail,
the east wind be not the warmest, and the west the
coldest, and so beyond the antarctic tropic, the
southern wind the coldest." — .ffaco^.- Be C'alore et
Frigore.
B. As substantive: The antarctic circle, or
the zone whicli it encloses.
" It advances far into the deep,
Tow'rds the antarctic."
Cowiier : Task, i. C20.
An-tar'-e§(, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) = opposed to,
in the sense of rivalling; 'Apijs (Ares), Ares,
the Greek name of Mars. " Rivalling Mars "
in its red colour.] A fixed star of the first
magnitude, called also a Scorpionis, and Cor
Scoi-pionis = heart of the Scorpion.
* an-tar-tlirit'-ic, * an-ar-thrit'-ick, a.
& s. [Gr. dvrC (anti) —against, and dpSpIri?
(arthritis) = gout.]
A, As adjective : Suitable to be employed in
gout. (Glossog. Nova.)
B. As S2d)stantive : A medicine believed to be
of use in the gout.
*■ an-tasth-mat'-ic, a.&s. [Gr. avrC (anti')
= against, and aa-0ju.a(c',6f/t/JicO-]
1. A'i adjective: Suitable to be employed in
asthma.
3. As sidj.-.tinitirc : A medicine suitable to
be empluyed in asthma. {Glossog. Nucc )
t an-ta-troph -ic, a. & 5. [Gr. dvri (anti) =
against ; drpo^ta {atroj-hia) = atrophy.]
1. As adjective: Tending to check atrophj^
2. As substaiifice : A medicine given to
cheek atrophy. {Xntlall.)
an'-te, &. [Ant.e.]
an'-te, en'-te, a. [Fr. ante, or entc = en-
grafted.]
Her.: "Engrafted," or joined into each
other in any way, as by dovetails, swallow-
tails, or rounds.
an'-te, in eomjios. [Lat. tnitc, prep., adv., or
more rarely adj. = before. In Fr. ante, in
compos. ; Sp. ante, prep, and in compos. ;
Port, ante, in compos. ; Ital, anzi = betVire,
ante, an:c, in compos. ; Ger. ant, in eunipus. ;
A.S. & Gf.ith. and, in compos. Cognate with
Gr. dvTL (anti) (Anti). di-ra (anta) — uver
against ; dvTr}i'(antai)— against, over against ;
Sansc. ait = above or beyond.] Before, in
place or in time, as antc-cJunnber = a chamber
before or in front of another; antedntr =1 to
date before the true time. (Very few com-
pounds of ante retain the hj'phen.)
ante-historical, a. Prior to the time
when so-called "history" bezomcs worthy of
the name.
" The second and third books seem likewise to have
turned upon the legendary and ante-kisfortcal i^cYiod
of the Italian cities."— Ze^tijs; Early Jiom. Hist., ch.
iii., § 8.
an'-te-act, s. [Lat. ante, and Eng. act.] A
previous act. (Johnson.')
an'-te-al, «. [Lat. ante, and Eng. suffix -a/.]
Pertaining to what is before or in front.
(Planing/)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot;
or^ wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. sOp oe = e : se = e. qu = kw.
anteambulation— antelope
217
an-te-am-bu-la -tion, s. [Lat. oMe, and
<niihi'J<ittu = walking' almut ; o.mb}tlo = to walk
Hliout ] The act nf gmng lj*;fore out; tn dear
the way, as a forerimuer does. {Johnson.)
an-te-eam'-er-a. [Anti-camera.]
an-te-9e-da'-iie-ous, c [Lat. antecah =
to go before. 1 Antecedent in xioint of time;
I'l-ccfding another event.
" Admit tliiit, which as cai)able of antecedaneous
lirouf lujiyhe presiipptiseil. -—Barrom : HenrMtts, ii. 407.
S,n-te-9e'd,e, v.t. [In Sp. antcceder. From
Lat. anb:ctdo= to go before: ct/tfe = before,
and ce<?o = to go.] To precede in point of
time.
" It ^eeius coufeouant to r&isun tli.it the fabi-ick of
thi> wurlil did iiot long aitteccdc its luotitiu." — Hale.
Sn-te-5e'-den9e, S,n-te-5e'-den-9^, s.
[From Lat. antecedents — a going before ;
uakojUiis, pr. par. of antecedo = to go before.]
A going before in point of time.
"... those relations of (i?i(Gccrffince ami sequence."
— florbci-t I'i/.'ciK-cr : I'aychol. (2nd ed,, 1872), vol. ii.,
p. c;.
" Let the collections of the last antecedenci/ be ob-
served. '—IhiL-kvt : Li/c of Archbp. WiUianm [IG'jS], \< 16S.
Abtron. " III antei:(:dn}'.i: [Lat. in anio'-r-
dentia]: A term formerly used in deseribini;
wliat is now called the retrograde motion uf
a planet, that is, its motion from east to west.
{<;!v;<i>'igr. Xoca.)
an-te-9e'-dent, a. & s. [In Fr. antecedent;
Sj)., Port, & Ital. antercdirnte. From Lat.
aiiteccdcns = sohv^ before, pr. par. of antecedo
= to go before. ]
A. .4s adjective : Preceding in point of time ;
prior to.
"... derived their doctrines from antecedent
writers."— Z)i(Ae of Somci-sot : Christian Theology ami
Modern HcejAicism, xxx. 131.
" Prud. I ask, then, if there was ever anything that
hnA a beinj; antecedent to or before God.'i"—Bunuan '
rUgrhns Progress, i>t. ii.
B. As &idj^tontUx:
L Ordinary Lunguage :
1. (Sing.) Ocit.: That which goes before in
point of time.
" A duty of so mighty an influence that it is indeed
the necessary antecedent, if nut also the direct cause,
of a sinner's return to God."— Sott(7(.
2. (Plur.) Spee. : The events of a person';,
bygone history smi-lit ont to test his present
eliaracter or preteuMons, and atford assistance
in forecasting his future action. (Used some-
times also of pnblu- e\'cnts instead of persons.)
"- . . anil it was trebly iicctssarv tu act in the
matter with entire u|lu■nlle■■^. i>«iiii.' t.j .-n many iniea-
tionable antecedents"— P^rouUe : JlUt. £ng., vol. iv
1>. 133.
II. Technically:
1. 'rrammar. An antei-edentis a word going
before a relative ]ir<iihiiui, and to which tliat
relative points baclv. In tiie connected chuises,
"Then iinn], whn also is called Paid," Saul
is the antecedent to the relative wlio.
"Which ia likewise used for restrictive imiiioses, or
to limit or explain its antecedGnt."—Bain : Jina
Oram. (1B63), p. 23.
2. Logic : That iiart of a conditional propo-
sition on which the other depends. {JVIiotLbi )
The other part is called the consequent. In
the seiitcnee, "If tluui faint in tlie day of
adversity thy strength is small," the words
"If thou faint in tlie day of adversity" are
the antecedent, whilst those wliicli remain,
viz., "thy strength is small," are the conse-
quent.
3. Mathcriuttics :
(ft) fkii. : " That term or quantity wliich the
mind considers first in comparing it with
another." (Glossogr. Xnva.)
Qj) H,<ecially {Plur.): The first and third
terms in a series of four proportionals. Tlie
second and fourtli are emiscquents. Tims, if
A : B : : c ; D, then a and r are antecedents,
and B and d consequents. (See Euclid, Bk. \', ,
Def. 12.)
i. Med. Antecedent signs: The signs or
sympttoms which precede the att<ick of any
Iiai-ticidar disease.
ail-te-9e-dent'-al, i;. [Eng. antecedent; -al]
Pertaining to what is antecedent, or goes
before.
Mitth. Autecedcntcd method: A method of
invH.stigating universal comparison and
gi'ncial geometrical proportion, published by
Mr. James Glenie in 1793. It is derived froni
an examination of the antecedents of ratios
having given consequents, and a given stan-
dard of comparison in the various degrees
of augmentation and diminution which they
undeigo by composition and decomposition.
(A'c;..)
' an-te-9e-den'-tia (tia as shi-a), 5. [Lat ,
bnt not classic] Antecedence.
"^ In antccedentia. In antecedence. [Ante-
cedence.]
an-te-9e'-dent-ly, culu. [Eng. antecedent;
-ly.'\ Previously ; before, in point of time.
". . . an agrarian law which, antecedentli/ to a
division, dispossessed patrician squatters." — Lewis.
Early Rom. Mist. (18.i3), chap. xii.. pt. iv., § 68, p. Liy.^.
^ an-te-9es'-s6r, ^ an-te-9es'-sour«
(Eng.), * an-ty-9es -sor, " an-te~9es'-
sour, * an-te-9es'-tre (Scotch), s. [In
S\>. antecesor; Ital. antecessor. From Lat.
antecessor = one who goes before: a»(c = be-
fore ; eedo= to go.] One who goes before
another. Specially —
1. An ancestor.
" For in Charlemain time antecessour had she,
^^'heu Charlemaiu had conquered truly
The hole erldome and centre by werre myghty.''
The Jto7na?us of Parienay (ed. Skeat), 6,359-61.
2. A predecessor in an office or estate.
" And hiscruell ai^ecetsoures also.
By whom to greuous torment put we be."
The Jiomans of Partenay (ed. Skeat), 4,786-?.
"The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor's
devices."— S(r £. Sandys: State of lieligion.
an'-te-cham-ber, * an'-ti-cham-ber, 5
[In Fr. antichambre ; Ital. antiCaniera.l
1. Lit : An outer chamber or room in which
people wait before being admitted to the inner
or chief apartment.
"When the host was elevated there was a strange
cuufusiou in the ante-ehainber.' — Jfacaulay : Hist.
Eng., chap, iv,
2. Fig. : Tlie mouth, viewed as the entrance
to some of the interior parts of the physical
frame.
"... the mouth, the a»((c-cft(i.m6e)' to the digestive
CRiMi\."~Todd6: Buipman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i..it.434.
" The emi)ress has the ante-c7iambers past,
And this way moves with a disorder d haste."
Dryden : Aurungzebe, Ii. 1.
an'-te-^hap-el, s. [Eng. ante (from Lat.), in
compos. = before ; and Eng. clutpel.] The part
of a tchapel which lies between the western
wall and the quire-screen. (Gloss, of Areh.)
". . . the atUi-d-.i/.d of Tiiuity College chapel."
— Warton: Life of Bath a r si, p. iiuj
an-te'-cians, s. pi. [In Fr. antedcns; 8p.
antecos : L;it. ]pl. anta-ci. From Gr. ai'ToiKo?
(luUoikos) = living in an opposite latitude:
arTL (an(i) = opposite to, and oixew (oLke6) =
to dwell ; oIkos (oikos) = a house.]
Gcag. & Astron. ; A term ajiplied to two
liersoiis or two communities living the one
north, the other south of the equator, on the
same meridian of longitude and the same
parallel of latitude. Taking the wliole course
of tlie year, both parties have tlic same length
of day ; only it is winter with the one while it
is summer with the other. [Anti.scian.]
an-te-Col-um'-bi-an, a. [Eng. ante (from
Lat.), in compos. — I lel'oir ; Eng. Columbian,
from Christopher Columbus, the navigator.]
Previous to the time of Columbus ; "tjefore
the discovery of America.
an-te-cur'-sor, s. [Lat. ante = before, and
cursor = a runner ; from cnrstim, supine of
curro = to run. (1) A forerunner ; a precursor ;
one whose arrival presages the coming of
some other person, or persons. (2) One of the
advanced guard or pioneers in front of an
army.] A forerunner. (Johnson.)
an'-te-date, s. [Eng. cuUe (frmn Lat.), in
compos. = before ; and date, s. In Fr. antah'te ■
8p. antedata.] A date preceding another
date : a prior date.
'■Wliyhathnotmy soul these apprehensions these
iivei-.n;e.~, thtse changes, those antedate.'', those iea-
li.u-ie^ tho^-t' suspicions of a sin, as well as my body of
.1 MckiiessV —Donne: Dcootioiu. p. 10.
an'-te-date, v.t. [Eng. ante (from Lat.) in
compos. =before ; and date, v. ■ InGer. anti-
datiren; Fr. antidater; Sp. untedatar; Ital
antidi(tc(.re.]
1. To date a doeimient earlier than the time
at which it was actually written for fraudulent
or other purposes.
" As the en-or antedates the event by twenty years
. ."—Lewis : Early Horn. Hist., chap, xii., pt. iv., § 62!
2. To cause an event to come at an earlier
date than it otherwise wnukt have done, by
removing the liindrances which ]iostpoue its
arrival.
"But fur the lou" contest with Fiviuie, tlie mo.st
beneficent domestic legislation «f i.urtuiLf iiin^bt ti.n-e
lietii antedated by perhaps half a cvuiiivv ' —T!.h!:<,
Xuveiiiljer 24, 1876.
3. To anticipate the arrival of an event
before its at-tual coming, and feel and act as if
it were already passing.
" Controls, decides, insults thee e^ ery Imnr,
Ami antedates the hatred due tu I'uh '1
I'upc Siifti-r. 1,740.
an'-te-da-ted, j7a. par: & a. [Antedate, v.']
an'-te-da-ting, pr. par. [Antedate, v.]
an-te-di-lu'-vi-al, tt. [Antediluvian.] The
same as Antediluvian, a. (q.v.).
an-te-di-lu'-vi-an, a. & &-. [In Ger. ante-
diluvian isch ; Fr. antidilncien ; Port, uute-
diluviano ; Ital. antidiluvieuio. From Lat.
ante = before, and diluvium = a or the
deluge.]
A, As adjective :
1. Lit. : Before the deluge ; relating to the
persons, the events, or the period before the
Xoachiaii deluge.
" The text intends only the line of Seth, conducible
unto the genealogy of our Saviour and the antediluvian
chronology." — Browne: Vulgar Erronrs.
"These huge reptiles, surrounded by the black lava,
the leafless shrubs, and lai^ecacti, seemed to my fancy
like some antedilnaian animals." — Oarwin: Voyage
round tlie World, ch. xvii.
2. Fig. : Eude and primitive, such as may
be supposed to have existed belore the deluge,
in tlie infancy of manufactures and other
departments of civilisation.
". . . above all, the whole system of travelling
accommodations was barbarous ki\A antediluvian I'ui
therei|uisitionsof the pampered south." — be Quin:v'j i,
Works led. 1863), vol. ii., pp. 162, 163.
B. As substantive : One who lived before
tlie deluge.
"We are so far from repining at God. that he hath
not extended the jjeriod of our lives to the longevity ul
the antediluvians, that we give him thanks for cun-
tractiug the days of our tTiiiL"—BeJitley,
*' an'-te-fact, s. [Lat. ante = before ; factum
= something done.] Something done before
another. (Opposed to -post/act.)
" Some have published thatthere is aproper sacrifice
in the LonVs Supper to exhiliit Clirisfs death in the
postfact, as there was a sacritice to prefigure in the old
law the aiUqfuct."~Copie of tlie J'rocecdings of some
nivines UfAl), li. 2.
an-te-f ix'-ae, an-te-f ix'-es, s. -pi [In Fr.
antejixes ; Ital. antejtsse ; Lat. antejlca:.]
Arch. : Ornamental tiles, placed on the
cornices and eaves of ancient buildings, where
each ridge of tiling terminated. They ^vere
designed to conceal the ends of the ordinary
tiles. (Gloss, of Arch.)
an-te-goth'-ic, a. [Lat. ante = before ; Eng.
Gothic] Previous to the rise of the Gothfc
arcliitecturc.
"... the style which belongs to the Roman or
^lH/<'-fVo(7iic- architecture, . . ."-Longfellow : Introd ,
Skeleton in Armour.
an'-te-lope, s. [In Dut. & Port. antelor>e ;
Dan., Ger., & Fr. aniU<qje From Gr. ave6\oK</
(antholops) = a species of antelope (a word
used by Eustathius, who wrote about A.D_
1160) ; af 009 (aJi(/tos)= a flower, . . . bright-
ness : K (J), euphonic (?) ; 6i// (<<p'<)=t\ie eye.
"Brightness of eye."] [Antilope.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The English equivalent of the large
zoological genus Antilope, or sub-family An-
tdopiua. For its scientific characters see the
former of these two words. Most antelopes
are deer-like animals of great elegance. They
have large lustrous eyes ; are swift of foot,
and take enormous leaps, when flying from a
foe, wlien wishing to clear a bush or other
obstacle in their jiath, or in the exuberance of
their activity, apparently for very wanton-
ness. The species refen-ed to by Moore in the
examples quoted is the common Indian antelope
(Antilope ccrvicapra, Pallas), common in the
Deccan and other parts of oiu- Eastern empire
[Sasin.]
" Our sands are bare, but down their slope
The silver-footed antelope
As gracefully and gaily springs
As o er the marble courts of kings."
Moore: L. R. ; LigM of the Haram
2. Fig. Comparisons of a person beloved to-
an antelope are common in the erotic poetry
connected witli the East.
boil. b63r; p6^t, j6^1; cat, 9eU, chorus. 9lun. bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon. exist ph = f
-cian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -cious = shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, del. ' -tre = ter.
?1S
aa.telucan— anterior
B. Te.chRwo.lhj:
Her. The heraldic a)itcl'>]}e: An antelope
drnwn iu a conventional wny to gratify heraldic
tisto It is distinguislied from the nytnnd
aHtelo}ic, which is one in which tlie artist has
aimed at a genuine imitation of nature.
^n-te-lu'-can, a. [Lat. onfL'JHcanns = before
d.-iyhrealc : ante — before, and lur. genit, kicis
^'liglit.] Held before dayhght. A term
specially applied to tlie religious services lielil
in the early ages of Christianity before day-
light, to shield tbe worshippers from persecu-
tinn, nr to alTord convenience to those who
were not their own masters, and could not
.ittHiil a congregation during working hours.
There was a fascination to some minds about
sucli meetings, which were continued after the
necessity which had first brought them into
existence had passed away.
"There the. Tupitei nE exeniplfny hoiiouv unci mag-
iiificeiK'e. there the PlinsiiliuviisMf piety iriid «Hfc7itcHJ!
devotion.'— />■/' J^'tU. Ji'-i>'., \k ■i-\.
"An iiifiiiner of anfelncnii l.i'ioiirers, who make
pruvisioii for the flesli, make the flesh their in-oviaiuii,"
— Oai/toii : A'otcs on Don Quix., iii. 0.
t ant-em-'blet'-ic, ft. [Gr. ai'Te/xpaAAto (aii-
i'-mhoJiri) — to make an inroad in turn, to
attack in turn; olvtl (ai!?0= corresponding
to ; e/j./3aA.Aw (c7)i/xfJ/o) = to tlirowin ; ev(ei}) =
in; |8aAAa) (hallo) := to throw.] Bestowed in
reparation of a loss.
"Offences niiaiiist antemblelic trvk?.\,." -~ Bowrinfj:
Benthitms Pi-iuciples of Morals and Legisl., ch. xviii.,
Xute 4, § liv.
an-te-mer-id'-i-an, ". [Lat. ante, and Eng
,iu. i-Ulinn.'] Before the time at which the sun
comes to the meridian, that is, before noon.
"I It is usually contracted into a.?ii. or a.m.
an-tem-et'-ic, o. & s. [Gr. avri (auti) =
against, and Eng. emetic (q.v.).]
1. As adjprli.ve: Fitted to act In a manner
opposite to that in which an emetic does ; in
other words, fitted to check, instead of pro-
dnee, vomiting. (Quincey.) The same as Anti-
emetic, cuJj. (q.v.).
2. Js svbstantirc : A medicine fitted tc
check vomiting. The same as Anti-emetic, s.
(a.v.).
an-te-mo-sa'-ic, a. [Lat. a.nfc = before, aild
Eng. Mosaic] Before the time of JMnses.
an-te-miin'-dane, a. [Lat. ante, nnd Eng,
innndane.] Before the creation of the world.
an-te-mii'r-al, s. [Tn 8ji. anUmvral, ante-
niuivUa, ant(hnv.ro : Ital. oniannralc. From
f^at. (f,»ie = before, and w?' res =: a wall.] A
barbican consisting of a liigh and strong wall
with turrets built in front of the gateway in
old castles, and designed for its defence.
an-te-na'-tal, a. [Lat. ante, and Eng. natal.]
Happening before birth.
" 3ly spirit's antenatal home."
Kingsleij : faint's Tragedy.
an'-te-nat-ed, a. [Lat. rru/'t = before; and
naiii:^, pa. par. of ?u(sra?-=t<i be bom.] Before
the proper time. {HacJcet: Life of IVilliums,
II. 4:s.)
an-te-Ni-9e'ne, a. (Lat. ante, and Eng.
Xiffue.] Before the meeting of tlie first Chris-
tian council which took place at Nice in A.D.
32.-J. (The term is applied to the first three
Christian centuries, but not to any period of
greater antiquity.)
an-ten'-nss, s. pi. [Lat. pi. of antenna=s.
sail-yitrd ; Fr. sing, anteune; Port. pL anten-
nas; Jtal. sing, a.ntenna.]
Zool. : The orgnns of insects, placed nearly
in tlie same position as horns in ruminiiting
quadrupeds. The antenna? are two in number,
and ;irc perhaps always present, though iu
some few genera tliey are so inconspicuous
that tliese have been considered acerous
[AcEROus], or "without horns," whilst to the
'.;reat mass of insects the teim dkerons
[DicEROUS], "two-horned," lias been applied.
The antenuie vary greatly in length, in form,
11! texture, and in the number of joints which
tlicy possess. They are organs of touch and
probably of bearing. The term is applied to
similar organs in other arthropod animals.
an-ten'-nal, n. [Lat. antenna: Eng. -aJ,]
Pertaining to the nntennui of an insect, or an
.■iiiimal of similar organisation.
". . . tlie anfi'iiii'il nerve ." — Owen: In-
ucrtubrata (1S43), Lect x.vi., p. 211.
S^n-ten-na'r-i-a, s. [Lat. antenna. — (1) a
sail-yard ; (2) one of the two horn-like a])pcn-
dages to the head of an insect. The Antennaria
genus of plants is so called from the resem-
blance which the hairs of the pappus in tlie
sterile florets bear to the antenna of an insect. ]
Botany:
1. Everlastiii'j;, a genus of plants liehuiging
to tlie order A'^tei.icen', or Composites. The
A. dioico, Moiint.tiu Evcrlastiiiij;, or Cat's
Foot, is indigenous to, and tlie A. mnrnarita-
cea, or Pearly Everlasting of North Amrrica,
naturalised in, Britain. The former, which is
abundant on mountain heaths, lias cottony
stems and white or rose-coloured flowers
Tlie Intter, called in France and elsewlieie
ioiiu'irtdles, are often made on the Continent
into wreaths to be laid on the graves of de-
ceased relati-\-es. Here they luay be often
seen either in their natural hue, or dyed of
bright colours, as ornaments in rooms.
2. A fungus of the tribe Fhysomycetes.
The species may be seen banging frojn the
roof of wine ■\'aults and enveloping the ca.sks
and bottles Indow.
an-ten-na'r-i-iis, ,•-. [Lat. antenna = a sail-
yard. ]
Zool. : A genus of spiny-finned fishes akin
to tiie Fishing Frogs (Lophius). Tlie Walking-
fish (A. hispidns) is an exceedingly grotesque-
looking animal. It is a native of the Indian
seas.
an-ten-nif-er-ous, a. [Lat antenna = a.
sail-yard ; few = to bear.] Bearing anteniia_'.
an-ten'-ni-form, a. [Lat. antenna = a sail-
yard ; forma — form, shape.] Shaped hke the
antenna of an insect.
an-ten-nu-la'r-i-a, s. [Lat. oitcnna, the
dimin. -id, andthesuff. -aria ] Au'cuusof Zoo-
]diytes belonging to the family ycrtnlariadtc.
Two species, the A. antennina and the A.
ravwsn, occur in the British seas.
an'-te-niim-ber, s. [Lat. ante, and Eng.
number. In Sp. antenomhre.] A number
preceding another one.
"Wliatsoever virtue is in nunihei-s for coiidTiohig to
consent of notes, is rather to be fisciiheil to the unte-
iiiimber than to the entire numher. as that the somul
retnvneth after six or after twelve, so that the sev enth
or thirteenth is nut the matter, hut the sixtli or th.
tweMih."— Bacon.
an-te-ii'U,p'--tial, u. [Lat. anteaufi!aUs.\
Before marriage.
an-te - pag- xnent (Eng. ), an - te - pag ~
men'-tum (M(.), s. [Lat. antppa-ymentnm —
the jamb of a door : ante ■= before, m front of,
and pagmentum = a joining together ; jx'g,
root of pango = to fasten or fi.x.]
Architecture :
1, One of the jambs of a door.
antepagment.
2, The ornamented architrave of a doorway.
^ The plural may be antcpagmmts, or ante-
pognicnia. The latter is the more common.
an-te-pas'-chal, a. [Lat. anic — fiefore.
and paschcdis = pertaining to the passover or
to Eiister ; from jiuscha, in Gr. -n-acrxa (pasclw)
= the passover ; Hcb. HpE (pesach) = indul-
gence, immunity from punishment, but more
fx-equcntly (1) the paschal lamb, (2) the festi-
val of the passo\-er ; HD^ (pasach) = to pass
over (Exod. xii. 27),]
1. Before the passover.
2. Before Easter, which nearly coincided in
time with the passover.
"The tlispnte-was very early ni tlie Clinrch concern-
ing tlie observation of Eaater ; nno puiiit whereof was,
concerning the endiiii of the n Dfi-puj'rhalinst, which
bnth siiJea determined upon Ih'.- d.iv they kept the
festival."— iVe?TOJi .■ Fastaamt /■'..■stn-a/.-..
an'-te-past, s. [In Ital. antijiasto. Lat.
antr = before, and j)^ s^f'(s, pa. par. of 2'^(^seo,
;)['('/, pastum = to feed.] A foretaste.
an-te-pen-di-um (Lut ), an-te-pend,
an-ti-pend (Scotch), s. [Media-\-. Lat. ante-
pendivm.] The frontal of an altar [Fk..nt.alj ,
a veil or screen for covering the I'''""''' , ?-}^
altar. It is used in seme Eoman Catholic
' churches, especially on festival ilays.
"Item, Jine antepcnd of black y&lvaV—Coll. Inven-
tories (1512). {Jamieson.)
am-te-pen-iilt' ( /tLan-te-pen-ul'-ti-ma),
s. [In Fr. onfcphndtitini': Sp., Port., & Ital.
antepeiinltimo ; Lat. oynte = before, and pemd-
timus or j^^'^^ultlmus, (s.) the penult, (".>the
last but one ; poine or jjf^e = almcist, and
ulUmus=t\ie last.] The syllable before the
penultimate one. As the penultimate one is
next to the last, the antepenultimate is two
from the last, as cin in vaecinoMon. The word
is really only a shortened form of the fol-
lowing.
an-te-pen-ul'-tim-ate, u. & s [In Fr.
antrpi'iinltlan'!.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to the last syllable
but two. (CroM.)
B. As snhsL : The last syllable but two.
an-tep-il-ep'-tic, an-tep-i-lep'-ti-cal.
a. & s. [In G-er. uMiepileptisch. From Gr.
acTt (anti)= against, and en-tAiji^t? (>'pdep.ii^)
= (l) a taking hold of; (2) epilep.sy. falling
sickness; ejriAa/ijSai'w iep'd<i,ndMinu) = to take
besides, to lay hold of: kiri(epi) = on, upon,
and ko.fj-^6.v(M (kanhanv) = to take.]
1. As adjective : DcL'med of use against
epih'j'sy (falling sickness).
" TJiat bezo.ar is antidotal, lapis judaieiis diuretical,
coral anti-pUeptical, we 'will not dt-nj." — Brounie :
Vnl'j'ir Erronrs.
2. As svlistantivi: : A inedicine deemed of
use against epilep.-^y.
an'-te-p6ne, vA. [In Sp. anteponer; Ital.
aiitepnrn: = to prefer. From Lat antepo,i<i :
ante = before, and 2'^ono = to put or jdace.]
To place one thing before another ; to prefer
one thing before another. (Laili'ii )
an'-te-p6rt, s. [Lat. ante — before, and jior-
tmn. aecus. of porta = a city gate, a gate.] A
gate in advance of a gate ; namely, an outer
gat<.-. (Todd.)
an-te-p6s-i'-tion, s. [In Ital. nvteposi:ione
Fro>ii Lat ante, and Eng. position = a placing.]
Grammar : The placing a word before
anothei, the natural position of which would
be after it. (Ash.)
fi,n-te-pran'-di-al, a. [liat. ante = before;
Eng. prandial (q.v.).] Before breakfast.
(Quo'-f. Review.)
t an-te-pre-dic'-a-ment, 5. [Lat. aate,
and Eng. predicament.] [Predicament.]
Loq'ic : Anything in logic proper to be
studied before the subject of the predicament
an-te-pros'-tate, s. [Pref. ante-, and Eng.
prostate.]
Anat.: Anteprostatic (q.v.).
an-te-pr6s-tat'-ic,a.[En'^.'-(!i^ci)r.i5/t'/(");-''-%]
vl^iaf.; Situated in frontuf the i^iostategland.
' an'-ter, s. [Aunter.]
an-ter'-i-des, s. p^l- [Lat. anterides = but-
tresses ; Gr.* ivTripiSc; (anterides), ]dur of
avTTjpi's (ante vis), genit. avTTjptSo? (anteridos) =
a prop. Anterides, in Greek, are beams to stay
the outer timbers of a ship's bow in case of
thrii receiving a shock : ai'njpiys (antPre.'^) =
set against, opposite ; avrrji/ (anten) = against,
over against ; avTt {anti) = against.]
Anhitcctnre : Buttresses for ihc support or
strengthening of a wall.
an-te'r-i-or, ^■"an-te'r-i-our, a._ [JM. an-
(e/'(i(r = before, preceding. In Fr. anth'teur ;
Sp. &;Port. anterior; Ital. onteriorc.]
I. ordinor)! Language :
1. Situated before anything in ]ilace. (In
this and the second signifi'-atioii it is opi)osed
to posterior.) (For example, see No. II.)
2. Preceding in time.
II. Technically: Used chiefly iu sense No. I.,
in Anatomy, Zoology, Botanj, and Science
generally.
"Hence, if after the anterior face Ii.t; received the
heat from one i-jidiating source, a second .Mnirco, whi'.'h
"ne may call the compensating source, he peimittL-d
t^i i.idiate against the posterior face . . ."—I'l/wU'll :
Fra'j- Of Science (3rd etl.}, viii. 4, p. 181.
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciiTt), ciire, unit«, cur, rule, flail ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. au — Uw.
anteriority— antlierea
219
an-ter-i-or'-i-ty, s. [Eng. anterior; -ity.
In Fr, cndiirloi-itj'- ; Sp. anterioridad ; Port.
(uiterioridade ; Ital. anterioritn.'] The state of
being before in place or in time.
*' Our poet could not have seen thepropliecy of Isaiah,
because ne lived lOO or 150 years before that prophet :
and this anteriority of time makes this passfige the
more observable."— /"jjue .■ Iliad, xix., note, v. 93.
an-te'r-1-or-ly, rnh-. [Eng. antn-lor ; -ly,'\
In an anterior situation.
"Anterior}!/ the presi>heiioid narrows to a sharp
vertical bA%&."— Flower : Usteol. q/' tlie Mummalia,
(1870), i>. 128.
an'-ter-6, in convpos. [From Lat. anterior =i
which is before ; ante. = before.]
antero-lateral, «. Tliat which is an-
terior, and also lateral ; that is, to the side.
" A.llthat is anterior to the posterior horn [of the
L-ray crescent belonging to the spinal cord] is called
\\iy:afUei-o4ateralco\.\nxiu.:'~Todd& Bowman: Fhysiol.
AifU., vol. i., p. 2ji;.
antero-parietal, a. Belonging or per-
taining to the front of the parietal bones ot
the skull.
antero-posterior, a. Commencing in
the anterior pai-t of an organic structure and
continued through it, so as to appear also on
tlic posterior part, or in a direction from
behind forward.
•■ WTien the medulla oblongata is divided vertically
aluiiif the median plane, a series of fibres is seen to
luriii a septum between its right aiid left hall These
fibres take a direction from before backwards : and
appear to connect themselves with the posterior olivary
fibres. They are limited iuferiorly by the decnssating
fibres. Cruveilhier proposes for them the name aiUero-
posterior fibres. They appear to belong to the same
system as the arciform fibres."— rocW & Botimian:
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 269.
an'-te-room, s. [Eng. ante (from Lat.), in
compos. = befoi-if, and Eng. ruoni.] A room
lit;fore or in front of another one.
"An ante-room in the Dnke's palace."
Shakesp. : Two Gent, of Ver., ,Stage Dir.
an-ter-O'S, s. [Gr. ii/re'pws (anUros or An-
teros) = re^turn-love, love for love. (Person ifuid. )
(1) A "god" who avenged slighted love ; (2)
a "god" who struggled against Eros, the
personification of love. In Latin oMeros sig-
nified a kind of amethyst (P/m'1/).] A being
poetically' imagined to struggle against love.
" He who from out their fountain dwellings raised
Eros and A uterus, at Gadara."
Byron: Manfred, u. 1.
* an'-ter-ous, u. [Austerous.]
an'-tes, s. v^- [Lat., plur. = rows or ranks of
anytlnng. In Poi't. antes; Sp. antas.l
ANTES AT HERCULAiS'EL'M.
Arch.: Pillars of large dimensions support-
ing the front of a building.
an-te-stat'-iire, .';. [Fr.]
Fort. : An entrenchment formed of gabions.
an'-te-Stom-ach, s. [Eng. ante (from Lat.),
in compos. — 'belore, and stonarh.] An an-
ti-rmr cavity leading into the stomach. It
occurs in birds which feed on fishes.
" In birds there is no mastication or comminution of
the meat in the mouth, but it is immediately swal-
lowed mto a kind of ante-stomach, which I have ob-
served in piscivorous birds."— ^a^.
an'-te-tem--ple, s. [Eng. oMe (from Lat.),
in cnnipos.^ before, and teinpk.) The poitico
of a temple or of a church.
"The ' narthex' or ante-tcmpie. where the penitents
and citiLuhumensBtood."— t7iris(mjiyl"'/2"''"'s, i.29a.
* an'-te-teme, * an'-te-theme, 5. [First
element doubtful, second Gr. Ge^j-a Qhena).']
[Theme.] The text or theme of a serinou or
discourse. (^V. E. D.)
* an'-te~vert, v.t. [Lat. anteverto—t" take
one's turn before another ; ante = before, and
verto = to turn.] To prevL'Ut
"To antevert some great danger to the pubhck, to
ourselves, to our friend, we may and must disclose oui
knowledge of a close wickedness. —Bp.liau. vases oj
C'ojiscience, Add C. i
an'-te-vert-ing, pr. par. &s. [Antf.vert.]
As substantive : Preventing, prevention.
" It is high time to mourn for the anteverthig of a
threatened vengeance."— if;j. ffatl: Bern., p. lai.
an-te-vir-gil'-i-an, a. [Gr. airC (ant I) =
against ; Eng. Virgitian, = pertaining to the
puet Virgd.]
Agrlc. : Noting a method of husbandry or
hoisc-hoeing introduced by Toll. (U'ehster.)
ant-hse-mor-rhag'-ic, c [Gr. avri (anti)
= agamst, and ai/AoppayiKos (habmrrhagikos) =
pertaining to hemorrhage ; aliioppayLo. (hai-
niorrhagio.) = hsemorrhage : al/xa (haivia) =
blood, and p-qyvvfj,L (rliegmimi) = to break or
break through ; 2 aor. eppayjji/ (errhagen).^
Plumn. : Deemed of use against hemorrhage,
meaning a flux, of blood.
an-the'-li-on, s. [Gr. avQ-^kLos (n ,1 tiiLlios) —
a later form of ai-r/jAto? (antrdios) = opposite
to the sun ; but it is now used for nistcnd of
the Sim: avri (anti) = instead of, and TjA-tos
(hEli"s) =t'hQ sun.] A mock sun; the repre-
sentation, by an optical deception, of one or
more pseudo-suns in the slcy besides the
actual one. It is a polar x^ihenomenon. ocua-
sionuUy seen in the north of ScotLaud, but
not often in England.
an-the -lix, s. [Gr. avrC (mui) ~ opposite to,
and e'Ac^ (fteiij;) = an>-thing spiral ; eKi^ (helio-)
= twisted, curved ; eAiVo-w (helisso) = to turn
round or about; elKeoi (eiko), eiAw (eiIo) = to
roll up.]
Anat. : The curved elevation within tlie
helix or rim of the external portion of the
ear. It surrounds the concha or central cup.
Above it bifui'cates so as to include a fos.sa.
(Todd £ Bo^vman : Physiol Anat.,\ ol ii.,p. UG.)
an-thel-min'-tic, a. & s. [In Fr. antlidmin-
tique ; Toit antliclndntico ; Gr. avri (anti) =
against, and eA/i-trs (helmins), genit. €Kfi.Lv9o<;
(helmlnthos) = a worm, especially a tjipeworm.]
1. As adjective : Capable, or believed to be
capable, of killing and expeUing intestinal
worms from the human frame.
2. Assi'hstontire : A medicine given against
intrstinal worms. The chief intestinal worms
found in the human l)odyare the Long Thread
Woim (TviclhOcepMlus dispar) in the upper
part of the large intestines ; the Common
Tape-worm (Tmnia solbm). tlie Bi'oad Tape-
worm (BntliriucejiJinli"! lati's), and the Large
Round Worm (A^nni? Imuhriioulr^.), in the
small intestines ; and the Maw or Thread
Worm (O.rijin-is or -Lv.y/ris crrmicnhri^), in the
rectum. Of these the most frequent in
Britain are the common tape-worm, the large
round worm, and tlte maw or threadworm.
Garrod makes anthelmintics, defined as sub-
stances which have the power of destroying
the life of entozoa in the alimentary canal,
the fourth order of his Class IV., f^uli-class I.,
and subdivides it into Direct Anthelmintics,
nv Vermicides ; Indirect Anthelmintics, or
Vermifuges ; and Worm Preventives. Among
direct anthelmintics may be enumerated oil oi
male fern, oil of turpentine, kousso, kamela,
and bark of pomegranate root ; of vermifuges,
calomel, scammony, jalap, gamboge, and castor-
oil ; and of worm preventives, siilphate of
iron or other ferruginous salts, quassia, and
mix vomica. (Garrod: Mot. Med.)
an'-them, "^ an'-theme, " an'-tem, s. [In
A.S. ontefen = a hymn sung in alternate
parts, an antlieni ; O. Fr. anthame, anlaie,
antienne, antefcu.e : Pror. antifene, nnti-
fo)ia ; Sp. & Ital. antifona ; Low Lat.
antlphona ; from Gr, avTitjunvoi' (antiphCmoit)
= an antiplioii, an anthem; a.i'Ti(f)wi'os {"n-
tiplion-os) = sounding contrary, . . , re-
sponsive to : auTL (anti) = opposite to,
contrary to ; i^wv)? (phdne) = a sound, a
tone.]
"* 1. Originally: A hymn sung "against"
another hymn ; in other words, a hymn in
alternate parts, the one sung by one side of
the choir, the other by the other.
"AntJiein. a divine song sung alternately by two
opposite choires and choruses." — Glossog. Jfov., 2nd ed,
(1719).
[See also example under Anthem-wise. J
2, Xovj: a portion of Senpture or of the
Liturgy, set to music, and sung or chanted.
There are three kinds of anthems : (1) A verse
anthem, ^\■hich in general has only one voice
to a part ; (li) a full anthem with verse, the
latter performed by single voice, the former
by aU the choir ; (3) a full anthem, performed
by all the choir. Anthems were introduced
into the English Church ser^'ice in the time of
Queen Elizabeth, and among those who have
distinguished themselves in this kind of com-
position may be mentioned Tallis, Earrant
Orlando Gibbons, Blow, Purcell, Jlichael
Wise Jeremiah Clark, Croft, Greene, Boyce.
Nares, as well as many modern writers.
the thanksgiving sermons and thanksgiving
a7>them.'i."-JfacauIay : Blst. Eng . chap. xxin.
anthem-Wise, odv. After the manner
of an anthem.
"Several quires placed one over ngamst another, and
takinTt^e%oice Ey catches, a.;;j.»y-«'^g'-E^^^^^^^
pleasure."— fiacon; Essays. Cio. and Moi .. cii. xx).\ii.
an'-them-is, s. [In Fr. anthemis; Lat. av-
ihemis; and Gr. avO^fU's (anthemis) = chamo-
mile • av9i(o (antheo) = to blossom ; oi/flo?
(anthos) = a blossom, a flower. The anthemi.s
IS so called apparently from the copiousness,
of its bloom.] A genus of plants belonging
to the order Asterace^e, or Composites. It
contains the Common Chamomile {A. volnhs).
which grows wild near London. The tlower-
buds constitute the chamomile of the shops.
Cattle eat it with avidity. As a medicine it i.s
tonic and stinmlating. A warm infusion of it
excites vomiting. The true chamomile plant
has a fine smell, in this differing from another
common species of anthemis, the A. cotula, or
"Stinking Chamomile." The latter plant,
moreover, is erect, whereas the fornier is
prostrate. A third species, the A. arvcnsis,
or Corn Chamomile, is local. Two others, the
A. tinctoria, or Ox-eye Chamomile, often culti-
vated in consequence of its having medicinal
qualities like the common species, and the
A. Analira, or Sea-chamomile, are doubtfully
native. A brilliant yellow dye, derived from
the first of these plants, is used in France.
" The anthem 1.% a small but glorious flower.
Scarce rears his head ; yet has a giant's tower.
Tates Cowleu-
a,n'-ther, s. [In Fr. anthkre ; Lat. anthera =
a medicine composed of flowers ; Gr. dr^rjpos
(«i?fft*ros) = flowery, blooming; avOiui (antheo)
— to blossom, to bloom ; acSos (anthos) = a
blossom, a flower.]
Bot. : An organised body constituting part
of a stamen, and generally attached to the
apex uf the filament. As a rule, it is composed
, Ger,i
A^'■^HERS.
lucidum. 2. Lime,
3. Lily.
of two parallel lobes or cells : sometimes,
however, there are four, and sometimes only
one. The cells are united by the connective,
and contain pollen. When the time for shed-
ding it arrives, the anthers bur.st generally
by a longitudinal fissure from the base to the
apex, but in some plants in other ways. The
anther is the thcca of Grew, the capsvla i>i
Malpighi, the apiex of Ray. 1he t'.'^ticvlvs or
te-?tis of Vaillant, the mpltvlmn cd Jungius,
and the sperinatoctistidijna of Hedwig. (Jyind-
Iry: Intrn,), to But.)
Anther-dust : The ijollen from an anther.
It constitutes a yellow dust, which, when it
falls from the atmosphere, has often been mis-
taken for a shower of sulphur. It is very
copious in the ConifeiU'.
an'-ther-al, a. [Eng. mithcr ; -aL] Pertain-
ing to a 3ingle anther of a plant, or to the
anthers collectively.
an-ther-e'-a, s. [From Lat. nuthem ] [An-
ther.] A geims of moths of the family Boni-
bycida^. The A. Pnphin is the Tusser or
Tusseh of the Beu'j;ale'^e, whidi furnishes a
b$il, bo^; porlt, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-tion, -sion, -tioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -ceous, -cious = shus. -ble, -pie. &c. = bel, pel.
220
antherieum— anthorism
kind of silk used by the n;itives of India in
"the manufacture of cloth for dresses, and even
imported into England.
an-ther'-i-CUm, s [In Dut. anthericum;
Fr. antlieric ; Sp., Port., lic Ital. antcrico,
anthericos ; Gr. ai/0ept/co9 {antJici ikos).^ A
genus of plants belonging to the oi-der Liliacea*,
or Lilyworts. The A. ramosavi is considered
to be diuretic.
an-ther-i-di-al, a. [Mod. Lat. cuithcridi(uvi)
(q.v.); -al.] '
Bal. : Fertiiniiiig to, or bearing antheridia.
an-ther id'-i-um (plur. an-ther-id -i-a),
s. [Lat. anthera, and dinnn. -idUim.]
Dot. : A term used by some cryptogamic
botanists in describing certain obscure organs
in tlic ilosses, Jungermanniaceie, and Hepa-
ticw. In mosses the antheridia are cylindrical,
articulated, elavate membranous bodies open-
ing by an irregular perforation at the apex,
and discharging a mucous granular fluid.
Some contain spermatic elements endowed
with power of motion. Organs somewliat
similar are found in Jungermanniaceseaud He-
paticEe in the axillaa of the perichsetial leaves.
an-ther-ir-er-ous, a. [Lat. anthera; and
fero — to bear.] Beai'ing anthers.
a.n-ther-6g'-en-ous_, a. [Eng. anther, and
Gr. yeti/ojuai {geinomai) =■ to be engendered.]
Engendered from anthers. Applied to such
double flowers as have anthers ti'ansformed
on the principles of morphology into petals.
an'-ther-oid, o. [Eng. anther, and Gr. etSoi
{eidos) = appearance.] Presentmg the appear-
ance of an anther.
an-ther-6-z6'-id, an-ther-6-z6-5id, s.
[Gr. ai'Orjpo? (antheros) = flowery, blooming ;
^0)01/ {soon.) = a living being, an animal ; elSos
(eidos) = appearance.]
Bot. : One of the miiuite bodies like slender
spiral threads, prf>duced in the antheridia of
cryptogamic plants, serving to fertilise the
female organs.
". . , and with the Algoe, &c., by the locomotive
power of the antkerozuoids." — Itarwin: Descent of
Man, pt. ii., cliap. viii,
an'-thes-is, s. [Gr. ai'^rjci? (anthcsis), the
same as dvOy) (a^ithe) = a blossom.]
Botany : The time when a flower opens.
(Lindley: Introd. to Bot.)
An-thes-ter'- i-6n, s [Gr. ' Ai-fleo-TTjpiciv (^1 /; -
thi'->t[rLun).^ The sixth mouth of the Athenian
year. It was so called because within it there
occurred the three days' festival of Dionysos
(Bacchus), which was called Anthesteria.
The month consisted of twenty-nine days, and
corresponded to the latter part of November
and tlie first part of December.
aa'-thi-a, s. [From Lat. anthlas.] [Anthtas.]
A genus of large predatory beetles belonging
to the family Brachinidte. "The A. sulcata is a
native of Senegal.
an'-thi-as, s. [Lat. anthias; Gr. avBia';
(ctiUhlas) = a fish (Lahrtis or ■'^crran us aaihiai').^
A genus of spiny-finned fishes belonging to
the Percid;e, or Perch family.
an'-tllid-0B, s. pi. [Anthti.s.] In the arrange-
ment.'f of Yarrell and othei's, a family of Den-
tirostral Birds. [Anthus.]
an-thi-stir'-i-a, s. [Gr. ai'$C(TTY]iJ.L (anthis-
tcvii) = to stand against. Named from its
very stiff stubble.] A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Graminacea?, or Grasses.
The A. Uiibtralis is the Kangaroo-grass of
Australia. It is used for foiUler, as is the A.
cilLata in India. (Lindley : Vcg. Kingd.)
an-thd'-bi-an, s. [Gr. dvOos (cutthos) = a.
blossom, a flower, and ^tos (bios) = course of
life.] An animal jiassing its existence on
flowers.
an-tho-car'-pi, s. pi. [Gr. a^eog (f'nthos) = a.
blossom, a flower, and Kapiro'; {karpoi) = fruit.]
Lindley's fourth class of fruits. He calls them
also Collective Fruits, and defines them as
those of which the principal characters are
derived from the thi(*kened floral envelopes.
They are divided into single and iKnjrrgKtcd ;
the former including the fruits called riiclesium
and Sphalerocarpium, and the latter those
termed Syeonus, Strobilus, andSorusis. (Liiul-
ley : Introd. to Bot.)
an-thO-carp'-oiis, a. [Anthocarpi.] Per-
taining to the order of fruits called Anthocarpi.
an-th69'-er-6s, s [Gr. avOo^ (anthos) = a
flower; /ce'pas (keras), genit. Keparos (keiatu:^)
= horn.]
Botany : The typical genus of the family
Anthoceroteie(q.v.). --1. Icevis is found in wet
jilaces in this country.
an-th6-cer-6t'-e-se, s. pi. [Anthoceros.]
Botany : A tribe of Hepatie;e.
an-tho-chse'r-a, 5. [Gr. ".vBos (anthos), and
xaipui (chairo) = to rejoice ; rejoicing in
flowers.] The name given by Vigors to a
genus of insessorial birds belonging to the
family Meliphagidie, or Honey-eaters. The
A. carunculata- of Australia, called by the
natives Goo-gwar-ruck, in imitation of its
liarsh note, and by the settlers Wattled Honey-
eater or Brush Wattle-bird, frequents the
Banksias when they are in flower.
an - tho - gy- an, an - tho -9y'- an - ine,
an-tho-ky'-an, an-thd-9y'-an-In, s.
[Gr. (Xf^o? (anthos), and Kuareos (ktia^ieos), adj.
= dark-blue ; Kudi'os {kuanos), s. = a dark-
blue substance. 1
Bot. : A blue matter, which Macquart con-
siders to be produced from chlorophyll by
the abstraction of water. It is an extractive
matter, soluble in water, but not in alcohol.
It is stained red by acids, and green by alkalies.
It forms the bases of all blue, violet, red,
brown, and many orange flowers. (Lindky :
Introd. to Bot.)
an-thd'-di-um, -s. [Gr. dv0i^Bt)<; (antlioOes) =
like flowers, flowery, fi-om dvec; (anthos) = a
blossom, a flower, and etSos (eidos) = appear-
ance.]
Bot. : The inflorescence seen in the Com-
positte. It is the cephala lithium of Richard,
the calathis of Mirbel, and the calathiwn of
Nees von Esenbeck. (Lindley : Introd. to Bot.)
an-th6-leu'-9xn, *. [Gr. avOo^ (anthos) = a
flower, and \gvk6s (levkos) = bright, . .
white.] The white colouring matter in plants.
an'-tho-lite, s. [Gr. aveos (anthos) = a blos-
som, a flower, and aCOos (lithus) = a stone.] A
mineral— a variety of Amphibole (q.v.). Dana
sums up its constituent elements in calling it
Magnesia-Iron Amphibole. It graduates into
kupferrite, under which Dana places part of
the German antholith, assigning another por-
tion of it to authophyllite.
an-tho-log'-i-cal, a. [Eng. anthology;
-ical.'] Pertaining to anthology. (Todd's
Johnson.)
an-thol'-o-gy (1), s. [In Sw. antlwloql ; Dan. ,
Ger., & Fr. anlhnlogie; Sp. autnloqia; Port.
anthologia; Gr. av9o\oyLa (authuloqi«) = (\) a
flower-gathering, (2) a collection \.f jioems :
avQo<; (anthos) = a flower, and Ae-yw (Iciv) = ,
to gather.]
1. Gcii. : A gathering of flowers in a meta-
phorical sense ; a collection or gathering
tugetlier of passages of flower-like beauty from
Greek, Roman, or indeed from any classic
authors. Though some of these might be in
prose, yet the great majority were, as was
natural, in poetiy, which might be grave or
gay, it mattered not : what, above all, was
needful was, that whatever the subject treated
of, some one prominent thouglit" should be
expressed in terse and felicitous language.
[Epigram.]
_ " They ai-e very different from tlie simple aeiailehml
mscvjiitioiis of the ancients, of which that of Melenger
on his wife, ill the Greek anthology, is a model and
mastei'-XJiece. '—Dr. ]Varton : Essay on Pope, ii. 472
2. Spec. In the dreck Church : A collection
of devotional pieces.
an-thol'-og-y (2), s. [From Gr. dvQo'; (anthos)
— a flower ; \6yo^ {lugos) = a discourse.] A
discourse about flowers ; a dissertation on
flowers.
" AntJioloay [Gt.I adiycourse or trejitise of flowers."
— Glossog. jVowt, iJiid ed,
S,n-th6l'-yz-a, s [in Dut. antholyza; Fr.
anthoUse. FromGr. dv9o? Out thus) = a. Uossom,
a flower, and Avacra (lussa) = rage, madness.
The flower remotely resembles the mouth of
an anmial which may be supposed full of ra^te
and about to bite. ] A genus of plants belong-
ing to the order li-idaee;e, or Irids. The A.
o-thlopu-a, or Flag-leaved Antholyza, has been
introduced into Britain.
an-tho-ma'-ni-a, s. [Gr. dveo<; (anthos) = a
flower, and ^Lacta (?jif')iic) = mania ; i±a.wo)j.aL
(viaiaomal) = to rage.] A mania for flowers
an-tho-my'-i-a, s. [Gr. dvOo^ (anthos) = a
blossom, a flower, and fxvla. (■m'uia)-^ a fly.]
A genus of flies, of which one of the best
known is the Anthomyia Brassicce (Cabbage-
Fly). Its larvae feed on the loots of cabli;iges,
turnips, &c. In the adult state the male and
female are so unlike that they might be mis-
taken for different insects. Another s]iei'ies,
the A. trimaculata, the Three-sjiotted Antho-
myia, when in the larva state, also feeils on
the roots of turniits ; so likewise does the A.
rudiann, or Root Turnip-Fly; whilst the A.
tuherosa attacks tlie tubers of potatoes.
(Curtis.) Jbiny species of the genus occur in
Britain. [Ani hum yza. ]
an-tho-myz'-a, s. [Gr. dv6o? (anthos) — a
flower, and ixv^oi (viuzo) = (1) to murmur with
closed lips, (2) to suck.] The name gi\'en by
some entomologists to the dipterous genus
more commonly called Anthomyia (q.v.).
an-tho-my'-zi-dsB, .s. j'l. [ANTno^rvzA.] a
family of Diyiterous insects, of wliich Antlio-.
myia is the typical genus.
An-tho'-ni-ans (h silent), s. pi. [From the
monk Anthony.]
Chnreh Hist. : An order of monks s:iid to
have been founded bv St. Anthonyabout A D.
324. (Glossog. :\ura.j
An'-thon-y's fire (h silent), s [.Saint
Anthonv'.s Fire, Erysipelas.]
an-thoph-il-a, s. pi [Gr aveo? (anthos) = a
blossom, a flower, and ^iKog (pihilos) a = (1)
beloved ; (2) 'poet., loving, fond ; s., a friend.]
"Flower lovers." A division of Hymenop-
terous insects established by Latreille, and
still recogiiisecL It contains the Bees. [Bee.]
It is divided into two families, Apidie and
Audrenidie.
an-thoph'-or-a, .'; [Gr. aveo<; (anthos) = a
flower, and ^ope'w (phoi to) = to bear or carry.]
A genus of Bees, family Apid^. A. rctusa is
the Mason-bee (q.v.).
an'-tho-phbre (Eng.), an-thoph'-or-um
(Mod. Lat.), s. [From Gr. ai'0o06pos (anthoph-
oro.-.) — bearing flowers; avBo^ (aitthos) = a
flower, and <ftopeui (phorco) = to bear.]
Botany : The name given by De CandoUe to
the lengthened internode below the receptixcle
in Caryophjdleae which bears tlie petals and
stamina at its summit. (Lindley : Introd. to
Botany.)
an-thoph'-yl-lite, s. [In Dan. & Sav. antho-
phyllit. Schumacher, as quoted by Dana,
says that it was derived from Lat. anihophyl-
Z)tm = the clove, and so named from its clove-
biown colour.] A mineral placed by Dana
under his Amphibole group and sub-groui> of
Bisilicates. It is orthorhombic, and usually
lamellar or flbrous massive ; the hardness is
5-5 ; the SIX gr., HI — 3 '22 ; the lustre, pearly ;
colour, brownish-gray, yellowish-brown, or
brownish-green. It is translucent, or nearly
so, brittle, and possesses double refraction.
Composition: Sihca, 56 to .5l;'74; alumina,
2'65 to 3 ; protoxide of iron, 13 to 1413 ; pro-
toxide of manganese, 0*91 to 4'0; magnesia,
23 to 24 "30 ; lime, 1-51 to 2 ; and water, IG?
to 2 '38. Occurs in mica schist in Norway.
Hydrous anthophyllite : According to Dana,
an altered asbestiform tremolite, from New-
York Island. The British ■Museum Catalogue
makes It a variety of Hornblende.
an-thoph-yl-lit'-ic, a. [Eng. antkophyUife ;
-ic.} Pertaining to anthophyllite ; containing
more or less of it in composition with some
other substance.
an'-thor-ism (Eng.), an-thor-is'-mus,
s. [Gr. dvOopLa-fjio? (anihorismos) = a counter-
definition : dvTi (anti) = against, and 6pt(r/i.6s
(horisnios) = (1) a marking out by boimdaries :
(2) the deflnition of a word : from opt'^w (hori-o)
= to div^e or separate,]
Logic & Rhetoric : A counter definition ; a
definition different from, and connter to, that
made by one's adversary.
ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot
' or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, se. oe = e. 'ey=a, au=::kw
antliosiderite— anthr op ologist
22t
an-tho-sid-er-ite, s. [From Gr. a.v6o^
(anthos) = a blowsom, a flower : crt'STjpos (sideros)
= iron.] A mineral placed by Dana in the
Appendix to his Bisilicates. It occurs in
fibrous tufts, or feathery-looking flowers. The
hardness is (iO ; the sp. gr., '6; the lustre,
silky; the coloui-, yellow, yellowish-browu,
or white. Composition in one sjierimen :
Silica, 60*3 ; se:^4uioxide of iron, 85 7; and
water, 4. FouijA in the province of Minas
Gereas, in Brazil.
an-tho-SO'-Hia,. -:. [Gr. auBos Unithoh) = . . .
a flower o-wixa' (soiuo) = a body.] A genus of
Entomostracans. [Anthosomad^.]
an-tho-so'-ma-dsa, .^. pi [Anthosoma.] A
family of EntoiuostMcans, of the order Wiplm-
nostoinata, and the tribe Pachycephala. It
has only one British genus, Anthosoma. The
A. Smithii was found sticking to a shark.
S-n-tlio-sper'-me-ae, ■-^. pi. [Gr. avBo^
(anthos) = . . . flower, and cnrep/xa (spcrmt/) =
seed.] A section of the Cinchonaceous order
of jjlauts.
an-tho-sper'-mum, s. [In Fr. antlio^icrme ;
Sp. , Port., and Ital. antosp&rnio ; Gr. av6o<;
(anthos) = a flower, and o-Tre'p^a (spunnn) =
seed.] A genus of plants belonging to the
order Cinehonaeea', or Cinchonads. A. o'tJilo-
picuvi is the Ethiopian amber-tree. [AMutJR-
TREE.]
3,n-th6-t&x'-is, S. [Gr. avBo^ (anthos) = a
flower, and Ta|t? (taxii) = an arranging ; Tauubi
(ta^sd) =. to arrange.]
Botany: The arrangement of flowers in the
several kinds nf inflorescence.
an'-tho-type, s. [Gr. acSog (anthos) = a
blossom, a flower, and tuttos (tupos) = a blow,
the mark of a bh)w, . . . atype, iS:c.] [Type.]
A generic term for papers impregnated with
the coloured juices of flowers, used for photo-
graphic pulpube^J. (Oijdcic.)
an-th6~xan -thine, s. [Gr. ii/flo? (mithos) =
a flower, and ^avOo-; (jaiWios) = yellow.] The
yellow colouring matter iu plants. It is an
extractive resinous substance, soluble partly
Ml water and partly in alcohol or ether.
Treated with sulphuric acid it becomes lilue.
(Anthocyan.) (Liudley : Introd. to Bot.)
an-thd-x3,n'-thu]n, s. [In Sp. & Ital. an-
tnxaiito ; Gr. ai'Sos (unthos)^ a flower, and
^av96<i (canthos) = yellow, because the flower-
spikes are yeIluwi:^h, especially when old.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Grami-
naeete, or Grasses, ft has but two stamina,
whereas three io all but the universal iiumber
among grasses. The A. odoratvm, or Sweet-
scented Vernal Grass, is very common in
Britain, flowering in May and June. The
sweet scent is more conspicuous when ttie
jilant is dying than when it is fresh. It has
been attributed to benzoic acid.
t aK.-th6-zd'-a, *. pi. [Gx. avOo^ (anthos) = a
flower, and ^ioov (zoon) = a living benig, an
animal.] A class of Zoophytes now more
commonly called Actinozoa (q.v.). Johnston
divides his Zoophytes into Anthozoa and
Polyzoa, the former again subdivided into
Hydroida, Asteroida, and Helianthoida.
(Johnston : Brit. Zoophytes, 1S67.) Another
classification places under the Anthozoa the
eight following families : Actiniadte, Zoan-
thidae, Xeniidaj, Alcyonidje, Pennatulidai,
TubiporidEe, Caryophyllidie, and Gorgouiada^
Sn'- thra-9ene, s. [Gr. av6pa$ (anthrax), genit.
avflpoKos (antkrakos) = coal.] qxt
Chemistry: C14H10 = C6ll4^| NC6H4.
Obtained by the fractional distillation of the
coal tar boiling above 3iJU*. It crystallises
m monoclinic plates ; it is slightly soluble in
alcohol, but dissolves readilv in benzene ; it
melts at 213'=', and boils at 362°. It can be
formed along with benzjd-toluene by heating
in sealed tubes to 180° a mixture of benzyl
chloride and water.
^n~thrh^'-i-d3Q, s. 2)1. [Anthrax.] A family
of dipterous insects belonging to the section
Tanystomata, but having shorter probosces
than its immediate allies. The British genera
are Anthrax and Loraatia.
an'-tlira-^ite, s. [From Gr. acflpaKiTT)? (an-
thrakites) = resembling, or of the nature of
coal ; dvBpa^ (anthrax), genit. avdpaKO<s (an-
thrakos=co^\.} In Dana the first variety of
Mineral coal. Called also Glance coal. Hard-
ness 2 to 2-5 ; sp, gr. 1-32 to 1'7 ; lustre sub-
metallic, iron-black, often iridescent. It con-
tains from SO to 94 per cent, of carbon, and
burns with a pale feeble flame. Found in
South Wales, in the United States, &c.
Free-burning anthracite : A variety of an-
thracite intennediate bet-ween the typical kind
and bituminous coal.
an-thra-5it'-ic, a. [Eng. anthracite ; suff.
-(>.] "Pertaining to anthracite ; composed in
whole or in part of anthracite.
an-tlir3.9'-it-ous, a. [Eng. anthracite ; -ov.s.'\
The same as Akthracitic (q.v.). (Edin. Rev.)
an-thrac'-on-ite, s. [From Gr. avBpa^ (an-
thrax) = coal. ] A mineral, a variety of Calcite.
The name has been specially applied to —
1, Black marble ; anarble coloured by the
carbonaceous matter arising from the remains
of the animal and vegetalile organisms in-
habiting the old sea from which the carbonate
of lime forming the calcite was derived.
Marbles of this type are called also Lucidlan
and Lucullite (q.v.).
2. Black bituminous fetid limestone. From
theii" odour they have been named also Swiue-
stones and Stiiikstones.
an-thra-co-ther'-i-um, s. [Gr. ai^epa^ (an-
(/i rc!j.), ' geult. dvOpa.KQ'; (anthr<<kus) = coal or
cliareual ; and OripLov (thcrion)= a beast, espe-
cially one of the kinds hunted ; properly
dimui. from Q-^p (ther):= a wild beast, a beast
of prey.] A fossil mammal of the Pachyder-
matous order, named from the fact that it was
first fouud in tertiary lignite or brown coal.
"The Dmotheriuui aud Narrow-tuothetl BLastuiluii,
for exiimple, iliiiiiiiish the diatauoe between the Lm-
phiodoii liud Elephant; the A nthracotheriiim ;ind
Hippyphysia that Detweea Chceruputuiuus and Hippu-
potttnins."— OwcH ■ Britinh Fossd Jilaiamals and Birds
(181C), pp. xxi., xx.ii.
an-thrac-6-xen'~ite, an-thr^c-o-xe'ne,
s. [In Ger. Q/(//K-('C(j,a';/ ; Gr. dvBpa^ (•.nitkru x)
= coal ; ^eVos (JceJios)= foreign, a foreigner ;
suff. -i(e = Gr. tn)? (ites) = of the nature of.] A
mineral classed by Dana in his sixth, a yet
unnamed group 01 Oxygenated Hydrocarbons.
It is obtained as a black powder from a resin-
like mineral between layers of coal ui Bohemia.
Its composition is, carbon 7:y2T4, hydrogen
(i'187, and oxygen 1S"5:;'J. It is insoluble in
ether.
axi-thran-il'-ic, 0. [Gr. dvBpa^ (i'nthiuj) =
eoal ; Eng., &i:., u)ill = a plant.] [Anil.]
anthranlllc acid. [Carbanilic Acid.]
an-thra-quin-one' = oxyantracene, .s.
GO.
Chemistry: CuHgOa = C,ll4<;|I^ t,>C«H,.
Obtained by boiling anthracene with dilute
HmS04 and potassium dichromate. It ery.stal-
Uses from hot nitric aeid in pale yellow
needles, nieltuigat 273*^.
an'-thrax, ,s. [In Fr. anthrax; Port, anthraz;
Gv. di'dpa^ (anthrax)— coa,l . . . a carbuncle.]
* 1. Old I\[ed. : A carbuncle.
2. Entom. : A genus of dipterous insects,
the type of the family Anthracidte (q.v.).
3. Vi't. : [Splenic-fever ]
an-thns -ciis, s. [Lat. anthriscus (Pliny) ;
Gr. di'flpi.aKo? (anthriskob) = the southern
chervil (Scaiidix atistraUs).~\ A genus of plants
belonging to the order Apiaceie. (Umbellifers).
Two .species are common in Britain, the A.
sylvestris, or Wild Beaked Parsley, and A.
vulgaris, or Common Beaked Parsley. The
former has smooth and the latter muricated
fruit. The A. cerifoUum, Garden Beaked
Parsley or chervil, is occasionally found out-
side cultivated ground, but is not a true
native of Britain. Its roots are eatable, aud it
was formerly used as a potherb, whereas tlie
two indigenous species of the genus are semi-
poisonous.
an-tlir69'-er-a, s. [Gr. dvBpa$ (anthrax) =
coal ; Ke'pa? (keras) =■ a horn.] A genus of
hawk moths, Sphiugides, the typical one of
the family Anthroceridae.
an-thr6-9er'-i-dse, s. jj?. [Anthrocera.]
A family of Sphiugides. The species fly by
day, and are brightly and beautifully coloured.
The Burnet Motlis and the Green Forester
belong to the family. It is called also
Zygeenidte.
an-tlirdp'-ic, a. [Gr. arSpwrrtKo? (anllirojii-
Ivs).^ Mau-like, resembling man ; human.
"In the same degree they impress that 'tnthr >/>/<:
featm-e upon the face of the living goriUa. '—owcn .
Clussif. of the Jfammalia. p. 82.
an-throp -i-dse, s. pi. [Gr. dvOpujiro'^ (anthrO-
j)Os)= a man.] In Professor Huxley's classi-
fication the first family of the order Primates,
wliich stand at the head of the class Mam-
malia. There is but one species, the Homo
sapiens, or Man. The dentition is as follows :
Incisors. ^E^; cauines, ^_^ ; premolars, ~,\
molars — = 32. In tlie Simiadfe tbei'e i.s
3— a
sometimes the same dentition, though m
other oases the premolars are -^-J^ in jtlace
Qf ?=.-. The hallux is nearly as long as the
second toe, aud is susceptible of being moved
both backward and forward only to a xnvy
limited extent, whereas in the Simiada-' it is
much more mobile. In Man the arms are
shorter than the legs, whilst iu the SuniaiKi*
they may be either longer or shoi-ter. After
birth in Man the legs grow faster than tlie
rest of the body, whilst in the Siniiad;e they do
not. Man's stature is erect, whilst the natural
attitude of the apes and monkeys is ou all
fours. (Professor Huxley's Classijh-atlou of
Aniini'ls, p. 99.) Man has a higher facial
angle and a brain of greater volume than the
monkeys, and bis mental and moral pou'ei'S
are iutniitely greater.
an-thr6'-p6-gl6t (Eng.), an-thro-po-
glot'-tiis (iT/orf. L'lf,), s. [Gr. di'dpuiiToyAoja--
(Tos (<fii.thiupoghj:}S<.'^), ui Attic dv9ptjnT6y\oTTo<;
(i I II t h ropoglottos) — :il>esikmg man's language:
ai'fpuj-os (oiithropos) = man, aud -yA-aJcrcra
(//M.s's'i/), in Attic -yAwTTa (nl'jtta) = the tongue.]
An animal possessing a tongue, i.e., spei'ch
remotely resembling man's. Example, the
iniitati\'e species of the PaiTot family of Birds.
an-thro-pog'-raph-y, s. [Gr. duBp^Tro-;
(" n t li rn J lo-,) — man, and ypatjii^ (ijra/phe) =
a desrrnitiou ; 7pa(()to ((7)-a?)/(u) = to grave, . .
to write. A writing about man ; adescrijitiou
of man.] A science which investigates the
geographical distribution of mankind, notuig
the physical character, the languages, the
customs, and the religious tenets and oliser-
■\-anees of the several races distributed nvrv
the globe. When the Instoric element receives
prommeuce, anthropography becomes ethno-
graphy or ethuologJ^ It is a branch of the
great science of Anthropology (q.v.).
an-thro'-poid, '-'. [Gr. af^ptoTroetSyj? (antlirO-
j " i<: id i:s) = in the shape of a man; dvBpMiros
(" nthrdpos) = a. man \ and etSos (eidL)s)= . . .
torm ; from elSio (cidO) =to see.] Resembling
man ; a term applied especially to the apes,
which approach the human species in the
following order : 1st (most remote), the giij-
bons ; 2nd, the orangs ; 3rd, the chimpanzee ;
and 4th (nearest), the gorilla. (Oivmi: Clasmf.
of Mainnialia, It;.")'.!, ji. S4.)
". . . only iu the vciy highest and most "'I'/frci-
jjoid, viz., the gorilla and the chimpanzte."— Uw-'ii ;
Classed, of the JIaminalia, p. 73.
an-thro-pM'-des, s. [Anthropoid.] A genus
of wading birds, belonging to the sub-family
Gruinte. A. virgo is the Numidian Ciane.
an-thr6'-p6-lite, e. [Gr. dvOpionoq (anthrdpos)
= man ; and -lite = Gr. \lBo<; (lithos) = a stone. ]
Man petrified, as in the Guadaloupe specimen
now in the British Museum.
an-thr6-p6-l6g'-i-cal, a. [In Ger. authro-
pologisch ; from Gr. 6.i'9p(jiiro\6yo<i (anthrnpulo-
fifos) = speaking or treating of man.] (Fur an
extended investigation of the etymology, see
Prof. Turner in Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1871,
Pt. ii., pp. 144-14fj.) Pertaining to the science
of anthropology ; formed for the study of
anthropology, as the Anthropological Society
of London, a society formally inaugurated
on the 22nd of January, 1873, and now known
as the London Anthropological Institute. In
1866 was formed an anthropological "De-
partment of the Biological Section" of the
British Association. [Anthropologv.]
an-tiiro-p6l'-6g-ist, s. [In Ger. anthro-
polog.] One who i^ultivates the science of
anthropology.
"... the comparative study of the arts of different
races in different conditious of culture, must continue
to hold a prominent place amongst the reiearchea of
an(hropologists."—Col. Lane Fox: firW. Assoc. Rep.
f</r 1372, JPt. il., p. 171.
boil, b6^; pd^t, jd^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^lst. ph = f.
-cian. -tian^shan. -tion,-sion=:shun; -tion, -9ion = zhun. -tious» -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, del.
222
anttiropology— antnypnotio
an-thro-p6l'-0-gy, s. [In Ger. & Fr. anthro-
jiologie; Port, aiithropologio. From Gr. av-
6pui7Tos (anthropos) = mau ; and \6yos (lo'j'.u^) =
. . , discourse.]
I. Natural Science :
1. Ceil. : The science of man in tlie widest
sense of the terms. The word cnithiQpnhMjn
figures in Johnson's Dictionary with the signi-
fication, "The doctrine of anatomy ; the d(.>c-
trine of the form and structure of the body of
man." The Glossographiu Now, lind t'd., cx-
Xilains it to be "a discoiu-se or desc-riiitinn of a
man or of a man's body." Kant gave a much
wider range than this to the subject m his A n-
fknijiologie, published about the year IV'jy, as
he had previously done orally in his univer-
sity Iri.-.tures. Finally, the Anthropological
.Society of London defined its ;imi to be "to
I study man in all his leading aspects, ])livsical,
]iicnt-al, and historical, to iuvt^stigate tlie laws
of his origin and progress, to ascertain his
]ilace in natiu-e, and his relation to the inferior
Curias of life." In this sense ethnology is a
di^partinent of anthropology.
" The science of Mail, therefore, or, as it is some-
thnt'i called, A^ithrojiOlogy, roust form the crown of
idl the natm-al sciences." — Max Mullcr : Science of
Language, vol. ii. (6th ed., 1871), p. 7.
2. Spec. : The science which investigates the
relation m which man stands to the inferior
luiimals. In this sense ethnology is a cognate
scit'Hi'e to anthropology. Dr. Lathcim uses
the word in this limited sense.
an-thro--p6-man'-9y, a. [Gr. av0pioTTo>; (an-
thropos) = a man, and fxavT^ia (vuuitein) =
power or mode of divination ; /xacreuo/iaL
{mantev 0 m ai) = to thvine ; ixolvtls (ntantls) =^
one who divines, a seer.] Fancied dninatinn
by inspecting the entrails of a human being.
(Webster.)
an-thro-pom'-et-ry, s. [Gr. ai-epwros (ac-
tliropos) = man, and fxirpov (itu'tran) = a
measure.] The measuring or jneasureinent
of the hnman body ; the science which
deals with the proportions of the human
body.
an-thro-po-morph'-ic, a. [Gr. avOpiuiTo-
jLLopcjbos (aitthropo7iwrphos)=-of human form;
dv9au}iros {anthropos) ^nmn, and ixop<i>rj (mur-
phe) = form.] Pertaining to anthropomor-
phism.
" From Bome quarter or other the aiitltropomorpJilo
force came in."— Gladfitonc.
an-thro-po-morpli'-i^in, o. [In Ger an-
throi'nmor'pM.'iVi ; Ti: antltroporiiorpltlsvic ; Port.
(iiitltropiiDiOrpliisvio ; Gr. av9ptaTTOii.op4}ia. {au-
thrO 1 10 morphia) = human form ; avQp<aTTQ^
(inith.r6pos) = ma.n, and ^top^ij (nyjiphc) =
form, shape.]
Proji'dy : The attributing of a human
form to God. When this is really done it i->
a gross degradation of the divinity, and is con-
demned in Scripture. But when the uiily
anthropomorphism is the use of metaphorical
jilirases, such as the arm of the Lord (Ps.
Ixxvii. 15), or his eyes (Ps. xi. 4), or his cars
(Ps. xxxiv. 15), to make abstract ideas more
readily conceivable, the practice lias the
countenance of Scripture itself. There are
thus in this sense a legitimate and an dlegiti-
mate anthropomorphism.
" AnthropomorpTiisyn is always connected with an-
tliropopathism."— SfTOftft tt Wace: liict. Christ. Biog.,
voJ. 1., p. 119.
S-n-thro-po-morpli'-ist, 5. [In Ger. 0 nth ro-
'pomorphist.'] One who really or apparently
attributes to God the human form, or thoughts,
emotions, or passions like our own.
an-thro-po-morph'-ite, s. & a. [In Fr.
nnthroporiwr-phlte ; Port, anthropomorphita ; Gr.
av9p(on6iJ.op(f>o? (anthrdpmnor'phos) = of human
Ibrm. ]
A. As suhstantire :
I. Ordinary Language : One who attributes
to (iod the human form, or thoughts, emotions.
and passions like our own.
". . . thouyh few profesa themselves anthro/jo-
morphite.s, yet we may find many amongst the ignorant
of that opinion." — Locfce.
II. Technically:
1, Church Hist, (pi): A sect which aro.se in
Egypt in A.D. 395, and became prominent in tlie
fifth ccntui-y. They were a sub-division of the
Acephali, who ,again sprung from the Mono-
pliysites or Eutychians. They held anthropo-
morj>hism in a gross form. Many individuals
also in the Church catholic, and in the sects
whieli had sprung from it, entertained a
similar behef. (Mosheiin : Ch. Hist., Cent. V.,
pt. ii., ch. v., § 20.)
"The Aiifhropoiiojyphi'cs who swarmed among the
monks of Egj'pt and the Catholics of Africa . ," —
Gibbon: BccUne ami FaU. ch, xlvii.
2. (Plur.) A party (they had scarcely the
coherence of a sect) which existed in Italy and
elsewhere in the tenth century : they supposed
that God possesses a human form, and sits
upon a golden throne.
B. As adjective : Attributing to God human
form, thoughts, or emotions.
"Multitudes could swallow the dull and coarse a n-
thropomorphite doctrines." — Olanmll : Praexl&t. of
Houls, ch, iv.
an-thrd-p6-morph-it'-ic, an-thro-po-
morph-it'-i-cal, 0. [Eng. anthropomor-
phitc ; ~ic, -ical.] Pertaining to anthropo-
morphism, or to the Anthropomorphites.
an-thro-po-morph'-it-i^m, ;>. [Eng. an-
thropomorphite ; -isrn.'\ The system of doctrines
characteristic of the Anthropomorj^hites ; an
thropomorphism. [Anthropomorphism.]
an-thr6-p6-niorph'-6fe,i'.i. [Gr. avepojiros
(anthropos) = a man, and fiopf^oa) (raorphoo) =
to form, to give shape to,] One would expeet
this verb to mean to change into the form uf
a man ; but Davies gives an example from
Howell (Farley of Beasts, p. 3), in which it
evidently = to change /rojji the form of a man
into that of a beast.
an-thrd-po-morph'-ous, a. [In Fr. on-
throponiorphe. From Gr. cLv9po}7T6iJ.op4>os (ait-
thrd2:'omorphos).'\ Possessed of a form resem-
bling that of man.
"Mr. Lyell, however, in 1E30, hiul reuiarked that the
evidence of the total absence of the Aiifl-ru/ivi'tur/jliom
tribe |the Quadrumaiw] wivs inconclutue."— 'JfCf/t .
lirit. Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 2.
an-thro-po-path'-ic, an-thro-po-
path'-i-cal, a. [Gr. av0pw7ro7ra9^? (anthro-
j'opathi:s)=\v\ih hiunan feelings.] Pertaining
to human feelings ; having human feehngs.
[Smith and W(u<\)
an-thrd-p6-path'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng.
anthropopathiaxl ; -ly.] In a manner to show
the possession of human feelings.
an-thrd-p6p'-a-tlii§m, s. [Eng. anthro-
popoMiy; -ism.] The same as Anthropopathy
(q.v.). (See example under AnthropomoPvPH-
ISM.)
axx-thro-pop'-a-thy, * an-thro-pop'-a-
thie, s. [In Ger. aathropopathie. From Gr.
av9p{A}no7Td.9eLa (aii^/wopopcU/tcia) = humunity ;
av9pMiro^ (anthropos) = a man, and irddr) (jiatld)
= a passive state, orTrdflos (pathos) — an>i:hiny
that befalls one, . . . sutlering, emotion ;
TTa^etv, aor. inf of Trdo-xw (jia^chO) = to receive
an imjiression.]
1. Human feeling, humanity.
"Two ways then may the Spirit of Gud be ^:iid tu bt
gi-ieved, m Himself, iu his saints; in Hiuisylf. by an
anthropopathie, ab we call it; m his t,;unt>,, by a sym-
pathie ; the former is hy way of allusion to human
passion and carriage." — Bp. Hall . Rem., p. lOG.
2. Theol. : The attributing of human
thoughts, emotions, or passions to God. As
in the case of anthropomoridiism, this may
be legitimate or illegitimate. It is the former
if done only figuratively ; it is the latter if
done really.
(a) Flgurailcdy : "And it repented the Lord
that he had made man on the earth, and it
gTieved him at his heart " (Gen. vi. (j).
(h) llmlly : " Thou thoughtest that I was
altogether such an one as thyself " (Ps. 1. 21).
an-thro-poph'-a-gi, s. 33L [Plural of Lat.
a nthrapopha-g i> ■:, ; Gr. av0p(t)7ro(|)a-yos (anthropo-
phagos) = a man-eater ; ai'Spwiros (anthrojMs)
= man, and (/jtzyeii' (phageiu), from * (i>ayio
(phago), now made 2 aor. inf. of eo-fltw (esthio) =
to eat. In Fr. authropophage.] Man-eaters.
Cannibals, people feeding on human flesh.
" Histories make mention of a people called anthro-
poijhaqi, men-eaters.*'— j5. Gilpin: Sennonbcfoi \: King
Edward VI. (1552).
an-tliro-po-phag'-l-cal, a. [Eng. onthro-
pophagy ; -ieal. In Fr. aathropo-phage ; Port.
anthro pop!) ago.'] Pertaining to anthropophagy ;
eating human flesh.
an-thro-poph-a-gin'-i-an, s. [From Lat.
anfhropophagns (ANTiiRfiropnAai), and the
dignified suff, -uiiun.: Slial<esiiean.'« design
being to frame in iidicnle ;i, AVord " nf learned
length and thuudei'ing sound."] A cannibal.
"G-o knock and call, he'll spe
pojjhaginian unto thee; knock,
JJerrij Wious, iv. 5.
leak like an n.^rhr.y-
eay."~^''i'f/:'-'ip. "
an-thro-poph'-a-gous, a. [In Fr. anil^-ro-
popharje. From' Gr. ai^epwn-o^dyos (authro-
'pophagos).^ Ivlau-eating, cannibal.
an-thro-poph'-a-gy, s. [In Fr. a » th ro-
pophagie. From Gr. ap9ptoT7otpayCa (oidhro-
jyophagia)."] Man-eating, cannibalism.
"Upon slender foundations was raised the a^ithro-
pophagy (it Diomedes his horses." — Browne: Vulgar
Err ours.
an-tlxro-pos'-cop-y, s. [Gr. ai/^ptoTros (f/?,-
thrbpos) ■= Ti\z.Yi, and a-KOTrCa (skopia) = . . . a
looking out ; o-kottcw (sloped) =■ to look at or
after.] An attempt to discover the mental
and moral tendencies of any one by studying
liis bodily characteristies.
an-thrO-poS'-O-phy, ;>. [Gr. av9pio'!ros (an-
thropos) = man, and a-o^ia (sophi") — skill,
higher knowledge, wisdom.] The knowledge
of man ; the acquisition of wisdom (if such a
thing is possible) by the study of mankind.
an-thrd-p6t'-6m-ist, s. [Gr. ai-epwTro? (an-
thropos) = man, and TOfXLs (t'liuls). or rofj-evg
(tarneus) = one who cuts.] (Joe who cuts up
or dissects a man ; an anatomist.
". . . the large nuuss ^i tl^ul^vel■se white fibres
called 'corpus chIIosuiu ' by tlie a nthropotomist." —
Owen: Classif. of tlie Maimnalia, p. 22.
an-thro-pot'-om-y, s. [Gr. a.vepo3iro<; (ni>-
thrdpos) = man, and to^x^ (tonic) ... a cutting ;
Tsf^vui (temnd) = to cut,] The anatomy of man ;
i.e., the dissection of the human body.
an- thro- pur -gic, a. [Gr. afypajTrovp-yos
anthrdpourgos) = making man ; but intended
by Benthain to _signify operated on by mau ;
av^pcoTTog (anthrdpob) = man ; ^Ipyoj (ergo) = to
do work.] (For def. see example.)
" ThiLi Natural History and Natural Philosophy are
respectively represented by Physiurgic Somatology
and A nthropurgic Somatology ; the one sitpiifyiug the
science of bodies, in so far- as operated uixin in tlie
course of nature, without the intervention of man ;
the other, the science of bodies so far as man, by his
knowledge of the convertible powers of nature, is able
to operate upon \'h^m."—Bo-wring : BentJiavi's Works,
lutrod., § 6, vol. i., p. 16.
an'-thus, s, [Lat. anthus; Gr. a.v6os (anthos),
masc. = a small bird like a bunting (not
av9os (anthos) = a flower, which is neut. ). ]
Zool. : A genus of birds, the typical one of
the family Authida;, in the Deiitirostral tribe,
but with aflinity, shown by their lengthened
hind toe, to the genus Alauda (Lark) in the
Conirostral one. Some place the genus Authus
under the Motacillinie, a sub-family of Sylvida;,
or Warblers. The species are called in English
Titlarks or Pipits. Four occur in Britain ;
the -4. arboreus, or Tree Pipit ; the A. pratrn-
sis, or Meadow Pipit ; the.il. petrosus, or Rock
Pipit ; and the A. llicardi, or Richard's Pipit
an'-thyl-lis, s. [In Fr. anthyJUdc; Sp. iL
ItaJ. antlllide; Gr. av9o<i (anthos) = a. flower,
and lovKos (loulos) = (1) first growth of the
beard, (2) down on plants. So called from its
downy calyces.] A genus belonging to the
ANTHVLLIS VULNERARIA.
Papilionaceous sub-order of the Fabaceffi, or
Leguminous plants. It contains one British
species, the A. vulneraria, or Common Kidney
Vetch, called also Lady's Fingers. It grows
chiefly in the vicinity uf tlie sea. It has from
5 to 9 leaflets and < rowdcd heads of generally
red flowers. The roots of a foreigu species,
the A. Hcnnauniic, are diuretic,
an-tUyp-not'-ic, u. & s. [Anti-hypnotic]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6^,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. ce — e, ey = a. au — kw.
antliypocliondriac— antibibliolatry
22;:
ant-hyp-o-chon'-dri-aCj i*. & 6. (Anti-
WVPOCHONDRIAC]
sCnt-liy-poph'-or-a, s. [Anti-hypophora.]
a»t-hys-ter~ic, ct. & s. [Anti- hysteric]
jin'-ti, pnjix. [See def.]
A, [From Gr. olvtC (anti), prep., original
meaning = over against . . . ; hence =
opposed to. In Greek compos. = (1) over
against, opposite to, (2) against, in oppositloa
to ; (3) one against another, mutually ; (4) in
return ; (5) instead ; (6) equal to, like ; (7)
corresponding to, counter. (LiddcU £ Scott's
Creek Lexicon.) The Greek avTc {onii) = over
against, against, is essentially the same word
as tlie Latin flJ^ie= before : 'hence there are
in Lat. anticlpo (B.) ; in Ital. anticomere = a
forerunner, a iitulnfn = antedate, a iiti-camera
= antechamber ; in H]'. Antechrlsto ; in Fr.
Anteclirist, antidate, aniicliandrra; and in Eng.
cniH<:!pnte (B. ; see also Ante). Tlie root is
ant ; Sanse. a?il!t = opposite, facing.]
1. The opposite of, as antldiniax.
'2. Opposed to : as Anfiairist, antchitc.
Ti (a) Compound words ha\ing as one of
their elements the Greek prefix avrC (rfiiti) are
infinite in number. AVe do not profess or
indeed desire to give a complete li.st. Tliose
which are .stdl loosely compacted together,
being generally spelt with a hyphen, follow
as eomi>ounds under aiitl; whilst those in
which the union has become more complete,
the hyphen being generally dropped, are
arranged as i>riiiKU-y words. In the case of
the former, the usage of authors or printers
(it is uncertain which) with regard to the
employment of eajiltal letters varies in three
ways : —
(1) There may be one capital commencing
tlie word Anti, as Anti-arminlan. {Biahdi}
Barlow.)
(2) There may be one, but beginning the
seeond of the two words in the compound, as
aati-Recdism, antt-limlistic [Ihrhcrt .spencer);
nuti-Ganican (Dc Qniacev) ; anti-English
{Fronde): cnti-IlepvbUcnii (Times newspaper).
Or (3) eaeli of the words tniited may begin
with a capital, as ^u/;-J"«r?aic(jUU??ia'/i); Aatl-
Laudlsnt (Curlyle).
(b) With in the word withstand, and gain in
qcii'My, are equivalents in signifi^cation,
thongh not in etymology, to the Greek avri
(anti).
t B. [FroniLat. a/i.;e = before,asa?ir(Cf>f(/c,
in Lat. anlicipo = to take beforehand ; (rntc —
before, and nfy-io^ to take.] Before, before-
liand, as anticipate. (See etymology of B.)
anti-abolitionist, s. One opjiosed to
a party in tim United States which, when
slavery existed there, sought its abolition ; or,
more generally, one opposed to the abolition
of slavery in any country where it still lingers.
anti - American, a. Opposed to the
American jieople or their aims.
anti-anarchic, a. Opposed to anarchy
or disorder. {Carhjlc : Fr. kev.. III. iv. 2.)
anti-apostle, s One opposed to the
apostles.
"The cardinals of Rome are those persons which
may be fitly styled anti-apostle.t in the Romish hierar-
chy."— Potter : On the yumb. 666, p. 96.
anti-Arminian, a. One opposed to the
Arminian tenets.
"... aaulmanybadcharacterscast oil good men,
especially on the .ftjifi-armim'aiis . . ."—Bf). Barlow
Jicmalns, p. 181.
anti ~ attrition, s. Gen., that which
opposes attrition. Spec, a mixture of plumbago
with some oily substance, or any Similar com-
position used for lubricating machinery to
diminish the eflfects of friction. (Webster.)
anti-centenarianism, s. [Gr. avrC
(anti). and Eu-j; ecntrnnriani-^m, from Lat.
•ccntinii — a hundred, and onnm = a year.]
Opposition to the a.ssertion that the persons
from time to time reported to have died aged
a century or more, had really attained to that
age.
" ArU i-centenarianism." — Heading of a paragraph
in the Times, Thursday, 8th January, 1874.
anti-chamber. [ Ante-chamekr. ]
anti-corn-law, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. Corn Law.] Opposition to
tfte Com Law or laws. The Anti-Corn-Law
League was formed in il;iiirhester on the 18th
of September, ISoS, and ultimately became a
most powerful organisation, carrying agita-
tion everywhere. The Corn Laws having
been abolished on Jime -JOth, 1846, the leasun
for the existence of the League ceased, and it
was soon afterwards dissolved.
anti-cyclone, s. [Cvcloxe.]
anti-docet£e, a. Opposed to the Docet^e
(fi-v.) or to tlieir religious tenets.
anti-dynastic, a. Opposed to the reign-
ing dynasty in any particular country.
". . )>ut the leitders of the ixipnlar movement
belong t"tlie.(/(f/-(;.v/it(sf/ofrHijtiniinf tlie Opposition '
—Bally Iv'r'jra/.h, bth OctobLT, 1B77 : Vlc.ina Corrcsp.
Opposed to the English
anti-English, i
or their aims.
"The aiiti-EnglisJi party were in the ascendant." —
Froiule: Jlist. Eng., en. xix., vol. iv., \\ ICS,
anti-Gallican, a. Opposed to the " Gal-
ilean," i.e., the French aims or aspiiations.
"One of the ojirdiiials.he [Culc-rid^e] tells ns, warneil
him, by the Pope's wish, of some plot, set on foot by
Bonaparte, for seizing him as an anti-Qallicati writer."
— De Quincci/'b Works (ed. 186a), voL ii., p. Q5.
anti-Gnostic, a. Opposed tu Gnosticism
or to the Gnostics.
"... the anti-Gnostic, or more strictly, the anti-
dooetic tendency which has been ascribed to the
gospel."— iYrciuss; Life of Jesus, Transl, (1646), § 107.
anti-Jacobin, s. One opposed to the
principles and procedure of the Jaeubins in
the first French Revolution.
"Then grew a hearty anti- Jacobin "
Byron : i'ision ofJudgme?it, 07.
*^ The word is best known as the title of a
famous satirical Tory periodical (17;iS-lS21),
the principal contributors to which were
Gilford, Huokham Frere, and Canning.
anti-Judaic, u. Opposed to what is
Jewish.
" . . the anti-Judaic party m Alexandria, of
Mliich Apion was no doubt a wortliy representative."
—Mchnan : Hist, of Jews, 3rd ed., vul. i., note to p. 70,
anti-Laudism, s. opposition uu the part
of the Puritans to the doetrme and discipline
of Archbishop Laud.
". . . Anti-Laudisms.'W ef^'binii-a^tiir Coiife^Bions."
— (.'nrlijlu: Ilerocs and Hero-Woi .sht/i. Lircc. VI.
anti-national, a. Opposed to the aims,
the procedure, or what are believed to be
the interests of one's nation.
"... could have attended tin- most ultra profes-
sions of anti-national politics, "—/Vc (iuincci/'s Wor/.n
(ed. 1863), vol. i!., p. 178.
anti-principle, s. A phm-ijile opposed
to another principle which lias been previously
specified.
". . . That besides one gi'tat cause and source of
good, there was an a^Ul-printrivic of evil, of as great
li lice and activity lu the world '—.'tpciictr.- On Prodi-
mcs, p. Hj8.
anti-prophet, s. An opponent of pio-
pliets or of prophetic revelation.
" Well therefore might St. John, when he saw so
many anti-prophets spring up, wiy, ' Hereby we know
that this is the last time.'" — Mcdu : Apostasy <if the
Later Times, p. £8.
anti-Realism, s.
Metaphys. : The system of speculative belief
opposed to that of realisin ; nominalism.
"And thus is Realism negatively justified: any
hyiiothetical uncertainty it may have is incomparably
less than that of Anii-Realism."— Herbert Spencer.
Psychol., 2nd ed., vol. ii., § 491.
anti-Realistic, d.
Mctuj'h.ys. : Opposed to what is realistic;
nominalistic, nominalist.
"... that contradiction which the anti-Realistic
conception everywhere iireseuts." — Herbert Spencer:
Psychol., 2ud ed., voL ii., § 469, p. 486.
"... we proceeded t-o value by it the Eealistic
and A nti-Rcalisliv conclusions." — Ibid., p. 491.
anti-Republican, a. Opiir-^ed to Ee-
pubhcan institutions and their ad\-nrates or
defentl*?rs.
" For the simple reason that he and the Due de
Broglie and the anti- Republican p-ij-ty are determined
not to resign the power which they accideJitally hold."
— Times, November 16th, 1877.
anti-Roman, a. Opposed to Roman
aims.
" But at this crisis the anti-Roman policv was
anvsted in its course by another movement. "^.T. A
Froiule Hist. Eng., ch. vi., vol. ii., p. 12.
anti-Socialist,
Siieiidi^ts.
Opposed to the
"The dubate on the anti- Socialist Bill cnmmt-un;'!
in to-diiy's sitting of the German Parliament," — Tnifi.
Sept. 17, 1878.
anti-Tribonian, s. A person oppijscd
to the great jurist Tribonian.
Flvrcd : A sect, the distinctive peeularity uf
which was this oppti^ition.
an-ti-ag'-id, a. &. s. [Antacid.]
an-ti'-a-des, s. pi. [The plur. of Gr. acTiag
(antias), genit. ayTtdSos (a)ttiados) = one of the
glands of the throat when swollen ; dj-Ttos
(autios) =■ opposite to ; from dvTt (antl).^
Anatomy: The tonsils,
■\n-ti-a-di'-tis, s. [Gr. dcTtds (antia.^) ; and
sulf. -i,Ti9 (Ui$) = inflammation.] [An'J'ial-ls.]
Med. : Inflammation of the tonsils.
an-ti-aph-ro-dis'-i-ac, an-ti-aph-ro-
dis'-i!-a.-cal, a. [Aktaphrodisiac. ]
an'-ti-ar, or ant'-jar, s. [Antiarts.] a
lMii-,'ni made from the upas-tree of Ja\'a>
-hitiaris toxicaria.
an-ti-ar'-ine, s. [Antj aris, ] The active
principle in the poison of the up>as-tree. [As-
TiARis.] It is obtained from the inspit,^ated
juice of the plant in shining whitish crystals,
soluble in water.
an-ti-ar'~is, s. [Latinised from Javanese
aiittai (([,v.).] A genus of plants belongiii'j; to
the order Artocarpacea?, or Artocarpads. The
antiaris toxicaria..
A. toxicaria is the famous upas-tree of Java.
[Upas.] The antiar jioison ismadefrom it. ll.s
exceedingly deletei'inus ]irnperties arise from
its containing stryrlmine. A sliirt made froin
the libre, if insuHicientiy ijrepared, exrite^
innch itching.
an-tit-ar-thrit'-ic, a. & s. [Antarthritic.^
an-ti-asth-mat'-ic, s. [Gr. aurC (anti) —
against ; Eng. asthmatic] A medicine used
against asthma. [AStasthmatic]
" Aitti-astlnnatics (Gr.), are medicines against the
shortness of bieath. " — Olossogr. J\'ooa.
an-ti-lbac-chi'-us, s. [In Fr.
.Sp. antlbuipaio ; Port, aiitihac>
Lat. ant i hi ( cch i us Fi'u
(cuitihakcheio:-) ]
Prosody: A reversed Bacchius, that is, a
foot hke the Bacchius of three syllables, but
differing from it in this respect, that wherea-s
the Bacchius has the first syllable short and
the last two long, as in he \d | te, the Anti-
bacchius has the first and second syllables
long and the third short, as in cm ] di \ re.
. ant!har}ii<jite :
xhio ; Gel it
di'Tt/3aKxet09
an-ti-bar'-bar-oiis, a. [Gr. d^Tt (anti) =
against, and Eng. baiharon^.] Against what
is barbarous. Used —
(a) Of books like those of Erasmus, Xizfilus,
and Cellarius, directed against the use of bar-
barisms in the Latin or in other tongues.
(h) Of the use of an unknown tongue iu
divine service. Peter de iMoulin employed it
in this sense. (Rees.)
an-ti-ba§i-il'-i-can, a. [(l) Gr. aVn' (onti)
= again.st, opposed to ; and Lat. ba^lica = a
building in the forum with double colonnades,
used as a court of justice and as an exchauLre
(2) A cathedral : Gr. pao-tAt/c^ (hasiliki]), saine
meaning; jSao-iAtKos (basilikos), adj. = kiii,v']\ .
royal; (Saa-tXewV (^josi^^^^s) ^king.] Ollpo^eli
to royal or ecclesiastical pomp or splendour.
an-ti-bib-li-6l'-a-try, s. [Gr. dprC (anti),
and Eng. bibliolatry.] Opposition to biblio-
latry (q.v.).
b65l, boy, poiit, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing,
-tion* -sion, -tioun = shun; -tion, -$tion =zh^n. -tious, -sious, -cious, ~ceous = shus. -ble, -die, ..vc. = bel, del-
224
antibiblos— antichristianity
'At a perioil in wliidi Bi-s. Mai-sh juid Wuidsworth
have bv thf zejilr>ii* •■! one side been cliargetl with
Popish 'in"i"til»les on account of thuir anti-bililiolatri/
. . ."—Coleridge . Aids to Rejiection, p. 115, note.
an-ti-blb'-l6s, s. [Gr. dvTL{aRti)^i\\vQti\vn\
and /St'iSAo? {hlhlos) = (1) the inner bark of the
papyrus, (2) paper, a book,]
Civil Law: An instrument by wliich a d*?^-
fendant admits that he has received a " libel,"
or a copy of it, ;ind notes tlie ilate when it
was served upon him,
an-ti-'bil'-I-oiis, «.',. [Gr. avrt (tnitiX and
Eng. hilious).^
Pharvi. : Opposed to biliousness ; c-JLi.iter-
acting biliuusnes)^.
* an-ti-lbir'-mihg-ham, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) :
Eng. Birmingham ]
Flur. : One of tlie numerons niipellations
given to those who sided with Charles II. in
refusing to exelude his brother James from
the succession.
"Opponents of the Coni-t were called Birminghanis.
. . . Those who tunk the king's side were Anti-bir-
mingliams . . ."—Mamtday : IIh<. £ng., chap. ii.
an-ti-br ach'-i-al {ch guttural), a . [Lat.
untibrachialis.] [Antidrachium.] Pertaining
to the forearm,
" . , , ' the peculiar length of arm in those ' long-
armed apes ' is chiefly due to the eicceasive length of
the a 11/ ib radii 0,1 bones." — Owen: C'lassif. of Mam-
ma/ia. p. 7S.
an-ti-brach'-i-um (ch guttural), s. [From
Lat. ('./i^e = befox"e ; and 'brachium, Gr. ^paxLtav
(hrwhL6n) = the arm, especially the forearm,
from the hand to the elbow.] the forearm.
". , . the fure;iriii. or antihrachiimi." — Flower:
Osteol. of the Mammalia (1870), p. 214.
An-ti-biir'-ghers (/' silent), ,';. yl. [Gr. avri
(a /(/ i) =: against, and Eng. hti njhrr.-^.]
ChiiTch History : A Scottish sect whicli arose
in 1747. A certain oath having been instituted
in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, to be
talten as a criterion of burghership, many
members of the Associate Synod, or Secession
Church, considered its terms to be such that
they could not conscientiously take it. Others
declared that tliey could. The Secession in
consequence split into distiuL-t bodies — the
"Burghers," who took the oath, and the
" Auti-biirghers," who refused it. Another
schism ultimately followed, owing to the con-
flict between progressive and consei'vative
ideas ; and thus there were produced four
distinct denominations — \iz., the Old Light
Burghers, the New Light Burghers, the Old
Light Anti-burghers, and the New Light Anti-
burghers. Most of these are now merged in
the United Presbyterian Church, and their
old denominations are becoming obsolete.
{Burton : Hist, Sfuthmd.)
an -tic, ^ an'-ticke, ^ an -tike, a. & s.
[In S\v. antik, adj. =(1) antique, ancient,
(2) antic ; subst. = (1) an antique, (2) an antic ;
iDan. antilc, adj. = (1) antique, (2) antic ; Fi\
antique = (1) ancient, (2) antiquated ; Sp.
antiguo^iX) antique, ancient, (2) antic ; Port.
antigo, adj. — antique, ancient ; subst. = an
antique; Ital. a /t? (CO = antique, ancient ; Lat.
aniiquus = antique, ancient. The English
antic was originally the same word as Antique
(q.v.).]
A. As adjective :
1. Antique, ancient ; old.
"At the nether ende were two hroade arches upon
thre awfifte pillers all of gold . . ," — Hall: JJen. VIII.,
an. 18, {Trench.)
2. Old-fashioned, antiquated ; out of date,
and therefore grotesque.
" A foule deforin'd, a brutish cursed crew,
lu body like to antike work devised
Of monstrous shape, and of an ugly hew."
Harrington: Ariost., vi. 61. [Ifares.)
3. Grotesque, odd, ludicrous, without any
reference to antiquity.
" "With frolio quaint their antic Jests expose,
And tease the grumbling rustic as he goes."
Byron: Hours of Idleness ; Childish Recollections.
"The prize w;is to be confened upon the whistler
that could go through his tune without laughing,
though provoked by the arUic postures of a merry-
andrew, who was to i)lay tricks."— .d(/rfwo».
" Of all our antic .sights and pageantry,
"Which English idiots run in crowds to see."
Dryden.
(See Trench on the Study of Words, p. 156 ;
English, Past and Present, p. 151.)
B. As siihstanti ir :
I. Of persons :
1. A person or being of hoar antiquity, out
of harmoii> with modern manners, and left by
jipople in societv as much as pitssible to hini-
scdt.
"... within the hollow crowu
Tliat rounds the mortal temples of a king
Keens Death his court ; and there the anti<- aits."
tihakcsp. : Rich. II., iii. 2.
2. A merry-andrew. a buffoon ; one who
dresses up fancifully, adopts odd postures, and
says what he deems smait things, with the
(ilijeet of eliciting halfpence from those who
beiiold his tricks.
'■ Fe;ir not, my lord, we can contain our.seive9,
Were he the veriest antic In the world,"
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, Ind.
II. Of things. Generally in the ■plural :
1. Works of art, specially architecture,
sculpture, or painting produced by the an-
cients ; antiques [Antique.]
2. Grotesque representations, odd imagery
or devices. [Anti-mask.]
" A work of rich entail and curious mold,
Woven with anficl.es and wyld ymau'eiy '\
Spenser : F Q , II. \ii- 4.
" For e'en at first reflection, she espies
Such toys, such antick^, and sucli vanities."
Bavies.
3. Odd tricks.
" And fraught with antics as the Indian bird
That wriujes and chatters in her wiry cage."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk, vi.
an '-tic, an'-tick, v.t. [From the substan-
tive.] To cause to assume the appearance of
an antic.
" Mine own tongue
^[■1 its what it speaks ; the wild disguise hath almost
a?ttick'd us all."
Shakesp.: Ant. and Cleop., n V.
an-ti-ca-chec'-tic, * an-ti-cha-cheC-
ticks {h silent), a. & s. [Gr._ ai/TL (niUi) =
against, and KaxeKTTjs (Jcachektes) — having a
bad habit of body ; Ka/c6s (kakos) = ^<■dd, and
k^L^ (he:ris) = a having possession ; e^w {hexo),
fut. of e'x"* (fi<^l"~A = t'^ have.]
1, As adjtirtirc : Deemed of use against a
cachectic state nf the constitution.
2. As svhstantivi: : A medicine designed to
counteract a cachectic state of the constitu-
tion.
" A nti-chachec' icks (Gr.t. Remedies that correct the
ill disposition of tlie lilood." — Glossvjr xWova
^ an'-ti-cail, s. i.Ital. avticO'jUa = (1) an-
tii[uity ; (2) monuments of it.] An antique.
(.St-of (■/;.)
"When they are diL;f,nng into old ruiiies fur anti-
cails."—^ir A. Ba/toar Letters, p. vi'J
an-ti-Cal'-vin-ist, s. [Gr. avrC ("nti) ; Eng.
Cf'?C()iiV.]
Church Hist. : One opposed in the L'alvin-
ists or their reli'duus tenets.
(rniti):
an-ti-Cal-vin-is'-tic, u. [Gr.
Eng. Cnlvinistic]
Church Hist. & Thcol. : Oi^posed to the Cal-
vinistic tenets.
an-ti-cam'-er-a, " an-te-cam'-er-a, &■
[Sp. antecavuirn, ; Ital. anticamera = ante-
chamber ; from camera = a chamber.] An
antechamber.
" . . . whereof you must foresee, that one of them
be for an infirmary, if the prince or any special person
should be sick, with chambers, bedchambers, ante-
camera and recamera, joining to it." — Bacon : Essays,
Civ. and Mor., ch. xlv,
an-ti-car'-di-iim, ^. [Gr. avriKaphiov {antl-
kardion).']
Anat.: The pit of the stomach, the scroM-
cvlvs cordis.
an-ti-car-niv'-or-oiis, a. [Gr. dvrC (anti),
and Eng. carnivorous.] Opposed to the use
of flesh as an article of food ; vegetarian.
an-ti-ca-tar'-rhal (h silent), a. & ^. [Gr.
ai/TL (anti) = against, and KaTappoo^ (katar-
roos) = a flowing down. A catarrh.] [Ca-
tarrh.]
1. As adjective : Deemed of use against
catarrh, i.e., a cold.
2. As suhstantirr : A medicine given as a
remedy against catarrh.
an-ti-cau-s6t'-ic, <t. & s. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Kava-os (Icausos) = (1) burning
heat; (2) bilious, remittent fever ; Kavo-to, later
fut. of KaCto (kald) = (1) to light, (2) to burn.]
1. As adjective: Used against a burning
fever of whatever kind.
2. As svhstantivr : A medicine used against
burning fevers. (Juncker. )
an'-ti-cham-ber. [ Akte-chajibek. ]
an'-ti-cheitr, s. [Gr. ivrix^i-p (onticUir) =
tljc thumb ; from avri (anti) = opposed to,
and xei'p (char) =the hand.]
Anat. : The thumb ; so called from being
opposed to the rest of the hand.
- an-ti-chre'-sis, s. [Gr. ii/Tt'xpijo-i? (anti-
f/i r^sis) = reciprocal usage, avrl (oiiti) = m
return, and xp'?"''-^ (chresis) = a using, an
eniployment ; xpcto/Aat (chraomai) =■ to consult
or use an oracle, to use ; XP'^'^ (chrao) = to
furnish wliat is needful.]
Old La 10 : A innrtgage.
an -ti-christ, An'-ti-christ, s, [In A.S,
Antecribt, Anticrlst ; Sw., Dan., Dut., k Ger.
Antichrist; Fr. Antechnst ; Sp. & Port. Ant^-
christo ; Ital Anticristo ; Lat. Antk-hi istus.^
From Gr. 'Avrtxpi-o-To? (Antichristos) : avri
(anti) = instead of, or = against (see Trench's
Sii)nj»iimsofthe New Testament, pp. 115—120) ;
Xpto-rd? (Christos)= Clirist.]
1. Gen.: Any uiie who denies the Father
and the Sou ; or who will not confess that
Jesus Christ is come in the flesh ; or who,
leaving the Church, x>i"eteuds to be the Christ
(or Messiah), and thus becomes a rival and
enemy of Jesus, the true Christ, a* in the
following examples.
" He is antichrist, that denieth the F.ither and the
Son."— 1 John li. 22.
"For many deceivers are entered into tlie world,
who confess not that Jesus Christ is come lu the flesh.
This is a deceiver and an antichrist." — - ./'j/m 7.
" Little children, it is the last time : and as ye have
heard that antichrist shall come, even now are there
many antichrists ; whereby we know that it is the last
time. They went out from us, but they were not of ua
, . ."—1 John IL 18, 19; compare with Matt. xxiv.
3—5. Mark xiii. 1—5, Luke xxi. 5—8.
* 2, ><j'ec. : One who should pre-eminently
stand forth as the antagonist of Uliiist, and
should be a sufficiently prominent personage
to become the theme of prophecy; or if avrl
("iiti) be held to mean insteod of [see etymo-
logy], then the characteristic of Antichrist
will be a supersession of Christ, not an
a\'owed antagonism to him. If, when St.
John says, "Ye have heard that antichrist
shall come," he refers to the rival and opjjo-
nent of God described by St. Paul in -2 Tliess.
ii, , then Antichrist is to be identified as the
•' mail of sin," " the son of perdition, and that
Wicked," of verses 3, 8. Man> Protestant
controversial writers, from Luther downwards,
have applied the name Antichrist in this
specific sense to the Papacy. (Sec the ex-
ample from Bishop Hall, as a spenmen of
a multitude nioix- scattered over the whole
i-xtcnt of English and Scotch theological
htrvatiire.)
".,4«tM.7iris(, which was conceived in the primitive
times, saw the light in Boniface the Third, and was
giuM-n to his stature and aKfJui} in (Sregoi-y the
^.^■yeuth."—B/j. Sail: Hon. qf the Jfarr. Clergy. 3, § 6.
an-ti-christ'-i-an, a. Sz s. [Gr. avTC(anti) =
;m;iinst; Eng. Christian. In Fr. antichretien ;
port, antichristao ; Ital. ant(^^rlstiar^o.]
1, .As adjective : Opposed to Christianity, or
pL'rtaining to the Antichrist of New Testament
piophecy.
"That despised, abject, oppressed sort of men, the
ministei-s, whom the world would make a nit christian,
and so deprive tliem of heaven." — South.
2. As s^ibstantivc : One opposed to Chris-
tianity, or a follower of the pi\tphetic Anti-
christ.
" A new heresy, as the flniicftris^/aTTs and priests of
the breaden God, would persuade and make their
credulous companyto believe." — Rogers: O71 the Creed,
Pref.
" To call them Christian Deists is a great abuse of
language ; unless Christians weie to be distributed
into two sorts, Christians and No-christians, or Cliris-
\Xxa3,&Vi.d^A7Vti-cliTist%ans."—WaterlaTui: C?i., p G3.
an-ti-christ'-i-an-ism, s. [Eng. antichris-
tian; -ism. In Fr. antichristianisme.] Oppo-
sition to Christianity in an individual, a party,
or a speculative tenet.
"Have we not seen many whose opinions have
fastened upon one another the bi-andsof anticJiristian-
ism > " — More : Decay of Piety.
an-ti-christ-i-an'-i-ty, s. [Gr. ii^t (anti)
= against; Eng. Christianity.] Opposition
or contrai-iety to Christianity in an indi-
vidual, a party, or a speculative tenet. (In
use identical with the previous word.)
"They breed grief of mind in a number that are
godly-minded, and ha.\e AytticJiri^tianity in such de-
testjvtion. that their iiunds are martyred with the very
sight of them iu the Church. "—2/ooA-er .■ £ccl. Pol. bk
IV., § 3.
fate, fat, f^re, amidst^ wbat, talk, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, whd, son ; miite, cub, cure^ unite, cur. rule, full : try, Syrian, ae, cie = e. ey = a. au = kw.
antichris tianize— antieontagious
^n-ti-cbrist'-i-aii-ize, v.t.
[Eng.
christian; -ize.] To turn from Christianity
those who previously <accei)ted its doctrines.
ftn-ti-chron'-i-caj, a. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and xp°y'-'^o<; (elironikos) = XJertaining
to time; xpoi'o^ (chroiws) = time.] Opposed
to or out of the proper chronological date.
S-n-ti-chron'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. anii-
chroniccd; -ly.] In an anti chronical manner.
In a manner characterised liy opposition to, or
neglect of, proper chronology. (iVehster.)
1 3,ll-tich'-r6-nisill, $. [in Ger. antichiwilsm. ]
Deviation froni proper chronology ; the placing
events in wrong order of time.
"Out cliroiiologiea Jire by tmiiBcriliiiig, intei-iiolft-
tioii, misiiriiitliig, and creeiiiujf in of antichronisms,
now and tlieu stniugely disordered," — .SeWeji; Oh
Drayton's Polyolb., Song i.
^-tich'-tll6n» s. [Gr. avrC (anti) = on the
opposite side of, and x^wi/ (chthon) = country.]
One of the Antipodes. (Bp. Hall : Works, v.
478.)
an-ti9'-i-pant, a. [Lat. aatidpans, pr. par.
of antici'pQ = to take "beforehand, to antici-
pate.] [Akticipate.] Anticipating, in anti-
cipation of.
Med. : A tenn used of periodic fevers or
other diseases in which the paroxysms arrive
earlier than their normal period, the succcs-
si\-e inteiTals of respite diminishing from day
to day. (Parr.)
an-tig'-i-pate, v.t. & i. [In Ger. W.ntiii-
piren ; Pr. antlcipcr ; Sp, anticipur ; Port.
antccipar; Ital. antiripan:. From Lat. anti-
cipo = to take beforehand ; ante = liefore, and
capio = to take, from the root cap.'}
A. Transit ice :
1. To take before another person has had
time to do so, and thus preclude his gaining
possession at all. Or to perform a work be-
fore he has had time to extjcute it, and thus
render his services in the matter needless ; to
be beforehand with one.
" . . . he would i^robably li.'n'e died by tlie hiind
of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not
been inuicipated by the poimlace." — Macaiilay : Ilhf.
Eiuj., ch. XX.
" Anticipated rents, and bills unpaid,
Force many o. shlniug youth into the nhnde."
Cotvper : Itvtircmcnt.
2. To say or do anything before the appro-
priate, or at least the normal, time for it has
come.
{(') In a speech or literary compnsitiou, to
say or write anything before the time or place
at which it should appropriately be intro-
duced.
(ft) To caiTy out an exjieiteil command be-
fore it is given, or conjectured wishes before
they are uttererl in speech.
" The diuuei' served, Ch'ii k*s tikfs his usual stand,
Watches your eye, "uf/ci/jafc^ (.■ommaiid."
Cowper : Trii'h.
" . . would have done wisely as well as riuditlv
}yy atiticipffinff the wishes of the country."— J/tiviu-
lai/ : Iliat. Eng.,c\\. xxi.
3. To realise a future event, and feel as one
would if it had already arrived ; or simply to
exiieet a future event to happen.
'■ Timid men were anticipating another civil war."—
Macaiilay: Hist. Eng., ch. xviil.
'• Now, it looks as if this important and nntiripntcd
result has been established."— yimes, April 2u, 1875;
Tran-iU of 1'enu.i.
"B. Intransitive : To say or write anything
before the time or jilaee at which it should
appropriately be introduced into a siieech cr
literary composition.
"I And I have anticipated already, and taken up
from Boccace before I come to him ; but I am of the
teinjier of kln^s, who are for present money, no matter
how they pay it."— Dri/di-n
S>n-ti9'-i-pa-ted, 2ia. jittr. &. a. [Anticipate.]
* Sjl-ti9'~i-pate-l^, adv. [Eng. anticipate ;
-ly.] By anticipation.
"It may well be deemed a sinj'ular mark of favour
that our Lord did intend to bestow upon all pastors,
that he did antidpately promise to Peter."— Barrow ."
On the Pope's Supremacy.
Sill-ti^'-i-pa-tmg, pr. par. & a.
"... an active and anticipating intelligence."—
Owen : Class!/, of Mammalia, p. 62.
an-ti[9-i-pa'-tion, .s. [In Fr. rmtiripcitimi .■
Sp. oiiticipacinii ; Port, anticiparno, cm feci -
pagao ; Ital. antidpazione From Liit. nnti-
cipatio = (1) a preconception, an innate idea ;
{'!) the flrstniovementsof the body in infancy ;
(:0 Rliet, occupation, prolepsis : from anti-
cipo = to anticipate.]
A. Ord. Lang. ; The act of anticipating ;
the thing anticipated.
Specially :
1. The act of forming a preconceived notion
of any Being, person, or thing ; the formation
of an opinion before the grounds on which it
can be safely based are known ; the thing
thus preconceived, a prejudice.
" Wliat nation is there, that, without any teaching,
have not a kind of anticipation, or jweconceived
notion of a nuity '.'" — Dunham.
"Of the great error of in<.|uiring knowledge hi antici-
pations. That I call anticipations, the voluntary col-
lections that the mind maketh of knowledjre, which
is every man's reason." — Bacon: Jnterpr. of jVature,
ch, XV.
2. The act of saying, writing, or doing
something before the natural time for giving
attention to it has arrived.
" The golden nimiber gives the new moon four days
too late by reason of the .ifoie.'*aid anticipatioii, and
our neglect of it." — Holder.
3. The act of realising a future event, and
feeling or acting as one would do if it had
actually arrived. The a<.-t of foreseeing, or at
least of expecting a future e^-ent, or providing
for a future necessity.
"If we really live under the hope of future hajipi-
ness, we shall taste it by way of "uticijjation and fore-
thought ; au image of it will meet oiu' minds often,
and stay there, as all pleasing expectations do." —
Jtterbiiry.
" But whose achievements, marvellous as they be.
Are faint a^Uicipations of a glory
About to lie i'e\ ealed. "
Robert Browning : Paracelans.
B. Tecliniadln :
1. Mvd.: The attack nf a fever IjclWre its
usual time. (Coxe.)
2. Paint i ii-O : The expression of an expected
action.
3. Lfifji'- : A presumiition. prejudice, or pre-
conceived opinion. It is called also precon-
ception', presentation, or instinct.
4. EpiniiTOii PMlmopk'n : The first idea or
detiniti<)n of anything.
5. Rhetoric: A figure, called also Prolepsis
(q.V.).
6. Mu'iir : The nbtrnsif^m of a elinrd njion a
syncopated note to wliich it forms a discord.
(Busby. )
an-ti9'-i-pa-tive, a. [Eng. milii-ipvii' ; -Ivc.]
Anticipiating, containing an anticipation.
(S. r. Coleridge.)
S,n-ti9'-i-pa-tor, 5. [Lat. anticipator;
Ital. anticipate re.} (Jne wlio anticipates.
(IVehster.)
an-ti9'-i-pa-t6r-y, a. [Eng. anticipator:
-1/.] Anticipating, foreseeing, forecasting;
containing or implying an anticipation of
some future event,
*an'-tick, s. iamtic]
an-ti-clas'-tic, a (As if from Gr. avTiKkarr-
TtKos (aJiizci{(s(tA;os) = bentback.] [Anticlinal.]
Noting a curve, as that of a saddle, or tlie
inner surface of an anchor ring, which inter-
sects its tangent plane at the point of contact,
and bends away from it, partly on one side of
it, and partly on the other. Opposed to
synclastic, which notes curves like the surface
of a sphere. (Cent. Dht.)
S,n-ti-cli'-max, 5. [Gr. dm' (a nti) = opposite
to, or the opposite of ; and KKlfxa^ (kliina£) = a
ladder or staircase . . . ; (Rh^t), a climax.]
Rhet. : The opposite of a climax. As in a
climax the ideas increase in grandeur as the
sentence advances, so in the anti-climax they
sink lower and lower as the sentence proceeds.
The effect in the former case is sublime ; in
the latter, ridiculous. The example of an
anti-climax most frequently given (and there
could scarcely be a better one) is the follow-
ing:—
" Next conies Dalhouasie, the great god of war.
Lieutenant-cornel to the earl of Mar."
an-ti-cli'-nal, a. & '- [Gr. avriKXCvui (anti-
klina) = to lean on .igam ; avrC (anti) —
against, and kXCvui (kl>>n,) — to make to bend
or slant.]
A. -I.'^ ruljective :
1, drol. : So situated that the strata dip
from it in opposite directions.
", . . inamiJid anticlinal flexure."— ,l/((rt7iwo« :
Siluria, ch. vi.
". . . one of the anticlinal ridges of the Jm-a."'
— Lyell: Manual of GeoL, ch. v.
Anticlinal axis or aiiticlinal line: An
imaginary line on the two sides of whicli tlie
strata dip in opposite directions. The two
sloping sides of the roof of a house resemble
strata in an anticlinal position, and the ridge
running lengthwise along the roof is like an
anticlinal axis or line. Anticlinal is con-
trasted with synclinal (q.v.). In the majority
section of anticlinal STRATA.
of eases an anticlinal axis forms a ridge, and
a synclinal one a valley ; but there are excep-
tions to this rule. (Lyell: Manual of (kol,
ch. V.)
2. Anat. : Presenting a certain remote
resemblance to a geological anticlinal axis.
Anticlinal vertebra: A vertebra which has
an npright spine towards which the others are
directed. (Flower: Osteol. of the Manunalio ,
lS7(i, p. 47.)
B. As svh^tantive : The same asa» anticlinal
arAs or line (q.v.).
"The Silurian and Devonian rocks art- thrown up
into a number of narrow anticlinals." — Dultc of
Argyle: Q. J- Geol. Soc, vol. ,'
,, p. Ixv.
t an-ti-clin'-ic, an-ti-clin'-ic-al, u. [An-
ticlinal.] Tlie same as Anticlinal.
S,n'-tic-ly, ' an'-tick-ly, "'/)•. [Eng. antic;
-ly.] Like an antic, after the manner of an
antick.
"Scrambling, out-facing, fashion-mongringboya,
That lye. aiid cog, and flout, deprave and slander,
Go iiiiticldi/. and shew au outward hideousness,
And siieak off half-a-dozen dangerous words."
Shakesp.: Much Ado About Nothing, v. 1,
'^ an'-tic-maslt. Another spelling of Anti-
mask, as if from Eng. Antic (q.v.).
an-tic-ne'-mi-on, s. [Gr. ai/riKt^/xioi/ (an-
iikntiirilon) = \'\w shin, the leg: avTi (anti) =^
against, and kvtjVij (tur/j^r)— the part of the
leg between the knee and ankle ; the leg.]
Anatomy : The bone of the shin.
* an'-tic-ness, ^n'-tick-ness, s. [Eng.
a)itic: -ness.\ Tlie state or quality of being
" antic." [Antic, a.]
" Rom. And 'tis believ'd how practice quickly
fashioned,
A port of humourous anticknesx in carriage.
Discourse, demeanour, gestiires."
Ford: Fancies, iv. 2. {Ricliardson.)
an-ti-c6l-ic» a. [Gr. avrC (ajz^i) = against,
KtoAtKos (kolikos) = suffering in the kwAoi'
(lolon), having the colic] Deemed of use
against colic.
an-ti-con-sti-tu'-tion-al, a. [Gr. ivrC
(rni/i) = against ; Eng. cinistitiition; -al. In
Fr. anticonstituiionnel.] Opjiosed to the con-
stitution of the country, or to sound constitu-
tional principles.
" Nothing can be more easy than the creation of an
anti- constitutional deiiendeuci^ of the two Houses of
Parliament on the Crown will be in that case."—
Bolingbrohe : On Parties, Lett. 19.
an-ti-con-sti-tu'-tion-al-ist, s. [Gr. kvri
(an(i) = against ; Eng. constitutional, -ist.]
1. One opposed to the constitution of the
country, or oii]iosed to sound constitutional
jirinciples. (Wci)'^icr.)
2. One op]iosed to the political party calling
themselves the constitutionalists.
an-ti-c6n-ta-gi-6n-ist, s. [Gr. avTC(anti)
= against ; Eng. cnntagion, -ist] One who
oppnses the view that any particular disease,
generally believed to be transmitted by con-
tact with those suffering from it, is really
contagious. (Webster.)
an-ti-c6n-ta'-gi-ous, a. [Gr. avrC (anAi) =
against : and Eng. conta'iloits.] Believed to
have the property of neutralising contagion.
b8il, boy; pout» j<$^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = sban. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
15
226
anticonvulsive— antievangelical
an-ti-c6n-vul'-sive, a. [Gr. aprC {anti) —
;ig:iiiist ; and Eiig. mnviihive (in Fr. rjinvul-
.Si"/).] Deemed of use against L-oiivulsions
■'>Vli;vt3oever vroilncea .■iii inflaimiiatciry disiinsitinii
ill the bluod, prodiicea the aathiufi, iis (uiti-cjiiiHilsU'e
nitii\wmes."—Floi/cr.
S,n'-ti-COr, 5. [Gr. ai'Ti (a/</0 = 'n"'posite to;
iiiKl Fr. cceia; Lut. cur = the heart.] (For def.
sec ('x;inii)lL-.)
"A preteniatunil swelling of a i-ound fljfiive occa-
sioned by a sanguine and biliona hninoiir, and appeav-
itik! in a horse's brejwt, opposite to his heart. An
ailiicor may kill a liorae, nnleas it he lirouglit to a
suppuration by good reiuedies."— /'rfmer'N Diet.
a,n-ti-c6§-met-ic, an-ti-c6§-met'-ick,
cf.&s. \iiv. di'ji {i' nti) = iv^am'i'.t, and Koa-fj-ri-
TiKos (l.-o.^iiu'tih-'is) = skilleil in decorating;
Koa-ixeM (kosvieo) = to adorn ; koujuos {kosmos)
= order . decoration.]
1, ,1.'^ ail lecti ra : Destructive of or detrl-
niL-ntal tolieauty.
" I would have liim apply his anti-!:osmefick wash to
the painted face of female he\i\ity."—L!/tncfon.
2. As auh'^tcutive : A preparation which
destroys beauty.
* SiJl'-ti-COUrt, n. [Gr civTL (auti) = against ;
.and Eng. court] Oii])used to the court.
"The anti-coitrt ]'arty I'oiirted hini at such a rate,
that he feared it miglit create a jealousy elsewhere."'—
Jicresby: Mem... p. ISIf.
3,n'-ti-c6urt-i-er, s. [Gr. acn' (anti) =
against; and Eng. courtier.] One opposed tn
the courtiers, or to the political party then in
favour at court. (Ash.)
f an'-ti-coiis, ft. [Lat anfi.cvs= in front,
foremost ; ante = before.]
Botany : Turned towards the axis to whicli
it appertains. Brown applies totliose anthers
which have their line of dehiscence towards
the pistil the term antlcK; other botanists
call them intrurscn, meanings turned towards.
(Lindley.)
an -ti- ere -a'- tor, s. [Gr. acn' (niUi) =
against ; and Eng. crrntor.]
1. One who has the impiety and folly to
opjiose the Creator.
2. One who is the opposite of the creator
of anything.
" Let him aak the author of tbo.'ie toothless satires,
who waa the maker, or ra.ther the anti-creator of that
universal foolery."— J/(7tti/( .' Apol. for Smcctym.
an'-ti-5y-Cl6ne, &-. [Gr. avri {anil) = mark-
ing opposition, and Eng. cyclone (q.v.).] A
meteorological plienomenon consisting of a
high barometric pressure over a limited region
— with the jiressure highest in the centre—
and having light winds with a rotatory out-
ward flow. In the summer it is accompanied
with hot and in the winter witli cold weather.
aii-ti-d.ein-6-crS.t' ic, an-ti-dem-o-
crat'-i-cal, o. [Gr. avrC (anti) — ■Agninst;
Eng. dcnw'cratic, ■v"!.] Opposed to demo-
cratic government or to the democracy them-
selves. (Webster.)
an-ti-des'-ma, .?. [In Fr. antUlesme ; Or. dvTi
(antl) ~ instead of, and 5ecr/x6s (desnios) = a
bond, a fetter. So named because its bark is
used in making ropes ] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Stilaginaceie, or Anti-
dcsmads. It consists of tree^i or shrubs with
the inflorescence in spikes, and the leaves,
which are alternate, simple and entire. About
tliirty species have been described ; they are
found in India, Africa. Australia, and the parts
ndjacent. The cnnant-like drupes of A.
piihracniis, as mentioned by Roxburgh, are
eaten by the natives of India. The leaves of
A. iOcxi'tn-in. have been named as one of the
multifarious Eastern remedies for snake-bite,
but there is no reason to believe them effec-
tive. It is a middii--sized evergreen tree, with
leaves like those of the lemon, and the fruit,
which is red and acid like the barberry, in
riiremes.
an-ti-des'-mads, s.vl- [Antidesma.] The
English ^lanie given by Dr. Lindley to the
order of plants ciilled in Latin Stilaginacea^
It contain.s the genera Stilago and Antidesma.
[STILAGTNACE.E.]
An-ti-di-ko-mar-i-an-i-tse (lat.), An-
ti-di-ko-mar'-i-an-iteg (Eng.), s, v^.
[Gr. 'Ai/TtSiKo^aptai'i.Vai, (Aiithliliiiiuirix' niti<i)
= ndversaries of Mary.]
Church History: The name given to those
Arabians who, in the 4th century, lield with
Bonosus and Helvidius that the bretliren of
Jesus (see Matt. xiii. 55 ; 1 Cor. ix. 5, tfcc.)
were real brother.s uf His, born to Joseph and
Mary after His miraculous nativity,
an -ti- do -96 '-tic, a. [Gr. avri (antl) =
against, and Eng. Docetic] Against tlie Do-
cetic doctrines ; against the doctrines of the
Docette (q.v.).
"... the anti-G-noatic, or, more strictly, the iintl-
floce^ic tendency which haa been ascribed to the gusiiel
[of John]."— Strauss ; Life of Jesus (Tranalation 18-16),
t an-ti-di'-nick, 5. [Gr. avrC (anti) — against,
and Sti-o? (dlnos) = (1) a whirl, an eddy ; (2)
vertigo, dizziness.] A medicine given to coun-
teract dizziness.] (Glossogr. Nova, 2nd ed.)
an-ti-do'-tal, a. [Eng. antidutc ; -al.] Per-
taining to an antidote ; considered as litted to
neutralise the effects of poison.
"That bezoar is antidotal, we shall not deny."—
"Animals that can innoxioualy digest these poisons,
become antidotal to the poison digested." — Brownv :
Vulgar Errours.
an-ti-do'-tal-ly, nf:Z('. [Eng, antidotal; -hj.]
In the manner of an antidote ; by way of
antidote.
"The Africans, men best experienced in poisons,
afflrine whosoever hath eaten liasil, although he be
stung with a seon>ioii, shall feel no pain theroby ;
whicn is a very different effect, and rather antidotnlln
destroying than generally promoting its production."
—Burton: Anat. of Melancholy, vol ii., en. 7.
an-ti-do'-tar-y", a, k s. [Low Lat. mitido-
tarius = pertaining to an antidnte, from anti-
datum; Gr. avrlSoTov (antidoton).'}
A. As adjective : Antidotal.
B. As suhstan-t i fc. [In Sp. antidi>tario = a
dispensary; Hediiev. Lat. anti'lotarium.]
1. A book giving directions as to the pre-
paration of the several medicines.
"Ant. Guiaiieriiis in his antielotary hath many
such." — Burton : Anat. of Melanckoli/, p. 36.
2. A dispensary, a place where medicines
are dispensed.
an'-ti-dote (Eng.), " an-ti-do'-tum (Lat.).
[In Fr. antidote; Sp., Port., & Ital. antidoto ;
Lat antidotinn. Fi'om Gr. oli'tlSotoi' (anti-
doten) =^ a remedy, an antidote, jirojierly the
neut. of adj. avrlSoTog (a)itnlotos) = given as
a remedy: avrC (anti) ^= SLsa.inst, and Soros
(dotos) = given ; SCSuifXL (didomi) to give.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1, Lit. : In the same sense as II. (Med.)
"... to find the anthlotmn for this disease irf
impossible."— /Report on the State ctf JreUuul, 1515,
{State Papers, vol. ii., p. 18.)
" And the antidotes for poihons,'
Longfellow .- The Song uf UiawatJia, xv.
2. Fig. : Whatever acts or is designed for
the counteraction of any evil.
"Mac. . . . can' st thou
"With some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the atuft"d bo&om of that i)eriloua stuff
That weighs ui^on the heart?"
Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 3.
" In guid time comes an antidote
Against siu poisou'd nostrum."
Burns: The Boli/ Fair.
II. Teclinicolhj :
Med. : A medicine designed to counteract
the influence cf poison introduced by any
means into the system. InGarrod's classitiea-
tion, Antidotes figure as Order 1 of his Divi-
sion III. He discriminates them into dinjrt
and indirect antidotes ; the former neutralising
or destroying the poison against which they
are prescribed on meeting it in the system ;
the latter counteracting its injiu-ions pliysio-
logical effects. He gives a classified list of
tlie more common poisons, witli their respec-
tive antidotes. It commences with "(a)Acidi.
counteracted l)y magnesia, chalk, and dilute
solutions of alkaline carbonates ; (h) Alkalies
and Alkaline enrtlis, to which the antidotes
are first ^■inegar and water, or second, oil ; (c)
nlkatoids, against wliich should be adminis-
tered finely dinded animal charcoal." (Sec
I'drrod's Materia Mcdim. 3rd ed., 1S68, I'p.
420, 4:^1.)
t an'-ti-dote, 1'. f. [From the substantive.] To
give as a remedy against poison (lit, &fig.).
it may be followed —
(ri) by an objective of the person to whom
the remeily is administered :
". . . a>T,iilorc thyself against the idolatrous in-
fection of that strauge woman's breath, whose lips yet
drop aa an honeycomb. "~-J/ore .■ Against Idolatry.
eh. X.
Or (h) by an objective of the poison ad-
mini.stered, or the thing containing the i)Oison.
"Either they were first unhappily jjlanted in some
ijlace ol ill and vicious education, where the devil and
his agents infused such diabolical filth and poison into
their hearts, that no discipline or advice, no serniona
or sacraments, could ever after antidote or work it
out." — South: Serin., vl. 3C7,
" Fill us with great idea.s, full of heaven.
And antidote the pestilential earth."
Voung : Night Tlioughts, 9.
an-ti-do'-tic-al, a. [Eng. antidote; -ical^
Pertaining to an antidote, suitable for an anti-
dote, used as an antidote. (Webster.)
an-ti-do'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. antldotlcal ;
-!y.] After the manner of an antidote. By.
way of antidote. (Urowne, quoted by Webster.)
an-ti-do'-tum, s. [Antidote.]
an-tid'-rom-al, a. [Gr. ai/Tifipojueoj (anti-
ilrfuned) = to run against ; or avrC (anti) =■
against, and fipoju-o? (drovws) = a course,
running; Spaf/.di^ (dravicin), 2 aor. = to run.]
Pertaining to that whicli runs against another.
Bot. : A term used of the cyme in mono-
cotyledonous plants wJien the direction of the
spire is tlie reverse of that on the central
stem. (Lindley: Introd. to Botany.)
an-ti-dys-en-ter'-ic, * S,n-ti-dys-en-
ter'-ick, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) = against, and
Eng. dysenteric] A medicine given against
dysenteiy. (Glossogr. Nova, 2nd ed.)
an-ti-dys-ur'-ic, a. [Gr. ivrC (anti) =
against, and Bva-ovpia (dusouria) =■ dysury,
retention of urine.] Deemed of use against
dysury.
an-ti-ed'-rite, s. [In Ger. antiedrit ; Gr.
arrt (anti) = <iver against ; eSpa (h^idra) = a
seat ... a base, and sufF. -ite.] A mineral,
called also Edingtonite (q.v.).
S-n-ti-em-et'-ic, * an-ti-em-et'-icks, a.
& s. [Gr. acTt (anti) =■ agaiii-st, and e/iertKos
(emetikos) — provoking sickness, emetic]
1. As adjective : Opposed to the action pro-
duced by an emetic — namely, vomiting ; given
to allay vomiting.
2. As sidjstantive : A remedy employed to
check vomiting. (Glossog. Nova., 2nd ed.)
an-ti-en-ne-a-lie -dral, a. [Gr. avrC (anti)
= iigainst; ei'i/ea (ennea) =■ nine, and eSpa
(hedra) = a sitting place, a seat . . a base.]
Crystallograiihy : Having nine faces on two
opposite ].)arts of the crystal. (Cleaveland.)
^ an'-tient. [Ancient. ]
an-ti-en-thu-^i-as'-tic, " 3,n-ti-en-thu-
§i-as'-tick, a. [Gr. ai-rt (anti) = against,
and Eng. enthusiastic] Opposed to anything
enthusiastic ; resisting enthusiasm.
"According to the antl-enthusiaatick i»efs method."
—Sliaftesbury.
an -tien't-ry, s The same as Ancientry
(q.v.).
t an-ti-eph-i-al'-tic, a. [Gr. a.vTC(antl) =
against, and e^iaA-rrj? {eph in}tr_.i) = owa -who
leaps upon, . . . the nightmare.] Used
against the nightmare. (Castle : Lcvic. Phar-
'iiuiceut,, 2nd ed., IS2T.)
a,n-ti-ep-il-ep'-tic, ^ an-ti-ep-il-ep-
tick, a. & s. [Gr. ai'Tt (a?i(/) = against, and
kTvi\-(]KTLK6<; (epileptikos) = epileptic. [Ant-
EPlLEFriC]
1. As adjective : Deemed of use against
epilepsy.
2. As substantive: A remedy administered
in cases of epilepsy. (Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed.)
an-ti-ep-is'-cop-al, a. [Gr. avn' (aMti) =
against, and Eng. Cjiixrupnl. In Fr. o.niiepis-
co^xlI.] Opposed to episcopacy.
" Had I gratified their anti-episcopal faction at first,
in this point, with my consent, and sacrificed the
ecclesiiistical government and revenues to the fury of
their covetousness, ambition, and revenge, , . ," —
A'. Charles I. : JSik. Bas., ch. ix,
"As for their principles, take them as I find them
laid down by the anti-episcopal writers."— /J/-. Ilickes :
30Wt Jan. Semn., p. l",
an-ti-e-vau-gel'-ic-al, a. [Gr. avri (anti)
= ag;iinst, and Eng. evangelical. In Fr. oMi-
crniigetique.] opposed to evangelical doctrine.
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, w^et, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
antiface— antilope
227
^Jl'-ti-f^^e, s. [Gr. avrC (aiiti) ^ opposed to,
and Eng. face.] Tho face with characteristics
exactly the opposite of those possessed by
another one.
"The third is your soldier's face, ;i menacing and
astounding face, that looks broad and hig : the ex-ace of
this fate consisteth luuuh in a heard, 'ilie arUifo-ce to
this ia your lawyer's face, a contracted, subtile, and
intricate face, &c."—B. yonson; Canth Jiev.
Sn-ti-fan-^t -ic, * ^n-ti-fan-at'-ick, s.
[Gr. tLvri (a»ifO = against, and Eiig. fanatic]
One opposed to fanatics or to fanaticism.
"What fanatick, against whom he so often inveighs,
could more presumptuously affirm whom the conifoi-ter
hath empowered, than this anti-fana/ick, as he would
be thougntK" — Jfilton: 2fotei on Griffith's HernLon.
gjl-ti-fe'-brile, a. & s. [From Gr. avri (anti)
= against, and Eng. febrile. Or from Fr. anfi-
febriie ; Lat. febrilis = producing fever ; fchrls
= a fever.]
A. As adjecti ve : Deemed of use against
fever. (Webster.)
' ' Antl/ebj^e medicines check the ebullition." —
Floi/cr.
B. As substa7ttlve : A medicine deemed of
use against fever ; a febrifuge.
&n-ti-fed'-er-al, a. [Gr. avH (anti) =
against, and Eng. /ederaZ ; -isin.] Opposed to
Federalism. (Webster.)
1. Opposed to federation or its advocates.
At the formation of the United States on a
federal basis, opposing that constitution for
the new nation. (Webster.)
2. Ill t]ie American War of 1861-5 : Opposed
to the Federalists.
S,n-ti-fed'-er-al-i§in, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. federation.] Opposed to
Federalism. (Webster. )
S-n-ti-fed'-er-al-ist, s. [Gr. irrt (anti) =
against, and Eng. Federalist.]
1, At the formation of the constitiition of the
United States : One opposed to Federalism or
its advocates. (Webster.)
2. In the American JFaro/lSGl-5 : Opposed
to the Federalists.
3.n-ti-flS.t'-ter-iftg, a. [Gr. avTC ((niti) =
against, and Eng. Jiattarlng.] Opposed to the
practice of flattering people ; also who or
which in fact does not flatter, but tiie reverse.
"Satire is a kind of uiiti-jlatt erhig glass, which
shews UB nothing but deformities in the objects we
contemplate iniV—Lelany : Observ. on Ld. Orrery,
p. 144.
^n-ti-fl^t'-u-lent, n. [Gr. kvTi (anti) =
against, and Eng. Jlatiilent.] Deemed of use
against flatulence. (Webster.)
S,n-ti-gal-ac'-tic, s. [Gr. avrC (oiiti) =
against, and yoXa/criKos (gidaktikos) = milky ;
from yd\a. (gala), genit. yd\aKTo<; (gulaJctos) =
milk.] A medicinal substance Jitted to di-
minish the secretion of milk. (tVehster.)
An-tig'-on-e, s. [Gr. 'AvTCyovr) (Antigone), a
feminine proper name. ]
1. Classical Mythology :
(a) The daiig] iter of CEdipus, king of Thebes,
who was most dutiful to her blind father.
(b) A daughter of Laoniedon, king of Troy.
Presuming to set herself up as a rival iu
beauty to Juno, slie was changed into a stork.
(c) A play on this subject by Sophocles.
(d) A musical setting of a version of the
play by Mendelssohn.
2. Astronomy : An asteroid. No. 129. It was
discovered by Peters, February 5th, 1S73.
3,n-tig'-6r-ite, s. [From Antigorio Valley,
in Piedmont, where it is found.] A mineral,
a variety of lamellar Serpentine, of a brownish-
green colour by reflected, and a leek-gi'een by
transmitted light.
^n'-ti-gr^ph, s. [Gr. a.vTiypa6^ (antigraphy)
= (1) a reply in writing ; (2) an answer in
law ; (3) a copy.] A tianseript ; a copy.
an-ti-giig'-gler, 5. [Gr. ivTt(«u^") = against,
and Eng. guggler, from gvggle, the same as
gurgle.] A bent tube, one end of which is
introduced into a bottle to enable the liquor
to be drawn off without tlie gurgling sound
usually heard on such occasions. (Webster.)
^n-ti-hec'-tic. * an-ti-hec'-tick^ a. & s.
[Gr. dvTL (a»(t)= against, and cktikos (helii-
Kos)— . . . hectic, consumptive.]
A. As' ailjtctice : Deemed of use against
heetic fever.
B. As substantive : A medicine used against
hectic fever. (Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.)
^n-ti-he'-lix, s. Another form of Anthelix.
zin-tiE-hy-dro-phob'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. avri
(anti) — against, and vSpo^o^LKo^ (huarophobl-
7cos)= pertaining to or seized with hydrophobia.
A. As adjective: Used to counteract hydro-
phobia.
B. As siibstantive : A medicine given to
counteract hydrophobia.
an-ti-hy-drop'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. avri (aRil)=
against, and Eng. hydropic]
A, As adjective: Used to counteract drop.sy.
B. As substantive : A medicine given to
counteract dropsy.
a.n - ti - hyp - not- ic, an - thyp - not- ic,
* an-ti-hyp-not'-ick, a. & s. [Gr. clvtC
(anti) = against, and Eng. hypnotic.]
A. As adjective : Tending to prevent sleep.
B, As substantive: A medicine given in
cases when it is needful to prevent sleep.
an-tx-h^p-6-ch6n'-dri-ac» &n-thyp-o-
chon'-dri-ac, ^ an-ti-hy p-o-chon' -
dri-sick, a. & s. [Gr. ivrC (anti) = agninst,
and Eng. hypochondriac ; from Gr.vjroxocSpi.a-
k6<; (h^ipochond riakos) = aKected in the hypo-
chondrion (q.v.).]
A. As adjective : Deemed of use ngainst
hypoehnridria. (Webster.)
B. As substantive : A medicine given .igainst
hypochondria. (Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed.)
S,n-ti-hy-p6ph'-6r-a, ^n-th^^-poph-
or-a, s. [Gr. avOviro^opd (anthupophora) =
an objection ; avfluTro^epu (anthupophero) ~ to
urge by way of objection against.]
Rluit.: A figure by which an objection is
refuted by a contrary inference occui'ring in
some sentence or other. (Johnson.)
3,n-ti-hys-ter'-ic, &n-thys-ter'-ic, ^ an-
ti-hJ^S-ter'-ick, a. & s. [Eng. hysteric, from
Gr. avTt (cniii) ^ against, and vo-rept/cos (hvs-
terikos) = hysterical.] [Hvsterics.]
A. As adjective : Deemed of use against
liysteria. (Webster.)
B. As snbsto.ntive : [In Fr. ante.hybh}rique ;
Port, antihysterico], A medicine used against
hysteria.
"It raiHeth the spirits, and is an excellent aitti-
hysterick, not leas innocent than ixjtent."— /i^. Bvr-
kele// : Siru, 99.
"-(ni(-7iy8((;rtcA»are undoubtedly serviceable in mad-
ness arising from some sorts of spasmodick diaorders,"
—Battle: On Madness.
an-ti-le-gom'-en-a, s. pi. [Gr. a.vTL\iyofX€va
(antilegomcnu) = disputed, contradicted, pr.
par. pass, of ai'TiA.eyw (antilego) =. to speak
against : am' (aiitl) = against, and Acyw (lego)
= ... to speak.]
Biblical Critirism : A term borrowed from
Eusebius, and still in use for those books of
fcjcripture which were not at first universally
received throughout the Churches. The Anti-
legoniena were the Epistle to the Hebrews,
James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and
Revelation. The term is opposed to Homo-
LOGOUMENA (q.V.).
an-ti-lith'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. icTt (aiitt) =
against, and KiBikos (U(/tifcos) = pertaining to
stones ; \t5os (liihos) = a stone.]
A, As adjective: Tending to check the depo-
sition of calculi in the bladder, or destroy
them when fonned. (Webster.)
B. As substantive : A medicine designed to
cheek the deposition of calculi in the bladder,
or destroy them when formed; a lithon-
thryptie. (Webskr.)
Plural. AntiUthics : The medicines just
described.
an-ti-lith-6-trip'-tist, s. [Gr. ivrl (anti)
= against ; Ai0o? (lithos) = a .stone, and rptTmjs
(triptes) = 6ne who rubs, from rpt^w (tribo) =
to rub.] One opposed to lithotripsy ; one who
does not approve of the practice of attempting
to remove a calculus from the bladder by the
process of trituration. Qfebsier.)
an-ti-ld'-bi-um, s. [Meai;ev. Lat antih-
bium, from Gr. avrC (anti) = oj>posite to, and
Ao^d? (lobos) = the lobe or lower part of the
ear.]
Anat. : The part opposed to the lobe of the
ear : the tragus.
an-ti-l6g'-ar-ithni» s. [Gr. diri (anti) =
against, and Eug. logarithm.]
* 1. The complement of the logarithm of a
sine, tangent, or secant, i.e., the difference of
that logarithm from the logarithm of 90'.
2. The number to a logarithm : thus, on
Briggs's system, since 3 i.s the logarithm of
1,000, 1,000 is the antilogaiithm of 3.
an-ti~log'-ic-al, a. [Gr. durC (ajiii)=against,
and Eng. logical] Contrary to logic, illogical.
(Coleridge.)
an~til'-6g-ous, a. [Gr. oVTiA.0709 (antilogos)
= contradictory: dvrC (anti) = against, and
A670S (logos) = proportion.] Reverse.
Pyro-electricity. Antilogoits pole : The end
of a crystal which shows 'negative electricity
when heated, and positive when cooled. It
is opposed to the analogous ]iole (q.v.).
an-til'-6-gy, s. [In Fr. antilogie ; Sp. & Port.
antilogia. From Gr. dvTiKoyCa (antilogia) =
controversy, disputation : dvTi (anti) = against,
■ and Ad-yos (logos) = a word, a thought, reason.]
Contradiction between different passages iu
the same author. (Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed.)
an-ti-loi'-mic, * au-ti-loi'-mick, s. [Gr.
dvTi (anti) = against, and Aoi^ti/cds (loimikos) =
pestilential, from Aol/ao? (loimos) = the plague.]
A medicine given against the plague.
Antilomics (plur.) : Medicines of the kind
now described : such as chlorine, nitric acid,
muriatic acid, &ic. (Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed.)
an-til'-6-pe, s. [For etym. see Antelope.]
A genus of ruminating animals belonging to
the family Bovidte. They have more or less
cylindrical horns, often annulatcd, and, in
some cases, s-ib-orbital sinuses and inguinal
pores. Linnieus placed thefew species known
to him partly under his genus Capra (Goats),
and partly under Cervus (Stags), and they
have a certain affinity with both those genera
of animals. They make an ax5i>roach also to
oxen and sheep. The size of the genus has
caused it to be broken up into numerous sec-
tions or sub-genera. Col. Hamilton Smith has
Dicrnnocerine, Aigocerine, Oi-ygine, Gazelline,
Antilopine, Reduncine, Oreotragine, Tragu-
IiiK.', Raphicerine, Tetraceriiie, Cephalophinc,
Neiitragine, Tragelaphinc. Xiemorliaedine,
Rupicaprine, Alpocerine, and Anoine grou]is
of Antelopes— seventL'eu in all. (Griffith's
Cuvkr, iv., 162 to 294. In vol. v., ;.ii.'2 to 355,
the Oreotragine group being suppressed, the
remaining sixteen become sub-genera Dicrano-
cerus, Aigocerus, Oryx, Gazella, &:<:.) Some,
again, have made Antilope not a genus, but a
sub-family Antilopinae, or even a family Anti-
lopidai or Antelopidic, and liave elevated the
sections or sub-genera into genera quite dis-
tinct from each other. The great metropolis
of the extended genus Antilope is Southern
Africa. Of sixty-nine species recorded by
Professor "Wagner, twenty-five occur in tliat
locality, and twenty-nine in other parts of
Africa, making fifty-four from the whole of
that continent. Among the .sjiecies found in
Southern Africa are the Ourebi or Oribi (A.
svriporia, Schreber); tlieSteenbuk(.4. tragalus,
Lichtcnstein) ; the Klippspringer (A. oreotra-
gus, Forster ; Oreotragus saltatrix. Smith) ; tlie
Koodoo (A. strepsiceros, Pallas ; Strepsiceros
koodoo. Smith) ; the Boschbok (A. sylvatica,
Sparrmann) ; the Rheebok (A. capreolus,
Licht); the Duikerbok (A. mergens, Blain-
ville); the Kleenbok (^I. perp^isilla. Smith);
the Springbok (A. euchore, Forster) ; the
Blessbok (A. pjygarga, Pallas) ; the Gemsbok
(A. oryx, Pallas) ; the Blaubok (^1. leucophaia,
Pallas); the Canna, the so-called Eland =
Elk of the Cape Dutch (A. oreas, Pallas) ; the
Caaraa or Hartebeest (A. caama, Cuv.); the
Gnu or Gnoo (A. gnu, Gmelin ; Catoblepas gnv.
Smith) ; the Brindled Gnu (A. gorgon, Smith).
Pringle alludes to several of these species,
but "the gazelle" of which he sjieaks is not
that of North -Eastern Africa.
" By valleys remote where the oribi plays.
Where the gnu, the gazelle, and the hartebeest graze
And the gemsbok and eland unhuuted recline
By the skirts of grey forests o'erhung with wild
vine. ' Pringle : Afar in the Desert.
Among the antelopes from other parts of
Africa may be mentioned the Madoqua (A.
Saltiaim, Blainville), a dwarf species from
Abyssinia; the Gazelle {A. dorcas, Pallas),
(Gazella dorcas), from Egyj.t and Barbary ; the
Addax (A. addax, Lichtcnstein ; Oryx addax
Smith), widely spread ; the Abu-harte (A
leucoryx, Pallas) [Unicorn], in Senaar and
Kordofan ; the Bekr-el-Wash (A. bubolvs
bSil. bo^. pout, jowl; cat. 5011. chorus, 9hm, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect. Xenophon, e^st. -iug,
^tion. -sion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhiin, tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, del. -tienl = shent. **
228
antilopidse— antimonic
Pallas), from Barbary ; and the Bush Antelnjie
{A. silvicultrix, Afzelius ; CephalopJms S'ylvi-
culirix, Smith), from Sierra Leone. Next to
Africa, Asia, including the Eastern Artlii-
pelago, is the most important habitat of the
genus. The Sasiu or Common Antelope of
India is^. cervicapra, Pallas ; and in the same
country the Nylghan (-4. picta, Pallas ; Portax
picto., Smith) ; the Chickara (A. quadricornis,
Blainville ; Tetracents chickara, Leach), &c.
Other species are in Western Asia, Thibet,
Sumatra, but none appear to exist in Australia
or Madagascar. In Europe there is a typical
one— the Saiga {A. coins, Smitli), found in
Ronmania, Poland, and Russia, and one of a
more aberrant character, mtli affinities to the
goats^the Chamois (A. -nipicapra, Pallas ;
Rupicapra vulgaris, Smith), in the Alps,
Pyrenees, Carpathians, and the mountains of
Greece. The New World has only two imdis-
puted species — the Rocky Mountain sheep or
goat (Haplocerus laniger), a true antelope ; and
the Prongbuck, called goat by the fur-traders.
It is Antlloxie or Dlcranus farcljer (Smith),
and is found in the western part of Nortli
America.
^ Some of the above species of antelope
have other designations than those now
given. The Springbok is now frequently
called Gazella eucliore ; the Blessbok, Gazcllo
albifrons ; the Blaubok (blue antelope), Gazella
Icncophcea; the Eland, Boselaphus orcas or Oreu^
canna ; the Brindled Gnu (bastard wild beast),
Catoblepas gorgon ; the Addax, AiUlax nasoma-
culata; the Chickara, Tetracerus quadricornis;
the Saiga, Coins saiga or Antilocaptj'a saiga;
and the Chamois, Rnpicapra tragus.
an-til-op'-i-dse, an-tel-6p'-i-dse, s. pi.
[From AntilopR (q.v.), and Antelope (q.v.).]
Zool. : In some classifications a family of
ruminants, with its type Antilope (q.v.).
an-til-o-pi'-nse, ». pi. [Antilope.] A sub-
family of Bovida3. If the various sub-genera
of the old genus Antilope be raised to the
rank of independent genera, then it becomes
needful to point out their affinity for each
other by grouping them into a sub-family,
naturally designated Antilopina*. [Antilope,
Gazelle, &c.]
an-tift'-o-pine, a. [From antilope (q.v.).]
Pertaining to an antelope.
■' We have liere another instance of wool on the skin
of an «n(i;o7»(j(e species " — Griffith's Cui'icr, vol. iv., \k
197.
* Sn-til'-O-quist, s. [Gr. ovtC (011^1)= against
and Lat. loqiiov =to speak.] A person who
speaks against or contradicts any person or
statement. (Bailey.)
*an-tir-6-quy, s. [Gr. avri (anti) = (1)
against, (2) over against ; and Lat. loquor = to
speak.]
1. Contradiction. Spec, contradiction be-
tween two passages in the same author ; an
antilogy (q.v.). {Goclceram.)
*2. A preface. (Wehster.)
* an-ti-lys'-ses, a. [Gr. avH (a?ifO=against,
and \ucT(ra. (lussa)=Tase. fury, as of warriors ;
of rabid dogs, &g.] Any medicine alleged to
be of use in cases of madness in dogs or
hydrophobia in men.
&n-ti-ina-cS,s'-sar, s. [Gr. avn (anti) =
against, and Eng. macassar = oil (q.v.).] An
ornamental covering thrown over chairs,
sofas, &c., to prevent their being soiled by
the hair.
Sjl-ti-mag'-ic, a. [Gr. avri (anti) = against,
and Eng. itrngic] Opposed to magic, fitted to
remove the delusive effects of so-called magic.
(Tlioinson: CaMle of Indolence, ii. 65.)
* S,n-ti-mag-ist'-ri-cal, 0. [Gr. avH (anti),
and Eng. mctgistrical.]' Opposed to magis-
tracy. (Soiith: Sermons, v. 261.)
an-ti-ma'-niL-ac, an-ti-ma-ni'-a-cal, a.
[Gr. avTL (aiUi) = against, and Eng. tiKininc,
maniacal.] Suitable to be employed in cases
of mania. (Battie : On Madness.)
* an'-ti-mask, * an'-ti-masque, s. [Pref.
anti- (B.), and vw.sk, in Fr. vmsquc.] A
secondary mask, or masque, designed as a
contrast to t)ie principal one ; a ridiculou.s
interlude dividing the parts of the more
serious one. (Nares.)
" IjSt anti-masks not he long; they have been coni-
mouly of fools, satyrs, haljoons, wild men, auticH,
beasts, spirits, witches, ethiopes, pinnies, turiiueb),
nyiniihs, rustics, cupida, statues, inovitiff and the liku,
. , . Aa for angels, it is not comical enough to put
them in anli-nuisks . . ." — Bacon : £ssai/s, t'iv.
arid Mot., eh. xxxvil.
" On the scene he thrusts out first an arUi-'^nazqne of
bugbears." — Mdtoii: Ans to Kik. Das., xx.
an'-ti-ma-son, s. [Eng. anti ; mxison.] One
oitposed to Freemasonry. (Webster.)
an-ti-ma-son'-ic, ^ an-ti-ma-son'-ic-al,
a. [From Gr. avri (anti) ■:= ix^?ai\st, and Eng.
masonic] Opposed to Freemasonry. (Webbter.)
an-ti-ma'-son-ry, s. [Gr. avji (anti) =
against, and Eng. mv^onrg.] Opposition to
Freemasonry. (Webster.) in New York State,
in 1826, a man called Morgan was carried off
and not again seen. As he was believed to
be writing a book disclosing the secrets of
Freemasons, they were suspected of his ab-
duction, and anti-masonry, for some year.s
afterwards, was the badge of a xtarty polling
many votes at elections.
^ an'-ti-masque, s. [Antimask.]
an-ti-mat-ri-md'-ni-al, a. [Gr. avTC(anti)
= against, and Eng. -inatrimonial.] Opposed
to matrimony. (H'ebbtcr.)
an-ti-mat-ii-mo'-ni-al-ist, s. [Eng. anti-
matrlinonial ; -ist.] A per.son opposed t(j
matrimony. (Ric}uirdson : Clarissa, iv. 144.)
an-ti-mel-an-chol'-ic, s. [Gr. avH (anti)
= against, and jaeAayxoAta (itielancholia) = (1)
a depraved state of the bile, in which it grows
very dark ; (2) melancholy madness.] A
inedicine administered in cases of melancholy
)uadness. (Webster.)
an-ti-me-tab'-o-le, s. [Lat, from Gr. avn-
iu.eTa^oA7j (aittivtetabole) = an interchange, a
transformation, a revolution ; from Gr. avTt
(f ;;(/) = against, and juera^oAiJ (metahole) = a
cliange ; ueTa(3aAAaj (metabuUd) = tn throw in
a different position, to turn quickly ; /xerd
(meta), in co»i2'-j implying change, and jSaAAoi
(&a/?(7) = to throw.] |
Rhct. : The shifting or transferring of two
things over against each other. It occurs
twice in the following sentence : " Allowing
the performance of an honourable action to be
attended with lobovr, the labonr is soon over,
but the honour is immoiial ; whereas should
even pleasure wait on tlie commission of wliat
is dishonourable, the 'pleasure is soon over, but
the dishonour is eternal." (Rees.)
an-ti-me-tath'-es-is, s. [In Ger. antl-
metathese. From Gr. afTL/xerdeeo-ts (antimeta-
thesis) — a counter charge : avri (anti) =
against, and fierdeeaL'; (metathesis) = trans-
jjosition, change; /j.€Ta,Ti0rjjat (meta tithe mi) =
(l)to place among, (2) to place diffei'eutly, to
alter ; fxerd (meta), imjilying change, and
Ti8-t]^t (titlu'mi) = to put, to place.]
Rhct.: The inversion of the parts or mem-
bers of an antithesis, as " Compare this peace
with that war." (Rees.)
an-tim'-et-er, s. [In Ger. antimrter; Gr.
dfTt/xeTpew (antimetrco) = to measure out in
turn, to recompense ; or olvtl (anti) = oj^iiositc
to, and jj-erpov (metron) = a measure.] An
optical instrument for measuring angles with
greater accuracy than can be done by the
quadrant or sextant. (Rvcs.)
an-ti-met'-ri-cal, a. [Gr. ivri (auti) =
against, and Eng. metrical] Opposed to or
in contrariety to what is metrical. (Bailey.)
an-ti-nun-is-ter'-i-al. a. [Gr. iyri (anti)
= against, and Eiv^.' ministerial. In Ger.
anti minister i ell.] Opposed to the ministry,
for the time being, in political power.
" If I say anything anti-ministerial, you will tell me
you know the reason. "—(?rays Letters.
an-ti-min-is-ter'-i-al-ist, s.* [Gr. avH
(a»(t) = against, and Eng. ministerial] One
opposed to the ministry. (Ash.)
an-ti-mon-ar'-chic, * an-ti-mon-arch-
ick, an-ti-mon-ar'ch-ic-al, ^ an-ti-
mon-ar'ch-i-al, a. [Gr. dvri (anti) =
against, and Eng. nwnarchic, monarchical ;
ononarehv; suff. -oi. In Fr autimonarchique.]
Opposed to monarchical government. (Glossog.
Nova, 2nd ed.^
^n-ti-mon-ar'ch-ic-al-ness^ s. [Eng.
anti-monarch.'] The quality of being opposed
to monarchy. (Johnson.)
an-ti-inon'-arcll-ist» s. [Gr. avri (anti) =■
against, and Eng. inonarchist.] One opposed
to monarchy.
"Dennis Bond, a great Oliverian and anti'monar^
c7i(St, died on that day ; . . ." — Life of A. Wood, ly. 115..
an-tim'-on-ate, s. [Eng. antimon(y); -ate.}
A salt of antiinonic acid. [Antimoniate,]
Min. : Dana has as the tliird division of his-
"Ternary Oxygen Compounds," " Phosphates,
Arsenates, Antimonates, Kitrates," the first
sub-division of which is headed " Phosphates,
Arsenates, Antimonates, " For its
sections see Phosphates.
antimonate of lead, s A mineral,
called also Bindheimite (q.v.).
^n-tim'-on-et-ted, u. [Antimoniuretted.]
an-ti-mo'-m-al, a. & s. [In Fr., Sp,, & Port,
aiit Lrnonial ; Ital. antimoniale.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to antimony;
made of antimony, consisting of antimony j
containing more or less of antimony.
" Though antimonial cups prepared with art,
Their force to wiue through ages should impart ;
This dissipation, this profuse expence,
Nor shriuk.s their size, nor wastes their stores
immense." Jilackmore.
B. As substantive: A medicine in which
antimony is a leading ingredient.
antimonial arsenic, s.
Min. : A mineral containing above ninety
per cent, of arsenic ; the other element in its
com])Osition being antimony. It is found in
radiated reniform masses in California.
antimonial copper, s.
Min. : A mineral, called also Chalcostilbite
(q.v.).
antimonial copper glance, s.
Min. : A mineral, called also Bournonitc
(q-v.).
antimonial nickel, s.
Min. : A mineral, called also Breithaup-
tite (q.v.).
■' antimonial ochre, .>.
Min. : An obsolete name for two minerals,,
Cervantite and Stibiconite (q. v. ).
antimonial powder, 5.
Pharm. A medicine consisting of oxide of
antimony one ounce, and phosphate of lime
two ounces. It is used as a substitute for
James's powder.
antimonial silver, &.
Min. . A mineral, called also Dyscrasite
(q.v.).
antimonial silver blende, s.
Min.. A mineral, called also Pyrargyrite
(q V ).
antimonial wine, ■^.
Pharm. : A wine consisting of forty grains
of tartarated antimony (tartar emetic) dis-
solved in twenty ounces of sherry wine. (Cups
used to be made of antimony, and the liquid
became medicinal.) (Sec Jerniyn ^Street
Museum Catalogue.)
an-ti-mo'-m-ate, s. [Eng. antimony; -ate.]
Chem. : A salt of antimonic acid. [Akti-
monate.]
an-ti-md'-ni-a-ted, a. [Eng. antimony;
sutf. -aied.] Tinctured naturally or x^repaied
artificially with antimony.
An timoniatcd galena: A varietv of galena
occurring in the Dufton nnnes in the north of
England.
an-ti-mon'-ic, a. [Eng. aati,no>nj ; -a-.]
Pertaining to antimony or containiiig anti-
mony.
A n timonic chloride, or .' ntiinony penta-
chloride, SbClg, is obtained as a colourless
volatile fuming liquid bv passing excess of
chlorine over the metal i.r the trichloride.
On distillation it decomposes into SbClg and
Antimonic tetroxide, or antimonoso-a nti-
monic oxide, Sbo04 or Sb^Os.SbaOg, obtained
f&te, ^t, fare, amidst, what, faU, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. p6t
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; trv. Syrian, se, oe = e ; '* = e. gu = kw.
antimonide— An tinomian
229
by heating the metal or trioxide. It is a
yellow infusible non-volatile powder, insoluble
in acids, but dissolves in alkalies.
AntLmonin oxide, SbQOs- Obtained by the
action of HNO3 on the metal. It is a yellow
insoluble powder, which by heat is converted
into the tetroxide. Its hydrate forms salts
called antivvmiates; those fonned from the
hydrates of the trioxitle are called antivwidtes.
By adding water to antimonic chloride, SbaCla,
a hydrate is precipitated called metantimoiiic
acid, H4Sb.>07. The acid sodium mctantiimni-
ate, Na2H26b207+GH20, is insoluble in water.
an'-ti-mon-ide, s. [Eng. antimony; sufT.
-ide.]
Ckemistry : A compound of antimony and
some other element or metal.
^-ti-mon-if'-er-ous, a, Mediiev. Lat.
antimonium, and Class. Lat. fero = to bear.]
Bearing antimony ; antimoniated (q.v.)
an-ti-mo'-ni-OUS, a. [Eng. anUmony ; -ous.]
Containing as one of its ingredients antimony.
Antimoiiiouis chloride, or antimniui tri-
chloride, SbClg, called also butter of antimony.
By dissolving the metal ot the snliihide in
strong HCl, and distilling the liquid, SbCls
volatilises and forms a white crj'stiilline mass.
AiitiiiLonlriiis oxide, or antimony trioxide,
SboO;). Obtained by decomposing SbClg with
an alkaline carbonate. It is a colourless
powder, crystallising in octohedra ; it becomes
yellow when heated, melts at red heat, and
volatises in a close vessel, but absorlis oxygen
from the air, and becomes Sb.j<J4. Antimoni-
ous oxide dissolves in cream uf tartar, forming
taitar emetic, or potassium antimony tartarate,
2(C4H4K(SbO)06)+H:.0.
Antlmoiiious sulphide, Sb^Sg, occurs native
as a lead-grey, shining, crystalline, brittle
mineral; sp. gr. 4'G ; easily fusible, and a
good conductor of electricity. It is used in
horse medicine and in Bengal lights. Wlien
precipitated by HgS it is an orange-red powder,
which is soluble in ammonium sulphide.
Kermes mineral is a mixture of Sb^S^ and
Sb203. Sulph-antlmonites are compounds of
SbgSs with basic sulphides.
Aiitlm'))iy pentasulphide., or antimonic sul-
phide, Sb^Sg, is a yellow-red powder obtained
by decomposing sodium sulphantinioniate,
NagSbS^, u crystalline substance.
fi,n.'-ti-in6n-ite, s. [Eng. antimony, and suff.
-ite (q.v.). Ill Ger. antimonit.] A mineral,
the same as Stibnite (q.v.).
Sji-ti-mo'-ni-um, o. [Latin, but not classi-
cal.] Antimony.
an-ti-mo-ni-ur-et'-ted, ^.n-ti-moii-et'-
ted, a. [Eng. antimoiiy ; sutf. -v retted,
-etted (q.v.). j Mingled with antimony fumes.
(Applied to gaseous antimony in combination
with another gas.)
Aut'iTnoniurrtted hydmgoi, or anthnonioits
hydride, or stibine, SbH^. Obtained by tlie
action of HCl on zinc, in the presence of an
antimony salt. It is a coliuirless gas, burning
with a white Hame, liberating Sb203. At red
heat it deposits metallic antimony ; passed
through a solution of AgNO;^, it deposits a
black precipitate of SbAg3.
an-ti-mon-O-phyr-lite, s. [Ger. antimon ;
Gr. ^vWov (phullon) = leaf, and sufi". -ite.] A
mineral occun'ing in thin angular six-sided
prisms. Its precise locality is unknown. It
was originally named by Breithaupt. Dana
considers that it is probably the same as
Valentjnite (q.v.).
Sn'-ti-mon-y, s [In Ger. antlnion, antl-
moiitim; Sw. & Mediyev. Lat. antimoniiiin ;
Fr. antimoine, wrongly said to be made up
of anti = against, and moine = inonk. This
form is said to have arisen from the fact that
the celebrated alchemist Basil Valentine, who
was a German monk, having observed that
hogs fattened on antimony, administered
some of it to render a similar service to liis
fellow monks, but found the well-meant pre-
scription attended by fatal results. The nar-
rative is evidently mythic. Hence Morin
derives it from Gr. avri (anti) = against, and
fiovo'; (moiws) = alone, because it is not found
alone ; an improbable etymology. The word
is probably of Arabic origin. In Class. Lat.
stibium or stimmi, Gr. o-tluih (stimmi), is = anti
mony, or rather sesqnisulphuret of antimony.]
I Chemistry : Antimony is a triad metallic
clement, but in some less stable compounds
it appears to be pentad. Symbol, Sb.; atomic
weight, 122; sp. gr., 6 '8 ; melting-point, 450*^.
It can be distilled, but takes fire when strongly
heated in the air, forming SbaOg. Antimony
is a bright bluish-white, brittle, easily pul-
verised metal, wliicli occurs as SbgSs, and as
cervanite, HhoO^ ; also as valentinite and senar-
monite, SboOs- The metal is obtained by
heating the sulphide with half its weight of
metallic iron, or with potassium carbonate.
It is oxidised by nitric acid, forming SboOg.
Type metal is an alloy of lead with twenty per
cent, of antimony. Finely powdered anti-
mony takes tire when thrown into chlorine
gas. It forms three oxides : (1) Antimony
Trioxide, or Antimonious Oxide ; (2) Anti-
monic Tetroxide, or Antimonoso-antimonic
oxide ; and (3) Antimonic Oxide. (See these
Avords.) Antimony also forms bases ^vith
alcohol radicals, as Trimethylstibine, SXCHg);}.
Salts of antimony are used in medicine ; in
large doses they are poisonous. Antimony is
detected by the properties of its sulphide,
chloride, and of SbHg. It is precipitated by
metallic zinc and iron from its solutions as
a black powder. Cojtper is covered by a
metallic film. Antimony salts, when fused on
charcoal with Na^COs, give a white incrusta-
tion and a brittle'metallic bead, conveiied by
nitric acid into a white oxide soluble in a
boihng solution of cream of tartar. Antimony
is precipitated by hydric sulphide, H2S (see
An^alysis), as an orange-red powder, sulphide
of antimony, SbSs, wluch is soluble in sul-
phide of anmionium, again precipitated by
hydi'ochloric acid. "With potash the solutiuii
of trichloride of antimony gives a white prt;-
cipitate of the trioxide, soluble in large excess.
Ammonia gives the same priM-ipitate, which is
insoluble in large exces.s ; but if tartaric acid is
present these precipitates dissolve easily. A
liquid containing antimony salts, treated by
zinc and dilute suljihuric acid, yields anti-
moniuretted hydrogen, SbH^, which burns
with a bluish tinge. A deposit of antimony
takes place on a cold porcelain plate held in
the flame. This metallic film may be de-
stroyed from arsenic by dissolving it in aqua
reqiu, and the solution ti'i'atfd with H.jS,
which gives the characteristic orange sul-
phide. Or moisten the metallic film with
nitric acid, evaporate the acid without boiling,
a white deposit of trioxidii of antimony re-
mains, whicli gives a black spot witli ammonio-
nitratc of silver. A film of arsenic treated in
the same way gives either a yellow precipitate
I if arsenite or a red-brown precipitate of ar-
seniate of silver.
11. Mineralogy : Antimony necurs native,
oeeasionally alloyed with a miiuite portion
of silvi'i', iron, or arsenic. Its iTystals are
rliombohedral ; hardness, 3 — 3"5 ; sp. gr., 6'C>2
to 672; its lustre is metallic; its colour and
streaks tin white. It is very brittle. It
occurs in Sweden, Germany, Austria, Frauee,
Borneo, Chili, Mexico, Canada, and New
Brunswick.
Arsenical Antimony : A mineral, called also
Allemontite (q.v.).
^Butter of Antiinmn/ : A name formerly
given to the trichloride, or Antimonious
Chloride, the formula of which is SbCls- It
is a white Inghly crystalline mass, very deli-
quescent. It is used as a caustic for foot-rot
in sheep.
* Female Antimony. [Male Antimony.]
* Glass of Antimony: An impure oxide of
antimony fused.
Gray A n timony : A mineral, callel also
Stibnite (q."^'.).
* Male Ant l)nouy: A trivial name sometimes
given to a specimen of antimony ore in which
veins of a red or golden colour occur, whilst
one, in which they are wanting is denominated
l^emale Antintony.
Native Aut'imnny: A mineral more usually
called simply Antimony (q.v.).
Oxide of Antimony, Oxyd of Antiinony.
[AN'iiaioNY Oxide.]
Plumose Ore of Antimony, Plumose Anii-
monial Ore : (1) A mineral, called also Jame-
sonite. [Feather Ore.] (2) Stibnite (q.v.).
Red Antimony : A mineral, called also Ker-
mesite (q.v.).
Saffron of Antimony : A compound of oxide
and sulphide of antimony. Its formula is
Sb03.2SbS3. It occurs also as a mineral, and
is then called Red Antimony Ore.
Sulphid of Antimony, Sulphiiret of Anti-
mony : A mineral, called also Stibnite (q.v.).
White Antimony: A mineral, called also
Valentinite (q.v.).
IIL Pharmacy:
Black Antimony consists of native sulphide
of antimony fused and afterwards powdered.
It is not itself used as a dnig, but is employed
in preparing tai-tar emetic, sulphurated anti-
mony, and terchloride of antimony. It is given
to horses as an alterative powder : 2 parts of
sulphur, 1 of saltpetre, and one of l)lack anti-
mony. It is used in the preparation of Bengal
signal lights : 6 parts of saltpetre, 2 of sulphur,
and 1 of black antimony.
Chloride of Antimony: SbCIg. A solution
of it is used as a caustic and escharotic ; it is
never given internally.
Snlphurated Antimony consists of sulphide
of atitimony with a small admixture of oxide
of antimony. It enters into the composition
of compound calomel pills.
Tartarated Antimony. [Tartar Emetic]
antimony blende, antimony bloom,
s A mineral. The same as Valentinite
(q.v.).
antimony glance, ». a mineral, called
also Stibnite (q.v.).
antimony ochre, 5. A mineral, in part
Cervantite and in part Volgerite. [See these
words. ]
antimony oxide, oxide of anti-
mony, oxyd of antimony, s. A
mineral, made by Dana tlie same as A'aleu-
tinite, and by the Brit. Mvs. Cat. synonymou-
with White Antimony. Senarmontite, Valen-
tinite, Cervantite, and Kermesite (q.v.).
antimony sulphide, s. A mineral,
called also Stibnite (q.v.).
S,n-ti-m6r'-al-i§m, s. [Gr. dvri {anti) =
against, and Eng. moralism.] Opposition to
morals. {Coleridge.)
an-ti-mor'-al-ist, s. [Gr. dvri (anti) =
against, and Eng. ■moralist.] An opposer of
moralists or of morality, or one alleged to be
so. {ll'arbiirton : On Prodigies, p. 20.)
an-ti-mii'-sic-al, a. [Gv. am' (antl)~
against, and Eng. musico.!.] Opposed to music,
through inability to appreciate it, from want
of ear, of early training, or both. (American
Review.)
an-ti-na'-tion-al,o. [Gr. dvTi(anti)=a.QSimfit,
and Eng, national.] Unpatriotic. (Merivale.)
an-ti-neph-rit'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. dvri (anti) =
against, and i/e0p6s (ncphros) = a kidney.]
A. As adjective : Deemed of use against
diseases of the kidneys. (Coxe.)
B. As .mbstaidive : A medicine given in dis-
eases of the kidneys. (Glossog. Nuva, 2nd ed.)
* an-tin'-om-a-^y, s. [Gr. aVn' (anti) = in-
ste;ul of, and wofj.a (onoma) — name.]
Gram. : A figure in wliich an appellative is
used for a projiername. (Gloss. Nova, 2nd ed.)
An-ti-nd'-mi-an, fi. &s. [In GeT.Anfhiomier;
Gr. ai'Ti (anti) = against, and ro/xo? (nomos) =
. . . law, from vefitu (nemo) = to deal out, to
distribute. ]
A. As oxljcdivc : Opposed to the law. Per-
taining to the Aiitinomian sect or to their
doctrine. (See the substantive.)
"It is a mad conceit of our Antinomian hereticks,
that Gotl sees no sin in his elect ; whereas he notes and
takes, more tenderly, their oflences than any other," —
lip. Hall: Hem., \i. 233.
B. As suhsta.ntive. [In Ger. Antlnomier ; a
term first introduced by Luther.]
1. Gen. : One who holds tenets opposed to
the authority of the moral law or ten com-
mandments revealed in Scripture. From the
a]iostolic times downward individuals mis-
understanding the doctrine of justification by
faith " witliout the deeds of the law " (Rom.
iii. 21, 28), have tended to Antinomianism
(Rom. vi. 15).
"That doctrine that holds that the covenant of
grace is not established upon conditions, and that
nothing of performance is reciuired on man's part to
eive him an interest in it, hut only to believe that
lie is justified ; this certainly subverts all the motives
of a good life. But this is the doctrinj of the Anti-
nomiaits." — South: Scrm., vii. 1D5.
Sper. (j>l.): A sect which originated with
John Agricola, a companion of Luther, about
the year 1538. He is said to ha^'e held that
b^, b^; po^t, j<J^l; cat, 9611, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-cian, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, &c. = bel. -que = k.
230
Antinomianism— antipatriotic
as the churcli is not now under the law,
but under the gospel, the ten commandments
shnuli"i not be taught to the people. Enemies
said that he or his followers considered that a
believer might sin at his pleasure, but this is
believed to have been a calumny. (Mnshrim :
Church Hist, Cent, xvi , sect, iii., pt. ii. 1^1.1 )
T[ Views like those of Agricola were held
by some Presbyterians in England during tlie
seventeenth century. (Mosheim : Ch. Hist.,
Cent, xvii., sect, ii., pt. ii. 22, Lind note.)
An-ti-no'-mi-an-ism, s. [Eug. antinoTnlfui,
and sntfix -ism.] The system of doctrine held
by the Antinomians.
" Aiitinomianism. began in one minister of this
diocese [Norwich], and now much it is spreiul, I hud
rather lament than sjieak."— /(jj. Hall: Item., p. ISO.
An-tin'-om-ist, *. [Eng. antlnoin(tj) ; -ist]
An Antinomian.
"Great offenders this •wa.y are the lihertines and
A ntliiwn uits, who quite cancel the whole Jaw of God,
under the pretence of Christian liberty."— jSp. San-
derson: Sarin., ^. 310,
an-tin'-6m-y, s. [in Fr. antinomie; Sp. &
Port, antinomia; Gr. avrtvoiiCa (antinomia) =
anaml.iiguity inthelaw : a.vTL{anti):= against,
and vofio? (nomos) = law. ]
I. Law:
1. Gen. : A contradiction between two laws
of any kind, or two portions of the same law.
" Antinomies aie almost unavoidable in such variety
of opinions and answers." — Baker.
2. Spec. : A contradiction between the Code
and Pandects of Justinian.
"... and the ([?i(-(nomies or contradictions of the
Code and PandectSt still exercise the patience and
subtlety of modem civilians," — Gibbon: Decline and
Full, ch, xliv,
"The «/(fi;iO)n,fc5 or opposite laws of the Code and
Pandects are sometimes the cause, and often the ex-
cuse, of tlie glorious uucertiiinty of the civil law." —
Ibid., Note.
II. PliU. : In the Critical Philosophy of
Kant, the self-contradiction into which, as
he believes, reason falls when it attempts to
conceive the comi)lex external x^henomena of
nature as a cosmos or world.
An-tin -O-iis, s. [Lat. AntUious; Gr. 'Aivrtyoo?
{AiitinoQs). (See Def. I.).]
I. Classical Mytholo'jy tt History :
1. One of the suitors of Penelope, Ulysses'
queen.
2. A beautiful Bithynian youth, a fa\i>urite
of the Emperor Adrian. He was drowned in
the Nile.
II. Astronomy : An old constellation called
after the second of these notabilities. It
was one of the forty-eight recognised by the
ancients, and is the only one of all that num-
ber which has been degraded from its pristine
rank. It is now included imder the Northern
constellation Aquila.
An-ti-o'-Chi-an (1), «. [Yrom. Aniiochi a., now
Antakia, a celebrated city on the Orontes, in
Syria, built by Antiochus or Seleucus,] Per-
taining to Antirn-h, in Syria, or any other rity
of the same name. (Anciently there were
several.)
Chronol. : The Antiochinnepnch was the date
of the bestowal of liberty on the city of An-
tioch, just after the battle of Pharsaiia. The
Syrians dated it from Lst of October, B.C. 48 ;
the Greeks from September, B.C. 4ti.
An-ti-d'-chi-an (2), a. [From the philoso-
pher Antiochus. See def.] Pertaining to
Antiochus. The Ant loch ian Sect or Academy,
sometimes called t\\&fi.fth Academy, was a sect
or academy founded by Antiochns, a philoso-
?her, who was contemporary with Cicero,
hough nominally an Academic, Antiochus was
really a Stoic in his views.
an-ti-6-dont-S,r-gic, a. [Gr. avTt (aiifi) =
against : bSovTakyia {odontalgia) = the tooth-
ache ; 65ou? {odous), genit. oSox'to? {pdontos) —
a tooth, and aXyo? (cf?f/os) := pain.] Deemed
of use against the toothache. (Castle : Lcxic
Phurm.)
An-ti'-6-pe, s. [Lat. and Gr.]
1. Ch'68. Mythology: The wife of Lycus. :
king of Thebes. Iler history was wild and
romantic.
2. Astronomy: An asteroid, the ninetieth
found. It was discovered by Luther on the
1st of October, 1866.
In this case
c, and F E :
an-ti-p£e-d6-bap'-tist, s. [(i) Gr. ivrC
ip.ntl) — against, and (2_) Eng. Poidnhaplist,
from Gr. irais (pais), genit. TraiSo? (paidos) =
a child, and ^anTt^M (haptizo) = to baptise ]
Opposed to paidobaptists or their procedure in
ba]»tism. (Stillingfleet.)
3.n-ti-pa'-pal» a. [Gr. avrC (anti) = a.gan\iyt,
and Eng. papal, from Lat. papa = (1) a father ;
(2) (in ecclesiastical writers), a bishop, or
specially, the pope.] O^jposed to the Pope or
to Papal doctrine. (Webster.)
" . . . to turn the current, and conciliate the
anti-Papal party , , ."—Froude; Hist, Eng., ch.
xxi., vol. iv., p. a^l.
t 3,n-ti-pa'-pi|[m, s. [in Ger. antlpapisimts.
From Gr. avTi (anti) = against, and Lat. pa]ia
= a father, the pope.] Opposition to
the Pope.
an-ti-pa-pis'-tic, an-ti-pa-pis'-tic-al,
a.. [Gr. avTi (ajitl)— against, and Eng. papis-
tic, pctpistical. In Ger. antipajyistich.] Opposed
to the Papists or to Papistical doctrine or
procedure.
"It is pleasant to see how the most anfi-papistical
IDoets are inclined to canonize their friends. — Jortin:
On Milt. Lycidas.
an-ti-par'-al-lel, s. &. a. [Gr. kvrC (anti) =
again.st, and Eng. parallel. In Ger. anti-
parallel]
A. As substantive :
III Geometry (plural) :
(a) Lines making equal angles with two
other lines, but in the I'everse order. If a b
and A 0 be two
lines, and f c and
F E two others
intersecting them
in such a manner
that the angle
D B F is = D E A,
and the angle c =
A D E or B D F,
then B c and dec b
are anti-parallels
to A B and A p, and vice versa.
ab:ac;:a e;a d;:d b:
fc::fb:bf::de:bc.
(b) Leibnitz called any two lines anti-
parallel which cut two parallels so that the
external angle and the internal one are together
= a right angle.
B, As adjective :- Acting not in the same
manner, but quite in the opposite direction ;
running in a contrary direction.
"The only w.iy for us, the successors of these igno-
rant Gentiles, to repair those rums, to renew the image
of God in oursiilves, which their idolatrous ignorance
defaced, must be to take the opposite course, and to
provide our remedy anti-parallel to their disease," —
Haimnojid : Serm., p. 640.
au-ti-par-ar-lyt'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. avri (anti)
= against, and Eng. paralytic; Gr. irapaXvTLKos
(parul ntikos) = affected with paraly.sis (the
palsy).] [Paralysis.]
A, ^s adjective: Deemed of use against the
palsy. (Castle: Lexic. Pharmaceut.)
B. Assithi,tanticc : A medicine given against
the palsy.
an-ti-par-a-lyt'-ic-al, «. [Gr. avri (a nit)
:= against, and Eng. paialytical] The same
as Anti-paralytic, adj. (q.v.).
t an-ti-par-as'-ta-sis, s. [Gr. avrC (anti)
= ojiposite, and 7rcLpoicrTa<7t? (parastasis) =: a.
putting aside or away; Trapio-rr/jLLL (paristemi?}
= to place by or beside.]
Vilii't. : The admission of one part of an
opponent's argument coupled with a denial
of the rest.
an-ti-pa-thet'-ic, * an-ti-pa-thet'-ick,
an-ti-pa-thet'-ic-al, a. [Gr. avri (anti)
=■ against, and Eng, pathetical.] Having an
antipathy or contrariety to. (It is opposed to
symjKithetic.)
" [Beingl ty'd upon the sledge, a papist and a protes-
tant in fi'ont, two and two together, being two very
desperate and antipnthctick cumiianions, was a very
ridiculous scene of cruelty."— /co/t LibelL. p, 110.
' ' The circumstances of moral, religious, sympathetic,
and aittipatlwtic sensibility, when closely considered,
■will aijpear to l« included in some sort under that of
bent ot n\clmn,t\on. "—Bowring : Bentham's Works,
vol. I,, p. 24.
" The soil is fat and luxurious, and antipathetical to
all venomous creatures."— /ToicWJ .■ Vocal Forest.
an-ti-pa-thet'-ic-al-ness, s. [Eng. anti-
pathcticat ; -iiess.] The quality or state of
having a contrariety or antipathy to. (JoTiUr-
son.)
an-ti-path'-iic, a. [In Fr. anti path iqne; Sp.
Ik. Xtal. antipatico: Port, anti^mthico ; Gr.
at'TLTraS^? ('uUijiathcs) = (1) in return for suffer-
ing, (2) of opposite feelings or properties.]
1. Gen. : Having opposite feelings.
2. Med. : The same as Allopathic (q.v.).
^-tip-a-thi^e, V. i. [Eng. antipaih(y);
-ise.] To be opposed to. (Usually followed
hy against.) (Adams: Works, iii. 157.)
d.n-tip'-a-thlte, s. [Eng. antipathy ; -itej]
One who has an aversion to anything.
"An antipathite to vertue."— /"eiiftam.- Resolve, 56.
{ Richard»on. )
an-tip'-a-thoiis, a. [Eng. antipath{y) ; -ous.}
Having an aversion to ; in contrariety to.
" As if flhe saw something antipailtous
Unto her virtuous life, '
Bcaum. & J-let. : Queen of Corinth, iii. 2.
an-tip'-a-thy, s. [in Dan. antlpathi; Dut.
Ger. & j^r. untipa.thie ; Sp. & Ital. antipatia;
Port. & Lat. mitipathia, from Gr. dvT nra6ei.a.
(antipatheia) ~ an opposite feeling, aversion ;
dvTLira&do} (antipatheo) = to have an aversion :
dvTL (anti) = against, and -naOetj/ (patJtein), 2
aor. inf. of irda^u) (pascho) — to suffer; also
■rrdOoq (pathos) — suffering, feeling.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Of beings susceptible of emotion : The state
of feeling exactly the contrary to what another
feels ; the opposite of synqiathy. Antipathy
may be strong or weak ; it may be founded on
contrariety of nature, and therefore be per-
manent ; or it may arise from something local,
conventional, or temporary, in which case it
may pass away. The natural result of this
pronounced contrariety of feeling is a drawing
back from, an aversion to, a hatred of.
Though really a distinct meaning from the
former, the two are so closely connected that
they are scarcely ever dissevered. Antipathy-
is used —
(a) Of man to man.
" Aitt ipath>/ ; ill will, viz., towards this or that par-
ticular individual." — Bowring: Bentluim's }yorfcs, vol.
i., p. 218.
"Antipathy or resentment requires always to b»
regulated, to prevent its doing mischief." — Ibid., voL
i., p. 11.
" The j)ersonal and iwrpetual antipathy he had foi
that family, . . ."—Goldsmith: The Bee, If o.\iii.
(b) Of man to any of the inferior animals, 01
of them to him, or to each other.
" Antii^athies are none. No foe to man
Lurks in the serpent now ; the mother sees.
And smiles to see, her infant's plaj'ful hand
Stretch'd forth to dally with the crested worm.
To stroke his azure neck, or to receive
The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue "
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
(c) Of mail to an inanimate thing, or to
what is abstract in place of concrete.
" A man may cry out against sin, of policj- ; but he
ctunot abhor it but by virtue of a godly antipathy
against it," — Bun//an : The Pilgrim's Progress, pt. i.
^ Hatred is entertained against 1)6^003 ;
anti2:tathy is felt to persons or things ; and
repugnancy to actions which one is called oii
to perform.
2, Of inanimate things, or of abstractions :
Mutual reinilsion, as that of oil and water, or
certfiin other chemical substances to each
other, or figuratively, of good and evil.
"All conconls and discords of music are, no doubt,
syifiiiiithies a,ud antipathies of somids. "— iiacon ; ^at.
Hist., Cent, iii., § 278.
" Another ill accident is, if the seed happen to have
touched oil, or anything that is fat, for those sub-
stances have an antipathy with nourislimentof water."
—Ibiti., Cent vii., § 669.
"Ask you what provocation I have had?
The strong antipathy ot good to bad.
When truth or virtue an affront endures,
Th' affront is mine, my friend, and should be
yo^irs." Pope: Epilogue to Satires.
•[ FoiTiierly antijxithy might be followed by
with ; now to, against, or for is used. (See the
examjiles already given.)
B. Technically :
1. Med.: Internal horror and distress on the
perception of particular objects, with great
restlessness or with fainting. (Copland : Bid,
Prod Med., 1858.)
2. Painting : The mixing of incongruous--
colours, such as purple with yellow, or green
with red, the result being that tlie brilliancy
of the respective colours is destroyed and a.
very dark gray is produced.
an-ti-pa-tri-6t'-ic. a. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. patriotic.^ Opposed to-
patriotic conduct. (Wehster.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine- ed -oSt
or. were, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, riile, full ; try, Syrian, fe. ce = e. ey = a, aw. = kw ''
antipatriotism— antipodes
231
an-ti-pa'-tri-o-ti^m, s. [Gr. dyri {anti) =
against, and Eng. patriotism.'i Unpatriotic
conduct. (Carlyle. )
3-n-ti-pe-do-bS,p'-txst, a. [Anti-p^dobap-
TIST. ]
an-ti-per-i-6d'-ic, a, [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eiig. periodic]
A. As adjective: Designed to counteract
periodic fevers.
". . , the anti-periodic lemeilieB, s\ich AS quinine
or arsenical solutioiL" — Dr. Joseph Brovyae: Cycl.
Pract. Med., vol. ii., p. 224.
B. As suhskmtivG : A medicine designed to
cure diseases lilce intermittent fever, wliit-li
return at periodic times. They consist (a) of
various remedies derived from the cinchona
tree, viz., " hark," the salts of quinine, quini-
dine, cinehonine, and cinchonidine ; (6) of
arsenical solution ; (c) of the sulphate of zinc ;
and (cZ) of various bitters and combinations of
them, witli aromatics. Garrod combines
" anti-periodics " with " nervine tonics," and
places them as the second order of his Class
II., Sub-class 3.
" . . , and if the anti-periodic be employed in this
cure." — Dr. Joseph Browne : Ci/cL Pract. Med., vol. ii.,
p. 327.
3,n-ti-per-i-stal'-sis, s. ^ [Gr. ai/rt {anii) =
against, and TrepttrroATiKos {'peristcdtikos) =
clasping and compressing ; irepLardWui (peri-
stello) = to dress, to clothe; irepC (perl)^
around, and o-TeAAoj (stello) = to set, to send. ]
Resistance to the penstaltic motion of the
bowels. [Peristaltic. ]
"But Dr. Brnntou has very ably shown that there
1b no aMi-peristahis of the bowels under these circuni-'
stances." — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. AnaC., vol. ii.,
p. 237.
&n-ti-per-i-stal'-tic, a. [Gr. ivrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. perlstaUic. In Fr. -peri-
staltiqiie; Port, antiperistcdtico.] Opposeel to
peristaltic (q.v.), or pertaining to anti-peri-
stalsis. [PERISTALTIC. ]
" . . . an inverted direction of the action of the
muscular tissue of the intestines (anti-peristaltic
action)."— y'orftZ & Bovtmaii : PJiymtl, Anat,, vul. ii.,
p. 237.
&n-ti-per-is'~ta-sis, s. [In Ger. atUiperi-
stase ; Sp. antiperlstasls ; Gr. uvTnrepCa-Ta(n<;
(antlperistasls) : avrl {anti) = against, and
irept'o-Tacns {perlstasis)= a standing round, . . .
circumstance ; Trepua-njfLi, {perilsteTal) = to
stand round : trepl (pert) = round about, and
'ionjjai. (Jiistemi) =. to malte to stand.] A
term used by Aristotle and others to signify
the heightening of any quality by the reaction
produced in it by the action of its opposite.
Thus in warm countries the influence of even
hot air blowing on water in porous vessels
is to cool tlie water. So also an unjust attack
on one's character will often raise instead of
impairing it.
^ Bacon uses the Greek accusative.
"... which Is that they term cold oi- hot per
antiperistasin, that is, environing by contraries,^'—
Bacon: Works (ed. 1765), vol. i. ; Colours qf Good and
F.Liil, ch. vii., p, 441.
&n-ti-per-i-st^t-ic, a. [Gr. acn' (anti) =
against, and Eng. jicristatic] Pertaining to
anti i^erista sis. (As}l)
S-n-ti-pes-ti-len'-tial, a. [Gr. avrl (anti)
= against, and Eng. pestiJentiaL In Fr. anti-
pestilentiel ; Sp. antlpestlleiicial .] Counter-
acting pestilential influences ; checking con-
tagion and infection.
" PerfumcB correct the air before it is attracted by
the lungs; or, rather. auti-pestHential -angiients. to
anoint the nostrils with."— Harvey on the Plague.
3,n-ti-ph3,r-i-sa'-ic, a. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. jjJLarisaic] Against the
Pharisees, their tenets or procedure.
". . . the anti-pliarisaic discourse, Matt, xxiii." —
Strain's : Life of Jesus (transl. 18-lOJ, g 117.
Sji-ti-phil-6-s6ph'-i-cal,t[. [Gr. avTC(a]iti-)
= against, and Eng. pMlosophiml In Fr.
antijyliilosophique.] Opposed to philosopiiy.
fin-ti-phl6-gis'-ti-an, s. [Gr. ifxt ((nHi) =
against, and <j)\oyiCto (jMogizo) — to set on
lire, to burn; 0A.6| (phlox) =e flame.] One
opposed to the old doctrine of Phlogiston
(q.v.).
anjti-phlo-gxs'-tic, * an-ti-phlo-gis-
tick, a. & s. [Gr. avH (anti) = against, and
Eng. pililogistic]
A. --Is adjective :
1. Med. : Tending to counteract burning
heat ; auti-febi-ile.
" I soon discovered . . . under what circuinstances
recourse waa to be had tu the lancet, and the antl-
phlogistick regimeu."~5ir \V. Fordyce, on the Murla-
lick Aciil, p. 8.
". . . and the antiphlogistic remedies alone x^er-
Heveied in."— Dr. Joaeph Browne : Cycl. of Pract. Mel.,
vol. ii., p. 227.
2. Chem. : Opposed to tlie old doctrine of
phlogiston. [Phlogiston.]
B. As suhstantive : A medicine designed to
counteract phlogistic tendeneie;>.
" It IS both unctuous and penetrating, a ijowerful
ant iphioffistick, and preservative against coiTuptiun
and nifection." — Zip. Berkeley : Sim, 59.
" an'-ti-phon, ^. [Antiphony.]
an-tiph'-6n-al, u. & s. [Eng. oMlphon ; -al.]
A, As adjertici: : Pertaining to antiphony.
[A^'TIPHOKV (2).]
" Antiphonal singing was first brought into the
Church of Milan, in imitjition of the custom of the
Eastern churches."— fiijij/ZMtm .- Christian Antiquities
(ed. 1865), vol. v., p. 13
"He [Calvin] tliought that novelty was sure to
succeetl, that tlie practice of antiphonal chanting was
superstitious," kc. — Warton: Hist. Eng. Poet., in. 1C4.
H. -.is siihstantive : The saniu as Antipho-
NARY (q.v.).
". . . to bring and deliver unto you all anti-
phonals, missals, grayles, proce.ssionals," Slc— Burnet :
Hist. Reformed Records, pt. ii., bk. i., 47.
^n-tiph'-on - ar-y, * S-u - tiph - on - ere,
* an-typh'-on-er, an-tiph'-on-ar
(Eng.), S,n-ti-pli6u-ar'-i-uni (Medicev
Lat.), s. [In Fr. antljihoiialir, antiplionier ;
from Gr. acrti^coi/os {antiplioiios) = (1) an
accord in the octave ; (2) an antiphon, an
anthem.] A service-book compiled by Pope
Gregory the Great. It comprised all the in-
vitatories, responsories, collects, and what-
ever else was smig or said in the choir except
the lessons. From the responses contained
in it, it was sometimes called responsoriiim.
Similar compilations, or books of anthems,
also received the name of antiphonaries. In
1424 two antiphonaries bought for a small
monastery in Norfolk cost £52 = at least £200
of our money. [Anthem.]
" He 0 a'lna rcdcmptoris herde synge,
As children lerned her antiphonere.^'
C/iaucer : C. T., 14,930.
an-ti-pho-net'-ic, a. [Gr. dvrC (anti) — op-
])0site, and Eng. phonetic (q.v.).] Answering
to, rhyming. (Barham : Ingold-sby Legends;
Cynotaph.)
an-tx-phon'-ic, an-ti-phon'-ic-al, a.
[Eng. antiphon; -ic ; -leal. In Gr. o.vri^o^vo';
(antiphonos).'] Pertaining to antiphony.
"... they sung in an antiphonical way."—
Wlieatley on the Common Prayer, ij. 161,
au-tiph'-6n-y, an'-ti-phon, &n-ti-
pho'-na, s. [In Ger. antiplwnle; Ital. anti-
foiia; Gr. oi'th^wWo) (ant Iphoneo) — to sound
in answer : avrC (anti) = aQamBt, and ^oji/ew
(p]ioneo)=io sound ; ^utv^ (p/tmw") = a sound. ]
1. Opposition or contrariety of sound.
"True it is that the harmony of music, whether it
be in song or instrument, hath symphony by anti-
phony (that IS to say), the accord ariseth from discord
and of contriiry notes is composed a sweet tune "—
Jlollaiul: Plutarch, it. 186. (Richardson.)
2. The alternate chanting or singing in a
cathedral, or similar service bv the choir,
divided into two parts fur tlie purpose, and
usually sitting upon oi^posite sides. It is
sometimes use<l also when the parts are re-
peated instead of sung. Anti]ihony differs
from symphony, for in the latter case the
whole choir sing the same part. It also differs
from responsoriiim, in which the verse is
spoken or sung by only one person instead of
many.
" In antiphons thus tune we female plaints "
Old Play, viL 497. {A''ares.)
"Theseare the pretty resixmsories, these are the
dear anttphomes, that so bewitched of late our pre-
lates and their chaplains, with the goodly echo thev
mrule. — Milton: Arcop.
"Thencaine the epistle, prayers, antiphoni-es, and a
benediction. —Macaalay : nu,:. Eng., chap. xiv.
_ ". . . when the atUipli-onies are cl,anted, one imrtv
smgmg, with fury and gnashing of teeth" — /)«
Quincey : Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., JVoie, pp. 180-1.
3. The words given out to be sun^i- bv
alternate choirs. "^ '
_ ". . . this [altern.ate psalmody] tor its division
into two parts, and alternate answers, was cominonlv
called antip1iony."—Bingltam: Christian Antiauities
(ed. 1855), vol. v„ p. 13.
4. A composition made of several verses
taken from different psalms, the expressions
of sentiment in which are appropriate to the
occasion for which tlie antiphonv is prepared.
an-tiph'-ra-sis, s. [In Ger. & Fr. antl-
phrase ; Sp. antifrasis; Poi't. antifrase, ontl-
phrasis ; Gr. ai/TiV/jpatn? (antiphra^is), from
ai/Tt(^pd^a) (antiphra.zo) = to express by anti-
thesis or negation : aurC (anti) = against, and
0pa^a) (phrazo) =to intimate.]
FJiet. <& Gram. : The use of words in a sense
contrary to their ordinary one. In Greek tlie
change was of words with an evil sense into
those with a good meaning, but iu English it
may also be an exchange of good for bad.
"You now find no cause to repent that you never
diiJt your hands in the bloody high courts of justice,
30 cilled only by antip?iras-is 'South.
an-ti-phras'-tic, an-ti-phras'-tic-al, a.
[Gr. avTifpaa-TLKo? (antijjhrastikos).'} Pertain-
ing to antiphrasis.
an-ti-phras'-tic-al-ly, adL\ [Eng, anil-
pUrastical ; -ly.] In an antiphrastic manner ;
in the form of speech called autiphrasis.
"The unruliness of whose pen, and the viruleiicy
thereof, none hath more felt than myself, as well in
his book of Mitigation, as in his {antipTirastic'dli/ so
called) Sober Reckoning,"— ii;;. Mortons Discharge, li.
■206.
S,n-ti-phthi§j'-ic, an-ti-phthi§'-ic-al
(ph silent), a. [Gr. avri (anti) — against, and
00lo-i,k6? (3.7/U/iisi/cos) = consumptive ; A$L<Ttg
(phthisis) — consumption ; <l)9i(o (phthio) = to
decay.] Given against consumption. (Glossog.
Nov., 2nd ed.)
S,n-ti-phy§'-ic-al, a. [Gr. avrl (anti) =
against, and Eng. pht/sical ; from Gr. ^utrtKo?
(p/(,ifsiA;os) = natural ; rf)ucns(2j/fus(s)= nature.]
Contrary to physics, ihat is, to Nature or to
natural law. (IVehster.)
an-ti-pleur-it'-ic, * ^n-ti-pleur-if-ick,
.^-. [Gr. ai-Ti (''JLfi) = against, and Eng, pleu-
r'tic] A medicine given against pleurisy.
(G}os.v^g. Nov., 2nd ed.)
an-ti-p6d-^g'-ric, a. & s. [Gr. avrC («jiti) =
against, and TroSaypiKo? (pot?0(7r(/.:os) = gouty ;
iroSdypa (podagra) = (1) a trap for tbe feet,
(2) gout (Lat. podagra = gont) : nov? (pons),
genit. TToSds (podos) = a foot, and aypa (agra)
= hunting.]
A. As adjective : Deemed of use against the
gout.
B. As stihstantive : A medicine given against
the gout ; an antarthritic. (Glossog. Nov.,
2nd ed.)
an-tip'-6d-al, a. & s. [Eng. antipod(e); -al.
In Port, antijwdal]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the antii'odes,
or the part of the world which they inhabit.
B. As svhstantive : One inhabiting the other
side of the world from that in which the
speaker or writer is. [Antipodes.]
t ^n -ti-p6de, t An'-ti-pode (sing.) ; S,n-
tip'-o-de§s, An-tip'-6-des (plur.), s. [In
Sw. & Dan. antipoder (pi.) ; Ger. antipoden
(pi.) ; Fr. antipode (sing.), antipodes (pi.) ;
Sp. & Port, anti'podo-, (sing.); Ital. antipodi
(pi.) ; Lat. antipodes (pi.) ; Gr. tii'rtTroSes
(antipodes), pi. of avTi-rrovq (antipoiis) (a word
first introduced by Plato) = with the feet
opposite. From avri (anti) = opposite to, and
770U9 (pous) =■ a foot ; TroSes (podes) = feet.]
% Rare in the singular, common in the
plural.
I. JAt. (Plur.) : People who, from their situa-
tion on the globe, have their feet opposite to
those of the speaker or writer who apxdies to
them the term OMtipodes. For example, if
Greenwich Observatory is in lat. .51'^ 28' N,,
andlong. 0°E. or W., then the antipodes, ifany
exist, of the astronomers at Greenwich must
be sought in lat. 51° 28' S. and long. 180° B.
or W. That point falls in the ocean S.E. of
Is'cw Zealand, near Antipodes Island. Tiiose
who are our antipodes have seasons exactly
like those of England, but reversed in time,
their shortest day being our longest, their
winter our summer, and vice rersd.
II. Met. : Something exactly and com-
pletely opposed or opposite to another.
an-tip-6-de'-an, a. & s. [Eng. antipode(s) ;
sutl\ -an.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to the antipodes.
B, As subst. : One who lives at the autipodes.
an-tip'-6-de§i.
[Antipode.]
b^, b^; pout, j6^i; cat, 5ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; iSin. as; expect, ^jCenophon. e^ist. -ing.
-tion. -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, «lel. -tial z
= shal.
232
antipoison— antirheumatic
an-tJ-poi'-s6n, s. [Gr. avrC (ant I.) = against,
and Eng. poisun.] An antidote to poiyon of
some kind or otlier.
" In venomous natures, something may be amialjle :
poisons aSuiA aiiti-poisons : nothing is tot.illy or altn-
gather uselessly ba<L"— Browne .• Christ. Mor , \;xviii. l.
an'-ti-pope, s. [Gr. ai-Ti (rt7i(i) = against,
and Eng. poj^c. In Fr. antipupe; Sp. & Ital.
iDitipwpa.] One who usurps the popedom, in
opposition to the individual elected in the
normal way.
"This house is famous in liistuty for the retre.ut of
MX ajUtpope, who called himself Felix V." — iddi-iun.
an-ti-p6p'-U-lar, a. [Gr. am' (anti) =
■■igainst, and Eng. popular.] Against the
interests or opinions of the people.
" The last two tables are the wm-k of the second
decemvirs, whose government was anti-popular." —
Lewis: Cred. Eariy Rom. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iii,, ^ 54.
^n'-ti-p6rt, s. [In Ital. antiii-nin, autiporto,
from Gr. ai/rt (a/Ui) = oi'i'i 'site to, and Lat.
'porta = a city gate, a gate.] An outer gate ;
an outer door.
" If a Christian or Jew should but lift up the anti-
port, and set one step into it, he profaned it." — ISmilh :
Maitn. of the Turks, p. 75,
an-ti-prac'-tise, v.i. [Gr. ai-rt {rniii) =
against, and Eng. practise.] To oppose,
(Haclcet: Life o/WllUanis, i. 195.)
an-ti-pre-lS-t'-ic, '^ an-ti-pre-l^t'-ick,
lin-tl-pre-lat'-ic-al, a. [Gr. aVn (auti)
= against, and Eng. p'relatic; -iaiL] Ojiposed
to prelatists or to prelacy.
" The rooters, the anti-j)relatick party, declaim
against me."— Sir £. Bering : Speeches, p. 101.
an'-ti-priest, s. [Gr, ai/rt (.-o^r/) — against,
and Eng. priest] One opposed to priests.
" \^^lile they are afraid of being guided by prifsfy,
they consent to be governed by anti-privits." — IIVCc/'-
land: Ch., p. 28.
an-ti-priest'-craft, s. [Gr. avri {auti) —
against, and 'E.n.)^. priestcraft.] Opimsition tn
1 trie ate raft.
" I hope she [the Church of Englaud] is secure from
lay bigotiT and anti-priustcraft." — Burke: Upeevhon
the t'/dimj* of the Church.
an-tip-SOr'-lC, o. [Fl'om Gr. ivri (<niH) =
against, and Eng. psorlc. From Lat. j'^nm,
Gr. ^tupa, (psora) = the itch or the niiingr ;
\l/doj (p«w), or i/zwco (fisoo) = tn rub. Jn l''r.
iDifipsoriqiie.] Deemed of use against tlie
iteh. (Wehster.)
an-tip-to'-sis, s. [In Fr. L^ Port, uidii'fnuo ;
Gr. afn-'TTTwo-t? (a nti ptosis) = (1) a falling
agauist, (2) (In Gram., see below) ; CivTiirnrTm
(anfii-iipto) = to fall again.st ; am' (anti) =
against, and Tvinrui (pijitu) = to fall.]
(Warmaar : An inter^_•hang^' of nne case i'i>r
another. (Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.)
an-ti-pii'r-i-tan, s. & a. [Gr. avrC (ccti) —
against, and Eng. puritan.]
A. --Is substantive: One oppi)sed to tlie
Puritans or to Puritanism.
"... Dr. Samuel Parker, famous for his ter-
Kivers.Ttion with the times, now an fin/'-jjitr/tan in
the extreme." — IV'trli/n .- Jfotes to A/iUoti'x Simtlltr
J'oeins, p. 501.
B. As adjective : Opposed to Puritanism.
"... the inirification of our lighter literature
from that foul taint which had been contracted during
tlie aiiti-purUaa reaction." — Macaulai/ : Jlint. Kn-j ,
chap. xiv.
an-ti-pyr-et'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. kvrl (nufi) —
against, and Eng pyretic. From Gr. TruoeTo?
(/'iirctos) = ('\-) fiery heat, (2) fever ; nvp (pvr)
= hre. In Port. oMtipyrctirn.]
A. A^ adj. : Deemed of use against fever.
B. -Is ^nhstantioe : A medicine given against
fever. (Glossog. y<ji'., 2nd ed.)
an-ti-quar'-i-an, a. & s. [In Sw. anti^junric,
s. : Dan. anthpiorist, a., antiqucriii^!, s. ; Gcr.
i'litiqiiar, s. From Lat. (intiqii'iriiis, a. & .s.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to antiquarians
or to antiqitity ; antique, old.
"The belief in an original year of ten months was
prevalent aninng the antiquarian .'ind historical
writers of Raine." —Lewis : Astroii. of the Ancients,
chap. 1. , § 9.
B. -is substantive :
1. An antir[uary.
"Thus Ciucius is described by Livj' as being a
diligent ant/'/uarcan, in relation t" events prior to
hJH own age."— Zrfim Earh/ Itom. Jltst.. chap, ii., § 8.
2. A large kind of drawing paper
an-tl-quar'-i-an-ism,-. [Eng. antiqimrian ;
-ism.] Love of antiquities or of antitiuarian
research.
"I used to despise him for hia atitiqitarianism."—
Warbiirton, Letter 221,
- an-ti-quar'-i^m, s. [Kng. aiitiqiinr(y);
-Isia.] The same as AxTUirAKiANisM (q.v.).
". . !i quc'ition above aiiti<jnarixiii."—f{rou'ne.
n>ldri->(iii>hi'i-
an'-ti-quar-y, s. & «. [In C;er. (mtiquar;
Fr. autiqih'in: ; Wp , Port., & ItaL autiqnifrio;
from Lat, aidiquariHs, s. & a. J
A. As suhstoAitive :
1. UrifiinaUii : A keeper of the aiitiquariinn
or eahinet nf antiquities. (Henry VIII. called
John Leland liis nuUqnurii.)
2. A student of antiquity, or rather of the
relics, such as inserqttions, old buildings,
manuscriitts, &c., whieh antiipiity has left
behind.
" With sharpened sight pale inifi'iuarn-'i |iore,
Th' inscription value, out the rust adore. "—/'o/>(?.
B, As adjective : Antique. oUl.
" Here's N'f-tnr,
Instructed by the anf/'juurf/ tjnie'^ ,
He must, he is, he cannot but bu «ise."
fHuikesp. . Trail us and Crexsida, li. 3.
t an'-ti-quate, v.t. [In Port. auHquar. From
Lat. a ittiquatus, pa. par. of untiquo = to
restore a thing to its former eonditidu.] To
render anything out of date, and therefore
presumably less valuable than once it was.
To render obsolete. "When a law becomes
antiquated it is rarely put in force, if indeed
it is not swept from tiie statute-book.
" The growth of Christianity in this kingdom might
reasonably introduce new laws, and "ntiqvate or abro-
gate some old ones, that seemed less consistent with
the Christum doctrines."- //«?c.
•[ The verb is rarely used except in its past
li;iiticiple.
an'-ti-qua-ted, pa. par. &, a. [Aniujl-ate.]
As adjective :
1. Out of date, obsolete, i.f less ^alue than
fiirmerly; superseded. alu'Ogated.
" Almighty Latium, "'ith her cities einMu'd,
Shall like an antiquated fable sound." — AddUo)i.
2. Made to iiuitate antiquity.
"In reading a style judiciously at?'/fl»'«f('f/, one finds
a pleasure not unlike that of travelling on an old
Eoman way. "—Pope : Homer's Odyssei/, Postsci-ipt.
t 3. Old. but in nowise out of date.
" The antiquated earth, as one might say."
M'ordsioorth : l^ouiivt to a Friend (180V).
an-ti-qua-ted-ness, t an'-ti-quate-
ness, &-. [Eng antiquated, -nrss ; antiqia'te,
-i(t'.s.>'.] The quality or state of being out of
date, obsolete, or superseded.
"... that no one ]jiay jiretend antiquateness oi
the Old Testament." — Appeiulix to Life of Jlede, xli.
an-ti-qua'-tion, s. [Lat. antiquati" = an
abrogating, an annulling: from toitafn", \A.]
The act or process of rendermg obsnlcte ; the
state of being rendered oliMilete. Spec., used
uf the antiquation of a law, which is properly
its repeal or abrogation, but is sometimes
more loosely used for tlie refusal to pass it
when it appears as a bill for discussion.
" You bring forth now, great ijueen, as you foresaw,
An antiquation of the salifiuc la«."
Cart-wright • Poem to the ijueen.
" Reason ia a law
High and divine, engrav'd in every breast.
Which mubt no change nor aiUi/^uatioti know."
neuuiaoitt Psyche, xv. 1G4.
"■ . - aufi'iuatio/i, which is the refusing tu pass
Su'l!iW."—£HCI/. Loud.
an-ti'que, an-tique, a. & s. [In Ger.
antik, a., auhLr. y. ; Fr. antique, a. & s. ;
Ital. antico, s. From Lat. antiquiis = former,
old, ancient: ")i^e = before]
A, As adjc'Jive :
1. AncieTit, old, that has long existed. It
may be used (a) in the geological sense = of
an age measured by milbons of years ; or (b)
historically — jirior to the birth of Christ ;
or (c) media.-^-al ; or (d) liaving been long in
existenci; compared with utliers of its kind.
[Ancient, Antiquity.]
". . . a rock very different in age from the
antUpie and crj'stalline gneiss of Scotland and Scandi-
navia."— .Miirchison: Situria, ch. xiv.
"The seals which we have remaining of Julius <"'a^n,ir,
which we know to be antiiivc, have tfie star uf \'euus
over them."~/)rffden.
" Huge convent domes with pinnacle'^ and towers,
And antique castles seun through drizzlhig showers."
Wordsworth : /trsi-ripfire Sketches.
2. Old-fashioned, antiquated.
" The first, if I reniember, is a sort of a buft" waist-
coat, made antique fashion, ." — Goldsmith : The
Bee, No. ii.
3. Odd, antic. (,^ee ANiir, which was
originally the same word as antique.)
" And sooner may a gulling weather-spy.
By drawing forth heav'n s scheme, tell cei-tainly,
What fa.shion'd hats, or ruffs, or suits, uextyear
Our giddy-headed antique youth will wear.
Donne.
B. As suh.-,tiintive, it is frequently used
in the plural Antk^i'es = such busts, statues,
vases, &c., as have come down from classic
antiquity, and are prized for their value as
works of genius and art no less than for tlie
light they throw on the life of the old world.
" Misshapen monuments and malm d antiques.'
Byron : Eug. Bards & Scotch Jiiwiewers.
t an-ti'que-lj^, adr. [Eng. antique : -ly.] In
an antique manner ; after the manner of anti-
quity. {Webster.)
an-ti'que-ness, 5. [Eng. antique ; -J^esj.]
The quality of being antiijue.
"T,'e may discover something venerable Ih the
antiqiteness of the \yor\i-."— Addison.
an-ti'ques, s. 'pi. [Antique.]
an-tiq-ui-tar'-i-an (ui - wi). s. [Eng.
antiquit(y) ; -•>riah.] Oi.e wlio praises by-
gone days ; a medievalist. (Milton: Of lie J.
in Eng., bk. i.)
an-tiq'-ui-tief (ui = wi), s. p>l. [Antiquity.]
an-tiq'-ui-ty, * an-tiq -ui-tie (ui = wi),
s. [Fr. ani.iquite, from Lat. antiquitc.3, anti-
quus = ancient.]
A. ."lingular:
I. The state of ha\'ing existed long ago ;
the state of being ancient.
1. By the gculoqical standard: Vast and
uncertain age.
"... inferiority in position is connected with the
superior antiquity of granite " — LyeU : Manual of
Geol., 4th ed., ch. xxxiv.
Antiquity ofnw.n : The spec-itic termapiplied
to the hypothesis now generally accepted by
geologists and other scicntibe investigators as
correct, that man eaine into being not later
than the glacial period, if indeed he did not
exist in pre-glacial times. From the historic
point of view this makes him very " antique,"
though by the geological standard the date of
his birth is exceedingly modem. {Lyell :
Antiquity of Man.)
2. By the historic standard:
(a) Ancient times, especially those from the
earliest known period to the fall of the Roman
empire.
" I mention Ajistotle, Polybius, and Cicero, the
greatest philosopher, the most impartial historian,
and the most consummate statesman, of all antiguit//."
—Addison.
(b) .Sometimes the word in this sense is used
much more vaguely.
"From a period of immemorial antiquity it had
been the practice of every English government to con-
tract debts."— J/acawiaJ/. Jiisl. Eng., ch. iii.
3. By the standard of human or other life or
e^d^tence. Ludivrotisly : Old age.
"Par. Hadst thou not the privilege of antiquity
upon tl\ee—."—Shakesj>. : Ail's iVell, ii. a.
II. The ancients, the people who lived
during tlie times mentioned under No 2.
" Wherefore doth vame atUiquitif so vaunt
Her ancient monuments of mightie peeres 1 "
Spenser ; Sounet on Scanderbeg.
B. FhiraL Antiquities signify such coins,
inscriptions, statues, weapons, sepulchral
urns, ruined edifices, nay, even manuscripts,
as have eome down to us from the classical and
other nations of antiquity, or from the early
period of our own country's history. Thoy
are valued as confirming, cheeking, or enlarging
the information given by historians, or in
some cases as laying the basis for reconstruct-
ing the most outstanding events connected
with nations or periods regarding whieli
ordinary histories are silent.
'■ So of histurit"- we may find three kinds : JMemorials,
Perfect Histories, and Antiquities ; for memorials rje
history unfinished, or the first or rough draughts of
historj'; and antiquities are history defjiced, or some
remnants of history which have casually escaped the
shipwreck of time, '—liacou Adv of Learn., bk. ii.
an-ti-rhoe'-a, 5. [Gr. avri (anti) = against ;
pe'o) (rhed) = to flow. Named from being used
against hemorrhage.] A genus of plants be-
longing to the order Oinehonaceffi (Cincho-
nads). The siiecies are found in Mauritius
and Bourbon. The root ainl bark of the A.
vertieellata are believed to be very astringent.
an-ti-rheii-mat'-ic (h silent), a. & s. [Gr.
ai/W (auti) = against, and Eng. rheumatic]
1. As adjective : Deemed of use against
rheumatism.
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, w^ho, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, lyre, se, oe = e. qu = Itw,
antirevolutionary— antistrophon
233
2. As substantive : A medicme given against
rheuuiatisifi,
an-ti-rev-o-lu'-tion-ar-^, a. [Gr. avrC
(ona)= against, and Eng. TGVohitionarij. In
Fr. (uitircvolntionnalre ] Opposed to political,
and especially to sanguinary, revolution.
". . . to disgoi-ge their «»^i-rewaZM^it);«t>-wi)elf."—
liiirke ; Jtegicidts Peace.
^n-ti-rev-o-lu'-tion-ist, s. [Gr. avTC{anti)
= against, and Eng. rcrolntionary.] One
opposed to revolution or to revolutionary
parties.
'". . , the apartment called bv the anfi-revohi-
tioniits, " the plotting parlour.' "—Gathnv : Eng.
aJl-tir-rhi'-niini {h silent), s. [In Sp. . Port. ,
& Ital. antirrino. From Lat. mitirrhinon, a
plant, Lychnis githago (?) ; Gr. airrCppLvov
(caitlrrhi}ion) = snap-dragon ; avrC (anti) =
compared with ; pt's (rliis), genit. piv6<; (rhinos)
= the nose. Nose-like.] Snap-dragon. A
ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS.
1. Upiier portion of )\ plnut of An'irrhinumi7uij}iH
(SnaiKlragou), 2 Corulla cut open, showiug
atamena. 3. Ripe fruit.
genus of plants belonging to the order Scro-
phulariacBie, or Fig-worts. The A. Oronttum,
or Lesser Snap-dragon, is wild, and the A.
majus, or Great Snap-dragon, naturalised in
Britain,
an-ti-ru'-mour, v.t. [Gr. ivrC (anti), and
Eng. ruvunn-.] To spread a report contrary
to one geufvally current. (Fuller: Ch. Hist
111. viii., 5 1-1-)
S,ii-ti-sato-ba-ta'r-i-an, s. [Gr. avH (anti)
= against, iind Eng. Sabbatarian.] One who
holds that the Jewish Sabbath was part of the
ceremonial rather than of the moral law, and
thai, in its essential character, it is different
fromthc"LordV ]i;iy" of the New Testament.
"The anii-sabbutai-lfum hold the aahbath djiy, or
that which we call the Luvtrs day, to be no more a
sabbath : iu which they go about to viohitealt religion ;
lor take awny the sabbath, and farewell religion "—
Pagit: J/cre^iogra/>li//, p. 119.
an-ti-sa'-bi-an, r. . [Gr. a.vTC(anti) = against,
and Eng. S<fhinn (ii,\'.).] Opposed to Fabian-
ism, that is, to the worship of tlic heavenly
bodies. (Fnbcr.)
an-ti-sa9-er-d6'~tal, ". [Gr. avTL(>n,/i) =
against, and Eng. soa'nh,t„l.] Opposed to the
priestly office or procedure.
" The charge of auch sacerdotal craft hath often been
miiusUyl&ulhy ft lit i-sacerdoCal pride or resentment"
— iVaterlaitd: Ch.. p. 53.
^-ti-scho-las'-tic, «. [Gr. avH (anli) =
against, and Eng. sdiobrstic] Opposed to
what is scholastic. (S. T. Coleridge.)
an-tisc'-i-ans (sc as sh), an-tis'-9i-i,
s. ]iL [In Fr. nHtiscieii.s ; Lat. antiscii; Gr.
avTia-KtoL (antiskioi) : aviC (a*i(t)= oppo^ite,
and cTKtd (skia) = a shadow.] [Antceci.]
Geog. & Astron. : Two sets of people, whose
shadows at tlie same moment fall in opposite
directions. The parties south of the tropic of
Capricorn are always antisciaus to those
north of the tropic of Cancer, and vice versa.
anj-ti-scor-bu'-tic, * an-ti-scor-bu-
tick, f(. & ,';. [Gr. avH (anti) = against, and
Eng. scorfi'Uitc ; Gm: antisoorb^itisch ; Fr. anti-
scorbatiqi'p : Sp., For:;. & Ital. antiscorbutico.]
A, As u'liectlve: Li^-med of use against
scurvy. (Glusmj. Nov., 2nd ed.)
B. ^s substanticc: A medicine deemed of
use against scurvy.
an-ti-scor-bu'-tic-al, a. [Eng. antiscor-
butic; -al.} [Antiscorbutic]
* an'-ti-SCript, s. [Gr. avri (anti) = against,
and Lat. scriptum ^something written ; scribo
= ... to write. ] A writing directed against
(any person or thing).
" Hifi highness read the charges, and admired at the
vlnilency; with the antiscripts of the keeper, which
were much commended."— i/acA:ef ; Life of ArchbUhop
Wdliains (1693), p. I'Jil,
a^i-tx-scrip'-tu-ral, a. [Gr. O-tL (anti) =
against, and Eii'^.' s<:,-iptural.] Opposed to
Scripture. (Webster.)
3.n-ti-scrip'-tu-ri§m, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. scripture : -ism.] Opposition
to Scripture.
" Nuw that ctnti-xcripturism groves so rife, and spreads
so fast . , ."~Iioj/lt;oiitkeSCt/ieoftheIl,S.,ii.li6.
an-ti-scrip'-tu-rist, s. [Gr. avri (antl) =
against, and Eng. scrlpturist (q.v.).] One
opposed to Scripture.
" Not now to mention what is by atheists and
anU-scripturistg alleged to overthrow the truth and
authority of the Scripture."— BoyZe.
an-tl-SCrof'-U-lOUS, a. &s. [Gr. avH (cut!)
= against, and'Eng. scrofulous. In Fr. aati,-
scro/ule u i. ]
A, As adjective: Deemed of use against
scrofula.
B. .4s substantive : A medicine given against
scrofula.
an-ti-sep'-tic, * an-ti-sep'-tick» a. & s.
[In Ger. antiscptisch ; Fr. anti-ieptlque; Port.
antiseptico ; Gr. olvti (aui;) = against, and
tnjTTTds (septos) = putrid, decayed ; cnjTrio (sepo)
= to make rotten or putrid.]
A, As adjective: Counteracting the ten-
dency to putrefaction.
"... the gastric fluid itself, which, according to
all observers, is remarkably antiseptic, being capable
of checking the further progress of putrefaction in
meat in which that process has already begun." — Todd
i Uoumian: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii. (1856), p. -20:;.
B. As substantive : A substance which has
the effect of counteracting the tendency to
putrefaction. Garrod makes " Disinfectants
and Antiseptics" the second order of his
"Division III. Chemical agents used for other
than their medicinal properties." Antiseptics
prevent chemical change by destroying the
activity of the infectious matter, the chemical
composition of the body still in many cases
remaining the same ; while disinfectants de-
compose and remove the infectious matter
itself. Antiseptics are called also Colytics
(q.v.). Among them may be named carbolic
acid, alcohol, sulphurous acid, chloride of
sodium (common salt), corrosive sublimate,
arsenic, &c.
S,n-tl-sep'-tic-al, a. [Eng. autisci^tic ; -id.]
Pertaining to an antiseptic ; counteracting tlic
tendency to putrefaction.
an-ti-sla'-ver-y, a & s. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. sloccrij.]
1. As adjective : Opposed to slavery.
2. As srdjstantive : Opposition to slavery.
(Wehstcf.)
au-ti-s6 -9ial (cial = shal), ic. [Gr. avrC
(ni)t!) — against, and Eng. so'cial. In Fr. antl-
iyocial. ]
1. Opposed to social intercourse, averse tn
society ; loving solitude. (Webster.)
2. Opposed to the principles on which
society is constituted. (Webster.)
an-tis'-pa-sis. s. [In Port, antispase; Gr.
avTio-Trao-ig {antispasis) = a drawing back of the
humours of the body ; avTia-iraw (antispao)
— to draw the contrary way : avrC (anti) =
agamst, and <nrdu} (spao) = to draw.]
Med. : The revulsion of any fluid in the body
from one part to another.
an-ti-spas-mod'-ic, * an-ti-spa?-m6d -
ick, a. & s. [From Gr. o.i'tC ('nitl) = Rgiiiiist
and Eng. spa.vnodic. In Fr. antispasmodinue ;
Port, antispasimdico. From Gr. airto-Trao-uo?
(antupasmos) = an anti-spasmodic : avTi(ant;)
= back, and o-n-ao-^ios (spasvws) = (l)a draw-
ing, (2) a convulsion ; o-Trau (spad) = to draw.]
A. -4s adjective: Deemed of use against
spasms or convulsions.
B. As substantive: A medicine designed to
counteract or allay spasms. Gari-od makes
anti-spasmodics the 1st order of his Sub-class
3. They are of two kinds : (i) Direct Anti-
spasmodics, or Spinal Tonics, of which the
chief are assafo?tida, valerian, musk castor
various oils, camphor, &c. ; (2) Indirect Anti-
spasmodics, as conium, bromide of potas-
sium, salts of silver, hydrocyanic acid, bella-
donna, stramonium, henbane, opium, chloro-
form, &c. (Garrod: Materia Medica.)
an'-ti-spast, an-ti-spas'-tus, s. [Lat.
ailttspastus ; Gr. avTCanaa-To-; (antisjiostu.'^) ^ an
autispast ; from ai/Tio-Traoj (antlspi'o) = to draw
the contrary way : avrC (anti), and o-Traw (spad)
= to draw.]
Prosody : A foot consisting of four syllables,
the first and fourth short, and the second and
third long : as mB j dul \ lo | sus.
^n-ti-spas'-tic, * an-ti-spas'-tick, a. &s.
[From Gr. avrC (anti) = against, and Eng.
spa.-itic (q.v.); or from Gr. avTia-jraa-To^ (ajiti-
sjMstos) = (h'a.wn in contrary directions.]
A. As adjective :
'' L M&licine :
1. Pertaining to antispasis ; believed to
cause a revulsion of fluids from one part of
the body to the other. (Johnson.)
2. Antispasmodic. (Webster.)
II. Prosody : Pertaining to an antispast.
B. As substantive :
1. A medicine believed to cause a revulsion
of fluids from oi^e part of the body to the
other. (Glossog. Nova.)
2. An antispasmodic. (Webster.)
an-ti-sple-net'-ic, * £in-ti-sple-iiet'-
ick, a. & s. [Gr. avrC (anti) = against, and
Eng, S2)lenetic.]
A, As fidjeclive : Deemed of use against
diseases of the spleen.
B. Assubstanlive : A medicine given against
diseases of the spleen.
" Antin/ih-jteticks open the obstructions of the
spleen. "—Ployer.
3(n-tis -ta-sis, s, [In Ger. anti-sta^ie ; Gr.
dcTio-Tatn? («.?i(isto5i5) = standing against, op-
jiositioii. avri (anti) = against, and a-Tda-L<;
{stn,sis) = (1) a placing, (-J) a standing ; lo-ryj/xt
(ki'^teiiii) — to make to stand.]
FJietorii- : A defence of any action on the
ground that what was done was the lesser of
two evils.
an-tis'-te§ (plural an-tis'-ti-te§), o\ [Lat.]
(1) A president of any kind ; (2) a high-priest.
" He tells what the ChriBtians had wont to do ia
their several congregations, to read and expound, to
pray and administer, all which he says the TTpoetrraJS,
uY antistes, did," — J/ilton; Of Prel. Episcopacy.
" Unless they had as many antistitm i\s ijresbyters."
— Ibid.
an-tis'-tro-phe. an-tis'-tro-phy, s. [in
Ger. & Fr. anli^troj^he ; Port, a^ntistroplie,
antistrojie. From Gr. di'Tto-Tpo^ij (antistmphe)
= a turning about ; ama-Tpetpo} (antistrcjilio)
= to turn to the opposite side : dvTi (anti) =
opposite to, and a-rpi^ia (strepho) ^i{j twist,
to turn.]
I. Ancient Chi>ni--es and Dances:
1. The returning of the chorus, exactly
answering to a previous strophe, exccjit that
now they moved from left to right, in.stcad of
from right to left.
2. The lines of the poem or choral song
sung during this movement.
"It was customary, on some nccasiona, to dance -
round the altars, whilst they sung the sacred hymns,
which consisted of three stanzas or jiarts : the first of
which, called strophe, was sung in turning from east
t*) west ; the other, named antistrophe, in returning
from west to east ; then they stood before the altar
and sung the epnein, which was the last part of the
song."— /"oWer ■ Aniiq. of Greece, hk. ii,, chai>, 4.
II. Rhetoric : The figure of retortion.
III. Logic: Aristotle's designation for the
conversion or transposition of the terms of a
proposition.
rV. Grammar: An inverted construction.
v. Relation of one thing to another.
"The latter branch touching impression, hath m.t
been collected into art, but hath been handled dUper-
sedly; and it hath the same relation or antistroplie
that the former hath." — Bacon: Adv. o/ iearn,, bk. ii.
an-ti-stroph'-ic, a. [Eng. anfi^tro-phe ; -ic]
Pertaining to an antistrophe. (Webster.)
an-tis'-tro-phon, «. [Gr. di/Tio-Tpo^o? (anti-
strophos) = turned opposite ways.] The turn-
ing of an argument on the peison who used ib.
" That he may know what it is to be a child, and yet
to meddle with edged tools, I tmiied his antlslrophon
UDon his own head. "— J/)7(on; Apol.for Smectyinnuua
bSil, boy; poSt, J<Swl; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-tlon, -siou = shiin ; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious. -sious, -ceous. -cious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel. deL -que = k.
234
antistrumatic— antlia
an-ti-stru-mat'-ic, o. & s. [Gv. kwt {anti)
= again.^t, and Lai. striimo:=ix senjliUous
tumour ; struma.]
A. As a'^Jfctirc : Oouiiterarting or mitiga-
ting the strumous, that is, tliu serufulous con-
stitution.
B. -4s .^'ih^fffnfive: A medirine lu'lievcd to
have some etibct in fouiiteractiug or mitiga-
ting the strumous constitution.
"I prescribed hiin a distilled milk, with anti-.-itru-
jnaiicks, iuid piu't'ed liim." — i\'ise)/tcin.
Xn-tit-stru'-inous, ". [Antistrl-matic] The
same as Antistrl'.maiic (q.v.). {Ti'ebder.)
an-ti-syph-i-lit'-ic, o. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. sifiihUUic. In Fr. onli-
sypliUitiqiie.] Believe<l to Ije of use against
syjihilis. (Castle: Lrxicon Pharm.)
An-ti-tac'-tse, Xn-ti-tac'-tes, s. pi. [Lat-
inised from Gr. a.vTl.T6.(T<T^>i {(.ii'.iltam<')^{l)\o
ranf'e in battle, (2) to (_-ounter;u't, to rfsi.st .
kvTi (rn;/0 — f>o^i"st, and raa-o-tu {tasso)—\o
ari-ange.l
Church Hist.: A Gnostic sect who main-
tained that not G od but a creature liad
ereatfd evil.
an-ti-tar-tar'-ic, a. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. tartaric] Opiiosed to Tar-
taric (q.v.).
anti-tartaric acid. An acid differing
from tartaric asid in this remarkable respect,
that whereas tlie latter turns the \>Vdm; ot
polarisation to the right, this does it to the
left. If the twci lie mixed together they Ih.-^l-
all influence on polarised light. (Graham:
ClieriL., vol. ii., p. 47S.)
Sji-ti-the'-i^m, s. [Gr. ii/T/ (cnti) = against,
and Eng. (Iloshi Or from avTi9eo<; ("iititlieos),
a., in the sense of ojiposed to Gnd; for in
Homer it means god-like, equal to the gods.]
Opposition to God or to belief in His existence.
(Chalmers.)
3ji-ti-the'-ist, s. [Gr. avH ((tutt) = Asa.miit,
and Eng. theist] One who oi)poses the belief
in a G('d. The antitheist takes a more de-
cided stand against theism than the atheist
does. (IVebster.)
an-ti-the-ist'-ic-al, ri. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. theibtiml. Or Eng. antitlLci&t:
-ical.l Opposed to theism ; contending against
the belief in God. {Welster.)
an-ti-the-ist'-ic-al-ly, f't?t\ [Eng. antlthris-
tical ; -hj.'\ After the manner of an antitheist ;
with active opposition to behef in God.
(ILc/Wer.)
fijl-titll'-en-ar, o. [Gr. o-vtC (anti) = against,
and devap (ihriinr) = the palm of tlie hand,
the sole of the foot.]
Aiiat. : One of the muscles wliicli extend
the thumb. (Glossog. Xocc, 2nd ed.)
S,n-tith'-e-sis (pi. an-tith'-e-ses), s. [in
,S\v, antithca ; Dan. & Ger. ant i these ; Fr. €(/(-
tithhc; Sp. a,//'7.;..fs-, antiteto ; Port, aatitlic^c,
iintitlusi.'^ : ItaL autiiesi ; Gr. avrCQeai'; (r'ii-
/i//:es?y) = opi)ositlon, from di'Ttrtflij/xt {miti-
ilthrini) = to set against, oppose : ovtC (anti) =
agahist, and tl'Stj/xi (titM7iii) = to set or place.]
lihet. : Sharp opposition or contrast between
word and word, clause and clause, sentence
and sentence, or sentiment and sentiment,
specially designed to impress the listener or
reader.
^ Macaulay's writings are full of antitheses,
of which the following may serve as examples :
as " He had covi-i thi slwt at Crmnvdl, he now
openly aimed at the i^ncea." (Hist. Enq., ch. v.)
"But hlood alone did not s;itisfy Jeflreys ; he
filled his cotfers by the sale of jx-vnlnin,."
(Und., ch. xvii.)
" Aiitifh'-.sis or opposition."— Co^erWje ; Akh to Rc-
Jlcction {1^ ;:•). p. 129.
"... the habitual '( ntifhnsis of prose and ixictry,
fact and fiction." — Ilerhcrt Speiicer, 2nd ed., vol. ii., p.
532, § 4'Jl.
"Athene, the man-goddess, bom from the head of
ZeiiB. without a mother, and without feminine sym-
pathies, is the anfithesis partlj' of Aphrodifct. " — Grute :
Hist, of Greece (18iC), vol. i., pt i,, ch. i., p. 74.
If The plural is still in the Greek form anti-
theses.
" I ^e« a chief who leads my cboeeii sons,
All (irm'd with iioiuta, antitheses, and puns."
Pope.
* pjl-ti-thet', s. [Antitheton,] An opposite
statement or po.-sitnm. ('.'. Kinydey : Two
Years Ago, ch. xxvi.)
an-tith'-e-ta, s. j^l- The pi. of Astitheton
(q.v.).
an-ti-thet'-ic, an-ti-thef-ic-al, a. [In
Kr. ant ttlu'J Hint ; yp. aiUUetico. From Gr.
ayTtdrjTLKOi {"ntdhi'tlkos).]
A. (irditiary Lonjaage: Pertaining to or
martced by tlie presence of an antithe.ii-).
"Tlie ant iihi'i ii.nl grounof caaea."— Herbert Spencer :
J'sydwlogij, 2iid ed., vol, Ii.. p. 55, § 2yJ.
B. Technically:
' Old L'hfin. Aatith'tic or polar for inula: are
formuhe written on two lines instead of one.
In tlie upper line are ]ilaced all the negative
constituents, and in the lower the positive.
This method of notation was ]iroposed by Dr.
Graham (see his Chr.m.-^trij, 2nd ed., voh i., ]ip
204, 205). In this svsteni potash has the
O ' 0=
harmula |v instead of K.O ; sulphunc acid —
instead of 80-. There is no analogy to an
algebraic frai'tion. It does not mean that O,
formerly multiplied hy K_, is now divided ;
and the algebraist unacquainted witti chemis-
try must be on his guard against giving the
apparent fractious this meaning. The formulae
now given are altered in the new notation.
an-ti-thet'-ic-al-ly,f'f?r. [Eng. aniithctiral ;
-h/.] In an antithetical manner; with sharp
contrasts.
" AntUhet'n-'i'hi opposed divisinus." — Tier' ert Spen-
cer I'iif!iu/'rjii. 2ua ed., vol. ii., p. ail, § 3S7.
an-tith'-e-ton, 5. [Lat. and Gr. avTiOeiov
(antitheton).] An antithesis.
In the phirid : Antitheta ; In the Instrnr-
tioif for Oratory (1001) erroneously made
antithcias. Theses argued for and against.
" A n' I'lieta j\.r& theses argneH pro et contra." — Bacon:
Adv. of Learn., bk. ii.
an-tit'-ra-gus, s. [Gr. ivrC (rn>tl) = o\)]-\o-
site to, and Lat (rrnins, Gr. rpayog (tragos).]
[Tragus.] A portion of the external ear
opposite the tragus and beneath tlie concha.
" Opposite thi.s [the tnigusl, behind and Ijelow the
concha, is the a at ifrtiffns.' — TocUl & Bowman : Physiol.
Anat.. Vol. ii , p. 66.
an-ti-trin-i-ta'r-i-an, a. & s. [Eng. anti,
triniJ/i ; suffix -arian. In Ger. antitrinitarisch,
a.; antitrinitari<:r. s.; Port, antitrinitario.]
1. As a-djccticc : Opposed to the doctrine of
the Trinity.
2. --!.•-■ sidistontice : One opposed to the doc-
trine of the Tnnity.
"The anti-trlnitaria^is have renewed Arius's old
heresy ; and they are called Anti-trinitarian'i. because
they bhispheme and violate the Holy Ti'iuity. "—Faff it :
J/cresiographi/, p. IIG.
an-ti-trin-i-tar-i-an-i^m, s. [Gr. aiTt
(miti) = against, and Eng. trinitarianism.]
Tlie system of doctrine of which tlie essential
feature is a denial of the doctrine of the
Trinity, (ll'vhstcr.)
an-tit'-ro-pal, an-tit'-ro-pous, a. [Gr.
ai'Ti (('nti)= op]iii-.ite to, and rpoTTo? (tropos)^
a turn, direction ; rpeVoj (trepjo) ~ to tui-n.]
Bot : A term aiipln-d to an embrj'o which
is iuvei-ted so as to have the radicle at the
extremity of the seed most remote from the
hilum. The sacs of the ovule are iji uo degree
inverted, but have their common point of
origin at the hilum, the raphe and chalaza
byjng necessarily invisible, (Lindley : Introd.
to Bot.)
an-ti-typ'-al. a. [En^. antiUjp(e) ; -aL] Of
the nature o't an antitype (q.v.). (CKingsky:
Yeast, Epil.)
an'-ti-type, s. [in Sp. ODtitipn; Gr. avrC-
TUTTos (antitnpos) = (1) repelled by a hard
body; echoed, echoin-.,- ; (2) corresponding as
the stamp to tlie die : clvtC (aii^i) = opposite
to, and Ti'TTo? {tui>os) = (l) a blow, (2) th;(_t
which is ]u-odured by a blow ; tuttoo) (tupon)
= to imiircss, tu stamp; tutttuj (tvpl'~) = XM
strike.]
1. Gen.. That which corresponds to some-
thing else, as a stamp does to the die by
which it was struck otf.
"... and the observant friars, with their chain
geroles and shirts of hair, were the antit/ipes of Parsons
and Campion."— FroH^; Ilist. Eny.. vol. ii , p. ITa.
2. Theol. : He wlut or that which m the Xew
Testament coriespmided exactly to the types
of the Old— namely, Chri:,t or his atoning
death.
■' He brought forth bread and wine, and w.as the
priest of the most higli God; imitating the anlili/pe
or the substance, Chricst himself." — Taylor.
3. Among tite an'Aent Greek father.^, and in
the Greek liturgy : A term applied to the
symbols of bread and wine in the sacrament.
an-ti-typ'-ic-al, v.. [Gr. acrt (anti) = against,.
and typiral; orEwi^. ant it i/t^c, and -icaZ.] Per-
taining to an antitype. {Jvhnson.)
an-tl-typ'-ic-al-ly, culv. [Eng. antltypical ;
-ly.] In an antitypical manner; by way of
antitype. (Webster.)
an-ti-ty'-pous, a. [Eng. antitype; -ous.'i
The same as Antitvpical.
an-ti-vac-^in-a'-tion, s. [Gr. avrC (anti) =
against, and Eng. vaccln,ation.] Opposition
tu vaccination. (Times, Oct. 29, 1878.)
aii-ti-vac-9in-a'-tion-ist, 5. [Eng. anti-
vaxinatinn ; -ist.]
1. (Jiie O'^)posed to vaccination, as believing
it to be injurious to the human frame.
". . . to describe ajiii-waccnwiiionigfs as a 'school'
is to push satire to the verge of cruelty." — TimeSr
Nov. lyth, 187C.
2. One who, though deeming vaccination.
beni'ficial, is yet oi>posed to the law which.
renders it compulsory, as believing that such
an enactment is inconsistent with proper civil
libei'ty.
an-ti-va-ri'-6l-ous. u. [Gr. avri (anti) =
against, and Eng. coi iohus, from Medisev.
Lat. variola = siuall-^iox.] Deemed to be
protective against the contagion of the small-
pox, (Med. li<-po^.) (Webster.)
an-ti-ven-e'r-e-al, a. [Gr. avrC (onti) =^
against, and Eng. venereal. In Ger. anti-
venerisch; Fr. antin'nerien ; Port. iV Ital. anti-
vcneico.] Believed to counteract or resist
venereal poison.
"... you will scarce cure your patient without
exhibiting anti-venereal remedies." — Wiseman.
ant'-jar, s. [From antior or antscliar, its.
Ja\anitc name.] A poison made from the
upas tree of Java, Ant(ari.s ioxicaria. [As-
TIARIS.]
ant'-ler, s. [Fr. andoniUer = a brow-antler.]
1. Properly the first branch, but now used
for any ramification of the liorus on the liead
of any animal of the deer family. Tiie lowest
furcation, that nearest the head, is called the
hrov-'i nth r ; and the branch next above it^
the hcs-aniler.
"lioge stags with sixteen antlers."— Maranlay ~
Hut. Eng , ch. vii.
2. (H.) The solid deciduous horns of any-
annual of the deer family.
"Eichardaon figures a iwir of antlers of the wild
reindeer with tweuty-nine \iom\.^"— Darwin : Descent
o/J/un, pt, ii., ch xvii.
3. A moth, the Charaxis or Orrapteryx gra-
minis. It is ul the family Noctuidae. It is
AXTLEP^ MOTH.
of a brown colour, with a white line on the
upper wings, and a row of black marks at the
apex of each. The caterpillar, which is
brown with yellow stre.<iks. feeds on grass.
It occurs in England, but not abundantly.
ant'-lercd, "-. [Eng. antler; -td.] Furnished
with antlers.
" The nntJer'd monarch of the waste
Sprung from liis heathery coucii in haste."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, i. 2.
ant'-li-a, s. [Lat. antha = a machine for
drawing water ; a pump ; Gr. a.vT\Ca. (antlia)
= (1) the hold of a ship, (2) bilge-water.]
Eiiluni.: The spiral proboscis oftheLepidop-
terous order of insects. It "is formed bv the
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, w^lf, work, who, son; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, qu-kw.
antliata— any
235
elongated slender maxilla;, still cliaracterised
by the minute palpi at their base. The inner
margins of the maxilla; are conwive, and tht;
edges of the channels are in close contact, or
are confluent, so as tn form a canal along
which the juices of the flowers can be pumped
up into the mouth, Tlie largi^ labial palpi de-
fend the antlia when it is retracted and eoiled
up." {Owen: Comp. Anot. lacert. Aiiiimds.)
Ant'-li-a, o. [See preceding.]
Aatron.: An abbreviation for Antlia Pneu-
matics (the Air-pump), one of the Southern
constellations introduced by Lacaille.
ant~li-a'-ta, s. p/. [Mud. Lat. = furnished
with a siiclier, like a pump.) The name given
by Fabricius to the Dipterous order of insects ;
but as antlia is now confined to the spiral
sucker of the Lepidoi>tera, Antliata, as a sj no-
nym fur Diptera, would be misleading.
ant'-ling, s. [Eng. cmt; dimin. suff. -Ung.]
A voung ant. {MtCook: Aijric. Ani of Texas,
p. 20.)
ant-oe'-gi (/ "f), ant-ce'-gi-an^, ant-e-
9i-ans (Eng.), s. pi. [Gr. plur. of cli/toikos
{aiitoikos) = living in an. opx>osite latitudi^ ;
din-t (aji^) = ox)posite to, and otKew (piked) =
to inhabit, from oIkos (oikos) = a house.] Per-
sons living in the same latitude north and
south of the equator, as well as in the same
longitude. The identity of longitude makes
them have exactly the same hours, but the
difference ot X. and 8. in the latitude causes
the seasons of t)ie one to be opposite to tlinse
of the other, and the length of any day in tlif
one to be exactly equal to the same night of
the othe-r, [Antiscia>:s.]
&nt-dn-o-ma'-:^i-a (Lat), ant-on-o-ma-
§y (£"?■). s. [Ger. antonomasie ; Fr. antono-
mctse; L,a.t. antonoma.-<i a ; Gr. avToi'o^a(rta(('/(^^-
nomasia) = (1) a difterent name ; (•2) see def. ;
drroro/xa^w (<' nk-u" m azn) =: to name instead;
avTL {atitl) =. instead of, and oi-ojad^w (un-yina^o)
-- to name; ovoy-a. ((.'i'u;/(t') = name.] Tlie
designating of a person not by his actual sui'-
',i:uiii_-, but by his oHice, rank, dignity, or even
by Ids trade, his cnuntry, iS:e. ; asHer ibi.iestj ,
His Graee, the Hon. Clumber for Oxfoid Uni-
versity, tlie learned counsel, the great com-
mander, the shameless mendicant, " a Daniel
come to judgment."
&nt-on-d-lll^s'-tic-al-ly, adv. [From Lat.,
Gr., & Eng. aiit<j>i"inru<ia (q.v.).] In a way to
involve the rhetorical figure antonomasia.
an'-to-nym, s. [Gr. avrC (ant!) ~ against,
opposite ; ocojua (o)ioma) = a name, a word.]
A word exjiressing the reverse of any other
woid ; the opposite to a synonym : thus had
is an anton>ni of good.
"Antonyms and syuonyms."— 7i(;tf of book ba C. J
SinUh. (1870).
Ant-o-si-Sn'-dri-an, .s. [Gr. am-i (aati)=.
against, and O&Uinder.} One of a religious
party opposed to Andrew Osiander, a theolo-
gical professor at KoniLrsberg from 1548, win..
called that redemption which Luther regarded
as justification, and that justification which
the great German reformer denominated s;inc-
tifii-ation. The Antosiandrians were strongly
Lutheran.
3jlt'-o-zone, *■. & a. [Gr. am' (anti) = against ;
and Eng., &(.■., ozoiie (q.v.).]
1. As substantive : In the opinion of Schdu-
bein, a permanently positive variety of oxy-
gen, opposed to ozone, which he holds to be'a
permanently negative one. Inactive oxygen
he considers to be a produce of the union of
the two. Meissner agrees with him, and
states tliat ordinary' oxygen is resolved by
elei trication into ozone and antozone ; the
former is absorbed by iodide of potassium,
pyrogallic acid, &c., while the latter remains
unabsorbed. Antozone has been found by
Engler and Nasse to be nothing but hvdrogen
Iieroxide, HoOo. (iratts : Cliem., Suppl. II.)
"The <1firk violet-blue fluor of WdlHeiidorf, Bavaria,
afforded Schnitter y"2 per cent of ozone, which Schuu-
bein . . , showed to be atUozone." — Dana: J/in.,
5th ed., p. 12^
2. As adjective: Pertaining to antozone, s.
(q-v.).
"Its strong anfmone odouT [that of Antczonite] is
said ofteu to produce headache and vomiting in ths
miiiere." — Hana: Min., dtbed., p. l^-L
ant-6-z6'n-ite, s. [Eng. &c.,ont0207ui (q.v.),
and suff. -itc] A inintiral, a variety of Flu-
oiite or Fluor. Dana divides Fluor into (1)
Ordinary ; (2) Antozonite of 8chonbein. The
latter is" a dai'k violet-blue mineral, found at
Wolsendoif, in Bavaria. [Antozone.]
*an'-tre, s. [Fr. antre; Lat. antrum — a
cave.] A cave, a cavern, a den.
" With all iny travel's history,
Wherein uf antrcs vast, and deserts idle.
It was luy beut to speak."
ahakcsp. : Othello, i. 3.
Sn'-trim-o-lite, .'^. (Named fmm Antrim,
in Ireland, where it is found : suffix -it>: = Gr.
\ido<;{lithos) = a stone.] A -variety of Mesolite.
Its hardness is 3'5— i ; its sik gr., li'U'JG.
an'-triim, s. [Lat. = a cave.]
1. A II at. : A term used for several parts of
the body which have a cave-like apjiearanee.
Thus a '> try :it p7jlm-i is the great concavitv of
the stomach approaching the pylonis ; nnirum
hucclaosum is the cochlea of the ear, and
uiitrum genoi is the maxillary sinus.
2. Bni. : A name given bvM..-nrhto the kind
of fruit called by Lindley Pomnm, an apple or
pome. (Lindley: Introd. to Botany.)
A'-nu, 5. [Assyrian.]
Assyrian Myth. : The first great deitv of the
upper Triad : Ann = Heaven ; Elu of Bd =
Earth ; and Hca = Hades. The Accadians
regarded him as the spirit or fetish of heaven ;
while the Assyrians elevated him to the high
l>osition of the Gi-eek Zeus or the Latin Jupiter.
(Boscan-en : ([uoted in Mr. W. R. Cuupers
Archaic Did., 1876.)
A-uu'-bis, s. [Old Coptic (?).]
1. All Egyptian god represented with the
head of a dog, or rather of a jackal. :Mr.
Cooper describes him as the chief deity pre-
siding' over the mummied or other dead.
" The hmtish gods of Nile as fast,
Isis, and Orus, and the dug Anubis ha.ste."
Milton Odes, i
2. Zool. Ani'h;.-^ zcr.lo, the f>ab..a-a of tljc
Arab?,, and the. Me<j"!„(i^ jlniuiUcAis uf natural-
ists, i^ a fennec found in Kordofan, and be-
lie\ed by Professor Knetschmer to be tlie
animal taken for a jackal on E'4Vptian temples
and on the r;itacoinbs of Tliebes. (Jardmc:
Naturalist's Library, vol. iv. (Dogs), p. 230.)
[AN1.1XDER.] Under.
* an-un'-der, prep.
(Scotch.)
a'-niis, *■. [In Fr. anus; Lat , m.] The funda-
ment.
a-nu's-wa-ra, ar-nu's-war, *. [Sanscrit.]
Philol. : A nasal soimd given to certain
letters in the Indian languages.
" Secondly, this anuaiodra is in most languages pro-
nounced as a distinct . , , nose iut-jnation.'—
Betimen: Compar. Gram, of tlie Aryan Lang, of indiu.
Vol. i. |1j7-2), p. 296,
a,n -vU, ' a,xid'-vile, an'-vild. * an'-vitlt,
s. [\.^ anjm, (eiuilt In Dan. vmhnlt ; Dut.
aanheeld, from aan —to, at, in, n]i(.n : and
bcel'l = image, t^tatue, figure. On this etyni<.-
l<i;_'y an anvil is that on which things are built
or fashioned. .'So in Latin, incv^ is fr<iin i,<-
cudo = to forge \\ith a hammer, to fabricate :
in = ui'nn, and cudo = to strike, beat, pound,
or knock. An auvil, then, is that on which
anything is fabricated by being struck.]
1. A mass of iron or other material, smootli
above, on which a smith hammei-s into the re-
quired form the metal which he has previously
softened by heating it in a furnace.
" So dreadfully he did the andvile beat
That seem'd to dust he shortly would it drive."
>^}"'".«er: F. Q.. IV. v.'s".
2. Anything on which blows are laid.
'■ Here I clip
The anvil of my sword, and do contest
Hutly and nubly." — Shakeap. -. Coriol., xv. 5.
To he on the anvil, means tn be contemplated,
to be in process of prejiaration, to be in pro-
cess of being hammered into presentable shajie
by public discussion or private conference. (It
is used especially of measures sought to be
carried into law.)
" Several nieinbers of our house, knowijig ^ hat was
npnn the anvil, went to tlm clergy and desii-ed their
judgment." — Swift.
an'-vil, v.t. [From the substantive.] To
fashion on an anvil.
% Used chiefly in the pa. par. (q.v.).
an'-xn[lled, i»''. par. Fashioned on an anvlL
". . . ivith all care put on
The surest armour aneil'd in the shop
Of iJassLve fortitude."
Beaian. A: Flet. : Lover's Progress, iv. 1.
t anx-i'-e-tude, s [Late Lat. anxietxido =
anxiety.] Anxiety (q.v.).
anx-i'-e-ty, s. In Fr. anxlete ; Purt. n»j:te-
dade ; Ital. uaslcta ; Lat, "nxieta^, fronia/u;(»j.]
[As.xious.]
1. Ord. Ixinq. : Trouble, solicitude, or mental
distress, on discerning the seeming apjiroach
of a fntui'e event whit^h it is believed will, on
itsaiTi\'al,intlirt on one loss, injury, orsonow,
and which one fails clearly to see any practic-
able means of averting.
" .\ II other week of nnjciety and neitntion passed
■.\v,.i.},."—3[aciiiilay : lUst. Kng.. ch. vili.
2. Med.: Lowness of spirits, restlessness,
with uneasiness of the stomach.
"In anxii-ties whicli .itteiid fevers, when the cold
fit is over, a waruier regimen may Ije allowed; and
because M/*j:/#(/V(t often h.ippen by spasms from wiLd,
spiuesaie useful."— . I )-6(((;i«o(,
anxious (ank'-shus). «dj. [In Fr. anxieux :
Sp. A: Ital. am^cosii ; Fort, naxioso; Lat. anr-
/'^^, from ongu = to press tightlj', to strangle.]
[Anoer.]
1. Very much troubled and solicitous about
some future event of a nature likely to U:
painful to one, and which one knows no means
of averting.
" Our days are numl>er'il, let us spai'e
Our unxiotu hearts a needless care."
C'oivpt 1- : Galon's Love of God.
2. Inspiring anxiety ; such as cannot be
contemplated without some measure of doubt
and fear.
■' An anxi/>us 6\ity '. whicli the lofty site,
Far from all public road or lieaten way . , ."
Wordtworth : Excursion, bk. v.
" And, reading here his sentence, how iei>lete
With anxious ]neaning, heavenward turn hi'- eye t"
Cowpcr: Bill of Mortality (lim).
3. Eagerly desirous (to do something).
" He sneers alike at those who are anxious to iireserve,
and at those who are e<iger for leform."— J/acautay;
JJint. Eng.. ch. ii.
1[ Anxious is followed by a verb in the in-
finitive, or by C(&o)(^ concerniurf, or for, of the
noun designating tlie object of sohcitude.
"No writings we need to be solicitous alxmt the
mpjuiing of, hut those that contain ti utli^ we are to
beheve, or laws we are to obey ; we may be less anxious
about the sense of other authors." — Locke.
^ The phrase anxious of is rare or obsolete.
"Aitxiout o/ neglect, suspecting change."— eru7it^.;e.
anxiously (aiik'-shus-ly), adv. [Eng.
anxious; -ly.] In an anxious manner, solici-
tously.
"... and the members a^ked each other niixiousiw
whether it was likely that the Abjuration and money-
bills would be passed before he died, "— J/acautoy ■
Lligt, Eng., ch. xxv,
anxiousness (ank'-shus-ness), s. [Eng.
aiiriovs; -ness.] The state or qualitv of being
anxious.
"... her card'', to which she returns with no
little aiixioiixnf^^ till two or three in the morning."
Adtliion: Upectatar, Nl>. 7y
any, "" anie, * ani (en'-y), a. [a.S. cenig,
a-i'C'j, aing = any, any one: from tn( — one^
and suffix -ig = Eng. -i'c= having. In Dut.
ecnig; Ger. einigc.] At least one" if not even
a few. Used —
1. As a singular :
(a) Of pel-sons or living existences, not ex-
cluding the Supreme Being himself. (It is
used in opposition to no or iwnc.)
"And David said. Is there yet any that is left of tlip-
house of Saul, that I may shew him kindness for
Jonathan's sake ?" — 3 Sain. ix. l,
" Is there a Gotl beside me ? yea, there is no God ■ I
know not any."— /sa. xliv. 6.
b6il, -ooy; ptffit. jd^l; cat, jeU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a?; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ins
-tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious, -cious. -ceous = shus. -ble. -die. &c. = bel, del. -tre = ter/'
236
any b ody—apart
{h) Of things, in the must extensive sense ;
an anmiuit siiKill, but not I'recisely delined of
anything ; sunn.'.
" The WU3 of hill fer ear hi-fniin,
Or ani werldea time bcnuii."
Storn of Gen. and Exud. (ed, Morris), 47, 48.
*' They loved armes, and kiiiglithood did ensew.
Seeking adventures where they anie knew."
tipenser : F. <l., IV. ii. 46.
"There be many that say. Who will 8he>v us any
goodV"— /"s. iv. (i.
2. As a 'plxiral: Any living beings, any per-
sons, any things.
" . . . if he I'uiiiul 11111)^ uf this way, whether they
were men or women, he might bring tliem bound unto
Jerusalem."— ,'lffa ix. 2.
anybody (en'-y-bod-y), s [Eng. any;
ioih/.] Any person.
"His Majesty could not keep any secret from an.^-
hodjj." — Mdcaiilai/ : Ut»t. Emj., cliap. xil.
H Wliilst the expression " anybody," spelled
as one word, is aiijtlieil to persons, as in the
foregoing example, "any body" standing as
two distinct words, is used only of material
things, as tlic human body, a planet, &c.
anyhow (en'-y-ll6^), (uXik [Eng. amji
/ioi".] At any rate, any way, some way or
other, in anj case. (Colloquial.)
anything, any-thing, any thing (en-y-
thing)« .f. [Eng. om/: thing.]
1. Any thing ; something or other.
", . . or ill uiiif thliiij of .skin."— Zct, xiii. 57.
2. {Personifinl)
"... also Mr. Smoothman, Mr. Facing-both-ways,
Mr. A Ill/thing." — Bunjian: P. P., pt. i.
anything-ar'-i-an, (anything as en-y-
thing, ^^ [EiU^.'anythimf ; -arian.] A jier-
son inditferent to all creeds. (C. Kingskij :
Alton Locke, ch. xxii.)
anything- ar-i- an -igm (anything as
en-y-thihg), s. [Eng. cCmjIhiiigariaii ; -ism.]
Indifference tu religious matters.
anywhere (en'-y-where), <iav. [Eng. amj ;
where.] In any i)lace. (Locke.)
i anywhile, t any while (en'-y~while),
adv. [Eng. mnj and ichlle.] Any time; for
any length of time.
"... and calling unto him the centurion, he
asked hiiii whether he had been any wJiile dead."—
J/urk XV. 44.
I anywhither, t any-whither (en'-y-
Whith-er), adp. [Eng. any and whither.]
To any place.
"This [profit] is the bait, by which you may inveigle
mostm^n ani/-whifher."~Sarraw: H'or/cs, i. 9.
tanywise, t any-wise, t any wise (en -y-
wise), adv. [Eng. u„y ; wise.] In any way,
in any manner, in any resiirrt ; to any extent.
" How can he be ana-wise rich, who doth want all
the best things, . . V'—Barrow: Works, i. 16.
T[ When any ivlse are made separate words
the preposition iu maybe put before them.
■' And if he that sanctified the field will hi ami wine
redeem it . . ."—Lev. xxvii. 19.
A-6'-ni-an, a. [From Aonia: see definition.]
1. Lit. : Pei-taining to the region of Aonia
in Bo'otia, said to be inhabited by the A.jnes'
descendants of a son of Xeptuiie. It ron-
tiined the mountains Helicon and Cith;eron,
sacred to the Muses, who from their supposed
residence in the district were ''ailed Aonides.
2. Fig. : Pertaining to the Mnse.s.
" And they are sure of bread who swink and moil ■
But a feJl tribe th" Aonian hive despi>ii "
Thomson : Castle of Judolence, ii. 2.
a'-or-ist» s. & a. [In Ger. aorisfus ; Fr. aoriste ;
Sp., Port., & Ital., aorisin ; Gr. aopitrros
(iKiristos) = an aorist : from adj. aoptaros
(aiiri.stos)= without boundaries, fi'om a, pri^'.,
and oQL^to {hoTizn) — to separate by a boundary ;
opos (lujroa) = a lioundary.]
A. .is substantive (fx)-erk OrfOiriiwr): A tense
expressing time of an iiwlefmite date or
character. In English tlie phrase " He went,"
is properly an aorist, as no information is
given Jis to when the action spoken of was
performed, Greek verbs have two aorists, a
first and a second ; but, as a rule, only one of
them is generally used.
B. As adjective: Like an aorist; indefinite
in time.
a-or-is'-tic, a-or-is'-tic-al, a. [in Ger.
aorist isch ; from Gr. aopia-rtKos (anrLstikos) =■
pertaining to an aorist ; indeterminate, like
an aorist.]
1. Pertaining to an aorist.
2. Like an aorist, indefinite in point of
time.
a-or'-ta, s. [in Fr. fiortc ; Sp. & Port, aorta;
Gr. aopTTJ (aoiiij) = (1) ht pi , the lower ex-
tremities of the windyiipe ; (2) later & sing.,
the aorta (see def.). From aetpw (aeiro) = to
lift.] The largest artery in the human body,
and the main trunk of the arterial systcjn
itself. It takes its departure from the upper
part of the left ventricle of the heart, whence
it runs upward and to the right, at that i)art
of its jirogress being called the ascending
aorta ; then it turns to the left, passes tlie
spinal column, and bending downwards forms
the arch of the aorta. Continuing its course
along to the left of the spine, it is called the
descending aorta. Passing through the apei'-
ture in the diaphragm into the abdomen, it
becomes the abdominal aorta. Finally, it
bifurcates about the fourth pair of lumbar
vertebrae, and form.s the two primitive iliac
arteries. Upwards from the heart the ramifi-
cations are numerous and exceedingly im-
portant. The aorta has three valves called
the sigmoid or semi-lunar valves, to prevent
the reflux of the blood into the heart.
a-or'-tal, a. [Eng. aorta; suff. -al] Pertain-
taining to the aorta ; aortic. (U'ebdcr.)
a-or'-tic» '■'. [Eng. aorta ; suff. -ic] Pertaining
' to the aorta. (Cyd. Pract. Med., i. 110.)
Aortic arch, or Arch of the aorta : The name
applied to that downward bend of the aorta
which takes place .just after that great artery
lias turned to the left, x^assing in front of the
spinal column.
Aortic Bidh: The first portion of the ventricle
whence an artery springs. It is dilated and
surrounded by muscular fibres.
a-or-ti'-tis, s. [Gr. aopr^ (aorte) ~ the aorta ;
-trts {itis) = inflammation.]
Med. : A disease ; inflammation of the
aorta.
a-6'-tes, " a-o'-ttis (Humboldt), s. [Gr. a,
priv., and ovs (oiis), genit. wtos (fTfos) = the
ear.] A genus of veiy .short-eared monkeys
belonging to the family Cebidte, or American
monkeys with prehensile tails. The A. invir-
gatns of Humboldt inhabits the thick forests
adjacent to the Cassiquiare and the Upj)er
Orinoco.
a'-ou-dad, s. [Native name.] The Amvw-
tragus tragelapli as, a remarkable species of
sheep, with certain affinities to the goats. It
is of a reddish-brown colour, with much h dig
hair hanging down from the front of the neck
and the base of the fore legs. It has long
powerful horns, and is fierce in cliaracter. It
inhabits mountainous regions in Abyssinia
and Barbary.
ar-pa'9e, adv. [Eng. a = on, at, and pace.]
With a pace, at a pace ; that is, at a quick
liace; s])eedily. (Applied to thing.-^ in motion,
actions done quickly, or events in a state of
rapid progression. )
" Apace he shot, and yet he fled nparv "
Spenser; F. Q., IT. xi. 27.
" Kings of armies did flee apace." — Ps. lx\ in. 12.
ap'-a-go-ge, ap'-a-go-gy, s. [In Ger., &c.,
apagoge. From Gr. arrayaj-y)! (apngd<ir) = (1) a
leading away ; (2) a taking back or home ; (3)
payment ; (4) bringing a delinquent t;iken in
the act before the magistrate, also the process
against him ; (5) Ln Logic, see below.]
1. Logic: The Greek term for what is now
called, from Latin, "hdyrilon, a kind of argu-
ment in which the greater extreme is unques-
tionably contained in the medium one, but the
medium not so obviously contained in the
lesser extreme as to render it unnecessary to
establish this by proof Thus, Whatever God
has revealed is true. But God has revealed
the doctrine of the incarnation : therefore it is
a true doctrine.
2. Math. : A progress or passage from one
proposition to another, by employing one pre-
viously demonstrated to establish the tiaitli of
othere.
ap-a-g6g'-i-cal» a. [Eng. apagoge ; -ical]
Pertaining to apagoge. ]
Math. : An apagogical demonstration, is a
demonstration of the truth of a proposition by
proving the absurdity in which one is landed
who proceeds on the supposition of its being
incorrect. Its more usual name is a rcduetio
ad ahsurdum. (Dyche.)
ap'-a-go-gy, s. [Apagoge.]
ap-^g'-y-nous» a. [Gr. aiva^ (hapax) = once,
and yvvTi (gunH) = a woman.]
Bot. : Fructifying but once ; monoo^rpic.
*^, a-pa'id, •'■' ^p-pa'yed, ^ a-pa'yed, * a-
pa'yde, a-pa'yd, pa. par. [Apay.] Satis-
fied, i>leased, paid.
" thy toils, but ill apaid."
Thomson: Castle of Indol., i. Cfl.
" he was so wel apayd."
Chaucer; C. T., 11,852.
" Whan that oure pot is broke, as I have sayd.
Every man chyt, and halt him evel apayde."
Ibid., C. T., 12,848-49.
". . . thay holde hem nought apayed. as sailli
the book, of soden fleissh that was to hem olfred, but
thay tooke by force the fleissch that is raw." — Ibid. :
The Persones Tale.
". . and thou art well a/>7»a2/'d."
Shakes}).: Tarqalnand Lucrece.
ap'-a-like, s [American name.] A lar^e
fish of the Herring family, the Megaloji.'> Cyprl-
noides. It is called also Savalle. It is occa-
sionally twelve feet long. Tlie A. fikn)ientea.i ,
an Asiatic species, is also sometimes termed
Apalike.
"^ a-pa'lled, pa. piar. [Appalled.]
ap'-an-age. [Appanage.]
ap-an'-throp-y, s. [Gr. avavOpdJiTLa (apan-
throj)ia)(see def.) : airo (apo) = from ; ai'^poiTros
(anthiTipos) = man.] A holding aloof from
man ; dislike of the society of man ; love of
retirement. ( 1 1 'ehster.)
a'-par, a'-par-a, s. [A South American
jianie.] A name occasionally given to the
three-banded Aimadillo, Dasypus Apar. It
is one of the digging Edentata, and lives in
Brazil and Paraguay'.
"The apar, commonly called ntataco, is remark-
able by having only three movable bands, the rest of
its tesselated covering being nearly inflexible." — Dar-
win . Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. v.
*" a-par'-ailed, ^ a-par'-al-it, pa., par. & a.
[Apparelled.]
a-pa-re'-j6 (j as h). s. [Sp. = a pack-
saddle.) A kind of Mexican pack-saddle,
formed of leather cushions stulTed with h.ay.
According t^i Bartlett (Diet. Auierico.nisins)
the word is chiefly used in those pnrts nf the
Union bore hiring on Mexico, where pack-
saddles are used.
ap-ar'-gi-a, s. [Gr. anapyCa (apargla), pro-
bably a kind of succory: iird (apo)= irom,
and apyt'a (argiif) = Idleness ; meaning that
the weed, whatever it was, sprung up in con-
sequence of the idleness of the Imsbandman.
Had he been industrious, lie would have cut
short its existence at the outset.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Asteraceie (Com-
posites), and the sub-order Cichomceee. Two
species of this family occur in Britain : the
A. hisjitihi, or Rough Hawkbit, aud the A.
antnvvialis, or Autumnal Hawkbit. In some
respects they lia\'e a remote resemblance to
the Dandelion.
ap-a-rith-me'-sis, s. [Gr. a.7rapt0/i,T)o-tg(apa-
7-/,/7n(;r,s,",^) = a counting over: aTro (a2->o) =
from, and iptfl/xTjcris (a rithmisis) = connthig ;
or from airaptOfxeoi (a-j'urH}iined) = to count
over ; a-rro (apo) = from, and dpi0^€a> (arithvieS)
= to count ; apiOixos (antlimos) = a number.]
PJiet. : Enumeration. (Webster.)
a-pa'rt, a^lv. [From Fr. d part = to one side ;
'|/^"'/'' {in dramas) = aside ; Sp.aparte; Port.'
apaite; Ital. d<:( parte.]
1. In a state of physical separation from,
at a greater or less distance in place removed
from.
"And when he had sent the multitudes away he
went up into a mountain apart to imiy.'—Matt. xiv.
■'This seems to have actually taken place at .about
the sfime period in Southern Pata4'onia and Oiili.
though these places are a thousand miles apart "—
Darwin : Voyage round the World (ed. 18(0), ch. xv'i.
2. In a state of separation, mentally viewed ;
as two distinct ideas are separated in thought
Distin(;tly, separately.
" Wisdoin and Goodness are twin-boni, one heart
Must hold both sistei-s, never seen apart."
Cowper: Fxpostulation.
fate, fg-t. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we. wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. p6t
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur. rule, full ; try. Syrian, re, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw. '
aparthrosis— apeak
237
" Yet we Europeans all know how diClicult it is to
distinguish apart the Hounds iu a foreign language."—
Barttnn: Voyttge rouid the World (ed. 1870), ch. x., p.
S06.
3. To the exclusion of, putting aside, omit-
ting all reference to, not talcing iiitt) account.
T[ Used with //"owi : as, apart //ohi all this.
4. In a state of moral separation.
" But know that the Lord hath set apart him that
ia godly for himself." — Pi. iv. 3.
*a-part', v.t [Apart, adv.} To put an end
to, to stop. {SaiSkvilU : ludaction, st. 14.)
ap-ar-thro'-sis, s. [From Gr. airap6p6ofx.ai
{aparthro(n}W.i) = to be jointed : airo (apo) =
from, and apdpooi (arthroo) = to fasten by a
joint ; a.p9pov {arthron) = a joint.]
Anat. : An articnlatioii which admits of
free motion. It is called also abartiadatlon.
a-part'-ment, s. [Ger. opartement, from Fr.
appartement, from a part = aside, apaii, sepa-
rately ; Sp. ajMrtiamento ; Port, upurtainento
= separation, division ; cparlar = to jiart, to
separate; Ital. appartemento.] [Part.]
*L Originally: As its etymology, a-pcrt-
ment, imports, a partitioning out ; a separa-
tion of a part of a house required for the
accommodation of a family or an individual.
(Though this sense is obsolete in English, it
is still retained in many foreign languages. )
11. Now :
1. A suite of rooms separated from the rest
for the same si)ecial purpose.
"The word apartimmt meauiiig, in effect, a com-
partment of a nouse, already includes, in its proper
sense, a suite of rooms ; anil it is a mere vulgar error,
arising out of the ambitious usage of lodgmg-house
keeijera, to talk of one family or one establishment
occupying apartments, in the plural. The queen's
apartment at St. James's or at Versailles, not the
queen's apartments, is the con-ect expression." — De
Quince//'s Works (ed. 18C3). vol. ii.. Sole. p. 238.
2. A single room.
"The walls of the principal aparfmentu were, finely
sculptured with fruit, foliage, and armonai beaiiiigs,
and were hung with embroidered satin." — Mm-ni'lui/ .
llist. Eng., ch. iii.
* a-pa'ssed, * a-pa'st, -pret. Old forms of
Passed, Past (q.v.).
a-pat' -el-it e, S. [Gr. airarqXo'; (apKlvlaR) =
' illusive, deceitful.] A yellow mineral resem-
bling Copiapite. found in small friable nodules
or balls at Meutlon and Anteuil. Composi-
tion : Sulphuric acid, 42'90: sesquioxidu of
iron, 55-30 ; water, 3 96 = 10010.
3,p-a-thet'-ic, ' ap-a~thet'-i[ck, ap-a-
thet'-ic-al, f. [From Gr. a, priv, , and
TraflijTtKo? Xpatkctih-n^) ■-= siiltjcct to feeling.]
Destitute of feeling ; not susceptible of deep
emotion.
" I am not to be apathetick, like a statue " — Harris :
Treatise of Ilappiness.
ap'-a-thist» .•■■. [Eng. c/'ntlidi) ; -ist. In
Ital. apati'^la.] A jierson destitute of feeling.
ap-a-this'-tiic-al. (f. [Eng. apathist; -iad]
Pertaining to one destitute of feeling ; apa-
thetic.
"Fontenelle was of a good-humoured and apathis-
(tcdi disposition." — Seward: Anecdotes, v. '2S2.
S(p'-a-tliy, s. [In Dan. apathl ; Ger. & Fr.
apatlbie ; Poi-t. A:. Lat. apathia; Ital. apatia,
from Gr. an-afleia (apathcia) = want of pas-
sion or feeling; airaOris (ojiaf/ie*) = without
suffering : o, priv., and irados (pathos) = any-
thing tlmt befalls one ; also suflering, feel-
ing, iiassion ; ira9eiv (pathi'in), 2 aor. infin. of
irda-xoi (pascko) = to suflcr.] Want of feeling,
deadness of the emotions, a calm and un-
ruffled temper, produced, not by the domi-
nancy of conscience or an iron will over
violent emotions, but by the natural feeble-
ness of the latter. Unruffled tranquillity of
mind produced in such a way is not a virtue,
but a defect.
" Of good and evil much they argued then
Of uappiness and final misery.
Passion and apathy, and glory and shame."
Milton: P. I... ii. 504.
" Tlie hel^dess apathy of Asiatics."— ilacauhty ■ Il'nt.
Eng., ch. xiv.
If Apathy may be produced in any mind
temporarily by despair.
" Monmouth had iia.ssed from pusillanimous fear
to the apathy of despair." — Macaalnij : Hist. Eng.,
ch. V.
^p'-a~tite, s. [Froni Gr. aTraTaw (apatad) =
to deceive, and suff. -itc. Ho called because
it has often been mistaken for other minerals.]
An important mineral classed by Dana as the
type of the " Apatite " group of his Anhydrous
''Phosphates, Arsenates, Antimonates." The
crystals are hexagonal and often hemihedral.
The hardness is 6, or less frequently 4 '5 ; the
sp. gr. y92 to 3-25 ; the lustre vitreous ; the
streak white ; the colour sea-green, violet,
blue, white, gray, various reds, or brown.
A]iatite may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque. Composition: Phosphate of lime,
91 -13 to 92-;il : chloride of calcium, "15 or less
to 4-2S ; and fluoride of calcium, 4-59 to 7'69.
It occurs chiefly in metamorphic crystalline
rocks. It is found in Cornwall, in Devon-
shire, and in Cumberland ; in Ireland, and in
many places abroad. Dana divides it into —
Yar. 1. Ordinary : (a) Asjiaragus Stone, with
which is associated Moroxite, (6) Lasurapatite,
(c) Francolite ; 2. Fibrous Concretionary,
Stalactitic, specially Phosjihorite ; 3. Earthy
Apatite, speiially u.steolite ; 4. Fluor-apatite ;
5. Chlor-apatitt;, In addition to these there
is Pseudo-apatite. Akin to Apatite are (A.)
Phosphatic Nodules, generally called from
their origin Coprolites ; (B.) Staffelite of
Stein ; (C.) Guano ; (D.) Epi phosphorite ; (E.)
Talc-apatite; (F.) Hydro-apatite. (See these
words.) (Dami: Mia., 5th ed., 530-5.)
Hp-a-tu'r-a, s [Gr. airaTq (upate) = craft,
deceit, and' ovpa (f.'Mm) = tail.] A genus of
butterflies belonging to the family Nyrapha-
lidte. There is one British species, the J., iris,
apatura iris.
called, from its cnlour and gorgeonsne.ss, the
Purple Enijicrnr. The male has dark-brown
wings, cliiLUging in certain lights into very
rich puri)le blue, whence the name iris =
rainbow. Wilkes ealleil it the "Purple High-
tivi.T," from its mounting to a great elevation
in the sky. [Emlt,ruh,]
apaume, apaumee, appauxnee (pron.
a-pa'u-me), a. [ Fr. ]
//(■/■. : Appalmed. (Used of a liand open so
as to exhibit the palm.)
a-pa'y. '■■'■ [Lat. /'f-arc = to satisfy, to quiet.]
To idease, to satisfy. (Used chiefly in the
past participle.) [Apa(d.]
" For that faire Ladies luve : past perils well apay."
^p<„.-.cr ■ F. Q., IV. ix. -10.
*a-pa'yd, ' a-pa'yde, a~pa'yed, ja. vko.
[A PA ID.]
A. p. C. N. [Lat. = C'/Mi.o post Chri.stnhi
natniii = in tlic year after the birth of Christ.]
ape, s. [A.S. & S\v. i'jia; leel. ape; O. Icel.
ttpt ; Dan. ahe, ahckat ; Dut. actjj, naoper ;
Ger. affc; O. H. Ger. affo: Gael, apa, apag ;
Wei. ab, epa ; Malabar & Sansc. kepi or keji,
(s.) a monkey, (culj.) swift, active.]
A. Ordlnci-ry Lcuiguaijc :
I, Origiiiullij : Any member of the Quadru-
inanous or Monkey order.
" We -ihaM liise our time.
And .ill be turned to barnacles or to apes.
With furehe:uls villanous low."
SJuikcsp. : Tempest, iv. l
*[ This extended sense is not yet extinct :
thus the monkey (P(//(t'c«s inuus) brought to
the rock of Gibraltar from Afiiea is called the
Barbary "ape," though, scientifically viewed,
it is not an ape at all.
II. Later :
1. Litrrolly :
(fl) Any monkey remarkable for its imita-
tiveness or for antic manners.
(b) The Ape of Sn-ipturc (1 Kings x. 22;
2 Chron. ix. 21), Heb. nip (Qoph, pronounced
Tcoph), Sept. Tri0i(jKO9 (pithekos), Vulg. sim'a,
is a species of tailed Indian monkey. The
Heb. nip (qoph), plur. D''Cp (qopMvi), which
occurs in the above passages, is simply the
Malabar and Sanscrit word kepi naturalised.
(See the etymologj'.)
(c) A tailless monkey. (This sense of the
word has come into use since the time of
Ray.) (B. Zool.)
2. Fig. : A human being prone, like the
monkey tribe, to imitation or mimicry.
"Tlie apes of him who humbled once the proud."
Byron : Oliilde JTarolO, iv. 95.
1[ (a) To lead apes in hell is an expression
applied occasionally in old writers to a
woman who dies unmarried.
" But 'tis an old proverb, and you know it well,
That women dying maids lead apes in hrU."
(Land. Prodigal, i. 2. Wr-ight : Diet. Ohs. A- Pro. Eng.)
(Sec also Shakesp., Taming of the Shreu:, ii. 1.)
(6) To put a>i ape into one's hood or cap : To
make a fool of one.
" The monk pat in the mannes hood an ape.
And iu his wyve^ eek, by seint Austyn.
Chaucer-: C. T., 14,851-2.
B. Technically :
Zoology (Pltir.) : The highest, or anthropoid
section of the order Quadrumana, or Monkeys
—that which forms the connecting link be-
tween the lower animals and man. [Anthro-
poid, ANTHR0PID.E.] They have the teeth ot
the same number and for a time of the same
form as those of man, but when full maturity
is reached the canines become almost ex-
tremely prominent. (See those of the old
gorilla in the Natural History Museum, South
keiisingtou.) There is no tail ; nor are there
cheek-pouches. There may or may not be
callosities on the hinder parts. They are four-
handed rather than four-footed. They hobble
on the ground, but are splendid climbers of
trees. The facial angle is about 05°, almost
equal to that of some negroes ; but the least
intellectual of mankind are inconceivably
before the highest of the monkey race. The
apes are tlie only Simiida; in which the hyoid
bone, the liver, and the caecum exactly re-
semble those of man. They constitute the
tirst section of the Simiidic. Tlie species are
the gorilla and tlie chimpanzee from tropical
Africa, and the ounm-ou'tang and the gibbons
from the Asiatic islands of Sumatra, Borneo,
and Java. [Gorilla. Chimpanzee, &c.]
Sea Ape : A species of Shark, the Alopias
vulpes. Called also the Tliresher (q.v.), the
Fox-shark, and the Sea-fox.
ape-like»
Like an ape.
ape-man, s. A hypothetical being (Homo
alalus) intermediate between the anthropoid
apes and man, conjectured by Hackel to have
been the jirogenitflr of the human race.
ape, uf. [From the substantive.] To imitate
in a servile manner, as an ape mimics tlie
outward actions of man.
" Profusion apex the noble part
Of liberality of heart,
And dulness of discretion."
Cowper: Friendship.
" Thus, while I ape the measure wild
Of tales that charmed me yet a child."
Scott: Marmion, Introd. to Canto lii,
a~pe'ak, -■" a-pe'ek, adv. [Eng. a ; ppok. In
Fr. pic = the peak of a mountain ; a pic =
vertically.] [Peak. ]
I. Ordinary Langiiage :
1. In a position to pierce.
2. Formed with a point ; pointed.
b$il, boy; poilt, j<$^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion» -$ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, d^l.
238
a-pe-ce— aphaniptera
II. iYau(. : Perpendicular. Thus the anchor
is said to he a-peak wiien the stem of the
ship is brought directly over it by drawing in
the cable.
* a-pe'-9e, s. [Eng. A B C] The same as
Aeece. (Prompt. Parv.)
* a-pe'9he, v.t. [Appeach.]
aped, pa. par. [Ape, v.]
&pe'-ddm, s. [Eng. a?ic; -dom.] Apes col-
lectively ; the condition of being an ape.
(De Quincey: Autob. Sketches, i. 87.)
* a-pe'ek, odv. [Apeak.]
a-pe'i-ba, s. [Brazilian name.] A genus of
* plants belonging to the order TiliaeeEe (Linden
blooms). There ai-e twelve species from the
hotter parts of America. Apeiba Peto-iimo, in
Panama called cortega, is used for making
cordage, and A. Tlbourbou is employed in the
construction of tlie raft-boats called in Brazil
jangadas. (Treas. ofBot.)
*a-pe'ire, v.t. &i. [Appaire.]
*a-pe'le, s. A peal. [Peal, s.] (Prompt. Parv,)
A-pel'-lite§, A-pel-le'-ans, s. j^l [From
Apelles (Gr. 'A.ireW-^s), a follower of the Gnos-
tic Marcion. ]
Church History : A sect in the second cen-
tury who affirmed that Christ received from
the four elements a body which he rendered
back before his ascension.
a-pel'-Ious, n. [Gr. a, priv., and Lat. j^^^^^s
= skin.] Destitute of skin. (Braudc.)
^ ap'-en, -y.i. [Open.] (Scotch.)
Ap'-en-nine, adj. Pertaining to the Apen-
nines (q.v.).
Ap'-en-nineS( s. p^ [Lat. ad = to ; pen-
ninus, connected with Celtic poi or hen =
mountain-top.] Tlie name of a chain of
mountains extending through Italy.
a-pep'-S3^, a-pep'-si-a, s. [In Fr. apepsie;
' Gr. an-ei^ia (apepsia) = indigestibility, indiges-
tion, from aTrcTTTos (apeptos) = uncooked, undi-
gested : a, priv. ; TrcTTTos (peptos) = cooked ;
TreTTTo) (pepto% or Tre'crcrw (jiesso) = to soften, to
boil, to cook.] Indigestion. (Dyche.)
a'-per (1), s. [Eng. ape ; -cr. In Dut. nuaper.]
One wlio apes or mimics. (Johnson.)
a'-per (2), s [Lat. aper = SL wild boar.]
[Capros. ]
* a-pe'r-ans, 6. [Appearance.]
* a-per'-done, v.t. [Appardone.] (Scotch.)
* a-pe're-xnent, s [Appaire.] An injury.
(Prompt, Parv.)
a-per'-i-ent, a. & s. [Lat. aperiens = open-
ing, pr. par. of aperio = to open.]
A. As adj. : Opening the bowels-to a slight
extent in constipation ; laxative, deobstruent.
B. As s^dyst. : A medicine prescribed to open
the bowels gently ; a gentle purgative, a laxa-
tive, a deobstruent.
" By com billing tonics with aperients."— Cycl. Pract.
Med., ii. 'SIJ.
a-per'-i-tive, a. & s. [In Fr. aperitif; Sp.
" aperltivo, from Lat. apci lu = to open.]
A. As adj. : Opening the bowels ; laxative,
deobstrnent. [Aperient.]
B. A'i siibst. : An aperient medicine.
(lUdiardson : Gra.ndison, Iv. 311.)
* a'-pern, s, [Apron.]
a'-pern-er, s. [O. Eng. apem = apron, and
suff. -er.] One wlio weai'S an apron ; a drawer.
"We have no wiue here, methinks ; where's this
aperner /"—Chapnuiii : Jlaij-day, iii. 4.
*a'-per-se, «. [Lat. = A by itself.] Super-
excellent.
" She was A woman, A-per-se ftlon."
Jiomaiis of i'artcna.1/ (ed. Skeat), 1.143.
* a-pers'-mar, a-pirs-mart, a. [Jamie-
son thinks it is tvom A.S. afor, afre = bitter,
sharp, or from IcpI. "pnr = bitter.] Crabbed,
ill-humoured. (Palice of Hoiwar, iii. 77.)
* a-pert' (Eng. amlScolrh), ap-pert' (ScoicJi),
a. [Lat. [tjjcr/'/5 — opened, pa. par. of apcrlo
— to open.]
1. Open, iniconcealed, undisguised.
", both pryvy and apert."
Chaucer: C. T., 10,844.
2. Pei-t, bold, forward. (Skinner.)
^ /)t apert is used adverbially, and means
evidently, openly. (Jamieson.)
* ap-er-te'yn, v.i. [Appertain.]
^ ap-er'-tion, ;.. [Lat. apertlo.']
' 1. & 2. The act of opening ; the state of
being opened.
"The plenitude of vessels, otherwise called the ple-
thora, v/hev. it haiJiJeiiB. eaiiseth an extravasation of
blood, either by ruption or apertion of them." — Wise-
3. An aperture made through anything ; an
opening, a gap.
"The next now in order are the apcrlicyiis ; under
which term I do comprehend duora, windows, stivir-
cases, chimneys, or otlier conduits ; in short, all inlets
or outlets."— Wotton.
ap-ert'-ljr, * ap-ert'-lye, * a-pert-
liche, ^ a-pert'e-liche (c/i guttural), adv.
[Eng. apert; -ly.] Evidently, plainly.
" Bomen al of red blod romynge a-boute ;
Al priueliche his peyne a-/jertUche he saith."
Joseph of Aramathie (ed. Skeat), 275, 270.
"... thoughheaethwel([?»cj-?/?/,that it isagenst
the reverence oi God."— Chaucer : Persoiies Talc.
a-pert'-ness, s. [Eng. apert; -ncss.'\ The
quality of being upen ; openness, frankness.
"The freedom or ajyerlness and vigour of pronouncing,
and the closeness of muffling and laziness of speaking,
render the sound different." — Holder.
t ap-ert'-or, s. [Lat. = opener.]
Anat. : A term applied to the muscle which
raises the upper eyelid. Levator is, how-
ever, the more common appellation which it
receives. (Quincey.)
ap'-er-tiire, s. [In Sp. & Poi-t. cdjertura;
Ital. apertura. From Lat. apcrtura.]
A. Ordlitary La)iijuage:
1. & IL The act of opening ; the state of
being opened.
1. 1)1 a literal sense:
2. Figuratively. Spec, explanation.
" It is too much untwisted by the doctors, and, like
philosophy, made intricate by explications, and diffi-
cult by the u^xjfdirtf and dissolution of distinctions."
— Taylor.
in. A thing or place opened ; an opening,
a hole.
1. Literally :
2. Figuratively :
"... and to him who treads
Rome for the sake of ases, Glory sheds
Her light through thy sole a/jerture."
Byron: Childe Harold, iv. 148,
B. Technically :
1. Aiiatoviy, Zoology, Botany, (£c. :
(a) The aperture of a univalve shell is the
opening or mouth. In molluscs which feed
on vegetable matter it is entire; while in
tliose which are animal feeders it has a notch
or canal. In some families it has an ojKrculwni
or cover. The margin of the aperture is called
the peristome. (Woodward: MoUusca, 1st ed.,
1S51. p. 101.)
(b) Any other opening.
"... the backciperfure of the nostrils," — Owen :
Clai),-if. of Mammal., p. 29.
2. Optics : The diameter of the object-glass
of a refracting telescope, or the speculum or
mirror of a reflector. The larger the aperture
(i.e., the area of the surface through wliicli
the light is transmitted, or from which it is
reflected), the greater is the power of the
telescope to penetrate into space and con-
seixuently bear higher magnifying powers.
The apertures of Sir W. Herschel's celebrated
reflecting telescopes were 7, 12, 18, and 4S
inches ; while those of the Earl of Rosse are
?, and 6 feet. Very powerful refracting tele-
scopes with large apertures have been recently
constructed, the great refractor at the United
States Observatory at Washington being •2{'>
inches. Within the last few years silvered-
<i;lass parabolic mirrors of tlie Newtonian
form have been constructed with large aper-
tures and short focal length, thus rendering
these instruments exceedingly convenient for
use. Sir W, Herschel's 18-inch metallic
speculum, used for examining the nebulae and
Milky Way, liad a focal length of i^O feet ;
modern telescopes, with silvered-glass mirrors,
liave been constructed of the same aperture,
but with a focal length of not more than 7
feet. Thus a larger aperture is now a more
valuable feature in a telescope than great foi-al
length, the unwieldy tubes formerly used
being entirely disjiensed with.
" ' Aperture' always means the clear space which re-
ceives the light of the object; the diameter of the
objectglass in a^hroniatics, or the large speculuii. m
reflectors, exclusive of its setting."— IKetfe.- Celes.ctl
Objects, arded. (1873), p. 1.
Angular apertnre (in microscopes) : The
amount of light transmitted by the objective,
and consequently the distinctness of the
image afterwards magnified by the lenses
forming the eye-piece. When an objective of
the largest angular aperture is employed, the
more delicate markings of the object under
examination, invisible when objectives of less
angular aperture are used, are seen with great
distinctness . [Obj ecti ve. ]
3. Geom. : The space between two right
lines which meet in a point and form an angle.
ap'-er-y, ?. [Eng. ajyer; -y.] An aping; ser-
vile imitation. (Coleridge.)
a-pet'-al-se, s. pi. [In Fr. apetcde (sing.),
apetele (sing.). Prom Gr. a, priv., and TreVaAoc
(petalon) = a. leaf.] Plants without petals.
A sub-class of Exogenous plants ; the others
being Polypetalae and Monopetalse. [Apetal-
OUS EXOGENS.J
a-pet'-al-oiis, t S--pet-al-d'se, a. [Ape-
TAL.*:.]*
Botany: Without petals.
AjjetaloHS or Incmnphte Exogens: In Dr.
Lindley's earlier arrangement, the 2nd sab-
class of the great class Exogens. f Apetal^.]
Besides the orders ranged under this sub-
order, there is among flowering plants an
absence of petals in various other exogenous
genera and species, in all the class of Gymno-
sperms, and in iinpnitant orders like Grami-
naceae, not to speak of genera in that of Endo-
gens.
a-pet'-al-ous-ness, s. [Eng. apetalous ;
-ness.] The state or quality of being destitute
of petals. (Johnson. )
a'-pex (plur. a'-pi-^e^ or a'-pex-eg), s.
[Lat. aj^ex (pi. apices) = the top of anything.]
A. Ordinary Language: The tip, to]), or
summit of anything. (Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed.)
B. Technically :
J. Geo'M. : The angular point opposite to the
base of a triangle, of a cone, &c.
II. Nat. Science: The top of anything.
Specially :
1, Zool. : The top of a shell.
2. Botany :
(a) The tip of a leaf, the spot on the summit
of a pericarp where the style was inserted, or
any other part of a plant terminating in a
point.
"^ (b) A name given by the old botanists to
what we now call a stamen. It was generally
used in the plur. apices. (Llndlcij.)
* (c) Bay's name for what is now called the
anther of a stamen. (Lindley.)
'■ a-pe'yre, v.t. [Lat. c(perio=: to open,] To
open. (Wright: Diet. Obs. & Prov. Eng.)
aph-, prefix. [From Gr. a.t}> (aph), the preposi-
tion arro (apo) = from, modified by an aspirate
immediately following it, as a^otna-ixa (aph-
orisina) = aphorism, the derivation of which
is ttTTo (apo) = from, and bpt^oi (horizo) = to
divide or separate from.]
aph-ser'-e-sis* a-ph-er'-e-sis, s. [In
Fr. apherese ; Sp. aferesis ; Port, apheresis ;
Lat. aphceresis ; Gr. a^aipea-t^ (c(phairesl!i),
from ai^aipeo) (aphalreo) = to take away : aTro
(apo) = from, and utpew (liaireo) = to take
away.]
Gram. : A figure which drops a letter or
syllable at the enimnencement of a word, as
'tis, for it is ; 'go.n, for began. (Glossog, Nova.)
aph - an'- e- site, s. [in Fr. aphanese, from
Gr. a(fiav^s (aplauiUs) = unseen, unmanifest,
and suff. -ite.] A minnral, called also Cliuo-
clase (q.v.).
aph-an-ip'-ter-a, s. pi. [Gr. (1) a^avrjs
(ap/i.a?ies)=: unseen, invisible : a, ]n'iv., and
(^avrji'ai. (j^haiiemd), 2 aor. infln. of i^at'i^o/xai
(phainomui) = to come to light, to appear;
pass, of (/>atVto (phaino) — to bring to light;
and (2) Trrepov (pturon) ~ a. feather, a wing.]
An order of wingless insects, called by De
Geer Suctoria, and by Leacli Siphonaptera.
They have a sucker of three pieces, and a
true metamorphosis. The thorax is distinctlv
i&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f&ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; ^ = e. qu = kw-
apTianistic— aphrodisiac
233
separated from the abdomen, and two horny
plates mark the spots where in the higher
insects wings would he. It contains the
Piilicidge, or Fleas. [Flea, Pulicid^, Pulex.]
I" ^pll-an-is'-tic, a. [Gr. ii^ai'to-TtKos (ojiho,-
HisU/.'os)= dt'stviiyuig, puttiJig out of sight ;
a^avC^tii (fiphanizo) — to make unseen ; ii^aioiy
(aphanes) — unseen : a, priv., and (fyaviwat
(phaitenai), 2 aor. pass, of ,0atV« {pltaino) =
to cause to appear,]
Min. : Indistinct, unmanifest. (Webster.)
&ph'-^n-ite, 5. [in Ger. aphanit; from Gr.
a<l)ai/i^<; (apha II i}--i) = unseen, invisible, unmani-
fest, obscure ■ d, priv., and ^at'i/to (phaiiid) =
to cause to a]t[iear. 80 called because the
granulations of which it consists are not dis-
tinctly visible.]
Min. & Geol. : A rock, called also Corneine.
The absence of distiu'-t granulations distin-
guishes it from Diabase.
g^-phe'-li-on, t a-phe'-li-um. s. [In Fr.
aphelie ; Gr. airo (opn) = from ; and tjA,lo9
(lielios) =■ the sun.]
Astronomy : Literally, away from the sun.
As the planets move in elliptic orbits, and
not in circles, they are necessarily at a greater
distance from the sun at one part of their
course than at another. When as far away
from the sun as they can go, they are said
to be in ophdlofi ; and when as near to the
luminary as possible, in periJwlion. [See
Apogee, Perigee.]
&ph-en'-ge-SC6pe, s. [Gr. a<|)evYi7? (aplienges)
=. without light, and a-KOTre'w (skoped) — to
look at, to behold.] A modification of the
magic lantern for exhibiting opaque objects,
such as cartes-de-visite, movement of watches,
coins. &c.
ciph-er-e'se, s. [Fr. apherhe.] A mineral
the same as Libethenite (q.v.).
aph-e'r-e-sis, a. [Aph/eresis.]
aph'-e-ta, o. [Gr. a^eVTjs (ophetes') = a
slai'ter.]
Astrology : The planet which was imagined
to he the giver or disposer of life in a nativity.
a-phet'-ic-al, n. [Eng. apheta; -ical.] Per-
taining or relating to tlie planet apheta (q.v.)
(Johnson.)
a-phi-dae, aph'-i-dse, s. pi. [Aphis.]
Leach's name for the family of Homopterous
insects, of which Aphis is the tjq^e. [Aphis.]
a-phi-de^» aph'-i-des, s. pi. The plural
of A PH IS (q. V. ). Shuc Icard and S wainson
made Aphides the third tiibe of the order
Hemiptei'a.
". . iivthe Aphiili"i the male insects are unequi-
Tocal and numeroua." — Owen: Invertebr. Animals,
Lect. xviii.
a-phid'-i-an, c. & 5. [Mod. Lat. a^/u's-, genit.
aphidis =■ a plant-louse.]
1. As adjvrtivc : Pertaining or relating to
an aphis, or plant-louse.
"... the acquisition of the distinct sexes, and
the procreation by impregnated ova by the jjerfect
Mediisffi, are phenomena essentially analognua to those
of Aphiilinn generation." — Owen : Invertebrate Annu.,
Lect. xviii.
2. As siihstiiiitiir : An insect of the tribe
Ajihidii, the family Aphida-, or the genus
Aphis.
a-phid'-i-i, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. aphis, genit.
Klihidis.] Cuvier's name for the family of
Hemipterous (or Homopterous) Insects, of
which Aphis constitutes the type. He made
it the second family of the Homopterous
Hemiptera, and the fourth of the whole order.
He included under it Psylla, Thrips, and other
genera, besides Aphis proper. [Aphis.]
a-plud-iph'-a-gi, ^' }'l. [Mod. Lat. aphis,
and Gr. 0ay6s (phi"i(i-<)-=a, glutton; ifjaycii'
(jihageln) = to eat.j The name given by
Cuvier and others to a family of inserts,
ranked as the second of the Trimerous section
of Beetles. The name is given because the
appropriate food of tlie insects which it con-
tains are aphides. Instead of Aphidiphagi,
the family is now designated Goccinellidie. It
contains the " lady-birds."
a-phid'-i-iis, s [From !Mnd. Lat. nphis.
' genit. a}>hidi<:.] A genus of ichneumons, of
which one species, A. avciia', preys on the
aphis of the oat and other analogous species,
while a second, --1. n'H'c:, does so on that of
the turnip.
a-phid-iv'-6r-OUS, c. [Mod. Lat. aphides,
and Lat. voro =.io swallow whole, to devour.]
Devouring aphides.
"The larva of the syrphi, or, as they have been
called, aphidioorous worms." — Griffith : Cuvier, vol,
XV., It. 760.
S,-phil-an'-thr6p-3^, s. [Gr. i, priv., and
^Lka.vQpMiria (philonthrojda) = philanthropy.]
1. Want of love to mankind ; the opposite
of philanthropj'. {Johnson.)
2. Mad. : The first stage of melancholy,
when solitude is preferred to society.
a'-phis, aph'-is (plural a'-phi-de§, aph-
l-de^), s. [Mod. Lat.]
Entmn. : Plant louse. A genus of insects,
the typical one of the family Aphida?. It
contains those soft pulpy little animals,
winged or wingless, and with long antennae,
which are seen beneath the leaves, or in
curled-up leaves, or in the axils of many
plants, or even on the roots of some. Some-
times, as in the case uf the elm, their destruc-
tive operations ujion a leaf raise a gall of
considerable size. The species are very nu-
merous, and are generally called after the
plants on which they feed, us .1. cos".-, the
aphides.
aphis of the rose ; A. f'd>,r. the bean apis;
A. hrassicoi, the cabbage fly ; A. hvniuli, the
Imp fly. They are exceedingly prolific, but
are kept within bounds by various insects,
especially by the Coecinellidaj, or Lady-birds,
of which they are the appropriate food. They
drop a fluid called lumey-dew [Honey-dew],
wlhcli is so gi'atefnl to the ants, that the
latter, to receive it, tend them like railch cows.
The mode of propagating their race is the
abnormal one described as Alternation of
Generations, Metagenesis, and Partheno-
OENEsis (q.v.). Tlie wingi'd aphides, con-
fessedly perfect inserts, bring forth a wingless
race, apparently mere larvie, and which,
therefore, it might be thouglit, wnuld be
incapable, wliile thus immature, nf bringing
forth young. In certain eases they do it.
however, and their offspring are winged, and
as perfect as their grand-parents. This alter-
nation of generations, or iiii:t<j,ge)iesis, with its
attendant parthenogenesis (ur birth from
virgins) in eveiy second generation, goes on
for nine or ten generatinns, by winch time the
season is over. The last aphides of the year
are fully formed and winged, and deposit eggs,
which are hatched in spring.
aphis-sugar, 5. Honey-dew, the honey-
like substance secreted by ajdiides. [Aphis,
HoNEV-DEW. j
"Honey-dew, or aphLi-xugar, and the honey of the
bee are intermediate between nniin;il and vegetable
organs. "~/'en7(.y CycL, vol. xxiii., p. 22.i.
a-phl6-gis'-tic, a-phlo-gis'-tic, a. [Gr.
(xt^AoyioTo? (aphlogistos) = not inflammable :
a, priv., and <f)KoyLa-T6<; (phlogistos) = set on
fire, burnt; (^koyC^u} (phlogizo) = to set on fire ;
<f>Ao^ (phlox), genit. (})\oy6<> < ph logos) =&ame;
ij^Ae'yo) (phlego) = to burn.] Without flame.
Aphlogistic lamp, or fiameless lamp: A lamp
formed by winding a coil of fine platinum
wire loosely round the lower part; of the wick
of a sjiirit lamp. When the flame is extin-
guished the coil will continue in a state of
ignition till the spirit is consumed.
3,-phd'-xii-a, aph'-6n-;y', s. [In Fr. apJwnie ;
Gr. atfxovLa. {njJ'duiu); from ct, priv., and
el)u}i'€u}_ (phoiia>) = to pi'oAnce a sound ; ^wfvj
(■phoi)e)= a sound.]
M>'d. : Inability to speak, loss of voice,
dumbness.
"In cases of aphonin. where the vocal chirds cannct
t'e made to vibrate frenlv . ."—_]/„x ydtler ■ Science
of Language, 6th ed., vol. li. (1871), p. 127.
"Aphony (Gr.), want uf yoici:."~Glossoff. .Xoi' , ■2nd
a-phb'r-i-a, s. [Gr. a<i)opCa {'iphoria); from
a0opos (aphoros) ■= not bearing; a, priv.. and
^dpo? (^horos) = bearing, , . . fruitful ; (/)e'pa>
(phcrd)= to bear.] The absence of bearing,
unfruitful ness ; barrenness.
^ph'-or-ism, s. [In Ger. aphorism; Fr.
aphorisme; Sp. & Ital. aforismo ; Port, aphor-
ismo. From Gr. ac^opicr^Lioj (a.phorismos) =
(1) a separation; (2) a definition, also an
aphorism ; a4>opi^iii (aphorizo) = to mark ott"
by boundaries : anS (apo) — from, and opi'^w
(horizo) =^to separate from as a boundaiy ;
opos (horos) = a boundary.] A shoit detached
pithy sentence, containing a maxim or wise
precept, educed from the general exjierience
of mankind. (See example under Aphorize.)
"Solomon became enabled, not only to write those
excellent parables or aphorisms, concerning divine
and moral philosophy, but also . . ."—Bacon: Advanc.
of Learning.
aph-or-is-mat'-ic, aph-6r-if -mic, o.
[Eng. aphorism; -atic ; -ic] Pertaining to
an aphorism or aphorisms ; containing an
aphorism. (Ogilvie.)
S-ph'-6r-i§-iner, s [Eng. OjJiorism; -cr.]
One who habitually quotes aphorisms.
"We may infallibly assure ourselves, that it will as
well agree with monarchy, though all the tribe of
aphorismers and politicaaters would persutwle us there
be secret and mysterious reasons against it." — MiLon :
Of lief, in England, bk. 2.
* aph'-or-i^-ming, c [Eng. aphoHsm ;
-ing.] Overbearing unduly by the use of
aphorisms.
"There is no art that hath been more cankered m
her principles, more soiled and slabbered with aphov'
isining ijeuantry, than the art of policy." — Milton.
Sipll'-or-ist, s. [Eng. aphorls(in)t.'] A com-
piler of aphorisms.
" He took this occasion of farther clearing and justi-
fying what he had written against the aphoriat." —
NeUon : Life of Bp. Bull. p. 246.
S,ph-or-is'-tic, S,ph-6r-is'-tic-al. a.
[Eng. a/ihorist, -ir, -ical; or aphorin(m), -tic,
'ticid. Ill Fr. apJioristiiptc ; Port, aphoristico.]
[Aphorism.] Pertaining to an aphorism ; in
tlie form of an aphorism ; in short, detached
sentences like an aphorism.
"... because the style of hts conversation ia less
flowing and dlfTuslve— less expansive — more apt to
clothe itself in a keen, sparkling aphoHstic form." —
/>(,' fJniiKV!/ ■ Works (ed. 18G3), vol. ii., p. 232.
fi,ph-6r-is'-tic-al-ly, ndv. [Eng. aphoris-
tical ; dy.] In the form of an aphorism.
"These being carried down seldom miss a cure, as
HipiTOcrates doth likeways aphoristically tell us." —
Ilarvei/.
^ph'-or-lZQ; V. i. [Gr. d^opt'^w (aphorizo) =
(1) to mark but by boundaries ; (2) to limit, to
define.] To utter or write an aphorism.
" In order to get the full sense of a word, we should
first present tn our minds the visual imn^fc that forms
its primary meaning. Draw lines of different colours
round the different counties of Eugland, and then cut
ont each separatelj', as in the common play-maps that
chiklreu take to pieces and put together, so that each
district can be contemplated apart from the rest, as a
whole in itself. This twofold act of circumscribing
and detaching, when it is excited by the mind on
subjects of reflection and reason, is to aphorize, and
the result an aphorism."— CoZeridae : Aids to liejlec-
tion (ed. 1839), pp. 16, 17.
^ph-rite, s. [Gr. i^pd? (aphros)= foam, and
sufl". -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Mill.: \ variety of Calcite, sometimes called
also Eai'th Foam, and by Kirwaii Kilvery
Chalk. Dana considers that the harder and
more sparry specimens approach argentite,
and the softer ones chalk.
aph'-ri-zite, s. [In Ger. aphrlsit; Gr. a^pi'^w
(aphrizo) = to foam ; dt^pd? (aphros) = loam,
and suft'. -iti:.] A variety of the mineral called
Tourmaline. It is found in the Harz Moun-
tains.
apli-ro-dis'-i-ac, ^ Siph-ro-di^'-i-ack,
a. & s. [In Port, aphrodisiaco ; from Gr. d^po-
8i(Tia (a]ihrodisict) = veneiy ; a^poBCcrio? (aph-
rodisios) = belonging to love or venery. From
Ajihrodite = Venus.] [Aphrodite.]
1. As ajijective : Exciting or tending to ex-
cite venereal desire.
2. As !i>ihi:tantit'e : A provocative to venerv
Gari-od makes Aphrodisiacs the 2nd order of
li'.s Division I., Sub-class 5. He divides them
into direct and indirect. Among the former
are nux vomica, strychnia, cantharides ; and
among the latter, blood tonics and nervine
tollies. (Garrod : Materia Med'ica, 3rd ed
p. 41.3.)
bSil, boy; pdiit, jtj^l; cat, ceU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^ist. -ing.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel del
240
aphrodisiacal— apistes
a,ph-r6-di|-i'-ac-al, t aph-ro-di^'-ic-al,
a. [Eng. cf^phrodisiac, in full or contracted ;
suffix -at.] The same as Aphrodisiac, adj.
(q.v.j. (Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed.)
Siph-ro-^s'-i-an, o. [Apheodisiac] Per-
taining to love' or venery. Davies gives an
example fi-om C. Reade (Cloister & Hearth,
ch. Ivi.).
aph-ro-di'-ta. t aph-ro-di'-te, s. [Gr.
'A(^po5i.'n) {Aphrodite), a name of Veuas, given
because it was believed that she sprung from
the a^p6s (aphros), or fuam of the sea.]
Zool. : A genus of Annelids, the typical one
of the family Aphroditidse. The Sea-mouse is
the Ajyhrodita aculeafa. The scales on its
back are covered and concealed by a substance
resembling tow, which arises from the sides.
These also give rise to groups of strong spines,
wliich pierce througli the tow, and are not
merely brilliant in hue, but vary that hue
according as the light falls on them, so as to
exhibit the various rainliow colours. From
this exceeding brilliance, coupled with its
connection with the sea, in the deep water of
which it resides, it has come to be known by
one of the epithets of Venus, while its oval
form and tow-covered skin have led to its
being denominated the Sea-mouse.
3,ph'-r6-dite, s. [In Ger. aphrodit, from Gr.
a(})p6'; (aphros) = foam, and suff. -ite, or from
'A(()po5iTT) (Axihrodite) = Venus, in allusion to
her as foam-born.] A mineral placed by Dana
in his Sepiolite group of Bisilicates. It is a
soft opaque mineral, of a milk-white colour.
One specimen contained silica, 51'55 ; mag-
nesia, 3372; protoxide of manganese, 1'62;
protoxide of iron, 0'59; alumina, 0'20 ; water,
13'52. It occiu-s in Sweden. [Aphbodita.]
S.pli-r6-dit'-i-dsB, s. pi. [Aphroi^ita.] A
family of Annelida ; the second of the ordei
Errantia. Their dorsal surface has on it a
double row of large membranous scales at-
tached to the alternate segments, between
which appear the beautiful bristles of the
feet. [Aphrodita.]
aph-roph'-or-a, s. [Gr. a^po^opo? (aphro-
pKoros) = foam-lJearing ; i^pds (aphros) = foam,
and 4>op6s (phoros)= bearing ; <p^pu} (phero) =
to bear or carry.] A genus of insects be-
longing to the order Homoptera, and the
family Cercopidte. Tlie Aphrofhora spumaria
(formerly called Tettigoitia spumaria) is the
<Juckoo-spit Frog-hopper, the insect the larva
of which envelops itself in froth. There are
other species, as the A. hifasdata, whicli is
(.'oiumon in gardens. When come to maturity
the Aphrophoras leap well.
aph-ro-sid'-er-ite, s. [From Gr. ki^p6^
(aphros) = foam ; o-i5rjpo? (sidcros) = iron, and
sutf. -ite.] A doubtful mineral akin to Pyro-
chlorite. It is a soft ferruginous chlorite, of
dark olive-green colour, found in Germany.
aph'-tha (pi. aph'-thse), a. [In Fr. aphthe ;
Port. ajA^/tft (sing.) ; Lat. aphtha; (pi.); Gr,
atS)9a (aphtha), sing. ; a<l)6aL (nphtluii), plur.,
from aTTTw {haptd)=.to fasten . . . to kindle,
to .SL't on lire, to inflame.]
jlfril. : One of the numerous white-looking
specks or vesicles which sometimes appear on
the tongue and palate, whence they gradually
diffuse themselves over the mouth and fauces.
There are three varieties : (1) The Aphtha iii-
fantum, or milk-thrush ; (2) the A. maligna;
and C-i) the A. chronica. The first variety is
an idiopathic disorder, chiefly attacking in-
fants brought up by hand; the second and
third are symptomatic of other diseases. The
aphthae which frequently appear in the mouth
in advanced stages of (■<)iisuttq)tion generally
jirecfde dissolution by about a week or a
foiinight.
^i 'I'he term aphtha ajigiiw^a is sometiines
applied to a variety of sore tliroat.
aph'-thal-ose, aph-thit'-al-ite, s. [Gr.
a(()0iTO9 (aphthitos') = uudestroyed, xinperish-
able : a, priv., and 4>diuio (phthiiid), or <^0tu)
(phthin) = to decay, with aA.? (hals) = salt.] A
mineral classed by Diina imder his Celestite
group. It is called ;ilsn Arcanite, Glasserite,
Vcsuvian Salt, and Sulphate of Potash. One
siie<.-inien was composed of potash, 54'1, and
sulphuric acid, 45'0 = 100. It is a bluish-
white or greenisli-white mineral, with vitreous
lustre, and a saline taste, found on Mount
Vesuvius.
&ph'-th6ngf, s. [Gr. a<fi6oyyo? (aphthongos) =
voiceless ; a., priv., and <f>eoyy6^ (phtliongos)
= the voice ; (^fleyyop-at (phihenqoTnai) = to
speak loud or clear. ] A letter or letters left
unsounded when a word is pronounced.
aph'-thon-ite, s. [From Gr. a^^oi-os (aphtho-
nos) = without envy, bounteous, i)lentiful ;
a, priv., and <{>66vo^ (phthonos) = envy, and
suft'. -ite.] A mineral ; a variety of Tetra-
hedrite. It is of a steel-gray colour, and
is found in Sweden.
aph'-thoiis, a. [Eng. ophtli{a); -ous.]
1. Pertaliiing to aphthai.
". . . ao long as the ujj'i^AoKS specks retain their
purely white colour, little danger need he apijrchended. "
— Cyclo. Pract. Med.
2. Bot-any: Resembling something covered
with little ulcers. (Loudon: Cyd. of Plants.)
a-phyl'-lae, s. pi. [Gr. aAuMos (aphullos) =
leafless : a, priv. ; <l>v\\ov (jjhulloii) = a leaf.]
Bot. : Plauts destitute o.f leaves. (A term
sometimes applied to Thallogens, from the
absence in them of all proper leaves.)
a-phj^l'-lous, a. [Aphyll^.]
Bot. : Destitute of leaves.
a-pi-a'-je-se, s. pi. [Umbellifers.]
a-pi-a'r-i-an» (.t. [From Lat. (:fj^("/-('(£i-= re-
lating to bees, and suff. -an.] Relating to
bees. (Jardine.)
a'-pi-ar-ist, s. [Lat. apiarius^ a bee-keeper. ]
A bee-keeper ; one who keeps bees. (Kirhij.)
APIARV.
a'-pi-ar-y, s. [Lat. aqnarium = a bee-hi\'e ;
apis = a bee.] A shed or stand for bee-hives.
"Those who are skilled in bees, when they see a
foreign swarm apiiroaohing to plunder tlieir hives,
have a trick to di\ert them into aouie neighbouring
apiary, there to make what liavock they please." —
Swift.
a'-pi-cal, a. [From Lat. apez, genit. aj'icis =
the tip or top.] Pertaining to the tip, top, or
vertex of a cone, a triangle, a leaf, &c.
a'-pi-5e§, a'-pex-e§, ^. jjI The Latin and
English fonns of the plural of Apex (q. v.).
a-pick'-pack, a(h: Astride on the back,
as a child is sometimes carried. (Flora's
Vagaries, 1670, quoted in Wright's Dirt. Obs.
and Prov. Eng.) [Pick-a-back.]
a-pic'-ul-ate, a-pic'-ul-a-ted, a. [Mod.
Lat. apiculns, dimin. of Class. Lat. apex.]
Bot. : Poiutleted ; terminating abruiitly in
a little point. It difl"eis from mueronate in
this respect, that the i)oint constitutes a part
of the limb, instead of arising wholly from a
custa. (Lindleij.)
a'-pi-CUl-tiire, a. [Lat. apis = a bee, and
r((/?».?Tf = tiUing, cultivating, tending.] The
" culture " or tending i>f bees ; bee-keeping.
"To those acquainted with German and American
fipicidtiiri; it is a well-known fact that we are at leiu-t
a century behind tliese nations in this iinpui-tant art."
— Rco. George Jiai/nor, in Tiines, Octuberl, ISTii.
a-pic'-u-lus, s. [In Lat., an uuelassical
dimin.,' from a]ir:r.]
Ii> Bot.: A small point, used espei'ially of
cases in which the midrib projects bryond the
leaf, so as to constitute a small point. ()r wlien
a small point is suddenly and abruptly formed.
(Loudon: Cyd. of Plants, 1820; Glossary.)
a'-pi-dS6, .';. pi. [From Lat. apis ~ a bee.] A
family of inseets, the typical one of tlie Hy-
menopterous sub-tribe Anthophila, the tribe
Aculeata, and the order Hynienoptera itself.
The Apida'. have an elongated tongue ; whilst
the Andrenidse, the other family of Anthophila,
have the tongue short and blunt. It contains
the social bees, Apis, Bombus, &c., with some
of the solitary ones, as Xylocopa.
a-pie'9e, a— pie'5e, adv. [Eng. «, and piece.]
' Each. To each.
" The golden spoons were twelve, full of incense,
weighing ten shekels apiece,"— If umb. vii. 86.
* a-pie'-9e§(» adv. [Pref. a = in, and Eng.
pieces.] In pieces. (Beaumont £ Fletcher:
Little Frendi Lawyer, ii. 1.)
a'-pi-in, .s. [Mod. Lat. api(um); suff- iii.]
Chem. : A gelatinous substance deposited
from water in which parsley (Apium pjetrose-
linwn) has been boiled.
a-pi-6-Crin-i'-tes, s. [From Gr. aTTLOv(apwn)
= a pear, Kpivov (krlnon) = a lily, and Eng.
suff. -ite = Gr. At'^os (lithos) = stone. Literally,
pear-shaped lilies of stone.] Pear-encrinites,
a genus of Encrinites somewhat resembling a
pear in form. Specimens of the A. rotundns
are found nt Bradford, with tlie stumps of
thei)- stems still standing on the gi'eat oolite
in which they grew, though their articulations
ha^-e been broken off, and now lie scattered
through tlie stratum above, which is of clay.
(Lyell: Manual of GeoL, 4th ed., ch. xx.)
ap'-i-6n, 5. [Gr. ^-mov ("pion) = a pear,
from the shape of 1he inseets. A genus of
Weevils (Curculionidfe), the larvie of the
several s]ieeies of which are very injurious in
clover fields. The A. apricans preys, when in
the grub state, on the flrtwer.s of the purple
clover (Tnfnliiivi pra.tensc) ; the A. fkwipes on
those of the Dutch clover (T. repens) ; the A.
assimile chiefly on the suliihur- trefoil (T.
ochroleiicinn) ; and the A. pomonce on the tare
(Vlcia satica).
A'-pis (I), s. [Lat. AiAs; Gr. 'Attis (Apis),
genit. 'Attios (Apios).^ Au Egj'ptian deity, the
same as Osiris. He was worshipped under
the form of an ox, white in colom-, with black
spots.
"He blamed Dryden for sneering attheHierophants
of Apis." — Jfticaiilai/ : Jllst. Emj., chap, xiv,
a'-pis (2), s. [Lat. apis or apes, genit. apis = a
bee.]
1. Eato'in. : The typical genus of the family
Apida;, and the Hymenopterous tribe Antho-
phila. The workers have the first articulation
of the posterior tarsi in. a long square : it is
moreover furnished at its internal face with
silky down, divided into transverse bands.
The A. 'ini'lhf'jt, from Lat. indlijlcns, a. =
honey-making (imi = honey, and facio =■ to
make), is the IIi\'e-bee. [Bee.]
2. Astron. : A small constellation in the
Southern Hemisphere, first named by Halley.
It is called also Musca, literally = the Fly,
but in this case rendered "the Bee." [Musca.]
a'-pish, a. [Eng. «2>(^); -i^h. In Ger. apisch.]
1. Prone to imitate in a servile manner, as
an ape might do ; hence also fojipish, affected.
" Report of faahious in proud Italy,
Whose manners still our tardy apish nation
Limps after, in base imitation."
Shakesp. : Richard II., ii. l.
2. Playful, wanton, like an ape; hence, also,
silly, trifling, insignificant.
" And npisli folly, with her wild resoit
Of wit and jest, disturbs the solemn court."
Prior
" And this is but apis7i sophistry .'—GlanviUe.
a'-pish-l^, adv. [Eng. apish ; -hj.] In an
apish manner; with servile imitation; foj'-
pishly, conceitedly, playfully, with silly trifling.
a'-pish-neSS, s. [Eng. apish ; -ness.] Tlie
quality of Iieing apish. Mimicry, playfulness,
insignificance. (Johnson .)
a-pis'-tes, a-pis'-tos, a-pis'-tiis, ??. [Gr.
aiTLCTTo? (ny'i,s'o.s) = faithless, not to be trusted :
a, priv., and Trttrro? (jjistos) = faithful. Sr>
called because a strong suborbital spine jutting
out from the cheek of the fish so designated
becomes a perfidious weapon.] A genus of
spiny-finned fishes belonging to the family
ScorpEenidffi. They are of small size, and are
sonjewhat allied to Blennius. They rise intc
the air like ordinary flying-fisli. Ehrenberg
seeing the abundance in the Red Sea of the
A TsradHornm, or Sea-locust, supjiosed that
It might be the Scriptural quail. [Quail.]
£&,te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
a-pit-pat— apocodeine
241
t a - pit'- p3.t, culv. [Eng. a; pit; pat. A
word the sound of which is designed to imitate
the movement or action which it describes.]
Palpitating, or palpitatingly ; beating with
more than average force. Applied to the
heart ; more visually in the form Pit-a-pat.
"0 there he comes. — Welcume. my bully, my buck!
. . . my heart has gone a-pu-^jut ior yow." — Congreoe.
a'-pi-iim, s. [In Sp. aplo ; Ital. appio; Lat.
ajj(«7n. = parsley (?) or wild celery (?); Gr.
6.TT10V (apiorO = (l) ^ pear, (2) parsley : ap, ab,
or av in various languages = water, as Puiijaub
= the five waters. ] Celery. A genus of plants,
the typical one of the order Apiacese, or
Umbellifers. It contains one British species,
the A. graveoUns, Sniallage, or Wild Celery,
APIUM GRAVEOLENS.
1. Part of the inflorescence. 2. Flower. 3. Eout-
leaf, and base of atem. 4. Ripe fruit.
which grows in marshy places, especially near
the sea. It is the original of the garden
celery. [Celery.] A. pRiroarZwM/nt is the
well-known parsley. [Parsley.]
^P'-John-ite, a. [Named after Apjohn, who
analysed it.] A mineral, placed by Dana
under his Alum and Halotrichite groups. It
occui's in white fibrous or asbestiform masses
at Lagoa Bay, in ^iouth Africa. Composition :
Sulplmric ai'id, :3'J'il7 ; alumina, lO'dO ; sesqui-
oxide of manganese, 7''iS; water, 48"15 ; sul-
phate of magnesia, 1'08 = 100.
■^ a-pla'^e, "* a-pla's, ot^c. [Eag. a ; place]
In one's place, before all.
" Ther men anon forth apJace hlr brought,
Fair melusine, enmyddea the chapel.'
Tlw Jiomans of Partunay (ed. Skt-iit). 03*2-3.
ap-lan-at'-ic, a. [From Gr. a, priv., aud
TTkavdui (planch) = to cause to wander ; from
TrAanj (plane) = wandering.] Kot wandering ;
destitute of aberration.
Aplanatic lens : One which, could it be con-
structed, would so refract all the rays of liglit
incident upon it, whether they entered it in a
direction parallel to its axis, or converged to,
or diverged from, a point in that axis, as to
malie them all ultimately meet in a single
point or locus. More than one form of lens
would be aplanatic could it be made with
mathematical exactness, different media being
employed to render it achromatic. Lenses
can at present be made only approximately
aplanatic, and tables are therefore constructed
to show how, with a given refractive index,
the aberration of the focus may be reduced to
a minimum. [Aberration, Achromatic]
a-plas'-tic, a. [Gr. aTrAaoTos (aplastos) =
' mimoulded, unshapen.] [Plastic] The
opposite of plastic ; not capable of being
moulded, or at least being easily moulded into
form. {Webster.)
*a-pli'ght (gli silent), adv. [A.S. a = on;
pliht =(1) a pledge, (2) danger, obligation.]
As if bound by obligation ; faithfully.
" Hu ihc hire boghte apUght
For seuesithe of golde hire wight."
Floriz and Jilaunchiflur (ed. Lumby), 649-50.
a-pl69'-er-ine, a. [ Aplocerus. ] Pertaining
to the sub-genus Ajtlocerus. Col. Hamilton
Smith makes the Aplocerine group one of the
sub-divisions of the great genus Antilope (q. v. ).
(Griffith's Cuvier, vol. iv., p. 2S5.)
a-plo^'-er-US, s. [Gr. an-Ads (liaplos) ; from
ttTrAdos (haploos) = simple, and Kspai; (keras) =
horn.] A sub-genus of Antilope. The species
are from America. In character they approaclt
the goats.
dip-lo'ine, s. [In Ger. aplame; from Gr. aTrAds
(ha2)lo$) — simple. The name was given by
Haiiy because a cube is simpler than a dodeca-
hedron. (See def.).] A mineral ; a variety of
Mauganesian Lime. Iron Garnet. It is usually
of a deep brown or orange-brown colour. It
is opaque. It is harder than quartz. Like the
garnet, it is crystallised in the form of a dodeca-
hedron, witli rhomboidal planes ; but these
are striated parallel with the lesser diagonal,
which, in Haiiy's opinion, indicates that the
j)rimitive form of the crystal is a cube.
Found on the banks of the Lena, in Siberia,
also in Saxony.
S-p-lO-no'-tiis {Latin), s. [Gr. aTTAdo? {haploos)
= simple, and cwtos (liofos) = the back.] A
genus of lizards of the family Ignanidae. Tlie
Aplonote, A, Ricardi, is of a blackish-brown
colour, with spots of tawnj"" brown. The back
is without scales, but has small granules, aud
along its summit a shallow crest.
'^ a-plus'-tre, * a-plus'-ter, s. [Lat.
aphistre ; Gr. a^kaa-Tov {aphlaston).'] An orna-
ment affixed to the stern, or sometimes to the
prow of ancient vessels. It was made nt
wood, and resembled the tail of a fish. A
staff or pole rose from it with a riband or
streamer at the top.
"The one holds a sword in her lumd. to represent
the niiui, as the other liaa au apl"-i(re, to represent the
Odyssey, or voyage of Ulysses "—AcUUmn.
a-plus'-trum, s. [Aplustre.] A genus of
* shells of the family Bullidse. They have oval
ventricose, highly- coloured shells, with their
spire wide and depressed. In 1851, Wood-
ward estimated tlie species at ten, none oi
them from Britain.
*a-ply', v.t. [Old form of Ply (q.v.).] To
ply; bend. [Apply.]
" Which lightly lie wold to bow lie aply."
The Romans of Partsfuin (ed. Skeat), 4,137.
a-plys'-i-a, ^■. [Gr. aTrAuo-ta {apbisw) = filthi-
ness ; aTrAucrtaL (aplusiai), pi. ; Lat. aplysia =
a kind of sponge, so called from its diit.\
colour.] A ,L,'enus of molluscs, the tyjiical one
of the family Aplysiidai. The species have
an oblong convex flexible and transluceut
shell, with a posterior slightly incurved apex
The animals aj-e oval, with four tentacles.
They are called Sea-hares. They inhabit the
laminarian zone of the sea, and when molested
discharge a violet fluid. Tate, in 1875, esti-
mated the known recent species at foiiy-twn,
with one or two more doubtfully ideutitii^il
from the Tertiary formation. Some of the
former are Britisli.
a-ply-si'-i-dse, s. pi. [Aplvsia.] A fandly
of molluscous animals, the third of the Tecti-
branchiate section of the Gasteropodous order
Opistho-braucliiata. The shell is wantmg or
rudimentary, and the anunal slug-like. It
contains the genera Aplysia, Dolabella, &c.
a-pnoe'-a, s. [Gr. dTn/oia {apnol(i) = want of
wind, a calm : a, priv., and Trvdin {pneo) = to
blow, to breathe.]
Mecl. : Absence or great feebleness of breath,
as in the case of swoon. (Glossog. Nova.)
ap'-6, in compositUm. [Gr. aTrd (apo) ; Sansc.
apa; Lat. ab or abs; Goth, a/; Ger. ab ;
Eng. of, off.] A Greek prefix occurring in
many English words originally from the
Greek. It generally signifies from.
a-poc'-a-lypse, * a-p6c'-a-lipse, s. [In
Ger. apokatijpse ; Fr. & Port', apocalypse : Sp.
apocalipsis ; Ital. apocalisse, apocalissi. From
Lat. apocalypsis ; Gr. ottokoAui/zi? {apokalupsis)
= an uncovering, a revelation ; aTroKaAuTrro)
(npokahq)t6)= to uncover: aTrd (a^jo) = cessa-
tion from, and koAutttw (kahipto) = to cover.]
1. Oen. : An uncovering, disclosing, or re-
vealing of what was before hid.
"The vates i>oet with his melodious apocalypse ot
Nature." — Carlyls : Eeroes and, Hero-worship, Lect, iii.
2. Specially:
(a) Tlie vision or visions recorded in the last
booli of the Bible.
" Oh, for that warning voice which he, who saw
The apocalypse, heard cry in heaven aloud."
Milton: P. L., bk. iv.
(&) The last book in the Bible, which
receives both its Latin and its Greek name
from the fact that its contents mainly consist
of a revelation or apocalypse of future events
pre\'ionsly hidden from mental cognizance.
[Revelation.]
t a-p6c'-a-lypt, 5. [Gr. an-OKaAuVToj (apoica-
hijAo) ='to uncover.] The author of the
Apocalypse. {Coleridgf.) (Held.)
a-p6c-a-lyp'-tic, * a-poc-a-lyp'-ticlc, a.
' & s. [In Fr. apocalyptiqut ; ^i^. apocaliptico ;
Port, apocalyptico. From Gr. aTroKoAuTm/cos
{apokalaptikos) = fitted for disclosure.]
L As adjective: Pertaining to a revelation,
or containing one. Especially belonging to
the revelation made in the last book of the
Bible.
"It was concluded by some, that Pim'idence de-
signed him the apocalyptick angel which should pom
out one of the viala upon the beast, '—tipeii^er on
Prodigies, p. 314.
The. Apocalyptic number, (i6G. (Rev. xiii. 18.)
2. As substatitiv'^ : One who makes an apoca-
lyptic communication.
"The divine apocalyptick. writing after Jerusalem
was ruined, might teach them what the second Jeru-
salem must be ; not on earth, but from heaven, A2JOC.
xxi. -^''—Lightfoot : MUcell.. p. 107.
a-p6c-a-lyp'-tic-al. u-. [Eng. apocalyptic;
-al] The same as Apocalyptic, a. (q.v.).
a-p6c-a-lyp'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. apo'-a-
* lyptiml ; -ly.] lu an apocalyptic manner, by
revelation ; with relation to the Apocalyp.sc
{Webster.)
ap-6-car'-pi, s. pi. [Gr. ano {ap«) = from,
and KttpTrds (knrpos) = fruit.]
Bot. : The 1st class in Dr Lindley's classifi-
cation of Fruits. The fruit i^ simple ; that is,
the ovaria are strictly simple ; a single series
only being produced by a single flower. Some
are one or two seeded, viz., Utriculus, Achai-
iiium, and Drupa ; and the rest many-seeded,
viz.. Follieulus. Leguiuen, and Lomentum.
[Apocarpous.] {Lindlcy : Introd. to Bot.)
^p-o-car'-poiis, a. [Apocarpl]
Bot. : A term applied to the carpels of a
compound pistil when they are either wholly
or partly distinct. Example: Oaltha. It is
opposed to SvNfARroi's (q.v.). {Lindky,)
ap-O-Ca-tas'-ta-sis, S. [Gr. aTroKaTao-Tacn.?
(apokatastuiii-b) = complete restorati(Hi ; atroKa-
6icm]fi.L {apoki'thisti!iii,i)=^ to re-establish: aTrn
("po), intensive, and KaflLcmj/xi (kathisti- mi)
— to set down ; Kara {kata) = down, and
lo-njju.t (histiimi) — to make to stand, to set.]
1. Astron. : The jieriod of a planet ; the
tiiue wliich it takes to return to the same
apparent place in the heavens.
2. Med. : The cessation or subsidence of
morbid or otlier symptoms^ {Parr.)
3. rAeoi.: Final restitution. [Univer^ai.ism.]
ap'-O-Clia, s. [Gr. a-n-oxv (apochc).'] A re-
ceipt, a quittance. (Hacket : Life of WilliaiiL>,
i. 20.)
ap-6-ca-thar'-siS, s. [Gr. aTroKdOapa-L^ {I'po-
katharsis) = a thorough cleansing.]
Med. : A purgation, a discliarge downwanls
Sometimes less property applied to vomiting.
ap-6-ca-thar'-tic, a. & s. [Gr. aTrd (apo),
here re'dundaut; aud cutlLnrtic (q.v.).]
A. As adjective : Cathartic.
B. As substantive : A cathartic (q.v.).
ap-6-9en-o'-sis, s. [Gr. dn-oKei'too-i.s {ajio-
kenosis) = an emptying.]
Med. : A discharge. A term applied by Dr.
Culleii to a discharge with blood. It is limited
to haamoniiages, in contradistinction to those
whicli are attended with fever. {Parr.)
ap-d-chro-mat'-ic, u. [Pref. apo-, and Eng.
ckrovuitic (q.v.).]
Optics: An epithet applied to ob.ject-glaHSh-s
so corrected that the secondary residual spec-
trum is destroyed. This is effected by tlni
use of fluorite and new kinds of optical glass,
which allow chromatic correction to be made
for three colours instead of two, aud of spher-
ical aberration for two colours instead of one.
ap-o-chro'-ma-tism, s. [ApochromaticI
Apochromatic condition or quality.
* ap'-o-clasm, 5. [Gr. aTT6K\aa-fj.a.{a}ioklasiii<')
= a breaking off".]
Med. : The breaking away of any part of
the body. {Glossog. Nova.)
ap-d-cd'-de-ine, s. [Gr. aTrd {apo) =■ from,
and Eng. codeine (q.v.).]
boil, boj^; poilt, jo^l; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9hin, benQh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ilst. ph = L
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, &c. = b$L -tre — tcr
16
2i'2
apocopate— apodes
Chcm. : CigHigNOj. An organic base ob-
tained by heating a solution of codeine liydro-
chloride with ZnCLi. It is a mild emetic.
a^p6c'-6p-ate, v.t. fin Sp. apocopar. From
Gr. aTTO/coTTOS (apol'Opos) = cut off ; anoKonTui
(apoko-pto) = to cut off : oltto {apo) ~ from, and
KOTTTo) (koptd)=-(l) to strike, (2) to cut off.]
To cut off.
Spec, hi Grammar: To cut off the last
letter or syllable of a word. Often in the pa.
par. (q.v.).
a-p6c'-6p-ate, a-poc'-6p-a-ted, pa. par.
& a. Cut off, as the last letter or last syllable
of a word. Thus, in Heb. bv (yigel) is the
apoeoiiate fut. for n7V (yigWi), the full form
of the future of the Heb. verb TO^ (galah)
= to uncover, to reveal. (Moses Stuart.)
a^poc'-op-a-ting, pr. par. [Apocopate, v.]
a-p6c'-6p-e, ap-6c'-6p-y, s. [in Fi., Sp.,
& Lat. apocope ; Gr. aTroxoTnJ (apoJcopc) = a
cutting oft" ; airoKoiTTio (apokopto) = to cut off.]
[Apocopate.]
1. Grain,. : A figure by which the last letter
or syllable uf a word is cut away, as in Lat.
ituidiii for ingeiiU.
2. Surg. : The cutting away of any soft part
of the body. {Parr.)
^ a-p6c-rif-a'r-i-us, a-p6c'-ri^-ar-y,
ap-o-cris-i-a'r-i-us, s [Lat. apocrisia-
rms, apocrisarins. From Gr. dTroKpto-t? (apo-
krisis) = (1) a separating, (2) an answer ; aTro-
KpCvto {apokriiio) = to separate, (middle) to
answer: htto (a7'o) = from, and Kplvia (krino)
= to separate.]
Eccles. : A delegate or deputy sent out by a
high ecclesiastical dignitary ; as a legate or a
nuncio may be by the pope. (Spehnan.)
ap-6-crus'-tic, a. &, s. [Gr. a-TroKpoutrTiKos
(ajKihrnastikos) —able to drive off; anoKpovoi
(ajmkroud) = to beat off : oltto (apo) = from,
and Kpouw {kroud) = to strike, to smite. Or
aivo (apo) = from, and kpovittlkos (kroustikos)
= fit for striking.]
A. As odjcdlve (Med.): Repellent.
B. As substantive (Med.). : A repellent ; a
medicine operating with a repellent or astrin-
gent eftect. (Qiduraj.)
a-poc'-ry-pha, * a-poc'-ri-pha, s. [In
Fr. apocryphe. Properly the neut. pi. of the
Lat. ad,], opocryplms; Gr. o.ttqkpv^o'? (apokrn-
phos) = hidden. Applied to books, it means
(1) of unknown authorship ; (2) fabulous, un-
trustworthy ; from Gr. aTTOKpuTrrw (apokrupto)
— to hide from : arro (apio) = from, and KpviTTui
{krupto) = to hide.]
A. I lithe Early Christian Church: (1.) Books
published anonymously. (2.) Those suitable
for private rather than public reading. (3.)
Those written by an apostle or other inspired
author, b^^t not regarded as part of Seri^jture.
(4.) The works of heretics.
B. In English noiu :
I. LiUrally:
I. Spec. : The following fourteen books :
I. 1 EsdiJts; 11. 2 Esdras; HI. Tobit; IV. Judith;
"V. Additions to Esther ; VI. The "Wiadom uf Soloiiicu ;
VII. Eccleaiasticus, called also the Wisdom of Jesus.
the son of Sir.aeh : VIII. Baruch ; IX. The Song of
tlie Three Holy Children : X, The History of Siiaanna ;
XI. BelandtheDrapon ; XIL The Prayer of Manasseh,
King of Judah ; XIII. 1 Maccabees ; and XIV. 2 Mac-
cabees.
JVIost of the above-mentioned books were com-
posed during the two centuries immediately
preceding the birth of Christ, though some
were penned, or at least interpolated, at a
later period. They were written not in
Hebrew or Aramtean, but in Greek ; and the
Jews never accorded them a place in the Old
Testament canon. They were inserted in the
Septuagint, and thence passed to the Latin
Vulgate. The Christian fathers were divided
in sentiment as to their value and the rela-
tion they stood to the canonical Old Testa-
ment books ; Jerome dealing with them in a
free, enlightened, and discriminating manner ;
whilst Augustine and others were much less
independent. The q^uestion whether or not
they were inspired remained an open one till
the Reformation. Wiekliff, whose mind was
east in what we should now call a wonder-
fully Protestant mould, was against them ; so
■was Luther : and yet more strongly, Calvin,
with his followers. To uphold their waning
authority, the Council of Trent, on the 8th of
April, 1546, placed them on an p,qual level
with Scripture, anathematising all who held
the contrary opinion. Portions of them are
in the New as well as in the Old Lectionary
of the English Church ; but the sixth of the
Thirty-nine Articles explains that "the other
Books" [the foui-teen enumerated], "as Hie-
rome saith, the Church doth read for example
of life and instruction of manners, but yet
doth it not apply them to establish any doc-
trine." The Westminster Confession of Faith
regards them as simply human writings, and
denies them all authority. The several apo-
cryphal books are of unequal merit. 1st
ilaccabees is a highly valuable history ; while
Bel and the Dragon is a monstrous fable.
Taking them as a whole, they throw much
light on the religious opinions and the political
state of the Jews before tlie advent of Christ,
and explain not a little which else would be
obscure in the New Testament.
" We hold not the Apocrypha foraacred, .is we do the
holy Scripture, but for human compositions," — hooker.
2. Gen. : Any productions of similar charac-
ter to the apocryphal books of the Old Testa-
ment. Writing regarding gospels of this
nature, Strausg says—
"In several apocn/pJias . . ." — Strauss: Life of
Jesus (TranaL), vol. i. (184G). p. 209.
II. Fig. : Untrustworthy statement, myth,
fable.
"Every account of the habits of a wild animal
obtained at second-hand from the reports of aborigines
has its propoi-tiou of apocrypha."— Owen : Classif. of
Mammal; p. 91.
a-p6c'-ry-phal, a. & s. [Eng. apocryph(a);
-al. In Dan. apocnjph Istc ; Dut. apocryfe ;
Ger. opocriipJilndL ; Fr ajiocryphe ; Sp. & Ital.
oporrijo ; Purt. apv^iriiphu.}
A. ^s adjective :
"''I. Formerly. In the Early Church: Anony-
mous, unpublished, uninsiured, heretical.
[Apocrypha.] ■
" Jerom, who saith that all writings not canonical
are apon-ypjial, uses not the title apocryphal as the
rest of the Fathers ordiuaiily have done ; whose custom
is so to name, for the most part, only such as might
not publickly be read or divulged." — Hooker.
II. Now :
1. Pertaining to the fourteen books collec-
tively denominated the Apocrypha.
"... the Apocrijphal Books which are usually
printed between the Old and Xew TestiLnieuts." —
Jlartwell llornc . Jntrod. to Study of Scrip! iiro (1825),
vol. iv., 2li, note.
^ Apocryphal Controversy : A controversy
which arose about 1S21, as to wliether the
Bible Society were acting rightly in binding
the Apocry|iha between the two Testaments
of the Bibles which they issued, this practice
having been adopted in order to render the
sacred volume more acceptable in Roman
Catholic countries or districts. Tlic anti-
Apocryphal iiarty ultimately jirevailed over
their opponents. About lS:2f5 the Apocrypha
was altogether excluded from the Society's
Bible. [Apocrypha.]
2. Of doubtful authority ; mj'thic, fabulous.
" The passages to which it refers, are however ni part
from apocryphal or fictitious works."— ie«/(s. Marty
Horn. Hut., en. lii., § 2, vol. i., p. 73.
B. As s)ihsta)itive : One of the fourteen
books named under Apol-uypha, B., I. 1., or
any literary production of similar pireteusions
and character.
"Nicephorus and Auastasius . . . upon this only
account (as Usher thinks), because they were inter-
polated and con-upted, did rank these epistles in the
nuniberof apocryp7ials."—JIanmer; View of Antiquity,
p. 419.
a-p6c'-ry-plial-ist,s. [Eng. apocryphal; -isl.}
An admirer of the Apocrypha, a defender of
the Apocryiiha. (Fenny Cyclop.)
a-p6c'-ry-phal-ly, adv. [Eng. apocryplml;
■ly.] With doubtfid authority or authenticity ;
mythically. (Johnson.)
a-poc'-ry-phal-ness, s. [Eng. apocryphal ;
-ness.] The quality of being of doubtful au-
thority, if not even indisputably fabulous/'.
t a-p6c'-ry-phic-al, a. [Eng. apocrypliia)
-ical.] The same as" Apocryphal.
a-p6c'-ry-phy, v.t. [Lat. apocryphiis, and^o
used as pass, of facio = to make.] To render
doubtful. (Duvies : Paper Persecutors, p. 80.)
ap-o-9y-iia'-9e-se, s. pi [Apocynum.] An
order of p)lants,the English Dog-banes. Lindley
places them under his Gentianal alliance, and
the Asclepiadaceee, or Asclepiads, under his
Solanal one, thus separating two orders which
in nature are closely akin. Both have mono-
petalous corollivs, with live stamens, the fruit
in follicles, and the juice milky ; but they
differ in the details of the sexual apparatus.
In 1846, Lindley estimated the known species
of Apocynaceae at 566, shice increased to
about 600. Of 100 known genera only one,
Vinea, occurs in Britain ; the rest inhabit
warmer countries than ours.
a-pog'-y-num, s. [in Fr. apocin; Sp. &
Ital. apocino ; Gr. airoKwov (apokunon), a
plant, Cynanthus erectus : ano (c(po) = from,
and KViiiv (kuon) = dog. Literally, from dog,
or dog avay ; meaning, from which dogs must
be kept away, since it is poisonous to them.]
Dog's-bane. A genus of plants, the typical one
APOCYNUM ANDROS.EMIFOLIUM,
i. Flower and leaves. 2. Flower (twice its n.itural
size) ; showmg how the fly is held by its feeler to
the stamens of the flower.
of the family Apocynaees. The species are not
veiy beautiful. The North American Indians
use the fibres of the bark of A. caunahinuin
and hyper ic I folium as a substitute for those of
hemp in manufacturing cordage, linen clutli,
&c. A. androsoimifoUnm is the Fly-trap of
North America. [Fly-trap.]
ap'-6d-a, s. pi. [Gr. arroSa (apodo), neut pi.
of ttTTou? (apoti^), genit. airoSo? (ajyodos) = witli-
out feet. ]
■^ 1. Z'lol. : Aristotle's third sectinn of Zon-
toka, or air-breathing vivipara. It included
the Whales, which the Stagyrlte, with re-
markable scientific accuracy, ranked with tl-n'
warm-blooded quadrupeds. (kenOicen: Classif.
of the Mammalia, 1859, p. 2 )
2. The second order of the class Amphibia,
or Batrachia. The body is like that of an
eai'thworm, and is quite destitute of feut.
The order contains but one family, the Cli ci-
liadee (q.v.).
3. According to Px'ofessor Miiller, a group
of lishes belonging to the sub-order Physosto-
mata. It is so called because the ventral fins
are wanting. It contains three families, the
MurEenidae, or Eels, the Gymnotidas, and the
Symbranchidpe.
t ap-6-dac-ryt'-ic, " ap-o-dac-rys-
tick, s. [Gr. aTToBaKpuTiKos (apodakmtikos) =
calling forth tears ; aTroSaKpvia (apodakruo) =
to shed many tears : aTro (apo), intensive, and
haKpvui (dakrvo) = to weep ; 56.Kpv (dakru), or
SaKpuof (dakruon) = a tear.]
Pharvmcy : A medicine tending to produce
teai's.
" A podacry sticks (Gr.). Medicines that provoke
tears." — ylos&og. A'ova, 2iid ed.
ap'-6d-al, «. & s. [Apoda.]
A. As adjective:
1. Gen. : Without feet.
2. Ichthy. : Without ventral fins.
B. As substantive : Used specially in the
second and third senses given under Apoda
(q.v.).
Phiral: The English equivalent for Apoda
(q.v.).
ap'-6d-an, "^ ap'-dd-6n, s. [Eng. apodc;
-aa.'] An animal destitute (a) of feet, or (&>
of ventral fins. [Apoda. ]
t ap'-ode, s. [Apoda.] The same as Apodal
(q.v.).
ap'-6d-e§, s. %il. [Gr. aTroSfs (apodes), the pi.
of ttTTous (apous), genit. an-oSos (apodos) -=
without feet.]
1. Gen. : Animals without feet.
I5.te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or. wore, w^olf. work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; Se = e. qu = kw.
apodietie— apologetic
S43
* 2. 5pec. : Linnteus's first order of Fishes.
He placed under it the genera destitute of
ventral fins. The assemblage was not wholly
a natural one.
ap-6-dic-tic, * a,p-6-dic'-tick, ap-6-
dic'-tic-al, a. [Lat. apodictictis; Gr. airo-
SetKTiKos (apodeikiikos), aTroSetKi/UjUt (ajjodclk-
/mmi) =: to point away from, ... to demon-
strate : an-d (apo) = from, or intensive ; and
SeUvvfj.!, (deikaumi) — to bring to light, . . .
to show, ... to prove. Or awo (apo), and SetK-
TLKos (deiktikos) = able to show. ] Demonstra-
tive ; capable of being established on demon-
strative evidence. (The t^rm was introduced
by Aristotle, and has been used in modern
times by Kant and otlit^rs.)
" The argumentation is from a similitude, therefore
not apodicfick, or of evident demonstration."— /foii n-
son: Eudoxa, p. 23.
" Holding an (//-or^/cr/crt? knowledge and an assured
knowledge of it: vtrily, tu persuade their apprehen-
sions otherwibe wen- tn make an Euclid helievu that
there were more tli;ui uue centre in a cii-cle."— Browne .■
Vulgar Erroiirs.
ap-6-dic'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. apudk-Hcal;
-ly.] With complete mathematical demon-
stration ; irrefrag;ilily.
"Mr. Mede's synchronisms are apodicticaUi/ true
to any one that has but .t. t/ompetency of wit and
patience to pursue them."— /)r.//.J/^ore.- Myst.ofGodl.,
p. 175.
a-pod'-i-dse, s. pi. [Apus.] A family of
Entomostracans of the order Phyllopoda.
The typical genus is Apus.
ap-o-di-ox-is, s. [Gr. aTroStwKU) {('podi'~'k6),
fut. a.iToBioi^o^a.1 ("j'odldxomai) = to chasn
away ; airo (apo) = from, away ; SiwKaj (diOko)
= ti( make to run, to pursue.]
Jih^t, : A figure in which a particular argu-
ment is rejected with indignation. (Glossog.
Nova, 2nd ed.J
ap-6-dix'-is, s. [Latin ; from Gr. aTrdSetlts
(apodeixis) = a showing forth, . . . demoii-
stration ; airoSetKwixL (apodeikniiinl) ■=■ to show
forth.] [Apodictic] Demonstration ; the
establishment of a jiroposition on absolutely
irrefragable evidence. l^Johnson.)
^ ap'-6d-6n, o. [Apodan.]
ap-o-dog-yn-oiis, a. [Gr. a, priv.; ttovs
(■pons) =a foot; and yvvq (f/c/zc) = woman.]
BoL : A name given by Richard to disks
which do not ;idhero to the base of an ovary.
ap-od'-O-sis, s. [Lat. apodosis ; Gr. aTrdSocns
(apodosis) = ix. giving back . . In Gram.
(see def.) ; Gr. avrd (a;io)= from, and fido-ts
(dosis) — a giving ; from StSto/xt.]
Gram. : The cliief clause in a conditional
sentence, that intimating the cunse(|uence
wJiich will ensue if the condition t-'xprcssi^d in
the subordinate clause which preceded it,
called the protasis, be realised. In tlu- sen-
tence, " If ye shall ask anything in my name, I
wiJl do it " (John xiv. 14), the protasis is, " If
ye slKdl ask anything in my name," and the
ui'uitosis, "I will do it." Some grammarians
extend tlie terms jirotasis and apodosis to ante-
cedent and consecpient clauses, even when
the sentences to which they belong are not
conditional.
" . . . it is observed by Jaapis that the Apostle
has put only twa members of the comparison, when
thure should properly have been four, omitting 1.111.- in
the protasis and another in the apodosis."— lilooin-
Jield: Greek Test. (1841); Comme)it on Rom. vi. 4.
ap-o-dy-ter'-i-iini. ^. [Lat. apoditcrium ;.
Gr. cLTtoBvTqpiov {•' pod liter If ui) \ from etTroSu'w
(apoduo) = to strip off; airo (apo), priv.. and
6u'w (dtw) = to get into, to put on.]
L Classical aiitujuHy : A room where one
stripped before going into the bath.
2. Now : Any room used for the purposes of
robiug and unrobing.
3.p'-6-gee, * ap'-o-ge-iim, * ap'-o-gse-
um, ^ ap'-6-ge-6n, "^ ap-o-gae'-on, s.
[In Fr. apogee; Sp., Port., & Ital. apoqeo.
Apoge2i'ni and apogccuni are properly the neut.
of adj. apogcBus, nnd apogeon a.nd apogoion are
Latinised from the Gr. jLiroyaiov (apogaion),
neut. of adj. aTrdyaLos (apogaios), also oTvoyeios
(apogeios), and aTrdyeos (apogeos) = from land,
or the earth ; (Astron., in apogee : see def.) :
Sltto (apo) = from, and yaio? (gaios)= on land ;
yaia (gala) — land : from yvj (ge) = land, also
the earth.]
1, Astron. : The point in the orbit of any
planet at which it is, the greatest distance from
the earth. When a corresponding term was
introduced by the, ancients, they proceeded
on the supposition that the earth was the
centre of the solar system, and therefore
njcasured from it. The sun, therefore, was
at a certain time said to be in apogee. The
term is still used, but in general it is more
(;orrectly stated, not that the sun is in apogee,
but that the earth is in ajihelion [Aphelion] ;
in other words, measurement is made from
the sun as the centre, not from the earth.
The moon, again, being the satellite of the
earth, is appropriately said to be at a certain
time in apogee. The lunar apogee circulates
in about niue and a half years.
"It is yet not agreed in what time, precisely, the
apoffcum absolveth one de^^Tee."— Browne : Vulgar
Errours.
"... while on the other h;md the sun is most
remote (in apogee, or the earth m its aphelion)."—
Herschel ■ Astron., § 368«. See also g§ 406 and 687.
2. Fig. : As high above one, or as far from
a person or thing as it is possible to be.
" Thy sin is in his apogtson placed ;
And when it moveth next must needs descend,"
Fairfax.
ap-o-geu'-sis, s. [Gr. aTroyeOo-is (a.pogettsis) ;
from aTToyedojLtat (axjogeiiomai)=^ to take a taste
of anything: ctTrd (a'po) = from, and yeuw
(geud) = to give a taste of. or aTrd (apo) =
from, and yeucrig (geusis) = the sense of taste ;
from yeuco (ge.uo).~\ The same as Ageustia
(q.v.). (Parr.)
ap-og-gi-a-tu'-ra, ap-6-gi-a-tu'-ra, s.
[Appoggiatuea.]
ap'-O-gon, 5. [Gr. a7rwy£<)i/_(«;ioj/o/0 = tieard-
less : d, priv., and Trtoywf (pdgdii)-=^ beard.] A
genus ul s] liny-finned fishes of the Percidfe,
or Perch family. A Mediteiranean species
is called A. rex muiionim = the king of the
mullets. It is red, with a black spot on each
side of the tail. It is three inches long.
Another species is the A. fa.'^rid/ii..^, or Banded
Mullet, of the Feejee Islands.
ap'-O-graph, s. [Lat. apngraj-lmn ; Gr, d.jrd-
ypa<l)Ov{iiiMjra-phon) = & copy ; fruni d.7roypd»|)aj
(iii."'g>i'phd) = tQ write off, to copy: iTrd (apo)
= from, and ypa^ui (graphd)= to write.] A
transcript ; a copy. (Blouat.)
* ap-6g'-ra-phal, a. [Eng. apograph; -al.]
Pertaining to an apograph,
•'PiiniUel places— nowhere elfif e\t;iiit but in these
.lyoLryiilial a/Jo.9ca/jfe«; pieces, either ;is citations out
01, or .ilhisions to, them."— Br. Lc- Bmert. Theol
(1752), \ul. 1. p. 104.
t ap-6-j6ve, s. [Gr. k-rro {(i,«') = ivQm, and
El IK ./nri' ^ Jupiter ; from Lat. Joz^is, Kenit.
vfJxpdr,.]
Astron. : The point in the orbit of any one
of Jupiter's satellites at which it is as far from
the planet as it can ko. A word framed on
the model of Apogee >t Aphelion (q.v.) It is
opposed to Ferijove.
a-po'-lar, s. [Gr. a, priv., and Eng. polar.]
Not pillar.
A)iat. : Pertaining to nerve-cells which send
out no fibre. Kdlliker at first maintained their
existence, but afterwards thought they might
be unipolar cells, with the issuing fibre in
some way hidden from view.
_ "Some writers stiU insist upon the existence of
apoiar and imipolar' nerve-cells in many parts
of the nervous system, although the results of obser-
vation positively prove the existence of two fibres in
the case of cells which had previously been regarded
as unipolar and apol^r."-Beale : Bioplasm (1672), §"43
" See ;ilso my paper on the structiue of the so-caUed
r;^:;;i?iS.n.?..n'7?^''^'^^ ""''■''' ''''''■ -p'"'-
* ap -6-lep-sy, * ap-6-lep -sis, s. [Gr
aTToAiji/zis (a2}0lc2jsis) = 0-) a taking back a re-
covery^; (2) an intercepting, a cutting off-
from airoKafipdvbj (apolambaiw) = fut aTro-
^^/ofxai. (apolcj^isomai) = to take or receive
from; aTrd (ajjo)= from, and KauBdvu) (lam-
6ano)= to take. Or i^rd (aiJo) = from, and
Xpijjts (lepsis) = a taking hold ; from \ap.Bduo,
(lambau'i).^ '^^
Old Med.: An obstruction of the blood ■ a
retention or suppression of urine or any other
natural evacuation. (Parr, i&c.)
"_Apoleps>/ JGt.). The interception of blood and
ammal spixits."— Glossog. Jfov., 2nd ed.
A-pol-lin-a'r-i-an, a. [Lat. Apollinuris =
pertaining to Apollo.] Pertaining to or con-
nected with Apollo.
ApoUinarian games. Certain n^ames
instituted among the Romans in the year 212
bSil, h^; poiit, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus,
-clan, -tian = sh9.n. -tion, -sion = shun
B.C, after the battle of Caimre, and celebrated
by means of scenic representation.
A-p6l-lin-a'r-i-an§, A-pol-lin-a'r-istSt
s. pi [From Apollinaris the Younger, Bishop
of Laodicea in the latter part of the fourth
century,] The followers of the Apollinaris
mentioned above, who contended for the
divinity of Christ against the Ai-ians, Imt
taught that Christ assumed only a human
body endowed with a sentient, but not au
intellectual, soul. He believed that the divine
nature in Christ supplied the place of a
rational human soul. His views seem to
have tended in the direction of those after-
wards held by Eutyches. They were con-
demned by the Council of Constantinople in
A D. 381.
A-p6l'-l6, s. [Lat. Apollo; Gr. 'K-rroWiov (A'pol-
' Ion).-]
Classic Myth. : The god of poetry, music,
medicine, archery, and augury. He is usually
represented as a handsome young man, beard-
less, and with long hair on his head, which,
moreover, is crowned Avith laurel, and sur-
rounded by rays of light. In his right hand
he bears a bow and arrows, and in his left a
liarp.
" And all Apollo's animating fire."
Tltomson : The Seasons ; Winter.
The Apiollo Belve-
dere : A celebrated
statue of Apollo, so
called from having
been placed in the
Belvedere of the
Vatican by Pope
Julius II. It was
found in the ruins
of ancient Antium,
now Capo d'Anzo,
about the end of
the lifteenth or the
beginning of the
sixteenth century,
and was sculptured
probably about the
tiineofXero. Byron
gives a beautiful
description of this
famous statue in
Childe Harold, iv, the apollo belvedere.
-l.4i-iDo.
A-p6l-l6n'-i-c6n, s. iLat. Apollo; Gr. 'AttoA.-
Awf (Apolloii), the god of music, &c. ; Gr.
suflix -LKOv (ifco-O = Eng. ■la-^n.^ The name
given by :\b-ssrs. Flight & Robson, of 8t. ]\lar-
tin's Lane, to a very powerfnl chamber-organ,
exhibited by them in 1817, and giving the
combined effect of a conii)lete orchestra. It
was so constructed that it might be self-
acting, or might beiilayed upon in the usual
manner by means of keys.
A-p6l'-ly-6n, ^. & a. [Gr. 'AttoAAvwv (Apol-
Inoii), the pr. par. of aTrdAAujat (oprAlami), or
dnoWvui {"polhio) = to destroy utterly.]
A. As substantive: Destroyer. The Greek
name applied in Rev. ix. 11 to the "angel of
the bottomless pit," called in Hebrew Abad-
don (q.v.). Bunyan introduces it into the
Pilgrim's Progress as the name of a fiend.
B. As adjective : Destruetive.
" But he [KantJ had no instincts of creation oi' res-
toration within his ApoWion mind."— i>e Quincev's
Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 58.
A-p6l'-ly-on-ist, s. [Eng., &c., Apollyon;
-ist.] Onewho follows or is sub.jeet to Apollyon.
Spec, the " locusts " of Rev. ix.
"The Locuste or Apollyonists." —Phineas Fletcher :
Poeins (ed. Grosart), ii. 6a — 107.
a-p6l-6-get'-ic, "^ a-pol-o-get'-ick,
a-p6l-o-get'-ic-al, a. [Fr. apologctiquc ;
Port. & Ital. apologetico ; Lat, apologeti&us ;
Gr. dTroAo7i]TiKd9 (apologetikos) = fit for a
defence.]
t 1. Spoken or written in defence of a per-
son, a faith, an opinion, &r., and not intended
tn imply the smallest admission of error.
[Apologetics.]
" With the advance of theology, general Apologetics
tends to disappear, and in itb stead comes an apologetic
introduction justifying each of the fundamental doc-
trines of dogmatics."— jEhcj/. Brit., Jtli ed., ii. 189.
2. Acknowledging slight error which, passed
over in silence, might give just offence.
"... speak in a subdued and apologetic tone."—
jfacnulai/ ; Mist. Eng., ch. xviii,
"I desitrn to publish an essav, the greater part of
\.-\i\cY).m apologetical, forone sortof chyinists."— Bo^ia
9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. ag; expect. Xenophon, exist.
-tion, -5ion = zhfin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble. -die. & '
ing.
bel. del.
244
apologetically— apophthegmatic
a-pol-6-get'-xc-al-ly, odr. [Eng. oqmlogetl-
cal ; - ly.] lu apologetical language, in an
apologetical tone ; by way of apology.
"... has been apologetically expla,ined by the
supposition . ."—Btraiiss: Life of Jesus {eA. 184(1),
vol. ii., § 07, p. 32.
a-pol-6-get'-ics, .^. [In Ger. apoJo'icfil-.]
r Apologetic] The department of tlifi.ilogy
which treats of the establishment of the e\'i-
dences and defence of the doctrines of a faith.
Christian cqyologetlcs, generally called simply
Apolog&tics, treats of the evidences of Chris-
tianity, and seeks to establish the truth of the
Bible and the doctrines educed from it.
If North (Examen, p. 305) uses the rare
singular form apologetic.
ap-6-l6s'-ic-al» «. [Eng. apolog(}i.e) ; -ic^L]
Of the nature of an apologue. (Adaia^ :
Works, ii. ltJ6.)
a-p6l-6-gi'§e. [Apologize^.]
a-pol'-O-gist, s. [In Fr. apologiste ; Sp. &
" Port, apologlsta.] One who defends a faith,
an institution, a practice, a deed, &.c. Spec,
one who defends Christianity, or the character
and proceedings of its professors. {Cmcper:
Expostulation.)
a-pol'-6-gize, a-pol-6-gi'se, v.t. & i. [Gr.
awoXoyi^oiJiaL (apologizomai) — to reckon up, to
give an account.]
* I, Transitive: To defend.
II. Intransitive : To make an acknowledg-
ment of a greater or smaller amount of error
(generally the latter), as a moderate atonement
tor an injury done one. (It is sometimes fol-
lowed by for, and an obj. case.)
"To apologize especially /or his insolent language to
Gardiner."— /-Vo^fdf .■ Mist. Eng., vol. iii., ch. xvii., p. 70.
1[ Sometimes a person apologises for a deed
re'Luiriug far graver treatment.
". . . to apologise for a judicial murder?"— J/n-
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
a-pol'-6-gi-zer, a-p6l'-6-gi-ser, 5. [Eng.
apologize, apologise; -ei\] One wlio dL'fends a
person, a faith, an institution, &c.; an apolo-
gist.
"His apologisers labour to free him: laying the
fault of the errors fathered upon him unto the charge
of others." — Jlan'tner: View of Antiquity, p. 239.
ap'-6l-6gtie, .^^ [In Ger. apolog ; Fr. cqiologv.e ;
!Sp., Fort., lit Ital. apolngo ; Lat. apologus;
from Gr. a7r6A.ovos {apologos) = (1) a long .stury,
a tale ; (2) a fable, like .ffisop's ; (y) an account ;
Gr. (XTTo (npo) = from, and Aoyo? (logos) = . . ,
discourse ; meaning that an apologue is a dis-
course drawn from (a fable).] A fable designed
to convey to, and impress upon, the mind some
moral truth. It resembles a parable, but
differs in this respect, that, whereas the event
narrated in the parable is within the limits
of probability, and might have happened, if
indeed it has not actually done so, the apo-
logue is bound by no such restraints ; It can
draw for its speakers and actors on the brute
creation, or even on inanimate nature. The
prodigal son (Luke xv. 11 — 32) and the ewe
lamb (2 Sam. xii. 1 — 14) are properly parables ;
whilst the story of the trees electing a king
(Judg. ix. 7 — 20) is au apologue.
"The Senate having decided in favour of a concilia-
tor>- coui-se, Bent Menenius Agrippa as their envoy to
the secedera, who addresses to them the celebrated
apologue of the Belly and the Limbs." — Lewis : Early
Rom. Mist., ch. xu., pt. i., § 16.
t ap'-ol-o-guer, ^ ap'-6l-6-ger, s. [Eng.
e; -er.} One who utters apologues.
>, saith an « poloqcr fapologuer], was brought
up in a chest, there fed with fragments of bread and
cheese." — Burton Anat. of Mel., p. 559.
" "Why may not a sober apologer [apologuer] be per-
mitted, who brings liis burthen to cool the conflagra-
tions of fiery wits?"— Wa^erAows; Apology for Laam-
ing, &C. (1663). p. 258.
a-p6l'-6-gy, * a-p6l'-o-gie, s. [In Fr.
apologie ; Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. apologia;
Gr. a7roA,oyta (apologia) = a defence, a sijeech
in defence ; a-rro (apo) = from, and A.oyo? (logos)
= a word, language, . . discourse ; Ae'-yw
(kgiy) = . .to spealc.]
t 1, The act of making a defence against an
accusation ; vindication, without its being
implied that in this there is anything hollow
or unsatisfactory ; also the defence made.
% Used specially of the defence of Chris-
tianity and its professors, against opponents
and calumniators, made by sevenU of the early
Fathers. Thus, Justin Martyr wTote two
"Apologies" — one about A.D, 150, and the
other after lOu ; Athenagoras one in 177, and
TertuUian in I'JS ; as did Melito, Quadratus,
Miltiades, Aristides, and Tatian in the same
centurj'. Many work.s of a similar character
were subsequently published, though not
always, or even generally, under the same
title. Various modern writers have used the
term Apology in the old sense : thus. Bishop
Ricliard Watson was author of au " Apology
for Christianity," and an "Apologj' for the
Bible." So also the department of theology
once generally termed " Evidences of Chris-
tianity" is now technically denominated A'po-
logetics (q..v.).
" We have, anaong other works of his [Justin Mar-
tyr's], two Apologies fur the Christians." — 3/osheim :
Church Hist., Cent, i., pt. ii., ch, ii , § 5.
2. Au admission of a fault ; generally one
of no great magnitude, for which this slight
humiliation is held sufficient to atone. Some-
times it is so small that the apology for it
approaches a full vindication, and sometimes,
as in cases of libel, so gi'ave that, even when
the apology is accepted, the whole expenses
of the trial-at-law are cast on the person who
acknowledges himself to have en'ed.
1" Crabb considers that "there is always
some imperfection, supposed or rt^;d, which
gives rise to an apology ; " that " a ih'jhice pre-
supposes a consciousness of innncrnce more
or less ;" that " a. jvstiJica.tion is founded on
the connction not only of entire innocence,
but of strict jiropriety;" that " cri-nliintion
rests on the conviction of innocence with
regard to the fact " " Excuse and j>h:a are not
grounded on any idea of innocence ; they are
rather appeals for favour resting on some
collateral circumstance which serves to ex-
tenuate : a plw is frequently an idle or un-
founded exovse, a frivolous attempt to lessen
displeasure." He adds tliat " E.unise and jj/ca,
which are mostly employed in an unfavourable
sense, are to apology, defence, and excidpoA /on,
as the means to an end ; an opologi/ is lame
when, instead of an honest confession of an
unintentional error, au idle attempt is made
at justification ; a drffvce is poor when it does
not contain sufiicient to invalidate the charge ;
a. ji'stijiration is nugatory when it applies ti>
conduct altogether wrong ; an excvse or a jiZeft
is frivolous or nilp, which turns upon some
falsehood, misreiiresentation, or irrelevant
point." (Crahh : Eng. Synonyms.)
ap-o-me-com'-e-ter, s.- [Apomecometry.]
An instrument for measuring objects at a
distance.
ap-6-me-c6m'-et-ry, s. [Gr. aTro (apo) =
from ; /x^kos (viekos) = length, and /ne-rpe'd)
{mrtre')) = to measure; ^eVpoi- (vietroii) = a
measure.] The measuring or measurement of
objects at a distance. (Dyche.)
ap-o-mor'-phine, s. [Gr, aTro (npo) = from,
and Eng. morjilnnc (q.v.).]
Chem. : Ci7Hi7NO.i. An organic base ob-
tained by heating morphine or codeine in a
sealed tube to 1.50'^, with excess of HCl. Apo-
moi-phine is soluble in alcohol and ether, and
is precipitated by caustic potash and am-
monia. It gives a dark-violet liquid with
FoClg. It is an emetic, in siuall doses.
^' ap-6n'e, prep. [Upon.]
ap-6-ne-crd'-sis, s. [Gr. aTrov€Kpia<ri<; (apo-
neurosis) = a becoming quite dead ; aTroceKpow
(aj)0>iekroo) = to kill utterly, especially by
cold : o-TTo (apo) = from, and i-e/cpdio (nekroo)
= to kill ; v€Kp6<; (nekros), s. = a dead body,
adj. =dead.]
Med. : Complete death.
ap-o-neiir-og'-ra-pliy, 5. [Gr. anovevpuia-Ls
(o.poneiirdsis), and ypa-i^y^ (grapM) = a delinea-
tion, . a description,] [Aponeurosis.]
Med. : The department of medical science
which treats of aponeurosis.
ap-o-neiir-o'-sis, ap-o-neii'r-o-sy, s. [In
Fr. & Port, aponevrose ; Gr. airovevpioa-Ls (apo-
)ieurosis) = the end of muscle, where it be-
comes tendon (Galen) ; awovevpou} (aponeiiroo)
= to change into a tendon : cltto (apo) — from,
and vevpota (neuroo) = to strain the sinews ;
I'eijpoi' (;neuron) = a siuew, a tendon.] The
expansion of a tendon into a membrane,
lamina, or fascia. Aponeuroses occur in con-
nection with the voluntary muscles.
"... attached by their extremities, through the
medium of tendon, aponeurosis, or aonie form of the
fibrous tissue." — Todd <fc Jiourman: Physiol. Anat.,
vol, i., p. ISO,
ap-O-neiir-ot'-ic, f. [In Fr. n jxmcv rot lane ;
Port, upnneurotico.] [Aponeurosis.] Per-
taining to aponeurosis.
"AjAineitrotlc tendonous expansions." — Todd & Bow-
■)}iaii : Physiol. Anat , i. 7i.
ap-o-neiir-ot'-om-y, .^. [Gr. (1) ^tto (apo)
= from ; (2) vevpoT6p.o<; (ucurotoviv^) = i-utting
sinews ; vevporofieio (n.en.rotomed) = to cut the
.sinews; veiipov inevr(ii<)^^a. sinew, and riixvui
(temno) =to cut.] The dissection of an apo-
neurosis (q.v.).
ap-6n-6-ge'-ton, s [In Fr. aponoget. An
incomplete anagram of the word Potomaoeton
(<l.v,).] A plant belonging to the order Kaia-
dacey_', or Naiads. The species are aquati'-^.
oi-namental in an aquarium. In India the
tuberous roots of A. monostacliyou, or simple-
spiked Aponogeton, are eaten by the natives
like jiotatoes.
ap-6-pemp'-tic, C. &: S. [Gr. aTrdrreiuTrTos
oj'opcmptos) = sent forth, dismissed ; aTroTrep.Trti}
(ojiopevipo) =■ to send off, to dismiss : airo
(apo) = from, and TrcjUTrw (peiii.po) z= to send.]
A. As adjective :
Classic Poetry : Pertaining to a hymn ad-
dressed to a stranger on his dejtarture from a
place to his own country, or to the gods when
they were fabled to be about to return to their
habitation.
B. As sv.bsta)itire : A hymn used ou such
Occasions.
a-p6pli -a-sis, s. [in Fr. apophase ; Gr. aTro-
4>aa-L<; (apopliasis) = a denial, a negation ; ctTro-
^yjjat (apopliemi)=.(l) to speak out plainly;
(2) to say no, to deny : aird (o.jw) = from, and
^TjfjiC (phemi) = to declare.]
Rhet. : A figure by which a speaker formally
declines to take notice of a point, with the
probable effect of making the imagination of
his audience so to work on what he has
ostentatiously declined to bring forward, as to
cause them to be more affected by it than if
he had spoken out plainly.
ap-6-phleg~mat'-ic, c & s. [Gr. aird (ajw)
= from, and <!)\iyn.a (plilegina) = (1) flame, (2)
inflammation, (3) phlegm ; from ^\4yui (;phlegd)
= to burn.]
A. As adjeHicc: Designed to expel phlegm
by the nostrils.
B, As substantive : A medicine designed or
titted to cause the flow of serous or mucous
humour from the nostrils. Some stimulatives
have this effect. (Johnson.)
ap-o-pMeg'-ma-ti^m, s [In Ccr. apo-
2'>hl.einnati$ni0s ; Gr. dTro0Aey/xaTicr/j,d; (ajiuplileg-
iiiaii^inos) ; aTTo^key^a.Ti^ui (opopihleg)iuiti:o) =
to purge a^vay phlegm : 0,770 (o.po) = from, and
<f>\eyfia (pihtcgma) = a flame, inflammation,
plUegm.] A medicine specially designed to
expel phlegm from the blood.
". . . and 30 it 13 in apophle/pnatism.'; aiid gar-
is, that draw the rheum down by the palate." —
ap-6-phleg'-ma-tiz-ant, s. [Gr. airo(|)A.ey-
ju-aTi'^w (apophkqvKitizd) = to expel phlegm.]
An apophlegmatic (q.^".). (Qvincy.)
ap'-o-phthegm, ap'-o-thegm (ph and g
silent), s. [In Ger. apoplithegma ; Fr. apo-
phthegme ; Sp. apotegma; Port, apophtliegirtja,
apothcgma ; Ital. apotegvia ; Gr, aTro^^ey/i^a
(apophthe^nm), a7ro00eyyo|Ltat (apophthengoniai)
= to speak one's opinion plainly, to utter an
apophthegm : aird (apo) = from, and (/)0eyyoju.at
(phthengonmi) = to utter a sound, to speak
out. Or Gr. aTrd (apo) = from, and ^94yfj.a
(phthegvm) = a. ■\'oice, from ^fle'-j^yo/xai (pMlien-
gonial).'] A terse pointed saying; a maxim
expressed in few but weighty words ; a brief
pithy remark uttered by a distinguished cha-
racter, or on a notable occasion.
"So again in his book. ApopMhegms. which he col-
lected -we see that he esteemed it more honour to
make himself but a pair of tables, to take ttie wise and
pithy words of others, than to have every word of his
ovm to be made an apophthegm, or an oracle, as vain
princes, by custom of flattery. i>reteud to do."— Bacon .■
Adv. of Learning, bk. i,
ap-6-phtheg-mat'-ic, ap-o-theg-mat-
ie, S-p-o-plitheg-mat'-ic-al, ap-6-
theg-mat'-ic-al (ph & g silent), a. [Gr.
aTro(|)9e7^aTLK6s (a p<->phthrijniatil<:os).'\ Senten-
late, t&X, fare, amidst, what* fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, wock, who, son; mute, c&b, ciire, unite^ ciir, rule, full; try. Ss^ian. se, ce = e. ey=a. qu — kw.
apophthegmatist— apostasiacese
2-1.0
ap-o-pMheg'-ma-tist, ap-6-tlieg'-ina-
tiSt, S. [Gr. a7r6(|>0€7^aTOS {ui^Oi^htlmjiniitQi),
genit. of a7r6>f)9cyn.a (a-popMhegma), and Eng.
sutr. -ist.] One who collects or composes
apophthej^nis.
ap-o-phtheg-ma-ti'ze {ph silent), ap-6-
theg-ma-li'ze, v.i. [Formed like Apo-
PHTHEGMATTST (q.v,), l3ut "With Eng. sutRx
■ ;;c = to make. ] To utter apophthegms.
ap-oph-^-ge, ap-6ph'-y-gy, s. [In Ital.
I'pufuji; Lat. apophijijes; Gr. i7roi))U7») (cji''-
jAiiqt) = (1) an escape or place of refuge ; (-J)
Arr'h. (see (Icf); o.iro4>evy(,) (apoplmujo) = tn
flee from ; ami (ajio) = from, and ((jeiiyu (^plrnigS)
= to flee. Or diro (B,;>o) = from, and xjivyri
(j>/ni!7c)= flight, escape.]
.Irc/i.; The small curve atthe top "f a column
by which its shaft .joins its .iipital. It is
sometlmescalledthe .
springofthefolunm. ^^-i^/.7^ 'J-, -
Originally it was ^''XivR'l^.f (9'
Aijopbyiic
the ring which
bound the extremi-
ties uf wooden
Itillars to keep them
liom splitting, imi-
tated in stone-work.
The same name is
given to the uorre-
sponding concAvity
connecting the bot-
toiii of a pillar with afophyge.
the flllet at its base.
" Apophyge in architecture is that pare of a column
where it seems to fly out of its base, hke the pruL'ess of
.1 bone in a man's leg, and begme to about upwards." —
Olossog. Nooa, 2nd ea.
^p-oph'-^l-lite, s. [In Ger. apophyllit ; Gr.
(1) aTTo (o.po) = from ; (2) »|)uAAoi' (jihullon) = a.
leaf; and (3) suff. -i(e (jVm.)(q.v.). Apophy-
lite was so called by Hauy from the tendency
to exloliate.] A tetragonal mineral, called
also Ichthyoplithalmite, classed by Daua as
the type of an Apophyllite group of Unisili-
cates. The hardness is 4-5 to 5 ; the sp. gr.
'A-S to 2-4 ; the lustre of the face of the crystal
terminating the low prism, pearly ; that (.>f
the sides, vitreous. Colour : white oi .grayish ;
occasionally with gr^x-nish, yellowish, rosc-rctl,
or tlesh-red tint. It is generally transparent ;
is brittle, and has feeble double refraction.
It is a "hydrated ealceo-potassie silicate ;" its
cnmposition being — silica, OrtaO to 5'J tiO :
lime, 2471 to 25'yij; potassa, 475 to G'70 ;
water, 1573 to li.l73 ; and fluorine, 1573 to
10 07. It occurs chiefly in amygdaloid, though
oc'itsiuiially in granite and gneiss. It is found
;it Rathn, near Edinburgh, and in Fife, iMim-
barton, and Iiivcrucss-shii'es. It occurs also
on tlie continent of Europe ; near Poonali and
AJimednuggm-, in India ; in tSilieria ; in Nova
ycotia, and other localities in America ; in
Australia, and elsewhere. Dana subdivides
it into Ordinal^' (1) Oxhaverite ; (2) Tcsselite ;
(;;) L.-uciiryelite ; and pjaces with it also Xylo-
cldore.
a-poph'-y-sis, t a-p6ph-y-sy, s. [Gr.
aiT64>vcn<; (a2?oph m. (.•<) = an offshoot; aTro^vw
(apophiio) = tr) put fnrth as an offshoot, (pas-
sive) to grnw; ano (a^o) = from/ and (^vm
(^,/(»'l)= to bring forth.]
1. Aiiat. : The process of a hone.
" Processes of bone have iisimlly their own centres i.f
ossification, and are termed epiphyses until they ai'e
finally joined to the main part, after which they
receive the name of apophyses."— Todd & Bowman:
Physiol. Aiiitf.. i. 116.
2. Eot. : A sporangium in mosses, which
is regularly k-ngthened. It occurs in most
species of the genus Splachnum. (Lindley :
Iittrod. to Eot.)
3. Arch. : The same as AporHYGE (q.v.).
a.p-0-plan-e'-siS» S. [Gr. aTroTrAdfrjo-ts (apo-
]'h(aesis), see def. ; aTroTrkavdui (apoplanao) =:
tn make to digress. Or airo (apo)=from, and
TrAai/Tjtris (plamsi^) = a making to wander ;
jrAacao) (pic.uad), fut. TrAanjo-w (ploa^o)=to
make to wander; nKdvy} (plani:) = ii wander-
ing.]
Met. : A digression.
ap~6-plec'-tic. ap-6-plec'-tick, a. k s.
[In Vr. ajj>>i>h'.ti(iue; Sp., Port., & Ital. i'p(^'-
jildico ; J^at. (I pirplectlcua ; Gr. aTroTrATjKTtKos
{upa^jimikvs).-]
A. Ah adjective : Relating to apoplexy.
" Hoon after he had risen fi-om table, an apyjlectic
Ktnike deprived him of s^ijeechaiidseusatiou,"— J/ftcai(-
lay : Bist. Eng., ch. xvii.
B. As suhstantivc : A person afflicted with
apoplexy.
■' Rasis, the Arabick physician, hath left it written
as I have it from Quistorpius, that it was ordamed by
a law, that no apoplecticks. who foamed about the
mouth, should be buried till after seventy-tivo hours.
—KnatchbtiU: Tr., p. ".
■^ ap-6-plec'-tic-al, ft. [Eng. apoplectic; -al]
The same as Apoplectic, (fdj. (q-v.).
"In an apopJcctical case he found extravasated
blc'jd makmtj way irom the ventricles of the brain.
— Dcrharn.
ap'-O-plexed, "- [Old Eng. o.i>ophx (Apo-
plexy); -al.] Atlccied with apoplexy.
"... But, sure, that sense
I"; apoplex'd : for madness would not err."
Hhakesp. : Bamlct, iii. 4.
ap'-6-plex-y, '" ap'-o-plex-ie, ' ap -6-
plex, s. [In Fr. apoplcxk ; Sp. apoplegi". ;
Ital. apople&sia; Ger., Port., & Lat. npopU.cia ;
Gr. a770TrATj|ta (ap02-)lcxia) = (1) a being dis-
abled in mind, stupor ; ('I) the bodily disease
described below ; from dTroTrAYj^Tos (cpo pUlctof.).
a-owk^a-a-uj (apoplesso) =■ to di.salile m body
or mind. Or airo {apo) = from, and nXfi^is
(pBxis) = a stroke, a blow ; irkqa-cro} {^-ksbo) =
to strike, to smite.]
1. Med. : A serious malady, coming on so
suddenly and so violently that anciently any
one affected by it was said to be aitonitu^
(thunder-struck), or sideratus (planet-struck).
When a stroke of apoplexy takes place, there
is a loss of sensation, voluntary motion, and
intellect or thought, whilst respiration and
the action of the heart; and genei-al vascular
system still continue. The disease now de-
scribed is properly called cerebral apoplexy.
the cerebrum or brain being the part chiefly
affected. Anotlier malady has been called
not very happily Puhnona/nj Apoplexy. It is
the Pneumo-hemorrhagia ot Andral, and con-
sists of an effusion of blood into the paren-
chymatous substance of the lung, like that
into the substance of the brain in cerebral
ap.jpk^xy.
'■ p. Hiaaph. This apoplex will, certain, be his end.'
Shakcsp. : 1 Henrg IV., iv. 4.
2. yig. : Anything that didls the senses and
paralyses action in the frame.
" Peace is a verv apoplexy, lethargy, mulled, deaf,
sleepy, iusensible.'' — Shakenp. : Coriolamts, iv. 6.
ap-6-pnix'-is (/< often silent), s. [From Gr.
aTTOTTi'tyw (apopiiigo) = to choke. Or o-tto
(apoX intens., and nvl^i-; (/i/iij:<'.?) = strangling,
smothering ; -n-vCyuj (pniijv) = to choke.]
Med. : Suffocation.
ap-or-e'-tin, s. [Possibly dTro ippo) — from,
and p7jTti/Tj (r/ic/.i/(0 = resin gum.] A resin
obtained by chemical i>rocess from extract of
rhubarb.
a-pb'r-i-a, ap'-6-ry, s [Lat. oporia ; Gr.
iTTopt'a («por(<')= tein" "without passage,"
involved in diiliculty; aTropos (aporos) = with-
out passage, difficult: a, priv., and Trdpo?
(jjoros) = means of passing, . . . a pathway.]
1. Rlict. : Perplexity, real or affected, on the
part of a speaker as to what to choose from
the great abundance of matter lying ready tv
his hainl. Specially perplexity wliere to begin,
wliere to end, what to say, and what, though
well worthy of being stated, to pass by. Aporia
is used also for the real or affected perplexity
felt by a speaker in comiug to a decision on
points of difficulty in connection with which
there are various ways open to choose. The
following sentence, quoted from Cicero in
Smith's Ithetorick, is an excellent example of
an aporia: — "Thus Cicero says. Whether he
took them from his fellows more impudently,
gave them to a harlot more lasciviously, re-
moi'Cd them from the Roman people more
wickedly, or altered them more presump-
tuouslv, I cannot well declare." (Smith's
Bhctur'kk.)
2. Med. : Restlessness ; xmeasiness occa-
sioned by obstructed perspiration, or any
stoppage of the natural secretions. (Parr.)
* a-p6r-o-'bran'-chi-an§, s. pi [Gr. a,
priv., TTopos (poros)=a, pore, and jSpdyxtoi'
[hranehion) = (1) a fin, (2) a gill.]
Zool. : Latreille's name for an order of
Arachnida (Spiders), characterised by the
absence of respiratory pores (stigmata) on the
body.
t ap'-o-ron, t ap'-o-rime, y. [Aporia.] a
problem difficult of solution. (Welister, d-c.)
% The Glossog. Nov. has the form apoHrae.
ap-or-rha'-is, s. [Gr, a-roppaU (aporrhats)
= a shell ; diToppew (aporrlieo) =_to flow from i
aiTo (npo) = from, and pe'« (rhed) = to flow.]
Spout-shells. A genus of gasteropodous mol-
luscs belonging to the family Cerithiadte.
The A pes pelicani is found in Britain. Its
expanded outer lip gives it a peculiar appear-
ance In 1875, Tate estimated the recent
species of Aporrhais at fom', and the fossil
ones doubtfully at above two Imndrcd, tlte
latter ranging from the Lias to the Chalk.
* ap-or-rhce'-a, s. [Gr. dTroppota (aporrhoio),
anoppo^(aporrhoc) = (l) a flowing off;astream ;
(2) an emanation; aTroppew (oporrAco) — to
flow from : dTro (apo) = from, and peto (rheo) —
to flow.] An emanation ; an etflu-vium,
" The reason of this he eudeavoivs to make out l)y
atomical apporrhfEas ; which, passing from the cruen-
tate weapon to the wound, and being incorpoiated
with the particles of the salve, carry them to the
aflected pArt."—Glanville : Scepsis.
- a-p6'rt, ^ a-p6'rte, s. [Fr. apportcr = to
cany.] Deportment, carnage. (Scotch.)
" By virtuous a]Kirte, fair having
Eesembyl he couth a mychty kyng. _
Wyntown, ix. 26, 75. {Jarmaon.}
* ap-6-sep'-i-din, a. [Gr. d77o (apo) = from,
and oTiTreSwr (sepedon) = rottenness, decay ;
oTjTrco (sepo) = to make rotten. ]
Chem : A crystallised substance obtained
from iiui'Uio cheese. It is imjiure leucine
(q.v.). (IVatts.)
ap-o-si-6-pe'~sis, * ap-6-si-6p'-e-sy, s.
[Lat. aposicpcils ; Gr. aTrotnwTTYjo-ts (aposiopcsis)
= (l)a becoiiiing silent; (2) see def.; dTro-
cT-itoTrdo) (ai><'^h-'par^ ^ to be silent after speak-
in" : a7r6 (<ipn) = fiom, and critujrdw (s-iopao) =
to be silent or still. Or dTrd (apo) = from,
and (TiwTnjo-t? (5("07.c.^<".s)= silence ; from o-iu.7rda)
(siojioo),]
Hhd. : A term used to describe the reticence
which a speaker occasionally employs from
ilelicaey of feeling, from forbearance, from the
fear of " consequences, if he give utterance to
all that he thinks, from being overcome by
emotion, or when he designs, by pretending to
pa-;s over something, really to call attention
to it more forcibly than if he had treated of it
f. irmally. From one of these causes a speaker
will occasionally omit part of a sentence, as
our Saviour, under the influence of emotion,
dt.tes in Luke xix. 42.
"... such aposiopescs being frequent in language
dictated by criei or stronj^ emotion." — Bloomfield;
iireck Test. Kote on Luke xix. 42.
ap-6-sit'-i-a, ap-6s'-it-y, s. [Gr. dTroo-tTta
{.ijinsltlo) = di-itaste for food ; dTroo-tros (njiosi-
tos) = having eaten nothing, without apjictite :
aTTo (apo) = from ; o-ltos (sitos) = wheat corn
grain, . . . bread.] A loathing of food,
T[ Apositia is in Parr, and aposity in
Cl(>.^snyr. Nov., 2nd ed.
t ap-6-sif-iC, c. [Gr. dTrotrtTiKo? (a.pos!tilcos) :
dTTo (apo) = away from, alros (sitos) = wheat,
. food.]
Med. : Taking away or diminishing the
aiipetite for food.
ap-o-spa^'-ma, ap'-o-spasm, s [Gr.
aTT6(nracrp.a (apos'pasma) — that which is torn
off ; airoa-rrdoi (a.pospao) = to tear or drag
away : dTrd (apo) = from, and o-Trdw (sjjao) = to
draw out, ... to tear.] The separation of
one I'lart from another ; a violent irregular
fracture of a tendon, a ligament, &c.
1[ Parr has the form wpospasma, and the
Glossogr. Not\, 2nded., a'jiosjxtsrti.
a-p6s'-ta-9^, a. [Apostasy. ]
ap-6-Stas'-i-a, s. [Gr. dTrdo-Tacrts (apostasis)
— a standing away from.] [Apostasy. ]
Botany : A genus of Orchids, the tjT_:ie of the
Apostasiads (q.v.). The anthers are distinct
from each other, and the style is quite free
from the stamina, whereas in ordinary orchids
these are combined. There are two species
found in the East Indies.
ap-6-stas-i-a'-5e-3e (Bot. Latin), ap-o-
stas'-i-ads, s. j'jf. [Apostasia.] )
Botany: An order of Endogenous plants
belonging to the Orchidal Alliance. They
differ from Orchidaceje proper in having a
three-celled fruit, with locxdicidal dehiscence,
and in the style being altogether free from
the stamina for the greater part of its length.
boil, bo^; pout, ji$^l; cat, 96!!, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph^f.
-tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -ceous, -cious — shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del. qu = kw.
246
apostasis— apostle
They occur iu daiii]! -woods in the hotter parts
nf India. In 1S47, Lindley estimated the
known species at five.
a-pOS'-ta-sis, S. [Gr. aTroa-ratns (aposiasis) =
a standing away from.]
* Old Medicine:
1. A suppurative inflammation, throwing oft"
the peccant humours left liy lever or otlier
diseases.
2. Transition from one disease to another.
a-p6s'-ta-sy, t a-p6s'-ta-9y, ^ a-p6s'-ta-
sie, 5. [In Ger. & Fr. apostaslc ; Sp. , Port.,
It;il , ^^ Lat. apostasia ; Gr. aTi-otrrao-ta (apos-
l('sii'), a later form for a7r6ina(n<; (aposta.-^is)
= a standing away from — hence, defection,
revolt ; o.^io-nj|LLt (ajyhistBmi) =■ to put away
(in passive, to stand away) : ano (apo) = from,
and 'LorrfijLL (histemi)=to make to stand. Or
arro (apo) = from, and o-rao-t? {.s'/r-'s'/s) = a
placing, setting ; from taTqixi (li!stf:'iai).'\
A, Orel. Lnng. ; A defection fiom real or
imagined allegiance. Specially —
1. Direct rebellion against God or His au-
thority.
" The nfFable archangel hacl forewainVl
Adam, by dire example, to beware
Apostas,'/, by what befell in heaven
To those apostates," — Milton: P. L., bk. vii.
2. The abandonment of a religious faith
which one has previously held, or a church
with which one has been previously con-
nected.
"The canon law defines apostasy to be a wilful de-
parture from that state of faith which any pei"son has
professed himself to hold in the Christian church." —
Ayliffe : Parergon.
3. The abandonment of a political party
with which one has hitherto acted.
"The Lord Advocate was that James Stewart who
had been so often ;i Whig and so often a Jacobite that
it is difficult to keep an account of his apostasies." —
Macaxtlay: Sist. Eng., chap, xxii.
B. Technically :
* Med. : It is sometimes used as the render-
ing of the Greek term apostasis (q..v.).
a-pos'-tate, * ap-6-sta'-ta, s. & a. [In
" Ger. & Fr, apostat ; Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat.
apostata. Gr. o-TrocrTaTT]? (eipostxirs) = (1) a
rauaway slave, a deserter, a rebel ; (2) see
below ; aTroo-TaTeoj (cipostuteo) = to stand aloof.]
[Apostatize. ]
A. As suhstanilvc :
1. A rebel against the Divine authority ;
-one who has cast off the allegiance which he
•owes to God.
" High in the midst, exalted a^ .t gud,
The apostate in his sun-bright ohariot sat."
MiUo>i ■ P. L.. bk. vi.
2. One who abandons the religion which he
has previously professed, or the church with
which he has before been connected. In tlie
Church of Rome one is also deemed au
apostate who, without a legal dispensation,
quits a religious order which he has entered.
" And whoso passed that point
Was apostata in the ordre."
Pi.ers Ploivman, 667-S. {Trench.)
" The character of Apostate has injured the reputa-
tion of Julian."— Gi&iort .- Decl. and Fall, ch. xxiii.
3. One who similarly abandons liis political
■creed or party.
"If a name be found where it ou^lit not to be, the
Apostate is certain to tie reminded m sharij language
ill the promiees which he lias broken and of the pro-
fessions which he has belied."— J/h caw ?f(,'/ .■ Jli&t. Eng.,
*;liap. XV.
B. -4s adjerMve: Rebel; rebellious. One
who has cast off the allegiance which he owes
to God, or has abandoned a faith formerly
lield, or a church, or a political party to which
he previously adhered.
" So spake the apostate angel, . . ."
Milton: P. L.. bk. i.
^^ a-p6s'-tate, v. l. [From the substantive. In
Sp. & Port, apnsf>'tar ; Ital. ap"Sfnifire,] To
ipostatise.
" Perhaps some of these apostating stars have,
though themselves true, let their miscarriage make
nie heedful."— B/j. null: Occas. Medit. (/iicJiardson.)
ap-os-tat'-iic-al, a. [Lat. cpostoticns ; Gr.
aTTocrraTLKo? (apo-^tdtilcos).} Pertaining or re-
lating to an apostate.
" To wear turbants is an apostatical conformity."-
S'mdys.
a-p6s-ta-ti'ze, a-pos-ta-ti'§e, v. i. [Eng.
apostate; -ize. In Fr, apostasier ; Fr., Sp,, &
Port, apostatcr ; Lat. apostate (Cj'prian) ; Gr.
aTToa-Tareoi (opostated) = to stand aloof from,
to fall off from : awo (apo) = from, and
LtnTjjLti (hL'>tnni.)=to make to stand. Or airo
(efpo) = iwi\\, and a-TaTL^io (stattzO), poet, for
to-T7)/j(,t (histetiii,).^
1. To rebel against God, [Apostate, s. & a.]
2. To abandon a faith which one lias pre-
viously held, or desert a church with which
one has been formerly connected.
"Another had not indeed yet apostatised, but was
nearly related to au apostate." — Macaitla.i/ : Bist.
Eng., chap, ix
3. Similarly to abandon a political faith
which one has held, or desert a jjolitical party
with which one has acted.
a-pos-ta-ti'-zing, a-pos-ta-ti'-sing, 3>r.
par. [Apostatize.]
ap- OS- tax -is, s. [Gr. aTrdo-ra^is (aposto.xi^)
= droppnigs ; awoa-Td^w {a.postazd), fut. aTrocr-
Ta^oi (apostaxo) —to let fall drop by drop:
(XTTu (npo) = from., and o-rafoj (stfi:o) = to let
fall drop by drop, (,'r diro (apo), and trra^ts
(stems) = a dropping ; from a-Td^uj (stazo).^
Med. : The fall of any fluid drop by drop, as
blood from the nose. (Parr.)
* a-p6s'-tel, s. [Apostle.]
*^ ap'-6-stexn, "^ ap'-o-steme, * ap'-6-
stumers. [In Fr. aposteme ; Sp., Port.. Ital.,
& Lat. apostemei; Gr. aTroo-TTj/uca {/ijiu.-ileina):=:
(1) distance, interval, (2) an abscess ; ac^tV-
TTjjLLt (ej-phistemi) = to jnit away from, to re-
iiidve : ttTTo (apo) = from, and icmj/it (hlstenu)
=. to nlake to stand.]
Med. : A large deep-seated abscess ; a swell-
ing filled with purulent matter,
"How an apostume in the mesentery breaking,
causes a consumption in the parts, is apparent." —
Ba rvey.
"With e(iual propriety we may affirm that ulcers of
the lungs, or npostemes of the brain, do liappen only
iu the left side." — Broione : Vulgar Errours.
" A joyful casual violence may break
A dangerous apostein in thy breast."
Bonne : Progr. of Soul, ii, 4V9.
% Now corrupted into Impostume (q.v.).
a-pos'-tem-ate, a-pos'-tume, v.i. [Eng.
a^ostevi; -eite.] To become an apostem or
abscess. (Wiseviem : Surgery.)
a-p6s'-tem-ate, s. [Apostemate, v.] An
" abscess. (The li'ielow, iv. 2.)
a-pos-tem-a'-tion, s. [Eng. apodmi; -ationJ]
The process of forming an apostem or abscess ;
the gathering of matter iu a purulent tumour.
"Nuthing can be more admirable than the many
ways nature hath provided for preventing or curing of
fevers ; as vomitings, ajjoitmnatioits, saIi\atioiib, ic, '
—Orew.
a-pos'-temed, a. [Apostem, s.] Corrupted.
(Gentlenw.n Insti-Kcted, 202,)
ap-OS-tem-a-toiis, a. [Gr. aTroo-Teiuaros
(apostematos), genit. of dTroa-rqiJ.a (apostema),-
and suff. -ous.] Pertaining to an abscess or
apostem ; resembling an abscess. [Apostem.]
a p6s-ter-i-b'r-i» used as a. & adv. [From
Lat. f. — from, and posteriori, ablative of
posterior, compar. of pos(e7n(s = followingafter,
next.]
Logic (lit. = from that which is after) : Au
argument which reasons backward from effects
tu causes, from observed facts to the law of
nature which explains them, or in some
similar way. If one infer, from marks of
design in nature, that there must be a Designer,
the argument is one aposteriori. It is ox)posed
to the a priori argument, which more ambi-
tiously attempts to reason out new facts from
previously ascertained laws of nature, or from
abstract conceptions. Though this latter pro-
cess will sometimes brilliantly anticipate dis-
coveiy, yet it is liable to lead one astray ; and
the immense advance made during the last
two centuries by jjhysical science lias arisen
mainly from its resolute adhereuo,e to the
a poi^tarinri method of reasoning. [A Priori,
Deduction, Induction.]
t a-p6s'-til, t a-p6s'-till, s. [Fr. aposiiUe =
(1 1 ;i i>i>stscript, (2) a recommendation ; Sp. &
rnrt upostilla.] A postscript. (irch:,ter.)
apostle (a-p6s'-el), ^ a-p6s'-tel, ■. [In
Sw.. Dan., Dut., & Clcr. rqMstel ; Fr. eqx'iirc : Sp.
vpostol; Port. kl\[\\. u jmslnlo ; Lat. o post ohis ;
Gr. dnoa-ToXo'; (eiimstnlon) = (1) a messenger, an
ambassador, an envoy ; (2) an apostle ; (3) a
fleet ready for sea ; (4) a merchant vessel ;
aiTouTdWto (apostcUo) = to send off or away :
diTo (apo) ^ from, and o-reAAu) (stcUd) = (l) to
set or place, (2) to scnd.J
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The official designation of tivelvp or
(Paul included) of thirteen men, app'"'inted by
Jesus as His messengers, deputies, en^'oys, or
ambassadors to the world. The Greek word
dT76crTo\os (apostolos) occurs in a more general
^ituse in various passages of the Xew Testa-
ment : as in John xiii. 10, wliere it is rendered,
"he that is sent ;" and in Philipp. ii. 20,3^1
2 Cor. viii, 23, where it is translated " mes-
senger." In an ambiguous i^assage in Rom.
(x^'i. 7) the Englisli word apio^ile may i)ossibly
be used in the same sense : " Salute Androni-
cus and Junius niy kinsmen, and my fellow-
prisoners, who are of note amongthea]iostles."
Probably, ho\\ever, the meaning is not "which
apo.stles are of note," but " who are highly re-
garded among or by tlic apostles." Of the
tliirteen, twelve were designed specially for
tlie Jews, and the reniainmg one, the most
distinguished and successful of the whole, for
the Gentiles. The twelve seem to liave had
but little culture in their early life ; i)ut Paul
had the liighest education which the age could
afford. Among the special ipiahtications of
an apostle, one wa.s that he must ha\"e been
an eye and ear witness of the miracles and
teaching of Christ from the commencement to
the close of His ministry (John xv. 27 ; Acts i.
21, 22) ; or, at the very least, must have seen
Him once with the bodily eyes (1 Cor. ix. 1 ;
XV. 8, 0). Another was, tliat he must have
been divinely called to the high dflice he was
to till (Matt. X. 1—42 ; Mark i. 10—20 ; ii. 14 ;
iii. 14 ; Luke v. 27 ; vi. 13 ; Actb i. 24—26 ;
1 Cor. i. 1 ; Gal. i. 1, &c.)- The power of
working miracles, tliougli not confined to tiie
apostles, also went far towards proving apos-
tleshii) (see 2 Cor. xii. 12, &c.). The special
work of the apostles was to be "ambassadors
for Christ" (2 Cor. v. 20), and to teach [Gr.
^La07)T€uo-aTe (mathHeusate) = make discijiles
of] all nations, baptising them in [Gr. eij (eis)
= into] the name of the Father, the Son, and
tlie Holy Ghost. With this commissioil a
promise was given them of the i>resence and
guidance of their Divine Master through all
succeeding time (Matt, xxviii. 19, 20).
"The a;jos;e? Poule unto the Eomajais writeth . . .
—Chaucer: The Tale of Melil/eus.
"And when it w-oa day, he called nnto him his
disciples ; and of them he chose twelve, whom also he
named apostles."— Luke vi. la,
2. Fig. : By pre-eminence, JesiTs Clirist, as
sent forth on a divine mission by His Hea\'enly
Father.
"... consider the Apostle and High Priest of our
profession, Christ Jesus." — Heb. iiL l,
3. A missionary who has laboured witli zeal
and success, like that of the old apustles, to
convert a kingdom to Christ.
"On account of his vast labours in propagating
Christianity among the Germans, Boniface h.os gained
the title of the Apostle of Germany," — Mosheim: Ch.
Ilist., Cent. VIII., pt. i., ch. i., § 4.
Ii" Similarly John Elliot has been called the
" Apostle of the Indians : " Judson, " tlie
Apostle of Burmah;" Father iMathew, "the
Apostle of Temperance," &c.
4.. Sevrcvstically : A preacher or pastor unfit
for his office.
" From such apostles, O j'e mitred heads.
Preserve the church '. and lay not careless hands
On skulls that cannot teach and will not learn."
Cowper : Task, bk. ii,
B. Technically:
1. Church History :
(a) [ArosTOLi.]
(b) In tlie " Catholic Apostolic," or Irvivgite
Church : The highest of the four ecclesiastical
grades, the others being Pj-ophets, Evangelists,
and Pastors. The "Apostles" ordain by the
imposition of hands, interpret mysteries, and
exercise discipline. [Catholic]
2. L'vj : The rendering sometimes given of
the Latin word A2)Ostol(e = letters of "dismis-
sion given to an appellant. They .state his
case, and declare that the record will be trans-
mitted. (The term is usedehieflyin Civil and
Admiralty law,) (Wharton, d;c.)
Apostles' Creed. The well-known creed
beginning, " I believe in God, the Father Al-
mighty," and ending with the words "tli-
life everlasting. Amen." For man v centuries
it was attributed to the Apostles, but histori-
cal criticism has shown that it arose some
time after their age, and probably not all at
one period. It is found in its picsent fonn in
the WiM'kw of Ambrose, Bishop of i\lilan from
374 to 307. [Creed.]
apostles' coats. Coats worn bv per-
formers at the miracle plays of the Middle
Ages. (Lee: Gloss.)
fate, ^t, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go pot
or, wore, W9lf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian, se. ce = e ; se = e. qu = kw.
apostleship— apotelesmatic
24T
apostle SpOQns. Spoons of gilded silver,
t])f! handle of each ending in the figure of an
APOSTLE SPOONS,
Apostle. They were the usual present of
spuusors at baptisms. (Narcs.)
" Aiid all this for the hope of two apastle spooiis, to
suffer! aud .1 cup to eat a caudle in ! lor that will be
thy legacy." — B. Jottson : BarCholemew Fair, L 3,
(S((- also Shakesp. : Heivnj VIIL, v. 2.)
apostleship (a-pos-el-ship), s [!Eng.
apostle; siifflx -ship. In Dut. opostelsliap.}
The office or dignity of an apostle.
" That he may take part of this niiuistry aud apostle-
ship, from which Judaa by tiausgiessiou fell, . . ."
—Acts 1 25.
a-pos'-tol-ate, .s. [In Fr. apostoJo.t ; Sp. &
Port, o.postolado ; Ital. apostolato; Lat. ajiosto-
latu^ = the office of an apostle.]
1, The office or dignity of an apostle.
"Himself [St. Paul] aud his brethren iu the apos-
tol'ite." — Killingbeck : Senn., p. 118.
2. The office or dignity of the Pope, or, more
i-arely, of an ordinary bishop.
A-pos'-tol-l» .s. 3jZ. [Lat.— Eng. ajwstles.l
Church Hist. : An ascetic sect founded by
Gerhard Sagarelli, of Parma, who was after-
wards burnt in that city in the year 1300.
Thi^y were opposed to the possession of pro-
perty, and to marriage, but were attended by
spiritual sisteis. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent,
xiii., pt. ii,, ch. v., § 14.) [Apostolici.]
ap-os-tol -ic, * ap-6S'tdl'-ick, * 3.p-ds-
tdl'-iq.ue, 0. & s. [In Fr. ai^ostolique ; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. apo^tolico: Lat. apostolicus ; Gr.
a-TTOiTToAiKos (ctjifistoJlkos).']
A. As adjectirc :
1. Pertaining or relating to the apostles ;
derived directly from the apostles ; agreeable
t'l the doctrine or practice of the apostles.
" He follow'd Paul : his zeal a kiudred flame,
His apostolic charity the Btime."~Coieper : Hope.
% Pertaining or relating to the Papacy.
l-SiM.' Apostolical.]
CatlwUc A'postiillc Church : The Irvingite
L'hurch. [Catholic]
Hi^ Apostolic Majesty : A title first conferred
by Pope Sylvester II. on Duke Stephen of
Hungary. It was acquired by the riding
stiA-ereign of Austria when Hluigary became
-suliject to liim, and is still used by the
Austrian emperor.
B. As substantive :
Plural. Ch urch Hist. [Apostolicl ]
Apostolic Canons. Eighty-five eccle-
siastical laws, tlie compilation of which was
fraudulently attributed to Clement of Rome.
They were Ijrought together subsequently to
his time, but give valuable infoi'mation re-
garding the discipline of the Greek and other
Oriental churches in the second and third cen-
turii-s, (Moshei'Di: Ch. Hist, Cent, i., pt. ii.,
ch. ii., § 19.)
Apostolic Cliurclies. Churches first
established by the apostles, specially those of
Rniiie, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
Afterwards the term obtained a less precise
meaning.
Apostolic Clerks. A religious associa-
tion founded by John Colombinus, a noble-
man of Siena, and abolished by Clement IX.
in 1(568. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, xiv.,
i't. ii., oh. ii, , § 35.)
Apostolic Constitutions. Certain
voluminous directions regarding ecclesiastical
discipline and woi-ship ; also fraudulently
attributed to Clement, but which did not ob-
tain their final form till about the fourth cen-
tury. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, i., pt. ii.,
ch. ii., § 19.)
Apostolic Fathers. Those Christian
fatliers or writers who lived so early that tliey
had opportunities of holding intercourse either
with the apostles or their immediate disciples.
They were Clement of Rome (Clemens Ro-
manus), Ignatius, Polycarp, Barnabas, aud
Hennas. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., Cent, i., pt.
ii., ch. ii,, §§20, 21.)
Apostolic party. A fanatical Roman
Catholic party which figured in the history
■of Spain from 1S19 till 1830, when it became
merged in the Caiiists.
apostolic sees. Sees said to have been
founded by the Apostles ; specially Antioch,
Ephesus, and Rome. (Lee : Gloss.)
apostolic succession. The claim made
by most einsf-iipaily-ordained clergymen and
bishops that they constitute links in an un-
broken chain of'similarly ordained pei-sons,
the iirst of whom were set apart to their sacred
functions hy the Ajntstlcs themselves. Those
who hold that view most tenaciously generally
combine with it the opinion that only clergy-
men who are in the line of this spiritual suc-
cession are entitled to the pastoral office in
the Christian Church, all others simply usurp-
ing the functions of the ministry.
ap-os-tol '-ic-al, a. [Eng. apostolic; -al.}
The same as Apostolic, cdj. (q.v.).
" They ackm iwleii^e not tliat the Clim'ch keeps any
thiiii; as apostolical which is not foimd in the apostles'
WTitiiii;-', m what other records aoe^ er It be found."—
Hooker.
"The Pope had been requested to give Ins <7?>ris;t)?jcfl?
sanction to an arrangement so important to the pe.ioe
of Europe."— J/acdMiaj/ ." Hist. Enij., ch. xxiii.
S,p-6s-tol'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. apostolical ;
-ly.] After the manner of the apostles.
(Johnson.)
t ap-os-tol'-ic-al-ness, s. [Eng. apostoli-
cal; -Hess.] Apostolicity (q.v.). (Johnson.)
Ap-6s-tdl'-i-9i, Ap-6s-t6l'-ics, s. pi.
[Lat. Apostolici (pi.) ; Eng. ApostoUcs (pi.).]
Cliurch Hist. : More than one ascetic sect
which arose in France in the twelfth century.
Their tenets were almost the same as those
afterwards held by Sigarelli. [Apostoli.] St.
Bernard contended against them strenuously.
(Mi'slirim: Ch. Hist, Cent, xii., pt. ii., ch. v.,
§15.)
t S.p-6s-t6l'-i-5ism, «. [Eng. apostolic; -ism.]
Apostolicity (q.v.). (J. Muri^im.) (Reid.)
5,p-6s-t6l-i9'-i-ty, s. [Eng. apostnlle; -ity.]
The quality of being apostolic. (Faher.) (IVor-
cestcr.)
a-pos'-tro-phe, * a-pos'-tro-phy,
* a-pos'-tro-phiis, s. [In Sw. apnslmf;
Dan. ariostroph; Sp. oj>ostrofe : Port, apostrophe
fRhet.L apostrofo (Gram.) ; It;il. apostrnfc
(_Rhet.), apostrofo (Gram.) ; Fr. & Lat. apos-
trophc ; Gr. a7rotr7po(f)7j (tipostrophr) = (1) a
turning away : (2) Rhct.. an ajiostrophe ;
aTTooTpo^o? (iipostrophos) = us odj.. turned
away from; assnhst.,an apostlrophe(/ji grain.);
aTTotTTpi^to ("pnstrejiho)^ to turn back: oltto
(apo) = from, and arpe^io (streplw) = to twist,
to turn. Or the rhetorical apostrophe may
be from ctTro (apo) and trrpo^^ (strojihe) — a
turning ; o-Tpe'(/)w (strepho) = to turn.]
A. In the forms apostrophe and *apos-
troi)hy :
Rhetoric: A figure of speech by which, ac-
cording to Quintilian, a speaker turns from
the rest of his audience to one person, and
addresses him singly. Now, however, the
signification is wider, and is made to include
cases in which an impassioned orator addresses
the absent, the dead, or even things inani-
mate, as if they were present and able to hear
and understand his words. When Jesus, in
the midst of an address to his apostles in
general, suddenly turned to Peter and said,
"Simon, Shnoii, behold, Satan hath desired
to have you, that he may sift you as wheat "
(Luke xxii. 24—37), the apostrophe was in the
Quintilian sense. The following are examples
of the same figiu'e in the wider meaning : —
(a) Living, but absent.
" 'Tis done— but yesterday a king,
And arm'd witii kings to strive—
And now thou art a nameless thing,
So abject, yet alive." '
,„ _ , Byron : Ode to NapoUon.
(h) Dead.
" My mother when I learn 'd that tliou wast dead.
Say, wast thou conscious of the tears I shed ? "
Coioper : On Receipt of my Mother's Picture.
(c) Inanimate.
" Why leap ye, ye high hills?"— Ps. Ixviii. 16.
B. Ill the forms apostrophe and * iipcstro-
phus :
1, Gram. : The substitution of a mark like
this (') for one or more letters omitted from
a word, as tho' for though, 'Turns for It was,
king's for kinges. (See No. 2 )
2. The mark indicating such substitution,
especially in the case of the possessive. The
old possessive singular was es, and the apos-
trophe stands for the omitted c Thus Chaucer
has the " Knightes," the "M<>nkes," and the
"Clerkes" Tales, for what now would be
written the " Knight's," " Monk's," and
' ' Clerk's " Tales. The old spelling is preserved
in the word "Wednesday = Wodenes day =
Woden's day. The name apiostrophe is gii'en
also to the 'mark in the possessive plural, as
htethrcn's, assassins'.
" Manv hiudaljle attempts have been made by abbre-
1-iating words with apostrajthes, and by lopping poly
syllables, leaving one or two words at most. 'Swift.
^ Two apostrophes (") are usually employed
to mark the ending of a quotation, the com-
mencement of the quotation being indicated
by invei'ted commas (") ; thus —
The Mosaic naiTatlve commences with a declaration
that "In the heginnmg God created the heaven and
the Ga.rth."~Buckla7ui : Geol, vol. i., p. 20.
More rarely only one is used, thus —
The note of interrogation must not be used after
indirect (luestions; as, 'he asked me who called.' —
Bain: Eng. Gram, (ed, 1374), p. 20a.
Wlien there is a quotation within a quotation,
one apostrophe is generally employed, thus —
" I say that the Word of God coutainetli what-ioever
things may fall into any part of man's life. For, as
Solomon saith in the second chapter of the Proverl>s,
' My son, if thou receive my words.' &c., ' then thou
Shalt understand justice aud judgment, an'd equity,
and every good way.'"— 7*. C, q\ioted in Note to
Hooker's Eccles. Pol. (ed. 1841), p. 2a2.
3,p-6s-tr6pli'-ic, a. [Eng. apostrophe; -ic]
1. Pertaining to the rhetorical figure de-
nominated an apostrophe.
2. Pertaining to an apostrophe. (Used in
grammar and in poetry in lieu of a letter or
letters omitted.) (Murray.)
a-pos-tro-phi'ze, v. t. & i. [Eng. apos-
troph{e); -ize. In Fr. upnstropher ; Port, apos-
trophar ; Itah apostrofare.]
A. Transitive:
1. To address one or more persons after the
manner of a rhetorical apostrophe ; to turn
from an audience in general to a single person
in it ; or to address the absent, the dead, or
things inanimate as if able to listen to one's
Impassioned words.
"There is a jjeculiarity 111 Homer's manner of apos-
trophizing Eumaius, and sjjeaking of him in the
second person ; it is generally applied only to men of
account."— /'o/je.
2. To omit a letter or letters from a word,
or marls that such an omission has taken place
by inserting an apostrophe. (Webster.)
B. Intransitive : To use the rhetorical figure
called apostrophe.
"... the learned world apostrophising at my
untimely decease, . . ."—QoldsmUh : T/ie Bee, '^o.iv -
a-pos-tro-phi'zed, a-pos-tro-phi'sed,
po.. par. & a. [Apostrophize.]
a-pos-tro-phi'z-ing, a-pos-tro-phi'^-
ilig, :2>r. 2)ar. [Apostbophize.]
' a-p6s'-tro-phy, s. [Apostrophe. ]
* ap -o-stume, o. [Apostem.]
"^ a-p6s'-tume, v.t. [Apostemate.]
Ap-6-tac'-tites, .^. pi [Lat. Apotactatcc ; Gr.
'ATTOTa/cTot (Apotaktoi) = specially appointed ;
airoTaa-a-bi (apotasso) = to set apart : aTro (ojpo)
= from, Tao-troj (tasso) = to arrange.]
Church History: An austere Christian sect
which arose in the second centmy. Believing
matter to Ije essentially e\'il, they renounced
marriage, fasted frequently, and used water
instead of wine in the Communion. Many
followed Tatian. They were called also En-
cratites (Abstainers) and Hydroparastatae
(Water- drinkers).
"' a-p6t'-e-car-y, 6. [Apothecary.]
ap-6-tel-e§-mat'-lC, a. [Gr. an-OTe\e(r;u.a-
TiK6?(n-potelesmatikos) = (l) of or. for compile-
tion, (-2) of or for astrology ; a7roTe'Aeo-/xa
(apotelesma) = (I) that which is completed ;
(2) the influence of the stars on human
destiny ; aTroTeAe'to (apoteleo) = to bring to an
toSil, bo^; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9eU. chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; i^n, af ; expect, 3Cenophon, exist,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -clous = shus. -ble, -die. &c.
ing.
b^l. del.
248
apothecary— appanage
end : aTro (afid) ~ from, and reAeoj (iclco) = to
bring ahout, to complete; reAog (^.-/ri.sO — the
fulfilment or accomplishment of anything.]
Relative to astrology. {Gausseii.)
a-potli'-e-car-y, " a-pot'-e-car-jr, s. [In
Mw. apnteXare ; Dan., Dut., & Ger. apothelrr ;
I'Y. iipoili'imire ; Sp. hoflccHo. From Lat,
iipotheca ; Gr. airo9-^Kr] (npotheJcr) = a place
where anything is laid up, a shop, a store-
liouse, also what is stored therein ; from
a.itori67}fii. (apotithenii) — to put away : aTrd
(ccpo) = from, and tl0t)ixl (fithPin!) = to put.
Or Gr. (iTTo (opv) = from, anrl Lat. theca, Gr.
er^KT} ((7/rAf) = a case, box, chest, &c., to put
anything in ; from ti9tjju.i {titlu'nii).']
* 1. The keeper of a shop or warehouse.
"^ 2. Tlie officer in charge of a magazine.
* 3. A general practitioner in medicine.
4. One who jirepares and sells drugs.
" Ther was also a Doctovir of Phieik,
• ■ « # *
Fill redy hadde he his apotecaries.
"fo sende him dragces, and his lectHaries."
Chaucer: The Prologue, 412, 42"-?.
'■ . . . the common drugs with which every apothe-
carji in the smallest market town was provided . , ."
— A/acutila// : Hist. Eng., chap. XV.
■' Apotlieco.Hes' Company : One of the Cor-
porations of the City of London. On the 9th
of April, 1606, the apothecaries of that locality
were ineorxiorated by James I., being united
with the grocers. In 1617, a new charter set
them free from this unnatural association.
Towards the end of the seventeenth century
many of the apothecaries began to practise as
medical men in addition to selling medicine—
an innovation, of course, stoutly resisted by
regular physicians ; and about a century later
they had themselves to stand on the defen-
sive against similar procedure on the part of
the recently arisen chemists and druggists.
Various Acts of Parliament subsequently in-
creased the power of the Apothecaries' Com-
pany, till in 1815 they obtained the formid-
able privilege of examining and licensing all
apothecaries and sellers of drugs throughout
England and Wales. "With the important
exception of their ant-agonists, the chemists
and druggists, no medical man could now
make or dispense drugs without the licence nf
the Apothecaries' Company. By the Medical
Act of 1858 a member of'the Company was
entitled to register as a practitioner of eitlier
medicine or surgery, or both. By an Act o'
1886 both were required. In Scotland there,
is no body .strictly analogous to the apothe-
caries of England.
Apothecarus' Hall : The building in London
where the Apothecaries' Company carry on
their business.
Apnthecarici' weight : The system of weights
by which medical prescriptions are cora-
pouuded. •
a-po-the'-^i-iim, s. [Gr. a.v6 (apo) = from,
and OriKri (thelce) = a case, chest, or box to put
anything in.] [Apothecary.]
r.ntany :
1. The scutella or shields constituting the
fructification of some lichens. They are little
coloured cups or lines with a hard disc, sur-
rounded by a rim, and containing asci or
tubes filled with sporules. (Lindley : Introd.
to Boi.)
2. The cases in which the organs of repro-
duction in the AlgaccEe, or Sea-weeds, are con-
tained. {lUd., p. 273.)
ap'_o-thegm (fif silent), s. [Apophthegm.]
Tf For its derivates also see the spelling
commencing Apophth.
* ap'-O-them, S. [Gr. aTroTt'eTjfti (''pntitluuii)
= to put away : aTro (apo) = from, away ;
TiertfjiL [tUMm.l) = to put or place.] The name
given Viy Berzelius to the insoluble brown
deposit which forms in vegetable extracts ex-
posed to the air. It is a mixture of various
substances, and not a proper chemical com-
pound. {Watts.)
rT.-p6th-e-6'-Sls, s. [In Ger. apothcose ; Fr.
' apotMoso. ; Sp. apoUosis ; Port, opniheotiis,
apoilieose ; Ital. apoteosi; Ijat. apotheosis ; Gr.
awo94oi<n<; {apotheosis), from aTrofledtu (apotheoo)
= to deify : arro (apo) = away, and ^eow
^thPj>6)= to deify; 0eo5 (fheos) — God.] The
deification- of a human being ; the elevating to
the rank nf the " gods" of a person who was
remarkable for virtue, for heroism, or even
for aurlacious vice. Temples were then built
to the new divinity, priests appointed, sacri-
fices offered, and probably festivals instituted.
The Romans called apotheosis consecration,
and were accu.stomed in this way to honour
their deceased emperors. It still exists in
India and other pagan countrie-s.
"... according to which, that which the Grecians
call apotheosis, and the Latins mlaiio inter divos, was
the supreme honour which man could attribute unto
man." — Bacon: An.u. of i-i'itrii., bk. i.
a-pdtIi-e-6-si'ze, 'o.t. [Eng. apotli'eos(is) ;
-izi.] To grant om^ an a}iotheosis ; to deify
one, to elevate one to tlie rank of the "gods,"
(Bacon.)
a-p6tll'-e-sis» s. [In Ital. apotesi ; Lat. npn-
thesis; Gr. airoOea-is (apoth<-si-<) = a laying up
in store ; a.TroTi6r}iJLL (c j<nt ithc nu) =■ to put
away: (ztto (a/)") = froni, and TiBr\ixL (titheml)
= to put. Or ano (('/io) = from, and Be<ri<;
(thesis) =. a. setting, a placing; from TLOyjixi
(tithijnu).:\
I. Architecture:
1. The same as Apophyge (q.v.).
2, A repository for books, &c., on tlie south
side of the chancel, in the primitive chm-ches.
" This [the chancel) being appropriated only to the
sacred ministry, is very short from east to west,
though it trfkes up the whole breadth of the churcli,
together with the diaconicoii or prothesis. and the
apo(A€sis, from north to south." — .Sir G. yVheler . I)csc.
of Anc Churches, p. 82.
II. Svrg. : The reduction of a dislocated
bone. (Parr.)
a-pot'-om-e, a-pot'-om-y, .^. [In Ger.
apotom ; Gr. aTroTOfiri (apntoinL')^=.a. cutting
off; oLTTOTefivio (apoteniiid) = to cut oflT; oltto
(apo) = from, and Tifxvta (tan no) = to cut. Or
TOfiYi (tome) = a stump, ... a cutting ; from
Te^i/Q) (tain'nd).^
1. Ancient Greek Miifiii'- : (a) That interval in
the ratio of 2187 : 2048, which being cut ort"
from the major tone 9 : 8, left the interval
railed a leimma, or inirLor semitone, in the ratio
•JOti : 243. (h) The interval 125 : 128 was called
a major apotome, and 2026 ; 2048 a minor one.
2. Math. : The remainder or difference of
two inconimeasurable qu.intities.
ap-6-trep'-sis, a. [Gr. airoTpeipis (apotrepsls)
= aversion ; aTroTpeVu) (npoirrpo) = to turn
awayfrom : d,7r6(a^») = from, and rpeVw (^rejon)
= to turn. Or aTro (apo) = from, and Tpi\pL<;
(trepsU) =■ turning ; from rpcVw {trepjo).']
Med. : The resolution of a suppurating
tumour. (Coxc.)
t a-p6t'-r6-py, s. [Lat. apiotropce, ofiffropa'i'.
s. pi. From Gr. anoTpoTn] (apotropl) = a
turning away from : aTro (apo) = from, and
TpoTTT) (trope) = a turn ; TpeVo) (trrpo) = to
turn.]
Greek Poetry : A verse or hymn designed to
avert the wrath of incensed deities. The
divinity chiefly invoked on such occasions
was Apollo.
ap'-o-zem, s. [In Fr. nprccnw; Tort. ap'i::i'riv-',
apozniio ; Lat. apozcnui; Gr. aTr6^€ixa(apo:ciiir:),
from aiTo^eui (apfcol). f. = (l)to throw off by
fernienting ; (2) i. , tri cease fermenting ; aTro
(apo) =. from, and ^e'w (zi'o) = to boil. Or ano
(fr/yo) = from, and ^ejna (zcma) = that whicli is
boili_'d, a decoction ; ^Voj (zeo).} A decoction.
An extraction of the substance of plants by
boiling them and preserving the infusion.
" During this evacuation, he took opening broths and
apozvrit^." — IVlsenian . tinr<icry. ,
ap-d-ze'm-ic-al, ". [Eng. opozcm; -Iral]
Pertaining to an apozem or decoction ; resem-
bling an apozem or decoction.
" Wine, that is dilute, may safely and profitably be
adhibited ill ana/joscTTOicnHorm in fevers.' — lV]iitn/,.ir
Slaod of the Grape, p. 33.
-'^ ap-pald, ■' ap-pa'yed, jja. par. [Appay.]
^ ap-pa'ire, * ap-pa'yre, a-pa'ire, ' a-
pe'ire, " ap-pe'ir, v.t. & i. [Norm. Fr.
appcircr; from Lat. arl, impljdng addition to,
;nnl pcjoro = to make worse ; pejor =^ Fr. jk'/t,
Piov. peire = worse.] [Impair.]
A. Trojnsitirr : To impair, to make worse ;
to lessen, weaken, or injure. (Now Impair.)
, " , . . his flatereres, niaden semblaunt of wepvng,
and appaired and aggregped moche of this matlere,
. . .' — Chaucer: Talc of Melibcus.
B. Intra,nsit iiv : To become worse or less;
to degenerate.
" I see the more that I them forbere.
The worse tbey Ite fru yere to vers :
All that lyvetli appai/reth fast."
Morality of Every Man : Hawkins's Old PI., i. 38,
ap-pal. ■*' ap-pa'-len, v.t. & i. [Often de-
rived from Fr. -pnUr (t.) = to make pale, (i) to
grow pale ; but Wedgwood considers that it is
with jKill, and not with pa?e, that it is con-
nected.]
A. Transifin': " To cause to pall ;" to take
away or lo.-^c the vital jiower, whether through
age or sudden terror, horror, or the like.
(Wcdgiroml.) Sfx^r., to inspire with terror;
greatly to terrify ; tlioroughly to discourage ;
to paralyse energy through the influence of fear.
" That in the weak man's way like lions stand,
His soul appal, ami damp his rising fire 'i "
Thompson: Castle of Jiulolence, ij. 60.
B. Iiitraiisilirc : To come under the in-
fluence of terror; to become dismayed; to
beeomc discouraged ; to have the energj' para-
lysed with fright.
"To make his power to appaUcn, and to fayle."
Lyugate.
" Therewith her wrathfull courage 'gan appal.
And liiuit'litie spirits meekely to adaw.'
ISpeiiser: F. Q., IV. vi. 26,
ap-pal', s. [Appal, v.] Dismay, terror.
(Chapman: Homer; Iliad xiv. 314.)
ap-palled, pa. par. & a. [Appal.]
'• Give with thy tmmiwt a loud note to Troy,
Tliou dreadful Ajax, that th' appalled air
May pierce the head oi thy great combatant."
Shakesp. : Trail, and Cress., iv. 5.
ap-p£ll-ling, 2ir. par. & a. [Appal.]
"Images of appalling suffering."— y^ecA^/; European
Morals, ii. '2i3.
ap-pal-ling-ly, arfy. [Eng. appalling; -ly.}
In an appalling manner.]
"Maasillon himself has not stated the case more
thrillingJy and appallingly."— F. £. Paget : Warden'
of Berkingholt.
ap-pal-ment, t ap-pa'll-ment, * ap-
pa'le-ment, s. [Eng. appal; -ment.] The
action of appalling ; the state of being ap-
palled ; dismay, consternation.]
"As the furious slaughter of them wa.s a great dis-
couragement and appallment to the rest." — Bacon:
Henry \'If.
"Transient emotions , . 2, Terror. 3. Appal-
ment. 4. Connteruatiou. 5. Dismay." — iiowrmg :
Benihams Table of (he Sprin'fs of Action. Works, vol.
i., p. -JO-i,
ap -pan-age,t S,p'-an-age.* ap'-pen-age^
'' ap-an-nage, s. [In Dan., Ger., & Sp.
apanage; Ft. apanage, t appanage, fappennage
= an appanage; Ital. appamiaggio = an ap-
pendage ; Law ljRtinoppen.agiii'in, apimvagin-nv
= an appnnage ; Med. Lat. appanavf = to
furnish witli bread ; ad jjctuem = for bread,
that is, for sustenance.]
I. Literally:
1. Properly, lands assigned as portions to
the younger sons, or sometimes the brothers
of the French king, who in general took their
titles from the appanages wJiich they held.
Under the first two dynasties of Frencli kings,
the sons of the monarch divided his dominions
among them. Afterwards the kingdom was
assigned to the eldest, and appanages to the
others. Then the dominant }^ower of the latter
princes was so circumscribed that their appan-
ages could not be willed away to any one, or
descend to females, but, on the failure of
male issue, were made to revert to the crown ;
and finally, on the 22nd of November, 1790,
the power hitherto possessed by the crown oi
granting appanages was taken away, and pro-
vision made for the younger sons of the royal
family by grants from public funds. During
the earlier period of the existence of Frencli
appanages, they wvix- divided into royal and
fiist'-'iiwry ; the former being those granted to
the king's brothers, and not allowed to ba
possessed by, or descend to, females ; and the
latter granted to the king's sisters, and conse-
quently under no such restriction.
"It has been before remarked, that the FrencK
iiobltsse became at an early period divided iiit^j the
j-'reater and the less, the former possessing territories,
apanage, sovereignty, almost independent power."—
Evans Crowe ; Hist. France (ed. 1830), vol. i., p. 165.
2. A similar provision, made for princes in
other countries than France.
" He became suitor for the earldom of Chester, ai
kind of appannge to Wales, and using to go to the
king's son.' —Bacon.
3. A dependency.
" Is the new province to be in reality, if not in name
an appanage Ol Russia?" — Times, Nov. 16, 1877.
IL Figurativehj : Sustenance, support, stay.
" Had he thought it fit
That wealth should be the appanage of wit,
The God of ught co\ild ne'er have been so bhnd.
To deal it to the worst of human kind."— ,S'"''''f.
ff&te, fat, ^re, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^re; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf^, work, wh6, son: mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey=a. au = kw.
appanagist— apparitor
249
ap-pan'-a-gist, *■. [Fr. upanaglste, s. & a.]
A prince endowed with an axspanage. {rvnn>j
Cyclop.)
* ap-par'-ail, v.t. [Apparel, v.]
lip-par-a'-tus, s. [In Sw., Ger., & Fr. op-
jxiHAt ; Sp. ajxuato; Port. & Ital. ap/n'ivtu;
Lat. apparatus, a. = (1) a making ready ; {'2)
an equipment, as instruments, &c. ; (3) pomp,
htutu : appaTaUiS=^ prepared, pa. par. oiapparo
= to prefiare : ad = for, and paro = to pre-
pare.] Any equipment.
A. Ordinary Language : Specially —
1. Art: Instruments, machines, &<:., pre-
pared with the view of being used for certain
e]ids : such as the cases of instruments pro-
vided for surgeons, for land surveyors, for
mathematicians, for natural philosophers, for
chemists, iSic. Such also are the tools of a
trade, the books of a student, the dresses and
scenes in a theatre, the furniture of a house,
and the munitions of war.
" . . , a. little apparatus for the forraer purpose.
This consieta of a tniii cylindrical vttscl of tirsiss," —
Fownes : Chem., 11th ed., p. 6.
" The Greek tragedianB, it is indisputable, .
did not aim at reproducing the whole contemporary
appariifus, which was in strictness appropriate and
due to their characters," — Gladstone: Homer, i, 31.
2. Naturii : An equipment ; anything in
nature divinely prepared or furnished,
" . . . wlio does not see in the vast and wonderful
apparatus around us provision for other races of ani-
mated beings V'—ZFt'TscA^i; Astronomi/, 5th ed., § 81'j.
B. Technically :
1. Physiol. : A series of organs all minister-
ijig to the same end, in the animal or vegetable
economy ; a.s the respiratoiy apparatus, the
circulatory apparatus, the digestive apparatus,
^Vc.
"... in both sexes a remarkable auditory appa-
ratus hns been discovered." — Darurin: Descent of Man,
pt. ii., ch. X.
2. Snrfjcrii: The operation of lithotomy, or
cutting fur tlie stone. [Lithotomv.]
3. Astron. : A j'pu rat ns Sculptor is, caWedalfiO
OJfic I iia Sculptor 16 = the Sculptor's Apparatus
i)r Workshop. One of Lacaille's twenty-seven
youthern constellations.
' ap-par'-ayl, v.t. [Ai-i-akel.]
■'' ap-pS,r'-ayl-yng, pr. -par. & s. [Apparel-
ling.]
* ap-par-9e'yve. [Apperceive.]
■ ap-par-je'yv-ynge. [Appergeiving.]
' ap-par'-done, a-per'-done, v.t. To
pardon. (Scu^c/i.) (Knox.)
* ap-pS,r'-eill, * ap-par'-eille, s & v.
[Apparel. ]
ap-par'-el, ^ ap-p3,r'-eill, ap-par'-
eille (Eng.), * ap-par'-ale, " ap-par-
al-ye, * ap-par'-aill (.-icotch), s. [Fr. ay<-
jrfn-cii = preparation, ti';uii, dressing, appara-
tus, .symmetry; tifpxirilhr — to apparel, to
join, to assimilate, to match, equalise, level ;
jMireil = like, similar, equal. InProv. apardh;
^p.aj'artjos; Foit.apparelho; Ital. apiKirccchiu,
iipparcdiiatara ; Lat. paro =■ to make equal;
liitr = ciiual. Cognate also with Lat. upptn-o
= to prcpaie ; atZ = for, and paro = to prcitarc.J
A. Ordinanj Language : Essential meaning
= that whicli 'is fitted, adjusted, or prepared.
L Lilcrally:
1. Dress, vesture, giu-ments, clothing, clothes.
"Then David arose from the e-'irtb, and «'jished, and
anointed him&elf, aud chauyed lii:^ apparel."— Z Hain.
xii. 20.
I. The furniture of a ship ; as sails, rigging,
anchor, tic.
3. Munitions of war. (Scotch.)
"Bring schot and other apparaill." — Barbour, xvii,
203.
II. Fig. : External habiliments, garb, deco-
latiuns.
" Our late burnt London, in apparel new,
yhook oft her jiahes to have treated yuu."
Waller : To the Duchess of Orleans.
B. Technically:
1. Eccles. Vcstiiienis: Apparels (i^l.) v/ere '&ve
ornamental pieces of embroidery, placed one
on each of the wrists of the alb, one on the
lower part of it before, another behind, and
the fifth, or amice, round the neck. Some
thought that they symbolised the five wounds
of Christ. (Lee: Gloss.)
2. Fort. [In the French form appMreille.'\
T)ie slope or ascent to a bastion.
ap-par-eU "ap-par-ail, 'ap-par'-ayl,
' ap-par'-eiU, * ap-ar'-ail, ap-ar'-al,
v.t. [From the substantive. In Fr. cj'i'arcil-
?(;/'(Appaeel, y., ctym.); Prov. bi Fort, apt" il-
har; Sp. ojiarcjac ; Ital. ojiparechUirc] (See
the substantive.)
A. [Remotely ■ from Lat. ^jaro = to make
equal.] (Sec etym. of the substantive.)
I. Literalhj: To dress, to clothe, to place
garments uiiuu.
"And she had a garment of divers colours upon her:
for with such robes were the king's daughters tJiat weie
virgins apparelled. "—2 Sam. xiii. 18.
II. Flgurativclg :
1. To equip, to fit out, to furnish with
weapons or other apparatus for war. (Used
of warriors or of ships.)
" AppareU'd as becomes the brave."
Byron: The Bride of Ahydos, I. ii.
"It hath been agreed, that either of them should
send ships to sea well manned and apparelled to fight. "
— Sir J. Ilamoard.
2. To der:k oat gaily, to adorn, to ornament,
to render attractive.
" Of ther fair chapel doubt therof had non,
Wei apparailled was it hie and has,
With nche iewelles stuffed many on."
Jiomaiu of I'll r(v nay (ed. Skeat), 92e-2S.
" There wn- a time when meadow, grove, aud stream,
The earth, and ever^ eonnnon sight.
To me did seem
AppareU'd in celestial light.
The glory and the freshness of a dream."
WordstoortJi ; Jntimations of immortality.
■j Apparel is generally used in tlie pa. pai'.
B. [Remotely from Lat. paro =■ to pre-
pare (?).] To prepare.
" And al 8W0 hi bedden aparailed here oflfirendes ewo
kam si sterre thet yede to for hem in to Jerusalem." —
Old Kentish Sermons (ed. Morris), p. 26.
ap-par'-elled, ' ap-par'-ailled, a-par'-
ailed, ^ a-par'-al-it, pa. jKir. &. a. [See
Apparel, v.]
". . , two white apparelled angels." — >S'i-aass ■
Life of Jesus (Trausl. 1846), § 143.
ap-par'-ayl-yng, a.
ap-par -el-liug,
& s.
As substantive : Preparation.
"For Tullius saith, that lone apparaytyng byfore
the batuille, iiiaketh schort victorie. " — Cltaucer : Tale
of Melibeus.
t ap-pa'r-en^e, t ap-pa'r-en-yy, * ap-
pa'r-eil-5ie, s. [In Fr. ap-parencc; Port.
appnreiicia; Ital. (ijiparciizn ; Lat. ajiporentia
= (1) a becoiiiing visible, ('2) external appear-
ance.] The state of becoming visible ; appear-
ance.
" Which made them resolve no longer tu L'ive credit
unto outward apparences."— Trans. ^ Bv< ruliiii(\.G-ZG),
p. 60.
" And thus tins double hyiiijijr]>ie,
With his ikn oiite a/iparcncii: "
Gowvr Coi'f. Amuiit., bk. i.
" It had now been a very justili;iblc presumption in
the king, to belit\ e us weU as hopL', that lie could nut
be lung 111 EnL'laiid without such an apjj'i rency of his
uwii party that wished all that he lilinseif desired,
. ' — Lord Clarendon : Life, ii. i:i.
ap-pa'r-ent, a. &, 5. [in Fr. apparent ; Sp.
iij'"n'iih': I'nrt ^V Ital. appi'vcutr ; Lat up-
jiarcus, pr. par. ol c^.j^r/wj = to become visilile,
to appear ; ad = to, and pareo = to appear.]
A. -Iti adject ux :
I. OnUnary Language:
1. That may be seen, visible, in sight, m
view, or coming in sight, appeuruig. (Opposed
to secret, hidden, or concealed.)
■' Large foliage, oveishad'wmg golden flowers,
Blown on tlie summit of th apparent fruit, "
Cowper: I'ank, bk. iii.
2. Plain, obvious, indubitable. (Opposed to
doubtful.)
"The main principles of reason ai'e in themselves
app arcnt." — Hooker.
3. (Jiien, evident, known. (Opposed to sus-
pected.)
" As ^s ell the feai' of hann, as harm apparent.
In my opinion ought to be prevented."
hhalenp. : Jlicliard HI., ii. 2.
i. Sseuuiig. (Opposed to real or true.) As
seems to tlic senses in contradistinction to
what reason indicates.
". . . to live on terms of civility and even of
«jopare«( friendship."— J/ucrtM^a.^/.' Jlist. ling., ch. xv.
■j This is the most common use of the word,
esiJecially in scientific works.
". . . the real diameters must be to each other
in the proportion of the appaieiU ones."— Dersdiel ■
Astronomy, 5th ed., § 463.
IL Technically:
1. Optics, Astron., &c. [For tlie Api>arcnt
Altitude, Diaineter, Magnitude. Fig^vre, Motion,
Place, AuA Dldancc nf ^tn earthly or heavenly
body see Altitude, Diameter, :Magnitude,
Figure, Motion, Place, and Distance ; for
the Apijarent horizon, which is the same as
tlie visible horizon, see Horizon; for A pjia rent
conjunction of the Planets, ^ee Conjunctiun\]
2. Ilorulogii, AUroii., <f'c. [For Apparent
Time, see TniE.]
3. Law: With rights ur prospects not likely
to be set aside by any contingency but death.
Opposed to presumptive. This is the use of the
word in the phrase heir flji^-arc/t^, the import of
whicli is, that the person so designated will be
entitled to ascend the throne or succeed to the
e>tate, if he survive their present possessor.s.
An heir presumptive, nn the contrary, though
at present the nearest in succession to one or
other of these dignities, may have his hope
defeated by the birth of a nearer heir. (See
Blackstone's GoinmcLtr.rks,\Ai. ii., ch. 14.)
"Two heirs apparcnl uf the crown, who had been
prematurely snatched away, Arthur, the elder brotne^
of Henry VlII., and Henry, the elder brother of
Charles I., . . ."—Macaulay: mst.Eng.,ch.. viii.
*\ By the law of Scotland one is not con-
sidered heir apparent to an estate till the
actual death of its possessor ; and of course.
he loses the title again shortly afterwards,
when he actually enters on the inheritance.
B, As substantive. Apparent is used ellipti-
cally for heir apparent.
•'Prince. My gracious father, l)y your kingly leave,
I'U draw It as iipjiureiit to the crovvn."
tihakesp. : a Henry VI„ ii. 2.
ap-pa'r-ent-ly, «(^y. [Eng. apparent; -ly.]
*1. Plainly, clearly. (Opposed to doubtfully.)
"With him will I speak mouth ti> month, e\-en.
apparently, and not in dark speeches. ' — Sumb. xu. S.
2. Seemingly.
" They found the Emperor himself ajyparently
iraiik."— Fronde : Hist. JSng., vol. iv., p. 375.
ap-pa r-ent-ness, s. [Eng. apparent ; -ness.}
The quality of being apparent ; visibility,
obviousness. (Wehstcr.)
^p-par-i'-tion, s. [In Fr. apparition ; Sp.
apariciou; Tort, upparirao ; Ital. ap]iari~ion&.
Fi'oiu Lat. I'ppanlLu = (1) service, attendance ;.
(2) domestics, from appareo = to become
visible, to appear.] [Appear,]
I. Ordinea^g Language:
1. The state of becoming visible ; visibility,
appearance.
"It was ;dsii iili^er\"ed that he was troubled with.
apparitions oi liubfc'fjijlius and evil spii'its ; , . ." —
JSmi'/an: Pilgrim'i, I'ro<jrr>.s, pt. i
2. A person who, or a thing which, sud-
denly, and perhaps unexpectedly, become.-^.
visible ; an appearance.
" Fitz-James looked round— yet scarce believed
The witness that his sight received ;
Such apparition well might seem
Delusion of a dreadful dream."
Scott : Lady of the Lalce, v, IL
" A thousand blushing apparitions start
Into her face ; a thousand innocent shames
In auget whiteness bear away those blushes."
Shakesp. : Much Ado about Nothing, iv. i.
3. Spec. : A so-called ghost, spectre, or liob-
goblin ; aisu a spirit of any kind from the
unseen wurld.
" That, if again this apparition come.
He may ai3X>rove our eyes, and speak to it."
ShaJcesp. : HanUet, i. 1.
II. Technically :
Astron. : A term applied to the appearance
in the heavens of a comet, ur to the visible
ascent above the horizon of a star j)re\iously
beneath it ; or in the shining forth of one
which, though up, was before left unen-
lightened from being occulted or eclipsed by
another heavenly body. In the latter case it
is opposed to Occultation (q.v.).
" The iutervals of these successive apparitionshsim^
75 and 76 years, Halley was encouraged to predict its
[the comet's] re-appeiirance about the year 1753." —
HerscJiel: Astronomy, 5th ed., § 567.
"A month of apparition is the space wherein the
moon appeareth : deducting three days wherein it
commonly disaj^ipeareth, and this containeth but
twenty-six days and twelve hours." — Browne: Vulgar
£rrours.
Circle of Apparition : That part of the heavens
in any given latitude within which the stai,->
are always visible. It is opposed to the Circle
of occultation.
" All celestial objects within the circle of perjietual
apparition come twice on the meridian, above tlio
horizon, in every diurnal revolution, ' once above .md
once below the pole.' " — Herschel : Astronomy, loth ed..
5 125.
ap-par'-i-tor, s. [In Fr. uppariUur; Ital.
ajrparltore ; Lat. apparitor = a public s&rvant,
such as a lictor, a writer, or a priest ; from
appareo = to appear.]
boil, b^; pout, j6^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £,
-clan, -tian = sh9.n. -tion, -slon = shun; -tiou, -@ion = zhun. -tious, -sious» -cious = shus. -ble, -die, .Jcc. =hel, del.
250
appassionated— appearance
1. A petty officer in a civil or cvimilial i'lairt
who assists in carrying out the decisions nf
the judges. In eeelesiastical courts, one who
carries summonses.
' ' They swallowed all the Roman hierarchy, from the
lioiJt to the appuritor." — A/iUffc : Pitrevjon
2. Ill other institutions : The hL-adle or simi-
lar' functionary.
"^ ap-pass'-ion-a-ted (^^^ as sh), a. [Ital.
appasionato = Qni\i\ret\, sufFored ; afTectionate;
apjxisionarc = bj make to endure or sutler.]
Impassioned.
" The seven appassionated shepherds.' Sidney :
Aivadia, bk. iL
appaumee (ap-pa'u-me), <.•-. [Apaumee.]
* ap-pa'y, 1'. ^ [0. Fr. appnycr, apaitr ; Prov.,
Sp. , & Port, apagar = to quench, to appease ;
Ital. appagare =: to satisfy; pfgarc = to j'lay.
From Lat. porurc = to pacify; j'ax = peace.]
To satisfy, to apitfase, to content.
% Now contracted into Pay (q.v.).
" So only can high justice rest appakl."
MiUon: P. L., bk. xii.
^ ap-pa'yed, ■"ap-pa'id,;pa. par. [Appay.]
^ ap-pe'a9h, * a-pe'a9he, " a-pe'9he,
v.t. & 1 [Norm. Fr. opeschcr, which Mahu
believes to 1 le from Lat. oppacto, freq. of
((;v""''f7o = to fasten to ; cul=^to, and jja ?t(/o —
to fa.'iten.] [Impeach.]
A. Trans. : To impeach. {Lit. &fig.)
" Were he twenty times
My son, I would appeaeh him."
SJiakesp. : Hichard II , v. 2.
" His wonder far exceeded reason's reach,
That he bej.'aii to doubt his dazeled sight,
Aud oft of error did himselfe appeaeh."
Sj>enser: F. Q., II. xi 40.
B. Intrans. : To tell ; to make revelations
of any thing which it was the desire or interest
of one's self or others to conceal.
"... come, come, disclose
The state oi your affection : for youi' passions
Have to the full appeach'd. "
Shakesp. : All's Well tliat Ends Well, i. 3.
1" The slang expression to "peach," current
among the criminal classes, is the word op-
peach or impeach contracted.
* ap-pe'a9hed, pa. par. [Appeach,]
"^ ap-pe'ach-er, s. [Eng. apprach ; -er.] One
who "appeaches" or impeaches another or
himself.
"... common appearJiers and accusers of the
noble men and chiefest citizens." — North's Plutarch,
II. iJbi;. (Richardson.)
"■ ap-pe'a9h-'ineht, ^. [Eng. oppwdi ; -ment.]
An impeachment.
"The duke's answers to his appenchmertts, in num-
ber thirteen, I find civily couched. " — Wottoii.
ap-pe al, ' ap-pe'le, " a-pe'ele, v.t & i.
[In Sw. appelhra ; Dan. apj'ctlirrc ; Dut. ap-
prllecmn ; Ger. apjpelHren ; Fr. appellor ; Sji.
aj'eJrir ; Port, optidiar; Ital. apj>cUure ; Lat.
np/pello, -('ri = (i)to call upon, to siieak to,
(-.2) to entreat, (3) to appeal to, (4) to name or
' .ill, (5) to pronounce. Cognate with airpeUo,
-jndi. =: to diive to : ad =■ to, pdlo = (1) to
liush or strike, (2) to drive.]
A. Tronfiliive:
LaV-1 & Orilinnry Liiriquage :
1. To acL'U.se, impeach, or charge with.
iUt.&fig.)
" Quod Youthe to Age. ' Y thee a-p-'de.
And that bifore oure God y-wis.' "
Mirror of the Periods of M" 'I's Life (ed. Fumival), 433-L
" As well appeareth by the cause you come ;
N;imely, to appeal each other ot high treason. —
<.'iAisLn'i)f Hereford, what dost thou object
Against the Duke of Norfolk?"
Shakesp. : Richard 11., i. 1.
2. To carry from an inferior to a superior
■court iir judge.
B. Intransitlrr :
I. Lav-i & Urrluirmi Langmige:
1. To carry a case from an inferior to a
siiperior court of law, or from an inferior to a
superior judge. [Apheal, s.] ,
"I appc'il xuito C'wsar." — Acts xxv. 11.
2. To carry a controverted statement or
argument, for .iudgment, to another person
±\iK\\ the one who has decided against it ; to
1 fv it hefore tip' tiibunal of public opinion ;
to point to arguments in its support; or if
tlie issue be very ini]ioitiint, and tlie support
■adequate, to draw the sword in its defenee.
"Whether this, that the soul ahvays tiiiuk-,. be a
sr-lf-cvident proposition, I (ipj'i-.il tu tuiuikiiid."—
"It may suffice here to appeal to the liniQcnse
amount of gross produce, which, even without a per-
manent tenure, English hibourera generally obtain
from their little allotmeuts."— ./. A'. Mill : Polit. Econ.,
hk. 1., chap, ix., § 4.
"... they a/>peaJct? to the sword, . . ." — J/acanla;/ ;
Hist. Eng., chap, xxiii.
ap-pe'al, " ap-pel', s. [From the verb. In
Dan. i; Diit. appcl ; Ger. O-i'iicl'tlon ; Fr.
appel, "pjwlldfiOH : Sji. Oj>rlorinn ; Port, (ijij'ff-
Iniyio : lL;d (ij)pelU\ "piicUazioiic. appellagioinr,
Lat. Oj-pclli'i"i = (I) an accosting, (2) an ap-
peal, (■■}) -d calling Ijy name.]
I. Literolhj:
Law & OrdiiKn-y Lmigvagc :
1. An application for the transfer of a cause
or suit from an inferior tu a superior court or
judge. It differs from a vjrit of ernn- in two
le.spects : (1) That an appeal may be brought
on any interlocutory matter, but a Avrit of
en or only on a deiinite judgment ; (2) tlmt
on writs of errorthe superior court iironoiuicc:5
the judgment, whilst on appeals it gives
directions to the coui-t below to rectify its
decree. (Blackstone's Comment, bk. iii., rh. 4 )
" There are distributors of justice from whom there
lies an appeal to the prince." — Addison.
^ In Scots Law the term is used only of the
carrying of cases from the Court of Session to
the HiMisu of Lords.
2. The right of carrying a particular case
from an inferior to a superior judicatorj'.
" But of those rights the trustees were to be judges,
and judges without apipeal." — Macaiday : JTist. En;/.,
chap, xxv.
"'■' 3. Forvierly : Private prosecutions for
heinous offences, e.g., the murder of a near rela-
tive, larceny, rape, arson, mayhem, &c., from
which one's self has suffered, or for treason
against the state. If the prosecutor failed to
establish the accusation, he was jmnished. In
some cases the person who appealed was an
accomplice in the act which he denounced.
(Blackstone's Comvient., bk. iv., chap. 23.)
" Hast thou according to thy oath and band
Bi-ought hither Henry Hereford, thy bold son,
Here to make good the boist'rous late aj^peal
Against the duke of Norfolk V "
Shakesp.: Richard II., i. 1.
"... the most absurd and odious proceeding known
to our old law, the apjical of mui'der." — Jfacaulay :
Il'ist. Eng., chap. xxv.
4. A summons to answer to a charge.
" Nor shall the sacred character of king
Be urg'd to shield me from thy bold appeal ;
If I have injur'd thee, that makes us equal."
Dry den.
II. Figuratively :
1. The referring of a controverted statement
or argument to one in whose judgment confi-
dence is placed, or to the verdict of public
opinion, or to God.
" From the injustice of our brother men—
To him appeal was made as to a judge ;
Who, with an \mderstanding heart, allay'd
The perturbation ; listen "d to the plea :
Resolved the dubious point, aud sentence gave."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii.
"The casting up of the ej'es and lifting up of the
hands is a kind of app^'ul to the Deity, the author of
wondei-s." — Bacon.
2. Recourse, resort.
"... not to denoiuice all preparations for battle
and all appeals to arms."— J'//,K?<i, Nov. 24, 1S76.
ap-pe'al-a-lble, c. [Eng. appeal; -able.]
La vj :
1. Ofcf'ses: Which may be appealed ; which
is of such a character that permission will be
given to the person against whom the verdict
has gone in the inferior court to appeal to a
superior one
" To clip the power of the council of state, composed
of the natives of tho laud, by making it appealable to
the council of Spain."— y/o(ce»; Letters, I. ii. 15.
2. Of persdii-^ : "Who may be called on by
appeal to answer to a charge.
"' ap-pe'al-ant, s. [Appellant.]
ap-pe'aled, i^f. jicr. & a. [appeal, i'.]
ap-pe'al-er, s. [En\;. appm! ; -cr.] One who
appeals. [AppELLun.]
ap-pe'al-ing, pr. par. k a. [Appeal, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (^ee the verb).
B. As adj. (.s';)tv.); Imploring; mutely soli-
citing. (Scott: liokehy, v. 8.)
ap-pe'al-iiig-ness, s [Eng. nppcuJijni ;
-ncss.] Beseechingness. (G. Elivt : D'ndd
Deromhi, ch. xxxv.)
appear, ap-pere, a-pere, a-pie're,
v.i. [In Fr. appnrn'itre, appumir; Sp. apararrr;
port opparcrrr; Ital. nppnrirc ; Lat apparcre,
from nd, and ^)(7/-eo=:to conu' forth, to appear.]
I. Literally :
1. To become visible to the eye, to come in
sight.
"... Let the waters under the heaven be gathered
tir_'ether uuto one place, and let the dry laud appear."
—Gen. i. 9.
2. To be visible to the eye, to be in sight
". . . BO th.at things which ;ire seen were not
made of things which do appen r.'—Ueh. xi. 3.
II. More or Uss figuratively :
1. (In a sense analogous to that of coming in
sight.)
(a) To be manifested to ; as God, Christ,
an angel, or a heavenly jtortent may be to
man.
" Tho uicht efter thet aperede an angel of heuen in
here slepe ine inetiuge, aud hem seide aud het."— Old
Kentish Sei~mons (ed. Morris), p. ^7.
"In that night did God appear unto Solomon." —
2 Chron. ii. 7. (See also Mark xvi. 9; Exod. iii, 2;
Matt. ii. 7 ; and Rev. xii. I.)
ifj) To arise as an object of distinction among
mankind.
"Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared,
Aud ages ere the Mantuan swan was heard."
Cowper : Table Talk, 556.
(c) Formally to iiresent one's sdf befor.^ a
person, or at a pliice, as at a sacred spot for
wor.ship, or before a judge in a court of law,
whether as the accused person, as the prosecu-
tor, or as an advocate.
""When all Israel is come to ap2?ear before the Lord
thy God in the place wliioh hts shall choose . . ."
—Beat. xxxi. 11.
"... we must all appear before tlie judgmeut-
seat of Christ . . ."—2 <Jor. \. 10.
". . . to a^;)ear in the presence of God for us." —
neh. ix. iii.
" One ruflSiin escaped because no prosecutor dared \.<)
appear."— Macaulay ; Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
(d) To become visible to the eye of reason ;
to be fully established by observation or
reasoning.
". . . from the way in which they at first acquitted
themselves, it plainly appeared that be had judged
wisely in not leading them out to bat tie." — Jlacanlay :
Hist. Eng., ch, xiv.
2. (Analogous to the sense of being visible.)
To present the semblance of, to resemble :
(a) Its being implied that, notwithstanding
this, the reality is absent :
"Even so ye also outwardly n/j/wftr righteous unto
men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity."
— .l/arf. xxiii. 28.
(])) Without its heing imi:ilied that the re-
semblance is unreal.
". . , the signature of another plainly ap/)*?rtf-e(i
to have been traced by a hand shaking with emotion "
— Macaulay ■ Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
^ Ajipear is sometimes used impersonally:
e.g., "it appears to him ;" "it appeared that
. . " (See ex. under II. 1, d.)
ap-pe'ar, s [From the verb.] Appear-
ance.
" Here will I wash it in this morning's dew,
"Which she on every little grass doth strew.
In silver drop, ag;iinst the sun's appear."
E/rtchcr : FaitJiful ShepJierdess.
ap-pe ar-anpe, " ap-pe'r-aun9e, * a-
pe'r-ans, s. [Fr. opparenre; Sp. opuri-
encia ; Ital. appareiizo, from Lat. opparen-
tia.]
A. Ordinary Langvage :
I. The state of coming in sight.
1. Literally:
(ri) In an ordinary way.
"... choice cider from the orchards roimd the
Malvern Hills iii.ide its appenranrr in company with
the Champagne aud the Bm-guudy."— J/arawin ;/ .- nist.
Eiig., ch. xxiii.
(/() Supernaturally, a.s a spirit mav do to the
bodily eye.
" r think a pereon terrified M-ith the imaeination of
spectres more reiisonable than one «ho thinks the
appearance of spirits fabulous."— .iiW/.^.^ij,
2. Figuratively :
(a) Entry into the world, into societv, or a
particular coiupany or place. Or entrv in a
particular character.
"Do the same justice to one another which ■will be
done us hereafter by those who bh.all make their ((/j/>ertj--
ance m the world, when this generatiou is uo more "—
Addison.
" (b) Msil .ility to the mind's eye ; probabilitv,
likelilKiod.
" There is that which hath no apjwara nee. that this
priest bein? utterly unacquainted with the true per-
son, according to whose pattern he should shape hLs
counterfeit should thiuk it possible for him tu instruct
his luayer. —Bacon.
II. That which becomes visible.
1. A vision.
"Bot so befell hj-nie that nycht to meit
An npcr.-„H. the M-ich one to his siireit "
Laiicrloi of the Lake (ed. Skeatf, bk. i , .'3G3-4
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • so Dot
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e. ey = a. au = kw
apt)earer— appendage
2.31
2. The aspect presented when a persoa or
thing becniin:'s visible ; mien.
" His external appearance is almost as well known
to Tis as to Ilia own ca|>taina and counsellors." — Macau-
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. vii.
" She knew not he was dead. She seem'd the same
In person and appear a ".ce."
WorcUworlJi : Excursion, bk. i.
"As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud
in the day 01 ram, . . ."—Ezelcim.
3. A phtnomenon ; the latter word, and not
fippcarfuivr, being that now commonly used
by men of science.
" The advancing day of experimental knowledge dis-
oloseth such appnara-nces as will not lie even in any
model extant. — Olanidlle : Scepsis.
4. Semblance, as opposed to reality ; or out-
ward show, as opposed to internal lioUow-
" Under a fair and beautiful ap/jeara ncethere should
c\ er Ije the real substance of good." — Rogers.
5. Semblance, without its being implied
that there is unreality.
6. Vlviid : Circumstances collen'tivrlv fitted
tn produce a bad, or to produce a good, im-
pression.
" Appearances were all so strong,
The world must think him in the wrong,"
Swift.
To save oppeamnces, or to Iceep -up appvnr-
ancc:, is to make things look exti.'nially all
right, when in reality they are to a greater or
less extent wrong.
B. TcchniraUii :
Law: Formal presentation of one's self in
a court in answer to a summons received, to
answer any charges which may have been
bronght against one. A person who does so
is said to put in or i<j ■ninke an appearance.
This appearance is eflccted by putting in and
.justifying bail t.i the action at law, which
is commonly called putting in hail above.
[Bail.] (See Blackstone's Comment., bk. iii.,
eh. 19.)
■' [ will not tarry, no, nor evermore
Upon this busine^i uiy appearunco make
In any of their courts."
Shakesp. : Henri/ VII/., ill. 4.
Perspective: The representation or projec-
tion of a figure, a body, or any similar object
upon the perspective plane.
ap-pe'ar-er, s. [Eng. ajjpear ; -er.] One who
or that which appears.
"ThatowU and raveua are ominous appcarers, and
presittnify wnUicky events, was an augurial concei}-
tion. — Browne.
ap-pe'ar-iiig, jjr. jxn: & a. [Ai-pear.]
As present pin-t<<-ip!e k n,!/. ; In senses
corresponding tn those of the \-erb.
" We see the appcnrintj buds . . ,"
!Sliakcsi; ■ -1 Ilenry IV., i. 3.
ap-pe'ar-iiig, s. [Appear.] The state of
becoming visible ; appearance.
ap-pe'as-a-l)le, a. [Eng. ap>pease; -able.}
Xot implacable ; capable of being appeased.
{■hih-LSOli.)
ap-pe'a^i-a-ble-ness, ■?. [Eng. oppcasahic ;
-ncss.] The quality of being appeasable. The
o]'posite of implacablcnesy. {Johnson.)
ap-pe'a^e, t'.f. [Fr. npaiser; O. Fr. apaisin\
opiussier; Prov. npnsior; from Lat. n>l = \i'^,
and paxo = to appease, quiet.] [Peace.] Pro-
perly, to make peace where agitation before
existed ; as —
" 1. To rpiiet or caUn the agitated deep.
"By his counsel he appn/'n-ih the deep, andiilanteth
islands therein."— y;f■^•/(^^■, xliii. 23.
2. To dispel anger or hatred, andtranquillise
the heart previously pertui'bed by one or both
of these passions ; to cause one to cease com-
plaining.
"... I will appcn.'ie him with tbe present that
goeth before ine." — Ci-n, xxxii. 2'\
" Xijw then yoxu- plaint appease "
Speiise)- ; F. (^ , T. iii. 29.
T[ Formerly it was sometimes used reflex-
ively.
" And Tullius saith : Ther is no thing so commend-
able iJi a gretlord, as whan he is debouaire and meeke,
and appesith him lightly."— C7iai(cer.' Melibeus.
3. To tranquillise the conscience and make
it cease from troubling,
"... and peace
Of conscience, which the law by ceremonies
0\YH\ot appca-xe . . ."—Mi/fon: /*. i.. bk xii.
i. To satiate a clamorous apijetite, and by
satiety make its cravings cease.
"The stock of salted hides was considerable, and
by gnawing theji the garrLbun appeased the rage of
hunger " — MacauXay : Hist. Eng., en. xii.
ap-pe'a§ed, jja. par. k n. [Appease.]
ap-pe'ase-ment, s. [Eng. a2)pease; -meiit.]
1. The act of pacifying.
2. The state of being pacified.
3. An article or guarantee of peace.
"Being neither in numbers nor in courage great,
partly by authority, partly by entreaty, they were
reduced to some good ajipeasements." — Hayward.
ap-pe'a§-er, 5. [Eni^- cppeasc ; -er.] One who
appease.s ; one who xjacihes ; a peace-maker.
(Johnson.)
ap-pea§'-ing, iw-. par. & a. [Appease.]
ap-pe'as-ive, u,. [Eng. appease; suffix -ire]
Having the power or the tendency to appease ;
pacificatory, tranciuillising, soothing. {iVeh-
sU-r.)
" ap-pele, v.f. [Appeal, vJ.]
ap-pel'-lan-gy, s. [hut. appdians = appeal-
1. Appeal. (ToJ'K)
2. Capability of appeal. (Torld.)
ap-pel'-lant, " ap-pe al-ant, u. & s. [In
Dan. & Dut. appellant : Fr. appelant ; ISji.
apohnitr ; Ital. oppdtnnti'. Fmm Lat. cppd-
lau'>, pr. par. oinppello — to call upon.]
A. As arljective : Appealing.
" The party appellant [shalljftrst personally promise
and avow, that he will faithfully keep and nbserve all
tlie rites and ceremonies of the Church of England,
&c. " — Const, and Canons EccL, 98.
B. As suJistantlve :
I. Ordinary Language :
I. One who calls out or challenges another
to single combat.
" These shifts refuted, answer thv appellant.
Though by hia blindness maini'd for high attempts.
Who now detiea thee thrice to single fight."
Milton : Sanison Agojiistes.
t 2. One who stands forth as a public
accuser of another befuri." a court of law.
" Come I iijiprlhnit to this princely presence.
Now, Tliuiuas Muwhi.'Ly, do I turn to thoe.
• * * •
Thou art a traitor and a miscreant."
Sfiakesp. : Richard II., i. 1.
3. One who appeals from an inferior to a
superior court or judge. In this sense it is
opijosed to nppdk'f or respondent.
" An appe.ll trausfL-rs the cognizance of the cau'^e to
the superior judge ; so that, pending the appeal,
nothing can b.^ ;itti-iiipted in prejudice of the appel-
lant."— Auliffe : Parergon.
II. Technically :
Chnrch History: A term applied in the
eighteenth century to the Jansenist.s and
others who appealed to a general council
against the bull " Unigenitus " launched by
Pope Clement XI. against the translation into
French of the Xew Testament, with notes, by
Pas'diasius Quonel. (■V-Wiciwi : Chiirch Hist".,
Cent, xviii,, §§ 10, 11 )
ap-pel'-late, a. & s. [Lat. uppdhtus, pa. par.
of oppdlo — to call upon.] [Appeal.]
A. As adjective :
1. To wliK^h there lies an appeal.
". . . by assenting or dissenting to law.s and
exorcising an amjellate jm-LsiMction." ~ lilackstone ■
Comment., Intioa , § 4.
" 2. Against whom an appeal is taken,
". , . and
person a^/iinst
and the name of the party appellate, or
" ^-^ whom the appeal is lodsei. —Agliffe
3. In ;iny other way pertaining to an appeal.
B. As substantive: The person appealed
against.
ap-pel'-late, v.t. [Appellate, o. &s.] To
name, to call. (Sw.thcij : TheDoctor, ch. cxxxvi.)
ap-pel-la-tion, s. [In Ger. & Fr. appellation :
Sp. apelacion: Port, nppeliagao; Ital. oj^pd-
lazione, cppelhnjione = an appeal. From Lat.
appclh'tio = (1) an accosting, (2) an appeal,
('j) a naming ; from oppello — to call. ]
1. The act of appealing ; an appeal.
" F.ither of gods and men by equal right,
Tu meet the G^id uf Nature I appeale
And bade Dan FhoibxLS scribe her A ppellun on seal."
Spenser: F. q , VII xi ^5.
2. A name, a designation, that by which
any person or thing is calleil.
"Several eminent men took new api^ellations by
which they must henceforth be designated."— JMca «-
lay: Eist. Eng., ch. xi.
ap-pel'-la-tive, o. & s [in Ban. & Ger.
iippcUativum, s. ; Fr. appello.tif, a & s. ; «p.
opchdinj, a. & s. : Port. & Ital. appeU-diro.
From Lat. oppellativus.]
A. As axljectivr : Common as opposed to
proper. (Used especially in grammar.) (See
the substantive.)
"Nor is it likt-Iv that he [St. Paul] would give the
common apprJluiire name of Bopks) to the divinely
inspired Writing-,, without any other note of distinc-
tiou.."—Bj: lifU: Works, it. ■lU.
B. As suhstanMve :
1. Gen. : An appellation, a name, a designa-
tion.
"... that the kingdom of Clirist may not only
be in us in name and form, and hoiiom-abic apjiella-
tivcs, but in effect and powt-r."'— /erejrt.v Taylor : Expo-
al/ion of the Lord's Prayer \\"ork3 (1339), vol. iii., p. 7+.
2. ilrammar: A common, as opposed to a
proper, name. Thus biid, pilo.nt, rock, star,
are appellatives; but London, Shakespcurc,
and the planet Venvs are not so.
"Words and names are either common or proper.
Common names are such as stand for universal ideas,
or a whole rank of beings, whether general or special,
these are called appellatives : so fish, bird, man, city,
river, are common names : and so are trout, eel, lobster.
for they all agree to many individuals., and some to
many species." — Watts: togick.
ap-pel'-la-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. appdloMve ;
-ly.] As appellatives do or are; after tlie
manner of appellatives: as, "he is a perfect
Gnliath;" meaning, he is a man of gigantic
.stature.
". . . the fallacy lieth in the Homonjiuy of
Ware, here not taken from the to^vn so named, but
appellativehf for all vendible commodities." — Fuller:
t\'oi-thies ; Hertfordshire. {Richardson.)
ap-pel'-la-tive-ness, s. [Eng. oppdiath-c ;
-nrss.] The quality of being appellative.
"... reduce the proper names in the genealogies
following to such an apnellativcness as should coni-
f)ose a continued sense.' — Fuller; Worthies: Suffolk
Richardson.)
ap-pel'-la-tor-y, a. [Lat. appeUotorins =
relating to an appellant or an appeal.] Con-
fciining an appeal, in any of the senses of that
word.
"All appellatory libel ought to contain the name of
the party appellant."— .fly/ i#tt .■ Parergon.
ap-pel-le'e, s [Lat. oppdlo = . to ap-
' peal.]
Lav :
1. The defendant in a case appealed from a
lower tn a higher court.
2. Tile defend;int against an accu.siifion
bi'ouu'lit 1>v a pi'ivatc pcison. [Appeal, s.,
No. y.J
"In this case he is called an approver or prover pro-
l>ator, and the party appealed or accused is called the
appellee."— Blackstone . Comment., bk. iv., ch. 25.
ap-pel'-lor, ap-pel-lor', s. [Lat. nppdhtnr ]
1. One who accuses another person, calleil
the appdlei:, of a crime, and prosecutes liim
before a criminal court.
"If the appellee be acquitted, the op^ieZZor (by virtue
of the btatute uf Westm. '■!. 13 Edw. I., c. 12) shall suffer
otie year's iuipriaonmeut, . . ." &c.—Blackstonii :
Ctjimneiit., bk. iv., ch. 2:!.
t 2. One who carries a case from an inferior
to a superior court.
•i" When I'ppdlor and appellee are used tn^
-(-ther they are generally both accented on
the last ;>yllable.
ap'-pen-age, s. [Appanage.]
ap-pend', v f. [Fr. appandre ; Ital. appendcrc ;
Lat. append.. = to weigh to; axl = to, and
2)endo = t<> suspend as weights, to weigh.]
1. Tu hang to or upon.
2. To add one thing as an accessory to
another.
"... and appended to them a declaration attested
by his sig-n-manual, and certifying that tlu' originals
were m his brother's own hand.'— J/acata«v ■ Hist
Eng., ch. vi.
ap-pend'-age (age = ig), o. [Eng. append ;
-age. In Fr. o.panojjr.] [Append ]
1. Ordinary Lungvnrjc: Something added
or appended to another, but not prnpeily
constituting a portion of it. [Appanage.]
"... and such hia course of life
\V ho now, with no appi-mlagu but a btalf. . . ."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. L
boil, boy; po^t, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sdon = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious,
as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing
-cious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bel.
252
appendance— appetible
"The tail is, however, by no means an invariaJile
appendage of coaie,ts."—l-Ierschel: Astron., 5th ed.,
§557.
"They began to consider the crown of France as ;t
mere rtppendage to tlie crown of England."— J/aatf ;-
lai/: Hist. Eng., ch. i.
2. Bot <jil.): Certain suiierficml in'ocessrb
appended to the stems, leaves, calyces, &c.,
of plants ; as hairs, prickles, thorns, glands,
tuhercles, dilatations or exi)ansions of parts,
utricles, pitchers, &c. (Lindley : Introd. tv
Bot. ) [ Appenuiculate. ]
ap-pen'-dan9e, ap-pen'-den9e, * ap-
pen'-den-^y, s. [Fr. ap2^endaitce.] Any-
thing appended or annexed.
"Wiien we aee and hear of high titles, rich coats,
ancient houses, long pedigrees, glittering suits, lai^'e
revenues, we bunour these (and so we must do) as the
just monuments, signs, and appendances of civil
y:reatue3S."-^flp. Jlall: Rem., p. 29,
" Battell with his appoulences." — }Vithals : Diction-
arie (1C03). [Halliwell: Coitt. to Lexic.)
"Abraham bought the whole field, and by right of
a/ipendency had tne cave with it." — Spelman.
ap-pen'-dant, a. & s. [Fr. a-ppcudant, pa.
par. of a-ppc'idrc] [Append.]
A. ^Is adjective:
L Ord-in I inj Language :
1. Lit. : Hanging to or upon.
2. Fig. : Annexed to, dependant upon, con-
comitant to, pertaining to, though not inti-
mately.
"... the latent Irregularity, which is certainly
appemlaTiX to ordinarj' \itisa,tions."—Jcre>ni/Tai/lor:
WorAs (ed. 1B39), vol. iii., p. 60.
11. Technically :
Law: An advowson appendant is one at-
tached not to an individual, but to a manor,
some former possessor of which, it is assumed,
obtained it at first by being the founder of the
church. If once sold, however, it is never
attached to a manor a^'ain, but becomes the
property of its successive purchasers. (Black-
itone : Comment., bk. ii., ch. 3.)
ComTnon a2Jpendant is a right belonging to
the owners or occupiers of arable land to put
commonable animals upon the waste belonging
to the lord of the manor, and on the lands of
other persons witlun the manor. (Ibid.)
B. As substantive : Anything attached to
another one, as an accidental or accessory, not
an essential, part of it.
" Pliny gives an account of the inventors of the
forms and appendants of shipping."— iTaie.- Origin, of
Maiikiiul.
ap-pen'-ded, iia. par. & a. [Append.]
* ap-pen'-deii-9y, s. [Appendance. ]
>* ap-pen'-di-cate, v.t. [Lat. appendix {?lcq.
(I ppendiceyn), and Eiig. suff. -ate.} [Appendicle.]
To append, tu add to.
t ap-pen-di-ca'-tion, 5. [Eng. appendir
cate; -tion.] An appendage, an adjunct ; some-
thing annexed.
ap-pen'-di-9es, s. pi. The Lat n plural of
Appendix (q.v^j.
ap-pen-di-ci'-tis, s. [Lat. appendix^, genit.
ujijie fid I c{ii') ; suff. -itis.]
Pathol. : Inflammation of the vermiform ap-
pendix, usually arising from the presence of
some fiecal concretion, or foreign body, within
it.
ap-pen'-di-cle, ^. [Lat. appendicula, dimin.
' from appendix.] A small appendage.
ap-pen-dic'-u-lar, a. [Lat. appendicula;
Eng. suff. -ar.] Constituting or otherwise per-
taining to a small appendage.
"The endo-skeleton is divided into an axial portion,
belonging to the head and trunk, and an appendicular
portion, belonging to the \\uih-o."— Flower : Osteal, of
Mammalia 11&70], p. 9.
B
APPENDICULATE.
A. 1. ,Sciitc7?-irta 'lalfyr-icirlata {Sc\H\c:q'). '2 Calyx.
B, 1. Salsoia Knli (Sait;*vort). 2. Scfiucnt u£ the
calyx,
ap-pen-dic'-U-late, a. [Bot. Lat. appendi-
L-idatiis; from Class. Lrit, appcudicida = a
small appendage, dimin. uf -■'/'/"■yfM'ii.r (q.v.).]
1. Botany: A term applied to a leaf, leaf-
stalk, calyx, or a portion of a plant, when
this is furnished with an appendage or appen-
dages. Examples, the expansions or dilata-
tions in the calyces of Scutellaria and Salsula.
{Lindley : Introd. to Bot.)
2. ZooL : Belonging to, or resembling, the
Appendiculata (q.v., Sup.).*
ap-pen'-dirig, pr. par. [Append.]
ap-pen'-dix (plural formerly ap-pen'-di-
9es, now generally ap-pen'-dix-es), s
[In Dan. appiendix; Ft., Port., & Ital. appen-
dice; Qp. aixndix. From Lat. appendix, pi.
appendices ■= (1) that which hangs to any-
thing ; (2) anything annexed, an appendage.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Anything appended or added to another
one more important than itself.
" The cherubim were never intended as an object of
worship, because they wore only the appendices to
another thing. But a thing is then proposed as an
object of worship, when it la set up by itself; and not
by way of addition or ornament to another thing." —
Stillingjleet.
2. An adjunct or concomitant.
" To this Christ makes an appendix, ' But I say unto
you. He that is angry with his brother without a
3. {Xov: almost exclusively.) A longer or
shorter supplement appended to a book.
Thus Murchison's Siluria, Smith's Diciidnarg
of the Bible, and a multitude of other books,
have such an appendix.
B. Technically. As a Latin icord, with the
Latiii plural appendices :
I. A natomy :
1. (Sing.) Appendix cosci vermiformis : A
worm-looking process about three inches long,
and rather more than, the thickness of a
goose-quill, which hangs down into the pelvis
from the inner and posterior part of the
coecum. (Todd d: Bowman : Physiol. Anat.,
vol. ii., p. 216.)
2. (Plur.) Appendices epiploicce (that is, re-
sembling the epiploon or great omentum) :
Small processes containing fat which are
attached to the colon. (Ibid., p. 218.)
3. (Plur.) A pyloricoi (Pyloric follicles) :
Tubular prolongations from the intestines of
fishes. (Ibid., p. 218.)
'II. Botany :
1. (Sing.) Anything attached to another
part, especially the back, when dilated and
compressed, of one of the horn-like processes
attached to the corona in some plants. It is
also called ala (wing). (Lindley: Introd. to
Botany.)
2. (Plur.) A name given by Fuchsius to the
.shoots thrown up from the subterranean part
of the stem <jf sume endogenous plants, such
as the pine apple. Hn sailed them also
Adnata and Adnascentia. (Lindley : Introd.
to But.)
* ap-pe'r-ande, ' ap-pe'ar-and, ^j/-. par.
A Northern furiu of Appearing (q.v.). [Glit-
TERAND, Trenchant.]
^ ap~pe'se, v.t. [Appe.ase.]
ap-pe'nse, a. [Lat. appensus, pa. par. of
appendo = to weigh to.]
Bot. : Hung up, like a hat upon a pin ; but
very different in meaning ivowi peivhdous,
S>p-per-9e'ive, ^ ap - par - 9e'yve,
* a-per-9e'ive, * a-par-9e'-iuy,
■* a-per-ce'-yue, v.t. [Fr. aperccvoir.] To
perceive, to comprehend.
" Thanne him deth the grace of God yuele tu zotlie
and to aparceiit// his onconn- nge, and thet he ne can
naght."— J//eH6f(c(ed. Morri :p 131.
" Or by hir word apparce'/oe, that sche
Were chaunged . . ."—Chaucer : C. T, S, 476-7.
" ap-per-9e'iv-mg, ^ ap-par-9e'yv-
ynge, p-r. par. & s. [Apperceive.]
As snhstanfire : Perceiving.
" For drede of jalous folk apparccipn/nges."
Chaucer :' C. T., lO.COO.
^ ap-per-9ep'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to, and
Eng. -perception.] Perceittion which makes
itself its olijeut ; self-cuusciousness, con-
st iiiusui'ss.
"Thf philosonher niake=i a distinction between per-
:ei>ti(Hi, and what he calls (ij'pfic^j.tion. Sy ap/icr-
""' '" ■■ -■>— '^-- ■'- ■■ ' ■[.■^TfL- of percept!<
jtself , by which
are conscious of our otvn existence, and conscious oi
our own perceptiona." — Iteid : luqairij.
" Now, this word apperception, which Mr. Coleridge
uses in the last number of 'The Friend.' surely, surely
it would not have been approved by Addison ; no, Mr.
Lloyd, nor by Swift ; nor even, I think, by Ai-buthnot.
Somebody suggesCed that the word was a new word of
German mintage, and most probably due to Kant — of
whom the bishop seemed never to have heard. Mean-
time the fact was, ;ind to me an amusing one, that the
word had been commonly used by Leibnitz, a classical
author onsuch subjects, out. hundred and twentyyears
before."— -D« Quince!/: Works (^-d. 1^63), vol. ii., pp. Iii,
116.
-* ap-per'-il, s [Old form of Eng. Peril
(q.v.),] Peril; danger.
" Let me stay at thine appcril, Timon."
SJutkesp. : Simon of AtheilS, i 2.
ap-per-ta'in, * ap-per-te yne, "^ ap-er-
te'yne, * ap-per-te'in, v.i. [In Fr. ap-
partciiir ; ItaJ. apparteiicre ; l,a.t. appcrtineo —
to belong to : vd — U>. and pertlnm = to hold
through, to extend through or to ; jjer =
through, and tenco = U) hold.] To belong to
by natui'e, by natural right, or by divine or
human appointment, or as a partisan by his
own clioice belongs to his chief.
" 'Sire,' quod he, 'as to us siriirciens appertiencth,
that we do to every wight the beste that we can.' "—
— Oiaucer : The Tale of Mel-ibeus.
"... thinges that aperirynen to rydyng,
—Chaucer : C. T., The Persona Tale.
"... that supreme militarj' authority which, from
time tieyond all memory, had appertained to the regal
office." — .UacauT^i/ .' Hist. Eng., chap. i.
"And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed
them up, and their houses, and all the men that a2>-
pertained unto Korah." — Jfumb. xvi. ;!2.
" Who would not fear thee. 0 King of nations? for
to thee doth it appertain." — Jer. x. 7.
ap-per-tain-ing, * ap-per-te'yn-yiig,
pr. par., a., &, s. [Appertain.]
A. As present participle dj adjective : In the
same sense as the verb.
" Horn. Tybalt, the reason that I have to love thee
Doth much accuse the appertaining rage
To such a greeting."
S7iakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iii. 1.
B, ^5 snhstantit'c : That which belongs to ;
that which pertains to.
"" ap-per-ta'in-ment, s. [Eng. appjerto/m;
-iiient.] That which belongs to one on account
of his rank, dignity, or in any other way.
" He shent our messengers, and wc lay by
Our appertaimnents, visitijig of him."
Shakesp. : TroH. and C'res., ii, 3.
* ap-per'-ten-an9e, s. [Appurtenan-ce, •■.}
* ap-per'-ten-an9e, v. t. [Appurtenance,
•;• t.]
" ap-per-te'yue, * ap-per-te'in, r.i. [Ap-
pertain.]
■^ ap-per'-tin-ent, a. & 5. [Appcrtesant.]
'^ ap'-pet-ence, ap'-pet-en-9y, s. [InFr.
appetcio'e ; Sp. apctcncia ; Port, appctencia ;
Ital. cppttcriza: Lat. aprpctc ntia, from appetcm,
in: par. of ujijuiu = (1) to approach, (2) to
seelc after : ad = to, and peto = (1) to go tu,
(2) to seek for.]
1. Of inan or other sentient beings: Instinc-
tive desire or impjulse to perform certain
actions. Spec, lustful or other appetite or
desire.
" Oi lustful appetence, to sing, to dance.
To dress, and troll the tongue, and roll the eye."
JliUon : P. L., bk. XI.
2. Of things )iot ^cndcitt : The tendency
bodies show to make certain api^roaches to
each other, as iu the c-ase of chemical attrac-
tion.
* ap -pet-ent, a. [in ital. appetente, from
Lat. -v'j-'ff' ns, pr. par. oS oj>pdo.] Desirous of
gratifying appetite; lusttul, ur eagerly de-
sirous of anything.
" Knowing the earl to be thirsty and appetent jiiter
glory and renown. "-Ji'ir tf. Buck . Bist. of A". Richard
HI., i>. &i.
'" ap-pet-i-"bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. appetible ; - ity. ]
The ^luality of bemg fitted to call forth appe-
tite or desire.
" That elicitation which the schools intend, is a de-
ducing of the power of the will into act. merely from
the appeubiWy of the object ; as a man draws a child
alter him with the sight of a gi-een bough."— 5ra7;ifta(f
against JJobbes.
^ ap-pet-i-lble, a. [in tip. apetecible; Ital.
appctihilc; Lat rppetibiU<:, from a ppcto.] [Ap-
petite.] Fitted to rxcite sume <m.j of the
appetites : lifted to call forth desire ; de.-^irablo.
" Power both to slight the most nppc'iblr ub]ects,
and to controul the most unruly passions."— /f)-(0/i7i«;;
agaiin^l I/obbcs.
fate. fa*. fare» amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pune, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son ; mute, cuto, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; se = e. qu = kw-
appetite— apple
263
Sp'-pe-tite, >> ap'-pe-tit, s. [In Sw. nptit ;
Dan. &Ger. ajypetit; Fr. appetU ; Sp. (qmtito ■
Port, appetite; Ital. appetito ; Lat. oppctitvi
- (I) au attack, (2) a passionate desire for
anything ; from oppdo.] [Appetence.]
A. Subjectively :
1. Lit. Of aentieiit beings :
1. Ord. Lang. & Mental Phil. : One of those
desires which arise eliiefly from tlie body, and
which man sluires with the inferior animals.
Tliese are tlie flesire for meat and drink, and
tlie sexual impulse. (In this sense often in
the plural.)
"Fal. Oh. alie did so course oer my exttrriors with
such a greedy luteutiou. that the atmetUe of bei- eye
dui aeein to scolch me up like a himiiUL'-L'Iiiad '' —
Shakes^. : J/crr^ n'U,^^ ^f Wiiutaor. i. 3
" Supide iviid flexitile a-s ludiau eaue.
To take tlie heud bis appetUes ordaiu."
Cowper . nape
*ir Hooker thus distinguishes hetween Aniie-
tite and Will :— " the ^111, properly anil
strictly taken, . . . differetli greatly' from
that inferior natural desire which we call
Appetite. Tlie object of Appetite is whatso-
ever sensible g(ji)d may be wished for; tlie
object of Will is that good which Reason doth
lead us to seek. Affections, as joy, and grief
and fear, and anger, witli such like, being, as
it were, the sundry fashions and forms of
Appetite, can neither rise at the conceit of a
thing indifferent, nor yet choose but rise at
the sight of some things. Wherefore it is not
altogether in our power, whether we will be
stirred with affections or no : whereas actions
which issue fiom the disposition of the Will
are in the power thereof to be iierformed or
stayed. Finally, Apprtiie is the Will's solici-
tor, and the Will i.. Appetite's controller-
what we covet according to the one, by the
other we often reject ; neither is any other
desire termed properly Will, but that where
Season and Understanding, or the show
of Reason, presoribeth the thing desired "
(Hooker: Eecles. Pol., bk. i., ch. vii., § 3.)
2. Spec.: The desire for food, which in exces.i
leads to gluttony.
" -r'^^'^' ]"'" '''"^ '^'^'^'''^ ^^^^ tohin delyt
io m.'ike hun have a iiewe appufii."
dtaucer; C. T., 13,960-Gl.
.lii'iStH,*'!"". fl**?' *';,™' "I'll " '"l""-' consider
diligently what is before thee, and put a knife to thy
xxm 1 1 " '""" ^'^'"' '° ''l'Pfititc."-rrol
"... their a7)pe(((p Jjecame keen . ■—iVarnii.
3. Vehement desire for anytliing.
"They contained much that was well fitt..,l to gratify
the vulg.ar „pi-et,i,: for the niarvellous."-.!/,!,.,,,,;,,,.
Hist. Etig., oil IX ■
II. Fig. Of things : A tendency to go to-
gether ; as by gravity, cohesion, ir chemical
affinity.
"It is certiUn that in all bodies there is an ,nwtu,'
of umon and evitatioil of solution of coiltiiiiiily --l
5aco«.- JV'rti. //wf., Cent hi., §293.
B. Objectivchj: Tlic object of vehement
desire.
" Ha! Molusine, my lierte^ .ij:petite
Fair lady, my liert, my Inue. my plcsaunce "
The JComanj! of Piirlenii'j (ed. Skeat). ■2,.49G-97.
"Power being the natural apiietUe of princes a
hmited luonarch cannot gratify i(."—Siiifl.
aP'-pe-tite, v.t. (From tlie substantive 1
Greatly to desire. (Chaucer.)
"'t,.' , .- .fiPPfttfintj l>y generation to bring forth his
8emblal)le."-jiir T. Elyot : aovemour. p. 70
ap-pe-ti'-tlon, s. [In Ital. appetizionc ; Lat
appetitio = (1) a grasping at, (2) a passionate
longing for, (a) appetite.] Vehement desire.
" The actual api)ctition or fastening our affections on
fmn. —Hammoitd ; Praetical Catechism.
"We And in animals an estimative or judicial faculty
aji appetiiwn or aversatiou."— ./wd^e //ale.
*ap-pe-tr-tiofis,a. [Eng. appetit(e); i; -ous ]
Grateful to the appetite, desirable.
n,!™??" "*''' inspersions of truth to make them
appeMtmu i)as8a,ble, and toothsome. ■-flrii!/'i>m->-,«.
V Fanaticks. Ac. [imo), ^. 17. ^^ 'i .
t ap-pet-i-ti'-val, a. [Formed by analogy
as If from a Lat. appetitims.] Appetitive.
ap'-pe-ti-tive, a. [Sp. apetitivo. In Ital
appetiiivo.] Possessed of appetite ; which
desires greatly, which eagerly longs for.
+1.-''''"^ "*'i '" '"^^ "^ 'J-'^i'" appetitipc power, as that of
5?„V°".!?™ "i'r,'"«. 1'"' IS a rational appetite."-
//ate: Origin, t^ Mankind.
"I And in myself au appetitive faculty always in
»P-P«-t»'Z,e.!-.« [Lat. cyipfto = . . . to strive
after, to long for, and Eng. suffix -Ue. In
VT. avoetlssant = imparting an appetite ■ Ital
bffll, b6S^; poat, jd^l; cat, 9011, chorus,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun
appet'izione = appetite.] To gi\-e one an appe-
tite, to make one feel hungry. (Sir Walter
Scott.) ■
ap-pe-ti'zed, jja. par. [Appetizf.]
ap-pe-tiz-er, s. [Eng. nppelize : -er.\ He,
who or that which gives one an appetite.
ap-pe-tiz-ing,' pr. pa.r. & a. [Appetize]
Ap'-pi-an, (', Pertaining to some one of the
Romans called Appius Claudius, and specially
to that one who lived in the time of the ,war
between the Romans and Pyn-hus, king of
Epirus.
Appian way. The great Roman high-
way constructed by tli5 above-mentioned
A|jpius Olaudius, from Home to Capua, and
afterwards extended to Brmidmiium, and
hnished B.C. 31-2. It was built of stones four
or five feet long, carefully Joined to each
other, covered with gravel, furnished with
stones for mounting and descending from
horseback, with milestones, and with houses
at which to lodge.
9P-pla'ud, r.f. & i. [In Fr. & Port, op-
plaudir : Hp. uplaudir: Ital. applauderc, aii-
plaiidire : Lat. aijplaudo = to strike upon, to
clap, especially to clap the hands in token of
applause : nd = to, and plaudo = to clap
strike, beat ; cognate with laiido = to praise
(aiis= praise ; also with Eng. lond.] [Loud.]
A. Transitive :
1. To express approbation of, or admiration
lor, by clapping the hands.
" 1,"°"''! ^PPtaud thee to the very echo
That should applaud again."
Shakesp. : .Wtel>et>i, v. 3.
2. To express approbation of, or admiration
for, in any other way.
" y°"l"'5\S'" '""<'"■ "" '» till' attempt,
Applaud the name of Henry, with your leader
{Ther/ all 0)7/— Henry !) "'
Shakesp. : 3 Henry IT., iv. 2
B. /iiiiTOts. ; To expre.ss approval by clap-
ping the hands. '^
". . . All hearts
Applaudeii." Tennyson : Enid i Oer.
ap-pla'ud-er, ». [Eng. applaud; -er.] One
who applauds.
"I had the voice of my single rejuion againiit it
drowned in the voices of a nmltitude of applauders"
—hlanmll ; heapsis ticientijica.
ap-pla'ud-ing, pr. par. & a. [Applaud.]
ap-plau'se, s. [In Port. & Ital. appkmso;
Sp. uplaiiso : Lat. applausns, pa. par. of ap-
plaitdc Or from ad = to, and plansus = the
noise of clapping or striking two bodies to-
gether; iilavdo = to clap.]
1. Among tlie aiicient Romans: Certain
methoil.s of expressing a].plause, had recourse
to in tlie theatres and elsewhere. There were
three kinds of it : (1) bombvs = a humming
or buzzmg noise ; (2) imbrices = noises made
wif;h the hollow hands; and (3) testir = the
striking of the flat portion of the hands
together afl;er the manner of two testx (tiles).
2. Now: High approbation expressed by
clapping the hands, beating the ground with
the feet, giving forth huzzas, or in some similar
JZ!''- ""I'l'naV'"'";'' ""^ received witli loud ap-
plause. —Macaulaj/ : //ist. Eng., ch. xi.
• ap-pla'u-sion, s. [Eng. appfo „>(„); .jo^ j
Congratulation. (Puttenliam : Eng. Poesie
bk. 1., ch. XXVI.) '
♦ap-pla'u-sire, a. [Eng. ■o2)2;tol(s(e) ,- -ive.]
Applauding, commendatory.
" SSl'ff • 'iPl'tauxive, each sly vermin sees
That b.ilk3 tlie snare, yet battJns on the cheese "
Scut ; The Poacher.
ap'-ple, <* ap -pel, s. [A.S. aipl, aipel, wppel
ccppttl, appel, appl. apul ; Sw. dple ; Dan. able ■
], ^A^',"*^; "»'=''' ^«''- "VM; O. H. Ger
t ,•' T,*?-/"?,';/^''- Giel\Mall; Irish
abhal ubhal; Wei. afal; Armor, aval; Russ
gabloko; PohshjaUko; Bohem. gabUco, g^l.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Liferalli/ :
1. A well-known fruit ; also the tree on
which It grovvs. The fruit is that of thePj, ™
■malus or Crab Apple, when modified and im-
proved by long cultivation or grafting IAppi f
TREE.] The apple was kno™ to Ihe class^S
nations of antiquity, the Greeks caulnglt
.uTjA.oi' {Dielon), Doric jxaAof (tiialoii), aud tli^
Latins ■nictlum. These words, however, with
the aualogous Latin one, 2iomum, were proiierly
generic terms, comprehending several kinds
of fruit. The varieties of the apple anmunt
to thousands rather than hundreds, and they
maybe multiplied almost indefinitely by arti-
ticially applying the pollen of one to the stigma
of another. Besides being common in gardens,
the ai^ple is cultivated in orchards, which are
specially numerous in Herefordshire and the
adjacent counties, the cider- country. [Cider.]
It is generally propagated by being grafted on
crab-stocks.
"Ac quaiie here apples ripe ben."
Story ofGenesia and Exodus (ed. Ske.xt), 1.129.
" If tlie matter depended aluDe ui)on me,
His apples might haug till they dropp'd from tlie
tree," Cowper: Pitii Poor Africans.
2. Scripture : Probably the fruit of the
Citron-tree (Citrvs mcdica). [Apple-tree.]
"... comfort me with apples ." — Sonff of
Sol. ii. 5.
*3. Apple of Love : What is now called the
Love Apple (q.v.). It is the Lycopersicum
eticulentum.
" Apples of love are of three sorts, ."^Morti-
tner : Hasbandri/.
4. Apple of Sodom : A plant growing near
the Dead Sea, thus described by Josej)hus ;—
" . . . and the traces for shadows] of the five citiea
are still to be seen, aa well as the ashes growing in
their fruits, which fmits have a colour as if they were
fit to be eaten; hut if you pluck them with your
hands they dissolve into smoke and ashes. "—IKftisioJi ;
Josepkus's Wars qf the Jews, bk. iv., chap, viii., §4.
.'iPPLE OF SODOM (sOLAXCM SODOMEUM).
1. Branch in flower (one-fourth natural size). 2. R\m
fruit.
Some suppose the description to refer to the
Solanum Sodoineim, a plant of the Nightshade
genus and others to the CaJotrojyis w^ocera
one of the Asclepiads.
IL Figuratively :
1 Apple of the eye: The pupil of the eye,
called apple probably from its rotundity.
■'Keep my commandments, aud live- anrl mv i^.i,
as the apple of thine eye.--p;-o" vii 2 ' ^
2. Apple Of discord : Anything, not nefns-
sarily an apple or even a fruit, which, intro-
daced into a nation, church, family, or other
society, produces dissension among its mem-
bers. The expression is founded on the
0 assical myth that Eris. the godc^ess of strifb
on one occasion flung into a meeting of the
S?b ?f goddesses a golden apple inscribed
with the words, "For the fairest." It pro-
nrwh\S?+t-^^^^°"r'^^ ^'^°°e the female deities.
of whom three-Juno, Minerva, and Venus-
contended for it, the last-named being the
successful competitor. °
E, Technically :
. 1. Bot. Apj>le or Pome : The English name
lomim'Cv.r' '" *"' ''^' "' *"'* ^
2- ■ffe''- Apple of Grenada: The Pome-
granate (Punica granatum). (Gloss, of Her.)
t For such words as Alligator Amle
Custard Apple, ic, see Alligator, CusTrBD;
thf ^?i?®i'-®'''^' '■ '^^'' J="Sl«Ii name of
the hillardiera, a genus of Australian plants
spiS" orterPittosporace*, or Ktto-
=t=^'?Pj®'*'i*S'**' '■ ^ ^"'"te cottonv sub-
stance found upon the trunks of apple-trees
It IS produced by one of the Aphite the
imSntllS"^' ^^"''"^"^^ '=-™ - t'e
254
apple— appliedly
apple-blossom, s. The "blossom of the
apple-tree. (Generally in the plural.)
" The farmhouse peeping from among bee-hives and
apple-blossoms."— lUacaulai/ : Hist. Emj. , ch. xv.
apple-brandy, or apple-jack, s.
Brandy made from apples. (American.)
apple -butter, s. A preserve (according
to Bartlett, a sauce) made of apples stewed in
cider.
apple-crook, s. A crook for gathering
apples from tlie tree.
"The appelcroke drawinge touriuentis to synfiil
m^n/'—WycUffe: Prvfat. Epist., p. 70.
apple-graft, s. A graft from the apple-
tree inserted in tlie stock of some allied species.
" We haye seen three-and-tweuty sorts of apple-
grafts upon the same old plant, moat of them adorned
with fruit,"— Bo,'/?e.
apple-harvestj s.
1. A harvest of apples ; the gathering of
apples.
2. The time when apples are gathered.
" The apple-harvest that doth longer last."
Ben Joiison: Forest, lii.
apple-jack, ^. [Apple-brandy.]
apple-john, s. A kind of apple late in
coming to maturity, and preserved in a
shrivelled state for consumption during the
winter.
"What the devil hast thou brought there? a23plc-
Johiis? tbou linow'st, Sir John cannot endure an
a/jple-Johji." — Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., ii. 4.
apple-moth, s. A species of moth be-
longing to the family Tortricidie. It is the
Tortrix pomano.na.
apple-pie, s. A pie consisting of apples
enclosed within a crust.
Apjile-pje heel : A bed made with the sheets
so doubled as to prevent a person getting his
legs between them. Commonly supposed to
be so named from its resemblance to an ajiple
turnover, but really from Fr. plie = folded.
A/yple-pie order: Perfect order. (Colloquial )
^ The expression is probably a corruption
of Cap-a-pie.
apple-snail, s. An English synonym of
the genus of shells called Ampullaria.
apple-tree, s.
1. Pyrus riudiLS. The tree of which apples
are the fruit. It is the crab apple-tree, a
member of the British flora, much altered V)y
centuries of cultivation. [Apple, A., I. 1 ;
Crab-apple.]
2. The apph-trec of Scrijyture, in Heb. Ti^BB
(tappd(jch), from the root rTp3 (iiaplidch) = to
breathe, also to emit a scent. Apparently nut
CITRUS MEDICA (APPLE OF SCRIPTURE).
1. Citrus Jledica in fruit (one-seventh its natural size).
2. Cross section of fruit.
the apple-tree, the fruit of which is indifferent
in Palestine, L'xcept on Mount Lebanon ; but
the c\tTon-tTec.(Citr I' s medico), the only species
of the Orange tribe known to the ancients.
"As the apple-tree among the trees of the wootl,
."—Song of .Solomon, ii. 3.
apple-woman, s. A woman who sells
apples, exhibited by her on a sttiU or other-
wise.
"Yonder are two apple-women scolding, and just
ready to uucoif one another."— J rbathnot & Pope.
applc-yar^l, s. A place enclosed for the
cultivation of apples ; an orchard.
' ap'-ple, V. i. [From the substantive.] To
form like an apple.
"The cabbage tumep is of two kinds; one apples
above ground, and the other in it." ~ Marshall : Oar-
deiiing.
' ap-ple'is, v.t. [O. Fr. applaire.] To satisfy,
to conteut. to please. (Scotch.)
" Gif thou wakl cum to hevynis bliss,
Thyself applets with sober rent."
Jiannatyne Poems, p. 186. {Jamieson.)
- ap'-pler-in-gy, ^ ap -pler-in-gie, s.
[Etymology not apparent.] Southernwood
(Artemisia abrotanv m). (Si.'otrh.) (Jamie-
son.)
"The window looked into a small garden rank with
apleringg and other fragrant herbs.' —air A. Wi/lie.
* ap-pli'-a-ble, a. [Eng. apply ; suff. -able. ]
" 1. Pliable. (Scotcli.) (Colkelbie Lore.)
(Jamieson.)
2. Capable of being applied. (Now Applic-
able is used in its room.)
"All that I have said of the heathen idolatry is
(ipjjHable to the idolatry of another sort of men in
the world."— Sow(ft.
ap-pli'-anpe, s. [Eng. apply; -ance]
1. The act of applying.
" Have you done this, by the appNance
And aid of doctors?"
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, i.
2. Anything applied ; an application.
"... the aiJ/J^^'ii^crs and aids for producing which
they serve to transmit."— J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ.,
vol. 1., bk. i , cha^. xii,, § 3.
ap-pli-ca-bil'-i-ty, s [Eng. applkalle;
-it!/.] Tlie quality of being applicable to any-
universal truth and of universal applicability." -
Times, Nov. I6th, 1877.
1" It is often followed by to.
"... which charge is certainly not true as respects
Polybius, whatever appHcabiliCt} it may have to the
others." — Lewis : Early Jiom. Elst., chap, ii., § 7.
ap'-pli-ca-ble, a. [In Fr. apjdicahh: ; Sp.
aplicahle; Ital. applicahile.'] AVhieh may be
applied, or which is proper or suitable to lie
apiilied to anything.
"But a law which merely alters the criminal pro-
cedure may with perfect propriety be made applicable
to past as well as to future otlences."- J/acaw?((j/.-
Hist. Eng , chap, xvi
ap'-pli-ca-ble-ness, s. [Eng. appjlicahle ;
-ricss\] The quality of being applicable to tiny-
thing. Applicability.
" The knowledge of salts may possibly, by that little
part which we have already delivered of its apjAica-
bleness, be of use in natural philosophy."— iJoi/ie.
* ap'-pli-ca-bly, aciv. {^ng. applicable ; -ly.]
In an applicable manner. Of such a chai'acter,
or in such a manner, that it may be fitly
applied. (Johnson.)
ap'-pli-can-9y, s. [Lat appHcans.'] [Appli-
cant.] The quality or state of being ai-tplicable.
ap'-pli-cant, s. [Lat. appilicans, pr. par. of
appAico = (1) to join or fasten ; (2) to consult
with ; (3) to direct intently towards, tu apply
to.]
1, One who applies for anything ; as for a
situation, for charitable relief, &r.
2. A pupil remarkable for ajiplication to
study. (American.)
■^ ap'-pli-cate, v.t. [Lat. applicatus ~ lying
npon or clnse to, attached to ; pa. par. of
applico = to join nr fasten.] To apply to.
" The act of faith is /t/i/fliciitcf/ to the object accord-
ing to the nature of It"— Pearson: On tlie C'reeil,
Art. iX.
ap'-pli-cate, a. & s. [Lat. applicattis, 1:1a. par.
of ap2Jllcd.]
1. ^Is adj. (Ordinary Language): Applied.
(Isaac Taylor.)
2. As suhst. (Math.): A straight line dra^vn
across a curve, so as to bisect its diameter,
applicate number. One applied to a
concreti-' case.
applicate ordinate. A straight line
ajipliedat right angles to the axis of a parabola,
t41ipse, or hj-perbolo, and bounded by the
■curve.
ap-pli-ca'-tion, s. [In Fr. appUction;^ Sp.
ajilicoxdon; Port, apj^licagao; Ital. applicasione;
Lat. applicatio = a binding, a .ioining to ;
applico = to join to : ad = to, and. plico = to
fold together.] [Apply.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of applying (followed by to).
1. The act of literally applying one thing to
another in a mechanical manner.
"What we here do by the application of a metal
plate of determinate length and curvature, we do on
- the earth by the measurement of a degree of 'variation
in the altitude of the pole." — Herschcl: Astron , loth
ed. (1669), § 218.
2. The act of placing one line or figure above
another, not mechanically, but mentally.
(B. I., Geotn.)
3. Close attention to study ; the act or pro-
cess of appljing the mind to anything with
which it desires to occupy itself.
" Of studious application, self-imposed,
Books were her creditors."
WordAiioorth : Excursion, bk. vi.
"I cannot say whether it is a felicity or im-
happiness, that I am obliged at this tijne to give my
whole applicatibn to Homer . , ." — Pope: Letter to
■Blount (1717).
4:. The use of certain means to gain an end.
" If a right course be taken with children, there will
not be much need of the application of the common
rewards and punishments."— Zticte.
5, The employment or a statement, nai-ra-
tive, anecdote, fable, or anything similar as a
means of inculcating a moral lesson. [B. 3.]
"This principle acts with the greatest force in the
worst appticatHm^ and the familiarity of wicked men
more successfully debaaiches than that of good men
reforms. " — Rogers.
6. A soliciting, petitioning, or asking for
anything.
"It should seem very extraordinary that a patent
should be passed upon the tcpplicurioii of a poor, pi i v.ite,
obscure mechanick." — Swift.
II. The state of being applied in any of the
foregoing senses.
" There is no stint which can be set to the value or
merit of the sacrificed I lody of Christ ; it hath u.j
measured cert-iinty of limits ; bounds of efficacv unto
life it knoweth none, but is also itself infinite m pos-
sibility of application."— Hoolcer.
III. Anything applied.
" Lend me an arm ; — the rest have worn me out
With several applications ■ — natui'e and sickness
Debate it at their leisure."
Sluikesp.: All's Well tlutt Ends Well, i 2.
B, Techniccdly :
1. Geom. : The act of mentally ^ilacing one
line above another, or a figure above another
one of the same dimensions ; or of applying
one figure to another of the same area, but of
different form ; or of transferring a given line
into a circle or other figure, so that its ends
shall be in the peiimeter of that figure.
2. Theol. : The divine act of placing the
merits of Christ to the account of sinners for
their justification. (Bp. Hall.)
3. Public spcaJcing, and especially preaclunn :
That portion of a discourse or address in winch
the general principles or important truths laid
before the audience are applied to their indi-
vidual case. It generally constitutes the con-
clusion of a discourse. [Perohatioji. ]
ap'-pli-ca-tive, «. [Eng. applicate; -U'c]
Which applies.
"The applicative command for putting in execution
is in the will." — Bramhall against Bobbes.
ap'-pli-ca-tor, s. [Eug. appUcat^e) ; -or.]
One who* applies. (Gauden : Tears of the
Church, p. 294.)
ap'-pli-ca-tor-i-ly, adv. [Eng. applicator y ;
-ly.] Like that which is .tpplicatory ; by way
ot application, by its being applied. (Moim-
tagu : Appeale to Ca^ar, p. 194.)
ap'-pli-ca-tor-y, a. & 6 [Eng. applicate :
-ory.]
1. As adjective: Cont^aining an application ;
applying.
2. As substantive : That which applies.
"There are but two ways of applying the death of
Christ: faith is the inward applicatorg, and if there
be any outward, it must be the sacraments."— fa M?or ■
Worthy Communicaiit.
ap-pli'ed, pa. par. & a. [Apply.]
applied science. Science of which the
abstract principles are put to practical use in
the arts.
" ap-pli'-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. applied; -ly.]
In a manner which may be applied;
"It is not but in such acts as be of themselves, or
appUedlg. .icti of religion and piety. "~J/oi(ii(aCTw .■
App.toCa^.,l\2<ir.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire» sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh^, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, oe — e, ey = a. q.u = kw.
applier— apport
25b
s. [Eng. apply ;
ap-pli'-er, * ap-ply'-er,
•c/'.] One who applies.
"For his own part, he said, he detested both the
author and the applyer alike."— Conf. at Hampton
Court, p. 49.
'^ ap-pli'-ment, s. [Eug. cpphj ; -ment.] Ap-
plication,
"These will -wrest the doings of any man to their
own liase ajid malicious apptiments." — Introduction to
Marnton's Malcontent,
ap-ply', -ap-pli'e, *a-ply', v.t. & l. [Eng.
ply. (Ply.) In Fr. appliquer; 0. Fr. applier ;
Hri. aplicar ; Port, appliacr ; Ital. applicare;
Lat. appllco = to join or fasten, to attach to :
ad = to, and plico =■ to fold, to lay flat ; root,
plak = to twist.]
A, Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Mechanically to place one thing upon
another, or adjust it to that other.
(a) As a single act :
" The warder nt the door his key applies,
Shoots back the bolt, and all his courage dies."
Cowper : Hope.
t (b) As a scries of acts : To ply, as an oar or
the feet in walking.
" A varlet mnning towardes hastily,
Whose flying feet .so fast their way fjvilii'd.
That round about a cloud of dust did lly."
Spenser : F. Q., il. iv. ZT.
2. To do SO mentally. [B. 1., Geom.'[
* 3. To bend to, submit to.
'■ In pees hys centre haklyng full manly,
Non durste hys heste breke, but to hym aiiph/."
Tfie Romans of Partenay (ed. Skeut), .'■),:;i:;-X3.
* 4. To keep employed. (For this we now
use Ply, q.v.)
"She was skilful in apphiing his humours, never
suffering fear to fall to despair, nor hope to hasten to
a ssur anc e . ' '—Ski 1 1 <;.'/ .
5. To dUvrt t\w attention to, to fix the
mind or heart upon.
"Xe other worldly busines did apply."
Spenser: F. (I., II. x. 46.
" Apply thine heart unto instruction, and thine ears
to the words nf knowledge,"— /'ron. xxiii. 12.
■I This is the only sense in which apply is
usi-'d in the English Bible.
6. To address to.
" Sacred vows and mystic song apptu'd
To grisly Pluto and his gloomy bride."
-Pope.
7. To use as means for the attainment of
an end ; for instance —
(a) To give medicine to a diseased or torpid
body. {Lit. <&■ fig.)
" Even now the stimuliints which he applied to his
tnriiitl and feeble party produced some faint syniptuins
<>t returning ainmatiun."
Llijijj. xiii.
- Mac't aluy Hist. Eng. ,
{})) To expend money for a certain object, or
put it to a specified use.
" The profits thereof might be applied towards the
support of the year." — Clarendon.
8. Formallytii pniiit out or ta(_-itly to suggest
the reference or suitability of a statement dr
principle to a certain per-^on or thing ; also tn
use science for the regulation and improve-
ment of art. [Applied.]
" Thi? brought the death of your father to remem-
bi-ance, and 1 repeated the \-ifrses which I formerly
applied to him." — Bryden: Fablv:
"I had never deliberately "pp/ii-d these views to a
species t-aken singly."— /*(uv(7"/z Descent of Jfan, pt.
1., chap. i.
9. Tu have recourse to, in the liope of being
able to obtain assistance. (Now generally
used intransitively.) [B., 2.]
II. Technically :
1. Geom. : Mentally to place one line or
figure upon another one, and adjust the two
together in a prescribed way.
"For if the triangle A B C be applied to D E F. so
that the point A may be on D, and the straight line
A B upon D E . . .'^—Euclid, Bk. I., Prop. 4.
2. Theol. : To place to thft sinner's account
the merits of Christ for juatiflcation.
B. Intransiti-Ve :
1. To suit, to agree, to harmonise with, to
-bear analogy to> to refer to, to have some con-
nection with.
" Would it apply well to the vehetnency of your
affection that I should win what you would eujoyi" —
Sliakesp. : Merry Wives, ii, 2.
2. To have recourse to, as a petitioner for
some kind of aid, or for some favour or right.
" I had no thoughts of apph/ing to any but himself ;
he desired 1 would speak to QtheTS."Swift.
* ap-ply', b [Plight.] Plight, condition.
[Scotrh.)
" They found him in a good appli/.
Both hay and com and bread hn:
Sir Egeir, p. 4.J.
1 by."
(Jarfiicson.)
ap-ply'-ing, pr. par. [Apply.]
ap-pog-gi-a'-to, Li., adv., & s. [Ital. appog-
giato = propped; appoggiata, appoggiatoio,
appoggio = i^rop, support., defence.] [Appo-
GTATURA.] A sustaining of the voice in pass-
ing from one note to another. [Portamento.]
ap-p6g-gi-a-tu'r-a, a-p6g-gi-a-tu'r-a,
a-p6-gi-a-tu'r-a, 5. [Ital. In Fi*. appog-
giaturc. From Ital. uppoggiare = to lean
upon : ad = to, and poggiare = to ascend ;
poggio — a hill, cliff, ascent; Lat. podii(m =
an elevated place, a height.]
Music : A grace-note consisting of a sound
situated a semitone or tone above or below
that to which it is affixed, occurring usually
on an accented portion of a bar, and \VTitten
as if extraneous to its contents.
, Written.
Rendered.
^m
5Fi
^
^ttt:
J 1 [-
tt
-e>Tfc5
^1^
^^;
ap-poi'nt, * a-p6y'nte, * ad-p6^'nte,
v.t. & i. [Fr. appointer, from point, polnte =
a point; O. Fr. apiointcr = to prejiare, to
arrange ; Prov. apontnr, apoittar, apvintar ;
Sp. apnniar — to point, to denote or appoint,
... to sharpen: Ital, appiintare=^io sew,
to sharpen, ... to flx, appoint; Low Lat.
rippuiui" = to bring back to the point ; Class.
Lat. aii=to, and p)inrtuia, accus. of jiunctus
or puiictum= (1) a pricking, a stinging, (2) a
point ; pungo, pupugx, punctun ~ to prick,
to puncture.] [Appoijjter.]
A. Transit ire :
1. Ordinary Langtiage :
"' 1. To point to or at.
" Appoint not heavenly disposition,"
Mihon : Samson Agonistef.
2. To decree, to ordain; hence to make
secure, to settle.
(a.) To decree, to fix, to ordain, by divine or
by human authority ; as the arrangements in
natm-e, those for divine worship, times, places,
or anything similar.
" He appointed the moon fur seasons," — Ps. civ. 10.
"And theLord appointed a set time, saving, To-
Bhall do this thing hi the' land."—
ny people
"It was tlieir nmiuubted prerogative to regulate
coin, weight--, .ind mea-iiuv-. jiud tu appoint fairs,
markets, and iiuTt-i."--M>t<jiiu!ay : Ili^t. Eng., ch. i,
(?') To make secure, to establish, to settle.
when he appointed the foundations of the
earth . , ."—Prov. viii, -.l-j.
3. To nominate liy competent authority to
an office ; or tci do temporary service. (Fol-
lowed by twn objectives— one of the person
nominated, and tlie other of the office.)
Lord
4. To allot, to assign, or adjudge to one a
portion, wages, or an office or dignity. (Fol-
lowed—
(a) By an objective of the thing given, and
to or u7ito before the person receiving it :
•'And I (7/)/)omit -unto you a kingdom, as my Father
hatn appointed unto me."— iuftc xxii. 20,
(&) By two objectives ; there being an ellip-
sis of the to or vnto.)
L "■ ■.. ■ ..^"'^ ap),oint him his portion with the
hypocrites. —Matt. xxiv. 51.
5. To command, to enjoin.
"... and ordain elders in every city, as I had,
appoaitedtae^. —Titus i, 5.
6. To equip, to supply, to furnish with all
things necessary to efficiency,
X J' ^^^^^'J^il^^' ^?^°S well appointed, did so entertain
them, that their ships departed terribly torn "-Hav-
ward. "
IL Teclinicailn : To make a conveyance
altering the disposition of landed property
and assigning it to a specified person.
B. Intransitive: To decree, to arrange-
fixedly to resolve.
*,," So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam.
the third day, as the king had appointed, savine*
Come to me agam the third day."— i icings xii, 12.
" For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good
counsel of Achitophel . , ."_2 Sam. xvii. u.
ap-p6i'nt-a-ble, a. [Eng. appoint: -able]
That may be appointed. (Federalist : Maddi-
son.) (Webster's Diet.)
ap-p6i'nt-«d, 7'a. par. & a. [Appoint.]
" Is there not an appointed time to man upon earth ?"
— Job vii. 1.
ap-p6in-te'e, s. [Eng. appoint, -ec; Fr.
* appointe, pa. par. oiappointer.']
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : One who has received an appoi:nt-
ment.
2. Spicc. : Formerly, a foot-soldier in the
French army who, on account of his lojig ser-
vice and tried corn-age, received higher pay
than his comrades of the same grade, A
lance-corporal.
IL Technically (Law) :
1. In the same sense as I. 1.
2. A person, in whose favour a power of
appointment is executed. (Wharton.)
"But the usual course now is for some one to procure
letters of patenij, or other authority from the king,
— ,1 il — 4.1 J ,.* 4. -j^g administration
-BlacJi:stone : Com-
appointee (ap-p8i'n-ta), a. [Fr. appointe,
pa. par. of appoiiUir.] [Appoint.]
Her.: Pointed. (Applied to things which
touch at the points or ends ; as two swords
touching each other at their points or tips.)
ap-p6i'n-ter, * ap-p6y'nc-ter, *. [Eng
apipoint; -cr.] One who aiipoints.
■' That this queen was the first appointer of this
chaste attendance [eunuchs] for her bed-cliamber, Am-
mianua testifleth.'— (?rci70''
ap-p6int'-ing, pr. par.
Posthuma, p. 134.
[Appoint.]
ap- point- ment, * a-poynte'-ment, s.
[Fiom Late Lat. appunctuame)ituni. In Fr.
appointcment ; Sp. apiintaniiento.]
A. Ordinary Language:
1. The act of appointing; the act of fixing
any 'arrangements by divine or human decree,
edict, or command, or by mutual stipulation.
Specially :
* 1. Tlie aet of making preparations of any
kind.
2. The act of ordering or commanding any
one ; order, direction, injunction.
"At the •i(>/'oin.tmi.-n/ of Aaron and his sons shall be
all the sei-TiCL- uf the &ons of the Gershonites, in all
their burdens, . , ."—ymnO. iv. 27.
ttment of Absalom this hath
— 2 Sam. xiii. 33.
3. The act of arranging for a meeting to-
gether ; an assignation.
"... for they had made an (2p7Joi«'7ne7rf together
to come and moiun with him," — Jotj ii, ii.
4. Tlie act of nominating to any office.
"But such appointments could no longer be made
without seriuus inconvenience." — J/acauZai/ .- Hint.
Eyig., ch. xi,
II. The state of being appointed.
III. That to which one is appointed, or
which is appointed to one. (Gen. d; Spec.)
Specially :
1. A situation, an olfi.ce,
2. Equipment, dress, furniture, arras, arma-
ment.
" They have put forth the haven : further on.
Where their appointment we may best discover
And look on their endeavour."
Sliakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, iv. 10-
If Sometimes it is used in the plural.
" -^ fish was taken in Polonia : such an oue as repre-
sented the whole appearance and appointments of a
bishop. —Gregory : Posth. (1650), p. 123.
3. (Plur.) Certain allowances paid to one
in virtue of his holding a particular office ;
perquisites.
"Tyrconnel began to rule his native country with
the power aud appointments of lord lieutenant but
with the humbler title of lord deputy. "—Macaulav ■
Btst. Eng., ch, vi, '
B. Technically (Law) :
1. A devise for a charitable use. (Black-
stone: Comment., bk. ii,, ch. 23.)
2. An instrument or deed deriving validity
from a previous deed, and operating as a con-
veyance by limiting or altering previous uses.
Power of appointment : The earlier of the
two deeds just mentioned— that which eives
force to the other.
^ ap-p6'rt, v.t. & i. [Fr. apportcr.]
A. Trans. : To bring, tn produce.
B. Intrans. : To arrive at one's destination.
bSil bolr; poTit. jo^l; 6at, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect. Xenophon, exist T!^
-cian.-tian=8han. -tton, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious. -clous = shus. -ble, -dle7&c
= bel, del.
256
apporter— appreciatory
* ap-p6'r-ter, js. [Fr. api>orfcr = to bring, to
L'onvey ; Ital. apfortun- ; Lat. "/ij'urtv = to
bring or carry to: ad=-h>, and p"rto-= to
carry (sx>ec., something heavy) ] One who im-
ports or carries anything (into the country).
^ Now Importer (q.v.)-
"This makes only the apportcm tbyuiselves, their
.iklers, .ibettors and assistants, tr.utnrs ; luA those
who receive it at second liaiid. "—//'/;:'; //«c. PI. Ci:,
ch. 20.
ap-pb'r-tion, r.t. ("Lat m7 = to, and portio
— a portion.] [Portion, Part.]
Orel Lang. & Lav : To mete out in just pro-
portions ; to share among several persons ui
several things in suitable proportion.
"Christ proportions several degi'ees of punishment
in the other world, which he apportions to the degrees
of deatli which had ever been among the Jews."—
Jeremy Taylor: Worlcs (ed. 1839), vol. iii., p. 40.
ap-pb'r-tion-ate, v.i. [Eng. oppnrtinn ;
-aU.] To apportion. {Racket: Lije of Jill-
lianis, p. 275.)
ap-po'r-tion-ate-ness, s. [Eng. aiyportion;
' 'Ot^', -ness.] The quality of being iu just pro-
portion to something else.
"There is not a surer evidence of tlie apportion-
ateness of the English liturgj- to the end to which
it was designed, than the contrary fates which it hath
under gone." — Bammond: Pref. to View of the JS'ew
Directory.
ap-pb'r-tioned, pat par. & a. [Apportion.]
ap-p6'r-tion-er, s. [Eng. aiq>ortioit ; -tr.]
One who apportions, (Webster.)
ap-pb'r-tion-ihg, pr. par. [Apportion.]
ap-pb'r-tion-ment, s [Eng. apportion;
--incut.]
Ord. Lang. & Law: Tlie act of meting out
anything, the rent of a house, for instance, in
just proportions among several owners. The
distributing anything among several persons
according to their just claims ; also, the state
of being so meted out.
"It is even possible to conceive that in this original
apporlionmonf. compensation might be mode for the
injiirjes of nature."— J^. S. Mill: PoJit. Econ., vol. i.,
bk. ii., chap, i., S 2.
t ap-pb '-§ial, ^ ap-pb'-§ale, s. [Eng. ap-
pose; -al.]
Law. Apposrd of Sheriff's : A charging
sheriffs with money received on their account
in the Excheqiier. {Glossog. Nov., (&c.)
* ap-pb'se, v.t. [Fr. apposer — to affix, to put
to ; Port, apjior ; Lat. appono = to put at or
near to. ] [Apposite. ]
1. To apply to.
"By malign putrid vapours, the nutriment is ren-
dered nimpt of being ajjposed to the parts." — Harvey.
2. To question, to examine.
^ Now written Pose (q v,).
". . . to the end they may be apposed of those
things which of themselves they are desirous to utter."
—B'lvon.
ap-p6'-§ier, 5. [Eng. appose ; -er. ]
1. Gen. : One who questions another or
others. (Now, Poser.)
n. Speclalhj :
^ 1. A bishop's examining chaplain. {Weh-
ster.)
2. A certain officer of the Excheipier. whose
full designation is foreign a.pposer.
ap'-p6-site, a. [Lat. appositus, pa. ]>ar of
appono = to put or lay at or near, to apply to :
ud = to, and pono = to put.]
'^ 1. Added. (Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.)
2. Peculiarly applicable to ; suitable to
time, place, persons, and circumstances.
"The dnke's delivery of his mind was not so sh:irp,
as solid and grave, and apjjosite to the times and occa-
sions."— Wotton.
" This contrast, not unsuitable to life,
Is to that other atate more uppo'iite."
Wordsioortlt : Excursion, bk. v.
ap'-pb-site-ly, adv. [Eng. apposite; -ly.]
In an apposite manner ; fitly, suitably, appro-
pi-iately.
" He . . . quoted the New Testament djJ/iosife^;/."
—Afaraulay; lllst. Eng., chap, xxiii.
ap'-p6-§ite-ness, s. [Eng. apposite ; -ness.)
The quality of being apposite ; fitness, suit-
ableness, appropiiateness.
" Judirment is either concernine things to be kno^vn,
or of thfngs done, of their conemity, fitness, rightness,
apposUeness." — I/ale : Origin^of ManKinJ
ap-po-si'-tion, s. [In Gcr. &L Fr. "pposition ;
yp. aposicion ; Port, apjiusinni ; Itul. tipjwsi-
zioih: : from Lat. oj>posltio.]
A. Ordinary Langiia-ge :
1. Tlie act of placing to or adding to.
2. Tlie state of being placed to or added to.
", , . certain lioiies, placed more or less in n^j;^o-
sition with it." — Flower : Osteal, of Marmnalia, p. 12.
£. Technically:
• Gram. : The placing of two nouns or pro-
nouns which are in the same case in juxta-
position with each other, without, however,
connecting them by a conjunction. The word
placed in apposition to the other does not so
much add a completely new idea to that con-
veyed by the first one, as it explains that
first, Exani^jles ; "She walks a queen," " It
is I," " Hamlet, Prince of Denmark." In
these sentences qvccn is in apposition with
she, I with it, and Prince witli Hamlet. She, I.
and Prince-aie all in the nominative case.
* ap-p6-§i'-tion-al. a. [Eng. oppmdton;
-al.] Relating to apposition ; in apposition.
"The apposi^iona? construction Ls in reality a matter
of concord rather than of ^unAet."— Latham : Eng.
Lang. (5th ed.), p. 601.
* ap-pd§'-i-tivo, u. [Eng. apposit(e); -ive.]
Apposite.
"The words iu the iiarenthesis lieing only apposUive
to the words gomg inimediateiy hef ove."--Ii:natcJtbvll :
Tr., p. 42.
ap-pby'nt, v.t. [Appoint.]
ap-prai'§e (1), ^ ap-prize, * ap-pri'se,
V. i. [Fr. apprecier — (1) to value, (2) ti > appre-
ciate, to estimate ; O, Fr. apreiscr, opreisier,
apnsier, aproisier : Si), n/ireriar ; Foii,. a'pjrre-
cior ; Ital. appre~i'ire: Lat oppretio={\) to
value, to apjuaise, {•!) to purchase, (3) to ap-
Ijropriate : ad = to, and pretio = to prize ; pre-
fn(m— price.] [Apprize, Appreciate, Price,
& Prize.] To value any kind of property,
especially by means of persons acting under
the authority of the law, or by mutual agree-
ment of the parties concerned. (Glossog.
Nov. )
". . , to n)ipi->zr all the goods that were in the
house."— Bp, Hntr Account of Ilinisel.1.
t ap-prai'se (2), v.t. [Formed from Eng,
pi-oAsa (q.v.).] To praise. (Poetic.)
" A2)pr a iscd the Jjycinn cnntoni, . . ."
Tennyson: The Pnnci-ss. ii,
ap-prai,^ed (1), * ap-pri zed, " ap-
pri'sed, * ap-pri'§-it, pa. par. [Ap-
praise (1).]
t ap-pra'ised (2), pa. par. [Appraise (2).]
ap-pra'i§e-ment, * ap-prise-ment, s.
[Eng. appraise; -hient.]
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of apjiraising ; the
state of being appraised ; that at which any-
thing is appraised. (DycJie.)
2. Lav:: The act of appraising or valuing
goods. Formerly, in the case of treasure
trove, wrecks, waifs, and strays seized by the
king's officer for the sovereign's use, a com-
mission of appraisement was issued by the
royal excliequer to value the goods, and if
after proclamation had twice been nnide no
claimant ai>peared, they were then declared'
derelict, and forfeited to the crown. Similar
appraisement took place when the goods of a
transgressor against the laws were forfeited
and his goods secured for the public use, even
if he had personally escaped the reach of
justice. (Blackstone: Co7nm., bk. iii., L-h, 17.)
"There issued a commi&iion of appraisement to
vahie the goods in the officer's hiiuds."—Bl<ickstone.
"For their price: By law, they ought to take as
they can agree with the subject : By abuse, they take
at an imposed and enforced price : By law, they ought
to make but one appr^e7nent, by neighbours, in the
comitry : By abuse they make a second apprisetnent at
the court-gate."— fiticou.- Speech to K. James touching
Pureeyors.
a-P-pra'is-er, * ap-pri^ -er, ' ap-priz-
er, s. [Eng. appraise; -er.] One whose
occupation it is to appraise property. The
appellation is given chiefly to brokers of
household furniture, but is also applied to
all, of whatever calling, who in fact appraise
property of any kind. (Dychn.)
ap--pra'i5-ing, ap-pri'§-ing» ^ ap-pri z-
iug, pr. par. & s. [Appraise (1).]
-4* snh'^tinitive : The act of valuing by means
of persons authorised to do so.
* ap-pre-ca'-tion, s. [Lat. ojI = to, and
precatio = a praying, a prayer, from precor =
to speak as a suppliant, to ask or beg for.]
Prayer or supplication to or for.
" Such shall be the fervent apjtrecations of your
much devoted friend. "—iJ;j. Hall: Remains, p. 404.
^ ap'-pre~ca-tor-y, a. [Lat. ad = to, and
precatoTiiis = pertaining to prayer.] Relating
to prayer or supplication.
". . . how forcible shall we esteem the (not so
much apprecatory as declaratory) Ijeuedictions of our
spiritual fathers, sent to uh, out or heaven. "—^p, Ilali :
Oases of Conscience, iii. !).
ap-pre'-9i-a-ble (or ci = shi), a. [In Fr.
appreciable.]
1. Capable of being estimated and its valm^
ascertained.
(a) Used in a general sense.
"Equally conclusive and luorp readily apjrreciable
proof , , ," — Owen: British Fossil Mammals and
Birds, p. xxiii.
(b) Used specially of a quantity which,
though small, is yet large enough to enable
it to be ascertained, or at least estimated.
"... the derivative oscillation (as it may bo
termed) will be imperceptible in one case, of apjrreci-
afite magnitude iu another, , . ." — Herschel: Astron.,
5th ed. (1858), § 650
". . . the difference between the aex.et in the
amount of scarlet is so slight that it can hai-dly make
mny ap^jreciable differeace in the d-inger incurred."—
Unnvin : The Descent of Man, pt. ii., ch. xv,
2. "Worthy of being appreciated, valuable,
ap-pre'-9i-ate, * ap-pre'-ti-ate (or ci,
ti = shi), v.t. [In Fr. npjnrcicr; Sp. aprr-
cifir; Port, apjpreoiar ; Ital. opprezzare ; Lat.
appretio.] [Appraise.]
1. To value at a proper price. Snrr., to
estimate at a high price or value. (Lil\ dftrj.)
". . , utterly incapable of appreciating his higher
qualities."— J/acawidy,- Jlist. Eng., ch. xv,
". . . the mental culture necessary in order to
appreciate Homer, . , ," — Gladstone: Studies on
Bomer, vol. i., § iii,, p. '25,
2. To estimate anything, even though the
element of price enter into it only remotely;
to comprehend, to understand, accurately to
conceive.
"It is insti-uctive to endeavour to appreciate the
direction and estimate the strength of the opixjsmg
forces which in different European States will be
brought to bear ou this question." — Times, Nov, 16,
isrr.
". . . to enable us to appreciate the action of an
org;an Iu health."— Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Ana-C,
\oi. i., Introd., p. 31.
T" (a) In the United States appreciate is
used in two other senses : (1) transitive — to
raise the value of; and (2) intransitive = to
rise in value. (IVehster.)
(h) Crabb considers that while ajrpraise an<l
a.2)preciate both signify to value, a]i]<raise is
used in a literal, and appreciate in a ligurative.
sense : one appraises goods, he a.pprecioAes and
does not appraise tlie characters of men. To
estimate a thing is to gel the sum of the value
by calculation : to esteem anything is to judge
its actual and intrinsic value. Estiiaaie is
used either literally or figuratively ; esteem,
only in a moral sense : one estimate;^ losses by
tire, he esteems the cliaracter of a good man,
ap-pre'-9i-a-ted (or 51 = shi), pa. par. & a.
[Appreciate.]
ap-pre'-9i-a-txng (or ci = shi), pr. par.
[Appreciate.]
ap-pre-9i-a-tion, * ap-pre-ti-a-tion
(or ci and tl as shi), s. [In Fr. appi-eciation ;
Port, appreciagao.] [Appreciate.] The act
of estimating an5;tliing at its just value
specially if that be a high one ; tlie state of
being so valued ; the price, valuation, or esti-
mate set upon it.
" Sorrow for sm— iu appretiation they would ever
have to he exce^sive.'— /))-. Playfere : The Power of
Prayer (1617), p. 58. ^
"... a defective appreciation of colours."-
Herbert Spencer. 2.id ed., vol. ii., p. 249, § 353, Note.
11 In the United States a-ppreciation is used
also to mean a rise in value.
ap-pre'-9i-a-tive (or ci as shi), a. [Eng.
appreciate; -ive. In Fr. apprk-iatif; Port
appreciativo.] Having, containing, or imply-
ing appreciation for. (Goodrich & Porter.)
ap-pre'-9i-a-t6r-y (or ci as shi), a. [Eng.
appreciate ; -ory.] The same as Appreciative
(q.v.). (Goodrich £ Porter.)
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet. here, camel, her. there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • go pot
or, wore, woif, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule. fuU; try. Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, <au = kw *
apprehend— appressed
257
S,p-pre-hend', v.t. & i. [in Pr. apprehendre &
apprendre ; Sp. apreJiender ; Port. apprehendeVy
aprtTider ; Ital. apprcndere=^ to leara, to con-
ceive ; Lat. apprehendo = (1) to seize, (2) to
allege, (3) to comprehend : ad = to, and pre-
hendo = to take hold of, to seize. This is
from Lat. prce = before, and the same root
which appears in A.S. hentan, gehentan= to
take hold of, to pursue.]
A. Transitive :
I. 0/ physical action : To take hold of, to
grasp, to seize ; especially to seize a criminal
with the view of bringing him to justice.
"There is uotbing but hath a double handle, or at
least we have two hands to apprehend it." — Taylor.
" And when he had appreJiended him, be put him in
prison, , . ." — Actsxii. 4.
II. Of mental action ; To seize, grasp, or lay
hold of an idea or a conception ; to entertain
an emotion.
1. Of mental conceptions :
(a) To interpret, to understand but some-
what doubtfully.
"What wftH spoken metaphorically may be appre-
Jiended literally. What was spoken ludicrously may
he appreJiended Beiioualy."—Macaulay: Bht. Eng.,
chap. V.
(&) To believe, to be of opinion.
"... todo what tbey conscientiously ajjpre/iendcii
to be vrcon^V'—Macaulay : Mist. Eng., chap. xi.
2. Of emotion: To di'ead the approach of
some evil ; to look forward with anxiety to a
coming event.
"Here, therefore, the opposition had more reason
than the king to a2>prehend violence." — Macaulay :
Jlist. Eng., chap, ii,
T[ In this sense it is sometimes used im-
personally.
" It was amireliended, that, if be were now armed
with the whole power of the Crown, be would exact a
terrible retribution for what he had suffered."— J/<(-
caiilay : lliM. Eng., chap. xiii.
B. Intransitive :
1. Partially to understand.
2. To think, conceive, entertain an opinion.
(Generally followed by that.)
% (1.) Apprehend in the sense classed above
as II., 1 (a) is a much weaker word than" com-
preliend. Every one apprehends much which
he does not comprehend.
(2.) When apprehend is used in the sense
classed as No. II., 1 (b), it may be contrasted
with the verbs to conceive, to suppose, and to
imagiTie. According to Crabb, to apprehend
is simply to take an idea into the mind, as
children do ; to conceive an idea is to form
it after reflection, as is done by adults. To
apprehend and to conceive are applied only to
reality, whilst to suppose and imagine are used
of things whicli may exist only in the imagi-
nation. Apprehend expresses the weakest
kind of belief : a man is said to conceive that
on which he forms a direct opinion ; what
one sw^oses may admit of a doubt, what one
imagines may be altogether iniprobable or
impossible, and that which cannot be imagined
may be too improbable to be believed.
(Crahb : Eng. Synon.)
(3.) When apprehend is used in the sense
classed as No. II. , 2. it may be contrasted with
the verbs to fear and to dread. These rise
above each other in force after the manner of
a climax in the order apprehend, fear, dread.
We apprehend an unpleasant occurrence ; we
fear a misfortune ; we dread a calamity.
Moreover, apprehend respects things only ;
fear and dread relate to persons as well as
things. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
(4.) More (Sleep of the Soul, ii. 28) uses the
form apprend, probably metri gratia.
ap-pre-hend'-er, s. [Eng. appreliend; -er.)
One who apprehends in any of the senses of
that verb.
" Gross apprchenders may not think it any mori?
strange, than that a bullet should be moved by the
rarefied fire, "— GianuiHe.
iip-pre-hend'-ing, pr. par. , a. , & s. [Appre-
hend.]
A. As pa. par. & adj. : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As substantive : Apprehension.
" . . . to issue a proclamation for the appreJicnd-
ing of Ludlow." — MacaaJay : Blst. Eng., cb. xv.
Sp-pre-lien'-si-ble, «•. [Lat. apprehensi-
bilis.]
* I. Able to be comprehended or included ;
comprehensible, in a literal sense.
"The north and southern poles are incommunicable
and fixed points, whereof the one ia not apprehensible
in the other." — Browne : Vulgar Errours.
2. Able to be apprehended, in a lit. or fig.
sense.
"... in reality it exacts so powerful an elTort on
the part of the reader to realise visually, or make into
an apprcliensible unity, the scattered elements and
circumstances of external landscapes painted only by
words . . ."— i)eQ«i7w:ey.- ITorfcs (ed. 1863), vol. ii.,
p. i7a.
^p-pre-hen'-sion, s. [In Fr. apprehension ;
Port, appreliensao ; Lat. appreliensio, from ap-
prehensum, supine of appreliendo.] [Appre-
hend. ]
L The act or power of apprehending.
1. Physically: The act of laying hold of,
grasping, or seizing with the hands or in
some similar way, and especially of seizing a
criminal to bring him to justice. [Prehen-
sion.]
"A lobster hath the chely or gi-eat claw of one
side longer than the other, but this is not their leg,
but a part of appreJicTision, whereby they seize upon
their prey," — Browne : ViUgar Errours.
2. Mentally :
(a) The act of mentally grasping or laying
hold of, especially the act of laying hold of an
idea without studying it in its various rela-
tions so as to comprehend it. [Comprehend.]
"Simple appreTiension denotes no more than the
soul's naked intellection of an object, without either
composition or deduction."— 6 tonriite.
" And acts in that obedience, he shall gain
The clearest appreTiension of those truths,
Which unassisted reason's utmost power
Is too infirm to reach ! "
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v,
(b) Opinion, belief, founded on sufficient or
resting on doubtful evidence.
"... the mipardonable guilt of murder, which,
in his appreJiension, was aggravated rather than ex-
cused by the vice of intoxication." — Gibbon: Decline
and Fall, chap. xli.
(c) The power or faculty by which man men-
tally apprehends.
"Wliat a piece of work is a man! ... in action,
liow like an angel ! in apprehension, how like a god ! "
— Sltakeap. : JIamlet, ii. 2.
II. The state of being apprehended, or being
under the influence of apprehension.
1. The state of being seized, grasped, or
laid hold of; seizure.
" See that he be convey'd unto the Tower :
And go we, brothers, to the man that took him.
To question of his apurehension."
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., iii, 2.
"Com. True or false, it bath made thee Earl of
Gloster. Seek out where thy father is, that be may be
ready for our apprehension."— Shakesp. : King Lear,
iii. 6.
2. Foreboding of e\n\, suspicion that some-
thing unpleasant is about to happen ; fear.
" But Mackay'a gentle manner removed their appi-e-
li.eiulon."—Macaiuay : Hist. Eng,, chap. xiii.
III. That which is apprehended ; an object
of apprehension.
"... a foolish extravagant spirit, full of forms,
figures, shapes, objects. Ideas, ajmrehensions, motions,
revolutions." — Shakesp, : Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 2.
ap-pre-hen'-sive, a. [Fr. apprSliensif; Sp.
aprekensivo ; Port, appreliensivo ; from Lat.
apprehensum, supine of appreJiendo = to seize,
or lay hold of.]
1. Of intellect:
^ 1. Cognizant of, acquainted with.
" She, being an handsome, witty and bold maid, was
both appreJiensive of the plot and very active to prose-
cute it. "~/'«Her .■ The Prof ane State, bk. v., c. 5.
(See Trench, Glossary, 7, 8.)
2. Quick to understand.
" Nourish'd imagination in her ^owth,
And gave the mind that apprehensive power
By which she is made quick to recognise
The moral properties and scope of thiuge."
„ ^ Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. i.
IL Of emotion :
1. Gen. : Keenly susceptible of feeling in
general.
"Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly
stings,
Mangle my appreJiensive teuderest parts."
Milton : Samson Agon,
2. Spec. : Enteitaining suspicion or slight
fear of present or foreboding of future dan<'er.
". . .a man insatiably greedy of wealth and
power, and yet nervously apjirehensive of dancer "—
.Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chap, xxiii. '
ap-pre-hen'-sive-ly, adv. [Eng. appre-
hensive; -ly.] In an apprehensive manner-
with apprehension. (Johnson.) '
»,p-pre-hen'-sive-ness, s. [Eng. apprehens-
ive; -uess.] The quality of being apprehensive.
" Wliereas the vowels are much more difficult to be
taught, you will find, by falling upon them laat, creat
help by the apprehcnsmeness already gained in lean i-
mg the consonants."— tfoZtZcr. i™iu
* ap-prend', v.t. [Apprehend, v., If (4).j
ap-pren'-ti9e, * a-pren'-tise, ^ a-pren-
tys, s. [In Fr. apprenti, as s. = an appren-
tice ; as adj.= apprenticed ; from apprendre —
to learn ; 0. Fr. & Prov. apprentis, appreniiz ;
Sp. a^(3/i(iis = an apprentice ; a2yrender = to
learn; Low Lat. apprenticius = an appren-
tice ; Class. Lat. apprendo (poetic) = appre-
hendo = to seize, ... to comprehend.] [Ap-
prehend.]
1. Ordinary Language & Law: A young
man, or young woman, who has been bound
by indentures to serve a pai-ticular master or
mistress for a certain term of years ; the
master again, on his side, covenanting to
teacli the apprentice the trade or profession
which he himself practises.
"A kindly man, who became attached to the
little fellow, and in due time made him [Paraday] his
apprentice without iee. —Tyndall : Fragments of
Science. 3rd ed., xii. 849.
2, In old Law-boolcs: Advocates or barris-
ters under sixteen years' standing were called
Apprentices (Apprenticli ad legem). After
sixteen years they might become Serjeants
(servientes ad legem). (Blaclcstone : Comment.,
bk. iii., ch, 3.)
apprentice fee. The fee paid to a
master for taking charge of, supporting, and
giving technical instruction to an apprentice.
ap-preii'~ti9e, v.t. [From the substantive.]
To bind as an apprentice or as apprentices.
ap-pren'-ti^ed^ pa. par. & a. [See Appren-
* TICE, v.]
" Him portion 'd maids, appren'ic'd orphans blest.
The yotmg who labour, and the old who rest."
Pope.
* ap-pren'-ti9e-h6od, s. [Eng. apprentice,
and suffix -Jiood, ] Apprenticeship.
" Must I not serve a long a^pretUicehood
To foreign passages, and in the end.
Having my freedom, boast of nothing else
But that I was a journeyman to grief? "
Shakesp. : IticTi. JL, i. 3.
ap-pren-ti9e-ship, s. [Eng. apprentice,
, and suSix -ship.l
1. Strictly : The term of years for which one
is bound as an apprentice ; also the state or
condition of an apprentice.
^ The duration of apprenticeships varies
in ditt'erent countries, and has not been uni-
form even in our own. Apprenticeships seem
to have been unknown among the old Romans.
In England they are incidentally mentioned
in an Act of Parliament in 1388, but they were
then so common that their origin must be
sought at a long prior date. By the " Statute
of Apprenticeship," 5 Eliz. , c. 4, it was enacted
that no person should for the future exercise
any trade, craft, or mystery at that time exer-
cised in England, unless he had previously
served an apprenticeship to it of at least seven
years. The judges of the higher courts of law
gave as narrow an interpretation as they could
to this repressive enactment. Adam Smith
(Wealth of Nations, bk. i., ch. x., pt. ii., and
bk. iv., ch. ii.) denounced it ; and the Act 54
Geo. III., c. 96, swept it away. Optional
apprenticeship still flourishes, and is the
common method of learning a handicraft.
The enforcement of apprenticeship was never
carried out to the same extent in Ireland and
in Scotland as in England. France, Germany,
and Italy have all at one time or other had
compulsory apprenticeships, though in the
first-named country they were abolished
during the Revolution of 1789.
, ."• • ■ during his apprenticeship he [Faraday] found
his appetite for knowledge provoked and strengthened
by the books he stitched and covered."— rMndaZ?-
rrag. of Science, 3rd ed., xiL 349.
2, Loosely: The time during whicli one is
learning a profession, or acquiring skill iu
anythmg, even though he may not be formally
bound by indentures to a master.
"He had never, he said, served an apprenticeship to
the military profession." — J/acait?«;/ ; Bist. Eng.,
ap-pren'-ti9-ing, pr. par. [Apprentice, v.]
" ap-pren'-tis-age, s. [Fr. appi-entissage ;
Sp. aprendizage.} The state or condition of an
apprentice ; apprenticeship (lit. djig.).
'' ^^\V ^ ^^ utterly without o.jjprentlsage of
war . —Bacon: Observ. upona L,0el{lb<J2].
ap-pressed; ap-prest'. a. [From Lat.
appressum (adpressiim), supine of apprimo
(adprimo) = to press to: ad= to, and iremo
= to press. ]
bSil. btfy; pdit, jtf^l; cat. 5eU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, aj; expect. Xenoph..„ ..,„. „„_,
-dan. -tlan - shan. -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &t = be! dll
on, e^ist. ph = f.
17
258
appretiate— apprompt
Bot. : Pressed to anything else ; as, for in-
stance, hairs pressed closely to the stem of a
plant. [Adpressed.] (Loudo-n: CjjcJ. of Plants,
1S29; Gloss.)
* ap-pre'-ti-ate (ti as shi), L:t. [Appre-
ciate. ]
* ap-pre'-ti-a'-tion (ti as shi). s f Ap-
preciation.]
* ap-preue» ap-prieue, v.t. [Approve.]
(Scotch.)
* ap-pri'se, ''" ap-pri'ze, ->. [In Fr. apprise
= the formal notice sent to an inferior judge
of the decision come to by a superior one ;
from appris, pa. par. of apprendre = to learn,
to teach.] [Apprehend.] Notice, information.
" Then I praied him for to saio
His will, and I it wolde obeie,
After the forioe of his apprize."
Qower : C'onf. Amantis. bk. L
ap-pri'§e (1), '^ ap-pri'ze (1). v.t. [Prom
apjirise, s. (q.v.).] To inform, to make aware,
to bring to the notice of.
" Herman ! I command thee,
Knock, and appt-ise the Comit of my approach."
Huron: Mayifrud, iii. 3,
* ap-pri'§e (2), v.t. [■" Apprize (2).]
ap-pri'sed (1 & *' 2), iki -prji-. [Apprise
' (1 & * 2).]
ap-pri's-ing (1 & ^ 2), '{-r. imr. [Apprise
' (1 & * 2).]
* ap-pri'ze (2), *■ ap-pri'se (2), r.f. Modi-
fied form of Appraise (q.v.).
* ap-pri'zed (1 & 2), po. par. [y Apprize
(1 & 2).]
* ap-pri'ze-ment, "^^ ap~pri'^e-ment, s
[Appraisement. ]
* ap-pri'z-er, * ap-pri's-er, s. [Appraiser. ]
*" ap-pri'z-ing, pr. par. [Apprize (1).]
* ap-pri'z-ing, pr. par. & s. [Apprize (2).]
* As substantive (Scotch Law): Formerly,
an action by which a creditor sought permis-
sion to take tlie estates of his insolvent debtor.
Adjudications have now been substituted iu
lieu of apprizings.
ap-prd'a9h, * ap-pr69he, ap-pro'911,
v.i. & t. [Fr. approch&r, from 'proche = near ;
Prov. apropchar, from projyi = near ; Ital.
o,pprossimarsi ; Old Ital. apjyi'occiare ; Low
Lat. approp-no, from Lat. ad = to, and prope
■^ near.]
A. Intransitive :
1. Of place : To advance to the immediate
vicinity of, to draw near.
" Daunger vaine it were to have aaaayd
That cniell element, which all things feare,
Ne none can suffer to approchen neare."
SpenscJ-: F. Q., III. xi. 22.
"Wherefore approached ye ao nigh imtu the city
when ye did fight?"— 2 Sam. xi. 20.
2. Of time : To draw near, to be not far off.
" Behold, thy days approach that thou must die."—
Deut. xxxi. 14.
3. Figuratively :
(a) Gen. : To draw near to in other respects ;
as in aim, in attainments, or in intellectual
or moral character.
" To have knowledge in all the objects of contempln-
tion, is what the mind can hardly attain unto ; the
instances are few of those who have, in any measure,
approached towards it." — Locke.
(b) In Scripture (Spec): To have near access
of a spiritual kind to God.
"I will cause him to draw near, and he shall approach
unto iiie : for who is this that engaged his heart to
approach unto me ? baith the Lortl. —Jcr. xxx, 21.
B. Transitive :
t 1. Really transitive: To cause to draw
near.
"By plunging paper thcrniighly in weak s_pirit of
wine, and apjtroaching it tn a candle, the spirituous
I)arta will burn without hannJng the paper. "~Jo.!/io.
2. Only apparently so, there being an ellipsis
of to : To draw near to in place, in time, or in
any other way.
"It was indeed scarcely safe to approach him [that
is (to) him]."— J/acaw?ai/ ; J/ist. Enij., ch. vii.
"He was an admirable poft, and thought even to
have approached Homer," — Temple.
ap-pro'a9h, ^ ap-pr6'9he, s. [From the
verb. In Fr. approche,]
A. Ordinary Language :
L The act of drawing near in place or in
other ways.
" The Pastor leam'd that his approach had given
A welcome internixition to discourse,"
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. \
"... a nearer approach to the human tjiie." —
Ojven: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 85.
II. The state of l>eing brought near in place,
in time, or iu other ways.
" Poets sang with emulous fervour the approach of
the golden age." — Macauhn/ : J/iit Hiig., go., iii.
ILL That by which one draws near ; means
or liberty of drawing near.
1. Lit. : A road, a street, an avenue, or other
way by means of which one can draw near to
a place.
" We should greatly err if we imagined that the road
by which he entered that city [Cork] bore any resem-
blance to the stately approach which strikes the
traveller of the nineteenth century with admiration."
— Macaulai/ : Hist. £ng., ch. xii.
[See also B. 1, Fortif]
2. Fig. : Liberty of drawing near ; access.
' ' Honour hath in it the vantage-ground to do good ;
the approach to kings and principal ijersons, and the
raising of a man's own fortunes. "—Bacon,
B. Technically :
1. Fortification (Plnr.):
(a) Gen. : The works thrown up by an army
for its protection while it is moving forward
to attack a fort or other military post. Among
these are the first, second, and third parallels,
epaulements, ^nth and without trenches, re-
doubts, places of arms, saps, galleries, and
lodgments. (Jarms: Military Diet., 4th ed.,
1816.)
T[ A signification analogous to this has found
its way into poetry.
" . . . Sextus Pompeius
Makes his approaches to the port of Rome."
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, i. 3.
" Against beleagur'd heav'n the giants move :
Hilla pil'd on hills, on mountams mountains lie,
To make theu- mad approaches to the sky."
Drj/deu.
Counter approaches are trenches carried on
by the besieged against those of the besiegers,
(James.)
(h) Spec: Attacks, (James.)
"... so soon we shall drive back
Of Alcibiades the approaches wild."
Shakesp.: Thnon of AtJtens, v. 1.
2. Geom. Curve of cpwl approach : A curve
of such a form that a body descending it,
under the impulse of gravity, makes equal
approaches in equal times to the surface of
the ground,
3. Al-gehra. Method of a/pproach. [See Ap-
proximation, B.]
■i. Gardening. [Approaching.]
ap-prd'a9h-a-ble, a. [Eng. a.pproach; -able.']
Capable of being approached.
". , . a region essentially mythical, neither
approachable by the critic nor measurable by the
chronologer."— (rroie: Hist. Greece, pt. L, ch, i,
ap-pro'a9h-a-We-ness, s. [Eng. approach-
able; -ness.] The quality of being approach-
able. (Webster.)
ap-pr6'a9hed, ^ ap-pr6'9hed, pf. par.
[Approach, v.]
ap-pr6'a9h-er, s [Eng. approach ; -cr.J
One who approaches, one who draws near.
" Thou gav'at thine ears like tapsters, that bid
welcome
To knaves and all approacJiers."
Shakesp. : Timon of Atheiis, iv, H.
ap-pro'a9h-ing, pr. jaai'. , a., &s. [Approach,
' v.-\
A, & B. As present participle £ participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
_ " Unabla to discern the signs of approaching reac-
tion."— Afucaulai/ : Hist Eng., ch, ii.
C. As substantive :
1. Gen. : A drawing near, an approach.
"A young Veuetian, one that comes before
To signify the approaching of his lord."
Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, ii. 9.
2. Gardening : The grafting of a shoot or a
small branch of one tree into another without
detaching it from the parent stock. It is
called also engrafting by approach or by in-
arching.
'^ap-pro'a9h-leS3, a. [Eng. approach; -less.]
That cannot be approached ; without means of
approach. ( JVcbster. )
ap-prd'a9h-xnent, s. [Eng. a-pproach; -ment.]
' The act of drawing near ; the state of being
brought near.
" As for ice, it will not concrete but in the approar/i-
-ment of the air, ns we have made trial in glasses ot
^■ater, which will not easily ireeze."— Browne : Vulgar
Err oar 8.
" ap'-pr6-"bate, v.t. [Approbate, a.] To ex-
press approval of. (It is still used in America.)
" Mr. HufcchinBon approbated the choice."—,/. Eliot
Scots Law : The term approbate is generally
used along with reprobate, to which it is
opposed. To approbate and reprobate is to
attempt to take advantage of those portions
of a deed which are in one's favour, whilst
repudiating the rest. This is not legally ad-
missible. If a person approbate, approve, or
assent to portions of a deed, and take legal
advantage of this assent, he must accept the
deed as a whole ; he cannot "reprobate," re-
pudiate, or reject the portions of it which he
dislikes.
ap'-pro-bate, a. [Lat. apprdbatus, pa. par,
of approbo, -avi, -atum = to approve : ad = to,
and probo = to try, test, judge, to prove . . .
to approve ; from probiis = good, excellent.]
Approved
" All things contained in Scripture is approbate by
the whole consent of all the .clergie of Christendome."
—Sir T. Elyot : Govemvur, f oL 206.
ap'-pro-ba-ted, pa. par. [Approbate, v.]
ap'-pro-ba-ting, pr. par. [Approbate, v ]
ap-pro-toa'-tion, "^ ap-pro-ba-ci-on, s.
[In Fr. approbation; Sp. aprobacio7i ; Port.
a.pprovagao; Ital. appi'obazione, approvazione ;
Lat. approbatio = (1) an approving, an assent-
ing to, (2) proof, confirmation ; from approbo
= (1) to approve, (2) to prove.] [Approbate,
Approve, Prove.]
L The act of approving or of proving.
1. Of approving :
(a) By words, or iv any other way: Com-
mendation, praise, approval.
"Many, therefore, wlio did not assent to all that the
king had said, joined in a loud hum of approbation
when he concluded." — Macanlay : Hist. Eng., chap,
xxiii.
"Anim.T,ls manifestly feel emulation. They l"ve
apjyrobation or praise,"— Z>armn; Descent of Man,
vol. i. |1S71), pt. i., ch. ii., p. 42.
{&) Tacitly : The act of approving of one's
self, of another, or of others, within the secret
recesses of the heart ; liking, satisfaction,
pleasure, complacency.
" I am very sensible how much nobler it is to place
the reward of virtue in the silent approbation of one's
own breast than in the applause of the world."-
Melmoth: Pliny ; Letters, hk. i., lett. 2.
^ 2, The act of proving ; attestation, sup-
port, proof.
" For Q-od doth know how many now in health
Shall droi> their blood in ajyprobation
Of what your reverence shall incite us to."
Shakesp. : Hen. I',, i. 2.
IL The state of being approved.
*Spe-c : The state of being on probation ;triaL
'' This day my sister should the cloister enter,
Aud there receive her approbatioiu"
Shakesp. : Meas.for Mvas., i. 2.
* ap'-pro-ba-tive, a. [In Fr. approbatif :
Port. approboMvo.] Containing, expressing,
or implying approval of; commendatory,
laudatory. (Cotgrave.) [Approbatory.]
ap-pro-ba-tive-ness, o. [Eng. approbatirr;
-ness.]
1. Ord. Lang.: The quality of being ap-
probatory.
2, Phren. : Love of approbation.
t ap'-pro-ba-tor, s. [Lat. adprobator, vp-
prohator. In Fr. approbateur ; Ital. appro-
vatorc] One who approves.
"Accept them forjudges anti. approbators."— Evil i/n •
Mem. & Letters (IGGU).
\ ap'-pro-ba-tor-y, '^ ap'-pro-ba-tor-ie,
a. [Eng. approbate; -onj.] Expressing or iiu-
plyingapprobation ; conimendatory,laudatoiy.
" Mt%v t\\e apprnbatorie epistle of Cardinal Tiirre-
cremate. —Sheklon : Miracles of Antichrist, p. 300,
" ap-pr6'9he. r.;:. [Approach.]
" approcheand, pr. par. [Northern
dialect pr. par. of Approche (q.v.).] Proxi-
mate, in the vicinity. (Scotch.)
" It was equal iu glore of armes to any town
approclieana. —BeUend-:na . T. Livins, v. 17.
^ S-p-prompt', V.t. [Lat. ad, implying addi-
tion to, and Eng. prompt (q.v.),] To prompt,
to stimulate, to question.
fate. fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet. here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. pdt,
or. wore. WQlf, work, wh6. son ; mute. ciib. ciire, unite. cur„ rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; re = e. a,u = kw.
approof— approved
■259
"Neither may these places serve only to apprompt
our invention, but also to direct our inquirj'." —
Bacon : Learning, bk, iL
' ap-prd'of, s. [From Eng. appTove.~\
1. Approval, approbation.
" 0 most perilous inoutliii.
That bear in them one and the self-same tongue
Either of coudemnatiou or approof! "
Shakesp. : Jleas./or Meas., li. 4.
2. Proof, trial, experience.
"... Sister, prove such a wife
As my thoughts make thee, and as my farthest band
Shall pass on thy approof."
Shakesp. : Antovy and Cleopatra, iii 2.
' ap-prop'-er-ate, v.i. [Lat. approperatus,
pa. par. of appropero=: to hasten.] To hasten,
to make haste, to set forward, (/ohiison.)
* ap-pro-pin'-^uate, v.i. [Lat. ajypropinquo
= to draw near : ad = to, and propinqiio = to
bring near; propiiir/ims = near ; prope^near.]
To draw near to, to approach. (Johnson.)
" ap-pr6-pin-q.ua'-tion, s. [Lat. appropiu-
liuatio; Sp. apropinqnacion.] A drawing near,
;iu approacli.
"There are many ways of our appropinquad'ni to
God."— B/j. ffall: Remains, p. 90.
ap-pro-pinq'ne, v.i. [Lat. appi-o-pinqiio
= to draw near.] To draw near, to approach.
^ In the example there is an ellipsis of to,
wliich makes the verb look transitive. It
means (to) aji end.
" Mortiil eriaib cloth portend
My days to apprupinque an end,"
Butler: Iludibvas. i.
■; ap-pro-pin'-qui-tj^, 5. [Propinquitv.]
Nearness, proximity. {Thackeray : Van itij
Fair, ch. xLv.)
■^ ap-pro-pre, v.t. [ISee def.] Original fonn
of Appropriate, r. (q.v.).
"His awen ioyea, les and mare,
That til hymself sal be appropricd tliare."
Hampule : Pricke of Cortsc, 9,31C.
ap-pro'-pri-a-ble, a. [Eng. appropriiaU) ;
-ahU.\ Whicli may be appropriated.
"This conceit, applied unto the original of man and
the beginuing of the world, is more justly appropri-
able unto its enA."—lirowne : Vulgar Errours.
*- ap-pro-pri-a-ment, s. [Fr,] Tliat which
(s proper to one ; a cliaracteristic. (N.E.D.)
ap-pro'-pri-ate, v.t. [Appropriate, a.]
A. Ordiiw.nj La ngvage :
I. Literally :
1. To transfer to one's self money, property,
or other tangible thing, which one previously
lield in common with others, or even which
was wholly tlieirs.
"He apoke of merchandise as well aa provisions
captured and appropriated."— Froiulc : Bist. Eng.,
vol. iv„ p. 407.
2. To set aside part of what is one's own for
a special purpose.
" Aa for this spot of ground, this peraon, tills thing,
I have selected and ajjpropriated^ I nave incloaed it w
myself and my own use : and I will endure no sharer,
ii'j rival, or companion in it." — South,
IL Figurati I'p.hi :
1. To take or attempt to take to one's self a
natural or spiritual advantage designed to be
common to many others.
" . . . to themselves approprintiii/j
The Spirit of God, promised alike, and given
To all believers.'— il/i7?ot( ■ P. L., bk. xii.
" A liberty like his, who, unimpeach'd
Of usurpation, and to no man s ^vTong,
Appropriates nature aa his Father'a work.
And has a richer use of yours than you"
Ooivpar : The Task, bt. v.
2. To assign a specific meaning to words
which previously were general in their signi-
fication.
" He need but be furnished with verses of saered
Scripture ; and his system, that has approyirioied them
to tne orthodoxy of his church, makes them imme-
diately irrefragable arguments."— Zocfte.
B. Technically:
Law : To annex the fruits of a benefice to a
spiritual corporation. [Appropriation, B., 1.]
"Before Richard II., it was lawful to appropriate
the whole fruits of a benefice to any abbey, the house
finding one to serve the <i\iTe."—Ayliffe.
ap-pro'-pri-ate, a. &s. [Prom Lat. appro-
priatus, pa, par. of appropHo ; from ad = tn,
a,iKlproprio = to appropriate ; propiiis = one's
own ; perhaps from prope = near. In Fr. ap-
jyi'oprU. [Appropriate, v.]
1. Properly: Pertaining to something pre-
viously shared in common, but now rendered
the property of an individual.
2. Suitable, fit, becoming, well adapted to
the circumstances.
with appropriate words
Accompanied, ... _ . ^, ^j
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vii.
B. As substantive : Special function or aim.
" The Bible's appropriate being (as itself tells us) _to
enlighten the eyes and make wise the simple. —
Boi/te : On the Style of H. Scrip., p. 44.
ap-pro'-pri-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Appro-
priate, v.]
ap-pro'-pri-ate-ly, (wiv. [Eng. appropriate;
' suff -/(/.] In an appropriate manner; fitly,
suitably, pertinently, properly. (Todd.)
ap-pro'-pri-atc-ness, s. [Eng. appropriate;
' -71655.] The quality of being appropriate.
"The appropriateness of thia particular charge was
afresh cause of suspicion." — Fronde: Hist. Eng., vol.
iv., p. 542.
ap-pro'-pri-a-ting, pr. par. [Appropriate,
" V.}
ap-pro-pri-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. appropria-
tion ; Sp. apropiadon ; Port, appropriagao ;
Ital. approp^-iazione ; Lat. appropriatio.] [Ap-
propriate, v.~\
A. Ordinary Languuge :
L The act of appropriating.
1. Lit. : The act of taking that to one's self
which one previously held in common with
others, or of applying anything to a special
purpose.
"The first of these modes of appropriation, by the
" (tic of the extensive monar-
government, is characteristic ,-
chies which from a time beyond historic record have
occupied the plains of Aain,."— ,/. S. Mill: Pol. Econ.,
Prelim. Remarks, p. 14.
2. Fig. : The act of mentally assigning to a
general idea a limited or specific meaning.
"The mind should have distinct ideas of the things,
and retain the particular name, with ita peculiar ap-
propria^ion to that idea." — Locke.
II, The state of being appropriated.
III. That which is appropriated.
"... and thus were most, if not all, the appro-
priations at present existing, originally made, being
annexed to bishoprics, prebends . . : — Blackstone :
Comment., "ok. ii., ch. IL
B. Technically (Law) :
t. The transference to a religious house, or
spiritual corporation, of the tithes and other
endowments designed for the support of re-
ligious ordinances in a parish ; also these when
transferred. When the monastic bodies were
in their glory in the Middle Ages, they begged,
or bought for masses and obits, or in some
cases even for actual money, all the advow-
sons which they could get into their hands.
In obtaining these they came under the obli-
gation either to present a clergyman to the
church, or minister there in holy things them-
selves. They generally did tlie latter, and
applied the surplus to the support and aggran-
disement of their order. On the suppression
of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. ,
the appropriated advowsons were transferred
to the king, and were ultimately sold or
granted out "to laymen, since called impropria-
tors. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 11.)
2. Appropriation of payments : The applica-
tion by a creditor of money received from a
debtor who owes him several accounts to that
particular one which he (the creditor) thinks
tit to reduce or liquidate.
ap-pro'-pri-a-tive, u-. [Eng. appropriate;
-ive. ] Appropriating ; involving the appro-
priation of something. (McCulloch.)
g.p-pro'-pri-a-tdr, * ap-pro'-pri-e-
tar-y, s. [Lat. apropriaJhr, appropriator.]
I, Of the form Appropriator only.
Gen. : One who appropriates anything.
n. Of either form.
Law: A spiritual corporation which has
had annexed to it the tithes of a benefice ; or
the individual at the head of such a corpora-
tion. Also a lawman who has such tithes
transferred to him ; but in this latter case the
term commonly used is impropriator, meaning
one who, not a sacred personage, improperly
holds church funds or lands.
"... a vicar has generally an appropriator over
him, entitled to the best part of the profits, to whom
be is in fact perpetual curate, with a standing salary."
—Blackstone : Comment., bk. L, ch. 2.
"Let me say one thing more to th* approprietaries
of benefices." — Spelvhan.
ap-pro'v-a-ble, a. [Eng. approve; -alble.]
Able to be approved of, meriting approval.
"The solid reason or confirmed experience of any
man is veiy approvable in what profession soever. -
Browne : Vulgar Errours.
ap-pro'v-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. approvahU ;
' -ness.] The quality of meriting approbation.
(Webster.)
ap-pro'v-al, ^. [Eng. approve ; -al] Appro-
bation.
% Dr. Johnson caUs this "a word rarely
found," but since his time it has completely
revived.
"There is a censor of justice and mannerB, without
whose aj^roval no capital sentences are to be execu-
ted."—rempfc.
* ap-pr6'V-ail9e, s. [Eng. approve ; -ance.']
Approbation, approval.
" As parents to a child complacent deign
Avjn-ovance. the celestial Brightness smil d. _
Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv,
ap-pr6've, * ap-preu'e (Eng.), * ap-
" prie've (Scotch), v.t & i. [In Fr. approuver •
Prov. aprohar, aproar ; Sp. aproiar ; Poi-t.
approvar; Ital. approhare; Lat. approho =
(1) to approve, (2) to prove : ad = to, and
proho = to try, test, . . . to be shown to be
good ; prolms = good.] [Approbate, Prove.]
A. Transitive:
L Ordinary Language :
1. To be pleased with.
(a) More or less formally to express satis-
faction with, or liking for, or complacency
with regard to any statement, measure, or
person.
" His deep design unknown, the hosts approve
Atrides sjteech."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. ii., 173, 174.
(6) To like, to feel satisfied with, to be
pleased with, even when there is no outward
or formal expression of such inward com-
placency.
"He seemed to seek in every eye
If they approved his minstrelsy."
Scott : Lay q/" the Last Minstrel, i 31.
2. To prove.
t (a) To establish the truth of any proposi-
tion by reasoning ; to attempt to show that
it is worthy to be accepted ; hence, to assent
to it.
" In religion.
What damned errour, but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text !"
Shakesp. : JUerch. of Venice, ill. 2.
t (6) To prove by actual experience, to test,
to try, to show, to exhibit.
"... In all things ye have approved yourselves
to be clear in thia matter."— 2 Cor. viL II. (See also
Acts ii. 22 ; 2 Cor, vi, 4.)
" During the last three months of his life he had
apiiroved himself a great warrior and politician,"—
Macaulay : Hiit. Eng., ch. xiii.
(c) To commend one's self to another person
or Being by worthy deeds.
" Study to shew thyself approved unto Goil, a work-
man that needeth not to be ashamed." — 2 Tim. iL 15.
II. Technically:
1. Ordinary Law :
* (a) To improve, to increase the financial
value of. (Used especially of the bringing
commons under cultivation.) [Approvement.]
"This enclosure, when justifiable, is called in law
approving, an ancient expression signifying the same
as improving." — Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 3.
(&) To turn king's or queen's evidence. [Ar
prover.]
2. Military Imw : The confirmation by a
superior oflicer or functionary of the sentence
come to by a court-martial.
"The colonel or commanding officer apjyrovcs the
sentence of a regimental cour1>-martial . . . The
governor or other commanding oflScerof the garrison
approves the sentence [of a garrison court-martial]." —
James : Mil. Diet., 4th ed. (1816), p. 141.
3. Old Scottish Parliamentary -usage : To
affirm by a parliamentarj' vote any question
submitted for decision.
"The question was put according to the Scottish
form, ' Approve or not approve the lAicle?' " — Macau
lay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
B. Intransitive : To express or to feel appro-
bation. (Generally followed by of. Milton
put an infinitive after it, but this is now
obsolete.)
" Avaujc listened, wondered, and approved." — Ma,
cavlay : Hist. Eng., ch. xli.
" Why hast thou, Satan, broke the bonds prescribed
To thy trangressions ? and disturb'd the charge
Of others, who approve not to transgress."
Milton : Paradise Lost, bk. iv,
ap-pro'ved, * ap-pr6'v-yd, pa. par. & a.
A. As past participle :
boil, boy; poiit, j6^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9l]in, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, af ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing
-tion, -sion — shun ; -fion, -§ion = zhun. -tlous. -sious. -ceous. -cious = shus. -hie, &c. = bcl. -pre — per. -une = k
260
approvsment — appurtenance
B. As partidpml adjective :
" Our public hives of puerile resort,
That axe of chief and most approved f eport. "
Cowjier : Tirodniw^n.
" Claud. Not to be married,
Not to knit my bouI to an approved wanton."
Sh-akesp. : Much Ado, iv. 1.
ap-pro've-ment, s. [Eng. approve; -raent]
I. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of approving, approbation, ap-
proval ; the state of being appro-\'ed.
" It is certain that at the first yon were all of my
opinion, and that I did nothing without your approve-
ment."— Eayward.
* 2. Improvement. (II., Law, 1.)
II. Law :
I. The improvement of commons by en-
closing a portion of them for pm-poses of
husbandry.
"For it is provided by the Statute of Mertou, 21
Hen. III., c 4, that the lord may approve, that is,
enclose aud convert to the vaes of husbandry (which is
a melioration or approveme-nC) any waste grounds,
woods, or pastures, in which his tenants ha'^ e common
appcn^ani to their estates ; provided he leaves suffi-
cient common to his tenants, according to the pro]Jor-
tion of their laud," — lilackstonc : Comment,, bk. lii.,
chap, 16.
^ Population at present being very much
denser than when the Statute of Merton was
passed, it is no longer taken for granted that
the enclosure of a common, and especially of
one situated near a large town, is an " approve-
ment " (improvement), and there are now many
legal pitfalls for a lord of a manor attempting,
even with the sanction of the commoners, to
enclose waste land.
t 2. The act of turning king's or queen's
evidence. [Approver. ]
ap-pro'V-er, 5. [En^. approve ; -er. In Ger.
" prilfer; Sp. aprdbador.']
A. Ordinary Langxtage :
1, One who approves of any person or thing.
" He that commends a villain is not an a23prover
only, but a party in his villainy."— Sou(/t ,■ ^rmons,
viii. 190.
2. One who makes trial.
" Their discipline,
Now mingled with their courage, will make kno\vii
To their approvers they are people, such
That mend upon the >vorld.'
Shakesp. : Cymbellae, ii. 4,
B, Technically :
I. Law : A bailiff or steward of a manor.
■*■ IL Plural. King's approvers :
1. Those who let the king's demesne in
small manors.
2. Sheriffs. (Stat 1 Edw. XXL, e. 8.)
IIL One who approves or appeals, that is,
confesses a felony, at the same time betraj'-
ing his accomplices, in the hope of obtaining
pardon to himself. The reason why he is
called approver (in Lat. prohator = prover) is
that he has to prove what he alleges. Any
person whom he accuses is called an appellee.
It is felony in a jailor to force a man to turn
approver. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv.,
chaps. 10 & 25.)
"... his testimony would have far greater weight
with a jury than the testimony of a crowd of «;>
provers swearing for their necks." — Macaulay : Ei3t.
Eiig., chap. xxi.
^ An approver in this sense is called, as
the case may be, king's or queen's evidence.
Such testimony is eminently suspicious, and
now-a-days requires to be independently cor-
roborated.
"This gentleman kindly showed me the approvers
or king's evidence of his establishment." — i/oofer.-
Simalayan Journals, vol. i., p. 65.
ap-pr6'V-lAg, pr. par. [Approve.]
" That, pledged on eai-th and seal'd above,
Grows in the world's ajiproving eyes.
In friendship's smile and home's caress."
Moore: Lalla Rookh; The Fire- Worshippers.
^p-pr6'V-ing-ly", adv. [Eng. approving; -hj.']
In a way to convey approval. {Webster.)
* ap-prox'-i-mant, a. [In Ital. approssi-
'inante; from Lat. approximans, pr. par. of
ap/pro:mmo.^ [Approximate, v.} Approaching.
" whereby our times might be approximant
and' conformant to the apostolical and pure primitive
church."— 5'ir E. Berings Speeches, p. V4.
ap-prox'-i-mate, a. [Lat. approximatus,
pa. par. oi approximo.']
A, Ordinary Language : Nearest to, next to.
"These receive a quick conversion, containing ap-
proximate dispositions unto animation.'— flrowjze /
Vulgar Err oars.
B. Technically :
1. Math., Ckem., Music, d; Science generally:
?T;ildng a near approach to exactness, but not
quite exact. (Used with regard to quantities
which cannot be ascertained with absolute
accuracy.) ,
"... the approximate concord of an octave." —
Airy : On Sound (1868), p. 262.
2. Zoology :
(a) In the same sense as No. 1.
"Although iiardly one sheU, crab or fish, is common
to the above-named three upprozimate famias of
Eastern and Western America, and the ea.stem Pacific
islands." — Darwin: Crigin of Species (ed. 1859), chap.
Xi., p. 848.
(&) Of teeth: So arranged in tlie gums as to
leave no obvious interstices between them.
ap-prox'-i-mate, v.t. & I. [From approxi-
' mate, adj. (q.v.). In Pr. approxi^der ; Port.
approximar ; Ital. approssimare ; all from
Lat. approximo (Tertullian) : ad = to, and
proximo = to approach ; proximiis = nearest,
the superL of jyrope = near.]
A. Trans. : To cause to draw near, to make
to apxiroach.
"The favour of God, embracing all, hath approxi-
mated and combined all together ; so that now every
man is our brother, not only by nature, as derived
from the same stock, hut by grace, as partakers of the
common redemption." — Barrow: Wot-ks, i. 241.
B, Xntrans. : To draw near, to approach.
" Among such five men there wiU he one possessing
all the qualifications of a good workman, one bad, and
the other three middling, and approximating to the
first and the \&st."—£urke : Thoughts on Scarcity.
ap-prox'-i-ma-ted, pa. par. & u,. [Ap-
proximate, v.]
A. As past participle: Brought near ; made
to approach.
B. As adjective (Bat, cEc.); Near together.
(Loxidon: Cycl. of Plants, Gloss.)
ap-prox'-i-matc-l^, adv. [Eng. approxi-
'iimte ; -ly.] So as to draw near or approach,
as a calculation which cannot be made with
perfect exactness, but to which an approach
is practicable.
"... prolonged movements of ajyproxiTnately con-
temporaneous subsidence." — Darwin: Voyage round
the World, chap, xvi,
"... marks of ap^jroximafe?.!/ the same shape . . ."
—Ibid., Descent of Man (1871), pt. ii., chap, xvi.
"In both cases the pressure may be represented at
least approximately by the f ormula. "— /*ro/. Airy.
On Sound (1868), pp. 19, 20.
ap-prox'-i-ma-ting, pr. par. [Approxi-
" mate, v.]
ap-prox-l-ma'-tion, s. [In Ger. & Pr. ap-
proximation; Sp. aproximacion ; Port, approxi-
'magao ; Ital. approssiraasione ; from Lat. o.p-
proTAmo.} [Approximate, v.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Tlie act of approaching ; approach, draw-
ing near in any way.
"Unto the latitude of Capricorn, or the winter sol-
stice, it had been a spring ; for unto that position it
had been in a middle point, and that of ascent or ap-
proximation."— Browne: Vulgar Errours.
2. The state of being near ; nearness, proxi-
mity.
"... our access to such temptation, whose very
approxim,ation is dangerous." — Jeremy Taylor : Ex-
position of the Lords Prayer.
" In the principal events there is an approximation
toanagreement.'— iewis; Early Jiom. Eist., ch. xii.,
pt. i., 5 14.
B. Technically :
I. Geometry, Algebra, Arithmetic, &c. :
1. Implying" motion tmvards : A continued
approaching nearer and nearer to a quantity
or magnitude, which cannot be determined
with absolute precision.
2. Implying rest : A quantity or magnitude
presenting as near an approach as is practic-
able to the unattainable one, (See 1.)
II. Biol. : An approach in structure, indica-
ting affinity.
" This approxim.at ion, also, is more especially marked
in the larger development of the iimermost of the five
digite of tne foot in the chimpanzee."— Owen ; Classif.
of the Mam,malia, p. 67.
III. Med. : Communication of a disease by
contact. (Spec, an obsolete method of at-
tempted cure of a disease by transferring it
by contact to an animal. (Parr.)
IV. Surgery : The bringing of a fractured
portion of the skull into immediate and dan-
gerous proximity to the dura mater. (Parr.)
ap-prox'-i-ma-tive, a. [Eng. approximate;
-ive. In Gen. approximativ ; Fr. approximatif. ]
Approaching, containing an approach.
"This statement is, of course, only approximative
and subject to modiftcatiou. m detail."— JVmes, Marcli
21, 1874.
ap-prox'-i-ma-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. approx-
imative; -ly.'\ Approximately.
ap-prox'-i-ma-tive-ness, s. [Eng. ap-
proximative ; -ness.] The quality of being ap-
proximative. {George Eliot, in N.E.D.)
^p-pui' (pui = pwi), ap-puy' (puy =
pwe), s. [Fr. appui = support.]
'^ I. Ord. Lang. : Support. (Scotch.)
" What appuy or of whom shall she have, being
forsaken of her own and old friends."— i,e«ers of
Lethington, in Keith's Eist., y. 233. (.famieson.)
II, Technically :
1. Mil. : Any particular given point or body
upon which troops are formed, or by which
they are marched in line or column. This
poitit is called, after the example of the
French, the "^joiJii d'appui." (James: Mili-
tary Diet.)
2. Horsemanship: The stay upon the hand
of a rider ; the horse's sense of the action of
the bridle in the horseman's hand.
ap-pui, v.t. [Pr.]
I. Ord. Lang. : To prop, f o stay.
II. Mil. : To afford support to ; to post
(as troops) near some point of support-
(N.E.D.)
^ ap'-pulle, *'. Old form of Apple.
^ ap'-pul-moj^, * ap'-pul-nid5e, ^ ap-
pyl-mose, s. [0. Fr. appul = apple, and
A.S. mos = food.] A dish in cookerj% of which
apples appear to have been the principal in-
gredient. (Boucher & Prompt. Po.rv.)
ap'-piUse, 5. [In Ital. appulso; from Lat.
appulsus, s. = a driving to ; also a landing,
... an arrival ; ajypu Isus, pa. par. of appelm,
appuli, appulsum, = to drive to : ad = to, and.
pello = to push or strike; ; to drive.]
* 1. Ordinary Iiangu/ige : A striking against.
"An hectic fever is the innate heat kindled into a
destructive tire through the appulse of saline steams."
—Earvey.
2. Astron. : The approach of a planet or a
fixed star to the meridian, or to conjunction
with the sun or the moon.
"All the stars. It is true, occupy the same interval
of time between their successive api)ulseg to the meri-
dianortoanyverticalcij'cle," — Her ichel : Astron. , § I4a.
* ap-piir-Sion, s. [Lat. appulsus, pa. iiav. of
appello.] [Appulse.] The same as Appulse
(q.v.). (Webster.)
* a-P-piil'-Slve, a. [Bng.appiilse; -ive.] Being
struck against, causing bodies to receive an
appulse. (Med. Rep.) (Webster.)
*■ ap-pul'-sive-ly, adv. [Eng. appulsive ; -ly.}
in an appulsive manner, so as to produce an
appulse. ( Webster.)
* ap-pun'ct, * a-pun'ct, v.t. [Low Lat.
appunctuare = to come together : ad = to, and
punctinn = a i)Oint.] To settle. .("Sco^c/i.)
[Appoint.]
* ap-puhc'-tu-a-ment, s. [Low Lat. ap-
punctuaTnentitm.] A convention or agreement
with specification of certain terms. (Scotch.)
"Ratify and appreuis the contract and appuncfiia-
ment made betwix . . . on all punctis and articlis."
— Acts Jos. Y. (1526). (Jamicson.)
* ap-pur'-9liase, v.t. [Purchase, v.] Tu
obtain, to procure. (Scotch.)
"Which he appurchased to him byhismoyen."
R. Lindsay : Chronicles of Scotland (ed. 1726), p, 53.
ap-pur'-ten-an^e, * ap-per'-ten-an9e,
s. [O. Fi". apitrtenaunce ; Fr. appartcnance ;
Ital. appartenenza. Prom Lat. appertlnens,
pr. par. of appertineo = to belong to ; ad = to,
and pertiiieo = to hold through, to pertain to ;
_per = through, and teneo ~ to hold.] That
which belongs to any person or thing ; that
which, though perhaps loosely connected with
another thing, still pertains to it, or is a part
or an appendage of it. (It is followed by of or
to.) [Appertain and Purtenance.]
" Can they, which behold the controversy of divinity,
condemn our enquiries in the doubtful appertenances
of arts, and receptaries of philosophy?" — Browne:
Vulgar En-ours.
"Come then : the apjourf ^^tzjioeof welcome is fashiou
and ceremony . . ," — iihakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
^,te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot,
or, wore, wglf ! work, who, son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, ris7e, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, au = i£w<
appurtenant — apse
261
", . . for we see globes, aatrolabea, maps, loid the
like, have been provided jis apyurt'^nances to astro-
nomy and cosmography, as weU as booka." — Bacon,:
Advanc. of Learn., bk. iL
^p-pur -ten-ant, t ap-per'-tm-ent, n. &
s. [O. Ft. apurtenaunt ; Fr. appartenant ;
from Lat. appertinenSy pr. par. of appertineo
= to belong to,] [Appurtenance.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to, belonging to.
B. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language: That which belongs
to ;i person or thing ; an appurtenance.
" You know how apt our love was to accord.
To fumUh him with all appertinents
Belouging to his honour."
Sftakesp. : Henry Y., il. 2.
2. Law : Common appurtenant is that right
of pasturing commonable and even other
beasts on the waste land of a manor, which,
not existing in the necessity of things, requires
to be proved by immeutorial usage. {Black-
stone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 3.)
^ 3.p-puy' (puy as pwe), s. [Appui.] (Scotch.)
a-pra'-si-a, 5. [A word of no etymology ; a
euphonic word. {Agassiz.y]
Zool. : A genus of lizards belonging to the
family Gymnophthalmidae. The extremities
are almost entirely wanting. The A. pulchella,
the only species, inhabits Australia.
t Sp'-ri-cate, vA. [Lat. apricor and aprico,
v.t., from Lat. apricus. In Ital. aprico=^(l)
open, uncovered, (2) sunny.] To bask in the
sun.
"Positively not sunning, but mooning himself—
npTHfatinffhimBBM In the occasional moonbeams." — De
QiUncey: Works (ed. 1863). vobii., p. 229.
[Lat. apricitcLs.'\ Suns^Jne.
t S.p-ri9'-i-ty, i
(Johnson.)
ap'-ri-c6t, * S,-l>r3t'-cock, *S.b'-rf-cot,
* S.p'-ri-CO0l£, 5. [In Ger. abricose ; Fr. abri-
cot; Arm. brigosen ; \Vel. bricyllen; Sp. albari-
coque ; albar = white ; Ital. albicocca ; Lat. albus
= white, and coccum = a berry ; Gr. kokko^
(kolckos) := a kernel. In Dioscorides TrpaiKOKiov
(praikokion). From Lat. proicoqxvis, prceco-
quvs, or prcecox — early ripe.] A fruit— that of
the Prniius armeiiiaca ; also the tree on which
it grows. It is not settled that it came, as
the Latin sjieciflc name would imply, from
Armenia. It is wild in Africa and in the Cau-
casus, where the mountains in many places
are covered with it ; it is found also in China
and some otlier countries. It was cultivated
in England at least as early as 1562, and in
Italy was Icnown to Dioscorides early in tlie
Cliristian era as the Prcecocca. It is esteemed
only second to the peach.
" Gard. Go, bind thou up yon dangling apricocks."
Sliakesp. : King Richard II., iii. 4.
"And Basra dates, and apricofn.
Seed of the sun, from Iran's land. "
Moore : L. R. ; The Liglit uf the Ear am.
apricot-colour, a. [In Lat. anmuiacas ]
Yellow, with a perceptible mixture of red.
(Liiidley : Introd. to Bot.)
apricot-tree, s. [Eng. apricot ; tree. In
Ger. abricosenbaum ; Fr. abricotier; Ital. albi-
cocco.] [Apricot.] The tree on which the
apricot grows.
V-pril, s. & a. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger.
April; Fr. Avril; IrishAbrail; Gael. Giblean ;
Corn. Ebril; "Wei. Ebrill; Sp. & Port. Abril;
Ital. ApHle ; Lat. Aprilis. Generally regarded
as a contraction of aperilis ; fi'om aperio = to
open. Opening month ; the month in which
plants open. But Sir Cornewall Lewis says :
"The derivation of Aprilis from ajierire over-
looks the fact that with a year of 304 days,
April would not always have been a spring
month." Another etymology connects it with
o^pos (aphros) = foam, from which Venus, to
whom the month was sacred, was said to have
sprung. ] [ A PH rodite. ]
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : Now in England the fourth month
of the year, though when Aprilis was first in-
troduced into Rome by the mythic Romulus it
was tlie second. The Anglo-Saxons called it
Easter-monath = Easter month. During April
the sun is technically said t6 pass through
Aries and Taurus, but the precession of the
equinoxes makes him really traverse portions
of Pisces and Arie.s.
" 'Twas April, as the bumpkins say.
The legislature called it May."
Cowper : A FabJe.
2. Fig. : The commencement of love ; the
springtide of affection. ,
" Arit. The Jprirs in her eyes : it is love's spring.
And these the snowers to brmg it on."
Shakesp. : Ant. and Cleop., m. 2.
B, As adjective :
1. Lit. : Belonging to tlie fourth month of
the year.
" Oh, how tnis spring of love resembleth
The uncertam glory of an April clay ;
Winch now shews all the beauty of the sun,
And by and by a cloud takes all away ! "
Shakesp. : Two Gentlemen (if Verona, i. 3.
2. Fig. : Promising warmth.
"... men are ApHl when they woo, December
when they wed." — Shakesp. : As Fou Like It, iv, l.
April-fool, s. One sent upon a bootless
errand, or otherwise made a fool on the 1st of
April.
April-fool-day, s. The first day of
April. [All-fools'-day.]
"I do not doubt but it will be foimd that the
balance of folly lies greatly on the side of the old first
of April ; nay, I much question wliether infatuatiim
will have any force on what I call the false April-fool-
day.' —The World, No. 10.
a pri-6'r-i, useil as adj. or adv. [Latin,
literally = from that which is before. The a,
though really Latin, is generally marked a, as
if it were French.]
f 1. Logic : Noting a method of reasoning
from an hypothesis to its legitimate conse-
quence, or from a known or imagined cause to
an effect. It is essentially the same as deduc-
tion, whilst the a posteriori method is the
equivalent of induction. A priori reasoning is
quite trustworthy in mathemati cs ; for the data
being hypothetical, error cannot arise if the
ratiocination be properly conducted. In meta-
physics, intuitions assumed as the starting-
point for reasoning rest on an d iiriori founda-
tion. In natural theology we reason d priori
when we infer the divine origin of the uni-
verse from the theory of an intelligent
Creator ; we reason d posteriori when we infer
the existence of an intelligent Creator from
the works of creation. [A Posteriori, De-
duction, Induction.]
" Thus the conception of the decomposition of com-
l)ound molecules by the waves of aether comes to us
recommended by d priori probability." — Tyndall ;
Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., x.
2. Ord. Lang. : Prior to investigation ; before
thinking seriously of a question.
1[ The term is used by the followers of Kant
to denote cognitions having their origin in the
nature of the mind, and independent of ex-
perience.
a-pri-6r'-ist, s. [Lat. a priori (q.v.); -ist.]
One who accepts Kant's teaching as to apriorl
cognitions.
* a-pri'se, v.t. [Fr. pHs, pa. par. of prendre
= to take, to seize.] To take.
" The riche prince was there apriaed,
Ha sutTted to be circumcised."
Festivals of the Church (ed. Morris), 230-1.
* a-pri'se, * a-pry'se, s. [O. Fr. emprise ~
an enterprise.] An enterprise.
" For Alisaunder's gret aprise.'
Alisaunder, 353.
a'-pron, * a'-pern, * na-prun (Eng.),
na'p-pern (N. of Eng.), s. [In Gael, aparan,
aparran ; Ir. aprun (these three are from the
English) ; Fr. napperon = a small table-cloth,
put over the great one to protect the latter
from stains {Littre); nappe = a table-cloth;
Old Fr. naperon ; Low Lat. napa, nappa =
napkin. Thus, n is now missing from the
word apron, arising from the false division of
the article and the noun ; thus, a napron was
incorrectly written an apron. Cf. adder.]
[Napery.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. A cloth, a piece of leather, or anything
similar, tied round the waist, and hanging
down before to protect the clothes, or as a
covering.
" Put on two leather jerkins and aprons, and wait
uijou him at bistable as drawers,"— SftoAcsy - " Hen
IV., ii. 2.
2. Anything resembling an apron worn as
part of official dress by bishops and deans
Freemasons, Oddfellows, &c. '
3. The leather covering for the legs in an
open carriage.
4. The apron of a goose: The fat skin cover-
ing the belly of a goose. (Johnson.)
B, Technically:
1. Gunnery : A square plate of lead, placed
over the touchhole of a cannon to preserve it
clean and open, and keep the powder inside
diy. (Dyche, James, t&c.)
2. Naval Architecture :
(a) A piece of cur\'ed timber fixed behind
the lower part of the stem of a ship imme-
diately above the foremost end of the keel,
(Webster,)
(6) A platform or flooring of plank raised at
the entrance of a dock, against which the
dock-gates are shut. (Webster.)
3. Mech. : The piece that holds the cutting
tool in a planing machine. (Goodrich & Fortcr.)
4:. Plumbing : A strip of lead which leads
the drip of a wall into a gutter ; a. flashing.
5. Zool. : The abdomen of crabs, which turns
up under the carapace. It is wider in the
female than in the male, and on its under
surface she carries her eggs.
apron-lining, s.
House Carpentry : The cover of the apron-
piece. [Apron-piece, 1 (1).J
apron-man, s. A man wearing an apron ;
a term, designed to be somewhat contemp-
t uous, for an artisan. {Shalcesp. : Coriol. iv. tj )
apron-piece, «.
1. House Carpentry:
(1) A horizontal piece of timber in a wooden
ilouble - flighted stair, for supporting the
carriage pieces, or rough strings, and joistings
m the half space or landings. (Nicholson,)
(2) A face, or fascia board, or panelling.
2. Mech, : [See Apron, B., 3J
apron-string, s. The string of an apron.
"To be tied to the apron-strings of a wife,
sister," &c., means = to be unduly controlled
by her. (Macaulay: Hist. Eng., chap, x.)
apron-String tenure, s. Tenure in
virtue of one's wife, or for her lifetime only.
n.'-proned, a. [Eng. apron ; -ed.] Wearing an
apron. (Pope: Essay on Man, iv. 197.)
^ a-pron-eer', s. [Eng. apron; -eer.] A
tradesman. Contemptuously applied by the
Cavaliers to the Parliamentarians. (D'Urfey:
Collin's Walk, iii.)
(apropos (a,p'-r6-p6), adv. & adj. [Fr. a, and
propos = (1) a thing said in conversation, (2)
speech, (3) purpose, design, (4:)pl., idle talk.]
/L» As adverb :
1, Opportunely, seasonably, by the way.
2. As bearing upon the subject, as suggested
by ; by the way. (See ex. under B. 2.)
1[ Frequently followed by of; as, apropos of
this, (Sec.
"R. As adjective:
1. Opportune, seasonable.
2, Appropriate, bearing on the matter in
hand ; to the point.
" Our Friend Dan Prior told (you know)
A tale extremely dpropos."
Pope : Imitations of Horace ; Sat. vi. 153-4.
ap-ro-SO'-pi-a. 5. [Mod. Lat., from Gr.
aTrpocrajTro? (aprosopos) = without a face.]
Pathol. : The absence of the greater part of
the face in an embryo due to ai-rested develop-
ment of the mandibular arch.
apse, ^p -sis (pi. ^p'-si~de§ or t ap'-3e§j),
s. [Lat. absis, genit, absidis ; or apsis, genit.
axfsidis ; Gr. d»/(i? (hapsis) = Ionic a«^ts (apsis)
= (1) a joining, a fastening, (2) the felloe of a
wheel or the wheel itself; hence, also, a bow,
an arch, a vault ; aTrrui (hapto) = to fasten or
bind to.]
1 1. Carriage Building: The felloe or ex-
terior rim or circumference of a wheel.
IL Architecture :
1. Gen. : The arched roof of a house, an
oven, &c.
2. Specially :
(a) A semi- circular or polygonal and generally
dome-roofed recess in a building. Several
apses exist in some mediaeval churches, the
episcopal throne being against the centre of
the wall of one, the principal altar in front of
second, and smaller altars in others. They
boil, hS^i poiit, j^l; cat, 9011. chorus. 9liin. bengli; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect. Xenophon, eyist. ph = f,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious. -sious, -cious = shus. -hie. -die, &c. = b^l, del-
262
apsidal— aptitude
exist also in the temples of antiqmty. (Gloss.
of Architecture. )
(b) The bishop's sL-at or throne, called also
Exedra and Tribune.
III. Art : A reliquary or ease in which the
reputed relics of saints were placed.
rV. Astrou. [See Apstdes.]
ap'~si-dal, a [Lat. apsidis, geuit. of apsis;
and Eng. suffix -al = pertaining to.] [Apse.]
APSIDAL CHAPEL.
Church of St. Julieii, Brioude, Auvergne.
1. Pertaining or relating to an architectural
apse or apsis.
"Gloucester Cathedral crypt, with aisle and three
radiatiug apsidal chapels."— OZoss. of Arch. (1850), p. 29.
2. Belating to the apsides of the moon or of
the primary planets.
ap'-si-des, s. pi. [Apse.] The plural of the
form Apsis (q.v.).
I. Generally.
II. Technically {Astron.'): The two points
in the elliptic orbit of a planet where it is at
the greatest and at the least distance respec-
tively from the body around which it revolves.
The moon moving in an elliptic orbit around
the earth, which is situated in one of the foci,
is at what was anciently called its higher apse
when it is in apogee, and at its lower one
when it is in perigee. Similarly, the primary
planets, including the earth and comets,
moving in elliptic orbits around the sun,
which is situated in one of the foci, pass
through their higher apse when they are in
aphelion, and their lower one when in peri-
helion. It is the same with the satellites of
Jupiter when they are inapnjove andperijove.
Liiie of the apsidrj. : The line connecting the
two apsides of a primary or secondary planet.
Were it not for a mo- d
tion of the apsides, it
would exactly coincide
with the major or
longer axis of the
ellipse. Let a d b be
the orbit of the moon,
of which the eccen-
tricity has been pur-
posely exaggerated,
and let c be the earth ; then a and e are the
two lunar apsides.
Progression of the moon's apsides: A slow
movement In the position of the apsides of the
moon, produced by the x'lei'turbing attraction
of other heavenly bodies. It is about ;:l'^ of
angular motion in oni> revolution of tlie moon,
and in the same direction as her pi-ogression
in her orbit. The apsides of the primary
planets are also to a certain extent perturbed.
Revolution of the moon's iii).^iilc.s : The move-
ment of the apsides around tlic entire circum-
tcrencr of the ellipse, which takes place in
3232 '5753 mean solar days, or about nine years.
Lihration in plauctnry apskJc--^ : A movement
sometimes forward and sometimes baclcward
in the apsides of Venus and Mercury, from
perturbations caused by other heavenly bodies.
ap'-sis, s. [Apse.]
apt, * apte, a. [In Fr. cvpte; Sp. & Port.
apto ; Ital. alto. From Lat. ajj^ifs = (1) fitted
or attached to ; (2) bound or tied together,
connected; (3) suitable; o pto ■= to fit ; Gr.
aTTTo) (Jmpto) = to fasten or bind tu ; Sansc.
dp = to go to, to obtain.]
T[ Not used in the first or second senses of
the Lat. apius, but only in the third or ligura-
tive one.
L Fit, suitable, proper.
"Long frieze mantles, reseinhling those which Spen-
ser liad, a centui'y before, descriheil ;us meet beds for
rebels and apt cloaks for thieves . . ."—Jl'jcniihii/:
J/ist. Eng., en. xii.
II. Having a tendency to.
1. Of things: Liable tu.
"Things natural, aa lon^ as tliey keep those forms
which give them their being, ciinnot iwssibly be apt
or inclinable to do otherwise than they tla."— Hooker.
2. Of persons : Having a di.sposition to,
prone to, inclined to. (Used of persons.)
IIL Quick, ready.
" I have a heart as little apt as yours."
^hakcxp. : Corlol., iii, 2.
rV. Qualified for ; with a natural genius, or
acquired skill and knowledge for, or both.
"Apt to teach."—! Tim. iii. 2 : 2 Tim. ii. 24.
* apt-tinding, a. [Eng. apt; A.S. tendan,
tyndan=- to tind, to set on fire.] Having a
tendency to ignite.
" Incessantly tli' apt-tbidinq fume is tost
Till it inflame "
Sylocstcrs Du Barta^. { Wright : /H'-t. Obs i- Proi'. Etifi )
^ apt, v.t. [From the adjective. In Port.
aptar ; Lat. apto.]
"■" I.* Lit. : To x^hice in close proximity to, as
if fitted or adjusted to.
" They sit so ajjfcfZ to her."— /?cuin« & Flet. {1617).
IL Figurativchj :
1. To suit, to adai)t, to lit.
" We need a man that knows the several graces
Of history, and how to apt their places."
JScn Jonson.
2. To dispose, to ])repare.
" The king is melancholy,
Apted for any ill impressions.
Drnhain ■ Sophy.
^" S,pt -a-ble, f. [Eng. opt; -o.hh.~\ That may
be adapted. (Shcncond.)
"" ap'-tate, v.t. [Lat. aptatus, pa, p;u-. ofapdor
= to be made fit.]
Astrol. : To render apt, fit, or suitable.
"To aptatc a planet is Ut strentrthen the planet in
position of house and dignities totlie greatest advan-
tage, in order to bring about the desired end."— £a2?ev/.
"" ap'-ted, pa. par. [Apt, t.]
ap-ten-6-dy'-tes, s. [(l) Gr. kirrriv (a.pten)
= (1) unfledged, (2) unable to fly; a, priv.,
and TT-nji'os (ptenos) =■ feathered, winged ;
TTT^i'di (ptenai), aor. inf. of iriTOfjLai (]>ctui/uu)
= to fly : (2) Sunjs (di(tPs) — a diver ; &vi^ Qhi-i)
= to enter, to plunge into.]
Ornith. : A genus of swimming birds, classed
by some under the family Alcida;, and by
others under that of Spheniscidie. It contains
the penguins of the Southern hemisphere.
Their wings are rudimentary, with only vestiges
of feathers, and their feet so far behind that
when on shore they have to sit or stand bolt
upright. When pursued, however, they can
manage to make way quickly by using their
wings as an anterior pair of legs. The water
is their natural element, in which they live,
and they move in it with much agility.
Example, A. Patagonica, a species as large
as a goose, seen standing in large flocks on
barren shores near the Straits of Magellan,
and here and there as far as New Guinea.
ap'-ter-a, s. pi. [Neut. plur. of Gr. aTrrepo?
(apteros) = wingless : a, iiriv., and irrepov
(pteron) = a wing ; TreVoiLtai {iictomui) = to fly.]
Zool. : Liniiyius's name I'or his seventh and
last order of Insecta. This ord(n- contained a
heterogeneous assemblage of six-footed insect.-,
liropcr— spiders, crab-s, and centipedes. j;Vny
entomologists who now retain it limit it to
the wingless firdtrs of in.sects proper— the
Anoplura, the jVIalluphaga, the Thysanui-a, and
the Aphaniptera, which, however, are now noi
idaced in a single category, owing to the fiiet
that the Aphaniptera diff'er from the rest in
undergoing metamorphosis.
ap'-ter-al, Lt. [Apter^.]
t 1. Zool. : Destitute of wings.
2. Arch.: Xut having columns on the sides,
(Used of temples or similar buildings.)
ap'-ter-an, s. [Aptera.] Any individual of
the ApTi'mA (q.v.).
ap-ter'-i-al, z^. [Apterium.] Pertaining to
a featherless tract on the skin of a bird.
ap-ter'-i-um, *. [Apterous.]
Biol. : A feathei'less tract on the skin of a
bird. [Nitz-^rh : Ftcrylogmphy.)
ap-ter-o-no'-tus, *. [Gr. aTrTepoi {apteros} =
. . . finless, and i-oiTOs ('ioios) =the back.]
Zool. : A genus of American fishes of the Eel
family. Tliey have on their back not a fin,
but a soft fleshy filament couched in a furrow.
They have an affinity to Gymnotus.
ap'-ter-OUS, a. [Gr. an-repos {apteros) — ^\'nv^-
less. In Fr. aptkrc ; Port, ojdcro.] [Aptera.]
1. Zool : Wingless.
"Cuvier and Latreille divide the Apterous Insects
into three triljes : the Suctoria (Fleaa); the Parasit-i
(Lice), . . . and the Thy.sauoura." — Owen: Inverti:-
brata, Lect. xvi.
2. Bot. : Without niembranous wing-like
expansions. (London: Cycl. of Plants ; Gloss.)
ap-ter-yg'-i-dse, s. pi. [Apteryx.]
Zool. : A family of Cursorial Birds with
some aflinities to tire StruthionidEe, or t )s-
triches, but difi'ering in then- lengthened bill,
their short legs, their possession of a shoi t
hind toe, with a strong claw, and finally, by
their wings being rpiite rudimentary.
ap'-ter-yx, s. [Gr. a, priv., and irr^pvi
(jJterux), genit. TTTdpvyo<s (ptei-^tgos)=. a wing.]
Zool. : A genus of birds, the tjq^ical one of
the family Apterygidai. Two species are
known — the A. austrctli,-i and A. Mantelli, both
from New Zealand. The natives call the
former, and probably also the latter. Kiwi-
kiwi, which is an imitation of tlieir peculiar
cry. The A. australl^ is somewhat less in size
than an ordinary goose. It runs when pur-
sued, shelters itself in holes, and defends
itself with its long bill ; but unable as it is t"
fly, its fate, it is to be feared, will soon be
that of the dodo— it will become extinct.
ap '-ti-tu.de, s. [In Pi-, aptitude; Sp. uptituO :
Port, aptidao; Ital. attltudlne ; Lat. apio = to
fit ; aptus^= fit.]
1. Fitness, suitableness, adaptation. Used—
(a) Of things:
"The mutual apiitudv of seed and soil."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v,
(h) Of persons : Competence for, natui^al
genius or acquired skill for learning or for
doing any particular thing.
fate, fat, fSxe, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, uinite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. 9b, oe = e. ey=a. qu — kw.
aptltudinal— aqua
263
. lie aueniB to )iiivo lijul n peculiai- aptitude for
the luJinagement of iiTeautar trooi>s."— J/ucaui'(.'/ ■
flitf: JSnf/., eh. xii.
2. Tendency towards, proueness to. (Used
nf man and other animated beings, as well as
of tilings inanimate.)
" The aptiiwte of the Cheiroptera, Insectivora. and
certam Eodentia to faU like Reptiles into a state of
tme torpidity . . r—Oirmi : Classif. df till! Jfnin-
Tnalia, p. 34.
* ap-ti-tu'-din-al, a. [From Bng. aptitude.]
Possessed of aptitude for. (Ifciisier.)
* ap-ti-tu'-din-al-ly, adv. [Eng. aptitii.-
dintil; -ly.] In a manner to evince aptitude.
(IVaster.)
a,pt'-\^,aih\ [Eng. apJ; -ly.]
1. Fitly, suitably ; with proper adaptation,
correspondeni'-e, or connexion.
" In hiii wild notes seem aptli/ met
A strain of pleasure and re^et. ' , ,
Hcott : Jtokehu, u. 20
2. Pertinently, justly.
■' Irenwus very antltf remarks, that those nations who
were not possest of the gospels, had the siime accounts
of our Saviour whieli are in the Evangelists. —A d:ljvi
3. Quickly, readily. (Johnsor..)
&pt'-ness, s. [Eng. njrf; -tKss.]
1. Fitness, suitalilenoss.
"The nature of every law must he iudged of by the
aiitnes.! of things therein prescribed, unto the same
end." — Hooker.
2. Tendency. Used —
(ft) Of things inanimate :
"Some seeds of Boo<lness five him a relish of such
reflections as have an itjitnrm to improve the mmd. —
AddUon.
(p) Of cmiiMiled heinij^: Pi-opensity, prone-
ness.
. their a}>tn<-ii^ to superstition.*' — Tpremy
Tni/lor: fjf tliv JJ<'cato:iU': irorfts (ed. 1839). vol. lii..
p. 14.
3. Quickness, readiness.
"What should he the apttioss of birds in comparison
of beasts to imitate siieechV maybeemiuired."— fl«co«.
S,p'-t6te, s. [Lat. aptota, neut. plur. ; Gr.
aTTToiTtt (apfoto), neut. pi. of an-TioTos {ayt^tos),
adj. = without cases : a, priv. , and Trroio-ts
(ptosis) = (1) a falling, (-J) a (vise ; jreTrTco/ca
(peptoka), 2 perf. of TriTrrn) (jji/rf") =to fall.]
irntmmnr: A noun "without ('ases," that
is, ail indeclinaljle noun. (r.V.i.'.^.n/. Nam.)
* S,p'-t3^-0lius, s. [Gr. a, priv. , and tttuxos
(ptuchos), genit. of Trriif (j)(Kx) = a fold, leaf,
layer, or plate.]
Pahmut. : A fossil body now regarded as the
operculum of Aniiuonites (q.v.). Before their
nature was understood they were called Tn-
gunellites, Lcpadites, and various other names.
^-pus, s. [Gr. aTTOu! (apovs) = footless, with-
out feet : a, priv., and iroiis (pons) — a foot.]
1 Zool : A genus of Entomostracans, the
typical one of the family Apodidie. They have
the carapace of one piece, and completely en-
veloping the anterior part of the animal.
Tliough the name implies that they are foot-
less, yet they have about sixty pairs of feet.
The A. mncrifonnis, or Crab-shelled Shriiu]..
from 2 to Sill, long, is found in England ; it
preys on the smaller Entomostraca. Ihf
iii.des have been only recently discovered.
2. Astruii. : One of Lacaille's twenty-sevi'u
Southern consti-llatious. Its English uaine is
"the Bird of Paradise," that animal being
once erroneously supposed to be destitute of
feet. [Pakadis'e.)
Sp-y-ret'-ic, a. [In Fr. apyretmie; Gr. i,
priv., and TrvpeTtKo? (jmreitfcos) =: feverish ;
T.-uperds ()r!iretos) = burning heat, . . fever;
OTioeVo-io (:pti/R~.M)) = to be feverish, to be in
afever; irCp(j)!i)) = fire .] Fi-ee from
fever.
ap'-y-rex-y, ap-y-rex'-i-a, s. [In Fr.
ajryrcxie; Port. & Mod. Lat. apyrexki ; Gr.
nirupefia (apilrr.rin) ; i, priv., and mjpiaaoi
(jrarcsso).] [Ai'VEEtic] The intermission or
tho abatement of a fever. (Glossog. Ntiva.)
a,p-y'-rite, s. [In Ger. apyrlt ; Gr. airopo!
(«piiros) = without fire : a, priv., and iriip (pur)
= lire ; Eng. suff. -ite, denoting quality.]
jlf i». : -\u unimportant variety of Tour-
maline not now retained.
stp-y'-roiis, a. [In Fr. apyre ; Lat. apyros ;
Gr. aTTupo? (cj^Kros) = without lire; a, priv.,
and TTup (]"(/•) = fire.] Incombustible; not
able to be altered by the greatest amount of
heat to which, in the present state of scieu-
tiflc knowledge, it can be subjected.
1 An airaroits body is not the same as a re-
/,-acfori/ one. In the former the heat produces
no perceptible change ; whilst the latter may
be in various ways altered, though not fused.
aq. A contraction for Aqca, used in physi-
cians' prescriptions.
aq. bull., contracti'd from aqua bulliens =
boiling water.
aq. ler., contracted from aqua ftrmis =
boiling water
aq. dest., contracted from or/Jia destillata
= distilled watei-.
aq. font., contracted from aqua fontana —
spring water.
a'-qua, s [Lat. = w.ater. In Ital. aeqxm;
Port.' ("/iiri, iiil't" : ^1'- ni/aa; O. Fr. aigxi,
jaiirc, contracted in Mod. Fr. into mil ; A.S.
'«i = running water, a stream, water ; 0. H.
Ger. alia = a river ; Goth, ahva ; "Wei. gury,
ain ; Irish oig. oiche ; Gael, uisge; Arm. eagw-
= to water ; Pos. auli = water, as Punjaub or
PanjA'b = the five waters or rivers ; Sansc.
tfji — water, ap = to go.]
1. (StdhiVLng aUi'ite) :
Plmrm., itc: .Ordinary water.
2. (Htnuiui In appo-^ition u'lth, it an adjective
nr suhslaiUioc which limits Us signification):
Fharm., CImm., &c.: A liquid, of which
water constitutes the chief part, the adjective
iir substantive indicating which. In the
Jlatcria Medica, atpia, followed by the genitive
I .f some plant, means water holding in solution
a small quantity of oil or other volatile matter
derived from that plant ; as Aqua campliorai
= water of camphor ; Aqua cinnamoni =
water of cinnamon ; -b/ii" I'osn- = rose-water.
aqua alcalina oxymuriatlca. Oxy-
inuriatic ;ilkaline water, used as a bleaching
liquid.
aqua aluminis composita. Com-
pound alum water.
aqua aluminis Bateana. Bates's
alum water.
aqua ammonise. Water of ammonia ;
called also Liquor amvionio',. It is a solution
otammoniacal gas in water.
aqua ammoniae acetatis. Water of
ai-ctatr of ammonia.
aqua ammonise causticse. Caustic
water of ammonia
aqua ammonise acetitis. Water of
acrtite of ammonia.
aqua ammouiae purse. Pure water of
ammonia.
aqua anethi. In modern pharmacy —
dill water.
aqua calcis. Lime water.
aqua calcis composita. Compound
lime water.
aqua camphorse. In modern pharmacy
= camphor water.
aqua carbonatis ammonise. Water
of carbonate of ammonia.
aqua cai'ui. In modern pharmacy =
caraway water.
aqua carui spirituosa. Spirituous
caraway water.
aqua cerasorum nigrorum. Black
chcrn' water.
aqua cinnamoml. In modem pharmacy
= cinnamon water.
aqua cinnamomi fortius. Strong
cinnamon water.
aqua cinnamomi spirituosa. Spiri-
tuous cinnamon water.
aqua citri aurantii. Orange-peel
water.
aqua citri medicse. Lemon-peel water.
aqua cupri ammoniati. Water of
ammoniated copper.
aqua cupri vitriolata. Water of sul-
phate of copper.
aqua destiUata. Distilled water.
[AQUjE, A.]
aqua floris aurantii. Orange-flower
water.
aqua foeniculi. In modern pharmacy
= common or sweet-fennel water,
aqua fontana. Water from a fountain ;
spring watei'.
* aqua fortis. [Strong water. In Sp.
iiflKcT /«r(c.l In Chemistry Modem Phar-
macy &c., ail old name for nitnc acid.
" It dissolves in amia .fortis. with gre.it ,el"^litM".
and heat, into a red Wor so red as blood. -Bacon .
Physiol. Rum.
aqua grseca. A weak solution of nitrate
of silver, sometimes sold to dye hair of a
black colom-. It is unwise to use such dyes.
aqua kali. Water of kali, or the liquor
of the sub-carbonate of potassa.
aqua kali caustici. Water of caustic
kali.
aqua kali praeparati vel puri.
Water of jirepared or pure kali.
aquajuniperi composita. Compound
juniper water.
aqua labyrinthi. In anatomy, a fluid
contained wifhiu the labjTinth of the ear.
aqua lauri cassiae. Cassia or Bastard
cinnamon water.
aqua lauri cinnamomi. Cinnamon
water.
aqua laurocerasi. In modern phar-
macy = laurel water.
aqua lif'argyrl aoetati. Water of
acetated litharge.
aqua litbargyri acetatl composita.
Compound water of acetate of litharge.
aqua litbargyrites. Water of litharge.
aqua mentUse piperitsa. In modern
pharmacy = peppermint water.
aqua menthae piperitae spirituosa.
Spirituous i)tppcrniint water.
aqua menthae pulegii. Pennyroyal
water.
aqua mentbae sati'vae. Spearmint
water.
aqua menthae sativae spirituosa.
Spirituous spearmint water
aqua menthae viridis. In modern
pharmacy = spearmint water.
aqua menthae vulgaris. . Common
mint water.
aqua menthae vulgaris spirittiosa.
Spirituous mint water.
* aqua mirabilis. \.Lit. = the wonderful
water J A liquor prepared of cloves, galangals,
eubebs, mace, cardamoms, nutmegs, ginger,
and spirit of wine, digested twenty-four hours,
and then distilled. (Johnson.)
aqua morgagni. A watery humour
found after death between the capsule and
the body of the lens in the human eye, having
probably been absorbed from the aqueous
humour. (Todd and Bowman : Physiol. Anat.,
vol. ii., p. 34.)
aqua muriatis calcis.
muriate of lime.
Water of
aqua myrti pimentae. Allspice water.
nucis moschatse. Nutmeg
aqua
water.
aqua
water.
oxymuriatlca.
Oxymuriatie
aqua oxymuriatis potassse. Water
of oxymuriate of potash.
aqua picis liquida. Tur water.
bffll, bdj-; pout, jdwl; cat, 9011, chorus, ghin, beneb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-cian. -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -clous =shus. -Me, -die, &c. = bel. del.
264
aquse— aqueduct
aq.ua pimentse. in modem iiharmacy =
liimeuto or allspice water.
aqua pimentse spirituosa. Spirita-
uus piiuenlo water.
aqua piperis jamaicensis. Jamaica
pepper water.
aqua potassae. Water of putaah. A
solution of potassa in water.
aqua pulegii. Pennyroyal water.
aqua pulegii spirituosa. Spirituous
pennyroyal water.
aqua raphani composita. Com-
pound water of horse-radish.
aqua regia. [In Sp. agua regia.] A
liquor consisting of nitric and hydrochloric
acids in certain proportions. It lias the pro-
pex'ty of dissolving gold, whence its name,
regia or royal Properly spealiing, it is only
the chlorine which attacks the gold.
"Gold 13 diaaolved with aqua regia iuto a yellow
liilHor, with little heat or ebullitiou. — fiacon .- I'hysiol.
Rem., \i. 41B.
aqua rossB. Rose water.
aqua sambuci. Elder-flower water.
aqua saturnina. Water of lead.
aqua secunda. Nitric acid liberally
dQuted with pure water. Its use in art is to
clear the surface of metals and of certain
stones.
aqua seminum anisi composita.
Contpound aniseed water.
aqua seminum carui. Caraway seed
water.
aqua seminum carui composita.
Compound caraway water.
aqua styptica. Styptic water.
aqua subcarbonatis kali. Water of
subcarbonate of kali.
aqua sulphureti ammonise. Water
of sulphuret of ammonia.
aqua sulphureti kali. Water of sul-
phuret of kali. Hydi'osulphiu-et of potassa.
aqua supercarbonatis potassse.
Water of supercarbonate of potash.
aqua supercarbonatis sodee. Water
of supercarbonate of soda.
aqua t'ofana. [From an infamous Italian
woman called Tofana, who lived about the
middle of the seventeenth century, and is
.said to have poisoned more than 000 people
by means of a deadly preparation she had
discovered.] A preparation in which the
main ingredient is crystallised arsenic in solu-
tion. Modern chemistry very easily detects
the presence of arsenic in the stomach and
intestines of one poisoned by it, and renders
the rise of a second Tofana all but iniiiossible.
aqua vegeto-mineralis. Vegeto-
jnineral water.
. aqua vitSS. [Lit. = water of life.] Au
old name for alcohol. Some extend the term
aqua vitce to spirits of wine and brandy,
whilst others apply it to spirituous liquor
distilled from malt, as contradistinguished
from brandy, which they limit to liquor pro-
cured from wine or the grape.
" Alas .' aln.B !— Help ! help ! my lady's dead!—
0, well-a-day, that ever I was born !
Some aquu-Dit(B, ho I My lord ! my lady ! "
Shakesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iv. 5.
aqua vitse man. A seller of drams.
" Sell the dole beer to aqua vitce mun."
Ben Jonson ; Alche^nist, i. i.
a-qU09~ma-na'-le (pi. a-qu se-ma-na-
li-a), s. [Low Lat., from Lat. oqva = water,
and raanaU — an ewer.]
1. A pitcher used by tlie ancient Romans
for pouring water over the hands iuto a basin
during and after meals.
2. The basin in which the priest washes his
hands before saying mass.
3. A basin or ewer of grotesque form.
a-qua-for'-tist, ?. [Lat. a'^i(a/or(i«= strong
water, au old name for nitric acid.] One whcj
etches with aquafortis.
'' a-qua'ke, pret. a-que'ightte {gh Milcnl),
v.i. [A.S. ncwavlaii = to be moving or
trembling.] To tremble.
" The glevuien iiHeden hei' tongue,
TliB wode iiqni:ightte so hy suiige."
Alisauruler, 5,257.
a'-qua-ma-rine, * a'-qua ma-ri'~na, ^.
[Lat. = marine water, a term borrowed from
the Italian lapidaries, to wliom it was sug-
gested by a remark of Pliny's, that the
mineral tlius named resembled the green
colour of the sea.]
Mi)u : A bluish-green variety of the Beryl
(q.v.). It is regarded as a gem. Tlie tiiicst
specimens known come from Brazil.
"Kiucliiiijiiiisia bore nearly due north, a dazzlinc;
niaas of auowy peaks, intersected by blue glaciers,
«hicli (jleiLuieil in the slauting raya of the I'lsiiig .sun,
like nquaniarincs set iii frosted sil\ei:"— Hooker :
Uimalai/an Journals, chap, viii., vol. i., p. 18+.
a'-qua-pult, .v [Formed on analogy with
cataindt (q.v.) The first element is Lat. cunui
= water.] A small force-pump, differing from
the ordinary form in being portable.
aquarelle (as ak-wa-rel). s. [Fr., from
Ital. a&p-tarella == water-colour.]
1, Water-colour painting.
2. A painting in water-colouis.
aquareUist (as ak-wa-rel' -ist), s. [Aqua-
relle.] One who paints in aquarelle ; a watei-
colour painter.
a-quar'-i-an, a. & s. [Lat. aquarius = of or
relating to water.]
A, As adjective :
1. Pertaining to an aquarium.
B. As substaidivB :
I. Ord. Lang. : One wbo keeps an aquarium
for recreation or study.
IL Church Hist. : One of a sect in the primi-
tive Church wlio uscil water instead of wine in
the Lord's Supper. Some of them did so from
holding sentiments like those now entertained
by total abstainers; whilst others, employing
wine in the evening communion, used waiei'
in the morning one, lest the smell of wim-
might beti ay their assemblies to persecuting
foes.
a-qua'r-i-iim f^pl. a-qua'r-i-ums, a-
qua'r-i-a), s. [Lat. = a w.ntering-plaCL' for
cattle; aqua = watei:]
1, A tank or vessel filled with salt or fresh
water, and used chiefly for keeping alive
aquatic animals in cireumstanccs which
render it easy to study their habits, and for
cultivating aquatic plants.
2. A place of entertainment in which sucli
aquariums are exhibited. The finest in this
country are those at Westminster, Brigliton.
and the Ciystal Palace.
A-qua'r-i-tis, s. [In Sp., Port., and Ital.
Aijiiario ; from Lat. aquarius = (l) a water-
carrier, 0^) an inspector of conduits or water-
pipes, (3) a constellation. (See 1 & 2.) From
aquarius = of or relating to water.]
In Astronomy :
1. The eleventh of the twehe ancient zodia-
cal constellations, now generally called signs
of tlie zodiac. It is generally quoted as
"Aquarius, the Water-bearer."
2. A division of the ecliptic— that between
300° and 330'=' of longitude, which, on account
of the precession of the equinoxes, has gradu-
ally advanced from the constellation Aquarius,
once within those limits. The sun enters this
part of his course about the 21st of January, at
which time there are generally copious rains
in Italy, whence the name Aquarius = the
water-bearer or waterman. (Herschel : Astron.,
§§ 380, 381.) It is marked thus ^.
■' A constellation in the watery sign,
Whit;h they Aquarius call,"
Clci>elu>td: Poems, Ac, p. l".
a-qua<t'-ic, ^ a-quat'-ick, a. & 5. [In Fr.
aquatlque ; Sp., Port., & Ital. aquatico. From
Lat. aqxmticus — (1) found in the water, (2)
watery, (3) like water.]
A, As adjective :
1. Of plants : Growing in the water.
2. 0/uiumal^: Living in or about the water;
swimming in, flying over, or deriving its food
from the water.
"Brutes m.ay be conbidered as either aCrial, terres-
trial, aqiiatick, or amphibioua. Aguatick .arc thosG
whose constant abode is upon the water." — Locke.
B. ^5 substantive :
1, An aquatic animal or plant.
" Flags, and such like aqunticks, are best destroyed
hy diixhnng."—Jlorthner : ffitabandry.
2. A person fond f)f water. {N.E D.)
*" a-quat'-ic-al, c [Eng. aquatic; -at] The
same as Aquatic, adj. (q.v.). (Evelyn.)
^ a'-qua-tile, * a'-qua-til, a. & s. [In Sp.
aquatil. From Lat. aqiiatile, neut. of adj.
oquotlli-i —aquatic]
A. As a^j. : Aquatic.
•' We behe'd manymillioTiaof the aqiiatile, or water
fros, in ditches and sfcindiiig plashes."— firow^e :
I'lifffur Errours.
B, As sv},$t. : An aquatic animal or plant.
a'-qua-tint, a-qua-tin'-ta, s & a. [In
Gcr. aquatinta ; Fr. a.qua-tinta, aqua-tinte ;
Lat. aqua = M'ater, and Ital. tinta = a dye, a
tincture.]
A. As siihstantice: A kind of engraving so
called from its resemblance to water-colour
drawings. The most approved method of
practising it is to first trace the outline of tlie
proposed picture on a copper-plate by means
of an etching needle or other sharp in.strument.
Next, the etching ground is removed, and tlie
plate thoroughly^cleaned with whitening and
water. The plate is then placed in a fiat tin or
earthen vessel in an inclined position, and on it
is poured a solution of resinous matter, pre-
pared in rectified spirits of wine. When dry,
the design is drawn upon it with the bursting-
ground [Bursting-ground], and the plate is
varnished and dried. Some clear water is then
applied to it, and finally, the design is bit into
the coi)pcr by two successive apjjlications of
dilute nitric acid.
B. As adjectirc : Pertaining to the kind of
engraving now described.
"... method of producing the aquatint ground."—
Jtees : Cyclo]!-, ii-, ' Aqiiatuita."
a'-qua-tint, v.t. [From the substantive.] To
carry out the process described under A^la-
TiNt, suhst. (q.v.).
"The principal disadvantages of this method (■£
(fquattn:ing are . . ."—/i,es: C.'/clo2>. ii., '' AquaHrU."
a ~qua.-tint-iiigt pi . par. [Aquatint, c]
a-quav'-a-lent, s. [Lat. aqva = water, and
valens = strong, pr. par. of valco = to be worth,
to have a value.]
Clicin. : The molecular ratio of the water to
the salt contained in a cryohydrate.
aq'-ue-diict, * 3.q'-U£e-duct, aq-ue-
duc'-tiis, aq-usB-duc'-tiis (aque =
ak'-we), .'•■. [Fr. a/iueduc, aqueduc; Sp. &
Port, aquedi'cto; Ital. aquidotto ; Lat. aqiic-
ductus — aqiue ductus = a leading or conduct-
■ ing of water ; diico = to lead.]
A. (Of the English forms aqueduct, * aqute-
duct): In a general sense any artificial channel
for the conveyance of water from place to place ;
but the t'.-rm is generally limited to an artificud
AQUEDUCT ON THE ANIO, NEAR UU^IE.
channel or conduit raised on pillars for the
conveyance of drinking water to a citv. Of all
the nations of antiquity, the Romans" were the
great builders of aqueducts. No fewer than
twenty of these erections converged on the
fate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or- wore, w^lf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
aqueigntte— ara
265
capital duriag its palmy days ; whilst there
were many more in the provincial x^^^ts of
the empire. Magnificent ruins of seme of
these still remain : the best of them in the
Campagna around Rome ; the others, in por-
tions of France, Spain. Italy, Sicily, Greece,
Asia, and Africa, ouce occupied hy important
cities and towns. Aqueducts are rare in this
country ; but there are some remarkable ones,
e.g., tlie Chirk Aqueduct over the Dee, near
Llangollen.
" No magnificent remaiiiB of Latin porches nud
aqueducts are to be found in Britain." — Jfacaulay :
Bist. /Ctia-.ch. i.
A(iued act of tile cochlea. [Aqueductus, B.]
Aqueduct of Fallopius. [AtiUEDUcrus, B. ]
Aqueduct ofSylvbtfi. [Aqueductus, B.]
B. (Chiejly of tJie form aqueductus) :
A. cochlecB, the aqueduct of the cochlea.
(CocnLKA.] A funnel-shaped canal in the ear.
it leads to the jugular fossa, and is supposed
to afford a passage for a small vein. (Todd (t
Bowma}^: Fhyslol. Anat, vol. ii.. pp. 74, 75.)
A. Fallopii, the aqueduct of Fallopius. A
channel in the ear near the tympanum. (Ibid.,
vol, ii., p. 70.)
A. Si/lvii, the aqueduct of Sylvius. A
channel in the brain, connecting the third and
fourth ventricles, (ibid., vol. ii., p. 289.)
A. vestihnU: A canal running from the vesti-
bide of the internal ear to the posterior surface
of the pars petrosa of the temporal bone.
* a-quelghtte (ah silent). Pret. of v. Aquake
(q.v.).
" a-que'lnt (2), pa. par. [Aijuench.]
* a-quelnt-a-ble, «. [Acquaint able.]
* a'-que-i-ty, 5. [In Ital. aqueita, aqucUade
= waterislmess.] Wateriness.
"The aqu^ty,
Terreity, and aulphureity.
Shall ruu togettier again.
Sen Joiuon : AU^icmitt, iv. 1.
* a- quelle, *a-quil', *a-quel-len,
^ ac-quel'-lan (pa. par. * a-qu6'ld), i-.t.
[A.S. (icv3eUan.\ To kill.
" Nule heo the sothe telle
Thah mo HcUulde heom aqucllc."
Sinners Beware (ed. Morris), 241-42.
* ar^uen'Qli, * a-quenphe, * a-quen-
^hen (pret.* a-que'int, *a-que'ynt), v.t.
[A. 8. aquencan = to quench,] To quench.
"... man theniore the ticthench er thou ualle of
thi bench thi zenne aqU6ncli,"—Atienbite (ed. Morris),
p. ISO.
» a-quent', * a-que'int (1), a-que'ynte,
pa. par. [Acquaint, pa. par.] {Chaucer,
Prompt. Parv.)
* a -que'n-tyn, v.t. [Acquaint, v.\ To make
icnown. {Prompt. Par v.)
a'-que-oiis, a. [In Fr. aquieux; Sp., Port., &
Ital. aqiieo; from Lat. aqua — water.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Consisting wholly or in large measure of
water. [B. 1.]
2. Made by the addition of water.
3. Deposited from water. [B. 4.]
B. Tecluiically :
1. Meieorol. Aqueous vapour: The water
which, evaporating from the earth, goes to
constitute clouds,
" The loaves of the plants absorb both the carbonic
ivcid and the aqueous vapour of the v.ii:."—T!/ndaU:
Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., iv. 87.
2. Anat. Aqueous humour: A humour of
the eye filling up the space between the cornea
and the ciTstalline lens. It is partially divided
liv the iris into an anterior and posterior
chamber. The former is tlie larger, and has
the cornea in front, the iris behind, and a
portion of the ciliary ligament on its circum-
ference.
"The aqueous humour of the eye consists very
nearly of water. But^elius atjitea that all its other
constituents taken together do not amount to so much
as oue-flftieth part of me whole. Of these, more than
half is chloride of sodium, and the rest is extractive
matter, soluble either iu water or alcohol."— TotW &
JSowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 36.
3. Cimn,. [A. 2.]
4. Geol. Aqueous rocks : Rocks originally
deposited from water, whence they are some-
times called aqueo2is deposits. As what is de-
posited is sediment of some one kind or other,
they are also termed sediinentary rocl.-s, and as.
unless too much metamorphosed, they contiLin
the now fossilised remains of the animals
which lived in the water, and the plants which
grew or were carried into it, they are denomi-
nated fossiliferoiis rocks. Finally, as the sedi-
ment successively deposited from. the water
tended to armnge itself iu layers or strata, the
rocks thus formed are called stratified rocks.
{Lyeil : Geology.) A great part of the science
of geology has been built up on the careful "
study of aqueous rocks, the relative order of
their disposition, and their fossil contents.
a'-que-oiis-ness, s. [Eng. aqueous; -ness.]
The quality of being watery ; wateriness.
^ a-que'ynt, pa. par. [Aquench. ]
a-quif-er-oiis, a. [Lat. aqua = water, and
fero = to bear. ] Beaiing water.
"... with a conspicuous {aguifsrous ?) pore iu
the middle." — Woodward: Mollusca (1851), p. 117.
a-qui-fd-li-a'-^e-SB, s. pi. [Lat. aquifoUo,
aquifolium.] Hollyworts. An order of mono-
petalous plants ranked by Lindley under liiy
Gentianal Alliance. It consists of trees or
shrubs with coiiaceous leaves, small axillary
flowers, and fleshy Indehiscent fruit, with
from two to six seeds. The common holly. Her
atiuifolium, is the type of the order. In 1840.
Lindley estimated the number of known
species at 110.
a-qui-fo'-li-um* s. [Lat. aqvlfolium, <n-
aquifoUa = the hoUy-tree, or the Scarlet Holm
(Ilex aquifolium) ; aquifoUus, atlj. = having
pointed leaves.] A plant-genus from which
the Holly order is called Aquifoliacece. (Now
ranked under Ilex.)
a'-qui-form, a. [Lat. aqua = water, and
fo7ina — form, shape.] In the form of water.
aq -uil-a {^q'-uU = ak'-wil), s. [Ital. &
Lat. a/iuila = an eagle, perhaps from the root
ac — sharp, swift.]
1. Zool. : A genus
of raptorial bird.-;,
the typical one uf
the Aquilinas or
Eagles, a sub-family
of Falcouidie. The
species have not
that strong tooth
in their bills which
the falconfe possess,
and are feebler for
their size, less i^ou-
rageous and Irss
predatory than thi-
falcons proper. Two
species occur in
Britain, the .4. chru-
s(ii-tc^, or Golden
Eagle, and the -I.
)iir,rui, or Spotted
Eagle. [E.\GLE.l
2. Astron. : ()ne of the twenty ancient
Northern constellations. Within it is in-
cluded also the constellation Antinous, the
only one of forty-eight recognised by tlir
ancients which modern astronomers have
merged in another one. [Antinous.]
a,q-uil-a'r-i-a (aq-uil as ^k-wil), 5.
[From Lat. aquila=a.n eagle.] [Agalloch.]
A genus of plants, the typical one of the
order Aquilariaceifi (q.v.). Aloes-wood, Agila-
wood, or Eagle-wnud, is the inside of tlie
trunk of the Aquilaria ovata, and A . Agallocho.
[Aloes-wood, Agil.\-\\'ood.]
aq-uil-ar-i-a'-9e-8e (aq-uil = ak-wil),
s. pL [Aquilaria.] An order nf i>lants classed
by Dr. Lindley under his Rhamnales, or Rhani-
nal Alliance. They have the c-alyx turbinate
or tubular, with its orifice furnished with ten
or five bearded scales, which are really
stamens. Corolla, 0 ; stamina, ten or five, in
the latter case opposite the segments of the
calyx ; style, 0, or conical and thread-shaped ;
stigma, large, simple ; ovary, superior, one-
celled ; seeds, one on each placenta, or one
abortive. Trees with alternate entire shining
leaves without stipules. Habitat, the East
Indies. In 1S47, Dr. Lindley estimated the
known species ;it ten.
aq'-uil-ate (aq-uil = ak'-wil), v.t [From
Lat. OAiuila = an eagle.]
Her. : To adorn with eagles' heads. (U.sed
chiefly, if not exclusively, in the pa. par.
a,q'-uil-a-ted (^q'-uil = ak'-wil), pa. po.r.
[Aquil.\te.]
aquilv.
aq-ui-le -gi-a (aq-iu = ak-wi), s. [A J>.
itnd Ital. aqnilegia; from Lat. aqmh-^ixn
ea<de, the species resembling eagles' claws J
Columbine. A genus of plants belonging tu
the order Ranunculaceae, or Crowfoots. Ihe
A vulgaris, or Common Columbine, a plant,
the petals of which terminate beneath in a
hornlike spiu', is a doubtful nati\e of Britain.
aq-ui-li'-nse (aq-ui = ak-wi), s. pi. . [Froni
Lat. aquila = an eagle.] A sub-family ot
Faleouidffi. It contains the eagles. Ihrce
genera— Aquila, Haliaetus, and Pandion— liavc
representatives in this country.
aq'-ui-line (ak'-ui = ak-wi), a. U" Fr.
aquilin; Sp. aquilino and aguileno ; Port. &
Ital. aquilino; Lat. aquilinus, from aquila =
an eagle.]
1. Gen. : Pertaining to an eagle.
2. Spec. : Eagle-like in bill or iu nose ;
hooked.
" His nose was aquiline, his eyes were blue, _^
Euddy his lips, and fresh and fair his hue.
Dryden : Palamon & Arcite, lli. 74.
" We may trace the commencement of an aqnitine
curvature in the nose of the Hoolock Gibbon. —
Danoin : Descent ctf Man, pt. 1., chap. vi.
Aq'-ui-lon ( Aq -ui = ak'-wi), f^. [ Fr. & S] >.
nquilon; Port, aquilao ; Ital. aquilone, aqui-
lonare ; Lat. oyiaVn.] The north wind.
•' Blow, villain, till thy sphered bias cheek
Outawell the colick uf pufT'd A'luilon."
Shakesp. : Trail, and Cress , iv. n.
a'-quit-el-S3, 5. pi- [L-it. aqua = water, and
tela = a web.]
Zool.: A sub-division of Aranei<l-Le, contain-
ing the genus Argyroueta (q.v.).
a-quit'te, v.t. [Aquvtte.]
\ ^quo'l^e, ((. [In Sp. & Port, aquoso ; Ital.
iiqnoso, aniKusd ; from Lat. cw/^fos^.s' = abound-
ing iu water.] Watery, aqueous. (Bailey.)
t a-qu6s'-i-ty, s. [Tn Fr. aqiwsitr ; Sp. u'liio-
sidoii; Poit. <i<i>n>^i<la'lc. (njitosih'. aaiin:^ita ;
Low Lat. aquositas.] [Aquose.] Wateriness,
aqueousness. (Bailey.)
a'-quu-la, s. [Lat. = a small stream ; iliiiiin.
of aqua = water.]
A. acoustica (A)iat.) : A fluid which fills the
cavity of the vestibule connected with the
internal ear.
a-quylte, v.t. [A.S. acwician=.to mako
alive : < mir, civuc = quick, alive.] To kindle.
" la ofte aqiuiked tbet uer of lecherie. Huenif the
wrltliige upektb thet word of fole wyf irmu la bernindo
aaeeai."~Aycnbite{f\\ Mnrris), p, 203.
' a-quyt'te, * a-qtiit'te, * a-qwj^'-^ v.t.
'[Aqcuit.]
1. To acquit, set free, release, pay.
" Him behoneth paye ne neure aqnitte he ne may.
and thereuore ha sael by ydammed."— J ^eM6-i(« (ed
Moriis), p. l'(7.
"And the heghe men thet uol yeth the tomemena
and thet hy betaketh byre londea and hare eritags
ine wed and dead wed thet naght him ne aquytleih."—
Ibid., p. J6.
2. To bereave.
" And the Admiral hit mighte iwito
That he uere of his life auuitc."
Floriz and UlauncJtfJlur (ed. Lmuby), 207, 2(18.
*a-qwy'nt, jxt. par. [Acquaint.] {Lancelot 0/
'tlie Lake, bk. ii., 1,205.)
*' a-qwy'-tyn, v.t. [Acquiet.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
-ar. [An Eng. suffix, from Lat. -n/'/s = of or
belonging to ; as stellar (Lat. stellaris)= of or
belonging to a star.]
A.R. An abbreviation for .,'1 71110 Reg}tl = m
the year of the reign ; as, A.U.V.R. 30 =
anno rcgni Victorloi rcjunr triceainw=^U\ the
30th year of Queen Victuiia's reign.
-ar, conj. [A.S. a7-= ere, before.] [Ere.] Ere,
before ; ere ever, before ever.
ar, v.t. [Ear, v.] (Scotch.)
ar'-a, s. [Lat. = an altar.] "The Altar:"
one of the fifteen ancient Southern constel-
lations.
a'-ra, s. [South American Indian name, de-
signed to imitate the voice of the bird.]
Zool. : A genus of birds, the typical one of
the sub-family Aruinte, which is ranked under
the familv PsittaciJie, or Parrots. It is cidled
bootl, b63^; po^t, jo^l; cat, fell, chorus, fhin, benQh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e?^st. ph — f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -|ion, -^ion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -cious = shiis. -ble, -^e, &c = b^l, deL
;>66
A.R.A.— aractiis
also Macrocercus, from Gr. ixaKpos (makros) =
long, . . . large, and «e'pKos (kcrkos) = tail. It
contains the Macaws. [Macaw.]
A.R.A. An abbreviation for " Assucml'' of
the Royal Academy."
Ar'-ab, s. & a. [In Ger. Araber (s.), Arahisch
(adj.); Fr. & Port. Arabe (s. & adj.); Ital.
^rabo(adj.); Lat.^-m&s(s.); Gr.''Apaii (Amps)
C'l ) oenit *Apttj3of ' Ir cb i) ]
GROUP OF AE.A ,
A. As siibskaitive : A native of Arabia.
" In his niaruh over the saudy desert between Ein^'S'i
Jind P.ilmyra, Aureliau was peipetually hai-assed by
the Arabs " — Gibbon : Decline arul Full, ch. xi.
B. --Is (uJjectlve : Pertaining to Arabia or
its inhabitants.
" Our A rah tent-s arc rnde for thee."
Mooru. L li. ; JAglit of the ffaram.
Arab-like, a. Like an Arab, in roaming
ti^iide:-cy or some other particiUar,
" Here, Arab-7tke, ia ijitchecl my tent,
And atraight again is furled."
LonafeUow : The Two Logics of Iln'ir
ar'-a-ba, s. [Hindustani, kv.^ X wheeled
carriage, a gun-earriage, a kind of cart used
ill E;isterii journeys or campaigns.
ar-a-ba'-ta, s. [Native name.] An American
monkey {Mijcet€s stramltteiis).
Ar-a-besq'ue (que = k), * Ar-a-besk', s.
Si. adj. [As substantive: In Dut. Arahesken
(pi.); Ger. Arabeskc (sing.); Fr. Arabesque
(sing.); Port. Arabescos (pi.); Ital. Arabescn,
Rabesco (sing.); terms all implying that the
style of ornamentation so designated origi-
nated with the Arabs, whereas it seems to
have sprung up first among the Romans.]
A. As si'bstaiitlve :
Arch.: A style of ornamentation in which
are tepresented men, animals (the latter curi-
sisting of mythic as well as a{:tual i'orms) ;
1 ilants, with leaves,
rtowers, and fruit ;
jnathematieal figures,
&c. ; the whole put
together in a whimsi-
cal way, so that, for
instance, the animals
not merely rest ujion
the jjlants, but grow
out of them like
blossoms. There are
three kinds of Ara-
besque : — 1st (and
ohh'st), that of tlie
Romans, witliout the
animals. They occur
in the mural paintings
at Pompeii, Hercula-
iicuiii, and other
places. 2nd. That of
the Arabs, also with-
out the animals. This
is well seen in the
Alhambra. 3rd. The
Christian Arabesque,
witli tlie figures intro-
duced. It appears in illuminated mediceval
manuscripts and elsewhere. (Gloss, of Arch.)
B. As adjective (in Fr. Arohnsqiie):
t 1. Oen.: Pertaining to Arabia or its in-
iahit-ants.
ARABESQUE PANEL.
"Though a follower of the Arabian schnol, the assi-
duity with whicli he [Achillini] cultivated anatomy,
has rescued his name from the ingloriou.s obscurity in
which the Arabesque doctors have in general slum-
bered."—^hcj/. Brit, 7th ed., ii. 756.
2. Spec. : Consisting of, nr ]iertainlng to, the
kindof ornaments called Aralnisques. [Kee A.,
as substantive.]
" A kind of ornament, wliich may 1)6 called .ilrafef'sc/ne'
was much, used in the domestic architecture of thi.s
country in' the sixteenth and sevi-nteeuth centuries,"
—filoss. of Arch., 5th ed. (1S50).
Ar-a'-bi-an, f. & s. [Eng. Arahi{a); -an.]
A. --l-^ adjective : Pertaining to Arabia.
". . . the rigour of the J ra&ian laws, . . ."—Gold-
smith ■ Tlie Bee, No. iv.
B. An substaiitifc : An Arab, ii native 'jf
Arabia.
", . . neitliL-i .tliall the Avh/un pitch tent there."
— Isa. xiii. :Hi.
Arabian Architecture. [Sec iloHAMMEDAN
Architecture.]
Ar'-ab-ic, Ar'-ab-ick, n. & s. [in Eng.
Aral}, -ic ; Ger. Arabisch ; Fr. Arcfhiqnc ; Port.
Arabico ; Lat. Arabians.']
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arabia, or to
the language prevailing there.
"What way was there taken for spreading his
Socock'sJ Arahick translation of Grotma de Veri-
te Eeligionis Christianfe';" — Worthington to JIurllib,
Epist. r.
"Gum arable, or gum acacia, is an exudation frnm
various species of acacia." — Treas. of Bot. (ed, IBGC), ii. h.
B, As substantive: Tlie language of Arabia
or of the Arabs. It is properly the dialect of
the Koreishite tribe in Araltia, rendered classic
by its being the language in which the Koran
was composed. It is now vernacular in Arabia,
Egypt, and Northern Africa, and the learned
ami sacred tongue of all Moliammedan coun-
tries. The numbeis who at jiresent speak it
have been estimated at 100 millions, whicli
is probably an exaggeration. Philologically
viewed, Arabic is the most southerly of the
Syro-Arabian family of languages, besides
being itself the type of one of the three classes
into which that leading family of tongues is
divided. Associated with it in this relation
are the living Amharic and tlie dead Ethiopic
and Hlmyaritic tongues. About two-thirds of
the Hebrew roots occur with slight modifica-
tion in Arabic, which renders tlie language
nseful to the Biblical student, as its wide
diffusion does to the missionary ; while nume-
rous chemical, alchemical, astro iiornical, and
astrological words which arose during the
brilliant, but brief, period when the Saracens
aimed at Intellectual as well as political
ascendancy, will always render it an object of
interest to scientific men. The Arabic litera-
ture Is posterior in date to the time of
Mohammed.
" That Schultens had from the Arabick happily and
witiafactorily illustrated some very obscure .and diffi-
cult words of the Hebiew text, . . ," — Parkhurs! :
neb. /.ex., Pref.
"' Arabic numerals : Tlie first nine digits —
1, 2, 3, &c. — and the cipher used in writing
the number 10. Though often called Arabic,
tliey are really uf Brahmanie origin. [Nl-
MERALS.]
* Ar-ab'-ic-al, u. [Eng. Arab; -ical.] Per-
taining to Arabia ur the Arabs. Tiie same as
the adj. Arabic.
"Written in Arabical characters.' —M-cJ(o/i .■ Bon
Quixote, il. 2, 1.
"" Ar-ab'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. Arabiccd; -ty.']
After the manner of the Arabs.
"Mahomet, whosi> name A rahii-uU'i signifies deceit."
—Sir T. Berhert ■ Tnwc/x, p. Ciil.
Ar-3Lb'-l-^i,s. pi. [From Arabia, in which tlic
sect arose. ]
Ghnrch liibt. : A sect which sprung up about
A.D. 1^07. Their distinguishing tenet was, th.nt
Ihe soul died with the body, but revived with
it at the resurrection. Origen Is siiid to ha\'c
re-converted them to the orthodox belief, and
thus extinguished their separate organisation.
Ar-ab'-i-9ize, v.t. [Eng. Arabic; •iic] To
render akin to Arabic.
". . . being superseded by Hindi i\ i\s Arabiclscd
form of Urdu." — Beanies: Vo u/mr. iirani. of A run n
Lajig. of India, vol. i. (1S72), Intrud., i», DC.
ar-a-bid'-e-se, s. jj;. [Arabis.] A tribe of
]ilants belonging to the order Brassicacese, or
Crucifej-s. It includes several British genera,
the typical one being Arabis.
ar'-a-bin, 5. [From Arabic, in the term ginn
(ii-nbic.~\ The pux'c soluble principle in gum
arable and similar substances. It is precipi-
tated by alcohol and by basic lead aceUite, but
not by the neutral acetate. It Is composed of
C'lgHo^On- It Is isomeric with cane sugar.
(Fownc.-^ : Manual o/Chem., 10th ed., p. fiSi'.)
ar-a-bis, >. lln Fr. arnhftU-; Sp. araUde.']
The Wall-cress. A genus of plants belonging
to the order Brassicai;eie, or Crucifers. Five
spetiies arc natives of Britain ; the most com-
mon being the A. hirsnta, ur Hairy Rock-
cress. It has small white flowers.
Ar'-ab-ism, -s. [In Eng. Arab, -L'=im ; Ger.
AroMism.] An idiom or other peculiarity of
languages bon'owed from the Arabic.
Ar'-a-bist, 5. [Eng. Arab; snffix -ist.] One
i-onversant with the Arabic language and
literature.
ar'-a-ble, er'-a-ble, ". [In Fr. arable;
Ital. arabile ; Lat. arahilis = that may be
jdoughed ; aro =Gr. apoto (aroO) = to plough,
lu Wei. ctrad is = a plough, and ar= arablo
land; Gael, ar = a plough ; Irish irain = t(i
plough.] Capable of b(-ing ploughed. Applied
to land which may pmiitably be ploughed,
with the view of being sown with cereal m
other crops. It is contradistinguished from
land not worth ploughing, but which it is
thought better to leave in grass jiasturage, ii
not even in wood and moor.
"The arable laud and piLsture land were not sup-
posed by the best political arithmeticians of that age
to amount to much more than half the area of the
kingdom." — Mavaulai/: Ih'^i. Emj.. ch. iii.
onnected with the
Ar'-a-bo, in conij»>
Arabs.
Arabo-tedesco, o. [Ital. Ardbo, and
Tcdcscho = German.]
Arch. : A .style of archlti''-ture blending
together the Roman, .Moorish, and German-
Gothic.
ar-a-ca'-ri, ■-■■. [Imitateil from the note of the
bird.]
Zool. : The name given in Brazil to several
Scansorial birds ranked as aberrant members of
the RhamphastidLc, or Toucan family. They
are placed under Ptcroglossus and its allied
genera. They have smaller bills than the
Toucans proper, and are of brighter colours,
being generally green, with red or yellow on
their breasts.
"" ar-a'9e, " ar-as', '■ '■ [Fr. arracher = to
pluck, to I'lck, to pull away.] To pluck out,
to tear away.
•' That with gret .sleight and gret difficultly,
The children from her arm they yionne arace."
Cliauccr ■ C T., 8,978-9.
" The troubiijiiL- uf o brokine sper that was,
Quhich no man out dedenyt to aras."
Lancelot of the Luke (ed. Skeat), Prolog., 209-ii'.
ar-a'-9e-se,&.jj^ [Latinised from antm(q.v ).]
Arado. An order of endogenous plants having
fortheirinflin-escence aspadix placed within a
si>athe. They have neither calyx nor corolhi.
The leaves arc frequently cordate. The fruit
is succulent, with many seeds. Theyai'c acritl
in character, and often poisonous. The Cala-
diurii Segiiiuurn, or Dumb Cane of the West
Indies and South America, -when chewed,
causes the tongue so to swell as to cause tem-
porary dumbness. In 1S47, Dr. Llndley esti-
mated the known genera at twenty-six, and
the species at 170. There is one species in the
British fi'ira, the .Irmii viaculatum. Cuckow-
]iint, Wake-Robin, or Lords and Ladies, [hee
Arum.]
ar-a'-^e-oiis,". [Arace.e] Pertaining to the
Araceic (ri ^■.).
ar-a-chid'-ic, a. [Fr. arachide; Eng. suffix
-ic] Pcrtiiining to the Earth-nut (Arachis
hypoga;u). [Arachis.]
arachidic acid, s.
Chem. : CooHji.O. = CiyHy^-COOH. A mona-
tomic fatty acid, obtained by the saponifica-
tion of the oil (if the Earth-nut (Arachis hnpo-
fia'ci). It crystallises In minute scales, which
melt at 7.0*. It Is soluble in boiling alcohol
and In ether.
ar'-a~chis, s. [In Fr. arachicU ; Lat. aracos,
a name applied by Pliny to a plant which
had neither stem nor leaves ; Gr. apa«os (arct-
kos), apa/cis (arakis), and later, apaxog (arachos),
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wglf, work, who. son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; £s = e. q.u = kw.
1/ ^' '
ARACHNIDA.
I. Santaremia pococki, from the valley of the Lower Amazon, u. Actinopus wallacei, with tube. 3. Epeira diadema (female
on left, male on right). 4. Salticus scenicus (female on left, male on right). 5. Cyrtarachne conica. 6. (Ecophylla smaragdina.
7 Amycitra lineatipes.
arachnida— Aramsean
267
tlie name of a leguminous iihiut.] A genus of
ie.Lruininous plants belonging to the sub-order
Cuisalpinieae. The A. hmiotiwu, or the under-
ground. Arachis [Gr. t'7r67eio5 (hupogeios) = sub-
terranean], is so CiiUed because the legumes
are produced and matured beneath the soil.
The plant is believed to have come originally
from Africa, but it is now cultivated in the
warmer pai-ts both of Asia and America, The
legumes are eatable. The seeds have a sweet
taste, and furnish a valuable oil used for lamps
and as a substitute for olive-oil. In South
Carolina they are employed for chocolate.
a-rach'-ni-da, t a-rach'-ni-dse, t a-
racll'-ni-de§(» s. pi. [In Fr. amignee; Sp.
arana; Port, aranha ; Ital. aragmi, aragiio ;
Lat. araneiis, araTiea. From Gr. apaw^^
(arachnes) and apdxvy} (aroxhnP) = a spider,
and elSos (eidos) = form.]
Zool. : The class of animals wliieh contains
Spidei-s, Scorpions, and Mites. It belongs to
the Articulata or Annulosa, and the sub-class
Arthropoda, and is appropriatL'ly placed be-
tween the Crustacea on the one hand, and the
Insecta on the other. The higliest Crustacea
have ten feet, the Arachnida eight, and tlie
Insecta six. The Arachnida are wingless,
have no antennfe, breathe by means of tracheal
tubes or pulmonary sacs perfoi-ming the func-
tion of lungs. As a rule, they have several
simple eyes. They have no proper metamor-
phosis. They live in a predatory manner.
Cuvier divided the class into two orders : Pul-
nionariae and Traeheariee ; that is, those breath-
ing by lungs and those breathing by tracheae.
The former include the Spiders proper and the
Scorpions ; the latter, the Acari (Mites) and
their nearer and more remote allies. Huxley ]
separates the Arachnida into six orders ; (1)
Arthrogastrii , including IScorpio, Chelifer,
Phrynus, Phalangium, Galeodes, &c. ; (2)
Araneina, or Spiders ; (3) Acarina, or Mitt's
and Ticks ; (4) Fresh-water Arctisca or Tar-
diL^rada, called Water-bears ; (5) Pycnogonida
(Marine animals) ; and (6) Pentastoraida (Para-
sites).
"Moat of the A rachnidcs live ou hisect^.'—GriffllJi's
Cuvier, vol. xiii. (1833), p. 384.
" . . . it supports the flrat of the four paii-s of legs
iiaually asurihea to the Araclmidw." — Owen: Inverte-
brafe Anhnalii (184a), Lect. xix.
"The next four classes— IiiBectii., Myiiapoda. Arach-
nida, Crustacea— without doubt alsn pre.'^eut so iimny
character in couiiuou iis to form a very natural assein-
hhi)ie."—ffwcley ; Ctussif. of Animals (l%60), p. 7C.
a-r^ch'-nidy s. [Arachnida.] A member of
the class Arachnida ; an Arachnidan.
", . . a Crustacean, au Arachnid, a Myriaiwcl, or
an Insect . , ." — Huxley : Classif. of Animals, p. 77.
a-radl'-ni-dan, a. & s. [Eng. Arachnida ;
-an.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the Arach-
nida.
B. As substantive: An animal of the clas;i
Arachnida.
"The smaller AracJtnidafm breathe, like insects, by
traoheas exclusively." — Owen ■ Invertebrate Aniinals,
Lect. xix.
a-racli-ni'-tis, t a-rach-nol di'-tis, s
[Eng. arachnoid, and suffix -Uis = Gr. -itl?, im-
plying inflam-mation.] [Arachnoid.]
Med. : Names given by Martinet to a formid-
able malady, the inflammation of the arach-
noid. Sometimes the other membranes invest-
ing the brain are also affected, in which cas^>
the disease is termed Meningitis (q.v.). It is
also apt to spread to the substance of the brain
Arachnitis and Meningitis are akin to apoplexy
and cerebriti.s, from which, however, they may
be distinguished by the absence of in-emouitoi y
symptoms, by tlie occurrence of spasmodic
and convulsive symptoms on both sides of the
body, and by the presence of febrile excitement
without decided iiaralysis, followed by collapse.
a-r3.ch'-n6id, «. & s. [In Fr. arachnolde.
From Gr. apa;^i'Tis (ararhnes) and apaxvyi
{arachne) = a spider, aiid elSos (cido^) = form.]
A. -Is adjertive :
I. Anat. : Of the form or aspect of a spider's
web. Specially —
1. Peiliaining to the membrane of the brain
called the Arachnoid. (Todd & Bowman:
Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 253.)
2. Pei-taining to the tunic of the crystalline
humour of the eye.
3. Pertaining to one of the coverings of the
spinal marrow.
IL Botany and Biology gemrally ; Long and
loosely entangled, so as to resemble a cobweb.
(Used specially of hairs in plants. Example.
Calceolaria arachnoidea.) (Lindky.)
B. As substantive (Aimtomy) :
1. The serous membrane of the cranio-spinal
cavity. It adheres to the dura mater by its
parietal layer, and with the intervention of the
pia mater to the brain and spinal cord by its
visceral layer. (Todd & Bowman: Physiol.
Anat., vol. ii., p. 253.)
2. The capsule of the crystalline lens, which
is a continuation of the hyaloid membrane.
[Arachnoides.]
arachnoid cavity. The space between
the two layers of the arachnoid membrane.
(Todd & Bowman : Physiol. Anat., ii. 253.)
arachnoid membrane. [Arvchnoid
(B. 1).]
^ a-rach-n6i'-de§, " a^rach-noi'-da, s. pL
[Arachnoid.]
*\ The form arachnoida is in Glossog. Norn,
2nd cd. (1719), with the meaning, "The chrys-
talline Tunick of the Eye." In Johnson's
Dictionary, ed. 1773, there is arachnoides with
the two significations given under Arachnoid
(B. 1, 2). Tlie same fonn is in Pair's Med.
Diet. (1809), and even in Todd (1S27).
" Ab to the tuuicks of the eye many thinjfs might l>e
taken notice of ; the prodigious tinenenb of the arach-
noides, the acute sense of the retina." — Dvrham.
t a-rach-noi-di'-tis, ^■. [Arachnitis.]
a-rach-nol'-o-gist, s. [Eng. ororhnolog(y);
-ist] One who makes the Aiatilinidan oi-
Spider class of animals a spcial subject ot
study.
a-rach-nol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. ipa.xyrj<: (arachnvs)
or apdxvT) (arachne)=a. spider; Aoyos (logos)
— . . . discourse.] The department of Natural
Science which treats of the Arachnidan or
Spider class of animals.
t ar'-ack, a. I Arrack.]
t a'-ra-con, s. A term in alchemy, denoting'
copper.
ar'-ad, s. [From Lat. arum (q.^'.).]
Bot. : A plant of the genus Arum, or at least
of the natm-al order Araccie.
Plural. Arads : The English name of the
natural order Araeea^.
ar-se-6m'-et-er, a. [Arki .mktcr. ]
ar'-SB-6-Style (1), s. & a. [In Fr. ai-eostile ;
Lat. areostylos ; Gr. apatotrTi/Aos (araiostulos) :
apato? (araios) = thin, narrow, slight, . . .
with intervals ; o-tuAo^ (stuln^) = a pillar witli
columns far separated.] (Vitmvius.)
A. As substantive :
Arch. : A kind of intercolumniation in which
the pillars arc so wide apart that the inter-
mediate spaces are each upwards of three
diameters of the column. This constitutes
one of the five kinds of intercolumniation
described by Vitruvius.
B. As cufjectivc : Pertaining to the inter-
cohimniation now described.
ar-8e-o-sys'-tyle, s. [Gr. apatds (araios) =
thin, narrow, slight, and (nio-ruAo? (sustvlos) =
with columns standing close.] (Vitruvivs.)
ARiEOSTSTYLE : WESTERN FRONT OF ST, PAULS
CATHEDRAL.
Architecture: The arrangement attendant
on coupled columns, as in the western front
of St. Paul's Cathedral.
ar-se-Ot'-ics, s. pi. [Gr. dpaionLKos (araiotikos)
= of or for rarefying ; apatdto (araioo) — . , .
to make thin ; apatds (araios) = thin.]
Med : Remedies which rarefy the humours,
and thus make it more easy for them to be
carried away by the pores of the skin.
ar'-se-OX-ene, 5. [in Gewarmozen; from Gr.
apatog (araios) = thin, narrow, slight, . -
porous, spongy, and ^eVos (xe-nos) — foreign,
strange.] A mineral, the same as Dccheuite
(q.v.).
* ar'-age, ar'-o9he, s. Any plant nf the
genus Atriplcx. (Prompt Pure. & Pa^ij.)
ar'-age, e. [Average.] (Sotdt.)
a-rag'-6n-ite, t ar-rag'-on-ite, s. [From
Aragon, in Spain, where it was lirst found.]
A mineral with oi-thorhombic i-rj'stals, gene-
rally six-sided prisms, though the rectangular
octohedron is considered its regular form. It
occurs also globular, renifurm, coralloidal,
L-olumnar, stahictitic, and incrusting. Thr
hardness is 3-5 — 4 ; the sp. gr., 2':i27to 2*947 ;
the lustre vitreous or nearly resinous on frac-
tured surfaces. Its colour is white, grey,
yellow, green, or violet ; it is transparent oi'
translucent, and brittle. The composition is
carbonate of lime, 95-94: to 9'.i;Jl, with smaller
quantities of strnntia-cai'bonate, &i\ Dana
thus divides it :— Var. 1. Ordinary : (a) Crystal-
lised in simple or compound crystals, or in
radiating groups of acicular crystals ; (h)
Columnar, including Satin-spar ; (0) Massive.
2. Scaly massive. 3. Stalactitic or Stalag-
mitic. 4. Coralloidal. 5. Tarnovicite. Mossot-
tite and Oserskite also rank with Aiagonite.
it occurs in Spain, Austria, Ital\', England,
America, and elsewhere.
aragonite group. Dana's second groui*
of Anhydrous Carbonates, ci^niprisingAragoi'-
ite, Man ganocal cite, Witherite, Bromlite, Stron-
tianite, and CVrussite.
ar-a-gua'-to (gua = gwa), s. [Soutli
American name of Humboldt.] A species of
monkey (the Mycctes itrsiinis), loinid in South
America.
^" a-ra'id, pet. par. of Araye (q.v.).
araign^e, arraign (a-ra'n-ya, a-ra'n),
5 [Fr. araignce — (1) a spider. (2) a cobweb.]
Fortification : A branch, return, or gallery of
a mine. (Baihy, James, dji:.)
a-ra'i^e, * a-ray'se, * a-re'i§e, i\t. [A.S
arasian = to raise. Cognate with Gothic ur-
reisan = to stand up.] To raise.
"A medicine . . . whose siiiiple t-juch
la powerful to araisc KiTig Peiiiji."
Hftakesp. : All's Well That En'U Wed. ii. 1.
a-ra'-li-a, s. [In Ger. & Fr. andlc; Dut.
aralia. Derivation unknown.] A genus of
plants, the typical one of the order Araliacetc.
A. iimbellifera exudes an aromatic gum. A.
nudicaulis is used in North Aincnca as a sub-
stitute for sarsaparilla. The hemes of A.
spinosa, the Angeliea-tree, Prickly Ash, or
Toothache-tree, of America, infused in win.-
or spirits, are used in cases of colic, whilst a
tincture of them is prescribed in toothache.
A, racemosa, the spikenard of America, is
also regarded as a medicinal plant. [Angelica-
tree.]
a-ral-i-a'-^e-se, s. pi. [Aralia.] Ivyworts.
(Lindley.) An order of plants bi.-longing to the
Umbellal Alliance, and akin to the Apiaceffi or
Umbellifers, from which, liowever, they differ
in their many-celled fruit aii<l their more
shrubby appearance. They inhabit China,
India, and America. In 1847, Dr. Lindley
estimated the known spcies at 1(30. Two
occur in the British fiora — Hedera iielix, or
Common Ivy, and Adoxa Moschaiellina, or
Tuberous iloschatell.
Ar-a-m£e'-an, u. & s. [Heb. IDl« (aram), or
Aram, the youngest son of Shem (Gen. x. 22) ;
□"^M (aram) in Heb. means high, from D"lr<
(ardm) = to be high, apparently impljang
that the region which Aram inhabited was a
high one. The terui was applied to Sy]-ia
and Mesopotamia.]
1. As adjective : Pertaining to the Aramgean
territory, and especially to its langnage~the
Arama-an or Ar.amaic. [Aramaic]
b^, ho^; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem: thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophou, exist. ~mg,
-cian. -tian = Shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tlous, -cious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
268
Aramseanlsm — arbiter
2- As substantive : The language now de-
scribed. [See No. 1.]
Xr-a-m£e'-an-i§im, Ar-a-me'-an-ism, .
[Eng. Araniman; -ism.l An idiom or otluT
peculiarity of language borrowed from the
Aiamaan tongue.
Xr-a-ma'-ic, a. & s. [From Heb. TVQ-yti.
(dramlth), 2 Kings xviii. 26 and Dan. ii. 4 of
the Heb. Bible (rendered in the Eng. version
" Syrian " or " Syriack.").] [Aram.E/VK.]
1. As adjective : Pertaining to the Aramaic
or Aramaian tongue. The Semitic family of
languages may be divided into three classes
or branches : (1) The Arabic, or Southern
Semitic; (2) the Hebraic, or Middle Semitic ;
and (3) the Aramaic, or Northern Semitic.
Under the third of these classes Prof. Max
Miiller ranks of living languages the Neo-
Syriac ; and of dead ones, (1) the Chaldee of
the Masora, Talmud, Targums, and the Bible ;
(2) the Syriac or Peshito of the second century,
A.D. ; and (3) the cuneiform inscriptions of
Babylon and Nineveh. (Max Muller : Science
of Lang., 4th eel., 1?64, Table.)
2. As substantive : The language or sub-
family of languages above described. [See
No. 1., adj.]
Xr-a-ma'-i^m, o. [Heb. U^^ (dram).] [Ara-
M.*-.AN.] The same as Aram^eanism (q.v.).
a>-rai'n-e-a, s. [Lat. aranea ; Gr. apaxojs
' (arachnes^ anil apdxvr} (nraduic) = a spider.]
Tlie typical genus of the family Araneidje,
the order Araneina, and the class Arachnida.
It contains the domestic spider (A. dome^tica)
and other species.
ar-a-ne'-i-da, s. pi. [Araneina.]
ar-a-ne'-i-dse (Mod. Lat. ), ar-a-ne'-i-dg.n;|
(Eng.), s. pi. [Aranea.] The typical family
of the class Arachnida. They have the eyes
in two rows, one behind the other, the ter-
minal claw of the mandibles directed inwards,
and the palpi, though long, never converted
into foot-like organs. AU spin for themselves
a dwelling-place, and most weave webs. It
contains the genera Aranea, Epeira, Argy-
roneta, &c. Their mode of life is so various
'that Walcnaer divides theui thus : —
I. TeiTestres :
1. Venantes: (a) Latebricolai, (^j) TubicolEf,
(c) Cellulicolas, (d) Cursores, (e) Saltatores.
2. Vagantes : Laterigrada;.
3. Errantes : (a) Niditelse, (&) Filitela^.
4. Sedentes : (a) Tapitelae, (b) Orbiteke, (..)
Retitels.
II. Aquaticas ; Natautes ; AquiteUe.
1 3,r-a-ne'-i-de5, s. pi. [Araneina.j
a-ra'n-e-i-forin, a. [Lat. aranea = spider,
' and J<yrvui = form, shape.] Shaped like a
spider.
a-ran-e-i'-na, t S,r-a-ne'-i-da, t ar-a-
ne'-i-de^, s. pi. [Aranea.]
Zool. : An order of Arachnida. Huxley,
adopting the term Araneina, makes it the
second of the six orders into which he divides
that class of animals. The Araneina have the
abdomen unsegmented ; it is, moreover, con-
nected with the thorax by a narrow peduncle.
They breathe by means of two or more pul-
monary sacs and two stigmata connected with
trachese. They have from four to six spin-
nerets for the exit of the silken threads whence
their webs are spun. They are sometimes
called Dimerosomata. Carpenter, Dallas, &c.,
divide them into three families— Araneidie,
Lycosidte, and Mygalidae (q.v.).
"The first family of the Pulmounry Arachnides,
thiLt of Araneides. is composed of the Spiders (Arauea,
Liiui.)." — Griffith's Cuvier, xiii. aST.
" The Araneida do not undergo any essential change
of form."— /6irf., p. 440.
"The Aranffina (or Spiders) have the abdomen not
segmented."— i/wxiej/ -' Classif. of Animals, p. 12a.
* a-ran-e-o'se, a. [Lat. araneosus = full of
spiders' webs; araneum—a. spider's web.]
The same as Arachnoid, adj. (q.v.).
a-ra'n-e-oiis, a. [Lat. araneum — a spider's
' web.]
* 1. Full of spiders' webs. (Glosso/j. Nov.)
2. Resembling a spider's web.
"The curioua araneo»s membrane of the eye con-
stringeth and dilateth it, and so varieth its focus."—
BcrJiam,
■^ a-raikg', s. [Harangue.]
a~r^n'-g6es, s. ^J^- [Local name.] Pierced
beads of various forms made of rough camo-
lian, formerly imported from Bombay to be
re-exported to Africa. (Milbum: Oriental
Comm.) (M'CuUoch's Diet, of Conrni.)
a-ra-rain-b6y''-a, y. [Brazilian name.] A
Brazilian snake, green in colour. It is culled
also the Dog-headed Boa, or Bojobi. It is the
Xiphosoma caninuin.
*■ ^r-as', v.t. [Arace.]
*a-ra'-tion, s. [Lat. aratio = ploughing; arc
'— Gr. opow (aroo) = to plough.] The act or
practice of ploughing. (Johnson.)
a-ra'-tor, s. [In Ital. aratore; from Lat.
u.rator = a ploughman, a farmer.] A plough-
man, one who ploughs, (Webster.)
* 3.r'-a-t6r-^, a. [From Lat. a)ator=a plough-
man.] Contributing to tillage. (Johnson.)
a-ra'-trum, s. [Latin = a plough.]
aratrum terrsB. [Literally = a plough
of the land.]
Scots Law : As much land as can be tilled
with one plough. (Jacob : Law Diet., ed.
Tomlins, 1797.)
ar-a-tii'r-a ter'-ree. [Lit. = a ploughing of
the land.] The service which the tenant is to
do for his lord in ploughing the land. (Jacob :
Law Diet., ed. Tomlins.)
ar-au-ca'r-i-a, s. [From the Chilian, name
araeaunos. This again is called after the
Araucarian tribe of Indians, or their country,
Araucaria, which is between the Andes and
the Pacific Ocean, about 37*^ S. lat., and
nominally constitutes part of Chili, but is
really independent,]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Pinacese (Conifers) and the family or
section Abietinee. The inflorescence is ter-
minal ; the male flowers in cylindrical spikes ;
and the fruit succeeding the female ones large
and globular ; each scale, if not abortive,
bearing a single seed. The branches are
verticillate and spreading, with stitf pointed
leaves. Five or six species are known ; all
from the Southern liemisphere. The one so
common in English gardens is A. inibricata,
a native of the mountainous parts of Southern
Chili. It is of hardy constitution, scarcely
requiring protection, except in very severe
weather. Aliother species, A. excelsa, or Nor-
folk Island Pine, is a splendid tree of giant
araucaria excelsa.
1. The tree. 2. Port,ion of a branch with its leaves.
;i Single leaf, 4. Female cone. 6. Matiare cone.
size. All the genus are ornamental from their
fine and unfading foliage. Araucarian pines
were abundant in Europe during the Oolitic
period, associated with mammals, fishes, &c.,
whose nearest living analogues are now con-
fined to Australia and the adjacent regions.
ar-au-ca'r-i-an, a. [Araucaria,]
Bot. : Pertaining orrelating to the Araucaria.
"... he says it belongs to the fir tribe, partaking
of the character of the Aruucanau fRinJly." — Darwin:
Voyage round thv World, chap, xv,
' a-ra'ught (gli guttural), pa. par. [Areche
(2.)-]
* a-ra'y, v. &, s. [Array.]
"* a-ra'ye (pret. & pa. par. a-ra'id), v.t.
[Array.] To trouble, to afflict.
" The blak knycht than on to hyme-self he said :
■ Rememblr the, how yhow haith ben araid."
Lancelot of the Lake (ed. Skeat), lii., a,260-70.
a-ra'jme, pa. j^ar. [Array, -y.] (Scotch.)
^ ar-bal-est, * ar'-bal-ist. ^ ar'-'bal-et,
* ar'-blast, * ar'-cu-bal-ist, * ar-cu-
bal-is'-ta, s, [In Fi.arbalete; O. Fr. arba-
leste; Port, arhalista; Lat. arcniballista, from
arcus = a bow, and ballesta, balista — a military
engine for hurling stones and other missiles.
Gr. jSaAAw (halld)=to throw.]
1. A steel crossbow used in mediseval times.
It was set in a wooden shaft, with a sling and
arbalest and arruw.
trigger bent with a piece of iron, fitted foi
the purpose, and used to throw bullets, large
arrows, darts, and other missiles. (Jo.mes:
Mil. Diet.)
"It is reported by William Brito, that the arcu-
balista, or arbalist was first shewed to the French by
our king Richard the First, . . ." — Camde^i.
* 2. A mathematical instrument, called also
a Jacob's staff, fonnerly used to measure the
height of stars above the horizon. (James:
Mil. Diet.)
* ar-bal-es-te'-na, s. pi. [From Eng., &c.,
arbalest (q.v.).] Cruciform apertures in the
walls of ancient
fortifications
through which
anows were dis-
charged.
" ar'-bal-es-ter,
* ar' - bal - is-
ter,*ar-bla's-
tir, ^ ar-cu- '
bal-is'-ter, s.
[Eng. arbalest ;
arbalist ; -er. Iti
Lat. arcuballi'<-
tarius.] Oin'
wliose weai)on
is the crossbow ;
a crossbow-man.
" When Richard
was at the siege of
this castle [Chftluz),
an arbalester stand-
ing on the wall, and
seeing hia time,
charged hia steel
bow with a square
arrow, or quarrel,
making first prayer to Gotl that he would direct the
shot, and deliver the innocency of the besieged from
oppression."- Specrf,- Hist, of Eng., p. 481.
" King John was espied by a very good arcuballster,
who said that he would soon dispatch the cruel
tyrant." — Camden: Remains.
ar'-bi-ter, * ar'-bi-tr6ure, s. [in Fr.
orbitre ; Sp., Port., & Ital. arbitro ; Lat.
arbiter = (I) one who comes to a place, a
visitor, an intruder, an eye-witness, (2) an
umpire, (3) a manager. By some derived from
ar (ad) = to, and the root bit = to come or go ;
but Wedgwood connects it with the Finnish
oiya = a lot, believing the original meaning
was a "lot's man," or soothsayer,]
L Ofpersoiis :
1. Law and Ord. Lang. : An arbitrator, a
person chosen, in most cases by mutual agree-
ment, to decide between contending parties
who do not wish to go to law. Now the term
used is Arbitrator (q.v.).
"He would put himself into the king's hands, and
make him arbiter of the peace. "-^acon.
2. One who is so mucli raised above his
fellows that law cannot, for the time at least,
reach him, and who has therefore the power
of absolutely deciding questions affecting the
property and even the lives of others.
" But swear, imjmrtial arbiters of right.
Swear to stand neutral, while we cope in flight"
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xviii. 64-5.
ARBALEST EN A.
(Chateau de Pierrefonds. )
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, w^lf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, oe = e. ey = a, au - kw.
arbitrable— arboreous
269
IL Of things. Fig. : That which acts with
uncontrolled influence and on a great scale.
" Next him hi«h arbiter
ChaDce governs all.
Milton: P. L., xi., 009.
ax'-bi-tra-ble, a. [Lat. arhUror— to ob-
serve, . ' . .to judge ; Eng. -abU. In Sp.
arbitrable.']
1. Arbitrary, settled by the will; volun-
tary.
" , . . offeriuga bestowed upou God by the people,
either iu such arbitrable proportion as their uwn
devotiou movoth them, or aa the laws or custuiiis of
particular places do require iAi.Qa\."—Spelman.
2. Determinable.
"The value of moneys or other commodities is
arbitrable accordiug to the sovereign authority fuid
use of several kiugcloms aud eouu&ies." — Bp. Ball ■
Cases of Conscience, Dec. 1, Case 1,
* ar'-toi-trage, s [Fr.] Arbitration. {Sir
WUliam Temple.) (Worcester.)
ar-bit-ra-ment, ar-bit-re-ment, s.
[From Low Lat. arbitramentutn ; Lat. arbi-
tror = to observe, to judge.]
A, Ordinary Languo.ge:
I. Of persons or other intelligent beings:
1. Power or liberty of deciding ; choice,
decision, detenninatioii.
" . . . to stand or fall
Free in thine ovro arbitrement it lies."
Milton: P. L., bk, viii.
2. Compromise.
"Lukewarm persona think they may accommodate
points of religion by middle ways and witty reconcile-
ments, as if they would make au arbitronent between
Gud and man." — Bacon : Essayi, Civ. and JUor.,
chap. iii.
IL. Of things (Fig.): The final decision of
a case, question, controversy, or struggle by
the sword, by natural law, or in some similar
way.
" The arbitrement is like to be bloody."
Shakesp. : King Lear, iv. 7.
"... a people who had challenged the arbiira-
Tnent of the aword," — Mr. Forsyth, M.P., Pari. Deb.,
Times, 17th Feb., 1877.
"The supreme importance of these characters has
been proved by the filial arbitrament of tlie battle for
life." — Danoin: Descent of Man, pt. i., chap, iv.
B. Law : The award given by arbitrators.
ar'-bi-tra-ri-ly, adv. [Eng. arbitrary ; -ly.']
Agreeably to one's own will or caprice with-
out reference to the rights or the feelings of
others ; despotically, tyranically.
"But the power of arbitrarily taking away the
lives of men is influitely less likely to be abused than
the power of rtrftZ^T-aWiy taking away their property."
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chap, xxiii.
ar'-bi-tra-ri-ness, s. [Eng. arbitrary ;
-Tiess.] The quality of being arbitrary, des-
potical, or tyrannical.
"Self-regarding or dissocial moml qualities . . .
5. Arbitrarinens. '—Botorlng -. Bentham's Table of the
Springs of Action. Works, vol. i., p. 19B.
■ ar-bi-tra'r-i-ous, a. [Lat. arbitrarius =
(1) pertaining to arbitration; (2) arbitrary.]
Arbitraiy, despotic, tyrannical.
"These are standing and irrex>ealAble truths ; such
as have no precarious existence or arbitrarious de-
pendence upou any will or understanding whatsoever. "
— Xorris.
* ar-bi-tra'r-i-oiis-lsr, adv. [Eng. arbitra-
rious; -ly.] In an arbitrary manner.
" Where words are imposed ardieraHoiw^j?/, distorted
from their common use, the mind must be led into
misprision."— fftonifrtfe.
ar'-bi-tra-ry, a. [In Fr. arbitraire; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. arbitrario ; Lat. arbitrarius =
(1) pertaining to arbitration ; (2) arbitrary,
depending on the will ; (3) unfixed, uncertain.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. According to one's own will or caprice,
and probably not defensible at the bar of
reason or justice ; capricious.
"It may be perceived with what insecurity we
ascribe effects, depending on the natural period of
time, unto arbitrary calculations, and such as vary at
lAeixavae."— Browne : Vulgar Errours.
"But the detailed description of the lights on the
Boman speara, in the Sabine war of SOS B.C., given by
Dionyslus, has all the appearance of arbitrary fiction."
— Leutts: Early Pom. Hiit., chap, v., § 11,
2. Despotic, tyrannical. (Applied to power,
the deeds of a government, or to the character
of a ruler.)
"The thought of establishing arbi'mry power, by
calling in the aid of foreign arms, . . ." — Maciulay :
Jllst. Eng., chap. il.
"... had served the most arhUj-ary of mouarcns
. , " — Ibid., chai). xxiii.
B. Technically :
Law. Arbitrary 'punishment : (1) A punish-
ment left to the discretion of the judui' , (_)
because capital punishments are never so left,
therefore it signifies also a penalty not capital.
Arbitrary Consecration of Tithes. [Tithes.]
ar'-bi-trate, v.t. & i. [In Fr. urbitrer;
Prov., Sp., & Port. arUtrar ; Ital. arUtrare ;
Lat. arUtror, -atiis = (1) to observe, (2) to
judge, (3) to testify, (4) to believe.]
A. Transitive :
1. To jutlge, to judge of.
" Yet, where an equal poise of hope and fear
Does arbitrate th* event, my nature is,
That I incline to hoiie rather than fear."— J/WioK.
2. To decide, settle, determine.
" At Coventry, upon Saint Lambert's day :
There shall your swords and lances arbitrate
The swelling difierencc of your settled hate."
Shakesp. : King Richard 11. , i. 1
" Let Heaven's high i)owers be call'd to arbitrate
The just conditions of this stern delmte."
Pope : Homer's Jlitul, bk. xxli., 32:5-4.
B, Intransitive : To decide in the capat'ity
of an arbitrator ; or, more generally, to decide,
to determine.
". . . consuls and vice-consuls, whose busines.^
was to keep the Pacha and the Cadi in good humour,
and to arbitrate in disputes among Englishmen."—
Macaalay : Hist. Eng , cnap. xxiii.
ar-bi-tra'-tion, s. [In Fr. arbitration ; Port.
arbitra^w; Lat. arbitratio = decision, will ;
from arbitror.} [Arbitrate.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The decision of a case by means of an
arbitrator. (B. 1, Law.)
2. Final decision of a matter in dispute or
in doubt, without reference to the method by
which this is eflected.
"... the will
And a7-bitratio7t wise of the Supreme."
Cowper : Tank, bk. ii.
". , . there was little chance that they would
submit to awyarbitration but that of the swuid." —
Macaalay : Mist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
B. Technically :
1. Law: The decision of a case not by a
judge of a law court, but by an arbitrator or
arbitrators, that is, by a i)erson or persons to
whom the contending parties mutually con-
sent to submit their difl'erences. When there
are more than one, and they disagree in what
is termed their award, a third person, called
an umpire, is in general called in to give a final
decision. When the arbitrators and umi)ire
do their duty well, their verdict may be en-
forced by a court of law.
2. Comvi. Arbitration of Exchange : Tlie
operation of convei'ting the currency of any
country into that of a second one by means of
other currencies intervening between the two.
arbitration bond.
Law : A bond wliich is generally entered
into by parties wishing to submit their dif-
ferences to arbitration. It binds them to
acquiesce in the award given. (Blackstone :
Comvient., bk. iii., ch. 1.)
ar'-bi-tra-tor, "^ ar -bi-tra-toure, ». [in
Fr. arbitratenr; Sp. & Port, arbitrador. From
Lat. arbitrat&r ~ a lord, master, or ruler.]
A. Ordiimry Language :
1. Of persons:
t 1. A ruler or goveraor. (Applied by
Milton to the Supreme Being.)
"... Though heaven be shut.
And heaven's high Arbitrator sit secure
In his own strength, . . ,"
MiUon; P. L., bk. ii.
2. He who occupies so high a position, fur
the moment at least, that he can settle di.s-
putes as he himself tlAnks fit, and enforce the
award he makes.
" Another Blenh^m or Kamillies will make the con-
federates masters of their own terms, and arbitrators
of aiieace." — Addison: On the State of tJie War.
3. A person or even a public body invited or
permitted to decide between contending jijir-
ties who do not wish to go to law. [Arbitra-
tion.]
"... yethe ndviseth that Christian arbitratom
be appointed for decision of emergent ouestious."—
Jeremy Taylor: Of Lawsuits. Works (ed. 1839), vol.
iii., p. 60.
" Instead of this, the senate is convened, and appears
to occupy the position of arbitrator and mecRator
between the decemvirs and the plebs."— Xewis .■ Early
Pom. Bist., ch, xii,, pt. iii., § 54.
IL Of things : That which finally settles
anything.
" And that old common arbitrator, time,
"Will one day end it."
Sfiakesp. : Trail. & Cress., iv, 5.
" Out, idle words, servants to shallow fools !
Unprofitable somids, weak ar&ifra(ors.'"
Jbid. : Targuin arid Lucrecc.
B. Technicalltf :
Law : A person appointed to settle disputes
between contending parties wlio otherwise
would probably engage in litigation, if indeed
they have not done so already.
"The arbitrator may settle and determine the
matters and questions by this Act referred to hun,
not only in accordance with the legal and equitable
rights of the parties as recognised at law or m equity,
but also on such tcnns, and in such manner, m all
respects, aa he in his absolute and unfettered discre-
tion may think fit, just, jmd expedient, and as fully
and effectually as could be done by Act of Pftrlia-
meiit."—Epping Forest Act (1878), 41 & 42 Vict, ch.
ccxiii., § iota).
ar-bi-tra'-tress, s. [The fem. form of Eng.
arbitrator.] A female arbitrator ; an arbiti-a-
trix.
ar-bi-tra'-trix, s. [Lat. = a mistress, a
female ruler.] A female arbitrator, an arbi-
tratress. (Beaumont : Psyche, xix. 168.)
*ar'-bi-tre (tre = ter), v.t [Fr. arhitrer.j
[Arbitrate.] To decide finally.
"AU that shalbe declared, ordeined, and arbitred,.
bv the forsaide Archebishop, Dukes, and bishoppes." —
Hall : Henri/ 'V. (an. 4).
"^ ar'-bl-tree, s. [Fr. arbitre = . will ;
Lat, arbitnum.] Free will.
"To destroyen the freedom of our arbitree, that is
to say, of our free -wiW."— Chaucer : Boecius, bk. v.
ai'-bit'-re-ment, a. [Arbitrament.]
* ar'-bi-tress, * ar'-by-tres, s. [The fem.
' foi-m of arbiter (q.v.).] The same as Arei-
tratbess and Arbitratrix. A female who-
acts as arbiter. (Lit. £Jig.)
" Overhead the moon
Sits arbitresa, and nearer to the earth
Wheels ber pale course." Milton: P. L., i. JSE,
* ar'-blast, s. [Arbalest.]
ar'-bol-ist, s. [Sp. arbol = a tree,] A word'
occurring twice in Howell (Dodonas Grove,
y. 11, \K 131). An obsolete form of Arborisi
and Herbalist (both which see).
ar'-bor, s. [Lat. = a tree.]
I. liot. : A tree ; that is, a vegetable having
branches which are perennial, and are sup-
jiorted upon a tmnk ; in the latter respect
difi'ering from a shrub, one characteristic of
which is, that its branches proceed directly
from the surface of the ground without having
a supporting trunk. (Lindley : Introd. to JJot^
II. Mechanism :
1. The axis or spindle of a machine ; as, for
instance, of a crane or windmill.
2. That part of a machine which sustains
the rest.
arbor Dianse. (Li(.=the tree of Diana.)
A beautiful arborescent appearance presented
by silver when precipitated from its nitrate
by the addition of mercury.
arbor genealogica. A genealogical
tree. [Genealogical. ]
arbor Saturni. [Literally = the tree of
Saturn.] An arborescent appearance pre-
sented by lead when a piece of zinc is sus-
pended in a solution of acetate of lead.
arbor vit£e. [Lit. = the tree of life.]
1. Bot. : A name given to the trees belonging
to the coniferous genus Thuja. T. occidentalis,
or American Arbor Vita;, is a well-known and
valued evergreen found in British gardens.
In Upper Canada it rises to the height of a
timber, though with us it is only a shrub.
2. Anat. : A dendriform arrangement wliich
appears in the medulla of the brain when the
cerebellum is cut through vertically.
t ar'-bor-a-ry, a. [Lat. arborarius — pertain-
ing to trees.] Pertaining to a tree or trees.
Tf Arboreal is now the more common word.
t ar'-bor-a-tor, s. [Lat. arborator — one wIk i
}>runes trees.] One who prunes or who plants
trees.
" The course and nature of the sap not being a-s ^ ot
universally agreed on, leads our lirborators into many
errours and viistakes."— Evelyn.
ar-bo'r-e-al, a. [Lat. arbore(iis); and Eng.
suffix -ft^.] Pertaining to a tree or trees.
Spec, living in trees, or climbing trees.
". . . a temperature sufficiently high for ftrftoreaj
Mammalia of the four-handed order."— Owe« ■ Bn'ish
Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 3,
ar-bb'r-e-oiis, a. [In Sp., Port., & Ital.
arboreo. From Lat. arboreu^ = pertaining to
a tree.]
boil, b^; poiit, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = C
-cian, -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c, = b^l, deL
270
arborescence— arcatoucero
1. Arborescent, becoming or being a treu.
(Lmidon: Cycl. of Plants; Gloss.)
" A grain of mustard becomes arboreotis." — lirowne.
2. Growing on a tree, as contradistinguislied
from growing on the ground,
"They speak properly who make it an arboremis ex-
creBcence, or rather a superplaut bred of a viacijiia
and superfluous lopp, which the tree itself cannot aa-
aimulate." — lirowjiu : Vulgar En-ours.
air-bor-eS9e', vA. [Lat. arhoresco- to grow
into a tree.] To become a trt-e ; to assume u
tree-like appearance to put forth branches.
ar-bor-es' -961196, *-. [In Fr. arhortsccncc,
as if fiom a Lat. arboresceiUia =a. growing
into a tree urbore^svi = to grow up into a
tree.]
1. Bot. : Tlie characteri.sticM of a tree, as
contradistinguished from tliose of a shrub ov
of an herb.
2. Min. & China,: Dendritic luni'lcings nn
minerals, ora tree-lilvL' appearance of chemicnl
substances.
ar-b6r-es'-9ent, a. [In Fi'. arhore^wnt, from
Lat. arhurescens, pr. par. of arborcsco = to be-
come a tree ; arbor = a tree.]
I. Lit. (Bot.): Properly, growing up into a
tree ; having a teudency to become a tree,
from a shrub becoming a ti'ec ; also, less prc-
cisely, existing as a tree.
" Pandanaceie ;nc remarkable among arhomsrvnl
mouoiulilfilouy . . ."—lAndley : Jfut. Sust. liui.,
2nd etl. (lo'lO), p 361.
". . . .ui rtrito?-escen( grass, very like a bamboo . . ."
—Darwin : Voyage Hound the IVorld, eh, xi.
II. Fig- (Physical Science and Ord. Lang.) :
1. '-.''7i. : Having ramifications like a trt-e.
" They ramify in an arboj-e^ccnt manner."— 7'w^f .t-
Bowmaii : Physiol. A/uit., \o]. ii., p. 274.
2. Specially:
(n) Mill. : Dendritic. iS'ative copper is com-
posed of this form. [Dekdritk;.]
(6) Zool. The Arborescent Star libit : A sjiecics
of starfish, the Asterias Caput Meda^ir.
' ar' -bo-ret (l), s. [Lat. arbor = a ti-ec.] A
small tree, a shrub.
" No arboret with jiainted blossoms drest,
And smelling sweete, but theie it might be found
To bud out faire." Spenser : F. '(^., II. vi. 12.
■ ar'-bO-ret (2), s. [Ital. arhoreto.] A small
grove, a place planted or overgrown with
trees or shrubs.
" Among thick woven arborels, and flowei"s."
Mjlton : P. L.. ix. 4:;:.
ar-bo-re'-tum, s. [Lat. = a plantation, a
vineyard.] A place in which the scientific
cultuie of trees and shrubs is carried on ; a
botaiiical garden for trees, or that part of -a
botanical garden specially devoted to arburi-
culture.
" a.r-b6r'-ic-al, a. [Lat. arbor = a tree ;
Eng. suffix, -ical.] Pertaining to trees.
" That arborical discourse. "—i/'ojceH .■ Letters, iv. 23.
ar-bor-i-cul'-tiir-al, <.>.. [Eng. arborirul-
ture : -aj,.] Pertaining to the culture of trees.
(Lovdu)i.)
ar-bor-i-CUl'-ture, 5. [in Fr. arboriculture,
from Lat. arbor =^ a. tree, and adtnra = culti-
Tation.] The culture of trees. (IVebster.)
.ar-bor-i-cul'-tiir-ist, s. [Bug. arhorimol-
tur(e) ; -ist.] One who cultivates trees.
(Loxulon.)
a.r-bor'-i-fonn, «. [Lat- a.rbor ^ a tree, and
/07*ma = form.] Having the form of a tree.
(Webster.)
* ar'-bor-ist, s. [Fr. arboriste.] One who
makes a special study of trees,
"The mulberry, which the arborists observe to be
long in the getting his buds." — Mowell : Vocal Forest.
ar-bor-i-za'-tion, o. [Fr. arboriwtion.]
Mill. tC' Geol. : The process of forming den-
dritic markings on a simple mineral or on a
rock. (Webster.)
ar'-bor-ize, v.t. [In Fr. arboriser.] To
foi-m tlie appcaram-c of a tree ; to make
dendritic markings on some simple mineral or
rock. (Webster.)
ar'-bor-oiis, u. [Lat. arboreus — of or pertain-
ing to a tree.] Full of trees ; formed by trees
" Under shady arbovous roof."
Milton: P. L., v. 137-
ar'-bour. * ar'-bor. * ar'-ber, * her'-ber,
"'her'-bere, s. [O. Fr. herhier = a herbary ;
in O. Eng. herber, erber. It was first confused
with A.S. hereberge, Icel. lierbergi = harbour,
shelter, and afterwards from a supposed con-
nection with trees, written arbour, as if from
the Lat. arbor = a tree. Properly it is a garden
of Iierbs. ] A frame of latticed work, over and
around which creeping and clinging plants
are turned, so as to form a shady and romantic
retreat ; a b'lwcr.
"And so I followed till it me brought
To syht a pleasant lierbor well ywrought
And closed in all the green hvrbere
With sicamour w.'is set and eglatere."
Chaucer ■ The Floure and the Lcafe.
" There found she her {as then it did betide)
Sitting in covert shade of arbors sweet."
Spenser ■ F. Q,, IV. viii. ii.
"From these heights
We dropp'd, at pleasure, iuto sylvan combs ;
WTiere arbours of impenetrable shade,
And mossy seas, detain'd ns side by side."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii.
A species of bind-weed.
arbour-vine, ^
(Johnson.)
ar'-boured, a. [Eng. arbour ; -ed.] Fur-
nished with an arbour. (Pollok.)
ar-bus'-cle (cle = el), s. [Lafa arbuscula =
a small tree.] A small tree.
^ Sometimes the Latin term arbuscuhts is
employed. It is not so classical as arbiiscnh.
(Lindley.)
ar-bus'-cul-ar, «. [Eng. arbuscule; -ar.]
Pertaining tu a small tree (Da Costa.)
ar~bus-tive, «. [Lat. arbustivus, from
urbustum (q.v.).] Planted with shrubs or
trees ; containing copses of shrubs or trees,
(llartrarr^.)
ar-bus'-tum, s. [In Fr. arbuste ; Sp., Port.,
& Ital. arbusto ; Lat. arbustuvi, a contraction
of arboretum = (1) a plantation, (2) a tree :
from arbor, a tree.]
Bot. A shrub, distinguished from a tree by
the character that its branches rise directly
from the ground without being suppoi-ted nn a
trunk. It is called also Fkutex. (Lindkij.)
ar-bu'te, s. [Arbutus,]
ar-bu'-te-an, u. [Lat. arbuteus.] Pertaining
to the arbutus.
" Arbutean haiTOwa, and the mystick van."
Evelyn. Virgil.
ar-bu'-tus (Lat.), ar-bu'te (Eng.), s. [in
Out. prb2dn.^: Fr. arbousier; Ital. arhuto ;
from Lat. arbiitus = the wild strawberry-tree ;
arbutum, its fruit : from arbor = a tree, or,
according to Theis, from the Celtic or rough
austere, and boise = a bush.]
A. Ord. Lang. (Of the forms Arbutus aud
Arbute.) An>- plant of the genus Arbutus :
specially, the A. nnedo, or strawberi-y-tree,
described under B.
"There have been in the neighbourhood of Killar-
ney specimens of the arbutus thirty feet high and
four feet and a half round." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
chap, vi, (^lute).
" In falliny, clutched tlie frail arbutf."
Longfi-Uow: To a Child
ARBUTUS UNEDO (STRAWBEREY-TREE).
1. Flower. 2. Ovary aud stamen. 3, Stamen enlarged
■i. A branch in fruit. .■). Section of fruit. (Figures
1 and 4 one-third natural size.)
B, Bot. (Of the form Arbutus.) Strawberry-
tree. A genus of plants belonging to the
order Ericacese (Heath- wo i-t-s). A species,
the A. unedo, or Austere Strawberry-tree, is
found, apparently wild, in the neighbourhood
of the Lakes of Killarney. It has panicles
of large, pale greenish-white flowers and red
fruit, which, with the evergreen leaves, are
especially beautiful in the months of October
and Xovember.
'■ ar'-by-tres, a. [Arbitress,]
arc, * arck, ' ark, s. [In Fr. arc = an arch,
an arc ; Pro^'. arc ; from Lat. arcus = a bow,
. . . anything arched, a nSathematical arc.
Essentially the same word as the Eng. Arch
(q.v.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. An arch.
■■ f^titues, and trophies, and triumphal arcs."
Milton: P. R., bk. iv.
" Tura arcs of triumph to a garden gate."
Pope: Mor. Ess., Ep. 4.
2. (In the geometric sense of the word.)
[SeeB.] (Lit. and Fig.)
" Your loss is rarer : for this star
Itose with you thro' a little arc
Of heaven. ' Tennyson : To J. S.
" The circle of human nature, then, is not complete
without the <(rc of feeling and emotion." — Tjjndall:
Frag, of Science, :ird ed., v. lo4.
B. Techniadly :
1. Geom. : A portion of the circumference
of a circle, cut off by two lines which meet
or intersect it. Its magnitude is stated in
degrees, minutes, and seconds, which arc
equal to those of the angle which it subtends.
Hence, counted by degrees, minutes, and
seconds, the arc of elevation and the angle
of elevation of a heavenly body are the same,
and the two terms may be used in most cases
indifferently. The straight line uniting the
tv.'c extremities of an arc is called its chord.
"Their segments, or arcs, for the most part, ex-
ceeded not thu tliird part of a circle." — Newton
Op ticks.
Equal arcs inust come from circles of equal
magnitude, and eacli must contain the same
number of degrees, minutes, and seconds as
the others.
Similar arcs must also each have the same
number of degrees, minutes, and seconds, but
they belong to circles of unequal magnitude.
Concentric arcs are arcs having the same
centre.
2. Math. Grog. Au arc of the earth's meri-
dian, or a meridional arc, is an arc partly
mea-sured on the surface of the earth from
north to south, partly calculated by trigono-
metry. Such arcs liave been measured in
Lapland ; in Peru ; from Dunkirk, in France,
to Barcelona, in Spain ; at the Cape of Good
Hope, and other foreign jiarts ; and in our
own island, from Shanklin Down, in the Isle
of Wight, to Balta, in Shetland. It was by
these measurements that the earth was dis-
covered to be an oblate spheroid. (Airy's Pop.
Astron., and Herschel's Astron.)
3. Astron. (For arc of elevation, see Anhle.
For Diurnal Arc, Nocturnal Arc, &c., see
Diurnal, Noiturnal, &c.)
4. Mech. Phil. Arc of vibration (in a pen-
dulum) : The arc in which it vibrates.
5. Electricity. Voltaic arc: A luminous arc,
which extends from one pencil of charcoal to
another, when these are fixed to the termi-
nals of a battery in such a position that their
extremities are one-tenth of an inch apart.
(Ganot : Physics, transl. by Atkinson, 3rd ed
§ 718.)
ar'-ca, s. [Lat. arca=CL chest] A genus of
Conchiferous Molluscs, the typical one of the
famdy Areadfe. Tlie shell is stronglv ribbed,
or cancellated, hinge straight, with ^■erv
numerous transverse teeth. They are uni-
versally distributed, but ai-e commonest in
warm seas. They inhabit the zone from low
water to 230 fathoms. In 1875, Tate estimated
the known recent species at 140, and the fossil
ones at 400, the latter commencing with the
Lower Silurian rocks. Of the recent species
A. Noa:, A. tetragona, A. lactea, A. raHdentata
and A. bctrbata occur in Britain. The fossil
species are found in the United States. Europe
and Southern India.
t ar-ca-bu-ce'-rd (c as th),
musketeei-.
[Sp.] A
" ■"'"'^biJuet^'""*' ^'^" ^^ ^^ ^^^ "^'""^ ^^^ °^ "^^
Fired point-blank at my heart by a Simiish
Mrrabucero. '
Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish i.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot
or, wore, WQlf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire. unite, cur. rule, full; try, S^ian, se. oe = e. 'e.v = a. au = 'kw. '
arcadse— arch
271
ar'-ca-dse, 5. p?. [Arca.] a family of Con-
cliiferous (bivalved) Molluscs. They have the
shell regular and equivalve, its luuge with
a long row of slender, comb-like teeth. It
contains the genera Area, CucuUeea, Pectun-
culus, Avicula, Leda, &c. Of those enume-
rated, all but the Cuculltea have representa-
tives in the British faunu.
ar-ca'de, s. [In yw. arkad; Ger. arlvdc ;
Fr, arccule; Sp. & Port, area da ; Low Liit.
areata; from Class. Lat. arc".---=a bow, an
arch.] [Arch.]
Architecture :
1. Properly : A seiifs of ai'ches sustained by
columns or piers. They md.y be open or may
be closed by masonrj' behind : thus the small
arches l)uilt into the walls of some cathedrals
are genuine examples of the arcade proper.
Tf An arcade difiers from a colonnade in this
respect, that while the columns of the former
support arches, those of the latter sustain
straight architraves. (Gloss, of Arch,)
"Hb hacl probably, after the fashion of his orH,ft,
Slied for customers under the arcades of the Eoyal
Ixchange." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chap, xxi.
" , . . a goodly spot.
With lawns, and beds of flowera, and shades
Of trellis-work in long arcades."
Wordiworth : White Doe of RyUt'one, iv.
2. Less accurately : The arches and piers
dividing the body of a building from its aisles.
{Gloss, of Arch.)
3. A long arched gallery lined an l;ot.li sides
with shops. (P. Cycl.)
4. Loosely : Any gallery or passage with
shops, though not arched.
ar-ca'-ded» a. [Eng. ff !■'■/'(/(' ,- -ed.] Furnisln-il
with an arcade. {Pcinnj Mag.) {Worcester's
Did.)
Ar-ca'-di-an, a. & s. [in Ger. & Fr. Arva-
ilien ; Lat.' Arcadius ; from the country Ar-
cadia, said to be named after Areas, a son of
Jupiter and Callisto.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Arcadia, ;i
country in the heart of the Peloponnesus, the
inhabitants of which were x-eckoned as simple,
ignorant, and stupid, but happy.
" The poor, inured to drudgery and disti'ess,
Act without aim, think little, and feel less.
And nowhere, but in feign'd Arcadian scenes.
Taste happiness, or know what pleasure means,"
Cou'per : Hope.
B. As siihstanti re :
1. An iiiliabitant of Arcadia.
" The Arcadians speak of Jupiter himself."
Cowper : Transl. frowi, Virgil. ^■'Eneid, bk. viii.
2. A name sometimes assumed by persons
in modern times who imitated or affected to
imitate Arcadian simplicity.
"... the wits even of Rome are united into a rural
group of nymphs and swains under the appellation of
modern Arcadians." — Golditmith : Polite Learning,
cliap. iv.
ar-ca'-na, s. •pi. [PI. neut. of Lat. arcanns.]
I Arcanum.]
ar-ca'ne, a. [Lat. arcan-zis = shut up, closed ;
from arca—n chest.] Hidden, concealed ;
secret.
" Have I bewray'd thy arcane secrecy? "
Tragedy of Locrine, v. 4.
ar'-ca-nite, s. [From Lat. cucamim diqM-
catuvi, one of the names given to it by tlie
alelieniists.] The name of a mineral, the same
as Aphthitalite and Glaserite (q.v.).
t ar-can'-na, s. [Fr. arca/i*ie = ruddle.] A
kind of red chalk used by carpenters lur
marking timber.
ar-ca -num, s. [Lat. arcanum, neut. sing, of
' adj. areanus, neut. pi. arcaim. In Ger. & Fr.
arcanum ; Sp., Port., & Ital. arcane]
L Gen. : Anything hidden, a secret. Any-
thing difficult to explore. (Generally in the
plural, arcana = secrets.)
" . . which, until trsiced by Xewton up to this their
origin, had ranked auionij the most inscrutable arcana
of astronomy, . . ."—Hcrsdicl : Astron. (5th ed.), S 2,iO_
IL Siiecialhj :
1. Med. : Au nndivulged remedy, or what
passes for such.
-1. Alcliemy (L- Old Chem. . A mysterious
operation.
arc-bou'-tant, arch - but- tant (ant
= ah), ^■. [Fr. arc-boutant, arc-bouter= to
"buttress : arc = a
bow, an arch ; bout
= end, extremity. ]
Arch. : An abut-
ment. ''An arch-
formed prop whieli
connects the walls
of the upper and
central portions of ^
an aided strnctuie ;
\vith the vertical
buttresses of the
outer walls." (Glos-
sary of Architec-
ture.) It is called
also a.flylngbii.ttress,
because it passes
through the air
over the roof of the fj^ying buttresses.
side aisles.
■ ar'-ce-tyr, s. [Lat. and i). En^'. ars = art.]
One who learns or teiiclR-s art. (Prom'pt.
Parv.)
arcli(l), ''"ar5he,K. [inFr. mw/w; Sp.,Port.,
& ItaL arco ; Low Lat. area : Class. Lat. arcus
= (1) a bow, (2) the rainl)0w, (?>) anything
arched or curved, ... a mechanical arc. (4)
an architectural arch.] [Arc]
A. Ordinary Language : '
t L An arc of a circle.
" The mind perceives that an arch of a circle is less
than the whole circle, ;uj clearly a^ it does the idea of a
circle." — Locke.
II. (In the architectural sense.) [B. , I.]
" To build, to plant, whatever you intend.
To real' the column, or the arch to bend."
Pope: Aforal Essays, Epistle iv. 47-8.
" Bid the broad arch the daug'rous flood contain."
Ibid., VM.
" Arches on ardies ! as it were that Rome,
Collecting the chief trophies of her line.
Would build up all her triumphs in one dome,"
Her Coliseum stands."
Byron : CJiilde Harold's Pilgrimage, iv. 1-28.
III. Any object in nature or art which is
formed like an architectural arch [B., I.], or is
ciu-ved like the segment of a circle.
1. Generally :
"It is well once to behold a aquall with its rising
arch and coming fury, or the. heavy gale of wind and
mountainous waves,' — Darwin: Voyage round the
World, chap, xxi., p. 502.
2. Specially :
(a) Tlie rainbow.
" Beholds th' amusive arch before him fly."
Thomson: Seasons; SpHng.Hl^.
" Triumphal arch that fiUa't the sky
When storms prepare to part."
Campbell : Tlie Raii^oiv.
[See Triumphal Arch defined imder B.]
(6) The vault of heaven, which, to a spec-
tator on the earth, seems to be an arch of
infinite span.
" What a gnvnd and majestic douie Is the sky ! How
is that immeasurable arch upheld? . . ." — Hervey :
Meditations on tlie Starry Heavens (1747).
" Fanning his temples under heaven's blue arch."
}yordsworth: Excursion, bk, viii.
B. Tecluiically :
I. Arch. : A series of wedge-shaped stones
or bricks, so arranged over a door or window
in an edifice for habitation, or between the
piers of a bridge, as to support each other, and
even bear a great superincumbent weight.
The stones and bricks of a truncated wedge
shajje used in building arche.'? are called vcrns-
soirs. The sides of an arch are called its
haunches or flanks, and by old English writers
of the sixteenth century its hancc. The
highest part of the arch 'is called its crown,
or by the old English authors the scheme or
skeeii, from the Italian schiena. The lowest
voussoirs of an arch are called springers, and
the central one which holds the rest together
the li'iisicnic. The under or concave side of
the voussoirs is called the intrctdos and the
outer or convex one the extrados of the arch.
A chord to the arch at its lower part is called
its span, and a line dia.\vn at right angles
to this chord, and extending upwards to its
summit, is called its height.
The impost of an arch is the portion oi the
pier or abutment from which the arch springs.
If the height of the crown of an arch above
the level of its impost is greater than halt the
span of the ai-ch, the arch is said to ^besvr-
moimted. If, on the contrary, it is less, then
the arch is said to be surbased.
The curved arch was known to the Assy-
rians and the Old Egyptians Sir J G.
Wilkinson considers that it existed in brick
in the reign of Amenoph I., about B.C. 1540,
and in stoiie in the time of Psammetichus 11.,
B C 000. The evidence is derived from the
ruins of actual buildings, but paintings appear
to carry the arch back to about 2020 B.C.
There is no mention of the genuine arcli m
Scripture, the term " arches," in Ezek. xl. 16,
being a mistranslation.
The arch was brought into extensive use by
the Romans, and everywhere prevaded till the
twelfth century A.D., when the arch pointed
at the apex, and called in consequence the
pointed arch— the one so frequently seen in
Gothic architecture— appeared in Em-ope as
its ri\'al. The forms of both ciu'ved and
pointed arches may be indefinitely varied Of
semi-circular arch.
HORSE-SHOE ARCH.
POINTED ARCIt.
the fonner may be mentioned the horse-shOe
arch, a name which explains itself, and the
foil arch, from Lat. folium — a leaf, of which
there are the trefoil, the cLnquefoil, and the
midtifoil varieties, so named from the plants
after which they are modelled.
Other arches are
the pointed one ;
the equilateral one,
when the centres of
the circles whose
intersection consti-
tutes the pointed
arch coincide with
the angular points
at the two sides of
the base ; the lancet
arch, when the cen-
tres of the circles
fall beyond these
points ; the drop
arch, when they fall
within the base ;
and the segmented
pointed arch, the
sides of whicli con-
stitute segments of
circles containing less than 180°. Besides
these there are several other varieties of arch
distinguished by their respective forms.
(Gloss, of Arch., &'c.)
Triumphal arch: Anarch erected in com-
memoration of some triumph. The idea has
been boiTowedfrom the ancient Romans, v/ho
erected many such structures, as those of
Augustus, Titus, Trajan, and other emperors.
IL Anat. The word arch is employed to
designate various portions of the mechanism
existing in the body,
"... its UQxaal arch."— Todd & Bowman: Physiol.
Anat., ii. 597.
"... the first visceral «rc7i, . . . the second visceral
arch, . . . the third visceral arcft/'—/Md., yi. 599.
Arches, Court of. [So named from the
fact that it originally met in the church of St.
Maiy-le-Bow (Lat. Santa Maria d-e arcubus),
literally. " of bows " or " arches," by which is
meant that the roof or steeple was supported
by arches. The name was retained after the
court was removed, first to Doctors' Com-
mons and then to Westminster Hall.] An
ecclesiastical court of appeal for the Arch-
bishopric of Canterbury. It has proper jm-is-
diction over thirteen "peculiar" parishes in
London belonging' to the Archbishop of Can-
bSd, bo^; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hi]i, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^ist. -ing.
-cian. -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious ~ shus. -ble, -die, && ^ b^l, deL
272
arcli
terbury ; but as the judge of the court, who is
called Dean of Arches, is also the principal
officer under the Archbishop, he now receives
and determines appeals from the sentences
of all inferior ecclesiastical courts within the
province. Combined with it, or annexed to
it, is the Court of Peculiars. [Peculiars.]
Appeal from both of these ecclesiastical judi-
catories originally lay to the King in Chancery,
afterwards it was to the Judicial Committee
of Privy Council. {Blackstone, Wharton, &g.)
arch-bricK, s. a brick of a wedge shape,
suitable to be employed in the building of an
arch.
t arch-buttant, s. [Arcboutant.]
arch-buttress, .>. The same as arc-
boutant, a flying arch. [Akcboutant.]
arch-lUie, a. Like an arch.
"At this period the arteries run in arch-HTce
branches." — Darwin: Descent of At an, pt. i., eh. i.
arch-stone, o. A stone belonging to an
arch.
"... the weight of way ot^b arch-&one."— Penny
Cyclop., ii. 261.
arch-way, s. A way imder an arch.
arch-wayed, a. Provided with a way
which mns under an arch. {Tweddd.) (Wor-
cester's Diet.)
arch-work, s. Work with the object of
erecting arches. (Jodrell.) (Worcester's Diet.)
"^ arch (2), o. [Arche (2), Ark.]
ar^h, v.t. & i. [From the substantive. In
Fr. o:n[uer ; Sp. and Port, arqucar ; Ital.
arcliegglare.]
A. Transitive, :
1. To cover with an arch or arches.
" The proud river, which makes her bed at her feet,
is arclted over with such a curious pile of stones . . ."
— Howell.
2. To fonn into an arch or arches.
"The stately sailiug swan
Gives out his anowy plumage to the gale.
Aud arching proud his neck, with oary feet
Bears forward tierce, . . ."
TJioTnson : Seasons ; Spring.
B, Intransitive: To assume the form of an
areh, or of a series of arches.
"The nations of the field and wood
Build on the wave, or arch beneath the saud."— /"ope.
argh, u. [A corrupted form of argh. In A.S.
earyh = inert, weak, timid, evil, wretched ;
yw. erts = chief, first, arrant ; arg = angry,
passionate, bitter, shrewd, vehement; Dan.
arrig = malicious, spiteful, wicked ; Dut. arg-
listig = crafty, cunning ; Ger. org = bad, mis-
chievous, cunning, severe. Mahn connects it
with the Gr. apxo^ (archos) ~ a chief, a com-
mander, Richardson and some others con-
sidered this the correct etj'mology ; whilst
Johnson, adopting this view also alternatively,
suggested that the word might possibly be
fro;u Archy, jester to James I. It is closely
Q-Xunto arrant.'] Sly, cunning; sometimes, but
not always, combined with the sense of mirth-
ful mischief, or wnggishness. Used —
(ct) Of persons :
"Great. Above all that Christian met with after he
had passed through Vanity Fair, one By-ends was the
arch one." — Banyan : P. P., pt. ii,
(6) Of a word spoken :
". . . after his comick manner spoke liis request
with so arch a leer that . . ."— Tatter, No. 193.
"And freak put on, and arch word dropped , , ."
Wordsworth : Excursion, hk. vii.
, adj., and in composition.
arch.
A. As substantive. [From Gr. ap^ds (archos)
= a. leader, a chief, a commander.] [SeeB.,
etym.] A chief, a leader.
" My worthy arch and patron cornea to-night."
ShaJcesp. : King Lear, ii. 1.
B. ^s adjective: Either an independent
word, or in composition.
Ill compos. [Gr. apxt- (archi), an inseparable
Xirelix from the same root as apxd? (archos) =
chief ; apxw (archo) = to be first, to be a
leader, acommander : apxn (arc7te) = beginning.
In Lat. archi ; Low Lat. and Ital. arci ; Port,
and Sp. arce; Fr. archi; 0 H. Ger. erzi;
M, H. Ger. crzc, erz ; B.. Ger. erz ; Dut. aerts ;
Dan. ark, arki ; Sw. erfce; A.S. arcr.] Chief,
principal, highest, most eminent, of the first
order. It is used —
(a) As an independent word.
" There is sprung up
An heretick, an arch one, Cranmer."
Sliakesp. ■ Ifcnry VIII., iii. 2,
"The most arch deed of piteous massacre,
That ever yet this land was guilty of."
Ibid. : Richard III., iv. 3.
(&) In composition, as a prefix to many
words derived from Greek or any other lan-
guage, as arcliangel, arcKbiskop, archduke.
T[ The compounds of arch are indefinite
in number. Those which immediately follow
generally retain the hyphen ; the others more
commonly omit it, and are therefore here
arranged as independent words,
arch-ahomination, s. A chief abomi-
nation ; one more loathsome than others of a
more ordinary kind. (Everett.)
arch-apostate, s. An apostate who
occupies a more conspicuous place, or stands
out more prominently than others who have
abandoned the faith. Spec., Satan. (Webster.)
arch-apostle, s. A chief apostle.
"That the highest titles would have been given to
St. Peter, such as arch-apostle, supreme of the apostles,
or the like,"— yrnjjp; Popery Truly Stated, pt i.
arch-architect, s. The supreme Archi-
tect.
" I'll ne'er believe that the Arch-architect
With all these fires the heavenly arches deckt
Only for show," Sylvester: Da Bartas.
arch-beacon, s. The chief beacon.
" You shall win the top of the Cornish arc/i-beacon
Hainborough, which may for prospect compare with
Hama in Palestina. "—C'ttreu;.
arch-botcher, s. Sarcastically, the chief
botcher.
" Thou, once a body, now but air,
Arch-botcher of a psalm or prayer."
Bp. Corbet to the Ghost of Ji. Wisdomc.
arch-buffoon, s. One who plays the
butfoon above others, (Scott.)
arch-builder, s. The chief builder.
"Those excellent arch-huilders of the spiritual
temple of the Church, I mean the Prophets and
Apostles."— ^armar: Tr. ttf Bcza's Semi., p. 9.
arch-butler, i. The chief butler. An
officer of the old German or Holy Eoman
empire. It was his special function to present
the cup to the emperor on great occasions.
He was called also arch-cupbearer, or arch-
skinker (in Ger. erz scJienke). The ofiice was
filled by the king of Bohemia.
arch-chamberlain, s. A chief cham-
berlain. An officer of the German empire
with functions like those of the great cham-
berlain here. The Elector of Brandenburg
was so designated by the golden bull under
the old German empire.
arch-chancellor, s [Akchchancel-
LOR.]
arch-chanter, 5. The chief chanter in a
church. (Henry.)
arch-chemic, arch-chymic, a. Pro-
ducing chemical effects on au unparalleled
scale of magnitude and importance.
" The arch-chymic sun, so far from us remote,
Produces, with terrestrial humour mix'd.
Here in the dark so many precious things
Of colour glorious, and effect so rare ? "
Milton: P. L., bk. iii.
arch-city, *' arch-citie, s. A chief city.
" To that arch-citie of this government."
Phin. Fletcher : Purple Island, ii. 44.
arch-conspirator, s. A chief conspi-
rator.
"Severian, the grand adversary and arch-conspira-
tor against Chrysostom." — Maundrell : Journey, p. 13.
arch-count, s. A chief count. A title
formerly given to the Earl of Flanders on
account of his great wealth and power.
arch-critic, * arch-critick,^. A chief
critic.
". . . the arc7t-crWicA: of the sacred muses."— Tr. qf
Boccalini (l&2a), p. 187.
arch-cupbearer, s. A chief cupbearer.
[Arch-butlee.]
arch-dapifer, «. [Archidapifer.]
arch- defender, s. A chief defender.
" Nay, drunkennesae hath got an arch-defender.
Yea, more then that, a principall commauder."
Ear. Eng. Text Soc. (ed. Cowper), vol. 46-48,
Satira, v. 2,111, 2,11"
arch-divine, s. A chief divine ; that is,
a chief clergyman or theologian.
■' Georgius Wicelius, one of their own arch-divines,
exclaims against it and all such rash monaatical vows."
—Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 5B7.
arch-enemy, s. [Eug. arch ; enemy.} A
principal enemy ; specially, Satan,
"To whom the archrenvmy.^
And thence in heaven called Satan. . ."
Milton: P. L., bk. i.
arch-felon, s. A chief felon.
" Which when the arch-felon saw,
Due entrance he disdained."
Milton : P. j^.. bk. iv.
arch-fiend, s. a chief fiend.
arch-flamen, s. [From Lat. Jiamen or
fiknncn, a priest of one particular deity ; filum
= a thread or fillet ; the latter worn by
flamens.] A chief flamen ; that is, a chief
jjiiest of any particular deity.
"In lesser figures are represented the Satrapse or
Persian nobility, who with their arms stand on one
side uf those majeatick figures; and on the other, the
magi or arch-JUimens, some of which hold lamps,
others censers or perfuming-pots, in their hands,' —
Sir T. Herbert: Trav., p. 113.
" The Roman Gentiles had their altars and sacri-
ficea, their arch-fiarrtens and vestal nxni^."— Howell:
Lvtr., ii. 11.
arch-flatterer, s. [Eng. arch ; flatterer.
In Fr. archiflatteur.] A chief flatterer; one
who flatters above all others.
"... the arch-flatterer, which is a man's self."—
Bacon: Ess. of Praise.
arch-foe, s. A chief foe. (Milton.)
arch-fool, s. A fool above others,
arch-founder, s. A chief founder.
" Him, whom they feign to he the arch-founder of
prelaty, St. Teter."— Milton: Reason of Ch. Gov., i. 2.
arch-god, *. A chief god, or the chief
god.
" Homer knows nothing of Uranos, in the sense of an
arch-god anterior to Kronos." — Qrote: Hist. Greece,
pt. i., ch. i.
arch-governor, * arch-govemour,
s. A chief governor.
"The arch-govemour of Athens took me by the
hand." — Brewei-: Lingua, ii. 4.
arch-heresy.
The greatest heresy.
"He accoimts it blasphemy to speak against any
thing in jjresent vogue, now vain or ridiculous soever,
and arch-lieresj/ to approve of any thing, though ever
so good and wise, that is laid by," — Butler : Characters.
arch-heretic, s. [Eng. arch; heretic.
In Fr, archihiretique.] A chief heretic,
" From their pulpits they poured out execrations
against heresy and the arch-heretic, Henry of Eng-
land."— Froude: Hist. Eng., voL iv., pp. 40, 41.
arch-hypocrite, s. A chief hypocrite.
One hypocritical above all others.
"Alexius, the Grecian emperour, that <zrcA-Avjoocri(e
and grand enemy of this war."— jpufier.- Holy War,
p. C3.
arch-magician, s. A chief magician.
" Lying wonders ivrought by that arcli-magicia?!,
AiwUonius." — Spencer: On Prodigies, p. 239.
arch-marshal, 5. [Eng, arch; marshal.
In Fr. archimarhhal ; Ital. arcimaresciallo.1
A chief marshal, like our field-marshal.
arch-mock, s. A mock or mocking of a
pre-eminently insidting character.
" Oh, 'tis the spite of hell, the fiend's arcJMnock,
To lip a wanton in a seciu-e couch.
And to suppose her chaste ! "
Shakesp. : Othello, iv 1,
" Foredoom'd by God — by man accurst,
And that last act, though not thy worst,
The very Fiend's arch-mock."
Byron: Odeto Xapolcon.
arch-monarchy, s. A leading monarchy.
"... the world's arch-monarchies aptly to nom-
pare."— -FiiI7«r .■ Worthies; M-lscell. (Cadwaller), vol
1., p. 47.
arch-pastor, s. The chief pastor.
■'The Scripture speaketh of one arch-pastor and
great shepherd of the sheep, exclusively to any other "
—Barrow: On the Pope's Supremacy.
arch-philosopher, s. A chief philo-
sopher. A philosopher of the first reputation.
",^*l^.?° improbable opinion, therefore, which the
arch-philosopher was of, that the chiefest perPi.n in
every household was always as it were a kinii "—
Hooker. "'
arch-pillar, s. A chief pillar ; the prin-
cipal pillar of a building.
"That which is the true arcfi-pillar tmd foimdation
of hunian society, namely, the purity aud exercise of
true religion. —Harmar: Tr. <if Beza's Serm., p. -lOi.
arch-poet, s A chief poet ; a poet
laureate.
*-l\ ^%^^ *hen saluted by common consent with the
title of archipoeti.' or arch-poet, in the style of those
aays ; m ours, poet laureat."— /'ope .■ The Poet Laureat
fEte, fS-tp fare, amidst, what, 4^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there
or, wore, W9lf, worl^ whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try,
; pine. pit. sire, sir. mar£ne ; go. pfit,
Syrian, se, oe = e ; fe = e. qu = kw.
;-^:^:^
( -^^orjcAnomeAzlc^rj )
V^M S 'l\^V^ JO i
ARCHES.
arcli— archbishop
273
axch-politlcian, s. A chief politician ;
a politician standing out more prominently
than others.
"He was indeed an arch-poUticlan." — Bacon.
arch-pontiff; s. A chief pontiff, spec,
the Pope. {Burke.)
arch-prelate, s. A chief prelate.
"May we not wouder that a man of St. Bfisil's
authority and quality, and arch-prelate in tlie house
of God, snould have his uame far and wide called in
question ?" — Hooker.
arch-presbyter, s. [Eng. arch ; presby-
ter. In In*, archipretre, arcipritre; Lat. archi-
presbyter ; Gr. apxtJrpetr^iJTepos (arcMpresbu-
teros).'] A chief presbyter.
"As simple deacons are in subjection to presbyters,
according to the canon law ; so are also presoyiiei's and
a7^}i-presbi/£ers in suhiection to these archdeacons." —
Ayliffe : Parergon.
arch-presbytery, * arch-preistre,
* arch-prestrie, s. [Eng. arch; pres-
bytery. In Fr. archijjresbyterat, archipretre;
Ital. arcipreshiterato, arcipretato.]
I. A chief presbyteiy. Spec. :
* 1. A dignity in collegiate churches.
(Scotch. )
" Vndouhtit patrons of the said arch-preistre and
colledge kirk ot Dunbar." — Acts Chas. J.
* 2. A vicarage.
"... tlie archprestrie or vicarage of Dunbar." —
Acts Jas. VI. (1606).
If At an early period the arch-priests or arch-
jrresbyters in a cathedral church acted as
vicars to the bishop ; afterwards they became
the same as rural deans. {Jamieson.)
II. Presbytery claiming too extensive and
too lordly a power of domination.
" _' The government of the kirk we desiJiaed ' not, but
their imiKJsing of that government upon us : not prcH-
bytery, but arch-prcshj/tery, clasBical, provincial, and
diocesan presbytery, claiming to itself a lordly power
and superintandancy, both over flocks and pastors,
over i)ersons and cougregationa no way tlieir owu." —
Milton: Eicon., § xiii.
arch-priest, s. [Eng. arch ; jyriest. In
Pr, archipretre, arehiprete; Sp. & Port. an:i-
preste.] A chief priest.
" The word decanus was extended to an ecclesiasti-
cal dignity which included the arclir priests."— Ayliffe ■
Parergon.
arch-priesthood, s. [Eng. arch ; priest-
hood. In Ital. arcipretato.] Cliief priestliood ;
the office or dignity-of an arch-priest or chief
priest.
arch-priznate, s. Tlie chief primate, if
tho.se, all of whom are primates, or first in
ranlc, can have a chief.
"One arch-primate or Protestant poi)e,"—J/'i?^on:
Reason of Ch. Qoo., i. 6.
arch-prophet, s. [Gr. a.px'-'^po^riTt]^
(archiprophUes).'] A chief prophet.
"The arch-prophet, or St. Jolui Baptiat. "— ITarton :
Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 60.
arch-Protestant, s. A chief Protestant ;
a Protestant standiug jn'ominently out from
among his compeers.
" These sayings of these arcJi-ProtestarUs and master
ministers of Germ!my."—Stapleton: Port. oftJtePaUh,
p. 9.
arch-publican, s. A chief publican.
" The arch- publican Zaecheus . . "—Bp. Hall :
Cases of Coiiscience, i. 7.
arch-rebel, s. A chief rebel.
"Dillon, Muskerry. and other arcJiyrebels."— Milton :
Art. of Peace betioeen the E. of Orm, and the Irish.
A more notorious
arch-swindler, s.
swindle]' than all others.
"Many of tlie persons named by this arch-swindler
as having been concerned in these transactions deny
the truth of his statements." — Daily Telegraph, Oct.
8, 1877.
arch-traitor, s [Eng. arch, traitor ;
Fr. architraitre.] A chief traitor ; one who
has stood forth more prominently than other.s
as a traitor.
"It was reasonable to expect that a strict search
would be made for the arvh-trai'or, as he was often
called." — Macaulay . Hist. Eng., ch, v.
arch-treasurer, s. [Eng. arch; trea-
surer. In Fr. architresorier.'] Achlef treasurer.
arch-treasurership, s. The chief trea-
surership ; the office of the chief treasurer.
{Collins : Peerage. )
arch-tyrant, s. A chief tyrant ; one in-
vested with more power to tyrannize than
others, and who takes advantage of his oppor-
tunities to act despotically.
"As every wicked man is a tyrant, according to the
philosopher's position; and every tyrant is a devil
among men ; so the devil is the arch-tyrant of the
creatures ; he makes all his subjects errand vassals,
yea, chained slaves," — Bp. Hall : Jiem., p. 25.
arch-villain, s. A chief villain ;
villainous above all others.
a person
(q.v.).
" Yet an arch-villain keeps him company."
Shakeap. : Tlmon of Athens, V, 1.
arch-vlUany, s. Villany at the time un-
paralleled.
" All their arch-villani^s, and all their doubles."
Seauni. and Flet. : Worn. Prize, iii. 4.
arch, A contraction for ArchiUctvre [Arch,
B.]. [Lat. a'rchitecturcebaccalait.reus.] Bachelor
of Architecture. An American degree, not
yet known in Britain. (Tivies, Dec. 31, 1873.)
ar-ohse-og'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. ipxalos (ar-
chaios) — from the beginning or origin, ancient ;
and ypa/^rj (graphe) = a writing, a description.]
A writing about, or a description of, antiquity
or antiquities, but not of a character so scien-
tific as to merit the appellation of arckiBolugtj.
(Elmes.) {Worcester's Diet.)
ar-chse-o-lo'-gi-an, s. [Eng. arcl
-ian.] The sanie as Arck^ologist
(J. Murray.) {Worcester's Diet.)
ar-ohae-o-log'-ic, ♦ ar-chai-o-log'-ic,
* ar-chai-o-log'-ick, ar-chse-o-log-
ic-al, a. [In Fr, archeologique; Gr. apxeuo-
^o-yt/fds {archaiologikos) : apxalo? {archaios) =
ancient, and AoytKos (logikos) — pertaining to
speech ; Aoyo? {logos) = a word, ... a dis-
course.] Pertaining to the science of archae-
ology, »
T[ The form arcTudologick is in Todd's Johii-
son's Dictionary, whilst archceologic is absent.
The latter terra appears in Webster.
ar-chae-6-l6g'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. ardiceo-
logie; -ally.] After the manner of arohaolo-
gists. In the way recognised in archieology,
{Webster.)
ar-chee-ol'-o-gist, * ar-chai-ol'-o-gist,
s. [InTPr. archeologui ; Gr. apxaio\6yo^ {arcJiaio-
logos), apxaioAoycw {archaiologeo) = to discuss
antiquities ; apxalo-; {archaios) = ancient ;
XoyitTTtKo? {logistikos) — skilled in calculating
or in reasoning.] One who makes a special
study of antiquity, and especially of the
ruined buildings, the inscriptions, and other
relics which it has left behind. There are in
London at present a British Archffiological
Association and a Boyal Archaeological Insti-
tute, besides the Society of Antiquaries, wliich
received its charter in 1707. [Archaeology.]
ar-chae-ol'-o-g^, * ar-chai-6l'-o-gy, s.
[In Ger. archaologie ; Fr. archeologw ; Port.
archeologia; Gr. apx<"oAoyia {arcludologia),
from apxatoXoye'o) {archaiologeo) = to discuss
things out of date ; ipxalos {arclmios) = from
the beginning, ancient : ipxij {arcM) = be-
ginning ; Xoyo! {logos) = a discourse ; Ae'yu
{letjo) = to say, speak, utter. The word came
into the language in the Greek form archai-
alogy, which is the word in Johnson's Dic-
tionary. Now only the Latin spelling areluB-
ology is used.] The science which treats of
antiquity, which it investigates by studying
oral traditions, monuments of all kinds,
written manuscripts [PaljeooraphyI, and
printed books [Bibliography]. The Society
of Antiquaries [Abch,eologist], at its first
constitution, gave special attention to medi-
seval times ; of late, the combined efforts ot
geologists and archiEologists have thrown
much light on the history of primeval savage
man in Europe ; and finally, the Society of
Biblical Archaeology, founded in 1870, has
scientifically investigated Aocadian, Assyrian,
Babj'lonian, Jewish, Egyptian, Cyprian, and
other antiquities with equal ardour and suc-
cess. [Archaeological.]
ar-chse-op'-ter-yx, s. [Gr. ipx<»ios {archaios)
= ancient, and Trrepv^ {pterux) = a wing, a
bird. ]
Palceont. : A genus of fossil birds. A. Utlio-
graphica (Von. Meyer) is a fossil bird allied to
the Gallinacese, but constituting a distinct
order in the class of Birds in the opinion of
Professor Owen. Mr. Parker makes it akin to
the Palamedea, or Screamer. It has teeth
and a lizard-like tail. It occurs in the Solen-
hofen Shale, believed to be ot Upper Oolitic
age. [SAURUR.E.]
ar-cha'-io, t ar-oha'-ic-al, a. [In Fr,
archxaique; Gr. apxfuKO^ {archcdkos), or apxati-
Kos {arclmiikos) = old-fashioned ; apxat^w {ar-
chaizo) = to be old-fashioned ; apxalos (ar-
ehaios) = ancient ; apxri {arcli-e) = beginning.]
Pertaining to antiquity.
"... not devoid of information to tlie archaic stu-
dent."—IFu.v.- Pre/. toPrompt. Parv. (iS43), i. 7.
"It was enttvaved on a brazen pill.ar, in Greelt cha-
I'acters of aii archaic form, but, as it appears, wiuj
composed in the Latin language." — Lc-wis: Marty Jtv>u
Hist., ch. v., § 7.
"What is sentimental, romantic, archaic, or patri.ir-
chal m the Homeric polities . . ."—Gladstone ; Studies
on Jlonier, vol. iii., pp. 6, 7
* ar-chai-o-log'-ick, a. [Aech.eologic.]
* ar-chai-ol'-o-gy, s. [Archaeology.]
ar'-cha-ism, s. [In Ger. arcliaism; Fr. ar-
cliaisme ; Ital. ci.rcaismo ; Gr. apxa.'io^ (archaios)
= ancient, from apx^i (arche) ^= beginning.]
An obsolete word or idiom which has lingered
behind, and appears (though somewhat out of
place) in a more modern composition.
"... a certain amount of arc7miwi is indispensable
in all works purporting to draw their subject from a
long past a$e."—9tadstone: Stadies on JItymer, t 33.
ar'ch-an-gel, * ar'ch-aun-gel, s. [In Sw.
erkeangel ; Dan. erkeengel ; Dut. aartsangel ;
Ger. archangel; Fr. archange ; Sp. areangel ;
Ital. arcangelo ; Lat. archangelus; Gr. apxay-
yeAos (archangelos) ; apxt (archi) = a chief,
and ayyeAos (angelos) = (1) a messenger, (2) an
angel.]
1. A chief angel, a leading angel, one high
(according to Jewish writers, of the eighth
rank) in the celestial hierarchy.
"Yet Michael the arctiangel, when contending with
the devil. . ."—Jude 9.
2. The name of a plant, called also the
Yellow Weasel-snout. It is the Oaleoiclolou
httenm of Hudson, and belongs to the order
Lamiacete (Labiates). It occurs in Britain.
[Galeopsis.]
IT Loudon uses it as an English name for
the whole genus Lainium.
arch-an-gel'-ic, a. [Gr. apxayyeAtKos (a?-c/i-
angelikos.] Pertaining to an archangel or
archangels.
"He ceased ; and the archanffelic power prepared
For swift descent" Milton : P. L., bk. xi.
ardi-an-gel'-i-ca, s. [Lat. archctngelus — an
archangel.] A genus of umbelliferous plants,
containing the Angelica officinalis, called also
Angelica archangelica. [Angelica,]
ar'^h-bish-op, s. [Eng. arch ; bishop. In
Sw. erkebishop; Dan. airkebishap; Dut. aarts-
hisschop; Ger. erzbischof ; Fr. archeveque ; Sp.
arzobispo ; Port, arcebispo ; Ital. arcivescovo;
Lat. archiepiscopiis ; Gr. apxie-TriaKoTros (archi-
episcopos), ipxi. (archi) = chief, and eTriVKoiros
(ejiiscoj)os) = bishop.] [See Bishop.) A chief
bishop. The attentive reader of the Acts of
the Apostles, noting that nearly the whole mis-
sionary energy of St Paul was expended upon
the cities and chief towns rather than on the
villages and the country districts, will be pre-
pared to learn that there were flourishing
churches in the leading centres of population,
whilst as yet nearly all other parts remained
"pagan." [Pagan.] So strong, however, was
the evangelistic spirit prevailing that in due
time evei-y one of the first-formed churches
was surrounded by a number of younger and
less powerful congregations which it had
called into being. The pastors of these new
churches being called " bishops," that term
no longer appeared a dignified enough appel-
lation for the spiritual chief of the mother
church, and about A.D. 340 the Greek title of
apxt-eiria-Ko-n-og {archiepiscopos) = Eng. arch-
Uslwp, was introduced to meet the difficulty.
Two archbishops figure at the Council of
Bphesus, in 431, and in subsequent centuries
the designation became common over Chris-
tendom.
In England the early British churches were,
in large measure, swept away by the Anglo-
Saxon invaders, who were heathens, and the
country consequently required re-conversion
The great southern centre from which this was
done was Canterbury, then the capital of Kent
where King Ethelbert gave Augustine, the
chief missionary, a settlement. In the nortli,
York, the chief town of Northumbria, where
King Edwin built a shrine for Paulinus be-
came the great focus of operation for 'that
part of England ; hence the two archbishop-
rics now existing are those of Canterbury and
bSil, b^; poSt, ,f<S^l; oat, 9eU, chorus, 9liln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-Gian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = '^hiin. -tious, -sious.
expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f,
ceous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b?l, del-
18
274
archbishopric— arclies
of York. The prelate \\ho occupies the
former see is Primate of all Knglaiul, whilst
his brother of York is only Primate of Eng-
land, the superiority of the see of Canterbury,
long contested by that of York, having been
formally settled in A.D. IOTl'. The former is
the first in dignity after tlie princes of tin;
blood ; the latter is not second, but third, the
Lord Chaneellor taking j)recedence of liim in
official rank. An archbishop is often called
a Metropolitan. He exercises a certain super-
vision over the bishops, and receives appeals
against their decisions in matters of discii>line.
"A secular ;is-<eijilily h;id tiikeii iipoii itself to ij;ish
a liuv reriuiriiL',' .(i-i-/(;):",v'fO/i'- ami bisliuys, rectoi-s Mini
viciii-s, tu abjure, on iKiiu of (.leyfiviLticiii, what they
had been teachiiiy nU then lives."— .I/aatu^ai/.' Jfisl.
Eng., ch. xiv
ar'ch-bish-dp-ric» s [Tu Fr. archevcche ;
Ital. arcivescovado — archbishop ; and Eng.
suffix -ric = territory or jurisdiction.] The
offlce or dignity of an archbishop, or the see
over which he exercises spiritual authority.
"Several months were still to elapse before the
archbishopric would be vacant. "~J/t/c«wiai/ llist.
JSng., ch, xiv.
ar5h-9han'-9el-l6r, ». [Eng. arch; clmn-
cellor. In Fr. archickancelier.'] A chief chan-
cellor. An officer of high rank who formerly
presided over the secretaries of the court.
Under the first two races of French kings,
when their kingdom consisted of Gerniany,
Italy, and Aries, there were three archchan-
cellors — viz., the archbishops of Mentz, Co-
logne, and Treves.
"The seals of the triple kingdom were borne in
state by the archbishops of Moutz, Cologne, and
'I'revos, the perpetual archchancellorx of Germany,
Itjily, and Aries." — (Jibboii; Decline and Fall, ch. xllx,
ar5li-d,ap'-i-fer, s. [Archidapifeb.]
ar'9h-dea-cdn, * ar^he-dekne (or con
= kn), s. [Eng. arch, and deacon ; A S. arce-
diacon ; Dan. and Ger. arkidiacomts ; Dut.
aartadeken ; Fr. archidiacre ; Sp. arcedlauo ;
Vort. arcediago ; ^tal. arcidiaco)to ; hat. archi-
diaconus ; Gr. apxtStaKOi/os (archldiakonos) ;
apxi- (archl) = chief, and StaKoi/05 (dlakonos) =
deacon.] [Deacon ] A chief deacon. The first
institution of deaeons [Gr. Slixkovol (diakouoi)
= servants, waiting-men, ministers, messen-
gers] is recorded in Acts vi. They were
elected to discharge such half-secular fmu;-
tions as raising and distributing nlms to the
poor, thus leaving the apostles free for purely
spiritual work. It may be assumed that
when meetings of the deacons took place,
some one jn-esided ovnv them, and if this
chairman was one of themselves, he would
naturally be called in Greek apxtSLaKouos
{circliidw.kono<i), in Eng. Archdeacon. The
president of the deacons' meeting would j-e-
quire to be often in conference with the pastor ;
and when people meet, mind will affect mind,
altogether apart from the relative dignity of
the men brought in contact with each other.
The archdeacon gradually gained in power,
and, becoming wliat was called " the bishoi)'s
eye," was often dispatched on confidential
missions to ditfei-ent parts of the diocese, there
probably being about him a pliability wanting
in the xuipeTria-KOTroi (chvrepl^copoi.)-= country,
coadjutor or suffragan bishops. The survival
of the fittest took place, and the archdeacon
ended by superseding the more dignified but
less bending functionaries. Tlie same drama
was re-enacted on English soil between the
archdeacons and the rural deans, the latter,
who were at first liigher in position than their
rivals, being now regarded as inferior to them
in rank ; an ordinary, or full dean, however,
as contradistinguished from a rural dean, is
admittedly superior to an archdeacon. The
emoluments of the archdeMCOUiites being but
trifling, tlie occupants of the office generally
hold also other preferments. They are em-
powered to hold a court, the lowest in tlie
scale, from which there lies an appeal to the
bishop of the diocese.
"They weien in the archfdv7:nf« book "
Chancer : C. T., 6,000.
"Twenty-two dt-ans and fifty-four archilf.acnns aatc
there m virtue uf their officea." — Maciiulny . Hist
Ung., ch. :av.
ar'5h-dea-c6n-ate (or c6n = kn), s. [Eng.
archdeacon ; -ate.] The position or rank of an
arclideacon.
ar'gh-dea-con-ry (or con = kn)» s. [Eng.
archdeacon, and sritFix -r;/.] The district ovrr
which an arclideacon exercises his authnrity
or .jurisdiction ; more rarely his office, or his
le.-iidence.
"Eveiy diocese is divided iiito arcJulcaconries." —
/ilac/csCoiie : Comment., bk. i., Introd., § 4.
ar'ph-dea-con-ship (or con = kn), i
[Eng. archdeacon, and suffix -ship.] The office
of an archdeacon. (Johnson.)
ar'9h-de-5ei-ver, s. [Eng. arch; deceiver.]
A chief deceiver ; one pre-eminent above all
others for deceit.
" He set off for London, breathing vengeance against
Churohill, and learned, on arriving, a Jiew crime ol
the arch-deceiver. The Princess Aiiiie had been boine
hours uiissiug."~Mucaula>/ : Hist. Jing., ch. ix.
ar'9h-di-6-9ese, s [Eng. arch ; diocese.']
The diocese of an archbi.shop. {Webster.')
ar'911-dru-id, s. [Eng. arch ; drtiid.'] A
chief druid ; the head of the ancient druids.
(Henry : Hisl. Eng.)
ar'9h-du-cal, a. [Eng. arcJi; chuvl. In Fr.
& Sp. archiducal] Pertaining to an archduke.
" It would be difficult to eumnerate all the different
yuarterings and armorial hearings of tlie archducal
ar'9h-dU9h-ess, s. [Eng. arch, and duchess.
In Fr. archiduchesse ; Sp. ccrchiduqnessa ; Ital.
archichiclLCsa .] A chief duchess. An Aus-
trian title, applied to the daughters of the
Emperor.
ar'9h-du9h-y, s. [Eng. arch ; duchy. In Fr.
archiduche ; Ital. arciducato.] The territory
ruled over by an archduke or archduchess.
(Ash.)
ar'911-duke, t>. [Eng. arch ; duke. In French
archiduc; Sp. & Port, archiduqiic ; Ital. arci-
duca.] A chief duke. An Austrian title ap-
plied to the sons of the Emperor.
" Philip, archduke of Austria, during his voyage
from the Netherlands towards Spain, was weather-
driven into W^yii).oath."—Carew'sSurve!/.
ar'9h-duke-d6ni, s. [Eng. archduke ; -dom.]
The territory or jurisdiction of an archduke or
archduchess.
"Austria is but an archdukedom." — Guthrie.
* ar9be (1), s. [Arch (i,).]
*" arche, * arch (2), s. [Fr. arc/ie= Noah's
Ark, or any similar structure. Lat. area = a
(;hest, a purse.] [Ark.]
1. An ark.
" Dat arclip, was a feteles good,
Set aiid Iniieil a-gen the flooiil."
Stori/ of licnesis tincl Exodus (ed. Morris). 561-2.
2. A i)ui'sc.
"Thi tenement complet and con-.iiiininat.
" Thyue siiuer and thine arch euacuate. '
Early Scottish Verse led. Luuiby), i. 272.
* arclie-wold, s. An ark-board.
"Quail he dede him in the arche-viold."
Story of Oe>t. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 576.
ar-che'-al, a. [Archeus.] Pertaining to, or
caused by, the " archeus."
ar9hed, jia. par. & a. [Arch, v.]
As participial adjective :
1. Covered with an arch.
"As she paused at the arcJied door."
Scott ■ The Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 20.
2. Curved in the form of an arch.
"... the swan with arched neck,"
Milton: P. L., bk. vii.
3. Her. Arched, or archy, signifies that an
ordinary on an escutcheon is bent or bowed.
* arLiid-ca-u.-cre, 5. [Fr. archidiacre.'] An
archdeacon. (Clmucer.^
*^-che-g6'-ni-al, „. [Eng. archegoni(\im) ;
Bot. : Pertaining to an arctiegoniuui.
^^^■"^che-go'-ni-ate. u. [Eng. arrhegoni(um);
Bot. : Having archegonia.
^^-che-gd'-ni-um (pi. ar-che-go -ni-a),
s. [Gr. aa^eyoros (archegonos) = the first of a
race.] '
Bot. : The fenmle organ of the higher
Cryptogams, corresponding in function to the
pistil in flowering plants.
ar^c]i-en-9eph'^al-a. s [Gr. dpx'o (archo)
— to overrule ; eyK4^a\o^ (enkephalos) = the
brain ; Ke^aAij (kephale) = the head.] A term
proposed by Professor Owen for his first sub-
class of Mammalia. He included under it
one order, Bimana, and a single genus. Homo,
or Man. The characters he assigned to the
sub-class were the overlapping of the olfactory
nerves and cerebellum by the cerebral hemi-
spheres, so that the latter constitute a third
lobe ; the presence of a posterior horn to the
lateral ventricle, and also that uf the hippo-
campus minor. (Ovjen : Classif. of Mammnl-ln. )
arch-en- 9 e-pJial-ic, a. [Mod. Lat. archen-
cephal(o) ; Etig. sufF. -ic] Pertaining to the
Archcncephala ((pv.).
ar'9h-er, s. [In Fr. archer; Up. archero ; Ital.
arciere, arciero ; from Lat. areas = a bow.]
I. Ord. Lang. : One who is skilled in the
use of the bow.
2. Astron. : The constellation Sagittarius.
" Now when theuheerletta empire of tlie sky
Tu Capricorn the Centaur Archer yields."
'J'hoiitsun: Spring.
archer-tish, s. A lisli, the Toxotesjacuh'-
tor, which shoots water at its prey. It is
found in tlie East Indian and Polynesian seas.
ar'9li-er-ess, s [Eng. archer; -ess.] A
female archer.
" The swiftest and the keenest shaft that is,
lu all my quiver —
I do select ; to thee I recommend it, ,
0 (trcheress eternal ! "
Fanshawe: Past. Fid., p. 143.
ar'9h-er-y, s. [Eng. o-rcher ; -y.]
1, The employment of the bow and arrows
in battle, in hunting, or for other purposes.
The art is of gl■eat<lntiqu^t3^ It is mentioned
in Gen. xxi. 20, and in the Iliad and the
Odyssey, besides being deiiicted on Egyptian
monuments and Assyrian sculptures. The
Philistines seem to have excelled in it, which
caused David to issue orders that .special in-
struction and training in it should be imparted
to the tiebrews (2 Sanj. i. IS). There were
archers in both the Greek and Roman armies.
In England, up to the time when gunpowder
came intu general use, the archers constituted
some of the most formidable soldiers in the
English army, several of the battles won over
the Scots ha^'ing been gained liy their sur-
passing skill in the use of the bow. Tlie
weapon first employed was the arlialest, or
cross-bow [Arbalest] ; aftenvards the long
bow supplanted it, the change taking pl;ice
some time before the reign of Edward II. The
Scottish "Royal Company of Archers" still
claim the right of acting as the Sovereign's
body-guard in Scotland ; but, picturesque as
they may look in a procession, it is to be
hoped, both for their own and tlie monarch's
sake, that they may never have to test the
powers of their antique weapon against those
of the breech-loading rifle.
" Had often heard the sound of glee
When there the youthful Nortons met
To practise jjanies and archery "
Wordsworth : Tlie White Doe of Rylstone, v.
t 2. The art or skill of an archer.
" Blest aeraphims shall leave their ciuire.
And turn Love's soldiei-s upon thee.
To exercise their arcliery.
C'raslutw. :Stepi to Temple.
t 3. Those who at any time or place prac-
tise archery ; taken collectively, the archei-s.
(Chiefly poetic.)
" The venison free, and Bourdeaux wiue.
Might serve the archery to dine."
Scott: Lady of the Lake, v. 2o.
ar'9h-es, 5. pi. (i). [Pi of Arch (i), ^. (q.v.\^
I. Entom.: The English name given tu
various species of moths with arch-like zig-
zags on their wings.
Black Arches: Psilura monacha, a moth of
^*^tj^
^tM3t*
BL.VCK ARCHES (PSILURA MONACHA).
the family Bombycidw. The primary wir<^
iiT" greyish-wliite with many black spots, and
{5,te, fat. f^re. amidst, what, fall, father : we. wet, here, camel, her, there ; pme. pit, sire, sir marine • eo not
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ce, os — e, ey^a. ou-'kw
arcliet— arching
four zigzags of the same colour. The secon-
dary wings are hrownish-grey, spotted with
black, and having a white border. The ex-
p::nsion of the wing is from tifteeu to eighteen
lines in the male, and two inches in the female.
The caterpillar is brown with gi'ey hairs, and
one black with two white spots. It is found
in the south of England. {Demean, i)h Jar-
iUiig's Naturalist's Libr.)
Green Arches: PoUa herhida, a moth of the
family Noctuidte.
Light Arches: Xyloplmsia Uthoscylea, a moth
of the family Noctuidte.
Bvff Arches : Thi/atim derasa, a moth of
the family Noctuidae, of a light yellowisli-
t>rown colour, with two white oblique bands
on the xipper wings, and several brown or
buff zigzag lines on two rows of small white
arches on the lower ones. The caterpillar is
yellowish-greeu, with dark-brown spots and
lines. It is found in England. (Duncan, in-
Jardine's Nuturalisfs Llhr.)
ar'-5het (i silent), s. [Fr. firhet; Ital. archettu
= the bow of a violin or a similar instru-
ment.]
Mv-slc: it archet (with bow), a term applied
to such musical instruments as are played
with the bow. (Porter, Webster.)
ar-che-ty'-pal, a. [Eng. archetype, -al;
Lat. archetypus; Gr. apx^rviTO<; (arcJietupos).']
Pei-taining to an archetype, pattern, or model.
" Him, who is fiiirer than the aons of men ;
The source of good, the light arclietypal."
Jfori'U.
^ In the Platonic Philosophy the archetypal
world is the idea or model of the world as it
existed in the Divine mind previous to its
creation.
ar'-che-type, t ar'-chi-type, s. [In Fr.
archetype; Sp. arqueti.po ; Port, arclietypo ;
Ital. archetipo; Lat. arclietypwm; Gr. apx^-
•nijToi' (archetiipon), s., the neut. of apxervn-os
(archetupos) = stamped as a model : apx>?
(arche) = Iteginning, and tvttos (tupos) = a blow,
. . . anything struck, . . a model, type.]
1. Platonic Philosophy, and generally: The
primitive type, model, or pattern on which
anything is formed.
"Then it was thiit the House of Comraoiis, the
archetype of sUl the represeiititive assemblieB which
now meet, either in the Old or in the New World,
held its first sittings,"— .1/«c«w;«tf : ffiat. Eng., chai). i
". . . this great architi/jje . . ."—Bacon: Physiol.
Rem.
2. Minting : The standard weight by whii;li
the others are adjusted.
3. Gomp. Anatomy. The archetypr. skdrfoii :
Professor Owen's name for an ideal skeleton
of which those actually existing in the several
classes of vertebrated animals are held to be
modifications.
ar-Che-typ'-i-cal, ". [Eng. arrhctyj"- ; -ical]
The same as Archf-.typal. (Warburton.)
ar-Che'-iis, s. [From Gr. apx^ ('"•(;7;e)= be-
ginning, . . . first principle, t'h-ment.] A
term applied by BasU Valentine, Paracelsus,
and Van Helmont to denote the regulative
and conservative principle of the animal world
— what is now called vital force.
"" ar'9lie-wy ve§, s. pi. [Eng. an-he = Gr. ipxt
(archi) = chief, ;ind O. Eng. i"y res — wives.]
Wives who aspire to govern their husbands.
(Chaucer.)
ar9li-lii'-er-ey, s. [iVrchierey. ]
t arcll'-i-a -ter, .''■■ [Lat. archiati-ns; Gr. apxta-
Tpo<;(archiatros) : fromapx<^(a'rchi)=(iMef, and
tarpo? (iatros)-= a sm-geon, a physician ; ictop-ai
(ianmai) = to heal, to cure.]
1, Anciently: The first physician of the
Roman emperor ; the chief ruler in Greece,
&c.
2. Now: It is still used in a similar sense
in some Coutiuentid countries.
" I wjinted not the «drice and help of the archiater,
the king's doctor."— ,Sir T. JJerbert: Tra"., p. I'ii.
ar-chl-cal, a. [Gr. apxtKo? (nrc/H7.os) = per-
taining to rule ; apx^ (arch?) = beginning,
rule.} Chief, primary.
■•■WTien the brutiah life leads \is astray from the
government of reason, and we caat away . . . that
prineipality and arcJiical ru!e, wherewith God hath
invested ns, overall our coriioreal passions and affec-
tions . . ." — Satlywcll: Excel. <^ JJor. Vir., p. 48.
ar 9h-i-dap -i-f er , ar 9h-dap '-i-f er, s.
[Gr. apxd? (archos)=. a chief; Lat. daps, genit.
dapis — sacrificial or other dignified feust ;
fero = to bear. Chief food-bearer.]
In the Old German Empire : An officer wdiose
special function it was, when the emperor
was crowned, to carrj' the first dish of meat to
table on horseback. The office belonged to
the Elector of Bavaria, though claimed by the
Palatine of the Rhine.
arch-i-di'-a-con-al, cc- [From Lat. archi-
iliacouus : Gr. ipxiStaKoi'os (archidiakonos) =
an archdeacon.] Pertaining to au archdeacon.
"Thus, the Archidiaconal Courts, the Consistory
Courts, the Court of Arches, the Court of Peculiars,
and the Court of Delegates were Tevived."~Macaulay :
Mist. Eng., chap, vi.
arcli-i-e-pis'-c6p-ar-9y, s [In Fr. archi-
e'piscojKtt.] The state of an archbishop.
" I did not dream, at that time, of extirpation ajid
abolition of any more than his [Laud's] archiepisco-
pacy." — Sir E. Bering's Speeches, p. 5.
arcll-l-e-pls'-COp-al, a. [in Fi\ arcUepis-
copal ; Sp. arzobis2Jal ; Ital. arcivescovile.]
Pertaining to an archbishop.
" Nothing in England astonished him so m\ich as
the Archiepiscopal library." — Macaulay : Bist. Eng.,
chap, xxiii.
arcll-i-e-pis'-c6p-ate» s. [In Fr. arcM-
episcopat ; Port, archiepiseopado.] The office,
dignity, or jurisdiction of an archbishop ; au
archbishopric. (Ch. Obs.) (Worcester's Diet.)
arch-i-e-pis-c6-par-i-ty» 5. [As if from a
Low Lat. arcMepiscopalitas.] Tlie dignityof
an archbi.'fhop. (Fuller : Ch. Hist., II, iii.
39.)
ar9h-i'-er-ey, ar9h-h£'-er-ey, s [Lat.
archiereas ; Gr. ipxtepevs (archinrus) = a^chief
]iTiest : apxi (archi) = a chief, and ie^eii?
(hiereus) = priest, a sacriticer.] A name given
in Russia to the higlier ecclesiastical dignities
of the Greek Church, the metropolitans, the
archbishops, and the bishops. (li. Pinkerton.)
ar-chig'-ra-pher, s. [Gr. ipxt (archi) =
chief, and ypa<l}ui (grapho) - to write.] A cliief
secretary. (Dr. Black.) (M'orca^f&r's Diet.)
ar'-9lli-lach» s. [Archilowe.] (Scotch.)
ar'-chill, ar'-gol, or'-chil, or'-chill, or-
Clial, s. [In Fr. archil, archilla, and orchilla,
also (irsrille dcs Cananes.] Two species of
lichen, the Roccvlla. tlnctorla and R. fusi-
foniiis, which grow best in the Canary Islands,
though they are found also in the south of
Britain. They are found on rocks near the
sea. They produce a fine but fugitive purple
dye, and are largely emjiloyed for that purpose.
Arriving in this cnuntrj'^ in its natural state,
it is ground between stones so as to be com-
pletely bruised, but not reduced to powder.
Then it is moistened with a strong spirit of
urine, or with urine itself mixed with quick-
lime. In a few days it acquires a purplish-
red, and finally a blue colour. In the former
state it is called Archil, in the latter Lacnms
or Lifnuis. Cudbear is similarly made. Other
lichens, such as the I'ariolaria orcina, the
Lccaiiora tartarca, &(.-., are sometimes used in
place of the Itorirlla.
Ar-Chi-lo'-Clli-an, a. & s. [in Ger. Archi-
lochisch ; Lat. Archil ochin.--. See the def.]
A. As adject i rv : Pertaining to the Greek
satiric poet Arehilochus, who flourished about
700 B.C., or to the verse which he introduced.
B. As subst^intivc : A kind of verse sup-
posed to have been invented by the Greek
poet Archilochus. The "Archilochius major"
has seven feet, the first three dactyls or spon-
dees, the fourth a dactyl, and the fifth, sixth,
and seventh trochees, as —
Niinc decet | aut viri I di nltl | dum capiat
imp6 I dire | myr ] to.
(Horace, Carm. I. , iv. 9. )
The Arclulochian minor has two dactyls and
a L'lesura, as—
Arburi | biisque c5 | raS.
(Horace, Carm. IV., vii. 2.)
Horace varies these two metres in four dif-
ferent ways, called the first, second, third, and
fourth Archilochian metres. The first consists
of a dactylic hexameter combined with an
Archilochius minor ; the second of a dactylic
hexameter with aniambelegus ; the third of an
iambic trimeter and an elegiambus ; and the
fourth of an Archilochius major, with a cata-
lectic iambic trimeter.
ar'-9lii-l6we, ar'-9hi-lacli. s. [Etymology
doubtful.] A peace-offering. (Scotch.)
"I'll pay for another, by way of archilowe."— Scott :
Rob Hoy, ch. xxvil.
Ar'cli-i-masc, Arcb-i-ma'-go, Ar-
:??um'-a-gUS, s. [Gr. apx^ (circhi) = G\\iQi,
and Ma-yo? (Magos) = a JWagian, ... an en-
chanter, a wizard.]
1. The high priest of the Median or Persian
Magi. The title was assumed by Darius
Hystaspes.
2. Any magician or wizard ; an enchanter.
TI The term pej-petually figures in Spenser's
Faerie Queene. Some other writers have
copied it from that work.
" ' I will,' he cry'd, so help me, God I destroy
That villain Archimage. "
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, ii. 82.
arcll-i-niSjl'-drite, s. [In Russ. arkhuman-
dmin; Ger. archiinandr it; Ft. archimandrite ;
Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. archimandrita ; Gr.
apxi-t^o-vBpLTii^ (archimandntes) = apxt (archi)
= chief, lidvSpa (inandra) = an enclosed space,
... a monastery.] An Eastern abbot or
superior of a monastery, especially one of the
first order.
"His rival Eutychea was the abbot, or archiman-
drite, or superior of three hundred monks. '—Gibbon :
Decline and Fall, chap, xlvii., vol. iv., p. 35?s
T[ Formerly it was used in a somewhat
wider sense, being occasionally applied to
archbishops.
Arch-i-me'-de-ain, Ar-clu-nie'-di-an,
a. [Eng. -4rc7iimetZ(es); -ian.'] Pei-taining to
Archimedes, a celebrated mathematician of
Syracuse, who lived in the third century B.C.
Archimedean principle, or Archimedean
theorem ; Archimedes's principle or theareni : It
is that a body immersed in a liquid loses a
part of its weight equal to the weight of the
displaced liquid. It was by this law that he
discovered the amount of alloy mixed in
Hiero's cro\vn. (Ganot : Physics, transl. by
Atkinson, 3rd ed., 1SG8, § 104.) It holds good
of gases as well as liquids properly so called.
(Ibid., § 168.)
Archimedean Screw, Archimedes's Screw : A
water-screw or " cochlion." Cochlion is from
the Greek koxAioi' Qcochlion) = a small snail,
the shell of which it resembles, though it
must be confessed very remotely> in being of
a spiral form. It consisted of a spiral pipe or
ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW.
tube wound around a long cylinder. The
machine, which was originally designed for
raising water from the Nile, wai? slanted so
that one end of the si)iral tube was beneath
the water of the river, and the other rested on
the bank. The inside of the tube really con-
sisted of an inclined plane, down which the
water flowed, though to a superficial observer
it seemed to flow up in contravention of the
laws of gravity. It was, of course, unable to
act if slanted to the water at too high an
angle. It is now disused, one serious defect
which it has being that it is apt to become
clogged up with weeds, mud, stones, &c,,
which cannot easily be removed from a tube
of spiral form.
ar9h-mg,pr. par. & a. [Arch, a.)
As participial adjective :
1. Having in it an artiflcial or a natural
arch.
" Now driv'n before him through the arching rock.
Came tumbling:, heaps on heaps, th' unnumber'd flock "
Pope; Jiomer's Odyssey, bk. ix., 280-1.
2. Curving like an arch.
" Blue ribbons decked his arching mane."
Scott : Marmion, L 6.
" The arching limes are tall and shady."
Tennyson : Margaret, 5
boil, boi^; poiit, jo^l; cat, 9ell. chorus, 9hin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, ^enophon, e^t. -ing.
-oian. -tian = shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious- -slous. -cious = shus. -ble, -die, \;c. = bei, del
ii70
archipelagic— archive
ar-chi-pe-lag'-ic, a. [Eng. Archipelag(o) ;
~ic.] Pertaining to an arcliipelago, and espe-
cially to the nuist notable one — that between
Greece and Asia Minor. {Ed. Rev.) (Worcester's
Diet.)
Ar-chi-pel'-a-go, n. [In Dut. & Fr. Archi-
'pel ; Ger. Archijni or Archipdogus; Sp. and
Port. arcMlago ; Ital. arcipelago : Gr. apx''
(urchi) = chief, and TreAayos (jichuvis) = sea;
countenancing'the belief that the Greeks con-
Kidered the sea which washed their eastern
shores, and was the chief sea to them, the chief
sea also to others.]
1. The sea studded with islands which lies
between Greece and Asia Minor.
"... the line [of Eiibcean hills] is further prolonged
by a series of islands m the J rchlpelago, Anclros, Tenos,
Mycoiios, ajid Naxoa."— (?to(c ; Hist. Greece, pt. ii,, ch. i.
2. Any sea agi'eeing with the former in con-
taining many islands.
"... hence, after long subsidence, this great reef
would not produce oue gi'eat atoll 400 miles in length,
hut a chain or archipelago of atolls, of very nearly
the same dimensions with those in the Maldiva arelii-
]idaffo."~jOarunn : Voyage round the World, ch. xx.
ar-chip'-pus, s. [Gr. 'Apxittttos (Archippos),
a Greek proper name (Col, iv. 17; Philem. 2).]
A fine butterfly, the Daiiaus arclilppus. It
does not occui' in Britam.
ar'-Chi-tect, s. [In Dan. architect; Sw. arlci-
teJct; Ger. arcMtclt ; Fr. orchitecte; >i\i.(irqui-
tecto ; Port, architcdo ; Ital. architetto ; Lat.
architectits, ardtitectoii ; Gr. apxiTeKTuiv (archi-
tcl:toii) = chief artificer, (literally) chief car-
penter : apx_i {archi) = chief, and tektidv (teJc-
ton) = a carpenter. The word carries us back
to the period when edifices were constructed
chiefly of wood.]
1. Lit. : One who draws the plans designed
to show the builders the exact dimensions,
form, and arrangements of an edifice which,
under his superintendence, they are engaged
to erect. Among great architects may be
enumerated M. Vitruvius Pollio, who seems
to have lived in the time of Augustus ; and in
our own island, Inigo Jones, born about 1572,
died 1652 ; and the very celebrated Sir Chris-
topher Wren, wlio died, aged ninety-one, in
1723. He drew out the plan for the restoration
of St. Paul's, and the rebuilding of many City
churches destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.
2. Fig. : A contriver or designer of anything.
Vsed—
(a) .Spec. ; Of man.
" Cliief architect and plotter of these woes ;
The villain 13 alive m Titus' house."
Sliakesp. : Titus AiuLronicus, v. 3.
" A Frenchwoman is a perfect architect in dress ; she
never, with Gothic ignorance, mixes the orders . . ." —
GoZcismith: The Bee, No. U.
ib) Of God, as the Designer of everything
created.
' ' Til is inconvenience the Divine .■( rchitect of the body
obviated." — Ray : On the Creation.
" . . . as bv work
Divine the sovereign Architect had framed."
.Milton: P. L., bk. v.
(c) Of any animal constructing a habitation
for itself by instinct, but in a style suggesting
the architecture of man.
ar-Clli-tec'-tive, a. [Eng. nrchitrrt ; -ive.]
Used for building purposes ; suitable for
building purposes.
"How could the bodies of many of them, particularly
the last-mentioned, be furnished with architective
materials?"— .Oerftam.- Phi/sico- Theology.
ar-chi-tec-ton'-ic, * ar-chi- tec-ton-
ick, ft. & s. [In Ger archilri'lrmiMh; Fr.
aniiita-tnaiquc ; Port, architectonico ; Ital.
orrlnidtoiiico ; Lat. architectonicus ; Gr. ap-
XLTeKToviK6<; (archltektonilcos), from apx^reK-
Tov€Ui {architektoneo) = to be an architect, to
construct, to contrive ; apxi- (.arolii) = chief,
and TeKTaCvoixai (telctainomai) = to make or
frame, to devise; TdKTMv(tekton)=a, carpenter.]
A, As adji-ctive : Pei-taining to architecture ;
having a geums or an instinct for architec-
ture : skilled in architecture.
■' How much will thia anhitectonic wisdota {it I may
call it), excited 111 f raining and lagulatiiig an innumer-
able company of di tiering creatures, be recommended ! "
—Boyle: Works, v., p. \\l.
B. As suhstantive :
1. Lit. : The science of architecture.
2. Fig. : Tlie art or capacity of arranging
knowledge methodically,
ar-Chi-tec-ton'-ic-al, a. & $. [Eng. archi-
tectonic ; -al.]
A. As adjective: The same as Architec-
tonic, adj. (q.v.).
"... not ectypal, but archetypal, and architectonical
uf aXV—Cudworth : Jntell. Syst., p. 85a (Richardson )
B. As siibstantivc : That which, in a loose
sense, creates, frames, or originates anything.
"Those inferiour and ministerial arts, which are
subjected unto othei-s, as to their architeotonicats." —
Fotherby : Atheomastix, p. 186.
ar-chi-tec-ton'-ics, s. [In Ger. orchitek-
tniiik.] The science or art of architecture.
(Ash.)
t ar-chi-tec -tor, ^ ar-chi-tec-toiir, ■?
[Port. & Lat.] An architect.
"Having first, like a skilful arcJiitector, made the
frame, he now raises and sets it up." — Austin: Ucbc
Homo, p. 55.
"... merchants, pilots, seamen, architectours,
masons, to." — Gayton ; .Notes on Bon Quix., iv. 11.
ar-chi-tec'-tress, s. [Eng. architectnr; -cs-'i.]
A female architect. (Lit. & fig.)
' ' If Nature herself, the first architectress, had (to iise
.in expression of Vitruvius) windowed your breast."—
Wo'.ton: Remains, p. 139.
ar-chi-tec'-tur-al (tur = tyur), «. [Fr.
architectural.] Pertaining to architecture.
(Mason.)
" Plot's, though a neat engr-aving. and in the most
finished jnanner of that excellent architectural sculp-
tor. Michael Burghers, is by no means a faithful and
exact representation."— irar(07i ; Hist, of litddingtan,
p. 16.
ar -chi-tec-ture (ture^tyur), s [In
Ger. ardtitektnr ; Fr "rdiltecfure : Sji. arqtil-
twtura; lta.\. ardntrttnra ; Port. & Lat. arclii-
tediin', from Lat. avhitcdus.] [Archit£<_t.]
1. Properly, the art of building ; more speci-
fically, the art of building human habitations,
temples, or edifices of any kind, whether
humble or splendid. The term is generally,
however, limited to the art of erecting edifices
which, besides answering their primary p
pose of utility, are fitted by beauty, by s
metry, and in other ways, to please the ^
and gratify the mind. About half a ce t
ago it was common to limit the significat
still farther to buildings constructed ft
Greek or Roman models ; but this un 1 1
narrow meaning is now abandoned. Arcl t
ture, like other arts, carries out the prni j les
of science, and must rest upon them. So 0
tinually, indeed, does it draw upon geon t }
that it might almost itself be called a science.
The architecture of a people is an index of their
mental and moral qualities, and of the state of
civilisation which they have reached. Fer-
gusson considers it also more trustworthy
than language in settling the question of race.
The numerous styles of architecture, partly
diverse, partly connected with each other,
may be primarily divided into Ethnic and
Christian. The following is a more minute
clas-sification : — In America two styles of archi-
tecture worthy of notice exist — the Mexican
andtlie Peruvian. The Chinese havi- one in
Eastern Asia. In India there are two totally
distinct races— an Aryan one [Aryan], of
which the Brahmans are the ty}ie, and a
Turanian one, represented by the Tamuls of
the Coromandel coast and Ceylon. The latter
were the great builders. Fergusson recognises
in India a Booddhist, a Jaina. a Southern
Hindoo, a Nurthcrn Hindoo, a M< idern Hindoo,
and a Cashmeiian style. In Western Asia
there existed, at a more or less remote period,
a Phcenician, a Jewish, an Assyrian, a Baby-
lonian, a Persepolitan or Persian, and a Sas-
saman type of building ; whilst in Europe
there were Pelasgian or Cyclopean, Etruscan,
and Druidical or d-ltic types. A celebrated
style commenced in Egypt as the Egyptian
style ; transferred tci Greece, and modified
till IP by Assyrian, it was called Grecian, and
brriiiiie a modcl for universal imitation.
Adopted by tlie Romans, it was called Roman.
Passing from them, it gave rise in one direc-
tion to the Saracenic, Arabian or Moresque,
and in another to the Christian style, the
latter with Romanesque, Gothic, and Byzan-
tine sub-divisions. [Saracenic, Gothic, &c.]
Tlie followiiiL; are the leading styles of
English ar<.'liitecture. arranged in the rhfoim-
logii-al ordtr in which they flourished :—
A D. A.D.
T. Norman . . . .From 1066 to 1154.
II. Tiansitiun frmn this")
to the next, f..-., from ]- ,, IbH to 11S9.
I. to III. )
HI. Early English . . ,, 1180 to 12V2.
IV- Transition from III.")
tuV. >
127-2 to 1307.
V. Decorated . . .From 1307 to 1377.
VJ. Transition from V. > iQ77+nT:iQCi
to VII. S " 1^'' ^^^'^^''■
VII. Perpendicular „ 1399 to 1547.
VIIL Tudor . „ 1550 to 1600.
IX. Jacobean . . ,, 1603 to 1641.
(Fergusson, Giollt, duX.)
'• . . . architecture, an art which is half a science,
. . ."—Macaalay ■ Hint. Eng., ch, iii.
% The subject now treated generally, called
simply Ardiltcdiire, is sometimes more pre-
cisely describerl as Civil Ardiitectare, in which
case there arc at least two others, viz., Mili-
tary Architecture, treating of the construction
of fortifications, and Naval Architecture, the
subject of which is the construction not merely
of ships, but of harbours, docks, or aught else
requisite to promote maritime enterprise. In
this division the tenn civil is used vaguely,
so as to include Ecclesiastical Architecture, but
more frequently the two are made distinct.
2. The method of construction adopted in
natu'e, which one insensibly compares or con-
trasts with the handiwork of man.
"The molecular attractions of the liberated carbon
and hydrogen find expression in the architecture of
gT.a8ses, plants, and trees." — Tyndall : FraQ. of Science,
Brd ed., iv. 87.
Tf Heaven's architecture = the sky.
" Them and their citty vtterly to quell
With fire which from heaven's architecture fell."
£. E. T. S., vol. 46-48, Satlra v„ 1,657-3.
ar'-chi-tec-ture (ture as tyur), v.t. To
build. (Keats: Fingal's Cave.)
ar'-chi-trave, s. [in Ger. architrav, architrah;
Fr. & Ital. architrave; from Gr. apxf. (archi)
= chief, and Ital, trave, from Lat. trabs~a
beam ; Gr. TpaTnj^ (trapex), genit. rpaTnjKos
(trajidio-s) = a beam ; rpeino (trepio) = to turn.]
Architecture :
I. The lowest portion of the entablature of
a ]u 'nnel' tel^ e t'n on the c lun n
tun It 1 t ] r
^^^
IHH
IS
2^p,
^^^
IS
^^
^
1
*«m
2
^^Ml
^^s
ll
ll
B
H
ARCHITRAVE TEMPLE F AGRlOEMI M
mounted by the frieze, and it again by the
cornice, which is the highest portion of the
entablature.
" Built like a temple, where pilasters round
Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid
With golden archiirave."
MiUon: P. L., bk. i.
2. The ornamental moulding surrounding
the exterior portion of the curve belonging to
an arch, or round doors, windows, &c.
3. The mantelpiece in a chimney.
* ar-chi-tri'-clin, s. [Gr. a.px'- (archi) -.= chief ;
Lat. triclini^trn ; Gr. rpiKKivLov (triklinion) and
TpiKAivo? (triklinos) = a couch running round
three sides of a table for guests to recline on
at a feast.] Master of a feast (John ii. 18).
"... tho seide nre lord to tho serganz, Moveth to
gidere and bereth to ArchUriclin, that was se thet
terst was i-serued." — Old Kentish Serrnmis (ed. Morris),
1>. 29.
_^ Morris says that this word is frequently
mistaken for a proper name in Early English
bonks
* ar'-chi-type, *. [Archetype.]
ar-chi'-va, s. pi. [Archives.]
ar-chi'-val, a. [Lat. pi. arcJilva ; Eng. suffix
-al.'] Pertaining to archives. (2\ioke.)
ar'-chive (pi. ar -chive^, * ar-chi'-va), s.
[In Sw arkiv : Dan. archi vet; Dnt. archieven ;
Ger. archiv; Fr. archlrrs (pi.); Ital. archivi
(pi.), ardiivio; Lat. archiva, pi. of archivum.
There is also a Latin form nrchlum; Gr. apxelov
{a rdtc ion) = the town-house, the official resi-
dence of the first magistrate.]
t 1, Plur. : The place in which important
historical records are kept.
" Thongh we think our words vanish with the breath
that utters them, yet they become records in God's
fourt. and are laid up in his archives as witnesses
either for or against ms."— Government of tlie Tongue-
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t-
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e ; fe = e. qu = kw.
archivist— arctostaphylos
277
2. (o) I'L: The records themselves. These
generally consist of charters and other docu-
ments bearing on the rights, the history, &c.,
of a nation or of a smaller community or
house.
" The Christians were able to make good what they
asserted by appealing to those records kept in the
Roman archiva"—H. More : On Godiiaesa, b. 7, c. l' 5 2.
"I ahaU wow only look a little into the Mosaic
arcldves, to observe what they furnish ua with upon
this sMhiGct." —Woodward.
t (&) Sing. : One such record.
"Vespasian, according to Suetonius, restored this
national ctrr/iiue, by procoringcopiea from allquarters "
— Lewis: Early Rom.. Hist., en, v., § 9.
ar'-chi-vist, s. [in Fr. arcUviste; Ital.
arcMvista ; Lat. areheota. ] One who has
charge of archives ; a keeper of records,
(Rees : Cyclop.)
ar'-chi-volt, ar-chi~vol'-tum, s. [Fr.
arcliivolte ; Ital. archivolto ; properly, a con-
traction for Ital. architrave voltato {lit.) = an
architrave turned.]
1. Used by medieeval writers for a vault.
2. Used by the writers of the Renaissance
for the group of concentric mouldings and
ornaments with which, the face of a classical
arch is decorated.
ARCHIVOLT OF NOTRE DAME DU PORT, CLERMONT.
3. By some modem authors it is applied to
the mass of mouldings which usually occupy
the faces and soffits of a medi£eval arch.
(Gloss, of Arch.)
ar'9ll-lute, ar'911-i-lute, s.^ [in Fr. arcU-
luth.] A long and large lute, with its bass
strings lengthened after the manner of the
theorbo, and each row doubled, either with a
little octave or a unison. It is used by the
Italians for playing a thorough bass.
ar'^h.-ly, odv. [Eng. arch; -ly.'\ In an arch
manner ; slyly, cunningly, waggishly.
ar'^li-ness, £■ [Eng. arch; -ness.] Slyness,
cunning, waggery.
"... and such a dryness and arc7i/ness of humour, as
cannot fail to excite laughter." — Dr. Warton: Ess. on
Pope, ii. 68.
ar'-chon, s. [In Ger. archont ; Fr. archoiite;
Ital. arconte ; Lat. archon ; Gr. apvutv (archon)
= a ruler, commander, from app^w (archd) = to
begin ; apxn (arche) = a beginning. ]
1. Civil Hist. : Any one of the series of indi-
viduals who, when the royal authority was
abolished at Athens, succeeded to the highest
place in the State. At first the archonship
was tor life and even hereditary, but the per-
son elected by the people might again be de-
posed— "the right divine of kings to govern
wrong " was not recognised. After a time the
occupancy of the office was limited to ten
years, and then to one year ; while its duties
were divided among ten persons ; the first
called, by way of pre-eminence, the archon;
the second, the king ; the third, the polemarch,
or leader in war ; and the other seven, thes-
mothetes, or legislators.
" Among these, the first in rank retained the dis-
tinguishing title of the arclwn, and the year was
marked by his name," — Thirlwall : Hist. Greece, ch. xi
% Lord Archon : A similar officer in an
imaginary English government never realised.
" All the detail, all the nomenclature, all the cere-
monial of the imaginary government was fully set
forth, Polemarchs and Phylarchs, Tribes and Galaxies,
the Lord Arckon and the Lord Strategos," — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng.,cti. iii.
2. Church Hist. The " Great Archon " of the
Gnostic Basilides : A created being who was
supposed to rule the world.
"There burst forth and was begotten from the cos-
mlcal seed and the conglomeration of all germs the
great Archon and Head of the world." — Hippolyfus :
Refut. of all Heresies, bk. vii., ch. xi.
ar'-chon-ship, s. [Gr. apvwi/ {archon) =
archon, and Eng. sufi". -ship.] The office of an
archon, or the time during which he held office.
" Draco's arclwnship, in which hia laws were enacted,
is placed 01. ao, B.C. 62i." —Thirl wall : Hist, of Grsece,
ch. XL
ar-chon'-tics, s. [In Ger. archontiken.]
Church Hist. : A Gnostic sect, a branch of
the Valentinians. They were of opinion that
the world was brought into existence not by
God, but by inferior '* Archontes," beings them-
selves created. [Archon (2).]
"'" ar'^h-wife, s. [Archewyves.]
ar'9h-'Wi§e, adv. [Eng. arch; suffix -vHse.]
Shaped like an arch ; in the form of an arch.
"The Court of Arches, so called ab arcuata ecclesia,
or from Bow Church, by reason of the steeple or clochier
thereof, raised at the top with stone pillars, in fashion
of a how- bent archwise."— Ai/liffe : Parergon.
ar'-9liy, a, [Eng, arch; -y.'\
1. Ord. Lang. : Arched.
"Beneath the black and arclty brows ahined forth
the bright lamps of her eyes." ~ Partheneia Sacra
(1633), Pref.
2. Heraldry. [Arched,]
ar'-^i-form, a. [Lat. arcus — a bow, and forma
= form.] Shaped like a bow, curved.
"... some arcl/orm fibres which cross it at its
lower part . . ."—Todd & Bowman. Physiol. Anat.,
L 264.
''^' ar'-^i-ten-ent, a. [Lat. ardtenens, from
areiis = a bow, and tenens, pr. par. of teneo =
to hold.] Bow-bearing. {Johnson.)
ar'-c6-graph, s. _ [Lat. arcv,s — a bow, and
Gr._ ypa0Qi {grapho) = to grave, ... to de-
scribe.] An instrument for describing an arc
without the use of a central point ; a cyclo-
graph. {Hehert.)
t arc - ta - tion, s. [In Fr. nrctation; Mod.
Lat. arctatio ; Lat. arcPus, artus = pressed to-
gether, close, narrow ; arcto = to narrow, to
enclose. ]
t Med. : A narrowness or constriction of
any passage in the body. (Used specially of
constipation of the intestines produced by
inflammation or by spasms. It is called also
Arotitude.)
" Arctation, Lat. : Streightning or crouding."
Glossog. Nov.
arc'-ti-a, s. [Apparently fromGr. apKTo?(art-
tos) = a bear, referring to the woolly character
of the caterpillar ; but Agassiz, in his Novien-
clator ZoologicuSj derives it from apKreCa. {ark-
teia) = consecration.] A genus of moths, the
typical one of the family Arctiidre. A. caja
is the well-known and beautiful Tiger-moth.
Its caterpillar is the " Woolly Bear."
arc-ti'-a-dsB, s. pi. [Arctiid,<e.]
arc'-tic, * arc'-tick, a. [In Fr, arctique ;
Sp, & Port, arctico ; Ital. artico; Lat. arcticus;
from aretos, Gr. apKTo? {arJctos), a bear, also
the constellation Ursa Major. In Sanscrit
riksha, from the root aric or ask — to be
bright, is (1) an adjective = bright, and (2) a
substantive = a bear, so called either from
his bright eyes or from his brilliant tawny
fur. Before the Aryans had finally separated
riksha = bright, applied to the plough-like
constellation, had become obsolete, and the
substantive hear remained, whence the con-
stellation came to be called apwro? {arktos)
among the Greeks, Ursa among the Latins,
and Bear among ourselves. {Max MillUr ;
Science of Language. 6th ed,, vol. ii., 1871
p, 393.).]
1. Properly : Pertaining to the constellation
called by the Greeks dpKTo^ {arktos) = 'bea.v,
by the Romans Ursa, and by ourselves Ursa
Major, the Great Bear, the Plough, Charles'
Wain, &c.
2. Pertaining to the North generally or
more specially to the region within the Arctic
Circle,
"Man has become a denizen of every part of the
globe from the tornd_ to the arctic zone3."-Owen ■
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 49.
Arctic Circle. : A small circle of the globe
23° 2S' distant from the North Pole, which is
its centre. It is opposed to the Antarctic
Circle, which is at the same distance from the
South Pole. {Glossog. Nov., &c.)
Arctic Expedition : An expedition designed
to explore the all but impenetrable re<Tions
surrounding the North Pole. The object°with
which these enterprises were commenced by
the English was to obtain a passage by way
of the Polar regions to India, Egypt bein^ in
Mohammedan hands, and fear, which now
seems absolutely ludicrous, being felt that
the Portuguese would successfully debar our
daring seamen from using the route by the
Cape of Good Hope. When the utter hope-
lessness of finding either a north-western or a
north-eastern passage to India though the
Polar regions became apparent, it was felt
that arctic expeditions might still profitably
be sent out for purely scientific explora-
tion, one main object now being to make as
near an approach as possible to the pole.
They have continued at intervals to our own
times, and are not likely ever to cease. Two
of the most notable events in their history
which have hitherto occurred have been the
discovery of the north-west passage by Capt,
McClure, of the Investigator, on the 26th of
October, 1850, and the tragic deaths of Sir
John Franklin and his crew, about the year
1848, the catastrophe being rendered all the
more impressive to the public mind by the
uncertainty which long hung over the gallant
explorers' fate.
Arctic Fox (Vnlpes la-gopnis): A species of
fox found in North America within the Arctic
Circle. It is blackish -brown In summer, but
in winter has a long, thick white fur, which
renders it a beautiful animal.
Arctic Pole: The North Pole as opposed to
the Antarctic or Southern one. (Glossog. Nov.)
Arctic Zone : The zone or belt of the earth
between the North Pole and the Arctic Circle.
arc'-ti-jite, s, [In Ger. arcticit; from Gr.
ap/cTiKo? (arktikos) = near the Bear, arctic,
northern,] [Arctic] A mineral, called also
Wernerite and Scapolite (q.v.),
arc-ti'-i-dse, arc-ti'-a-dse, s. p;. [Arctia.]
A family of moths, comprehending the Arctia
caja, or Tiger-moth, the Phragmatobia fuli-
glnosa, and other beautiful species. It is
represented in Britain by several genera. The
larvEe are hairy, in consequence of which they
are denominated Woolly Bears.
"But the moths in certain families, such as the
Zygienidte, various Sphingidie, Uraniidfe, some Arc-
tiidcB and Saturniidae, fiy about during the day or
early evening, and many of these are extremely beau-
tiful, being far more brightly coloured than the
strictly nocturnal 'k.\n^s."—Darwin : Descent of Man,
vol. t, pt, ii., chap, xi., p. 390.
arc-tis'-ca, s. pi. [Gr. apKTos (arktos) - a
bear, and lo-koj {isko)^= to make like.] Water-
bears. [Arachnida, Bear-Animalcules.]
arc'-ti-tude, s. [In Fr. arctitude; from Lat.
arctus, artus = pressed together, narrow,]
The same as Arctation (q.,v,).
arc -ti-iim, s. [Lat. arktion = a plant, the
Verhascum ferrugineum (?), or a Lappa ; Gr.
apKTLov (arktion), from apKTo? (arktos) = a
bear ; in Celt, arth, after which the Arctium
is called, on account of its shaggy involucres.]
Burdock, A genus of plants belonging to the
order Asteraceaj, or Composites, It contains
the Common Burdock, A. lappa, Linn,, which
grows by roadsides in many parts of our
island, as it does also in Japan. It is a bien-
nial.
arc-to-gal'-i-dsB, s. [Gr, ap^Tos (arktos) = a
bear, and yaA.^ (gale) = a weasel.] A family of
carnivorous Mammalia, containing the Skunks
(Mephites) and some allied animals.
arc'-to-mys, s. [Gr. apKros (arktos) = a bear,
and Lat. mus = a mouse.] The Mammalian
genus to which the Marmots belong. It is
placed under the Eodentia. They have
pointed cheek-teeth. There are several
species, the A. inarinotta, or Marmot, resident
in the mountains of Europe and Asia [Mar-
mot], the A. hohac of Poland and Northern
Russia, the M. citillus, the Zizel or Souslik
and several from America. '
arc-top'-sis, s. [Gr. ap^ros (arktos) = a bear
and oi/zis (opsts) = aspect] A genus of deca-
podous Crustaceans of the family Maiad^e
The A. tetraodon is the Four-horned Spider-
crab of the British coasts.
arc-to-staph'-y-l6s. s. [Gr, ap/cros (arktos)
= a bear, and aTa<fiv\r} (staphule) = a bunch of
grapes. Hence arctostaphulos means bear-
grape.] The Bear Berry. A genus of plants
belonging to the order Ericacese (Heath-
worts). It has an ovate corolla, ten stamens
and a fleshy, five-celled, five-seeded fruit'
Two species occur iu Britain, the A. alpin'a
and the A. uva ursi. The former has black
and the latter red berries. Both are fin-^
highland plants.
bSil boy; poTit,]<i^l; cat. ceU, chorus. 5lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist ph - "f
-cian.-tian = shan. -tion.-s.on = shun; -tion, -?ion = ^iin. -tious, -sious. -ciois = shus. -We, «? 'o fbel, dpL
278
arctotis— arduous
arc-to'-tis, s. [lu Fr. arctotide ; Sp. & Port.
arctotis; Gr. ap/cro? (arktos) = a bear.] A
genus of plants "belonging to the order Aste-
raceffi, or Composites. The species are found
at the Cape of Good Hope, whence some have
been introduced into Britain.
Axc-tu'r-iis, s. [In Ger. Arktur; Fr. Arcture,
Arctvjrus; Port. Arcturo; Ital. Arturo ; Lat.
Arcturus; Gr. 'ApKToijpo? (Arktouros), from
apKTos (arktos) =. bear, and -oupo? (oi/ros), a
termination coiTesponding to ward in Eng-
lish, as 6up[opo? (thuroros) = a door-ward, a
doorkeeper. Hence ^rciurws means bear-
keeper.] (Max Miiller.)
I. Astronomy :
1. A fixed star of the first magnitude, called
also a Bootis. It is one of the very brightest
stars in the Northern heavens. In March,
1635, Morin saw it in the west for more than
half an hour after sunrise. To find it, draw
a line through the tail of the Bear four times
the length of the distance between the stars
Mizar and Benetuasch in the diagram below.
The ancients considered it a red star. Piazzi
could not find it had any parallax. Though
nominally " fixed," yet it has a proper angular
motion of 2-250', equivalent to 53'32 miles in
a second. In 752 years it altered its latitude
5', and in twenty centuries, according to
Humboldt, it has moved 2^ times the diameter
of the moon's disc. In 1803, Herschel found
its diameter, seen through a fog, -^^j of a
second, from which he calculated its diameter
to be not less than 8,000,000 leagues =
48,000,000 miles. (Arago, Herschel, (&c.)
2. The Arcturus of Scripture. Heb. 'sl7i?
(Asli), Job ix. 9 ; IW.'^ (A'isJi), xxxviii. 32T
Sept. 'Ap/cToupos (Arktouros) ; Vulg. Arcturus.
Not the star now called Arcturus, which stands
in solitary grandeur in the sky, unaccompanied
byany ofhis "sons," n'3B (ftaweTta), mentioned
in Job xxxviii. 32, but the Great Bear (Ursa
Major). (.'^'0 Ash is formed by aphseresis
from 11553 (neash) = a bier or litter. In Arabic
naasch, cognate with the Heb. "HJ^^ (neash), is
the name of the four stars (a, p, y, and 5)
constituting the hinder portion of the Great
Benetnasch. t) * '
^ Mizar.
-■* -.eAlioth.
■--■. 5 Duljhe,
* * a
URSA MAJOR AND THE STAB ARCTURUS.
Bear ; whilst the three in the tail (e, ^, tj) are
called in Arabic Baiiatnaasch =. daughters of
the bier, meaning, the mourners following the
bier. The last of these (tj) is still designated
by its Arabic name Benetnasch (q.v.).
" Whicli mafcetli Arcturtis, Orion, and Pleiades, and
the chambers of the south." — Job ix. 9.
"Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season?
or canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons?" — Job
xxxviii. 32.
11. Zool. : An isopod crustacean. Example,
the A. Bapnii, or Bafiiu's Bay Arctums.
ar'-CU-ate, a. [In Sp. ctrqueado, arcuado ;
Ital. arcuato ; Lat. arctiatus, pa. par. of arcuo
= to bend like a bow ; arcus =^ a bow.]
Ordinary Language, Botany, d'c. ; Curved
like a bow, or like the arc of a circle.
'". . . sounds, that move in oblique and ai'cuate
lines, . . ."—Bacon: Jfat. Bist., Cent, iii., § 224.
* ar'-cu-a-tile, a. [Lat. arcuatilis = bow-
shaped, from arcuo =to bend in the form of
a bow, to curve ; arcus = a bow. ]
Nat. Science : Curved like a bow.
ar^CU-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. arctmiinn. From
Lat. arcuatus — bent in the form of a bow ;
arcuo = to bend like a bow ; arcus = a bow.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of bending any thing ; incurva-
tion.
2. The state of being bent.
B, Technically :
Gardening : The method of propagating
certain trees by bending down to the ground
the branches which' spring from the offsets
or shoots after they have been planted. Ar-
cuation is adapted for the elm, lime, alder,
and the willows, which cannot easily be raised
from seed.
ar'-cu-a-tiire, s. [Lat. arcuatus = bent like
a bow, ] The curvature of an arch.
* ar"- cu - bal - ist, * ar - cu - bal - is- ta,
* ar - cu - bal - is'- ter, s. [Aebalest. ]
' ar'-cu-bus, s. [Arquebus.]
ar'-ciis, s. [Lat. = a bow.]
arcus senilis. Literally, the senile arch ;
the arch of old men or of old age ; an opacity
around the mai'gin of the cornea which con-
stitutes one of the numerous marks of old age.
-ard, -art, -heart, as terminations. [From
Ger. liart — hard ; A.S. heard; Icel. hard;
Goth, hardus. In M. H. Ger. and in Dutch it
in general has, as an appellative, a bad mean-
ing ; but it is the reverse in O. H. Ger. proper
names, as Berinliart, Bernhart = strong, like a
bear ; in Fr. & Eng. Bernard. (Malm.) Bain
and others consider that it was introduced
into the languages of France, Spain, and Italy
by the Germanic invaders, who overthrew
the Koman emxnre.] (a) One who does, or
(&) one who is : as sluggard = one who is
slothful like a slug ; iraggart — one who
brags. In the majority of cases ard and art
are used in a bad sense, as dullard, coward,
la.ggard, hraggart, but this is not the case
with the form heart.
ar-das'-sine, s. [Ardassines, plur. of Fr. ar-
dassine; S-p. ardacitia ; Arab, and Fers. ardaw
— a description of raw silk.] The finest kind
of Persian silk used in the French looms.
ar'-de-a, s. [Lat. ardea; Gr. cpwStos (erodios)
= a heron.] The typical genus of the sub-
family Ardeinte, and the family Ardeidee.
Ardea einerea is
the Gray Heron
which is found in
Britain. It is a
tall bird, standing
upwards of three
feet higli, with a
long black crest on
the back of its
neck,, the feathers
of its back dark in
colour, and those
on its breast white.
In summer it may
be seen on the
margin of lakes or
rivers, and in win-
ter on the shores
of the sea, waiting
for its prey, whicli
consists of small.
fish, Crustacea, &c.
ARDEA CIKEREA.
ar'-deb, s. [in Ai-ab. irdab or urdab.] A
measure of gi'ain containing almost eight
bushels, used in the parts of Africa where the
Arabs most abound.
ar-de'-i-dse, s. pi. [Ardea.] A family of
grallatorial or wading birds. They liave large,
long, and strong beaks and powerful wings,
yet their flight is but slow. They are migra-
tory, frequenting the margins of lakes, or of
the ocean, of the several countries in which
they sojourn. The family is divided into four
sub-families— the ArdeiuEe, or Herons proper ;
the Ciconinae, or Storks ; the Tantalin^, or
Ibises ; and the Plataleino?, or Spoonbills.
ar-de-i'-nse, s. pi. [Ardea.] The typical
sub-family of the family Ardeidee, It con-
tains the true Herons [Ardea], the Bitterns,
the Boatbills of South America, and their
allies.
■'^^ ar-del'-i-O, s. [In^r. ardllion; liat arddio,
from ardeo = to burn.] A busy-body, a
meddler.
' ' striving to get that which we had better be with-
out, ardiiliaa, busy-bodies as we Oj^e."— Burton: Anat.
of Melandwly, pp. 12, 77. (Trench.)
ar'-den-9y, s. [in Sp. ardentla; Port, ar-
dentia, ardenda; Ital. ardetisa ; from Lat.
ardens.} [Ardent.]
A. Ordinaji^ Language :
1. Lit. : Heat.
"By how much heat any one receives from the ar-
dentil] of the sun, his internal heat is proportionally
abated."— A'(V T. Herbert : Travels, p. 27.
2. Fig. : Warmth of affection or of passion ;
ardour, vehemence of courage, zeal, &e.
"The iiieffable happiness of our dear Eedeemer must
needs bring an increase to ours, commeasurate to the
ardency of our love for hiin."~5oyie.
B. Technically :
Naut. : The tendency of a vessel to gripe.
(Ogilvie.)
ar'-dent, ^ ar-daunt, a. [In Fr. ardent ; O.
Fr. ardaunt ; Sp? ardiente ; Port. & Ital. "r-
dente; Lat. ardens, pr. par. of ardeo = to burn.]
I. Of material things :
1. Burning, in a literal sense.
"... more ardent than the blaze of fire."
Cowper : Homer's Iliad, b. xviii.
2. Fiery to the taste.
", . . wine, tea^ and ardent spirits . . ." — Macaulay .
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
3. Shining, brilliant, reminding one of the
reflection of fire.
" A knight of swarthy face.
High on a cole-blacK steed pursued the chace ;
With flashing flames his ardent eyes were fili'd."
Dryden : Theodore & Honoria.
II. Of emotions or conduct :
1. 'Warm in afl'ection, in passion, or desire.
"Ardent and intrepid on the field of battle, Mon-
mouth was everywhere elseefl'eininate and irresolute."
—Macaulay : Hist. JSng., ch. v.
2. Inspired by warm feeling, and therefore
powerful as a flame in its etlects ; warm or
even more than warm.
" Her manner was warm and even ardent." — De
Quincey's Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 134.
ajf-Aent-ly; adv. [Eng. ardent; -ly.] In an
ardent manner ; with warmth of desire or
affection ; with warmth of emotion generally ;
affectionately, passionately.
" What ardently I wlsh'd, I long believed."
Cowper: On Receipt of my Mother's Picture.
ar'-dent-ness, s. [Eng. ardent; -ness.] The
quality of being ardent ; ardour. (Shervjood.)
*■' ar'-der, "^ ar'-dour, s. [Prob. from IceL
ardkr = a plough.]
1. Fallowing or ploughing of ground.
2. The state of being fallow.
3. Fallow land.
ar-dis'-i-a, s. [Gr. ap5ts (ardis)— a point, in
reference to the acute segments of the corolla.]
The typical genus of the Ardisiads (q.v.).
About one hundred species are known. They
are ornamental plants, having fine leaves,
flowers, and berries. Several have been intro-
duced into this country from the East and
West Indies. The bark of A. colorata, called
in Ceylon dan, is used in that island in cases
of fever and diarrhoea, besides being applied
externally to ulcers. The red juice of the
berries of A, solanacea becomes "brown on
paper, and retains its colour permanently.
The plant grows in some English gardens.
ar-dig-i-a'-5e-se (Mod. Lat), ar-di^'-i-ad|
(Eng.), s. pi. Ardisiaceffi is the name given by
Jussieu to an order of Exogenous plants called
by Lindley and others Myrsinacese (q.v.).
Type, Ardisia (q.v.). Ardisiads is Lindley's
name for the Myrsinacete.
ar'-dour, "■■ ar'-diire, s. [In Fi-. ardeur ;
Sp. & Port, ardor; Ital. ardore, ardura; from
Lat. ardor =(1) a burning, fire, (2) brilliancy,
(3) fire of affection or passion.]
1. Lit. : Heat, as of the sun, a fire, &c.
"Joy, like a ray of the sun, reflects with a greater
ardour and quickness, when it reboimds upon a man
from the breast of his fi-ieud." — South.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Heat of the affections or of the passions,
of courage, of zeal, &c.
"Wounds, charms, and arduurs'were no sooner read.
But all the vision vanished from thy head."
Pope : Rape of tlie Lock, i. 119, 120.
" Unmov'd the mind of Ithacus remain'd.
And the vain ardours of out love I'estrain'd."
Pojm.
"Neither his years nor his profession had wholly
extmgtushed his Yaoxtia.\ ardour." — Macaulay: Mist.
Eng., chap, v,
(h) Poetically : A shining being.
" Nor delay'd the winged saint,
After hia charge receiv'd ; but, from among
Thousand celestial ardours, where he stood
VeO'd with his gorgeous wings, up^springing light,
Flew thro' the midst of heavV" ^ ^ ^ *= ^s""'
Milton : P. L., bk. v.
ar-du'-i-ty, s. [in Sp. arduidad ; Ital.
arduita, arduitade, arduitatc; Lat. arduitas
= steepness ; from arfiuws.] [Arduous.] Ar-
duousness. (Johnson.)
ar'-du-oiis, a. [in Fr. ardu ; Sp., Port., &
Ital. arduo ; Lat. arcluus = (1) steep, lofty,
(2) difficult. Cognate with Gr. 6p0ds (orthos)
tsite, fat, faro, amidst, wliat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wol^ work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e. ey — a. qu ^ bw-
arauously— areUte
279
= straight, ov (applied to neiglit) upright.
Tn Erse ard is a lieight, and in Waiisc. urdva
means = raised up or lofty.]
1. Lit : Steep and lofty ; high and pre-
(.'iltiti.'us.
" High on Pamasexis' top her sons she show'd,
Aud poiuted out tliose arduous iJiiths they trod "
Pope.
2. Involving much labour, difficult.
" To point them to the arduous paths of fame."
Pope: Homer's Odyssvy, hk. xi., 302.
" He must have been itware that such an enterprise
would be 111 the hiyliest degi'ee arduous and hazardous."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., cliap. ii.
ar'-du-oiis-ly, adv. [Eng. arduous ; -hj.]
With lahoiir or toil ; laboriously, toilsomely.
(Webster.)
ar'-du-OUS-ness, s. [Eng. arduous; -ness.]
The quality of being high and steep, and
therefore difficult to climb ; or, iji a more
figurative way, presenting difficulty. (John-
son.)
•^ ar'-diire, «. [Ardour.]
' are (pi. ares), s. The old way of spelling
the letter R. "*
" ii j area for iij Richardes that bene of noble fames."
— Twelve Letters to sain; England (ed. FurnivnJi), 21.
are (I). The plural of the iiresent tense in the
verb to he. It is used in ail the three persons
— we are, you are, they are. Obviously it
came oi'iginally froin another root than he.
O. Northern Eng. aron.
" We are all one man's sous : we arc true men, thy
servants arc no spies." — Gen. xlii. 11,
"Ye an- spies: to see the nakedness of the land ye
«re come."— yyu. xlii. 9.
are (2), v.t. [Ear, v.] (Scotch.)
are (l), s. [Heir.] (Scotch.)
are (2). s. [I'r. are, from Lat. area (q.v.).]
In French superficial measure, a square of
wliicli the sides are ten metres in length.
" We prefer the form which we have employed
because it is etyinologically correct. Mr. Sadler
seems not to know that a heeatare is so called because
it contains a bundled arcs."— Macaulay . Sadlvr's
Jiefutntion Refuted.
a'-r^ (3), a'-la-m£-re, s. [Italian.] The
lowest note but one in Guido's scale of music.
[A-LA-_MI-RE.]
" Gamut, I iiin, the ground of all accord,
A rr, to plead Horteilsio's paflsioii ;
B mi, Biaiioa take him for thy lord,
C fa ut, that lovo-s with all att'ectn'n."
Sh-akesp. : Tamhig of the .Sfin-w, iii. i.
* are, adr. [A.t5. ar = before, early.]
*1. Before. (0. Eng.)
" He hcrde a new tiding
That he heard never are."
Sir 'fristre^n, 85. (S. hiBoiiclier.)
2. Early. (Scotch.)
Arc viorrow: Early in the morning. (Sroich.)
ar'-e-a (pi. ar'-e-as or ar'-e-ae), s. [In Ger.
areiiJ; Fr. aire; Itfd., Sp.,P.irt., & Lat. area
= (l)anopen space, (2) Med. (see B., 4).]
A. Ordinary Language •
L Generally ;
1, Any opt'n space, as the floor of a building,
the part of a church not occupied l>y jiews or
other fixtures, the arena in an amphitheatre,
the stage in a theatre ; or, outside buildings,
the open space witiiin any enclosure.
" Let us conceive a iloor or area of goodly length,
with the breadth somewhat more than half the longi-
tude."—iro«o».
" The Alban lake is of an oval figure ; and, by reason
of the high mountains that enconiimas it, looks like
the area of some vast amphitheatre." — Addison.
" In areas vary'd with Mosaick art.
Some whirl the disk, and some the jav'lin dart."
Pope.
2. The space enclosed within defined limits,
however large or however small.
"Extensive as w;is the area which he governed, he
had not a friLcatc on the water."— .l/ncuuJn^ .■ ffist.
Eng., chap, xxiii.
"... therefore nearly 1C7,000 square miles is the
least simce which ejin be distinctly discerned on the
sun aa a visible (ifen."— //erscAe^.- Astronomy, 5th ed.
(1B58), § S%G.
II. Sjiccially :
1. The eiiclnsed space or site on which a
Duilding stands,
2. The sunken .^]iace, generally enclosed by
railings, which exists in most nf the larger
town houses, to afford light and ingress to the
servants in the floor of the house built below
the level of the stree-t.
S. Technically :
1. Cieom.,Nat. PhU.,Astron., dc. : The space
enclosed by the lines whicli bound any figure.
TliuB the area of a circle is the space enclosed
liy its circumference, the area of a triangle the
space within its three sides, i:c.
Measures of area are tlie same as square
measure, such as a square inch, a square foot,
a square yard, a square mile, &;c.
The unit of area: The area of the square
described upon the unit of length, (Everett.)
" If in this case I. stands for length, their area is =
li^."-~Ei)erett : The C. G. S. System of Units, chap, i.,
l)p. 1, 6.
2. i<eol. : Almost in the same sense as A,, I.
2 (q.v.).
"... led me to conclude that the great oceans are
still mainly areas of subsidence, the great archipela-
goes still areas of oscillations of level, aud the conti-
nents areas of elevation. " — Darwin . Origin of Species,
chap. ix.
3. Mining : A comijass of ore allotted to
iliggers. (Coxe.)
4. Mai. : Baldness, or a bald spot upon the
head produced by alopecy ; also alopecy itself.
5. A nat. : Any space in the emliryo or more
develuped physical structure. (8ee also the
comjiounds which follow.)
area gennixiitiva.
Anat. : The space in an egg in process of
being hatched in which the first traces of the
embiyo appear. It is marked by an opaque
roundish spot upon tin- germinal membrane.
(Todd & Bowman : I'luisii.l. Amd., vol. ii. , p.
570.)
area pellucida.
Aiud.: A clear space wliich appears in tlie
centre of the gei'm of an i.-gg when the latter
is exposed for a few hours to hatching heat
It ultimately increases to about a line in
diameter. (Ibid., p. 582.)
area vascnilosa.
Anat. : An area surrounding the A. pellucidd
in an egg in which the procehs of incubatioji
has commenced. (IMd., p 5S:{.)
area vitelliua.
A nat. : An area surrounding tin' A. va-^culosa
in an egg in which the process of incubation
has commenced, (Ibid., p. 583.)
ta-re'ad, ta-re'ed, +a-re'de (pa. par.
a-red', a-red'd), v.t. [A. 8. arcedan=:
0) 1" read; (2) to tell, ti. spetik ; GO to mn-
jeetiuv, to jtrophesy, find unt ; (4) to eleel ;
(5)t;iki' counsel ; (t3) to care for ; (7) to pur.sue ;
(H)!., effect.]
^ 1. To read.
* 2. To tell, to say, to tleclarc, to describe,
to inform, to teach, to interpret, to explain.
[Rede.]
" To whom she thus : ' What need me. Sir, to tell
That wliich your selfe have earst ared so right T"
Spenser : F. Q., VI. iv. 28.
3. To advise, to counsel, to warn, to order.
■■ .\t thi.se prowd words th.it other luiight begonne
Tu wex c'xceeding ^vroth, .ind him aredd
To tunie his steede about, or sure he should bo
dedd." Spenser: F. Q.. III. viii. 17.
" But mark what I areed thee now ; Avaunt ■
Fly thither whence thou fledd'st."
Milton: P. L., bk. iv.
* 4. To guess, to conjecture.
" Of which no man couth areden
The nombre . . ."
Alisaunder, 5,115. (Boucher.)
* n. To detect as an impostor or an impo-
sition.
" So hard this Idole was to be ared
That Florimellher selfe in all mens vew
She seem'd to p.asse : so forged things do fairest
s^^'^- Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 15.
■ 6. To choose, to elect, to appoint, to
ordain.
" Whose praises having slept in silence long
Me, all too meaue, the sacred Muse areeds
To blazon broade emongst her learned throng."
Spenser: F. Q., 1. 1. i.
" And time and place convenient to areed
111 which they two the combat might darraine. "
Jbid., V, xii, ti.
•[ Aread, though generally called obsolete
is still used, though rarely, in poetry.
" Imaijined in its little schemes of thought ■
Or e'er m new Utopias were ared
To teach man what he might be, or he ought "
Jiyron: Ch. Ifar., ii. 3S,
"" a-read'-i-ness, s. [Readiness. ]
■ '^- ■,-. f*1*^^.^/^'^'■^Y^^"'*""*'■«'^*^»«es«on^army.■•
-^»ff?M7^ Mamfeslo, A.D. 1542, quoted in Froudes
J list. Eng.
ar'-e-se. The plural of Area (q.v.).
bSil, 1)6^; ptfiit, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, cliin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun'; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious
ARE*. A PALM AND I^UT.
ar'_e_a,l^ a. [Lat. arealbi = pertaining to a
thresiiiug-rtoor ; from urea.] Pertaining or
relating to an area.
* a-re'are, [Arrear.]
ar-e'-ca, s. [In Ger. arek (■palme); Fr. arec;
Port, o.reca. Said to be the Malabar or Ma-
layalam uame Latinised.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Palmacea;, or Palms.
It is the type of the section Arecinai. Among
the more nota-
ble species are
(1) the A. cade-
ch'iL, or Betel-
nut Palm, a
very graceful
aud handsome
tree cultivated
in the hotter
parts of Asia.
It furnishes
the Indian soo-
paree or betel.
The betel-nut
is remarkable
for its narcotic
or intoxicating
power ; there
is sometimes
prepared from
it a spurious
catechu. [Catechu.] (2) The ^. oZeracca, or
Cabbage-palm, a very tall species growing in
the West Indies. [Cabbage.]
' a-re^'he (1), i\t. [A.S. areccan = to explain ;
pret, areaht.]
1. To explain.
" Crist and Seiut Stevene,
Quoth Horn, areche thy swevene."
K. Horn, i. 668, (BoucTier.)
2. To utter.
" Uneth he myght areche
0 word for pun; auguyshe."
Vhaurcr. JJist-. of Beryn, i. 2,999.
^a-re9'he (2) (]ia. p;ir. a-rau'ght), v.t.
[A.S. areccan, pret. areahte, arehie = to reach
out, to extend, to lay liold of.]
1. To reach.
" Al that hys ax arec7ie myght,"
Richard, 7,039. {Boucher.)
2. To attain.
"... the tongue inyghtc not arecfte to speke."
Trevisa : Bartlwlomew de Propr. Reruni, bk. ii.
3. To strike.
'■ Hercules araugitt one of them named Gryneus
bytwcen the eyen."~Jason, MS., f. C. {BoucTier.)
^.r-e-^i'-nse, s. j>l [Areca.j a section or
family of palms, distinguished by having either
no spathe or one or more complete ones. The
ovaiy is three-celled, and the berry one-seeded.
Type, Areca (q.v.),
t a-red', t ar-red'd,7'(-'. jmr. [Aread,]
' a-red'de, *' ar-riid'e, v.t. [A h. urcddan
= to free.] To free.
"... rtrwdns of the feondes rake."
Legend of St. Catherine ; MSS. (Boucher.)
" Th.'it the lauedi sone areddc."
Jfule & Mghtingale (1557). (Boucher.)
a-re'de, v.t. [Aread.]
"■^a-re'ed, s. [A.S. oraxl = counsel, welfare,
safety.]
1. Advice.
2, A discourse.
a-re'ek, axle. [Eng. a; reel;.} In a reeking
state. [Reek.]
" A messenger comes all areek
Mordauto at Madrid to seek." Sivift.
t ar'-e-fac-tion, s. [Fr. arefaction, from Lat,
arefacio = to make dry ; areo = to be dry, and
facio = to make.]
1. The act of making dry.
2. The state of becoming dry.
"For all putrefaction, if it dissolve not in arefac-
tion. will m the end issue into plants or livinc crea-
tures bred of putrefaction."- ^acoii ■ Nat JTi-^/
Cent, vii., §294. j-'^.^*.,
+ ar'-e-fy, r.t. [Lat. nrefacio = to make dry 1
lo make <lry.
"Heat drieth bodies that do easily expire so
doth time or hl-l- arcfj, as if in the"saiue bo(iieB■■■-
>-reht'e, s. [a.S. ^u-.jtun ^ iX) sluggish-
ness, (2) fear; eark, earg = timid, cowardly.]
Fear. (Hule £ Nightinrialf,lijg4,) [Argh ]
as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -mg.
cious = shiis. -ble. -die. &c.'= bel, d<«i
ar eik— Ar e op agitlcs
a-re'ik, ar-re'ik, v.t. fA.s, ajrccoji, = to
get, to attain, to reach, to take.] To reach,
to extend.
" And lietlis seniaud to the heuiii ai-^-eik."
Doug. : Verg., 91, 19.
"^ a-re'ir, oih-. [Fr. orrikfc = backward ; Lat.
a irtn>.] Buck. (Scotch.)
" Thiiirfoir we reid you rin areir
la dreid ye be iniscaryit."
Lindsay: S. P. a-., ii. 211.
"^a-re'l^e, ;'.(. [Raise.] To ehn'ate, to raise.
{Chancer.)
* a-re'ist, ^ ar-re'ist, v.t. L Arrest, v.]
(Scotch.)
* ar'-em, 5. [Arm.]
* ar'-en, "' arne. Plui-. of present tense of
verb to be. [Are.]
are'-na, v. joined with adv. [Eng. are, and
Scotch na = no.] Are not. (Scotch.)
"... and ill this present dnye, when things o' that
auld-warld sort arena keepit in uiind around winter
firesides as they used to be . . ."—Scott: Antiquarj/,
ch. xxiv.
a-re'-na, a. [In Fr. arhie; Sp., Port., Itab,
& Lat. arena = dry earth, sand ; areo = to be
dry.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The floor of an amphitheatre, so
called from being strewed with sand, one main
object of which was to absorb the blood of
the gladiators " butchered to make a Roman
holiday."
" My voice sounds much— and fall the stars' faint
2. Fig. : A field of contest, whatever its
nature, as a battlefield, the position of a plain-
tiff or defendant in a law court, or of a con-
troversalist in a periodical.
" But dragg'd again upon the arena, stood
A leader not uiieq.ual to the feud."
£>/ron: Lara, ii. 9.
B. Technical!}) :
L Architect lire :
1. Ill the same sense as A. 1.
2. The amphitheatre itself . (Gloss, of Arch.)
3. The body of a church or temple. (Ihid.)
II. Med. : " Sand " or " gravel" in the kid-
neys.
ar-e-na'-ce-o, in comiws. Having sand in
combination vrith some other mineral sub-
stance, as Arenaceo-gypseous = composed of
sand or something sandy, and gypsum.
ar-e-na'-^e-ous, a. [In Fr. o,ri}nacc ; Lat.
arenaceus.'\ Sandy, having more or less of
sand in its composition, or partaking of the
qualities of sand ; in the form of sand.
Geol. : ■Arenaceous or siliceous rocks are those
which consist very largely of sand. This sand
may be loose, though it is generally cemented
by siliceous, calcareous, ferruginous, or argil-
laceous matter into a more or less compact
sandstone. (Lycll : Elem. of Geol.)
ar-e-na'r-i-a, s. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. o^re-
naria; from Lat. areiucrius = pertaining to
sand ; arena = sand.]
1. Botany: Sandwort. A genus of plants
belonging to the order Caryophyllaeeae, or
Cloveworts, and the sub-order Alsinete. There
are about nine British species — four belong-
ing to the sub-genus Alsine, and four to
Buarenaria. Many of the species are Alpine ;
but the A. verna, or Vernal, the A. sespyllo-
folia, or Thyme-leaved, the A. trinervis, or
Three-nerved Sandwort, with other species,
are found upon the plain.
2. Zool. : A genus of Scolopacidte (Snipes),
containing the Redshank, now called Totamis
ealidris.
ar-e-na'r-i-oiis, a. [Lat, arenarins.] Sandy.
f ar-e-na'-tion, s. [Fr. orhiation ; Lat.
arenatio = tlie laying of fine mortar on a wall. ]
Old Med. : A sand bath in which the patient
sits with his feet upon hot sand, or has it
sprinkled over hiin. (Glossog. Nov.)
a-ren'-dal-ite, s. [In Ger. arendaJit, named
from Arendal in Norway, near which it is
found.] A mineral, a sub-variety of ordinary
Epidote. It mostly occurs iu dark-green
crystals.
ar-en-da'-tor, s. [Low Lat. arendator, ar-
rciiduUxr, from arendo, arreiido = to pay rent ;
areiida = rent : ad = tu, and renda = rent.
(Rent.) In Russ. arciid is = lease, farm, rent,
and in Spanish arrendar is = to let out to
rent.]
In Livonia and other provinces of Russia :
One wlio farms the rents or revenues. One
who contracts with the Crown for the rents uf
the farms.
Crovm-arendatar : One who rents an estate
belonging to the Crown. (Tooke : Russia, ii.
288.)
a'-reng, s. [Nati\-e Malay name.]
1. A palm-tree, formerly called Areng sac-
charifera, but now more generally denominated
Saguems saccharifer. It belongs to the section
Cocoinse. It grows wild in the islands of
Southern Asia, and is cultivated in India. It
furnishes sago and wine, whilst its fibres are
manufactured into ropes.
2. An old genus of palms, now altered into
Saguerus. [See 1.]
a-reng'e» adv. [Arenke.]
ar-e-nic'-dl-a, s. [Lat. arena = sand, and
cola = to inhabit.] A genus of Annelida, the
typical one of the family ArenicolidEe. A.
jii.'icatorum, the Lumbricus marinus of Belon
and Linnteus, is a worm which buries itself
in the ground one and a-half or two feet in
depth, betraying its lurking-place, however, by
leaving on the surface little cordons of sand,
closing the entrance to its hole. It has a
large, eyeless head, small feet at its anterior
part, and fine branchiae (gills) on its middle
segments. It is about eight inches long.
Fishermen call it the Lobworm, and dig it up
for bait.
ar-e-mc-ol'-i-dsB, s. jjL [Arenicola.] A
family of Annelids, arranged under the order
Errantia. [Arenicola. ]
t ar-e-ni-lit'-ic, a. [Lat. arena = sand ;
Gr. \l0os (Uthos) = stone.] Pertaining to
sandstone. (Kiruxtn.)
a-reiil£'e» a-reng'^, adv. [O. Eng. a; renke
= rank.] In a row ; in a series.
" And ladde him and his monekes
In to a well fair halle,
And sette him adoiin arenke.
And woache here fet alle."
J/S.JTart., 2,277, f. 446, (Bmicher.)
ar-e'-nose, a. [Sp., Port., andltal. are noso;
Lat. arenosus.} Full of saud ; sandy. (John-
son.)
*"a-rent', s. [Contraction for Eng. annual
rent (?).] Annual rent. (Scotch.)
^-e'-nu-lous, «. [Lat. arenula = fine sand ;
diminutive of areiia = sand.] Full of fine
sand ; composed of fine-grained sand ; grittj'.
(Glossog. Nov.)
ar-e'-6-la (Lat.), ar'-e-ole (Eng.), s [In
Fr. areole ; Sp. & Port, areola ; from Lat.
areo?a=(I) a small open place, (2) a small
garden-bed; dimin. of area.] [Area.]
Physical Science : Any small area ; any
minute surface. Specially —
I. Anatomy & Medicine :
1. A dark-coloured circle surrounding the
nipple. (Barclay, cCc.)
2. A similar one surrounding the pock in
vaccination.
3. "The interstices in areolar tissve.
". , . as ossiflcatiou advances between the rows,
these cups are of course converted >into closed areolce
of boue.' — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i.,
p. IIG.
II. Entom. (PI., Areolce) : The small areas,
spaces, or interstices into which the wings of
insects are divided by the nervures. They
are important for classification.
III. Bot. t The little spaces or areas on the
surface of any portion of a plant. Thus if, as
is often the case, the surface of a crustaceous
lichen is enicked iu every direction, then the
s])aces between the cracks are the areolw.
(Loudon: Cycl of Plants, Glossa-ry.)
ar-e'-o-lar, n. [Eng. areol(e); -ar.l Pertain-
ing to an areola.
"... the cutis or nyolnr framework of the skin." —
Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anut., vol. ii., p. -107.
areolar tissue.
1. Ano.t. : A tissue widely diffused through
the body, and composed of white and yellow
fibres, the former impai-tlug to it strength,
and the latter elasticity. The two kinds of
fibres interlace with each other again and
again in the most complex manner. The in-
terstices left between them are of veiy unequal
size, and should not be called, as for a long
time they were, cells. Areolar tissue protects
from injui-y the parts of the body iu which it
occurs, and when placed in the interstices of
other tissues it keeps the hitter from moving
as freely as otherwise they would. T\\.\i cutis
vera, or true skin, is composed of it, and it
abounds in the exterior parts of the muscles
and in the interstices between their fibres,
beneath the skin, on the surface of the
pharynx, and the cesophagus. (Todd it Bow-
man: Physiol. Anat.)
"This adipose tissue is generally found associated
with the areolar or connective tissue." — Beale: Bio-
plasm (1B72), § 182.
2. Bot. : A term occasionally applied to
cellular tissue.
ar-e'-6-late, a. [Mod, Lat. areolo.tus; from
area.]
Phys. Science: Divided into a number of
irregular squares or angular spaces.
Spec. Bot. : Pertaining to such markings
as are left on the receptacles of certain com-
posite plants when the seeds have fallen off,
or to similar areolations. [Areola.] {Liudley.)
Entom. : Pertaining to the small spaces into
which the membranous wings of insects are
divided by the nervures which traverse them.
ar-e-o-la'-tion, s. [From Eng. areolate.]
Any small irregular square, angular space,
mesh, or cell iu a tissue or other substance.
ar'-e-dle» .•>. [Areola, ]
ar-e-om'-e-ter, s. [In Ger. areometer; Fr,
a reometrc ; Port, areometro ; from Gr. apaids
(araios) = (1) thin, (2) porous, and fidrpov
(metron) = a measure.] Au iustrument de-
signed to measure the specitic gravity of
liquids. The simpler areome-
ters measure only the relative
weights of liquids. They con-
sist of a tube of glass, termi-
nated in a ball at its lower part,
and divided into equal portions
through its whole length. An-
other ball filled with mercury is
soldered below to keep it verti-
cal. The depth to which it sinks
iu various liquids is in the in-
verse ratio of their relative
specific gravities. In Fahren-
heit's areometer there is an ad- ~ ^
justment by weights, so that the areometer.
volume of the part immersed is
constant, and thus the absolute specific gravity
of the liquid tested is ascertained, that of
water being i^reviously fixed, (Glossog. lYov.,
dtc.)
ar-e-O-met'-ri-cal, a. [Iu Ger. areometriseh;
Fr. areoinetrique.] ' [Areometer.] Pertaining
to the areometer. Measured by means of the
areometer. ( Webster. )
ar-e-6m'-et-ry, s. [In Ger. areovietrie ; 'Er.
ar&omAtrie.] The act or process of measuring
the specific gravity of liquids. (Webster.)
t Ar-e-op'-a-gist, s [Eng. Areopag(us);
-ist] The same as Areopagite (q.v.). (Pen.
Mag.) (Worcester.)
Ar-e-op'-a-gite, s. [Fr. areopagite; Sp.,
Port. , Ital. , & Lat. Areopagita ; Gr. 'ApetoTraytrrjs
(Areiopagites).'\ A member of the Areopagus
(q.v.).
"... Dionysiua the ^reopaffife, . . .' — ^Icfa xvii,34.
Ar-e-6p-a-git'-ic, a. [In Ital. Arcopagitico ;
Gr. 'ApeioTToiYtTtKos (Aretnpagtt.i]:os).'\ Pertain-
ing to the Areopagus. (Knowhs d'- irarca^ter.)
Ar-e-6p-a-git'-ics, Ar-e-6p-a-git'-i-ca.
s. [From Areopagitic (q.v.).] A work by
Milton, which he describes as a " speech for
the liberty of unlicensed printing." It has
been characterised by Prescott as perhaps the
most splendid argument the world had then
witnessed on behalf of intellectual liberty.
The name is taken either from the Areopagus
as the great fount of justice, or possibly from
the Areopagitica of Isocrates.
i&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey — a. qu - k^v.
"The truth ia that the Just Viudicatioii cousista
chiefly of garbled extracts from the Arropagitica of
Miltou." — Afacaulay : Hist. Ji^iig., chap. xi\.
Ar-e-Op'-a-giis, s. [Ger. Areopag ; Fr. Areo-
page ; Hi>. , Port., &Ital. Areopago; Lat. Areo-
pagus ; Gt. 'ApeioTrayos (Areiopagos), a hill
sacred to Ares (Mars), on the west side of the
Acropolis at Athens ; "Apeto? (An-ios), adj. =
pertaining to Ares or Mars ; troni ''Apjjs (Area)
= Mars, and 7rd7osCpc(£7os)=apeak, a rocky hill.]
1. .'^pp-c. : The highest court at Athens, so
called from the fact that its place of meeting
was upon the hill of Ares (Mars' Hill). It was
of great antiquity, and was said to have taken
its name from the legend of Ares having been
tried there by Poseidon for the murder of his
son, Halirrhotius. The judges belonging to
THE AREOPAGUS.
it sat in the open air. They consisted of all
who had tilled the archonship without having
been expelled from it for misconduct. The
cases which came before the court were
specially those which might result in the
infliction of capital punishment. When Paul
]jleaded the cause of Christianity before the
Court of Areopagus he addressed the most
august asseniblv which Athens could boast.
(Actsxvii. 19, 22.)
2. Gen. : A conference or congress consist-
ing of ambassadors or other dignified per-
sonages representing the several European
powi-re.
"We shall kuow how to prove to Europe by the
attitude we now observe that Roumaiiia deaervetl
better uf the European Areopagus.'" — Times, July 18,
1878 ; Sjwech of rrince Charles o/ lioumania.
ar'-e-6 -style, s. [Ar^ostvle.]
ar-e-6-sys'-tyle, s. [Ar^osystyle.]
t ar-e-o-tec-ton'-ics, ^ ar-e-o-tec-ton-
icks» s. [lu Fr. arcotectoniqiic ; Gr. ''Apeios
(jl7r/'os) — devoted to Mars, martial, and tck-
Toi/LKo? (/r/./'»7u/,:os) = practised or skilled in
building ; tcktoji/ (tekton) =■ a carjienter.]
Fortification: That part of the science of
fortification wliicli teaches, or at any rate
attempts to teach, how to encounter an enemy
as advantageously as iiossible. (Glossog. Noii,
2uded.)
* ar-e-ot'-ic, ' ar-e-6t'-ick, a. & s. [Gr.
apato? (araios) — (1) thin, narrow, slight,
(2) porous, spongy.]
1. As niljerllve: Pertaining to an attenuant ;
having tlu' property of dissolving viscidities.
[See tlie substantive.]
2. As substantive : An attenuant ; a medicine
designed to dissolve viscidities, to promote
the removal of morbific matter by means of
perspiration, and healthfully to attenuate the
frame.
ar'-er (pi. ar'-er-is), s [Apparently from
Low Lat. hmreditarius = a.n heir.] An heir.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
' a-rere, v.t. & i. [A.S. arceran = to rear
up ; aroirnes = a raising.]
A. Transitive :
1, To i-aise.
"... that he with his ateuene the sturuene
arearede." —MH. Cott., Titus, D. xviii,, fo. 139. (S. in
Boucher. )
2. To excite.
" CiTsteiidom how they (j'oniie arcre."
Octaviati, i. 21. {S. in Boucher.]
■ B. Inti ansitive : To rear, to stand on the
hind-legs, as a horse.
Areopagus— argemone
Ar'-es, s. [Gr. "Ap^? (Ares).'] The g<jd of war
in the Greek mytho-
logy, son of Zeus and
Hero, eoiTesponding
to Mars in that of
the Romans. He was
worshipped princi-
pally in Thrace aud
Scythia. The people of
Greece proper, though
constantly engaged in
war, seem to have paid
but little attention to
his worship.
" The twelve great goda
and goddesses of Olym-
pufe, — 2eua. PoseidCn,
Apollo, Ares, HGphaeatos,
Hermes, Here. AtMnt?.
Artemis, Aphrodite. Hes-
tia, DGmetti." — Gr<jte :
Hist, of Greece, pt. i., ARES.
chap. i.
* a-re'se, v. L [A.S. arcosan = to fall down, to
perish.] Tu totter. (Sevyn Sages, i, 215.)
*■ a-re'-son, " a-re'-soim, v.t. [Fr. arrai-
soner = to attempt to persuade by reasons ;
O. Fr. aresoner =: to interrogate, to reason;
Low Tjat. arrationare.]
1. To reason with ; to attempt to persuade.
"Ther fours at Borne waa to areson the Pope,"—
Chron., p. 3H.
2. To interrogate. (Sir ii'/'isirem, p. 34, st. 51.)
3. To CL'nsure.
4. To arraign.
* a-rest', * a-rest'e, .-■. [Arrest.]
'a - re' ste, a - re est, ^ a - re' est-y d,
'" re'est-yd, '!. [Restv.] Rau(;idor"resty,"
as flesl). {frovipt. I'arv.)
* a-re'ste-nesse, s. [O. Eng. areste; -nesse.]
Rancidity. {L'ro<nj>t. Parv.)
* a-resf -er, o. Old spelling of Arrester.
* a-res'-tyn, v.t. Old spelling of Arrest.
ar-e-ta'-ics, s. [Aretology.]
a-re'te» s. [Fr., from Lat. <n-is^' =anear of
corn ; cf. acer and arc] (See extract.)
"I have heard an itri-Fi; described as .in infinitely
narrow ridge of rock with an everlasting vortical pre-
cipice on one aide, and one longer and steeper on the
otner."— /i(!('. J. F. Hardij, in Peaks, Passes, & Glaciers
(ISOUj, p. 210.
Ar-e-thu'-§a, s. [Lat. Arclhusa; Gr.'Apd-
9ov<Ta (Aretlwusa).
1. Cl'iss. Myth. : One of Diana's nymphs,
who was transformed into a fountain.
2. Ancient Geog. : The name of si'vcral foun-
tains, and notably one at Syracuse.
3. Astron. : An asteroid, the ninety-fifth
found. It was discovered by Luther on tlie
23rd of November, 1867.
4. Bot. : A genus of x^lants belonging tit the
order Orchidacete, or Orchids. The only
known species is A. bulbosa, found in North
America.
a-re'-ti-a, s. [From Benoit Aretio, a Swiss,
Professor in the Uni\'cr.sity of Berne. He
died in 15T4. ] A genus of I'liints belonging to
the order Primnlacea-, or Primworts. The
species, which are brought from Switzerland
and the Pyrenees, are peculiarly suitable for
rock-work.
t ar-et-6l'-d-gy, ar-e-ta'-ics» s. [Gr. (1)
ape-r^ (aretB) — manliness, virtue in the Roman
sense, goodness, excellence; (2) ^oyos (logon) =
. . . discourse.] That part of Ethics which
treats specially of virtue.
■" a-ret'te, v.t. [Arret.]
''" a-ret'-tyt» 'P<^- P^''- [Arret.]
a-reu', " areghwe (a-ru) (gh silent), s
[Argh.] Fear.
" That he not areghwe hit ne forlete."
Hule & Nyghtingale, 1,404. (S in Bouclter.)
^ a-rew' (rew = rii), v.t. [Roe, v.] To com-
passionate.
" Jhesii Crist arcw hem sore.
And seide he wolde riicche hem thore."
ATS Harl.. 2,253, f. 56. {S. in Boucher.)
ar-rew, ar-rew'e (rew = ru), adv. [Old
Eng. a, and rezy = tow.] In a row.
" Her hew
Was wan and leane, that all her teeth areto
And all her bones might through her cheekea he red."
SpeTtser. F. Q., V. xii. 29.
281
ar-fred'-s6n-xte, ar-fwed-son-ite, s.
[In Ger ar/wedsonit ; from Arjwedson, the
discoverer of litliia, and Eng. suff. -itc] A
mineral classed by Dana under his Aniphi-
bole group and sub-group of Bisilicates. Its
crystals are probably inonoclinic. Its hard-
ness is 6; its sp. gr. 3-329 to 3-5S9 ; the
lu-stre vitreous ; the colour pure black in
masses, deep green or brown in thin srales.
Composition: silica, 46-57 to 51-22; alumina,
2-00 to 3-41; protoxide of iron, 0 tn 'liSb ;
protoxide of manganese, 0-62 to 7-46 ; m;i,u-
nesia, 0-42 to 5-88 ; lime, 1'56 to 5-01 ; so<la,
0 to 2-96; chlorine, 0-24; titanic acid, 2-02.
It occurs in Greenland, Norway, &c.
" ar'-gal, adv. [Corrupted from Lat. ergo =
therefore . ] Therefore .
the gallows is built stronger than the church :
argaJ, the gallows may do well to thee.' —Shakesp. :
Hamlet, v. 1.
ar'-gal, B. [Argol.]
ar'-ga-la, s. [Hind.]
Zooi. : Ciconia argala, the adjutant (q.v.).
ar'-ga-li, s. [The Mongolian name.]
Zool. : A wild sheep, Ovis amvion, or 0.
argall, perhaps the dishonor the Pentateuch,
from the mountains and steppes of Northern
Asia.
ar'-gand lamp, s [So called after Aim6
Argand, a Genevese, who invented it about
ARGAND LAMP.
the year 1782.] A lamp with the wick made
hollow, so as ti) admit air to both surfaces of
the flame with the effect of nmch increasing
the light and heat. The same principle lias
also been adapted successfully to gas-bm'uers.
Ar'-ge-an, u. [Lat. Arg(o) ; Eng. suffix -ean.
In Lat. argons, from Argo, Jason's vessel (see
Argo).] Pertaining to the old ship Argo,
that in which Jason is represented as having
sailed in quest of the golden fleece.
ar'-gel, ar'-ghel, s. [Mod. Syriac] A name
given in Hyna and the Levant to the Cynan-
chum or Solrnoste.mma a)gd, an asclepiada-
ceous plant, the leaves of which are used m
Egj'pt for adidterating senna. (Lindlcy.)
ar'-ge-ma, s. [In Sp. & Lat. argema; Gr.
apye/Lio? (argeTnos), apye/jioi' (argemon), and ap-
ye/xa (argema); from apyos (argos) ~ shining,
bright.] A small white speck or ulcer partly
on the cornea, and partly on the sclerotic coat
of the eye.
ar-gem'-o-ne, s. [Fr. argemone ; Sp. , Port. , &
Ital. argemone ; Lat. argemone ; Gr. apye/jiaij'rj
iirgemone), either a kind of poppy or an adonis ;
from Lat. argema = Gr. apye/xa (argema) = a
small ulcer in the eye, for which the argemone '
was believed to be a proper application.]
[Argema.]
* A. Ordinary Language: The wild tansy.
(Mind'CH.)
B. Technically :
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
family Papaveraceaa, or Poppy-worts. It has
three sepals and six petals. The A. MexiwMa,
believed, as its name imports, to have come
from Mexico, is now common in India and
other warm countries in the Old World as
well as in the New. It has conspicuous yellow
flowers. From having its caljTc ju-ickly, it is
often called Mexican Thistle* The yellow
juice, when reduced to consistence, resembles
gamboge. It is detersive. The seeds are a
more po\verfnl narcotic than opium.
b5il, bos^; pout, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^lst. ph = f.
~«lan, -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§ion — zhiin. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. =r bel, del.
282
argent— argillo
ar'-gent, ^ ar'-gente, s. & c [In Fr '"■-
qiuiti'.; Sp. argeii ; Purt. & Ital. argento ; Lat.
iirg>mUi'iiL ; Gr. apyupos (arf/in-os) = the white
metal, silver ; ipyos (rtriyos) = shining, bright ;
Sansc. ragahim = silver ; ragatas = white ; ra.-
gdrm = to shine ; ctrgiuias = light, from the
root anj. The Teutons have quite a different
word fnr silver, which is in A S. smlfcr,
seolfor, sylfor; Sw. sUfcrr ; Dan. holv ; Dut.
3(7('er; Ger. silhcr. Frnl.jibly, thprefoiv, the
discovery of silver was not made till the Teu-
tonic race had separated from the old Aryan
nations in Central Asin, which gave origin to
nearly all the Euroi>ean nations. Or tliey
may have forgotten it, and after some ages
re-discovered it independently.]
A. As ^uh'^tantive : Silver, figuratively
rather than literally.
1. Ordinary Lcmguagc: Used of the silvery
colour of certain clouds or their margins, or
anything white and shining.
" The polirih'tl argciit of her bi-e.iat to sight
Liiid biiro,"
Teiiiii/t:oi7 • A Tirrainof Fair W<»nen.
■■ And soft, reflected clouds of gold .ind argenf, f"
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, i,
2, Her. : Used of the silvery colour on coats
of arms. In the arms
of princes it is some-
times called L^ine, and
in those of peers, Pi'in-J
Ju eugravmgs it is gene-
I'ally re I) relented by the
natm'al (;olour of the
paper. It is intended to
symbolise j'm'i'ty, inuo-
ccnce, beauty, or gentle-
ness, graces which add
a lustre and attractive-
]iess to their possessor
like that of silver lit up argekt.
by the rays of the sun.
" He hea-retli gules upon liia shield,
A chevron argnnt iii the field."
LoiigfeUow : Tali's of n, Wanskln Inn, Prelude.
B. As adjective : Silvery-white, brilliant
wliite ; shilling.
1. Ordiiiav)/ Lcnigunge :
" Or ask of yonder arrjcnt fields fibove,
Why Jove's siitellites arc less than Jove ':" — Pope.
2. Technically. Used—
(a) Zool. : Of the scales of fishes, or nf sil-
■\ cry markings on the wings of insects.
Q?) Her. : Of the colouring on coats of arms.
" Eiualdo flings
As swift as fiery lightning kindled new ;
His argent e.igle with her silver wings,
111 field of aaure, fair Erminiii. knew, — Fairfax.
argent and sable moth. The Mela-
nipjie hastata. Its colour is delicate creamy-
white, with jet-black markings. It belongs to
the family Geometridee.
argent content. Ready money. (ScoMi.)
" King Wyl]y.ini sal pay riue himdreth thousand
poundis striueling for his redemption, the ane half tu
he payit with argent content." — Bellend. : C'hron., bk,
xiii., c, 5
argent-horned, «. Silver-horned.
" Bright !is the nr-jviit-luii-iird moone."
LoueUwe : Luc, p. l.'ii.
argent-lidded, a. Having silvery or
shining lids. {FurCn-al)
" Serene with argcnt-Uddrd eye'- "
'Tennyson: Recol. of the Arnbiiin .Vnjhts.
argent-vive.
[Fr J Quicksilver,
ar-gen'-tal, a. [Fr. argenial ; Ital. anjciitalp.']
Pert«aining to silver; consisting of silvijr ;
containing silver as one of its ingredients ;
having silver combined with it.
ar-gen'-tan, ^. [From Lat. argmtinn =
silver.] " German silver ; " an alloy of nickel
with copper and zinc.
ar-gen-ta'-tlon, o. [From Lat. argrnUdv-s
= plated or ornamented with silver. ] A coat-
ing with silver. (Johnson.)
ar-gen'-tic, c. [Lat argciii(iiiit): En g. suffix
-ic] Pertaining or relatini;- to silver : com-
posed in whole or in part nf silver ; obtained
from silver.
Chem. : Argentic salts are distinguislicd by
giving with hydnnOiloric acid a white ijrecija-
tate of argentic chloride (AgCl), wliiidi is in-
soluble in bniling water and in nitric aeid, but
dissolved by ammoniii without blackening.
Argrntic sulpliidc (AyoS) is black ; argentic
phosphate (Agj^POj) is yellow ; urgcnti'- chro-
matc i\>i-LU-Ki) is brick-n-d ; Ag.2C'<_):j is white,
insoluble"]!! wato , soluble in nitric acid or in
ammonia. Caustie alkalies give a brown pre-
cipitate of Ag-.O, which is soluble in ammonia.
Argentic iodide (Agl) is a pale yellow colour,
insoluble m aiiimojna or in nitric aeid.
Argentic Chloride (AgCi) is obtained as a
curdy-white precipitate by adding a soluble
chloride to argentic nitrate. It is insoluble
in water and in acids, but dissolves in ammo-
nia, in potassic cyanide, and is slightly dis-
solved by a saturated solution of sodium
chloride. When melted it looks like horn,
hence it has been called horn silver. It is
acted upon by light. Tlie chloride, iodide, and
bromide are used in photography.
Argentic nitraie (AgNOg) is obtained hy
dissolving silver in nitric acid. It crystallises
in transparent anhydrous coloui-less tables,
soluble in their own weight of cold water, and
in half their weight of boiling water ; it is ahso
soluble in alcohol. When fused it is called
lunoA' caustic, and is used for marking ink
and to dye hair. It is used in medicine as a
caustic for wounds, and is administered in-
ternally in small doses as an astringent and
alterative to the mucous coats of the stomach.
ItJ also acts as a tonic ; but it stains the ski]i
a blue leaden colour when it has been taken
for a long time. It has heen given for epilepsy.
Argentic oxide (Ag^O) is a brown powder,
which is obtained by adding caustic potash to
argentic nitrate, it is a powerful base, de-
composed at red heat into silver and oxygen.
ar-gen-tx'-na, s. [From Lat. argentum =
silver.] A genus of fishes belonging to the
Salmonidre, or Salmon family. Liiinaaus
founded it for the Argentine, described below.
ar'-gen-tine. f. & s. [In Fr. argentin; Port.
&. ital. a, rgenii.no.]
A. -1.^ adjective :
1. Pertaining to silver.
2. Made in whole or in part of silver.
■■ With an antick deaurate with letters argentine.''
Holmes: Fall of Jiebellion. (Boucher.)
3. Silvery in aspect.
4. Sounding with a tone like that of silver.
B, As substantive :
1, Min. [InGer.&Fr. argentin.] Amineral,
a pearly lamellar variety <if C'alciti'.. It is of a
wliite, greyish, yellowish, or reddish colour.
[Calcite.]
2, Znol. : Any species of the genus Ai'gen-
tina. .^pcc, a small bsh <if brilliant aspect,
the Sco-pelus humholdtii of Cuvier, and the
Argentina spkyrania of Pennant and Fleming.
It belongs to the Salmonid<e. Yarrell, in lS3(i,
mentioned that it had been taken three times
on the British coasts.
3, Geog. . An inhabitant of some one of the
provinces belonging to the Argentine Con-
federation ; a La Platan.
Argentine Confederation or Ar-
gentine Republic : A South Anierican
Republic— that of La Plata— lying along and
south from the great La Plata river. Its
capital is Buenos Ayres. Though there are
silver mines within this vast region, yet it is
not after them that the territory is named.
Argentine, from Sp. nrt/eiiio— silver, is simply
a synonym for plata = silver, in the term Rio
de la Plata = river of silver. Under the reflec-
tion of the sun's rays, every river presents a
silvery aspect, the Rio de la Plata in this
respect not surpassing a multitude of others.
ar' - gen ~ tite» s. [Lat. argentiim = siUer,
and "Eng. suffix -ite.] A mineral placed
by Dana at the head of his Galena group of
minerals. It oiTurs in isometiic crystals ; also
rf-ticulatcd. arborescent, and filiform. The
hardness is •2--2 3 ; sp. gr., 7'19(i— 7"3tl5 ;
lu-stre, metallic. It is oparpie, has a sub-con-
choidal fracture, and is perfectly sectile. It
consists of about 12 H parts of sulphur, and
S7'l of silver. It is found in Cornwall, also
in Germany, Norway, Hungary, the Ural
I\Iountains, and America. It is closely akin
to Aigentojiyrite and Salpaite (q.v ),
ar-gen-to-py'r-ite (pyr^pir), s [Lat.
('(■;■/''»/»?;), — silver, and Gr. TruptTTjs (I'nril^t^),
adj. — of iir in fire ; s. = ]tyrites ; nvp (i"n)
— fi II'. 1 A mineral made a species by Walters-
liausen, but now shown to be a jiscudo-morpli,
composed of argentite, maniasitc, ])yrrhotite,
and ]iyrargite. "Dana classes it with the first
of these specie,-,.
ar-gen'-toiis, a. [Lat. argent nm, and Eng.
.suffix -o?ts = full of In Fr. argvnteux; Port.
& ItAl. argenteo; Lat. argenteus.] Pertaining
to, or containing, silver.
Argentous oxide is prepared by heating ar-
gentic citrate in a stream of hydrogen to 100°.
The residue is mixed with potash, which pre-
cipitates the oxide as a black powder.
ar-gen'-tum (genit. ar-gen'-ti), s. [Lat.
= silver.] [Argent.]
Cliem. : A monatomic metallic element ;
symb., Ag ; atomic weight, lOS ; sp. gr., 10-5 ;
melting point, 1023° C. A white malleable
ductile metal. It is not acted upon by air or
moisture. When melted it absorbs oxygen,
which is liberated when the metal cools. It
is scarcely acted upon by hydrochloric acid,
but easily dissolved by nitric acid. It has
great aflfinity for sulphur, and tarnishes in the
air. [Silver.]
* argentum album, s. {Literally =
white silver.] Formerly, silver coin or pieces
of silver which passed for money.
" argentum Dei. [Lltcralhj = God's
silver. ] ' ' God's penny : " earnest money
gi\en to confirm a hargain.
^ argentum vivum. [Lit. = living
silver.] Quicksilver, mercury. (Glossog. ^S'ooa.)
*argli, * ergh, *arch (ch guttural), v.t.
[A.S. cargian.] To hesitate ; to be reluctant.
" Antenor arghet with ansteme wordes."
Destruction of Troy, 1,976.
arghe» ar'-we, ' ar'-egh, ^erke
(o Eng.), - argil, - airgh, ^ ergli,
■ ar9h, "^ gt^Il {Scotch), (gh, ch guttural), a.
[A.S. carg, earh = (1) inert, weak, timid, evil,
wretched, (2) swift, fleeing through fear ; arg
— wicked, bad : arJi = mean ; Icel. argr.]
[Arph, ft.]
1. Timid.
'■Tliat d;iy nought so argJie iie ea."
.\'<iisyngton : ^furrowr. IS. in Bouclier.)
" And thou art as arwe coward."
AUsaundcr, i. 3,340. (Ihid.)
2. Indolent ; averse to work from timidity
or other cause.
ar'gh-nes, * ar'511-ness, s. [O. Eng. &.
Scotch argh = a.Tch; and Eng. suff. -ne^,".]
{0. Eng. & Scotch.)
1, Reluctance, backwardness, sluggishness.
" Arghnes of gotxle dede to begyu "
yassyngtoa: Myrronr. [H. in Boucher.)
". . . and must regret their arehne&s to imijrove
such an ojjportunity."— Woodrow : Hist., I. xxxii.
2. Sarcastically: Niggardliness. (Scotch.)
" For archness to had in a grote,
He haxl no will to fie a vote."
Legend, Dp. S. An:/rois, p. 333.
ar'-gil, s. [Fr. argile = clay ; Sp. & Port.
miiiUa, arcilla; Ital. argiglta, arg ilia ; Ijat.
• inidht; Gr. apyi\\o<; (argillos) or apyl\o<; (ar-
gllos) = white clay, potters' eai-tli.] [Argent.]
1. White clay, potters" earth.
2. In compoa. : Alumina.
"Clay, strictly speaking, is a mixtm-e of silex, or
flint, with a large proportion, usually about one-fourth,
of alumiiie or argil." — Lyell : Manual of Geology, 4th
ed., London, 18.'>2, p 11.
ar-gil-la'-ge-ous, ... [In Fr. argilaxv ; Port.
argillaeeo ; Lat. argilivcens .- from urgilla.]
(Jimsisting in whole or in considerable measure
of elay ; <dayey.
argillaceous rooks. Rocks into the
composition of which alumina pretty largely
enters. When breathed upon they give out a
peculiar earthy odour, arising from alumina
apparently combined with oxide of iron. Ex-
ample : mud, clay, shale. {Lijdl: Ccologij.)
argillaceous schist. Another name
for Clay Slate (q.v.), (Ibid.)
ar-gil-lif'-er-oiis, a. [Fr. argilifere, from
Lat. argllUi = wliite elay, and/ero = to bear.]
Producing white clay ; applied to earths
abounding with argil.
t ar-gU'-lite, ^. [Aiujillyte.]
t ar-gil-lit'-ie, u.. [Argillytic]
3^-Sil-lo, only in composition. [Argil.]
Alumina, or clay, in chemical combination with
stmie other mineral substance. [Argil.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
argillornis - ar gnlidse
283
argillo- arenaceous, a. Containing
alumina, or clay, in combination with sand.
[Arknaceous.]
argillo - calcareous, a. Containing
alumina, or clay, in combination with lime,
or rather with carbonate of lime.
argillo-calcite, s. [In Ger. argillo-
kalcit. J A mineral or rock consisting of alu-
mina in combination with lime.
argillo -ferruginous, a. Containing
alumina or clay in combination with iron.
[Ferruginous.] In Phillips' Jlf-Micra/y;/,)/. ^nd
ed. (1819), there figures among the varieties of
limestone oue, the third in order, called
argillo-fcrruginous limestone. Under it are
included Calp, Aberthaw limestone, and blue
and white lias. These are now looked at
almost exclusively from the geological point
of view, and are arranged not according to
their chemical composition, but according to
their relative ages as ascertained by their
stratigi-aphical position and their fossil re-
mains.
■' argillo-murite, s. [In Ger. argillo-
■mvril; from Lat. (1) m-rjiUo and (2)mMria =
brine, salt water.]
Old Mi II. ^ A variety of Magnesite not now
recognised.
ar-giU-or'-niS, s. [Gr. aoytWos -(arfjillos) —
white clay, and opfw {onus) = a bird.]
Pakeont. : A genus of fossil birds founded
by Pi-of. Owen on remains obtained by Mr.
\V H. Shrubsole from the London clay of
Sheppey. The A. longipennis (Owen) was pro-
bably a long-winged natatorial bird most
nearly related to Dioraedea, but exceeding the
D. cxnkiiis, or Albatross, in size. (Q. J. Gcot.
l^oc, vol. xxxiii., 1S77.)
t ar-gil'-lous, n. [Lat. argiUosus = consist-
ing of clay, from mvUtif = white clay. In Fr.
argileiix: Sp. auJUoku ; Ital. arijiglioso ; Gr.
dpviAAuiSris (arg modes), or dpyi/^Sris (cirgi-
lodls) 1 Consisting in whole or in part
of clay ; pertaining to clay ; derived from
clay.
" Albuquerque derives this redness from the sand
and argtUoits earth at the h'jiitym." —Browne : \ulgar
Erroars.
ar-gil'-lyte, t ar-gil'-lite, s. [Gr.ipviXAog
(argillos) = white clay ; and suit, -yte, given by
Dana to rocks, as contradistinguished from
minerals, which receive the termination -t(e.
Both are from Gr. i-ni9 («m)= of the nature of.]
Another name for Clay Slate (q.v.).
" Argitlyte and talcose echitt Keiierally contain more
or less of orthoclase in a crypto-crystalline or undis-
tluguiahable state."— iJana .■ Min., 5th ed., p. 539.
ar-gil-lyt'-ic, t ar-ga-lit'-io, a. [Eng.
argillyte (q.v.), and sufT. -tc] Pertaining to,
or containing, argillyte.
Ar'-give, a. & s. [Lat. Argi<'ii.i; Gr. 'Apvclos
(Argcios).1
A. As adjective : Pertaining or relating to
Argos, the capital of Argolis, in the Pelopon-
nesus ; or to the Greeks generally.
" I see thee tremhliug. weeping, captiveled,
lu ^ rqive looms our battles fo design."
Pojiu : J/omcr's Iliad, book vi., 580.
B. As sulstantUe. : A native of Argos ;
hence, a Greek in general.
" Lest any Argive at this hour awake."
Popa: Bomer's Iliad, bk. x.'tiv., 81S.
Ar'-go, s. [Lat. Argo : Gr. 'Apyci (ArgS) ; from
ap-yo? Is^i'gos) = swift.]
1. The ship, fabled by the poets to be the
first vessel ever made, in which Jason and
his crew sailed to Colchis in quest of the
" golden fleece."
•2. The constellation Argo Jfavis (q.v.).
Argo Navls. [Lat. = the ship Argo.]
Attron. : A very extensive southern constel-
lation introduced by the ancients. Its incon-
venient extent has led Sir John Herschel to
subdivide it into four parts, by which altera-
tion the stars are more readily referred to.
These subdivisions are Carina, Puppis, Vela,
and Mains. Its principal star is Canopus
(.|.v.).
Ar-go'-an, a. [Lat. Argous ; Gr. 'ApyoJoc
{Anjoosyi Pertaining or relating to the good
ship Argo.
ar'-goil» a. [Argol (2).]
ar'-gol (1), o. [ARCHIL.]
ar'-gol (2), tar -gal, tar'-gil, ^ar'-goil,
s. [From the same root as argil (?) (q.v.).]
Gomm. : An impnre acid potassinni tartrate
deposited during the fennentatiou of grape-
juice, as it is less soluble in dilute alcohol
than in water. Tartaric acid is obtained from
it. It is much used in dyeing to dispose the
stuffs to take their colom'S better. When
properly puriiied by chemical processes it
then becomes cream of tartar.
Ar-gol'-ic, a. [Lat. Argolicus ; Gr. 'Ap-yoXiKos
(Argolikos).'] Pertaining nr relating to Argolis,
a district in the Peloponnesus.
ar-gol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. apyoKoyCa (argologia) ;
from dpyo? ('•rgf>s), contr. from aepy6<: (aergos)
zz:not worki]ig. idle : a, priv.. and epyov(ergoii)
= a work; Aoyo^ {logos) = a. discourse.] Idle
speaking. {Cockeram.)
ar'-gon, s. [Gr. ipyos (argos), from a€py6<;
(aergos) — not working, idle, lazy, hence inert.)
Chem. : An inert gas discovered by Lord
Rayleigh in 1894. He had found by experi-
ment that nitrogen extracted from chemical
compounds such as urea, etc., was about ^
per cent, lighter than atmospheric nitrogen.
This was supposed to be due to the presence
of some impurity in the atmosphere. There
are two methods of preparing argon.
(1) Sparking method, adopted by Lord
Kayleigh ; Air and oxygon are mixed in a
gasholder, conveyed into a receiver, and there
decomposed by an electric current, nitrous
oxide being formed and absorbed by a solu-
tion of caustic alkali, and argon set free.
(2) Magnesium, method, discovered by Prof.
Ramsay, F.R.S. ; The oxygen is lirst re- ,
moved from the air by chemical means, and |
the nitrogen, after being dried, is passed
through a tube filled with magnesium, heated '
to a bright red heat. The nitrogen is absorbed
and argon set free, nitride of magnesium being
left in the tube.
The proportion of argon contained In atmo-
spheric nitrogen is about 1 per cent. Argon
is destitute of colour, taste, and smell, and is
soluble in water ; density, 1'.*".' (H = 1) ; boi!-
, ing point— IST^; freezing point— I^^m;'; ratio
of specific heats— 1 "05. [Helium.]
Ar'-go-naut, ar'-go-naut, ar-go-na'u-
ta, s. [In Ft. ArgonoAitc ; Sp. & Port, (jd.)
Argonautas ; It;d. (j>\.) Avfjonaidi ; Lat (sim;,)
Argonaida ; (ir. ' Apyovavrt]^ {Argouaalr.-i):
'Apyw {Argo), the ship so called, and caiirvj?
{nautcs)— a sailor ; from vav^ (iiaiis) — :i ship.]
A. Of the form Argonaut (!\r;^niiaut in the
singular, and Argonauts in ilic jilnral) :
1. Argonaut : One of the heroes who accom-
panied Jason in the ship Aigo when he sailed
on his mythic voyage in quest of the "golden
fleece." (Generally used in the phiral, -Ir-
gonauts. )
2. A cephalopod mollusc. [B., Akconauta.]
B. O/i/te/ormArgonauta: A genus of cepha-
lopod molluscs, the typical one of the family
Argonautidse. The best known species is the
Argonaut, or Paper Sailor. The shell is thin
and translucent. Aristotle supposed that it
floated with the concave side up, the animal
holding out its arms, after the manner of sails,
to catch the breeze. Poets have ever since
repeated the fable ; but naturalists know that
when the Argonaut floats the sail-shaped arms
are applied closely to the sides of the shell,
and when the animal crawls at the bottom
the so-called boat is reversed like the shell of
a snail. In 1875, Tate estimated the known
species at four recent and two fossil, the
latter being from the tertiary rocks.
Ar-gO-na'Ut-ic, a. [Eng. Argonaut; -k.\
Pertaining to the Argonauts or their cele-
brated expedition.
"... the Argnnauth- expedition . . ."—Thirlwall:
Hist. Greece, chap, v.
Ar-go-na'ut-ics, s. [Aroosautic] Any
poem of which the Argonautic expedition is
the theme.
ar-go-na'ut-i-dse, s. -pi. [Argonauta.] A
fannly of dibranchiate ee}thalopodous mol-
luscs, the lirst of the section Octopoda or
Octopods. The dorsal arms (of the female)
are webbed at the extremity, secreting a sym-
metrical involuted shell. The mantle is sup-
])ortcd in front by a single ridge on the funnel
{Woodward). It contains but the single genus
Argonauta, (q.v.).
Ar'-go Na'-vis, s. [Argo,]
ar'-go-sjr. tar'-go-sie. tar-gu-se-a,
-^rag'-U-sy, s. [Ital. una lUf'jnsea {nave).
Ra-^usa 'itself appears in sixteenth century
English as Aragouse. Aragosa, whence the
natural substitution of osgiisea for raguseff..
(Athcncenm, March 1, 1884.)] A large vessel
designed forcai-rying merchandise; a rarrack.
" Your arqos-lvs with portly sail, . . .
Do overneer the petty triiffickers
tihakosp. : Merchant of 1 >jii/a\ i. l.
ar'-gdt (t silent), s. [Fr.] A term originally
applied to the language in use among thieves
and bad characters generally in Fraii(;c ; now
extended to any slang.
ar'-gu-a-ble, a. [Eng. argue; -aUe.'] Which
may be argued ; which cannot, 'prliaO facie, be
set aside as absui'd. {Ed. liev.) (Woreeder.)
"The neutralization of a certain area of arguable
crouiid is a very clever phrase for which Lord Cairiis
desires tlieological or at leaat episcopal thanks. —
DaUy Telegraph, June 11. 18r4.
ar'-gue, r.t. & l. [In Fr argner^io speak
against, tu accuse. Prov., Kp., & Port, arguir ;
Ital. arguirc; from Lat. argno, v.t. = to make
clear, i>rove, assert, declare ; possibJy from
the root art;.] [Argent.]
A. Transitive :
L Ordinary Language:
^ 1. [Directly from Fr. ar(jner.~\ (S..-c ctyni.)
To liiid fault with ; to accuse ; to charge with.
' (Often followed by of.)
i " I have pleaded guilty to all tlioiiglits and ex-
I prcssious of mine, which can be truly argticd of ob-
■ scenity. profaueness, or iiii morality, aiid retract
them. — TJrtfrfc-n.- Fables.
1 2. [Directly from Lat. orj/KO.] (See etym.)
{a) To debate a question. (See II.)
{h) To prove, to show, to evince ; to exhibit
by reasoning, perception, or some other satis-
factory process.
" Not to know me, argues yourselves unknown." _
Milton: F. L., hk. it.
((') To persuade ; to conduct by argument to
a certain intellectual conclusion, or to a course
lit conduct.
" It is a sort of poetical logick, which I would make
use of, to argue you into a protection of tliia play."—
Confireve : Bedicatloii to Old JJatchelor.
IL Technically:
Law : To debate a question in law, or in fact
by means of opposing counsel, each doing his
best to establish his case to the satisfaction of
ti judge and jury.
B. IntraiisUicc:
1. To reason in favour of a proposition or
against it ; to attempt to establish or refute a
statement.
" 'If the Convention '—it was thus that he argued^^
' w.ia not a Parliament, how can we be a Parliament?
—Macaulan : JJist. Eng., ch. xv.
2. To reason with or against an opponent ;
to attempt to couvim;e or silence him ; or if
that 1)6 not iiracticable, then to show others
that he has been beaten in the intellectual
encounter. (Followed by against or with.)
" He that, by often arguing against his own sense,
impuaea falseboods on others, is not far from believing
himself." — Lavke.
" I do not see how they can argue with any oni.-
^\ithout setting down strict boundaries."— /&«(.
ar'-gued, ^a. 'par. & a. [Argue, v.t]
ar'-gu-er, s. [Eng. argu{e); -nr.] One who,
argues ; a disputant, a controversialist.
"Men are ashamed to be proselytes to a weak ariytter,
as thinkiujj they must part with their reputation as
well as their sin." — Deoay of Fiety.
ar'-gU-fy,^.*.&i. [Eng. arcft((e), s. ; -/y(q.v.).]
a! Trans. . To signify. {Shenatone: To a
Friend.)
B. Intrans. : To argue. {Combe : Dr. Syntax,
Tour ii., c. v.)
ar'-gu-ing, pr. par., u., i: s. [Argue,]
A, As pr. par. 6: a. : (See the verb).
B. As subst. ; Argumentation, i
"It will in time
"Win upon power, and throw forth greater themes
For insurrection's arguing."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 1.
" But wliat doth your arguing n-pruv e."— yot vi. 25.
ar-gii'-li-dse, s.pl. [Argulus.] a family of
Entomostracans belonging to the order Para-
sita, or, by another arrangement, to the order
Sijjhonostomata, and the first tnbe Pelto-
cephala. [Argulus. ]
b^. b^; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Sin, a§; expect, ^enophon, e^t, -mg.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious — shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, del.
2S4
argiilus— argyroceratite
ar-gu-liis, ^. [Diminutive from Gr. apyos
(argos) = . . . swift] A genus of Entomostra-
caus, the typical one of the family Argulidte.
The A. follaceus is a common parasite upon
various fresh-water fishes.
ar'-gu-ment, ar'-gu-mente, s. [In Sw.
\ cfrgnvient ; Fi: argument ; H\>. & Fori argu-
meiito; Ital. n.rgomento, arfiinnentc : Lat. ar-
giv<ananm=(l) proof, e^ntlenci- ; (l') a logical
conclusion ; (3) the subject of any written
composition, theme, plot, &c. : from arguo.]
[Aruue.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act or process of reasoning, argumen-
tation, contention, controversy.
" Which [obstiiiJicy], . . . thoughproot to argument,
was e;vsily shaken. hyuaiivice."—Macaulai/: Bist. Eng.,
ch. xii.
II. The state of being argned about: as,
" whilst this was under argument ;" meaning,
whilst it was in the state of being argued
about.
III. That about which arguing, debate, or
reasoning tala's place, or the reasons adduced.
1. Gcv. : A tliiMtir or topic for argumenta-
tion ; the siibjiict uf any reasoning, discourse,
or writing.
"... what in me is darlc,
Illumine ; what is low, raise and support ;
That to the height of this ^eat argument
I may assert Eternal Providence,
Aud justify the \\ ays of God to men."
Afilton: P. L.. bk. i.
2. spec : The contents of any book pre-
sented'as an abstrai-t.
"The argutnent of the work, that is, its principal
action, the ceconoiny and dis^iosition of it. are the
things which distinguish copies from originals." —
J)ri/den.
IV. The reasons adduced in support of any
assertion. (This is now the most common
use of the word.)
"... and fill my mouth with arguments." — Job
xxiii. 4,
*|[ When it is not stated whether one reasons
for or against a proposition, the word argu-
ment is followed by about, concerning, regard-
ing, or some such preposition. When it is
stated, then an argument to establish a pro-
position is said to be for or in fa vour of it (to
it is now obsolete) ; and when to controvert
it, then against is the term used.
"If the idea he not agi-eed on betwixt the speaker
and hearer, the argum,ent is not about things, but
names."— /rOcAe.
" The best moral argument to patience, in my
opinion, is the advantage of patience nae\.f."—TiZlotso7i.
"This, before that revelation had enlightened the
world, was the very best argument for a future state."
— A tterbury.
S. Technically :
1. Logic : An expression in which, from
something laid down as granted, something
else is deduced, i.e. , must be admitted to be
true as necessarily resulting from the other.
Reasoning expressed in words is argument,
and an argument stated at full length, and
in its regular form, is a syllogism. Every
argument consists of two parts — that which
is proved, and that by which it is proved.
Before the former is established it is called
the question, and when established, the con-
clusion, or inference ; and that which is em-
ployed to effect this result, the premises.
(Whdtchj : Logic, bk. ii., ch. iii., § 1.) [Argu-
MENTATfM.]
2. Astron. : Any number or quantity by
wliich another may be found. (Hind.)
Argvmentofkititiiihi : The distance of a body
from one of the nodes of its orbit upon which
the latitude depends. (Hind.) [Node.]
" Aramn^nt of tlif .^foon't! Latitude is her Distance
from tlie Dr^i'_''iii\ Hn;id or Tail, which are her two
Nodes.'— G/o>'^oi/, Xoi'if
* ar-gu-ment, v.t. [From the substantive.
In Sw, a.rgumen.tera ; Fr. argumenter ; Sp. &
Port, orgnmentar ; Ital. argomentarp, argu-
mentare.] To reason about anj^hing
" But yet they argumenten faste
Upon the pope and his estate."
Ooioer : Cotif. Am,., Prolog.
t ar-gu-ment'-a-ble, a. [Eng. argument ;
-ahir ] AVhieh admits of argument. (Chalmers.)
ar-gu-men'-tal, «. [Lat. argicimntalis.]
Pertaining to or containing argument.
" Afflicted sense thou kmdly dost set free,
Oppress'd with argiimental tyranny ;
And routed reason finds a safe retreat in thee."
Po-pe.
ar-gu-men-ta'-tion, .s. [Fr. argtimentation ;
Stii. argmnentacion ; Fort, argument ngao ; Ital.
argo-me II to z to I to ; Lat. argnmentntid, from ar-
gunieiifor := to adduce i»roof ; pa. jiar. argu-
iiientiitns, from argumentvni = an argument.]
Logic and Ordinary Language :
1. The act or process of reasoning ; that is,
of drawing a deductive inference from pre-
mises given, or of inductively making a gene-
ralisation from a multitude of facts carefully
brought together and sifted.
"Argumentation is that operation of the mind
whereljy we infer one proposition from two or more
propositions premised ; or it is the drawing a conclu-
sion, which before was unknown or doubtful, from
NOiiie propositions mure known and evident : so when
we have judged that matter cannot think, and that the
mind of man doth think; we conclude that therefore
the mind of man is not matter." — iVatts : Logick.
2. The state ot being argued or reasoned
upon.
" I suppose it is no ill topick of arguinentatiun, to
show the prevalence of contempt, by the contrary
influences of respect."- Sou^/i.
3. That which contains argument, or is a
topic for argument.
ar-gu-men'-ta-tive, a. [Formed l ly analogy
as if from Lat. argnntmii'tivus, from argumen-
tatxts, pa, par. o^ argu mentor.']
I, Of things :
I. Consisting of argument, or containing
argnmeut.
" ThG argumentatiiie part of my discourse."— -li?e r-
b)ir/j.
t 2. Which may be adduced as an argument
for. (In this sense followed by of.)
"Another thing argiunentniive of Providence, is
that pappous plumage growing upon the tops of some
seeds ; whereby they are wafted with the wind." — Hai/.
II. Of ijersons : Having a natural tendency
to have continual recourse to argumentation ;
disputatious.
ar-gu-men'-ta-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. argu-
mentiitliie ; -ly. ] In an argumentative manner.
" Nor do they oppose things of this nature argu-
m.entativeZy, so much as oratoriously."— fip. Taylor:
Artificial handsomeness, p. 115.
ar-gu-men'-ta-tive-ness, s. [Eng. arg^t-
mentative ; -ness.] The quality of being argu-
mentative.
* ar-gu-men-ti'ze, v.i. [Eng. argument;
suffix -ize.] To iidduce arguments, to ar^ue.
[Argumentizing.]
• ar-gu-men-ti'-zer, s. [Eng. argumentiz(e);
-er.] 'One who conducts an argument.
" This argumentizer should, to have made this
story more probable, have cited this proclamation."
—Brady : Introd. to Old Eng. Eist. (1634), p. 241.
ar-gu-men-ti'z-ing, pr. par. [Arguhex-
TI2E.]
". . . all the unmixed and argumentizing philo-
sophy, . . ." — Mannyngham : Discourses, }). Zi.
ar-gu-men'-tum, s. [Lat.] An argument.
[Argument, B. 1.] (Used in Logic.)
arguxnentum a posteriori. [A Pos-
teriori.]
arguxnentuxn a priori. [A Priori]
Argumentum ad bacuhim. (Humorously.)
An appeal to the stick, as when a schoolmaster
renders an argument wliich has produced
only limited conviction among his pupils con-
clusive, at least to the extent of silencing
gainsayers, by the use of the birch. The
]ihrase may be employed also in a vaguer sense
for any appeal to physical force ; as when a
French political party "descends into the
streets."
argumentum ad hominem. [Lit.=
argument to a, or to the, man.] An argument
drawn from an appeal to the man himself ;
that is, founded on his professed principles,
his conduct, or the concessions he has made.
8t. Paul's argument, in Rom. ii. 17, &c., is an
argnmerUum ad hominem.
argumentum ad ignorantiam.
[7.(7. = an argument to ignorance.] An argu-
ment in which a too confident disputant is
reminded of his ignorance. AVhen John Foster,
reasoning against atheism, reminds the man
who categorically and dogmatically declares
that there is no God, that his personal expe-
rience has been limited to what has occuiTed
in one fragment of the earth, and one very
brief period of time, and that possibly, had he
traversed the universe and lived through a
bygone eternity, he somewhere or at some
time might have found proofs of the Divine
existence which would have convinced even
him, the argument is one fc? ignorantiam.
argumentum ad verecundxam.
[Lit = an argument to modesty.] An appeal
to a person's modesty ; as if one were to say
to an opponent, " Well, Sir Isaac Newton was
of a different opinion ; but perhaps you are
more coinx3etent to judge than he was."
Ar'-giis, s. [In Fr., Lat., &c., Argus; Gr.
"Apyos (Argos), from apyos (argos) = shining,
bright, because Argus's eyes were so.]
1. Class. Myth. : A son of Arestor, said to
have had 100 eyes, of which only two slept at
one time, the several pairs doing so in succes-
sion. When killed by Mercury, his eyes were
put into the tail of the jieacock, by direction
of Juno, to whom this bird was sacred.
^ Argus was deemed a highly appropriate
name to give to a vigilant watch-dog.
" Argus, the dog, his ancient master knew."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xvii. 344.
2. Zool. : A genus of birds of the family
Phasianidse, and the sub-family Phasianinee.
It contains the Argus, or Argus Pheasant (Ar-
gus giganteus). The male measures between
live and six feet from the tip of the bill to the
extremity of the tail, and is an eminently
beautiful bird, the quill-feathers of the wings,
which often exceed three feet in length, being
ornamented all along by a series of ocellated
spots. The Argus Plieasaut inhabits the
larger islands of the Eastern Archijielago.
^ The name Shetland Argus is given to a
starfish (Astrophyton scut-atum). It is called
also the Basket Urchin or Sea-basket. The
arms branch again and again dichotomously,
so that their ultimate fibres are supposed to
be about 80,000 in number.
argUS-eyed, a. Veiy observant ; allow-
ing little that is cognizable by a momentary
glance of the eye to escape one's notice.
argus-shell, s. A species of porcelain-
shell, beautifully variegated with spots some-
what resembling those upon a peacock's tail.
ar-gu'te, a. [In Sp. agndo ; Ital. arguto ;
Lat. argutu3 = (1) made clear ; (2) wordy ; (3)
witty, sagacious ; from arguo.] [Argue.]
1. Shrill. (Glossog. Nova.)
2. Witty, sagacious. (Glossog. Nova.)
ar-gu'te-ness, s. [Eng. argute; -ness.] The
quality of being argute. Mental sharpness,
sagacity.
". . . this [Plutarch] tickles you by starts with hia
arquteness, . . ." — Dryden: Life of Plutarch.
Ar-gyn'-nis, s- [Gr.'ApyurciV (Argunnis), and
'Apyoi'i'tV (Argonnis).'] (See definition 1.)
1. Greek, Mythology : A name of Aphrodite
(Venus). The Greeks derived it from a sacred
place near the Cephissus, where a boy, Argyn-
nus, beloved by Ajiamemnoii, is said to have
died ; but Max Miiller traces it remotely to
the Sanscrit arguni = the bright or splendour,
an appellation of the dawn. (Mo.x Miiller :
Science of Language, 6th ed., vol. ii., 1871 p
409.)
2. Entom. : A gpnus of butterflies belonging
to the family Nym])halidge. Several species
occur in Britain. They are marked on the
lower surface of the wings with silvery spots.
The A. Paphia, or Silver- washed Fritillary, is
one of the most common. The other species
are A. Laihonia, or Queen of Spain Fritillaiy ;
A. Adippe, or High Brown Fritillars' ; and
A. Aglaia, or Dark-green Fritillary. (Jardine:
Nat. Lib., vol. xxxix., pp. 150 to 158.)
ar-gyr-ei'-a, s. [Gr. apyvpeiog (argureios) =
silvery.] A genus of plants belonging to the
order Convolvulaceee, or Bindweeds. They
have large flowers and fine silvery leaves
They occur in the East Indies.
ar-gyr-ei-o'-sus, s. [Gr. apyupeto? (argureios)
= of silver, silvery.]
Ichthy. : A genus of spiny-finned fishes be-
longing to the Scomberidffi, or Mackerel family
They are akin to the Zeus, or Dory.
ar'-gyr-ite, s. [in Ger. argyrit; from Gr.
°■pyvpo<;(argvros') = ^\\\\lQ metal, silver, silver
money, aud En-, suff. -iU.\ A mineral, the
same as Argentite (q.v.).
ar-gyr-o-9er'-a-tite. s. [Gr. (i) apyiipos
(argiirm) = silver ; (2) possibly KEparZTis (kcra-
t It /:i) = horned, from xepa? (keras), genit. Kipa-
To?(fcerotos) = ahorn.] A mineral, the same
as Cerargyrite of Dana, and Chlorargyrite(q.v )
of the British Museum Collection.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. «e, oe = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
argyromyges— arietta.
285
THE DIVING SPIDER.
ar-gyr-6-iny'-ge§, s. [Gr. apyvpo? (arguros)
= silver, and jLiu^a) (mwzo) = . . . to suck.] A
genus of motlis belonging to the family Ypono-
meutidiE. A. sylvdla, the dark porcelain, is
occasionally found near London. Three other
British species are known. (Jardine: Nat.
Lib,, vol. xl., pp. 2ijy-4.)
ar-gyr-6-ne'-ta, s. [Gv. apyvpos (arguros) =
silver, and possibly io^tos (nctos) = heaped up,
from ftiD (iieo) = to heap ; or lo^ro? (;mtos) =
spun, from I'e'o) (neo) = to spin.] A genus of
sjiiders belonj^iug to the family Araneid*.
The A. a/iuatica, or Diving Spider, vpeaves for
itself a bell-shaped
dwelling at the bot-
tom of the water, to
■which it descends
with its prey to de-
vour it. It carries
down air entangled
among the hairs
which cover its
body, and sets bub-
ble after babble free
inside its abode till
there is sufficient
for respiration ; for,
provided with lungs
and not with gills,
it cannot breathe after the manner of a fish
in the water.
'^J^-SpV'-oph.-is, s. [Gr. apyupo? {avguTOs) —
silver, and o(/>i.? {ophis) = a seriient.] Silver-
snake. A genus of Saurians so like serpents
in appearance that, as will be observed, the
word ophis (serpent) enters into the composi-
tion of their name. They belong to the family
Typhlopidse.
aJ^-Syr-6§e, i^. [Gr. apyupo? (ar(7itros)= silver,]
Min. : The same as Arcentite (q.v.).
ar'-gyr-y-throse, s. [Gr. apyupos {argioros)
= silver, and cpv^pds (eruthros) = red.]
Min. : The same as Pyrargvrete (q.v.).
ar'-i-a, s. [itai.]
Music :
I. Geu.: A rhythmical song as contradis-
tinguished from a recitative one.
IL Specialty:
1. Formerly : A measured lyrical piece for
one or for several voices.
2. Noto : A song intended for one voice
supported by instruments. It is introduced
into a cantata, oratorio, or opera. [Air. ]
Ar-i-ad'-ne, s. [Lat. Ariadne ; Gr. 'ApidSvrj
(Ariadne).']
1. Class. Myth.: A daughter of Minos, king
of Crete, who, falling in love with Tlieseus,
then shut up by her father in the labyrinth,
gave him a clue by which he threaded his way
out. Afterwards she was the wife of Bacchus,
who gave her a crown, which ultimately be-
came a constellation called by her name.
" Not Ariadne, if you met her
Herself, coulcl serve you with a better."
Cowper (traiisl. from Viacent Bourn): The Afaze.
2. Astroii. : An asteroid, the forty-third
found. It was discovered by Pogson, on the
15th of April, 1857.
-arian, sitffix. [Lat. -arltts.]
As adjective : Pci-taining to : as riparian =
pertaining to the bank of a river.
As siibstantive : An agent, one who : as
librarian, an agent in books, one who looks
after books.
Ar'-i-an (1), «. & s. [In Ger. Arianisch(a..),
Arianeu (s.) ; Fr. Arien; Lat. Arianiis ; Gr.
'Apiacos (Arianos).
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Arius or his
doctrine. [See the substantive.]
B. As substaiifire : A follower of Arius,
presbyter of Alexandria in the fourth century
A.D., or one holding the system of dtietrine
associated with his name. During the first
three centuries of the Christian era what was
subsequently called the doctrine of the Trinity
had become the subject of controver.sy, cluefly
in one direction ; it had been decided aganist
Sabellius that there are in the Godhead tliree
distinct persons, whereas Sabellius had in
eflfect reduced the three to one. [Sabel-
LiANiSM.] In the year 317, Alexander, Bishop
of Alexandria, having publicly expressed his
opinion that the Son of God is not only of the
same dignity as the Father, but of the same
essence [in Gr. ovaCa (mtsia)], Arius, one of
the presbyters, considered this view as leaning
too much to Babellianism, and, rushing to the
other extreme, he declared that the Son of
God was only the first and noblest of created
beings, and though the universe had been
brought into existence through His instru-
mentality by the Eternal Father, yet to that
Eternal Father He was inferior, not merely in
dignity, but in essence. The views of Arius
commended themselves to multitudes, while
they were abhorrent to still more ; fierce con-
troversy respecting them broke out, and the
whole Christian world was soon compelled to
take sides in the .struggle. Constantine, the
first Christian emperor, was then the reigning
sovereign, and after he had failed by private
means to restore i»ear'e and unity, he sum-
moned a ciiuncil to meet at Nif.-e, in Bithynia,
which it did in A.D. 325. It was the first
general council and the most celebrated of all.
It declared Christ to be oijloov(tlos (honioousios),
i.e., of the same essence as the Father, whereas
Arius regarded Him as only ojuoiouo-ios (ho-
'inoinusios), of similar essence. The erring
presbyter was deposed and exiled ; but his
numerous followers maintained his doctrine,
and were at times so successful that each
party had in turn the power, of which it had
no scruple to avail itself, of using carnal as
well as spiiitual weapons against its adver
saries ; indeed, it is believed that Arius him-
self died by poison. It would occupy too
much space to detail the vicissitudes of a
highly- chequered struggle ; suffice it to say
that the Arians greatly weakened themselves
by splitting into sects [Semi-arian], and the
doctriiifs regarding the relation of the three
Di^'iue Personages authoritatively proclaimed
at Nice were at last all but universally
adfjjited. They may be found detailed in what
are popularly ternn^d the Nicene and the
Athanasian Creeds. [Nicene, Athanasian.]
They were held almost without a dissentient
voice through the Middle Ages, and were cor-
dially accepted by the leading reformers. The
Churches of Rome, England, and Scotland are
all at one with regard to the doctrine of the
Trinity, as are also the most powerful bodies
of English Nonconformists. Arianism has
from time to time appeared in the churches,
but as a rule its adherents have sooner or
later gone back to orthodoxy or forward to
Unitarianism ; and of 164 English religious
sects enumerated by the Kegistrar-General as
possessing cei-tified places of worship in Eng-
land during the last year (1S7S), not one is
officially designated as Arian.
t Ar'-i-an (2), a. & s. A rare form of Aryan.
Ar'-i-an-i^m, s. [Eng. Arian; -ism. In
Ft . A rianisrne ; VoTt. Arianismo.^ The system
of theological doctrine held and taught by
Arius and his followers.
"The Sueviana in Spain were first Catholic, then fell
off into Ariaitism. It was not till the sixth century
that Spain was Catholic."— J/i(mon ; Latin Chris-
tianity, vol. i., p. 343.
Ar-i-an-i'ze, v.t. & i. [Eng. Ariau; -ize.]
A. Trans.: To render Arian in tenets; to
imbue with Arianism.
B. Intrans. : To speak after the Arian
manner, or according to the Arian tenets.
Xr-i-an-i'z-ing, j:jr. jsar. &a. [Arianize.]
" Tliese some were the Christians, that lived after
the downfall of the Arianizintj Vandals and the ex-
pirliitr of their power."— Worthington : Miscellanies.
ar'-i-gine, s. [From Arica, the principal sea-
port in Southern Peru.]
Chan. : Cinehovatme, C20H26N2O4. An
alkaloid contained in Arica bark and in Gin-
chona ovata.
5.r '-i-9ite, s. [Apparently from Ital. Ariocia,
Lat, Ariclo, in Italy, near Mount Albano,
where it occurs.] A mineral, the same as
Gismondite (q.v.),
ar'-id,a. [Fv.aride; Sp., Port., & Ital, aWdo;
Lat. a ruins = dry \ from areo = to be dry.]
Dry, parclied, wanting in moisture.
". . dry saud-hillocka and arid plains, where not
a single drop of water can he found."— iJrtrwji.- Voyage
round the World, chap. v.
ar'-i-das, s. [From some of the Indian lan-
guages.] A kind of taffeta from the East Indies
woveu from fibres derivedfrom various plants.
Ar'-i-ded, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed
star of the first magnitude, called also Deneb
Adige and a Cygni.
a-rid-i-ty, s. [Eng. antZ; -/(//. Fr. aridite;
' Ital. aridita, ariditade, ariditatc; Lat. aridi-
tas.]
1. Lit. : The quality or state of being dry,
aridness, dryness, drought ; absence of mois-
ture (Used of soil, a country, of the bodily
frame, or even the herbage of a plant, such as
that of the genus of rushes termed Xcrotes.)
"Salt, taken in great quantities, will reduce an
animal body to the gi-eat extremity of aridity or (ixy-
jxess.'—Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Fig. : Absence of proper feeling, as if the
affections and other emotions had dried up.
". . . no sceptical logic or general triviality, insin-
cerity and aridity of any time and its influences, caji
destroy this noble inborn loyalty and worship that la
ui man."— Carli/le : Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. i.
a-rid'-i-um, s. [Altered from Iridium (?).]
■ The name given by Ullgren to what he be-
lieved to be a new metal in the chrome-
iron ores of Roros, in Sweden. Further ex-
amination has not confirmed his opinion.
(Graham: Chem., 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. Si'.)
^ ar'-ie, *. [Eyrie.]
Ar'-i-el, "s. [Eng. Arid = an airy spirit
(Shakesp. : Tempest); Heb. "^Nn^ (Ar%el) =
Lion of God ; the name of a person (Ezra viii.
0), and of Jerusalem (Isa. xxix. 1, 2 ; Ezek.
xliii. 16). But in the latter case Gesenius
brings it from Arab, ari = fire-heartli, and
Heb. '?«(£0 = God: fire-hearth of God.] A
name given by Sir John Herschel to one of
the interior satellites of Uranus.
Ar'-i-es, ■''^ [Lat. aries = (1) a ram (the animal),
{'!) the sign of the zodiac, (3) a battering-ram,
(4) &C. . . .]
I. Astronomy :
1. The constellation Aries, or the Ram, one
of tlic ancient zodiacal constellations, and
generally called the first sign of the zodiac.
2. The portion of the ecliptic between 0°
and 30° long., v.'hich the sun enters on the
21st of March (the vernal equinox). The con-
stellation Aries, from which the region de-
rives its name, was once within its limits, but
now, by the precession of the equinoxes, it
has gradually moved into the space anciently
assigned to Taurus. [Precession.] 'It is
denoted by the symbol T, which renmtfly re-
sembles a ram's head. {Jierschd : Astron.,
§§ 380, 381.)
" At last from Aries rolls the bounteous aim,
And the bright Bull receives him."
Thomson : Seasons ; Sjiring.
The first point of Aries is the spot in the
heavens where the sun appears to stand at
the vernal equinox. It is not marked by the
presence of any star, but it is not very far
from the third star of Pegasus, that called
Algenib. It is the point from which the
right ascension of the heavenly bodies are
reckoned upon the equator and their longi-
tudes upon the ecliptic. [Right Ascension.]
(Airy: Popul. Astron., i£"c.)
IL Astrol. Ai-ies was considered a choleric
or hot sign.
" In Martes face, and in his mansioun
In Aries, the colerik, the hote sigue."
Chaucer: C. T-, 10,304-5.
+ ar'-i-e-tate, v. [Ital. arietnre; Lat. arie-
tatvm, supine of arieto ; from aries = a ram.]
1. To butt. (Used of a ram.) (Jvhason.)
2. To strike in such a manner as -^ ram
would do. (Johnson.)
ar-i-e-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. aridatio.]
1. Lit. : The act of butting like a ram.
IL Figuratively :
1. The act of battering of walls by means of
a battering-ram.
" Secondly, the strength of the percussion, wherein
likewi:-e nrdnance do exceed allariefiife^/wanJ ancient
iii\eiiti->ix!i."— Bacon : JS^ai/s, Civ. and J/or , ch. Iviii.
2. The act of striking against anything ;
quite apart from the metaphor of the ram's
buttings.
" Now those heterogenous H-tom-q by themselves, hit
su exactly into their proper residence, m the midst of
such tiunultuary motions and arielatiom of other
particles."— GiaTiwiHe.
ar-i-et'-ta, s. [Ger. & Fr. arietie; Sp. & Port,
arieto; both from Ital. arietta.]
Music: A short lively air, tune, or song.
bSil, b6^; po^t, j<i^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-isian. -tian = shan. -tion, -siou = shiiu ; -tion, -§ion = zhiin, -tious, -sious, -ceous = shiis- ' -ble, -die, iTc = bel, deL
286
aright— aristolochia
a-ri'ght, -■■- a-ryg'ht (gh silent), adv. [Eng.
' a, right; A.S. arilit.]
1. Jy cfdverb : Rightly, directly to what is
aimed at ; properly, becomingly, to some good
purpose ; mthout failure of any kind.
•' Fair queen, he saul, direct my dart aright."
Dvydeii : Virgil ; ^Enekt ix. 5'IG.
=* aright-half. * aryght-half, adc On
tlie right side, on the one side, ou this side.
' ' Arlght-haJf aiul alef t-half ."
Ayenbitd (ed. Moriii.), p. '2Z.
ar'-il, a-ril'-lus. s. [Lat. m-illvs = u
wrapper*]
Bot.: Anything which proceeds from tlie
placenta, and does not form part of the seed
itself. Befoi'e the time of Richard the term
was yet more vaguely applied, as to the testa
in Orchidaceas and other plants, and the
endocarp of some Rubiacete and Rutacea-.
The mace surrounding the seed in the Nut-
meg, and the envelope enclosing the seeds of
Euonymus, are genuine instances of the aril.
(Liiidley : Tntrod. to Bot.)
a-ril'-late, a-ril'-la-ted, ar'-illed, c
[From arlt (a'-v.).] Furnished with an aril.
" A7'lllate •eed."— Llndley : Natural Systetn of
Botany, p. 15.
ar'-il-lode, s. [Aril.] A false aril ; one not
proceeding from the placenta.
ar'-i-lus, s. [A proper name. (Agasuz.y]
A genus t»f Bugs of the family Reduviidre.
One species, the Arihis serratits, or Wheel-bug,
is said to possess electric powers.
Ar'-i-ma, Ar'-i-man, s. Another form of
Ahkiman.
^ a-rime, "* a-ri-men, v.t. [A.s. ariman.]
To cuunt, to reekon. [Layamon, iii. 158.)
ar-i-6-la'-tion, har-i-6-la'-tion, s [In
Lat. ariolatlo, or oftener liarioloMo ; from
hariolor = to foretell ; Jiariolus = a sooth-
sayer.] Soothsaying ; divination.
" The priests of elder time deluded their apprehen-
sions with ariolation, soothajtying, find sucli oblique
idolatriea." — Broivne.
A-ri'-6n, s. [Gr. 'Apt'wi' {Arwn).^
1. In (J-reelc Myth. : The horse of Adrastus,
who lived during the Tliehan war. it ^^^iy
fabled to have the power of utterance, and to
foretell future ei'tsnta.
2. Ill Zool. : A genus of Gasteropodous Mol-
luscs of the family Limacida, or Slugs. The
A. ater is the common Black Snail. Tate, in
1875, estimated the known recent species at
twenty and thw fossil at one, the latter from the
Newer Pliocene of IVIaidstojie. The sub-genus
Plectrophorus, ranked under Arion, has five
species, all from Tenei'itfe.
ar-i-6'se, a. [From Ital. arioso (c[.v.).] Cha-
racterised by melody as distinguished from
harmony.
aj7_i-o'-SO, adv. & s. [Ital. (1) lightsome, airy ;
(2) pretty, graceful : from aria = air, tune.]
A. As adverb : After the manner of an air,
as distinguished from recitative.
B. As substantive :
1. A kind of melody bordering on the style
of a capital air.
2. A short solo in an oratorio or opera, like
an air, but not so long.
a-ri'§e, ^ a-ri'ze, "* a-ry'se (pret. a-rd'|e,
* a-rist'; pa. par. a-ri§'-en), v.i. [A.S.
a/risan = to arise, rise, rise up, rise again.]
[Rise.]
I. To move from a lower to a higher place.
Specially :
1. To ascend as vapours do.
"Behold, there arimth a little cloud out of the sea.
like airian's hand." — l Kings xviii. 44.
2. To emerge from beneath the horizon, as
the sun, the luoon, or a star (lit. £fig.).
"The Ann arlseth, they gather themselves together,
and lay them down In tlieir dena." — Ps. civ, 22.
II, To assume an upright position from a
sitting, kneeling, or recumbent attitude.
1. To rise from a bed or from the gi'ound
(lit. or Jig.).
"How long wilt thou sleep, 0 sluj/giird? when wilt
thou arlae out of thy sleep ?" — Prov vi. 9.
"Rejoice not against nie, O luine enemy: when I
fall, I ahall arise' — AHcah vii 8.
2. To rise from the seat with the view of
engaging in some work (lit. & Jig.).
''Arise ye, and depart ; for this is not your rest." —
Micah ii. 10,
3. To rise from the dead {lit. <&Jig.).
" Wherefore he saith, Awalcc thou that sleepest, and
arise from the dead, and Chriat shall give thee light."
— Ephea. v. 14.
III. To swell as the waves of the sea in a
storm, or a river during heavy rain.
"Tliou ruleat the raaing of the aea: when the waves
thereof arise, thou atillest them." — Pa. Ixxxix, 8, (See
also Luke vi. 48.)
IV. To be excited against ; to break forth
against.
1. As anger.
"And if so be that the king's wrath arise ." —
2 Sam. xi. 20.
2. As an assailant rushing against one {lit.
£Jig.).
"... and when he [the lion? or the bear?] arose
against me, I caught him by hia beard, and smote him,
and slew him." — 1 Sam. xvii, :J5.
"Let God /trite, let his enemies be scattered." — Ps.
Ixviii. 1.
V. To advance from a lower to a higher
condition with regard to social standing, free-
dom from trial, intellectual, moral, or spiritual
advancement.
"... by whom shallJacoh wrise / for he is small."—
Amos vii. 2.
VI. To commence, to begin.
1. To begin, to commence, to originate ; to
spring up, to rise, to emerge.
"... the persecution that arose about Stephen,"—
Acts xi. 19.
" Nerves are said to arise or have their origin in the
nervous centre to which they are on the one hand
attached . . ."^Todtl & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol.
i., p. 216.
2. To begin to act a part ; to rise up in a
figurative sense.
" Now there aroxe up a new king over Egypt, which
knew not Joseph," — Exod. i. 8.
"^ a'-rish, 5, [Persian,] A Persian measure
of length = about thirty-eight English inches.
It is not now in use.
a-ri's-ihg, -pr. par. & a. [Arise.]
"The sun's arising gleam."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, iii. 12.
^" a-rist'. Old pret. of verb Arise (q.v.).
a-ris'-ta, s. [Lat. = an awn. In Sp. arista. ]
Bot. : The awn or beard in grasses. It is
formed by the elongated midrib of a bract,
and sometimes diverges from the lamina be-
fore reaching its apex. {Lindlcy : Introd. to
Bot.)
t ar'-is-tarch (1), s, ^ [Gr. ipio-rapxc? {aris-
tarchos) = best ruling ; aptorapxeo) {aristarcheo)
= to rule in the best way, from ap«7Tos (a/ristos)
= best, and apxoi (archo) — to rule. Or from
apioTos {aristos) — best, and apxos {archos) =
a leader, from apxw {archo).'} A rider who is
also the best man in the community. (Ogilvie.)
Ar'-is-tarch (2), s. [In Ger. aristarch ; Fr.
aristarque; Sp.,Porl., & Ital. aristareo. Called
after Aristarchns, a grammarian of great cele-
brity, who lived at Alexandria during the
reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, He had great
critical acuteness, which he used in correct-
ing Homer and the other poets.] An acute
and severe c^/itic.
Ar-is-'tar'-ehi-an, a. [From Aristarchns,
the severe critic] [Aristarch (2).J Pertain-
ing or relating to Aristarchns, or to severe
criticism,
ar'-is-tar-ch^, s. [In Ger. aristarchie. From
Gr. apicTTo? (aristos) — the. best ; apxn {urehe) =
sovereignty. ] The rule of the best ; govern-
ment by the best. Etymologicallj', almost
the same in meaning as aristocracy.
"The ground on which I would build hia chief
praise, to some of the aristarchy and sour censures of
these days, requires first an i\-^\o%y."—narrington:
Brief View of the Gh. of Eng., p, 153.
ar-is'-tate, a, [Lat, aristatus^ from arista =
an awn (q.v.).] Awned ; furnished with an
awn or awns ; bearded ; as the glumes of barley
and many other grasses. (Loudon: Cycl. oj
Plants ; (Moss.)
ar-is-toc'-ra-^y, ^ ar-is-toc'-ra-tie,
" ar-is-toc'-ra-ty, s. [In Sw. ari-stocrati ;
Dut., Ger., & Fr. o-vistocixitie ; Sp. & Port, aris-
tocrncia ; Ital. aristocrazla ; Gr, apLo-TOKparCa
(aristokratia) = (1) the government of the best-
bom, (2) the rule of the best; apurro? (aristos)
= the best, and Kpardio (krated) = to be strong.
mighty, or powerful ; hence to rule ; Kparos
(krutos) = (!) strength, (2) power over,]
I. OJ persons :
1. Government exercised hy the best-bom
class in the community — in other words, by
the nobles,
"As to the other forms of government, Socrates
would say, ' 'Tliat when the chief offices of the com-
monwealth were lodged iu the hands of a small num-
ber of the most eminent citizens, it was called an
aristocracy.'" — Xenoplion : Jlemorab. of Socrates.
(Richardson. )
" The word aristocracy, which is now made to mean
nieii of the upper ranks, even lower than those of the
nobility, means, by right, not men at all, butouJya
state-wield big by the nobles ; and in England there ia
no aristocrate-la but that of the House of Lords."—
Barnes: Early England and the Saxon English (1869),
pp. 110, 111.
2. The nobles and other i^eople of position
and wealth in a country, taken collectively ;
or in a more extended sense, those who rise
above the rest of the community in any im-
portant respect ; thus, in addition to the
aristocracy of rank, there is one of intellect,
one of knowledge, one of high moral feeling,
&c.
" Thus our democracy was, from an early period, the
most aristocratic, and our aristocracy the most demo-
cratic in the world." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, i.
^ For the views and feelings of aristocracies
see the following examiiles,
" The principle of an aristocracy is equality within
its own body, ascendancy over all the rest of the com-
munity."— Ai-nold: Hist. Jioine, vol, i., p. 66,
III. OJ things: Rule, dominion, domina-
tion, control, ascendancy.
" . , . expelling from his mind the wild democracy
of passions, and establishing (according to the quaint
expression of Evagrius) a perfect arist-ocracy of reason
and virtue, "—ffiftfion.- Decline and Fall, ch. xlv. (16-10),
vol. iv., p. 2.t7,
ar-is-to-crat, s. [In Sw. aristokrat ; Fr.
aristocrate ; Port, aristocrata .] [Aristocracy.]
1. One who is a member of a small govern-
ing class in a nation, or who, even if he takes
no part in government, is of high rank.
"We were thus accompanied by the two greatest
aristocrats in the country, as was plainly to be seen m
the manner of all the poorer Indians towards them. " —
Burwin : Voyage round the IV orld, ch. x.iv.
2. One who considers the best form of
government to be that which places the chief
power in the hands of the aristocracy of birth
and rank.
3. One who really is, or at least is considered
to be, despotic in temper.
ar-is-to-crat'-ic, * ar-is-to-crat'-ick,
ar-is-to-crat'-ic-al, o . [Fr, aristocra-
tiquc ; Sp,, Poi-t,, & Ital, aristocratico ; Gr.
aptcTTOKpaTLKo? (ajristokratikos).'] Pertaining
or relating to a government conducted hy the
nobles or other persons of rank in the com-
munity, or pertaining or relating to those
nobles or people of rank themselves.
" Four chief powers will be found on examination to
influence, and divide political society— the kingly, the
sacerdotrtl, the aristocratic, and the democratic." —
Evans Crowe: Hist. France (ed. 1B30), vol, xx., I,, p, 9.
"... which will then be the aristocra;tical branch
of our legislature."— 5oiOT^«ff; Bentham's Fragm. on
Oovemment. Works, vol. i., p. 280.
ar-is-to-crat'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. aristo-
cratical; -ly.] In an aristocratical manner;
as the aristocracy are wont to do.
"The whole Cliristian world, the universal Church,
is by some pretended to be mon^irchicaily, or bv others
aristocratically, eoveviied."—J/a7n>7iond : Works vol.
n., pt. 11., p, 97. (Aichardson.)
ar-is-to-crat'-ic-al-ness, .>. [Eng. aristo-
cratical; -ness.} The qualitv of being aristo-
cratic. (Wehbter.)
* ar-is-toc'-ra-tie, .-. [Aristocracy.]
t ar-is-toc-ra-ti'ze, v.t. [Eng. aristocrat;
-ize.l To render aristocratic. (Ogitvic.)
* ar-is-toc'-ra-ty, s. [Aristocracy.]
ar-is-to-lo'-chi-a (Mod. Lat), t ar-is-to-
lo'-chy (Eng.), s. [In Fr. ariscoloche;' Sp,
ariMoloqida ; Ital, aristolochia, aristologia ;
Port. & Lat, aristolochia ; Gr. apto-roAoxeia
(aristolocheia) = an herb promoting child-
bii-th ; apio-T05 (aristos) = best, and \oyeta
(lochcia) = child-birth.]
A. Ordinary Language. (OJthe form aristo-
lochy,) Birthwort ; any plant of the genm
Aristolochia, [See B,]
" Aristuloquia, f„ aristolocTiv:^hB.Ttv^oTt."—Femii,>
dez: Spanish Diet. (London), 1811,
l^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; -we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. Be. ce = e ; ge = e. qu = kw.
aristolochiacese— ark
287
B. Bot. (0/(/ie/on«aristolochiii.) A goiius
of plants, the t^'pical one of the order Ai-isto-
lochiaoeiu, or Birthworts. They have curiously
inflated irregular flowers, in some cases of
large size ; these consist of a tubular coloui-ed
calyx, HI) corolla, six stamens, one style, and
a six-i'f'Ued capsular fruit, with many seeds
One species, the A. cle-matis, or Common Birth-
wort, a plant with pale-yellow tubular flowers,
swollen at the base, is naturalised among old
ruins in the east and south of England. Most
of the Aristolochias are emmenagogue, esjie-
cially the European species, A. rotunda, longa,
and chmatitis, and the Indian A. Irulica; the
last-named species is also antarthritic. A.
bracteata is anthelmintic ; when bruised and
mixed with castor-oil it is used in eases of
obstinate psora. A. odoratissima, of the West
Indies, is alexipharmic. The A. fragrantis-
slnvi of Peru is given in dysenteries, fevers,
rheumatism, &c. ; A. serpeniaria (the Virginian
Snuke-root), besides being given in the worst
forms of typhus fever, is deemed of use against
siKike-bite ; as is also j4. trilobdta. (Lindley.)
The Treasury of Botany points out that faith
in the e("ficacy of some Aristolochia or other, as
an antidote to the poison of serpents, prevails
in America, Egypt, and India, its existence
in regions so remote from each other afford-
ing strong evidence of its truth.
ar-is-t6-ld-chi-a'-9e-se, s v^. [Ari&to-
LOCHIA.]
Bot. : An order of plants placed by Lindley
under his last nr Asai'al alliance of Perigynous
Exogens. It has hermaphrodite flowers, six
to ten epigynous stamina, a three or six-celled
inferior ovary, and wood without concentric
zones. In lS4t), Lindley estimated the known
species at 130. Many are climbing i>lants.
In their qualities they are tonic and stiirmla-
ting. [Aristolochia, Asarum. ]
Ar-is-to-phan'-ic, a. [From Greek 'Apto--
Toi^aio]? {Aristophanes). (See def.).] Pertain-
ing to A)"istophanes, the Athenian comic jJOet,
whose plays were exhibited on the stage be-
tween B.C. 42" and 3SS (North Avia\ Rev.)
Ax-is-to-te'-li-an, a. & s. [Lat. Arlstoteli
(»s); Eng. suffix -a*i.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Aristotle, the
greatest philusojjlier of all antiquity, who was
born in B.C. 384, and died in 322. His natal
])lace being St:igira, now Stauros, a town of
Macedonia, he is often called " the Stagyrite."
He was a disciple of Plato, tutor of Alexander
the Grc;it, a highly distinguished teacher at
Athens, the author of treatises on nearly every
subject of human thought, and the founder
of the Peripatetic Philosophy, his writings
,on the li;st-named theme and on Logic being
veneratiHl during the Middle Ages as no other
book was but the Bible.
"... the Aristotflian cciUection of marvellous
stories," — Lcwii : Eufly Jiom. lllst. (1855), clmp. iii.,
5 12. vol. i.. 11. ye.
B. As substantive: One who regards Aris-
totle as his master. Spec, an adherent of the
Peripatetic Philosophy. [Peripatetic]
"The Ai-vitotelians were of oi)iuion that superfluity
of riches might cause ji tumult in a commoiiweidth." —
Hir Alilei ,'^ctnili/s : Essnys, p. 210.
Ar-is-to-te'-li-an-i^m, s. [Eng. Aristote-
lian; -ism.l The peripatetic system of philo-
sophy founded by Ai'istotle. [Peripatetic. ]
Ar-is-to-tel'-ic, * Ar-is-to-tel'-ick, a.
[Ital. Aristntclico; Lat. Aristotebru^.] Per-
taining or relating to iVristotle. The same as
Aristotelian.
"The Aristotelick or Arabian philosophy coutiuucd
to be uommuuicated froui Spain amlAfrica to the rest
of Europe chiefly by meaui of the Jews." — H'urton
Hist. Eng. Poetry, i. 44a.
ar'-ith-inan-y^, s. [Gr. api9ju.6g {arlthhins)
= a number, and (i-aurela (vianteia) =■ pro-
phesying, divination ; fAams (mantis) = a
diviner, a in'ophet.] Pretended divination
of future events by means of numbers.
a-rith'-met-ic, * a-rith'-met-ick, * a-
rith'-met-icke, *ars'-met-rike, *ars'-
met-ryk, .^^ [luGer. arltUmetil- ; Fr. aritli-
metique ; Port. arWimetica ; 8p. & Ital. a7'f7-
metica; Lat. «rithvietica; Gr. aptSfXTjTiKTJ (aritii-
metike) [supjtly rexv^} (techne) = art], the feni.
of apLdiir}TLK6s (arillniwtikos) = of or for num-
bering ; api.0/j.6s (nrithvios) = number.] In
its broadest sense the science and art which
treat of the properties of numbers. This
definition, however, would include Algebra,
which is considered a distinct branch. Alge-
bra deals with certain letters of the alphabet,
such as !■, y, z, a, h, c, &r., standing as symbols
for numbers ; arithmetic operates on numbers
themselves, as 1, 2, ;-!, 4, &c. Viewed as a
science, arithmetic is a branch of mathematics ;
looked on as an art, its object is to carry out
for practical pm-poses certain rules regarding
numbers, without troubling itself to investi-
gate the foundation on which those rules are
based.
It is variously divided, as into Integral and
Fractional Arithmetic, the former treating of
integers, and the latter of fractions. Integral
ai'ithmetic is sometimes called ViiJgar or Com-
mo7i Arithmetic; and from fractional arith-
metic is sometimes separated Decimal Arith-
niietic, treating, as the name implies, of deci-
mals. There are also Logarithmic Arithmet-ir
for eonipiitation by logarithms, and Intitni-
mental ArithinetiG for calculation liy means of
instruments or machines Another division
is into ThcoreticaJ AnHmutir, treating of the
science of numbers, and Piatilcal Arithmetic,
which points out the best method of practi-
cally working questions or sums. PoUtli.al
Arithmetic is arithmetic applied to political
economy, as is done in the statistical returns so
continually presented to Pai'liament. rinall>',
Universal Arltlnuetic is a name sometimes
applied to Algebra. The chief subjects gene-
rally treated under the science or art of Aritli-
metic are (1) Numeration and Notation ; (2)
Addition ; (3) Subtraction ; (4) Multiplica-
tion ; (n) Division ; ((i) Reduction ; (7) Com-
pound Addition ; (8) Compound Subtraction ;
(9) Compound Multiplication ; (10) Compound
Division ; (11) Simple Propoiiion (Rule ot
Three) ; (v/) Compound Proportion ; (13) Vul-
gar Fractions ; (14) Decimal Fractions ; (10)
Duodecimals ; (IG) Involution ; (17) Evolution ;
(18) Ratios, Proportions, and Progi-essions ;
(19) Fellowship or Partnership ; (20) Simple
Interest ; (21) Compound Interest ; and (22)
Position. (Hiittuii, J:c) Of these, the most
important are the simple processes of Addition,
Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, the
judicious use of which, singly or in combina-
tion, will solve the most complex arithmetical
questions.
" At the same time one of the founders of the Society,
Sir William Petty, created the science of political
arithmetic, the humble but indispenaable handmaid
of political philosophy." — ifacmday : Mist. Eng., oh.
iii.
Arithmetic of Infimtes : The summing up of
an inhnite series of numbers.
ar-itU-met'-ic-al, [(. [Eng. orithmetic ; -a/.]
Pertaining to arithmetic.
"... should liib comprehension of arithmcticuf
pnnciples be unquestionable." — Herbert Si'encer :
Psychol., 2nd ed., vol. ii., § a88. p. 312.
arithmetical complement. That
which a number wants to make it reacli tlie
next highest decimal denomination. Thus
the arithmetical complement of 4 is 6, for
4-1-6 ai'e = 10, and that of 642 is 30S, be-
cause 642 -t- 358 aiv = 1,000. The arithmetiml
complcvinit of a logarithm is what it wants to
make it reach 10.
arithmetical mean.
1. The number, whether it be an uiteger or
a fraction, which is exactly intermediate be-
tween two othei-s. Thus, 5 is the arithmetical
mean between 2 and 8 ; for 2 -I- 3 are = 5, and
5 + 3 are = S. To find such a mean, add the
two numbers together, and divide their siun
by 2 ; thus 2 -i- s — 10, and 10 -h li = 5.
2. More loosely : Any one of several numbers
in an arithmetical ratio (q.v.) interposed be-
tween two other numbere. Thus, if 6, 9, and V2
be interposed between 3 and 15, any one of
them may be called an arithmetical mean
between these two numbers.
arithmetical progression. A series
of numbers increasing or diminishing nni-
fonnly by the same number. If they increase,
the arithmetical progression is said to be
ascending, and if they decrease, descending.
Thus the series 3, 6, 0, 12, 15 is an ascending
arithmetical progression mounting up by^he
continued addition of 3 ; and the series S, 6,
4, 2, is a descending one, falling regularly by
2. [Progression.]
arithmetical proportion. The rela-
tion existing between four numbei's, of which
the first is as much greater or less than the
second, as tlie third is than the fourth ; the
equality of two differences or arithmetical
laLios. In such cases the sum of the extremes
la = that of the means. [Proportion.]
arithmetical proportionals. The
numbers so related to each other. (The term
is opposed to geometric proportionals.) [Pro-
portional.]
arithmetical relation. The compari-
son uf numbers in an arithmetical progression
with the view of ascertaining how much they
differ from each other.
arithmetical ratio. The difference be-
tween any two numbers constituting ].iart ol
a scries in arithmetical progression.
ar - ith - met'- i - cal - ly, adv. [Eng. arith-
vietical; -ly.] In *an arithmetical mnnner;
after the priuciples of arithmetic.
"Though the fifth part uf a xestes, being a simple
fraction , and arithmetically regular, It is yet no proper
part of that measure." — Arbuthnot : On Coins.
ar-ith-me-ti'-cian, s. [Eng. arithmetic;
-ian. In t'r. arithmeticicn.] One skilled in
arithmetic ; a proficient in arithmetic.
"Gregory Kin?, Lanciister herald, a political aiHth-
mufician of greiiTt acntenesa and judgmeut."— J/« (.■(((* -
lay : Jltst. Enff., ch. iii.
a-rith'-mic, s. [Gr. apiOfios (arithnios) =
number.] Aiithinetic. {y'Sir E. Arnold, v. 182.)
ar-ith-m6c'-ra-9y, s. [Gr. apLOixos {arith-
ino.',) — uumber, and Kpardu} [krateo) = to rule.]
The rule of mere numbers. (C Kingsley :
Alton Locke, pref. )
a-rith-mo-crat'-ic, a. [Abithmocracv.]
Pertaining tu fin arithniocracy (q.v.). \^C.
Kingsley: Altuii Luclce, pref.)
ar-ith-mom'-e-ter, ■•;. [From Gr. api0/j.6s
(arilhiit'j^) = a number, and fxirpov (inetron) =
a measure.] A machine which enables a per-
son, however unskilled, to perform tlie opera-
tions of multiplication and division with
facility, rapidity, and unfailing accuracy.
The arithmometer of M. Tliomas (De Colmar),
highly cummended by General Hamiyiigtnn
{Journal of Aetna ries, vol. xvi., p. 244) and by
Mr. Peter Gray, F.K.A.S., and others, does
more, for, in forming the luoductof two given
numbers, it can either add that product to,
or subtract, it from, another given number,
according tu the jdeasure of the operate!.
The marhine is provided on its face with
spaces for th^- reception of three numbers,
say P, Q, and R. These being property placed ,
the turning of a handle bring.s out the value
of P + Q R or P - Q R, according as the
regulntor was adjusted for addition or sub-
traction.
ark, * arke, " arcke, s. [A.S. arc, crc, earc :
yw., Dan , and Dnt. ark ; Ger. and Fr. arclu: ;
Goth. o,rka; Gael, aire; Prov. arclia ; Irish
airg, airk ; Sp., Port., Ital., and Lat. arc(f.
From the same root as Lat. arri-o ~ to enrkise ]
L A chest, a box, a coffer with a lid.
Specialhi —
1. The ark used in Jewish worship, called
the Ark of the Covenant (Numb, x, 33, &e.),
the Ark of the Testimony (Exod. xxx. 6), the
Ark of God (2 Sam. vii. 2), the Ark of His
(God's) Testament (Rev. xi. 19), the Ark of
JEWISH ARK. (FROM CALMET.)
Thy (God's) strength (Ps. cxxxii. S), and the
Ark of the Lord (1 Kings ii. 26). It was an
oblong chest of acacia-wood overlaid with gold
inside and out. On its top was the inerey-
seat, and inside it at first were the two tallies
of stone, the pot of manna, and Aaron's md
which budded (1 Kings viii. 9, and Heb. ix. 4\
b^t boy: pout. j<5^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian. -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion — shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, iS:c. = bel deL
288
ark— armadillo
At fach of the four corners was a ring into
whicli staves or poles might be fitted to carry
it wlien it required to be moved.
2. A large chest for holding meal. (Scotch.)
"... when we have sent awa the haill mefil in the
ark i\,iid. the eiina,l."— Scott: Old MortalUn, chap, xx.
II. A chest-like vessel or ship. Special}// —
1. Literally :
(a) Noah's ark, a chest-like vessel about the
dimensions of the Grntt EaMern steam-sliip.
"Make thee an ark of gopher-wood,"— Ge»i, vi, 14,
(h) The ark made of bulrushes, rendered
wtitcrtight by a coating of bitumen, in which
!Mi).scs when an infant was committed to the
Nilf.
"... she took for him mi ark of bulrushes, . . ."—
Exod. ii. 3.
{<■) III America : A large boat used on the
Amr^rican rivers to transport produce to
market. {Wchstcr.)
2. Fig. : Life.
" * But thou,' said I, ' hast miss'd thy mark.
Who sought'st to wreck my moi-tal ark.' "
Tennyson : The Two Voices.
ark, -y. ^ [From the substantive,] To enclose
within an ark, [Arked. ]
ark'-an-site, s. [From Arkansas, where it
is found.] A mineral, a variety of Brookite
(q.v.). It occurs in thick black crystals.
arke, .': [Arc, Arch.]
" The arke of his artificial day hath i-ronne
The fourthe part, of half an hour and more,"
Chaucer: 0. T., 4,422-3.
ark'-ed, fn. par, & a. [Ark, v.]
"When arked Noah and seueu with him."
Warner: Albion's Eng., bk. i,, chap, i.
ark'-ite, 5. & a. [Bng. aWc; -ite.'l
A. As substantive: An inmate of the ark,
(Urnnnt.)
E, A^ dOjpxtive: Pertaining or relating to
Noah'.s ark. (Bryant.)
ark'-su-tite, ark'-su-dite, s. [From Ark-
sut Fiord, in 8outh Greenland.] A mineral
classed by Dana in his Cryolite Group of
Fluorine Compounds, It is a white, transhi-
cent, and brittle species, with vitreous lustre,
except on cleavage faces, where it is pearly.
Its composition is— fluorine, 510:3 ; alumina,
IT'ST; lime, 7-01; soda, 23-00; and water,
0'57, with "74 of insoluble matter.
ark'-ys, s. [Gr. ap/cu? (ar/«ts) = a net.] A
genus of spiders. The A. lander is yellow
with red at the sides , It is a native of South
America.
tarle, " airle (pi, arles, airles), s.
[A.N. mrles, yearles (pi,). (Generally in the
plural.).] Earnest-money ; money given to a
person hired as a servant as an earnest that in
due time the wages for which he has stipulated
will be paid.
"As for Morton, he exhausted his own very slender
stouk of money in order to make Cuddie such a present,
imder the name of arlea, as might show his sense of
the value of tlie recommendation delivered to him." —
Scott: Old Mortality, chap. viii.
arle-penny (sing.), arles-penny (pi.),
s A penny given for such a purpose.
*arled, a. [A. 8. orl = R welt, the border of
a garment, a robe.] Ring-streaked.
"Sep or got, haswed, arlcrl, or grei,"
Storj/ of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 1,723,
* ar'-lj?, a. & iulv. [Early.]
arx)l (1), ■■* arme, s, [A.S, arm, mnn; Sw.,
D;in., Dut., Mod. Ger., O. L. Ger.,'and O. H,
Ger. arm ; O. Fris. erm; O. Icel. annr ;
Goth, arms; Arm. armm ; Lat. armus = Rn
arm ; Gr, apfio^ (harmos)= a. fitting, ajoint;
apio (aro) = to join, to tit together; Lat. and
Gr. root ar = to join, to fit.]
A, O-rdimrry Langwigr :
I. Lit. : The portion of the human body on
either side, extending from the shoulder to
the hand ; the corresponding part also in a
'luadi-umanous animal, a monkey for example.
Mure rarely, one of the forelegs in a digitated
quadruped of any kind.
"Ilieu let my arm fall from my shoulder-blade, . . ,"
— Job xxxi. 22.
"The hair of the orang outaug is of a brownish-red
colour, and covers his back, arms, legs, and outside of
his hands aud feet." — Griffith's Citvier, i. 239.
". . . the nrtns anfl paws [of a squirrel, Sciurtis
h!rolor\ are bordered with a beautiful series of hairs."
—Ibid., iil. 182.
II. Figuratively :
1, Of 'material things : Anything wliich
stands out from that of which it constitutesa
]iart, as an outstretched arm does from the
human body. Specially—
(«) A branch of a tree, especially when it is
tulyrably horizontal.
(b) The projecting supjiorts for the human
arms on llie two .sides of some chairs, hence
called arm-Ghair:^. [Arm-chair.]
(c) [SecB. 2, Naut]
(d) A narrow inlet running from the ocean
some distance inland. The White Sea, the
Baltic, and the Adriatic Sea may be con-
sidered arms of the sea.
"... good reasons can be assigned for believing that
this ^'alley was formerly occupied by an artn oi the
sea."— Darwin: Voyage round the World, chai>. ix.
2. Of things not mater ial :
(a) Power, physical, mental, moral, or
spiritual ; support of any kind.
"Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine
arm, and the arm of thy father's house, that there
shall not be an old man n\ tliine house." — 1 Hain. ii, 31.
(h) Trust, dependence.
"Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and
maketh flesh his arm, .%nd whose heart departeth from
the Lord." — Jer. xvii. 5,
B. Technically :
1. Her. The human arm is often found
constituting part of a crest. [Cubit-arm,]
2. Naut. The word arm is used for the
extremity of a yard. (Generally called the
yard-arm.)
arm-and-anxi, adv. & u. The same as
Arm-in-Arm (q.v.).
" Go, fool; aud, arm-an^arm with Cluilin, plead
Your cause before a bar you little dread."
Cowper : Progress of Error.
arm-bone, i. The bone of the arm (the
humerus).
" The hone of the arm (humerus} is of remarkable
length." — Owen ■ Classific. of the Matnmalia, p. 66.
"... an extensive fracture, badly united, of the
left arm-bone." — /Z)wi.,p. 90.
arm-chair, s. A chair with arms. It is
written also armed-chair .
" Her father left hia good arm-chair,
And rode his hunter down."
Tennyson : TJie Talking Oak,
arm.-ful.
[Armfql.]
* arm-gret, a. As great or as thick as the
arm.
" A wrethe of gold arm-gret, and huge of wight,
Upon his heed, set ful of stoones bright."
Chaucer: C. T., 2,147-B.
arm-hole, s. The arm-pit.
" Tickling is most in the soles of the feet, and under
the ann-holes, and on the sides The cause is the
thinness of the skin in those parts, joined with the
rareness of being touched there. — Bacon : Nat. Mist.
^ In Ezek.xiii. 18, the word rendered *' arm-
hole " should probably be translated "fore arm,
cubit," though some make it the wrist,
arm-in-arm, adv. & a. With one's arm
interlocked with that of another ; arm-and-
arm.
" When arm-in-arm we went along."
Tennyson: The Miller's Daughter.
arm's-end, s. A metaphor derived from
boxing, in which the weaker man may over-
come the stronger, if he can keep him from
closing. (Lit. & fig.)
"For my sake be comfortable; hold death awhile
at the arm's-cnd."—Shakesp. . As Vou Like It, ii, 6.
arm-shaped, «. Shaped like the arm.
arm's-len^h, s. A phrase derived from
boxing [Arbi's-end], and signifying to keep
a person at a distance, not to permit him to
attempt familiarity.
" She ceased, and Paris held the costly fruit
Qnla.\. arm's-length . . ."—Tennyson: (Enone.
arm's-reach, s. The reach of the arm,
(Todd.)
arm-strong, a. Powerful in the arms.
((j-reene : Menapkon, p. 56.)
arm (2), s. [Arms.] A weapon of war.
K Generally in the pi., Arms (q.v.).
arm (I), r.t. fProm the substantive ami (1).]
1. To offer the arm to ; to take by the arm ;
to take up in the anus.
"Make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave : come, arm him."
tihukesp. : Cynibeline, iv. 2.
t 2. To furnish with bodily arms.
" Her shoulders broad and long,
Ai-med long aud round."
Beawmont & Fletcher.
arm (2), v.t. & i. [From Eng. arm. (2). In Fr
armer ; Sp. & Port, armco- ; Itsd . arvuire ; Lat.
armo = to funiish with implements, and spec,
with warlike weapons ; from arma = arms,]
A, Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit.: To equip with weapons, defensive
or offensive.
" And Saul armed David with his armour, and he
Eut an helmet of brass upon his head ; also he arm,ed
im with a coat of mail, — 1 Sam. xvii. 38.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Of material things : To add to anything
what will give it greater strength or efficiency.
"You must arm, your hook with the line in the
inside of it." — WaUon : Angler.
(b) Of things iminaterial : To impart to the
mind or heart any thing that will make it
more fitted for offence or defence ; to provide
against.
". . . nrm yourselves likewisewiththeeamemind."
—1 jPct. iv. i.
II. Technically :
Ma-gnetism. To arm a magnet is to connect
its poles by means of a soft iron bar. [Arma-
ture. ]
B. Intransitive : To equip with weapons of
war, (Used of individuals or of communities.)
"... and thus aloud exclaims :
Arrn, artn, Patroclus ! . . ."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xvi., 155-56.
^arm, *arme, ''ar'-eme, a. [Sw., O. Icel.,
and Mod. Ger. arm = poor.] (Moral Ode, ed.
Morris, 223.)
ar-ma'-da, * ar-ma-do, s. [Sp. ammda
= a war fleet as contradistinguished from
Jiota = a fleet of merchant vessels ; Lat. arma
= arms. From Spanish, armada has jiassed
into German, Freneh, &c., and is = Ital,
armata = a navy, a fleet. ]
(1.) Spec. : The celebrated fleet, called at first,
by anticipation, "The 'Invincible' Spanish
armada," which was sent in 1588 to assail Eng-
land, but which, utterly failing in its object,
and coming to a tragic and inglorious end,
was latterly known simply as tlie " Spanisli
armada," the word ' ' invincible " being dropped.
" They melt into thy yeast of waves, which mar
Alike the Armada's jiride or sifoils of Trafalgar."
Jiyron : Childe Harold, iv, 181.
Hence (2.) Gen. : Any war fleet.
" So by a roaring tempest on the flood
A whole artnado of convicted sail
Is scatter'd and disjoin'd from fellowship."
Shakesp. : King John, iii. 4.
"... We will not leave,
For them that triumph, those who grieve.
With that armada gay."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, i. 17.
ar-ma^dil'-la, s. [In Fr. armadilh; from
Sp. armadilla, dimin. of armada.] A small
armada.
ar-ma-dil'-lo (plural -Ids and -16e§), s.
[In Ger. armadill and armadiWiier. From
Sp. armadillo.] "
1. The Spanish American name, now im-
ported^ into English, of various Mammalia
belonging to the order Edentata, the family
Dasypodidse. and its typical genus Dasypus.
[Dasypijs.] The name armadillo, implying
^kMM
ARMADILLO.
that they arc in armour, is applied to these
annuals because the upper part of their body
IS covered with large strong scales or plates,
tormnig a helmet for their head, a buckler
for their shoulders, transverse bands for their
fate, fat, iaxe, amidst, what, f&U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • go p6t
or, wore, wolf, work, whA, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Sirrian. £e, oe = e ; S = e. qii = kw.
armado— armful
289
back, and in some species a series of rings for
the protection of their tail. Another pecu-
liarity is the great number of their molar
teeth ; these amount in one species to more
than ninety. There are five toes on the hinder
fei_'t, and four or five, according to the species,
on the anterior ones. The fore feet are ad-
mirably adapted for digging, and the animal,
when it sees danger, can extemporise a hole
and vanish into it with wondeiful rapidity.
If actually captured, it rolls itself into a
ball, withdrawing its liead and feet under its
strong armour. There are several species^
such as the Great Arniadillo. or Tatu (Dasj/jjHs
gigcisX the Three-banded Armadillo, or Apara
(i*. Apar), tht^ Six-banded Armadillo (D. sc.-i-
cinctns), and the Hairy Armadillo (D. mUo.^ns).
They feed chi. ily on ants and other inscct-s
and worms, and are peculiar to South AmeriL-a,
where a giant-animal of similar organisation,
the Glyptodon, lived in Tertiary times.
"It is generally underatood that the ArmadiUos
Ijring forth but once a yeiir."— Griffith's Cuv., iii. 2S(-.
2. A genus of Crustaceans belonging to the
order Jsopoda, and the family Oniscidee, the
t\'ije of which is the well-known wood-louse.
It is so called piartly from its being covei'cd
with a certain feeble kind of armour; but
chiefly from its mlling itself up into a ball
after the fasliion of the South American mam-
malian Armadillos.
armadillo-like, a. Like an armadillo,
covered with natural armour.
" 111 the PampEeaii deposit at the Bajada I found the
osseous armour of a gigantic ai-madiUo-Uke aniniiil."—
Darwiii Voyageround the World, ch. vii.
* ar-zna -do.
[Armada.]
ar'-ma-ment, i.. [in Fr. armeimnt; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. oriiianwnto ; Lat. anafimeniinn
=: the oiittittiiig of a ship, the supplying it
with everything cxcpjiting oiilyits hull : an)to
= to fui'iiish with implements ; anna = im-
plements, . . . the tackle of a sliip.]
I. The act of arming a fleet or army ; tlie
state of being armed.
II. That which constitutes the equipment
or which is itself equipped.
1. That which constitutes the equipment.
(Often in the pi., armaments, signifying every-
thing needful to render the naval and military
forces of a country efficient.) Spec, weapons
and ammunition.
"... and the increase [of expenditure] is for the
most part due to more costly ujtnaniunts." — Times,
Nov. 11, 1876.
2. The forces equip] le J
(a) A naval expedition fitted out for war ; a
fleet, with the meu, guns, ammunition, and
stores on board.
"English sailors, with more reason, predicted that
the ftrst gale would send the whole of this fair-weather
arfnanteiit to the bottom of the Channel." — J/acattlni/:
I/ist. Eyig., ch. xvi.
(p) Land forces fully equipped ; an army
eiicampt'd fur war. {Lit. d: Jig.) {Byron :
Siege of Corinth, xx.)
'^ar-ma-inen'-ta-ry, s. [Lat. cnnnmcn-
tarluni.] An armoury, an arsenal. {Joluison.)
ar'-man, s. [Fr.] A confection for restoring
appetite in horses. (Johnson.)
■^ ar'-ma-ry, .■-■. [Lat. armarium = a chest, a
coffer.]' [Almery.] A chronicle or archive.
{Wydiff'e : I Esdras ii. 15.)
ar'-ma-tiire, s. [In Ger. amiatur ; Fr. ai-^ia-
teur and armature; Sp. armadura ; Ital. &
Lat. arvmtura =(1) armour, (■2) armed sol-
diers, (3) a kind of military exercise.]
A, Ordinanj Language:
1. Armour worn for the defence of the
body, or, more frequently, the armour in
which some animals are enveloped for their
protection against their natural foes.
" others should be armed with hard sheila, others
with prickles ; the rest, that have no such aiinatiire,
should be endued with great swiftness and pemicity."
— Ray: Creation.
'" 2. Offensive weapons.
"The double armature is a more destructive engine
than the tumultuary weapon."— /Jr. H. More: Decay
qf Piety.
B, Technically :
1. Miignctism: The armatures, called also
the keepers, of a magnetic bar are pieces of
soft iron placed in contact with its poles.
These, by being acted on inductively, become
magnets, and, re-acting in their turn, not
merely preserve, but even increase, the mag-
netism of the original bar. Magnets thus
provided are said to be armed.
2. Electricity:
{a)Theinternalandexternalarmatures,orcoat-
ings of a Leydenjar, are the coatings of tinfoil
on its interior, and part of its exterior, surface.
(It) Siemens' armature or hohhin : An arma-
ture designed for magneto-electrical machines.
s [E:\rCNS CYLINDRICAL ARMATL"EE.
a. Cylinder. 6 Cj linder nii which covered copper wire is
wound, c. (.'vliiirtera inserted in magneis. N. North
Pole. S. touLitli Pule.
in which the insulated wire is wound longitu-
dinally on the core, instead of transversely.
3. Arch. : Iron bars employed for the cii-n-
holidation of a building. {Gloss, of Arch.)
armed, a. [From fln», s.] Furnished with
anus in a litfnil or figurative sense. Specially
in comp., as long-armed, strong-a uinl, i:c.
armed, pa., par &, a. [Arm, v.t.]
A. OKlinnrji Language:
I. Literally :
1. Equipped \ritli weapi tin; offensive or de-
fensive, or both. [B., 1, Mil.]
"Su the armed, men left the captives and the spoil
. . ."—■! Chroii xxviii. 14.
2, Having its natural efficiency increased by
mechanical appliances.
" But they continually grow l.irger, and puss by in-
sensible gradations into the stiite of cloud, when they
can no longer elude the armfd eye."—Ti/adall: Frag.
a/ficience. 3rded., vii. IjU.
II. Fig. : Strengthened in mind and heart
against danger.
B. TechnicaUji :
I. MlHtxrii and Nai^al:
1. Of men. An crnicd bcidy of men is a
military detachment iirovided with arms and
ammunition, n'ndy for an engagement. [A., 1.]
(Jamc.^: Mil. Dirt.)
2. Of ships:
(ii) Armed in flute, that is, armed after the
manner of a transport. Having had part of
her guns removed to make more room. In
such a case the effective armament of the
vessel is less than that at which she is luted.
{Wch.trr.)
{h) An armed ship is one taken into tJte
Government service, and
equipped in time of war
with artillery, ammuni-
tion, &e. (James.)
3. Of shot. A crossbar
shot is said to be anned
when some rope-yarn is
rolled round the end of the
iron bar running through
the shot.
4. Of prorriJnre. Armed
neutrality. [Neutrality, ^
II. Heraldry:
1. Furnished with arms.
1" A man nrmcl o,t oU
points (see the annexed
figure) is a man fo\ered
with armour on every por-
tion of him excepting only
his face.
2. Adding to anj-thing
that which will give it
greater strength or effici-
ency.
1[ The term armed, fol-
Inweil by of, is applied to a beast of prey
when his teeth and claws, or to a predatory
ARMED A.T A.LL
POINTS.
bird when his talons and beak, are diflferently
coloured from the rest of his body.
IIL Biology. Used—
1. (Zool.) Of the natural arnwtnre of various
parts of the body of man or of the inferior
animals: Furnished with teeth, tusks, nails,
claws, &c.
"... the most formidably armed jaws."— Owen :
Clnssif. of Sfaminalia, p. 76.
2. Botany: Of thorns, prickles, &c., on
plants.
rV. Magnetism. An atoned magnet : One
provided with an armature (q.v.).
ar'-mee, s. [Army.]
Ar-me'-ni-an, a. & s. [Eng. Armeni(a); -an
In Fr. Armenwn; from Lat. Armenia; Gr.
WpfxevCa {Armenia). Armenia, in 2 Kings xix.
y?. is in the original Ararat, and should have
been so rendered.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Armenia, a
countrj' situated on the mountainous region
between the Black and the Caspian Seas, be-
tween latitudes ^7'-' and ■k2'^ N., and long. 39°
tn 50^' E.
B. As substantive :
1. A native of Armenia.
2. The lauguiige spoken by the Ai'inenians,
who are not confined to their natne land, but
are many of them successful merchants in
India and other parts of the East. The Living
comes from the Old or Dead Armenian, ranked
by Max MuUer under the Iranic Branch of
the Southern Division of the Aryan Languages.
Armenian bole.
Mineralogy : A kind of bole from Armenia.
[Bole.]
Armenian stone.
Minrrahigy : A blue carbonate of copper
brought from Armenia.
Armenian whetstone.
Min. : Dana's rendering of the Grrek term
aKovY) e^ 'Ap/J.ei'ia? (alconi: ex Armenia'^), the
name given by Theophrastus to emery (q.v.).
* ar-men'-tal, a. [Lat. armentali^ ; from
ainirntvm = cattle for ploughing or for
draught.] Pertaining or relating to a herd of
L-attle. {Bailey.)
ar-men'-tine, a. [Lat. armentnvi. (Armen-
tal), and Eng. suffix -inc.] The same as
Armental (q.v.). (Bailey.)
'^ ar - men' - tdse, adj. [Lat. armentosus.'\
Abounding with cattle. {Bailey.)
ar-me'r-i-a, s. [From the term FlosArmcria,
applied by the botanists of the Middle Ages
to Some of the Sweet William Pinks. Fins
Arineria again is, according to Clusius, the
French word armoiries (armorial bearings),
Latinised. (Hooker and Arnot.).'] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Plumbaginacea;
(Leadworts). It contains two British species.
The first is the ,4. maritima, the Common
Thrift, Sea-pink, or Sea-gilliflower so abun-
dant on our coasts, and the A plontaginea, or
Plantain-leaved Thrift of the island of Jersey.
A variety of the former spei-ies occurs on
the tops of mountiiins. Next to the Box, A.
vulgaris is the best edging for walks.
ar'-met, s. [French = armour for the head.]
A helmet used in the thirteenth, fourteenth,
and fifteenth centuries. It is represented in
the annexed illustra-
tion.
armet-grand, s.
[Fr. grand = great.]
An armet worn :vith
a beaver.
armet-petit, s.
[Fr. 2'"^tit = little.]
An armet worn with-
out a beaver. It had
a guard for the face,
consisting of three armet
bars.
arm'-ful, ^ arm '-full, s. [Eng. arm; full.
In Ger. arinn'll.] As much of anything as
an arm can hold.
'"He comes so lazily on in a simile, with his 'arm/ all
of weeds,' . . ." — Milton: Apol. /or Sm'^-ti/numu!,.
" As an especial favour, he allowed me to purchase,
at a high price, an armful of dirty straw." — Darwin :
Voyage round the irorW, chap. xvi.
%6il, b6y; poiit, j6wl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph ~ t,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -{ion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -clous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, del.
290
armgaunt— armonia
* arm-gaunt, a. [Eng. ana; gaunt.] As
gaunt— (.(■. , as slenclur— as the arm ; no thicker
tlian tlio arm.
"So he nodded,
And soherly did mount an aringaunt steed."
Shakesp. : Ant. A Claop., i. 5.
+ ar-mif'-er-OUS, a. [Lat. r'/-»u/c/- = weapon-
hearing : flr/jat=: arms, and fero = to bear.]
Bearing arms. (Ogilvie.)
ar'-mi-ger, s. [Lat. armiger, in inscriptions
armigerus ; from ar»ic(. = arms, and gcro = to
■wear, to bear ahout with one.] An esquire,
properly nne who attended on a knight, to
hear his shield and otherwise render him
service. [Esquire.]
"Slencler Ay, and ratolorum too ; ;iiiil a gentleman
liom, master parson: who writes hininflf n-rinlgoro :
in any bill, waiTant, quittance, or ulilig.ttion, anni-
gero." — Shakesp. : Meii'y Wiues of WLiidt^ar. i, 1,
ar-mig'-er-oiis, a. [In Sp., Port , & Ital.
ar}iiigcro= martial (see Armiger), "bearing
arms."] Peitaining or relating to an esqnire
or person who attended on a knight. [See
Esi^UIRE ]
" They belonged, to the ar-migeroiis part of the popu-
lation."—yje Qnincei/. {Goodrich & Porter.)
ar'-mil, s. [Lat. annilla = a bracelet.] [Ar-
MILLA.]
MixIl. & Astron. ; An ancient astronomic5.1
instrument. It was of two forms ; an Equi-
noctial Arniil, constructed with a single ring
jilaced in the plane of the equator, for deter-
mining the liue of the equinoxes ; and a
Solstitial Armil, in which there were two or
more rings, one of them in the plane of
the meridian, for ascertaining the solstices.
ar-mi-lau'-sa, o. [Lat, according to Isidore,
contract, from armiclausa = a military cloak.]
A cloak covering the shoulders, worn in Eng-
land in mediffival times.
" The liook of Worcester repoi'teth that in the year
of • lur Lord . . . 1372, they first began to wanton it in a
curt.;d weed which they called a cloak, and in Latin
arnii/iiusu, ,is onely covering the shoulders."— Cam,-
deji: /;i3iuains, 195.
ar-mil'-la, s. [Sp. , Poi-t. , Ital. , & Lat. = (l) an
ai-m-ring,"a bracelet, (2) a hoop or ring ; from
annus = arm,]
1. A bracelet.
2. Mecli. : An iron ring, hoop, or brace, in
wliich the gudgeons of a wheel move.
3. Auat. : The round ligament which con-
fines the tendons of the cai'pus. (Forr, tC'c.)
t ar-mil'-la-ry, u. [In Pr. arwillaire. ; Sp.
armilar ; Port, armillar; Ital. ariiiillare ; Liow
Lat. ariiiillarius ; from Class. Lat. annilhi. =
an armlet, an arm- ring, a bracelet] Resem-
bling a bracelet in form ; circular. (Rarely
used, except in Astronomy.)
" He [Hipparchus] is also said to have erected annil-
lary circles at Alexandria." — Penny Cycl., ii, 525,
armillary sphere.
Mech. £ Astron. : A sphere not solid like a
modern celestial globe, but consisting of
several metallic or other circles mechanically
fixed in such relative positions that one repre-
sented the celestial equator, a second the
ecliptic, and two more the colures. It was
capable of revolving on its axis within a
movable horizon. Astronomers used the ar-
millary sphere for purposes of instruction not
merely in ancient times, but on to the age of
Tycho Brahe, in the sixteenth century. Now,
however, it has fallen into disuse, having been
superseded by the celestial globe. [Astro-
labe, Celestial.]
"When the circles of the mundane sphere are su])-
posed to be described on the convex surface of a sphere,
which is hollow within, and, after this, you imagine
all parts of the sphere's surface to be cut away, except
those parts on which such circles are described ; then
that sphere ia called an aiiniVanj sphere, because It
appears in the form of several circular rings, or brace-
lets, put together in a due position."— .ffarria; Bescrijj-
tion of the Globes.
ar-mil'-la-ted, a. [Lat. armillatiis.'] Wear-
ing bracelets, (Johnson. )
* ar'-mille, '* ar'-mylle, s. [Lat armilkt
(q.v,).] A bracelet.
" When he had aene the rynges on his aysters eeres,
and her poynettes or armylles on her hands." — Golden
Legeiul, I. 10. [S. in BoucJter.)
" ar'-min, s. [Dut ar77i= poor.] A beggar.
'■ O hear God !— so young an armin I
M. Flow. Armin, sweet heart, I know not what you
mean
' lilt, T n.TTi almost a beccar.
ii. 519. (liarei.)
By that, but I am almost a begga
London Prod., Supp. Sh,
'^ ar -mined, a. [Ermineh.]
arm'-ing, jjr. par., a., & s. [Arm, v.t.l
A. & B. ^Is pr. j'ur. and juirti'-lpiol ad}.:
In senses corresponding to those of the verlD,
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Till' act of equipping one's self with
weapons, or the state of being so equipped.
(a) Lit. :
" For the arming was now universal."— J/acau^'.'y ;
iT'i.sr. Jing., ch. xii.
(h) Fig. : Confirmation of a suspicion, or of
a truth previously hut half-believed.
" -1 Lord. Hath tliL- count all this intelligence?
1 Lord. Av, and tljc pai-ticular confirmations, point
from piiint'; tu tin.- full arming of the verity,"—
.sh"k<j.^/>. : J?<"s Well (hat Ends Wvll, iv. 3.
2. That which c(jnstitutes the equipment.
II. Technically (Nautical) :
1. Plar.: W aist- cloth s ; cloths hung ahout
the outside of the ship's upper -works fore and
aft, and before the cubbrige heads. Some are
also hung round the tops, called top armings.
2. Sing, (in soundings at sea) : A prepara-
tion of tallow, placed in the conc-avity at tlie
bottom of tlie k-ad used for soundings, and
designed to ascertain the charai/terof the ocean
bed at the place.
"The soundings from which this section is laid down
were taken with great care by Capt. Fitzroy himself :
he used a bell-shaped lead, having a diameter of four
inches, and the armings each time were cut off and
brought on board for me to examine. The arming is
a preparation of tallow, placed in the concavity at the
bottom of the lead. Sand, and even small fragments
of rock, will adhere to it ; and if the bottom be of rock,
it brings up an exact impression of its surface." — /Jar-
win: On Coral Reefs (1842), ch. i., p. 7.
D. In coTnposition : Apjilied to various
things used in, and for the purpose of, arming.
artning-liuckle, s.
Her. : A lozenge-shaped buckle. ((Uoss. of
Hcaldnj.)
arming-doublet, s. A snrcoat.
" Arming-doublets of carnation satten." — Masque
of the Inner Temple (1612). (Halliwell: Contr. to
Lexic. )
arming-points, s. pi. The fastenings
keeping the several pieces of armour from
sepai'ating.
arming-press, s. A press used in book-
binding. [Blocking Press.]
Ar-min'-i-an, c(. & s [Lat., &e , Armini{us);
Eng suffix -an. In Ger. Ar'ininiamT, s.] Per-
taining to Arminius, the Latinised form of the
surname of James Harmensen, a noted Dutch
theologian. [B.]
A. As adjective : Pei-taining to Arminius or
to his tenets.
"The Arminian doctrine, a doctrine less austerely
logical than that of the early Reformers, but more
agreeable to the popular notions of the divine justice
and benevolence, spread fast and \viAe."~Mac(Luiloy :
Bist. Eng., ch. i.
B. As siibstantice :
Church Hist. : A follower of Arminius, or in
other words, of James Hannensen (see etym.),
first a Dutch minister in Amsterdam, and
afterwards Professor ot Theology in Leyden
University. The views of himself and his
followers were summed up in five points, which
may be briefly stated thus : — 1. That God
from all eternity predestinated to eternal life
those who He foresaw would have permanent
faith in Christ. 2. That Christ died for all
mankind, and not simply for the elect 3.
That man requires regeneration by the Holy
Spirit. 4. That man may resist Divine grace.
5. That man may fall from Divine grace. This
last tenet was at first held but doubtfully;
ultimately, however, it was firmly accepted.
Arminius died in the year 1609. In 1618
and 1619 the Synnd of Dort condemned the
Arminian doctrines, the civil power, as was
tlie general jractice of the age, enforcing the
decrees of the council by pains and penal-
ties. [Remonstrants. ] Nevertheless the new
views spread rapidly. Archbishop Laud intro-
duced them into the Church of England ;
the Wesleyans also are essentially Arminians ;
whilst the remainder of the English Noncon-
formists and the Presbyterians in Scotland
and elsewhere are mostly Calvinists. The
only English sect formally called after Ar-
miniiis is that of the " Arminian New
Society."
Ar-mm'-i-an-i§;m, s. [Eng. Arminian ; -ism.
In Ger. Arminianism.] The distinctive reli-
gious tenets held by the Arminians.
" Laud. Neil, Montagu, and other bishops wei^ -It
supijosed to be tainteil with Anntin(Uiisn/.."—Hume:
IJlst. Eng.
Ar-niin'-i-g,n-ize, v.t & i. [Ar:min'iax.]
A, Trans. : To make Anniuian, to imbue
with Arminian doctrines.
B. Intfans. : To teach Arminianism.
Ar-min'-i-an-iz-er, s. [Arminianize.] One
who teaches Arminianism.
ar-mip'-6-ten9e, s. [Armipotent.] Puis-
sance at arms. (Bailey.)
ar-mip'-6-tent, «.. [Sp., Port, & Ital. ar-
mipotenfe ; Lat. armlpotens = mighty in arms
(an epithet of Mars) ; ar?uft = arms, and potens
^powerful, 2''0ssum = l am able.] Powerful or
niiglity in arms ; mighty in war.
" 2 Lord. This is ynnr devoted friend, sir, the mani.
fiild linguist, and the armiputcnt ■ioXCLiev." Shakesp.:
All!, Well, iv, 3.
ar-mis'-o-nant, a. [Lat. o.rma = arms, ,and
sonans, pr. par. ot sonn = to sound.] Having
sounding arms or rustling armour. (Ash.)
ar-mas'-o-noiis, «. [Lat. a:nnisonov.s : arma
= arms, and sono = to sound.] Having
sounding arms ur rustling armour. {Bailejj.)
ar'-mis-tioe, ^. [Fr. armistice; Sp. & Port.
anaisticio ; liaX. a naistlzio ; from L;it. orina.
= arms, and sisto = t'^ cau.se to stand.] A
short cessation of ai'nis for a certain stipulated
time during a ivar ; a truce, designed for
negotiation ur other ends.
" Lastly, he required some guarantee that the king
would not take advauttiL'e of the armistire for the
puripose of intruiiiiciiig a French force into Kii;:jland."
— Macaiday ■ Jlist. E)tj., ch. ix,
" Now that an armistice has been at'cepted, and a
conference is about to assemble to ela'ionLte, if pOd-
sible, terms of pcate . . ."—Times, Nov. ii, ISTC.
arm'-less {i). arm'-les, u.. [Eng. arm (l),
s., and sulf. -h-^s = without. In Ger. armlos.]
Without arms.
"And saugh .an hund armlc.^. that wroot f;»st: "
fhu'ieer: C. 7'., 13,6S&.
arm'-less (2), a. [Eng. arm (2), s. ; sufl'. -less.1
Without weapons, defenceless.
arm '-let, s. [Eng. arm; suffix -^(, used as a
diminutive.]
1. A small arm.
2. A bracelet worn on the upper arm as
contradistinguished from one of the ordinary
type encircling the
wrist. Armlets are
of two kinds.
(a) Those worn
by men in the East
as one of the insig-
nia of royal power.
Kitto thinks that
the niy^JS! (ctso-
clah), or so-called
'• bracelet," which
the Amalekite said
he took from the
arm of the slain
Saul, was an arm-
let of this sym-
bolic character (•! ,
Sam. i. 10). The
same Hebrew
word, again ren- armlets.
dered "bracelet,"
occurs in Numb. xxxi. 50, and probably with
the same meaning. Armlets of this nature
are still seen on Persian, Hhidoo, and other
sovereigns, and in most cases they ai'e studded
with expensive .jewels.
^ "Armlet. Althouch the word has the same mean-
ing as bracelet, yet the latter is practically so exclu-
sively used to denote the onianieiit of the wrist, that
It seems proper to distinguish by armlet the similar
ornament which is worn on the upper arm. There is
also this difference between them, that in the East
bracelets ai-e generally worn by women, and ar-mlrfs
only by men. The armlet, however, is in use aun-nii
men only as one of the insignia of ssovereiirn powur —
Kitto: Bib. Cycl, Ai-t. '•Armlet."
(h) Those worn Tiy women in cm- own and
other countries simply for ornament.
" Every nymph of the flood her tresses rending.
Throws off hei" armlet of pciirl in the main."
, Lryden : Albion i: Albianus, iii.
3. Armour for the arm.
t ar-mo'-ni-a, ^. [Harmonia.]
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
armoniae— arms
291
^ ar-mo'-ni-ac. Old form of Ammuniac.
"... thethridde i-wia
H^d armoniae, . . ."—C/taucer: C. T., 12,751-2.
* ar-mon-i-cal. [Harmonical.]
* ar'-mon-y, s. [Harmony.] {scouli.)
t ar'-mor, [Armour. ]
ar-m6r-a'-5i-a, a. [Lat. armoraiiiri, afino-
racm, oriiinroviKrn; Gr. apfj-opaKia (arr/wrakia)
= horse-nuUsli ; from Armorica, the Latin
name of Brittany, where it was said to grow
abundantly.] Horse-radish or Water-radish.
A genus of plants iipluiiying t-i tho order
Brassicacea*, or CrnrilL-rs. It contains one
species, the A. canq-hohia, or Great Water-
radish, wild in Britain ; and anotlier, the A.
iiisticana, or Common Horse-radish, natural-
ised. The former has yellow flowers, and the
latter white.
t ar'-mor-er, s. [Armourer.]
ar-mo'r-i-al, a. & 5. [Fr. annorl«h from vr-
*rtO(V&,' = arms, coats of arms; Lat. ifrmai mrfi
= a place for tools ; hence a cheh>t for cloth-
ing, money, &(.■.; arvut= tools, ijuplemeiits.]
1. As cuVjCctlrc : Pertaining or relating to
heraldic arms.
"Ancient Ani'oraiJ Quiu-tering-i "—Xt'-liols: Herald
Ji- GiMu-iib.'i'-.', -vol. viii., jj. -JIT.
2. As substantive : A book contjiuing coat-^
rif arms, Tluis the phrases occur, " the Frent-li
annorial, the Spanish annorial," &.t-.
Ar-mor'-ic, a. & s. [Lat. Armo-ricus. Fi-om
Annorlcii, said to be derived from two old
Gallic words, ar (Gallic aii-)=- upon, and mor
(Lat. mare) =■ the sea.]
A, As oxijectlve: Pertaining tn Armoric^r,
the western X'art of the country between the
Seine and the Loire. It was iidiabited in
Ctesar's time by a confederacy nf tribes called
the Armorican League. He inadi.- war against
them and subdued them. Long afterwai'ds it
received tlie name of Bretagne, in English
Brittany, from being inhabited by the Britons.
Now it is divided into several Freneli depart-
ments.
B, As sii}ifiU<iiiii-r : The language nf Armo-
rica. It is called by the French Ba'^ Breton.
It belongs to the Celtit- family, and is akin
to the Welsh and the extinct Cornish. (In
the etpnologies of tliis Dictionary it is cited
as Ai III.)
Ar-mor'-ic-an, u. & s. [Eng., &(■., Armoric;
-an. In Ger. Annoriknucr.]
A. --1^ adj. : The same as Ar.moric, "'//- (q. v.).
B. Assubst. .- A person born in Armoriea.
ar'-mdr-ist, ar'-mour ist, s. [Fr. armor-
Istf.] One well ae([u.'iiiiteil with coats of arms ;
one skilled in lieralilry. {Lcilrii.)
ar'-mor-y (plur. ar -mor-ies), s. [Ar-
moury.]
1. ::>iiifjiih(r :
(a) An armoury.
(&) A book de.^i-ribing coat^ of arms.
'"The 'Ocnend Armory' flr^t .ippefireil in the year
1842. . . . Tlie present edition of the Armoni is, I
venture fi^i Jissert, the moat coinprehenHn t- ciHcftion
of Arms evyr bruuglit togetlier, contaliiiiit,', iis it cLies,
some Gu.OOO coats." — Jiurke: General Aiinori/ (IbTi^),
pref., 15. i.
2. Plnr. (Heraldry): Arms (q.v ).
ar'-mour, t ar'-mor, " ar-moure, ar-
mure, s. [in Fr. arnuire ; 0. Fr. arnwurc ;
Sp. & Port, anmuhira ; Ital. & Lat. dniiaiura
= equipment, outfit, armour ; armn =. to lit
out with implements, to equip ; arma = im-
plements, arms.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit : Defensive arms ; a covering de-
signed to protect the biidy, especially in war.
from being injured by any weapcm the foe
could use. In the autlmrised version of the
Bible it is frequently mentioned under its
appropriate name (1 Sam. xvii. 04 ; 1 Kings
xxii. :;«, &('.), and several times under tlie
name harnr:,s, which was a term for armour
common during the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries (1 Kings xx. 11 ; xxii. 34 ; 2 Chron.
ix. 24). [Harness.] The heroes of the Trojan
war are described by Homer as wearing it. It
was in use among the other nations of anti-
quity, but it was not till the age of chivalry
tliat it reached its full development. From the
list of pieces of annour enumerated in the sub-
joined example, quoted by Nares from Warner,
it can be well understood that a knight " in
compleat annour " was too well protected to
be in much danger from a foe, and too un-
wieldy to put. that foe in much danger. Mail
arnwitr was in use from IO1J6 to 1300. It
was tegulated, consisting of little imbricated
plates sewn upon a hauberk without sleeves
or hood ; ringed or chain, consisting of inter-
locking rings ; gamhoised, consisting of padded
work stitched ; scaled, of small circular plates
like tish scales. Mixed armour to 1410, chain
and plate. Plate armour to 1600, composed of
large plates, and entirely enclosing the body.
Kalfarviour to eighteenth century, consisting
of helmet and body armour only.
" To thejn in compleat armour eeem'd tlie g^eene
knigiit tu apjieare.
Thebm^onet> the bever, buffe.thecoller, curates, and
The iwldi'ons, gi-augard, vambraces, gauntlets fur
either liand,
The taishcs. cushies, and the grives, staff, pensell,
baises, all
The greene 1
her love his thrall.'
Wnriier: Alb. Engl., bk. xii., p. 291. (Nares.)
2. Fig. : Anything designed and fitted to
prove a defence against spii'itual enemies.
^ The "armour of light" (Rom. xiii. 12),
opposed to "the works of darkness," would
seem to be holy deeds. "The annour of
righteousness" (2 Cor. vi. 7), as the name im-
plies, is righteousness, justice. The "arinoiir
of Hod " (Eph. vi. 11, 18), is described at length
in verses 13 to 20.
B. Technically :
1. Law. The ,':itatutes of Armo2ir, repealed
in the reign of King James I., were ancient
enactments requiring every, one, according to
his rank and estate, to provide a determinate
quantity of tlie weapons then in use, that if
requireil he might aid in the defence of his
country against domestic commotion or foreign
invasion. {Blackstone's Coniuient., bk. i., chap.
la.) Embezzling or destroying the king's
armour or warlike stores was, by 31 Eliz., c.
4, felony. (Ihld., iv. 101, 102.)
2. Her. Coat-armour : Tlie same as Coat of
Arms. [Arms.]
3. Magnetism: Tlie "armour" of a magnet
is the same as its armature (q.v.).
ar'-mour-bear-er, s. [Eng.arviour; hearer.]
One who carries the weapons of war belonging
to another.
"Then he called hastily unto the young man his
armonr-bvitrer, and ssiid unto him, Dnvw thj' sword,
and slay me, . . ." — Judg. ix. 5-1.
ar'-mour-er, t ar'-mor-er, * ar'-mer-er,
'■ar'-mur-er, i> [Eng. armour; -er. In
Fr. arrnnricr.]
1. One who dresses another in armour.
■' Tlie armorers, accomplishing the knights,
Willi busy hammers closing rivets up,
Un L* dreadful note of preparation."
Shakesp. : Jlvnry V., iv., Cbi'in-*
2. One who manufactures or repairs armour
and weapons.
" This let the armourer with speed dispose."
nyron: C<,r,an. 1.7.
3. One who has charge of the small arms of
a ship or regiment.
ar-mour-y, ar'-mor-y, s. [Eng. armour;
-y. In O. Fr. armalre, arvwrie, annolrie (in
Mod. Fr. cmnoiries is = coats of aims) ; Pro^■.
arvmrl; Sp. anneira. From Lat. armarium.
= a place for tools, a cliest for clothes ; arma
= tuols, implemejits, arms.]
A. From Eng. armour, in tlie sense of a coat
of arms :
1. Coat armour ; coats of arms.
2. Skill in heraldry.
B. From Eng. armour, in itsordinary sense:
1. Defensive armour, also offensive weapons,
or both taken together.
" Nigh at hand
Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears.
Hang high, with diamond flaming, and with gold."
JlliUon.
2. A place for keeping weapons ; a magazine
in which all kinds of weapons are deposited
and maintained in good order till they are
required. {Lit. <S:fig?)
"... the tower of David, builded for an armour^/
whereon there hang a thousand bucklers, all shields
of mighty men."— i'onjti/'jSoI. iv. 4.
■'The Lord hath opened his armoury, and hath
brought forth the weapons of his indignation."— y^r.
3. (Occasionally.) A place where arms are
manufactured.
ar'-md-zeen, ar'-mo-zine, .5. [Fr. arviosiu,
armoisin. Corrupted from Ormuz orHormuz'
an island in the Persian Gulf.] A thick
plain silk, generally black, used for clerical
robes. (Goodrich cf Porter.)
arm-pit, s. [Eng. arm; pit] The pit or
hollow under the arm where it is joined to
the body. The axilla.
". . . up to their armpits in wntei,"— Macau! dp :
Hist. EnQ., chap. \vi.
arm§ (1), s. pi. The plural of Arm (1) (q.v.).
arms (2), s. pi. [In Gael, armachd (sing.)=:
annour, arms; Fr. arme.^, pi. of arme; Prov.,
Sp., & Port, armas (pi.); Ital. arme (sing.);
from Lat. arma (pi.) = implements, cspeciaUy
of war, notaljly a shield. Probably from root
ar = to fit or join.] [Abt.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Weapons oftensive or defensive.
". . . hid their arms behind wainscots or in hay-
stacks."—J/«ctii(Za.v .- Jlist. Eng., chap. xv.
^ War is so exi'iting, that when it breaks
out it powerfully attracts the attention of the
general public in every country; hence a
number of phrases, at first purely military,
ui'W occur in ordinary English authors. [For
these see B. 1.]
2. War, a state of ho.stihty ; the iict of
taking anus. [B.]
B. Technically :
I. Mil. : In tlie same .'^cnse as A. 1. IVIilf-
taiy amis are ot two kinds : orm-s of offence, or
offensive arms, and arins of defence, or defensive
arms. Under the first category are rifles,
pistols, muskets, cannons, swords, bayonets,
kc ; and under the latter, shields, helmets,
cuirasses, greaves, or any similar defence, for
the iicrauu. Of offensive weapons, those in
whiidi flame is generated are called fire-arms.
Anas of parade or courtesy: Those used in
ancient tournaments. They were unshod
lances ; edgelcss and pointless swords, some of
which, juorenver, were of wood ; and, finally,
e^vni canes. (James: Mil. Diet.)
Lelh of arm^, or Bell-tents: Bell-formed
terns, formerly for the reception of arms, now
for men also, when an army is in the field.
In arms: The state of having assumed
weapons and commenced war or rebellion.
"Rose up /■" a}-ms, conquered, T]xi.eA."—Macaulav :
17, ^t. Eiig.,ch.ui.
Pass of arms : A kind of combat in which,
in mediaeval times, one or more cavaliers
undertook to defend a pass against all attacks.
(James.)
Passage of arms :
(a) Lit. : A combat in which the armed
opponents exchange blows or thrusts with
each other.
(b) Fig. : A controversial encounter with
the pen or some similar weapon.
Place of arms (Fort.) : A ]iart of the covered
way oppu.site to the re-entering angle of the
Cf.mnterscarp, projecting outward in an angle.
(James.)
Small arms : Those which can be carried in
the liand, as muskets, swords, &.C., in place of
requiring wheel- carriages fur their traiisporta-
tioji.
Stand of arms: A complete set of arms for
one soldier, as a rifle and bayonet.
To appeal to arms : To put a dispute to the
arbitrament of ^var.
"The House of Austria, indeed, had appealed to
arms. —Macaulay : Jilst. Eng., chap. xxv.
Til arms : An exhortation or command to
assume weapons and commence rebellion or
active warfare.
" And seas, and rocks, and skies rebound.
To arms, to arms, to arms ! " — Pope.
To take arvis : To assume weapons and com-
mence war or rebellion.
'■ I\I.iny lords and gentlemen, who had, in December
taken arms for the Prince of Orange and a free Parlia-
ment, , . ." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chai). xi.
Under arms: In the state of having one's
weapons borne on one's person, or otherwise
ready for immediate use.
"The i*ainband3 were ordered mider arms"~Ma-
caulay: Hist. Eng., chap. x.
II. Laio: Anything which one takes in his
hanil in anger tn strike another with or throw
at him. Pistols and swords are, of course,
arms in the legal sense, but so also are stones
and sticks.
III. Heralelry. Arm€rinl bearings: In the
days when knights were so encased in armour
that no means of identifying them was left,
the practice was introduced of painting their
b6il, \}6y; p^t. j<5^1; cat, jeU, chorus, jliin. bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -inc.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion. -sion^zhiin. -tious. -sious. -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = tael, del. '
292
armure— aroint
insignia of honour on their shield, as an easy
method of distinguishing them. For a time
these were granted only to individuals, but
Bichard I., during liis crusade to Palestine,
made them hereditary. The reason why they
are called coats of arms is that they used to be
introduced on the surcoat of their possessor,
but the term once introduced was afterwards
retained even when they were displayed else-
where than on the coat. These art- usually
divided into (1) public, as those of kingdoms,
provinces, bishoprics, corporate bodies, &c. ;
and {'■2)privat€, being those of private families.
These again are separated into many sub-
divisions, founded mamly on the varied me-
thods by which arms can be acquired. [As-
yrMi'Tioi\ CANTiNr,, Dominion, Feudal, &c.]
The College of Arms, or HeraJJs' College, is
situated in Queen Victoria Street, London.
It has at present one Earl Marshal, three
kings of arms, called respectively Garter,
Clarencieux, and Norroy ; six heralds, and
four pursuivants, with a Secretary to the
Earl Marshal and a Registrar.
IV. Falconry : The legs of a hawk from the
thigh to the foot. (Webster.)
V Bot. : The same as Armature or Armour
(q.v.).
^" ar -mure, s. [Abmour,]
ar'-my, "^ ar'-mee, s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger.
armce; Gael. ariMdlf ; iTish. arbhar , arnihar ;
Fr. armee, all meaning an army; Prov., Sp.,
& Port, armada = 3. naval armament; Ital.
ar'niata = anarmy ; from Lat. armatus (masc),
armata (fem.) = armed, pa. par. of amio.]
[Arm, v.t., Aemada, Arms.]
1. Lit. (Orel. Lang. & Milit.): A body of
men, enlisted, brought together, drilled and
armed for warfare. The three chief arms of
the service are Infantry, Cavalry, and Artil-
lery ; all other branches, such as Engineers,
the Commissariat, Transport, Police, Postal,
Medical, and Chaplains' departments being
auxiliary. The officers of the British army
consist of field-marshals, generals, lieutenant-
generals, major-generals, colonels, lieutenant-
colonels, majors, captains, and lieutenants.
An army is composed of army corps consist-
ing of divisions, these of brigades, and these
of battalions. Each has a separate staft^ but
the division is the first unit that has a propor-
tion of each of the three arms and of the
several departments. It is arranged for battle
in two or more lines, the infantry occujiying
the centre, the cavaUy one or both flanks, the
artillery, as far as possible, conveniently
massed. Cavalry is organized in regiments,
one attached to each division, the remainder
as the cavalry brigade, which, with a battery
of horse artillery, is attached to a corps.
Artillery is organized in batteries of six guns
each. Milton represents Satan, leadini^ the
infernal hosts, as bringing up his troops in
" a hollow cube" (a solid square), having
" Hia devilish enginery impaled
On every side with shadowing squadrons deep."
When all is ready, then, according to the poet,
' to riglit aTid left the front
Divided, and to either flank retired."
The way thus cleared, the guns are suddenly
displayed and fired. (MiHon's P. L., bk. vi.)
^ (a) A hlockaMtig army is one engaged in
blockading or investing a place. [Blockade.]
(James.)
(b) A covering army is one guarding the
aj^iroaches to a place. [Cover, v.] (Ibid.)
(c) A flying army is one continually in
motion, both to cover its own garrisons and
alarm the enemy. (Ibid.)
(d) An arm.)j of observation is one in a for-
ward position engaged in watching the enemy.
(Ibid.)
(r) An army of rr^erve is one not itself at
the moment engaged in fighting, but all ready
to furnish men to another army which is so,
or, if need arise, to go en mosbC to its assist-
ance, (ibid.)
(/) A standing army is an army so em-
bodied that it continues from year to year
without requiring for its perpetuation an
annual vote of Parliament. The British army
is not a standing one, the Legislature during
each successive year authorising its continued
existence, and fixing the number of men of
whirh for the time being it is to consist. So
jealous were our ancestors of a standing army,
that after the peace of Kyswick. concluded in
1697, the majority of the nation wished to
disband all the highly-trained and experienced
soldiers of England, and trust the defence of
the country to the militia alone. King
William and his minister Somers could with
difficnlty obtain permission to keep 10,000
professional soldiers ; and to make sure that
they did not illegally enlist more, the ex-
penses of the army were fixed as low as
£850,000. The small force was subjected to
the pretty stringent Mutiny Art [Mutikv
Act] passed in 1689, the essential provisions
of which are still in force.
"What he [Somers] recommended was not n, stand-
ing but a temporary armi/, au army of which Parlia-
mont would annually fix the number, au arm^ for
which Parliament would annually frame a military
code."— J/acawtoi/.- Hist. Eii;/., ch. xriii.
2. Figuratively :
(1) A great number, a mighty host, though
not embodied for war.
"The caukei'worni, and tlie caterpillar, aud the
pahnerworm, my great army."— Joel ii. 25.
(2) A body of people organised for a com-
mon object, as the Salvation Army.
army-list, s. Tlie official list of com-
missioned military officers.
army-worm, o. The larva of the Leu-
cania unipunctata.
* ar'-myn, ^ ar'-myhg, s. [Arming.] Ar-
mour, arms. (Scotch.) (Barhour.)
* arn, *ar'-en, v. [Are.] Are, the so-called
plural of the jiresent tense of the verb to be.
" Criatene men oKen ben so fagen,
So fuelea arn quiiu he it sen dagen."
titory of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 15, 16.
* am, * orn, * ourne, v.t. [A.S. am = ran,
pret. of yrnan = to rnn.]
1. To run.
"Tho arnd vorth the noble knygt Roberd Court-
chese." Hob. Gloucest., vol, ii., p. 397.
2. To run in the sense of flowing ; to flow.
" Wepynde hii armed hem the teres ouT^ie jideuu."
Jiob. Gloucest., vol. ii., p. 405.
"^arn (1), s. [A.S. earn — an eagle.] An eagle.
" John was sothlist his felans.
For thi to the arn lickest es he."
MS. Cott.. Vesp.. A. iii., 1 74. (Boxicher.)
arn (2), ?. [Wei. uem guernen ; Arm. vern
guern ; Ger. erlen-ba%tm ; Fr. aulne ; Lat.
alnus.] [Alnus.] The elder.
" Fearn is evidently derived from the am or alder
tree, in Gaelic fearna."— Statist. Account, Ross, iv. 238.
(Jamieson. }
ar~nat'-to.
[ Arnotto .]
** arn -dern, s. [Undern.]
" When the sad arndern shutting in the light."
Drayton: Owl, p. 1,318.
Ar'-neb, s. [Corrupted Arabic (?).] A fixed
star of 3^ magnitude, called also a. Leporis.
ar'-nede, a. [Errand.]
'" ar'-ne-ment, s. [A corruption of Lat. atra-
mentum = any black liquid, . . ink ; ater =
black.] Ink.
" As blak as ani arnem,ent."
Sevijn Sages, 2,276. (BoucTier.)
* ar'-nest, u,. & s. [Earnest.]
ar'- ni - ca, a. [Corrupted from rti'rmico.']
[ACQTLLEA,]
1. A genus of plants belonging to the order
Asteracefe, or Composites.
2. The English name of plants belonging
to the above-mentioned genus, and specially
of the A. montana, the Mountain Arnica, or
ARNICA MONTANA : ROOT AND FLOWERS.
German Leopard's-bane. It is not a British
species, but is common in the alpine parts of
Germany, Sweden, Lapland, and Switzerland.
It is a perennial, of a shghtly fetid odour, and
a bitterish acrid taste. Given in large quan-
tities it produces deleterious effects, but the
powdered leaves, in moderate doses of five to
ten grains, have been found serviceable in
paralysis, convulsions, amaurosis, chlorosis,
gout, and rheumatism. (Castle : Lexic. Phar-
■maceut., 2nd ed.) As an outward application,
arnica is in constant use as a remedy for sores,
wounds, bruises, and ailments of a similar
kind. It is also employed as an internal
Tiiedicine.
ar'-ni-^ine, a. [Arnica.] A bitter principle
contained in the flowers of the Arnica mon-
tana. [Arnica.]
Ar'-ndld-ist, o. [From the Arnold mentioned
below.]
Ch. Hist. : A follower of Arnold of Brescia,
who, in the twelfth century, when the papal
power was at its maximum, opposed the
Pope's temporal authority, and proposed that
the Church should be disendo^red and left
for its support to the freewill offerings of the
people. For advocating these views he was
strangled to death at Rome in the year 1155,
and to prevent the people jiiaying veneration
to his remains his corpse was burnt and the
ashes thrown into the Tiber. All the more
on account of his cruel fate, his name was
enshrinei-l in the affections of many, and the
Arnoldists from time to time gave trouble to
the Papacy. (Mosheim : Ch. Hist., Cent, xii.,
pt. ii., chap. 5, § 10.)
t ar'-not, t ar'-nut, s. [Earth-nut.]
ar-not'-to, ar-nat-to, an-not'-to, an-
not'-ta, a-nat'-to, s. [Etym, doubtful,
perhaps the native American name.]
1. Comm. : The waxy-looking pulp wliirh
envelopes the seeds in the amotto-tree. This
is detached by throwing the seed into water,
after which it is dried partially, and made
up first into soft pellets, rolled in leaves, in
which state it is called flag or roll arnotto.
Afterwards, becoming quite dry, it is formed
into cakes, and becomes caJce arnotto. The
South American Indians colour their bodies
red with it ; farmei-s here and elsewhere use it
to stain cheese ; in Holland the Dutch em-
ploy it to colour butter ; the Spaniards put
it in their chocolate and soups ; dyers use it
to produce a reddish colour, and varnish
makers, to impart .",11 orange tint to some var-
nishes. As a medicine it is slightly purgative
and stomachic.
If This substance is very frequently adul-
terated. Previous to the ijassing of the Adul-
teration Act it was found almost impossible
to obtain a pure sample, the adulterants being
flour, rye meal, turmeric, chalk, gyjisum,
Venetian red, and, in some cases, red lead ;
this last substance being a poison. At the
present time the only adulterants used are
flour, turmeric, and small quantities of either
chalk or gypsum. Pure arnatto should not
contain more than six per cent, of ash . Adul-
terated samples contain as much as twenty or
even tliirty iier cent. The organic adulterants
are easily detected by the microscope.
"Arnotto dyeth of itself au orange -colour, is used
with pot-ashes upon silk, linen, aud cottons, but not
upon cloth, as being not apt to penetrate into a thick
substance."— iSir W. Petty, in Sprat's Hist, of the Royal
Society, p. 299.
2. Bot. : The Arnotto-tree, the Bixa orellana
of Linnteus, has a hve-dentate calyx, ten
petiiLs, many hypogynous stamina, and a two-
vahed hispid capsule. It is from twenty to
thu-ty feet in height, and grows in tropical
America. [Bixa.] It is the type of the old
order Bixacete, now more generally called
Flacourtiacefe iq.\'.).
t ar'-nut, s. [Earth-nut.]
ar'-oid, a. & s. [Aroide.e.]
A. As adj. : Aroideous.
B, As siibst. . A plant allied to Arum (q.v.).
a-roi'-de-£e, s. pi. [L.d. arum (q.x.), and
Gr. etSo? (eidos) = appearance.] An order of
endogenous plants, the same as Arace.e (q.v.).
a-roid'-e-ous, ci. [Eng. aroid; -eoits.]
Bot. : Allied to the genus Arum (q.v.).
*a-roi'nt, *a-r<^nt, ' a-ron -yt, in^erj.
or imper. of verb. [Provincial Eng. of Cheshire
rynt, runt, applied, according to Ray, to
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fall ; try^ Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
aroma— arracaclia
293
witches, as in the proverb— " Rynt you, witch,
quoth Bessie Locket to her mother ;" hut the
expression is more commonlv addressed tn a
cow by a milkmaid, wlien 'she wishes the
animal to move out of the place it occupies,
(Boucher.)
^ A word used appiuvntly as a standard
furijiuhL for ex<ircishig witches. It seems to
havf meant, " Avauut thee ! be gone, be off ! "
In English literatiu-e it is hardly found else-
where than in Shakespeare.
" And aroint thee, witch ! aroint thee."
Shukesp. • /.e-rr, iii. 4.
" 'Arohit the«, witch ! ' the nnnp-feil roiiviai cries."
Ibid. . Macbeth, i. 3.
a-ro'-ma, t a-ro'-mat, s. [in Fr. oromc,
arovu'.te ; Ger., 8p., Port., & Lat. arcuw ; Gr.
afuxifLo. {an'iiiu',)=L a spice. This, accordiui,^ to
Pott, is fiTiiii Sansc. ghrCi = to smell ; "but
according to Max Miiller, is from the Aryan
root n/-=tu plough, and r =: to go.] Tlie
quality of fragrance in a plant, in a spice, or in
anything t-lse.
"Suffered no waste nor loss, though filling the air
with aroma."— Longfcllaui : Evangeline, pt. ii., 5.
" Cristej hody noble hope of liue to hyde.
In oyut he was wyt aromai holi writ to fulle."
Jlarx lie Cruce (ed. Morns), ai, 32,
Sx-o-mat'-ic, ''ar-o-mat'-ick, a. & s. [In
Fr,aroinati<i>ii: ; Sp., Port., k, Ital. aroianUco:
Lat, aroiiuiticns ; Gr-aptofiaTiKosiardiiiatiko-i),!
[Aroma.]
A. As adjixtice :
I. Ordinary Langi'Cf/c : Pertaining or re-
lating to an aroma ; fragrant, sweet-smelling,
odoriferous, spicy.
" Her sweetest flowers, her aromatic gums."
Cowpcr: Tubk, bk, ii.
" Of cinnamon and sandal blent.
Like the soft aromatic galea
That meet the mariner, who sails
Through the ^toluccas, and the seas
That wash the nhores of Celebes."
LoiigfeUow . Talcs of a Wayside Inn ; Prelude.
II. TechiiicaUy :
1. Chem. Aromatic acids : Acids whose radi-
cal has the I'oria CnHou— gOg, as the benzoic,
the toluie, and the cuniinic or cuniic. There
arn also Arnmotic alcohols, aldehydes, hydro-
carbons, and ketones.
2. Pliaria. Aromatic Mixture of Iron, and
Aromatic Powder of Cludk, with and without
opium, are described in Garrod's Mali r in
Mcdiia.
B. -ly siih<t<n)tive : A plant or a substance
which exhales a fragrant odimr. conjoined in
gener;il witli a warm pungent taste.
(Plur.): Aroiiiatics, s]iiees.
" They weie furnished for exchange of their aroma-
ticks and other proper commodities. —AVfftv';//;.
ar-o-mat'-ic-al, a. [Eng. aromatic ; -c?.]
Tlie same as Aromatic (q.v.). (Jl'. lirou-uc.)
ar-o-mat-i-za'-tion, s. [Fr. aronmtisoHan.]
The act of scenting or i-endering sweet-suicll-
ing or fragrant ; the state of being so scented.
(Holland.)
a-ro-ma-ti'ze, v.t. [In Fr. aromatiscr ; Sp.
& Port, aroimitizcf ; Ital. oromatizzarc ; Lat.
arojMitizo, v.i. ; Gr. apco|uaTt^Q) (urniinifizd),
\.t. & i.] To render aromatic, odoriferous,
(tr fragrant ; to perfume, to scent. (Thvirijison.)
a-rd-ma-ti'zed, pit. jx^'-i'- [Arojiatize.]
a-ro-ma-ti'z-er, s [Eng. aromatize; -er.]
That whicli renders any person or thing aro-
matic ; that which imparts fragrance.
" Of other strewings, ami "roinatizt.-rx. to enrich our
sallets, we have already spukcu." — Evelyn.
a-ro-ma-ti'z-ing, pr. par. [Aromatize.]
a-ro'-ma-tous, a. [Lat. aromatis, genit.
sing, of aroma, and Eng. suffix -oiis.] Full
of fragrance, impregnated with a fine odour.
[Aromatic. ] (Smart.)
*ar'-6ph, s. [A contraction of aroma pkilo-
sophonim, the philosopher's aroma.] A name
given to saffron.
^ A . Paracclsi : A name given to a kind of
chemical flowers resembling the Ens Veneris,
prepared by sublimation from equal quantities
of lapis hajmatites and sal ammoniac.
* a-ro're, adv. [O. Eng. a = on ; rare = roar
(q.v.).] With a roar.
" With a sDynch gui'd out ari-<rc.
Al the payne hit passid be-fure." I
The XI. Pains of Hell, xiv. (ed. .'lIiTris), ISO, 181. I
a-ro'se, "^ a-ro's, v. The preterite of tlie verb
Arise (q.v.).
". . . and she arose and ministered unto them." —
M<ur. viii. 15.
" Vur oiire Ihord tiros uram dyathe to lyue thau
zonday," Ayenbite (ed. Morris), p. 7.
"" a-rou'm, adc. [A.S. ijcroum: as stihst. =
room; as t'((y.= roomy.] [Room.] Far apart.
" He saih him-self that harde stour,
Whon godes Ai-mus weore rent arouni."
Dispute between Mary and the Cros (ed, ^lurri^-)
a-rou'nd, " a-r6^'nd, prep. & o.dv, [Eng.
a = on, and -'i-ound (q.v.).]
A. As, prejyosition :
1. ^Surrounding, encompassing ; everywhere
about, on all sides of
" Or rather, as we stand an holy earth.
And have the de,id around ua, . , ."
iVordswortlt : Excursion, bk, v,
2. More vagncly : From place to place.
£. -^5 adccrh : All round ; in a circle, in a
manner to surround.
'■ Tho, wrapping up her wrethed steme arownd,
Lept fierce upon nis shield, . , ,"
Spenser: F. Q.. I. i. 18,
" For all arourul, without, and all within,
Nothing save what delightful was ami kiml."
Thomson : Castl-e of Indolence, ii. 1.
a-rou'-ra»6. [Lat. arura; Gr. a.povpa(aroura) ;
frdiii Lat. aro ; Gr. apom (a'roo) =. tu plough,
to tiU.]
1. Corn-land, a corn-fleld. [Arura.]
2, A Grecian measure uf superficial extent,
a quarter of a pletlnon, and containing one
and a-half hektoi. Porter makes it equivalent
to 9 poles, Hj7 o^b'^i'-i square feet.
g,-rou§'-al, s. [Eng. nrou.^r ; -ah] The act
of aruusing ; the state of being aroused.
(X.E.D.)
t a-roiise', s. [Arou.se, v.] A single act of
arousing ; an alarum.
a-roU'se, v.t. [Sce Rou.^e (1), v. The prefix,
meant to be intensive, is a needless addition.
(Skeat.);\
1. Gea. : To excite, to stimulate any person,
any ]iassinii, &:c., atrest or torpid, into a state
of activity.
" But absent, what fantastick woe.s arous'fl
Kasre iu eai^h thought, by lestltHs uuisnig fed.
Chill the warui cheek, and blast the blonni of life."
'J'h'iniS'in hiiriiir/, J,IJU4.
2. Spec. : To wake a person from sleep.
" And now loud-howling wolves uron^r the jades.
That drag the tiayie melancholy night,"
Shakesp. ,- 2 Henry VI., iv. 1.
a-rou'sed, pa. par. [Arouse.]
a-rous'-er, s. [Eng. arouw, v. ; -cr,] One
who arouses.
a-roii's-iiig, pr. par. [Arouse.]
a-ro'w, adv. [Eng. a — on, in, and row.] In a
r(i\v ; one after the other.
" My master and his man are bnth broke loose,
Beaten the maids a-row, and bunnd the doctor."
Shakesp. . Conu-dy qf Errors, v. i.
" But with a pace more sober and more slow
And twenty, rank iu rank, they rode a^7-ow."
Dryden.
a-roy'nt, inter] . or imper. of verb. [Aroint.]
.ar-peg'-gi-o, 5. [Ital. = harping ; arpcqqiarc
— to play u]ii 111 the haqi ; arpa, arpe = a harp.]
Music. Of keyed, instrwrnntn : Playing after
the manner of tlie harp, that is, striking the
Sometimes written
Q=^z^-&c.Zor=:i:^~&c.:
iintcs in rapid succession in place of simul-
tallL-nUsly.
■■The fmieral sous . ^as suug in recitetive over
his grave by a racaiau e, or rhapsSdist, who oeauiion-
ally austamed his voice with a.rpeggio, swept o°?r
ar-peg'-gi-o, r. [Arpeggio, s.]
Music : To ]ilay or sing as an arpeg"io.
* ar'-pent, • ar'-pen, s. [Fr. arpcnt ; Xurm.
Fr. oijKiit, arpcu ; Prov. arjicn, aripiii; O.
Sp. aru/'i.iiile; Low Lat., from Domesday Book,
arpennus, cuyeadua; Clas.s. Lat. crcpeuiii^, ara-
pennis (said to tie of Gaelic origin), equal,
according to Columella, to a Roman semijuge-
rum, )'.t'., half an acre of ground.] [Arpent,\-
TOR.] An obsolete Frencli measm-e of laud,
varying iu amount in different parts of the
counti-y. The standard arpent was that of
Paris, "which contained 100 square perelies
(about tlve-sixths of an English acre).
"^ ar'-pen-ta-tor, s. [Anglicised from O. Fr.
>n^pciiti. ui' = Si measurer of land, from arpsntcr
— to measure laud.] [Arpent.] A land sur-
veyor. {Bourkr.) {Worcester's Diet.)
ar'-qua-ted, o. [Lat. arquatus, from arqitiis,
an old "way of "writing arcns.} Bent like a bow,
curved. {K. James.) (IVorcester's Viet.)
ar'-que-biis-ade, s. & a. [Fr. arquelntsade.
In Port. arcahu^adeL]
A. As siCbstantive :
1. The discharge from an arquebuse.
2. The name of au " aqnci " (water), formerly
used as a vulnerary iu gunshot wounds, whence
its name of arquehusade. It was prepared
from numerous aromatic plants, as tliynie,
balm, and rosemary. It was called also Aqticc
imlnerarut, A. belupetaria, and ^. catapultum.
{Parr : Med. Diet., i. 165, 166, ISl.)
B. As ctdjeetive : Pertaining or consisting of
the " water" described under A. 2.
" You will find a lettei" from my sistei- to thank you
for the iirijucbu^ade water which Jou sent her." —
Cli^-t,te)-Jield.
ar'-que-buse, ar'-que-buss, * har -que-
biise, s, [Fi: a rqnebiise: O. Fr. Imrquebus ;
Sp. L^: Port. oreabi{= : Ital. arehihuso ; Dut.
hcutlebits, from hack = liook, and bus — box,
urn, barrel of a gun. This is preferable to
the old view, to which Planche adheres, that
urqiielms is Fr. are-d-houche or a re-a-bousei =
bow with a mouth or aperture or opening.]
ARQUEEUSE.
An old hand-gun, longer than a musket, and
of larger calibre, supported on a rest by a hook
of iron fastened to tlie barrel. It was an im-
provement on the old hand-gun, which was
without a lock. Henry VII., in establishing
the yeomen of the guard in 14S,'",, armed half of
them with arquebuses, whilst the weapons of
the other half were bows and arrows. (James :
Mil Diet. Planchi: Costmiu, a;c.)
iJ.^^Jt"'''"'"''^!!'":'" ordnance, will he f.irther heard
ironi the inouth ot the piece than backwards or on the
sides. —Bacon.
" E.;idi ami'd, as best becomes a man,
" nil arrjuebass and ataghan."
Byron: The Giaour.
ar-que-biis -1-er, ^ har-que-bus'-si er,
s. [Fr. arrqucbiisicr. In Dan. arqiiehiiscer ;
Port anrdiuzeiro.] A soldier whose offensive
weapon is an arquebuse.
'■He compassed them in with fifteen thousand
anjuebusiers, whom he had brought with him well
appointed. —Enolles.
". . . the appearance and equtpment of the ;mjv.,„^.
bimiers . . ."—pla.ncU: Brit. CoMkiuc (1847), p.ssl "
ar'-quer-ite, s. [From the mines of Arquero
m Coquimbo, a department of Chili, where it
abounds. ] According to the British Museum
Catalogue, a variety of Amalgam ; but Dana
makes it a distinct species, which he places
between amalgam and gold amalgam. In
appearance it resembles native sih-er and is
composed of about S6-5 of silver, and 13-6 of
mercury. Its sp. gr. is 10-8.
ar'-qui-foux (oux as u), ;>. [Fr. ]
Comm. : An ore ot lead used bv potters to
give a green varnish t.i the articles which tliev
manufacture. {McCidloeh,.)
' ar'-ra, s. [Arrha.]
ar-ra-ca'-fha, s. [From the South American
Indian name of various tuberous plants.]
1. A genus of plants belonging to the order
Apiaccie, or Umbellifers. A. esculenta is cul-
tivated for the sake of its root in the elevated
portions of equinoctial America. Several
attempts have been made, but without success
to introduce it into Britain.
bSil, b6y ; p6iLt, i£wl; cat, 5eU, chorus, 911m, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -slon = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious ' ' '
-cious = shus.
ph = f.
ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
294
arrace — arrastre
2. A species of Wood Sorrel (OxaJis crenata).
(Treas. of Bot.)
*ar'-ra9e, v.t. [Arace.] The Scotch form
of the Eng. Abace (i.v.).
* ar'-rach (ch guttural), s. [Orache.]
ar'-rack, ar'-rac, ar-ack, ar'-ac,
+ ra'ck^ s. [In Sw. & Fr. arack and rack ;
Dan. & Dut. arak ; Ger. arrack and rack;
Turk, ralzi ; Mahratta arka = distilled spirit,
the sun; Hind, araq-sharah ; Arab. araq =
(1) perspiration, (2) juice, sap, (3) spirituous
liquor; araqa.'] A term used, in the countries
to which the Arabs have penetrated, for dis-
tilled spirits. In India, where the word is
continually used by Anglo-Indians and others,
arrack is made by double distillation chiefly
from " todi " or " toddy," a sweet juice derived
from the unexpanded llowers of various palm-
trees, and notably of the coco-nut (Cocos nud-
fera). [Cocos, Toddy.] It is manufactured
also from the succulent flowers of the Bassia
genus of trees [Bassia], from rice, and from
other vegetable products. Liberty to sell it in
the several districts of India is farmed out to
native contractors at a stipulated sum, not-
withstanding which it is obtainable at a very
cheap rate, which leads to a good deal of
drunkenness both among European soldiers in
the East and the low caste natives of India.
The beverage arrack may be imitated by dis-
solving forty grains of flowers of benjamiir in
a quart of rum. Dr. Kitchiner c-alls this
' ' Vauxhall nectar. "
" I send this to be better known for choice of china,
tea, a7-rack, and other Indian goods."— Spectator.
arrack-punch, s. Punch made of arrack.
" They treated me with port wine and arrack-punch
. . ," — Graves: Recollection of Shenstone, p. 16,
* ar'-rage (age = ig), ^. [Average.] (Scotcli.)
i ar-rag'-6n-ite, s. [Aragonite.]
* ar-raled, pa. par. [Arrayed. ]
ar-ra'ign (g silent), v.t. [O. Fr. an-aigner,
aragnier, aregnicr, aregnir, aranier, areisnier,
aresner, araisnier, areisoner, araisoner, o.rrai-
sonner; Prov. arrazonar; Low Lat. arrainare,
arraizonare, arrationa.re — to address, to call
before a court, to require a prisoner to make
pleadings : ad = to, and rationo = to speak ;
Low Lat. raticyiies = pleadings, pL of Class.
Lat. ratio = the mode or art of thinking. ]
I. Law :
1. Of persons : To summon a prisoner to the
bar of a court to answer a matter charged
against him in an indictment. On being thus
called he is required to respond to his name,
or in some other way signify that he is the
person whose presence is required. Then the
indictment is distinctly read over to him in
the vernacidar tongue, after which he is asked
whether or not he is guilty. He may stand
mute, or confess the fact alleged, or plead to
the indictment. {Blackstone : Comment, bk.
iv., ch. 25.)
" Wben the time was come, they were brought before
their enemies, and arraigned." — Buni/an : The Pil-
grivi's Progress, pt. i.
2. Of tilings. To arraign o. writ iw a county
is to fit it for trial before the justices of the
circuit.
II, Ordinary Language :
*■ 1. The same as Arrange. (Apparently
an eiToneous meaning founded on a wrong
etymologj'- Qlarraigix.)
"Arraign, is to put a thing in order or in its due
Place ; also to Indict and put a Prisoner on his Trial."
—Glossog. Nova, 2nd ed. (1719).
2. To bring an accusation against, to com-
plain of, to find fault with, to denounce ; to
stigmatise persons, actions, arrangements, or
institutions.
"... had been an accomplice in some of the mis-
deeds which he now arraigned with great lorce of
reasoning and eloquence " — Macaulajj : Mist. Eng., ch.
xiii.
" Wild she arraigns the eternal doom.
Upbraids each aaered power."
ficott: William and Hele^i, 22.
ar-ra'ign (;; silent), s. [Arraign, v.] An-aign-
ment.
CUrk of the arraigns : Clerk of the arraign-
ments.
"The clerk of the arraigns stood up iu great dis-
order."—J/acaii?ay.- Sist. Eng., ch. V.
ar-ra'igned, * a-re'gn-yd (g silent), jia.
par. & a, [Arraign, v.]
ar-ra'ign-er (f/ silent), s. [Eng. arraign ; -er.]
One who arraigns. (Coleridge.)
ar-ra'ign-ing (g silent), p7\ par. [Arraign,
' v.]
ar-ra'ign -ment, * ar-ralgne-ment,
^ ar-relgn-ment (g silent), s. [Eng. ar-
raign; -ment.]
A. Ordinary Langtiage :
I, The act of arraigning, accusing, complain-
ing of, or finding fault with ; the state of
being so arraigned. [B. ]
1, In the same sense as B. (q.v.).
"But yet in Layer's case, A. D. 1722, . . . the prisoner
stood at the bar in chains during the time of his ar-
I'aiynment." — Blaclz-Htone : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 25.
2. In a more general sense.
" Wrathful at such arraignment foul.
Dark lowered the clansman's sable scowl,"
Scott : Lady of the Lake, v. 6.
II. The charge made against one.
" In the sixth satire, which seems only an arraign-
meiit oE the whole sex, there is a latent admonition to
avoid ill women," — Dryden : jEneid; Dedication.
B. Technically :
Law : The act of calling a person to answer
before a court of law to an indictment brought
against him, or the indictment to which he is
required to plead. [A.]
* ar-ra'i-ment, * ar-ra'y-ment, s. [Eng.
array ; -ment.] The same as Raiment (q.v.).
* ar'-rand, s. [Errand. ]
ar-ra'nge, * ar-ra'ynge, v.t. & i. [In Ger.
' urrangiren; '^r. arranger; (Fr. ranger = to
put in order, to draw up in rank ; rang —
rank); Vtoy. arrengar,rengar ; Tort, arranjar.]
[See Range, Rank.]
A. Transitive :
1. Essential nieaMng : To put in rank. Spec. ,
to put in order, to put persons or things in
the places where it is requisite for the carrying
out of a purpose that they should be located.
"... candles were arranged in the mndows for an
illumination,"— it/aca!(Z«!/ .- ffist. Eng., chap. xr.
"... a proud show
Of baby houses curiously arra-nged."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ii.
2. To plan, to prepare beforehand, to settle
particulars before commencing action.
" A place and a time were named ; and the details of
a butcnery were frequently discussed, if not defiuitelj^
arranged," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chap. ii.
B. Intrans. : To assume a form of order.
" But soon, within that mirror, huge and high,
SVas seen a self-emitted light to gleam ;
And forms upon its breast the earl 'gan spy.
Cloudy and indistinct, as feverish dream :
Till, slow arranging, and defined, they seem
To form a lordly and a lofty room,"
ar-ra'nged, pa. par, [Arrange.]
ar-range-ment, s. [Eng. arrange; -ment.
In Ger. & Fr. arraAigenient]
A. Ordinary Langimge :
I. The act of putting in rank or in order ;
the state of being so put in order.
" There is a proper arrangertnent of the parts in
elastick bodies, which may be facilitated by use," —
Cheync
II. The ranks thus formed, the disposition
made, the order evoked, the settlement re-
sulting.
1. Of material things : Things placed in rank
or in certain defined positions.
" Taking a slice of white light from the beam of an
electric lamp, 1 cause that light to pass through an
arrangement of prisms." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science,
3rded., ix, 22G.
2. Of things immaterial :
(a) Dispositions, needful preparations.
"Donelagh made the a-rrangements for the flight "—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., chap, xxii.
(&) Stipulations, conditions of adjustment
of outstanding differences.
"It was impossible to make an arrangement that
would please ei'ei-ybody, and difficult to make an
arrangement that would please anybody : but iui
aT-ranffefnenf must be made. ' — Macaulay: Uist. Eng.,
chap. xi.
B. Technically :
Nat. Science : Classification ; the placing of
animals, plants, and even minerals, along with
the species most nearly akin to them.
"I believe that the arrangement of the groups
within each class in due subordination and relation to
the other groups . . ." — Darwin: Origin of Species
(ed. 1859), chap, xiii., p. 420.
ar-ra'n-ger, s. [Eng. arrang(e) ; -er. In Fr.
a,rrangeiir.] One who arranges.
"N'one of the list-makei-a, the assemblers o£ the
mob. the tbrectors and arrangers, have been cou-
\ ii.*ttd.'— Ziitr/ce: Reflections on the Executions in 1780.
ar-ra'n-ging, pr. ^lar. & y. [Arrange,]
A. As pjr. p)ar. : See the verb.
B. ^s siLbst. : The act of settling details or
placing in order.
ar'-rant, " er'-rand, * er'-rant, " er'-
raiint, a. &■ s. [A form of Eng. errant, from
Lat. tTrans= wandering.]
A. As adjective :
1. Errant, wanderingj roaming in search of
adventures.
" Come ye to seek a champion's aid,
On palfrey white, with harper hoar.
Like arrant damosel of yore ? "
Scott : 2'lie Lady of the Lake, vi. 9.
II. Pre-eminent in some quality, good or bad.
t 1. In some good quality.
"An arrant honest woman."— Barton,
2. In some bad quality.
(1) Of persons: Notorious, manifest,thorough,
downright.
" This chief had been a notorious murderer, and was
an arrant coward to boot." — Darwin : Voyage round
the World, chap, xvlii.
(2) Of things.
"Weeds, arrant weeds." Cowper.: Hope.
(3) Used a.s a predicate :
"Your justification in but a miserable shifting ofl
those testimonies of the ancientest fathers alleged
against you, and the authority of some synodal canons,
which are now arrant to us. "—-Milton : Animad.on
ilemonstr ants' Def. against Smectymnaus.
* B. As svhst. : A good-for-nothing fellow, a
person of no reputation. (Breton, in N.E.D,)
ar'-rant-ly, arfy. [Eug. arrant; -I ij.] Shame-
lessly, impudently, infamously.
" Funeral tears are as arrantly hired out aa monrn-
ing clones,"— L' Estrange.
ar'-ras, s. [InFr. tarrds ; Ital. arazzo; Port.
raz. ' So called because it was manufactured
chiefly in the French city of Arras, tJie capital
in bygone times of the province of Artois,
now of the department Pas de Calais. Both
Arras and Artois, the former called in Flemish
Airecht, are from Atrebates, a barbarian tribe
described by Cssar as inhabiting the region
(De Bell. Gall. vi. 6).]
1. Tapestry, hangings with interwoven
figures, hung, in the Elizabethan age, around
the rooms of old mansions, often at so great a
distance from the wall a-s to leave a convenient
hiding-place behind.
" With goodly arras of great majesty.
Woven with gold and silke, so close and nere.
That the rich metall lurked i^rivily."
Spenser: F. y., III. xi. 23.
2. A hanging screen of aiTas.
arras-cloth, s. Arras.
ar'-rased, «. [Arras.] Provided or hung
with' arras.
" The shadows cast on the arrased wall,"
Jiossetti (in iV.E.D.l
ar-ra-sene', s. [Formed from Eng. arras
(q.v".).] A mixed material of wool and silk,
something like chenille, used for a kind of
embroidery something like crewel-work.
ar-ras'-tre (re as er), ar-ras'-tra, s. [Sp.
arrastra,arastra,fi'om.'La,i. ra.'?irw7ji=a*harrow.]
Mining : A rude kind of machine, common
in Mexico, and used to some extent in the
United States, for grinding and amalgamating
ores containing free gold and silver. It con-
si^its of a pan in which the ore is placed, and
MEXICAN ARRASTRA.
A, upright shaft ; B, arms, to which the muller't C are
attached ; D. the central block of wood in which the
lower bearins works.
a vertical rotating post with horizontal arms
attached to it. To those arms blocks of rocks,
or mnllers, are fastened by chains and dragged
over the ore in the pan.
fate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu — Uw,
arraught— arrest
295
* ar-ra'ught, ' a-ra'ught (gh silent), c.
The pret. of Areche (2) Oi-v.).
ar-ra'y, ** a-ra'y, " Or-raye, s. [in Fr.
arroi =: tvam equipage; O. Fr, ctrroi, arroi,
arret, from rat, rei, vot = order, arrangement ;
Prov. arrci ; Sp. arreo 3= ornament, dress,
horse-trappings; Port, oireio; Ital. ar7-crfo =
furnitm-e, implements. Cognate also with A.S.
(lermd, gp.rmdit, nercedro = housing, hai'ness,
trapjiings ; W\v. cei^a^uriler ; Gael. earradh=.
dress ; Irish eorrof/Zt^: armour, accoutrements,
wares.] [Array, v.]
A. Ordinary Lang aojjc :
I. The act of arranging, putting in order, or
de(.:orating ; the state of being so arrayed,
adorned, or'decorated. Specially :
1. Equipment, equipage.
" But for to telle you of his aray,
Hi9 hors was good, but he lie was nought gay."
Chaucer: C. T., rrulogiie, 73-4.
2. Order of battle in soldiers.
Ill arra/t : In militarj'^ order, with the view
of immediately fighting. [Used of an army, a
' ' battle " (the main body of an army) (?), or
rarely of a single fighting man.] [II.]
". . .he chose of .ill the choice men of Israel, and
put theui in array agaiust the Syrians," — 2 Hain. x. 9.
"... and set the battle in arret;/ agftinst tlit Philis-
tines."— 1 Sam. xvii. 2,
"... they shall nde iiiwin horses, eveiy one put in
array like the man to a battle, agaiust thee, 0 daughter
of Babylon."— yt-j-. 1. 42.
3. Adornment.
(ft) Li(. Of persons: Dre^s, especially when
rich or beautiful.
■' The sun is bright ; the fields are gay
With people in their best array
Of atofe and doublet, hood and scarf.
Along the banks of the crysfavl Wlnvrf."
Wordswwth : WJutv Doe of JtyUtone.
(h) Of things : Regular order, with adorn-
ment.
" Again his waves in milder tints imfold
Tlieir lung arraij of sapphire and of gold."
Byron : Tlie- Corsair, iii. i.
II. The persons thus arrayed or placed in
order. S/iec, the whole body of fighting men.
[See also B.]
" The whole array of tlit city of Londou was under
arms." — Macaiitay : Uiat. i.'i;;/., chap. i.
" Arm ye for the day !
Who now may sleep amidst the thunders rending,
Through tower ana wall, a path for their array?"
ffenuins : Tlio Last Constantine, 81.
B. Ti'chuicaXly (Law) :
^' 1. The Commission "/ Array was a com-
mission of arranging in military order, for-
merly issued from time to time by the English
sovereigns and put in regular form by Parlia-
ment in 5 Henry IV. It empowered cei-tahi
officers in whom the Government could con-
fide to muster or array — that is, set in mili-
tary order^the inhabitants of eveiy district.
(IJlach^tuii.e : Comment., bk. i., chap. 13.)
2. The act or process of setting a jury in
order to try causes ; also the jury thus put in
order, or their names when imx'aunelled.
"Challenges to the arrn// are at once au i-.\i-option
til the whole panel in which the jury are "rnn/rd, or
set iu order by the sheriff in his return." — libiclLnloito :
Co-mnent., bk. iiL, ch. 23.
ar-ra'y, * a-ra'y, * a-ra'ye, v.t. [6. Fr.
arraier, arrclcr, orrccr. arruier = to set in
order, to prepare; Fort, orreior = to capa-
rison, ti> harness ; Fvi>v. arvdar, cirrc::ar ; Ital.
arrcdarc — to prepare. Cognate also with
A.S. gera-iUij n = to make ready, to arrange,
to teach, to decree : ^w. rcd>t = to disentangle
(in Scotch, tn redd): T>.\n. rede = to t-nuib, to
" malce " a \)ed ; rcdc = ready, pi'eparrd ; Dut.
reddereii = to arrange ; Gt-v. rcddereii = to
dress sails.] [Redd, Ready.]
A. Ordinary lAnigHcgc :
1, To ]iut in order. Spec., to jmt in military
order for a battle or for a review.
" The English army had lately been arrayed against
\\iii\."—Macauliin : Hist. Eiiff., chap xii.
"... a force of thu-teen thousand fighting men
were arraynd in Hyde Park, and passed in review
before the Queen." — Ihid., chap, xviii.
2. To invest with raiment, especially of a
splendid kind.
(a) Literally :
". , . and ctT^ayeti him in vestures of fine linen."—
Oen. xli. 42.
"And the woman iias nrytyed iu pui-ple and scarlet
coloiu', .-md decked with yiuld and precious stones and
pearls, , . ."—Rev xvii. 4.
(&) Figxiratlvehj :
" . . and he sliall array himself with the land of
Egypt, as a shepherd putteth on his garment . . ." —
Jor. xJiii. 12.
B. Technically :
Loir : To set a jury in order for the trial of
an accused person.
". . . m which the juiT are arrayed or set in order
by the sheriff in his return."— fl?acfa((o/itr; Cmnment.,
bk. iii., chap. !•■;.
ar~ra'yed, ^ ar-ra'ied, ■ a-ra'yed,
a-ra'ied, a-ra'ide (Eng.), * a-ra'yne
{ScL'trh), pa. par. & a. [.Ajiray, v., Aray, ^',]
" So wel arrai-ed hous as tber w.os on,
Aarilius m his lif saw never non."
U/uiucer: C. T., 11,49D, 11,500.
ar-ra'y-er, s. [Eng. array; -er.]
1. Ge}i. : One who arrays.
2. Spec. : Out- of the ofRcers whose function
in meiliLL'val times it was tu see the soldiers
of an army duly equipped with armour, and
who had therefore charge of the armour and
accoutrements. (Covjel.)
ar-ra'y-ing, " a-ra'i-ynge, j^r. jjar. [Ar-
ray, v., Aray, v.]
' ar-ra'y-ment, * ar-ra'iy-inent, * ar-
ra'i-ment, s. [Eng. array; -ment.] The
same as Raiment (q.v.).
" Whose ligtit arraiment was of lovely green."
lit'omnont : Beriruipkrodite. {/iicliard^oit.)
- arre, s. [Icel. oVr, 6V.] A scar.
" If it is hrokiin. if it hath a woiiude or au arre." —
iVycliffe : LavU. xxii, li.
ar - rear, '" ar - re'are, '^^ a - rear. ^ a -
re'are, " a-re're, adv. & .-.-. [Fr. arricrr;
as adv.= b'ackwards, behnid, in arrear, in
debt ; as s. = the hinder part of anything,
especially the stern of a ship; Prov. areire;
(i.rrciratu (pi.) = arrears, from Lat. atZ=to,
and retro = backwards, behind ; re = back,
and sutf. -tro.] [Arriere.]
A. As adverb :
1. To the rear ; implying motion to any
place ; behind one.
" Ne ever did her eyesight turn arere."
Spenser: Virffil's G-nat, 466.
2. In the rear ; implying rest ; behind one.
" To leave with speed Atlanta in arrear."
Fairfax: Tasao, ii. 40.
3. Behindliand, falling back ; not so far
forward as might ha\e been expected ; be-
coming slow.
'■ From peril free he away her did beare ;
But when his force ganfailehia ijaceg.anwex area j-e."
Spenser: F. Q., III. vii. 24.
B. As suh^^lantive:
1. That payment which is behind. The re-
mainder of money owing, of wliich a portion
has already been paid ; or, more loosely,
money overdue, of which not even the first
instalment has i)eun received (gen. in pi.).
" If a tenant nin away in arrear of some rent, the
laud rciaaius ; that caimot be caixied away or lost." —
Locfce,
2. The rear. (Heylln : Ilefonnation. i. 9'J.)
ar-re'ar-age, ^ ar-re'r-age (age = ig),
,s'. [Fr. arreroges (ijl.) = arrears, from nr-nere
= behind.] [Arrear, Arriere.] The re-
mainder of a sum of money, of which a portion
has been paid ; or generally, any money un-
paid at the due time ; arrears.
" Ther couthe noman bringe him in arreragp."
Cl/ai'cer: C. T., 6i>4.
" He'll grant the tribute, send the arrearages."
Shaki:sp.: Cj/mbeline, ii. 4.
ar-re'ar-an9e, s. [Eng. arrear; -ance.]
The same as Arrear (q.v.).
'^' a,r-rect\ v.t. [Lat. arrcdum, snp. of arrigo
■= to set upright : vd = tu, and rego ^ to
stretch, to lead in a straight line ; rectus = (1)
drawn in a straight line, straight ; (2) rorrect,
proper.]
I. Lit. : To set upright; to point anything
dn-ectly upwards. (Fuller: Ch. Llist., X. i. 20.)
II. Figuratively :
1, To addre.ss. to direct to a Being or person.
"3Iy supplication to you I nrrecte."
S/ceUoTt to Dame Pallets.
2. To impute, to attribute.
"But Giod, because he hath from the beeimlJ^ll,'
chosen them to eu&i'lastyiige blisse, therefore he ar-
recteth no blame of theyr deedes ^^lto them."— S/r T
More : }yorks, i. 271.
■^ ar-rect',a. [Lat. arrectu^, pa. par. of arrigo.]
[ARRECT, ('.]
1. Lit.: Pointingdirectlynpwards; upright.
" Ha\-ing large ears, perpetually exposed and arreei "
—Swift : Tale of a Tub, § 11.
2. Fig. . Attentive.
ar-ren'-o-thele, a. [Gr. appevoen^v; (arrJie-
nothcliis) = male and female, of uncertain or
doubtful sex.] Androgynous, uniting the
characters of the two sexes in one person.
"Mr Bancroft seems to me to accept the arrenothfe
character of these deities on iusiifficient evidence. —
Brinton : Myths of the ^'ew WorlU, p. IGl.
ar-ren-ta'-tion, s. [From Fr. arr.-ntcr; Sp.
' & Fort. arrendar= to rent, t(j farm, to t;ik-
by lease.] [Rent.]
English Forest Law : Licence granted an
owner of lands in a forest to cur'lnse them
with a low hedge and a small ditch, nn eru-
dition of his paying a yearly rent for the
pri^'ilegt. (Johnson.)
ar-rep'-tion, s. [From Lat. arreptinn, sup.
of arripio = to seize or draw to one's self : ad
= to, and rapio = to seize and c;nT>- off.] A
seizing and carrying away. (Bp. Hull.)
t ar-rep-ti'-tious (1), a. [In Sp. an-eptu^-'o
= possessed with a devil; Lat. arrcpticii'S vv
urrcptitiovs = seized in mind, inspired ; arrep-
tus, pa. par. of arripio = tol seize : ad = to,
and rapio = to seize.] Snatched away.
t ar-rep-ti'-tious (2), a. [Lat. arreptus, ]ui
par. of arrepo = to creep towards : ad =■ to,
and repo = to creep.] Crept in privately.
"■ar-re'r-age (age = ig), s. [Arrearage.]
ar-rest', ^ ar-rest'e, ^ a-rest', * a-rest'e,
" a-re'est, a-rest' (Eng.), * ar-re'ist,
a-re'ist(.Scofr;(), r.t. [InSw. arrc^tera; Dan.
orrvstcrc ; Dut. arresteeren ; Fr. arreter — to
march, to cease, to fix, to attach, to decide,
to make piisoner, to interrupt . . . ; O. Fi'.
arrcbfcr, arest-er, arcstiar, aresteir ; Frov., Sp..
& Port, orrestar ; Ital. arrestare ; Low Lat.
arresto; Class. Lat. ad =■ to, and resto = to
stand behind, to keep back, to withstand.]
[Arret, Re«t.]
A. Ordinary Language:
1. To cut short the coui'se of anything which
previously was in unimpeded motion ; to stop,
to stay. Spiedally —
(a) To stop the motion of running water.
" Au icy gale, oft ahifting, o'er the jjooI
Breathes a blue film, and in its mid career
ylrrt'S(s the bickering stre,am."
Thomson : The Seasoiu ; \yinter.
(b) To stop the advance or the flight of a
soldier in battle, the progi'ess of a conquering
army or nation, or the course of law.
" The fatal lance arrests him as he flies."
Pope : nomers Iliad, bk, v. 70.
"His diplomatic skill had, twenty years before.
<irrvf,tvd the progress of the French power." — Macau-
hiy : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
2. To fix, to attach ; to call m wandering
thoughts or affections, and concentrate them
on an object. (It is not now followed by
upon.)
"We may arrest our thoughts upon the divnie
mercies."— Sjy. Taylor.
3. To seize an offender or his property. [B.
Lav:.]
'' ^ Bui areist used adverbially = forthwith,
without delay. (Scotch.)
"... Mercury, hut areist,
Dresait to obey his grate faderis behest."
Douglas: Virgil, 108, 7. [Jaynieson.)
B. Technically (Law) :
1. To api:»rehend or seize upon a jjerson
either that he may be imprisouL-d, or that
security may be obtained for his appearing
when called upon to answer to a charge about
to be brought against him. [Arrest, s.,
Arret.]
" Ctmstables were unwilling to arrest the offenderij."
—Mncaalay : JJist, Eng., ch. xxi.
IT It is sometimes followed by o/prehxed to
the alleged offence.
"J an-est thee of high treason, by the name of
Thomas G-rey, knight of Northumberhand."— 5ftates7A ;
King IJenry I'., ii. 2.
2. To seize property in virtue of authority
received from a magistrate.
"He hath enjoyed uothing of Furds, Vmt twenty
pounds of money, which must bu paid to lUiister
Brook: his horseb are arrested fur it."— Shakesp ■
Merry Wives, v. 1.
ar-rest, ^ a-rest', *^ a-rest'e, *-. [In sw.,
Dan., Dut, Ger., O. Fr.*, & Prov. arrest: Mud
Fv. arret; Sp., Port., & Ital. anxsio; Low Lat.
arresluvi, arrehta.] [Arrest, v.]
A. 0 rdin or !i Language: The art of arresting-
the state uf being arrested ; seizure, detention.
boil, boy; pout, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; ssia, a?; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion - shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhiiu. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -tole, -die, &c. = bel del '
296
arrestation— arrival
specially :
1. Stoppage, delay, hindrance.
" And in he guith, withouteu more nrcsr.
Thar as he saw must perell and most dred."
Laiwelot of the Lake (cd. Skeat), hk. iii., 3,072-3.
2. The seizm'e of a person charged with
some crime, or that of his goods [B., I.] ; de-
tention, custody.
" Aud dwelleth eek in prisoun and arrestc "
Vhuiicer: C. J., 1,812.
To make arrest -upon or of: To arrest, to
seize.
" Was lik an hound, and wuld have maad arrest
Upon my budy. and wokl ban had me deed."
ChcH-jcr: C. T., 16,386-7.
Under arrest: Into or in the state of one
■who lias been and remains arrested, seized,
kept in custody, nr at least nnder restraint.
(Generally preceded by the verb to put or to
phae.)
■' William lefused tu see hiin, and ordered him to be
put uuder arrest.' —Jlacania^ : J/ist. Eng., chap. x.
"The governor was placed under arrest. " — IbUL,
cliap. ix.
1" ^fe also examples given under Arret, s.
B. Technically :
I, Lain :
1. Of persons : The seizure of a suspected
criminal or delinquent that security may be
taken for his appearance at the jn'oper time
before a court to answer to a charge. Or-
dinarily a person can be arrested only by a
warrant from a justice of the peace ; but there
are exceptional cases in which he can he
apprehended by an officer without a warrant,
by a private person also without a warrant,
or by what is technically called a hue and ci-y.
An ari'est is made by touching the body of
tlie jierson accused, and after this is done a
bailiff may break open the house in which he
is to take him ; but without so touching him
first it is illegal to do so. The object of arrest
heing to make sure that he answers to a
charge ahout to be brought against him, it
does not follow that after being seized he is
incarcerated ; if hail for his appearance at
the proper time be given, and the case be not
too aggravated a one for such security to be
accepted, he will be released till the day of
trial. The privilege of exemption from arrest
is granted to peers of the realm, members of
Parliament, and corporations, clerks, attor-
neys, and others attending the courts of jus-
tice, clergymen whilst actually engaged in
performing divine service, and some other
classes. Xi) arrest can take idace on Sunday,
excf^l^t for treason, felony, or breach of tlie
peace.
•[ III Scotland the law of arrest, or caption,
as it is there called, differs in certiiiu respcetb
from that in England, thougli the same general
principles underlie both. [Arrestment.]
2. Of things. Arrest of j ndgrneni : The act
or process of preventing a ,]udgnient or verdict
from lieing carried out till it shall he ascer-
tained ^\iletile^ it is faulty or legally correct.
Judgment may be arrested (1) when the declara-
tion made varies from the original writ, (2)
where the verdict materially differs from the
pleadings and issue tiiereon, and (.3) where the
case laid in the declaration is not sufficient in
law to admit of an action being founded upon
it. {Blackstonc : Coravicnt., bk. iii., ch. 2i.)
Formerly the omission to state certain facts
led to an arrest of judgment ; but now, under
the New Common Law Procedure Act, 15 and
10 \'ict., c. 76, § 14::i, the omitted facts may,
by leave of the coui-t, be suggested.
11. Biology: Arrests of development. [See
Arrested.]
". . . they areduechieflytoarresfsofdevelopmeut."
—Owen : Classific. of the MammalUt, p. 99
IIL Veterinary Science : A mangy humour
between the ham and pastern of the hinder
legs of a horse. (John sun.)
"i ar-res-ta'-tion, s. [Fr. arrestation.] The
act of arre&tiag ; the state of being arrested.
(Webster.)
ar-res'-ted, ^ic. j'ur. [Arrest, -v.]
Biol. Arnslal dcvelopiiuint : Development
arrested at some st^ge of its progress. (See
the example.)
"Arrested development differs from arrested gro^vth,
aa parts in the former state still continue to grow,
whilst still retaiuiuff their early condition. Various
monstrosities come under this head." — Darwin: Des-
cent of Sfan, pt. i., ch. iv.
ar-res'-tee, s. [Eng. arrest; -ee.]
Scots Law : The person in whose hands pro-
]"ierty attached by arrestment is at the time
when it is thus dealt with.
ar-res'-ter, ar-res'-tor, s [Eng. arrest;
-er, -or.]
SnAs Law: The ]iersuii who obtains legal
pernnssion, on which he acts, to arrest a debt
or X'ropcrty in another's hands.
ar-rest'-ing, i'?-. par. [Arrest, v.]
ar-rest'-ment, s. [Eng. arrct-f; -ment. In
Ital. arn-siamento = act of arresting.]
Scuts Law : The process by which a creditor
detains the effects of his debtor, whii'h are in
the hands of third parties, till tlie money
owing him is paid. It is of two kinds :— (1.)
Arrestment in security when proceedings are
commencing, or there is reason to believe that
a claim not yet in a state to be enforced will
speedily become so. (2.) Arrestment in cxecu-
cntion, being that whicli follows the decree of
a court, or when a debt is otherwise settled to
be legally owing.
ar-ret', * arret t, ^ a-ret'te, "^ a-rit'te,
r.i. [Froni Fr. orn'fcr ;'IjOW Lat. arreto ; the
same as arresto.] [Arrest, v. &; .s.]
1. To reckon, to lay to the charge, or put to
tlu' account of.
. . his faith is aretted to rightwysnease."—
}yijcJ!ffe: JiomAv. 5.
2. To charge with a crime. (Scotch.)
"And gud Scliyr Dawy of Erechyn
Was off this deid arettyt syne."
Barbour, xix. 20. J/.S.
3. To assign, to allot ; to adjudge, to decree.
■■ But, after that, the judges did arret her
Unto the second best that loved her better."
Spenser : F. q.. IV. v. 21.
" The other five five sondry wayes he sett
Against the five great Bnbv.arkes of that pyle,
And unto each a Bulwarke did arrett."
Jbid., II. xi. 7,
t ar-ret', s. [Fr. arret = an arrest, a sentence,
a judgment ; decree nf a sovereign or other
high authority,] Old sijelhng nf Arrest, v.
& s.
^ ar-ret'-ed, * ar-ret'-ted, ' a-ret'-ted
(Eng.), a-ret'-yd (Scotch), pa. %iar.
" ar-re'yi=(e, v.t. [Araise.]
' ar'-rha, ■'■ ar-ra (pi. ar'-rhse, ar-rse),
s. In Fr. (plur.) arr/ies; Lat. arrlia, arra,
arrhabo, and arrcdjo, from Ileb. '{^^"^V (erabon)
■= a pledge ; 2'y^ (arab) = to iironiise, to pledge
one's faith. ]
1. A pledge.
". . , we have not ouely our arra aud earnest
penny of his assured covenant, . . ." — Anderson: On
the Hymn JJenedictus (1673).
2. Scots Law : Earnest money (in Scotland
popularly called arles).
ar-rhen-ath'-er-um, s. [Gr. appTji/ (arrcn)
= male, and a6rip (o.Uur) = an awn.]
Botany: A genus of plants belonging to
the order Graminacea;, or Grasses. A species
grows wild in Britain — A. avenaceuvi, or tall,
oatdike grass. It is also cultivated occasion-
ally in England, and much more ft-equently in
France, but is not very nutritious.
t ar-rhce'-a, s. [Gr. A, pij^., and peui (rheo)
= to flow.] The absence of any flux. (Farr.)
ar'-ri-age (age as ig), s. [Average.] Used
only in the expression, Arriage and carriage,
signifying ijlough and cart services formerly
demanded by lords from their vassals. They
were abolished by 20 Geo. II., c. 50. (Scotch.)
"... payment of mail-duties, kaiii, arriage, car-
riage, dry multure, . . ."Scott: Ileurt of Jfid-Lothian,
ch. vii.
* ar-ri'de, v.t. [In Ital. arridcre = to smile,
to favour; Lat. arridco = to smile upon
esjiecially, approvingly (opposed to dcrldeo
= to laugh at, to deride).]
1, To smile upon jileasantly, as a symbol of
apiwdiation. Fig., to please".
"Her form answers my affection.
It arrides me." JIarmiott : Anthjuary, ii. 1.
"I have had more care to suite the capacitie of the
^'ulga^, th.au to observe those criticisuies which arride
the learned." — Wither; Transh of the Fsalnis (1632),
Pref., p. 1.
2. To laugh at, to deride.
*\\ Ben Jonson in Eve'ry Man out of his
Ihimovr (ii. 1) ridicules arride, evidently re-
garding it as an affected Latinism.
^ ar-rid'ge, s. [A.S. hrycg = the hack of a
- man or beast ; a ridge.] A ridge.
" Tliis staan tai^ks a fine nrridgc."
Crnve7i (.tloss. (S. in Boucher.)
arriere (ar-rl-e're), s. [In Fr. arriere, s.
= tlie rear ; also arrear or arrears ; adj —
hinder, back, hehiud ; adv. = behind.]
1. In the rear.
{o) Of an anny :
"The horbemen might issue forth withoiit disturb-
ancc "jf the foot, and the avant-giiavd without shuffling
with the battail or arriere " — IJayward.
(h) Of anything:
2. Arrears. [Arrear.]
arriere-ban, s. [Fr. nrrierc-lmn ; 0. Fr.
arhan, herlban, hcnd>nn; Frov. aurdian; Low
Lat. arbaunum, herebanmim, hcribanniivi ;
O. H. Gcr. hariban, herihan ; X. H. Ger.
hcrhann — t\ni calling together of an army;
O. 11. Ger. hcri = an army, and han=- a public
call, a proclamation. (Aeaxoun, Ban.) The
French, not understanding the old Teutonic
term 7iert = an army, have supposed arriere-
ban to have the word arrit-ic in its composi-
tion, which is believed to be an error. (MaJiu.).!
1. Lit.: A general proclamation by winch
the old French kings summoned to tlieir st;m-
dard, for the jturpose of "vvar, their feudatoiy
vassals, with those also who were in a state
of vassalage to them.
2. Fig. : Any general summons issued by an
authoritative voice.
" Thus Vice the standard rear'd ; her arrier-bnn
Corruption call'd, aud loud she gave the word."
Tliomson: Castle of hidolencu, it :)0.
arriere-fee, arriere-fief, s. [Fr. ar-
riere-fuf] A fee or a fief depending on one
abo\e it. Tlicsc fees commenced when dukes
and counts, rendering their governments here-
ditary, distributed to their officers parts of
the dojnains, aud permitted those otticers to
gratify the soldiers under them in the same
manner. (Johnso » . )
arriere-vassal, a. The vassal of a vassal.
(Treooux.)
arriere - voussure, s. [Fr. voussure
(Arch.) = coving.] A secondary arch. An
arch placed within an opening to fonn a larmier
one. fcjometinies it has the eflect of taking
ort' tlie bearing ujjou a wooden lintel. [iJis-
charging.]
t ar-ri-e'-ro, s. [Sp.] A muleteer.
"... an ' arr-iero,' with his ten mules . . .' — Dar-
win: Voguffe rou)iU the World, ch. xv.
ar'-ri-ont, s. A doubtful word in Chaucer
(C. T., 1.5,iiS0), prob. an error for ctppctite.
ar'-ris, s. [Fr. arete = (1) a fish-bone ; (2)
(Arch.), .see def. ; 0. Fr. areste.]
Architecture :
1, The line in which the two straight or
cni'ved surfaces of a body forming an exterior
angle meet each other. This intersection
forms the edge of the body.
2. Tlie same as Arris-gutter (q.v.).
arris-fillet, s. A triangular piece of
wood used to raise the slates or lead of a roof
against the shaft of a chimney or a wall, so as
more readily to throw oft' the rain. It is used
also for forming gutters around skylights. It
is sometimes called a tiliing-fillct.
arris-gutter, s. A wooden gutter shaped
like the letter V. {Gwilt.)
arris-wise, adv.
1. Ord. Lang. : Diagonally, edgeways, so as
to present a sharp ridge.
2. Her. : "With one angle towards the spec-
tator ; showing the top and two sides (said of
a rectangular bearing, as an altar).
t ar-ri'-sion, s. [Lat. arrisio, from arrideo.]
[Arride.] A smiling upon with approbation.
* ar-ri'-vage (age as ig). ^. [Fr.] Arrival.
"At his first entrance aud arrivage, he rPertiuax]
assaied by lough hand to suppresse the rebellions of
the iwiay. "Speed : The Romans, c. 21. (Richardson. \
ar-ri'~val, s. [Eng. arriv(e) ; -aL]
I. The act or state of arriving.
1. Lit. : The act of reaching any place, or
the state of being brought to it, by water, by
land, or in any way.
" The unravelling in the arrival of Ulysses upon his
own island." — Broome: View of Epic PoUry.
2. Fig. : The act of attaining to, cr the state
of being made to attain to, any object of
desire.
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot»
or, wore, vrglf, work, w^hd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, S^hi'ian. ee, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
arrivance— arrow
297
11. Tlic people who reach the place iiidi-
cjited.
" To-ilay tlie L;iily Psyche will hnraiisne
The fresh urnva/s of the week hefort-."
Tcnnuson: The Princess, ii.
^ ar-ri'V-an9e, s. [Eng. arrlvic); -cuKc]
1. The same iL:^ Arrival ; meaning the act of
an'iving, ur the ^tatt; of lieiiig made to arrive.
2. People arriving ; company coming.
" For every minute is eApi^ctflucy
Of \noie'(\rriv<iiicc. '
Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 1.
ar-ri ve, "^ a-ri ve, ' a-ry've, " ry've,
v.i. & t. [Fr. «*■;■(' re;' = to disembark, ... to
arrive, tVnm ritv — bank of a river; Prcjv.
orihur ; Wp. & Port, urrihar; Ital. arrimrc;
Low L;it. arr'tc", arripo, adrlpo; from Chiss.
Lat. ('d= ti), and ripa = the bank of a river,
more rarely the slmres of the sea.]
A. IiiiransiUcc :
I. Lit. : T'roin'rlj/, to reiicli the bank of a
i'i\'er or the slmre of the sea; bnt it is now
quite as cnmmouly used for one linishiug a
laud journey.
1. To reach by water.
" At leut'th a sliii> iiri-iviii<i brought
Tlie L,'in.(lhu l<j]iL' desireti."
Coirjjcr: A Tale, June, 1708.
" Aiul they arrived at the country of the Ga^lareiies,
. . Anil when he v-vnt forth to lauil, . . ."—Luke
viii, 2t;, 27,
2. To reach by land journey.
"When wu were arrived upon the verge of his estate,
we stopyeil iit a little inn, to rest ourselves and our
hurS>.'S, '—^ytdiliil/.
"... there wsus no outbreak till the regiment nr-
rived fit Ipswich." — Macaulaij : Jlist. Jiliig., chap. xi.
If. Fiyuratlt'chj :
1. uf'persoas: To reaeli any aim or other
object towards wliieh one has for some time
been moving, ((.ieiierally followed by at, rai'cly
by to.)
"It is the highest wisdom by despising the world to
arrive at heaven."— Tayior.
" , . theronchisionaatwhichlarriucfZ." — ffurwia:
Dv^rcnt «f Mini, vol. i., pt. i., chap. 1. (1871), p, Z.
2. O/thi.ujs:
(a) To reach, to attain tu.
" If some things are too luxuriant, it is owing to the
riuhueas of the soil; and if others are iiotarrmcd to
perfection or maturity, it is only because thfy nro
«\ trrnn and oppreat by those of a stronger nature." —
J'l'/H- J'rc/ace to Jlomer's Iliad.
\h) Tu ecnie, to happeu, to occur, to take
place.
" Happy I to whom this glorious death arrives ;
JMniu to hti valued than a thousand li^es."
iVallcr.
" B. Transit! re : To reach.
" r.iit cri' we ( iiiild arrii'r tbi.' point proposed,
t'aisiir CI k-il, ' Help im , r.i^sins, or I sinlt ' '
Shake,-.)!. Jitliai, Ca;\ar, i. 2.
'^ ar-ri Ve, ■■ a-ri've, s. [From crrii-c, v.
In Fr. arrlccc ; ISp. arrlha; Ital. arrlvo.'] An
arrival.
" . . ; .and in the Oreete see
At many a noble artvc hadde he be."
Chaucer: C. T., 53, GO.
ar-ri'v-iiig, y;-. iiar. [Arrive, ;•.]
ar'-ro-ba, s. [in Fr. an-ohe; Wp. & Port.
arroba ; from Aiab. ar-riib or t'r-rtibu = a
fourth part.]
A. Id Spain:
1. An old wei.uht = twenty-ti\-c English
pounds. (Fcrnaniir. : Eug. <l Si>. Did , isil.)
2. An nld measure, as yet only partially
superseded by the French metric system nf
weights anil ineasures introduced into Spain
on January 1, isa'J, It is of twtt eapai'ities :
(1) Tlic arndja fur wine contains 3^ imiierial
gallons. (2) The arroba for oil contains 2^.
{.statesman'^ Ycar-Booh, l^To.)
B. In P'Vt'f'jnl : An old Portuguese weight
of about tliu'ty-two pounds. (Simiuouds.) Tt
is too eomplctely disused to be mentioned in
the Studbinun^-, i\<i.r-Book.
ar-ro'de, v.t. [Lat. arrodo; from arf = to,
' and ro(/o = to gnaw.] To gnaw; to nibble.
{Johnson.)
S-r'-ro-gan^e, t ar-r6-gan-9y, a [In
Fr. arrogance; Sp. & Port, arrogancia; Ital.
afroijanza: Lat. arrogantia; from arrogans,
I'l: jiar. of arrogo.] [Arrogate.] Properly,
the act of taking to one's self in an insolent
way that which one unjustly claims, or of
helping one's self to that which, though one's
own, should have been handed to one by
another ; the taking too much upon one's self ;
exorbitant pretensions, insolence.
" The fear and hatred inspired by the gieatness, the
injustice, and the arrogance of the French king were
at the height"— Jfiicawtaf/; Hist. JEng.. chap. iv.
ar'-ro-gant, a. [in Dan. & Fr. arrogant;
Sp., Port., & ItaL arniganle; Lat. arrogans;
pr. par, of arrogo.] [Arrogate.]
1. Of persom : Taking in an overbearing
manner something which one claims, but not
justly, as one's own, or that which, though
one's own, should have been passively received
by him ; assuming, overbearing, manifesting
too high an appreciation of one's self; insolent.
"]n the hour of iieril, the most arrogant and
mutinous spirits will often submit to the guidance
of superior genius "—Macuulu!/ ■ J/ist. Enji., eh. xiii.
2. Of tilings: Marked with arrogance; the
offspring of arrogance.
" The pride of arrogant distinctions fall."
Cowper : Ketirvmcnt, 659.
ar'-ro-gant-ly, adv. [Eng. arrogant; -ly.]
In an arrogant manner ; with undue assump-
tion.
"Our poet may
Himself admire the fortune of his play ;
And arrogantly, as his fellows do,
Thiuk he writes well, because he pleases yoii."
Brydcn : Indian Snipai-or. (Prol.)
ar'-ro-gant-ness, s, [Eng arrogant; -ncss.]
The quality of being arrogant; arrogance.
(Johnson.)
ar'-ro-gate, v.t. [In Fr. arrogcr; Sp. arro-
garsc ; Ital. arrogarc. arrogarsi ; Lat. arro-
gatn'in, supine at' arrogo ^Xo ask, . . . tu
claim what is not one's own: (('?=to, and
'/■Of/0 = to ask.] To ]iut forth unduly exalted
claims, the offspring of selfH-unceit ; to mani-
fest assumption, toputl'nrth ba.seless preten-
sions.
"He aJ-roffd^eti to himself the ri|.'ht of deciding dog-
matically what was orthodox doctrine and what was
heresy, of drawing up and imposing confesKions of
faith, and of giving religions instruction to his people."
—Mavaulay: Hist. £ng., chap. i.
ar'-ro-ga-ted, pa. par. [Arrogate.]
ar'-ro-ga-ting, pr. par. [arrogate.]
Sr-ro-ga'-tion, s [Lat. arrogatio ; from
arrogo = to ask, . . to adopt as a son : a(l =
to, and rogo = to ask. J
1. The act of arrogating ; claiming or taking
to one's self more than is one's due.
". . . have still a smai'k nf arrogatioii and self-
seeking."— J/orc'i J'uviiis: AV/t'd on Pst/cliozoia, p. 371.
{Soucher.)
2. ^Lmong the old Romans: The act of for-
mally adojiting an adult as a son.
"... recourse wjis then had tc adujition, prnpLTiv
called arrogalion."—.\iifu bi/ Gaizot in llibhon's •■ JJl-
cliuc and Fall," ch.ip, xliv. (ed. 1B4G), vol. iv . p. 211.
ar'-ro-ga^tive, a. [From Lat. arrogo = to
arrogate,] Arrogating, claiming or taking
what one has no real right to ; putting fortli
luifounded pretensions.
"Mortification, not of the body |for that is suffi-
ciently insisted upon), but of the more spiritual
arr«fjative life of the soul, thj;it subtil ascribing that
to oiir.'^elves that is GoiVa, for all is God's."— J/o re;
Hong of the Soul, Notes., p. ;;7l,
t ar-ron'-dee, t ar-ron'-dii, t ar-on'-die,
t a-ron'-dy, s. [Fr. arrondi = (l) rounded,
(-2) n.und, (3) roundish, (4) full (in face), pa.
par. of arrondio =(l) to round, (2) to enlarge.]
Her. : Made round, {dlo^s. of Her.)
" ar-ron-dell, s. [Fr. hirondelle.] A swallow.
(Scoteh.)
"The arrondcU so swift of flight."
Bull's Pug. (Wilson's Coll.), ii. 1C2. (Jamieson.)
ar-ron-disse-ment (eiit = 6n), s. [Fr.
arrond'f<^cuu i<t = (1) a rounding, (2) round-
ness. (:i) a district or ward; aiumh-r — (I) to
r(jund, (2) to enlarge ; rond = round.]
In France: A territorial division of the
country, less than a department, bnt greater
than a canton, which again is higher than a
commuue.
"France was divided, in isui;, into 80 departments,
subdivided into 373 arr"ndis.^<MnetUs, 2,941 cantons,
and 37,548 communes."— .SritJcsj/idn's Vear-Book (1875)
1>. 76.
^ar-ron-ly, adv. [Arrantly.]
"■ ar-ro'^e, c.t. [Fr. arroser; Lat. ros = dew.]
'fo wet, to bedew.
ar-ro'-§ion, s. [Lat. arrcsus, pa. par. of
arrodo = to gnaw, to nibble : ad = to, and
r,>dn = to gnaw.] The act of gnawing, or the
state of being gnawed. (Johnson.)
*ar-r6iind', v.t [Pref. ar=Lat. ad, and
!Eng. roinu?, s.] To surround. {Heath: Odes
of Horace, i. 7.)
Sr'-rdw, ''^ ar'-owe, ' ar'-we (pi. ar -
r6w§, ^ ar'-rowes, ^ ar -wes, ar'-wen),
s. [A.S. aretve, am tec, arwc ; Irom ar^ore
{Bosworth), earh=a.n arrow going, archery^
O. Icel. or, plur. orcar = nvrow (Stratmrnin,
Wedgwood, &c.). Malm brings it from ^Wl.
n /■/,((;■(;= weapon ; Arm., Fr., k (^■a.qI. arm ;
Lat. anna = arms. Other derivations have
been given.]
I, Lit. : A missile weapon designed to be pro-
lielled by the impulse communicated by the
snaiiping of the string of a bow, temporarily
bent into an angular form, back to its normal
.state of rest in a straight line. To make the
wound it inflicts more deadly, and prevent its-
being easily pulled out, it is barbed at the tip,
and often poisoued, whilst at the other ex-
tremity it is feathej-ed, to make it move more
directly forward. [Archery.]
" An hamech droy;e is arwe ner."
Story of Gen. A Exod. (ed. Morris), 478.
". , . that which cominauiidethbowes and aj-rowes.*^
— Sptimer : Present State of Ireland.
"And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him."
— 1 Sam. XX. 36.
II. Fig. : In Scripture arrows signify or
symbolise (1) bitter words (Ps. Ixiv. 3) ; (2)
false words (Jer. ix. S) ; (3) a false witness ;
(4) affliction divinely sent (Lam. iii. 1"-', 13 ;
Jobvi. 4; Ps. xxxviii. '2); (5) the judgments
of God on sinful nations or individuals (Numb,
xxiv. 8 ; Beut. xxxii. 23), or more specifically
(ft) famine (Ezek. v. 10, &c.), {b) lightning
(2 Sain. xxii. 14, 15 ; Ps. xviii. 14 ; Zech. ix.
14) ; (0) children, especially stalwart sons (Ps.
cxxvii. 4).
1. Her. : Arrows are often represented on
coats of arms, either singly or in sheaves. I.e.,
in bundles.
A broad arroio is one with ahead resembling
apheon, except in want-
ing the engrailing or
jagging on the inner
'e(Wc. ' [fSec 2.] {Gloss.
nj llrnddrij.)
2. Surveyin g : A ■
"liioad arrow " is tiie
name applied to the
mark cut by the ofticers
of the Ordnance De-
lia rtnuNit conducting
the trigonometrical sur-
^■ey. to note the intints
from which their several
measureinents ai'C made.
3. Fort. : A work jilaced at the salient angle
ofaglacis. {Jomes: MiJ. Diet., p. 247.)
THE "BROAD
ARROW. "
" arrow-case,
n. xxvii. 4.)
A quiver. {WycUffe :
* arrow-girdle, s. A g
rows were carried. (lVjjf}ij}e
■die in which ar-
Ezek. xxvii. 11.)
arrow-grass, s. [The English name of
the botanical genus Triglochiu. Tliere are
two British species, the Marsh Arrow-grass
ARROW-GRASS (TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE).
1. Flower. 2. Fi-uit, 3. Base of leaf.
:i. Complete plant,
(7'. jiahcitrc) and the Sea-side Arrow-grass
('/'. maritiiaiivi). They have small greenish
tluwers. [Teiglochin.]
arrow-head, &.
1. The head of an arrow.
2. Cartography : A mark like the following,
<^ , used to indicate the direction of a road
or river, or line of march.
boil, toy; pout, jd^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f»
-cian, -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -tole, -die, iic, =bel, del-
2nR
arrowlet— arsenic
3. Bot. : The English name of the botanical
gemis Sii^Mttaria. It is si> called because its
lfa\Ts resemble an arrow-head. There is one
Bntisli species, the Common Arrow-head
(ScijitlorU' sagittlfolu'). [Sagiitaria,]
arrow-headed, o.
Bot., Archaol, &c.: Shaped like the liead
of an arrow ; sagittate.
A rrow-lieaded characters: [Cuneifoem].
arrow-maker, c^;. A maker of arrows.
Arrow-malcers were formerly called jietcliers
and humjers, and were deemed persons of im-
portance. [See ex. under Arrow-head.]
arrow-poison, s. Poison used by savages
tn tip then- arrows with. That of Central
America is Curarine. (Foumes: Mainud of
Chemistry, 10th ed., p. 90o.)
arrow-seed, '■. Seed shaped like an
arrow; arrowy. {Tcninhou : The I'l^et, 19.)
arrow-slain, a. Killed by an anow.
(T''nni!.'<n)> : Virk'n, 410.)
" arrow - smith, s. An arrow - maker.
{DestmctioiiofTroy, 1,588.)
arrow-wounded, a. "Wounded by an
arrow. (Tennyson : Princess, ii. 251.)
ar'-row-let, s. [Eng. arrnw, and dimin. suff.
-/(■/.] A little arrow. {I'ennyson: Gareth d:
Lyiiette.)
ar'-rdw-root, s. [Eng. arrow ; root. The
translation of a term originally applied by a
tribe of native American Indians to the root
of Maranta arundlnacea), which had long
been used by them to counteract the effect of
wounds inflicted by poisoned ai-rows. Other
■derivations have been given. It is, however,
notewurtliy that in Ger. arrowruot is p/ei^
wurz : yfeil being := arrow, and wiirz — root.]
1. Bot. : The English name of the botanical
genus Maranta, the type of the endogenous
order MarantaccEe, called by Lindley, in his
Net. Syst. of Bot., the Arrow-Root tribe ; but
altered in his Vegetable Kingdom to Marants.
The flowers of Maranta are in long, close,
spike-like panicles, with irregular corollas,
each having a single perfect stamen, with half
an anther. The veins of the leaves run out
obliquely from the midrib to tlie margin. The
root is a fleshy corm, which, when washed,
grated, strained through a sieve, and again
reiieatedly washed, furnishes the substance
so mucli x^rized as food for invalids, which
is described under No. 2.
2. Comvi. : The st-arch extracted from tlie
rhiziimt's of a Maranta. and imported into this
cnuntry in large quantities from the East and
AVi-;,t I)idies, and from Africa, each importa-
tion taking the
name of the place
from which it
i-omes. Thus we
have East Indian
arrowroot, Ber-
muda arrowroot,
.SL. Vincent arrow-
root, Natal arrow-
root, &c. AtteiQpts
havn been made tn
(■;dl every starch
(irroirrnnt which
bore the slightest
rcst.-nibL.Lnc(.^ to the
true JI;iranta ; for
exaiiijile, Potato or
British arrowroot, from the SoJanum tvhero-
shiil; Tuus-les-mois, or Freiudi arrowroot, fnmi
t\\rCaniiacdu.Us; Tapioca, or Brazilian arrow-
riint, from the
Mi'inliot ntlHssi-
'iiiii, A-c. This has
failed since the
]);i^sing of the
Adulteration Act,
and it is now un-
derstood Itj- public
analystss, ni;igis-
trates, &.G., IJiat
iirrowroot must
roiisist entirely of
the starch which
is extracted from
tlie rhizomes of a
^laranta, and that
any admixture of
jio'tato or other starch is regarded as an adul-
teiatiou.
EAST INDIA AKROWRUOT.
Magiiifieil 10-1 diiimeters.
WEST INDIA ARROWROOT.
Magnified 100 diameters.
Eo^t Indian, orrovmot is said by some to
be prepared from the tubers of the Vurcnmu
(ingastifolia. Such we l)elie\-e to bf tlie citsc
in Southern India, where it is a favourite food
among the natives ; but the article sold in
this country as E;ist Indian arrowiunt is cer-
tainly the starch of a ;Marant, and not a Cur-
cuma. This is readily determined by tlie
microscoije.
Nakd arroioroot\\a,^ given much trouble to
the public analysts, owing to the granules
somewhat resembling those of potato-starch.
It has, however, been lately proved to be a
genuine Maranta starch.
Portland arrowroot: A name ap])lied to a
starch pj-epared, some years ago, in Portland,
from the roots of the Arum macuh'tuni. It is
not now an article of commerce.
11 Arrowroot is adulterated eitlier by the
inixm- together of various qualities of ari'uw-
ruot, or by the admixture of other starches,
such as potato or tapioca. Neither of these
methods renders the arrowroot deleterious ;
but when we consider that the piice of tlic
different qualities of genuine arrowroi)t \";trit's
from 6d. to 2s. 6d. per pound, and that the
price of potato or tapioca flour seldom exceeds
6d. per pound, we then see how the imblic
may be cheated in pocket. The adulteration
by potato or tapioca fl.our is readily detected
by the microscope.
ar'-row-y, a. [Eng. arrow; -y.]
1. Consisting of arrows.
" He saw them, in tlieir foniis of imttle rang'd.
How quickthey wheel'd, and flj'iiig, behind them shot
Sharp sleet of arrowi) sliow'r oifaiiist the face
Of their pur3uei"s, and o'ercame by flight."
Milton: P. R., bk. iii.
2. Resembling an arrow in form or appear-
ance.
" By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone."
Buron : Childe Ilaruhl, iii. 71.
" And beside itoutatretched theskinof amttlesiiake
glittered.
Filled, like a quiver, with arrows ; a signal and
challenge foi- warfare,
Brought by the Indian, and speaking w ith arrowy
tougiies of defiance."
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Staiidish, iv.
"^ ar-rii'r-a, s. [Arura.]
^ ar-ry've, v.i. Old spelling of Arrive.
^ ars, o. [Art.]
A.R.S.A. An abbre\'iation for (1) Associate of
the Royal Society of Arts ; (2) Associate of
the Royal Scottish Academy.
ar'se, * ers, s. [A.S. ars, ears ; Sw. ars ; Dut.
aars ; Ger. ursch ; Pers. orbit, a^rst.] The but-
tocks or hind part of an animal. (ClwAicer :
C. T., 3,732.)
To h-ang an arse : To be tardy, sluggish, or
dilatory. (Vnlgar.)
" For Hudihras wore but one spur ;
As wisely knowing, could he stir
To active trot one side of 's horse.
The other would not hang n» arse."
liudibras.
arse-smart, s.
Bot. : (1) A vulgar name for the plant
Polygonum persicai'ia ; (2) P. Hydroplper.
^ ar'-se-dine, * ar'-sa-dine, * ors'-den,
^■. [A vulgar corruption of arsenic (q.v.).]
Yellow orpiment. (iV'arcs.)
" A London vintner's signe, thick jagged and round
fringed, ^with theaming arsadine."—Nashe: Lc/iten
titajfe.
ar'-Se-ene, s. [A.S. cersc-hen, ersc-hciin = a
quail ; from ersc = a jiark, a warren ; and hen
= hen.] A quail. (Scotch.)
" upon the sand yit I saw, as thesaurare time.
Witi\ grene awnions on bede, Sir Gawane the Drake
The A rseeTie that ouiman ay prichand "
Jloiilate. 1. 17. iJamicson.)
ar'-sen, in compos. [From arsenic (q.v.)]
Containing arsenic ; as arsen-monometliyl,
arsL-' 11 -dimethyl, arsen-diethvl, arsen-clihuo-
dimethide, &c. (Fointes : M('ni(olofClu:m.)
ar'-sen-al, s. [InSw.,Dan., Ger., Fr.,& Arm.
arsenal; Dut. orf^rnnaJ ; Port, arseiude ; Sp.
arsenal — dockyard; ntarazana = d(»cl-:, ar-
senal, rope-yard, wine-cellar ; Ital. arsenale,
arsanule, f'r:ai>aJe — a dock ; Arab, ddr cinu'a
= house of industry or fabrinition : d'h- —
liouse, and cind'd = ir]dustvy.] A magazine
of military stoi-es, containing weapons of all
kinds and annnunitioii for the supply of tlie
military force belonging to a country. The
cliief arsenal in Britain is at Woolwich. A
great many of the stores arc manufactured as
well as kept there.
" The Spanish fleets and ftj-scnaJs "cre doubtless in
wretched condition." — Mucaulay : JIi.^t. Eng., ch. xxiv.
ar'-sen-ate, ar-se n-i-ate. [See Arsenic
Acid.]
arsenate or arseniate of cobalt.
[Erythrite.]
arsenate or arseniate of copper.
[Trichalcite, Olivenite, LinOCUNITE.]
arsenate or arseniate of iron.
[Pbariiacosiderite. ]
j:;rseniate of lead.
arsenate
[Mimetite.]
arsenate or arseniate of lime.
[Pharmalolite. ]
arsenate or arseniate of man-
ganese. [Chrondarsekite. ]
arsenate or arseniate of nickel.
1. & 2. Two allied minerals placed by Dana
as an appendix to his Oxygen Compounds.
One is dark-green or brownish, and the other
sulphur-yellow.
3. [See Cabrerite. ]
arsenate or arseniate of nickel
and cobalt (calleil also Hydrous hibasic
AisenAate of Nickel and Cohalt). A mineral
akin to Annabergite (q.v.). It is found in
the desert of Atacama.
arsenate or arseniate of . zinc.
[KOTTIGITE.]
ars'e-nic, ^ ars'e-nick, ^ ars'e-nicke,
*ars'-nek, s. [In Sw. & Ger arsentk ; Fr.
& Prov. arsenic; Sp , Port., & Ital. arsenico ;
Lat arscnicwn, arrhenicum, which, howe\'er,
i.-, not native ai'senic, but sulphuret of arsenic,
orjsiment ; Gr. apueviKov {arsenikon'), dppeft-
Kov (arrhenihon), not arsenic, but orpihient ;
cLpperiKos (arrhenikos) = masculine ; appyjv
(arrhen), older form apariv (arsen) = male.
From some one of these comes Arab, zir-
nakon; Syr. zarnika. Arsenic is so called
from its powerful effects.]
A. Ordinary Language: The substance de-
scribed under B. 1 (Gheni.).
" Aisnek, s.al armoniak, and brimstoon."
Chaucer : C. T., 12,726.
B. Technically :
1. Cheni. Arsenic is a triad semi-metallic
element, but it may be a x^entad in some of its
compounds. Symbol. As; atomic weight, 75 ;
vapour density, 150 (H = l) ; atomicvolume.-a- ;
sp. gr., 5 '76. It volatilises when heated witli-
out fusing, and its vapour smells like garlic.
It is obtained by distilling native alloys of
arsenic and iron, cojiper, ci'balt, or nickel;
also by heating arsenious oxide (As-jC);.) with
charcoal in earthen crucibles. Arsenic has
a steel-grey metallic lustre, is veiy brittle,
and crystallises in rhombohedrons. It unites
with metals when fused with them, forming
lirittlc alloys called arsei')(fes. Arsenic is
added to lead used for making shot, to make
it run into regular globules. Metallic arsenic
is often called black arsenic, to distinguish it
Irom the white arsenic of shojjs, which is
arsenious oxide. Arsenic forms two oxides,
arsenious oxide (AS2O3) and arsenic oxide
(As205),bntonlyone chloride, A sClg (arsenious
chloride). It is lu-epared by distilling one
part of metallic aiseiiic with six parts of cor-
rosive sublimate or arsenious oxide with strong
hydrochloric acid. It is a colourless, oily,
poisonous liquid. Arsenic unites with nascent
hydrogen, forming hydride of iiiscnic. AsS^.
Arsenic forms sulphides (q.v.). It alsn fornis
organic bases (see Cacodyl and Aksine).
Ai-senic is easily detected iu cases of ]ioi-;oning,
but the reagents must be first tested for
arsenic, as traces occur in zinc and in mineral
acids. Compounds of arsenic, when heated
on charcoal, give off fumes of metallic ai'senic,
recognised by its garlic-like smell. If heated
with charcoal in a test-tube it forms a metallic
ring. Arsenic is precipitated from solutions in
the presence of hydrochloric acid by H.,S (see
Analysis), as a yellow sulphide, As-^S^. soluble
in sulphide of ammonium, also in carbonate of
ammonium. A piece of bright copper heated
in a solution containing arsenious oxide or an
arsenite rendered acid by hydrochloric acid,
becomes covered with a gicy fihn of metallic
arsenic. Any arsenic compound treated with
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cuto, ciire, iinlte, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ^ = e. au = kw.
arsenic— arseversy
299
zine and hydro chlori""^ acid gives off arseniuret-
ted hydrogen (AsH;i), which bums with a
grey-blue flame, and deposits metallic arsenic
on a cold porcelain dish held in the flame. It
may be distinguished from antimony by dis-
solving in hypO(;hloritf.' of sodium. ^Metallic
arsenic, heated in a mirreut of air, yields the
characteristic octohetlral crystals uf arsenious
acid. Nitrate of silver gives a yellow precipi-
tate with arsenites, and a brick-red one with
arseniates. Ai-seniates require to be reduced,
or heated, before they are precipitated by
sulphuretted hydrogen. Arseniates give a
white crystalline precipitate with magnesium
mixture and ammonia like the phosphates.
2. Min. Arsenic occurs native in rhombo-
hedral crystals, or massive, reticulated, reni-
form, and stalactitif. The hardness is 3"5 ;
the sp. gr., 5-y::; ; the lustre, sab-metallic ; the
colour and streak, tin-white, soon tarnishing
dark grey. It occurs with various metals in
crystalline and schistose rocks. It is found
in Norway, Hungary, Silesia, and the United
States. [For otlier ores of it see Realgar,
Orpiment, &c,]
I'l- hite arsenic is the same as Arsenolite Oi- v.).
arsenic-glance. In Mineralogy, a variety
of Arsenic.
arsenic oxide. In Mineralogy, the same
as Ai-senolite (q.v.).
arsenic sulphides.
Chem. : There are three sulphides — AS2S2,
AS.2S3, and AS..S5.
DisvlphicU of arsenic (As.iSg) occurs native
as realgar (q-V.) It can be prepared by melt-
ing metallic arsenic with sulphur. It is used
to prepare Indian white Are, a mixture of
twenty-four parts of nitre, seven parts of sul-
phur, and two jiarts of realgar. Heated with
strong sulphuric acid, AS2S2 forms ai-senious
and sulphurous acids. It is used as a pigment.
Arsenious sulpliidc (AS2S3) occurs native as
orpiment. It is obtained in a pure state by
"passing hydrosnlphuric acid (HgS) through a
solution of an arsenite acidified by hydro-
chloric acid. Arsenious sulphide is used as
a pigment, called King's Yellow, also as a
dye stuff".
\-lrsenic sulphide (AS2S5) does not exist in a
separate state, but in combination with metal-
lic sulphides, as sulpharsenates.
ar-sen'-ic, a. [Formed from the substantive,
* but accented on the second syllable.] Con-
taining arsenic ; specif., containing arsenic in
smaller proportion than arsenious compounds.
arsenic oxide, AS0O5, called in the
hydrated state arsenic acid. This compound
is prepared by oxidising arsenious oxide witli
nitric acid, also by jjassing chlorine into
aqueous arsenious acid. Arsenic oxide forms
three hydrates analogous to phosphoric acid
— monh'ydrate (HASO3), dihydrate (H4AS2O7).
and trihydrate (H3ASO4) ; the last forms salts
isomorj)hous with the phosphates. Arsenic
oxide, when strongly heated, is decomposed
into arsenious nxide and oxygen, and is re-
duced to metallic arsenic by charcoal or
cyanidi^ of potassium at red heat. Sulphurous
anhydride, SOj, reduces AsoOg tn As^O;{.
Hydrosulphurie acid, HgS, passed thn.ngli a
wann solution, acidified with hydrnrhlnric
acid, of areenic acid or of an arsenate, gives a
precipitate of As.jS,* + -So. Arsenic oxide is used
in dyeing and in preparing aniline colours.
The salts of arsenic acid are called arsenate:^
or arseniates. The salt of magnesium and
ammonium is a white crystalline salt like the
corresponding phosphate. Nitrate of silver
gives a bi-ick-red precipitate, and with basic
acetate of lead a white precipitate, which is
reduced by heating with charcoal with evolu-
tion of arsenic, recognised by the garlic-like
smell.
g,r-sen-ic-al, «. [Eng. arsenic (adj.), and
sufT. -cf?. In Fr. & Port. ar^en/cnJ.] Pcrtiiin-
ing to arsenic; having arsenic as one of its
constituents.
arsenical antimony. A mineral, tlie
same as Allemontite(q.v.). It is not idi-'iitii'Ml
with Antimonial Arsenic (q.v.).
arsenical bismutli. [In Ger. arsenilc
wismuth.] A mineral consisting of ninety-
seven per cent, of arsenic and thi'ee per cent,
of bismuth. It was known to "VVerner.
arsenical cobalt. A mineral, called
also Siiialtitc (q.v.)
arsenical copper. A mineral, calleil
also Condurrite (q.v.), a variety of Domeykite
(q.v.).
arsenical copper pyrites. A mineral,
called also White Copper.
arsenical iron. A mineral, the same
as Mispickel (q.v.). There is a variety of it
called Argentiferous Arsenical Iron.
arsenical nickel. A mineral, called
also Nickeline (q.v.).
arsenical pyrites. A mineral, called
also Mispickel (q.v.).
arsenical silver. A mineral, a variety
of Dyscrasite. There is also an Arsenical
Antimonial Silver.
arsenical silver blende. A mineral,
called also Proustite (q.v.).
ar-sen'-i-cate, v.t [Eng. arsc-Mo (adj.), and
suff. -ate.] To combine with arsenic.
ar-sen'-i-ca-ted, pa. par. [Arsenicate.]
ar-sen'-i-cite, s. [Eng. arsenic, and suff.
-Itr.] A mineral, the same as Pharmacolite
(q.v.).
ar'-sen-lde^ s. [Eul;- f'rsen(ic); ~ide.] An
alloy of arsenic with a metal These alloys
are generally brittle. Metallic arsenides, when
fused with nitre, are converted into basic
arseniates. Arsenides fused with sulphur
and an alkaline carbonate yield a sulphar-
senite or sulpharsenate of the alkali metal,
and the other metal remains as a sulphide
free from arsenic.
ar-sen'-i~6, in covipos. [Eng., &c., a,rseni(c):
-c] Containing arsenic.
arsenio-sulphuret, or sulpharsen-
ite. Compounds of arsenious sulphide
(AsoSg) with metallic sulphides. They are
generally of a red or yellow colour. (See
Wotts's Diet. Che III )
ar-sen-i-6-sid -er-ite, s. [Eng. , &c. , arsejiin
(q.v.); and siderite, from Gr. o-tSijpos (s(V?("/'o,s)
= iron.] A mineral, called by Glocker arseno-
GTOcite, it being his belief that arseniosiderite
was so alike in sound to arsenosiderite that it
was expedient to alter one of these terms, and
arseniosiderite liad the precedence in time.
[Arsenostderite.] It is a fibrous species of
a yellow golden colour and a silky lustre.
Hardness, 1—2; sp.gr., 3-520— 3-88. Compos.:
Arsenic acid, 37 "9 ; sesquioxide of iron, 42-1 ;
lime. 111; water, 8 9 = 100. It occurs in
France.
ar-sen -i-oiis, a. [Eng. arseni{<:); suff. -ons.]
Pei-taining to arsenic ; having arsenic as one
of its constituents.
arsenious oxide, or arsenious an-
hydride, AsoOij. called in the hydrated
state arsenious acid. It is formed by burning
arsenic in the air, but is obtained by roasting
arsenical pyrites, ores of tin, cobalt, &c.,
which contain arsenic, in a furnace supplied
witli air, and condensing it. Arsenious oxide
crystallises in nctoliedra. It volatilises at
218^ C. If it is condensed on a hot surface
it fuses into a vitreous form, which is more
soluble in water than the crystalline variety.
One part dissolves in twelve parts of hot and
thirty parts of cold water ; no definite hydrate
exists. It is insoluble in alcohol and ether.
Arsenious nxide is a ^^:olent irritant poison,
two grains producing death, but by com-
mencing with small doses it is possible to
take even four grains without injury. The
Tyrolese eat arsenic to increase the power of
the respiratory organs, as they have to climb
mountains. Arsenious oxide is used in medi-
cine in small doses in skin diseases. It is
rapidly absorbed into the blood when it is
applied to a wound. The best antidote is
obtained by adding magnesia to ferric chloride ;
the mixture of sesquioxide of iron and mag-
nesia can be used at once, without washing it
Arsenious oxide reduces chromic acid, man-
ganic acid, &c. ; but it is reduced to metallic
arsenic by potassium, charcoal, sulphur, and
phosphorus at red heat. Arsenious oxide
unites with bases forming arsenites, but they
are not very stable compounds. Their solu-
tions give a yello^v precipitate with argentic
nitrate, soluble in acetic acid, also in caustic
potash ; a light-green precipitate (Scheele's
green) Avith cupric salts. Aceto-arsenite nf
copper (Schweinfurt green) is used as a pig-
ment for wall papers, and is very poisonous.
-Vrsenite of sodium, formed by dissolving
As.^O-i in caustic soda, is used to prepare the
papers to poison flies. Arsenious oxide is
used to poison rats and as a flux for glass,
also in calico printing and for making pig-
ments. Arsenites are decomposed by heat.
Hydrosnlphuric acid (HgS) gives a yellow pre-
cipitate, AS2S3, from a solution of an arsenite
in hydrochloric acid.
ar'-sen-ite, s. [Eng. arsen; -ite. In Fr.
arsenite.]
1. Chem. [See Arsenious Oxide.]
2. Mill. [In Ger. orsenit] The same as
Arsenolite (q.v.).
ar-sen'-i-iir-et. ar-sen'-iir-et, s. [Eng.^
' &c., arsen (q.v.); suffix -iiiref, -vret (q.v.).]
Arsenic in combmation with a metal. [Ar-
senide.]
ar-sen'-i-iir-et-ted. a. [Eng. arsenviret;
' -ed.] Combined with arsenic.
arseniuretted hydrogen, arsenet-
ted hydrogen, arsenic trihydride,
arsenious hydride, or arsine. A gas,
obtained pure by the action of strong hydro-
chloric acid on an alloy of equal parts of zinc
and arsenic ; also formed when hydrogen is
liberated in contact with arsenious oxide.
Arseniuretted hydrogen (ASH3) is a colourless
poisonous gas smelling like garlic ; it burns
with a blue flame ; its sp. gr. is 2'695.
ar-sen-d-, in comp. [Eng. arsen(ic) ; -0.]
Containing arsenic.
ar-sen-6-cro'-cite, s. [Eng. , &c. , o.rseno
(q.v.), and crocite; from Gr. lepoKi] (kroke) =
woof or weft, . . a thread, so called from its
fibrous character. In Ger. arsenokrokit.] A
mineral, the same as Arseniosiderite (q.v.).
ar-sen'-6-lite, s. [Eng., &c, nrseno (q.v.X
and suff. -lit-e. Altered by Dana from the
name arsenite, which is used in another
sense in Chemistry.] A mineral, the same
as White Arsenic, Oxide of Arsenic, and
Arsenious Acid. It is isometric, occurs octa-
hedral, usually in minute stelliform crystals,
or crusts, investing other substances, or botry-
oidal or stalactitic. The hardness is 1"5,
the sp. gr. 3 '698, the lustre vitreous or silky,
the colour white, occasionally tinged with
yellowish or reddish, the taste somewhat
sweet. Composition : Oxygen, 24 '24 ; arsenic,
Vr, TO = 100. Occurs at Wheal Spaman, in
Ciirnwall, also on the Continent.
•[ Dana has an Arsenolite Group, contain-
ing this mineral and Senarmontite. It is the
first placed under " Oxyds of elements of the
Arsenic and Sulphur Groups, Series ii."
ar-sen-o-py'-rite, s, [Eng. arseno (q.v.),
anil pyritii, from Gr. TruptTrjs (purites), s. =
pyrites ; adj. = of or in fire ; 7ri)p (pur) = fire.]
A mineral, made in the British Museum Cata-
logue synonymous with Dufrenoysite, but
ranked by Dana as a distinct species, which
he places in his Marcasite Group of the Pyrite
Division of minerals, and calls also Mispickel.
It is orthorhombic, has a hardness of 5-5— 6,
sp. gr. 6*0 to 6--i, a metallic lustre, and a
silvery-white or steel-grey colour. Its com-
position is — arsenic, 4(j ; sulphur, 19'(j ; iron,
;14-4 = 100. It is found at Wheal Mawdlin
and Unanimity, and other spots in Cornwall,
at the Tamar mines in Devonshire, in Sweden,
Norway, Germany, and North and South
America. Dana divides it into Var. (1) Or-
dinary ; (2) Cobaltie, Danaite, including Ver-
montite and Akontite ; (3) Niccoliferous ; (4)
Argentiferous.
ar-sen-6-sid'-er-ite,s. [Arseniosiderite.]
Mln. : An obsolete name for Lolliugite
(q.v.). [See al-so Ar.seniosiderite.]
ar'-sen-OUS, o. [Eng. arsen (q.v.), and suff.
-Otis. In Port, arsenioso.] Pertaining tr>
arsenic, ur having it as one of its constituents.
[Arsenioi's.]
arsenous acid. The same as Arsenolite
(q-v.).
*ar'se-ver-sy, *ar'se-ver-sie, "ar'-sye
ver-sye, adv. [Eng. arse (q.v.), and Lat.
I'frsits = turned.] Reverse; turned back-
wards.
" Arsever^ic, preposterously, perversely, withooi
order." — Gfossoff ,Vt'.
b6il, ho^; po^t, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, hen^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -rng,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -|ion = zhun. -tious. -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, oiit. = bel, d^l.
300
arsfoot— arterialization
ars'-foot, s. [Eng. arse; foof] An En<,'lisli
name' for a "bird— the Great-crested Grebe
(Podiaps cristatus).
Small arsfoot: The Little Grebe {Jr'vhceps
minor).
t ar'-sheen, t ar'-shine, s. [Russ. ar^chvi;
from Turkish or Tartar arshin, urslmn = an
ell, a yard.] A Russian mea.sure of length,
'-' feet and 4-242 inches; but the English foot
nf li" inches has since 1831 been the eoninion
measure of length in Russia, (Staiesinan's
Vmr-Boolc, 1S75.)
ar'-siue. //' compos., as a prefix or a suffix.
Che'iii. . A name given to AsH-, arsenious
hydride. A name also given to tlic nvgiiuic
arsenic bases, as Triethylarsine, As"'(C.jH5)3,
obt;dned by distilling an alloy of arsrincand
.sodium with cthyliodide. It is a colourless,
stiukuig liquid, boiling at 140*. It unites
with ethyliodidc, forming a cn'stalUne sub-
stance, As(C'2H5)4l_, from which freshly pre-
cipitjited silver oxide separates the hydrate
A s(L' .2115)4(0 H), a powerfully alkaline com-
jjound. [See also Cacodyl.]
d<r'-sis, s. [In Ital. & Lat. arsis ; Gr. apcrts
{arsis), from alpia (alro) — to raise.]
I. Prosody :
1. A raising of the voice at any part of a
Ime. It is opposed to what the Greeks called
fleVts (Vtesis), which was a depression of the
voice.
2. The point in a line on which the stress is
laid.
3. The rhythmic accent, metrical aecentua-
tii'ii. It has been a subject of coutru^'crsy
whether this was produced by a higher tone,
greater force, or more prolonged tune.
II. Music:
1. The raising or depressing the hand in
beating time.
2. The part of the music where this occurs.
* ars'-met-rike, " ars'-met-ike, s. [See
Arithmetic]
' ars'-ziek.
[Aesenic]
ars'-rope, s. [Eng. arse, and rojje.'] A gut,
an ciitrail. (IVycliffe: 1 Kings v, 9.)
ar'-son (1), s. [0. Fr. arson, arsion, arsun ; Prov.
('/■sitm, arcio, from Lat. arswni, sup. of ardco =
to burn.] The malicious and wilful burning of
a dwelling-house or out-house belonging to
another person by directly setting hre tu it,
01' even by igniting some edifice of one's own
in its immediate vicinity. If a person, by
maliciously setting fire to an inhabited house,
i-ause the death of one or more of the inmates,
tlie deed is murder, and capital pimiahnient
may be inflicted. Wlieu no one is fatally
injured, the crime is not capital, but is still
heavily punishable ; it is a penal offence also
to attempt to set a house on tire, even if the
endeavour do not succeed.
ar'-son (2). ~ar'-SOUn, s. [In Fr. argon;
Ital. arcunu: ; Lat. armm = a bow.] A saddle-
bow.
"Between the saddle aud the arsouii,"—Gui/ of
Wurn'ick, vol. ii.
"^'arst, iidv. [A.S. mrst, oimst, ereU, sujicrl. of
o:r = before, early, first.] First.
"A senile thou schalt arst habbe."
Aluatinder, 312. (A'., iu Boacli-ir.)
art, ■ ard, v. [A.S. ortli.] The second ]icr.-,on
Mng. pres. indie, of the verb to he. Formerly
It was used in speaking to men ; now it is
rarely employed except iu addresses to the
^ * "Of alle thine riche weden
Nu thu ard al skere."
Death, x.\;ili (ed, 3Iorris), iT'.t, ISO,
art, * arte, * ars, s. [In Fr. & Prov. arte ;
Sp., Port., & Ital. art, from Lat. artcm,
ace. of ars — art, of which the root is ar = to
fit, to join.] [Arte, v.]
A, Ordinary Language:
I. S'lhicvtlcdy :
1. isiaii, dexterity, tact in planning and in
carrying out a project.
" It is> not strength, but art, obtains the prize."
J^ope : Earner's Iliad, bk. xxili, 383,
2. Cunning.
" More matter with less art."
Sliakesp. : I/anilvC, ii, 2.
3. Speculation.
" I have as much of this in art as you ;
But yet my _iature could not bear it so."
Shakesp. : Julias C'tesar, iv. '..
II. Objcctirely : The results of such skill or
dexterity. Specially —
1 . The principles of sc ten ce practi eally
carried out : a series of rules designed to aid
one in acquiring practical skill or dexterity
in performing some specified kind of work,
manual or mental. The several arts may be
arranged in two groups — (a) the meclianicid,
and {h) the literal or fine arts. The Median l-
cal Arts are those which may be successfully
followed by one who does not ]iossess genius,
but has acquired the facility of working with
his hands, which long practice imparts.
Such are the arts of the carpenter, the black-
smifch, the watchmaker, &c. They are often
called trades. The Liberal or Ftw^ Arts are
such as give scope not merely to manual
dexterity, but to genius ; as music, painting,
sculpture, architectui'e, &c.
"But it is assuredly an error tu speak of any lan-
guage as an art in the sense of its having been elabo-
rately and methodically foruied."~iiari«in ; Descent
of Man 11871), vol. i., pt. i., p. 61.
2. Spec. : The visible expression of the sub-
lime and beautiful.
"A thousand lamentable objects there,
In scorn of nature, art gave lifeless life."
Shakesp. : Jlapc of Lacrece, 1,3(4.
3. Anything planned ; a device, a project,
a scheme of operations.
"They employed every art to soothe and to divide
the discontented vvarriors." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. i.
4. Whatever has been made by man, as
opposed to what is natural.
" Elsewhere we find towns, like St. Petersburg, built
on artificial foundations, but the whole country of the
Dutch is a work of art."— Times, Nuv 11, 1876.
B. Technically :
Medioival Education: The "arts" signified
the whole circle of subjects studied by those
who sought a liberal education. This included
science as well as art. The seven liberal arts
were thus divided : 1. The Trivium — viz..
Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic. 2. The
Quadrivium — viz., Arithmetic, Music, Geo-
metry, and Astronomy. It is a remnant of
this classification, which was in vogue as
early as the fifth century, that we still speak
of the curriculum of arts at a university, and
that graduates become bachelors or masters
of "arts."
" Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in
colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laboriems a founda-
tion. '—Goldsmith -. On Polite Learning, ch. xiii.
fart and jure. [Eng. art, and Lat. jits,
(genit. juris) = law, equity.] Arts [Art, B.]
and jurisprudence. (Scotch.)
"And thereafter to remane thre yeris at the scnles
of Arts and Jure, scio that that niay have knawlege
and understanding of the lawis."— -Icfji James Ii'.,
1496 [ed. 1S14), p. 2se
art and part.
1, Scots LoAo : Instigation, abetment.
"One may be guilty of a crime not only by per-
petrating' it, but by being aLcessory to or .ibettmg
it ; which is called, iu the Roinaii Jaw, ope ct co7i-
silio, and in ours, art and part. By art is understood
the mandate, instigation, or advice, that may have
been given towards committing tlie Liniie ; pa7-t ex-
presses the share that one takes to himself in it by
the aid or assi 'stance which he gives the cniiiiiialin the
commission of it."— Erskaie : Institutes, Bk.lV.,iv. 10.
2. Fi<j. : Share, participation.
art-union, s. A union of persons in-
terested in art [Art, II. 2], and who desire to
promote it specially by jinrchasing the pic-
tures of meritorious artists. The^e are gene-
rally distributed to the members by a lottery,
which is legal in this case, though the reverse
in most others. There is an art-union in
London, and others exist in sunie of the
leading provincial cities.
* art» V. [Art, s.]
1. To instruct in art or in the arts,
2. To make artificial.
-art, -ard, as a suffix. [Ard.]
ar-ta-bo'-trys, s. [Gr. aprdto (artad) = to
fasten, and ^oTpus {botrus) = a. cluster of grapes.
So called because it possesses tendrils.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Anona-
cete. A. odoratissirria, or Sweet-scented Ar-
tabotrys, is a beautiful Chinese plant, which
makes a fine covering for walls.
"'' ar-ta'il-ye, s. [Artillery.] (Scotch.)
ar-tan'-the, s. [Gr. apraw (artan) — to fasten
or hang one thing upon anotlier, and avBos
(n/nthos) = a blossom, a flower.] A genns of
plants belonging to the order Piperacete
^Pepperworts). The stems are jointed ; the
flowers are in spikes opposite to the leaves,
which are rougli, and are used with good
effect for stanching blood. A. eJongata, in
Peru, furnishes a kind of cubeb ; and A.
adimia, in Brazil, is a pungent, aromatic, and
stimulant.
* ar-ta'-tion, s. [Low Lat. ortatio, from
Classical Lat. arto, areto = to ]iress clo.se.]
[Arte, v.] Exhortation, incitement, en-
couragement. (Scotch.)
"Gaif him gret artatlon to puraeu the third weird."
— Belletidea: C'ron.., bk. xii., c, 3. {Jamieson.)
art'e, ■" arc'te, V. f . [O. Fr. arter = to force;
Lat. artus, arctus = pressed together ; hence
close, confined, from arto = to shut up, to
confine.] To constrain, to force, to urge, to
compel, to prompt.
"And over al this, myche more he thoght
What to speke, and what to hoIdjTi inne.
And v/hai to arty n."
Chaucer : TroUua it- Creseide, 1. 389-91.
" Love arted me to do my observaunce
To his estate, and done him obeisauuce."
Chaucer : Court of Love, 46-7,
* ar'-tel, *. [Russian (?).]
Comm. : An association of labourers who
became responsible as a body for the honesty
of each individual member of the brotherhood.
They placed their earnings in a common fund,
whence each received enough for his support,
the rest being distributed among the members
at the close of the year. j\Iany were Russian
crown sei-fs, chiefly in the province of Arch-
angel.
* ar'-tel-rie§, ;=. pi. [Artillery.]
Ar-te'-mi-a, s. [Gr. "Apre/it? (Artemis), a
goddess usually identified with the Roman
Diana.]
Zool. : A genus of Entomo.stracans belonging
to the family Branch ipodida-. The A. aohaa,
or Brine Shrimp, loves water so salt that most
other marine animals die in it. At the salt-
pans at Lymington, Hants, the workmen call
them hrine-uwras.
Ar'-tem-is, s. [Lat. Artemis; Gr. "Apre^is
(Arte^nis).^
1. Class. Mythology: A celelirated Grecian
goddess, worshipped iu Arcailia and elsewhere.
She corresponded to the Roman Diana (q.v.).
2. Astron.: An asteroid, the 105th found.
It was discovered by "Watson on Se^it. 16, 1S68.
ar-te-mis'-i-a, s. [Lat. ortcini.^la, aud Gr.
apTefxicria (artcuii.'iia) = wormwood. Called
after Artemis, the Greek goddess correspond-
ing to the Roman Diana.] Wormwood,
Southernwood, or Mng^vort, A genus of plants
belonging to the order Aster;iee;e, 'jr Com-
posites. It contains four Britisii specie^ — the
A. carapestrls, or Field Southernwood; the ^1.
vulgaris, or Common !Mngwort ; the A. absin-
thium, or Common M^irmwood ; and the .4.
moriti'tiui, or Sea-wormwoud, [Absinthium,
Absinthic, Wormwood.]
" Where Cuckow-pints and Dandelions sprung,
(Gross names had they our plainer sires among),
There Arums, there Leontodons, we view,
And Artonuia grows where wormwood grew."
Crabie's Poetns ; The Parish Register.
ar-te'r-i-a, t ar-te'r-i-um, s. [Lat. arteria^
t arterium; Gr. apTTjpLa (artrrla) = {i) the
windpipe, (2) an artery.]
Anat. : An artery.
T[ Not used as the ancient Greeks did, for
the windpipe.
ar-te'r-i-al, a. [Fr. arteriel; Sp. & Port.
artericd; Ital. artcriak.] Pertaining to an
artery or to arteries ; contained in an artery
or arteries.
"... on the opposite sides of those air-bladders,
along the surface ot which this artfriid tube creeps."
— A rbuthnot.
Arterial blood is scarlet in colour. It
is obtained from the left side of the heart, and
from the arteries. (Todd & Bon-uian, : Physiol
Anat., vol. ii., pp. ^290, ^91.)
Arterial navigation: Navigation through the
interior of a counti^ by means of estuaries,
rivers, uiland lakes, canals, &c., which, to a
certain extent, present an analogy to the
arteries in the bodily frauie.
ar-ter-i-al-i-za'-tion, 5. [Eng. arteriaUzc ;
-ation.'] The process of converting venous
blood, which is dark-red, or even almost black,
into arterial blood, which is bright scarlet.
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Sj^rian. se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
arterialize —article
301
This is done by chemical action ; the venous
"blood, while passing through the lungs, absorb-
ing oxygen from the air inhaled, and giving
forth the carbonic acid which is breathed
forth in succeeding expirations.
ar-ter-i-al-i'ze, v.t. [Eug. arterial; -ize.]
To convert venous into arterial blood. [Ar-
TEEIALIZ ATIUX. ] (/■'' 0 1' t. )
ar-ter-i-al-i'zed, pa. par. [Arterialize.]
ar-ter-i-al-i'z-ing, w- P<^''>'- [Arterialize. ]
ar-ter-l-6l'-6-gy, s. [in Sp. o/rteriology;
Ft. artirrhlogie ; Port. & Ital. arteriologai ;
Gr. apTTjpLa {arterUi) = an artery, and Adyos
(/o;/o4 = a discourse.] A discourse regarding
the arteries. That part of medical science
which treats of the arteries. (Dimglisoii.)
ar-ter-i-ot'-O-my, s. [In Fr. arUriotomk ;
Sp., Port.. & Ital. arteriotomia ; Lat. urlcrto-
toni'm; Gr. apTTjp(,oTO|U.ta (arteriotomia), fri>m
apTT)ptoTOfi.e'a> (arteriotfynieo) = to cut the wind-
pipe or artery ; apTfjpia (arteria) — artery, and
TO|U.^ (tomB) = a, cutting; refivio (tehiiu',)^ to
cut.] The operation of making an incision
in an artery and drawing blood.
ar-ter-i'-tis, s. [Eng. art>:r{y); -itis.l In-
flammation occurring in the arteries. It may
be acute or chronic. Its anatomical charac-
ters are redness of the internal membrane of
the heart and arteries, an effusion of plastic,
pseudo-membranous lymph on its surface, and
thickening and ulceration of its substance.
In chronic, which is much more common than
acute inflammation, the internal membrane of
the artery is thickened, softened, and coloured
a deep dirty red, especially in the vicinity of
calcareous and other degenerations. (Dr. J.
Hope : Cycl. Pract. Med. )
ar'-ter-y, s. [Ger. arterie ; Fr. artere ; Sp, ,
Port., Ital., and Lat. arteria; Gr, aprrjpta
(arteria.) =■ the windpipe or trachea; (2) an
artery, from a>jp (aer) = air, and TT)pew (tEreo)
= to watch over ; -njpo? (teros) = a watch, a
guard. So called because the ancients, finding
that, in the dead bodies which they examined,
the arteries were empty of blood, took up the
very erroneous notion that they were designed
for the circulation of air through the system.
Thus Cicero says, " Spiritus ex pulmone in
cor recipitur et per arterias distribuitur,
sanguis per venas." (Cicero, De Nat. Deoruvi,
ii. 55, 138.) This error was not shaken by
Heriiphilus.] Due of the vessels designed
to convey the blood from the heart. The
arteries are long cylindrical tubes, with three
coats, an external tunic commonly called the
cellular coat, a middle or fibrous tunic or coat,
and an epithelial tunic. The coating of the
arteries is very elastic. The largest arteries
which leave the heart are the aorta and the
pulmonary artery ; both spring from the base
nf the heart in front. They branch and anas-
tomose to a large extent. The contractility
of the arteries forces the blood to the extremi-
ties from the heart, the valves of which jjre-
vent its return, "The prominent difference
between blood drawn from the arteries and
that from the veins is to be found in the bright
scarlet colour of the former and the dark red,
almost black, of the latter." (Todd and Bow-
man: Physiol. AiKit., vol. ii., p. 310.)
" The chief arteries ao frequently run in abnormal
courses that it has been found useful for surgical
pui-poaea to calculate from 12,000 corpses how often eiich
course prevails." — Darwin : Descent of Man, vol. i.
{1871), pt. i., ch. iv.
Ar-te'-si-an, '"'. [In Fr. Arthicn,.'] Pertaining
to Artois, an old province of France, [Arras.]
Artesian well. A well of a tj-pe copied
from those in use in Ai-tois, though it is said
that similar ones pre'vlously existed in Italy,
Egj'pt, China, and probably elsewhere. If at
any place the strata bend into a trough or
basin, with its concavity upwards, and if two
impermeable beds are separated by one or
more strata which water can penetrate, then
the rain will percolate into the porous beds at
any point where an outcrop takes place, and,
prevented from moving far up or down by
the impermeable strata, will accumulate till
it reaches the outcrops. If now a bore be
made in the centre of the basin the water will
be forced up by that standing at a higher
level than itself, and may reach or even rise
above the surface of the ground. Artesian
wells now exist in London and various other
European cities.
art'-iul, a. [Eng. art, and -fuL]
I. Of -persons: Disposed to have recourse to
schemes contrived with art ; cunning.
" While a large party wjis disposed to make her an
idol, she was regarded hy her t«u artful servants
merely as a puppet," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. s,v,
II. Of tilings:
1. Pertormed with art.
"The last of these was certainly the most easy ; but,
for the same reasou, the least artful."— Dryden.
2. Crafty, cunning.
"... the long-delayed and artful revenge of various
s.-aiia&\s."— Darwin : Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. ii.
3. Artilicial as opposed to natural.
art'-ful-ly, o^y. [Eng. artful; -hj.]
1, In a manner to evince art ; in an artful
manner ; craftily.
2. By the oi^eration of art, as opposed to
naturally ; by the operation of nature.
" He know3 indeed that, whether dress'd or rude.
Wild without art, or artfulli/ subdued."
Coivjj'.-)- : Iti;tircment.
art'-fiil-ness» s. [Eng. a rtfvl ; -uess.} The
quality of being artful.
- 1. Skill
" Consider with how much nrtfitlni'ss his bulk and
situation is contrived, tip Imvt; just matter to draw
round hun these massy budie^."— t'/ttfy/ic.
2. Cunning. (Johnson.)
ar-tlian'-it-in,s. [From Artkanita officinalis,
a plant now called C'l/claiiien luiropannii.']
Chem. : A crystalline substance which may
be extrarti-d from the mots of the Cyclamen
Europrram, Pnnmla vcris, Awgollis nrvciisis,
and Liinosella aquatlca. It is called also
didamin. It is purgative in its effects, be-
sides producing vomiting. (}Viit(!<: Chem.)
ar-thrit'-ic, ar-thrit'-ic-al, adj. [Lat.
o^rthriticus : Gr. ap^piTLKos (arthritikos), from
ap9pov (iirtkron)= a joint.]
1 1. Relating to the joints.
"Serpents, worms, and leeches, though some want
hones, and all extended articulatiuiis, yet have tliey
arthritlcal analogies ; and, by the motiou of fibrous
and muscular iiarts, are able to make jirogression."—
Browne : Vulgar £rrours.
2. Relating to the gout, as affecting tlie
joints ; gouty.
"Oh, may I live exempted (while I live
G-uiltless of pampered appetite obscene)
From pangs arthritic, that infest the toe
Of libertine Excess." Cowper : Task, bk. i.
ar-thri'-tis, s. [Lat. arthritis; Gr. apSptTiq
(arthritis) = belongingto the joints.] Disease
of the joints, especially gout. (Quincy.)
ar-thro'-di-a, s [Gr. apBpojSCa (arthrodia),
from apflpoc (arthroii) = a joint ; apui, the obso-
lete radical form of apapCa-Kio (arariskd)=:ti>
joint, to tit together, ]
Anat.: A particular kind of articulation.
(See example.)
"The varieties of the diarthrodial joint are as
follow :-~{a) Arthrodia. In this species the surfaces
are iJlane, or one is slightly concave, and the other
slightly convex. The motion is that of gliding, limited
in extent and direction only by the ligaments of the
ioint, or by some process or processes connected with the
bones." — Todd & Bowmaii: IViysiol. Anat., i. 134, I3fi.
ar-tliro'-di-al, a. [Eng. arthrodi(a); -al.']
Pertaining to the kind of articulation called
arthrodia (q.v.).
" Arthrodial joints are generally provided with
ligaments."— Todd it B.ywman: Phytnol. Anat., i. lae.
t ar-thro'-dic, a. [Eng. arthrod(ia); -ic]
The same as Arthrodial (q.v.). (JVSater.)
ar-thro-dyn'-i-a, s. [Gr. apBpov (arthron),
a joint, and o&vvf] (ndune) = pain, ] Pain in the
joints ; chronic rheumatism.
ar-thro-dyn'-ic, a. [English, &c., arthro-
dijii(ia); -ic] Pertaining to arthrodjmia.
ar-thro-gas'-tra, s.pL [Gr. apOpov (arthron)
= a joint, and yao-TTjp (gn^tcr), genit. yacrrepos
(goMeros), by syncope yacrrpos (gastros) = the
belly.] In Prof. Huxley's classification, an
order nf Araelmida (Spiders), in which the
abdomen is distinctly divided into somites —
i.e., into segments — each with an upper and
lower pail' of appendages. The leading genera
are Scorpio, Chelifer, Phrynus, Phalangium,
and Galeodes. (Hiixley :■ Classif. of Animals,
1S60, p. 123.)
ar-throg'-ra-pliy, s. [Gr. ap^poi' (arthron)
= a joint, and vpa(|>») (graphe) = description.]
Anat. ; A description of the joints.
ar-thro-lO '-bl-um, s. [Gr. apdpov (a rth ro n ) =
a joint, and Ao^ds = a legume.] Joint-\t.^trli,
A genus of plants belonging to the Lei^umimnis
order. It cnntains one British species, the A.
ehrt'cteatmn, or Sand Joint-vetch, found in the
Channel Inlands.
ar-throl'-O-gy, s. [Gr. apdpov (arthro7i), and
Aoyo? (logos) = a discourse.] A discourse con-
cerning the joints ; that i>art of anatomical
.science which treats of the joints.
ar-thro-nom'-al-us, s. [Gr. apBpov (arthron)
= a joint, and auMfxaKo-; (anomalo:^) = uneven,
irregular: av(an), priv., and bfxa\6'; (homai'is)
= even, level; 6/i6s (homos) = one and the
same.]
Zool A c^enus of ci^iiti]iedes. The A. lougi-
cornis, a British species, i6 phospln.ircscent.
ar-thrdp'-6-da, s. j??. [Gr. ap^poi' (arthron)
= a joint, and ttov? (pon^), genit. ttoSos (jiodos)
= a foot. Animals with jointed feet.]
ZrioL: A sub-division of the Annulosa, nr
Articulata, containing the classes belonging
to that sub-kingdom which are of the highest
organisation. The body is very distinctly
divided into rings or segments, sometimes, as
in the Myriapoda (Centipedes and :MilIepedes),
mere rejietitions of each other, but more fre-
quently with some of them differentiated for
sjiecial ends. In general the head, thorax,
and abdomen are distinct. Under the sub-
di\dsion Arthropoda are ranked in an ascentl-
ing series the classes IWyriapoda, Crustacea,
Arachnida, and Insecta.
ar-thro'-sis, «. [FromGr. apBpov (arthron) —
a joint.]
Anatoiiiy : Articulation.
ar'-ti-ad, s. [Gr. apno? (o.rtios) = complete ;
even, opposed to odd.]
Chem. : A name given to elements of even
equivalency, as dyads, tetrads. &c.; those of
uneven equivalency, as monads, triads, &.v., arc
called perissads [Gr. 7reptcro-6s (perissos) = un-
even].
"^ar'-tic, "^ar'-tick, u. [Arctic] The same
as Arctic (q.v.).
"But they would have winters like those beyond the
artivk circle; for the sun would be 80 degrees from
them," — Browne.
ar'-ti-^hoke, s. [in 8w artbtorla ; Dan. artis-
chok ; Dut. artisjok; Ger. artischokc : Fr. a.7'ti-
chaut : Sp. artichoka; Ital. articiocco, carciofo,
carciofino, or corciofalo ; O. Ital. archiciocca.]
Cjinara Scolymus, a plant belonging to the
order Aateracese, or Composites, the sub-order
Tubuliferje, and the section Carduinete, the
same to which the thistles belong. It con-
siderably resembles a huge thistle. The re-
ceptacle on which the florets are situated, and
the fleshy bases of the scales are eaten. The
modern Arabs consider the root as aperient,
and the gum, which they term kunkirzeed, as
an emetic. Artichokes were introduced into
England early in the sixteenth century.
".4rfJcftoft(^s grew sometimes only in the isle of Sicily,
and since my remembrance they were so dainty m
England, that usually they were sold' for crowns apiece
. . ." — Moffatt : Health's Improoement.
^ The Jerusalem Artichoke, in Ger. erdartis-
i-lii'li-, is not from Jerusalem, and is not an
artichoke. It is a sunflower (//(7)Vi?i,t//if5 iuhe-
rosus). The word Jerusa.lem arose from a
mispronunciation or corruption of the Italian
girasole, meaning turner to the uni. which is
the most obvious peculiarity of the Helianthus
genus. The tuberous roots of this species
are in general use as vegetables. [Heli-
anthus, Sunflower.]
ar'-ti-cle (cle as kel), ' ar'-ty-cule, s.
[In Sw., Dan., Dut., &Ger. artikel ; Fr. article;
Sp. & Port, urticido ; Ital. orticolo; L-dt.arti-
cidum =(1), a little joint, a joint, a knuckle ;
(2) Fig., (a) a member of a discourse, (b) a.
moment of time ; dimin. of artus = a joint ; Gr.
ap9pov (arthron).^ [Arthrodia. ]
Essential meaning: A separate portion of
anything connected, in some way, with the
other portions of the same thing. Specially —
A. Ordinary LaMgjtage:
L Lit. Of material things:
+ 1. Gen. : A separate portion of a material
thing. [B. 1., Bot.]
2. Any particular commodity or material
substance. (Most frequently used of things
manufactured, or of things exposed for sale.)
boil, b^; po^t, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -gion = zhun. -tlous, -sious, -clous — shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dvL
302
article— articulately
"There were few arlkhss iiiiportaiit to the workiiif
uaaji of whioh the price w;is uot, iu 1685, luore than
h.ilf of what it now 13." — Mtu-itulni/ : Ilist. Eng.. ch. iii.
"The large farmer has some advantage in the itrfidc
of buildings."— y. S. Mill: Folit. £con., vol. i, l^k i,.
eh. ix , 5 4.
11. Fig. Of things essentially imi'mtcrial:
1. One of a series of facts, principles, _ or
prn[iositions presented with logical precision
jiiid clearness in tlieir natural order. When
these are all viewed as a whole, the plural is
used.
(a) (Reduced to writing.)
"... he might lay on the table article^ of_ impeach-
ment agaiiiHt all the chief miuistLTs . . . ." — Macau-
la i/ : Bist Mnri; ch. xv.
"-4)-(ic;es of capitulation were speedily adjusted."—
Ib/d., ch. xvi.
(5) (Not necessarily reduced to writing.)
" Cw- You have broken
TliP ".rii-r/r ni your oath ; which you shall never
Have tongue to charge ine with."
^,S7(l'/.■'■^;>. : Antony ami Clcopiilra, ii. 2.
' . . each (trficle of human dvity."— /*«?'-■,'/.
2. One distinct portion of ;i jirinted news-
pai>er or other periodical tuD important to lie
called a paragraph, and not consisting simply
of a reported speech.
"For the copyright Dryden received two hundred
and fifty pounds, less than in our days has sometunes
been paid for two articles iii a review." — Mricaalay :
Jt's'. Eng., ch. iii.
^f A Uadiiigartide is one of the chief ai'ticlcs
in a newspaper. It is suijposed to be written
by, or at least express the views of, the editor,
and IS accorded larger and more conspicuous
type than that used in most other parts of
the paper.
3. A point of time : in the phrase. " in the
arlidc of death," a translation of the Latin
in aiticuh) mortu,, meaning = at the exact
moment of death.
B. Technically :
I. Bot. : The part of an articulated stem
between the joints.
II. Grain. : A part of speech consisting of
the i^articles o, an, or th-e, placed before a
noun to impart to it a more or less limited
signification. In Greel?: the article is thus
written : 6, i^, to ; in Fr. le, hi, in the sing.,
and les in the pi. ; in Ital. il, lo, la. In Eng-
lish a or an, the former used before a consonant
sound, and the latter betore a vowel one, is
called the indefinite article, because it does not
define or limit the exact person or thing to
which it points ; and the is called the definite
article, because it does thus define or limit the
person or thing which it indicates. [A, An.
and The.]
" The articles are of great value in our language." —
Bam : Higher English Grammar (ed. 1874), p. 33.
III. History and Law :
1. English History and Law :
(a) Articles of the Nacy : Certain express
regulations, first enacted soon after the Res-
toiution, but since modified, which enumerate
}>unislmble offences in the navy, and annex
specific penalties to each. {Blackstone: Com-
ment., bk. i., ch. V6.)
(b) Articles of War: Similar regulations for
the array of much later origin, the delay being
caused by the reluctance with which Parlia-
ment admitted the principle of a standuig
army. [Army, 1, /]
(c) Articles of the Peace: A recognisance or
obligation whereby cex'tain parties acknow-
ledge themselves indebted to the crown in a
ceilain sum, but to be void if they apj'iear in
coui't on a certain day and meanwhde keep
tlic i)eaL-e. {Blackstone : Coinnicut., bk. iv.,
ch. 18.)
2. Old Scottish History and Laio :
* Lords of the Articles. (See example.)
" It liad long been the custom of the Parliaments of
Scotland to entrust tlie preparation of Acts to p- select
number of members who were designated as the Lords
of the Articles."— Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch, xiii.
3. American Hist. A; Loao. Articles of Con-
feihu-iiUon : The compact entered into by the
thirteen States, the confederation of which
formed the United States of America. These
"Articles" were adopted on .Mrtreh 1, 17S1,
and remained the supreme Jaw till iTSih
{Goodrich & Porter )
IV. Theoloinj, Church Hisfiirii, Civil History,
and Law The Th irtij-n ine A) tide-; : " Articles
of Religion," amounting to that nnmber,
fi-amed and adopted as the recognised creed of
tlie English Church during the jirogress of the
Reformation struggle, having lieen "agreed
upon by the Archbishops of both provinces
and the whole clergy," first in a Convocation
held in 1562, and then in another in 1571.
The ratification of .successive sovereigns was
also given, the tirst of them, in conformity
with the spirit of the age, adding, "from
which " [Doctrine and Discipline of the Church
of England now established] "We will not
endure any varying or departing in the least
degree." The Thirty-nine Articles give pro-
minence to the distinctive tenets which sever
the Church of England from that of Rome.
They assail the supremacy of the Pope (Art.
37) ; the asserted infallibility of the Church of
Rome and of Geiiend Councils (Arts. 19&21) ;
the enforced celibacy of the cli-rgy (Art. 32) ;
the denial of the cup to the laity (Art. 30) ;
transubstantiation (Art. 2S) ; and five out of
seven of thealleged seven sacraments (Art. '25);
purgatory and relics ; the worship of images
(Art. 22) ; and finally, works of supererogation
(Art. 14). The Thiiiy-nine Articles agree in
doctrine, as distinguished from discipline, with
those of t]ie other Protestant communions at
home and abroad. Assent to the Articles is
ie([uired from every one who aspires to the
ottiee of a clergyman and pastor in the English
Church. Till lately a similar subscription
was demanded from every student taking a
degree at one of the two oldest English Uni-
versities, but the Act 17 i: IS Vict , c. 81, re-
moved this disability from Oxfrtrd, and the
19 ^V 2UVict., c. 88, did so from Cambridge.
[Degrees, Subscription.]
V. Commercially :
1. Articles of Asbneiatlon : Rules, specifica-
tions, &c., framed as the basis of commercial
agreements.
2. The agreement or conditions on which
an apprentice, &ic., is articled.
ar-ti-cle (cle = kel), -v.t. ^ i. [From ar-
ticle, s. In Pr. articuler.]
A, Transitive :
1. To draw up in the form of articles, or a
statement of particulars, either for a legal
accusation against one, or for some similar
purpose.
"He whose life seems fair, yet if all his erroiirs and
follies were articled against hiin, the man would seem
vicious and miserable. '—Tui/lor: Rale of Living Holy.
2. To bind an apprentice to a master by a
covenant, agreement, articles, or stipulations.
B. Iii.transiti.ve: 1*0 make a covenant with,
to stipulate with.
"If it be said, God chose the successor ; thatismani-
festly not so in the story of Jephtha, where he articled
with the people, and they made him judge over them."
— Locke.
ar'-ti-cled (cled = keld), jjct. par. & u.
[Article, v.]
articled clerk. An apprentice bound
by articles requiring him to serve an attorney
or solicitor for a certain time on condition of
being instructed in liis profession.
ar-tic'-u-lar, a. [In Fr. articulalrc: from
Lat. artieularis.] Pertaining or relating to
the joints.
"... the head of the thigh-bone, an articular
eminence." — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anal., vol. i,,
p. 105.
". . . the acetabulum, an arh'cu^aJ* depression . . ."
—Ibid., p. 105.
ar-tic'-U-lar-ly, odv [Eng. artlmlur; -hi]
In sejiarate heads or divisions; under separats
sections.
ar-tic-u-la'-ta, &. pi. [Lat., n. pi, ofarticu-
latns = divided into joints, pa. par. of articulo
— to divide into j<iin1;s ] [Article.] Cuvier's
name for the third great division or sub-king-
dom of animals. The species so designated
have their body divided into rings, with the
muscles attached to their interior. Their
nervous system consists of two cords extend-
ing along the under jtart of their body, and
swelled but at regular intervals into knots
or ganglia. One of these is the brain, which
is not much larger than the other ganglia.
Cuvier divided the Ai-ticulata into four classes,
arranged in an ascending order — the Annelida,
tlie Crustacea, the Aiachnida, andthelnsecta.
Professor Owen includes under the iirovince
Aiiiculata four classes— (1) Annulata, (2) Cirri-
pedia, (:'.} Crustacea, and (4) Insecta. With
the iiise<'ts proper he combines also the My-
riajiuda, or Centipedes, and the Arachnida, or
Spi'lers (Owen: Pahront., 1868.) The name
Ailiculaia (jointed animals) being a somewhat
indefinite one, Anntdosa. (ringed animals) has
been substituted for it by Macleay and other
naturalists. Prof. Huxley divides Cuvier's
Articulata into Annuloida and Annulosa
(q.v.). (See also Arthropoda.)
ar-tic'-U-late, v.t. k i. [From Lat. articv.-
latunt, s'upine of artiuidu ~{1) to divide into
joints, (2) to utter distinctly.]
A. Transitive:
1. Lit. : To connect by means of a joint ; to
joint.
"Although the foot be articulated to the leg . . •"—
Owen: Cla>,S'f. of the Mammalia, p. 72
II. Figuratively:
" 1. To draw up in articles.
" These things indeed you have articulated,
Proclaim'd at market-crosses, read m churches."
Sh'tkcsp. : 1 Henri/ JV., v. L
2. To enunciate, to utter, to pronounce.
"Pari&iaTi ac.odemists, in their anatomy of apes, tell
us, th.Lt tbf i]]ut,<.les of the tongue, which do most
serve t.j (iriiriilate a word, were wholly like to those of
man.' — Ray: Creation.
B. Intransitive:
1. To joint ; to form a joint with.
2. To treat with ; to attempt to form articles
of agreement with.
" yend us to Rome
The best, with whom we may articidatr,
For their own good and ours."
Shukesjj. : Coriolanua, i. 9,
3. To utti^' distinctly separated, and there-
fore intelligible sounds ; to speak.
"The prisoner, stupefied by illness, was uiiable to
articulate, or to understand what passed." — Macaulay :
nist. Eng., chap. v.
ar-tic'-u-late, «. & s. [From Lat. articulatus,
pa. par. of articulo (see the verb) In Sp.
articulado; Ital. articolato.]
A. As adjective:
1. Divided into joints.
* 2. Put into the form of articles.
"Henry's instructions were extremely curious and
arttculate, and, in them, more articles touching in-
quisition than negotiation ; requiring an answer in
distinct articles to his questions." — Bacon.
3. So uttered as to be intelligible.
(a) Lit. : So spoken that each sound is
separated from the rest, and each word and
letter distinctly enunciated. The gift of doing
this is a special glory of man ; the inferior
animals do not possess it in any considerable
degree.
"The first, at least, of these I thought demed
To beasts, whom G-od. on their creation-day.
Created mute to all articulate sound."
Milton: p. L., bk. ix.
" Those were his last articulate •woidB."—MucaulaJj ;
Hist. Eng., chap. xxv.
(&) Fig. : Intelligible, however uttered or
communicated. In this sense it may be ap-
plied even to a written document as well as
an oral communication.
"Wherever articulate contemporary declarations
have been preserved, ethiinlogicaf is not less certain
than other sorts of history." — Lewis: Early Roin. Hust.,
chap, viii., 5 1.
i. Scots Law. Articulate Adjudication : An
adjudication proceeding at the instance of a
single creditor for seveial debts, each placed
quite distinct from the other, so that if the
evidence for one fail, that for the other may
not be damaged. [Adjudication.]
"This is called an articulate adjudication, and is
strictly a congeries of single adjudications cairied on
in one action to avoid expense." — Bell: Co-nment. Law
of Scotland. 6th ed., 943.
B. As subst. : One of tlic Articulatn ('|.\ .).
ar-tic'-u-la-ted, pa. par. & a. [Articu-
late, v.]
A. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
"They would advance m knowledge, and not deceive
themselves with a little articulated nir."— Locke.
B. Technieally :
1. Zool. : Having joints.
Articulated Animals : A common Engli.sli
name for the animals called in Latin Articu-
lata and Annulosa (q.v.).
2. Bot: (1) United to another body by a
real or apparent articulation. (2) Possessed
of joints, of which the separate portions at a
certain stage of development fall asunder, or
at least may be readily separated, as the joints
of some legumes. {Lindley.)
ar-tic'-u-late-ly, adv. [Eng. articidate-
-ly-]
1. In the form of a joint ; after the manner
of a joint.
2. In the form of articles or separated par-
ticulars ; article by article.
3. "With distinct enunciation of the separate
sounds, and therefore intelligibly ; or intelli-
gibly, without reference to sounds at all.
tate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
I or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, riile, full ; try. Syrian, sb, oe — e. ey = a. qu = kw.
articulateness— artillery
30"
"... articulately pronoimcetl, ouiittyuge no letter
or &y\\!f.h\e."—Elyot : (Jovemour, bk. i., en. 5-
" The secret purpose of our heart no less articulately/
spoken to God, who needs not our -v^urds to discern
vjiir meaning,"— 2)eca^ of Piety,
ar-tic'-u-late-ness, s. [Eng. articulate;
-aess.'] The quality of being articulate. (J'ohn-
soa.)
ar-tic'-U-la-ting, pr. -par. [Articulate, v.']
"... the articulating surfaces are gencudly flat-
tened."—Owen : Classif. qf jVfinuruat.:i,-p. 12
ar-tic-U-la'-tion, s. [in Ger. artUadation;
Fr. arttculation ; Sp. cirticulacioR ; Port, a.-'-
ticnhirao ; Ital. arlicolnzivne. From Lat. arti-
citlationem, ace. of articuhitio= the putting
forth of new joints or nodts.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of articulating. Spec , tlie act
of forming sounds distinctly separated.
"I conceive that an extreme small, or an extreme
[,'reat, sound cannot he articiilate ; but that the artzcu-
littoii reciuireth a mediocrity of soimd." — Bacon.
IL The state of being ai-ticulated.
1. Lit. : The state of being jointed. [B.,
ZvoL, Bot.]
2. The state of being articulately sounded,
so as to be intelligible, or simply of being
intelligible without indication how.
" The looks and gestures of ttieir giiefs and fears
Have all articulation in his ears."
Cowper: The Xecdleas Alarm.
III. That wliich is articulated, [B., 1,
Anat., &;c.; 2. BotJ]
B. Technically :
1. Anat., Zool., Paiiitin.g, Scul'ptitre, &c. :
A joint; the particular kind of connection
between two bones. This is of three kinds,
Diarthrosis, Synarthrosis, and Symphysis
(q-v.).
"A joint, or articulation, may he defined to he the
union of any two segments of an animal body, through
the intervention of a structure or structures different
from both."— Todd it- /iounnan : Phy&iol. Anat., i. Vil.
2. Bot. : TIic nodes of an articulated stem.
3. dravi. : A consonant, so called because
it is inrmed by the bending of the organs of
voice into the joint, as clo.sing the lips, &c.
ar-tic'-u-la-tdr, a. [Eng. articulat{e), and
sulf. -or.]
1. One who articulates or prononnces.
2. <".)iie who articulates bones or skeletons.
ar-tic'-u-lite, s. [Lat. articidvs = a little
joint, a"nd lite = Gr. Kl6o^ (lithos) = stone.]
Itacolumite, a Auriety of Quartz (q.v.).
ar'-ti-fi9e, s. [Fr. artijice; Sp. & Port, arti-
Jiclo ; Ital. artificio, artifizio = (1) handicraft,
trade, art. (2) skill, ingenuity, (3) theory,
sy^teIn, (4) dexterity, skill : from artijicem,
ace. of artlfex = an arti.st or an artificer ; ars
■=- art ; facio = to make.] [Artificer.]
1. The act or practice of making anything
by art.
\. Lit.: A handicraft, a trade ; art in general.
"... ;iiiiJ ay ye see a thing made by artijwc perish,
. . "—Jlie (id/dim Bokc, ch. -12. {Iticliardson.)
2. Fig. : Skill.
"... such as illustrate the artijice of its [the smisj
Maker. "^BroMi/te. Vulgar Errours, hk. vi., ch, v.
{Iticharclion.)
II. Anything contrived by art ; anything
skilfully devised.
1. {Not necessarily in a had sen^e) : Any-
thing framed, devised, or contrived by man,
as contradistinguished from that which ema-
nates more directly from God.
" Bhetoric is artifice, the work of man,"
Cowper: Expostulation.
2. (hi a had sense) : A stratagem, a trick, a
piece of low cunning.
"The ringleaders, the men of rank, fortune, and
etlucation, whose power and whose nrtifti-cs h.ave led
the multitude inwi error, are the prupcr objects of
severity."— J/tic(i«?«y .- Hist. Eng., ch. v.
ar-tif'-i-9er, s. [Eng. artifice; -cr. In Pr.
arlificicr ; Sf., Port., and Ital. artifi^:e. From
Lat. ariifimm, ace. of a7'(i/e.'»:= CI) one wdio
exercises a libtral jit, an arti.st ;" (2) a maker
of anything : ars = art, and/acto = to make.]
L JAt,: One who is proficient in, or practises,
any art. (Originally applied especially to one
lirai'tismg a liberal art, but now generally to
a simple ai-tizim.)
". . . for all manner of work to be made by the
hands of artificers." — l Chron. xxix. B.
II. Fig-: One who frames, contrives, or
devises anything of whatever kind : a con-
triver, a deviser, a forger, a framer.
1. Ill a good sense. (Usdl of God, tlie great
Framer of all things : rarely of man.)
2. In ahcul sense : One who devises anything
bad. Spec, a cunning person, a trickster.
" He, soon aware.
Each perturbation smooth 'd with outward calm.
Artificer of fraud '. and was the first
That practis'd falsehood under saintly show."
Milton: P. L., bk. iv.
ar-tif'-x-^er-ship, s. [Eng. artificer; sufl\
-ship.] The state of being an artificer ; the
whole body of artificers taiven collectively.
ar-ti-fi9'-ial (9 as sh), n. & ;;. [In Fr.
artificiel; 8p. & Port, artificial; Ital. ortifi-
i-ialc and ortifiziale ; Lat. artificialis, from arti-
fici urn. ] [A RTI FICE. ]
A. As adjective ;
1. Ordinary Language:
1. Framed or produced by art instead of by
nature ; in some way modified by art rather
than by nature.
(a) Framed, made, or pruduced liy art
instead of by nature.
"Artificial fountains spouted among the flower-beds
. . ." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
(&) With which art lias had to do. Spi^r.,
cultivated, as opposed to gi-owing or arising
spontaneously. (U may be used in a good
sense, as an " artificial grass " = sl cultivated
one ; or in a bad sense, as in the sul.)jrjiued
example.)
" They swathe the forehead, drag the limping limb.
And vex their flesh with artificial sores."
Cowper; Task, bk. i.
(c) Nut conformable to nature ; uimatural,
as opposed to natui'al.
"These seem to he the more artificial, as those of a
single person the inore natural gi>vernments,"—
Temple.
2. Contrived with some measure of art or
skill, as oppjosed to what is artless, undesigned,-
or unskilful.
(a) (In a good, or at least, in an indifferent
sense): Ingenious.
(6) (In a had sense) : Containing or involving
some kind of trickery.
II. Technieaihj:
1. Ichct. Artificial arguments : Proofs on
considerations which arise from the genius,
industrj', or invention of the orator. They
are thus called to distinguish them from laws,
authorities, citations, and the like, which are
said to be inartifixiol arguments.
2. Astron. Artificial liorizon. [Horizon.]
3. Mathcnwiics :
(a) Artificial lines: Lines, on a sector or
scale, so contrived, as to represent the loga-
rithmic sines and tangents ; which, by the
help of the line of numbers, solve, with toler-
able exactness, questions in trigonometry,
navigation, &c.
(h) Artificial numbers : Logarithms.
4. Bot, The artificial system of classification :
That of LinuEeus, founded mainly on the
number of the stamens and pistils ; the chief
aim being to facihtate the naming of speci-
mens, and not to rank together the plants
which are most closely akin. The Natural as
opposed to the Artificial System makes this
latter object its special one, and the classifi-
cation of Linnseus, which in its day rendered
immense service in popularising Botany, has
now all but sunk into disuse.
i B, As suhstantive : Anything produced by
art.
"There ought to be added to this work many and
various mdices, besides the alphabetical ones; as.
namely, one of all the artificials mentioned in the
■whole work. —Sir \V. Petty : Advice to S. ifartlib, p. lu.
t ar-ti-fi9-i-al-i-ty (9 as sh), ^. [Eng.
artifiriul; -ity.] The quality of being artificial.
ar-ti-fiL9-ial-i'ze (9 as sh), v.t. [Eng. arti-
ficial ; -ize.] To render artificial.
ar-ti-fi9'-ial-ly (9 as sh), adv. [Eng. arti-
ficiid; -}y.]
* 1. Artfully, skilfully, with contrivance.
"How cunningly he made his faultiness less; how
artificially he set out the torments of his own con-
science. —Sidney.
2. By art, not by nature.
"The tail of the girafle looks like an artificially
coubtnicted fly-flapi)er."— i)«j^i/i.- Origin of Species
(ed. 1859), ch. VI,, p. 195.
ar-ti-f i9'-ial-ness (9 as sh), s. [Eng. arti-
ficial; -ness.] The quality of being artifirial.
(Joltnson.)
* ar-ti-f i9'-ious (^ as sh), k. [Lat. orti-
ficiosns; Fr. artificix" c] Tlie same as Arti-
ficial (q.v.). (Joh'i-^'>n.)
* ar-til-i'se, v.t. [Eng. aii, formed on the
analogy of naturoUsc : see example.] To make
to resemble art. (LTsed of operations up<»R
nature.)
" ' If I was a philosopher,' s.^ys Montaigne, ' I wciuia
natui-alise art, instead of artiliiing nature.' The ex-
pression is odd, but the sense is gooA. "—Jiolinghroke to
Pope.
ar-til'-ler-ist, s. [Eng orfillcr(y); -isl.] An
artilleryman ; one praetiijally acquainted with
artillery or gunnery.
"The artillery is all Eiwlish, as the G-ovcnimeiit
has never seen lit, since the mutiny of l-o7. tn tnuii
native artillerists to use the gnns." — Amci-'vn' . I •■'.on nt
of Jndia (by Gen. Forsytlt), Times, April :ia, 1S70.
ar-til'-ler-^, "^^ ar-til'-ler-ie, ' ar-tyl-
er~y, " ar-titl'-yer-y, * ar-tU'-rie, * ar~
tel'-rie (Eng.), ^ ar-ta'il-ye (Scotch), s.
[In Ger. & F)-. artiUerie; O. Fr. artilleric,
arieilhric. froia artiVcr — to I'cnder strong by
art, to work with artifice, to fortify, tii arm ;
Prov. arf^lhann, artilheria ; Sp. artilleria ;
Port, artilharia; Ital. arfiglieria ; Low Lat.
artlUare = to make machines ; artillaria, artil-
leria = warlike engines, vans laden with mili-
tary arms ; C'hiss. Lat. ars = art.]
A. Ordinary Lang ncgc :
I. Implements of war.
1. Literally:
(1) Ocn. : Warlike implements of whatever
kind.
" And al his vthir artilyery also
He dowblith hath, that raerwell was to sen,"
Lancelot of tlie Lake (ed. bkeat), hk, iii. 2,E33-9.
^ Formerly it miglit be used in the xilwi'al ;
now only the singular is employed.
" Swicbe as haii castelles and other inanere edifices,
and armure, and artilrii'»."—Chaucei- : Tale of Mclibaus.
(2) Specially:
''" (a) Bf3ws and arrows.
" And Jonathan gave h i s artillery [bows and arrows!
unto bis lad, . . ."— l Sam. xx. 40.
(&) Cannons or other great guns, and also
all appliances needful to keep them in a state
of etticiency for use in time of war.
2. Fignri'Jircly :
(1.) Any weapon used in intellectual, moral,
or spiritual warfare.
" He laughs wliateMir weapnii Truth may draw,
And deems her shaip unilU-ry mere straw "
Coii'per Hope.
(2.) The "electric fluid" in the clouds when
flashing forth lightning accompanied by the
roar of tliundei',
" And heaven's artillery thunder in the skies."
Shake.ip. .- Taming of tlie Shrew, i 2.
II. The science and art of gunnery.
"In artillery i>r.ictice the heat generated is usually
concentrated upon the front of the bolt, and on the
portion of the tarjret lirst struck." — Tyndalli Fnig. of
Science, 3rd ed,, i, 17.
^ Here the word is used almost adjectively.
III. The men constituting the military corps
in charge of the cannons, and who are trained
to fire them in war.
"But there was no regiment of artillery, no )>rig,ide
of sapi>ei"s and minera, . . ." — Macaulay : Jlist. A'ng.,
ch. iii.
H. Technically:
Mil. : "For the several uses of the word
artillery, see A., I., II., & III. James, in his
Military Diet., considered the artillery in the
sense A., III. as consisting of (1) the Koyal
Regiment of Artillery, (2) the Royal Hoise
Artilleiy, (3) the Royal Artillery Drivers, and
(4) the Commissary's Department, It is now
often divided into (1) Horse Artillery, (2)
Field Artillery, and (3) Garrison Artillery,
The head-quarters are at Woolwich, in the
military college of which also cadets are in-
structed in their special duties before be-
coming artillery oflScers.
Field Artillery: Artillery designed to be
taken with an army to the field of battle.
Park of Artllhry [Park] : Artillery, with
the carriages, horses, and stores of all kinds
necessary for its effecti\'e use.
Siege Artillery: Artillery of heavy metal,
designed to be employed in breaching fortifi-
cations.
Train of Artillery : A certain number of
pieces of cannon mounted on carriages, with
uU their furnituie tit for marching.
boil, hoy-; pout, jowl; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin. benph; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as ; [expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-€ian, -tian = sh9,n. -tion, -sion == shun ; -tion, -jion^zhiin. -tlous, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. d^l.
304
artilleryman— arum
ar-til'-ler-y-man, ^ [Eug. artlUery ; man.]
One who beloiii^^s to the artillery or who
serves a gun.
"... from the artiUeri/men bein^ in imrticular
cases momited upon the cnrt attemliuii the bngiides.'
— James: Military Did., 'p. 'Z6.
ar-ti-6-dac'-ty-la, ^ pJ. [Gr. aprtos (ortin^)
= equal, and Ba.KTvKo<; (daktulos) = a finger or
tOB. Having equal tues.] In the classifu-a-
tion of Mammalia hv Professor Owen, the
llrst (highest) order of the Ungulata. It is
divided into two families or sections : Oin-
nivora, as the Hog ; and Ruminantia, as the
8heep.
ar - ti - 6 - dac'- tyle, f. [Artiodactyla.]
Having even toes, tliat is, tot.-s even in iiuin-
hei'. (Used also as a suhstaiitive.)
"In the even-tned i>i- ' ni/ZoiZ^cCi/^f ' Ungulates."—
Owen: Classif. of the Munn-hihn, ji 'M.
* ar-ti'que (tique = tik), adj. [Arctic]
The same as Arctic (q.v.).
" From tropick, e'en to pole artique."
Dnjden ■ To Sir G. Etherege, 6.
*ar'-tis {Ohl Eng.), airts (Scotch), s. %>l.
Quarters of the sky. [Airt.]
"... and sua serclis the erd about all artis anls
euery day, iratand spreit in all that lyf beris."—
Wisd<ytn of Solomon (ed. Lumby), 350, 352.
" Of a' the airta the wind can blaw
I dearly like the west "
Burns: I Love my Jean.
ar-ti-san, ^i'. [Fr. artisan; 8p. artesauo ; Ital,
artigiano. From I-<at. ars = acquired skill,
art.]
"■" 1. One who practised any of the arts, in-
cluding the liberal ones, such as sculpture and
i)iiiiiting, or was a student of books.
"Zeuxis [meaning the celebrated painter], a pro-
fessed artisan, . . ."—Hollun I : Phn//, pt. ii., p. 535.
{Tretidi : Sulect Gloss., pp. n, u.)
2. One trained to practise a manual art ; a
handicraftsman, a mechanic, a tradesman.
^ This meaning, though not the original
one, has still long existed ; for instance,
Bullokar, in the edition of his English Ex-
positor, published in lijOii, defines an artisan
to be " A handy crafts-man ; an artificer."
" Even in the to\vn3 the artisans were very few."—
Macaulay: Hist. Emj., ch, xii.
ar'-tist, s. [Fr. artiste; Sp., Port., & Ital.
artista; from Lat. ars = art.]
I, Of a person's profession, occupoiion, croft,
or stvdy :
* 1, One who has had a liberal education, or
at least is a reader, and has in consequence
acquired knowledge, as contradistinguished
from one who is unread.
"The wise and fool, the artist and unread." —
Shakesp. : Troilus & Crcasid-i, i. 3.
II It was used especially (a) for a cultivator
of classical learning ;
" Some will make me the pattern of ignorance for
making this Scaliger the pattern uf the geneTal artist ."
— Fuller: Holn State, bit. li., ch. 8. (See Trench:
Seleat Glossary, pp. 6, 0.
Or (h) for a cultivator of science. In the
subjoined example it probably means " astro-
nomer," or if it be " constructor of the
telescope," the example will illustrate signi-
fication '2 instead of 1. [Art (B.), Artsican.]
"... the nioon, whose orb
Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views
At evening frum the top of Fesole."
Miltan ; P. L., bk. i.
t 2. One wlio practises an art of whatever
kind. (The variety of occupations to whiclathe
tenn may be applied may be seen in the ex-
ample from Pope under No. II.)
" Then from his anvil the lame arf/'sf rose.
Pope: I/otner's Iliad, bk. xviii. 4S2.
3. One who practises any of the fine arts,
as music, iiaiuting, sculpture, engraving, or
architecture. (This is now the ordinary signi-
fication of the word.)
(a) Literally :
" Bich with the spoils of many a conquerVl land.
All arta and artists Theseus could command.
Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame ;
The master paintera and the carvers came."
Dryden.
(h) Fig^iratively :
" Well hast thou done, great artist. Memory."
TennijAon: Ode to Memory, 5.
■* II. One who is possessed of trained skill
in any art or occujiation, as distinguished
froui one whu is durstitute of such traiuing.
{Lit. & Fig.)
'Ti.H more by art than force of numerous strokes
The dexterous woodman shakes the stubborn oaks :
By art the pilot, through the hoiling deep
And howling tempest, steers the fearless ship ;
And 'tis the artist wins the glorious course.
Not those who trust in chariots and in horse.
In vain, unskilful, to the goal they strive,
And short or wide th' ungovern'd courser drive ;
While with sure skill, though with inferior steeds,
The knowing racer to his end proceeds "
Pope: Homer s Iliad, bk. xxiii,, 38.'l-34.
"' artist-god, 5. [Here the word artist is
used in the sense I., 2.] Vulcan.
" To her the artist-f/oi/ : Thy griefs resign,
Secure, what Vulcan uan, is ever thiui.' "
Pope: Homers Iliad, Vjk. xvui., 5^1-2.
artist-like, v. Like an artist.
'■ Artist -I ikr.
Ever retiring thou dubt gaze
On the prime hibour of thine early days."
Tennyson: Ode to Memory, 5.
ar'-tiste, s. [Fr.] One who practi.ses an art
and professes to do so in the highe.'^t style
(C>ften used of play-actors and musicians, but
not unfrequently also of milliners and cooks,
who, deriving their inspiration from Paris,
wish to be designated by a word current in
that capital rather than by one of indigenous
growth.)
ar-tis'-tic, ar-tis'-tic-al, a. [Eng. artist ;
'ic, -icaJ. In Fr. artistiquc]
1. According to the rules of art, or in the
way which a proper artist might be suppo^ied
to adopt. (Webstt'r.)
2. Pertaining to an artist. (Wchster.)
ar-tis'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng arlistiml; -hj.]
In an artistic manner. ((Juarterly Ltcineic.)
(Worcester's Diet.)
art'-less, u. [Eng. art; -?(.'w.] Without art.
Specially —
I. Of persons or minds :
1. Not nnderstanding art ; destitute of all
acquaintance with art. (Rarely followed by
of.)
" The high-shoed plowman, should he quit the land.
Artless 0/ stars, and of the moving sand. "^Z>r//deH.
2. Guileless, simple, undesigning, too inno-
cent to try tu deceive, and not likely to
succeed even if the attempt were made.
" Suspicion lurks not in her artless breast :
The worst suggested, she believes the best."
Cuwper : Vharity.
II, Of things:
1. Destitute of art ; not evincing the pos-
session of art in its or their constructor.
'■ . , these assemblages of artl-ess and massy pillars."
^M'tirtoii: Hist, of Kiddington.
2. Conceived in simplicity and sincerity ;
not designed to produce an efiect, but pro-
ducing it all the more on account of this.
" Oh, how unlike the complex works of man,
Heaven's easy, artless, unencumber'd plan ! "
Cowper : Truth.
art'-less-Iy, af?i'. [Eng. artless; -ly.] In an
artless manner. Spccialbj —
1. Without skill.
2. Without craft ; simply, guilelessly, un-
designedly, sincerely.
" Nature and truth, though never so low or vulgar,
are yet pleasing, when openly and artlessln repre-
sented."—/"o/ie.
art'-less-ness, b. [Eng. artless; -ness.l The
quality of being artless : simplicity, sincerity,
unafFectedness ; absence uf guile or atfecta-
tion. (Todd.)
art'-ly, adv. [Eng. art ; -ly.] Artificially, by
human skill or contrivance.
"A crabstock, if it have a even of some delicate
ar-t6-car-pa'-9e-£e (Mod. Lot.), ar-to-
car'-pads (Eng.), a. pi. [Artocarpus.] An
order of exogenous plants, placed by Lindley
under his Urticales or Urtical Alliance The
female flowers are colh-cted into fleshy masses
or heads. The stipules are rouvolnte and
sh'Mthiijg, as in the genus Fu'u.s. In 1847,
Lindk-y L-stiuuited the known .species at fifty-
four. [ARTOCARI'US. ]
ar-to-car'-pous, ar-to-car'-pe-ous, a.
[Artocarpus.] Relating to the order Arto-
cai'ijesy, the genus Artocarpus, or to the Bread-
fruit.
ar-to-car'-piis, s. [in Ital. ortocarpc ; Mod.
Lat art.-inirpui ; from Gr. apxo? (artos) =
bi-e;id, and /capTros (/,('rj)05) = fruit. Bread-
fruit.] A genus of plants— the typical one of
the order Artocarpacete, or Artocarpads It
contains various species. The most notable
is the A. iucisa, or Bread-fruit tree. It is a
EEEAD-FRUIT TREE.
middle-sized tree, with large variously-cut and
lobed lea\'es. It has a round, curionsly-nmri-
cated fruit. [Bread-fruit.] It flourishes
in the Wouth Sea Islands. Danipicr, Anson,
and Captain Cook niade it known in Europe,
and the cxjiedition of Captani Bligh ot the
Boiinty, dispatched with the \'iew of intro-
ducing it into the West Indies, ended in the
mutiny of the crew, the capture nf the vessel,
and till' settlement of some of the mutineers
in 1790 on Piteairn's Lsland, whence their
descendants were transferred tn Norfolk Island
in July, 1S56. The A. iutegrifulla is the Jack-
tree. "[Jack-tree.]
ar-to-tyr-i'-tes, s. pi. [Gr. aproTupo? (arto-
tvros)= bread made with cheese : apro^ (artos)
= a loaf of bread, and rvpo'^ (ti>ros) = cheese.]
Ch. Hi^t. : A sect in the primitive Church
■who celebrated the Lord'.s Supper with bread
and cheese, on the ground that the first obla-
tions of men were not' only the fruits of the
earth, but their flocks (Gen. iv. :i, 4).
" ar'-to^, ^" ar'-tou, -^ ar-tu. [Eng. art ;
thou.] A contraction for art thoit.
'^Why artow so discoloured on thy face ?"
Chaucer: C. 2'.,12,5j2.
" Chyld, whi artou not a-schamed ? "
Dispute between Mary & the Oros (ed. Morris), ii. 22.
art'-ship, s. [Eng. art ; -ship.] Artistic skill.
(Sylvester: The Vocatiov , 118.)
" arts'-man, s. [Eng. arts; man.] A man.
skilled in any science or art.
". . , and that thepith ofallsciences, whichmaketh
the artsman differ from the inexpert, is in the middle
propositions, which in every particuhar knowledge are
taken from tradition and experience." — Bacon (Quota-
tioafrom Plato): Adv. of Learn., bk. ii.
ar'-ti.m, s. [In Ital. aro; Sp. yaro; from Lat
oros, a.ron, arjim = the cuckow-pint ; Gr. apov
(aron). Hooker and Arnott think the Greek
word may come from the Heb. -\it^ (''''). in the
sense of fire or flame, and may refer to the
burning or acrid character of these plants.] A
ARUM MACULATUM.
genus of plants belonging to the order Aracere,
or Arads. It contains one Britisli species, the
well-kno\ni A. niaxvlatum, the Cuckow-pmt
(meaning point), Lords aud Ladies, <>r Wake-
Robin. The solitary spikes of bright scarlet
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work. who. son; mute, cuto, ciire, ijmite, cur. rule, full; try, Syrian, se, 03 = 3. ey = a, qu = kw^a
iirundelian— aryste
30o
"berries inay often be seen tinder hedges in
winter, after the leaves aud spadix have dis-
appeared. They are pnisdiious. The rhizomes
are used in Switzerland for soap. There is in
them an amylatieous substance, wliioh, after
the acrid matter luis been pressed out, may
be employed in lieu of bread-flour.
A-run-del'-i-an, u. [Eng. Annul d ; -ian.]
' Pertaining to any of the successive Earls of
Arundel.
Aruiidelian or Oxford Marbles : Certain mai'-
bles brought from the East by Mr. William
Petty, who purchased them for Thomas, Earl
of Arundel, in 1(324. Aniving in London in
the year 1G27, they were placed in tlie gardens
of Aruudel House, which then occupied the
site on which Anmdel, Xnrfolk, Surrey, and
Howard Streets, running olf the Strand, in
London, now stand. In 1667 the Hon, Henry
Howard, grandson of the first purchaser, and
afterwards Duke of Norfolk, presented the
collection, wliich had met with Vandal treat-
ment in London, to the University of Oxford.
It was either from his ancestor or from him
that the term Arundelian, applied to the
marbles, was derived. The marbles contain
the Parmn Chronicle (li.v.).
ak-run-d3tt'-er-0US, a. [Lat. ar^uuUfer, from
* antiido = a reed or cane ; aud fero = to bear. ]
Reed-bearing, cane-beariug. Bearing reeds or
canes. (Ogilvie.)
a-riin-^-na'-ye-OUS, a. [Lat. arundina-
cetis.] Resembling a reed or cane.
a-riin-din-ar'-i-a, s. [From arumlo (q.v.).]
A genus of grasses containing the Cane-brake
of Nortli America (A. macrospeT^iia).
a-run-din'-e-ous, a-run-din-o'^e, adj.
[Lat. ariDidlneiis, aruTtdiTwsus.]
1. Made of reeds.
2. Abounding in reeds.
3. Resembling a reed.
a^run'-dd, s. [Lat. arundo = SL reed.] A
' Linnaaan genus of grasses, formerly made to
include several British species ; btVt all these
are by some botanists now removed from it,
and placed in other genera. Beutham partly
returns to the older view, and gives one
British Arundo — viz., A. pliragmites, the
Common Reed. It is Pliragmites com/munis of
most modern botanists. It is a stout peren-
nial, five, six, or more feet high, with a
long creeping root-stock, long leaves, and a
small or large panicle of flowers. It occiu's
in Britain in wet ditches, marshes, &e.,
flowering towards the end of summer and
in autumn. [Ammophila, Psamma, Calama-
GKOSTis.] A. rfOTioa; supplies material for fish-
ing-rods, and is imported for the pui-pose from
the south of Europe, where it is indigenous.
The striped-leaved variety, formerly more
common than, it now is in gardens, is called
Gardener's Garters.
*a-ru'r-a, "" ar-ru'r-a, s. [Lat. arwra; Gr.
apoupa (aroiira) = tilled or arable land, corn-
land ; o-pow (arou) = Lat. aro = to plough, to
till.] A day's ploughing. [Aeouka.]
a-rus'-pex, t ha-rus'-pex, a-rus'~pi9e
s. [In Fr., Sp., & Ital. aruspice ; Port, arus-
pice, hamspice; Lat. hantspcx ; -farvspex, from
(1) liira=.t\ie empty gut; Sansc. 7iirA = the
intestines ; Greek xo^*^^ (cholas) and x°^'-^
{cholix); Old Norse i/crr-ntr = the intestines;
and (2) s2Mcio or sjilcio = to look at.]
Among the Etmscans and Romans: A sooth-
sayer or diviner who pretended to foretell
futui'e events by the iuspection of the entrails
of victims.
" Adoni'd with bridal pomp, she sits in state ;
Ihe public notaries and uruspex wait,"
Dryden : Juv. Sat. 10.
''The Senate, however, consider this aruspex of irn-
certain authority, and await the respouse of the Del-
phian oracle."— itwja : Early Horn, nistorif, ch. xii.
'\ Though the form arvspice is given in
Dictionaries, the examples cited to illustrate
it, being in the plural, do not establish its
existence, for anuipices might be the plural of
the Lat. arusjiex, as well as of the English
aru spice.
" The second sort of ministers mentioned by Cicero,
were not priests, but augurs and antspices, designeu
to be the interxjretera of the mind of the gods." — £jj.
Story on thv. Priesthood, eh. 5.
" They [the Romans] had coUeges for augurs and
araspices, who used to make their predictions some-
times hy fire, sometimes by ilying of fowls, &c." —
Howell : Letters, in. 23.
a-rus-pi-cy» ^- [From Ijiit.arnbpU-evi, accus.
of ariibpcx — a soothp-ayer.] [Aruspex.] Pre-
tended divination of future events by inspect-
ing the entrails of victims.
" A flam more senseless than the roguery
Of old amspicy and ft\iguiy."
Butler: JJudlbrag, pt. ii., c. iii.
* ar'-val, * ar'-vel, " ar'-vil, "^ ar -thel, s.
jDaji. arfiPO'l = a solemn feast in lionour of a
deceascii chieftain, from frrf= an lieir, and ol
= ale.] A funeral. (Used chiefly in the
north of England.)
* arval-bread, s. Bread given to the poor
in the north of England on occasion of fiineral-s.
* arval-feast« * arvil-feast, s. A feast
made at a funeral.
" I had au iuelin on't at th' nrv'tl -feast."
Yorlishirc Dialoffue, p. S'J. [D-iudier.)
* arval-supper, s a supper in con-
nection with a funeral.
ar'-val, a. [Lat. arvali-s = arable.] Of or
pertaining to ploughed land,
Arval Brethren, s. pi.
Roimm Mythol. : Priests who otfered sacri-
fice to the divinities of the field in order to
secure the fertility of the soil.
ar-vic'-6l-a, s. [Lat. arvwi = a field, and
* colo = to dwell in, to inhabit.] A genus of
rodent mammalia belonging to the family
Castoridte, though they have also close affini-
ties with the Muridfe, or Mice. Its represen-
tatives in Britain are the A. amphiMus, the
AVater-vole, or Water-rat ; the A. agrestis, the
Field-vole, Short-tailed Field-mouse, or Mea-
dow-mouse ; and the A. pratensis, or Bank-
vole. All the three are found, also fossil, in
Newer Pliocene strata and caves in Britain.
Ar-vo'-ni-an, a. [Froin Arvonia, the Roman
name of a 'district in Wales.] Pertaining to
the above-mentioned Arvonia.
Geol. : Noting Pre-Cambriau formation in
Penibi-okesli ire, Carnarvonshire, and Anglesea.
Dr. Hicks divides the Pre-Cainbrian forma-
tion into Dimetian, Arvonian, and PeMdian.
Eacli of these must have been many thousand
feet in thickness, and their horizontal exten-
sion is very wide. The Arvonian formation
contains the quartz-felsites and porphyries,
called hallejiinta by Tbrell, and petrosilex rocks
by Hunt. (Used also substantively.)
* ar'-we, *ar'-whe, *ar'-6we, a. [A. 8.
earg—iuert, weak, timid.] [Arch, «.] Timid.
* ar'-we, v.t. [A.S. eargian = io be a coward.]
[Arwe, a.] To render timid.
"Hast arweU many herdy men that hadden wil to
fyghte." Piers Plowman. (Uoucher.)
* ar'-we (plural * ar'-we§(, * ar'-wen), s.
[Arrow.] An arrow.
* ar'-wyg-yll, a. [Earwig.]
-ary, as suffix. [From Lat. suff. -arius, ■arium.]
1. All agent in pei'forming any act or doing
any work ; as lapidary (Lat. lujndarius) = a
worker in stone.
2. A place for; as Zt&rarj/ (Lat. lihrariuvi)
= a place for books.
3. Connected with or pertaining to.
Ar'-y-an, + Ar'-i-an, a. & s. [In Sansc.
Arya (as substan.) = (1) a tribe or nation— the
Aryas ; (2) in later Sanscrit (as adj.) = noble,
of good family. India was called Arya-dvarta
= the counti-y of the Aryas. These Aryas
were invading Brahmans, Kshatriyas (war-
riors), and Vaisyas (merchants); whilst the
aborigines of India were called in the Vedas
Dasyus. In later Sanscrit Arya specially
meant the third or merchant class, the most
numerous of the three, whence it came to
stand for the whole nation. It seems to mean
one who ploughs or tills, and to be connected
with the Latin word ar(' = to plough, to till.
It was opposed to Tvrn, in Sanscrit meaning
(1) as adj. = swift ; (2) as sithstan. =^ a nomad.
[Turanian.] In Zend alrya (adj.) means
venerable, and (substan.) the Persian people.
(The Persians and the Indian Aryans were
originally the same nation.) Persia was called
by Hellenicus, who wrote before Herodotus,
Aria. Herodotus says that the iNIedes called
themselves Arii. In tlie cuneifonn inscrip-
tions Darius denominates liimsel t A riya.
Many otherwords, ancientand modern, appear
tn contain the tenn, as Iran (IV-rsia) ; .Ar-
menia; Aria, in Thrnc-e ; the Arii, m Ger-
many; and even our own i'rin and Ireland.
(Sec INIax Miiller on tlie Scinn-c of Language,
■ith cd, pij. 24(5— l'.jd,) The word has some-
times been written ^Iriaii. ; but Aryan is more
corri^ct, besides having the great advantage of
discriminatingthe term from Arian, pertaining
to the Presbyter of Alexandrin, so prominent
in discussions regarding the doctrine of the
Trinity.]
A. As adjective :
I. Philol. & Etlmoi. : Belonging tn the great
family of human languages described below.
Aryan family of languages: A great family
"f languages, sometimes, though rarely, and
n()t (|uite accm'ately, called Jajihetic ; more fre-
quently designated as the Indo-European or
Indo-Germauic family of tongues. They have
reached a higher deveh ipment than those of the
second great family, tiic " Semitic," better de-
scribed as the Syro- Arabian family, and are far
in advance of the next one— that comprising
the Turanian tongues. [Languages.] Like the
Syro- Arabian forms of speech, they are inflec-
tional [Inflectional] ; while those of Turanian
origin are only agglutinate. [Agglutinate.]
Max Miiller separates the Aryan family of
languages primarily into a Southern and a
Noi-thern division. The former is subdivided
into two classes— (1) the Indie, and (2) the
Iranic ; and the latter into six— (1) tlie Celtic,
(2) the Italic, (3)the Illyric, (4)the Hellenic, (5)
the Windic, and (6) the Teutnuic. [See these
words.] (Mas Miiller : Science of Language, vol.
ii., 1S71, p. 411.) It is <]fteu said that Sanscrit,
spoken by the old Brahmans, is the root of all
these classes of tongues. It is more correct
to consider it as the first branch, and assume
the existence of a root not now accessible to
direct investigation. Ah au illustratinn of the
affinity among the Aryan tongue's, tiike the
common word daughter. It is in Sw. dotter ;
Dan. da iter ; Dnt. dochter ; Ger. tnchter : <_). H.
Ger. tohtur; Goth, danktar ; Litli. diddere ;
Gr. 6vydTi]p(thugater); Aiinemnn dustr ; Sansc.
duhitri ; the last-named word signifying,
primarily, "milkmaid," that being the func-
tion, in the early Brahman or Aryan house-
hold, which the daughter <lischarged. Not
only are the roots of very many words aliln
throughout the several Aryan tongues, but (a
more important fact) so also are the inflections.
Thus the first person singular of a well-known
verb is in Lat. do; Gr. SCSajfiL (diddnu) ; Lith.
diimi ; Old Slav, daray; Zend dadhdinl; Sansc.
doAldmi ; and the third person sing, present
indie, (tf the substantive ^'crb is in Eng. is,
Goth, ist, Lat. est, Gr. co-rt (esti), Sansc. asti.
"... there exists in India a sort of rivalry between
the Aryan laugiiai,'es, or rather between the three
lirincipal one'^— Hindi, Maiathi, ami Bengali — each
considering itself suiierior tu the others, "—JJeremes ,■
Coinpar. Gram. Aryan tang, of India, vol. i. (1872);
Introduction, p. 31.
IL Ethnology :
1. Gen.: Pertaining to the old race spealdng
the primeval Aiyan tongue [A.], or any of the
numerous forms of speech which have sprung
from it. The ancestors of most modem Euro-
peans lived together as one peojile, speaking
the primeval Aryan tongue, in Central Asia,
and apparently near the Pamir steppe. Their
separation took ])lace at so remote a period
that, while they seem to have known gold,
silver, and copper, they \vere unacquainted
with iron, the name of which is different in
all the leading Aryan tnngues. {Max Miiller,
Soience of Language, vol. ii., 1S71, p. 258.)
2. Spec. : The Aryan race which invaded
India at a period of remote antiquity, possibly
1700 B.C., and still remains the' dominant
Hindoo race there.
B. As suhstautivc : The race or races de-
scribed under A., II. (q.v.).
^ a^ry'ght (gh silent), adv. [Aright.]
* ar'-y-ole, s. [Lat. Mriolus = a soothsayer.]
A soothsayer, a diidner.
"... for nrwoles, nygromancers brought theym to
the aiictors uf their god. ' — Trevisa tic Prop Rerum, f.
12C. (Boucher.)
* a-ry;§te, v.i. [Arise.]
"And made forward ei'ly to nri/ne"
ffiLixcer ■ C. T., 33.
*a-ryst'e, s. [A.S. cerest, n.Ti^t -resurrection ;
ariutii = to arise.] Resurrection.
" As heo stode aud speken, and weren at wenynge.
Of vre louerdes arystc, and fele other thinge,'"
The Passion of Our Lord (ed. Moms), 5y5, 596.
b6il, boj^; pout, j«S^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophou, exist. ph = fo
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -^ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, deL
20
306
arytenoid— aslbestic
ar-y-te'-noid, t ar-y-tse'-noid, a. & s.
[In Sp. anjtena = the larynx ; Lat. arytena or
arutena; Gr. apvTaCva (anitaina) or apv-rqp
(aruter) = ladle or cup ; apuw (aruo) = to draw-
water. ] Ladle-shaped or cup-shaped.
A. As adjective :
Arytenoid cartilages : Two pyramidal bodies
articulated hy their bases with the oval arti-
cular substances which exist on the upper
margin of the cricoid cartilage in the human
larynx. (Todd <& Bowman: Physiol. Anat.,
vol. ii., p. 434.)
Arytenoid muscle : Muscles which i>ass from
one of the arytenoid cartilages to the other.
(Ibid.)
B. As substantive :
Plural. Arytenoids : The cartilages described
above.
" The mobility of the articulation of the aryte^toids
with the cricoid, and their connexion iv-ith the vocal
ligaments, give them great importance in the mechan-
ism of the larynx."— 2'od;rf & Bowman : Phi/siol. Anat.
S§, ^a§ie, adv., conj., & pre/. [A contraction
for Eng. also As in A.S. is ealsiva, aUwa;
Dut. & Ger. als; M. H. Ger. cdse ; O. H. Ger.
also, from al = all, and so = so.] [Also.]
A. As an adverb of comparison. (Bain :
Higher JSiig. Gram.)
L Denoting comparison resulting in the
discovery of likeness.
1. Like, similar to, resembling.
"And the Lord God said, Behold, the mau is become
as oue of us." — Gen. iii. 22.
2. In the same manner as ; like that or
those which.
" Asc we hit findeth iwriten
In the goddspelle."
Death, xxiii. (ed. Mords), 15, 16.
" The Lord seeth not as man seeth ; for man looketh
on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh ou
the heart." — 1 Sam. xvi. 7.
IT lu some cases, especially when the com-
parison is presented at length, as is either
followed or preceded by so. (See also B., II. 2.)
" As your fathers did, so do ye."— Acts vii. 51.
"And he said. So is the kingdom of God, ras if a
man should cast seed into the ground."— J/fl?*A: iv. 26.
T[ To render the so more emphatic, even is
sometimes placed before it.
" For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all
be made alive."— 1 Cor. xv. 22.
TJ "When so is not present it is understood.
"As in my 3i)eculations I have endeavoured to ex-
tinguish i^asslon and prejudice ; I am still desirous of
doing some good in this particular."— S[pecCa^oj'.
Tf Sfifc/fc is occasionally employed as the word
in relation to as.
"... stLCh an one as Paul the aged." — Philemon 9.
3. With.
". , . upon the like devotion as yourselves."
Shakesp. : Ridiard III., iv. L
4. Than. (Scotch.)
"Better be deatl as out of the fashion."
Fergiison : S. Pruv. (Jamieson.)
IL Denoting proportion ; in the same de-
gree with, equally with, as much as.
" Thou good old man, benevolent as wise."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey.
" Before the place
A hundred doors a hundred entries grace :
As many voices issue, and the sound
Of Sybil's words as mauy times rebound."
Dry den.
*1[ In this sense it is generally succeeded
after an interval Ijy another as, with wliieli it
stands in relation.
"... his pei'soual qualities were as amiable as his
IKietical, . . ."—Pope: Letter to Wyclierlej/ (noi).
III. Redundant ; but this use of the word is
vulgar. [See As how.]
B. As a si^bordinating conjunction of reason
and cause. (Bain : Higher Eng. Gram.)
I. (Implying tinic) ; While, whilst.
". . . it whistled as it flew."— ^r:yde?i.
II. (Implying reason) :
X. (Denoting a cause) : Since, because, be-
cause of being.
"... as thou art a prince, I tear thee."— Sliakesp. :
1 Henry /v., iii, 3.
*■' 2. (Denoting a consequence) .* That.
"The relations are so uncertaiu, as they require a
great deal of examination." — Bacon.
C. As an intensifying -prefix : Frequently
used in Mid. Eng., as asswythe, astyte, &c.
D. In special phrases, witli varying signifi-
cation, according to the words with which it
is corabined.
1, As far as: To the extent.
". .as far as I can see." — Darwin: Descent of
Man, vol. i,, pt. ii., ch, x;.
"Every offence committed in the state of nature,
may in the state of nature be also punished, and as far
forth as it may in a commonwealth."— iocfte.
"... as far as can now be ascertained, . ■ ." — 3fa-
caulay : HUt. Eng., ch. xx.
2. As for : As far as relates to, with regard
to, with respect to.
" As for such as turn aside uuto their crooked ways
. , ."— Ps. cxxv, 5.
3. As liow: How, the word as being con-
sidered redundant. (Vulgar.)
" As how, dear Syphax?" — Addison ; Cato.
i. As if: Like what it would be if.
" As in the case of the Esther, beyond the ' as if you
cannot go."— ri/ndftH; Frag, o/ Science, 8rded., vii. 1S5.
1 In poetry, when the necessities of the
metre require it, the if is occasionally omitted.
' ' He lies a^ he his bliss did know. "— Waller.
"... as they would dance."
Milton: P. Z..,bk. vL
5. .4s it were : Like, resembling.
" , , . and I heard, as it were the noise of thunder,
one of the four beasts saying. Come and see."- ^eo.
vi. 1.
6. As long as : Noting (a) extent of space.
" He draws a bonny silken purse,
As tang's my tail."
Burns : The Twa Dogs.
Or (b) Duration of time.
" Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore
will I call upon him as long as I \ive."—Ps. cxvi. 2.
7. As soon as : Whenever.
". . . as soon as I am gone out <Ji the city.'— Exod.
Ix. 39.
8. As though : As if.
"... under colour as though they would have cast
anchors out of the foreahip." — Acts xxvii. 30.
9. As to: With respect to, concerning.
' ' I pray thee, siieak to me, as to thy thinkings.
As thou dost ruminate; and give thy worst of
thoughts
The worst of words." Shakes)}. ■' Othello, iii. 3-
10. ^s well as : Equally with, no less than.
"But I have understanding as ivell as you; I am
not inferior to you." — Job xii. 3.
T Sometimes the words asiuella.Te separated
from the as.
" ... as well the stranger as he that is bom in the
land." — Lev. xxiv. 16.
11. As yet : Up to this time.
"Though that war continued nine years, and this
hath as ?/et lasted but six : yet there hath been much
more action in the present war." — Addison.
^' as, 2nd (& 3rd pers. sing. ^JJ^es. indie, of verb.
[Have, Has.] Hast, has.
" And qui as thu min godes stolen?"
Story of Gen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 1,760.
- as (1), s. [Ash (1).]
as (2), s. [In Ger. asz ; from Lat. as. genit. assis,
whence are the Eng., Fr., & Sp. ace, and the
Port, as.]
Among the Roinans : A weight, coin, or
measure.
L ^s a weight of twelve ounces, the same
as a libra or pound, and divided into twelve
parts called nncite or ounces. These were :
Uncia = 1 oz. ; sea;(a«s (^th) = 2oz.; cjuadrans
(i) = 3 oz. ; quincunx — 5 oz. ; semis (\) = 6 oz. ;
septimx =7 oz. ; &es = 8 oz. ; dodrans = 9 oz. ;
dextans, or decunx = 10 oz. ; deunx = 11 oz.
II. As a coin, which, in the time of TuUus
Hostilius, is said to have weighed twelve
ounces. After the tirst Puuic war had ex-
hausted the treasury, it was reduced to two
ounces. The second Punic war brought it to
one ounce ; and, finally, the Papirian law fixed
it at half an ounce only. At first it was
stamped with a sheep, an ox, a ram, or a sow,
but under the empire it had on one side a
two-faced Janus, and on the othes- the ros-
trum or prow of a ship.
". . . three minoe or 3,000 ases for each prisoner."—
Arnold : Hist. Jiome, ch. xliv.
III. As a measure :
1. (Square) An acre.
2. (Linear) A foot.
^ As in Latin has otlier significations,
among which may be noted (in Law) a por-
tion divided among heirs. [Ace.]
As. The contraction and symbol for Arsenic.
Atomic weight, 75 ; density of vapour, 150 ;
hydrogen being taken as 1,
A.S. [Contraction for Lat. Artium soror =
Sister of Arts.] An American degree con-
ferred upon women. (Times, Dec. 31, 1873.)
as'-a, s. [Mod. Lat. nsa ; corrupted from Class.
Lat. looser, genit. toseris = (1) the juice of the
plant Laserpitium assafoitida. (2) the plant
itself. In Pers. aso. is — mastic ; and in Arab.
os-a is = healing, isd = a remedy.] The name
of a gum.
asa dulcis. [Lit. = sweet asa, as opposed
to asafcetida = fetid asa.] Benzoiue (q.v.).
asa foetida. [Asafetida.]
as-a-fet'-i-da, as-a-fcet'-i-da, as-sar-
foet'-i-da, ks'-a foet'-i-da (ce = e), s.
[In Ger, assafcetida, ; Sp . asa fetida. From
Mod. Lat. asa (q.v.), and Classical Lat. foitida
= fetid, having a bad smell. ]
1. The English name of two, if not more,
plants growing in Persia, the Ferula asafcetida
ASAFETIDA. (BRANCH, FLOWER, AND SHED.)
and the F. Persica. They belong to the order
Apiaceie, or Umbellifers.
2. The drug made from them. Old plants
being cut across, juice exudes from the wound.
Tliis, being scraped off, is exposed to the sun
to harden it, and is sent in large in-egular
masses to this country for sale. It is a useful
medicine in hysteria, asthma, tympanites,
dyspncea, pertussis, and worms ; it is some-
times given also as a clyster.
* a~sa'ile, v.t. [Assail.]
as'-a-phes, s. [Gr. do-a^Tj? (asaphes) = dim,
indistinct : a, priv., and a-at^-^? (sapMs) =
clear, distinct.] A genus of Ichnemnons, of
which the best known sjiecies, A. mdgaris,
deposits its eggs in aphides, on which the
larvae, when hatched, prey.
as-ar-a-lJac'-ca, &-. [Lat. ctsarum (<i.v.), and
hacca — a berr;^ ]
Bot. : The English name of the Asarum
Europmum. It is a plant with binate reniform
leaves and soHtaiy flowers, containing twelve
stamina, a six-lobed stigma, and a six-celled
many-seeded fruit. It is naturalised in a few
woods in the North of England and in Scot-
land. The leaves are emetic, cathartic, and
diuretic. Used as snuff, they produce a
copious discharge from the nostrils.
as'-ar-dne, s. [From Lat. asaruni (q.v.).]
Camphor of'a,sarum.
CJiem. : A crystallised substance obtained
from the Asai^um Ewopceuni.
as'-ar-um, s. [In Fr. asaret; Sp., Port., &
Ital. asaro; Lat. asarum ; Qr. acrapov (asaron);
from a, priv., and tretpd (seira) = a cord,
string, or band. The plant was so called
because it was rejected from the garlands of
flowers made up by the ancients.] A gesrus of
plants belonging to the order Aristolochiaceee,
or Birthworts. It contains a species na-
turalised in Britain, the Asartim Europoiiim,
or Asarabacca (q.v.).
* a-sa'ye, "^a-sa'y, v.t. [Assay, v.. Essay, v.'\
^ a-sa'yle, * a-sa'y-li, v.t. [Assail.]
* a-sa'yled, pa. p>ar. [Asayle.]
as-be-fer'-rite, s. [Eng., &c,, as^ies^os,-
ferrit^. From Lat. /emim=iron, and Eng.
suff. -ite.'\ A mineral, a variety of Amphi-
bole. It is of a grayish-white or ashy-gray
colour. Dana classes Asbeferrite with Dan-
nemorite under the head "Iron-Manganese
Amphibole. ''
as-bes'-tic, a. [Eng., &c., asbest(os); ic]
Pertaining to asbestos ; made of asbestos.
filte, i^t,, fare, amidst, ^vhat, i^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce == e ; ee — e, au = kw.
astjestiform— ascending
307
a^-bes'-ti-form, a. [Lat. ctsbestos, and forma
= fonn.] Of the form which asbestos generally
assumes ; fibrous.
"Asbeatiform, or lamellar-fibrous . .'—Dana:
J//H.,5th ed., p. 234.
a§-"bes'-tine, a. [In Sp. asUstino; Gr. a<T-
pe'cTTi.i'o? (ctsftesfijios) = ]nade of asbestos. Ap-
plied especially to the cloth made from it]
1. Made of asbestos.
2. Like asbestos ; incombustible. (Johnson.)
a§(-bes'-t^d, a. & s. [Gr. ao-jSea-ros (asbestos),
and elSos (eidos) = form.]
1. As adjective: Of the form of asbestos;
fibrous.
2. As substantive : A mineral resembling
asbestos in form. It is called also Byssolite
(q.v.).
as-bes'-tos, as-bes'-tiis, * as-bes'-ton,
t a§'-best, s. [In Ger. & Fr. 'cLbeste ; Sp. &
Port, asbesto ; Lat. asbestos ; Gr. aa-^ea-ro^
(asbestos), as s. (see def. ) ; as adj. = unqucnched,
unquenchable : 6., priv., and a-pecno^ (sbestos)
= quenched ; from cr/SeVw (sbeso) = first fut.
of o-jSeVwjat (sbenmimi) = to quench.]
* I. Among the ancients :
1. Quicklime.
". . . quicklime, which is named (sa,y8 Procopius,
1. ii,, c, 27) TLTavo^ {titanos] by the ancients ; by the
moderiis a.cr)3etrT09 (asbestos)." — Gibbon: Bed. & Full.
Note under cb. xli,
1[ By moderns, of course, Procopius means
the men of his own time, viz., the sixth cen-
tiu-y A.D.
2. The mineral described under II. 1.
n. Now (Mineralogy) :
1. A variety of Hornblende, which itself
is classed by Dana as a synonym or sub-
division of Amxthibole. He says that the
several varieties of Amphibolc, and notably
Tremolite and Actinolite, when they have
little alumina in their composition, tend to
become fibrous, in which case they are called
Asbestos. Hauy regarded the fibres as rhom-
boidal prisms. As the etymology imports,
asbestos is exceedingly infusible, at least in a
mass. It contains a considerable percentage
of magnesia in its composition. It occurs in
many localities in Britain and elsewhere,
mostly in serpentine districts. The varieties
are—
(a) Amianthus, in which the fibres are so
exceedingly long, flexible, and elastic, that
they may be woven into cloth. [Amianthus.]
(b) Common Asbestos, with the fibres much
less flexible. It is heavier than the first
variety. It is dull green, sometimes pearly in
lustre, and unctuous to the touch.
(c) Mountain Cork, light enough to float on
water.
(d) Mo7tntaiii Lfatlwr, also very light, but
thinner and more flexible than the last.
*(e) Mountain Piq>ei\ a designation formerly
given to fine thin specimens of Mountain
Leather.
(/) Mountain Wood, which, in the external
aspect, resembles dry wood.
2. The fibrous varieties of Pyrocene. It is
difficult to distinguish these from the former.
% Bine Asbestos : [Crocidolite].
asbeston-stone» s. [Asbestos.]
a^'-b6l-an» s. [Asbolite,]
as'-bol-ine, s. [Gr. aa-poXo^ (asholos)., aa-fioKi)
(asbole)= soot.]
Cliem. : A yellow, oily substance, very acrid
and bitter, obtained from sout.
S,§-b6l-ite, a^'-bol-an, s. [Gr. aa-^oXaivu)
(asholaino) = to cover with soot ; ao-^oAos
(asbolos), a(rj3oAT) (os&o^") = soot.] A mineral,
called also Earthy Cobalt. Dana makes it a
variety of Wad (q.v.), and considers it to be
that mineral combined with oxide of cobalt.
S,S-car-a-phus, s. [Gr. a.a-Kd\aii>o^ (askaJa-
phos). A word in Aristotle, apparently meaning
a kind of owl.]
Entom. : A genus of Neuropterous insects
belonging to the family 3Iyrmeleontida;, or
Ant-lions. They differ from the Myrmeleon
proper in having much longer antennge and
shorter bodies, whilst their larvae do not con-
struct a pitfall. None are British.
as-car'-i-dse, s. pi. [Ascaris.]
2ool : A family of intestinal worms belong-
ing to the class Intestina Entozoa of Rudolphi,
Cuvier, &c., the class Entozoa of Owen and
others, and the doubtful class Scolecida, group
or sub-class Nematoidea (Thread-worms). They
constitute the highest type of intestinal worms.
[ASCABIS.]
as'-car-is, s. [Gr. aVKapCq (askaris),_ from
aa-Kapi^o) (askarizo), or o-Kaptfw (skarizo) — to
leap, to throb, to palpitate. ]
Zool. : A genus of intestinal worms, the
typical one of the family Ascaridee. A. lum-
bricoides, or Round Worm, is the commons*:!;
intestinal parasite of the human sper as,
generally occupying the small intestines ; it
is found also in the hog and ox. In the
human species it is much more common in
children than in adults, and is extremely rare
in aged persons. It reaches seven inches in
length. A second species, the Ascaris or
Oxyurii-s vcrmicularis, is one of the most
troublesome parasites of children, and occa-
sionally of adults. It infests the larger intes-
tines, especially the rectum. The male is
two or three lines long, and the female five.
(Owen: Compar. Anatomy of the Invertebrate
Animals, 1843, pp. 66, 67, &c.)
* as-ca'un9e, * as-ca'uns, o/lv. [Askance.]
* as-c^'unt, adv. [Askant.]
as-^el'-li, s. pi. [Latinised dimin. from Gr.
ao-Kot (o^koi), pi. of ao-Kos (askos) = a bottle.]
Bot. : The same as Asci (q.v.).
* as-cen-oi-oun, s. [Ascension. ]
as-9end', * as-send', a. & (. [In Sp. as-
cender ; Ital. ascendcre ; Lat. ascendo; from
ad = to, and scando = to climb.]
A. Intransitive :
L Ordinary Langiiage:
1. Lit. : To move from a lower to a higher
place. It is opposed to descend (q.v.).
(a) Of aiiim/ited beings : To climb up, or
even without actual climbing to move from a
lower to a higher elevation.
"... a,nA. (Lssendi/t to hevjne."— The Craft qf Sei/nff
(ed. Lmuby), 227,
"... behold the angels of God ascendinif and
descending upon it [the ladder]."— Ge«. xxviii. 12.
Tf It is often followed by up.
(b) Of things : To go up, as smoke or vapour
does by the operation of the law of gravity, or
as any material substance goes up without
actiuil climbing.
"... the curling smoke aiceads."
Wordgworth : Excursion, bk. v.
" The piston either ascended or deBceuded."— ,Sfmif/t .■
Wealth cf NcUio^is, bk. t, ch. i.
2. Figuratively :
(a) To proceed from recent to remote times,
or trace bade a coui'se of development.
"... they boaat
Their noble birth, conduct us to the tombs
Of their forefathers, and, from age to age
Ascending, triumph their illustrious race."
Cou'per : Transl. of Greek Verses on Pedigree.
(h) To mount up from what is materially
feeble to wliat is materially strong, or from
what is morally or intellectually low to that
which is in these respects higher.
"As when the winds, ascending by degrees
First move the whitening surface of the seas."
Pope : Homer's Hiad, bk. iv. 478-9.
(c) To proceed from particulars to a more
or less wide generalisation, or from trifling
matters to matters of greater moment.
"By these afieps we sliaU ascend to more just ideas
of the glory of Jesus Christ, who is intimately united
to God, and is onewithHim."— If^ails.- Impr. of Mind.
II. Technically:
1. Astron. : To rise higher above the horizon
and proceed more or less directly towards the
zenith.
2. Music : To pass from a lower to a higher
note.
B. 'J'nins. : To cbmb or move into, on, or
upon, from a lower place.
" Ascend thy car.
And save a life, the bulwark of our war."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. v. 306.
as-gend'-a-ble, a. [Eug. ascend; -a&Ze.]
Able to be ascended. (Johnsun.)
as-jend'-an-^y, s. [Ascendency.]
as-5end'-ant, a. & s. [Ascendent.]
as-^end'-ed, * as-9end'-id, pa. par. & a.
[Ascend.]
Drutits goes into (he Rostrum..
"3Cit. The noble Brutus is twcended .■ Silence!"
Shakes]). : Julius Ccesar, iiL 2.
" For whan degrees fyftene were ascendid.'
Chaucer : V. T., 16,343.
as-^end'-en-9^, as-9end'-aii-9y, s. [In
Fr. Ojscendance ; Sp. ascendencia = ancestry ;
Fort, ascendencia ; Ital. asccndenza ; from Lat.
ascendens = ascending.] [Ascendent.] Con-
trolling influence ; governing power.
"Barrington, however, admits that superiority in
song gives to birds an amazing ascendancy ovei others,
•OS is well known to bird-catchers." — Darwin : Descent
of Man, pt. iL, ch. xiii.
" The ascendenci/ of the sacerdotal order was long
the ascendenci/ which naturally and properly belongs
to intellectual superiority." — Macaulay : Hist. £ng.,
ch. i.
as-^end'-ent, as-9end -ant, u. &, s. [In
Fr. ctscendant ; Sp. ascendient; Port, and Ital.
ascendente ; from Lat. oscendeTis, pr. par. of
ascendo =;to ascend.] [Ascend.]
A. As adjective : (Formerly ascendant, now
ascendent.)
I. Ordinary Langiiage :
1. Lit. : Moving upwards.
2. Fig. : Dominant, predominating, ruling.
"... the ascendant community obtained a surplus
of wealth." — J. S.MiU: Polit, Ec<m., PreUmin. Rem.,
p. 19.
IL Technically :
1. Astrol. : Above the horizon.
" Let him study the constellation of Pegasus, which
is about that time ascendant." — Brovme: Vulgar
Errours.
2. Bot. : Ascending. (Applied to a pro-
cumbent stem which rises gradually, from its
base to ovules attached a little above the base
of the ovary, and to hairs directed to the
upper part of their support.)
B. As substantive :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Ascent, slope, acclivity.
". . . the ascendent of the hyll called Blackheth
Kyll."— Mall : Henry VIII., an. 31.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Height, elevation ; point of elevation.
"He was initiated, in order to gain instruction in
sciences, that were there in their Eigheat ascerulant."
— Temple.
(b) Superiority of any kind, as in power,
wealth, influence, intellect, or morality.
"The friends of the English alliance were now re-
covering the ascendant." — Froude: Hist. Eng., vol.
" By the ascendant he had in his understanding, and
the dexterity of hia nature, he could persuade him
very mMch:' —Clarendon.
(c) An ancestor. (Opposed to descendant.)
"The most nefarious kind of bastards are incestuous
bastards, which are begotten between ascendants ami
descendants, in infinitum, and between collaterals, as
far as the divine prohibition."— .da^K^e ; Parergon.
IL Technically :
* Astrol. : The degree of the ecliptic which
is rising in the eastern part of the horizon at
the moment of a person's birth. This, when
ascertained, was supposed to indicate his
tastes or proclivities, and enable his horoscope
to be drawn out. In the celestial theme,
other names are given to the ascendant ; viz.,
the first house, the angle of the east, ait
oriental angle, and the house of life.
" Wei cowde he fortime the ascendent
Of his ymagea for hia paeient."
Chaucer: C. T. 410-20.
". . . his signe, hishoiu'e, his aaceret^ni." — Qtywer:
Conf. Amant., bk. vL
IT In the ascendant : Dominant, predominant.
" The French occupation of Rome led the way to the
reaction, and by the end of 1849 absolutism was in. the
ascendent." — Times, Feb. 8, 1876.
H Lord of the Ascendant :
1. Lit. (Astrol.): The planet or other hea-
venly body which rules in the ascendant or
first house when the latter is just rising above
the horizon.
"... 'M.eTcmry ]:)emg Io7-d of the ascendant." — Quota-
tion in Pen. Cycl., ii. 527.
"Mercury, lord of the ascendant, being in Gemini
. . .-—/bid.
2. Fig. : One ^vho possesses commanding
power or influence.
* as-^end'-id, pa. par. [Ascended.]
as-9end'-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Ascend.]
A. Ordinary Language :
As present participle and adj.: In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
" Dark o'er the fields th' ascending va]>our flies."
Pope : Hamper's Iliad, bk, xvi, ise.
boil, boy; pout, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
sin, as;, expect, Xeuophon, exist, -ing.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = b^l, del.
308
ascension— aschet
B. Technically :
L Astronomy :
1. The ascending node of the moon is that
in which the moon passes from the southern
to the northern side of the ecliptic. It is
opposed to the descending node. [Descend-
ing.] (Herschel : AUron. , ^ 4m.) The mean-
ing is the same in the case of a planet (§ 498).
2. The ascending signs of the zodiac are
those through which the sun passes whilst he
is approaching his greatest northern dechna-
tion, the one which to us is many degrees
above the horizon. They are Capricornus,
Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, and Gemini.
The other six are called descending signs.
3. Ascending latitude: The increasing lati-
tude of the moun or a planet.
II. Anat. : Directed upwards.
'■ . . . has powerfully ascending rami."— Owe)! :
Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 67.
Ascending vessels : Those which carry the
"blood upwards, that is, from the lower to
the higher pai-ts of the body.
III. Bnt. : Sloping upwards. (Lindley.)
1. An ascending eiribryo is one the apex of
which is pointed towards the apex of the fruct.
{Lindley.)
2. An ascending ovule is one which grows
from a little above the base of the ovary.
(Ibid.)
IV. Genealogy : Xuting ancestors in a direct
line baclvwai-ds, excluding collaterals.
" The only incest -was In the ascending (not <joll!iteral)
hranch ; aa, when jiureuts and chiUlreu inaviied. this
was accounted iiicefat." — Uroome : Notes on tlie Odyisei/.
as-^en'-sion, * as-cen-ci-oun» *as-sen-
ti-oun. s. (In Fr. & Wp. a'icension; Port,
ascensao; Ital. asccnsione ; Lat. ascensio, from
asce7isu'rt(, sup. of ai.ceiido.] [Ascend.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. The act of ascending (lit. ox Jig.),
1. In a general sense :
"By nature lie knew eche ascentioun."
Chancer: C. T.. 14,861.
" Ne eek oure spiritea asceJitrfown." — Ihld, 12,700.
2. Spec. ; It is applied to the ascent of our
Saviour from the earth, in view of his dis-
ciples, some time after his resurrection.
" The traditional scene of the A&ce'nsion is one of the
four summits of the M<j\mt of Olives, , . ." — Cook :
Soly Sible with Comment., vol. i (18V8), p. 471.
t II. That which ascends.
"Men err in the theory of inebriation, conceiving
the brain doth only suffer from vaporous asc&nsions
from the stomach."— Browne .■ Vulgar Errours.
III. The distance by which anything
ascends. [B. Astron.l
B. Technically :
Astron. Right ascension : The distance of a
heavenly body from the first point of Aries,
measured upon the equator. (Hind.) The
arc of the equinoctial included between a cer-
tain point in that circle, called the Vernal
Equinox, and the point in the same circle to
which it is referred by the circle of declination
passing through it. Or the angle included be-
tween two hour-circles, one of which, called
the equinoctial cohire, passes through the
vernal equinox, and the other through the
body. (Herschel: Astron., §§ 108, 293.) It is
opposed to dbliqne n^icensiun (q.v.).
1[ The terms right ascension and declination
are now generally used to point out the posi-
tion in the heavens of any celestial object, in
preference to the old method of indicathig
certain prominent star.s by proper names or
by Greek letters. By means of the transit in-
strument, or by an equatorialli'-mounted tele-
scope, a star or planet may be readily found,
when once its righ,t ascension and declinatinv,
are known. [EQUAXoniAL Telescope, Transit
Instrument.]
t Oblique ascension : The arc of the equator
intercepted between the first point of Aries
and the point of the equator which rises with
a star or other heavenly body, reckoned ac-
cording to the order of the signs.
AsceBsion-day, s. * The day on -which
our Saviour's ascension is conmiemo rated—
the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide,
sometimes called Holy Thursday. It is one
of the six leading festivals for which services
are assigned in the Liturgy.
"This, on Asccnslon-da}/, each year."
Scott : Marmion, ii. 13.
as-cen'-sion-al, a. [Eng. ascension; -ah
In Pr. ascensionncl ; Sp. ascensional.] Per-
taining or relating to ascension.
Abccnsional difference : The diff'erence be-
tween the right and oblique ascensions.
{Globnog. Nova, Hind, <Lv.)
as-cen'-sive, a. [Lat. ascens(^is), pa. par. of
agendo, and Eng. suffix -ive.l Ascending, on
an ascending plan.
"... the gradations of the THammalian structure,
of -which -we have now completed the ascenslve survey."
—Oioen: Classif. of the Mammalia, p. 51.
as-9ent', s. [In Sp. and Port, aseenso ; Ital.
' ascendcnza and asce^a. Lat. ascensus (s.), from
ascensus, ija. x^ar. of ascendo. ]
I. The act or process of ascending or moving
from a lower to a higher place.
1. Litcrcdly :
(o) Of persons:
"The ctscen( had been long and toilsome."— il/acow-
?((,'/: His'. Eny., ch. xiiL
{{,) Of things:
"... the ascent of soap bubbles, . . ."^Darwin:
Voyage round the World, cli. viil.
2. Fig. : Progress upwards.
"In regai'd to animal life, and its assigned work on
this planet, there has therefore plainly been an ascent
and progress in tlie iniiin."—Owen: Classif. qf the
MaminaUa, p. 60.
". . . steepe and hard of ascent." — Holland: Livy,
p. 996.
II. That which is ascended.
1. Literally :
(a) That by which ascent is made— a flight
of steps, an inclined plane ai-tificiaUy formed,
or the natural acclivity of a hill.
"... and his asceiit by -which he went up into the
house of the Lord . . ."—2 Ohron. ix. 4.
(&) The eminence ascended ; or generally an
eminence, a hill.
"A wide flat cannot be pleasant in the Elysian fields,
unless it be diversified with depressed valleys and
swelling ascents." — Bentley.
(c) The slope or angle of the eminence as-
cended.
2. Fig. : Gradation, series, order.
" Large s-tore of gleaming crimson-spotted tints.
Ranged side by side, in regrdar ascent.
One after one, still lessening by degrees
Up to the dwarf that tops the pinnacle."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. viii.
* as-cen-ti-oun. [Ascension.]
as-9er-ta'in, * as-ger-ta'ine, * a-cer'-
tain, V. t. ' [O. Fr. ascertainer, aeertainer,
acertener, acerteneir, acerter ; Sp. acerta-r, from
Fr., O. Fr., &c. certain.] [Certain.]
1. Of persons : To render a person cei-tain of
anything, or at least insinre him with con-
fidence respecting it.
" Mer. But how shall I be ascertained that I also
should be entertained ? " — Bunyan : P. P., pt, ii.
II. Of thi ngs :
* 1. " To assert for certain, to assure."
(Glossog. Nova.)
2. To render a thing certain which before
was doubtful.
■*■ (a) By making that fixed which before
was fluctuating, or at least liable to change.
" For nought of them is yours, but th' onely usance
Oi a small time, -which none ascertains may."
Spcnsei- : Daphnazda.
"... the mildness and precision of their la-ws a«cer-
tained the rule and measure of taxation." — Gibbon. ,
* QS) By arranging matters previously. To
insure.
" The minislry, in order to axcertaln a majority in
the House of Lords, pei-suaded the Queen to create
twelve new Peers." — StnoUett.
t 3. By di-\'ine revelation, or at least by
credible testimony regarding anything.
"The divine law both ascertaineth the truth, and
supplieth mito us the want of other laws." — Hooker.
"Money differs from luicoined silver in this, that the
quantity of silver in each piece is ascertained by the
& tamp . " — Locke.
i. By instituting an inquiry, investigation,
examination, or experiment. (This is now the
almost exclusive use of the word.)
"The extent to which parliamentary support was
bartered for money cannot be with any precision
ay<.'.-rtained." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
" Their periods may. therefore, be regarded as ascer-
tained -with the utmost exactness."— iSi?' J. Herschcl :
A.'^tron., g 4S6.
^ Ascertain may be followed by a substan-
tive (exami)lcs under No. II. 1, 2, S and 4], by
that [example under No. I.], or by whetlier.
"... biit he Wits there only for the pm-pose of
as'-rrtainnrg whether n descent oil England waapracti-
c.ilile." — Macaulay: Ulst £'«.fl'., ch, xxiiL
as~9er-ta'in-a-"ble, d. [Eng. ascertain;
-able. ] Capable of being ascertained.
" . if truth in Irish matters was ttscertainable at
all." — Froude : Hist. Eng., vol. iv., p. 78.
as-ger-ta'ined, jxt. ^Jar. A:, a. [Ascertain.]
"... compared first with the amount of rtsceriaMwei
difference . . ."~J. S. Mill : Logic, i3nd ed. (1846). vol.
ii., p. lOl
as-jer-ta'in-er, s. [Eng. ascertain; suff.
-cr.] One who ascertains anything ; one who
establishes anything beyond the possibility of
reasonable doubt.
as-^cr-ta'm-ing, pr. par. [Ascertain.]
as-9er-ta'in-inent, s. [Eng. ascertain;
-nient.] The act of ascertaining ; the state of
being ascertained.
"... the positive ascertainment of its limits." —
Burke : French Revolution.
' as-ces'-san-^y, s. Old form of Acescency.
* as-9es'-sant, u. [Acescent.]
as-^et'-ic, "^ as-9et'-ick, a. & s. [In Ger.
ascetisch (adj.), ascet (substan.) ; Fr. ascetique ;
Sp. , Port. , & Ital. ascetico ; Gr. ao-^TjTtKos
(asketicos) = industrious, belonging to an ath-
lete ; acTKTjT^g (asketes) = (1) one who practises
any art or trade, (2) a hermit ; ao-KTja-is (aske&is)
= (1) exercise, training, (2) a profession ; ao-/cea>
(asked) = (1) to form by art, (2) to practise, to
exercise.]
A. As adjective :
1. Retired from the world, and engaged in
devotions and mortifications.
" . . .he entered into such an ascetic course as had
well nigh put an end to his Hie."— Life of BisJiop
Burnet, ch. 13.
2. Severe, harsh, rigid, precise.
B. As sithstantive :
I. Ordinary LaMguage :
1. Spiec: One who retires from active and
adopts a contemplative life spent in devo-
tion, in mortification of the body, &c. ; a
hermit, a recluse.
"I am far from commending those asceticks, that,
out of a pretence of keeping themselves unspotted
from the world, take up tneir quarteis in desarts." —
2. Gen. : One who, whether he retires from
active life or not, adopts habits of self-morti-
fication.
II, Church History : A class of persons who,
aspii'ing after higher attainments in holiness
than other Christians, tliought they would
best attain their object by .self-mortification.
They therefore abstained from wine, flesh,
matrimony, and worldly business ; and more-
over emaciated their bodies by long vigils,
fasting, toil, and hunger. Both men and
women embraced this austere mode of life.
During the second century of the Christian
era, when they fii'st attracted notice, they
lived by themselves and tlressed differently
from others, but did not altogether withdraw
from the society and converse of ordinary
men. During the course of the thii'd century
they gradually withdrew to the Ego'ptian
desert, and early in the fourth (about A.D.
305) were associated by Anthony into monastic
commmiities. [Anchorite, Munasticism.]
" The Ascetics who obeyed and abused the rigid pre-
cepts of the Gospel." — Gibbon : JJecl. & Fall, eh, xxxvii,
as-cet'-i-9ism, s. [Eng. ascetic ; -ism. In
Fr. ascetisme.] The mode of life of an ascetic ;
mortification of the body
" There are two classes of men of very different com-
plexions, by whom the principle of asceticism appears
to have been embi^aced ; the one a set of moralists, the
other a set of religionists,"— £ozw£»3 ; Jeremy Bcn-
tham's Works, vol. i., p. 4.
as-9et'-ics, s. [Ascetic] A treatise on the
subject of asceticism, or gi\'ing rules to be
observed by ascetics.
* as-9ha'ime, v.t. [Ashame.]
* as-9lia'med, c. [Ashamed.]
* as-Chare, adi'. [A.S. oneyrrc = \ji the act
of turning ; ecrro.n = to turn.] Aside.
" Euer after the dogges wer so staike,
Thei stode aschare when tliei schuld barke."
Hunting of the Hare, ^56. [Boucher.)
* ^S9lie, s. [Ash (l).]
* ^S9he, s. [Ash (2).]
* as-ghe'-pon, pret. of v. [A.S. gesceapen =
formed, created.] [Shape.] Shaped, formed,
devised.
" Watz neuer so blysful a hour aswatz abos thenne
N« no schroude hous so schene as a-s::h4ipon thare."
Ear. Eng. Alliter. Poii}is (ed. Morris), Cleanness, l,«75-G.
* SiS9h'--et, s. [Ashet.] (Scotch.)
f^te, fat» fare, amidst, what, i^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu— kw.
ascTiewele— ascription
309
■^ ascliewele, v.t. [Stiewel.] To scare away.
" Thar loh ascJiewele pie and truwe."
The I/nlc & the Nyghtivgule (ICOl). (Boucher.)
a3'-ci, s. /'/. [Latinised form of aa-Koi (njilcol),
pi. of aaKos (askob) = a leatliern liottle.l
1. Tubes iu wliicli the spornles of lichens
are co:ituinedwhilstiu the nucleus. (Lindlcy.)
2. Tubes in whieli the sporidia of fungi are
placed. They are called also ascelli or thecse.
Xs'-5i-an (pi. As'-9i-an§), s. [Lat. Ascii;
Gr, "Ka-Kioi {Aslcioi), pi. of ao-Kto^ {askios) —
without shadow : a, pri\'., and (tklo. (skia) = a
shadow.]
Phind : Those who at midday of one or
two days of the year are dustitnte of a shadow.
Those living; in the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn are so at midday once a year, and
those living between those circles are so twice
a year.
as-9id'-i-a, t as-9id'-i-£e (Mod. Lat), as-
9id'-i-ans (E>ig.), s. pi. [Ascidium.]
Zool. : The first order of the Tunicated Class
of Mollusca. It contains four families ; the
Ascidiad:*, or i:>imple A.scidians ; the Clavel-
linidffi, or Social Ascidians ; the Botryllidai,
or Compound Ascidians ; and the Pyrosoma-
tida". Jin aberrant family tending to the order
Biplmrji. [Ascidioida.]
as-§i-di'-g,-daB, 5. pi. [Ascidium.] Simple
Ascidians. The typicnl family of the Ascidian
order of Tunii-atyd Mollusca. Professor Garrod
considers them to be degenerate Vertebrata,
wliich should be placed quite Lit the end of that
sub-kingdom, after Amphioxus. The animals
are simple and fixed ; they are solitary or gre-
garious, witli their brancliial .sac simple or dis-
posed in 8— IS deep and regular folds. Their
external integument is provided with two
apertures, making them look like double-
necked Jars. When touched they squirt a
stream of water to some distance. They look
like shapeless cartilaginous masses. Some are
highly coloun.'il. In Brazil, China, and the
Mediterranean they are eatcu as food.
as-9id'-i-fonn, o.. [Mod. Lat. ctscidi(um),
and Lat. /07-»ift = sha]pe.] Bottle-shaped, like
the leaves of Marracenia and Nepenthes.
S,s-9id-i-6i'-da» s. 2?^. [Mod. Lat. ascldiium),
and Gr. etSo? (tidos) = appearance.] Professor
Huxley's name for the class called by some
others Asfidia or A.-M'i(li,f He classes it
under his great di\-ision Molluscoida.
as-9id'-i-um (pi. as-9id'-i-a), s. [Gr. aa-Ki-
Slov (aakiilioii), dimin. of ao-Ko's (cts/cos) = a
leathern bottle of goatskin or similar material.]
1. Zonl. : Thetypietii genus of the Tunicatetl
Mollusca, belongiii.ij: to the family Ascidiada'
and the order Asridia. The sx>ecies vary in
length from an inrli to five or six inches.
NinetcL'U dccur in Britain. Example, the
Eea-squii't (^1. hijaVmum). The Ascidian genus,
( IDiaM (.SE.V sqitrt).
family, and order have recently acquired
greatly-increased interest fiom the fact that
Darwin has taken this ]iart of the animal
kingdom as his point of ile]iarture in tracing
the process of development which he believes
to have uitinuLtely resulted iu the production
of man.
2. Botany: The pitcher in such plants as
Sarraccnia and Xepeuthes. {Lindley.)
aS-9ig'-er-OUS, a. {(l) Gr. 6.<tko\ (ciskoi),
pi. of atr/coT (A^^ct) ; (2) L;it. gcro = to wear, to
carry about] Having asci. \Loiido}i: Cyclop.
of Plants; Gloss.)
A3~gi'-t3Q (Lat.), As-9i'-tans (Eng.), s
[From Gr. aaKo? {'(.-ikos) = a leathern bottle.]
C/i. Hist.: A sect of Montanists who arose
in the second ceutiu'y. Tlieir name was de-
signed to express the fact that some Baccha-
nals of their pai-ty believed the passage in
Matt. ix. 17, which speaks of pouring new
wine into new bottles, requii-ed them to blow
up a skin or bag, and dance around it when
inflated, wliirli accordingly tlicy did with
suitable vigoui', as an act of solemn worship.
as-ci'-te§t, s [In Fr. ascife ; Port. & Lat.
ascites ; Gr. acTKLTTjs (askites) ; from o-ctkos
(ctsfcos) = a leathern bottle. ]
Med. : Effusion of fluid of any kind into the
abdomen ; specially effusion of fluid within
the cavity of the X'eritoneum, as distinguished
from ovarian dropsy and dropsy of the uterus.
There is an idiopathic ascites, which may be
of a tonic or acute form, or of an asthenic
type ; and a sympathetic or consequential
ascites. Another division is into active
ascites, that in which there is a large effusion
of serum into the cavity of the peritoneum,
after undue exposure to cold and wet ; and
passive ascites, that produced by disease of
tlie heart or liver.
as-9it'-ic, '^ as-9it -ick, as-9it'-ic-al, a.
[Eng., &c., ascites ; Eng. suff. -Ir, -icaJ. In
Fr. ascitique; Port, ascitico.'] Pertaining or
relating to the disease called ascites.
" When it is part of another tumour it iabyclropical.
either anasarcuua or ascUicah"— \VM:m".n : Surgnry.
as-9i-ti'-tious (tious as shus), a. [Low
Lat. *ascititius; from hat. ascitns = approved,
adopted, pa. par. of ascisco = to approve, to
adopt.] Not originally existent ; adopted,
additional, supplemental. [Adscititious.1
"HoiiieT hiis been reckoned an iiscitit ious no-ine from
some accident of hiu life."— Po^Jf.
&S-Cle '-pi-ad, s. [In Fi-. ascU'picde ; Sp.
asd'ijyiadeo ; Lat. AscJepiadens.']
Ancient Prosody : A kind of verse used by
Horace and other writers, and divided into
two primary types : (I) Asclepiadeus minor,
consisting of a spondee, a clioriambus, a
dactyl, ajtrochee^and a ctesura, as Maece | nas
atavis || edit6 | regi ] btis (Hoixur) ; and (2)
the Asclepiadeus major, consisting of aspondee,
two choriambuses, a trochee, and a ctesura, as
Qujs post i Vina gr^vem | niilitiam aut |
pauperism 1 cr6pat? (Schmitz: Lat. Gram.,
1860, p. 306.)
as-cle-pi-a-da'-9e-aB, s. pi [Asclepias.]
Asclepiads. An order of plants closely allied
to the Apocynaceifi, or Dogbanes. Lindley
places them under his alliance Solanales.
They have a 5-divided persistent calyx ; a
monopetalous 5-lobed regular corolla ; 5 sta-
mina, with the filaments usually connate ;
anthers 2— sometimes almost 4— celled ; the
pollen at length cohering in masses, or stick-
ing to 5 processes of the stigma ; styles 2 ;
stigma 1, tipping both styles, dilated, 5-cor-
nered ; ovaries, 2 ; fruit, 2 follicles, of which
one is sometimes abortive ; seeds numerous.
Shrubs, or more rarely herbs, almost always
milky, and frequently twining. Leaves entire,
opposite ; flowers umbellate, fascicled, or
racemose. Their favourite habitat is Africa.
They occur also in India, and the tropics
generally. In 1846 Lindley estimated the
known species at 910 ; now fully 1,000 are
known. The milk, which in some species
furnishes caoutchouc, is usually acrid and
bitter, through apparently not so deleterious
as that of Apocynaceje. That of Calotropls
glgantea, the akinid, yercvni, or niiidar plant
of Ijidia, has been used with clfcct in leprosy,
elephantiasis, and some other diseases. The
roots of Cynanchum tomentosuvi, and P&riplom
einetica are emetic. Gymnema lactifemvi is
the Cow-i>lant of Ceylon [Cow-plant]. Perga-
laria echdis and Periploca esciden.ta are eat-
able. Diploiiepis vomitoria is expectorant and
diaphoretic, and is used like ipecacuanha in
dysentery. Hemidesvius Indlm is the Indian
Sarsaparilla [Sarsapakilla] Tlie lea^■es of
Cyaaiichuiii ^Injd are used in Egypt for adul-
. terating senna. Mn.rsdcnia tvii<iri^i.ima. is em-
ployed for bowstrings by the mountaineers of
Rajmahal, whilst M. tuictoriu and Gymmnut
tiiigeiis yield an indigo of excellent quality.
(Lindley.) [Asclepias.]
as-cle-pi-ad'-e-an, a. [Lat. asclepiadbus.'\
Pertaining or relating to the metre called
Asclepiad (q.v.).
"The diaticha used by Horace are— (1) The 3ecoud
Asclepiadciui metre, consisting of a G-lycunieus and
the Aaclepiadeua uiun}x."—SchmUz : Lat. Grum. (1B60
as-Cle-pi-ad'-ic, a. [Eng. n^rlepiad; -ic.[
The same as Asclepi/U)ean (q.v.).
as-cle'-pi-as, s. [In Fr. ascUpwde; Ital.
asdepiude ; H\). asdepiada ; Lat d'^drpias ; Gr.
a.a-K}a}ivi6.'^ (nskJi'pias), a plant, the S"\vallow-
wort (Atdcpias viucetoxicum f); from Ao-kAtj-
TTtos (Asklepios), the Roman iEsculapius rir
Esculapius, the fabled god of medicine.] A
genus of plants, the typical one of the order
Asclepiadacese. The species are found chiefly
along the eastern portion of North America,
in Bermuda, &c.. Though all more or less
poisonous, they are used medicinally. .4.
deownbens excites general perspiration without
in any perceptible degree increasing the heat
of the body. It is used in Virgiuia as a
remedy against plemisy. Another variety, A.
tuberosa, is a mild cathartic and diapboretic.
The root and tender stalks of A. volubilis
create sickness and expectoration. A. tubero.'ia
(Butterfly Weed) and A. curc^'isfivicp, some-
times but incorrectly called ipecacuanha, are
also medicinal plants, whilst^, lactifera yields
a sweet copious milk used by tlu.> Indians, &;c. ;
hence tlie ordinary name milkweed. A. aphylla
and stipitacea are eatable. (Lindley.)
as'-c6-my-9e'-te§, s. pi. [Gr. ao-Kos (askos)
= a bag, and ixvk.-i]<: (imdces) =a mushroom.]
A group of fungi whose spores or sporidia are
contained within asci.
as-c6-iny-9e'-tO"as, u,. [Eng., &c. ascomyce-
i(es); -ous.] Belonging to or connected with
the ascoraycetes (q.v.).
a-scri'-l>a-We, o. [Eng. asi:ril>(':) ; -ahk.'j
That may be ascribed.
"... the effecta of nature's alihorrency of a vacmim,
which seem to be more fitly ascnhtiblo to the weight
and sprinfcf of the air." — Bot/le, vol. i., p. 17.
a-SCri'be, v.t. [In Ital. ascrivcrr. From Lat.
a-scribo = (1) to add to or insert in a writing ;
(2) to impute : ad = to, and seriho = . . , to
write. ]
'* 1. To write down.
"Hereupon the Atbeuiana do n.'icWfic that day for a
most unfortunate day. " — North: Phitarch, p. 181.
2. To attribute, to impute, to assign.
Used—
(a) Of qualities or actions attributed to a
person or other being :
"... ascribu ye greatness unto oui- God." — Deut.
xxvii. 3.
"They have ancribvd unto David ten thousands, and
to me they have iiacrihed but thousands." — 1 Sam.
xviii, 8,
(b) Of effects attril)iUed to causes :
" The mind, indeed, enlighten'd from above,
Views Him in all ; ascribes to the grand uause
The grand effect ; . . ." Cow2ier ; Task, bk. iii.
1[ Regarding the difference between the
verbs to ascribe, to iinjnUe, and to attribute,
Crabb considers that to ascribe is to assign
anything in one's estimate as the possession
or the property of another ; to imjnUc is to
form an estimate of a person, and to attribute
is to assign a tiling as a cause. What is
ascribed is i,'enerally honourable ; what is iin-
puted is generally dishonourable." (Crabb:
English Synonyms.)
a-scri'bed, 2"^. par. [Ascribe.]
a-scrib'-ing, pr. par. [Ascribe.]
'^a-scri'e, "^ a-skri'e, 'a-skry'e, ui. [Cf.
Sw. and:ri = a.ii outcry, scream, cry ; Old
Fr. escricr = to call out.] To cry out to, to
shout to,
"13eraphe was of hem welwarandfastehimo-scWes."
Joseph of Arimathic (ed. Skeat), 530.
* a-scri'e, * as-scry', '■' a-skri'e, ^ es-
kry'e, * a-skry'e, s. [Ascrie, v.] An
outcry, a scream, a cry.
" In which camije, about a xi. of the clock at night,
ther arose an eskrye, so that the towne of Caleys
began alai'me."—J7aH.- Hen. r///., .^n, 5. (Richardson.)
" Then the Eretaynes made an askria and sette their
beacons <ju fire." — Ibid,
a-scrip'-tion, s. [Lat. ascrlptio = an addition
in writing : from o.scribo (Ascribe) ; or from
ad = to, and scriptio = the act of writing ;
scribo = to scrape witb a sharp point, ... to
write, ]
1. The act of attributing, imputing, or as-
signing, as an eff"eGt to a cause, or qualities or
actions to any being ; the state of being attri-
buted.
"... that noble subsequent life which would ren-
der simi)ly impossible the ascription to Faraday of
anything unfair." — I'ytidall ; Frag, of Science, xii, ^57.
boil, boy; poiit, j6wl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9Mn, bencb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenopbon, exist. ph = f,
-cian. — Shan, -tlon, sion, -tioun ^ shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
310
ascriptitious — ashame
2. That which is ascribed.
" Songs of triumpli, and ascnpHo^^i
Sucli as reached the swart Egyptians."
Longfellow : The Slave Singing at Midnight.
*;-ii-crip-ti'-tious, a. [Lat. ascriptitius =
enrolled.] Ascribed, imputed, as5igned.
" All ascriptitious and supernumerary gQd."—Farin-
don: Serni., p. 62,
aS-cy'-rU33a, s. [Lat. ascyron ; Gr. a<TKvpov
' (askuron), a kind of St. John's Wort.] A genus
of plants belonging to the order Hypeneacese,
or Tutsans. They occur in North America,
* a§e, cmij. [As.]
"*■ a-se'ge, v.t. [Assege,]
* a-se'-gid, "po.. par. [Assegid.]
a-sc'-i-ty'» s. [As if from Low Lat. aseitas.']
' The state or condition of having an inde-
pendent existence. (Prof. W. E. Smith.)
* a'-sel, s. [Aysell.]
* a-se'le, v.t. [A.S. asalan = to bind, fasten.]
I'o seal.
" The Angel him schewed, with-outen weoles,
A put a-seled with seuen aeles."
Tlie XI. Paim of Sell (ed. Morria), 193-4.
a-sel'-li, s. pi. [AsELLTjs.]
a-sel'-li-d£e, 5. jjL [Asellus.]
Zoology : A family of Isopod Crustaceans.
Some species are marine, and others fresh-
water. The Limnoria terebrans, so destructive
to woodwork immersed in the ocean, belongs
to the family.
a-sel'-lus (pi. a-sel'-li), s. [Lat. aselhis =
a little ass. ]
1. Zool. ; The typical genus of the Asellidae.
It contains the A. aquaticus, or Water-hog
Louse, common in fresh water.
2. Astroii. : Two stars in the constellation
Cancer. The Greeks, through whom we have
received the sign Cancer, placed two asses in
it, where they still remain, under the titles of
Asellus Boreas and Asellus Australis ; and
near them is the asterism Pi-£esepe, or the
JIauger, in which there are about forty small
stai's visible in the telescope.
■* a'-sel-y, v.t. [Housel.]
* a-sem'-ble, v.t. [Assemble.]
a-sep'-ta, s. pi. [N. pi. of Gr. aoTjTTTo? (ase'p-
tos) = not liable to putrefy: a, priv., and
<TT)7rT09 (septos) = putx-efled ; trqirta (bcpo) to
putrefy.] Substances not liable to putrefac-
tion.
a-sep'-tic, a. [Gr. S.ay)Tna(asepta); Eng. suff.
-ic] [AsEPTA.] Not liable to putrefaction.
* a-se're, v.i. [A.S. asearian= to become
dry.] To become dry.
Seoyn Sages, 606. (5. in Boucher.)
*a-se'rue, * a serve, v.t. &l i. To merit, to
Reserve.
" Vche mon achal haue as thei a serue."
Mary & tlie Cross (ed. Morris), st. xxjcvii. 478.
: to cease.] To
* a-ses'se* v. t. [Fr. cesser =
cause to cease. [Acesel]
" And asstixse the werre anon,
Betwyxe hym and hys brother Jhon."
Richard, 6,311. (S. ia Bouchar.)
a-seth'. [Assets.]
* a-set'-nes, s. [A.S. osetJii/s = what is set
or fixed ; a statute, a law.] A regulation.
" This like abbot at Rajnaai
Asetnes set in his abbai."
MS. Coll. Med. Edinb., H. iii., 12, i. 476. {S. in Boucher.)
a~seK'-u-al, tt. [Gr. 6., priv., and Eng. sexiLal.'\
Bot. : Without sexes. Applied to the flower-
less plants In which stamina and pistils are
wanting.
* as-fa'ste, adv. [Eng. as; fast] Anon,
quickly. (Prompt. Parv.)
As'-gard, s'. [Norse.] The heaven of Scan-
dinavian mythology.
" Of his [the giant Ymer] eyebrowa they fomied
Asgard. their gods' <lwelliiis.''—Carli/le : Heroes &
Mero-Worship, Lect. i.
A. S. G. B. An abbreviation for the Aero-
nautical Society of Great Britain. (See signa-
ture to letter in the Daily Telegraph, July 13,
1874.)
ash (1), ^ ashe, * as9lie, * ai'S9he, * es^he,
-" as^e, * axe, * esse, * ^s {Eng.), ai'se,
ass {Sootch) (plur. ash'-es, * assfli'-en,
^ ash-en, * aisch'-is, ^ asch-y§, " ask'-
e§, ■' ask'-y^, * ask -en. " ax' -en), s.
[A.S. osce, acse, cesce, axe, aJise, axse, cexe; Sw.
& O. Icel. aska; Dan. a^lce ; Dut. asch; Ger.
asche; O. H. Ger. aschc ; Goth, azgc]
A, Ordinary Language:
1 1. In the singula/r : Karely used as a simple
word, except by geologists and chemists. In
composition, however, it is very common.
(See words under C. and IL Plur.)
" With fyre frome Heauiu consumit was with as
For that foule stinkaud ain of Lychorie."
£. E. Text. Soc, Lauder's Minor Poems. 603.
" Colleuted, my leddy ! what would ye collect out of
thesuteaud the ass /"—Scott : Bride of Lammermoor,
ch. xi.
". . . an amalgam of coarse altered ash." — Q. J-
Ocol. Soc, vol. xxxii. (1876), p. 22.
IL III the plural :
1. Literally :
(a) Gen. : The residuum left after the burn-
ing of anything combustible.
"... and take up the ashes which the fire hath
consumed." — Lev. vi. 10.
(h) The remains of a cremated dead body
preserved in an urn or coffin ; or more figura-
tively, the remains of a body buried without
cremation.
"And the askes of John© the baptyste."
The Stacyons of Rome (ed. FurnlTall), 417.
"The coffins were broken open. The aslies were
scattered to the winds," — Macaulay : Hist. Sng., ch. xi.
" E'en in our {ishes live their wonted fires."
&ray : Elegy, 23.
2. Fig. : Whatever is worthless or expresses
humiliation ; referring, however, to the fact
that of old a person in calamity would at times
put ashes upon his head, or, gx'ovelling on the
ground, bury his lips among them, as if he
were feeding upon them.
"He [the idolater] feedeth on ashes: a deceived
heart hath turned hiin aside . . ." — Isa. xliv. 20,
"He hath cast me into the mu'e, and I am become
like dust and ashes."— Job xxx, 19.
" To give unto them beaflty for ashes." — Isa. Ixi. 3.
B. Technically :
Geol. Volcanic aslies, volcanic ash : The
porous remains of certain molten rocks thrown
out by an(;ient volcanoes, and in many cases
laid down in beds stratified by the gravitation
of the falling bodies themselves, or by the
action of water. (For example see A. 1.)
% For the distinction between ashes and
ivffs see the subjoined example.
"In answer to the question as to what was the dif-
ference between ctsftea and tuifs, ue [Hr. David Forbes,
F.R.S.] defined asJies as purely sub-aCrial formations,
thrown out of the volcanic orifice, and falling down on
land oi- sea, as the case happened ; whilst tuifs, on the
contrary, were molten lava poured out into, or more
often xrnder, water, and thus instantaneously quenched
and disintegi-ated into fragments or powder, more or
less fine, in proportion as the action of the water was
overpowenuff. In axhet each separate particle bore on
its exterior the evidence of its having been exposed to
the action of fire in the throat of the volcano, and ex-
ternally IS altered, glazed, or coated with a crust or
akin, often resembling that of a meteorite, an appear-
ance which IS never to be observed in tuffs." — y. J.
ilcol. Soc, vol. xxxi. (1875), p. 421.
C. In composition : Denoting various objects
having certain similarities of form, coloui',
&c., to ashes.
ash-colour, s. A colour' like ash or ashes.
[ Ash-coloured. ]
ash-coloured, a. Coloxu'ed like ashes.
Between brown and gray.
Ash-coloured Falcon : A name for Montagu's
Harrier {Circus cinerace%is).
Ash-coloured Harrier : Another name for the
same bird.
ash-iire, s. The subdued or low fire used
in chemical furnaces. (Todd.)
ash-gray, a.
Hot., t&c. : A mixture of pure white and pure
black, so as to form an intermediate tint.
(Lindley.)
ash-grayish, u..
Bot., &c. : Ash-gray, but with more of the
white admixed. {Lliidley.)
ash-hole, s. A receptacle for ashes be-
neath a furnace.
ash-pan, s. A pan beneath a furnace or
grate for the reception of ashes.
ash-tub, s, A tub beneath, a furnace or
grate for the reception of ashes.
Ash-Wednesday, £. [Eng.^sA; Wednes-
day. In Sw. and Dan. Aske-onsdag ; Dut. Asli-
dag; Ger. Ascherniittu'-och.^ The first day of
Lent, the connection of which with ' ' ash " or
ashes seems to have been that, according to
the injunction of Pope Gregory the Great, in
the sixth century, ashes, which first had been
blessed, were sprinkled on the heads of wor-
shippers, or the form of the cross was traced
with ashes upon their foreheads, one niaia
object at first being to put them in remem-
brance that their bodies were but " dust and
ashes." As on the same day notorious sinners,
professing penitence, had to appear in church
clothed in sackcloth, and with tears solicit
absolution, repentance "in sackcloth and
ashes " was also suggested, and added a fresh
association with the day. At the time of the
Reformation the law or practice which re-
quired applicants for pardon of sin to be sub-
jected to this severe discipline was swept away,
and the " Connnination " Service, still in use,
was introduced in its room, "until the said
discipline may be restored again, which is
much to be wislied." {Liturgy: Commina-
tion.) To a certain extent Ash-Wednesday is
recognised by the nation as well as by the
Church.
ash (2), *as9he, * eS9he, a., a., and in
coiiip. [A.S. ceso; Sw. ask ; Dan, ask, asketne;
Dut. esch, esschehoo'ffi ; Ger. esche ; O. H. Ger.
asc, asch; O. Icel. askr.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary La ngiufge :
1. The name of a well-known tree, the
Fraxinus excelsior. It has pinnate leaves.
The flowers, which come out before the leaves,
are destitute of calyx and corolla. The stamens
are two, the fruit a two-celled and two-seeded
samara. It is wild in Britain.
" Aud ash far-btretching his umbrageous arm."
Cowper : Task, bk. i.
2. The wood of the ash (Fraxinus excelsior).
It is used fur the construction of various
agricultural implements. The qualities to be
sought in good ash-wood are strength, tough-
ness, and elastiL'ity.
" Let me twine
Mine arms about that body, where against.
My grained asli. an hundred times hath broke.
And scar'd the muon with splinters."
Shakesp. : Coriol., iv, 5.
II. Scripture: The ash of Scriptui'e, in Heb.
jya (pren) (Isa. xliv. 14), is probably not a
Fraxinus, but what it is has not yet been
decided.
" , . . he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish
it."— Isa. xliv. 14.
B. As adjective : Made of ash ; pertaining
to the ash ; resembling the ash. [Ashen (2).]
C. In composition : Denoting = made of, or
pertaining to ash.
ash-heys, s. jd. The seed-vessels of the
ash. [Ashen Keys.]
"As I have seen the ashrkeys fall ou a frosty morn-
ing."— Scott : Talcs of my Landlord, xxv,
ash-spear, s. A spear of which the
wooden iiortion is made of ash.
" The tough ash-spear, so stout and true.
Into a thousand flinders flew."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 6.
ash-tree, o. Fraxinus excelsior, described
above.
"Then the angry Hiawatha
Raised his mighty bow of ash-trcc.
Seized his arrows, jasper-headed."
Longfellow ; Song of Eiawatha, ix.
ash-weed, s. A name sometimes given
to the Gout-weed {^Egopodium podagraria),
from the resemblance of its leaflets to those of
the ash-tree.
ash-wood, s. The wood of the ash-tree.
" Like reeds he snapped the tough ash-wood."
Scott : Itokeby, v, 36.
* a-sha'me, * as-9ha'iiie (past pau
a-sha'med, a-sha'-myd, * a-s9ha'-
myd), v.t. [Eng. a; shame. A.S. ascamian
= to be ashiiiiK'd ; gesceamian =■ to make
ashamed ; from sen m-a = shame -, gescamiau
= to shame, tn blush. In Dut. beskaamd
is an adj. = ashamed ; Ger. hesckdmen =^ to
shame.]
A. As a verb in contradistinction to a 'jxirti-
cipk it is obsolete : To put to shame ; to cause
to blush.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^, father; we, w^et. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e. ey = a. qu = lew*
ashamedly— Asiatic
311
B. As a past participle (sLShameA, *asl)amyd,
* aschamyd), it is in commou use : Made to
Wush, or feel abashed or confused, from con-
sciousness of secret guilt, from a feeling of
inferiority, from the humiliation produced by
the exposure of disreputable moral conduct,
or of intellectual folly with which one is
chargeable.
" Ne be ye not aschamed, that daun Johan
Schal alday faatyng thua elenge goon?"
Chaucer: V. T., 14,632-3.
T[ In Scripture it is followed by of, or more
rarely hy for or because, applied to that which
causes the shame.
"And Moab shall be asJiamed of Chemosh, as the
bouse of Israel was ajUi'xmisO, of Beth-el theii- coufi-
deuce." — Jer. xlviii. 13.
"... they shall see, and he ashamed for their envy
at the people." — laa. xxvi, 11.
"... tbey shall he ashamed because of their sacri-
fices."—/foseaiv. 19.
hi Ordinary Language : To be ashamed for a
person is to blush on account of his miscon-
duct, the desire being felt that he should not
disgrace himself.
ar-sha'ni-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. ashamed; -ly.]
So as to manifest shame ; bashfully. (Huloet.)
ash'-bud, s. [Eng. ash (2), and hud.] A bud
on or from an ash-tree.
" Darker than darkest pansies, and that hair
More black than asT^uds in the front of March."
Tenriifson: The Gardener' s Daughter.
*as3ie, -y.i. [Ask.] '
ash'-en (1), a. [From Eng. ashes.] Of a colour
between brown and grey.
" On the Earl's cheek the flush of rage
0 ercame the ashen hue of age."
Scott : Marmion, vi. 14.
ash'-en (2), as'-Shen, a. [Fi-om Eng. ash;
and suff. -oi. In Ger. eschen.]
1. Pertaining to the ash-tree.
2. Made of ash-wood.
" And each hia aslun bow unbent,"
Scott : Lord of the Isles, iv. 9.
ashen keys. The seed-vessels of the ash-
tree. They are called by
botanists Samaras, t. e. ,
dry, indehiscent, winged,
two-celled, two-seeded cai>-
sules. [Samara. ] Their
length and lateral compres-
sion create the resemblance
to keys. [Ash-Keys.]
Her. : The seed-vessels
of the ash-tree, which are
occasionally represented
on an escutcheon. {Gloss,
of Heraldry, 1847.)
ash'-et, aS9h'-et, s. [Fr. assietie = a plate,
a trencher.] A large flat plate on which meat
is brought to the table. (Scotch.)
^h'-lar, ash'-ler, * ar-9hel'-or (Eng.),
ais'-ier, * ais'-lair, * est'-ler (Stx)tch), s.
& a. [O. Fr. aiscler, from aisselle =^ the. arm-
pit ; Lat. axilla = the armpit.] [Axil.]
A. As substantive :
Arch. : Hewn or squared stone used in
building, as contradistinguished from tliat
which is rough, as when it came from the
ASHEN KRYH.
Mlillliiiiii
j J
liii!iiiliii!iiiiiiSIiiBiliiilil
r
'iiiiiiiiiiiiii ml
quarry. '* J, H." in Boucher's Diet, states
that the earliest instance of the use of the
word ashler which had been discovered when
he wrote, was in eonnection with the erection
of the College of Fotheringhay. [See example.]
"... thegTound of tbebody andisles be maad within
the ende under the ground table-stones with rough
stone ; and all the remanent of the said body and isles,
unto the full bight of the said quire, with clene hewne
ashler, altogedu- in the outer side unto the full hight
of the said quire."— .^Iw Indenture (A.D. 1411), Monast.
Anglic., vL 1,414.
■[[ In Somersetshire it was formerly used of
paving stones. (/. H., in Boucher.)
Nigged Ashlar : Stone hewn with a pick or
with a pointed hammer, instead of with a
chisel. The term is used principally in con-
nection with the hewing of the hard Aberdeen
granite. {WeaU: Rudiment. Diet, of Terms
used in Arch., 1850, pt. ill., p. 304.)
B. As adjective : Pei-taining to hewn or
squared stones ; made of or with ashlai" or
hewn stones.
" The ashler buttress braves its force,"
Scott : Cadzow Castle.
" It is no square-built gloomy palace of black ashlar
marl>le, shrouded In awe and horror, as Gray gives it
US, , . ." — Carli/le: Heroes and Sero-Worsfiip, Iject. i.
ash'-ler-ing, s. [Eng. ashler; -ing.]
A rdiitecture :
1. Pieces of wood, about three feet high,
placed in garrets so as to cut off the acute
angles formed by the junction of the roof and
floor.
2. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar.
a-sho'-ca, a-s6'-ca, s. [In Bengali, &c.,
asholca.] A munificent tree, the Joiiesia asoca,
called after Sir William Jones, founder ®f the
Asiatic Society, who says that the vegetable
world scarce affords a richer sjght than an
ashoca-tree in full bloom. Tlie flowers, which
are in cymes, are of a rich orange colour.
The fruit is leguminous. The tree is wild in
the Malayan peninsula, and also cultivated in
Indian gardens.
a-shb're (1), ado. [Eng. a = on ; shore (2).]
1. Aslope, slantwise. {Babees Book (ed. Fur-
nivall), p. 121.)
2. A-straddle. (Ibid., p. 13G )
a-sho're (2), adv. [Eng. a = on ; shore (1).]
1, To tlie shoic ; upon the shore from the
sea. Used (a) uf ;t person lauding from a ship :
" Yet then, when called ashore, he sought
The tender peace of rural thought."
jynrdswortJi : To the Daisy.
Or (h) of the ship itself flung ashore, or any-
thing from the deep similarly hurled upon the
land.
" May thy billows rowl ashore
The beryl and the golden ore."
Milton : Comux.
2. On the shore, as contradistinguished
from being on board a ship or in tlie sea.
Ash'-tor-eth, t X.s'-t6r-eth, As-tar'-te
(pl. Ash'-tar-oth), s. [Heb. ninilJ? (Ash-
toreth), pl. niinipi? (Ashtaroth) ; Gr. "AuTaprT)
(AstarU) ; Assyr. Ishtar ; Pers. I star ah ; Gr.
aoTTjp (astvr)^a. star.] [Star.] A goddess
worshipprtl in Phenicia. Philistia, and else-
where. She was symbolised by the moon,
and also by the planet Venus. The place
Asteroth Karnaim (Gen. xiv. 5) means the
honied or mooned Astartes, probably from
images of that goddess set up and worshipped
there.
She is supposed to be the " Queen of Heaven,"
mentioned in Jer. vii. 18 and xliv. 17. HTJJfJ!
and nn^lpM (asMrah), wrongly translated
"grove" or "groves" in Judg. vi. 25, 2 Kings
xxiii. 4, and various other places, seems to sig-
nify an image of Astarte. It is connected with
-iir« (eshcr) = happiness, good fortune, Astarte
being the goddess of good fortune. She repre-
sented the female principle, and was wor-
shiiJped with impure rites. She is frequently
connected with Baal, the corresponding *male
divinity. [Baal.]
" For Solomon wer.t after AsMoreth, the goddess of
the Zidonians, — 1 Kwj^ xi. 5.
ash -y, a. [Eng. ash; -y.] Of an ash colour
or tending towai'ds one ; whitish-grey, pale.
" And dying eyes gleam'd forth their ashy lights
Like dymg coals burnt out in tedious nighfe " '
Shakesp.: Tarquin and Liicrece.
ashy-pale, a. Pale like ashes.
". . .he looked ashy-pale and haggard."— £'oofter ■
Himalayan Journals, vol. ii., p, 20L
ashy-green, a. & s.
A, As adjective: Coloured grcin, com-
mingled with ash colour.
B. As mbst. : The colour now described.
". . . the back of an asftv-j/reen." — Warrington, in
Mitcell. and Mag. of Jiat. Eist., Oct,, 1852.
A'-sia (sia as sha), s. [Sw. & Dan. Asien ;
'Dnt. Azie; Fr. Asic; Sp., Port., Itah, & Lat.
Asia; Gr. ' Kcria. (Asia).']
A. Classical Mythology :
1. A daughter of Oceanus, mentioned by
Hesiod, the first Greek writer who used the
term Asia, and then not in a geographical
sense.
2. The wife of Prometheus.
B. Geog. [Asia in this sense is said to be
derived from the daughter of Oeeanus men-
tioned above.]
* 1. Apparently the region east of the Archi-
pelago once ruled over by Iving Attalus, and
extending from Pergamos, in Mysia, to Caria.
Herodotus is the first writer in which this —
the oldest — geographical sense of the word
Asia is known to occui;. Livy also uses it
with the same signification, generally known
as Asia MiTwr.
2. The Roman province of the name, in-
cluding Phrygia, Mysia, Lydia, and Caria.
This is the New Testament sense of the word.
"... the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judoea,
and Cappadocia, In Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and
Pamphylia, . . ." — Ac's ii. 9, 10.
3. The great continent east of Europe and
Africa. When this extended sense was intro-
duced, then the region between the Black Sea,
the Archipelago, and the Mediterranean, with-
in which the Roman province of Asia was
situated, came to be called in Latin, by way of
distinction, Asicc Minor (Lesser Asia). Tlie
first author known to have used the latter
term for Asia west of the Taurus was Orosius,
in the fifth centui-y, A.D. (See Trench: On
the Study of Words, p. 96.)
C. Astron. : An asteroid, the sixty-seventh
found. It was discovered by Pogson on the
18th of April, 1861.
A'-sian (sian = shan), adj. [Lat. Asim.]
Belonging to Asia.
" From Asian Taurus, from Imaus stretch 'd."
Thomson: Seasons; Autumn.
A -si-arch (or si = Shi), s. [In Ger. Asi-
areh; Fr. asiarque ; Lat. asiarchus; Greek
atriapxijs (ostarcHs).]
Under the Roinans : The director-general of
religious ceremonies in the iirovince of Asia.
The expression occurs in the Greek Testament,
Tti/es 6e (cat tmv 'AtTLapxtiiv (Tines de Icai ton
Asiarclwn), "And certain also of the Asiarchs"
(Acts xix. 31). Properly speaking, there was
but one Asiaruh residing at Ephesus ; the others
referred to were his subordinates.
A-si-at'-ic, * A-si-at'-ick (or si = shi),
a. & s. [In Fr. Asiatirjue, adj. ; Sp., Port.,
& Ital. Asiatico ; Lat. Asiaticus ; Gr. 'Ao-tan-
Kos (Asiatikos).^
A, As adjective : Pertaining, relating, or be-
longing to Asia in any of the geographical
senses of that word.
Now (S'pec ) : Referring to the Asiatic con-
tinent.
" The commerce of Asiatic Russia bears a small pro-
portion to that of European Russia, the proportion
being as 4 to 35."~Lconi Levi: Hist. Brit. Comm.
(1872), p, 467.
Asiatic Society: The name given to any
society which makes Asia and its inhabitants
the main subject of inquiry. The first modern
society of the kind was the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, founded at Calcutta by Sir William
Jones, in January, 1784. The Royal Asiatic
Society of Great Britain and Ireland was
formed in March, 1823, and incorporated in
August, 1824. It holds its meetings in Lon-
don, but has affihated societies or branches
at Bombay and iladras. The Bengal Society
also, though earlier in point of time, is now
virtually a third branch. Other Asiatic
Societies exist among the Continental nations,
the best known being that of Pans, founded
in 1822.
IF For terms in Zoology', Botany, &c., com-
mencing with Asij:aic, such as Asiatic elephant,
see the substantives subjoined.
B. As substantive : A native of Asia in any
of the geographical senses of the word. Spec. ,
a native of the Asiatic contineut.
"If the .Tapanese and the Maiaya exhibit a cha-
racter manly, enterprising, and diffeient from that of
the other Asiatics. . ."—MalteBrun: Phys. Geoa. 2nd
ed. (1834), p. 622.
boil, b^; poiit, jiSwl; cat, ceU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as;.iexpect, Xenophon, exist. -inE.
-cian. -tian = sh»n. -tion. -sion, -cioun = shun; -tion, sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -tale, -die, *l ^bel. delT*
312
Asiatieism—asking
A-si-at'-i-9i§m, s. [Fng. Asiatic ; -ii'm.]
An imitation of Asirtiic uiainiers.
a-si' de, adv. [Eng. a = on or to ; side.] [Side.]
A, UrdiTW.'fj Laiiguoijc :
I. To one sule.
1. Ill a generi'l sense :
"... are c.i.Mt mUlc,
As useless, to the moles .iml to the hats,"
<'-jii>iK-r ■ Tas/c, bk. vi.
2. S}icciolhj :
(a) To or at a little distanec from the rest ;
to be left ill waiting, or fi^r .sonit?. other purpusu,
"... tliou Shalt set iii/<.^' that which Is full, . . ."—
2 Kings Iv. 4.
(6) To a solitary spot ; outside a crowd.
"AdiI he took him k.s/m'ij from the multitude, . . .
— J/itrft vii. 33.
IL At one side. Spec. —
1. Out of hearing, privately, or to one's self.
" Tlien lords and hidies spake rtside.
And aii|fi-y hink.H the error chide."
Scott : The Lord of Che hies, ii. 7.
1" So in dramas a speaker makes certain
statements <i.!^i.ih:.
2. Away from the body, as a garment taken
off and then laid down.
TT fn Scotch it is sometimes used as a pre-
position = beside.
"Since M.aggie I am in aside ye."
TaniiiiUill Poemt; p. l.>'j. [Jamieson.)
III. Fiijvrafirehi :
1. Morally separate ; away from the soul,
or away frum the right direction.
". . . let us lay asi^e every weight, and the sin
which doth so easily beset us, . . ."—Ileb. xii. 1.
(The metaphor is that of a long flowing gar-
ment hovering around us, and tripping the
feet when we attempt to run.)
2, Away from the morally right path.
"They are all gone aiide, they are all together
become filthy."— /"s, xiv. 3.
B. Technically :
Lav:: To set aside a verdict is to render it
abortive, to quash it, to overthrow it. To set
anything aside = to destroy it, or vender it
abortive.
* a-si-dis half, adv. To one side ; aside.
(Wycliffe: Kings iii. i^7.)
as-i-en'-to. [zVssiento . ]
* a-si'le, s. [Asylum.] A retreat ; a place of
safety. (Wycliffe : 2 Mace. iv. 34.)
a-sil'-i-dse, s. ^i. [Asilus.]
Evtvii). : A family of insects belonging to
the order Diptera, and the tribe Brachycera.
They are generally called Hornet-flies. They
are fierce and voracious, mostly feeding on
other insects, which they catch on the wing.
In flying they make a humming noise.
as'-il-US, s. [Lat. asUus = SL gadfly, a horse-
fly.] A genus of two-winged flies (Diptera),
the typical one of the family Asilid;^.
* as'-in-ar-y, u. [Lat. asinarius.] Pertain-
ing to an ass.
t as-i-ne-go, as-si-ne'-go, a. [Sp. asnico
= a small ass. ]
1. Lit. : A small ass.
■'Wc^ jocgeil leisurely 0)i upon our mules and assi-
imooes." — Sir T. Herbert : Travels, ji. 127.
2. Fig. : A stupid fellow.
" Or are you so anihitious 'bove your peers,
You'd he an assinvgo by your years V "
J3. Jonson : Expost. with Inigo Jones.
as'-ln-ine, <.•. [In Sp. & Ital. asinino ; Lat.
asiiiindis ]
1, Pertaining or relating to an ass, as the
animal actually is.
"You shall have more ado to drive our dullest youth,
our stocks aud stubs, from such nurture, than we have
now, to hale our choicest and hopeftillest wits to that
a^iniiie feast of sow-thi-itles .and brambles," — Milto-n.
2. Stupid, silly, ;i.s the ass is popularly
believed to be. [Pons Asinorum.]
as-i-nia'-i-ty, s. [Eng. asiiiin{e); -ity.] As-
inine behaviour ; obstinate stupidity.
as'-in-us, s. [Lat.] A genus of mammals, of
the order Pachyderinata, and sub-order Soli-
pedia. It contains the ass. There is a fossil
ass or zebra (Asinu-^ jhssilis) in the drift and
<;jive period, and in tije nuirl beneath the peat.
(Oiicii: British Fossil Mammals & Birds, pp.
^S'»!:-o, s. [Lat.] The name used by Pliny and
adopted by Swainsou for the " Hnrnud Owls."
It IS not now generally used, Bubo having
taken its place. [Bubo.]
a-si'-phon-ate, a. [Gr, a, priv., and Eng.
siphuiiate.\
III Conchology : Destitute of siphon.
" Some holostitijiittuuy jtiid asiphonatc Gastropods."
— Owen : Claxgif. of the Jfammalia, p. 61.
a-sit'-i-a, s. [Gr. da-tria {asitlci) = want of
fuod, loss of appetite ; aatTeio (asited) = not to
eat ; ao-tTOc (asltos) = without eating : a, priv. ,
and o-tTos (siios) = wheat ; also food.]
Med. : Loss of appetite, loathing of food.
ask, aske, asche, ashe, ^ ask'-i-en,
esk'-i-en, " ask -en, ask'-in» ' ass,
^ axe, ax'-i-en (pret. asked, * ask'-ede,
" ascti' - ed, ^ ac' - sede, " asch' - ede,
^' e-ask'ed), v.t. &; i [A.S. acslan, ascian,
cescian, ahslan, axian, acsigan, axigean. In Sw.
mska ; O. Icel. ceskja; O. Fris. askea, aschla ;
Dut. eischen ; Ger. heischen; 0. H. Ger. eiscon;
O. L. Ger. escon ~ to ask ; Sansc. ish — to
desire.]
A. 2'ransitive:
1. To solicit or demaud a reply in words tu
a tiuostion put.
i. To ciuestion, to .nquire of, to interrogate.
"... when your children ask their fathers in time
to come, saying. What mean ye by these stones?" —
Josh, iv, 6. ,
■[ Sometimes the word question is put after
the interrogatory verb, as —
"... neither durst any man from that day forth
ask him any more questions." — Matt. xxii. 46.
2. To inquire about, to solicit information
regarding.
^ Ash in this first sense of inquire is fol-
lowed by the objective of the person, and con-
cerning or regarding or o/preflxed to the thing
about which information is solicited.
"Ask now the priests concerning the law, . . .'' —
JIagg. ii. 11.
"Ask me of things to come , . ."—Isa. xlv. IL
^" II. To lay to one's charge ; the original
meaning probably being to demand from one
an answer to a charge.
" False vituesses did rise up : they laid to my
chaise [margin, asked] me things that I knew not." —
Ps. XXXV. 11.
III. To solicit or demand any desirable
thing, as contradistinguished fi'Oin mere words.
1. To solicit by prayer or petition ; to beg.
" Where-fore I asAe you pardoun and youre grace,
Sithe me behoveth deth or youre mercye.
La Belle Dame Sanz Jferc!/ (ed. Fumivall), 687-8,
"... ye shall ask what ye will, aud it shall be done
unto you."— i/o/m xv. 7.
2. To demand (of), to require (from), or, at
least, to expect (from).
IV. To invite : as. To ask one to a party.
(Culloqtdal.)
^ To ask after oiia : To enquire after one's
health.
V. Fig. : To require, to need, to stand in
need of.
" To carry nature lengths unknown before.
To give a Miltuu birth ask'd ages more."
C'owper : Table Talk.
" Man's coltish disposition asfcv the thong "
Cowper ■ Progress of Error.
T[ Or it is followed by two objectives, the
one of the person and the other of the thing :
(Properly speaking, there is an ellipsis, of being
omitted before the person; "I will ask [of]
thee.")
In the sentence, "Ask us a king" (1 Sam.
xii. 19), there seems an ellipsis of for : " Ask
[for] us a king. "
TI Or it is followed by the ob.iective of the
thing, and of, from, or at of the i^erson the
last named :
"Ask thee a sign of the Lord thy God; . . .'—Isa.
\[i. 11.
B. hitransitlce :
I, To inquire, to put a question, to solicit
divine direction.
2. To pray, to solicit.
■| .1*/:, v.i., is followed by of or at prefixed
to i\\>: jjerson addressed.
"... thou wouidest have asked of him, and ho
would have giveu thee living water. "—yoAn iv. 10.
"... liave not asked at my mouth." — Isa. xxx. 2,
Or before a uoun of multitude among may be
used.
"Ask ye now among the heathen, who hath heard
such things, . . ."~Jer. xviii. 13.
1[ The object inquired about or xietitiuned
for is preceded hy for or after.
" That any spir, othir mjin or wine.
Or efter the croa will the ass.
That ihesu criat on handed was."
FiiuUng of the CrossXeA. Morris), 186-188.
". . . ask for the old paths, where is the good way
and walk therein, . . ," — ^cr. vi, 16.
"^ask, ^aske, * ask'-er {0. Rag.), * eSk
(Scotch), s. [A.S. at here = a lizard, a newt;
Ger. eirfec/ise = a lizard ; O. H. Ger. egidehsa.]
A water-newt, an eft. Any of the Tritons or
Lissotritons. (Scotch.) [TRiruN, Lissotriton.]
as-ka'n9e, ^ as-ka'unge, * as-ca'un9e,
"" as-ca'uns, adv. [Wedgwood derives this
from O. Fr. ascanche = awry, crosswise ; Ital.
schiancio, as adv. = oblique, sloping ; as sub-
stantive = a declivity.] [Askant, Asklent,
Aslant, Sklent, Slant,] Obliquely, side-
'vays ; or applied to the eye, squintingly.
"Aside the devil turn'd
For envy ; yet with jealous leer inatlgu
Eyed them askance. ililtoii : P.h , bk. iv. 504.
If A contemporary of Spenser's, who wrote
a glossary to that poet's ShepheoA-ds Calender,
included askance in his list of old words, but
since tlien it has completely revived.
* as-ka'n9e, v.t. [Askance.] To turn away.
(Shakesp. : Rccpe ofLucrece, (J37.)
as-ka'ut, * as-ka'imt, * as-ca'unt, adv.
[Connected on the one hand with askanc-e, and
on the other with aslant (q.v.) ; O. Fr. a
scanche = obliquely (Palsgrave).'} Obliquely,
askance, askew, aslant, slantingly. (Used
specially of the eyes.)
" At this Achilles roU'd his furious eyes.
Fix'd on the king askauiit, and thus replies :
O, imijudent." Dryden.
asked^ * ask'-ede, iw. par. [a.^.k, v.t.]
'■"ask'~en, v t. [Ask.]
ask'-er (1), s. [Eng. ask; -er.]
1. One who a.sks in the sense of questioning
or inquiring ; an interrogator, an inquirer.
" Every asftcj" being satisfied, we may conclude that
all their conceptions of being in a place are the same."
— Bigbg : Of Bodies.
2. One who asks in the sense of petitioning;
a petitioner.
" Have you
Ere now denied the asker? and, now again
On him tliat did not ask, but mock, bestow,"
Shakesp.: Coriol.. ii. 3.
ask'-er (2), s. [Ask, s.] A newt.
" ask-e^, s. 2il. [Ashes, Ash.]
as-keW (ew = u), ^ as-ku'e, '^ as-cu'e,
o.dv. kadj. [Eng. a; skevj. In Dan. bkioivis
= crooked, oblique ; Dut. sclmin ~ slant,
sloping, oblique; i'c/niijis^slopingly ; schuinte
= slope ; scheef — wry, slanting, sloping ;
Ger. schief; Lat. scceuits ; Gr. o-Kat'os (s/:iuos) =
on the luft hand ; Sanac. sarya = left.] [Skew,
Shunt.]
A. Asadmrh:
1. Askance, asquint. (Used of the eyes.)
" For when ye mildly look with lovely hue,
Then is my soul with life and love inspir'd :
But when ye lowre, or look on me askew.
Then do I die."— Spenser : Sonn. 7.
"He looked ascue upon him, as one he envied or
bated." — Up. Patrick on l Sam. xviii. 9.
2. In an oblique direction. (Used of any-
thing else.)
"All things are now discovered to proceed askue.
the round world and alV—Gat/ton: Sotes on Don
Quixote, p. as,
B, As adjective : Oblique, awry.
"Thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a
tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been
sitting. —.Mr. Itamsan, tjuoted in Darwin's " DesceiU
of JIan," pt. ii,, ch. xv.
* as-kewse, v.t. [Excuse.] Excuse, acquit.
ask'-iiig. ^'ask'-yiig, 2Jr. par., adj., & ^.
[Ask, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & adj. : In senses cor-
responding to those of the verb.
" With many an asking smile, and wondering stare,
They whisper round, and gaze upon Gulnare."
Jiyro^i: TJic Corsair, lii. 16.
fate, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g5, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian, se, oe = e. ey — a. qu = kw-
asKingly— aspartie
313
C, As suhst. : Petitioning, expressed wish ;
solicitation.
" Here, too, lands may be had for the askinfi."
Longfellow : Eoa/ngeline, ii. 3.
ask'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. asking; -ly.l In an
inquiring manner ; interrogatively.
ask-lent', ask'-lent, adv. [AsLA^-T.]
(iScoteft,.)
*a-Sl£6f', adv. [0. Eng. a; s/i:o/= scoff.] In
a scoffing manner ; deridiugly.
" AlLaanuder loked askof
-• A3 he 110 gef nought therof."
Alisaundcr, 874. IBoucJier.)
*a-sla'ke, v.t. & i. [Eng. a; slake = slack ;
A.y. aslacian — to slacken, to loosen, to nntiu,
tO' remit, to dissolve, to enervate.] To cause
to become slack, to slacken, to extinguish.
" That thurgh youi- deth your lignaye schuld oslaTce."
Chaucd-: C 2'., 8,01"J.
as-la'-ni, s. [From Turkish and Tartar aslan,
' arslan =ia. lion: as, Alp Arslan - Alp thu
Lion.] An old Turkish coin worth from 115
to 120 aspers. [Asper.] It is not included
in t\ieStatesnm)i's Year-book among the coins
now current in Turkey. Goodrich and Porter
mention, on the authority of Buchanan, that
the name aslaiii is sometimes applied to the
Dutch dollar in the Levant.
a-sla'nt, " a-slet', * a-slout', * a-sl6'wte,
(Eng.), *as-klent', -"as-klint' (Scotch),
adv. & prep. [Eng. a ; slant. Tlie k of the
Scotch aslclent connects it also with aslcant.
In Sw. sUnta — to .slip, to slide ; Dut. slinks:-
= obliquely, sHii/csc/t = oblique ; Wei. ysf/ieTi^to
= to slip or slide; O. Fr. tsdi^idi&r — 'io slip
or slide ; Ital. a sc/iicmco^ cross wise, slopingly ;
in a wrong sense.] [Askant, Askance, Slant,
Glance.]
A. As adverb :
1. Lit. : Not at a right angle ; slantingly
obliquely. Not in a straightforward manner.
" Maifffie cooat her head fu' high.
Looked asklant and tiiiGo akeigh."
Burns: Duncan Orai/.
2. Fig. : In a morally oblique manner.
" Sin' thou came to the world asMent."
Burns : To his Illegilimute Child.
B. As prep. : In a slanting direction to any-
thing ; obliquely to anything.
" The swelling uijlimd, where the sidelong sun
Aela)U the wooded slope, nt evening goes."
Longfellow: SpiHtof Poeti-y.
^[ The old forms ^aslet, *o..dout, and ^aslcwte
are from Prompt. Parv. ; and aslout in tlie
Mbtes Book (ed. Furnivall). p. 155. Possibly
they may be connected with usiope rather than
with aslant.
a-sla'we, pa. par. [A.S. aslegen, aslagen =:
slain.] Slain.
"Tho cayin hadde his brother aslawe, iSemd he was
theniore." The Iloly Rode (ed. MoiTia), 20,
a-sle'ep, a. or adv. [Eng. a = on, and sleep;
' A.S. aslapan = to be asleep.]
I. In sleep. (Applied to rest in tlie state
of sleep.)
1. Lit. : In literal sleep, sleeping.
" The Hhip was covered with the waves : but he was
asleep." — Matt, viii.24.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Dead ; in the sleep of death.
" We which .ire alive, and remain unto the coraiii';
of the Lord, shall not prevent them which are asleep.'
— 1 Tlmss. iv. 13.
(6) Benumbed, numb. [II. 2 (&).]
IL Into sleep. (Applied to the passage from
the state of waking to the state of sleep.)
1. JAt. : Into literal sleep.
2. Figuratively:
(a) Into death.
" When he had said this he fell asleep."— Acts vii. 60.
(h) Beiiunilied ; into a benumbed state.
"Lejuiiii^ long upon ftnyijartmaketh It numb, and, aa
we call it, asleep."— Bacon : 2fat. Ilist., cent, viii., § 735.
* a-slet', adv. [AsLA^'T.]
a-sl6'pe, ft. or adv. [Eng. a = on, and slope.]
With a slope ; slopingly, aslant, obliquely.
"To set them, not iipright, but aslope." — Bacon:
Nat. Hist., cent, v., § -1:25.
*a-slo'wi;e, adv. . [Aslant.]
*a-slug', adv. [Eng. a.; slug.] After the
inanuei' of a slug—/ e., in a sluggish manner,
sluggishly, lazily. (Fotherhij.)
as-mat-og'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. atr^a (osAia),
genit. acr^arog (asmatos) = ^ song, from oSw
(add) = to sing; ypa^-q (graplie) = a. wiiting.]
A writmg about songs ; a treatise on songs.
a-smear', a, [Eng. a = on, and smear, s.]
' Smeared over ; befouled. (Dickens: Great
Sxpectations, ch. xx.)
A^-mon-e'-an, Af-mon-se'-an, w. & ^
[From Asnioneus. (See def.).]
A. As w:IJe-ctive: Pei-taining or relating t(i
Asmoneus, the great-grandfather of that Mat-
tathias who commenced the Maccabee revolt,
{Josephiis: Antiq., bk. xii., ch. vi., § 1.) Oi
pertaining or relating to the illustrious Jewish
family of patriots and princes called after him.
B. ^s suhstantive : A member of the Asmo-
nean family described above.
a-SO'ak, a. orarfu. [Eng. a; soak.] Soaking,
' in a soaking state. (Holdsworth.)
a-s6'-ca, ,^. [Ashoca.]
*■" a-s6i'l, v.t. [AssoiL (1).]
a-som'-a-toiis, a. [Lat. asomaius; Gr. acrw-
(xaros: (aso'iiiatos), from a, priv., and o-w/ia
(soma) = body.] Destitute of a body ; incor-
poreal. (Johnson.)
" a-som'-on, v.t. [Summon.]
* a-son'-der, adv. [Asunder.]
'^'asonghe, v. [O. Fr. essoyner.] To excuse.
" And for-do all that wertew fare.
And thow may nocht asonglie the."
Jiatis Raving, bk. i. (ed. Lumby), 999. 1,000.
!Jr-sd'-pi- a, s. [From Gr. 'Auwiros (Asopos),
the " god " of the river Asopus in Achaia (there
was another in Breotia).] A genus of motlis
belonging to the family Pyi'alidge. A. farinalis
is the so-called ]VIeal-moth. [Meal-moth.]
S,sp (1), o. [Aspen.]
asp (2), ^s'-pic, + as'-pick, s. [in Sw.
esping ; Fr, aspic ; Prov. aspic, aspis ; Sp.
aspid ; Port, aspide, aspid ; Ital. aspide ; Lat.
aspis ; Gr, io-Trt's (aspis) = a round shield ; an
asp.]
1. The kind of serpent which has obtained
great celebrity from having been chosen by
Cleopatra to gi'\''e her an easy death. It is
believed to have been the Naia Haje. It is the
same genus as the Cobra Capello', but differs
in having the neck less -wide, and having the
colour greenish, bordered with brown. It
is probably the '*asp" [ao-TrCs (aspis)"] of the
New Testament (llom. iii. 13), and the " asp "
[]nQ (pethen)'] of the Old (Deut. xxxii. S3 ; Job
■sx. 14. 16 ; Isa. xi. S).
"Their wnit) is tlio i^oiaun of diaguiis, and the cruel
venom of asps."— Deut. xxxii. sa,
"Tho poison of asps is under their lips," — Rotn. iii. 13.
"Swell, bosom, with thy fraught.
For 'tis of aspics' tongues ! "
ahakcsp. : OtheUo, iii. 3.
2. The Common Asp or Chersaea (Vipera
aspis) is olive above, with four rows of black
THE COMMON ASP (VIPERA ASPIS).
Spots. Its poison is severe. It is common in
Sweden and some other parts of Europe.
3. (Poetically) : Any venomous serpent.
Describing the Laocoon, Byron says : —
"... the enormous asp
Enforces pan? ou pang, and stifles gasp on gasp."
Byron: Childe Harold's PilgHmag&, iv. 160.
'• as-pal'-a-thum, s. [Aspalathus.] An ob-
solete name for Calanibac wood. (See Parr's
Med. Diet.) It is the same as Agalloch,
Agila, Eagle-wood, or Lign Aloes (q..v.),
as-pal'-a-thUS, s. [In Fr. aspalat; Lat.
aspalathus; Gr. a.o-Trd\ado<; (aspalatkos), a
thorny shrub, the bark and roots of which
yielded a fragjunt oil. It has not been cer-
tainly identified. It was called from the island
of Aspalathus, on the coast of Lycia, where it
grew.]
1. The unidentilled ancient shrub.
" I gave a sweet smell like cinnamon and a^jjala-
thus, and I yielded a pleasiuit odoui" like the best
myrrh," — Ecclus. xxiv. 15.
2. A plant called the Rose of Jerusalem,
or Our Lady's Rose. (Johnson.)
3. Mod. Dot. : A genus of plants belonging
to the order Leguminosee and the sub-order
Papilionacese. It contains about 150 shrubs
and under-shrubs, some of them cultivated in
British gardens. The genus stands in classifi-
cation near Ulex (Gorse).
as'-pa-lax, i. [Gr, uo-TraAa^ (aspalax) or o-Tra-
Ka^ (spalax) = a mole.] A genus of Rodentia,
to which belongs the A. typhlus of Turkey,
Southern Russia, and Persia. It has no real
affinity to our mole, which is ranked under
the Insectivora, and not the Rodentia.
as-par-ag'-e-SB, t as-par-a-gm'-e-se, k.
pi. [Asparagus.]
Bot. : A tribe or section of the order Liliacete
(Lilyworts), consisting of species with suc-
culent fruits. Type, Asparagus (q.v.). They
have usually the stem fully developed, and
sometimes, ' indeed, even arborescent, with
branches. Sometimes it is forming. Some-
times, again, there is no stem ; in which
latter case the leaves are often coriaceous and
permanent.
* as-par'-a-gi, s. pi. [Asparagus.]
as-par-a-gin, as-par'-a-mid,*. [inGer.
asparagin; from Eng., &c., asparagus (i:i.\ .).'}
A chemical substance found in the roots of
marsh-mallows and the shoots of asparagus,
and in several other plants. The crystals are
brilliant, tasteless, transparent, and colour-
less. They have a faint coohng taste, and are
soluble in water, especially if it is hot. The
formula is C4H8N20aH20. It is somewhat
akin to IMalamide. (Fownes.)
as-par-a-gm'-e-se, s. pi. [Aspabage^.]
3.S-par-ag'-in-oiis, a. [Mod. Lat. aspara-
giv^em), and Eng. suffix -ous.] Pertaining or
relating to asparagus.
Asparaginous vegetables (Gardening): Those
vegetables the tender shoots of which are
eaten like those of asparagus.
as-pS-r'-a-giis, *-. [In Sw. sparris ; Dan. as-
parges; Dut. asper sic ; Ger, aspergie, spar gel ;
Fr. ospergc ; Sp. esparrago ; Port, aspargo ;
Ital. sparago, asplrago ; Russ. sparsa; Lat.
asparagus, aspliaragus ; Gr. dcrTrapa7os (aspara-
gos), Attic a,o-</)apa.yos (aspharagos), from a-Ttdp-
aaaoj (sparasso) = to tear. So called because
of the strong prickles with which some of the
species are armed. Formerly written sperage
or sparage.]
A. Ord. Lang. : A culinary plant, the tender
shoots of which are eaten. It is the Wild
Asparagus (Asparo.gus offiainalis), developed
by cultivation.
"Pardons for murder, for robbery, for arson were
sold at Whitehall scarcely less openly tliaii asparagus
at Coveut Gulden,"— J/tiwtuiu^/,- Bisf. L'ng., ch. xi.
B. Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Liliaceje, or Lilyworts, and the tribe
Asparagus, pf which it is the type. It con-
tains the Common Asparagus (A. officinalis),
which is a plant with droopmg, greenish- white
flowers and red berries, growing here and there
on the British coasts. As mentioned above,
it is the origin of the Garden Asparagus.
In the Plural. Aspa.ragi : A name given by
the old botanists to the shoots covered with
scales, like those of the asparagus, which are
sent forth by some plants. The name now
given to such a shoot is turio. (Llndhij :
Introd. to Bot., 3rd ed., 1839, p. 72.)
Mineralogy. Asparagus-stone : A mineral,
a variety of Apatite, found iu Spain. Dana
couples it with Woroxite, and places both as
a first sub-variety of ordinary Apatite, its only
distinctive characteristic being its yellowish-
green colour.
as-par'-tate, i
PARTic Acid.]
[Eng. aspartate); -ate.] [As-
as-par'-a-niid, s [Eng, aspar{ogus) and
amid (q.v.).] The same as Asparagin (cj.v.).
as-par'-tic, a. [Formed from asparaqin-
' (l-'^-)'] Pertaining to, or obtained from,
asparagin.
boil, bo^; poiit, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, is; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph— f.
-clan, -tian = shaa. -tion, -slou = shun ; -^ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis* -ble, -die, &c. = bel, do'
314
Aspasia— aspergilltim
aspartlc acid (C4H7NO4). An acid
formed from animal or vegetable proteids.
(muts.)
As-pa'-si-a, s. [From As2Jasia, the companion
of Pericles ; or from Gr. ao-rrao-ios (aspasios) =
gladly welcomed ; aa-rrd^ofj-aL (aspazomai) = to
welcome kindly.] A genus of i)lants belong-
ing to the order Urehidacefe, or Orchids.
as-pa'-si-6-lite, ^^ [Gr. atrn-acrto? (ospasios)
= greatly welcomed, and suffix -ite.]
Min. : According to the British Museiim
Catalogue, a variety of Oosite, a mineral placed
1 ly Dana under Finite. He regards Aspasiolite
as a variety of Fahlunite. It is of a gi-een or
greyish colour. It occurs in Norway with
lolite, of which it may be only an altered
state. [Fahlunite, Oosite, Iolite.]
' aspe, o. [Aspen.]
as-pect, * as-pect', '' as-pect'e» «. [In
Sw. & Dan. aspeld: Ger. aspekt, aspect; Fr.
aspect; Sp. aspecto ; Poit. aspecto, aspRlto ;
Ital. aspetto ; Lat. aspectus = (1) a seeing, view ;
(2) the sense of sight ; (3) (by metonomy) the
look, aspect, mien ; from aspectus, pa. par. of
aspLcio = aclspicio = to look to or at ; ad =
to, at ; f-pecio = to look at, to behold.]
A, Ordlnai'y Laiujiutgc :
1 1. The act of looking, a glance.
" The tradition is no less ancient, that the basilisk
killeth by aspect, ami that the wolf, if he see a man
first, by aspeot striketh a man hoarse."— ^ocon : Nat.
Ills-., Cent. x„ 5 924.
II. The appearance presented.
1. Of ■persons :
(i.) Gen. : Countenance, look, also mien.
(Applied to a man, or at least to a living
being.)
"Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom
Satan except, none higher eat, with grave
Asjjccl he rose, . . ." Milton : P. L., bk. il.
(ii.) Spec. Fiauratively : (In the astrological
sense.) [B. 2.]
" To iiraise the clear unmatched red and white,
Which triumphed in that sky of his delight.
Where niortal stars, as bright as heaven's beauties,
With \iure aspects did hiin peculiar duties."
Shakcup. : 'Tarquin and Lucrecc.
"... another Poll io shine,
With aspect open, shall erect his head,
And round the orb in lasting notes be read."
Pope : Moral £ssaijs ; Epistle, v. 64 — 66,
2. Of things:
(i.) Of material things : The appearance pre-
sented by a place ; also the adaptiition which
a building or other station possesses for
affording an outlook in any particular direc-
tion. (Used with more or less tacit allusion
to the astrological sense.)
" The whole axpect of the place has been altered."—
Macaulay : J/ist. Eng., ch. ix,
"I have built a strong wall, fa<;ed to the south
a^i>i->:t with brick."— Sw^T/.
■=; (Jfteii in the plural, both with this and
other significations.
" The ai^pccts. of nature are more varied and impres-
sive in Alpine regions than elsewhere." — Tyndall :
Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., ii 31.
(ii.) Of things not cssentixdbi material: The
appearance presented to the mind instead of
to the eye.
"The aspect of affairs w.is, on the whole, cheering."
— Macaulay ■ Hist. Eng., L-h. xviii.
B. Tcchnkalhj :
1. Old Astroii. : The po.-^ition of a planet in
the heavens, especially with respect to other
l)lanets. Five different aspects received names.
If two planets had the same longitude, they
were said to be in conjiinciion ; if 60^ a]iait,
tlie aspect was scdilr ; if 0()'\ qxartile ; if 1-20'-',
Irlne ; if 1S0°, then tlie two bodies were said to
be in oppositum. Tlie symbols were the fol-
lowing : —
Cfjniunction c5.
8c\tilM *
Qunrtile O.
Trine . A.
Opposition . . . ■ S-
Of thes'' terni.s only the first and last are now
retained. [Conjunctiojj, Opj-osition.] In
the subjoii-fd exanqile, sipiiare is the same as
qao.rtile, and opposite means in opj^osltion.
"To the blank luoon,
Her office they prc'icrih'd ; to th' other five,
Tlieir planetary motinus and asjiecti,
In .textile, square, and trine, and opposite.
Milton : P. L., bk. x.
2. AsfroJ. This pseudo-science, recognising
the different aspects of the planets described
under So. 1 (Old A.'ifron.), fuj-ther superadded
the notion that these could, on the one hand,
exert good, and on the other, an evil or malign
influence on human affairs.
"... if Nature's concord broke.
Among the constellations war were spruug,
Two planets, rushing from aspect malign
Of fiercest opposition, in mid aky
Shoiild combat, and their jarring sijheres con-
found." Milton: P. £., bk. vi.
"... and the astrologera call the evil influences of
the stars evil aspects." — Bacori: Essays (Cioil & Mor.),
cb. is.
3. Her. : The position which an animal occu-
pies with regard to the eye of the spectator.
It may be (1) full aspect, that is, full-faced,
looking towards the spectator ; or (2) passant
that is. with its side towards him ; or (3) of
trlan aspect, that is, neither the one nor the
other, but between the two.
4. Painting. A double aspect: A single
figure representing two or more different
objects. {Glossog. Nova.)
* as-pect', v.t. [From aspect, s. (q.v.).] To
look at, to behold, to contemplate.
" Happy in their mistake, those people, whom
The northern j^Kile aspects ; whom fear <jf death.
The greatest ot all human feai-s, ne'er moves."
Temple.
as-pect'-a-tole, a. [Lat. aspectahilis.] That
may be looked at or beheld.
"To this use of infonning us what is in thiB aspect-
able world, we shall find the eye well fitted." — J2ay:
Creation.
as-pect'-ant, a. [Lat. aspectans, pr. par. of
aspecto = to look at.] Looking at.
Her. : A term applied to two birds facing
one another, or looking at one another. (The
term aspecting has the same meaning.)
as-pect'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Aspect, v.}
1. -4s pa. par. : Looked at, beheld.
2. As adj. : Having an aspect.
as~pect'-iing, pr. par. & a. [Aspect, v.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. As j)^- ptc- ■' Looking at, beholding.
2. As adj. : Having an aspect.
II. Her. : The same as Aspectant (q.v.).
■^ aa-pec'-tion, s. [Lat. aspectio = a look, a
view.] The act of looking at anything.
"A Moorish queen uiion nspection of the picture of
Andromeda conceived and brought forth a fair one." —
Jirowyie.
as' -pen, "^asp (1), ''aspe, *espe, a. & s.
[A.fS. msp, apse, epsc ~ an aspen; a^pse (adj.)
= tremulous ; Sw, asp; O. Icel. osp ; Dan.
e^}>etrce ; Dut. esj), espebooin; Ger. espe, aspe,
a^pe ; O. H. Ger. ai^pa.]
A. As adjective: Peitaining in any way to
the trembling poplar. [See A., subd.'\ Spec,
consisting or made of its wood.
" You see those lifeless stuiups of aspen wood."
Wordsworth: Hart-Leap H'e^i, pt. ii.
B. As substantive ; A tree, the Fopulus
tn^mula, or Trembling Poplar. The leaves are
nearly orbicular, and are bluntly sinuate-
toothed. They soon become glabrous on both
ASPEN.
(1) Tree, (2) leaves, .uid (3) catkins.
sides. The tremulous movement of the leaves
which exists in all tlie poplars, but culminates
in the aspen, mainly arises from the length
and slender character of flic petiole or leaf-
stalk, and from its being much and laterally
{■(impressed. The aspen is more unccpiivocally
a ]iative of Britain, and cspi^cially of Scotland,
than the other poplars, lieing often found in
the middle of large woods remote from culti-
vation.
" Willows whiten, aspenx quiver."
Tennyson : The Lady of Shalott
aspen-leaf, s.
1. Lit. : The leaf of the aspon.
" And his joints, with nerves of iron twined.
Shook like the {ispen-lcwcs in wind."
Scott ■ Lay of t lie Last Minstrel, ii. 24.
^ 2. Fig. : The tongue.
"For if they (i.e. wiues) myghte be suffered to begin,
ones in the congregacion to fall in disputing, those
aspen leaaes of theirs would ueuer leave waggyng." —
;Sir T. More's Works, p. 769. \s. in Boucher.)
as'-per, as'-pre (pre as per), a. & s. [Lat.
asper =■ rough. ]
A. As adjective :
1. Rough ; not smooth on tlie surface.
"... he saith that the way to heauen is straite and
aspre and painful."— Sir T. More's Works, p. 74. (S. in
Boucher.)
' ' Cold maketh the arteries and flesh more asper and
rough "■ — Bacon : Be Calore et Frigorc.
2. Sharp in sound,
" All base notes, or very treble notes, give an asper
sound." — Bacon: Nat. Mist., Cent, ii., § 173.
3. Bitter in spirit.
" For if Creseide had erst compl.^ined sore,
Tho ^an the plain a thousand times more,
And m her aspre plaint, thus she seide."
CJiaucer: Troil. & Ores., bk. iv.
E. As substantive :
Greek Gram mar: Thorough breathing (Lat.
sjnritus asper) (* ) jjlaced over the initial letter
of many Greek words, when that letter is
itself a vowel, and over the second letter if
a dijihthong. It indicates that the vowel is
to be rr^pirated, i.e., ])ronounced as if h pre-
ceded it, as (.Vttos (hip'pos). It is used also
before p, at the beginning of a word, to indi-
cate that it should be pronounced like rh, as
poSov (rhodon). "When a double p occurs in
the middle of a word, some authors mark the
first with the soft breathing (Lat. sfnritus
lenis), and the second with the rough one, as
eppLvov (errhinon). Liddell and Scott generally
omit ' ', writing the word simply eppivov ; but
whether " be inserted or omitted, the second
p must be pronounced witli an aspirate.
as'-per, s. [Low Lat. asperus, asprus, aspenim,
asprnvi ; Mod. Gr. ao-trpov (aspron) ; from
ao-TToo? (aspros) = white ; the rendering of
Turki.sh aqtscheh, alctschc, as adj. = white ; as
substan. — an old Turkish coin, called ' by
Europeans atsche or atehe (q.v.). (Mahn.).]
Numis. : An old Turkish coin of silver, the
third of a medine. It was worth about an
English halfpenny.
"*" SiS'-per-a, a. [The fern, of Lat. asper, -a,
-wm = rough.]
* Anatomy. Aspera arteria : The windpipe.
^ The ancients considered all arteries to
contain air, and not blood.
"... the weasand or wind-pipe, which we call
aspera arteria, . . ." — Bacon : Nat. Jlist., Cent, ii.,
§174.
t as'-per-ate, V.t [In Ital. ctsperare^to ex-
asperate ; Lat. aspero = (1) to make rough,
(2) to sharpen, (3) to exasperate.] To roughen ;
to make rough.
" Those corpuscles of colour insinuating themselves
into a!l the pores of the body to be dyed, may asperate
its aupei-ficies, .according to the bigness and texture of
the corijuscles." — Boyle.
t as'-per~a-ted, po. jjar. & a. [Asperate.]
t as'-per-a-ting, pr. par. [Asperate. ]
as-per-a'-tion, s. [Lat. abj'cratio.] Rough-
ness. Tlie act of making rough ; the state of
being made rough; that which imparts the
roughness. (Johnson.)
* as'-per-aunt, a. [Lat. aspcnnis, pr. par.
i>f ay;xTO.] [Asperate.] Bold. (Alisaunder\
4,S71.) '
as-per-geoire (geoire as zhwar). s. [Pr.
aspcrge : Lat. aspergo — to sprinkle.]
Roman Catholic Ritual : A sprinkling with
holy wau-r.
as-per'-ge§, s. [Lat. = thou shalt sprinkle.]
1. The rod for sprinkling holy water,
2. The Antiphon, "Asiiergcs me, Domine "
whicli is sung before a High ibtss. or a jVIissa
Cantata, while tlie priest is sprinkling the
congregati(}n with holy water.
as-per-gil'-li-form, a. [Low Lat. asper-
gillas (q.v.), and Lat. forma = form, shape.]
.Bo^ ; Shaped like an as].crgillus ; brush-
shaped. Example, the stigmas of grasses.
as-per-gil'-lum, *. [From Low Lat. asper-
iate, fat. fare, amidst, Tvhat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. riile, fiill ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw-
aspergillus— asphalt
;U5
gillus (q.v.).] Watering-pot shell. A genus
of molluscs belonging to the family Gastro-
chsenidse. The shell, which is small, is ce-
mented to the lower end of a long slielly tube.
This tnbe is closed at the end by a perforated
disc like the spout of a watering-pot. Tlie
species occur in the warmer seas. In 1875,
Tate enumerated twenty-one recent and one
fossil, the latter from the Mim-ene.
as-per-gil'-liis, s. [Low Lat. aspergillus;
' from Lat. aspcrgo = a sprinkling ; cispergo =
to scatter, to sprinkle,]
1, Roman Catholic Ritual : The brush used
for sprinkling holy water in Roman Catholic
churches.
2. Bot. : Mouldiness. A genus of fungi be-
longing to the cohort Conconiycetes. The
species are found on rotten substances, on
decaying fungi, oii damp plants, in herbaria,
and in similar situations.
as-per-l-fo'-li-SB, s. p?. [Lat. as2}er = rough,
and/oiti[m = a leaf.] Linnaus's name for the
natural order of plants now called Boragi-
uacese, or Borageworts. It was given because,
as a rule, they have hairy leaves.
as-per-i-fo'-li-ate, a. [Lat. os^wr^ rough,
and foliaius = leaved; from /f?atTO=:a leaf.]
Having rough leaves, -i.e., Ica^-es roughened
with hairs.
as-per-i-fo'-li-ous, a. [Lat. asper — rough,
and folium = a leaf. ]
Bot. : The same as Asperifoliate. (2'odfZ.)
as-per'-i-t^, s. [In Fr. asperiU; Ital. cis-
perila; Lat. asperltati ; from cw^ici' = rough.]
L Of things tested by the sciifics :
1. Roughness of surface ; unevenness of
surface.
"Sometimes the pores «,iid asperities of dry bodies
are so iiicomineusm-ate to the i)articleH of the liquor,
that tliey glide over the suriiice."— Bo^/?c : Works, vol.
i., p. G82.
2. Roughness of sound, unpleasant sharp-
ness ; also harshness of pronunciation.
3. Roughness of taste ; tartness, sourness.
II. Of things tested hij the mind :
1. Roughness to be encountered in one's
path, difficulties in one's way ; something
distasteful to the feelings requiring to be done.
", , . the acclivities and asperities of duty." —
Harrow, vol. lii., Ser. -12.
2. Sourness or bitterness of feeling ; bitter-
ness in soul.
3. Roughness of temper, moroseness, som--
Jle^■,, crabbedness. This ni;ty be temporary
and produced by ])rnvocation, or it may be
l)ermauent and resulting from long-indulged
ill-nature.
"... and was answered with equal asperity luid
even more thau equal silnlity by Sir Joliii Daliymple."
— JIacaulay : Hist. Eiig., ch, xvi.
* as'-per-ly, * as'-pre-ly (pre as per),
adv. [Eng. & Lat. aspcr, and Eng. sufF. -ly =
like.] Roughly.
"... and there iiasaulted them so aaprely, that
tlie Captaiue of the Roiiiaua, called Lucreliub, might
easily lake them."— i'tr Thomas Eluat : TJie Governor,
p. 57.
a^Sper'-mOUS, «. [Gr. ao-Trepfios (aspcnnos),
' frum a, priv., and o-Trep/jia (sjjeritia) = a seed ;
o-n-eipo) {spriro) = t(. sow.] Without seed,
destitute of seed. {Braiide. )
as-per-na'-tion, s. [Lat. aspematio, from
iispernoT = to spurn away : ah = from, and
spernor = to despise ; sperno = to separate, to
despise.] Contempt, disdain. (Johnson.)
^ «is'-per-iiesse, * as-pre-nesse, s. [Eng.,
&c. asper; O. Eng. sutf. -nessc.] Roughness,
bitterness, unpleasantness to the taste or feel-
ings; adverseiiess, ciilamitousness.
"The aspernesae of his estate. "—CVittwcer.- Boecius,
"bk. iv.
as-per'-O-llte, 5. [Lat. asper = rough ; 0,
euphonious ; and -Ute, fi'oin Gr. Atflos (lithos)
= stone. " Named asperolitc on account of
its great brittleness. " (Dana.).'] A mineral,
a variety of Chrysocolla. It is of a bluisli-
green colour, and comes from Tagilsk, in
Russia.
* as'-per-oiis, a. [Eng. & Lat. asper.} Full
of roughness, ■\'ery uneven.
"The itspproujs ed'-'e . . ."—IVilnon: Great Britain
(IColl). (Balliwell : Con:, to Lexv )
"Black and white are the most aspei-ous ami un-
equal of coluui-s, so ]ike that it ia hard to diatinguiBlt
them : black is the most rough."— Bo.vte.
as-per'se, -y.t. [In Fr. asperger ; Port, asjjer-
' gir; Ital. aspergere; Lat. aspergo, sup. asper-
sum = to scatter or strew upon, to besprinkle :
ad = to, and spargo = to throwhere and there.
Cognate with Gr. o-Treipw (speiro) = to sow.]
t 1. Lit : To besprinkle one, to scatter or
cast over one.
2. Fig. : To bespatter one with calumnies ;
tu set in motion injurious charges against one,
made either to his face or behind his back ; to
vituperate one.
"For he who tempts, though in vain, at least
asperses
The tempted with dishonour foul . , ."
Milton: P. L., bk. ix.
as-per'sed, pa. par. & a. [Asperse, v.'\
1. Ord. Lang. : In senses coiTesponding to
those of the verb.
2. Her. : Strev/ed or powdered with a num-
ber of small charges, such as Jietir de Us,
cinquefoils, &c. It is the same as Fr. sevi6
(q.v.). (Gloss, of Her.)
as-per'-ser, s. [Eng. aspcrs(e); -er.] One
who besprinkles or bespatters another, either
in a literal or in a figurative sense. (Todd.)
as-pers'-ing, pr. par. [Asperse, v.]
as-per'-sion, s. [In Fr. & Sp. aspersion;
Port, aspersao ; Ital. aspersione, aspergine ;
Lat. aspersio.}
1. The act of sprinkling ; the stati' of being
sprinkled —
t I. Lit. : With water or other liquid ; or
with any material thing capable of division
into minute drops.
". . . as when the armourers make their steel more
tougli and pliant, by asjiersion of water or juice of
herns." — Baco7i: Physiol. Item.
2. Fig. : With anything not of a material
kind, ^pec.,^
■■^ (a) With allusions or references to, or
illustrations derived from, certain departments
of human knowledge.
" And if the book of Job be turned over, it will be
found to have much aspersion of uatm^al philosophy,"
— Bacon : Inter, of Jfat., ch, i.
(h) With injurious or calumnious charges.
"The same tisperstons of the king, and the same
grounds of a rebellion."- i>rtf(fen.
t II. That with which one is aspersed.
Spec., an injmious statement against one.
", , . yet how can fightiuL' or killing my adversary
wipe off my aspns'on, or tiike oil" my blow, or prove
that I did not lieV" — Jeremy Taylor: Of JOacls.
Works led. 1839), voL iii,, p. 55.
as-per'-sive, a. [Eng. cs^/t />([•); suff. -ivc]
Involving aspersions, contaijung aspersions ;
calculated to asperse. (Ogilvic.)
as-per'-sive-l^, adv. [Eng. aspersive ; -ly.]
By way of aspersion.
"... those many envious and iujui-iouB detractions
which tlie ignorant may asjjersively cast thereon." —
Sir 2\ Drake Jievioed, To the Reader. (Richardson.)
as-pfer-sb'r-i-um, s. [Low Lat. aspersorium,
whence the Ital. aspersorio.]
I. The stoup, or holy-water basin, in niedite-
val churches.
2. Tlie aspergillus, or sprinkler. (Gloss, of
Arch.)
as-per'-s6r-y, a. [Eng. aspers(e); -ory.]
Tending to asperse, calculated to asperse ;
defamatory. QVebstej-.)
as-per-u'-go, s. [In Sp. asperugn; Ital. as-
' pvrugliic; Lat. asperugo, a plant with prickly
leaves ; from aaper =- rough.] Madwoit, A
genus of plants belonging to the order Boragi-
naeeas (Borageworts). It contains only one
species, A. prooumbens, or German Madwort,
a very hispid plant, with solitaiy blue flowens
in the axils of the leaves. It is naturalised in
Britain.
as-per'-u-la, s. [In Fr. asperule ; from Lat.
asjjer = rough, so called on account of the
roughness of some species of the genus.]
Woodruff. A genus of plants belonging to the
order Galiaeea\ or Stellates. It contains two
genuine British sjifcies — Asper^la odcrata, the
Sweet Woodruff, which has six to eight leaves
in a whorl ; and ^. cynanchica, the Small AVood-
ruff, or Squinancy-wort, which has but four.
The former s]iecies has white flowers, and
grows in woods and other shady places ; the
latter has lilac or pinkish flowers, and is found
chiefly on chalk downs. At least one other
species has been naturalised.
as'-phalt, as-phalte, as'-phal-tiim,
as-phal-tus, as -phal-tos, s. & a. [In
Dut. & Ger. asphalt ; Fr. coiphalte ; Port, as-
phalto; Sp. asfalto ; Ital. asjalto, aspnlto ;
3Iod. Lat. asphaltuin, asphaltns ; Gr. ao-^aAros
(asphaltos). according to Liddell and Scott,
not a ijroper Greek word. Mahu deems it of
Phenician origin ; but in Hebrew, which is
closely akin to Phosuician, asphalt is "lOn
(cliMmar) (Gen. xi. 3 ; xiv, 10 ; Exod. ii. 3),
which is from cpiite another root.]
A. As suhstantlve :
I Ordinarii Language (o/ f/f; /nr^is aspiialt,
asphalte, and \ asphaltus) : Bitumen, Jews'
pitch,
1 The mineral substance described under
II. 1.
"Unwholesome fogs hang pen^etually over the lake,
and the stagnant sm^ace io broken by clots of o^pltal-
(rts, which are constantly bubbling up from the bot-
tom."—if if man ; Hist. Jews, 3rd ed., bk, i., vol, i., p, T7.
2. The artiftcially-made substance described
under II. 4.
II. Technically :
1. Mineralogy (of the form asphaltum) : A
mineral placed by Dana in the Appendix to his
Hydro-carbons. Pliny called it Utumen, a
name still in common use. More specifically, it
is compact bitumen. It has been termed also
mi nc rol pitfh and Jews' j'itch. Itisamoqjhous;
the spec, grav., 1 — I'S ; the colour, brownish
black and black ; the lustre, pitchy ; the
odour, bituminous, especially when it is
rubbed. There are more fluid and more solid
kinds of it. It melts at 90^ to 100'=' C, and
burns with a briglit flame. It may be dis-
solved either m whole or in part in oil of tnr-
l>entine, ether, or aleohol. It consists of oils,
vapourable at different temperatures, resins,
black or brownish-black substances, and
others of a nitrogenous (.-liaiacter. It con-
tains about eighty iier cent, of carbon, eight
or nine per cent, of hydrogen, with varying
liroportions of oxygen, nitrogen, aud ash. It
exists in and along the shores of the Dead
Sea, which was thence called Lake Asphcdtites
orAsjylmltitis. (Josephvs : Wars, bk. iv., ch.
viii.) The " slime-pits " with which the "vale
of Siddim" was "full," were of asphalt (Gen.
xiv. 10). It also constituted both the " slime "
and the "pitch" (there is only one substance
mentioned in Hebrew) with which the ark
of bulrushes designed Inr the reception of the
infant Moses was daubed (Exud. ii. 3). It was
found at Hit, above Babylon, on the Euphrates,
and was the "slime" which the builders of
the tower of Babel employed instead of mortar
(Gen. xi. '.i). It occurs also near tlie Tigris
and in the Caucasu.s. In America, it is met
with in the island of. Trinidad, where a large
lake of it exists [see A., II. 2] ; in Peru, and
in California. In Europe it is found iu the
island of 2aute ; in Albania and Dalinatia ;
in Carintliia ; in the Harz, in Germany ; in
France ; and abundantly in the Val de Travers,
in the Canton of Neufchatel, in Switzerland ;
besides small quantities in our own countiy,
in Derbyshire, Cornwall, and Shropshire.
[Bitumen.]
2. Geol. (chiefly of the forms asphaltum and
asphalt). Asphaltum is appai'ently of vege-
table origin. Treating of the pitch lake of
Trinidad, Sir Charles Lyell mentions thiit fluid
bitumen is seen to ooze from the bottom of
the sea on both sides of the island of Trinidad,
and to rise up to the surface of the water.
He also states, on the authority of Gumilla,
that " about seventy years ago " [about 1780 ?]
a spot of land on the we.st coast of Trinidad
sunk suddeidy, and was replaced by a small
lake of pitch The celebrated " Pitch Lake"
may have had a similar origin. The Orinoco
has for ages been rolling quantities of vegetable
matter into the adjacent ocean. Subterranean
tires may have converted them intoi)etroleum,
which, being forced njiwards by similai"
causes, has been inspissated and transformed
into different varieties of asphaltum. (Lyell:
Princip. of CeoL, ch. xvii., Sth ed., ISoU.) It
occurs in rocks of various ages, but most
abundantly in those of very recent date.
3. Chem. (of tlie fo'i'ms asphalt and asphal-
tum). Asphalt is said to consist chiefly of a
substance called by Bnnssingault asphaltene.
[AsPHALTENE.] Daua, huwe\"er, considers
Boussingault's conclusions as by no means
finally established.
4. Art and Covimercc :
(a) Most of the as]ilialt of antiquity was
brouglit from the Dead Sea. The Egj'ptians
boil, boy; pout, j<$wl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, as; expect, Xenophou, exist, -mg.
-cian. -tian^sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, 'Sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cisMS = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel. dfil.
SIC
asphaltene— aspiration
used it iu einUalmiiiy their dead. Solid as-
phalt is still us(!a iu AraT)ia, Egypt, and
Persia instead of pitch for ships, and the fluid
asplialtuin for varnisliiiig iind for burning in
lamps. It is ulsn used fur covering roads
and pavements, being snumtli, inijiermeable to
water, and durable. Muuli, liowever, of the
asphalt used for covei'ing streets, pavements,
bridges, roofs, &e. , in London and other large
cities, is not that of nature, but is manufac-
tured artificially from bitumen, pitch, and
gi'avcl, or from a brown bituminous limestone
found near the Jura inountLiuis. "When em-
ployed for paving, it is melted in large iron
caldrons and laid down hot, that it may con-
solidate into a continuous slu-t-t of impermea-
ble material. It is the same as asphaltic
mastic.
(h) A composition of asphalt, lamp black,
and oil of spilce, or tiu-pciitine, used for
drawing black figures on diul-plates. {Nidiol-
son.) (IVebster's Diet.)
B. As adicxtlre : Pertaining to asphalt ; con-
sisting of, or at least contauiing asphalt.
asphalt-like, " Like asphalt.
"... a black lustrous asphalt-like solid, his fBous-
siiig;iult's] aapliattene."— /JLdiu. ; Jlinaralogy, 5th ed.,
11. 751.
as-p3ial'-tene, s. [Eng., &c., asplmlt; suff.
-eue.]
Chem. : Bou.ssingault's name for a substance
which consists for the major part of asphalt.
Its formula is C^ioHy^Os. It arises probably
from the oxidation of petrolene. [Asphalt,
A., II. 3.] (FoiuiLiis : Mem. of Chem., 10th ed.,
p. 58fj.)
S-s-phal'-tic, * as-phal'-tick, a. [Eng.
asi-ilioM; -ic.'\ Pertaining to asphalt ; consist-
ing of asphalt ; containing asphalt.
"... lnjyuiid
The flowery dale of Sibma cl;id with vines,
Aud Eleiilo to tho cvsphaltic iiuol."
Milton: P. L.., hk. 1.
I as-plial'-tite, a. [In Fr. abxihaltite; from
; Gi-. aa-4>a\TCTqs (cisplmUUes).'] The same as
Asphaltic (q. v.). {Bryant.)
as-phal'-tos, as-phal'-tum, as-phal-
tiis, s. [Asphalt.]
^s'-ph6~del {Eng.), as-phod'-el-us (iftt),
s. [In Sw. asfndiUrot ; Ger. as-phodille, affocUl,
affodUle ; Dut. affodil ; Euss. "..tfaU ; Vi\
asphocUle; Up. apodHo ; Port, asphudelo ; Ital.
asfoiido ; Lat. asphodalus ; Gr. aui^dSeAos (as-
pho(lelos). Possibly from d, priv., and a^dWtsi
(sphallo) = to balk, to foil. In this case it
would mean a flower which cannot be balked
or lolled when in competition with others.
Now corrupted into doJJodiL]
A, Ord. Lang, (of the form asphodel); The
EngHsli naiue of the
plants belonging to
the genus Asphodelus
(q.v.). The yellow and
white species wert,:
inti-oduced into this
country dming the
sixteenth century —
the former about the
year 1590, and tlie
latter in 1.(>D1. Im-
meuse tracts of land
in Apulia ai'e co^'cred
with white asplioild,
which atfords good
nourishment ti > sheep.
The asphodels, being
sacred to Pi'oserpine,
were used in classic
times in funeral cere-
monies, and the souls
of the departed were
supposed by the ]ioets
to wander in mea-
dows adorucd with tlii'si; beautiful flowers.
" lieatiug ■Hc-ary limbs at last on beds of rispJiodcl."
Teniij/wi . The Loins- ca/crs ; Choric Soiiff, 8.
"... floweiii weie tho cmucIi,
Pansies and violets, and asphodel.
And hyacinth.^."
Milton : Piiradino Lost, blc. ix.
B, Bot. (o/ fJte /jr»t As))liodelus) : A genus
of phints belonging to tlie order Liliace* and
the section Anthcriccie. Ab(jut eight species
are familiar, and ai'c cultivated in Engliwii
gardens, the best known being ^1. lutms, the
■^'ellow ; A. alhiiK, the Wliite ; and .4. rtniio-^nh,
tlie Branched Lily or Asjihodel, called also
King's Rod.
YELLOW asphodel.
as-pho-del'-e-se, s. 2^1- [Asphodelus.]
Bot. : An old order of plants, separated by
Robert Brown from the Liliacea; on account of
their possessing a black, crustaceous, brittle
seed-coat; but this character has been since
deemed unimportant, and the Asjihodelea? are
now ranked as a section of the order Liliacea;,
or are supjiressed even as a section.
as-phod'-el-us, s. The Latin form of the
English word A.sphodel (q.v.).
^ as-pEiu'r~e-lates, ^ as-phiir-e-la-ta,
s. pi. [Gr. a., priv., and cr^upZ/ActTos {sphurc-
latos) = wrought with the hammer ; a-<l>vpa. =
(sjjhura) — a hammer. ] An old designation for
metals deemed immalleable. Under it were
included bismuth, antimony, cobalt, znic, and
mercury.
as-phyx'-i-a (Modem Latin), as-phyx'-y
{Eng.), s. [In Fr. asphyxie ; Mod. Lat. as-
pliyxla; Gi-. atrt^v^Ca (asphuxio) = -.i stopping
of the pulse ; a-^v^t^ {>^phnxi^) = the pulse ;
(T^v^ui {sphuzo), fut. a-(/)ij^w {sphuxo) = to
throb.]
1. Originally : Syncope, fainting.
2. Novj. Suspended animation : An intei'-
ruption of the arterialisatiou of the blood,
causing the suspension of sensation and
voluntary motion. It may be produced by
breathing sonie gas incapable of furnishing
oxygen, by submersion under water, by suffo-
cation, from an impediment to breathing
applied to the mouth and nostrils, by strangu-
lation, or by great pressure, external or in-
ternal, upon the lungs. If asphyxia continue
unrelieved for a short period, it is necessarily
followed by death.
as-phyx'-i-ate, v.t. [Mod. Lat. asphyxia, and
suff". -ate.'\ To prevent the arterialisatiou of
the blood ; to suftbcate. (Generally, if not
exclusively, in the past participle.)
as-phyx'-i-a-ted, pa. par. [Asphyxiate.]
"She died like one asphyxiated." — Todd, & Boioman:
Physiol. Anat., i. 305,
t as-phyx'-ied, pa. par. [Asphyxy, v.]
" Like higher organisms, the bacterial genus are
l>oisoiied by the excess and nsphj/xied by the defect of
oxygen."— i*ro/. Tyndall, quoted in Times, 2'tth May,
1877.
t as-phyx'-y, v.t. [From asphyxia, ». (q.v.).]
t as-phyx'-y, s. [Asphyxia.]
t as'-pic, * as'-pick, ^ as'-pik, s [From
Fr. aspic — an asp.] [Asp (2).]
t A. Ord. Lang. : The same as Asp (2) (q.v.).
B. Technically :
1. Bot. : The French name of the Lavandula
spica, tlie plant which yields the oil of spike.
[Lavandula.]
t 2. Gunnery: A piece of ordnance weighing
about 4,250 pounds, and carrying a twelve-
j)Ound sliot. {James.)
3. Cookery : A savoury jelly ; meat or eggs
enclosed in a savoury jelly.
as-pid'-el-ite, s. [Ariparently from Gr.
ao-TTt? {ospis), genit. ao-n-t'Sos {aspidos) = (1) a
small round shield, (2) an asp ; 5i]A.09 (delos) —
clear, manifest, and suff. -ite; Gr. \l6o<; (lithos)
= stone.] A mineral, a variety of 8phene,
which again is placed by Dana under Titanite.
Aspidelite is of a pale yellowish-green colour,
and occurs at Arendal iu Norway.
as-pid-i-iiin, s. [Gr ao-TrtStoi/ {aspidion) — a
small shield; ao-n-tV ("^■y/.-'O = a small lound
shield, which the iiivohn-n s nf the several
species more or less reseiulilc] iSliield-fern.
A genus of ferns belonging to the order Poly-
podiaceye. Tlic sori are roundish, and the
involucre covering the?n orbicular or kidney-
shaped. There are ten British species. Home
]ia\'e orbicular reniform involucres lixed by
tlH-ir sinuses, while others have orbicular anil
peltate involucres. To tlie forniei', sometimes
called Lastrea, belong the A. FiUx mas, or
Blunt; the ^4. spiCTt^o.s-7im, or Pnckly-toothed ;
the A. oreopU'rh, or Hcjitli ; and the A. The-
lypferis, or Marsh Sliii'ld-fcrn, with other
sjjccies more rare ; and to the latter, the A.
Lunrhitis, or Rough Alpine; tlie A. lohoMtm,
or Close-leaved Prickly ; the A. actdcatinn, or
Soft Prickly ; and the J., angidare, or Angular-
leaved .Shield-fern.
as-pid-^oph'-or-iis, s. [Gr. a.<nvi<; {v^i"^\
genit. do-TTt'Sos (aspidos)=^a. small round shield,
and 0opos (jphoros) = bearing, carrying ; (^e'pa>
(phcro) = to bear or carry, ] A genus of fishea
of the order Acanthopterygii and the family
with hard cliccks. The species, six inches
long, called A. Europaus (Cuv.), the Armed
BuUdiead, Pogge, Lyrie, Sea-Poacher, Pluck,
or Noble, occurs in the British seas.
' a-Spi'e, * a-spy'e, v.t. [Espy.] To espy.
" Til fynally sehe gau of hem anpye.
That he was last seyn iu the Jewerie."
ibid., 15,002-3.
" a-spi'e, """ a-spy'e, s. [From aspie, v.
(q.v.).] [Spy.] A spy.
" For it
Were impossible to my wit,
Though Fame had all the pries
In all a realine and all aspics,
How that yet he should heare al! this."
Chaucer: House of Fiunc, ii. IOC.
Chaucer: V. T., 14,170, 14.171.
^ a-spi'ed, "" a-spy'ed, ■ a-spy'yd, pa. par.
[Aspie, v.]
'' a-spi'e-ing, * a-spy'-ynge, pr. par. & s.
As suhstant. : Spying, exploration. {Promp>t.
Porv.)
~ a-spille, v.t. [A.S. spillan = to spill, spoil,
deiirive of, destroy, kill.] To spill, to de.-itroy,
to kill.
" Hwo HO hit ileueth myd gode wille
Ne may iiouht the feond his saule a-spillc."
Art Orison of Our Lord. xvi. (ed. Morris), 55-6.
as-pi'r-ant, a. k s. [In Fr. aspirant, u. & s. ;
Port, aspirante; Ital. asjnrante, adj. ; from
Lat. aspirans, pr, par. of usplro = to breathe
or blow upon.]
A, As culjedive: Aspiring, aiming at.
B, As substantive : One who pants after
some object of attainment ; one whose desire
or ambition it is to gain a certain object.
"In corLseeiuence of the resignations which took
place at this conjuncture, the way to grejitness was left
clear to ji. new aet of asj}irants."~Maeaalay : Jlmt.
Eng., ch. ii.
as'-pir-ate, v.t. ki. [From Lat. aspiratum,
supine of aspiro — to breathe or blow upon :
U'i = to or on, and spiro = to breathe or blow ;
Gr. aa-n-aipuj (aspaird) ~ to pant or gasp": i, \
euphonic, and a-n-aipia (spairo) = to pant or
gasp.] [Aspire.]
A. lyansitivc : To pronounce with a full
breath, the effect being to prefix the sound of
h to the vowel " aspirated."
B. Intransitive : To come forth, or be jiro-
nouuced with a full breath.
■' Where a vowel ends a word, the next begins either
with a consonant, ur what is its eq,uivaieiit, for our
w and h aspirate."— Bryden.
as'-pir-ate, a. & s. [From Lat. aspiratns, pa.
l)ar. of aspiro. (x^spire.) In Ital. as^niuto =
aspirated.]
t A. As adjective : Pronounced with a full
breatli.
■' For their being pervious, you may call them, if you
please, perspirate ; but yet they are nut aspirate, Le ,
with such an aspiration as h."--I/ulder.
B. As siih.-^tuntive: A letter pronounced
with a full breath, h. (For the Greek aspirate
see AsPER, 1.)
"With this he mingled the Attic contractums, the
broiuler Doric, and the feebler /Eolic, which often le-
jects its aspiraie or takes off its ivcceut . . "—Pope •
Prvf. to lloitter.
as'-pir-a-ted, pa. par. & «. [Aspirate, y.]
/'/ ",^Vi''"'i'T' checks . :-~Mnx Midler: Science
ofLanii. (Gthed.), voL n. (1871), p. lea.
as'-pir-a-ting, pr. par. [Aspirate, v.]
g,s-pir-a'-tion, ^as-pir a-ci-on, ' ads-
pir-a-Ci-on, .-. [in Ger. & Fr. uyuratiou;
Sp. tisidragion; Port, aspiragao ; Ital. aspiui-
zt'jiic; Lat. asr'i''«^''^fi'om aspiro =: to breathe
or blow upon (Aspire).]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. The act of breathing upon or after ; the
act of aspiring to or after anything.
1. In a literal sense. [See B. (a).]
2. Fig. : The act oi panting after, or ear-
nestly aiming at, some high object uf attiun-
ment. {_i:haUsp. : Troihis d;- Cieasida, iv. b.)
ate. fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or, v/6re, wolf, work, who, son; miite, ciito, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian. », oe = e. ey = a. qu = 'kw. '
aspiratory— assail
317
II. The state of being thus breathed upon.
III. That which iy breathed tipon or after.
1, Lit. : That which is aspirated. [B. (6).]
2. That which one greatly desires t(j attain,
and at which he earnestly aims ; that to which
one aspires.
"A soul inspired withtlie warmest aspirations aitev
celestial beatitude IteeiiBits powers attentive." — Waits
B. TKchnicaUij :
1. Gram/mar:
(a) The act of pronouncing a letter with a
full breath, and in consequence imparting to
it the h sound.
(6) That which is so pronounced ; the
letter 7t.
2. Sarfj.'- The removal of the liquid contents
of a cavity without the admission of air.
[Aspirator.]
as'-pir-a-tor, s. [Eng. aspirat(c) ; -or.]
Surg. : An explorative instrument for the
evacuation of the fluid contents of tumours,
serous and synovial effusions, collections of
blood and pus, &c. It resembles a subcuta-
neous injection syringe, with a terminal and
lateral tube, fltted with stop-cocks.
as-p'ir'-a-tor-^, a. [Eng. aspiratie); suff.
'Ory.'\ tertaming to aspiration or breathing.
as-p'i're, * as-py're (yr as ar), v.%. & t. [in
Fr. aspirer ; Prov., Sp., & Port, aspirar ; Ital.
aspirare ; from Lat. aspiro ■= (1) to breathe or
blow upon ; (2) to be favourable to ; (3) to
endeavour to reach; atZ = to, and spiro=-to
breathe, to blow.]
A. Ii'trfutsitive :
* I. (0/f/ie/(*7'm aspyre): To inspire.
" God allowed, aesyated, and aspyrud them by hie
gi'ace therein." — Hir T. More.
II. To aim at rising high.
1. Lit. : Of persons: To pant after some
higli object of attainment ; to aim at some-
thing great socially, politically, intellectually,
morally, or spiritually. (It is followed by to,
after, or an infinitive.)
" By whoso aid, aspiring
To set himself iu glory." JlUton : P. L., i. 38
2. Fif/. ; Oftlvixiqs : To rise higher, to tower,
to reach a considerable elevation.
" 'Cross the calm lake's blue shades the cliffs a&plre''
Wordsworth ; Eacninj Walk.
B, Transitive: To aim at.
^ Tliere is properly au ellipsis of to or after,
whicli being supplied, the verb becomes the
ordinary intransitive one.
" That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds."
aitakcsp. : Romeo & Jutiet, ili. 1.
■* as-pi're-ment, s. [Eng. aspire ; -ment.']
The same as AapiEATioN(q.v.).
" By which aspirement she her wings displays."
Brewer : Linffua, iii, 6.
as-pi'r-er, s. [Eng. aspir(e); -er.] One who
aspires.
"The aspirer once attained unto the top.
as-pi'r-ihg, p''. v<^^-y ^•■> ^ s. [Aspire, v.]
A. As present participle: In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As participial adjective :
1. Of persons: Aiming at what is high; am-
bitious.
"Unquiet and asp irinff statesmen." — J/acawZa^/ .■
Htst. Eivj., ch, V.
-1. Of things: Rising to a considerable eleva-
tion, towering.
■ ■ Or some aspiring rock that shrouds
Its perilous front in mists and clouds.
Wordsworth : White Doc of Hylstone, vii.
C -.4s suhsiantive:
1. Aspiration after ; ambition.
'"Proud, art thou met? thy hope was to have
reach 'd
The height of thy aspiring unopposed,
Milton ■ F. L, bk. vi.
^ It is sometimes followed by to.
". . . all iucliuatiouand fT-sp/r/z'ffs rokuowledgeand
virtue, . . ."—Howell: Leltcn,, ii o7.
2. A point, a stop.
•■ Nor are those so fastidious in pyramidical aspirings,
nor curious in architecture or inside glory. ^ ^^ many
lesser towns."— Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 211.
as-pi'r-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. aspiring; -Jy.}
' In an aspiring manner. (Webster.)
tas-pi'r-ing-ness.i-. [Eng. aspiring ; -ness.]
The quality or state of being aspiring. (Web-
ster.)
as-ple'-ni-um, s. [In Sp. & Ital. asphnio;
Lat. asplniliim; Gv. aa-Kkrjt/of (ti^i'l^'t-on) = a,
fern, tSijlet-nwort : a, priv., and a-rrkrjv (splcn)
= the spleen, in Lat. aLso splen ; the as-
plenium having been supposed to be a remedy
for diseases uf the spleen.] Sjileenwort. A
genus of ferns belonging to the order Poly-
podiaeeiL'. Ten species occur in Britain,
among whieli are the A. Ruta muraria, or
ASPLENIUM.
1. Anplenium Septentrionale. 2. Under surface of
a fmnil. Z. Asplenium. Tricliomanes. 4, Under
Burfiici; of a pinnule.
Wall-rue ; A. Trichovianes, or Common Wall ;
the A. Adiantum nigrum, or Black-stalked ;
and the less common A. septentrionale, or
Forked Spleenwurt.
t as-pbr-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. asportatio, from
asportu = to carry away : abs — from, and
porto = to carry.]
1. Ordinanj Language: The act of carrying
away ; tlie state of being carried away.
2. Lav.' : The removal of goods with the
intentiuu of stealing them. If a person, de-
signing to steal silver pliite, be surprised when
he has dune no more than remove the plate
from tlie chest in which it was and put it uu
the floor, this is enough to constitute tlie
felonious ofleuce of larceny. (Llackstonc :
Cuiiiinciit., bk. iv., ch. 17.)
■^ a,s'-pre, tt. [AsPER.]
as-pre'-do, s. [Lat. aspredo = roughness ;
as^)t;r=: rough.] A genus of fishes belonging
to the order Malai-oiiterygii Abdominales,
and the fanaly Silnridie. They are the only
known Jislies whicli liave no niobiUty in the
ojiereuluni. They have six or eight barbels.
TJiey are akin tu the famctus SiJiinis ehctricus,
the "ElcL-trir Bilurus or " eel," of the Nile and
Senegal rivers.
* Ss'-pre-nesse (pre as per), s. asper-
NESS)5.]
as'-pro, .';. [Gr. a<nrpos (at^pnis) = Lat. asper
= rough.]- A genus of spiny-finned fishes
belonging to the Percidae, or Perch family.
They inhabit the Rhone, Danube, &c.
* a-spy'e, v,t. [Aspie, v., Espy.]
^ a-spy'e, s. [Aspie, s., Spy.]
* a-spy're, (yr as ir), v.t. [Aspire.]
*a-squa're»a(?i'. [En;; a = on; square (q.v.).^
'On the square ; at a safe distance.
" Yf he hym myght fyiid he nothing wold hym
Mliare,
Tli.it herd the pardoner wele, and held him better
ai(/uarii."
Prol. to Hist, of Bej-f/n, 591. IBoucIwr.)
a-sq.uat', odv. [Eng. a =on.and squat (q^.v.).']
In a cowering manner. (Richardson : Clarissa,
i. 101.)
a-squint', adr. [Eng. a = on, ands7'i(iiii(q.v.).]
With a squint ; \\ith the eye directed to one
side, obliquely, not in the direct Hue of vision.
"A single guide may direct the way lietter than five
hundred, who have contr.iry views, or look asquint, or
shut their eyes."— A'wWr.
ass (1). * asse (pi. as'-ses, ^as'-sen,
* as'-yn-is), s. [A.S. asm = a he-ass; asse
=. a she-ass ; also, asal, esol, eosol, eosul =
an ass without distinction of gender. In Sw.
05110- ; Dan. aseii, cesel = he-ass ; ceselUide =
she-ass; O. Icel, osni, esnc ; Dut. ezel; Ger.
esel; 0. H. Ger. csd ; Goth, asilus; Lith.
asilas; Boh. osei; Pol. osioZ; Russ. occ7 ; Gael.
asal, as; Irish asan; Wei. asyn ; Arm. ase7i;
Mod. Fr. dne, coutrat-ted from O. Fr. asne,
aseii, ase; Prov. a:e, azne ; Sx). asm — a hc-
ass, oi/ta=a she-ass; Port, osno; ]t;d.((ft(;(0
= a he-ass, as/ua = a she-ass ; Lat. as'uias =
a he-ass, asina = a she-ass.]
1. Lit. : A well-known mammalian quadru-
ped. It is the Eqnas asimis of Lninteus, and
is now sometimes made the type of the genus
or sub-genus Asiuus. It is known from the
most nearly allied animals by its long ears, the
tuft at the end of the tail, and the black .stripe
on the shoulders. Its native country seems to
be Central and Southern Asia, Avhere troops of
it are still seen, though whether aborignial
or descended from domesticated individuals
escaped from servitude it is uot easy to deter-
mine. [Wild Ass.]
" Ne he nedde stede ne no palefray
Ac rod vppe on asse."
Passionof Our Lord (ed. Morris), 67, 68.
"And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and
saddled his ass."— Gen. xxii. :i.
11 The sexes are often distinguished by the
terms he-ass and she-ass.
"... and he had sheep and oxen, and Jte-asses . . ■
and ahe-asses."—Oen. xii. 16,
^ The young of the ass is called an ass's colt
(Gen. xliK. 11 ; also Jlatt. xxi. 5).
"J The u-ild tu^y is the same species as the
domesticated one, but very unlike it in cha-
racter, being high-spirited and untamable.
" "Who hath sent uot the wild ass free ? or who hath
loosed the bands of the wild ass ? "—Job xxxix. 5 ; see
also verses 6 — 8.
(For a. fossil ass or zebra see Asinus.)
2. Fig. : A person destitute of understand-
ingi the deficiency of the ass in this respect
being popularly exaggerated, from the fact
that the specimens of the animal seen in this
country are much under X'ar.
" That such a crafty devil as is his mother
Should yield the wurld this ass/"
Sliakesp. : Ci/mbcl., ii. 1.
" . , .as they think our Doctoi-s asses to them, we'll
think them asses to ouv Doctors."— /^o/jc ; Letter to
Digby (1717).
ass-camel. [Allo-camixus.]
ass-head, s. A jieraon of dull intellect, u.
blockhead.
"Will you help? an ass-head and a coxcomb and a
knave, a thin-faced knave, aguU?"— S7iaftej(iJ. ; Twelfth
yiijkt, V. i.
ass-like, a. Resembling an ass. (Sidney.)
ass's ear, s.
Conclwl. Haliotis asininus: A fine irides-
cent shell used in the manufacture of buttons
and fur inlaying in the darker woods.
ass (2). [Ash.] (Scotch.)
^ ^SS, V. [Ask.] To ask.
as-sa-fcet'-i-da (oe as e). [Asafetida.]
t as'-sa-gai, t as'-sa-gay, a. & o. [Asse-
gai.]
as'-sa-gai, v.f. [Assegai, v.]
as'-sa^gaied, im. j'ct?-. [Assegai, r.]
as'-sai, adv. [Ital. = enough, much, veiy ;
Fr. assez = enough ; from Lat, ad =■ to, and
satis = enough.]
Music : Very ; as Jargo assai = very slow ;
jyresto assai = "\'ery ijuick.
as-sa'il, " as-salle, * as-sa'yle, " a-
sa'ile, ^ a-sa'yle, a-say-li, r.t. [In
Fr. assaiUir ; O. Fr. a^sdlcr, nbaiUr ; Plo^■. as-
salhir ; Ital. assilire ; Low Lat. o.i.^iHn, ail',<iliu ;
Class. Lat. assilio = to leap, spring, or jump
upon : ad = to, and saliu = to leap, spring,
bound or jump. ] [Assault.]
I. Lit. : To leap or rush upon.
1. Of persons : To rush upon a person with
the intention of doing him some more or less
serious bodily injury.
" To assail a wearied man were shame,
And stranger is a holy name."
Scott : Lady of the Lake. iv. 3L
2. Of armies, navies, forts, or coimnuniLies :
To attack with military or naval forces, with
tlie view of overcoming, capturing, slayhig or
plundering the people on whom the warhke
aggression is made. [AysAULT.]
"... he ne tholeth thet no vyeud ous uondy ouer
oure mights ue non aduersjiri ous asayli thet we ne
moghe overcome." — Ayenbite(>i'\. ilon'is), y, 170.
" Remember, if He puftid thee and secure.
Whoe'er as&aih thee, thy succesa is sure."
Cowpcr : L'cpoiili'ldtion.
hSil, hSy; po&t, jdwl; cat, 5ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f;
-clan, -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -Tole, -die, &c. — bel, deL
318
assailable— assault
II. FigunUivcli) :
1. 0/ persons :
(a) To ;i[t;ick ;t iiorsou without doing him
bodily violence ; as by brinsin;^ a true or false
charge against him. or ridiculing him or his
work. (Used lit. ovftg. : in the kttti^r case, a
thing, instead of a persoti, may make the
attack.)
" Mv gracious lord, heie in the parliameut
Let us assail the iiuuily of York." .
Shakesp. . a Henr;/ I /., i. 1.
" DisdeiiiiiiK Ufe, deairiiis leave to dj-e, ,,
She found her selfe assaald with gi-e.ifc perplexity.
Spen-.;r: F. Q., I. x. 22.
(h) To attacic a persou'^^ moral principles by
taking means fitted to si-duce him or her from
the paths of virtue, or from his or her im-
mediate duty.
" . . aud .ije the ilke vice uighte huer ha zighth
thet he is uie^t asa'jleU."—Ai/eribiC6 (ed. Morns), p.
157.
" How have I fear'd your fiite ! but fear'd it most.
When love nssaU'd you ou the Lihyaii coast."
Drydiiu : Virgil; ^JUiinid vi. 311.
2. Of things :
(a) To attaclc by word or writing.
" All books he veiuls, and ail he reads assails."
Fupe : Essay on Criticism, 616.
(&) To molest.
" Nature hnsh'd iu slumber sweet,
No rudo noise mine ears (.n^aUhi-i "
Cowper : H'atchiiiij with God, No. 2.
as-sa'il a-ble, * as-sa ile-a-ble, a. [Eug.
assail ; -ahh.\ Able to be a^sstiled.
" There's comfort yet, tliey are assailable."
Sfi'iJccsp. : Macbeth, lii, 2.
as-sa'il~ant, a. & s. [Eng. assail; -ant. In
Fr. assaillan/ ]
A. As adjective : Assailing; attacking.
" And as an eveuiuy dragon came,
Assailant on the perclied roosts
And iiet.t- in order ranged
vi tame viliatic fowl."
Milton: SaTuson Agonistcs.
B. As suhstanii i?e : (Jne who assails or
attacks a person or persons, or a thing.
1. One who attacks a person. (In this sense
it is properly opposed to a defendant.)
"The Dnke of Sniiit Alb.ans. with the help of his
3er\'ants, beat off the assaibuits."—Mai:aalay: Mist.
Eng., ch. xxiii,
2. One who assails an enemy m a military
way.
" ' It is ten to one.' s.iys a late writer on the .art of
■war. 'bub tliat the axsailaaf ■.vho attacks the enemy
in his trenches is ivhvaya victorious.'" — Goldsmith:
3. One who assails anything, as a philo-
sophy, a religion, &c.
"... both the Christian assailants, as well as the
defenders, of paganiam . . ."—Grote: Hist. Greece, vol.
t, pt. i., ch, i.
%s-sa'iled. " as-sa'yld, v<^- I'"-'^- [Assail.]
as-sa'il-er, s. [Eng. (.'■^i<(il; -er.] One who
assails ; an assailant.
"PaUadiua heated so jiui-suedour assin7ers, that one
of them slew him."— Htdnei/.
aS-Sa'il-ing, pr. par. [AsSAtL.]
" She will not abiy the siege of loving terms.
Nor bide th' encounter of assailiinj eves,
Nor ope her lap t'-> aaiiit-seducing gold."
.'^/tui.ai: : Romeo and Juliet, i. 1.
t as-sa'il-ment, s. [Eng. cL^sail; -imnt.]
The act of assailing, an assault ; an attack of
disea.'^e, a malady.
" Hia uiobt freyueiit •is;,ailmeut "as the headache."
—Johnson : Life of Pope.
a,S'-sa-mar, s. [Lat. asi{ns) = roast, and
wnmrius) = bitter. {X.E.D.)']
Chem. : A bitter substance contained in the
brown oil obtained by the destructive distil-
lation of cane sugar.
as'-sa-pan, as-sa-pa<n'-ie, s. [Native
AmeVican name.] "The name ;^nven \>> a
flying sqidrrel {Pteroiiui'i vohicfUi'). It in-
habits Canada and the Lfnited states. [PiEtt-
OMYS.]
as-sa'r-i-us, s. {L&.t.assarw.^: Gr. ao-o-aptoi/
" (jissario)i) ; both fioni Lat. «s.] [As.]
In Classic times : A copper cnin equal about
3\ farthings. In Matt. x. 2:* if is translated
" farthing."
* as-sart', v.t. [Mod. Fr. essortrr; 0. Fr. es-
sarter, assart cr ; Pm'V. cissartur — to grub up
trees or bushes ; Low Lat. cx^nrtQ, supine
exsartum; rxsarito, supine i:>:s<<ritinii ; Class.
Lat. sarria, sup. sarritmn; sariv, sujiine sari-
tvm = to lioe, to weed. ]
1. Gen. : To root up trees or bushes.
"The king granted to him free chase, and free
warren, in al. those his lands, &c., and also power to
a^art hia lands."— -■Isftmo^e ; SerksJtire, ii, 425.
2. Spec. (Old Law): Unauthorisedly to root
up the trees which are required in a forest to
furnish thickets or coverts.
'■as-sa'rt, a. & s. [Mod. Fr. (as substan.)
e.s'iG.rt ; O. Fr. (as substan.) essart, essartage,
assartevient.] [Assart, c]
A. As adjective : Cleared ; reclaimed.
A.-'Sart Lands : Forest lands reclaimed, or
cleared of wood, &c., and put into a state of
cultivation. (Bouclwr.)
Assart rents: Eents paid for such lands.
(Hutchinson's Hist. Durham, ii. 410 ; Ibid., iii.
60 ; and his Hist. Guinh. and Westm., i. 882.)
(Boudier.)
B. As substantive :
1. A piece of land cleared. (Ash.)
2. A tree plucked up by the roots. (Ash.)
3. Old Law : The offence against the forest
laws of plucking up by the roots the trees
requisite to furnish thickets or coverts.
as-sas'-sin, As-sas'-sin, s. [In Ger. ^ssas-
sineii (pi.) ; Fr. & Prov. assassin; Sp. asesino ;
Port. & Ital. assassino (all sing.); Arab. Haschi-
schin = as substantive, a member of the sect
described under No. 1 ; as adj., inspired by
haschisch, an intoxicating liquid or drug
called in India bhang, prepared from the pow-
dered leaves of Cannabis sativa, or Common
Hemp. Many Eastern desperadoes, when
they wish to do some nefarious deed, deaden
what remnants of conscience they possess and
stimulate their passions by means of this
bhang. (Bhang.) Some etymologists derive
assassin from Hassan ben Sabah, tlie founder
of the order (I., 1).]
I. Literally :
1. Hist. : A military and religious order
which constituted an offshoot from the Is-
maUi branch of the great Shiah sect of Moham-
medans. It was founded in A.D. 1090 by
Hassan ben Sabah, at the hill fort of Alamoot,
in Persia. A section of them afterwafds re-
moved from Persia to Mount Lebanon, where
they came in contact with the crusaders, and
through them acquired infamous notoriety in
Europe. By the rules of their founder, they
were bound implicitly to carry out the com-
mands of their chief (popularly known in the
West as the ' ' Old Man of the Mountain "), even
to the extent of murdering any king or inferior
person in Europe, Asia, or anywhere, with
whom he might have a quarrel. Several proud
potentates are said to have paid him black
mail for safety's sake ; but the gallant Knights
Templars had more of a kingly spirit, and
defied his power. The Mongols made a general
massacre of the Persian branch of the order
in 1256, and Sultan Bibars all but rooted
out the Syrian offshoot in 1270, but traces of
them are said still to exist in both countries,
especially at Kalat el Masryad, in Persia.
Despite their origin, the Assassins were not
pure Shiahs in faith ; their religion was a mix-
ture of Magianism, Judaism, Christianity, and
Mohammedism. There was a certain resem-
blance between their tenets and those of the
Druses in Mount Lebanon.
2. A ruffian who, either from personal ani-
mosity, or from having been hired to do the
atrocious deed, murders one by open violence
or by siicret or sudden assault.
"... of all the Jacobites, the most desperate assas-
sins not excepted, ."—Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch.
xvii.
•[ When, on the 9th Thermidor, 1794, the
French National Convention would no longer
allow Robespierre to domineer over it, and
would not permit him even to defend himself,
almost the last words he addressed to it before
his arrest were these, " President of assassins,
for the last time I ask liberty to speak."
II. Fig. : One who criminally destroys the
Ijolity of his country.
" The hii-'d assa&siiis of the commonweal ! "
Thonuon : Liberty, pt. v.
assassin-like, a. Like an assassin.
"... the SjTian king, who. to surprise
One man, n.tsn^sin-likc, nad levied war.
War miproclaiiu'd."— J/i^£o)i.- P. L., bk. xi.
* as-sas'-sin, v. t. [From the substantive.
In Fr. aisossinrr ; Sp. asesinar; Port, assas-
sinar ; Ital. assassiiw-re.) The same as Assas-
sinate (q.Y.).
"Can God be as well pleased with him that osso*-
8i7ies his parents, as with liim that obeys them i —
StiUingfieet : Scrm., p. 5u2.
^- as-sas'-sin-a-^y, 5. [Eng. assassin; -acy.]
Assassination. (Lit. & fig.)
" This spiritual assusdnacy, this deepest dye _ of
blood being most satanically designed on souhi. —
Maminond : Hcrm.
as-sas -sin-ate, v.t. & i. [Eng. assassin ;
-ate.] [^VssAHSiN, v.]
A. Transitive ;
I. Til murder by open violence or by secret
and sudden assault.
" What could provoke thy madness,
To twsam'KKe so great, so brave a man ?"
Philips.
% Sometimes it is only half-seriously appUed
to the inferior animals, as Cowper does it to a
tame bullfinch killed by a rat.
" Oh, share Maria's ^ef !
Her favourite, even in bis ca^e.
(What will not hunger's cruel rage?)
Assassinated by a thief."
Cowper : Death of Mrs. Throckmorton's Hulljinch.
* 2. Exceedingly to maltreat.
" Such usage as your honourable lords
Afford me. assassintited and betrayed."
Milton : Samson AgonLstes.
B. Intransitive : To perpetrate murder.
" Tou who those ways feared of late.
Where now no thieves assassinate."
Sandys: Paraphrase of Sacred Songs ; Judges v.
* as-sas -sin-ate, s. [Assassinate, v.]
1. An assassin.
" The old king is just murdered, and the nei-son that
did it is imknown — Let the soldiers seize him for one
of the assassinates, and let me alone to accuse hhn
afterwards. "—i)rj/deji.
2. An assassination ; a mrirder.
"Were not all assassinates s.nd popular insurrections
wi-ongf ully chasti-sed, if the meanness of the offenders
indemnified them from punishment." — Pope.
as-sas'-sin-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Assas-
sinate, v.]
as-sas'-sin-a-ting, pj'. jjar. [Assassinate,
'v.]
as-sas-sin-a'-tion, s. [Eng. assassin ; -ation.]
The act of assassinating ; the act of murdering
another by open violence or secret and sudden
assault ; the state of being assassinated.
" The English regard assassination, and have daring
some ages regarded it, with a loathing peculiar to
themsefves." — Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. xxi.
as-sas'-sin-a-tor, s. [Eng. assassin ; -ator.
In Port, assassinador.'l One who assassinates ;
an assassin. (Johnson.)
"^ aS-sas'-Sin-oiis, a. [Eng. assassin; -ons.]
Murderous. (Codceram. )
* as-sa'-tion, s. [From Lat. assaturn, sup.
of asso = to roast or broil ; Gr. a^w (azo) = to
dry up.] Roasting.
" The egg expiring less in the elixation or boiling ;
whereas, m the as&ation or ro.iatmg it will sometimes
abate a drachm,"— SroitTie : Vulgar Errours.
as-sa'ult, * aS"Sa'ut, * as-sa'ute, "^ a-
sa'Ught (gh silent), s. [In Fr. assaut ; O.
Fr. assault, asalt; Prov. assalh, assaut; Sp
asalto ; Port. & It;d. assalto ; Low Lat. Oi.but-
tus ; Class. Lat. assultus = a leaping upon an
attack ; ad = to, and saltus = a leaping ; salio
= to leap. ] [Assail. ]
A. Ordinary Language :
L Lit. : A violent attack made upon any
person, persons, or place, with the hands or
with material weapons. [B., 1, 2, 3.]
" And by assaut he wan the cltee after. "
Chaucer: C. T., 99L
"But whanne there was maad an asaujht of the
betheue men."— Wycliffc : Dcdis xiv. {JUc/uirdson.)
" And when there was an assault made both of the
Gentiles, and also of the Jews with their rulers, to
use them deapitefully and to stone them," — Acts xiv. 5.
" Tbey resisted bis assaults desperately, and obli«ed
him to turn the siege into ablockade." — Arnold : Jlist.
Rome, ch. xliv.
II. Fignratlvely :
1. (In which the attacking force consists of
a person or persons.)
(a) An attack by means of a charge against
one ; abusive language, calumny, &c.
"After some unhappy assaults upon the prerogative
by the parliament, which produced its dissolution,
there followed a composui-e." — Clarendon.
(b) xVn attack upon one's virtue, which may
be by seduction rather than violence.
(c) An attack upon a thing, as upon a reli-
gion, an opinion, iSic.
" Theories built upon narrow foundations are very-
hard to be aupiwrted against the assaults at opposi-
tion. "—Locke.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, iall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^olf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe^e, ey = a, qu^k^w.
assault — assecure
319
2. (In which the attacking force is a thiug.)
An adverse natural force brought to hear
upon a person or thing.
"... and unshaken bears the assault
Of their most dreaded foe, the strong eouth-west."
Wordsworth : Hxcitrsioti, hfc. v.
B. Technically :
I. Mil. : A furious effort to carry a fortified
post, camp, or fortress, where the assailants
do not screen themselves by any works.
(Mmes.) It is the appropriate termination of
a siege which has not led to the capitulation
of the garrison.
"On the 8th of Septeraher [1855], after a furious bom-
bardment of three days, the Allies assaulted the town
[Sebastoijol] in five placeB, and, though repulsed in
tour, the asmult of the French attack on ^he Mala-
khofi' completely succeeded." — Times : Annual Sitm-
mary (1855).
To give an assault: To attack any post.
(James.)
To repulse an assault : To cause the assail-
ants to retreat, to beat them back. (Ibid.)
To carry hy asaoMlt : To gain a post by storm.
(Ibid.)
2. Fencing, c&c. Assault of Arms : An attack
on each other (not in earnest) made by two
fencers to exhibit or increase their skill.
(Sometimes it is used in a wider sense for
other military exercises.)
" The 20th annual assault of arms of the Honourable
Artillery Company wfLsheld last evening. . . .Boxing,
fencing, sticks, bayonet exercise, cavalry sword exer-
cise, decomposed the programme," — Daily Telegraph,
March 2!>, 1877.
3. Law : A movement which virtually im-
plies a threat to strike one, as when a person
raises his hand or his cane in a menacing
manner, or strikes at another but misses him.
Ill English law it is not needful to touch one to
constitute an assault. When a blow actually
takes effect the crime is not simple assault,
but assault and battery. If two people fight
in private, they are held to have committed
assaults on each other ; but if they do so in
public, they are chai'geable with afi'ray. [See
Affray.] A person assaulting another may
be prosecuted by him for the civil injury,
and may also be punished by the criminal law
for the injury done to the public. (Black-
stone : Comment, bk. iii., chap. 8 ; iv., chaps.
II, 15.)
% In Scots Law the word assault has a
somewhat more comprehensive sense than
in England, the word battery not being used ;
but what iH here called assault and battery is
in Scotland regarded simply as a more aggra-
vated kind of assault.
as-sa'ult, *"as-sa'ut» v.t. [0. Fr.
In Sp. aioltar, assaltar, assaltear ; Ital. assal-
tare; Low Lat. assalto.] [Assault, s.]
I. Of persons :
1, To make a hostile attack upon a person,
a people, a fortification, a house, &c., using
for the puriiose material weapons.
"Struck at the sight, the mighty Ajax glows
With thirst of vengeance, alid assaults the foes."
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. v., 756-7.
"... and assaulted the house of Jaaon," — Acts
xvii. 5.
2. To attack one in another way than hy
warlike weapons ; to do so, for instance, by
making a charge against him, calumniating
hira, writing against him, &c.
"Tis a mercy I do not astriult you with a number
of original sonnets and eple^rama."— T'ope .■ Letter to
U. Cromwell. IMasch 7. l7u'J.
II. Of tilings: To do that which is fitted
to injure (applit'tl to things rather than per-
sons), to threaten with injury.
"Before the gates, the cries of babes new-bbm,
Whom fate had from their tender mothers torn.
Assault his ears." DrydeiL
as-sa'ult-a-ble, a. [Eng. assault; -able.']
Able to be* assaulted.
" A breach, be it made never so assaultahU, having
many hands to defend it with any valour, lightly la
never entered."— 5f/r yjoffer Williams: Actiuiis of the
Low Countries, p. 106.
§,S-sa'ult-ant, a. & s. [Eng. assault; -ant.
Ital. cbssaltante.]
1. As adj. : Leaping upon, assaulting, as-
sailing.
2. As svbst. : An assailant; a term applied
to a predatury animal Avhen repjresented on
the escutclienu as if leaping on its prey.
(Gloss, of Her.)
giS-Sa'ult-ed, pa. pyr. [Assault, v.]
"S>> loii'^ ;u-ithe tmrrH/'firfpevon is in actual dnnger."
—Jan-uuj T'Uitin- : On Fnr<inun-i iiiptrias.
as-sa'ult-er, s. [Eng. assault ; -er. In Ital.
* assalitore.'] One who assaults another; an
assailant.
" Neither liking their eloquence, nor fearing their
might, we esteemed few swords in, a just defence able
to resist many unjust assaulters."— Sidnei/.
as-sa'ult-ing, pr. par. [Assault, v. ]
* as-sa'iit, s. [Assault, s.]
as-sa'y, * as-sa'ye, * as-sa'ie, s. [In Fr.
' essai; O. Fr. assai, asaie; Prov. essay; Sp.
ensayo; Ital. saggio ; Lat. exa(/iu?H. = a weigh-
ing, a weight ; exigo, sup. eoMctum =tQ drive
out, ... to examine ; ex = out, and ago = to
lead or di-ive ; Gr. e^dyiou (hexagion) = a weight
used in later times ; e^ayia^w (hexagiazo) = to
examine.] [Assay, v., and Essay, s. & v.]
A, Ordinary Lojiguage :
^ 1. The act of trying or experimenting ; a
trial, an experiment, an attempt, essay. I
" Qnod this chanonn, " Yet wol I make assay."
Cliaucer: C. T.. 13,177.
"... never more
To give the assay of ai-ms against your majesty."
ahakesp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
*2. The state of being tried; trial, suffering,
liardshiij.
" For they be two the prowest knights on grownd.
And oft approved in many hard assay."
Spemer: F.q.,ll.iii.\b.
* 3. The result of such trial or experiment ;
spec, pimtj'", value.
"... beholding all the way _
The goodly workes, and stones of rich assay."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. x. 15.
i. The thing subjected to trial or examina-
tion. (B., 1, 2.)
% Originally assay and essay were the same
word, but now assay is obsolete, except for
the testing of metals, while essay is used for
bodily or mental attemi^ts. [Essay.]
* At all essays = in every way.
" He is a frende at all assu.yes."
Ilormanni Vulgaria (1530).
"At all asaaics, you bear a heart true bent." —
Taylor : Workes (1630). (Ilalliwell : Contr. to Lexic )
B. Technically :
L Cliemiistry :
1. The determination what percentage of a
metal, especially of a precious one, is in any
particular ore or alloy. An ordinary or a
simple assay is designed to ascertain how much
a compound of gold or silver varies from the
prescribed .standard, whilst a parting assay is
designed to separate the two metals from each
other in the specimen examined, that the pro-
portion ill the bullion of which it is a fair
sample may be ascertained. In a gold parting
assojy, the amount of silver in the gold is as-
certained ; and in a silv&r parting assay, the
amount of gold in the silver. [Assaying,
Touch.] The analysis, or assay, of an alloy
of gold and copper is usually made by cupel-
lation witli lead. The weight of the button
remaining on the cupel gives directly the
amount of gold in the alloy after certain cor-
rections similar to those required in the case
of silver. (Graham: Cliem., 2nd ed., vol. ii.,
p. 362.)
2. The alloy or metal assayed.
"... like an assay fused before the blow-pipe." —
Darwin : Voyage rouiul the World, ch. iii.
II. Law : The examination or testing of the
weights and measures of this or any other
country by a fixed standard.
" You shall , . , make the assays of tltese moneys of
gold and silver, and truly report if the said moneys
be in weight and fineness according to the standard
weights for weighing and testing the coins of the
realm. "~- Oh f ft administered to the Jury of Goldsmiths
sworn to Test tlie Pyx. {Times, Friday, July IT, 1874)
assay-ljalance, s. A delicate balance
used in assaying. It is furnished with a
rider (q.v.).
assay-furnace, s. A furnace used in
assaying.
assay-master, s. An assayer ; an officer
appointed to ascertain the amount of the two
precious metals in coins and bullion.
as-sa'y, *a-sa'y, v.t. & i. [In iaod.Fr.
essayer ; 0. ^. asaier, assayer; Prov. essaiar ;
Sp. ensayar ; Port, ensaiar ; Ital. assaggiare =
to try, to attempt ; to assay a metal ; saggiare
=:to try, to essay, to taste.] [Assay, s. ;
Essay, v.]
A. 'Transitii^e :
I. To try anything or any person.
1. Of things:
(a) In the same sense as l^o. Ii. (q.v.).
*(6) To attempt anything; to try its prac-
ticability by the test of experience.
" Ulyssea, and Ids brave maternal race,^
The young Autolyci, assajj the cbase.
Pope : Ho-mer's Odyssey, bk. xix. 501-2.
*2 Of persons: To try a person's strength,
courage, skill, and fortitude by attacking him.
"But, seeing thou fall'st on me so luckily,
I ffiU assay thee : so defend thyself.
Shakesp. : 1 -ffeu. /T ., v. 4.
^ II. To proffer.
"Whom thus afdicted when sad Eve beheld.
Desolate where she sat ; approaching nigh, __
Soft wordB to hla fierce passmn she assay d.
Milton: P. L., x. 567-
III. Ghem., MetalL, £c. : To subject a ring,
a coin, an alloy, &c., to examination, trial, or
experiment, with the view of ascertaining
wliat its component parts are, and specially,
in the latter case, what proportion of the
precious or other metals enters into its com-
position.
B. Intrans. : To attempt, to endeavoui'.
as-sa'yed, 25a. par. [Assay, v.] |
as-sa'y-er, s. [Eng. assay; -er. In Dut. &
' Er. essayeur.] One who assays bullion. Sj^ec.
an officer of the Mint, whose function it is to
try the purity of the precious metals used for
coin.
"... a confldential man of business, a practical
miner and assayer, would have been all that was re-
quired."— Darwin: Voyage round tlie World, ch. xvi.
as-sa'y-ing. * a-sa'i-^nge, ^jr. par. & s.
[Assay, v.}
As ^hstantive : The act or process of sub-
jecting coins, quantities of bullion, or alloys,
to examination and experiment, with the view
of ascertaining what proportion of each of
the precious metals they contain. The pro-
portion in gold coin in the British Isles is |i-
of gold and ^^ of alloy. This is called the stn n-
dard. That it is actually reached is proved by
the Trial of the Pyx, whicli from time to time
takes place. [Pyx.] The process adopted
to assay the precious metals is cupellation
(q.v.). The assayer's work has been much
facilitated by the discovery that the applica-
tion of sulphuric acid can separate gold and
silver. The French call cupellation the dry
metlwd of assaying, and adopt another of their
own called the humid one. [Assay.]
"This method is also sometimes used in the assay-
ing of coins to afford an indication of the quantity of
silver required in the cupellation,"- Graham: Cliem.,
2nd etU vol. ii., p. 362.
* as-sa'yle, v. t. [Assail. ]
^ assch'-en, *:. pi. Old form of Ashes.
"His eyen holwe, grisly to biholde ;
His hewe falwe, and pale as aaschen colde."
Chaucer: C. T . 1.365-G6.
ass9li-reint' , * assh-reint', assh-reynt',
pa. par. of a verb, presumably asschrenclie, assh-
rencJie. [A.S. screncan = to deceive.] De-
ceived.
" A ! dame, he aaide, ich was asschreint,
Ich wende thou haddest ben iidreint."
Seuyn Sages, 1,485.
" Ac so ich fynde in the book,
Hy were asshreynt in her crook."
Alisaunder, 4,819.
* as-se'-cle (cle = kel), s. [Lat. assecla,
assecula — an attendant, a follower, a hanger-
on, a sycophant ; assequor = to follow on, to
pursue.] An attendant, a follower.
"It mattereth not with the pope and his assecles, of
what life and conversation their saints he."—Shel<ion :
Miracles c^f Antichrist (1616), p. 325,
^' as-sec-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. assectatio ; from
assector = to accompany to attend ; assequor
= to follow on,] Attendance on one, waiting
upon one. (Johnson.)
* as-se-cii'r-aiM^e, s. [In Sw. assecurajis;
Ger. assecuranz ; Port, seguranca; Low Lat.
assecurantia = assurance.] Assurance.
" What may be thought of those assecurances which
they give, in the Popish Church, to all such as die
in the same, with the copious furniture of their sacra-
ments, and their own merits?" — Sheldon : Miracles of
Antichrist, p. 320.
* as-se-ciir-a -tion, s. [Low Lat. assecma-
iio, from assecuro.] [Assecure.] Assurance,
making sure. [Assueance.]
"How far, then, reaches this asseauration f So far
as to exclude all fears, all doubting and hesitation ? " —
£p. Hall : Hem., p. 268.
* gis-se-CU're, v.t. [Low Lat. asseeuro, from
ad' = to, and securiLS = secure ; cura = care.]
To make one sure or certain ; to give one
assurance. (Bullskar : Diet., 1656.) [Assure,
Secure, Sure.]
b6il, hSy; pioiit, jowl; cat, 96!!, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = ir.
-cian, -ti^n-— shan. -tion, -sion — shiin: -tion. -sinn = shiin, -tious. -sIotk?. -cionci^shus. -ble, -die, &g. =bel, d^
320
assecution — assent
* as-se-cu'-tion, s. [Lat. ad = to; secutlo =
a following, pursuing : ad = to, and sequor =
to follow.] The act of acquiring or obtaining.
"By tht! cauon law, .i, person, aEter lie haa Ijeeu in
full poasesalon uf a Sfcuiid beuetiue, cimiiot return
Ht,'aiii to lii3 first, because it is immediately void by liia
assecucion of a second."— .iytiffu : Farcnjuii.
as-se-da'-tion, s. [Lat. asseclo = assessor.]
A tei'H! in the Weottisli law, iinpnrting a scttk^
ment, or tenure in landed property for a long
term, licing generally coupled in deeds and
other law instruments of writing with tacks,
assignations, translations, &c. {Sptittisviidc :
Oil titllcb, i\. ^7:^ et bcq., and p. 40ii.) (Buiickcr.)
(Wee example under A.ste^'t.)
as'-se~gai, t as'-sa-gai, t as'-sa-gay,
" za,'skye (Cafn), 6. & a. [in Fr. zagaiv ;
Sp. (.'.zniii'iia ; Port, zagaia, zixjiujlUi, —javelin ;
Arab. alKlin-cqah.]
A, As substantive: A missile weapon, like
ajavelui, used bythe Caffres, Zulus, aud other
SMUtli Aliii-an tribes in war. It is of some
^^
considerable length. There is also a sliort
stabbing assegai.
" Alert to fight, athirst to slay.
They shake the di-eaded assegai."
S'r 111 ford da Redcliffe. (Thnes. March 29, 1879.)
IT It is sometimes used in connection with
otlier nations than those of South Africa.
" Then a terror fell ou the Kiiiy Bucar,
And the Libyan kings who had join'd his war ;
And their hearts grew heavy, and ilied away,
jViid their liands could not wield an assagay."
Jlemans : The Cid's Funeral Procession.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to or produced
by the spear described under A.
"No less than thirty-seven assegai wounds . . ." —
Pictprmar2t:burg Correspondent of the Thnes, 5th
April, 1879.
as'-se-gai, * as'-s^-gai, v.t. [From the
substantive.] To pierce with an assegai.
" Many were drowned, many assegaied, a few shot."
— Thnes, March 6, 1879.
as'-se-gaied, t as'-sa-gaied, pa. pa r.
[Assegai, v.]
* as-seize', v.t. [Seize.]
as-sem'-tolage, s. [Fr. assemblage.']
t 1. The act uf assembling,
t 2. The state of being assembled.
"With innocence and meditation joined.
In soft assemblage " Thomson.
3. Tlie ijersons or things assembled.
(a) The person.s assembled; a gathering of
individuals ; an assembly.
" Oastile enjoyed tlie Bupreniaey in that great assein-
hlage of races." — Alacaalay : Ilist. Eng., cli. xxlii.
(6) Of things ast-cmhled :
" The bases of an assemblageot pyramids."— //t-rsc/icZ."
Astron., S 277.
* as-sem'-blanje (1), * as-sem -blaunje,
s. [Eng. assemhiie) ; -ana:.] Assembling, as-
sembly.
"He cliaunstto come, where happily he apide
A rout of many puople laiTe away.
Trj wlioiii his cuuiyi.' he haHtily applide,
To weet the cause of their asse^ifMlauncc wide,"
Spenser: F. Q., V. iv. 21.
* as-sein'-blan9e (2), s [Lat. ad = to, and
Eng. semblance (q.v ).] Semblance, resem-
blance.
"Care I for the limb, the thewea, the stature, bulk,
and bii^ assemlikmce ui a man I" — Shakes p. : 2 lienry
* as-sem-bla'-tion, s. [Assembly, s.]
as-sem'-'ble* * ai-sem'-ble, v.t. & l. [inFr.
a-^scvihler ; ennmibh'. = together ; Pitiv. a^'^f^em-
hlar ; from Lat. sivinl = at om-e, together, at
the same time. Cognate with Dut. verzn-
melen=. . . to assi'inble ; zamele)i = to col-
lect; from sameji = \n<i;etheT ; Ger. sanimrhi
— to assemble; z-usanutien, &etaamnie/t = to-
gether, ]
A. Transitive :
*' 1. To compare, to liken. (Latimer: Works,
i. 188.)
2. To com-ene, to call together. (Used both
of persons and things.)
^ (a) Sometimes it is followed by two objec-
tive.s— the oneof thepersim or being for whom
the gathering is brought together, and the
other of the persons or things assembled.
But before the first objective there is really an
ellipsis of to 01- Jo r.
"Then said the king to Ainasa, Assemble me the
men of Judah within tliree days, and he thou here
present.''— 2 ,S'(tJ7i, xx. 4.
(h) It is sometimes used reciprocally.
"And all the men of Israel assembled tht-ni'ielves
unto king Solomon at the feast of the month Ethanim
. . ." — 1 Kings Viii. 2.
B. IntraUbltlve :
1. Gen. : To come together, to meet together,
to gather, to congregate.
"They, however, still assembled and prayed in pri-
vate dwellings, . . ." — .Maeauluy : Ilist. Eng., ch. xvi.
*^ 2. Spec. : To meet in a hostile manner, to
encounter.
"Now Eualac and Tholoiuer tures han a-semblet."
Joseph of Aritnathiv (ed. Skeat), 520.
*■ as-sem'-ble, s. Old spelling of Assembly.
(Early English Alliterative Poems.)
as-sem'-bled (bled = beld), pa. par. & a.
[Assemble.]
" Lordynges, the needes for whiche we hfin asscm^lit
m this place, is f ul hevy thing, . . ." — Chaucer: Tale
ofMeliheus.
" Assembled armies oft have I beheld ;
But ne'er till now such numbers eharg'd a field."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, hk. ii., l.'68-9.
as-sem'-bler, s. [Eng. assemU{e); -cr. In
Ft. asserfibhur.]
1. One who convenes an assembly, or brings
a number of people together.
"None of the list-makers, the«s3CTn6!ersof the moh,
the directors and arrangers, have been convicted." —
Burke : Refleetions on the Executions in 1780.
2. One who himself constitutes part of such
a gathering.
" For your confession of faith, which you say shall
he piibhshed by your assemblers, . . ." — Hammond to
Chegnel. (nam.mond: Works, 1. 193.)
as-sem'-bliiag, pr. par. & s. [Assemble.]
^s substantive: A gathering together, a
meeting together.
"Let all rude and riotous assemblings ... be
banlf^hed from this day of rest and holiness." — Bishop
Fleetwood: Charge.
* as-sem'-blit, pa. par. [Assembled.]
as-sem-bly, * as-sem'-ble, s. [In Fr.
assemhlee = a meeting of persons (originally,
it is believed, a deliberative political assembly ;
afterwards also one of the clergy) ; assemble =
one of the steps in a dance ; Prov. assemblada;
Sp. a-samblea; Ital. f(ssa77ib?.ea = a meeting of
persons ; Sw. assemhle.'] [Assemble, v.]
A. I 'nil nary Language :
I. In a -passive sense :
1. Oen. : That which is convoked ; a gather-
ing together of persons, or, in some cases, of
things, for any purpose.
"I .sat not in the u-iaemblg of the mockers." — Jer.
XV. 17. (?:^(?t- also Gen. xlix 6.)
" I wjLs almost in all evil in the midst of the congre-
gatiun and assembly." — Prov, v, 14.
2. Specially :
(a) A great gathering of peojile for religious
or i)olitical puriioses, or for both. In Old
Testament Scriptnre it is frequently used of
the whole congregation of the Israelites con-
vened for any religious or national object,
especially of their assembling at Sinai to re-
ceive the law, [See also B.]
"... on the eighth day shall he an holy convocation
unto you, and ye shall offer an oft'ering ma<1e by fire
unto the Lord ; it is a solemn assfmbl y." —Lei', xxiii.
30. (See also Deut. xvi. 8, and 2 Kings x, 20. In a Jig.
sense: Heh. xii. 23.)
" . . accerding to all the words which the Lord
spake w ith you in the mount, out of the midst of the
lire, m the d.ay of thi- assembly."— Deut. ix. 10. (See
also Deut. x. 4 ; xviii. in )
(6) A deliberative body e.xercising legislative
functions, and liearing rule over a nation,
Iirovinre, or district.
" Ofllcei-s and men muttered that a vote of a foreign
assembly wiis nuthing to them,"— J/wcditin// : Hist.
F"'/,. ch. xi.
(Si.T also Acts xix. 39.)
II. I nan active sense : That which convokes.
[B. 2, Mil.]
B. Technically:
1. Chioroh Ulst., &c. : The term now given to
the highest deliberative body in some Presby-
terian chur(;hes, and specially to what, when
fully named, are tci med tlic ' • General Assembly
of the Established Church r.f Scotland," and
the "General Assembly of the Free Cliurch of
Scotland." These consist of ministerial and
lay or halfday representatives, equal to each
other in number, sent from each presbyteiy,
and in spiritual matters discharge deliberative,
legislative, judicial, and executive functions.
The word Assembly, in this second sense,
seems to have been introduced into Scotland
from France, whilst the natives of the fonner
countiy had much intercourse with Calvin.
From Scotland it ijassed to England, where
the "Westminster Ab.seinbly" was an assembly
of 121 divines who, with certain lay assessors,
met at Westminster in 1648, by authority of
the Pai'li anient, with the view of attempting
to produce ecclesiastical formularies which
might lead to unifonnity of worship in Eng-
land and Scotland. It sat five years, pro-
duced the Directory of Public Worship, the
Confession of Faith, and the Larger and
Shorter Catechisms, aud was ultimately dis-
solved by Oliver Cromwell.
2. Mil. : The second beating of the thaim in
a camp to summon the soldiers to strike their
tents.
assembly-room, s. A room in wliich
public assemblies are wont to be held.
"... nor could she enter the assembly-room^, . . ."
— Johnson: Life uf fiaoage.
* as-send'e, v.i. Old spelling of Ascend.
* as-sen -dyt, pa. par. An obsolete spelling
of Ascend.
'■ as'-sen-el, ■^. Old spelling of Arsenic.
as-sent', * a-9ent'e, s. [0. Fr. assent, as-
sens ; Port, assenso; Lat. assensiis ; fr. assentio
or assentiur = to assent.] [Assent, v.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. The act of admitting the truth of any
statement. Such assent emanates from the
understanding, and differs from consi:nt, which
is an operation of the ■will. [See ^ beluw.]
" I trowe ther needeth litel sermonyng
To make you assente to this thing."
Chaucer: C. y., 3,093-4.
" Her utmost reach, historical assent.
The doctrines warp'd to what they never meant."
Cowper : Conversation.
2. It is not unfrequently, however, used as
synonymous with consent.
" . . . the talent.1 which obtain the assent of divided
and tumultuous assemblies to great practical reforms."
— Macaulay . Mist. Fng., ch. xx.
3. Accord ; agi'eement.
"... the words of the jirophets declare good to the
king with one assent."— 2 Citron, xviii. IS.
^ We assent to what we admit to be true ;
we cotisent to what we allow to be done.
Assent may be given to anything, whether
positively proposed by another or not, but
consent supposes that what is consented to is
projiosed by some other jier&un. If assent and
consent are both used of siieculative ])i'oposi-
tions, then a5seji£ is the act of an individual,
and consent that of many, as in the phrase,
" By the common consent of mankind." Ap-
probation, whicli is a much stronger word, is
a species of assent and concurrence of consent.
The latter term is properly used only of num-
bers, not of single individuals. (Crabb.)
B. Technically :
L'f.w. The royal absent signifies the consent
of the king tn have his signature affixed to
Acts of Parliament which have passed both
Houses of tlie Legislatui-e. This assent gives
them the force of law.
"All those acts of the Long Parliament which had
reci-iv^d the royal assent were admitted to be stiil in
full force." — Macaul<iy : Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
as-sent', v.i. [in Fr. assent ir ; Sp. asentir ;
Port, assentar; Ital. assentirc ; Lat. assentio
= to assent : ad = to, and sentio — to discern
by the senses, to feel.]
1. To admit a statement to be true.
'' And the Jewa also assented, saying that these
things were so.' —Acts xxiv. d.
2. To consent to a proposal affecting one's
interests.
"The princess a f:sented to all that was suggested by
her husband. '^.Wieaulay : Hist. Fnq , ch. vii.
* 3. To yield to the seductive influence of
any vice.
" Loke wt'I. that ye unto no vice assent."
Chaucer: C. T., W,502,
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; s^^ pot,
or. wore, w^9lf. work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e, ey = a. (Im^ kw.
assentation— asseveration
321
H For the difference between assent and con-
sent, see Assent, s.
as-seu-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. assentatio = flatter-
ing assent, pretended coi;iciUTence with every-
thing that a persun says ; assentor = to assent
habitually, with insincerity ; assentiur = to
assent to : (td = to, cand sentio = to feel.]
Hypocritical assent to everything which an-
other says ; pretended concurrence iu every
opinion, however absurd, which he broaches ;
the implied object being, for the most part, to
flatter hiin for selfish ends, or at least to avoid
giving hiui ott'euce.
"It is 11 fearful presage of ruin when the prophets
consiJiiB ill itsseiitation." — liishop Hall.
t a.s-sen-ta'-t6r, * as-aen-ta'-tour, s.
rital. assentatore; Lat. as^^viUattjr.] A flatterer.
" other there be which, ui a more honest term, may
be culled tisiienttttoiirs or followers, which do await
diligently what i» the form of the speech and gesture
of tlieir master, and also other his manners and lashion
of garments."— -Sir- T. Elyot : Gov., fol. 138 6,
* 3.s-S©n'-ta-tor-i-l3^, adv. [Eng. assentator ;
-i, -ly.] After the manner of a flatterer.
"I have no purpose, vainly or aMentatorihj, to re-
present tbU greatuea-s [of Britain] as in water, which
shows things bigger than they are . . ."—Bacon.
as-sent'-er, s. [Eng. ass&nt ; -er. ] One who
assents to anything.
" She is not an ansenter (though thousands be) to
that rabbinical rule cited in Drusius from Rabbi
Haurica."— IVhitlock : jilaiiners of the £ng., x>, 353.
as-sen'-ti-ent (ti as shi), a. [Lat. assen-
tiens, pr. par. of assentio = to assent to.]
Assenting to, as opposed to dissentient. Used
also substantively.
dS'Sent -ing, pr. par. & a. [Assent, v.]
" On female truth assenting faith relies."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. i., 276.
S.S-sent'-ing-ly, ckZv. {'EiW^. assenting ; -hj.']
In an assenting manner ; in such a manner as
to express or imply assent. {Ruloet.)
as-sent'-ive, a. [Eng. assent; -ive.] Assent-
ing. (Sava-ge.) (Worcester's Diet.)
^fS-sent'-ment, s. [Fr. ussentiment ; Ital.
assentbneiito.^ The same as Assent.
"Their arguments are but precarious, and subsist
upon tlie charity of oui' aasentments." — Browne : Vnlg.
Err ours.
* 3,s'-sen-yke, s. Old name for Arsenic.
as -ser, s. [Lat. asser = a small beam or lath.]
Arch. : A tliin rafter, board, or lath.
as-sert', v.t. [Prom Lat. assertum, supine of
assero = to put or join to, . . . to affirm : ad
= to, and sero, pret. se7"(a = to put in a row,
to join. In Ital. asserire.]
L 0/ persons or other beings :
1. To affirm, to declare positively ; to aver.
"... asserting, on proper occasions, the dignity of
his country and of liia master." — Macaulai/ : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xxiii.
2. To vindicate one's rights by actions as
well as words.
"Human nature at last asserted ita rights."— Jftt-
caidatf : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
" Such just examples on offenders shown.
Sedition silence, and assert the throne."
Po2ie: II omer's Iliad, bk. ii., 338-9.
II. Of things : (Used figuratively in senses
analogous to I. 1, and 'J.)
" But, lo ! from high Hymettus to the plain
The queen of night asserts her silent reign."
Byron : Curse of Minerva.
as-sert'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Assert.]
t as-sert'-er, 5. [Assektor.]
as-sert'-ing, pr. par. [Assert. ]
as-ser'-tion, s. [in Fr. assertion ; Ital. asser-
' zione; Ital. assertio = (1) a formal declaration
regarding the freedom or servitude of any one ;
(2) an assertion generally.]
1, The act of asserting, affirming, or declar-
ing positively.
2. The stiitenient asserted or affirmed posi-
tively.
"The government, on full consideration, gave credit
to his assertion tliat lie had been guilty of a double
treason."— J/«c((«(a(/ ; Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.
as-sert'-ive, a. [In Fr. assertif.] With strong
assei'tion ; dogmatical, peremptory.
' ' He was not so fond of the principles he midertook
to illustrate as to boast their certainty, proposing
them not in a confident and assertive form, but as
probabilities and hyjiotheses." — GUtni'ilte.
as-sert'-ive-ly, adv. [Eng. assertive ; -ly.]
So as to assert ; affirmatively.
" Read it interrogatively, and it is as strong for Soto
and the Dominicans, as if it were read asserttvelg, lor
Catherine and the Jesuits."— ap. Bedell: Letters,^.
403.
as-sert'-6r, t aa-sert'-er, s. [Eng. assert ;
-or and -er.] One who asserts, affirms, sup-
ports, or maintains anything.
"The assertors of liberty said not a word . . ."—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. x,
"... an asse^-ter of the hereditary principles of his
family . . ."—Lewis: Early Horn. Hist. (1855), ch. xn.,
pt. iii., § 54,
as-sert'-or-y, a. [Eng. assert ; -ory. In Ital.
ossertorLo.] Involving an assertion ; designed
to support an assertion,]
"... both with oaths iiromissory and flMertoTT/."-
Jeremy Taylor : On the Decalogue.
as-ser've, v.t. [Lat. asservio.] To serve;
to assist. (Johnson.)
as-sess', v.t. [O. Fr. assesser=to regulate,
settle ; Low Lat. assesso = to value for the
purpose of taxation ; Class. Lat. assessum, sup.
of assideo = to sit near, to be an assessor : ad
= to, or near, and sedeo = to sit. ]
A. Orduiai-y Language :
1. To fix by authority the exact portion of
a tax which any particular person is required
to pay. (Dyche. )
2. To make a valuation of property in any
place, with the view of settling what amount
of local or other taxation its owner or occupier
should be required to pay.
B. Laiv : To fix the amount of damages,
costs, &c., in a law casu.
* as-sess\ a. [From assess, v. (q.v.).] Assess-
ment.
"Taking off ti^csaes, levies, and free-quarteriuga,
might appear i»lauaive niuia."— Princely Pelican, oh. 8.
as-sess'-a-ble, ft. [Eng. assess; -able.] Able
to be assessed. (iVebster.)
as-sess'-a-bly. adu. [Eng. assessabl(e) ; -y.]
By means of an assessment. (IVebster.)
as-sess'ed, jra, par. & a. [Assess, v.]
% Assesseil Taxes : Taxes fixed, not by Act of
Parliament, but by assessment.
as-sess'-ing, 3?r. par. [Assess, v.]
as-ses'-sion, s. [Lat. assessio : ad = lu, or
' near, and sessio = a sitting. ] A sitting near
one to give one counsel. (Johnson.)
as-ses'-sion-ar-y, a. [Eng. assesslon; -ary.]
Pertaining or relating to assession.
"One of the aiiswera of the jury, upon their oaths
at the assfssiomirg court, I have inserted." — Carew:
Survey of Cornivall.
as-sess'-ment, * as-sess e-ment, s.
[Eng. assess; •ment.'}
A. Ordinary Language:
1. The act of fixing a certain sum, after
consideration of a person's means, as the
portion of a tax which he should fairly be
required ti3 pay ; or the act of valuing property
for i-iurposes of taxation, and ad,judghig the
proper sum to be levied on it. (It is followed
by ou or of.)
"It was determined that tlie greater part of this
sum should be levied by an assessinent on real pro-
perty."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
"... the business of the census involving the enu-
meration of persons and the assessment of property."
— Lewis: Early Horn. I/ist., ch. v., § l,
2. The state of being assessed.
3. The amount which is imposed on an in-
dividual after consideration of his resources,
or on property after valuation.
B. Lavj : The act of assessing damages by
means of a jury.
as-sess'-or, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., & Port.
assessor; Fr. assesseur ; Sp. asesor ; Ital, as-
sessore, from Lat. asses>:or =. (1) one who sits
by another, an assistant ; (2) (Law) the as-
sistant of a magistrate : ad = to or near, and
sedeo = to sit.]
1. One who sits near another —
(a) As being next to him iu dignity :
" That hiB great purijose He might su fulfil,
To honour his anointed Son, avenged
Upjn his enemies, and to declare
All power on Him transferr'd : whe?!ce to his Son,
The assessor of His throne. He thus began."
Jlilton ■ P. L., bk. vi.
Or (6) to render him assistance.
^ In fcliis latter sense it speciaUy signified
an 'assistant to a judge. (Dryden : Virgil;
^neid vi. 5S3.)
2. One who assesses people or property for
purposes of taxation. (<Uossog. Nova.)
as-ses-s6'r-i-al, a. [In Fr. & Port, assesso-
rial; Lat. ass<issorius.\ Pertaining to an
assessor- (Coxe.)
as-sess'-6r-ship, s. [Eng. assessor : -ship.]
' The position or lunction of an assessor.
*as-seth'. [Assets.]
as -sets, *as-seth',_*a-seth', *a-sce'th,
^a-see'th'e, *^as-sy th, '^a-9ee'th, s.,a.,
k'adv, [Fr. assez = enough ; O. Fr. aset, asez,
assez; asseiz, asses = enough ; Prov. assatz ; O.
Sp. asaz ; Port, assaz : Ital, assai = enough ;
from Lat. ad = to, and satis = enough.]
A, As adj. c& adv. {chiefly of the form *as-
seth) : Sufficient, enough.
"Yet neuer shall make bis richesse
Aaseth uuto his gredmesse."
Jtomaunt of the Hose.
B, As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Formerly {of some among the obsolete fomu
given above, and especially of the form * aseth) :
(a) Compensation for an injury, satisfac-
tion, or acceptable offeriag or concession.
[ASSITH.]
"And Pilat. willynge to make aseth to the puple,
left to hem 'Burahaa. —Wycliffe : Markxv.
(6) Assets.
"And if it sufHce not for asseth."
Piers Plowman.
2. Now {of the form assets only): The same
as 1 a and b.
II. Technically (of the form assets, s. pi.,
with a sing, form asset = a single item on the
'credit side) :
1. Book-keei'iiig, Bankruptcy, c&c. : All -a
person's property, every part of which may
be made liable for his debts. In balancing
accounts assets are put on one side and debte
on the other — the assets on the Cr. side, and
the debts on the Dr. one. The amounts of a
merchant's debts and assets are always ascer-
tained and recorded if he become insolvent.
2. Laiv : Property left by a deceased person
which is saleable and may be converted into
ready money. It receives its name, assess —
meaning eiuiugh, or sii^cient — because its
possession is sufficient to render the executor
or administrator liable to discharge the debts
and legacies of the deceased person, so far as
the assets may be sufficient for the purpose.
Assets obtained in this way are called per-
sonal. BL'sidfs these, there are others called
assets by descent, or real assets. If a person
covenant that he and his heir shall keep a
house in repair, the heir is bound only its
he has assets enough inherited from the pro-
iniser. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii., chaps.
15, 20, 32.)
as-sev'-er-ate, *as-sev'-er, v.t. & i [in
Sp. aseverar ; Port, asseverar ; Ital. asseverate;
Lat. assevero = to act with earnestness, to
pursue earnestly ; (2) to assert strongly or
firmly : severus = severe. Cognate with Eng.
Swear (q. v.V] To affirm with great solemnity
or very positively.
"... so sweetened and mollified with the concert
of music [the harmony of heaven], that he not only
assevereth it, but also endeavoureth, with great pains
and labour, to set out the true musical proportion of
it," — Fotherby : Atheom., p, 317.
as-sev'-er-a-ted, pa. par. [Asseverate.]
as-sev'-er-a-ting, pr. par. [Asseverate.]
as-SSV-er-a'-tion, s. [In Sp. asevn-acion ;
Port. assi:veru(;ao ; Ital. asseverazione ; Lat.
asseveratio.}
1. The act of asseverating, or positively
asserting anything.
"Asseveration blustering in your face
Makes contradiction such a hopeless case."
Cowper : Convbrsation.
2, That which is asseverated ; a positive
affirmation made.
"Ho denied, with the most solemn asseverations,
that he had taken any money forhimself." — Macaulay:
His!. Eng., ch. .\xi
* as-sev-er-a'-tor-y, a. [Eng. asseverat(e) ;
~ory.] Emphatically asserting,
"Warm and asseveratory answers made by Mr.
Atkius."— .Vo/-(A.- Examen, p. 217.
boil, bo^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f.
-clan. -tian = sban. -tion, -6ion = shuu; -fion. -$ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous =shus. -ble, -die, &c. — b^l, d^L
21
322
assibillation— assignment.
as-sib-il-ia'-tion, s. [Sibillation.]
As-si-dse'-an^, As-si-de'-ans, Chas-i-
dse'-ans, Chas-i-de'-an§(, s. pi. [In Gr.
'Ao-iSaloL^ (Asidawi) ; from He'brew on^pn
(clilidsldlm) = the -pions or lliu righteous ; irn
Ichhcscd) = eagerness, specially (l)love to one;
(2) eii\'y, animosity; l~rT (chluuidd) = to be
eager, to be vehement.] A term given in
1 Mace. ii. 42, and 2 Mace. xiv. (i, to those
Jews who were zealous for the purity of their
faith when Grecian idolatry was beginning
to pervade the land, and who, with their
swords, supported the Maccabee revolt till it
established the pai-tial independence of their
country. It is possible that the term may
originally have been a nickname, like the
■word Puritan was in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth cepturies.
as-si-dent» a. [Lat. assidem, pr. par. of
assideo = to sit by or near : ad = to, and sedeo
= to sit.]
Med. ; Attendant on a disease as a rule,
but still not invariably present. Assident
are opposed to pathognomonic symptoms, the
latter never being absent in any case.
as-sid'-u-ate, ' as-syd'-u-ate, * as-
sid'-u-at, a. [Lat. assiduatus, pa. par. of
assiduo = to apply constantly.] [Assiduous.]
Constant, unremitting, iS;c.
"... miwle ass_i/duate and daylv meanes unto the
kyiige's grace, for to have bis most bounteous pardou."
—/bid.,t.30-d. {BoucJier.)
as-si-du'-i-ty, s. [In Fr. assiduite; Port.
assidnidade ; Ital. assidult^, assiduUade, ctssi-
diiitate; Lat. assidiiitcts = a, constant sitting
by or near attendance, . . . constant care.]
[Assiduous.]
1. Properly : The act of sitting down, or the
state of remaining seated, in order to work
steadily at any business which one has to do.
Hence close application, diligence.
" Some cultivated rlietoric with such assiduity and
aucceas that their discourseBare still justly valued as
models of 5ky\e."—Macaulay : Hist. £ng., ch. lit.
2. Careful attention to a person.
as-sid'-u-oiis, n. [In Fr. assidu; Sp. asidito ;
Port, and Ital. assiduo ; Lat. assiduus = (l)
sitting by or near in constant attendance ; (2)
unremitting: from assideo.] [Assident.]
1. Of persons or other animated helngs (Lit.):
Sitting closely and unintermittingly to one's
work, instead of getting up from time to time
to take relaxation ; hence giving close or con-
stant application to one's work, diligent. (It
is used both of specific in.stances of such un-
intermitting application, and of one's general
character.)
"The public were too strenuously employed with
tlieir own follies to be assiduous in estimating mine."
—Qoldsmith: Essays (Preface).
' ' Thus as the bee, from bauk to bower,
A»f^iduous Bipa at every flower."
Cowpcr . A nnus Memorabilis (1789).
2. Of things: Performed with unremitting
constancy and diligence.
".. , they becAme, under assiduous training, the
first soldiers in Greece," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng. (ed.
1S61), ch. xxiii. (Note).
"... by ajiaWwoiW observation of the sun's transits
over the meridian." — Ilerscliel' AaCron., §377.
"... finally, (issidKoiw and oft-repeated effort . . ."
—Tyndall : Frag, of Science (3rd ed.). Preface, vi.
as-sid'-U-olis-l^, adv. [Eng. assiduoiis; -Jy.]
In an assiduous manner ; with unintennitting
regularity and diligence.
" For, such as his mind was, it had been assiduously
cultivated."— J/acMw/a.v-' J^"^t Eng., ch. xx.
as-sid'-u-ous-ness, '^. [Eng. assiduous;
-ness.] The quality of being assiduous.
" Persons that will have the i>atience to understand,
and press with art and assiduousness." — Lett. dat.
16:J7; Sidney Stale- Papers, vol. ii., 509.
* as-sie'ge, * a-se'ge, v.t. [Fr. assiiger.] To
besiege.
■ as-sie'ged, * a-se'ged, pa. par. ii a. [As-
SIEGE ]
* as-sieg'-er, s. [Eng. assieg{e) ; -er.] A be-
sieger.
" No le-sse to keope then coole th' atsiogers' pride."
Hudson : Judith, lii. 251.
as-si-ent'-ist, s. [Eng., &c., a^sient(o) ; -ist.]
A shareholder or stockholder of the Assiento
Company ; also one holding the Assiento
contract. (Bn >icroft.)
as-si-en'-to, as-i-en'-to, s. [Sp. asiento =
a seal, ... a contract or lease ; from Lat.
assideo = to sit near.] [Assident.]
Commerce & History : A contract or con-
vention between the King of Spain and other
powers for furnishing slaves for the Spanish
dominions in America. The contract of tlie
Assiento was made on March 2(jth, 17iy.
Assiento Company : Any company entrusted
with the function of fulfilling the Assiento
contract. The first one which agreed to un-
dertake the degrading task was the French
Guinea Com-[)any. In July, 1713, the Treaty
of Utrecht handed it over to our country,
and for twenty-six years the South Sea Com-
pany did something towards rendering the
odious service required. But the breaking
out of war in 1739 placed the Assiento contract
in abeyance. It was never revived, and ulti-
mately Britain became the mortal foe, first of
the slave-trade, and then of slavery itself.
as~si'gn, ''as-si'gne, *as-sy'gne {g silent),
v.t. [In Fr. assigner; Prov. asslgnar ; Sp.
asignar ; Port, asslgnar, assinar ; Ital. asscg-
nare ; from Lat. assigno — (1) to mark out, to
assign, to allot, (2) to ascribe, to impute, (3)
to consign, to seal : ad = to, and signum = a
mark.] [Sign.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. Properly, to sign over to another rights
or property which have hitherto belonged to
one's self. [B., I. & II.]
2. To mark out, to allot, to apportion.
"... for the ]_)riests had a portion assigned them of
Pharaoh, and did eat their portion which Pharaoh
gave tliem." — Gen. xlvii. 22.
"... which assigned each battle, cr war, or siege,
or other leading event, to its jjroper consuls."— iijwfis .
Early Rom. Hist., ch, xii., pt. i., fl 14.
3. To designate for a specific purpose ; to
name, to fix upon.
"And they apiwinted Kedesh in Galilee in Mount
Na^ihtali, . . . And on the other side Jordaii by
Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer . . ." [meaning,
named it as a city of refuge].— /osft. xx. 7, 8.
4. To attribute to ; to allege specilically.
"... and with a velocity regulated according to the
law above assigned." — Herschel: Astronomy, 5th ed,
(18.5B), § 361.
B. Technically :
I. Law:
1. To transfer to another by means of a
signed document.
2. To apportion ; to allot.
" If the heir or his guardian do not assign her dower
within the term of quarantine, or do assign it^ un-
fairly, she has her remedy at law, and the sheriff is
appoiniied to assign it." — Blacks'. one : Comment., bk.
ii., ch. 8.
3. To appoint a deputy. [Assignee.]
4. To set anything forth specifically, or
with the full particulars given. Thus, to
assign error is to show in what part of the
process error is committed ; to assign false
judgment, is to declare how and where the
judgment is unjust ; to assign tlie cessor, is to
show how the plaintifi' had ceased or given
over ; to assign waste, is to show wlierein
especially the waste has been committed.
(Gowel.)
IL Comm. (In the same sense as A. 1, and
B. , I. 1.) To sign over to another rights or
property which have hitherto belonged to
one's self. To transfer money or property to
a person by the endorsement of a cheque or
bill, or by a similar document signed.
as-si'gu (pi. as-si'gn§) (g silent), s. [From
assign, v.] (Generally in the plural.)
1. Ordinary Language & Law :
* 1. Appendages ; appurtenances.
"... six French rapiers and poniards, with their
assigns, .13 girdle, hangers, and so. — SJiakehp. : Hamlet,
2. Law: Persons to whom any property is
or may be assigned.
"Afterwards a man seems to have been at liberty
to iiart with all his own acquisitions, if he had i)re-
viously purchased to him and his assigns by name ;
but if his assigns were not specified in the purchased
deed, he was not empowered to aliene."— /J7.(icfo(oue.'
Comment., bk, ii., ch. 19.
as-sign'-a-ble (g silent), «-. [In Fr. assign-
able.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Able to be assigned, allotted, or given
over as property to an individual named.
2. Able to be specified or pointed out.
"So far as th.it element is concerned, production
is susceptible of an increase without any assignable
tjounds. — J. S. Mill : FolU. Econ., vol. i.. bk. i., cli. xi.,
§4.
B. Technimlly :
L Lav: & Comm. : Able to be trausfeired so
as to pass from hand to hand, as an endorsed
cheque.
IL Mathematics:
1. Assignable magnitude or quantity : A
magnitude or quantity which, not being infi-
nite, is capable of being definitely stated.
2. Assignable ratio : A ratio capable of such.
definite statement.
as-si-gnat' (gnat as nyat), s. [Fr.] An
annuity founded on the security of lands.
Specially, French Republican paper money.
When tiie revolutionaiy French Assembly of
1790 took the decisive step of disendowing the
church, and apiiropriating all ecclesiastical
projK-rty to the state, the iirodigious quantity
of church lands, amounting to about one-third
of the soil of France, thrown upon its hands
could not be disposed of all at once. The
labour of selling it was therefore devolved on
each commune or parish, which was required
to pay the jiruccL-ds, when realised, into the
state treasury. Mi-anwhile the government,
being without adequate revenue, issued paper
money on the security of the funds to be paid
it by the communes. The bonds issued for
the purpose were called assignuts. Ulti-
mately over-issue of these paper notes greatly
depreciated their value, so that in the year
1795, 3,000 instead of about tM'enty-four of
them were given in change for a louis-d'or.
(Evans Crowe's Hist, of France ; Cabinet Cyclo-
paedia, 1S31, vol. ii., p. 304 ; vol. iii., p. 121.)
as-sig-na'-tion, s. [In Fr. assignation; Sp.
asignacion ; Port, assignagao ; Ital. assigna-
cinnv ; from Lat. as^ignntio = a, marking out,
an allotment; assignaimn, supine of assigno.}
[Assign.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of assigning. Sinckdly—
1. The act of transferring jtroperty by &
written deed, or in a similar way.
"It could be converted into private property only
by purchase or assignation i and assignation always
proceeded on regular principles, and awarded equal
portions of land to every man." — Arnold: Hint. Rome,
vol. 1., ch. xiv., p. 268.
2. The act of making an aiipointment of
time and place for love-interviews.
"The lovers expected the return of this stated hour
with aa much impatience as if it had been a real
ass i gnat ion." — Spectator.
II. The state of being assigned.
III. That which is assigned.
" That by new instances aa-e not always to l>e under-
stood new recipes, but new assignations; and of the
diversity between these two." — Bacon: inter, of Nat.,
ch. xii., p. 388.
B. Technically:
1. Law £ Comm. : In the same sense as A.,
I. 1. (q.v.).
2. Comm. (LnPinssia^: A bank-note or bill ;
paper money.
as-si'gned (g silent), pa. par. k a. [A.ssign, v.]
" In their assign'd and native dwelling place."
Slwkcsp. : Ax you Like It, ii, L
as-sig-ne'e (g silent), s [In Fr. assigne =
defendant at law.]
In Law :
1. A person to whom any duty or jtroperty
is assigned. An assignee may be one in deed
or 171 law. He is the fonner if appointed by
a person, and the latter if appointed by the
administrators of the law.
2. Assignees in hankri.iptcy : Persons to
whom a bankrupt's estate is assigned, and in
whom it shall be vested for the benefit of his
cieditors. (Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii., ch.
:a.)
as-Si'gn-er (17 silent), s. [Eng. assign ; -er.]
One who or that whicli assigns. [Assignob..]
"The gospel is at once the assignor of our tasks and
the magazine of our streugth." — Dr. H. More : Decay
of Piety.
as-si'gn-ing, pr. par. [Assign, v.]
as-Sl'gn-ment» £. [Eng. assign; -merit. In
Ital. assegnamento.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of assigning or of designing any
person or thing to a particular use.
1. The act of assigning or allotting a;iy
person or thing to a particular use.
"Triumvirs, for the asaigmnent of lands and the
receipt of names, are appointed." — Leiois: Early R^ym.
Hist, ch. xii., pt. ii., § S4.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit. sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or. wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, ignite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian, se. ce = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
assignor— assize
323
* 2. The act of designing anything ; design.
*'The Becoud Bulwarke was the Hearing aence,
'Grainst which the Becond trou|)e oss^ignTnent uiakes."
Spenjttrr : F. Q-, II. xi, 10.
II. The state of being assigned.
"I "believe the years of astigiiment are passed away
with discontent and unhappiness."— Darwin; Voyage
round the World, ch, xix.
in. That which is assigned ; also the docu-
ment by which assignment is made, sucli as
a signed or endorsed cheque or bill, a lease,
&c.
" . . . to those to whom it baa granted a portion of
the revenue, and are indemnified by assignments on
the revenue collectorB."^V. S. Mill: PolU. Econ. ;
Prelim. Rem., p. 17.
"... on an assignment of hearth money there was
no ^fficulty in obtaining advances," — ilacauUiy :
Bist. Eng., ch. x.
B. Technically :
Law, Comm. , £c. : The act of signing over to
another rights or property which have hitherto
belonged to one's self. [A.,I. 1.; III.]
AssignTmnt of estate is a transfer, or making
over to another, of the rl^ht a person has in
any estate. It is usually applied to an estate
for life or years. It differs from a lease, for in
a lease he grants an interest less than his
own, reserving to himsflf a reversion ; while in
an assignment he parts with the whole pro-
perty, which from that time absolutely belongs
to the assignee. (BlacJcstoiie: Cojiiment., 'bk. ii.,
ch. 20.)
as-sigtn-or' (g silent), s. Of the same mean-
ing as AbSIONER.
"... in aasignmenta he parts with the whole pro-
perty, and the assignee stands to all intents and
purposes in the place of the aB8ig7ior."—Blacketone:
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20.
as-sim-il-a-bil'-i-ty', s. [Eng. assimilable ;
-ity.] Capability of being assimilated. (Cole-
ridge.) (Beid's Diet.)
as-sim'-il-a-ble, a. & s. [In Fr. assimildble.]
A, As adjective : That may be assimilated.
Able to be made in one or more particulars to
resemble something else. (Webster.)
"B, As substantive: That which is capable
of being assimilated.
"The spirits of many will find hut naked habita-
tions, meeting no asnmilables wherein to re-act their
natures." — Browne: Vulgar Errours.
as-siin'-il-ate,'y.i. & i. [In Ger, assimiliren ;
Ft. assimiler : Sp. asimilar ; Port, assimilar ;
Ital. assiviigliare, ass'lmilare : from Lat. as-
similis = similar ; ad = to, and similis = like ;
or from Lat. assimulo (there is not an assimilo)
= to make like, to compare.]
A. Transitive :
* I. Ordinary Language :
1. To compare.
" To these 4 brutes, living in this estate,
Foure kindes of men we may asstmUate."
Times Whvitle, E. E. Text Soc. (ed. Cowper),
De qitatuor elemcntis, 17, 78.
2. To create a likeness between two or more
different things; to render one thing like
another.
"A ferine and necessitous kind of life would easily
a^mUate at least the next generation to barbarism
and ferineness." — Bale.
" The downy flakes
Descending, and with never-ceasing lapse
Softly alighting upon all below.
Assimilate all objects." Cowper : Task. iv. 329.
3. To convert into a substance identical
witti, or at least similar to, that operating
upon it. [II. Physiol]
" Tasting concoct, digest, assimU-ate,_^
And corporeal to incoi-poreal turn.
Milton: P. L., v. 412.
" Hence also animals and vegetables may asnmilate
their nourishment, moist uounsliuient easily changing
its texture till it becomes like the dense earth. —
Newton.
II. Animal and Vegetable Physiol. : In the
same sense as I. :'>. (Used of the power pos-
sessed by plants and animals of converting
their appropriate noui'ishment into portions
of themselves.)
B. Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language : To become similar.
(Followed by the preposition to.)
" With regard to the eiwlling of native names, ...
I have adopted that which assimilates most to the
English pronunciation."— ffoofcer: Himalayan Jour-
iials, voL i.. Preface, p. xviiL
IL Animal and VegeidbU Physiol. : To be
converted into the substance of an animal or
plant.
as-sim-il-a'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Assimilate,
' V.-]
aa-sim-il-ate-ness, s. [Eng. assiinilate ;
' -««M.] The quality of being similar to ; like-
ness. (JohllSOTl.)
as-sim-il-a'-tifig, pr. par. [Assimilate, v,]
as-sim-il-a -tioil« s. [In Dan. & Fr. assimila-
' tion; Port, assimilagao ; Ital. assiinilazione ;
Lat assirmdatio = likeness, similarity.]
1. Ordinary Language: The act or process
of assimilating, i.e., of making one being, per-
son, or thing similur to another ; the state of
being so assimilated.
"It is as well the instinct as daty of ouv nature
to aspire to an assimilation with Gud, eveu the
most hiudable and generous ambition."— Z) way of
Piety.
2. AiUnud and Vcgdahh' Physiol.: The pro-
cess by whifih an animal or a plant converts
into textures, identical with its own, such
foreign molecules as are fitted for its nutri-
ment. (See Glossai'y tn Owen's Comparative
Anatomy of the Invertebrate Animals, 2nd ed.,
1S55, p. 609.)
" These two processes, excretion, or the expulsion of
efl'ete particles, and assimilation of substances from
without, are necessarily mutually demndent." — TocUl
& Boivmun: Physiol. Anat., vol. i.; Iiitrod., p. 12.
as-sim'-il-a-tive, adj. [Eng. assimilate ;
sufl". -ive.'] Assimilating ; ha^'illg the power
of assimilating.
"... an attractive, a retentive, an assimilative, and
an expulsive virtue." — Bakevnlt : Ajiology, p. 5.
t as-sim'-il-a-tor-y, «. [Eng. assimilate ;
-ory.} Tending to assimilate. (Webster.)
* as-sim'-ul-ate, v.t. [Lat. assimulo =^ (X)
to make like ; (2) to counterfeit ; similis —
like.] To feign, to counterfeit. (Johnson.)
* as-sim-ul-a'-tion, s. [Lat. assimulatio =
(1) similarity; (2) Rhet, a feigning that an
audience is unfavourable to tlie views the
orator expresses when he knows it to be the
very opposite.] A dissembling, a counter-
feiting. (Johnson.)
t as-si-ne'-go, + S-s-i-ne'-go, s. [Sp. &
Port, asno = an ass. ] An ass, a dolt, a stupid
person.
"... thou haat no more brain than I have in mine
elbows ; an assinego may tutor thee : thou scurvy
valiant ass! thou ai't here put to thrash Trojans . , ."
—SJiakcsp. : Troilus aiul Cresstda, il 1.
* as-si'§fe, s. [Assize (2).]
as-si?'-6r, s. [Assizer.]
t S>SS'-ish, a. [Eng. ass ; suff. -ish.] Asinine.
(Mrs. Cowden Clarke.) (Goodrich and Porter.)
as-sist', v.t. & i. [In Fr. assister ; Sp. asistir ;
Port, assistir ; Ital. assistere ; from Lat. assisto
= to stand at or by : ad= to or near ; sisto =
to cause to stand.] Properly, to stand by
one ; hence to help, to aid, to support one,
whether in action or in sorrow.
A. Traoisitive : In the above sense.
"... that ye assist her in whatever business she
hath need of yoiL "—^om. xvi. 2.
B. Intransitive : To give help or aid.
" Myself assisting in the social joy."
Pope : Bomer's Odyssey, bk. iv., 331.
as-sist'-an9e, s. [In Fr. assistance ; Sp. asis-
tencia; Port, o-ssistenncia ; Ital. assistenza; Low
Lat. assistentia.] Help, aid ; whatever in the
circumstances will enable one to do his work
more easily or in a shorter time, or will en-
courage him with more fortitude to sustain
his sorrow.
"Let us entreat this necessary assistance, that by
his gi-ace he would lead us." — Rogers.
as-SlSt'-ant, a. & s. [In Fr. assistant, a.. & s. ;
Sp. asistente, s. ; Port, assistant, adj., assistant,
s. ; Ital. assistente ; from Lat. assistens, pr. par.
of assisto.] [Assist.]
A. As adjective : Aiding, he]j)ing, auxiliary.
" Aroimd, a train of weeping siaterB stands.
To raise her, sinking, with assistant hande."
Pope : Bomer's Iliad, bk, xxii., 604-5.
B. As substantive : Properly, one who stands
by or attends upon another, an attendant ;
but now the word means one who aids or
helps another in any way.
" Of four assistants who his labour share.
Three nowwere absent ou the rural care."
Pope : Bomer's Odyssey, bk. xir., 27, 28,
I as-sist -ant-l3?", adv. [Eng. assistant ; -ly. ]
In a manner to assist.
" He hath holpeu up assistantly,
His servant Israel!"
Magnificat, in StemJiold's Psalms (ed. 1598),
as-sist'-er, s. [Eug cu-^.-lst ; -er.] One Who
asbists ; an assistant. (Ash.)
as-sist'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Assist. ]
" jEneas too demands
Th' assisting forces of his native bands."
Pope : /Tomer's Iliad, bk. xiii. 016, 617.
as-sist'-less, a. [Eng. assist, and suffix -less.]
Without assistance. (Poetic.)
" stupid he stares, and all assistlesa stands."'
Pope: Hotner's flind. wi. S70.
^ as-sith', ^as-sy'th, v.t. [Asseth.]
1. Ord. Lang.: To satisfj'.
" Lauchfiil or evyne pwniscioune
Mav thaim assith be ua resdiu'."
kutis Raving, bk. i. (ed. Lumby), 2,391-2.
2. Scots Laiv : To make compensation for an
injurj'.
* n,s-sith'-ment (0. Eng.), as-sy'th-ment
(Scotch), s. [O. Eng. assith = to compensate,
and suffix -meni.']
*■ 1. Old Eng. : A weregild, or composition
by a pecuniary mulct.
2. Scotch : Indemnification from persons
injured, without which, in Itunnfr times,
pardon could not Im granted by the king.
(The term assythment is not yet obsolete in
Scots Law.)
"For this reason it was not comiwtent to any one
charged with a crime to plead a lemission till he had
given security to mdemnify the private party (145T, c.
74 ; 1528, c. 7) ; and iu ease of slaughter, it l>ehoved the
wife or executors of the deceased who were entitled
to that indomuificatiou, or as it is called in the style
of o\u- statutes assytliment, to sxibscribe lettei-s of
slains acknowledging that they hatl received satisfac-
tion, or otherwise to concur in soliciting for the
pardon Ijefore it could be obtained il592)."—£r8kine:
Jnstit., bk. iv., title iv.
as-Si'ze (1), s. A layer of stone, or one of the
cylindrical blocks in a column. The jiumber
of assizes in the Great Pyramid was 203.
(Knight's Diet, of Meclianics.)
as-si'ze (2), ^ as-si^e, * as-sy '^e, * a-si'^e,
* a-sy'^e, * a-sy'9e, s. [In Ger. assisen;
Fr. (issises (pi.), from asseoir = to make one sit
down ; O. Fr. assise = a set rate, a tax ; assis
= set, seated ; assire = to set ; Prov. asiza
= (1) an assembly of judges, (2) a decision
pronounced by them, (3) a tax ; Low Lat.
assisa, assisia ; Class. Lat. assessus = a sitting
by ; assideo = to sit by : ad = to, . by,
near, and sedeo = to sit.]
A. Ordinary Language :
L A formal session or sitting ; or in the
pl., sessions or sittings specially for judicial
purposes.
1. Literally :
(a) In a general sense: A sitting for any
purpose, as for worship, to liear confessions,
&c.
" In daunger he hadde at liis owue assise
The youge gurlea of the diocise."
Chaucer : C. T., C65-6.
T[ In daunger is = under his jurisdiction.
(b) (Generally pl.) : With the same significa-
tion as that given under B., II, a.
" Thenceforward his writs ran siud Ins judges held
assizes In every part of Ireland . . ."—Macaulay :
Bist. Eng. , ch. i.
(c) The time or place of holding a judicial
sitting.
"The law was never executed by any justices of
assize : but the people left to their ow]) laws.'"— /)«(itc*;
Ireland.
2. Fig. : The last judgment.
" The judging God shall close the book of fate,
And there the last assizes keep.
For those who wake and those who sleep."
Dryden: Mrs. EUUgrcw, Va-j..
II. The result of such judicial or other
sitting.
* 1. A statute. [B., IL 5.]
" Bttoknen thine seueu wise,
That han iwrowt ayen the assise."
Seuyn Sages, 2.490. (Boucher.)
* 2. A judgment. [B., IL 5.]
" Vt elder God did Jhesum i-ise.
The quilc gie hang with fals asise."
MS. Coll. Med. Edin., H. iii. 12, t. 125 h. (Boucher.)
* 3. A regulation. [B., II. 5.]
" And on the same asise serued and allowed
Of alle the franchise, that it are was dowed."
Chron. of Bob. de Brunne, p. 77. (lioucher.)
" And after mete the lordys wyse,
Eueryche yn dywers queyntyse,
To daunce went by ryght asyse."
Octouian, 81. (Boucher.)
* HL Things assigned ; conunodities. [B.,
n. 6.]
" "Whau thtr comes marcbaundi&e,
With coru, wyn, and steil, othir other assise.
To heore loud any schip,"
Alisawnder, 7,074. (Bonvher.)
b6]\l, b^; poiLt, j6\^l; cat, 96!!, chorus, 911111, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion — shun ; -tion, -$ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c - hel. del.
324
assize— association
IV. Their weight or measure ; measui-e-
ment, dimension, (Now contracted into 8ize.)
[B., 11. 6.]
" Than was it achorter than the asx-lse.
Thrise wroght thai with it on this wise."
The Story of the Holy Rood (ed. Morris), 0-i;;, 644.
" On high hill's top I anw a stately frame,
An hundred cubits high, by juat aaaize.
With hundred piUars. '
Spenser: V-iiions of ll'-Utiy, W,
* V. Form, fashion.
"So al watz dubbet on dere asj/se."
E. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris}, The Pear!, 57.
* VI. Service.
" That WB may lere hyin of lof, as cure lyste biddez.
As in the asyse of Sodomaa to se^gez that passen."
E. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morns) ; Cleanness. 843-4.
B. Technically :
I. Law (£ Govermmnt: An assembly of
knights and other substantial men met at a
certain place and time for the discharge of
public business. In this sense, the General
Council or Witenagemot of England was
called the General Assize. Glanvil, who
wrote in the reign of Henry II. , says it had
never yet been ascertained by the general
assize or assembly, but was left to the custom
of particular counties. (Blackstone : Comm.,
bk. i., ch. 2.)
II. Lmu :
1. A jury, so called from their sitting to-
gether. Blackstone thinks that jury was the
original meaning of the word assize. The
gramd assize, or grand jury, was instituted by
Henry II., and might be appealed to by one
who preferred it to trial by battle. (Black-
stone : Comin., bk. iii., chaps. 10, '22. and 23.)
2. The court which summons together such
a jury by a commission of assize, or ad assi^as
capiendas. (Ibid., ch. 10.)
3. The sittings held, by the commission of
the sovereign, at stated intervals, by one or
more judges in the county towns of England,
for tifie trial of civil and criminal cases.
[See A., I., 1 (&).] The judges sit on such
circuits by virtue of five authorities — the
commission of the peace, that of oyer and
tex'miner, that of general gaol delivery, that
of assize, and that of nisi prius. The foun-
dation of the present system was laid by
Magna Charta, and by the statute Westm. 2,
13 Edw. I., c. 30. Tlie commission of assize
was so called because it was sent to take the
Terdict of a particular kind of assize — that is,
jmy. (Ihid., bk. iii., chaps. 22, 23.)
J:. An action at law for recovering the pos-
session of lands. It is applicable to no more
than two species of injmy — by ouster, viz.,
abatement [Abatement], and recent or novel
disseisin. [Disseisin.] If the abatement
happened uijon the death of the demandant's
father, mother, brother, sister, nephew, or
niece, the remedy is by an assize of niort
d' ancestor ; if by that .of relatives different
from these, then various other terms are
applied to it. An assize of novel disseisin —
that is, of recent disseisin — does not essen-
tially differ from that now described. These
actions were called wriis of assize. (Ibid., bk.
iii., ch. 10.)
^ A certificate of assize wn^ a second trial
granted when a miscairiage of justice ap-
peared to have occurred, (Blackstone : Comvi.,
bk. iii., ch. 24.)
5. A statute or ordinance. [A., II., 1, 2, 3.]
(a) In a general sense : A statute or ordi-
nance of any kind. The assize of amis was
an enactment of Henry II. that each person
should provide arms suitable to his rank,
which on his death should descend to his son
or other heir.
T[ The assize of the forest meant rules for the
management of the royal forests.
^ Rents of assize are cei-tajn established rents
of the freeholders and ancient copyholders
of a manor, which cannot be departed from
or varied, They are also called qvit-rcnts.
IQuiT.] (Blackstone: Comm., bk. ii., ch. 3.)
(h) Spec. : An ordinance for regulating the
measui-e and price of the articles sold in the
market ; also one for similarly fixing the stan-
dard weights and measures.
^ To break tlie assize of bread is to violate the
laws regulating tlie sale of bread, as by using
false weights or gi\'ing short weight. (Black-
stone: Comm., bk. iv., c. 12.)
6. The articles officially weighed and mea-
sured ; also the standard weights. [A., III.,
IV.]
^ III. Chess :
" The long assise, apiiarentty n term of chess, now
disused."— Sir W. Scoff.
"And aette he hath the long asise,
And endred beth ther Inne ;
The play Inginneth to ariae,
Tristrein deieth atvinue."
Sir Tristrein, F. J., at. xxx. (.s in Boucher.)
as-si'ze, v.t. [From assize, s.]
I, To fix by a legal ordinanr-e the weight,
measure, or price of articles to be exposed for
sale.
*■ 2. To assess as a tax-payer. (Buners.)
as-si'zed, *^ as-si's
, pa. 2J0.T- [Assize.]
as-si'z-er, as-si's-er, as-si'§-or, as-
si'Z-or, s. [Eng. asi^izc, v. ; -er, or.]
A, Of the forms assizer, assiser, and assisor
(Eng.): An officer who fixes the "assize" — that
^s, the weight, measure or price of ai-ticles to
be sold.
^ Daniel (Hist. Eng., p. 169) mentions
"false assisors" among those against whom
the writ of Trailbaston was issued, (Davies.)
B. Of tlie form assizor (Scots Law) : A juror.
' as-s6'-ber, *as-s6'-bre (bre as ber),
v.t. [From Fr. sobre = sober.] To sober ; to
make sober ; to keep sober. [Sober.]
" And thus X rede thou assobre,
Thyu heste, in hope of such a grace."
Oower : Conf. Amant., bk. vi,
as-sd-91-a-bir-i-ty (or ci as Shi), s. [Eng.
I' ^sociable'; -ity. In Ger. assozloMlitat .] The
(luality of being capable of associating to-
gether.
"When dealing with the Associahility of Feelings,
and the AssocinbUity of Relations between Feelings."—
Ifet-bert Spencer: Psychol. (2nd ed.), vol. it, § 45ii.
as-so'-ji-a-blc (or ci as Shi), a. [Formed
as if from a Lat. associoMlis, ou the analogy of
sociable.]
A. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Of persons: Sociable in disposition,
companionable. (Cotgrave, Todd, <S:c.)
2. Of persons and things : Caj)able of being
united ; joined or associated together. (John-
son, £c.)
B. Technically : Capable of being associated
together. Used, —
1. (Psychol.) Of the feelings.
"... we know feelings to be associable only by the
proved ability of oue to revive another." —Herbert
Spencer : Psychol. (2nd ed., 18J0}, vol. 1., p. 251.
2. (Med:) Of organs of the body in sympathy
with other organs.
as-so'-9i-a-ble-ness(orcias shi), s. [Eng.
associable ; -ness.] Associability. (Webster.)
as-s6'-9i-ate (ci ns shi), v.t. & i. [From
the adj. In Fr. associer ; Sp. asodar ; Port.
assodar— to associate.]
A, Transitive:
I. Of persons:
I. To join with one as a companion, a
friend, a partner, or a confederate ; to associate
a person with one's self in some one of these
relations ; to unite together in fx'iendship or
confederacy, as two persons or parties may do.
" One of our order, to associate lue.
Here m tiiis city visiting the sick."
S}iakesj>. : Itojneo and Juliet, v. 2.
" A fearful army, led by Caius Marcius,
Associated with Aufidius, rages
Upon our territories. "
Sh<ikesp. : Coriolanus, iv. 0.
" Associate yourselves, O ye peoi>le, and ye shall be
broken in pieces."— /sa. viii. 9,
* 2. To show sympathy with, by tears or
otherwise, as a sincere associate or friend,
even in one's woe.
" Shed yet some small drops from thy tender spring
Because kind nature doth require it so ;
Friends should associate friends in grief and wo."
Shakesp. : Titus Andronicus, v. 3.
II. Of things : To unite, blend, or join to-
gether, as feelings, mental conceptions, or
material substances may do.
" Members of the three great croups of feelings
severally ajisotrf«fR themselves primarily with ineiiihers
of their own group." — Herbert Spencer : Psychol. (2ud
ed., I8T0), vol. i., p. 2.i;<.
"Native silver is always associated with gold." —
Graham : Chemistry (2nd ed.), vol. ii., p. :Ui.
T[ Formei'ly the verb to associate was at
least occasionally followed by to ; now with is
employed. (See the subjoined example and
the examples above.)
" Some oleaginous particles unperceivedly associated
themselves to it."— Hoyle.
B. Intransitive :
1. Of persons : To keep company (with), to
have intimate friendship with, to be in cnii-
federacy with.
" They appear in a manner no way assorted to those
with whom they must associate." — Burke.
2. Of things: To unite together in action, to
act harmoniously. (The elder Darvnn.)
as-SO'-ci-ate (or ci as shi), a. 6z s. [From
Lat. associatits, pa. par. of associo : ad = to,
and socio = to unite together ; socius = a
partner, a companion.]
A, vis adjective :
I. Ordina ry Langwige :
1. Of persons:
(a) United in interest or for the prosecution
of a common purpose ; confederate.
" Amphinomus aurvey'd th' associxite hand."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk, xvi ac'.
(6) United with another in office ; sliaring
with another a common office ; as "^an asso-
ciate judge."
2. Of things: Acting in common, exerting a
sympathetic influence on each other. [B.]
II. Technically (Med.): Connected by habit
or sympathy, as associate motions, such as
occur sympathetically in consequence of pre-
ceding motions, (The elder Darwin.) (Web-
ster's Diet.)
B. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of persons :
(1) A companion, a mate ; one whom .1
person keeps company with.
" Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond
Compare, above all living creatures dear.*
Milton ■ J'. L., bk. ix.
" How dull ! to hearths voice of those
Whom rank or chance, whom wealth or power.
Have made, though neither friends nor foes,
Associates of the festive hour."
Byron : Hours of Idleness.
(2) A partner in some office or enterprise.
(a) In a good, or at least an indifferent
sense : A comrade, a partner, &c.
" I call'd my fellows, and these words address'd :
My dear associates, here ludulge your rest."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. ix., 100, 200.
(&) In a bad sense : An accomplice.
"Their less scrupulous associates complained bitterly
that the good cause was betrayed."— J/ acaittoy ; Hist.
Eng., ch, xv,
2. Ofthi)igs: A concomitant.
"Good health, and, its associate in the most.
Good temper." Cowper : Task, bk. i.
B. Technically : One who holds a certain
honorary title in connection with the Royal
Academy or any similar institution. The
dignity of associate is inferior to that of
academician. Its abbreviation is A.
^ A.R.A. is = Associate of the Royal Aca-
demy ; A.R.8. A. is = (1) Associate of the
Royal Society of Arts, or (2) Associate of the
Roj'al Scottish Academy.
as-s6'-9i-a-ted (or ci as shi), pa. par. & a.
[Associate, v.]
" With strictly social animals the feeling will be
more or less extended to all the associated members."
—Darvnn : Descent of Man, pt. i., ch, iii.
as-so -9i-ate-ship (orci as shi), o. [Eng.
associate, and suff. -ship.]
1. The state of one associated with another
person, or with a party, or sharing with some
one else a common office.
" And that, under the present system, rising men
were hardly ever admitted to associateship until they
were past the age at which the recognition of the
Academy could Be of service to them. —Sir Charlet,
DUke : Speech in Parliament ; Times, April 10, 1877.
2. The position or dignity of being an asso-
ciate. [Associate, s., II.]
as-so'-gi-a-tiiig (or ci as shi), pr. par.
[Associate, v.]
as-so-9i-a'-tion (or ci as shi), o. [In Ger.
& Fr. association; Sp. asociadon ; Port, as^o-
ciagao.^
A. Ordina-ry Language :
I. The act of associating, uniting, orjoiniii"
together.
I. Of persons, or other beings capable of
action :
"F. Cuvler has obser^-cd tliat all animals that
readily enter into domestication consider man a.-t a
member of their own society, and thus fulfil their
iDStuict of association." — Darwin: Voyage round tlu-
World, ch. vlii,, p. 150,
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pdt,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, sou ; mute, cub, ciire, uinite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, Ge = e. oy = a» q.u = kw.
assoclational— adsuade
325
2. Of things :
". . . his riiiaii'sliiieutal powers, in astiociaiion with
hisextraurdiuarily-develoijed Toiam."— a uu:ii: Classif.
of SLartinuilia, p. 49.
II. The state of being so associated, united,
or joined together. (Used of beings, of per-
sons, or of things.)
1. Of heings or persons:
" Self-denial a a kind of holy associntion with God ;
and, by inakiug you his iKirtuer, intereata you in all
his liappiueBs.'— £o|/Z6.
". . . those animals which were benefited by living
Inclose asuoclation." — Darwin: Descent of Man, pt. i.,
oh. iii.
2. Of things. [B. 1.]
IIL An aggi-egate of persons or things asso-
ciated together.
1. Of persons : A society of any kind ; per-
sons in union with each other for any purpose,
civil or ecclesiastical, political or non-politi-
cal. [B. 2.]
"The .A«so(rfa*iora also holds itself liable to print in
detail those reaearohea on particuhir points of inquiry
which it has reg^uested mdividuaU or itucieties to
undertake."— irif. Assoc. Sep., voL i, (2nd ed., 1835),
p. viii.
2. Of things: An aggregate of things so
associated together, as mental conceptions
with each other, a mental feeling or thought
with nerve action, or material substances
with each other.
" We may build more splendid habitations,
Fill our rooms with paintings and with sculptiires.
But we cannot
Buy with gold the old (UBoclatioiis."
Longfellow : Birds of Passage [Golden Milestone).
" Here a muue of noble intellectual associations, . ."
—Tyndall: Frag, of Science (3rd ed.), xii. 559.
IV. A contract containing the rides or
articles by which persons uniting with each
other mutually pledge themselves to carry out
the common objects of their society.
"He. . , had been the author of that Associntion
by which the Prince's ailherents had bound themselves
to stand or fall together."— J/ttcaufa;/.- Uist. Eng.,
ch. X,
". . . was forced to content himself with dropping
the Association into a flower-iJot which stood in a
parlour near the kitchen." — Ibul., ch. xviii.
B. Technically :
1. Mental and Moral Philosojihy :
(a) Association of ideas : The connection in
the mind, especially in matters relating to
memory, between two ideas, so that one tends
to recall the other. If, for example, on walk-
ing out, one ■ come to a spot where on a
previous occasion something exciting hap-
pened, the sight of the place will almost cer-
tainly recall the occurrence. Dugald Stewart
considers that the ideas which teml to suggest
each other ai-e those connected togetlier by
resemblance, analogy, contrariety, vicinity in
time or in jdace, the relation of cause and
effect, of means and of end, or of premises
and conclusion.
" Association of ideas is of great imjiortance, and
may be of excellent use " — Watts.
(b) The association of feelings is a similar
connection among the feelings.
"... the ultimate law to which the association of
feelintjs conforms." — Herbert Spencer : Psychology,
2nd ed. (1870), vol. i., p. 252.
2. Science, Literature, (&C. :
The word Association, though not so com-
mon as Society, is still in general use in the
sense detailed under A., III. 1. A well-
known association in Britain is fully and for-
mally designated "The British Association for
the Advancement of Science," but it is gene-
rally called simply "The British Association."
At its firet meeting, that held in York on
the 27th of September, 1831, the Rev. William
Vernon Harcoui-t thus defined its aims : —
meiit of Science, having for its objects, to give a
stronger impulse and more systematic direction to
scientific in(iuiry, to obtain a greater degree of national
attention to the objects of science, and a removal of
those disadvantages which impede its ijrogresa, and to
promote the intercourse of tne cultivators of science
with one another and with foreign philosophers." —
Brit. Assoc. Reports, vol. i., 2nd ed. (1835), p. 22.
The British Association has since greatfy
developed, and is now (1902) divided into
eleven sectiouSj distinguished by letters as
follow : A. Mathematics and Physics ; B.
Chemistry; C Geology; I). Zoology; E.
Geography ; F. Economic Science and Statis-
tics ; G. Mechanical Science ; H. Anthrop-
ology; I. Physiology; K. Botany; and L.
Educational Science. Each section is governed
by a president, vice-presidents, secretaries,
and committee. The association meets, on
invitation being sent to il, in any of the larger
towns or cities (London excepted) which can
give it accommodation, doing its best at each
place to communicate an impulse towards the
cultivation of science which may continue to
operate after it has gone.
as-s6-9i-a'-tion-al, a. [Eng. association;
-at,] Pertaining to the act or state of associa-
tion, or to persons or things associated ; per-
taining to associationism (q.v.).
as-so-gi-a'-tion-ism, s. [Eng. association ;
-isvi.]
Fhilos. : The doctrine of the association of
ideas. [Association, B. 1 (a).]
as-so-^i- a'-tion-ist, s. [Eng. association
(ism); -ist.] (1) An adherent or supporter of
associationism (q.v.); (2) A member of an
association.
as-s6-9i-a'-tive (or 51 as shl), a. [Eng.
associat(e); -ive.'] Possessing the quality of
associating. (Coleridge.) (Reid. )
as-so'-gi-a-tor (or 91 as shi), s. [Eng. asso-
ciate ; -on] One who associates Vi'ith others
for any purpose.
"In Westminster there were thirty-seven thousand
associators, in the Tower Hamlets eight thousand, in
Southwark eighteen thousand." — Macaalay : Hist.
Eng., ch. xxi.
*as-S^' (1), v.t [From Lat. ad — to, and
Eng. soil. In Pr. sonillcr = to soil, to defile.]
[Soil.] To soil ; to stain,
"... and what can he be.
Can with unthankf uliiess assoile me."
Beaum. A Fletdi. : Q. of Corinth, iii. 1. {/iicTuirdson.)
^ as-s6il' (2), * as-soil'e» ^ as-s6yl', * as-
so^l'e, * as-sole, * a-soil'e, * a-s^l'e
(0. Eng.), as-s^-zie, * as-s6il'-yie (zi
as yi) (0. Eng. & Mod. Scotch), v.t. [O. Fr.
assoiler, assaurre, assaudre, assoldre, absoiler,
absouldre ; from Port, assolvar ; ItaL assolvere ;
Lat. ahsolvo = (1) to loosen from, (2) to free
from, (3) to acquit, (4) to pay off, (5) to finish :
a& = from, and solvo= to loosen, to untie.]
[Absolve.]
A, Of the Old English forms assoil, c&c;
1. To let loose, to set free ; to deliver.
"Till from her bonds the spright assailed ie."
Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 52.
2. To absolve a sin, or fault, or eiTor ; or to
absolve a person from a charge, to acquit him.
" Well meeting how their errour to assoyle."
Spenser: F. Q., TV. vi.
25.
"The Pape them assoled." — Chron. of Bob. de
Brunne, p. 205. (S. in Boucher.)
" When he -was asoyled of the Pope."
Langtoft: C'hron.. p. 1. {Boucher.)
3. To pay.
" Till that you come where ye your vowes assoyle."
Spenser : Daphnaida, vii.
■1. To remove.
" In seeking him that should her jiayn assoyle"
Spenser: F. Q., IV v. 30.
B. Of the Scotch forms assoilzie, * assoilyie :
1. Scots Laii' : To acquit or absolve by sen-
tence of a court.
"... for non-payment of a feu duty, ... in whilk
the defender was assoilzied." — Scott .- Waverley, ch
xlviii.
2. To absolve from ecclesiastical censure.
* as-soil'e, s. [Assoil, v.] Confession.
"When we speak by way of liddle, of which the
sense can hardly be picked out hut l>y the parties' own
assoile." — Puttenluvm, iii. 157. (jVnrcfi.)
* as-s6il'~ing, *as-s6il'-lyng, ""as-soyl-
inge, * a-s6^1 -yn, pr. par. & s. [Assoil,
v.]
As substantive : Absolution.
"And to sywi this mansiuge, and the assoylinge al
so, we asaigneth the biasop of Winchestre io.— Robert
of Gloucest. : Citron., p. 502. (S. in Boucher.)
'*Asoylyn of synnys. "— Prompt. Parv.
" For curs wol slee right as nssoillyng saveth."
Chaucer : TJte Prologue, 663.
as-soil'-ment, s. [O. Eng. assoil, and Eng.
suff. -ment] The act of assoiling ; absolution.
(More.) (Speed.)
as-s^'-zie (z silent), * as-soil'-yie, v.t.
' [Assoil (2), B.]
as-soir-zied (z silent), pa. par. [Assoil (2),
B.]
as-soil'-zing (s silent), pr. par. [Assoil (2),
B.]
as'-sdn-an9e, 5. [In Dan. assonants; Ger.
assonanz; Fr. assonance; Sp. asonancia; Ital.
assonanza.'\
Rhetoric & Poetry : A term used when the
words of a phrase or of a verse have the same
sound or termination, and yet do not properly
rhyme. (Johnson.)
as'-sdn-ant, adj. & s. [Fr. assonant; Sp.
asonante (s.) ; Lat. assonant, pr. par. of assono
or adsono = to sound to ; ad = to, and sono =
to sound.]
A. Asadjective: Sounding so as to resemble
another sound. (Johnson.)
Assonant Rhymes : Verses not properly rhym-
ing. [Assonance.] They are deemed legiti-
mate in Spanish, but in English are considered
blemishes in composition.
B. As substantive : Spanish verses not pro-
perly rhyming. [See the adj.l
"^ assonzie, v.t. [Essoin.]
as-s6'rt, v.t. & i. [Fr. assortir = (l) to sort,
* (2) to match ; Ital. assortire = to sort, to
choose by lot.] [Sobt.]
A. Transitive :
1. To arrange or dispose in such a way that
one person or thing will suit another, to
match ; to adapt one person or tiling to
another.
"They appear . , . \io v/s-y assorted to thote with
whom they must associate." — Burke.
2. To distribute into soi-ts ; arrange things
of the same kind into different classes, or into
bundles, heaps, &.c.
3. To furnish with articles so arranged.
[Assorted.]
B. Intrans. : To suit, to agree, to match ;
to be in cougruity or harmony with.
"' as-s6'rt, s. [Assort, v.]
" Sit down here by one assort."
Sir Ferumbras. (Ellis, vol. ii.) {/vichardson.)
as-sb'rt-ed, pa. jjar. & a. [Assort, v.]
"To be found in the vrell-assorted warehouses of dis-
senting cougregatious."' — Burke.
as-s6'rt-!ng, pr. par. [Assort.]
as-s6'rt-inent, s. [Eng. assort; -ment. In
Dan, assortement ; Fr. assortimcnt ; Ital. assorti-
mento.]
I. The act of assorting, or disposing in a
suitable manner ; the state of being assorted.
II. The aggregate of things assorted. Speci-
ally—
1. Quantities of various articles, eacli ar-
ranged separately from the rest and put in its
own proper place.
2. Particidar varieties of the same ai"ticle,
so selected as to matcli with each other ; or
various articles so selected that each is har-
monious or in keeping with the other.
" 'Tis a curious assortment of dainty regales,
To tickle the negi'oes with when the ship sails,
Fine chains for the neck, and a cat with nine tails."
Cov)per : Sweet Meat lias Sour Sauce.
"... ii,l&o n&ue nssortTnent ot Azalea indicu, . . ." —
Advt., Times, aoth Nov., 1876.
"The above assortments are easily displayed, and
have full instructions for firing on each article." —
Adot., Tim.es, 4th Nov., 1875.
*as-s6t', u.^ [Ft. assoter = to infatuate with
a passion.]
1. To besot, to infatuate ; to cause to dote
upon. [Besot,]
" That monstrous eiTour which dotb some assot."
Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 9,
2. To bewilder.
" Assotted had his sence, or dazed was his eye."
Spenser: F. Q., III. viii. 22.
* as-SOt', a. [AssoT, v.] Infatuated ; foolish.
" Tho willye, I wene thou bee ashot."
Spenser: She2jh. Cat., iii.
* as-s6t'-ted, pa. par. & a. [ Assot, v. t. ]
^ as-s6^1e, v.t. [Assoil.]
" as-s6yled» 2m. par. [Assoil.]
* as-soyl'-inge, j3r. par. & s. [Assoil, v.]
* as-s6y'ne, * as-s^'n, * as-soj^'gne
(g silent), * a-soy'ne, *. [Essoin, s.]
* as-s6y'ne, v.t. [Essoin, s. & v.]
* as-spy'e, v.t. [Espv.]
as-sua'de (sua as swa), v.t. [Pref. as- =
ad- intens. and Lat. siuidec] To urge persua-
sively.
"A chance of assuading his own better judgment
on the multitude." — Annual Beview, ir. 240
IN.E.D.)
boil, boy; pout, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, cilin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. =b?l, del.
yzb
assuage— assumption
assuage' (sua as swa), as-swage, v.t.
* it L [O, Fr. assouager, as if ft-oni Lat. assua-
vlo: Lat. ad= to, aud siiauis = sweet, agree-
able.]
A. Transitive :
I. Of anything in the arrangements of nature
which is extreme: To temper, to allay, to miti-
gate.
" Refreshing winds the summer's heats assuage, _
And kindly warmth disarms the winter's rage.
Addtson.
II. Of human feeling or emotion :
1. Of pain, woe, fear, or aught else depressing
to the mind: To mitigate, to soothe, to allay,
X^artly to remove.
" Unless ho could assuage the woe
Which he abhorr'd to view below.
Bj/ron : The Prisoner of ChUlon, i. 4.
2. Of the exciting emotions, and specially of
anger, hatred, £c. : To appease, to pacify, to
diminish, to allay.
" It's eath his ydle fury to asswage."
Spenser: F. q.,ll.\v. 11.
" On me, on me your kindled wrath assuage,
And bid the voice of lawless riot rage."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. ii. 81, 82.
B, Intransitive : To abate, to subside.
"And God made a wind to pass over the earth, and
the waters asswaged."—Qen, viii. 1.
assuaged (sua as swa), t as-swaged,
* a-swa'ged, jja. par. [Assuage, v.t.]
as-sua'ge-ment (sua as swa), * as-
swa'ge-ment, s. [Eng. assuage ; -ment.]
The act of assuaging ; the state of being as-
suaged ; mitigation, abatement.
"Tell me, when shall these weary woea have end.
Or, shall their ruthless torment never cease,
But all my days in pining languor spend,
"Without hope of assuagement or release."
Spenser: Sonve/s.
as-sua'-ger (sua as swa), s. [Eng. assuage ;
-er.\ One who or that which assuages.
tas-sua-sive (sua as swa)» a. [Formed
"from assuade (q.v.) on model of per s^iasive,]
Persuasive, soothing.
" If in the breast tumultuous joys arise,
Mustek her soft assuasive voice supplies."
Pope: St. Cecilia.
* as-sub -ju-gate, v.t. [Lat. ad = to, and
subjugate!] ' To subjugate to, to subject lio.
" This thrice worthy and right valiant lord
Must not so stale nis palm, nobly acquir'd :
Nor, by my will, assubjugate his merit."
"" ' " Troilus & Cressida, ii.
S.S-Subt'-ile (& silent), v.t. [Subtle,] To
render subtle. (Puttenliam : Eng. Poesie, bk.
iii., ch. xviii.
+ as-sue-fac'-tion (ue as we), «. [Lat. as-
suefaxio = to accustom to, from assuetus =
accustomed : ad, and suesco = to become accus-
tomed to, and/acio = to make.] The state of
being accustomed.
"Eight and left, as parts inservient unto the motive
faculty, are differenced by degrees from use and assue-
faction, or according whereto the one grows stronger."
— Browne : Vulgar Errours.
t S-S'-sue-tiide (ue as we), s. [In Ital. assue-
ivdine ; Lat. assitetudo.] Accustomedness,
custom, habit.
" We see that assuetude of things hurtful doth make
them lose the force to hurt."— Sacon .■ Nat. Ilist., § 67.
as-S'U.'me, v.t. & i. [In Fr. ass^imer ; Sp.
asumirse; Port, assumir ; Ital. assumere. From
Lat. assuvio — to take to : ad = to, and sumo
= to take up. ]
A, Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. To take to one's self
(1) To take to one's self that which is one'.s
own, or anything held in common of which
one has the right to make use. Used —
(«) Of man or other real or imaginary being :
" 'Twere new indeed, tu see a bard all fire,
Touch'd with a coal from Heaven , assiiTne thu'iyTe."
Coivper : Table Talk.
" His majesty might well ojsione the complaint and
expression of King David." — Clarendon.
"Trembling they stand, while Jove assumes the
throne." Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk, i., 694.
('>) Fig. : Of nature or any other thing as
contradistinguished from a person or being :
" Nature, assum.ing a more lovely face,
Borrowing a beauty from the works of grace."
Cowper: Retirement.
(2) To take to one's self what one is not en-
titled to ; it being eminently characteristic of
those who *' assume" or take to themselves
anything that tliey take too much.
"... assum.es or usurjia the ascendancy." — Bryden ■
TJie Hind and Panther, li. Note.
" Art girt about by demons, who assume
The words of God, and tempt us with our own
Dissatisfied aud curious thoughts . . ."
Byron : Cain, i. 1.
t (3) To adopt or receive into a society.
" The sixth was a young knight of lesser reno^vn and
lower rank, assumed into that honourable company."
—Scott. (Goodrich and Porter.)
2. To take upon one's self, to aiTogate to
one's self authority.
" With ravish 'd ears.
The monarch hears.
Assumes the cod,
Affects to nod
And seems to shake the spheres."
Hrydcn: Alexander's Feast.
II. Technically :
Logic : To take an>i;hing for granted without
proof. This may be done either througli in-
advertence or because what is assumed is
really axiomatic.
" In every hypothesis something is allowed to be
assumed ." — Boyle.
"... we must not therefore nsswme the liberiy of
setting aside well-ascertained rules of historical evi-
dence. '—Lewis : Early Rom. Hist., ch. viii., § 1.
B. Intransitive :
1. Ordinary Language: To be arrogant or
isretentious ; to claim more than is one's due.
2. Law : To undertake an obligation of any
kind, as by a verbal or other pi-omise to do
anything.
as-su'med, 23a. -par. & a. [Assume.]
As participial adjective :
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
"... the assumed uniformity of the exciting
causes . . ." — Darwin: Descent of Man, vol. i., pt. i.,
ch. iv.
2. Spec. : Pretended, hypocritical.
" ' Disastrous news ! ' dark Wycliffe said ;
Assumed despondence bent his head,
While troubled ioy was in his eye.
The well-feigned sorrow to belie."
Scott : RoJceby, i. 14.
"Brutus now throws off his astfwmed character, . . .'
—Lewis: Jiarly Rom. Hist., ch. xi,, § 37.
" as-SU'-ment, .^. [Lat. assumentmn, from
assuo = to sew on, to put a patch on : ad= to,
and suo = to sew. J A patch.
"This assument or addition Dr. Maryhal says he
never could find anywhere but in this Anglo-Saxonick
translation."— ieiws .■ Bist. Eng. Bibles, p 9.
as-su'-mer, s. [Eng. assume ; -er.] One who
takes to himself more than he is entitled to,
or takes upon himself what he has no right or
is unable to do ; a pretender ; also a woman
who doe.s so.
" Can man be wise in any couKe in which he is not
safe too? But can these high assumcrs, and pretenders
to reason, prove themselves soV" — South.
as-su'm-ing, pr. par., u,., & s. [Assume.]
A. Aspres. participle : In senses correspond-
ing to those of the verb.
B. As adjective : Pretentious, arrogant, pre-
sumptuous, self-confident.
" His haughty looks, and his assuming au'.
The sou o£ Isis could no longer bear." Bryden.
C. As substoMtlve : Assumption, presump-
tion.
" The vain assumings
Of some, quite worthless of her [Poesy's] sovereign
wreaths." B. Jonson: Poetaster
t as-su'm-ing-ness, s. [Eng. assuming ;
-71655.] Assumption, presumption.
"Dyslogistic— viz., ... 12. Haughtiness. 1,'i As-
swmingness. 14. Arrogance."— £oiw-i7i(/ .■ Bentham's
Works, vol. 1., p. 201.
as-sump'-sit, s. [Lat. 3 person sing. pret.
of assumo. Lit. = he has taken to or upon
(him).]
Law :
1. A verbal promise made by any one, or
which he may in justice be held to have more
or less directly made. [See No. 2.] In the
former case the assumpsit or promise is said
to be explicit, and in the latter, implied. One
may actually promise to pay a sum of money
or build a house by a certain day, in which
case the promise is deemed explicit, and an
action lies against Mm if he violate his verbal
engagement. Certain contracts are, however,
so important that the law requires them to
be in writing. Implied promises are such as
the folloAving :— A person, when in want of
certain articles, is in the habit of obtaining
them at a certain shop. Having done so, it is
not legally competent for him to turn round
on the shopman and say, " Prove that I ever
promised to pay for the articles I received."
The law rightly judges that if there was not
an explicit, there was at least an implied
promise to pay for the goods, else the sliop-
man would not have given them. So also if a
person contract to build a house, and erecting
it in defiance of the principle of gravity, see
it tumble to pieces before his eyes, he is not
allowed to plead that he knew nothing of
building. His having taken the contract is
held to imply that he gave lilmself out as com-
petent to perfonn the work which he under-
took to do.
"... the assumpsit or imdertaklng of the defen-
dant ... A third Kijecies of implied assuinpsits is
. . ."—Blackstone : Comment , bk. lii., ch. 9.
2. An action at law brought for the enforce-
ment of sucli a promise, express or implied.
(Blackstone : Comvi )
* as-sumpt', v.t. [From Lat. assumptus, pa.
par. of ossmjio.] [Assume.] To take up.
"The souls of such their worthies as were departed
from human conversation, and were assumpted into
the number of their gods."— Sheldon : Miracles of
Antichrist, \>. 115.
^ as-sumpt', s. [In Port, assumpto; Ital.
assunto. From Lat. assum2^tum, neuter of
assumptus, pa. par. of assumo.] [Assume.]
Anything assumed.
"The sum of all your assumpts, collected by your-
self, is this." — Chillingworth : Arts, to Cliarity maira.
by Cath., p. 60.
as-sump'-tion, * as-sump-ci-on, s. [In
Fr. assomption ; O. Fr. assumption; Sp. asun-
eiou ; Port, assumpgao ; Ital. assunsione ; h^it.
assumptio, from assumptum, sup. of assumo.]
[Assume.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of assuming or taking to, up,
uijon, or for granted.
1. The act of taking to or upon one's self, or
taking up, or adopting.
"The iiersonal descent of God himself, and his as-
sumption of our flesh to his divinity. . . ."—Ham-
Tnotul: Fundamentals.
" Now, wjir with China must mean the acquisition
of territory and the assum-ption of immediate political
power."— 2'jmes, Nov. 10, 1875.
[See also B., L 1.]
2. The act of taking for granted without
proof.
" By showing that by the assumption of this won-
derful intangible aether all the phenomena of optics
are accounted for." — Tyndall: Fray, of Science (ard
ed.), ix. 223.
II. The state of being assumed in any of the
ways now mentioned.
" Adaiu, after a certain 'xieriod of years, would have
been rewarded with an assuinption to eternal felicity."
— Wake.
"These, byway of assianpt ion under the two general
Eropositions, are intrinsically aud naturally good or
ad." — Jf orris.
III. A thing or things assumed. Spec, a
thing taken for granted without proof, (Fol-
lowed by that.)
"... ijossible to keep a compact based on the as-
sumption that Turkey either would or could behave
like a civilised State." — Times, Nov. 9, 1875.
B. Technically :
I. Theol, Church Hist., d:c. According to the
Greek and Koman Churches :
1. The taking of the Virgin Mary up into
heaven.
"Ui>ou the feast of the assum.pt ion of the blessed
Vinjiii, the pope and cardinals keep the vespers." —
SCilliugfleet.
2. In an elliptic sense: The festival com-
memorating this alleged occurrence. It is
kept by the Roman and Greek Churches on
the 15th of August. The English Church does
not observe the festival, being dissatisfied
with the evielence that the event which it
commemorates ever took place.
II. Scots Law. A deed of ass^imption : A
deed executed by a trustee or trustees under a
deed of settlement, appointing and associating
with themselves a new trustee or new trustees.
III. Her. : Arms of o.ssumption arc those
which aperbon may, in certain circumstances,
legitimately assume. They are now distin-
guished from assumptltr arms. [Assu.mptive.]
IV. Logic:
1. The minor or second proposition in a
categorical syllogism.
t 2. The consequence drawn from the major
and minor. (Dychc.)
3. Anything taken for granted witliout
proof or postulate. [A. , HI.]
"There are, however, geologists who maintain that
this is an assumption, based upon a i>artial knowledge
of the facts. "-—Owen ; Classif. of t?ie Mammalia, p. 58.
fate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, 1^11, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, j
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, qu — kw. i
assumptive— Assyrian
327
as-siunp'-tlTe, a. [Fr. as^omptif ; Port.
' assuTwptivo; from Lat. assumptivus.^ Which
is assumed, or which may be assumed ; capable
of beiog assumed.
Heraldry. Asu^impiive Ai-ms :
*1. Originally : Arms which liad been as-
sumed ill a legitimate way.
"... in Heraldry, assumvcive arms are auch ms a,
gerson liaa a. title to bear, by virtue of some action
Due or performed by bim, which by birth he could
not wear ; lis if n. person that hjia naturally no coat
ahoultl, in lawful war, take a prince or nobleman
prisoner, he baa from that time a right to bear the
arms of such prisoner, by virtue of that military law,
that the dominion of things taken in lawful war
passes to the conqueror."— />i/cft<i .' Diet. (1V68).
2. Now: Anns assumed without proper
authority ; those legitimately taken being
called amns of assumption, and not assumptive
arm. (Gloss, of Her., 1847.)
as-sump'-tive-ly, adv. [Eug. assumptive;
' -ly.] By means of an assumption. (Webster.)
as-su'r-an9e, * as-su'r-aun9e (siir as
Shiir), s. [Fr. ossvrance, from assurer = to
render sure ; siir = 0. Fr. seur, segur; Lat.
sec2irus = (1) free from care ; (2) free from
danger, safe, secure : se (old form of siTie) =
apart from, without; cura = care.] [Assecu-
RANCE, Assure, Secure, Sinecure, Sure.]
A. As substantive :
I, Ordinary Language :
1. The act of assuring or insuring.
(i.) The act of imparting to another, who
is distrustful or anxious, grounds on which
confidence may be based, or of actually in-
spiring him with confidence itself. (Lit. tC
" But, lordea, wol ye maken asmcraunce.
As I schal say, aaseiityiig to my lore ?
And I schal make us sauf for evermore."
Chaucer: C. T., 4,761.
" Not a house but seems
To give assurance of content within."
Worilsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
(ii.) The act of " insuring one's life." [A.,
II. .3.1
2. The state of being assured, or being in-
sured.
(i.) The state of being assured.
(a) The state of receiving statements, de-
signed to inspire confidence either with re-
spei^t to one's personal security or any other
matter which else would be doubtful.
"We have as great assurance tliat there ia a God, as
we could expect to have, supposing that he were." —
Tillotfioit.
•[ To take assurance from an enemy : To
submit on condition of receiving protection.
(Scotch.)
(b) Firm belief in such statL-ments, un-
wavering conviction,
"Sucli an ussuraiicr of tbings aa will make men
careful to avoid a lesser danger, ought to awaken men
to avoid a greater."— JVWo/soh.
(c) Confidence, trust, jiroduced by such con-
viction.
" Thou sbalt fe.ir day and night, and ahalt have
livnn a-msuraiicc ui thy lite . , ." — Detit. xxviii. 66.
" And the work of riyhteousneas shall be peace ; and
the etlect of vighteouaneas quietneaa and assura/ice
for ever." — Isu. xxxii. 17.
IT To make assurance doubly siire : To take
steps which seem much more than sufficient
to remove every cause of apprehension, and
produce tranquil confidence.
" Mitcb. Then live, Macduff: what need I fear of thee,
But yet I'll make assurance doubly sure."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 1
(d) The confidence produced by comparing
one's self with others. This may be moderate,
and therefore legitimate ; indeed, it may be
only the absence of false modesty or over-
bashfulness .
"Men whose consideration will relieve our modesty,
and give us courage and ussarance in the duties of our
pr u f es3 i 01 1 . " — Yi of/e rs.
" With all th' assuruTicc innocence can bring,
Fearless without, because secure within."
Dryden.
Or it may be immoderate and become for-
wardness or inipndence.
"This is not the grace of hope, but a good natural
assurance or confideuce, which Aristotle observes
young men to be full of, and old men not so inclinetl
to . " — J/ a tmnond.
Or again it .iiay be supported by a feeling
of duty, and become intrepidity or fortitude,
whicli is highly commendable.
"They, like resolute men, stood in the face of the
breach with more assurance than the wall itself." —
Knolles.
(ii.) The state of being insured. [A., II. 3.]
3. That which is designed to render a person
or thing assured or insured
(i.) That wliich is designed to assure a
person, or inspire him with confidence.
'■ Assurances of support came pouring hi daily from
foreign courts."— J/«cui(i"tf.' HUt, Eng., ch. xx,
"... the answer returned to these affectioiiate os-
sitrances was not perfectly gracious."— /6W., ch. xxiii.
(ii.) That which is intended to insure a
person or his Ufe, or, more truly, his property.
[A., II. 3.]
" An assurance being passed through for a comiietent
fine, hath come back again by reason of some over-
sight,"— Baoon.
II. Technically :
1. Theology: The unwavering conviction,
divinely produced, that one is now acceptable
to God, aud will, through the mediation of
Christ, at last infaUibly attain to heavenly
felicity.
" And we desire that evei^y one of you do shew the
same diligence to the full assurance of hope unto the
end." — ffeb. vi. 11.
"Though hoi>e be indeed a lower and lesser thing
than assurance, yet, as to all the purposes of a pious
life, it may prove more useful." — South.
2. Law: Tlie conveyance of lands or tene-
ments by deed ; legal evidence of the convey-
ance of property. The legal evidences of this
translation of property are called the common
assurance of the kingdom, whereby every
man's estate is assured to him. (Blackstone's
Comment., II. 294.)
3. Afithrnctlc, Comm., Insurance, (S:c. : The
act of "insuring" a person's life ; the state
of being insured ; also a contract between a
liersoii on the one hand and a company on the
other, by which the former agrees to pay a
stipulated sum at fixed times, aud the latter
promises a certain amount to be given over
to his heirs in the event of his dying during
the period for which he has paid. The sum for
which the individual insured becomes respon-
sible is called the premium. If given all at once
it is called a single premium; if at the com-
mencement of each .year, an amoual premium.
While the time of a single person's death is
not ascertiiinable beforehand by man, the per-
centage of deaths out of 10,000, or 100,000, or
a million, is wonderfully fixed, the variations
becoming less as the number from which the
percentage is calculated grows greater. It
may, therefore, become the subject of arith-
metical and algebraical calculation. [Annui-
ties, Life, Expectation.]
To find the present 'ndiic o/£100, to be paid
at the end of the year in which the assurer. A,
dies : Find the present value of an annuity of
4:1 for the life A. If this be called a, then
(a + 1) multiplied by the present value of
£1 due a year hence, with a subtracted from
the result, and the remainder then multiplied
by 100, wdl give the sum required. Or, find
A's expectation of life, and calculate the
present value of £100 that number of years
hence.
To find the annual premium which would
furnish sucli a sum on the death of A : Divide
the present value of £100, as ascertained in
the previous paragraph, by the present value
of an annuity of £1 for the same time.
1[ Formerly the term employed was in-
surance of life, but for some years back
assurance has come more and more into use
HI the case of Life, leaving insurance as the
term for J^i re- oflices.
B. Attributively: Pertaining to assurance
of lives, more rarely of insurances against fire,
as the "Standard Life ..'Is'i^n-an.ce Company,"
"Hand in Hand Fire and Life Assurance
Society."
* as-siir'-an-cer (siir as shiir), s. [Eng.
assurauc(e) ; -er.) One who makes creat pro-
fessions. (N.E.D.)
as-siir'-ant (siir as shiir), s. [Eng. as-
sur(e); -ayit.] One who takes out a polity of
ir.jinance. (N.E.D.)
a:3-sii're, * a-sii're (siir as shiir), v.t.
[In Ger. Obbcciinren, assekuriren. Dut. as-
svreercn ; Fr. as.-<nrer ; Old Fr, asseiirer,
aseitrer ; Sp. asegurar; Fort, assegnrar ; Ital.
assecurare ; Low Lat. assecuro, from ad = to,
and secunis^ free from care or from danger.]
[AsSURANCt;, ASSECURE.]
A, Ordinary Language:
I. To adopt means for inspiring belief or
confidence.
1. To make one's self sure ; or to make
promises or statements, once or repeatedly,
with the design of inspiring another person
with belief or confideuce.
" But whence they sproug, or how they were begott,
Uneath is to uxsure . . ."—Spenser : F. Q.. II. x. 6.
" Avaux assured Louvois that a single French b.-itta-
lion would easil>; storm such a fastness. —J/acaalay.
Hist. Eng.,c\\. xiL
* 2. To betroth.
"This drudge, diviner laid claim to me; called me
Dromio ; swore I was asmred to her. ^-Shakesp. :
Cfyniedy qf Errors, iii. 2.
3 To render property or any other desirable
acquisition secure to one ; to impart an indis-
putable title to certain property. To confirm,
to guarantee.
then he shall add the fifth part of the money
of thy ^timation unto it, aud it shah be assm-ed unto
him. — ieu. xxvii. 19.
i. To insure, as a life in an insurance office.
" One pound ten shillings per annum on the .sum
assured. —Advt. of an Insurance Office.
n. Actually to inspire belief or confidence.
1. To convince.
" . . assur'd ttuit man shall live
With all the creatures, and their seed preserve. _
Milton : r. L., bk. xi.
2. To embolden ; to render confident.
" Hia heigh astate assured him in pryde ;
But fortune cast him doun, and ther he lay.
Chaucer: C. T., 15,674-5.
" And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and
shall assure our hearts before him."— 1 John iii. 19.
B. Comvi., Insurance, &c. : To insure qne
against some of the pecuniary consequences
to his family which death would otherwise
produce [Assurance, II. 3], or to insure one's
self or property against certain contingencies.
as-sii'red (stir as shiir), pa. par. & a. [As-
sure.]
As adjective :
1. In senses corresponding to those of the
verb. Specially—
(a) Certain ; undoubted.
"... I will give you assured peace in this place."
—Icr. xiv. 13.
(b) Secure.
2. Impudent.
as-sii'r-ed-ly (siir as shiir), adv. [Eng.
'assured; -ly.} With the security produced
when a trustworthy assurance has been given ;
certainly, undoubtedly.
" Bol. Most noble empress, you have heard of ine ?
Cleo. I cannot tell.
Bol. Assuredly, you know me."
Sliakesp. : Antoni/ and Cleopatra, v. 2.
"Therefore let all thehouaeof Israel know assuredly,
that . . ."—Acts ii. 3C.
as-sii'r-ed-ness (siir as shiir), s. [Eng.
assured; -ness.] The quality of being assured ;
assurance, certainty.
"One face, one colour, one assuredness." — Daniel:
To Sir T. Egerton. {Ricfiardson.)
as-sii'r-er (siir as shiir), s. [Eng. assu7-(e) ;
-er. In Fr. assurenr.]
1. One who seeks to inspire another with
belief or confidence.
2. One who insures any person's life or pro-
perty.
" . . the general body of new assurers are to have
no claim on either of the existing aasurance funds," —
John M. CandlisJi: Times, City Article, 22ud Feljruary,
1877.
as-siir'-gent, a. [Lat. assurgens, pr, par, of
assurgo = to rise up : ad = to or up, and
surgo ■= to rise.] Rising up ; rising out of.
1. Her.: Rising out of. (Gloss, of Her.,
1847.)
2. Bot. : Rising upward. (Loudon : Cycl.
of Plants, 1829, Glossary.) The same as As-
cending (q. v.).
as-sii'r-ing (siir as shiir), pr. par. & a.
[Assure.]
as-sii'r-ing-ly (siir as shiir), adv. [Eng.
assuring ; -ly.] In a manner to assure.
(Webster.)
t as-swa'ge, v.t. & i. [Assuage,]
t as-swa'ged, pa. par. [Assuaged.]
t as-S"wa'-ging, jw. par. [Assuaging.]
* as-swy'the, adv. [A.S. swith = strong,
great, vehement, with prefixas-(q.v.). Quickly.
" To aoper thay gede asswythe."
Gawayiie & the Green Knyght, 2,528, [Boucher.)
As-syr'-i-an, a. & s. [Eng. AssyH(a); -an.
In Fr, Assyrien ; Lat. Assyrius ; Gr. 'Atrcrv'ptos
(Assurios). From Lat. Assyria ; Gr. 'Ao-trupi'a
(Assyria) (Josephus), and 'Atro-oup (Assour) ;
Heb. "\Ttt.''« (Asshur) ; apparently from Asshur,
the son of Shem.]
boil, hoy; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -tag,
~cian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion=:shun; -tion, -9ion = zhiin, -tlous, -sious, -cious = shtis. -ble, -die, &c, =bel, dfl.
328
Assyriologist— asteriatite
1. As adjective : Pertaining tu Assyria.
"There is Sir Heury Eawlinsou's Assyrian Cuion
. . ."—Trans. Bib. Arch. Soc, vol. iii, (1874), p. 5.
2. As substantive : A native of Assyriii, es])e-
cially if belonging to the dominant race.
" The Assi/rian came down like the wolf on the fokl."
Byron: Hebrew Melodies ; Bestruc. of St-nnadiertb.
AssyHan. Language : A dead language be-
longing to the Aramaean, or Northern group of
the Syro-Arabian tongues. Its nearest living
analogue is the Neo-Syriae. It is only in the
present century that 'it has been recovered.
From its richness of grammatical forms, the
late Dr. Hincks termed it "The Sanscrit of
the Sheniitic family of languages." The rc-
searclies of Sir Henry Uawlinson on the
trilingual inscriptions of Beliistun proved the
language of Babylonia, in the time of Darius,
to be essentially the same as the Assyrian of
Tiglath Pileser. (Trans. Bib. ArcJiwol. Snc,
1872, vol. i., p. 281.) The Biblical ArchiX'o-
logical Society's publications are full of infor-
mation regarding Old Assyria, its language,
and its history ; and the general appearance
of the characters in which the language is
written is familiar, even to the most illiterate
freiiuruter of the British Museum, from the
numerous specimens of it covering the Assy-
I'ian sculptures in one portion of the building.
As-syr-i-ol'-O-gist, s. [Lat. As.syria ; from
Gr. 'Ka-fTvpia. (Assuria), and \6yo<; (logos) = a
discourse.] One who makes the antiquities
and history of Assyria his special study.
"There ia no question among Assyriologists, includ-
ing Mr, Smith, that . . ."—Trans. Bib. Ardueol. Soc,
vol. iii., p. 4.
* as-sy'th, v. t. [Assith, ]
as-sy'th-ment, s. [Assithment.]
* as-ta'at, s. [Estate, State.] "i
" Ne of Mr highe astaat im renienibraunce
Ne haddescTie, . . ."
Chaucer: C. T., 8,799, 8,800.
* a-sta'-bil, v.t. [O. Fr, estaUir = to establish,
to settle.] To calm, to compose, to assuage.
(Scotch.)
" Thare myndis mesis and astahlis he,
And gan tbaine promya rest in time cumming.
Douglas : Virgil, 46C.
as-ta'-ji-an, s. [Astacus.] An animal be-
longing to the genus Astacus, or at least the
family Astacidce.
as-ta9-i-d£e, s. lil. [Astacus.] A family of
crustaceans belonging to the order Deeapoda
and the sub-order Macrui'a. [Astacus.]
S.S-ta-9l'-ni» s. ?-?. [Astacus.] Cuvier's name
for the Astacidce.
as'-ta-^ite, s. [Lat. astacws (q.v.), and suff.
-ite.] Any fossil crustacean resembling a
lobster or crayfish. [Astacus,]
as-tS.C'-6-lite, s. [Gr. ao-raKos (astakos) =
a lobster, and Ai0o? (ii(/tos)=: stone.] The
same as Astacite (q.v.).
3rS'-ta-CUS, s. [In Ital. astaco ; from Lat.
astacus, Gr. ao-raKo? (astakos), a kind of
lobster or crayfish.] A genus of decapod,
long-tailed Cmstaceans, the typical one of the
family Astaeidse. It contains the A. marinus,
or Lobster, and the A. Jluviatilis, or Crayfish.
[Lobsteb, Crayfish.]
* as-tale, v.t. [O. Fr. estailer= to display,
to show.] To deck or set out. (Scotch.)
" SjTie hynt to ane hie hall.
That wes asialit with palL"
Gawa?t & Gol., i. 5. {Jamieson.)
^ a-stand'-an, v.i. [A.S. astandan = to siand
but, to endure.] To stand up. (Layamon, i.
277.)
*a-start', * a-stert', * set-stur'-ten,
* at-stir'-ten, * et-ster'-ten (pret.
* a-start'-ed, "^ a-stert', * get-sturt'e,
* at-sturt'e), v.i. & t. [Eng. a; start]
A. Intrans. : To start from, to escape ; to
flee, to get free.
" That oft out of her bed she did astart.
As one with view of ghostly feends affright."
Spenser: F. Q., III. ii. 29.
" He to his hous is gon with sorweful herte.
He saith, he may not from bis deth asfertc."
Chaucer: C. T., 11,333-4.
S, Transitive :
1. To cause to start, to startle, to terrify,
to affright ; to befall, to conic upon suddenly.
"No daunger there the ahepheard can astert."
Spenser: Shep. Cal., xi.
2. To release.
" Tber might astert him no peciniial peyne."
Chaucer: 0. T.. 6,896.
3. To avoid. (Scotch.)
" Giff ye a goddesse be. and tbet ye like
To do one payiie, I may it not astert."
King Quair, ii. 25. {Jamieson.)
As-tar'-te, *-. [Gr. 'Ao-Taprr) (Astarte).']
1. Myth. : A Plio^nician goddess correspond-
ing to the Ashtoreth of Scripture. [Ash-
tor eth.]
" With these in troop
Came Aatoretb, whom the Pboeniciana call'd
AsCarCi'. queen of heaven, with crescent honiB ;
To whose bright image nightly by the moon
Sidouiau virgins paid then- vows and songs."
Milton: P. L., bk. i.
2. Zool. : A genus of bivalve molluscs be-
longing to the family Cyprinidfe. They have
2 — 2 hinge teeth, and are suborbicular, com-
pressed, thick, smooth, or concentrically fur-
rowed shells. In 1875, Tate estimated the
recent species known at twenty and the fossil
at 285. The former belong to the temperate
and arctic zones, and the latter to the rocks
from the Carboniferous formation upward.
* a-sta'te, * as-ta% s. [Estate, State.]
" And kepte ao wel his real astat.
That ther waa nowher such a ryal man."
Chaucer: C. T., 10,340-41.
as-tat'~ic, a. [Gr. ao-raros (astatos) = never
standing still ; from a, priv., and the pass, of
ia-TTjiit. (Xis/emi) = to cause to stand. Not in-
fluenced by the earth's magnetism.
An astatic luedle is a needle movable about
an axis in the x'la-iie of the magnetic meridiaiij
and parallel to the inclination. When so
situated, the teiTestrial magnetic couple act-
ing in the direction of the axis c.-mnot impart
to the needle any determinate direction, and
therefore it is astatic.
An astatic system is a combination of two
needles of equal lorce jonied parallel to each
other, with the poles in contrary directions.
They counterbalance each other so that the
system becomes completely astatic, and sets at
right angles to the magnetic meridian.
a-Sta'y, adv. [Eng. a, and stay.]
Navt. : A term used of an anchor, which,
on being hauled up, temporarily takes such a
position that the cable or chani from which it
depends forms an acute angle with the surface
of the water.
* as-te'er, a. or adv. [Astir. ] (0. Eng. &
Scotch.)
^ a-Ste'ir, v.t. [A.S. astyrian = to excite.]
i'o rouse, to excite, to stir. (Scotch.)
" My plesoure prikis my paine to prouoke.
My solace ^o^ow sobbing to asteir."
Jl. nanrys Test. Poems, 16th cent., p. 262.
as'-te-ism, s. [Lat. asteismos ; Gr. ao-retV/aos
(iistcumos); from aixrelos (asteios) — urbane,
polite, witty, clever ; aa-rv (astu) = a city.]
Rhet. : Refinement of speech; urbanity.
* as-tel, ' as-telle. * as-tyl, s. [0. Fi-.
astdle, estelle, from Low Lat. astula.] A thin
board or lath. (Prompt. Paw.) [Astyll.]
^ as-tel', pret. of v. [A.S. asto'lxLn = to steal
out] [Steal, v.] Escaped, stolen from.
■■Neuer steuen hem as(e?, so stoken is hor tonge."
£. Ejig. Allit. Poems (ed. Moms), Cleanness, 1,521.
^ as-tel'-len, v.t. [A.S. astcUan, asteallan =
to appoint, to establish.] (Sti'atmann.)
as-tel'-ma, s. [Gr. a, priv., and oreA/xa
(stelvui) = a girdle, a belt ; trreAAw (stelld)= to
set. to place.] A genus of plants belonging
to the order Asteraceije, or Comiiosites. The
species are beautiful Cape shrubs with " ever-
lasting" flowers.
'■ as'-tel-y, adv. [Hastily.]
"■* a-stent', s. [Pai-tly connected with Eng.
extent, and with Scotch stent (q.v.).] Valua-
tion. (Scotch.)
"That Daiiid Halyday and his modei'sal bruk and
joyss the x* worthit of laud of aid oMent of Dalruskei,
for the tennes contenit in the lettre of ussedacion." —
Act Audit, (a. 1479) p. 89
* as-teor-ven, v.i. [A.S. osteorfan — to
starve.] To starve ; to die. (Stratmann.)
as'-ter, s. [in Ital. astero; Dut, Ger., Fr.,
Sp. , & Lat. aster : Gr. dtrr^p (aster) = a star ;
from Sansc. as = to shoot, in which case it
means tlie "shooters of rays," "the darters
of light," or more probably from Sansc. star
= to strew, ajiplied to the stars as strewing
about or siirinkling fortli their sparkling light.
(Max Miiller.).'] [Star.] A genus of plants,
the type of the order Asteracete, or Compo-
sites. It is so called because the expanded
flowers resemble stars. There is but one
British species, the A.tripoliuvi,Sea, Starwort,
or Michaelmas Daisy. It is common in salt
marshes. The foreign species are numerous.
^ The popular name Aster is applied to
some species not of this geims. Thus the
Cliina Aster is Odlistephus chinensiSy and the
Cape Aster Agallicea amelloides.
as-ter-a'-pe-se, s. [From the typical genus
aster (q.v.).]
Botany :
* 1. Formerly : An order, the fourth of five
aiTanged under the alliance Compositae, or
Asterales, the others being Calyceraceai,
Mutisiace*, Cichoraceie, Asteracea;, and Cy-
naraeeee. These, excluding Cynaracefe, con-
stitute the Compositee proper. The term Aste-
racese in this sense is called also Corymbiferge
(Lindley: Nat. Syst. Bot, 2nd ed., 1836), and
comprehends tlie larger portion of the modem
Tubnliflorfe.
2. Nolo : A vast order, comprising the whole
of the Compositee proper. [See No. 1.] It is
placed by Lindley, in his Vegetable Kingdom
(1840), as the last order of his Cainpanales, or
Campanal Alliance. The English equivalent
term for it is Composites. It includes plants
like the daisy, the thistle, the dandelion, and
others, possessing what, to a superficial ob-
server, appears like a calyx, but is in reality
an involucre, surrounding a receptacle on
which are situated not, as might as first
sight appear, numerous petals, but many
florets. Their calyxes verj' frequently take
the form of pappus ; the corollas are tubular,
lignlate, or both ; the stamina, four or five,
syngenesidus, that is, united by the anthers
into a tube ; their style simple ; and the ovaries
single, one-celled, Avith a solitai-y erect ovule.
In 1840, Lindley estimated the known species
at 9,000, iilaced in 1,005 genera. They are
believed to constitute about one-tenth of the
whole vegetable kingdom. Tliey are every-
where diffused, but in diff'erent proportions in
different countries ; thus they constitute one-
seventh of the flowering plants of France, and
half those of tropical America. The order is
divided into three sub-orders : I. Tubuliflorai ;
II. Labiatifloree ; and III. Liguliflorse. AJl
are bitter. For more specific infurmation re-
garding their qualities, see the sub-orders and
some of the genera.
'' g^Ste'r-en., -v.t. [A.S. asteran =to disturb.]
To excite, to resuStitate. (Stratmann.)
as-te'r-i-a, s. [In Yr.ast^rie; Port. & Lat.
asteria; Gr. aa-Tepla (aster ia)."]
Min. : Pliny's name for the sapphire when
it shows a silvery star of six rays, if viewed
in the direction of the vertical axis of the
crystal. [Asteriated Sapphire.]
as-te'r-i-as, s. [Gr. aa-repCas (asterias) =
starred, spotted ; from aa-rqp (aster) = n star,
. . a star-fish.] A genus of radiated animals,
the typical one of the family Asterid^e. II
contains the several species of star-fishes.
[Star-fish.]
as-te'r-i-a-ted, a. [Gr. ao-rtpios (a--^lcrios)^
staiTv.] Radiated, with rays diverging from a
centre, as in a star.
asteriated sapphire. A variety of
sapphire, having a stellate opalescence when
viewed in tlie direction of the vei-tical axis of
the crystals. It is the asteria of Plinv.
(Dana.) [Asteria, Astroite.]
as-te'r-i-a-tite. s. [From as(eWos (q.v.), and
suff. -itc.] A fossil star-fish of the genus
Asterias, or at least resembling it.
late, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fiill; try, Sj^rian. se, oe=:e. ey = a. qu^kw. *
asterid— asteroid
329
ftS'-ter-ld, s. [Eng., &(■., aster; suffix -irf.]
An English name for an animal belonging to
the genus Asterias, or at least the family As-
teridse. {Huxley: Class, of Animals, p. 45.)
&s-ter'-i-d8e, as-ter-i'-a-dae, s. pi. [As-
terias.] A family of radiated animals belong-
ing to the class Echinodermataj order Stel-
lerida. It contains the so-called Star-tishes.
&s-ter-id'-e-a, s. pi. [From the typical genus
Asterias (q.v.).] A word used by Professor
Huxley and others to designate the Asteridse.
as-ter-i'-na, s. [Lat. aster; suff. -iyia.] A
genus of Star-fishes. A . gihhosa is the Gibbous
Starlet.
as'-ter-isk, s. [in Fr. asterisque; Sp., Fort.,
& Ital. aster isco ; Lat. asterisc^is; Gr. aa-repia-
Kos (asteriskos) = (1) a small star, (2) an aster-
isk, dimin. from dor^p (aster) = a star.]
I. Orditia')^ Language:
I. Lit. : A well-known star-like mark used
in printing or writing to refer to a foot-note.
"When notes are so numerous that they exhaust
the separate symbolic marks, *, f, +, §, II. H,
tlien ** commences a new seri.es. Sometimes
one, two, or several asterisks mark an omitted
portion of a word or sentence, as Lord D * * '' ^.
" I^He] noted by asterisks what was defective, and by
obelisks what was redundant."— Grew.
* 2. Fig. : Anything in the shape of a star.
II. Eccles. & Ch. Hist. : A star-shaped frame
placed over the paten in the Greek Church, to
prevent anything coming in contaof with the
sacred bread.
* as'-ter-isk, v.t. [Asterisk, s.] To mark
with an asterisk. (North: Examen, p. 279.)
&S'-ter-i§ni, s. [In Sp., Port., & Ital. as-
terismo ; Gr. a(rTepi(7/x6s (asterismos) = a mark-
ing with stars.]
1. A constellation ; any small cluster of stars.
" Poetry haa filled the skies with asterisms, and his-
tories belonging to them."— Benite^ .■ Sermons.
t 2. An asterisk. (Dryden : Bufresnoy.)
as'-ter-ite, s. [Astroite.]
a-Stern', adv. [Eng. a, and stern.]
I. In a ship, near the stern.
1. In the hinder part of a ship. (Used of
any person or thing at rest thci-e.)
" The galley gives her side and tuviis her prow,
While those asterii, descending ilown the ttteep,
Thro' gaping waves behold the boiling deep."
JJi'l/iten.
2. Towards the hinder part of a sliip. (Used
of a person on board moving, or a thing being
moved, from the bow towai ds the stern ; or of
the ship itself going sternwavds.)
II. In or into the water or elsewliere a
gi'cater or less distance behind a ship.
"Between latltudea 56" and 57° south o( Cape Horn,
the net was put astern several tlineu . . ." — Darwin.
Voyage round the World, ch. viii.
U Astern is opposed to ahead.
* as'-terne, a. [Eng. a; and sterne = stern.]
Stern, austere, severe. (Scotch.) (Donglas:
Virgil.)
3,S'-ter-6id, n. & s. [in Ger. asteroid; Pr.
ajittrovie ; Gr. ao-njp (aster), and elSos (eidos) =
form. ]
A. As adjective: Presenting the aspect of u
star.
"The as'ero'td xrolypes ad-e all coiniiound animals."—
Dallas: Nat. Ili.^t. of the Animal Kingdom, p. 56.
B, As snhstantive :
1. ^s/?-o?i. : Any single individual of a great
giunp of minute pianets placed together be-
tween Mars and Jupiter. Prof. Titius, of
Wittenberg, having drawn attention in 1772 to
the fact that, measuring from Mercury, each
planet, witli the exception of Jupiter, lias an
orbit .just about double that nearest to it un
tlie side oftlie. sun, Prof. Bode, uf Berlin, drew
the natural inference that the one exception
to the rule would probably be renin^ed by
the discovery of a planet less remote from
the sun than Jupiter, and more distant than
Mars. A society was formed in ISOO for the
special jmrpose of exploring the zodiac with
tlie liope of Urscovi'iing the supposed planet,
but its efforts wei'c not crowned witli success.
On tlie lirstday of the nineteenth century (Jan.
1, ISOl) a ])lanetary body, afterwards called
Ceres, was found by Piazzi (wlio did not be-
long to tlie .S(»ciety) in the part of the solar
system theoretically indicati^d ; it was, how-
ever, far more diminutive in size than had
been expected. Witliin the next six years
three more asteroids (Pallas, Juno, and Vesta)
were found in proximity to Ceres, and the sus-
picion arose that a goodly sized planet had
either been blown to pieces by internal forces
of an explosive cliaracter, or sjilintered in a
collision with some other heavenly body. Sir
D. Biewster boldly affirms this in his edition
of " Ferguson's Astronomy^" while Sir J.
Herschel at one time ridiculed the idea. It
was reasoned that if such a catastrophe had
taken place, many juore than four fragments
of the shattered planet would probably exist ;
but the search ha\'ing been consideied futile,
it was abandoned in 1816. It was subse-
quently resumed by M. HcncUe, and from 1S45
to the present year (1902) no fewer tlian 465
have been discovered. All are of minute size.
It lias been calculated that the combined mass
of all the asteroids cannot exceed one-fourth
or Lha earth's mass.
The term asteroid, applied to these small
bodies, is now becoming obsolete, the apjiel-
lation minor planets taking its place. Plane-
toids is another name. They are sometimes
also called extra-zodiacal lilanets, from their
orbits stretching outside the zodiac, which
is not the case with those of the normal type.
Authorities differ respecting some minute
points in the list of asteroids. [Planet,
Solar-system.]
LIST OF ASTEROIDS DISCOVERED {for continuation
of list see binder Planet).
20
_l
1 1 Ceres
2 I Pallas
3 Juno
4 Veata
5 Aiitr^a
G I Hebe
1 I Ii-is
Flora
Metis
Hygeia
Parthenope
Victoria
Egerla
Irene
Eunomia
Pay die
Thetis
Melpomene
Fortiina
Ma-isiiLii
Liitetia
Calliope
TlmliJi
Tlieuiis
Phocea
PruMerpine
Euteipe
Bellona
29
4G
Amphitrlte
Urania
Enphrosyne
Pomona
Polyliynmia
Ci rce
Leucothex
Atalnnta
Fides
Leila
Lsititia
Hani ion ja
Daphne
Isis
Anadne
Ny«i
Eii'.'ei ■
HKstia
Melete
43 I Agia .
A'i I Uoria
50 Pales
51 I Virginia
h2 I Neniansa
h'i Enropa
CalypM,
Alex.iinlra
Paiithna
Mnemosyne
Cimciirdia
59 I Dimiie
CO Olymina
61 I Ei-ato
63 I Eeho
G-( ' AnKonia
C4 I Cyliele
6.) ' Anjieliiia
6G I Mai a
67 ! Asia
6S ■ Leto
fi9 Hesperia
lO ! Pauopefv
71 I Feronia
72 ' Niohe
7 1 Clytie
74 j tialatea
7.i \ EuryOite
76 I Freia
77 Fri^ga
78 \ Diana
79 I Enrynuine
go j Sapplio
81 I Teiijaiiihoie
Alciuene
Beatrix
D.ite of
Discovery.
lo
Hemele
Sylvia
Piazzi
Olljei's
Hurdiiig
Olhei-s
Heuoke
HenL-ks
Himl
Hind
Graham
De Gasjiarls
De Ga.spiiria
Hind
De Gasmrls
Himl
De GasiMrls
De Gasiiaria
Luther
Him)
Hind
De G.iiparia
GoldHilimidt
Hind
Hind
De Gajjiiails
CliaL-oni.ic
Dr. R. Luther
Hind
Luther
Marth
PoL'SOIl
Hind
Fergusfin
GoUlHc-hniidt
Chaciiriinc
Chai;ornaL'
Luther
Goldsclimidt
Luther
Chaeormie
Wtacornac
Goldschmidt
Gold-sL-huiidt
Pogson
Poison
GoTdselimidt
Goldsi-hinidt
PuijMjn
Gold'jchmiat
Luther
Goldschmidt
GoldHclimidt
Fergii-itm
Laurent
GoldsL-hmult
Luther
Goldschmidt
yearle
Luther
Luther
Goldschmidt
Ch.■Lc■onl^
I January 1, isni
March 2. 1802
Scpteinhei- 1, 1304
March 29, 1807
Deceuiher 8, 184J
July 1, 1847
I August 13, 1847
I Octolwr 18, 1847
Apnl 25, 1848
April 12, 1849
May 11, 1850
September 13, 1850
Novendier 22, 18S0
May 19, 18.51
July 29, 1851
March 17, 18.52
April 17, 18.'>2
June 24,* 1852
August 22, 1852
September 10, 1852
November 15, 18.i2
November K, 1H.V2
December 15, 1852
April 5, 1853
April fl, 1853
May 5, 1853
November 8, 1863
March 1, 18-14
March l, 1854
March l, 1854
July 22. 1854
September l, 18.54
October 26, 1854
October 28, 1854
j April 6, 1R55
I April 19, 18.^.5
' OiJtol)er.5, ]s.i5
OcUibLT 5, 1855
J.muaiy 12. iH.ifi
Febrmiry 8, 1850
March 1. 1858
May 22, 18.56
May 2;{, 18.56
April 15, 185"
May 27, 1857
Jnue 28, 1857
August 16, 1857
Septenibev9, 18.57
September 15, 1857
September 19, 1857
September m, IS57
October 4. 1857
January 22, 1858
February 6, 1858
April 4, 18.58
Septend)er 10, i8.5fi
September in, is's
.Sejiteinber 22, 1859
March 24, I860
September 9, i8r.o
September 12, 1860
Foerater&Lesser Septemberi4, iSfio
, September 15, 1860
I February 10, 1861
I March l, 1861
March 4, 1861
April 10, 1861
I April 17, 1861
: April 29, 1861
'' April 29, 1861
It I May r - —
Ferguson
De Gas pan 8
Temper
Tempel
Tuttle
Pogson
Luther
Sehiaparplli
Goldschi '
Petei-s & Saffurd May 29 1861
Luther
Tuttle
Tempel
C. H. F. Peters
D'Arredt
Peters
Luther
Watson
Pogson
Tempel
Luther
De Gasparis
Lutiier
Peters
Tietjeii
Pogson
I August 13, 1861
i April 7. 1862
j August 29, 18G2
1 Se]iLe]nber 22, 1662
j October 21, 1862
' November 12, 1862
-Marcli 15, 1863
: Septemtier 14, 1863
, May ;i, 1864
■ September 30, lsc4
' No\eniber 27, 1864
. April 26, 1865
August 25, 1865
Sei>tembeT ifl, 1865
1 Janiiary 4. IBCC
' May 17, 1866
Thisbe
Julia
Antiope
jEgina
Undiiia
Minerva
Anrom
Arethusa
.^gle
Clotho
lanthe
Dilie
Hecate
Helena
Miriam
Hera
Clynieiie
Artemis
Dioi
Cai,
ilia
11 ba
Felicitiis
Lydia
Ate
Ipliisrenia
Amalthea
Cassandra
Thyra
Sirona
Lonii.a
Peitho
Alth.-ea
Lacbe.sm
Hermione
" nla
Bruubilda
124 j Alcestis
125 I Liber.itrix
126 I Velted.i
Johanna
NemeMis
Antigone
Electra
Vala
.^thra
Cyrene
Sojibojosyue
Hertha
Austria
MelilHea
Tolusa
Jnewa
Slwa
Lumen
Pol an a
Adria
Vibiha
Ad eon a
Lucina
Pi-utogeueia
Gallia
Medusa
Nnwa
Aluindantia
Ativla
Hilda
Bertha
Scylla
Xanti|tpe
Dej:inira
CoroniB
Emilia
Una
Atbor
Lauu'iitia
Erigijue
E\a
Lorcley
Khodoiie
Urda
Ophelia
Baucis
Ino
Ph.-edra
AiidruniHche
Iduiina
Irma
Belisaiia
UlytBiniiestra
(■ai'iitijiia
Eiicliaiis
Elsheth
Istria
Deujjeia
Eiinike
Celuta
Li.itdierta
Menippe
Phthia
Lsniene
Koltfa
Nansicaa
Aiii1)rosi,i
Prokii.
Eurycl
Philomel
Arete
Aiiiiiella
Byblis
Dy
158
eid
Penelone
CliryHei'i
P.>inpeia
Cullistij
Martha
Hei-^ilia
Hedda
Laci'imos
Dido
>»11.i
I so Id a
Medea
Lii.-ea
Aschera
(Eiione
Cleopatra
Eudora
Bianca
Thusnekla
Stei.bauia
Dis
Peters
Sti^pliau
Lutlier
Sti5phau
Peters
Watson
Wat!^OI I
Lutiier
Coggia
Tempel
Peters
Borelly
Watson
Watson
Petei"s
, Wat-son
I Watson
I Watsun
Watson
Pogson
Luther
Peters
Borelly
Peters
Petal's
Luther
Peteis
Watson
Peters
Borelly
Lutiier
Watson
Borelly
Watson
Peters
Peters
Peters
Prosper Heiiiy
Paul Henry
Prosper Henry
Watson
i'eteiH
i'eteis
Peters
Watson
Watson
Luther
Peters
Palisa
Palisa
Perrotiu
Watson
Palisa
Paul Henry
Palisa
Palis.a
Petei-s
Peters
Borelly
Scliuliiof
I I'rosper Henry
I Peiiotin
1 Wjitson
j Palisa
I I'.iul ilenry
I Pali^i
I Pn)s|)er Henrv
I Paliwi
I Pahsa
I Borelly
, Knorre
Paul Henry
Petei"s
Wats. Ill
Prosper Henry
Perrotiu
Paul Henry
Petei-s
Peteis
Peters
Watson
Piosper Henry
PeiK.tin
Borelly
Borelly
Br.ridly
W.atson
Watson
Peters
Paul Henry
Palisa
Watson
Perrotiu
Cotteiiot
Palisa I
Palisa !
Palisa
Peters
Pro3i)er Henry
CoKgia
Peters
Peters
Peters
Peters
Palisa
Coggia I
Peters
Peters
Peters
Palisa
Borelly
Peters
Peters
Palisa
Peters
Petei-s
Palisa
PalSsa
Peters
Palisa
I'allsa
Peters
Palisa
Palisa
Pal ia.a
Peters
Palisa
Knorre
Palisa
Cogtria
Palisa
Date of
Dhcovery.
June 1.5, 1866
Augu.'it 6, 1866
October 1, 1866
November 4, 1866
July 7, 1867
AuifUst 24. 1867
Sciitumbei f'.. IH67
Nmeiiiber -1 .', 1867
J-'cbroary 17, 1868
Febiii.iry 17, 1S68
April 18. 186j<
May 29, 1868
July 11. 1668
Augu'-t 16, Im;'^
August 22, IM.-
September 7 iwr.s
September in, 1868
Sejiteniber P'., 1868
October lo. isi;8
November 17. 1^08
April 2. 1869
Octiiber 9, 1869
April T,i. 1870
August 14, 1870
September 19, 1870
March 12, 1871
July 24, 1871
August C, 1871
September 8, 1871
Seiitember 12, 1871
Maich 15, 1872
April 3, 1872
April 10, 1H72
May 12, 1872
July 31, 1872
July 31, 1872
August 23, 1872
Seiitember 11, 1872
November 5, 1872
November 5. 1872
November 25, 1872
February 5, 1873
February 17, 1873
May 24, 1873
June 13. 1873
August 16, 1873
September 27, 1873
February 18, 1874
March IB, 1R74
April 21, 1874
May 19, 1874
October 10, 1874
October 13, 1874
I January 13, 1875
I January 28, 1875
February 23, 1875
] June 3, 1875
( June .t, 1S75
I June 8, 1875
I July 11. 1875
I August 7, 1875
I Sejiteniber 21. 1875
Octolier 18, 1875
I November 1, 1875
I November 2, 1875
: November 2, 1875
: November 4, 1875
November 8, 1875
I November 22, 1875
December l. 1875
' Jiiiiuary 4, lft76
January 26, 1S76
I Fiibruaiy 21. 1876
I Aiiril IH. 1870
I April 21, 1876
I Ajirii 26, 1876
' July 12. 187G
August 10. 1876
Aiigu.st 17, 1878
August 29, 1870
heiiteniber 28, 1876
September 28, ih7G
January 10, 1877
Januaiy l.l, 1877
February 6, 1877
August 2, 1877
September 3, 1877
October 1, 1»77
October 14, 1877
November 5, 1877
November 6, 1877
November 12, 1877
January 29. 1878
February 2, 1873
February 7. 1878
February 8. 1878
February 23. 1878
March 1, 1878
April 6, 1378
Api-ii U, 1878
June 18, 1878
September 9, 1878
September 22, 1878
September .30. 1878
Feb. 17 or la, 1879
Febru.ary 28. 1879
March 21, 1879
MarcU 22, 1879
May 17, 1879
M.ay 21, 1879
June 13, 1879
July 9. 1879
July 27, 1879
August 7, 1879
September 11, 1879
September 25, 1879
October 8, 1879
October 13, 1879
October 13, ]879
October 17, 1879
October 21, 1879
October 22. 1879
November 12, 1879
December lo, 1879
February 6, 1880
February 10. 1880
March 1, 1880
April 7, 1880
May 1, 1880
August 30, 1880
September 4, 1880
September 30, 1880
:\'ay 19, 1881
bSil, bo^; pout, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, hench; go, gem; thin, this; sin
, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f,
-cinn, -Uan = snan. -tion. -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shus. ' -ble. -die, kc. =. b^l, deL
330
asteroida— astonished
2. Pyrotechnic-^ : A firework which projects
star-like bodies into the air.
"... rockets with xteii.i-1 stars . . . ditto with magenta
stiirs . . . Anteruidn i;h;mgiug coloiu-s while sailing
through the air."— adct. in Times, Nov. 4, 1875.
as-ter-oi'-da, s. pi. [Gr. aa-rqp (aster) = a
star; el5o? (e id os) — fovm, shape] An order
of radiated animals, the second of the class
Polypi. All the species are compound animals
inhabiting a polyitidom. The polypes have
eight flat tentacles arranged round the mouth
in a single circle. The order consists of four
families — the TnbiporidiB, the Alcyonidfe, the
Gorgonidffi, and the Pennatuliihi?.
Ss-ter-oi'-dal, «. [Eng. asteroid; -ai.]
I, Astronomy :
1. Gen. : Relating to any star.
2. Spec. : Relating to the asteroids.
II. Zool : Relating to the Asteroida (q.v.).
aS-ter-O'-ite, s. [Gr. aa-rnp (aster) — a star,
and suff. -ite (Min.) (q..v.).] A mineral, a va-
riely of Augite.
as-ter-6-lep'-is, s. [Gr. aa-rnp (aster) = a
star, and Xe-n-is ( lepls) = a .scale, from AeVto (lepo)
— to strip off a rind, to ])eel.] A genus of
ganoid fishes named on account of the star-like
mavking of what were at first supposed to be
scales, but which were afterwards found to be
tlie dermal plates of the head. A bone of a
species belonging to tliis genus, found at Stroni-
ness, the capital of Orkney, suggested to Hugh
Miller the writing of his b)eautiful volume
entitled Footprints of the Creator ; or, the As-
terolepis of Stromness. It was an elaborate
argument against the development hypothesis.
According to that hypothesis, the first species
of any class appearing on the scene should be
low in organisation, and probably small in
size. Mr. Miller showed that the Asterolepis
was large in size and high in organisation,
and yet it was at that time l)elieved to be
the oldest fossil vertebrate found in Scotland.
His argument was subsequently weakened by
the discovery that the Stromness rocks were
less ancient than the Forfarshire beds, con-
taining Cephalaspis and other fish genera
subsequently discovered, mostly of small size,
though not of low organisation.
as-ter-d-phj^l-li'-tes, s. [Gr. aor^p (aMer)
= a star ; (jiv.Wov (phtillon) ~ a leaf ; and suff.
-mj9 (ites) = of the nature of.] A genus of
Cryptogainous plants, allied to Calamites, be-
longing to the order Equisetacege. All are
fossil, and belong to the Carboniferous period.
Their name was given on account of the starry
appearance of the verticillate foliage. Tlieir
stems were articulated and branched, and it
is now known that the fossils termed Volk-
mannia constituted their fructification.
* a-slert', v.i. & t. [Astart.]
* a-ste'ynte, v.t. [Attaint.]
as-then -i-a, t as'-then-y, s. [Gr. ia-eeveia
(asthenia); from a.a-9QVT]^-(asthe)iiis) — ^yithout
strength : a, priv., and addvos (stlienos) =
strength. ]
Med. : Absence of sti-ength ; debility.
as-then'-ic, <.o. [Gr. aa-OeviKos (astheniicos).^
In Medicine :
1. Of persons : Weakly, infirm ; marked by
debility.
2. Of diseases : Produced by debility ; the
result of exhausted excitability.
"Ui)on these priiieiiiles he [Browul founded the
character and mode ot tre-itmeiit of all diseases, which
were supposed to consist but of two families, the
sthenic and the a'ffhenit; the fonner produced by accu-
mulated, the latter by exhausted, excitability, and
marked by indirect deliility.''— i>r. Tweedie: Cud.
Pract. Med., vol. ii., p. 160.
[See Brunonians.]
as-then-ol '-6-gy, s. [Gr. ao-9eVeta (astheneia),
and Ad-yo? (logos) = ii discourse.] A discourse
concerning asthenic diseases. The depart-
ment of medical science which treats of those
diseases in which debility is a marked feature.
as'th-ma, s, [Ger. asthma; Fr. asthne; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. asma ; Gr. a.(T9ii.a (asthma);
from aco (ad) = to blow.]
In Medicine :
1, Goi. : Ghi'onic shortness of breath, from
whatever cause it may arise. Till a compara-
tively I'ccent period good medical writers used
the term in this wide sense, and non-profes-
sional writers and the public do so still.
2. Specially : Asthma, or spasmodic asthma,
is "a difficulty of breathing, recurring in
paroxysms, after intervals of comparatively
good health, and usually unaccompanied biy
fever." It is most common in persons possess-
ing the nervous temperament. After some
precursory symptoms, it commences, often at
night, with a paroxysm in which there is a
gi-eat tightness and constriction of the chest.
The patient breathes with a wheezing sound,
and flings open the door or throws up the
window in the effort to obtain more air. After
a time the paroxysm passes away. Other fits
of it probably succeed on subsequent days,
but by no means with the regularity of inter-
mittent fever. It is produced by a morbid
contraction of the bronchial muscles. There
are two leading varieties of the disease, a
nervous and a catarrhal, the former of pure
sympathetic and symptomatic forms, and the
latter latent, humeral, and mucous chronic
sub-varieties, besides an acute congestive,
and an acute catarrhal form.
arSth-mat-ic, * astli-jnat'-icks, adj. & s.
[In Fr, asthmatique; Sij., Port., & Ital. asvia-
tiko ; Lat. asthmatlcus ; Gr. aa-OfiaTLKog (asth-
maii/cos) = asthmatic, panting, breathing hard,
from S.a-9fj.a (asthvia).~\ [Asthma.]
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining or relating to asthma.
"... the a5(ftma(£c paroxysms . . ."—Cycl. Pract.
Med., vol. i., p. 188.
2. Affected or threatened with asthma.
" He was a«/ftm.(r(i!C and consumptive," — Macaulay :
Jflsl. J£ng., ch. vii.
S. As substantive : A person affected or
threatened with asthma.
" A stJiTiiaticJcs caMuotheur the air of hot rooms, and
cities where there is a great deal of fuel burnt." —
ArbiUhnot : Air.
"... an old asthmatic." — Ci/clo. Pract. Med., vol. i.,
p. 188.
asth-mat'-ic-al, a. [Eng. osthrnatlc ; -al.]
Pertaining to or affected or threatened with
asthma (q.v.).
" In asthmatlcal persons, though the lungs be very
much stuffed with tough phlegm, yet the patient may
live some months, if not some years,"— /(o^ie.
asth-mat'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. asthmatlcal ;
-ly. ] After the manner of one affected with
asthma. (Richardson. )
' astighen, v. [Astyen.]
as - tig - mat'- ic, a. [Astigmatism.] Per-
taining to or characterized by astigma-
tism,
t a-Stlg'-ma-tism, s. [Gr. a, priv. , and
o-Tty/xartCw ^stigvuttizo) =^ to prick, to punc-
ture.] [Stiqma.I
Med. : A defect in eyesight attended with
dimness of vision, arising, it is believed, from
a structural error or accidental malformation
of the lens of the eye. If, in such cases, a
luminous point be viewed by the eye, it will
not appear like a point, but will put on some
other appearance dependent on the nature of
the error or malformation.
" The cure of a troublesome affection of the tear-
ducts, together with astigmatism." —Daiiy Telegra/jh,
March 23, 1877.
* a-Stint', V.t. &L i. [A.S. astintaR.] To stop,
to cease. (Ancren Biwle, p. 7:^.)
* a-stip'-u-late» v.i. [Pref, a representing
Lat. ad = to; stipulate.] To stipulate; to
agree. [Stipulate.]
"All, but an hateful Epicurus, have astipidated to
this truth."— fl^. Hall : Invis. World, bk. li. § l.
* a-stip-u-la'-tion, s. [Pref. a representing
Lat. ad — to; stipulation.] Stipulation ; agree-
ment. [Stipulation.]
" Gracing himself herein with the astipulation of our
reverend Je\yeIl."—i;aM.- IIon.o/thii Slar.clargy, ii. 8.
a-stir' (Eiig.), a-ste'er (Old Eng., also Old &
Mod. Scotch), ft. Stirring, active ; in motion,
in commotion.
" Life hud long been astir in the village.'
Lonjfu low: Bvnnffsliiie, jit. i., i.
" To set things astu ■> .
xxxvii.
-Soil . out Mortality,
as-tire, *ais-tre, as-tre, s. [O. Fr.] Tht
hearth.
"Bad her take the pot, that sod ouer the fire.
And set it abooue vpon the astire."
Scliole Mouse of IVomen, 620. [fioucher.)
* as-ti't, * as-ty't, * as-ty'te, adv. [Bug.
as, used as a prefix; Icel. titt = ready; A.*:',
tid = time, tide.]
1. At once ; immediately, suddenly.
" I Bchal telle hit, as-tit, as I in toun herds.
With tonge."
Sir Gawayne & tlis Qreen Knyghl (ed. Morris), Sl-2.
2. Quickly.
" Therefore trewely astyt he told him the sotliB."
William, and the Werwolf, 290. {BouiiJier.)
" He dyde on hys clothys astyte."
MS. Ilarl. 1,701, I. 46, b. (Boucher:,
3. Rather. (Jamieson.)
as'-ti-une, s. [Astrion.] A certain kind of
precious stone.
"Ther is saphire and uniune,
Carbuncle and astiune."
Warton : Jliat, £ng. Poetry, i, 11. (S. in Bnuchei:)
a-stom'-a-ta, s. pi. [Gr. a, priv., and orofia
(stoma), genit. trrojaaTos (stomatos)^^ mouth.]
Zoology : An order of Infusoria, contain-
ing those animalcules which have no true or
determinate mouth. It contains the families
Astacidse, Dinobrj'idffi, PeridinidaB, and Opali-
nidffi.
r!.-st6in'-a-tOUS, a. [Astomata.] Pertaining
to the above-mentioned astomata. Without
a mouth. (Oioe.n.)
as'-tom-ous, a. [Gr. ao-ro/xos (astomos) ; from
a, priv., and a-TOfxa (sIowm) = a mouth.]
1. Zool. : Mouthless.
2. Biol. : Without a mouth or similar aper-
ture. (Used of some animals low in organi-
sation, of mosses whose cajjsules have no
aperture, &c.)
* as-ton'-ay, v.t. [Astony.]
* as-to'ne, v.t. [Astony,]
* as-ton'-ied, "^ as-ton'-ayd, * as-ton'-
eyd, "^ as-toun'-ied, * as-ton'-yed,
* as-ton'-yd, ^ as-to^'-ed, "^ as-ton-
ed, * ston'-eyed, pa. j^ctr. [Astony.] As-
tonished, dismayed,
"Then was king Belshazzar ^eatly troubled, and
Ills countenance was changed in him, and his lords were
astonied." — Uaji. v. 9.
" He was so stonyed of that dente
That uygh he had hys lyff rente."
A'. Richard, 42L (Boucher.)
" Sho was astonayd in that stownde,
For in hys face sho saw a wonde."
Qwaine and Gawin, 1,719. (Boucher.)
" No wonder is though that sche were astoned.
To seen so gret a gest come into that i>lace."
Chuucer : C. T., 8,213-14.
" For which this Emelye astoneyed was."
Ibid.. 2,363.
"... were wonderfully thereat astonyed." — Stani-
hurst : Ireland, p. 14.
*■ as-ton'-ied-ness, s. [Eng. astonied; -ness.]
The state or quality of being astonied.
" Astoniedness or dulneas of the mind, not perceiving
what is done." — Baret : Diet., " Benumming."
as-ton'-ish, * as-ton'-ysh, v.t. [Old Fr.
estonner, estoner ; Mod. Fr. etonner ; from Lat.
attonitiis = thunder-struck ; attono = (1) to
thunder at, (2) to stupefy : ad = to, and tono
— to thunder (cf. A.S. astunian — to stun).
Closely akin tn Astony, Astound, and Stun.]
* 1. To strike with a hard body, as if one
had been smitten with a thunder-bolt.
(Trench,)
* 2. To send a shock through, so as to be-
numb the part smitten, or to stun by a blow.
"The cramp-fish [the turnedo] knoweth her own
force and power, and being herself not benumbed, is
able to astonish others."— IloUand's Pliny, vol i 26L
(See Trench's Select Glossary, p. il.}
" And sure, had not his massy iron wall
Betwixt him and his hurt bene happily.
It would have cleft him to the girding place ;
Yet, as it was, it did astonish bini Ions hpace."
Spenser ■ F Q., IV. viii. 43.
3. To inspire suddenly with great amaze-
ment, as if one had been struck by lightning,
or at least appalled by a loud peal of thunder.
To strike with sudden terror, surprise, or
wonder ; to amaze.
". . the people were «s(onM7i«d at liis doctrine ■■—
Matt. vii. 28.
as-ton -ished, jja. par. & a. [Astonish.]
" For lo ! the god in dusky clouds enshrin'd
Approaching, dealt a staggering blow behind.
■*•*•#
His swar in shivers falls; his baldric strews the
iiPld.
The corselet his astonLtKd breast foi-sakes."
Pope. Homer s Iliad, bk. xvi., 954:-68.
" And start the nstonisKd shades at female eyes.
And thundering tube the aged angler hears."
Wordsworth : Descriptive Sketclies
fate, iat, fare, amidst, wiiat, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, ciib, ciirs, unite, ciir, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = ltw.
astonishing— astretchyn
331
as-ton'-ish-ing, jjr. par. & a. [Astonish.]
"The short bi)a,ce oi sixty years has made an as-
tonUhlng differem;e in the facility of diatant iiaviga-
tiou." — Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
as-ton'-ish-iug-ly, adv. [Eng. astonishing;
' -ly.] In an astonishing inanucr ; wonderfully.
"We cioased a hvi-ge tract of laud mtonishingly
fruitful.'— SMJ(n6ur«e; Spain, Lett. 14.
" . . . it cannot he denied that the great house of
Smith has held its own astonishingly well tliroughout
the ages."— Z)a(7,v Telegraph, December 5, 1877.
as-ton'-ish-ing-ness, s. [Eng. aston-isUng ;
-ncss.] The q^uality of being fitted to excite
astouislirnent, or of actmiUy exciting it.
(Johnson.)
as-ton'-ish-ment, s. lEng. astonish ; -ment.
la Fr. etORiiement.^
1. The act of astonishing.
2. The state of being astonished ; the emo-
tion produced when something stui)endo\is,
stunning, woudei-ful, or dreadful is presented
to the mind.
"The Lord Hliall smite thee with mailnesa, aud blhid-
ueaa, aud astoninhment of heai-t." — Deut. xxviii. 28.
3. The object exciting such an emotion.
"And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwelliu^-place
for dragoua, iui imton'inhment, and a hissing, without
au inhabitant."— Jtr. 11. 37.
*as-ton'-y- *as-t6n'-aye, * as-toun'-Jr,
*as-t6^ne, *as-t6'ne, * as-tu'-m-en,
v.t. [From O. I-'r. estonner.] To stun ; to
astonish. [Astonish, Astound, Stun.] (Al-
most always in the pa. par.) [Astonied.]
T[ It may be followed by at. With is now
obsolete.
^ Astony and cu^tonish co-existed for a con-
siderable period, commencing at least as early
as the first part of the sixteenth century,
Richardson gi\'es an instance of the use of
astonish in a.d. 1535. [Astonish.]
*as-t6n'-yed, as-ton'-yd, '' as-t^n'ed,
pa: par. [Astonied.]
* as - ton- y - ing, * as - ton' - ynge, * as -
toyn'-ynge, i>r. par. & s. [Astonv.]
Assnhst. : Stupefaction, amazement. (Prompt.
Parv.)^
*a-stb're, ^ a-st6'r-yn» v.t. [O. Pr. estoire
'= provisions, equipage.]
A. (Oy''''i*'/o^'"'^storyii): To store. (Prompt.
Parv.)
B. (Of the form astore) : To provide with
stores.
" For aevene yer, juid yitt more.
Tilt; castel he gaii ii-.for>;
Fvfteiie thunsaiid I fvnd in book ;
Hi; lefte, that vyU fur to look."
Jilchard, 6,486. (Boucher.)
as-tou'nd, i\t. k i. [From 0. Eng. astounied,
' pa. par. of astone (q.v.). In A.S. astundian
=rto astound, to grieve, to suffer grief, to
bear; O. Fr. estonner.] [Astonish ]
1. Trans. : To stun ; to strike with amaze-
ment.
" These thoughts may startle well, but not astound
The virtuous mind, that ever ualks attended
Ry a strong siding champion, conscience."
MiUon: Comus.
'-. , but Preston, asti^unded by his master's flight,
. , .'—Mucaulay Hist. Eng., ch, x.
2. Inlnui'iitivi' : To send forth a stunning
sound ; ti> I't-al forth as thunder.
" The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more
The noise astounds." — Thmnsoii ■ Summer, 1,137-8.
as-tou'nd-ed, t as-tou'nd, pa. par. & a.
' [Astound.]
as-tou'nd-ing, pr. par.
[Astound.]
as-toii'nd-ment, s. [Eng. astound; -ment.]
Astonishment.
"* as-tou'n-ied, pa. par. [Astonied.]
* as-t6^'n-3rn. ^ as-toy'n, v.t. [Astony.]
To shake, tn bruise. (Prompt. Parv.]
As-tra-can', ^s-tra-klian', *■ ^ ^- i^^^^
etyiii." see def.]
A. As substantive :
1. Geog. : A province of Russia, on the
north-west of the Cas]iian.
2. Comm. : A name given to curled, woolly
skins, obtained from the sheep found in the
province of Astracan, and iu Persia and Syria ;
a fabric with a pile in imitation of this.
B. As adj. : Made of, or resembling, the
skins or fabric described under A. 2.
As-trse'-a (1), As-tre'-a, s. [Lat Astrcea.]
L Class. Myth. : The goddess of justice.
Like other divinities, she lived for & time
on the earth, but being disgusted with the-
iniquity of mankind, she was obliged to quit
it, being, however, the last of the deities to
depart. When at length she went away she
was transformed into a constellation (Virgo).
" This our land containea
Some In whose heart devine Astrcea raignes."
Times Whistle, E. E. T.ixt Soc, sat. 4, 1,523-4.
" In this life of probation for rapture divine,
Astrea declares that some penance is due."
Byron: Love'sLast Adieu.
11. Astronomy :
* 1. The constellation Virgo, called also
Erigone and Isis. [See No. I.]
*■ " Hung forth in heaven his golden Scales, yet seen
Betwixt Astrea and the acoii»ion sign."
Milton: P. L.. l.k. iv.
2. An asteroid, the fifth found. It was dis-
covered by Hencke on the Sth December, 1845.
S,S-trsa'-a (2), s. [Fi-om Gr. atrrpato? (astro Los)
= staiTy, starred ; aa-rpov (astron) = a st;ir ;
generally in pi. aarpa (astro.) = the stars.]
Zool. : A genus of radiated animals, the
typical one of the family AstrseidEe. It received
the name Astrcea because the animals are
thickly studded over it like stars iu the sky.
Thereare many recent and also many foasil
species.
As-trje'-an, «. [From Astro;a (q.v.).] Pt-r-
taining to Astrsea ; favoured by the presence
of Astrsea.
" Intent on her, who rapt in glorious di-eams.
The secoud-aight-of some Astreenn age."
Tennyson: Thu Princess, ii.
as-trse'-i-dse, s. i>J. [From astrcea, the typical
genus.] [Astrea (2).]
Zool. : A family of radiated animals belong-
ing to the class Polypi and the order Helian-
tlioida. It is specially to this family that the
formation of coral reefs is to be attributed.
It contains the genera Astra^a, IMeandiina, &ic.
as'-tra-gal, *. [Astragalus.]
as-tra-gal'-e-se, s pi [Astragalus .] A
tribe of Papilionaceous plants, of which the
genera Astragalus and Oxytropis have repre-
sentatives in the British flora.
as-trag-al-6~mS,n'-5y, s. [Gr. oo-TpaydXos
(astragalos), in the plur. = dice, and fiavreia
(manteia) = divination.] Pretended divination
peri'ormed by throwing ilowu small dice with
marks corresponding to letters of the alphabet,
and observing what words they formed. It
was practised in the temple of Hercules, in
Achaia.
a3-trS.g'-al-us, S,s-tra-gal, s [In Fr.
astragale; Sp., Port., & Ital. ustragalo ; Lat.
astragalus ; Gr. ao-TpayoAos (astragalos) =■ the
ball of the ankle-joint. A leguminous plant,
so called because its knotted root resembled
an ankle-joint. In Arch., a moulding in the
capital of an Ionic column.]
A. (Of the form astragalus) :
1. Anat.: One of the bones belonging to the
tarsus.
" The tibia reata upon the astragalzis, aud through
that bone transmits the weight to the foot." — Todd d-
Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. t, p. 146.
2. Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Fabacese and the sub-order Papilionaeeae.
The English name is Milk Vetch. The genus
contains three British species, of which the
best known one is A. hypoglottis, the Purple
Mountain Milk-vetch. It is not an Alpine
plant, but is found at the sea-level. It has
large bluish-purple flowers. A. verws furnishes
Gum-tragacanth (q.v.). It is a native of
Northern Persia. The seeds of A. hceiicus,
after being roasted and ground, are used in
Hungary as a substitute for coftee. There are
many other foreign species of Astragalus,
many of them ornamental.
B. {Of the forms astragal and astragalus) :
astragalus.
Arch. : " A small semi-circular moulding or
Bead, sometimes termed Roundel." (Gloss, of
Architecture.)
" I presume the three sets of double astragals at the
base of the columns, one of which is in the British
Museum, were all endecked with gold fillets, as here
desciihed."— Letter of Mr. Wood, entitled Diana of
the Ephesians," Times, Feb. 17, 1874.
AS'tra-khan'» s. [Astracan.]
as'-tra-khan-ite, s. [From Astrakhan, near
whicli it occurs.] A mineral, with whitish
crystals. It is the same as Blcedite (q.v.).
as'-tral,a. [Ger., Fr., Sp., &Port.afim'0^cli-);
Ital. 'a5(ra;e (adj.); Lat. a.b/ra//^ (adj.). J^roni
astrum. = 3. star; Gr. atrrpa (astra), pi. —the
stars.]
A. ^s adjective:
1. Pertaining to the stars ; starry.
" Some astral f miiis I must invoke by prnj 'r.
Fi-am'd all of purest atoms of the air ;
Not in their natuies simply good or ill, _
But most subservient to bad spirits will. '
/)r//den.
2. Jn Theosophy : Noting an ether-bke sub-
stimce said to pervade all space.
B. As substantive :
1. The same as Astral Lamp (q.v.).
" ITie tallow candle an hstral sl-one." iyhittiar.
2. An astral body.
astral-body, i-. A wraith, a double ; an
etiieieal body.
astral lamp. A lamp similar iu cha-
racter to an Argand Lamp (q.v.).
astral spirits, or spirits dwelling iu the
heavenly bodies, in tin; deuionology of tlie
Middle Ages were conc^^i^'ed of sometimes as
fallen angels, sometimes as souls of dead mOii,
()]■ a.s spirits originating iu tire and hovering
between heaven, earth, and hell witliout be-
belonging to either.
a-strand', a. or ado. [Eng. a=on; strand.]
Stranded.
" As the tall ship, . . .
Amid the hreakei's lies astrand."
Scott: Lady of the Luke, vi. i:!.
as-tran'-ti-a, s. [In Ger. ostranz ; Fr. as-
traiica ; Pintl astraiiviu.]
Bot. : Ma.ster-wort. A genus of plant.'^ be-
longing to tlie order Apiaceas or Umbellifeis.
The A. major has escaped from gardens here
and there iu Britain, but is not wild.
as-tra-pae-a, s. [Gr. aa-TpairoLos {f'stnqwios)
= pertaining to lightning ; atrrpaTr^ (Kstroiif)
= a flash of lightning.] A genus of jilants be-
longing to the order yterculiacea;, or Stercu-
liads, and the tribe Doiubeyai. It has large
heads of flowers so splendid iu colour that
they suggi-stii'd the choice of the genei-ic name.
The .4. U'alltdiii was introduced into Britain
from iladagascar in 1820.
a-stra'y, '^ a-stra'ye, adv., u., & s. [Eng. «
= on ; stray.]
A, As adverb :
1. Lit. : Out of the right path, or enclosure,
or place, where the persun or animal described
as straying ought to be.
" For ye were as sheep going aslray ; but are now
returned imto the Shcplierd and Bishop of your aoula,"
— 1 Peter iL 25.
2. Fig. : Out of the path of truth, of pro-
priety, or of moral rectitude.
"You run astray; for whilst we talk of Ireland, you
rip up the original of Scotland."— A>(;y;,stv , Ireland.
* B. As oerb : To stray away.
"They a)((rff^e<i from God." Hudson: Judith, ii. 352.
C As substantive: An animal or a person
out of the right way or place. (Prompt. Parv.)
* a-stra'y-ly, adv. [Eng. astray ; -ly.] The
same as Astray, adv. (q.v.). (pTomi^t. Parv.)
as-tre, ct. [O. Fr. astre = Fr. dtre = a
hearth.] A hearth, a home.
"Astre, that is to say, the stocke. harth, orchimuey,
for Hie-'—Lamburde : Peramb. Kent, p 5u7.
AS-tre'-a, a. [Astrea (1).]
* as-tre-la'-bre (bre = ber), s. An old
spelling of Astrolabe.
* a - strength'e, v.t. [A.S. strengan = to
strengthen ; strengthu = strength.] To
strengthen.
" This is si vaire miracle thet thet godspel of te day
ua telth. Therefore sal hure be-liaue bie tlie betere
a-strengthed."—Old Kentish Sermons (ed. Morria), p. 32.
* a-stret'9li-yn, * a-stret'9he, v.t. [A.s.
astreccan, astrecan, osircecaii, pret. astrehte, pa.
par. astTeht = i(i stretch out, to bow down.]
To stretch out, to reach. (Prompt, i'orv.)
boil, boy; poiit, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9lun, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing*
-cian, -tian - shg.n. -tion, -siou = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhuu. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, i:c. = bel, deL
332
astrict— astrolabe
a-Strict, f.t [From Lat. asiricHts, pa. pni-.
of astrinyo : arf = to, and stringo= to diaw
tight ; Gr. a-Tpdyy<o (strango) = to draw tiglit.]
[ASTEINGE.]
A, Ord. Lang. : To contract by means of
an application ; to "bind fast.
"The solid parts were to be relaxed or astrictcd, as
they let the humoiu-a pass, either in too small or too
great quitutities." — Arbirthjwt : Alimeytts.
B, Law: Legally to bind. (Scotch.)
" None snide holdiu nor astrictit to njak forder pay-
ment of thair partis of the said taxation."— .-iffs Jas.
VI. (1535).
a-Strict', a. [in Port, astricto : Lat. astrictus,
' pa. par. otastr[,ig«.] (Joiitrai^tyd, concise.
" An epitaph ia a superscription, or au astnct pithy
diagram, — Wcever: Funeral Man.
a-stric'-tion, s. [In Fr. astriction ; Sp. (!-v
triccioii; Port, adstricgao ; Lat. adstrictlo.}
[Astrict, -y.]
A. OTdinary Language :
I. The act or capabihty of binding closely.
Used —
(1) Ofthehody:
"This virtue reqnireth an astriction, hut such an
ast.riction as is not gr.iteful to the body . . . for a
pleasing astriction doth rather bind in the humours
than expel them ; and therefore such astriction is
found in things of au harsh tsLSte." — Bacon: If at.
Bist., Cent. i.. § 40.
(2) Of the viind and will :
" So of marriage he is the axithor, yet hence will not
follow any divine as^rictio-n more than what is subor-
dinate to the glory of God, and the main good of either
party."— .lA'Won." Doctrine of Divorce, bk. i., ch. 13.
{/itchardson.)
II. The state of being so bound, physically
or mentally.
" Lenitive substances are proper for dry atrabilarian
constitutions, who are subject to astriction of the
belly and the piles." — Arbuthnot : Diet.
III. That which binds closely ; an astrin-
gent.
" Astriction is in a substance that hath a virtual
cold, and it worketh partly by the ssiine means that
cold doth." — Bacon.
Tf See also example under I. (1).
B. Technically :
1. Med. : In the same senses as those under
A. L (1), IL & III.
2. Scots Law : An obligation, whether by
contract or by old law, to have com ground
at a particular mill, where it is subject to an
impost called multure or thirlage.
a-strict'-ive, a. [Eng. astrict : -ive.] Pos-
sessing the quality of contracting or binding ;
styptic.
■ "The naked branches and bunches whereupon there
were grapes have an astrictioe vertue." — Holland:
Pliny, bk. xxiiL, ch. 1. {Richardson.)
a-Strict'~6r-y, a. [Lat. astrictorius.] Pos-
sessing the quality of contracting or binding ;
astringent ; actually contracting or binding.
a-Stri'de, adv. [Eng. a; stride]
1. Lit. : With the legs across, as when a
person is on horseback.
" And yet for all that rode astride on a beast." — u.
Cotton : A Voyage to Ireland.
2. Fig. : Supported on either side of any-
thing, as spectacles on the nose.
"... and glasses with horn bows
Sat astride on his nose, with a look of wisdom supernal."
Longfellow: Evangeline, pt. i,, 3.
as-trir-er-oiis, a. [Lat. astrifer; antrum =
' a star, and /e/-o=to bear.] Beai'ing stars;
starry. (Johnson.)
as-trig'-er-oiis, a. [Lat. astriger, from as-
trvm, = a star, and gero = to carry.] Can-ying
stars ; starry. (Johnson.)
• a-Strik'-kit, j3«. par. [Asteict.] .(Scotch.)
a-String'e, v.t. [In Fr. astreindre; Sp. 05-
tringir ; Port, axlstringir ; Ital. astringere;
from Lat. astringo.] [Astrict, v.]
1. Lit. : To bind together, by compressing
the paits which till then have remained
separate ; to compress.
" Teai-3 are caused by a contraction of the spirits of
the briiiii ; which contraction, by consequence, astrin-
geth the mnisture of the brain, and thereby sendeth
tears into the eyes "—Bacon.
2. Fig. : To bind the mind or conscience by
an obligation. (Wolssy.)
a-strin'-gen-^y, s. [In Fr. astringence ;
Port, cuht riiifiL/LCK' , n.',trlnge>iciu ; Ital. astrin-
geuza, astringenzia ; fuuu lii\t. astrUigens, pr.
par. of astringo = to draw close, to bind.]
[AsTRixGE,] Tlie act or power of binding nv
contracting any part of the bodily frame. (It
is opposed to Relaxation).
"Astriction prohibiteth dissolution; aa, in medi-
cines, astringents Inhibit putrefaction ; and bj^ astrin-
(lencii, some small quantity of oil of vitriol will keep
hesli water long from putrefying."— -flacoJi .' Nat. Mist
" Acid, acrid, austere, and bitter subatiinces, by their
astrinaency, create horrour ; that is, stimulate the
flhres.' —Arbuthnot.
a-strin'-gent, a. & s. [In Fr. astringent;
' Sp. & Ital. astringentc ; Port, adstringente ;
from Lat. a^trUigens, pr. par. of astringo.]
[AsTRINGE,]
A. As adjective :
1. Contracting and condensing the muscular
fibre. (It is opposed to Laxative.)
Astrinqent medicines are binding, which act by
the asperity of their particles, whereby they corrugate
the membranes, and mi '
Quincy.
[ make them draw up closer."—
2. It is sometimes used of tastes which seem
to contract the mouth.
B. --Is substantive :
Med. : A substance which produces con-
traction and condensation of the muscular
fibre : for instance, when applied to a bleeding
wound they so contract the tissues as to stop
the hemorrhage. The contraction thus pro-
duced is different from that eff'ected by an
ordinary stimulant, and from that caused by
the administration of a tonic. [Stimulant,
Tonic] They may be divided into (1) those
whiL'h exert a tonic influence, as tannin com-
bined with gallic acid ; also sulphuric, acetic
acids, &c. ; (i) those which have a sedative
effect, as the salts of lead ; and (3) those which
operate chemically, as chalk or other variety
of carbonate of lime. Astringents are useful
in various diseases. (Dr. A. T. Thomson, in
the Cycl. ofPract. Med.)
"In medicines, astringents inhibit putrefaction." —
Bacon : Nat. Hist.
a-Strin'-gent-ly, adv. [Eng. astringent ; ~ly. ]
In an astringent manner ; in the way that
astringents act ; so as to bind or contract.
(Richardson.)
t a^strin'-ger, * au-strin'-ger, "^ os-treg-
i-er, s. [Low Lat. ostercus, austercns ■=^ a
goshawk (Nare.^); O. Fr. anstour, ostour, ostorr,
ostoT ; Mod. Fr. autour ; Prcv. austor ; O. Sp.
azior ; Ital. astore; from Lat. acceptor, aceipi-
ter = a goshawk.] A falconer ; spec, one who
keeps a goshawk.
EiUer a gentle Astringer.
" This man may help me to his majesty's ear."
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Well, v. l.
a-string'-ing, pr. par. [Astringe.]
as-trip'-O-tent, adj. [Lat. astrmn = a star,
and poteiis = potent, powerful] Buling the
stars.
" The high astrijioteTit auctor of all."
MS. Harl., 2,251, f. So b. {Boucher.)
as'-tri-on, s. [Lat., dim. from Gr.aa-Trip (aster)
= a star. The asteriated sapphire (q.v.).
*&s'-trite, .-.. [Astroite.]
as-tro-car'-y-um, s. [Gr. aarpov (astron) =
a star, and Kapvov (hariioii) = (1) nut, (2) the
stone in stone-fruits.
Bot. : A genus of palms belonging to the
family Goeoineie, froiu the tropical parts of
America. The species range from 10 to 40 feet
in height.
as-tro-der'-miis, s. [Gr aa-rpov (astron) =
a stai', and 5e'pju.a (derma) = the skin, ] A genus
astrodee.mus guttatus.
of spiny-finned fishes belonging to the Scom-
berida-, or Jlfickcrel family, A. gitttatvs is
froiti tlieMediten-anean, and is somewhat akin
to tlie Corypliitna.
as-trog'-en-y, s. [Gr. an-rpov ("^tnni) = a
stai', and yewdai (geunao) = to bi-iiig fortli, to
pnjduce.] The coming into existence of the
celestial bodies.
as-tro-gno's-i-a, as-tro-gno'-sy, s. [Gr.
acrrpou {astroii) = a stai', and -yrwirts {gnd.-^is) —
inquiry, kMuwledge; yviavai. {giionai), 2 a.ov.
inf. of yiyviinTKoi (gignosko) = to learn, to know,
to jifrceive.] Knowledge of the stars.
as-trog'-ra-phy, s. [Gr. cia-rpov (astron) =
* a star, and'ypa^rj (graphe) = . . . a writing,
a description.] A writing or ticitise on the
stars; a description of the stars ; a delineation
of the stars. (Johnson.)
^ as-tro-i'te, * as-tro-i't, ^ as-tri'te,
* as-ter-l'te, s. [in Fr. astroiip; Lat. as-
terites, astrites; Gr. a<TTpQv (astron), or aa-rrip
(aster) = a star, and suff. -ite = like.]
[Asteria.]
1. Gen. : Any star-stone, i.e., stone of a
radiate structure or superficially radiated,
whether a mineral or a fossil organism, the
necessity of precise identifications in such
matters never having Iieen popularly under-
stood. Hence various radiated minerals, also
joints of fossil encrinites, and anything similar,
have by one unscientific person or other been
designated as astroites or stctr-stones.
"AstroUes or star-stones . . ."—Brome: Travels
(1700), p. 12. [HalUwcll : Cont. to Lcxic.)
" In the arable grounds tow.Tjrd'* Barton, lying on
a bed of stone, has been found a species of the astroite,
or starry-stone, very besiutiful, deeply intagliated or
engraven likeaseal." — Warton: Hist, of Kiddington,
p. 25.
2. Spec. : An ancient gem, called by Pliny
asteria. Some have thought this the mineral
named cats' -eye, which possesses a certain faint
resemblance to a star, ni having a fibrous sub-
stance ; others, amianthus or asbestus enclosed
in quartz ; but both Phillips and Dana regard
it as a variety of the sapphire— that sometimes
called the asteriated sajyphire. [Asteria.]
as-tro-labe, *as'-try-labe, *a.s'-tr6-
"byre, s. [in Dan., Dut., & Ger. astrolabium ;
Fi'. astrolabe; Prov. astrolabi ; Sp., Port., &
Ital. astrolabio ; Low Lat. astrolabviim : Gr.
& Ital. astrolabio; Low Lat. ai.trolabinm ; Gr.
acrTpo\a^o<; (astfulabos), aarpoXa^iKov (astrola-
hikon), fi'oni aa-rpov (astron) — a star, and
Xa^eic (labein), 2 aor. inf. of \afx^dvu(lavibund)
= to take.] In its etymological sense, any
instrument for taking the altitude of a star or
other heavenly body, a definition which would
include not merely the astrolabe properly so
called, but also the sextant, the quadiant, the
equatorial, the altitude and azunuth circle,
the theodolite, or any similar instrument.
But, practically, the word is limited to the
three following significations ; —
1. A planisphere, a stereographic projection
of the sphere upon the plane of one of its
gi-eat circles. This may be either the plane of
the equator, in which case the eye is supposed
to be at the
pole ; or
the plane
of the me-
ridian, in
which case
the eye is
considered
to be at
the pomt
of inter
section, of
the equi
noctialaiid
the hon
2on.
2. An "
armillarj
sphere or
any simi
lar instru-
ment. [Ar-
millarv ]
This type of astrolabe was in use among
astronomers at least from the early part of the
second century A.D., if not eveu from the
second or third century B.C.
" His ascrylabe, longjiig for his art."
Chaucer : C. T., 3,209.
" Liv'd Tyclio now, struck with this ray, which
shone
More bright i" the morn than others beam atnoon,
He'd take his ar'rr.labe. and seek out here
What new star 'twas did gild our hemisphere."
Drydeti : Death of Lord Hastings, v. 45.
1 The former use of the word was common
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Such an astrolabe as that first described was
the badge of an astrologer.
" She senle for him, and he came ;
With him his astrolabe he niune.
With points .and cii-cles merveilous.
Which was of fine yold precious."
Gower: Conf. Am... bk. vt
% The forms astyllabyre and astyrlaby are in.
Prompt. Parv.
astrolabe.
fSite, fd,t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or. wore. wQlf, work, who. son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
as trolabieal— astronomer
333
"... for we see sijheres, (rlobes, aatrolabes, iimi)3.
and the like, have been provided as apyurtenaucea to
asti-ouoiny .md eosmography, as well as hooks."—
Bf(co« .' Adv. of /,e«Di., ok. li.
3. A graduated circle, with sights attached,
in use early in the eighteenth century for
taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies at
sea. It was ultimately superseded by Hadlcy's
quadrant, introduced to pnhlic notice about
1T30. (Penny Cydopcedia.)
as-tr6-lS.b'-l-cal, a. [Bug. astrolal)(e) : -ical.]
Pertaining to an' astrolabe.
as-trol'-a-try, s. [Gr. ia-rpa [ostra) = tlie
■ stars, and Aarpeia {UUreicti = worship.] Tlie
worsliip of the stars. (Cudworth.)
as-tr6-lith-6r-6-gy, s. [Gr. io-Tpoi/ (ash-on)
■ = a star, AWos (Kfftos) = a stone, and Adyos
((ojios) = . . . a discourse. [A name pro-
posed by Professor Sliepard t" designate the
science which treats of njeteorites oi' aerolites.
(Sowerhy: Popldar Miitemlogy,lSbO ; Aerolites,
p. 218.)
♦as'-tro-log, ' as'-tro-logue, s. [Fr. as-
trolo^ie, from Lat. cistrologus, fiom ocrTpaKoym
{afitrolodos) = an asti-onomer : atrrpov (astrou)
= a star, and Ae'vio {lego) = to tell, to speak
of.] As astronomer.
" It war yret lujLstry
Till oiiy itstrnjog to sjiy
Tilts pall full heir aud on tins day."
Bftrbouf ■ llnicc. iv. Ti'7.
as-trol'-o-ger, * as-trol'-o-gere, j. [Eng.
■ a„trolog(y) ; -cr.J IAsteology.j
* 1. Originally : An astronomer.
■'A worthy axtrologer, by perapeetive ghwses, hath
found iu the stars many things mikn^wu to tlie .iii-
ciente.'— /toZeifi'ft.
If As most, if not all, the ancient astrono-
nieis believed that the heavenly bodies have
an influence upon human destinies ; and any
one who jiredicted fortunes from the position
of the stars, retiuired to study their move-
ments, no need was at flr,st felt for drawing a
distinction between an astronomer and an as-
trologer iu the modern sense of these terms.
2. Siihsequently and m»o: An astrologer, as
contradistinguished from an astronomer. A
man of nnscieiitific mind who studies the
heavenly bodies, not to ascertain the laws
wliicli alTect their existence and movements,
but in the vain hoye of forecasting the future
destiny of himself or others.
" This made the mtrologera so idle as to Judije of a
man's nature and destiuy, hy the constellation of the
moment of his nativity or conception." — Bacon
t'ulours of Good and Euil, ch, x.
" . . . the astroloaeri, the star-gazers, and monthly
proguosticators, . . . '—laa. xlvii. 13.
* as-tro-lo'-gi-an, s. [Bug. astrolog(,y) : -inn.
Ill Prov. astrolo'gian.} Tlie same as Astro-
loger (q.v.).
"The twelve houses of heaven, in the fonn which
astrulogians use."— CitmdeH.
". . . an iiatritlnglan
That ill his works »:i.id sucii a day o' the mouth
Should he the day of doom. . . . '
Webeter : Duchtisa of 3/atfl. iv. 2.
as-tro-log'-io, ♦as-tro-log'-ick, ^s-
tro-log'-Ic-al, a. [In Pr. astrologiqm ;
Sp Port., i: Ital. astrologico ; from Gr.
iorpoAoYiKos (astrologilcos) = pertaining to as-
tronnmy.]
1. Pertaining or relating to astronomy ; com-
mingled, as the old astronomy was, with
astrology.
2. Relating to astrology ; believing, profess-
ing, or practising asirology.
" No aatrologick wizard honour gains
Who has not oft been banished, or in chains.
Drydmi : Juvenal, sat. vi.
.&S-trd-l6g-ic-al-lSf, adv. [Eng. astrological ;
-h).] After the manner of astrologers, or
according to tlie rules of astrology. (Johnson.)
'^ as-trol'-o-gie, o. [Astrology.]
,«B-tr6l-6'-gize, I'.l. [Eng. astrolog(y) ; -i-e.
Iv Gr. at7TpoAo7€'u) [astrologeo) = to study or
practise astronomy ; atnpa. (astro) = the
^tars, and Xdyos (logos) = discourse.] To study
or practise astrology. (Johnson.)
afi'-tro-logue, s. [Artbolooe.]
^s-trdi'-6-g3?, * as-trol'-o-gie, s. [In
' Ger. & jPr. astrologie ; Dan. & Sw. astrologi ;
Sp.', Port., Ital., & Lat. astrologia = (1) a
kno)vlet1ge of the stars, astronomy, (2) astro-
ilogy ; Gr. irrpoXoyia (astrologia) = astronomy ;
froiil ao-rpqi/ (a'^tron), generally used of stais
in the plural, aorZ/p (astir) = a single star,
Advo! (logos) = discourse, also reason. A dis-
course concerning the stars, or the reason of
the stars.]
1 Originally: The word astrology, as yet
unspecialised, Included both the true science
of astronomy and the pseudo science defined
under No. 2. [See etymology.]
2. Wotti .- The word having become special-
ised, signifies the pseudo science which pre-
tends to foreteU future events by studying the
position of the stars, and ascertaining their
alleged influence upon human destiny. Na-
tural Astrology professes to predict changes in
tlie weather from studying the stars [Astbo-
meteorology], and Judicial or Judiciary
Astrology to foretell events bearing on the
destiny of individual human beings or the
race of mankind generally.
li In the infancy of the world, when the
stars were assumed to be, as they seemed,
sparkles of light, whose diminutiveness so
markedly contrasted with the hugeness of the
earth, it was a perfectly legitimate conjecture
or hypothesis that one main function which
tlie shining specks served iu the economy of
nature might be to influence human destinies.
Hence the Chinese, the Egyptians, the Chal-
djeans, the Ro]n<ans, and most other ancient
nations, witli the honourable e.tception of the
Greeks, became implicit believers in astrology.
It was pai-tly the cause and partly tlie efiect
of the prevalent worship of the heavenly
bodies. The " stargazers," sarcastically re-
ferred to by Isaiah (xlvii. 13), were evidently
astrologers'-, so also were what are called in
tlie margin "viewers of the heavens," but
the Hell, word rendered " asti-ologei a " in Dan
i. '20; ii. 2, 27; iv. 7; v. 7, is a mucli vaguer
one, meaning those who practise incantations,
without indicating what the character of these
incantations may be. The later Jews, the
Arabs, with other Mohammedan races, and
the Christians in medieval Europe, were all
great cultivators of astrology. The ordinary
method of procedure in the Middle Ages was
to divide a globe or a planisphere into twelve
portions by circles rnuning from pole to pole,
like those whicli now mark meridians of longi-
tude. Each of the twelve spaces or intervals
between these circles was i-alled a "housi"
of heaven. The sun, the moon, and the stars
all pass once in twenty-four hours throngii
the portion of the heavens represented by the
twelve "houses;" nowhere, however, except
at tlie equator, are the same stai-s uniformly
together in the same house. Every house
has one of the heavenly bodies ruling over it
as its lord. The houses symbolise different
advantages or disadvantages. The flrst is tlie
liouse of life ; the second, of riches ; the third,
of bretln-BU ; tlie fourth, of parents ; the fifOi,
of children; tlie sixth, of health ; tlie seventh,
of marriage ; the eightli, of death ; the nintli,
of religion ; the tenth, of dignities ; tlie
eleventh, of friends ; and the twelfth of
enemies. The houses vary in strength, the
first one, that containing the part of tlie
heavens about to rise, being the most power-
ful of all ; it is called the ascmidant [Asoek-
dant] ; whilst tire point of the ecliptic ,inst
rising is termed the horoscope. The important
matter was to ascertain wliat house and star
was in the ascendant at the moment of a
person's birth, from which it was deemed
possible to augur his fortune. It followed
that all people born in tlie same part of the
world at the same time ought to have had the
same future, an allegation which experience
decisively contradicted. Even apart from
tills, astrological predictions of all kinds had
a fatal tendency to pass away without being
fulfilleil ; and wlien, finally, it was discovered
that the tiny-looking stars were suns like that
irradiating our heavens, and the earth not the
centre of the universe, but only a planet re-
volving round another body, and itself much
exceeded in size by several of its (tompeers,
every scientific mind in Europe felt itself
unable any longer to believe in astrology,
which has been in an increasingly languishing
state since the middle of the seventeenth cen-
tury. It still flourishes in Asia and Afrii-a.
Thus when a Brahman boy conies into the
world means are at once taken to construct
his " horoscope," indicating what his future
destiny is to be. But in England, at this ad-
vanced period ,of the nineteenth century, no
one can profess to believe in astrology witliout
exciting the gravest doubt regarding his in-
tellect, his knowledge, or his good faith. It
is legal to publish a work disfigured with
astrological vaticinations ; but the moment
one accepts payment for teUing, by the help
of the stars, tlie "fortune " of an individual,
he or she becomes liable to arrest as a " rogue
and a vagabond." No belief, extensively held
and long prevalent, ever passes away without
leaving traces in language, and ascendant, as-
cendency, disaster, dieastrous, evil-starml , m-
fiuence, me.rcuria.1, .jovial, saturmne, &a., arc
all astrological words.
"The Marquess of Hnntly was in the king's 1"^ esM.
but would Sot loin with him, though his so f did
Attrologa ruined him ; he believed .the stai^ and they
deceived him.'-Bui-n«t.- Silt, afhla Own Time, bk. i.
[liichardBon.)
as-tro-me-te-or-ol'-o-gy, s. [Gr. ao-rpoi-
(astrnn) = a star, and Eii-,' meteorology (q.v.).|
The investigation of the influence exerted by
the sun, moon, and stars upon the weather.
The sun, of course, exerts transcendent iliflu-
ence The notion that changes of the weather
take place at changes of the moon is not borne
out by impartial inquiry. The stars seem ab-
solutely void of perceirtible effect on tire
weather.
as-tro-me-te-or'-d-scope, s. [Gr. acrxpov
(astron) = a star, and Eng. meteoroscope (q-v.). J
An apparatus invented by Mr. Piehler tor
demonstrating, by inieans of the optical lan-
tern, the effects of persistence of vision.
as-trom'-e-ter, s. [Gr. ao-rpoi/ (as<roji) = a
■ star and fieTpoi/ (vuitron) = a. measiu-e.] An
instrument invented by Sir John Herschel for
measuring the apparent relative magnitudes
of the stars.
as-trom'-et-rj^, s. [Astkometer.] Themea-
' surement and the numerical expression of the
apparent magnitudes of the fixed stars.
• as-trom'-y-en, s. [Apparently abbreviated
from O. Eng. astrmiomien to make it fit more
easily into a line of poetry.] An astronomer,
an astrologer, or both in one pei-son.
" Of gold he made a table,
Al ful of steorreu, saun fable.
And thougte to seyu, ainonges men.
That he is an astromijen."
Aliaau-nder, i. 136. {Doucher.)
as-tron'-om-er, * as-tron'-6m-ere,
' * as-tron'-om-yer, s. [Eng. astronom(y) ;
suffix -er. In Sw. astronom; Fr. astronome;
Sp., Port., & Ital. astronomo ; Lat. astronomus ;
Gr. aarpofd/ios (asironorms), as adj. = classing
the stars, as siibstan.= an astronomer ; i<rrpov
(aitron) = Si star, io-rpa (astra) (pi. ) = stai-s,
aud ce'juai (nemo) = to distribute, ... to
pasture (a flock). Hence an astronomer is a
classifier of the stars, or, according to Her-
scliel, a "shepherd of the stars."] [AsTKO-
NOMV.]
Esseiiita! signification : One who studies the
stars, the word giving no indication as to his
motive in so doing. During ancient aud
mediaival times the keenest spur to the ex-
ploration of the heavens was furnished by the
belief, then all but universally entertained,
tliat tlie stars influenced human destinies ;
hence astronomer signified —
* 1. Originally : In the main an astrologer ;
one who studied the stars, partly, no doubt,
from scientific curiosity, but chiefly because
he believed they influenced human destinies.
" If ttatronomers say true, every man at his birth by
his constellation hath divers things and desires ap-
pointed him." — Pilkiiigtoa : E^-poidLion upon the Pro-
phet Aggeus, ch. i. (See Trench : Select GloeBory, p. 12.)
" But what was ominous, that very mom
The snn was entered into Capricorn,
Which, by this bad aatronomer'a account.
That week the -Virgin Balance should remount."
Drgdcn: Hind and Panther.
2. Suhsegnently : As study of the heavens
advanced, the more gifted minds discovered
the falla(;y of the old notion that the stars
influenced human destinies, whilst the less
talented firmly .adhered to the popular delu-
sion on the subject. It consequently became
needful to distinguish the two classes of men.
The word astronomer was therefore reserved
for any really scientific student of the stars,
whilst the term astrologer was abandoned to
the credulous, if not even insincere, star-gazer.
Convenience dictated this arrangement ; if
etymology were followed, an astrologer woiUd
be regarded as the equal, if not the superior,
of an astronomer. [Astrologer.]
"It (Eucke's comet] wiia predicted and generally
observed in 1825, and so anxious were astrorurmera to
diecover it, that two new comets were found iu look-
ing for it." — Aii-Jj : Jlefjort on Aatronomy. Brit. Aaaoc.
ncp., vol. L, 2ud ed. (1832). p. 163.
Astronomer Royal ; The appellation given to
the eminent astronomer entrusted by the
iboil, toy; pout, ]<Swl; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, benph; go, gem; tMn, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
_-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion, -siou = zhun. -tious, -sious, -ciona = shus. -hie, -die, &c.=bel, deL
334
astronomic— astro-tiieology
British Governinent with the care of the
Greenwich Observatory, and who is cxjicctL'd
to turn to the best account tlie splendid in-
struments erected there for the sui'vey of the
heavens. There are also Astronomers Royal
for Scotland and Ireland.
as-tro-nom'-ic, ^ as-tro-nom'-iclt, as-
tro-nom'-ic-al, a. [In Fr. astronomique ;
Sp., Port., & ital. astronomico ; Lat. astro-
nomicus; all from Gr. atrrpovOiLttKos (asti'o-
nomihos),^ Pertaining or relating to astro-
nomy, or to the methods in use among
astronomers.
"Can he not paas an astroJiomlck line V — Black.
"The starry heavens, as you know, ha<l fur Im-
lujLuuel Kant a value beyond their astronoinical one."
—Tyiidall: Frag. 0/ Science, Sril eel., v. 104.
astronomical instruments. Instru-
ments used for obsei'ving tlie heavenly bodies.
The following list includes .some which are
now superseded, hut the great majority are
still in use : — Arniil, arnrilkiry sphere, artificial
horizon, astrolabe, astronieter, astroscope,
azimuth circle, azimuth dial, back-staff, chro-
nometer, clock, collimator, comet-seeker, c tm-
pasa, cosmolabc, dipleidoscope, dip sector,
equatorial telescope, gnomon, heliometer,
meridian circle, micrometer, mural circle,
orbit-sweeper, orrerj', pendulum, planetarium,
quadrant, reflecting circle, refraction circle,
sextiint, spectroscope, telescope, tellurian,
transit instrument, zenith sector, zenith tube.
astronomical measurements. The
measurement of the arc of the heavens inter-
cejited between two points, as between a star
at a certain moment and the horizon. Or a
measurement of the exact time of some event,
say a transit. This is done by means of a
clock, or, more, generally, a chronometer.
{Herschd: Astron., § 150.)
astronomical observations. Obper-
vations of the heavenly bodies made to further
the ,:cience of astronomy. (IbuL, § 136.)
astronomical year, A year, the pre-
cise length of wliich is determined by astro-
nomical observations. It cmbrjces both the
troi)ic.al and the sidereal years. It is opposed
tfi the civil year, being that which each nation
has adopted for itself. [Year.]
"Niebuhr thinks that the anusi^.n is to a solar
ecli])Be, visiible in the Mediterranean -which occurred
ou the 21st of June, in the (istronoin ir-il year 399 B.C."
—Leufis: Early Jiom. Hist., ch. v , § 11,
as-tro-nom'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. astrono-
mical ; -ly.'\ In an astronomical manner ;
after the manner of astrononiere ; in con-
formity with the principles or methods of
astronomy.
* as-tro-n6m'-i-c6n, s. [Gr. ao-rpoi/o/j-tKos,
nuut. ■Kov.'] A treatise on astronomy.
* as-tro-nom'-i-en, * as-tro-nom'-y-en,
[O. Eng. astronomic ; M"od. lEng. astronomy;
suff. -en.] An astronomer, an astrologer, or
bnth combined in one individual.
" Astronomye'is al day liere art faillen
That whilen warned men byfore what shoulde
byfalle after." p. Plowman,
" Lo tistronomyeiu camen fro the eest to Jerusalem."
—^yycUffe: Jfatlkew ii. 1.
t as-tron'-^O-mize, v.i. [Eng. astrf)vnvi(y);
-ize.] To study astronomy, as botanize means
to study botany.
". , . thus they astronortiizeci in caves." — Browne:
Clirist. Mor. ii, 0.
as-tron'-o-my, "^ as-tron'-o-mie, '" as-
tron'-o-mye, ^ as-tron-om-ige, s. [In
Sw. & Dan. astronoml ; Ger. & Fr. astronmnie ;
Sp,, Port., & Ital. astronomia ; Lat. astro-
nomia; Gr. aaTpoi'Ofj.ia. (astronomia) : aarpov
(astron) = a. star, and vofioi; (7iomo.s) = usage,
(;ustom, law ; vefiut (nemo) = to deal out, tu
distribute. ]
■*■■ 1. Originally : The pseudo science which
studied the juovements of the stars, with the
view of obtaining information (which they
were not fitted to give) regarding the destiny
of individuals or bodies of men ; astrologj".
[Astrology. See also Astronomer.]
" And hem lerede, witter like
Astronomlge and araiuetike,"
Story of Oen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 791-2.
" Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck.
And yet methiiiks I have (ts'ronomy.'
S/iakesp. : Sonnets, !■!,
2. Snhseqtiently and now : The sublime
science which treats of the distances, magni-
tudes, masses, composition, motions, and all
that is discoverable regarding the heavenly
bodies, meaning the sun, the earth, the moon,
the planets, the fixed stars, the comets, the
meteorites, the nebula, and all other material
bodies really or apparently moving in infinite
space. It is founded on careful and oft-
repeated observations, made chiefly with
elaborately-constructed instruments [Astro-
nomical Instruments] ; these observations
being next made the basis of reasoning,
founded, wherever it is practicable, as it
generally is, on mathematical demonstration.
Astronomy may be variously divided, A
simple distinction is sometimes made into
geography, which treats of the earth, and
iiranograxiliy, the subject of which is the
" heavens." Sometimes the branch of science
which describes the celestial bodies as they
are is called Descri-ptive Astrnnoinij. "When
the specific subject treated is the "fixed"
stars, it becomes Sidereal Astronomy. The
sciences now mentioned have sought rather to
record than to explain phenomena ; but what
is called Physical Astronomy proiioses to itself
the high aim of accounting for the facts ob-
served. Its chief ally in this arduous task is
mathematics, with which every astronomer
worthy of the name requires to be very familiar.
T[ The vault of heaven being visible in all
its glory alternately by day and night in every
portion of the world, absolute ignorance re-
garding celestial pheuomena cannot have
existed in any place or at any time. The
ppojtle belonging to some nations were, how-
ever, more observant in this res]:iect tlian
others, and claims to early proficiency in astro-
nomy, in some cases leading to vehement
controversy, have been preferred in favour of
the Chinese, the Chalda^ans, the Egyptians,
and the Hindoos. In these and other coun-
tries, in early times, the s1:ars were not so much
studied as worshipped, there being strong
temptation, even in the most ]iious minds, to
this form of religious error (Job xxxi. 26 — 28).
Hipparclius of Bithynia and Rhodes (?), who
flourished from B.C. 160 tu 12."-, catalogued tlie
stars visible above the horizon, noting down
1,080. Among his numerous discoveries may
be reckoned the precession of the equinoxes,
trigonometry, and apparently the stereogia-
pliic projection of the sphere. The next very
great name was that of Ptolemy, the geo-
grapher and astronomer of Alexandria, A.D.
130—150, who discovered the lunar evection,
refraction, &c. [Evection, Refraction.] He
was also the author of the Ptolemaic system,
with its jirimi(m mobile, its eccentrics, and its
ei)icycles.
" Oh, how unlike the complex wurks of man
Heaven's ea^iy, ai'tless, uiienounibered plau ! "
Cowper Truth,
The Arabs translated a work of Ptolemy's
called Me'yicTTT) (MegistE) into their own lan-
guage, and prefixing to its name their article
«/ = the, transformed it into Alvwgest. The
Christians during the " dark ages " deriving
their knowledge of astronomy from the Arabs
rather than from a study of the heavens, re-
ceived from their instructors the Ptolemaic
system and the Almagest, which did not lose
credit in Western Eurojie till the seventeentli
century. [Almagest, Ptolemaic] In 1472
or 1473 was born Copernicus, wlio in 1543,
just before his death, published his great
woi-k. On the Hevohitiona of the Heavenly
Bodies, composed more than thirteen years
before. It jiropounded the Copernican sys-
tem [CoPERNicAN], which, modified and im-
proved, is now received as established truth,
being supported by an amount of evidence of
which Copernicus had no conception. The
next veiy great name is that of Tycho Brahe,
a Dane by birth, but of Swedish ancestiy.
He was born on the 14th of December, 154'i,
and died in 1601. Though not accepting tlie
Copernican system, but holding views partly
borrowed from Copernicus and ])artly from
Ptnltimy [Tychonic], his extensive and accurate
observations gave a great im]>ulso to astro-
nomy, and prepared the way for further dis-
coveries, in addition to those which he had
himself made. Two great names now come
together upon the scene, those of Kepler and
of Galileo. The former was a pupil of Tycho.
He will for ever be remembered for the dis-
cover\' of the three laws which bear his name,
the first and second made known in 1609, and
the third in 1618. [Kepler's Laws.] About
1581, Galileo had discovered tlie isochronisni
of the iiendulum [Pendulum] ; having con-
structed a telescope, he discovered in 1610 the
satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, the
mounfc\ins of the moon, with other new truths.
In 1042, the year in which Galileo died, Sir
Isaac Newton was born, and in I'lSZ he pub-
lished his immortal Princijda, in which the
law of gravitation was announced, thus con-
stituting an epoch in the historj' of science
which probably will never be paralleled at any
future time.
" Nature aiid Nature's laws lay hid iu niKht ;
God said, ' Let JJewtou be,' and all was light."
I'ojje.
The year that Newton died (1727) was the one
in which the discovery was made by BratUey
of the aberration of light, which mefragably
proved the motion of the earth, and gave the
death-blow to the Ptolemaic and Tychonic
systems, both of wliich were founded on the
hypothesis that it was stationary As we
approach modern times the discoveries become
far too numerous tit be chronicled here'; but
room must be found to mention the Hci>v-hel
family— the first of the name. Sir William
Herschel, who was born in 1738, and died in
1822, having, among other great discoveries,
added nine new members of the solar .^jsteni,
one of tliem, the planet Uranus, to the eighteen
previously known. The work on astronomy
so often quoted in these pages was penned by
his son, Sir John Herschel, also a great dis-
coverer ; and the third generation of the
family are now at work. Many discoveries
will be found recorded under other articles.
[Asteroid, Comet, Constellation, Gravita-
tion, Planet, Solar System, Star, lS.c.]
"Iu astronomy, for instance, the .'lUiierior depart-
ments of theory are completely disjuiiied fioiu the
routine of practical observation. ' — /Ier.ichr' : S udy of
A'at. Phil (1831), § 126.
* as-tron'-om-yen, o. [AfeXRoNuMiEN.]
*■" as-tron'-om-yer, *. [AsTRONOMnn.]
as'-tro-phel, "as'-tro-fell, s. [Qr. o<npov
(astron) = a. star; second element doubtful.]
A bitter herb; probably what the old botan-
ists called starwort.
" My little flock, whom earst I lov'd so well.
And wont to feed with fiuebt urasse that t^rew ,
Feede ye henceforth on bitter astrofeli
Aud stinking amallage and un&averie rue."
Speiuier ■ I)ii]ihne, ,'344.
" The gods, which all things see, this same heheld.
And pitiyiug this x^aire of lovers trew,
Tranafonued them, there lying on the field.
Into one flowTe that is both red and blew :
It first growes red, and then to blew doth f:ule,
Like astrophel, . . ."
Todd's Spenser, vol. viii., p. CO,
as-tro-pho-to-met'-ric-al, a. [Gr. aarpov
(astron) = K star; (^tordg (jjhotos), genit. sing,
of <|)a)s (plws) — light, and fierpov (metnm) — a
measure.] Pertaining to the measurement of
the hght which reaches the earth from the
several stars.
" On a new Astrophotometrical method by Prof. Ch.
V. Zenger. "—.^s(ron. Soc. Notices, vol. xxxviii. 65.
as-tro-phyl-li'te, s. [In Ger. asiroj-hyUit ;
Gr. ao-Tooi/ (astron) = a star, and (^uAAoi^
(plivllon) = a leaf.]
Min. : An orthorhomhic mineral classed by
Dana under his Mica Gmup. The hardness is
3 ; the sp. gi'., 3-324 ; the lustre, sub-nietallic,
pearly ; the colour, bronze-yellow to gold-
yellow. It is translucent "in thin plates.
Composition : Silica, 32-21 to 3^71 ; protoxide
of iron, IS 06 to 25-1^1; protoxide of man-
ganese, 9'90 to 12-68 ; titanic acid, 7 "09 to 8-84,
with lesser quantities of potassa, soda, zirconia,
alumina, and other ingredients. It is found
in Norway.
as-tro-phy'-ton, s. [Gr. aarpov (ui^tron) — a.
star, and (fwrov (phuton) = that which has
grown: (1) a plant, (2) a creature. -'Starry
creature."] A genus of starfishes, containing
the Shetland Argus. [Argus.]
S,Sj-tro-sc6pe, s. [In Ger. astrosko-p ; Gr.
ao-Tpoi' (astron) = a star, and o-KOTre'oj (skopeo)
= to look at.] An astronomical instnnneut
for observing or refreshing the meniorv with
respect to the relative position of the" stars.
These are delineated on two cones. A celes-
tial globe, however, is bnth more accurate and
more convenient. (Webster, <tc.)
as'-tro-SCop-y, .s. [In Ger. astroscopie.'\ [As-
troscope.] Observation of the stars. (John-
son.)
* a-stro'-te, adv. [Astrut.]
as-tr6-the-6l'-6-gy, ,s. [In Ger o^trotheo-
logie ; Gr. aa-Tpof {a^tnm) = a star, ami $eo\o-
yCa (thcologia) = theology (q.V-)] Theology
founded on what is known of the lieavenly
bodies and the laws which regulate their
movements.
f&.te, fat, fare, amidst, -what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there
or, wore, wolf, -work, who, son ; mute, ciih, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu - kw.
astrut— asymptote
335
"Tliat tlie tliunia.1 and :uiiuml revolutions are the
motions vt the terraiiuoous ylobe, not of the sun, I
blicw in the preface oi my As'ru-Thcologi/." — Derham :
J 'iiysico-T. usology.
a-strut', " a~str6'te, adv. [Eng. « ; Und
' (q.v.).] ■
* A. (0/ the form astrote) : In a swelling
manner.
" Hya yen stode owte (is/rnfc forthy."
Le Bone Fl',rc live, '>,32y. {Boucher.)
B. (Of the form astrut) : With a strutting
gait. {Cuwpur : To,!<]:, v. '^tiy.)
"■■" as'-try-labe, s. [Astii;ilai!I';.]
"^ as-tu'9e, a. [In Fr. adii':ieux ; Ital. astu-
taccio.] [A^TL'Tt:.] Astute.
" . . , that yonr ffioilnes he nocht sediisit be their
(istnve and subtil persuaaionB,"— C'0JKj)Ea(/H(6 of Scot-
land, p. 151.
as-tu'-cious, a. [Fr. astucieux.] Astute,
cunning. (Scott : Fair .^[oid of Perth, ch. xxi.)
as-tu'-gi-ty, s. [As if from a Low Lat.
asti{c-it-i(s.] Astuteness. (Carlyle: Fr. RevoL,
pt. i., bk. i., ch. iii.)
a-Stun', V.!. [Eng. a ; stun. In x\.S. asttmian
' = to astound.] To stun. [Astound, Stun.]
" He fell rebounding; breathless and astanned.
His trunk extended lay."
Someroillc ; Rural Games, c. ii.
* a-Stund'e, adv. [Pref. a- = on, for; A.S.
knnd = a moment, time.] [Astumte,] For a
time.
" Bothe in boskea .md in banK,
Isout me hauet tmtunde."
A Song on the Passion (ed. Morris), 13, 14,
* a-Stiint'e, pret. of cerh. [A.S. o'-tiatau =
to stop.] Stood, remained. [Astint,]
" The barons astwite without toun beside.
And vaire sende unto the touu to the king hor sonde,
That he 83olde, vor Gode's loue, him bet vnderstoude."
Itobert of Gloucester's Chronicle, p. 64C. (Boucher.)
as'-tur, S. [Lat.
astur, wlu-nce Ital.
ttitorc and Fi'. an-
ion r.]
Ornitliology : A
genu.s of ra|)torial
birds belonging to
the family Falco-
nidffi and the sub-
family AccipitriuiL',
or Sparrow-hawks.
It has a British re-
presentative — the
A. j^aluTribariits, or
Goshawk [see
Goshawk], which
is iigured in the ac-
companying illus-
tration ; and there
are various foreign
species.
* a-sturt'e, ^fi^ of verb. [Astart.] Started.
" Mid thine valse cosae tlm trayest monnes Bune.
The Gywes vp asturte that leyen in the grunde."
The Passion of Our Lord (ed. Morns), 19-1-5,
aa-tU'te, a. [O. Fr. astnt ; Sp., Port., & Ital.
astuio ; Lat. cuituttis, from 'f.^'^*'.^' =: cleverness,
craft, cunning (a single act, as distinguished
from astutia = habitual craftiness). ] [Astuce. ]
Penetrating, discerning, subtle ; wily, cunning.
"Weterme those most astute which are most ver-
sute."— Sir .1/. Sandys: Ess., p. 168.
^ Neither astute nor any one of its com-
pounds is in the last edition of Johnson's
DictioTUiT]).
as-tu'te-ly, adv. [Eng. astute; -In.] In an
" astute manner ; cleverly, penetratingly, dis-
cerningly. ( JVebster. )
as-tU'te-neSS, s. [Eng. a,^(iitc ; -ncss.^ The
' quality of being astute; penetration, discern-
ment ; mental subtlety.
" The policv of the French Government was marked
by vigour and ttstuteness, . . ."—Tiines, Nov. 9, 1875.
t as'-ty, s. [Lat. astii, ; Gr. aarv (astu) = a city,
especially Athens. (In Anglicising Greek
words, u'becomes y ; thus asty exactly corre-
sponds to the Gr. aa-rv (astit).']
Architecture : A city or town.
' as-ty-en, v. [A.S. astigan = to go, proceed,
ste]t, or mount ; as^i(/nt;.s;= an ascent ; ascend-
ing.] To ascend.
" Ofte he heora myd spek ther hi weren to-gedere
Er he wolde nsti/en to heuene to his vedere."
7'he Passion of Our Lord (cd. Morris). 623-4.
GOSHAWK (astur
PALUMBARIUS).
a-Sty'-lar, a. [Gr. aa-rvKos (astiths) = without
pillar or prop : a, priv., and oTuAog (stulos) =
a pillar.]
Arch. : Without columns or pilasters.
as'-tyll, s. [Low Lat. astula ; O. Ger. aj^t and
asti ; Goth, ast.} A shingle; a thin board of
wood. (Prompt. Parv.) (Eovcher.) [Astel.]
as-tyl-la-byre (y = i), * as'-tj^r-lor-by,
^■. [Astrolabe.]
as-tyl'-len, s. A small ward or stoppage in
an adit or mine to prevent the full passage of
the water, made by damming up. (Weak.)
* as-ty't, ^ as-ty'te. [Astit.]
a-sun'-der, " a-sun'-djrr, " a-sun -dri,
*a-s6n'-der, ^a-s6n'-dyr, "a-syn-dre
(dyr ns dir, dre as der), adv. [Eng. a =
on, and sunder; A.S. oii6-in(d?'on = asunder,
apart, alone, juivately; Ger. a^iseinander ;
Sjj. aswidre.'] [Sunder.
1, Into different pieces, into different places ;
separately, apart. {Lit. ^fig.)
" I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder."
—Zech. xi. 10.
" What therefore God hath joined together, let not
man put asunder." — Mark x. 9.
2. In different ]iieces ; in different places ;
apart ; in a divided state.
" Freres and feendes been but litel asonder."
Chaucer: C. T., 7,256.
" Lucifer. No, we reicn
Together ; but our dwellings are asunder."
Bj/ron: Cain, ii. 2,
a-sun'-der-ly, oflv. [Eng. asu nder ; -hj. ]
Sei)arately ; apart.
"AsKTiderlj/. Bisjuuctim . . '—Protnpt. Parv.
* a-siin'-dri, adv. [Astnoi-.r.]
a'-f ur (sur as zhiir), a. [Azure. ]
a^su'r-a» s. [Sanscrit. ]
Indian Mythology : A demon ; an enemy of
the gods. The Asuras seein to have been at
one time the Turanian aborigines in conflict
with the Aiyau invaders of India, and at
another the Booddhist religionists in conflict
with the professoi's of the Brahmanie faith.
' a-§iure (§ur as zhiir), «. [Azure.]
^ a-swa'ge» v.i. & (. [Assuage.]
*a-swelt', 1'.''. [A.S. asweltan = to die, to
tlepart.] To become extinguished.
* a-swe've, v.t. [A.S, aswefan (trans.) = (1)
to soothe, to apjiease; (2) to strike witli
astduishment; (intransitive) = to be stunned,
to be ni;ule insensible ; su-cftui = to go to
sleej).] To stuiiefy.
" For I came up, T nyste how.
For 30 .astonyod and aswet'cd
Was every vertu in my heved,
Wliat with Ills sours and with my drede.
a-swim', tti'r. [Eng. a; sK'/m.] Afloat. (Scotch.)
"The soldiers sleeping carelessly in the bottom of
the ship upon heather, were all nswiin through the
water that came in at the holes aud leaks of the ship."
— Spalding, i. 60.
* a-sw6'0n, "■ a-SWO'ne, v.i. [Eng. a, and
swoon; A.S. asww7iaji=:to swoon.] Toswoon.
" Whan sche this herd, aswoned doun sche fallith
For pitoua joy." Cliauccr : C. T., 8,955-6,
' a-swo'on, ' a-swou'n, ^ a-swou'ne,
■* a-sw6'wne, adv. [Eng. a, and s\ooon.'\
[ASWOON, t'.]
1. Into a sw«on.
"And with that word aawoun sche fel anoou."
Chaucer: C. T., 13,660.
2. In a swoon.
" Than ever sche did, and iil to ground anoon,
Aud lay aswowne, deed as euy stxion."
Chaucer: C. T., 10,787-8.
* a-swou'nde, pret. of verb. [A.S. asivindan
= (1) to languish through dulness, to ener-
vate; (2) to decay, perish, dissolve.] Passed
away ; decayed, perished.
" "Heil be thou,' be seide. 'thou false god, in thin
false heueue ifounde,
Nym thin son and thin holigost vor ye beth ney
aswoHiidc.'" *
Exposition of tJie Cross (ed. Morris), 421-2.
■* a-swy'nde, v.i. [A.S. oswiTidan =todecay.]
To vanish, to pass away.
" Yi: niowen iseo the world fWWf/nf?<'
Tliat wouh guth forth abak that soth.
A Lwe lion. 0. Eng JlixcL-ll.. Earlg Eng,
TexC Soc, X. (ed. Morris), 39, 40.
' a-sy'^e,
The same as Assize (q.v.).
*ar-sy'-en, v.i. [A.S. asigan = to languish
through dulness, to enervate, to pine away.]
To sink : to become faint of heart.
'• Al we schnlen a-sjjen and seo to the nede, „
Ther the crysmechild for sunn es sore sclial drede.
On Serving Christ, ix. (ed. Morns), 10, U.
a-sy'-liim/ a-sy'le/a-sile, s. [in Dan. a.vd ;
' Fr asile ; Sp. & Ital. asilo ; Port, asylo, asilo ;
Lat. ((.^yhim ; Gr. atrvKov (asulon) = an asylum ;
properly the neut. of the adj. aauKos (asnlos)
= safe from violence, inviolate : d, priv., and
oTjAao) (sulad) = to strip off, to pillage.]
1. A place of refuge and security,
1 Ori<!inaUii: A sanctuary, a place whieli
it was deemed saciilege for one to invade, and
which, therefiire, proved an inviolable retreat
for criminals, debtors, and other people liable
to be pursued, (^ee Archceologia, viii., A.D.
1787, p. 3.) [Sanctuary.]
"From every asulum ruffians sallied forth nightly
to plunder and ata.l)."—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
2. Now:
(a) Gen. : Any place of refuge ; any place
where one is slieltered, as a foreign land used
as a retreat fur iiolitical or religious refugees.
" . . and who knew themselves to be marked out
fur destruction, had sought an asf/lum in the Low
C'uuntries."— J/(ic(ii*/a^; J/kt. Eng , ch. v.
(h) Spec. : An institution designed for the
reception and shelter of those Avho are inca-
pacitated from successfully fighting their own
way in the world, as the blind asylum, the
lunatic asylum.
II. The protection accorded in such places ;
refuge, shelter.
" Much he would speak not, but beneath his roof
They found asylum oft, but ue'er reproof."
Byron: Lara, ii, 8,
t a-sym'-met-ral, a. [Eng. asymmetr(]i) ;
-a/.] Unsymmctiical ; destitute of symmetry ;
having perfection marred by conspicuous de-
fects.
"Long befnre this time the church had become
asyininetral." — Afore: Against idolatry, ch, 8.
a-sym-met -ric» a-sy^m-mef-ri-cal, a.
[Eng. asyvimetr(y) : -ic, -al.\ Unsymmetrical ;
locapabie of adjustment.
" Asifinmetrical or unsociable, that is, such as we
see not bow to reconcile with other things evidently
and confessedly tt\3L&."— Boyle, in Norris on Reason
and Faith, ch. 3.
* a-sym'-met-roiis, a. [Eng. asymmetr(y);
-ous.] Unsymmetrical. [(Barroiv.) {Wor-
cester's Diet.)
a-sym'-met-ry, s. [Gr. a<Tvii.iJ.^TpLa (asvm-
■mctii'i); from acru|U./j.€Tpos (asvmmetroa) = (\)
incommensurable, (2) unsymineti'ic. Or from
a, pnv,, and trvfj-jj-eTpia (summetria) = symme-
try ; (Tii/ifAeTpos (swDimeiros) = commensui'ate
with : (nJi'(sv.?t) = together, and [xerpov (metro n)
= a measure.]
1. Ord. Lang. : "Want of symmetry ; want of
proportion.
"The asyin^nptries of the brain, as well as the de-
formities of the legs or face, may be rectified in time "
—Grew.
t 2. Math. : The incommensurability of two
or more numbers ; that is, that the numbers
stand to each other in such a relation that
tliey have no common measure. Sueli^ for
example, is the relation between the side and
diagonal of a square which are in the ratio of
1 : V2.
a-symp'-tote, s. & a. [in Ger. & Fr. asymp-
tote; Fort. a,symptota ; Gt. afrv^iTToiTos (asnmp-
totos) = irregular : a, priv., and trvftiriiTTui
(sumpipto) = to fall together; a-vv (su7i)=: to-
gether, and nLTTToi (pipto) = to fall ; perf. ttc'tt-
TtjjKa (j)e23td}ca).']
A. As suh-itantive. Geometry: A term used
in describing the characteristics of a hyper-
bola.
An asymptote of a hyperbola is a diameter
which, the farther it is produced, always ap-
proaches more and more nearly to the curve,
and yet, though produced ever so far, does
never actually meet it. (The word is generally
used in the plural, asymptotes.)
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a line as
that now descril>ed ; eontinually approaching
another line without ever reaching it.
boil, boS^; pout, j<$^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, e^ist. -ing.
-clan — Shan, -cion, -tion, -sion^shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun, -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§i.
336
asymptotic— ataglian
■' Asympfo'B liura, though they may approach nearer
toj,'ether, till they are nearer than the least assignitble
distance, yet, being still produced iufinitely, will never
muet." — Grew.
a-symp-tot'-ic, a-symp-tot'-ic-al, s.
[Eug. asymptote ; -ic, -ical. In Fr. asympto-
tiqv-c,] Pertaining or relating to the asymp-
totes of a hyperbola ; perpetually approaching
anything, but never meeting it.
"Curves are said to he asj/tnptotical when they con-
tinually approfuih withuut a possibility of meeting,"—
Jo/Liison,
a-syn-ar'-tete, a. [Gr. a.crvv<iprr}Toi (asunar-
tetos) = not united, inconsistent ; a., priv,, and
(TvvapTduj (suiiartad) = to hang np with, to
knit or join together: a-vv (su?i.) = together,
and apraw (artao) = to fasten to.] Not fitted
or adjusted ; disconnected.
Asyaartete sentences (Gram.) : Those of which
the members are not united by connective
particles. [Asyndeton.] (Brande.)
Asyuart&te. verse (Pros.) : A verse consisting
of two members, having different rhythms ; as
when the first consists of iambuses and the
second of trochees, or the first of dactyles and
the second of iambuses. (Webster.)
a-syn'-de-ton, s. [In Ger. asyndeton. From
Gr. acnJvSeTov (osundetoii), neut. of adj. acrvi'-
Seros (tw(()icZetos)=:(l) unconnected, ('2) without
conjunction; a, priv., and o-ucSeTos (sundctos)
=: bound together ; avvSitu (siuideo) ^ to biml
together,]
Gram. : A figure in which the copulative
conjunction and is omitted in a sentence, as
in Lat. Venl, vidi, vici, " I came, I saw, I
conquered," instead of Feni, vidi, et vici, "I
caiiif, I saw, and I conquered." In most
cases, as in that now given, the omission of
the copulative gives increased force to tlic
statement or sentiment embodied in the sen-
tence. It is opposed to Polysyndeton (q.v.).
* a-sy'se, s. [Assize.]
at, * atte, * at'-en, jirep, & adv. [A.S. o-t,
a( = (l) at. by, near, to, next, with, against,
in, (2) of, from. In Sw. '.'t=(l) sign of the
infinit. mood, (2) that; Dan. aS( (same mean-
ing), ad = to; O. Sw., O. leel, O. Ban., O.
L. Ger, and Goth, at = at ; O. Fris. et ; O. H.
Ger. 02, €3 ; Wei. at = to ; Lat. ad = to (Ad) ;
tSaiisf. adhi = upon.]
A, As 2yre2Josition :
I. Denoting nearness to in place or in time.
1. Denoting nearness in jdace, i.e., that a
person or thing is at rest in proximity to a
certain place. As a rule, the proximity is not
so greiit as that indie^ated by on, and con-
siderably less than that designated by in.
(a) lu immediate proximity to.
"Thi8 custom continued among many, to aay their
prayer.i at tijuiiti>.ms."~StiUina/icct.
(b) 111, within ; occupying as a habitation.
(Lit. d-pj.)
". . , the ai here tabernacle was."
Sfori/ of (Jen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 3,790.
"... whilst we are at home in the body, we are
absent from the Lord." — 2 Cor. v. 6.
(c) On ; upon.
" Their various news I heard, of love and strife.
Of storms at .sea, and travels on the shore." — Pope.
(d) In a position, attitude, state, or condi-
tion, as at gaze = in a gazing attitude. [Gaze.]
(In this sense it is sometimes followed by a
suijerlative.)
" We bring into the world with us a ix)or, needy, un-
certain life, short at the longest, and unquiet at the
beat." — Templ-e.
2. Denoting nearness in time.
"At the same time that the storm beats uiwn the
whole species, we are falling foul upon one another."—
Addisoti.
II. Denoting motion towards any person,
place, or thing, in place or in time ; denoting
also motion through any place.
1. Literally:
(a) Denoting motion towards the place
where a person or thing is, a verb being under-
stood, as, "Up, guards, and at them," an ex-
clamation popularly attributed to Wellington
at Waterloo. (Colloquial, and often with a
tinge of the ludicrous.)
(h) Denoting motion through a place.
" Here, push them out at gates."
Tennyson: The Princess, iv,
2. Fig. : Denoting effort to realise an aim.
" We find some arrived to that sottishneaa, aatoowii
roundly what they would be at." — South.
III. Denoting the effect ]iroduced by prox-
imity of one ])erson or thing to another in
lilace and in time ; causation, operation upon.
1. li'ith the preposition prefixed to the source
from which this emanates :
(a) In consequence of. .. ^^ ^is touch.
Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand,
They presently amend."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
" They take the timbrel and harp, and rejoice at the
sound of the organ." — Job xxi. 12,
(b) On, "Others, with more helpful care,
Cry'd out, aloud, ' Beware, brave youth, beware !'
,1^ this he turned." Drydea : 1 Conij. of Gran., i.l.
{.:) Undrr.
" But thou, of all the kings. Jove's care below,_^
Art least at my command, and most my foe."
(d) From ; of. '^•■"""' ■ -^'""<"' ■' ■"*"'' '■
" Mai he no leue at hire taken,"
■•ilory of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,CQ7.
2. With the -pTepijsition prefixed to that which
is operated upon,: To, into.
"So cam on werlde wreche and wrake.
For to blissen Bwilc sinuessame.
That it ne wexe at more huu-frame "
Story of Gen. & Exodus (ed. Morris), 552-4.
^ Sometimes wh^i at occurs in O. Eng. and
Scotch it is = o.t the; atte is a contraction for
at the, and atten for at then, (ftejt, being the
dative ease of the A.S. article.
B, As adverb :
1. So as, at ever, soever.
2. To (used as a prefix to the infinitive mood).
"Thou art to old at bykyr and fyght."
Richard, 1,621.
*j This use of the word is borrowed from
the Danish.
" And sa thai that are all weill schrewyne, and dels
in the feithe and sacranientis of haly kyrk, how
wyolently at euer thai dee. "—TJte Craft of Beyng.
C, Subjoined are the chief expressions and
phases of the word oX :
1. '^ At after (Scotch). After; afterwards.
2. At all :
* (a) At all events.
" That he that stands may stand, and nocht do fall.
And quho hes fallin, may knaw the sam iit all."
Lauti<;r : Minor Poems; E. Eng. Text Soc, 41, 45.
^ (b) Altogether.
" The first of thai four principall
Is stalwartnes of hart at all."
Ratis Raving, bk. i. {ed. Lumby), 1.12B-9.
(f;) Of any kind.
" Most women have no characters at all." — Pope.
(d) To any extent, in any degree, in the least.
"... neither hast thou delivered thy people at
all."— Exod. v. 2.1.
3. At anns : Furnished with arms. (Used
only in the phrase, " a man at arms "= a man
furnished with arms.)
" Infuse his breast with magnanimity.
And make him, naked, fou a man at arms."
Shakesp. : a Henry VI., v. i.
4. At a' will (Scotch) : To the utmost that
one could wish. (Jamicson.)
0. At end. [Atte Ende.]
6. At first : At the beginning of any effort,
enterjirise, or event.
7. At gaze (Her.). [G.^-ZE.]
8. At hand :
(a) Near in place.
"... behold, he is at hand that doth betray me." —
Matl. xxvi. 46.
(b) Near in time.
"... the hour Is a( ftand, . , . — Matt xxvi, 45.
9. At it : Engaged with it zealously. (Collo-
quial.)
" To make pleasure the vehicle of health, is a doctor
at it in good earnest." — Collier : Fnendship.
10. At large :
(a) Not under any restraint.
" Hence walk'd the fiend at large in spacious field."
Milton: P. t., bk. iii.
(/)) Copiously, difl^Lisely, at length.
11. At last, ''•'atte laste : Denoting that an
event long foreseen and expected has, after
much delay, happened,
" And liath so long a lyf . as we im^y see.
Yet atte laste wasted is the tree.'
Vliancer: C. T., 3,021-2.
12. At length :
(a) In an extended form ; difTusely.
(b) The same as At Last (q.v.).
13. At once ; all at once :
((() Without any delay ; promptly, as opposed
to dilatorily ; or at one operation, as opposed
to a series of acts or efforts.
"One warms you by degrees, the other sets you on
fire all at once." — Dryden : Fables. (Pref.)
(b) At one time ; ut the same moment ;
simultaneously. •
11. At pleasure : To any extent, in any place,
or in any way that one prefers, with uncon-
trolled freedom ; ad lihitiim..
" The rest, for whom no lot is yet decreed. __
May run in pastures, and at pleasure feed.
Dryden : Virgil ; Georgia iii. 25B.
15. At the trouble: Prepared to take the
trouble.
" What they will not be at the trouble to deduce by
reasoning, " — Arb uthnot.
* at-anis, ^atanis, ''at-enes,*atenes
(Old Kng.), atanis, attanis, atanys,
atainze (Scotch), adv. [O. Eng. at; anis =
once.] At once.
" Baith ii*ue and steil, and flesch and bania.
His awne hand straik in twa atanis."
Ratis Raving, bk. i. {ed. Lumby), 1,100-01.
" Speche, grace, and vois schul springe of thi touge,
And alie turne to thi mouth holliche atcTies."
Joseph of Arimathie (ed. Skeat), 50, 5L
* at erst, * at earst. [Eng. at, and A.S.
cerst, from cerost, cerest — first, superl. of cer
= ere, before.] Properly "at first," for the
first time; but sometimes means also "at
present," and in certain cases may, with ad-
A-antage to the sense, even be rendered "at
la.-^t," " at length." [Erst.]
" For from the golden age, that first was named.
It 's now at earst, became a stonie one."
Spemer: F. Q., V., Introd., i. 2.
at one, 'atone, ^at con, adv. [Eng.
at; 07ie.] Used as adj.= a.t one, specially
in feeling, in unity with, in agi'eement or
harmony with instead of being at variance.
[Atone, v., Atonement,]
" If gentilnien, or other of hir contr^.
Were wroth, sche wolde brynge hem at oon.
So wyse and rype wordes hadue sche,
And juggeuient of so gret equity "
Chaucer : C. T., 8,312-15.
"So beeue they both at one, and doen upreare
Thur bevers bright each other for to ^eet.
Goodly compourtaunce each to other bears."
Spenser : F. Q., II. i. 29.
"And the next day he shewed himself unto them as
they strove, and would have set them at one again,
fcaying. Sirs, ye are brethren, . . ." — Actsyii.25.
* at-our, odv. Over and above.
"... with hyrdis of catell, and multitud of come
at-our al thaim tat was befor me in Jerusalem." — The
Wisdom of Solomon (ed. Lumby), 411, 412.
^ at, pro. [Contr. from Eng. that (pro.) (q.v.).]
Who, which, that. (Eng. <& Scotch.)
"For in ensampill thare-of he gaif to the maist
synare maist mercy and grace, as to Petyr at deuyd
hyme."— rAe Craft of Beyng {ed. Lumby), 97. 96.
" He salle hime [gather] garlands of the gay flowrys.
At in that sesoune spredis so fayre,"
Early Scottish Vers, iv. (ed. Lumby), 46, 47.
*" S-t, * atte, conj. [Contr. from Eng. that
(conj.)(q.v,).] That. (0. Eng. <& Scotch.)
" Thai come tille him that ilk night
A^te thai sulde on the mome fight,"
Mow the Bali Cros was Fandin be Seint Elaine (ed,
Morris), 41, 42.
" He has the halghed at inast con ken,
And the salle mensk al cristen men,"
Ibid., 211, 212,
at, pret of v. [Ate.]
at -a-bal, -. lop. atabal = a kettle-drum. In
Fr. aiabale ; Port. timbaU; Arab. 'at-'tahl = a.
drum ; 'tabala = to beat a drum.] A kind of
tabor or drum used by the Moors.
" Then answered kettle-di-um and atabal."
Scott : Vision of Don Roderick, 10,
a^tac'-a-mite, s. [In Ger. atahamit. From
Atacama, a region partly belonging to Bolivia
and partly to Chili.] An orthorhombic, trans-
lucent mineral, classed by Dana under his
Oxychlorids. The hardness is 3 to 3 -5 ; the
sp. gr. 3'7 to 4'3 ; the lustre verging from
adamantine to vitreous ; the colour briglit
green, with an apple-green streak. It is mas-
sive or pulverulent. Composition : Chlorine,
14-.j1 to lii-33: oxide of L-opper, 50 to 66-25;
copper, 13-33 to 56-46 ; water, 16-91 to 22-60.
Occurs in Atacama, in Chili ; in Australia ; in
Africa ; in Spain ; and at St. Just, in Cornwall.
at'-a-gas,s. An other form
of AiTAGAS (q.v,).
at'-a-ghan, * at-ta-
ghan, yat'-a-ghlin (h
silent), s. [Fr yataghan,
from Turk, yatagdn.] " A
long damrer worn witli
])istols in the belt, in a
metal scabbard, generally
of silver, and among the _
wealthier gilt, or of gold.";^;__
(Lord Biiroii : Note to Thc^^^^
Giiionr.) The manner of
wearing it is shown in the
illustration.
"And silvev-sheathed ataghau "
Byron : The Giaour.
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, fa,tlier; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e. ey = a. qu = l£w.
atake— athalia
337
[Lat. Atalanta, Atulante ;
* a-ta'ke, v.t. . [Eug. a; take.] To overtake.
" ' Ffiat have I priked,' quod he, 'for your sake
Because that I wolde you atake."
Chaucer: C. T.. 12,512-13.
At-a-lan'-ta,
Gr. 'AraAai'Ti]. ]
1. Classical Mytholody :
((') A daughter of Selnifiieus, king of Scyros,
who from her beauty liad many suitors,' but
would marry none uuleys ahe obtained a man
who could outrun her. The lover stai-ted
first, she following and slaying him if she
overtook him. At last, by one account
Hippomanes, and by another Milanion, safely
reached the goal, by dropping in successi<jii
three beautiful apples given him by Venus
He therefore became the husband of Atalanta.
(/;) A daughter of lasins, who was the first
to wound the boar in the mythic hunt at
Calyduii.
^ Some think the two Atalantas were the
same person.
2. Astronomy : An asteroid, the thirty-sixtli
found. It was discovered by Goldschmidt at
Paris on tlie 5th of October, 1855, the date
on which Fides was first seen at Bilk by the
astronomer Luthei'.
A-tal'-ik-Gha-zee, s. [Hindust., &c , atalik
= a private tutor, a preceptor; ghnz'i, Arab.,
Hindust., &c.= a Mohammedan hero, espe-
cially if victorious in battle against the "in-
fidel."] A title given to the last independent
ruler of Eastern Turkistan.
" Yakub-Beg, the Aiithk-Uluize--. nr ruler of Eaatevn
Turkistan."— /J(ti7y Telci/raph, Vorre^jj. writing in
18'S fro^n Tashkencl.
t at-a-man, s. [Hetsian.]
at~a-mas'-co lil'-y, s. The English name of
the Zephyranthes utcniasco, a native of North
America, introduced into Britain.
*at-an'-is, adv. [At-anis.]
tat'-ar, ;>. [Attar.] Attar, otto.
atar-gul^ s. [From atar (Attar), and
Pers. gi2i = a rose.] Attar, generally called
otto, of roses. The Persian is the finest.
" She anatch'd the uni whereiu was inix'd
The Pereiftu atar-gal's perfuuie "
Byron ■ Bride of Abydus. i 10.
at-ar-ax'-i-a, tS,t'-ar-ax-y, s. fin Fr.
ataraxie ; Port, ataraxta, from Gr. arapa^Ca
(ataruxia) = freedom from passion: u, priv.,
and TapdiTo-(ii, (tarasso) — to stir uji, to rouse,
todi.sturb.] Freedom from passion ; calmness.
" The scepticks afl'ected an indifl'ereiitequiitoudei-oua
neutralit,v. as the only meaiiE to their ataraxin. and
freedom from passionate disturbiinces."— (r/oniii'He.'
Ncepsis.
at-a'rne, v.i. [Atorn.] To run away, escape.
[Itob. Glouc. : Vhron., p. 539.)
a-ta'ste, v.t. [O. Fr. ataster.] To taste.
" Atastyn. PregJis/n "—Prompt. Pare.
a-ta'unt, a-ta'un-to, adv. [Eng. a ; taunt.]
Naut. : In the state of being fully rigged.
(Used of vessels.)
a-tav'-ic, ". [Fr. atavirpie.] [Atavism.] Fer-
' taining to or derived from a remote ancestor.
at'-a-vi§im, s. [Lat. atamis = (l) the father
of the great-great-grandfather or grcat-great-
grandmotlier ; (2) an ancestor, forefather;
avus — (1) a grandfathei', (2) an old man.]
1. Biology: The reversion of a descendant
to some peculiarity of a more or less remote
ancestor.
2. Med. : The recurrence of a disease from
which a more or less remote ancestor suffered,
but which has not appeared in the intermediate
generations.
at-a-vis'-tic, a. [Eng. atavis(m): -istic]
Pertaining to or exemplifying atavism (q.v.).
a-tax'-i-a, *. [Ataxy.]
a-tax'-ic, a. [Eng. atax(y); -ic.] Pertaining
to ataxia; irregular. [Atax^-.]
ataxic fever, A form of fever attended
^with cerebral excitement and delirium. It was
Relieved by Pinel to have its chief seat in the
brain and nervous system.
a^tax'-y, a-tax'-i-a, s. [In Fr. ataxie; Sp.
& Port, ataxia; from Gr. ara^ia (ataxia) = (1)
want of discipline, (2) disorder : a, priv., and
raf IS (taxis) = arrangement, especially of sol-
diers ; Tatro-o) (tasso) = to arrange.]
tA, Ordinary Language. (Of the form a.t9.xy):
Want of order ; irregularity in anything.
". . . woiild certainly breed an infinite ataxy and
confuflion amongst them, and at last the ruin and
destruction of their kingdom, . . ,"- HaUiwell :
M i-lain^n-oncea. p. 16.
B. Med.: Irregularity in the functions of
the body, or in the course of a disease. [Loco-
motor ataxy.]
at-blen'che, v.i. [A.S. at = from, and hhn-
"Mi = to start away from. (Blank, Blink.)
In combination witha^ as at bcerst = escaped.]
To escape.
" And. cunnen at-blenche
Prom sathanases wrenche,
And from his swikelnesse. "
Sinners Beware (ed. Morris), 22)-2.
at'-5he-s6n, at'-5hi-s6n, s. [Named after
Mr. Atkinson (or the Scotch pronunciation
Atcheson), an Englishman, who was assay-
master of the mint at Edinburgh in the begin-
ning of James VI. 's reign.]
Numis. : A billon coin, or rather a copper
coin, washed with silver, struck in the reign
of James VI. Its value was = eight pennies
Scotch or I of an English penny. It had on
it the royal arms crowned ; "Jacobus, D.G.,
R. Scot., R. Oppid. Edin.;" and a leaved
thistle crowned, (Jamieson.)
If Bishop Nicolson says that atchesons wi-re
coined first in the time of James III., and
were four to the penny.
^ at-9hie've, v.t. [Achieve.]
" With which she wondrous deeds of arms afchieved."
Spemvr : F. Q.. IV. iv. 40.
' at-5hie've-inent,
' ate, s. [Hate.]
[Achievement,]
" And uith, and strif, and ate, and aan."
Story of Oen. and Exod. (ed. Morris), 373.
Attan.]
[Eng. at (th)e.'\ At the. [At,
His wyf ate dune lie bet."
Sevyn Sages, Tl\).
ate, ^ at, or et, pret. of verb. [Eat.] Did eat.
(The preterite of the verb to eat.)
" Sum ghe ther at and sum ghe nam "
Story of Gen. and £"arorf,(ed. Morris). 33".
' . . . and ate the sacrifices of the dead."— /'«. cvi. 28,
A'-te, s. [Gr. 'A-n; (Ate) = the goddess of mis-
chief, authoress of all bhnd and foolish actions ;
ttTTj (««(') = (!) bewilderment, judicial blind-
ness, (2) sin, (3) destruction ; from aa.io (aao)
= (1) to hurt, (2) to go astray.]
1. ClfMS. Mutl: : The goddess thus described
(the term l>uni- used by or attributed to
jieisons who may have beheved her to have
had a real existence),
" Nut by myself, but vengeful Ate, driven "
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk xix., 9:2.
" And CoBsar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side, come hot from hell."
Shakesp. -. Julius Caisar, iii, 1.
2. Gcii.: Misi'iiief or destruction personified
(the term Ate being used by, or attributed to
those who did not believe in its classical
mytlinlogy).
" Come, talk not of her ; yon shall find her the infer-
nal Ate m good apparel."— S/mftes?>. ; Much Ado about
Soothing, 11. 1.
-ate, in compos. [From the Lat. suffix -atus, the
}ia. par. of verbs belonging to the first conjuga-
tion, or sometimes from their supine -atunL.]
I, As a termination in adjectives it is equiva-
lent to the participle or particix>ial adjective
-ed ; as anivmte, adj., the same as animated =
possessed of breath, life, or spirit ; determiiiate
= determined.
IL As a termination in verbs it is in almost
every case formed from the adjective. It
signifies either to make, or to act, or do that
which is indicated by the ad.jective or sub-
stantive to which it corresponds ; as propitiate
= to make propitious ; dominate = to act as a
dominus or lord over ; radiate = to make or
emit radii, i.e. , rays.
III. As a termination in nouns:
1. In ordinari/ words it is ~ office or dic'nity ■
as trihvnntc = the office or dignity of a trfbune.'
2. In cliemical tei'ms it is used in naniin'^
salts. The -ic of the acid is changed into -ate
and the word thus formed is connected by df
with the name of the substance combined with
the acid. Thus, from acetic add comes acetates ■
as acetates of lead, copper, alumina &c From
sulphuric acid comes sulphates; as of soda
liine, and almnina. '
a-teal, at-te'al, at-te'ille, at-tilc, s
[Teal.] The Scotch name of a duck, the
Widgeon (Ano^ penelopc), or an allied species.
t. [Old Fr. atiiicter.] To give a
* a-te'inte, v
colom-ing to.
* at'-e-lene, a. [Gr. arekj-; (atelv^) = without
end, . . . imperfect : d, priv. , and xeAos (telos)
= end, . . perfection.]
Mincralogij ; Imjierfect ; -wanting regular
forms in the genus. (SlieparO..) (Webster.)
at'-e-leg, s. [Gr. dTeA^? (ateles) = without
end, . . . imperfect; a, priv., and Te\.o<; (tetos)
— end, completion.] A genus of Cebidye. or
American monkeys. They have a facial angle
of 60'=' ; the thumbs of the fore-hand concealed
under the skin, and the prehensile part of the
tail naked underneatlL There are several
species. They are generally called Spider
Monkeys. They inhabit Brazil and the neigh-
bouring regions.
a-tel'-e-site, s. [Gr. areX^g (ateles) = without
end, . imperfect, incomplete ; and suffix
-iti:.] A mineral imperfectly known, contain-
ing bismuth. It is found at Schneeberg.
Dana places it in the appendix to his Anhy-
drous ^Silicates.
t a-tel'-i-er (er as a), .>. [Fr.] A workshop,
a studio.
•(] The word has other meanings in French.
A-tel'-lan, «. & s. [Lat. Atelkmus, from
Atella, an ancient Campaniau town belonging
to the Osci.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to
AtMlla, or tu the farces tliere actt;d.
"Their Fescenniu and Atcllan way of wit was in
early days prohibited." — Shaftesbury.
B. As substantive : A popular kind of farces
acted by the young men of Atella. They
seem to have consisted of burlesque metrical
imitations of the dialect and manners of the
peasantry.
"Manj' old poets . . . did write fescenuines, a/cUans
and lascivious sougs.'—fidrtoJi.- Anat. of Mel., \\ 414.
"Love-stories, plays, comedies. a(e(?a/ii,jiKs."—/&/rf ,
p. 542.
at'-e-16-, in compos. [Gr. ireAij? (ateles) = . .
ini]ierfect.]
Med : Imperfect, as atelo-gnathia =■- malfor-
mation of the jaws.
a tem'-po, a tem'-po pri'^mo, used as
adv. [Ital., the same as Lat. in tempore = in
tune, or in tempore primo = in the first time.]
Music : In the original time, signifying that
;iftei' any change of time in a musical compo-
sition the original time is to be resumt^d.
, the
boil, bo^; pout, ^6^1; cat, 9eU, chorus,
-cian. -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -slon
a tem'-i)0 gi-XLS'-td, used as adv. [Ilal.,
same a^ Lat. in tempore jnst,, = in just tinie.]
Mubic: In just, marked, or proi)er time.
' at'-en, 2^rep. [At, Atte. Contracted from
at then.]
aten end. At end ; finally.
a-te'nd, pa. par. [A.S. oAendan.] Set alight,
set fire to. (Sir Ferumhras, 3,280.)
^ at-e'-ne§, adv. [At-anis, Enes.]
' a-tent', s. [From uttentum, sup. of attend o
[Attend.] An object, an intention. {,s;;
Amadas, 372.)
* a-te'-6n, v. [A.S. teoTian, tynan = to mak^-
angry. ] To make angry. (Ch ro n . of Eng. , . i 1 . )
*a-te'yn, v.t. [Fr. tanner = to tire, to tease
to weary.] To overfatigue.
"Kyng Richard was almost atenyt."
Richard, 4,847. {S. in Boudior.)
*at'-for-en, *et-for-en, at-vore, jirep
[A.S. atfuran.] [Afore.] Before, in front of
(Rob. Gloucester, p. 358.)
*ath, 5. [Oath.]
* ath, 3^?ers. sing., pr. indie, of v. [Hath.]
* at-hal-den, * set-hal-den, v.t. [AS
healdan.] [Athold.]
a-tha'-li-a, s. [From Gr. aBoX-f,^ (cUhale.s) =
not verdant withered.] A genus of saw-flies
(Tenthredinidi^) A. spinarum or centifoliais
the Turnip Saw-fly, no called because its lam.^
which are the animals called blacks or j-^/m-,-.'
feed on turnips. The perfect insect is coinmml
in some years from May to August. It lias a
9hin, bengh , go gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist ph - f
= shun; -tion,-sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die. &U bel d^L
33S
athamaunte— atlieous
"black head, a red thorax, with two large and
several smaller spots on the back, and an
orange-coloured abdomen. (Uu His. )
ath-a-xna'unte, a. [Adamant.] Tlie same
as Adamant (q.v.).
" This world with byndyng of youre word eterne,
And writeii in the table of at]i,'.maun/e
ar-tlia'-nas, s. [From Gr. a6di'aTo<; (atJianatos)
= undying; o, priv., and ddvaro^ (Uutnatos)
= death.] A geniis of Crustaceans, of the
family Alpheidre. Athanas nitcsccns, or Mon-
tague's Shrimp, Inhabits the southern coastH
of England. It is thought, but erroneously,
by the fishermen to be the young of the
lobster.
Ath-an-a'-§i-aii (or sian = shan), a. & s.
[Eng. Athaiiasi(us) ; suffix -an.]
A, As adjective : Pertaining to Athanasius,
who was raised to the see of Alexandria in
A.D. 32(5, and from that date till liis death in
373, amid many trials, acted as the great cham-
pion of Trinitarian doctrine. (See example
under the substantive.)
B, As substantive : A follower of Athanasius,
or one holding his views with respect to the
Trinity.
" UiJuii the revival of the Ariaii «ontroversy in Gaul,
under the influence of the Biirgundiiin kiuga, it was
obviLma tu Crt.ll one side Athatiasians, and the other
side Aii.iiia ; and so also to name the orthodox faith
the Atbanasian faith, as the other Arian." — Water-
land: Hist, of the Athanasian Creed.
Athanasian Creed. The creed which
the fi-amers of the English Liturgj'', with
])roper critical acumen, designate as "this
Confession of our Christian Faith commonly
called the Creed of Saint Athanasius," thus
avoiding any expression of belief as to its real
authorshiji. Though correctly expressing the
doctrine of that Christian father, it seems
not to have been penned till after his time.
Dr. AVaterland ascribed it to Hilary, Bishop of
Aries from A.D. 430 to 449. It was about the
beginning ot the eighth century that it com-
menced to Ijd read in liturgic worship. The
English Prayer-book enjoins that it be used
in the churches on the principal festivals,
when it is to take the place of the ApostU-s'
Creed, and to be sung or said "by the minister
and people standing." It is retained in the
Prayer Book of the Church of Ireland, but is
not publicly recited.
' ath'-a-nor, s. [lu Ger. athenor; from Arab.
at-tannur; Heb. I^SH (tannUr) = a furnace.]
A digesting furnace formerly in use among
cliemists. It was designed to maintain an
unvarying amount of heat, which could be in-
creased or diminished at pleasure by opening
01- shutting apertures with sliders over them
called registers. {Quinoj, d:c.)
Ath'-ar-ist, s. [Catharist.] (Scotch.)
A-thar'-va-na, s. [Sanscrit.] The fourth
of the Indian Vedas. Its language is more
modern than that of the other three. The
Sanhita, or collection of prayers and invo-
cations, is comprised in twenty books. Tlie
number of verses is stated as 6,015; the sec-
tions more than 100 ; and the hymns upwards
of 760. Tlie theological treatises, regarded as
fifty-two in niunber, called U-pcuiishads, arc
appended to the Atharvan Veda.
athe, aith, s. [Oath.] (Scotch.)
a'-the-ism, a'-the-isme, o. [lu Gi;r.
atheism, a the i-imns ; Fr. atJieisme ; Sp. & Ital.
ateis'ino ; Port, atheismo ; from Gr. a, priv., and
fleds (thens) — God.] Literally, disbelief in a
God, if such an attainment is possible ; oi',
more loosely, doubt of the existence of a God ;
practically, a denial that anything can be
known about the supernatural, supposing it
to exist. [Agnosticism.]
" It is true that a little philosophy Inclineth man's
mind to athehui., but dejith in philosophy briugeth
lueo's minds about to religion," — Bacon ; Misaijs, Cii:
& Mor., ch. XVI,
Hist. & Philos. : Amoug the Greeks atheism
consisted in a denial or non-recognition of the
gods of the State. [Pyrrhonism, Sceptics,
Sophists.] Socrates was put to death for
asserting the superiority of the Divine Wisdom
(<f}p6i/r}aL-;) to the other gods, as the ruler and
disposer of the universe, thus contradicting
Greek mythology, which assigned tliat office
to Zeus. In Latin tunes atheism still con-
tinued to "be a negation, with no pretension to
rark as a system. Voltaire speaks of it as
having destroyed the republic, and says that
it was factious in the time of Sulla and of
Cfe^ar, and slavish under Augustus and Ti-
berius. It was closely akin to that cultured
unbelief which extensively jirevailed at tlie
Roman Curia during the early part of the
Rena.scence, Macaulay (Banke's Histo-ry of Ih:-
Fopes) is very severe on the "men who, with
tlie Latinity of the Augustan age, acquired its
atheistical and scoffing spirit,' The atheism
of the eighteenth century was a protest against
the persecution of fanaticism ; and, like its
predecessors, put forward little or nothing to
replace the system it attempted to destroy.
The atheism of the present century may be
taken to include every i^hilosophic system
which rejects the notion of a personal Creator :
in this sense it ranks as a genus, of which.
Atomism, Pantheism, Positivism, &c., are
species. Strictly, it is the doctrine that sees
in matter the sole principle of the universe.
Popularly, atheism consists in the denial of a
God : this view is probably founded on the
mistranslation of Psalm xiv. 1, and liii. 1.
which sliould be, "The fool hath said in his
heart, No God /or ttw" — i.e., he wilfully rejects
God, at the same time knowing that He is.
a'~the-ist, s. & a. [In Ger. atheist ; Fr. athee,
\ oMeiste ; Sp. & Ital. ateista ; Port, atheistd ;
Lat. atheos; from Gr. a, priv., and 6e6q (i/teos)
= God.]
A, As substantive : One who holds any of
the opinions described under Atheism (q.v,).
B. As culjective : Entertaining any of the
opinions described under Atheism (q.v.)
atheist - 'wretch, s. A contemptuous
term for an atheist,
" The weakest atheist-wretch all heaven defies,
But shrinks and shudders when the thunder flies "
Pope: Somer's Iliad, hk, xx., 4-21-2.
a-the-ist'-ic, a-the-ist'-ic-al, s. [Eng.
atheist; -ic, -ical. In Ital. ateistico.]
1. Of persons : Disbelieving or doubting the
existence of a God.
"It is an ignorant conceit, that enquiry into natnre
should make thein atheistic." — Dp. Hall: Cotitempla-
tions : The Sages and Star. (Richardson.)
"... a stupid, an atheistical, an irreligious fool." —
Jeremy Ta>/lor : Of the Decalogue. Works (ed, 1839),
vol. iii.. p. 2C.
2. Of ■'■pceclics. writings, &-c. : Containing or
involving atheism.
a-the-ist'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng, atheistical;
suff, -hj.] In an atheistic manner; inclined
towards ^theism.
"I entreat such as are a(fim(icaZ/i/ inclined to con-
sider these things." — Tillotson.
a-the-ist'-ic-al-ness, s. [Eng. atheistical;
-ness.) The quality of being atheistic,
and atlieis-
imoml : J-^undamentals.
a-the-i'ze, v.t. k i. [Gr, a^eos (atheos) = with-
out God ; denying the existence of God ; and
Eng. -izc = to make.] [See suffix -ize.]
A. Transitive : To render atheistic.
". . they endeavoured to fiWieize one another , . ."
— Bp. Berkeley: The Minute Philosopher, Ti\^\.\\.
B. Intransitive : To speak or write in an
atheistic manner.
"... to see if we can find any other philosophers
who ath'-ized before Democritus and Leucippus, as also
what form of atheism they entertained," — Cudwovth:
Intcll. Syst., p. 3. (Richardson.)
a-the-1'z-er, s. [Eng. athcize ; -er.] One
wlio atlieizes; one who teaclies or encourages
atheism.
"These men were indeed the first atheizers of this
ancient atomick philoaoijhy." — Cudworth : IiitcU.
Syst. ; Pref. (Richardson.)
"" ath'-el, *ad'-el, * se'-thel (0. Eng.), * ath'-
il, * ath'-ill, * hath' -ill, ■ hath -el,
" hath'-elle, *a5h'-il, ^a9h'-iU, adj., s., &
in com-pos. [A.S. ce(/te?e=(l)nobIe, eminent not
only in blood or by descent, but in ]nind ; ex-
cellent, famous, singular; (2) A-ery young;
growing fa.st. (Bosworth.).~^ [j^^thel, Adel-
iNG, Atheling.]
A. As adjective : Noble, illustrious,
" The atliil Emprour annon rycht him neir."
Houlate, iii. 4, (Jamieson.)
" At the soper, and after
Mony athcl songea."
Gnwayne and the Grcnc Rnyght. (S. in Boucher.)
B. As substantive: A pruice, a nouicman,
an illustrious personage.
"All thus thir achilles in hall hastie remanit,"
Hoitlate, iiL 17. (Jamieson.)
C. In cojnposition :
1)1 Anglo-Saxon proper names : Noble, well-
born, of honourable extraction ; as Atheling
= a nolale youth ; Ethelred or ACthelred = noble
in counsel ; Ethelard or yEthelarcl = a noble
genius ; Ethdbert or Mtlielhcrt = nobly bright,
eminently noble ; Ethelward or JSthelward =
a noble jjrotector or defender.
ath'-el-ing, ad'-el-ing. ed'-el-ing, eth-
ling, eth'-el-ing, s. [A.S. Kthriing = (i)
the son of a king, a jirince, one of the royal
blood, the heir apparent, a nobleman next in
rank to the king; (2) a ruler, governor, man,
(Bosioorth.).^ [Adeling, yETHELiNC.] Pro-
jiei-ly, a title of honour belonging to tlie heir
apparent or presumptive. It was first con-
ferred on Edgar by Edward the Confessor,
his grand-uncle, who bestowed it when he
designed to make him successor to himself on
the throne.
" Thral miliuxoum,
Atheling britheling."
J/5. Cott., Calig., A. ix., f. 240 b. (S. in Boucher.)
a-then-se'-um, a-then-e'-um, a. [in Fr.
athciice ; Port, atheneo ; Lat. athencenm, athe-
neum, a place built by Hadrian, and coii.se-
crated to ilinerva, in which poets and other
authors read aloud their productions ; Gr.
'A9-^vaiov (Athencnon), the temple of 'AO-qud
(Athe)ia).'] [Athene.] A term used to desig-
nate various institutions more or less coii-
uected with literature ; as —
1. A public reading-room furnished with
newspapers and other periodicals, with jioi-
sibly a library attached.
2. A periodical specially designed to record
the progress of art and I'cview new books,
as the well-known Athenoinm published in
London ; or simply a newspaper, as the Madras
AtheiiCEum.
A-the'-ne, A-the'-na, s. [Gr-'Ae^i-a (A thcna),
in Horn, 'Ae^rrj (Athc-
iir),'A6Y]vaLiq(Aihcnaie). ^.-^
Mux Miiller believes
tliat the root from
which Athene came was
ah, which yielded also
the Sanscrit ahaim,
aghnyd, i.e., ahuya =
the dawn, and ahar =
day. (Max Mailer :
Science of Lang., 6th
ed., vol. ii., pp. 548,
549.).] The Grecian
goddess corresponding
to the Roman Minerva.
She was the tutelary
goddess of Athens,
which was said to
have been called after
her. She was the
goddess of war, of
wisdom, and of the
arts and sciences.
" He spake, and to her hand preferr'd the howL
A secret pleasure touch'd Athena's s-oul,"
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, hk. iii,, 64, Go.
A-the'-ni-an, a. & s. [In Fr. AtMaien; Lat.
Athenceus; _Gr. ^AB-qvaXo^ (Athlnaios), from
'AGrivai (Athenai) = Athens.]
A. As culjective : Pertaining to Athens or its
inhabitants.
^ Athenian Owl : A name given to the Eagle
Owl (Bubo iiuiximus). [Bubo, Eagle Owl..]
B. -4s svhstaniiic : A native of Athens.
" No breath of air to break the wave
Tiiat rolls below the Athenian's gi-ave,"
Byron: The Giaour.
^^ a-the-6-ld'-gi-an, s [Gr. 6., priv, and
Eng. theologian.] A person destitute of theolo-
gical knowledge or acumen.
'/They of your society [Jesuits], as they took their
original from a goldier. so they are the only uthcAo-
giam, whose heads entertain no other object hut the
tumult of realms ; whose doctrine is nothing but en-
fusion and UoodsheiV— Hay ward : Ans to Boleman
ch. 9.
^a-the-6l'-6-gy, s. [Gr. a, i^-iv., and En^^
theology (q^.\.).^ Atheism, (^a-ift.)
' a'-the-OUS, a. [Lat. atheos; Gr. aeeo-;
(atheos): i, priv,, and Seo? (theos) = God ]
Atheistic ; not believing in God, or acting as
if one did not do so.
STATUE OF ath:e:,-e.
Cate, fat, fare, amidst^ what, ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
■ or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Sjrrian- £e. ce = e ; ^ = e. qu = kw.
atner — athwart
339
'■ 5'hy F.Ttheu, who is holy, wise, and iiure,
Sutfera the hyijocrite or atheous priest
To treaU his saored courts aud iiiiiiiater
About hla altar, haudliug holy things."
Milton: P. n.,h'k. i.
* a'-ther, conj. [Either.] (Scotch.)
gi-th,er-i-as'-tite, s. [From Gr. aSepcao-To?
(its cliseovGrcr says), whicti is ii word not in
Liddell and Scott. Should it "be afleptoro?
(cUheristos) — iinhGcded (?).] A mineral, a
variety of ScapoUte, placed by Dana under the
jninenil Wernerite. It is of a greenish colour,
and is found at Arendal, in Norway.
atli'-er-ine (E)ig.\ ath-er-i'-na, s. [Mod.
Lat. atherina; from Gr. aOepCvf} (cUheriniJ) =^ a
kind of smelt (Aristoiic).^
A. O/i/iC/orm atlieriuc :
Ordinary Langvag^' : A pretty little fish,
from five to six inches lon^, called also the
Sandsmelt. It is the J. jjreshijUr of Cuvier.
It is found along the southern coasts of
Britain, occupying a region distinct from
that iu which the smelt {Osimrus ejierlanus)
occurs. It is used as food.
B. Of the form atherina :
Zool. : A genus of fishes of the order Aean-
tliopterygti and the family Mugilidai (Mullets).
Heveral species are known in the Mediterranean
and elsewhere. The young, which congregate
together, are the Aphyes of the ancients.
Now, in the south of Europe, they are called
NuiLnat.
a--tlier'-man-5y, s. [From Gr. aOepfiavro-;
(atheriiiantos) = not heated ; a9eptxo<; (athernto--)
= without heat : a, priv., and 0ep/xos (thermos)
= hot.] The term used by Melloni to express
the power which certain bodies have of stop-
jiing radiant heat. [D[atiiermancy.] (Atkin-
son: Ganot's Physics, § 373.)
a-ther'-man-oiis, adj. [From Eng. cither-
maii(cy); -ous.] [Athermancv.] Pertainingor
relating to athermancy (q. v.). (It is opposed
to dlathermanoiis.)
atU-er-o'-ma, s. iLat. atheroma; Gr. a0»jpto/xa
(athcronia) = a tumoiu' upon the head tilled
with matter ; from aOriprj (athere), also a$dpa
(athara); Attic addpr) (athare) = groats or
meal.] A species of wen filled with curdy
matter. It does not cause pain, discolour
the skin, or yield easily to the touch.
" If the uiattei- fontiUiff them resenible-i milk cui-ds,
the tumoiu' is called atheroma ; if it be hke honey,
nielicei'is ; aiid if coiiii»osed of fat, or ii siiety substance,
steatoma.' ' — Sha rp ,
Sith-er-om'-a-toiis, i'<. [Gr. i9^po|uaT09
(atheroonatos), genit. of dSTJptDjua (atheroma)
(Athero.ma), and Eng. suffix -ous.] Pertaining
or relating to atheroma. Curdy in appearance
and consisteni-y.
"... the atheromatous deposits which are so com-
mon ill pteuliar dijitheses, or at an advanced ^leriod of
life." — Todd & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol, li., 320.
ath-er-o-sper'-ma, «. [Gr. ke-qp (athcr) —
the beard or spike of an ear of corn ; a-TTepp-a.
(^jierrna) = seed. So called from the seedbeing
crowned by a permanent hairy style.]
Bat. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
the order Atherospermacese (ci.v.).
ath-er-o-sper-ma'-^e-se, a. pi. [From the
typical genus atherospcrma (q.v.).]
Bot. : An order of exogenous plants placed
by Lindley iu his Menispennal Alliance.
Their English name is Plume Nutmegs. They
PLU.ME NUTMEG.
are unisexual plants, having neither calyx nor
corolla, but only an involucre. In the male
flowers the stamens are numerous ; in the
females they are less so. Each involucre has
several ovaries, with solitary erect ovules,
whicli afterwards become feathered at the
summit by the persistent styles. They are
natives of New Holland and South America.
In 184(5 Lindley estimated the known species
at four only.
ath'-il, * ath'-ill, a. & s. [Athel.] (Scotch.)
'■a-thmk', hapcrs.v. [A.S. ofthyiicaii.] Tore-
pent. {Wiidljlii : Genesis vi. 7.)
" a'-thir, "" a'-thyr, conj. [Either.]
a'-thir, * a'-thyr (yr as ir), i^. [Other.]
a-thirst', * a-thyrst' (yr as ir), a. [Eng.
a; thirst] [Thirst, Thir.stv.]
I. Lit. : Having a necessity and a longing
for water or some other liquid wherewith to
slake the thirst ; craving after something to
drmk.
II. Figuratively :
1. Gcii. : Feeling an intense longing after
something.
"Athirst for battle "
C'owper : Homer's Iliad, hk. viii.
2. Spec. : Feeling intense dissatisfaction with
worldly pleasure, occupation, or care, and
eager longing for spiritual good.
"I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain
of the water of life freely."— yiec. xxi. 6.
ath'-lete, t ath'-let, s. [Iu Dan. & Ger.
athlet; Fr. athlete; Sp. & Ital. atJeta ; Port.
athleta ; Lat. athleta, athletes ; Gr. ol^Atittj?
(atliletcf,) : from Lat. athlon and athla ; Gr.
S.9\ov (athlon) = a struggle, a work, a labour.]
I. Literally :
1. Originally : A man trained to contend in
some one of the physical exercises established
among the Greeks and Romans. These were
five ill number — viz., running, leaping, boxing,
wrestling, and throwing the discus or quoit.
" D,ivid's conilwt compared with that of Dioxippus,
the Athenian athlete." — Dthuiii : Life of Daoid,
2, JVoiy {hi a more general sense): A person
with strongly-developed nmscles, and trained
to contend in exercises which require for
success much physical strength.
"Having opposed to him a vigorous atlUete." — A.
Smith : Theory of Moral Sentlnnuits.
II. Figuratively : An intellectually strong
and well-educated man who contends against
opponents, not with his muscles, but with
his mind.
"But I submit, that the dictum of amatliematical
athlete upon a difficult probleui which inathein-itics
otters to philosophy, has no more special weight than
the verdict of th.at great pedestrian, Oaptain Barclay,
would have hatl iu settling a disputed point in the
physiology of locomotion."— //uxie//.' Lay Sermons,
5th ed. ; Prefatory Letter, vi.
ath-let'-ic, "" ath-let'-ick, a. & s. [Eng.
alhlet(c) ; -ic. In Fr. athletique ; Lat. aihleti-
eus ; Gr. aBk-qTiKo^ (athletikos).']
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to the games or contests in
which the ancient athletes strove. [Athlete.]
" The athlct'ick diet was of pulse, aliihiton, maza,
barley, and water."— Sir T. Brovme : Misc. Tracts, p. 17.
2. With gi-eat muscular development, like
that possessed, after training, by the ancient
athletes.
"Tlie hundreds of athletic Celts whom he saw in
their national order of battle were evidently not allies,
to be despised." — Macaiilny : Jlist. Eng., ch. xiii.
B. As substantive: "The art of activity."
Athletics.
"... art of activity, whieli is called athletic; and
art voluptuaiy, which Tacitus truly calleth eruditns
luxus." — Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. ii.
ath-let'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. athUtical; -ly.]
In an athletic manner ; with exertion of much
pliysical strength. (Barrow.)
ath-let'-i-9isin, s. [Eng. athletic ; suffix
-i^M.] The art of training one as au athlete ;
the state of being so trained; athletics.
(Maunder.) (Reid's Diet.)
ath-let'-ics, s. [Athletic] The art of de-
" veloping muscular strength for the sake of
prize or other contests, or for the ordinary
physical work of life.
" Can parents and schoolmasters possibly go on any
longer pretending to think that cricket, boating, and
athletics, as now conducted, are only recreations?"-
Mark Pdttison.: Acadcnii^alOrganiMtt ion [ISSS], p. 316,
^ ath'-let-ifm, ^. [Eng. athlet(e); -is>w.\ The
same as Athleticism (q.v.). (Wehster.)
Ath -61. Ath -die. Ath -oil, s [Celtic.^ A
district in the northern part of Perthshire.
Athol hrose : Honey mixed with aqua vitas,
used in the Highlands as a specific for cold.
Meal is sometimes substituted for honey.
(Jaimeso7i.)
■'The captain swallowed his morning draught of
Athol brose and departed. "—5coH ; Heart of Mid-
lothian, chap, xlviii
* at-hold, -^at-huld, v.t. To hold back,
to withhold.
" And bad him go and hir athold."
Sir Vrfeo, 49. (S, in Bouclier.)
A'-thor, s. Au asteroid, the 161st found. It
was discovered by Watson on April ISth, 187U.
a-thort', j:n'ep. & adv. [Athwart.] (Scotch.)
a-tho'-iis. s. [Gr. a^wog (atlwos) = unpunished ;
" hai-mless : a, priv., and 6u}-q (thoe) = a penalty.]
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to
the family ElateiidEe. The larvae of the several
species— j4. longicolli-s, the Long-necked Click
Beetle ; A. niger, the Black Click Beetle ; and
A. ruficaudis, the Red-tailed Click Beetle-
produce "wire-worms," but not all destruc-
tive to farm crops. (Curtis.)
" a-thre'e, * a-thre', '^ a-thre'-6, adv.
[Eng. a; three.] In three.
" This loud was deled athre among thre sones y wys."
Robert qf Gloucester, p. 2y. [liichardsoii.)
a-threp'-si-a, s. [Gr. a priv., and Opeif/C^
' (tlvrepsis) = nourishment.] "Want of nourish-
ment ; the bad habit of body resulting there-
from.
a-tlirix'-i-g,, s. [Gr. aOpt^ (athrix): a, priv.,
' and 0pC$ (thrix) = hair, in allusion to the ab-
sence of hairs from the receptacle and the
stigmas of the ray.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order AsteracCEe, or Composites. A. capensis
is a pretty greenliouse shrub, with narrow
lanceolate leaves and bright crimson solitary
heads of flowers.
*a-thr6b', a. [Eng. et = on, and, throb, s.]
Throbbing, palpitating.
*a-thrd*te, v.t. [O. Eng. a; and A.S. throte
'= the throat.] To strangle, to choke.
" And if thou wolt algates with superfluity of riches
h&athroted." — Chancer: Test, of Lone, bk. ii.
a-tl«va'rt (Eng.), a-thort' (Scotch), prep. &
adv. [Eng. a; thvkirt (q.v.).]
A. As preposition :
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(a) Across, transversely; from one side to
the other. ,
" He sate him down at a pillar's base,
And pass'd his hand athwart his face."
Byron : Siege of Corinth, 10.
(6) So as to cross, without reference to
whether it is transversely, longitudinally, or
diagonally.
" Her lights, wi' hissing eerie din ;
AtJtort the lift they start and shift.
Like fortune's favours' tint as win."
Burns: A Vision.
2. Figuratively :
(o) So as to cross ; so as to thwart.
" strikes the rough thread of errour right athwart
The web of every scheme they have at heart."
Cow/jer : Jixpostulation.
* (b) Through ; in the midst of.
" Now, athwart the terrors that thy vow
Has planted round thee, thuu appear' st more fair."
Addison.
II. Technically:
Naiit. Athwart hawse: A term applied to
the situation of a ship when she lies across the
stem of another one, either in immediate con-
tact with her or a short distance off.
Athwart shi%)s: Reaching across the ship
from side to side ; transversely across the ship.
Athwart the fore-foot : A term applied to the
direction of a cannon-ball fired by one ship
across the bow of another as a signal or. a
command for her to lay to.
B. As adverb :
I. Lit. Of material substances and their
direction :
1. Seized by the middle, so as to be cross-
wise. (Po2Jb: Homer; Iliad in. 111.)
2. Across, so as to pass from side to side.
(Tliornsoii: Spring, 509.)
boil, boy; po^t, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-clan, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion, -ciouu = shiin ; -^ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious. -sious ^ shus. -ble. -die, &.c. = bel, deL
340
athymia — atlas
H. Fig. Of adverse inptence :
1. So as to thwart ; crossly, vexatiously,
perplexingly.
" All athwart there came _
A post from Wiiles,, loaden with heavy news. '
SMkesp. : 1 Henyy It'., i. h
2. AwTj', ^^Tong ; to destruction.
" The baby beats the nurse ; and quite athwart
Ooes all (leeoruin. " ^ ,r
Shakesp. : Meas. ftrr Meas., i. 3.
3. Abroad; far and wide. (Scotch.)
" There goes a speech athort in the name of the Duke
of Leunox."— iiaiWie's Letters, i. 8:i. {Jamienon.)
a-thy'-mi-a, s. [Gr. iflvfii'a (atlmmia), from
' i9vuiu> (atfmmeS) = to lie domi-liearted : a,
priv., and Bvixos (flmmos) = the soul as the
seat of passion.] Faiut-heartedness, despon-
dency.
* a'-thyr (yr as ir), conj. [Either.] (Scotch.)
* a'-thyr (yr as ir), c [Other.] (i5co(c/i.)
ar-thyr'-i-um, s. [Gr. d, iirir., and eupioi-
■ (thvrion) = a little door, a wicket.] A genus
or sub-genus of ferns containing, of British
plants, the A. fiJir fmmina and the A. fon-
tanum. [Asplenium.]
* a'-til, " a'-tyle, v.t. [Old Fr. attiUr.] To
equip, to supply with neoessarj' stores.
"TJpe is stede l-armed is. and atiled thoni out al."
Jiob. Gloue. : C'hron.. p. 525.
" Al ys folc wel atyled to the batayle sscet."
Ibid., p. 361. (A', iyi Boitcher.)
♦a'-til, *a'-tyl, s. [From the verb.] Furni-
ture, necessary supplies.
" And al here atijl and treaoui- w.as also asseyut."
Rob. Glouc. ; Cron., p. 51. {Boucher.)
If In another MS. it is catel, and in a third
attyrc. (S. in Boucher.)
a-tilt', at tilt', adv. & a. [Eng a, and tiU;
' at till.}' [Tilt.] As if tilting ; as a pei'son
■would do who tilts.
1. ^s adv. : As if thrusting at an antagonist.
"... when iu the city Tours,
Thou ran'st atiU, in honour of my love,
And stol'st away the ladies' hearts of France.
8hakesp. : 2 Hen. YL, i. 3.
2. As adj. : In the positii .n of a barrel raised
or tilted behind, to make it run out.
"Such a man is always atilt: his favom-3 come
hardly from him."— Spectator.
at'-i-my', s. [Gr. in/jia (atimia) = dishonour ;
irifido) (atimao) = to dishonour : i, priv., and
Ttju?) (triiu!) — worship, honour ; rt'o) (tio) — to
pay honour.]
In Ancient Greece : Infamy ; public disgrace
inflicted on those who had been guilty of cer-
tain offences.
-a'-tion. [Eng. sutr., from Lat. -atio, as
oblation, from Lat. oUatio = an otfering.]
It signifies (1) the act of, (2) the state of
being, and (3) that which. For example:
"God's creation of tiie world " means " God s
act of creating the world;" "the world's
creation" signifies "its state of being cre-
ated," and by the expression "the visible
creation" we mean "the persons who and
things which have been created."
at-lan'-ta, s. [From the Atlantic, in which
■ the species occur (?).] A genus of molluscs,
the typical one of the family Atlautidae (q.y.).
The shell, which is minute, is glassy, with a
dextral operculum, though it is a dextral shell,
a phenomenon of a unique character. Accord-
in"- to Tate, in the vear 1SY5 there were known
ot°recent species eighteen, from the Canary
Islands and the warmer parts of the Atlantic.
A sub-genus OxygjTus added four more to the
list.
At-lan-te'-an, t At-lan'-ti-an, at-lan'-
te-an, * At-lan'-tio, d. [Lat. Atlanteus;
Gr. 'ArAdi^eios (Atlanteios).']
A. (Of the forms Atlantean rfiuj atlantean
only) :
1. Spec. : Pertaining to Atlas or the moun-
tains called after him. [Atlas.]
2. Oen. : Strong ; capable of bearing great
weight. (Used chiefly of shoulders.)
" Sage he stood.
With Attaniean shoulders, fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies ..."
MiUon : P. L.. bk. n.
" "What m»re than Atlantean shoulder props
The incumbent load."
Young ; Night ThougfUB, 9.
t B. ((V" *'is forms Atlantian and Atlantean) :
Pertaining to the probably fabulous island of
Atlantis (q.v.).
At-l^n'-te? , s. fl. [In Fr. atlante (sing ) ; Sp.
■ atlantides. From Gr. "Artai/Tej (AtlanUs), pi.
of 'AtAm (Atlas), genit. •AtAou-tos (Atlantos).^
Arch. : Colossal statues of men used instead
of pillars to support an entablature. Eoman
ATLANTES. (FROM POMPEII.)
architects called them xcrAajtii'es (tclavwnes).
(Vitruv., vi. 10.) When statues of women
support an entablature they are generally
called Caryatides (q.v.).
At-lan'-tlO (1), a. & s. [In Fr. Athnitlqv.c ;
Sp., Port., & Ital. Atlantico; Lat. Atlo iiftcus ;
Gr. 'ArAavrtKos (Atlantil:o^).~\
A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to
the ocean so designated.
"The murmurs of th' Atlantic wave."
Cowper . Task, bk. iv.
B. As substantive : The great ocean between
Europe and Africa on the one side and America
on the other, divided into the Northern, the
Intertropical, and the Southern, or simply
into the Northern and Southern Atlantic.
" The doctrine that there has been a continuous for-
mation of Globigerina mud on the bottom of the
Atlantic from the Cretjvceous epoch to the present
time . . . must be admitted as (to say the least) a not
improbable hs'pothesis."— .Or. ir. Caritenter. [Ency.
Brit., 9th ed., in. 21.)
* At-lan'-tic (2),
At-lan'-ti-ca, s.
i, [Atlantean.]
[Atlantis.]
at-lan'-ti-dse, s. pl, CAtlanta.]
I. Ethn. : According to Latham, one of the
primary varieties of the human species. The
maxillary profile is projecting ; the nasal one
generally flat ; the frontal one retiring ; the
cranium dolichocephalic, the parietal diameter
being generally narrow. Eyes rarely oblique.
Skin often jet black, very rarely approaching
a pure white. Hair crisp, woolly, rarely
straight, still more rarely light- coloured.
Languages with an agglutinate, rarely an amal-
gamate inflection. Distribution, Africa. In-
fluence, on the history of the world incon-
siderable.
II. Zoology: A family of molluscs belong-
ing to the class Gasteropoda and the order
Nucleobrauchiata. There is a symmetrical
discoidal shell, sometimes closed by an oper-
culum. The gills are contained in a dorsal
mantle-cavity. Genera : Atlanta, Bellerophon,
&c.
At-lan'-ti-des, s. jj?. [Lat. Atlantides, At-
' Ifniik'fJes.]
1. Cla^s, Myth. : The daughters of Atlas,
seven of whom were called also Pleiades, after
their mother Pleione. After their death they
were supposed to have been transformed into
the constellation Pleiades.
2. Astron. : A designation sometimes given
to the stars constituting the i'leiades.
At-lan'-tis, . At-lan'-ti-ca, s. [From Gr.
' 'ArA.at'TLg (Atlantisy] An island, said by Plato
and others to have once existed in the ocean
immediately beyond the Straits of Gades, that
is, in what is now called the Atlantic Ocean, a
short distance west of the Straits of Gibraltar.
Homer, Horace, and some- others made two
" Atlanticas," distinguished as the Hesperides
and the Elysian Fields, and believed to be the
abodes of the blest. The patriotic view, of
course, would gladly make these Great Brit;un
and Ireland. Plato states that an easy passage
existed from the one Atlantis into other is-
lands, which lay near a continent exceeding
in size all Europe and Asia. Some have
thought this America. Atlantis is represented
as ha%T.ng ultimately sunk beneath the waves,
leaving OHly isolated rocks and shoals in its
place. Geologists have discovered that the
coast-line of Western Europe did once run
farther in the direction of America than now ;
but its submergence seems to have taken
place long before historic times, so that the
whole ancient storj' about Atlantis was pro-
bably founded on erroneous information, or
arose from a clever guess put forth by a man
of lively imagination.
^ The Nevj Atlantis: The title which Lord
Bacon gives to a literary fragment, in which
he sketched out an ideal commonwealth.
at -las, At'-las, :. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., Ger.,
Fr.,* Sp., »fc Port, atlas. Atlas; Lat. Atlas,
genit. Atlantis ; Gr. 'ArAas (Atlas), "A.TXavTos
(Atlaiitos); a.T\a<> (oth<->), aT\avTo<; (atlo.ntos).']
A. Of the form Atlas :
1 Class. Myth.: A king of Mauritania, be-
lieved to have been transformed, by looking at
the head of Medusa, into the range of moun-
tains of the same name. He was supposed to
support the world on his shoulders.
"Atlas her sire, to whose far-i>ierchig eye
The wonders of the deep expanded lie ;
Th' eternal coluinus which ou earth he reiira
End ill the starry vault, and prop the spheres.
Fope: Homer's Odjisney, bk. i., 67— /H.
2 Gcog. : The range of mountains mentioned
above. The highest peak, which is in Morocco,
is about 11,400 feet in elevation.
B. Of the form atlas :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A collection of maps, probably so called
from the fact that some volumes of maps used
to have as a frontisinece a representation of
Atlas supporting the w...rld on his shoulders.
The celebrated geographer Mereator was the
first to use the word in this sense. He lived
in the sixteenth century.
2. A large square folio, externally resem-
bling a quarto or a book of maps, but wliich
consists of large engravings, as, for instiinee,
anatomical plates or landscapes illustrative of
a country.
*' Owen's report of a geological survey of Wiscoiiaiu,
Iowa, and Minnesota, and part ot the Nebraiika Tem-
ti_iry, with atlas of coloured plates. "—iVame of Book.
•; This use of the word is somewhat rare in
Eu,u:land and America, but very common iu
France.
t 3. A book in which the information is
presented in a tabular form.
+ 4:. In the same sense as B. 3,
II. Teclniicalhj :
1. Arch. : The supporters of a building.
[ATLANTEy.]
2. Annt.: The first cervical vertebr;t, the
one on whicii the head is balanced. It is veiy
strong, and has great freedom of movement.
"The first and second cervical vertebra;, called re- .
spectively atlas aud 3uXis."— Flower : Osteologi/ of the
Jfammalia, p. 22.
3. Silk-vjeaving : A rich kind of silk or stuff
manufactured in the East, and designed to be
used in making articles of female attire.
"I have the couveniency of buying Dutch atlases
with gold and silver, or -without."— Spectator.
4. Pajicr-vutking : A large kind of drawing-
paper. 'Jt:! in. X 33 or 34 in.
% Atlas Beetle: A fine lamellicorn beetle
fouud in portions of the East. It is the
ATLAS BEETLE.
Chakosoma atlas. The male is brilliant me-
tallic olive-green ; the female duller. The
male is about three inches long.
t atlas-fine, a. & s, A kind of paper,
opposed to atZas-ordwary (q.v.). [Atlas, B.,
IL 4.]
t atlas-ordinary, c. & jj. a kind of
paper, opposed to atlas-fine (q.v.). [Atlas,
B., II. 4.]
"The preservation of this faith is of more conse-
quence uian the duties on red lead, or white laid, jr
ou broken glass, or atlas-ordinary, or demy-flne, or
blue royaL" — Burke on Amer. Tax.
I^te, f^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, fatber; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub* ciire, unite, cur. riile, fiill ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. au = kw.
atlasite— atoll
341
at'-las-ite, s. [Apparently from Ger.,&e., aflas
= . . . satin, named from the satiny or silky
character of the mineral. The term corresponds
■with Ger. '((^cyprj^ tibrons malachite.] A
minei' ;1 believed by Danatn be not sufficiently
distinct from Azurite to constitiite a quite in-
dependent species. He believes that it may
be a mixture of about 3% parts of Azurite with
1 part of Ataeaniite. It is from Chili.
at-mi-dom'-et-er, s. [From Gr. ar^iSo';
(otmidos), genit. of iriiLi? (otinis) — t'he sti-aiu
of a fomentation. Cognate with a.Tp.6g.] [h^ee
Atmometer,.] An instrument still in nse,
invented by Babington, for measuring the
evaporation from water, ice, snow, &e. It
roubists of two glass or metLil bulbs, one of
them placed above
the other, with
which it cumniuni-
Cates by a narrow
neck. The lower one
is weighted with
shot or mercury,
and the upper has
on it a small glass
or metal stem, with
a scale graduated
in grains and half-
grains. On the top
of all there is a
shallow pan. The
instrument being _
immersed in a vessel .^^z
of water through a ^^^^
circular hole in'
which the steam
rises, distilled water
is gradually poured into the pan above,
causing it to .sink to the iJomt at which the
zero of the steam is on a level with the cover
of the vessel. As then the water in the pan
gi'adually evajiorates, the stem slowly aseciKls,
the amount of evaporation being imlicated in
grains on the graduated scale. {Brande.)
ATM I DO METER.
at-mo-ly'^e, v.t. [Gr. (l) aTfxo? (atmos
smoke or steam; (2) Auo-is (lvsis) = a. loosing
or setting free; Ailw (li(o) = to loose.] To
separate, at least partially, two gases or
vapours of unecjual ditfiisibihty which are
combined with each other. (B'oiviies : Mautial
of Chemisti"y, 10th ed., p. 140.)
S.t-Ill6-ly'§ed, pa. par. [At.molyse.]
at-mo-ly^'-er, s. [Eng. aii,iolys(e); -cr.]
That whieli p)-oduces :itiiiolysis, the I'artial
separation of gases or vapours of nueciual
ditfusibility.
Tube (dmolyser : Aw instrument for effecting
this result. It consists of a tube of uu'^dazed
earthenware, about two feet in length, placed
within a shorter tube of glass in contact with
an air-pum]i. The air between the two tubes
beiiig to a large extent exhausted, the mixed
gase.s are allowed slowly to traverse tlie
eartlienware iiipe, when mucli of the lighter
one I'seapes through the pores into the other.
(F.Mr.rs)
at-mo-lys'-mg, pr. par. [At.molyse. ]
at-mol'-ys-is, s. [Atmolyse.] The act or
njieration of separating two gases in combina-
tion from each other. {Fownes.)
at-mom'-e-ter, s. [Gr. drjads (of-nws) =
smoke, steam, vapour; yaiisc. c^/(a.= s].irit,
soul ; and Gr. fxirpov (7netron)'=a. measure.]
An instrument invented
by Sir John Leslie foi^
measuring the quantity of
moisture exhaled ina given
time from any humid sur
faec. It consists of a veij
thiu ball of porous earthen-
waic, from one to thiee
inches in diameter, having
a small neck firmly t e
mcnted to a long and
rather wide tube of glabb
to which is adapted a bra'-s
cap with a narrow collai
of leather to fit closely.
It is filled witli distilled
or pure water, and its
cap screwed tightly. It
is then suspended out of
donrs in a situation where
>t is exposed freely to tlje
action of the wind, but is sheltered from rain.
As the water evaporates from the external
ATMOMETER.
surface of the ball, it transudes through its
porous substance, and the waste is measured
by tlie corresponding descent of the liquid in
the stem. To test the amount of tliis descent
there is a finely-graduated scale. When the
water has sunk to the bottom of the stem the
latter requires to be filled anew.
at'-mo-spliere, s. [In Sw. atvwsfcr; Ger.
(diiuisj)hfire ; Fr, atinosphere ; Sp. & Ital. at-
'niosfcrn ; Port, atmospliera ; from Gr. a.T;u,d?
(af(/(u5) = smoke, steam, vapoiu-, and o-^atpa
{sphoira) = a ball, a sphere.]
1. Lit. : The air surrounding our planet,
and which, as the etymology implies, is,
speaking broadly, a " sphere " (not, of course,
a solid, but a hollow one). With strict accu-
lary, it is a hollow spheroid. Its exact height
is' unknown. At -2 7 miles above the surface
of the earth half its density is gone, and the
remainder is again halved for every further
rise of li'T miles. Some small density would
remain at forty-th-c miles high. At eighty
miles this would have all but disappeared.
But from sundry observations, made at Rio
Janeiro and elsewhere, on the twilight arc,
M. Liais infers that the extreme limit of the
atmosphere is between 198 and 212 miles.
For its weight, see At.mospheric Pressure.
In the lower strata of the atmosphere the tem-
jiei'ature falls at least a degi'ee for every 352
feet of ascent ; hence, even in the tropics,
mountains of any considerable elevation are
snow-capped. The atmosphere appears to us
blue, because, al)>,orbing the red and yellow
solar rays, it refieits the blue ones. It re-
volves with the earth, but being extremely
mobile, winds are generated in it, so that it is
rarely long at rest. [Wind.] For its compo-
sition, see Air, Evaporation continually at
work sends into it quantities of water in a
gaseous state ; clouds are fomied [Clouds],
and in due time descend in rain, [Rain,
Meteorology.] The atmosphere always con-
tains free electricity, sometimes positive ami
sometimes negative. There appears to be no
atmosphere around the Moon ; but the case
seems different with the Sun, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn.
" How as El tjil iMii.iii of magit' fajne,
This atinosjihcre coiiveys th' enlighten iiig heam.
Reflects, inflects, refracts the orient r.-iy
Anticiimting sheds the rising day."
Brook : Universal Beauty- (Richardson. )
2. Fig. : Any pervading intellectual, moral,
religious, or other influence by whicli one is
surrounded; as in the expression, "He lives
in an atmosphere of suspicion."
' Elect rh'id Atmosphere: An obsolete name
for the sjihere immediately surrounding an
electrified body and operated u]iou by it.
Miamvlir Atmosphere: The sphere within
which the' attractive- force of the magnet
acts.
at-mo-spher'-ic, at-mo-spher'-ic-al, a.
[Eng. atmosplier{r) ; -ic, -ical. In Fr. atmo-
sphcrique; Sp. atinosferico.] [Atmosphere.]
Pertaining or relating to the atmosphere.
Specially —
1 . Constituting or pervading the atmo-
spliere ; made of air.
". . . the transparent atmospheric envelope . . ."—
Ucrsi-hc^ . Astronomi/, § 566.
2. Existing within the atmosphere.
". . . but when we reflect th.it the Cordillera, run-
ning in a north and south luie, intercepts, like a
great Willi, the entire dei)th of the lower atmospheric
current . . ." — Darwin: Voyage roimd the World,
ch. XV,
3. Produced by the atmosphere.
"Measure of atmospheric pressure, ."—Prof.
Air J : Sound, p. 8.
t 4. Under the influence of the atmosphere ;
affected in temperament bv the atmosphere.
{Pope.)
t atmospheric air. The ordinary air
belonging to the atmosphere, as contradistin-
gni.shed from other "airs," the old term for
ga'^es. Now that the word air has come
spL-ei!ically to mean that in the atmosphere,
the expression atmospheric air is a tautology,
anil will probably sink into disuse.
atmospheric or atmospherical
clock. A machine iilanned' by Sir Davitl
Brewster for measuring the mean temperatm-e
of the atmosphere.
atmospheric engine. An engine in
which the piston was forced down by the
jire^sure of the atmosphere, wlien the steam,
whicli caused it to rise, was condensed so as
to produce a neai" approach to a vacuum in
the cylindrical chamber beneatli it, Such
was 2sewcomen's engine, cons'tructed in 1705,
and subsequently imjiroved by Smeaton,
Brindley, and others, till superseded by Watt's
single-acting engine, which was a genuine
steam-engine. The atmosiiheric engine wag
used only for pumping water.
Mcch. : A line cb'awn upon an indicator-card
by a pencil worked by the steam of a steam-
engine, and designed to register the equilibrium
line between steam pressure on the piston and
the extent of the vacuum produced on the
other. The former is indicated by numbers
ascending above the atmosplieric line ; the
latter by numbers descending below it ; while
itself it stands at zero. [Indicator-card.]
atmospheric pressure. The ]ncssure
exerted by the atmosphere, not merely down-
wards, but in every direction. It amounts to
14'7 lbs. of weight on each square inch, which
is often called in round numbers 15. On a
square foot it is = 2,10(,) lbs., or nearly a ton.
It would ac-t upon our bodies with crushing
effect were it not that the pressure, operating
in all directions, produces an eciiiilibrinm. If
any gas or liquid press upon a surface with a
force of 15 lbs. on a stpiare inch, it is generally
described as having a pressure of one atmo-
sphere ; if (50 lbs. , of two atmospheres ; if 120
lbs,, of four atmospheres, and so on.
atmospheric railway. A raihvay in
which the propulsive force designed to move
the oarriages along is that of the atmosphere.
The notion of such a method of locomotion
seems tirst to have suggested itself, in the
latter part of the seventeenth century, to the
French physician, Papin, whose name is for
ever associated witli the celebrated digester.
[Digester.] In 1810 3Ir. Medhurst published
a work entitled A Ncic Method of conveying
Letters and Goods hy Air. His proposal was
to construct a closed tunnel, in which the
cari'iages — the last of them provided with a
piston fitting the tunnel — should be propelled
by ail" forcecl in behind them, Vallanee, of
Brighton, in 1S25, recommended as an im-
provement on this plan the exhaustion of the
air in front. About 1835 Mr. Henry Pinkus,
an American gentleman residing in England,
patented a scheme for placing the carriages in
the open air, but connecting them below with
a small tunnel, having a narrow slit above,
with ingeniously-constructed apparatus to
render the tunnel temporarily air-tiglit not-
withstanding the slit. Kot much was done to
carry out the patent ; and Pinkus's scheme
of what he called a Pneumatic Railway was
considered as having failed, when, in 1840,
]Messrs. Clegg and Sauiuda brought forward a
somewhat similar project under tlie name of
the "Atmospheric Railway." An ex]ieriinental
fragment of line laid down near Wormwood
Scrubs, on the Great Western line, was success-
ful, as was one designed for actual use from
Kingstown to Dalkey, in Ireland, another
between London and Croydon, and a third in
South Devon ; all, however, have been since
abandoned. For passengers at least, and to
a great extent even for the transmission of
letters, the railways of the ordinary type, on
which steam is tlie impelling force, have
triumphantly held their own against the inno-
vation of the Atmospheric or Pneumatic Rail-
way, and all that now remains of the latter
method of propulsion are the pneumatic dis-
patch tubes, used in London (chiefly in con-
nection with the Government Telegraph De-
partment) for transmitting parcels tu short
distances. [Pneumatic]
atmospheric tides. Tides which must
exist in the atmospliere as they do in the
ocean, from the attractions of the moon and
the sun.
'^ a-to', adv. [Atwo.] (Scotch.)
a'-tok, s. [South American name.]
Zool. : A variety of the Mephitis Americana
foxind at Quito, whence Humboldt called it
Gulo Quitoisis. It is sometimes termed the
Zorra.
a'-toll, s. & a. [A Maldive word Anglicised.
In Fr. atollon.]
A. .^Is sidjstanti re : The name applied by
geologists and others to any one of the lagoon
islands or annular coral reefs found in the
Pacific and the Indian Oceans, the Red Sea,
b6il, "bS^i poUt, j6wl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph^f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, kc. ~ hel, deL
342
atora— atomizer
and some other parts of the tropics. An atoll
is a ring of coral rock, oval rather than circu-
laj- in form. One reaches eighty-eight miles in
its longer, hy twenty in its shorter, diameter ;
but in general they are of much more limited
dimensions. On the top of tli.' coral-rock,
which rises V.ut slightly above tlie sea-level, is
vcL t t ofsDiie luxuriance— the cocoa-nut
heing the most conspicuous plant. On the
convex circumference of the ring is a beach
of white sand, exterior to which is a line of
breakers, and a few feet beyond them the un-
fathomable ocean. The ring of land, which
is less than half a mile across, encircles a
lagoon of comparatively still water, which,
from reflection, is of a bright but pale-green
colour. In the view of Mr. Darmn, now
almost universally adopted, there was once an
island, possibly even containing high land, in
the place now occupied by the lagoon. It was
surrounded by a " fringing reef " of living coral
close to the shore. As, from geological causes,
it slowly subsided into the deep and dis-
appeared, the coral animals built up to the
sm-face of the water, and formed the ring of
rock constituting the modern island. In the
larger atolls there are generally two or three
breaks in the ring, affording ship-channels
into the lagoon ; these mark the spots where
fresh water, discharged from the old subsiding
land into the sea, prevented the coral animals,
which are marine, from locating themselves or
building. [Coral]
"... hence I have invariably used in this volume
the term ' atoll,' which is the name given to these cir-
cular groups of coral islets by their inhabitants in the
InJi-tn Ocean, and synonymous with lagoon-island."—
Sanoln : Coral Reefs (lS-12), p. 2.
atoll-building, a. Building atolls.
" If, then, the foundations, whence the atoll-building
corals spring, were not formed of sediment . . ." —
Dar-ivin : Voi/aye round the World, ch. xx.
atoll-forme d» i-.. Of the shape of an
atoll.
"The three clashes, CT#o?7-/ormed, barrier and fringing
reefs, together with the mod ifl cations just described
of the latter, include aU the most remarkable coral
formations any^vhere existing."— /Jarwin .- Coral Jieefs,
p. 50.
atoll-like, a. Like an atoll.
"... with their atoll-like structure."— flarioin ■
Coral Reefs, p. 28.
atoll-Shaped, «. Shaped like an atoll.
"... xn atoll-shaped hsmk. of dead rock." — Daninn:
Coral Reefs, p. 107.
atoll-Structure, ^. The structure of an
atoll.
". . . t\\G tT^is atoll-structure . . .' —Sanvin : Coral
Reef^, p. 169.
B. As acljcrtive : Pertaining to an atoll.
" . . all these reefs are more probably allied to
the barrier or atoll classes." — Darwin: Coral Reefs,
p. 195.
at'-om, ^ at'-ome, " at'-6m-y (1), " at-
om-us, s. [In Sw , Dan., & Ger. atom; Fr.
otome ; Sp., Port., &. Ital. atoyno ; hat. (itomus,
as suhstan. = an indivisible element ; as adj. —
undivided, indivisible ; from Gr. aro/xo? (ato-
mos) = (1) uncut, (2) that cannot be cut, indi-
visible : from a, priv., and refxpto (te?)ino) = to
cut.]
'" A. Of the form atomus, pi. atomi. (This
form is found in Bacon.)
B. Of the fornis a.tom and* atonie. [Atomy.]
1. Ordinary La,nguage :
1. Lit. : Anytliing composed of matter which,
to our senses, seems too small to be divided
again ; anything verj' minute, without reference
to whether or not it can be divided again.
[Atomy.]
" Measures an atom, and now girds a world,"
Vowpcr : Task, bk. i.
" ' The sun,' says Daniel Culverwell, ' discovers
atornes. though they be invisible by candle-light, and
makes them dance naked in his beams.'" — Tj/ndall :
Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., xi. 291.
2. Figuratively:
(1.) Any immaterial thing, viewed as very
small ; the smallest amount.
"He LKnig James II.] would yield nothing mori-,
not an aioin : and. after his fashion, he velienjeiitly
repeated many times, 'Not an atom.'"—J/acuul'(.i/:
Eist. Eng., ch.'ix.
(2.) Man, viewed as no more than a speck or
imnsible point in creation.
" And teach these atoms, thou hast made, thy praise ? "
Cowper : Glory to (jod Alone.
II. Technically :
1. Mental Phil. : A particle of matter so in-
finitely small that it cannot again be subdi-
vided ; tlie idea of a divided atom — that is, of
a division of that which cannot be divided-
being self-contradictory. It is a mental con-
ception simply ; for the senses cannot take
cognizance of anything so minute.
2. Naf.Phil.: One of the exceedingly minute
ultimate paiiicles of matter, aggregates of an
immense number of which, held in their place
by molecular forces, constitute all material
bodies.
3. Cliem.: The smallest particle into which
an element can be divided. An atiuii cannot
exist in a separate state, but unites with one
or more atoms to form a molecule. The atoms
of different elements have definite relative
weights fixed and invariable for each, the
weight of an atom of hydrogen being regarded
as unity. [Element.]
atom-like, adj. Like an atom; exceed-
ingly minute.
" They all would vanish, and not dare appeare.
Who atom-like wiien their sun ahined cleare,
Danc'd in his beame."
Broione : Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 1.
a-tom'-ic, * a-tom'-ick, a-tom'-ic-al, o
[Eng. atom; -ic, -ical. In Fr. atomiqiie.'] Con-
sisting of atoms, or otherwise pertaining or
relating to an atom or atoms.
"Vitrified and pellucid bodies are clearer, in their
continuities, than in powders and atomical divisions "
—Browne: Vulgar £rr ours.
"Vacuum is another principal doctrine of the a^om;-
cal philosophy."— 5 e7i(;ey ; Sennons.
atomic heat.
Chevi. : A term introduced by M. Regnanlt,
The atomic heat of the elements in a solid
state is nearly a constant quantity, the mean
value being 6"4. This number is obtained by
multiplying the specific heat of an element by
its atomic weight. The atomic heat of an
element represents the quantity of heat which
must be imparted to or removed from atomic
proportions of the several elements, in order
to produce equal variations of temperature.
(See Wafts' Diet. Chnn.)
atomic or atomica.1 philosophy.
Mental and K"t. Phil. The Doctrine of
Atoms: A doctrine or hypothesis originally
broached by Leucippus, afterwards developed
by Democritus, and which underwent further
modifications at the hands of Epicurus. It
represented atoms as possessed of gravity and
motion, and attributed to their union the
formation of all things. Democritus is re-
ported to have said that they come together
in different order and position like the letters,
which, though they are few, yet by being
]tlaced in conjunction in different ways pro-
duce innumerable words.
atomic theory.
Nat. Phil. £ Chevc: A theory iirst pro-
pounded by John Dalton in his New Sii^lcvi of
Chemical Philosoplnj, published in 1807. He
stated that the atoms of each element were
incapable of being subdivided, and each had a
definite relative weight, compared with that
of hydrogen as 1 ; that the composition of a
definite chemical compound is constant ; that
if two elements, A and B, are capable of unit-
ing with each other in several i>ropoi'tions,
the quantities of B wliich unite witli a gi-\'en
quantity of A usually bear a simple relation
to one another. If an element A unites with
certain other elements B, C, D, then the
quantities B, C, D, which combine with A, or
simple multiples of them, represent the pro-
portions in which they can unite among them-
selves. Dalton supposed that one element
replaced another atom for atom, but it has
since been found that one atom of an element
can rei)lace one or more atoms of another
element, according to their respective atomi-
cities. [Atomicity.]
atomic volume.
Chevi. : A term introduced by Graham in
lieu of the phrase " specific volmne," used by
Dr. Kopp. (Giahanis Chemistry.) It signifies
the volume or measure of an equivalent or
atomic proportion in different substances. It
is obtained by dividing the molecular weight
of a compound by its specific gravity. The
specific gravity of a compound gas or vapour
Tefurred to hydrogen as unity is equal to half
its atomic weiglit ; therefore the atomic
vulmnes of compound gases or vapours re-
ferred to hydrogen as unity are, with few ex-
eejitions, equal to 2. The densities of isomor-
phons solid compounds are proportional to
their molecular weights, that is, they liave
equal atomic or sx^ecific -s-olumes. The differ-
ences of specific or atomic volume of organic
liquids is often proportional to tlie differences
between the corresponding chemical formulae.
Thus liquids whose formuhe differ by liCH^
differ in speoifin or atomic volume by n times
2-2. (^L-e li'att^' Diet. Chem.)
atomic weight. (Symbol and abbrevia-
tion. At. Wt.)
CheiH . : The weight of an atom of an element
compared with the weight of an atom of H,
which is regarded as unit.y- Thus the atomic
weight of oxygen is 16 ; that is, an atom uf 0
is sixteen tinies as heavy as an atom of H.
The sum of the atomic weights of a chemical
compound is called its molecular weight, and,
with a few exceptions, the specific gravities
of all bodies, simple and compound, in the
gaseous state are equal to half their molecular
weights. The specific heats of many of the
elements are nearly proportional to their
atomic weights. (For atomic weights, see
Element.)
a-tom'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. atomic; -ally.]
Attci the manner of those holding the atomic
philosophy ; with regard to atoms.
" Empedocles, who was a Fytnagorean, also did
physiologize atomically." — Ciidworth: Intell. System,
V. u.
a-tom'-i-^i^m, a. [Eng. atomic; -ism.] The
doctrine of atoms or of the atomical philo-
soi-thy. (Ciahvorth.)
at-6m-i5'-i-ty, s. [Eng. atomic; -ity.]
Chem. : The combining capacity of an element
or radical. It is measured by the ]iumber of
atoms of H or other monatomic elements ^vitll
which the element in question can din-ctly
combine, or can replace in a substance. Wlien
an element does not unite with H its atomi-
city may be measured Iwthe number of atoms
of CI or some other mmiatomic element witli
wliicli it can directly combine, since tlie
atomicity of these elements is equal to that of
H, and they may be substituted for it, atom
for atom. The atomicity of an element cannot
be estimated by the number of diatomic or
polyatomic atoms that it can take up, ;i> tliis
number Is indefinite. A diatomic element
like oxygen may attach itself to another ele-
ment, or group of elements, by one of its com-
bining bonds, leaving the other free ; and to
this again another diatomic or polyatomic
element may be attached, and so oii indefi-
nitely. The atomicity of an element is also
called its quantivoJence.
tat'-6m-ism, s. [Eng. atom; -ism.] The
doctrine of atoms or of the atomical philo-
sophy; atomicism (q.v.). (Todd.)
at'-6m-ist, s. [Eng. atom; ist.] In Ger.
atomist.] One who holds the doctrine of
atoms or of the atomic philosophy.
at - 6m - ist- ic, at - 6m - ist'- ic - al, a
[Eng. atomist ; -ic, -at.] The same as Atomic
Co .v.).
at'-6m-ize, v.t. & i. [Eng. atom; -ize.]
A. Trans. : To convert into atoms, to re-
duce to atom.s. (Baxter.)
B. Intro,ns. : To adopt the tenets of tlie
atomic philosophy. {Cudivorth: IntcU. Sys.,
p. 20.)
at-om-i'z-er, s. [Eng. atom ; -izer ] An in-
strument used for reducing a liquid into spray
for disinfecting, cooling, perfuming, and snni-
lar purptoses.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine» pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
atomology— atraid
343
Sit-om-ol'-O-gy, s. [Gr. drofto? {atomos) = an
atom, and A6yo9 (ioj/os)=. . , discourse.] A
discourse about atoms. The department of
Natural Philosophy which treats of atoms.
{Knowles.)
* at'-6m-y (1), s. [Atom.] An atom.
" It is aa easy to count atomies as tu resolve tlie
j>i'oi)03itioiis oi a lover." — Shakcsp. : As I'ou Like It,
lii. ■!.
*" at'-om-y (2) (0. Eng.), ''■■ at'-oen-ie, ^ at'-
tam-ie (Scotch), a. [Contr. from anatomy.]
Ludlc rov.shj : A skeleton.
" You 3tarved blood-hound ! . . . Thou atomy, thou ! "
Sltakesp. : 2 Henry Ii'„ v. 4.
"They grew like atomies or skeletons."— SeriK.
affixed to Hocieti/'s Contendings. {Ja-rniesoJt.)
" atone (at-wun'), o.do. [At One (q.-\'.).1
a~to'ne, "" at-to'ne, r.i. &i. [Eng. at; one.]
' [At One.] *
A. Iiitransitu'e :
1. Ordinary Language :
'■" 1. (Properly.) To be " at one," to be re-
conciled ; to cease from strife "with, to agree,
to accord. [At One.]
" He and Aufidius can lio more atone.
Than violentest contrariety."
Shakesp. : Coriol., iv, G.
2. To make expiation or satisfaction for
some crime, sin, or fault.
"... that large class ot persons who think that
there is no excess of wickedness for which courage and
ability do not atone." — MacauJay : Hist. Eng., cS. xiii.
3. Specially. [See II. Theol.]
11, Theol. : To expiate sin. (Used of the
death of Christ, viewed as a sacrificial offering.)
"The Lamb, the Dove set forth
His perfect innocence,
Whose blood of matchless worth
Should lie the soul's defence :
For he who would for sin iironc
Must h.ive no failings u£ his own."
Cowper : Olncy Hymns ; 0. Test. Gospel.
B, Transitive :
1. To make at one ; that is, to reconcile
those who before were in feeling two ; to
create sympathy between those who before
had antipathy to each other ; to make peace
where before there was strife or war. Used —
(ft) Of individuals :
" I have been lUtnnimi two most ^vran^ling neigh-
bours."—Bedwrn. A- Flat. : Spanish Curate, ii. 4,
" Since we cannot atone you, we shall see
Justice design the victor'a chivalry."
SItakesjj. : Richard II., i. 1.
Or (/') of nations:
" French. ... 1 was glad I did atone my country-
men and vou ; it had been pity you should have been
put together with so niurtal a "piirpose as then each
bore, . . ." — Shakesp. : C'/inbel/nc, i. 5,
"■^ 2'n atone together: To unite tny,'thLT.
2. To appease ; to render propitious.
" And may thy (jod, who scatters darts around,
Aion'd by sacriftce, deaist'to wound,"
Pope : Ifomer's IHad, bk. i,, 580-31.
" Xeptune atou'l, bis wrath shall now refrain.
Or thwart the wyiiud of the gods in vain."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. i., 100, 101,
3. To expiate ; to afford satisfaction for.
"... behold.
King James, the Douglas, doomed of old.
And vainly sought for near and far
A victim to atone the war."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, v. 2C.
^' a-to'ned, 3>rt. par. & c. [AxoNt:, v.t.]
*[ It is also the pret. of the v.i. & t., and the
perf. par. of the v.i.
* at-one-ma'-ker, ^ at-tone-ma'-ker
(one as ivun), s. [Eng. at; one; Tnaker.]
One who makes two persons or two beings,
whom lie linds at variance, one with each
other in feelings ; a reconciler. Spec, Christ,
" Paul sayth (1 Tim. ii.}, One God, one Mediatour
(that i.'i to .'^ay, advocate, intercessor, or an alone-
Tnaker) between G-od and man : the man Christ Jesus,
which gave himselfea ransom for all men." — TyndaU :
Workes, p. 153, {/iicJiardson.)
" And that there is one mediatour, Christ, as Paul
(1 Tim. ii.). And by that word miderstand an atone-
muker, a peace-maker, and brynger into grace and
favour . . ."—Ibid. : The Testam. of M. W. Trade.
(Ricliardson. )
a-tone-ment, "^ at-td'ne-ment, * at-
to'ne-mente, s. [Eng. at, and O. Eng.
oneraent = agreement, haiinony ; from Eng.
one, ,md suffix -ment. (Onement.) Or from
Eng. (it, one, and suffix -inent] [At One.]
A. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Originally £• 'properJ}!. " At-one-ment,"
a making "at one " of those who before were
" two " in point of feeling ; that is, who were
in antipathy to each other ; reconciliation,
agreement, harmony, peace. U^^cd —
(a) Of reconciliation between men at vari-
ance.
" Hack. Ay, madam : he desires to make atonement
Between the duke of G-loster and your brothers,
And between them and my lord chamberlain. '
Shakesp. : Richard ///., i. 3.
(h) Of reconciliation, not merely of men to-
gether or among themselves, but of God to
men, and men to God.
" And like aa he made the Jewes and the Gentiles at
one betwene themseluea, even so he made them both
at one with God, that there should be nothing to
bieake the atonement, but that the thiuges in heaven
and the tbynges in earth should be ioj'ued together as
it were into one hQdy."—Udal ; Jiphes., chap. ii.
(JUchardson.)
2. Expiation of a sin against God, or of a
crime or offence against man or anything
similar. [B., I. 1.]
" Great aa Sawyer's offences were, he had made great
atononuiit ivYt\\eu\."—JIacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
B, Technically :
I. Scripture :
1. Old Test. : In the authorised version of
the Old Testament the word atone^nent occurs
not less than fifty-eight times in the text, and
once in the margin ; all but five of the places
in which it is found being in the Pentateuch.
It signifies —
(1) Expiation of sin by means of a typical
sacrifice, generally of a victim, offered in faith.
"For the life of the flesh is in the blood : and I have
given it to you upon the altar to make au atonement
" And one kid of the goats for a sin-offering, to make
an atonement for you." — Nuinb. xxix. 5. (See also Lev.
i. 4 ; iv. 35 ; x. 17 ; xvi. 10, 33, 34 ; Nmnb. viii. 21 ; xvi.
46 ; XXV. 13 ; 2 Sam. xxt. 3 ; 2 Chron. xxix. 24, &c.)
(2) The removal, by a sacrificial offering, of
ceremonial impurity (Lev. xii. 7, 8). In this
sense the term was sometimes used of inani-
mate things — namely, of the altar (Exod. xxix.
30, 37 ; Lev. xvi. 18) ; of a house infected with
tlie " leprosy " (xiv. 53) ; of the holy place, on
accuuntiif the sins ofthe worshippers (xvi. 16) ;
of the holy of holies (ver. 33); ofthe tabernacle
of the congregation (ibid.) ; and of the work
ofthe Temple (Neh. x. 33).
(3) Ransom.
" Then he is gracious unto him, and saith, Deliver
hiin from going down to the pit : I have found a ran-
som [margni, atonement]."— Job xxxiii. 24.
(4) In one place atonement is used for what
was, in its essential features, a thank-offering
(Xumb. xxxi. 50).
«[ (m) Atonement money: Money paid for
l^ui'ijoses of atonement.
(b) The Day of Atonement or the Great Day
of Atonement was un the tenth ofthe seventh
month. (For details regarding it, see Lev.
xxiii. L'O— 32 ; xxv. 9.)
2. New Test. : In the New Testament the
word occurs only once— viz., in Rom. v. 11 :
"And not only so, but we also joy in God
through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we
have now received the atonement" (in the
margin, reconciliation). The Greek word is
KaraWay-qv {katallagen) =(1) the exchange of
one thing fnr another, as, for instance, money
for an article ; (2) a change from enmity to
friendship ; reconciliation ; from KaraMcio-o-u)
(katolkibso) = (1) to change money ; (2) to
change a person from enmity to friendship ;
to reconcile. The marginal rendering is evi-
dently correct. And in 2 Cor. v. 18, 19, the
same Greek substantive is twice rendered
"reconciliation," and the same Greek verb,
also twice, "reconcile." [A., 1.]
II. Theology: The sacrificial offering made
by Christ in expiation of the sins, according
to the Cah'iuists, of the elect only ; according
to the Arminiaus, of the whole human race.
a-to'-ner, s. [Atone.] One who atones,
either in the sense of reconciling alienated
persons, or in that of making expiation.
a-to'-ni-a, s. [Atony.]
a-ton'-ic, a. & s. [Gr. aroj'o? (atonos) = not
" streteheil or strained ; relaxed.] [Atony.]
A. As adjectice :
1. Mril : Pertaining to atony; having no
tone in the system.
2. Gram. : Not having an accent.
B, -.45 substantive (Gram.): A word not
having an accent.
a-to'n-ing, pr. par. & a. [Atone.]
" With an atoning smile a more than earthly crown."
Byron : Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, iv. 83.
at'-o-nj^. a-to'-ni-a, s. [In Ger. & Fr. atonic ;
Port, atonia; Gr. drocta (a^om'a) = slackness,
enervation ; aToveio (atoneo) = tu be relaxed or
languid: a, priv., and Tovooi (tonoo) or tovcm
(toned) = tu stretch, strain, brace up ; toi'os
(tonos) = that by which anything is braced
up ; a rope ; the sinews ; the tone on a word :
TEtVw (teind)= to stretch.]
Med. : Want of tone in the system.
a-top; odv. [Eng. a; top.] On the top, at
the top.
"What is extracted by water from coffee _i3 the oil,
which often swims atop of the decoction. —Arbutii-
■not : Aliments.
*at-orn', *at-orn'. v.i. [A.S. (at)yennan,
\at)cernan =" to run away.] To run away,
" He atornd as baste as he myght that w.is his best
won." Rob. of Olouc, p. 419. {S. in Boucher.)
* a-to'ur, s. Old spelling of Attire.
*a-tdur', prep. & adv. [Sc, apparently from
at and over.]
A. As preposition :
1. Of position : Over.
2. Of degree, quantity, or number : Over,
more than, beyond.
B. As adv. : Over and above ; besides.
at-ra-bil-a'ire, ■<. [Fr.] Atrabiliary, atra-
bilious. [Ate,abil.\rian.]
" A preposterous love of mirth hath turned yuu all
into wits ; quite down from the sanguine orator of the
independent Whig to the atrabtlaire blasphemer of
the miracles. "— Warburton : Divine Legation of Moses,
Hedic. ( Richardson. >
^t-ra-bil-a'r-i-an, a. [Fr. atrahilaire;
Sp. atrabilari(o) ; Eng. suff. -ian or -an. From
Fr. and Ital. atrabile; Sp. & Port, atrabilis =
black bile ; Lat. atra, fem. of ater = black, and
bi7is = gall, bile. Cognate with Gr. xo\.v(ch'>le),
XoAo? (c/iobs) = gall, bile.] [Atrabile, Cho-
leric, Melancholy.] Pertaining to " black
bile," which the ancients supposed to be the
cause of the melancholic temperament and its
product melancholy ; hence atrabiliarian and
the cognate adjectives signify also melancholy.
"The atrabilarian constitution (or a black, viscous,
pitchy consistence of the fluids) makes all secretions
difficult and sparing."— jlrftuWinof ; Diet.
Sit-ra-bil-a'r-i-ous, a. [Fr. atrabile = black
bile, and Eng. suffix -ous. In Sp. atrahilario.]
[Atrabilarian.] Full of black choler ; atra-
hilario us.
" The blood, deprived of its due proportion of seruin,
or finer aud more volatile parts, is atrabilarious,
whereby it is rendered gross, black, unctuous, and
earthly. "—Quincy.
at-ra-bil-a'r-i-ous-ness, s. [Eng. a.tra-
bilariiius ; -tiess.] The state of being affected
with " black bile ;" the state of being melan-
cholic or melancholy. (Johnson.)
at'-ra-bilGt s. [Fr. atrabile, from Lat. atra
and bilis = black bile.]
Old Anatomy: Black bile; a thick, black,
acrid fluid, which the ancieuts believed to be
secreted by the spleen, the pancreas or the
atrabiliary capsules, but which was really only
the ordinary bile altered by morbid intluence.
at-ra-bil'-i-ar, at-ra-bil'-i-ar-y, ".
[From Port. & Ital . atrahiliario, and Eng. suff.
-y.] The same as Atrabilarian (q,v.).
"... splenetic atrabiliar reflections on his own
misery . . ."—Carlyle: Heroes and Bero-Worship,
Lect. ill.
1" The form atrabiliary is in Dunglison,
Webster, &c.
at-ra-bil'-i-ar-y, «. [Atrabiliar. ]
atrabiliary capsules.
Anat. : Two small gland-like bodies situated
one on the upper and interior edge of each
kidney. They are called also the renal or
su2yrarenal glands or capsules.
at-ra-bil'-i-oiis, a. [Fr. atrabile, and Eng.
suffix ~ons. In Sp. afrahilioso.] [Atrabila-
rian.] The same as Atrabilarious (q.v.).
a-tract-en'-chy-ma, H. [Gr. arpaKTo<; (atrak-
tos) = a spindle, and ^yxvfia (enghuma) ~ an in-
fusion : ev (en) = in, and xe'w (cheo) = to pour. ]
Bot. : Professor Morren's name for fusiform,
that is, spindle-shaped tissue. It is the fourth
division of his Parenchyma (q.v.).
"* a-tra'id, jjk. imr. [Atray.]
boil, boy; poiit, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ;[ expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian. -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
344
atramentaeeous— atroute
at-ra-inen-ta'-9e-ous, a. [Lat. atramen-
tum = anything black ; ink ; from ater = dull-
blnck, and Eng. -aceous (q. v.) = Lat. -accus.']
Pertaining or relating to ink ; inky, black as
mk. (Derham.)
5.t-ra-men'-tal, a. [Lat. atramcntum = . . .
luk'; Eng. suffix -al.] [Atkamentaceous.]
Inlcy, bhu-k as ink ; atramentaeeous, atramen-
tarious ; helping to produce such a colour.
(Browne: Vulgar Errours, bk. vi., ch. xii.)
at-ra-men-tar'-i-oiis, f. [Lat. airamcn-
Ufri(um) = an inkstand, and Eng. suff. -ows.]
[A TRAMENTACEOus.] Suitable to be employed
iu the Tnanufacture of mk. Applied especially
to copperas, one of its ingredients. {Fourcroij.)
at-ra-men'- toils, ff- [Lat. atranienUun —
ink' and Eng. sufi'. -oiis.]
Lit. : Inkv, iulcydooking ; very black (lit. c£
./'{/.). {Sirijt : Battle of th-e Boolis.)
*a-tra'y, v.t. [A.S. ircrilau = to vex, to
'trouble, to grieve.] To vex, to trouble.
" Swithe sore sche him atraid."
iievy)i Sages, 1,676. (Boucher.)
* a-tra'yy ed, jw. -par. [Ate ay.]
*a'-tredl (tred as terd), a. [Lat. afer= dull-
black, not glussy-black.] Coloured black.
"It cannot express !iuy other humour than yellow
choler, or atred, or a mixture of \iQi\i." —Whitaker :
Blood of the Grape, p. 76.
^at-re'de, v.t. [A.S. (cet)r<rAan.] To surpass
in counsel or wisdom. (Climicer: 0. T.,2,45L)
*at-ren'ne, t.t. [A.S. ((styrennan.'] To out-
run, to beat in running. (Cha^icer : C. T.,
'2,451.)
* a-tre'-te, * a-treet', ■* at-reed', adv. [Fr.
a trait = at a draught.]* Continually, dis-
tinctly. (Prom'pt. Fare.)
a'-tri-al, a. [Atrium.]
Biol. : Pertaining to the atrium (q.v.).
'^at-ri'de, v.t. [A.S. (cct)riilan.') To beat in
ridiug, or on horseback. (Layanion, iii. 2tl4.)
^ a-tri'e, v.t. [O. Eng. «; trie = try.} To
try as a judge.
" Chief justice he satte the sothe to atrie
Jlob. de Briinne : Chron., p. hi'. {S. in Boucher.]
a-trip', adv. [Eng. a; trip.]
Naut. : A term used (1) of an anchor, which
is atrip when it is drawn out of the ground at
right angles to it ; (2) of the topsails of a vessel,
when they are hoisted as high as x^ossible on
the masts, or just started from the caps.
at -rip-lex, s. [In Ital, afrcpice ; Lat. atripUx.
(ii'i;j;iually atriplexitvi ; Gr. arpai^al^i? (atra-
j)h<i(_is)— an orach plant: a, priv., and rpe'^o)
(t,rph6)=. . . tonourish.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Chenopodiacefe (Cheno-
pods). Eight species are indigenous, and one
or two more partially naturalised, in Britain.
Of the former may be inentioned the .-I. laci-
itiata, or Frosted Sea-orache ; the ^. Bab'uig-
toiii, or Spreading Fruited ; the A. pattda, or
Spreading Halberd-leaved ; the A. angustifollit,
or Harrow- leaved Ornche ; and the ..4. UttoraJi^,
or Grass-leaved Sea-orache. The leaves may
be used as pot-herbs.
a'-tri-um, s. [Lat. In Ital. atrlo means a
portico or vestibule.]
ATRII.M OF A ROMAN HOL.SE.
1. ArcMtecfure :
(1) The hall or principal room in an ancient
Roman house. It communicated with the
street by the vestibule and the front door.
There was in the centre of its ceiling a large
aperture, called coviphi vium, designed to admit
light. [CoMPLUVJUM.] Beneath it there was
scooped out in the pavement a cistern called
imjiluvium. [Impluvium.] In a large house
rooms opened into the atrium from all sides,
and were lighted from it.
(2) A covered court, somewhat on the model
of the ancient atrium, coustru'^ted in front of
the principal doors nf an edifice.
(3) The churchyard.
2. Biology :
(1) That part of the auricle into wliich tlie
venous blood is discharged.
(2) The large cavity into which the intestine
opens in the Tunicat'es.
a-trd'-9ious (cious as shiis), u. [Ir. Fr.
& Ital. atroce ; Sp. & Port, airoz ; from Lat.
airox, genit. at rods ; cognate with trnx —
wild, rough, savage.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I, Of deeds :
I. Excessively cruel, or enormously wicked
iu any other respect.
"When Catiline w,l^ tried for some atrocious mur-
ders . . ." — PorCcus: Beneficial JEffect 3 of Cliristianit;/.
(Hiehardson.)
"An advocate is necessary, and therefore aiidience
ought not to be denied him in defending causes, unless
it be an atrodotis *}ile-ace."—Ayliffe ; Purergon.
3. Stern, expressive of cruelty.
" The fierce atrocious fro^vn of sinewed M^rs "
Thomson: Liberty, pt. ii.
3. Colloquially (in a hyperbolical and hu-
morous sense) : Very bad, as wlien it is said,
without any real imputation of moral guilt,
that one's handwriting is " atrocious."
II. Of persons: Savage, cruel, fierce, harsh,
severe.
B. Technically :
* Old Medicine. Of diseases: Very violent;
angry.
a-trd'-9ious-ly (cious as shiis), ad v.
[Eng. atrocious; suff. -ly.] In an atrocious
manner ; with much cruelty or other flagrant
wickedness.
"As to my publishing your letters, I hold myself
fully justified by the miury you have done me by
aljusing me mfamously and atrociously." — Lowth to
Warburton, Lett, 2.
a-tro'-9ious-ness (cious as shiis), s.
[Eng. atrocious; -ncss.] The quality of being
atrocious.
" He [Herodl thought of John's character, the atro-
ciousncKs of the murder, and the opinion which the
world would entertain 'of the murderer." — fforne:
Life of St. John Baptist, p. 218.
a-tr69'-i-ty, * a-trog'-y-te, s. [In Fr.
atrocite ; Ital. atrocita; Lat. ci^rociifw = fierce-
ness.] Ex(.'essive cruelty or other flagrant
wickedness ; atrociousness.
". . . iu this case there was no peculiar afroci/y, no
deep-seated malice, no suspicion of foul play. '—J/a-
caiilay : Hist. Eng., ch. XXV.
<T[ It is often used in the plural for exces-
sively cruel deeds.
", . . the dLSj,'race andscandalhroughtupon Libert-y
\>Y the atrocitivr, committed in that holy name." — De
Qiitnccy : Works (ed. 1863), vol. ii., p. 185.
•[The expression "Bulgarian atrocities"
has become historic. It is used to signify the
cruel deeds perpetrated by the Turks in 187G
whilst repressing an abortive rising of the
Christians in parts of Bulgaria. The defiance
by the Porte of the moral sentiment of Europe,
when the punishment of those who were the
active agents in perpetrating these crime.s
was called for by this and other countries, led
to the Russo-Turkish war of 1S77-S, which
resulted, among other effects, in the emanci-
pation of a large part of Bulgaria from the
Turkish yoke.
"On September 21 fisrc], Lord Derby expressed the
mdignatiun of the country in a fervid despatch, and
called on the Porte to tmnish the chief authors of the
alrocdict^." — Jnnual fiegister, 187C, p. 27.5.
at'-ro-pa, s [In Sp. & Ital. air^pa ; from
Gr, "ATpoTTos {Atropos)^ one of the three
Fates, infernal god(U--sses, sup]insed to di.'tor-
mme the life of man by spinning a thread.
The genus Atropa is so called from its deadly
effect.] Nightshade, or Dwale'. A genus of
plants belonging to the order SolaiuieeEc, or
N.ightshades. It contains but one British
species, A. belladonna, or Deadly Nightshade.
It is three or more feet high, '^has its ovate
leaves paired, large and small together, di. jolt-
ing lurid purple flowers, and black berries, of
DEADLY NIGHT-SHADE (ATROPA BELLADONXA).
the sii:c of a small clierry, which if eaten pro-
duce delirium, dilation of the pupils of the
eyes, and death.
Another form of Atropos
at'-ro-pal,
(q-v.).
3-t'-r6ph-ied, a. [In Fr. atropine, pa. par. of
atrophier ; Gr. aTpo4>os (airo'/yJws) = not well
fed ; aTpo4>eoi (atropheo) = to have no food,
and therefore to waste away: a, priv., and
Tpo0ea> (tropheo), or rpe'^oj (trepho) = ... to
nourish. Or from a, priv., and Tpo4'r) (trophe)
= food, nom-ishmeut.] UnJed, not supported
by their proper nourishment: hence wasting
or wasted away. (It is used of muscles,
nerves, &c.
" The muscles were in so atrophied a condition that
the experinient failed." — Todd and Bowman : Physiol.
Anat.. i. -AI'J.
" Wheji tlie eye is destroyed the optic nerve often
becomes atrophied." — Bar-wiu . ficscciit of Man, \(j\. l,
pt. i., ch. IV,
at'-ro-phoiis, ff. [Atrophy, s.] Character-
ised by atrophy.
at'-ro-phy, s. [In Fr. atrophie ; Sp. & Ital.
atrofia ; Gr. arpo^ta (atrophiaJ).'] [Atro-
phied.]
Ord. Lang. & Med. : A continual wasting
of the body or its organs through disease or
old age.
" Pining atrophy.
Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence."
Milton: P. L., bk. xi.
"All the organs, even the bones, tend to atrophy in
advancing iile."— 2'otM & Bowman: I'hysiol. Anat.,
vol. ii., p. 270.
at'-ro-phy, v.t. & i. [Atrophy, 5.]
A. Trans. : To starve, to cause to waste
away.
B. Intrans. : To become atrophied.
a-tr6p'-ic» a. [Eng. aij^Oii(ine) ; -ic.'] Per-
' tainiug to atropine (q.v.).
atropic acid.
Chcrn. : CgHgO-^. A crystalline acid ob-
tained, togetlicr with a basic comi»ound
tropine, by the action of alkalies on atropine.
(Fotcncs.)
at'-ro-pine, s. [From atro2ya (q.v.).]
Chern. : O17H23NO3. An organic ba.sL' ob-
tained from the Deadly Nightshade, Atmpa
'belladonna. It crystallises in colourless-
needles, and is used in medicine. It dilates
the pupils of the eye.
S,t'-ro-pOUS, a. [Gr. drpo-os (atropos) = Y\ot
to be turned : a, ]'riv., and rpoTro? {trvx<K<) = a
turn ; TpeVto (ircpn) — to turn.]
Bot. : A term used in describing the position
of an ovule in the ovary. An atropous (li,t.^
an unturned) ovide is erect, with the chalaza
at its base and the foramen at its apex. It is
the .same as Orthotropous (q.v.). (Lindhnj :
Tiiirod. to Bot., 3rd ed.. 1839, pp. 214-10.)
a'-trous, a. [Lat afrr (masc), atra (feui.).
af.non- (ufut.)= dead black, corresponding to
the Gr. fieKa? (melas). It is ©xiposed to laget
— glossy black.]
Botany, £c. : Pure black ; black without the
admixture of any other colour. (Lindley.)
at-rout'e, * at-rut'e, i. [Eng, at, and rout^
v.] To escape.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
atry— attack
345
a-try', adi\ phr. [Eng. a- = on, and try.]
Naut. : "With the head to tlie sea (said of a
ship in a gale).
"* a-try's» s. pi. [Apparently from Fr. atozir =
a French hood.] An article of female attire,
apparently about the middle of the seven-
teenth century. (Scotch).
"Atrys, vardigals, periwigs."— H'a(5on: Coll, i.,3'>.
{Jamieson.)
a-try'st, s. [Tryst.] (Scotch.)
*at-sitt', *at-sit'te, *at-syt'e, v.t. & i.
[Eng. at ; 0. Eng. sitt = sit.]
A , Trans. : To sit against, to withstand.
" III ys ryght hond ys iance he uom that duped waa
Ron,
Long ami gi-et and strong ynou hym ne myghte
ataytte uon."
Itobert of Gloucester : Citron., p. Hi.
" Tli.it in joustes schulde aisitte the dynt of the lance."
/lavelok, 2.200. (Boucher.)
B. Intrans. : To remain sitting; to stay, to
remain. (0. E. Chron., N.E.D.)
* at-stand' (pret. at-sto'de), v.t. [Eng at;
staud.] To stand against, to withstand, to
oppose.
"That hym ne myghte no man ue geaunt alstondc."
Rob. of Glouc, : Cliron., p. 15. {Boucher.)
* at-Std'de, iri'^t. of verb. [Atstaxd.]
at-tac'-ca, s [Ital. attacco = a sticking, a
cleaving to ; attacare = to hang, to fa.sten.]
MiLsic : A direction given at the end of a
movement to proceed to the next one; without
stii]t]'ing for any intermediate pause. (Often
with the word suhito.)
at-ta9h' (E,ni.). at-te'i$h {.irotch), v.t. [In
Fr. c[«"'.7!t'r = to fasten, to tie, . . . to allure,
ke_. ; 8p. atarar ^to lace, to tie up, to ram
in, to attack, to tease ; Purt. at^'car = to
fasten to, to lace, to tag ; atocur, attacar = to
attack; Ital. aitaccare = to hang, to fasten,
to apply the mind, to quarrel, to kindle war.
Cognate with Eu-j:. Attack, Tack, Take, &c.
(q.V.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. To fasten, to tie, or in some similar way
to connect one thing with another.
" Then, homewai-d, every man attacJi the hand
Of Ilia fair mistress,"
ShaJcesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 3,
II. Irresistibly to seize on one by physical
force against one's will.
1. Lll. (U.sed specially of seizing a person
or hi.s goods by judicial authority.) [B., 1.]
(a) Of .seizing liimself.
" Par. I do defy thy conjurations,
And do attach thee us a felon here."
Sliakcsp. : Romeo and Juliet, v, 3.
^ It had formerly of bfforc the offence
alleged.
" Yon, Lord Archbishop, and yni, Lunl Mowbray,
tJ/" capital treason I n'iac/i yon Imth."
Sfiakcsp. : ;i Henri/ IV., iv. 2.
(ft) Of seizing his goods. [B., 2.]
" France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
Our merchants' goods at Bourdeaiix."
SJiakesp. : Ilcnru VI If., i. 1.
2. F'lij. (Used of the irresistible influence
of natural agcnrie-^ or forces.)
" I cannot hlame thee ;
Who am myself attach'd with weariness,
To the dullmg of mv spirits."
^Juikesp. : 'Tempest, iii. 3.
1" Tlie foregoing example shows the essential
identity of the verbs attach and attack.
III. To cause one to adhere to another by
moral instead of material force ; to unite oni-
to another by the ties of self-interest or uf
affection.
" God, working ever on a social plan,
By \arioU3 ties attaches man to man."
Cowpcr Charit,'/
" The great and rich depend on those whom their
power or'their wealth attaches to them." — Rogers.
IV. To attribute ; to ascribt.
"The other party wondered that any importance
could he attncJied to the nonsense of a nameless
scribbler of the thirteenth century." — JfKcauJrty ;
Bist. Eng., ch. xi.
B. Law :
1, To arrest a person, by judicial authority.
[Attachment, B.]
2. Similarly to arrest or seize upon one's
goods by process of law. [A., II, 1 (6).]
at-tach, s. [Attach, c]
1. An attachment.
2. An attack {Cent. Diet.).
at-ta9h'-a-ble, a. [Eng. attach ; -ahle.] That
" may be attached by a legal writ or process
issued for the purpose. (Webster, dc)
attache (at-taeh'-a), s. [Fr.] One attached
to a person or thing. (Specially used with
respect to an attache of an embassy, one con-
nected with an embassy, who, being of much
inferior dignity to the ambassador, can move
about without attnu-ting much notice, and in
•■oiisequence can often pick up items of infor-
mation valuable to his chief or even to his
countr5^)
at-ta5h'ed, pa. par. & a. [Attach.]
at-ta5h'-mg, pr. po.r. [Attach.]
at-ta9li -ment, ' at-ta9he-ment, s.
[Eng. attach; -ment. In Fr. attacUement; Ital.
attacaracnta.]
A, Ordlaary Language: The act of attach-
ing; the state of being attached ; that which
is attached, ^pccicdly —
1. Lit. : The state of being attached to a
person or thing in a literal sense.
"... and when the rest of the cranium is modi-
fied, concomitantly, for the attachment of musclea
to work the jaw."— Omicji : Classif. of the Mammalia,
p. 65.
2. Fig. : The state of being bound to a
person, a party, or a principle, by moral or
other ties not of a material kind ; as by affec-
tion or self-interest.
" But Friendship can vary her gentle dominion ;
The attachment of years ni a moment expires."
Bj/ron: To George, £arl Delawarr.
"... poured forth their blood for a leader un-
worthy of their attachment."— Alacaiilay . Hist. Eng.,
ch. V.
" But though he was very unwilling to die. attach-
ment to his party was in his mind a stronger senti-
ment than the fear of death."— /6k^ , ch. xxii.
Tf It may be used in the plur. for friendship
with various individuals.
" Attachments by fate or by falsehood reft."
Pringle: Afar in the Desert.
Tl Drawing the distinction between inclina-
tinn, aUachment, and affection, Crabb shows
that inclination is the weakest of the three
words. Lnchnations, he says, arise of them-
selves, attai-hnicnts are formed: inclination,
moreover, has respect chiefly to things, attach-
vientio either persons or things, and affection
to persons oniy. ^'Attachment, as it regards
persons, is not so powerful or solid as affec-
tion. Children are attached to those who will
minister t • their gi-atificatious ; they have an
affection for their nearest and dearest relatives
Attachment is sometimes a tender sentiment
between persons tif dilTerent sexes; affection
IS an affair of the heart without distinction
of sex. The passing attaclnncnts of young
people are seldom entitled tn serious notice ;
although sometimes tliey may ripen by long
intercourse intn a laudable and steady affec-
ti-ja. Nothing is so delightful as to see affection
among brothers and sisters."
B. Tcchnicallij (Lai'-) :
1. Of the ordinary courts : The act or process
of attaching, i.e., arresting a person or his
goods. It is especially used of cases in which
contempt of coui't is being shown. If a per-
son cited to appear before a court as defendant
in an action fail to present himself, a writ of
attachment is issued against him. If he keep
out of the way, so that it cannot be put in
forre, then an attachment with i^roclamation
follows, that is, an attachment coupled with a
public proclamation requiring him to surren-
der himself If this also have no effect, other
measures follow, till finally, failing himself,
his goods are attached or seized by judicial
authority. Others than defendants can incur
attachment for contempt of court. [Con-
tempt.] (Blackstone : Comment., bk. iii., ch.
'2;:;, 27 ; iv., ch. 20.)
An attachment cut of Chancery is a process
designed to be used to enforce answers and
obedience to the decrees and ordei-s of the
Chancery Divis-ion Court.
.4 icrit of attachment ov pone is a writ issued
to the sheriff requiring him to attach a person
by taking gage, that is, certain of his goods,
or requiring him to find security for his
appearance in the court. {Llackstone: Com-
'ment., bk. iii., ch. 19.)
Foreign Attorh.ment : A local custom existing
in parts of England tn arrest the money or
goods of a foreigner within a certain liberty or
city (like arrestment in Scotland), till some
claims against him be satisfied.
2. Of the Old Forest Courts :
Cmirt of Attachments, wood-mote or forty-
days' court : A court foi-merly held before the
verderors of a forest every foi-ty days to m-
quire regarding all offenders against vert and
venison, and report offences to higher courts.
[ReGABD, yWEINMOTE, JuSTICE-SEAT.] (BlOClC-
stone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 0.)
An attachment of th^ forest is the proceeding
in the old courts of attachments, wood-mote
or forty-days' courts.
at-tack', v.t. & i. [In Fr. aitaqucr : Sp. &
■ Port.ofQcar; Ital. a/^accarf-tohang or fasten,
. . . to engage in battle. Cognate witJia/mc/;,
this specially appearing in the Italian.]
A. Transitive:
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Of assaults, direct or indirect, upon per-
sons : To make an assault on an army, a forti-
fication, &c., with weapons of war, or on a
person with material weapons of any kind.
" Unite thy forces and attack their lines."
Bryden : Virgil's ^neid, hk. ix,
(1) To assail a person by hostile words,
rt-ritings, &c., with the view of damaging his
reputation with the community or insulting
himself ; to censure, to find fault with.
"It would be easy to attack them. It would he
hardly possible to defend them."— Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. xxiv.
(2) To assail a person, the assailant being a
thing. (Specially used of diseases.)
"On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever
. . ."—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
2. Ofc^sauUs on things instead of persons :
' Specially : To attempt to gain knowledge
by what may be figuratively considered as a
hostile assault on some portion of nature.
"... we have never been able to attack those parts
of the sun's surroundings . . ."—Transit of Venus.
( r/mes. April 20, 1B75.)
II. Technically:
Mil. To attack in front and flank : To
attack the salient angle or both sides of a bas-
ticn. It is also used colloquially in the army
for military attacks made by bodies of men
on each other.
t B, Intransitive: To make an assault as
contradistinguished from standing on the de-
fensive.
"Those that attack generally get the victory, though
with disadvantage of ground.'— Cdiie: Campaigns.
^[ Attack, v. & s., is not in Bullokar's
Dictionary (1650), though "attache" and
" attachement " are. Richardson says that
atti'ck is not an old word in the English lan-
guage, and that the term preceding it was
assault.
at-t^ck', s. [From the verb. In Fr. attaque ;
Sp. &Port. atatiue ; Ital. attacco.] [Attack, c]
A. Ordinary Langua{ie :
I. Of assaults, direct or indirect, on persons :
1, An assault upon an army, a place, or
upon an individual with material weapons,
whether natural or acquired.
"... a tumultuary (I'/acfc of the Celtic peasantry."
— Macaulaij : 171st. Eng , ch. xii.
2. An assault upon a person's feelings, repu-
tation, ^c.
" But, whenever any personal attack has been made
on my lord, I liave done him the best service that I
could." — Jlacaukiy : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
T[ It may be used where the assailant is a
disease or some other thing.
"... the sudden manner in which the att&'-k [of
eruptive fever or small-pox] commences." — Dr. An-
drew: Domest. Med., p. 501.
II. Figuratively. Ofa^ssaidts upon things :
1. "When the assailant is a person. [Attack,.
v.]
" The Committee of the Royal Society laid so much
stress upon thib part of the attack that no less than
three instruments ...... ■■ .
party alone, . .
1875.)
devoted to it by the Siam
Transit of Venus. (2'imcs, April 20^
2. When the assailant is a thing.
"... the dark rays, after having passed through the
receiver, still possessing sufficient power to ignite the-
charcoal, and thus initiate the attack nf the oxygen."
— Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., viii. 7, p. 191.
B. Technically :
Mil. : Any general assault or onset made to-
gain a post or break a body of troops. (James.)
Attack and Defence: A part of the drill for
recruits learning the sword exercise. It is
carried on first on horseback ; afterwards,
when more proficiency is gained, at a walk,
and finally, " in speed," which, however, does
not exceed three-quarters of that which a
boil, boy; po^t, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin» bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f..
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, kc. = bel, del.
346
attackable — attaint
trained soldier would attain were lie really
pursuing or being pursued. (Ibid.)
False attack: One carried on to compel the
enemy to divide his forces, thus weakening
his position in front of what is meant to be
the real attack. (Ibid.)
Regular nftndc: One can-ied out according
to military rules. (Ibid.)
at-tack'-a-ble, a. [Eng. attacic ; -able. In
Fr. attaquaUe.] Able to be attacked. (fVeb-
ster.)
-at-tack'ed, pa. par. & a. [Attack, v.'\
at-tack -er, ». [Eng. attach; -er.] One who
" attacks.
" To so mucli reason the attacJcers pretend to answer. "
— Eljihinsione : Pria. of Eng. Lang., ii. 46S.
at-tack'-ing, -pr. par. & a. [Attack, v.]
"... Itwonldhave lieen difficult for an attacking
iurmy to force a passable." — Froude: Hist. Eng. ,^01. iii,,
p. 144.
at-tac'*ol-ite, s. [In Ger. attakolith. From
Gv. aTTttKeuV (attakeus), a salmon which the
mineral resembles in colour. (Dana.).'] A
pale-red mineral, of which the cliief consti-
tuents, according to Blomsti-and, are— Phos-
phoric acid, 36-06; alumina, 29'75 ; lime,
13-19; and water, ti'OO. It occurs in Scania,
in Sweden.
at'-ta-CUS, s. [Lat. attacus; Gr. a-TraKo? {oi-
iakos) and arraKT]? (attoMes), a kind of locust.]
A genus of moths belonging to the family
Bombycidee. A. cynthia is the Ailanthus Silk-
ATTACDS CYNTHIA (ONE-THIRD REAL SIZE).
worm, so called because its caterpillar feeds
upon the Ailanthus-tree {AUanthits glandulo-
-sus). It is a hardy insect, living well in this
country, though it is a native of China. Tlie
Ailanthus is hardy also ; and the rearing of
the Attacus silkworm upon it is an easy pro-
cess. {Wood, (&c.)
;at'-ta-gaS, at'-ta-gen, s. [In Gr. drraya?
(aitagas), a long-billed bird, fond of the water,
and esteemed a great delicacy. The Godwit (?).
(Liddell & Scott.) Also aTTay]7i' (attagen) ; Lat.
attagen = a hazel-hen or heath-cock (Tetrao
honasla, Linn., or T. alcliata,, Linn.), found in
Spain, the south of France, &c. (Dr. IVm.
Smith.).']
Ornith. : A name applied by early writers to
ditfei'ent birds, chiefly gallinaceous, thcmgh
it was employed for one of the frigate-birds.
It has also been for a genus of grouse, and
for the sand-grouse (q. v.). As a popular name
it is obsolescent, but when used it is a sy-
nonym of francolin (q.v.).
•at'-ta-ghan, h. [Ataghan, Yataghan.]
a,t-ta'in» ^ at-ta'ine, * at-te'ine, "^ at-
te'yne, v.i. & t. [Apparently from Lat. at-
tinea ={l) to hold on, to hold fast, delay, (2)
to stretch to, to reach to ; from ad — to, and
teneo = to hold fast, to hold, ... to reach,
attain. Tlie corresponding word in Mod. & 0.
Fr. is atteindre = to attain, to reach, overtake,
strike, eatch, equal, come to ; Port, attingir :
these arc not from Lat. aMineo, but from at-
tiwjo =(X) to touch, (2) to assault, to reach,
*tn arrive at: O'^ = to, and ta/)igo^=io touch,
to reach, to strike. The Eng. attain- agrees
better in signification with the Fr. atteindvp.
and Lat. a.ttingo than with Lat. ottinm, though
its form is modified from the last-mentioned
verb.]
A, Intransitive:
1. To reach, grasp, or arrive at some object
-of pursuit or of desire, jdiysical, mental,
moral, or spii'itual.
"... the more part advised to depart thence also,
if by any means they might attain to Phenice, . . ."—
vlf^ixxvii. 12.
". . . 'hAve -not attained wnio the days of the years
of the life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrim-
.agR." — Gen. xlvil. 9,
"... how long will it be ere tliey attain to iimo-
ceiicyV'—Iios. viii. 5.
2. It is used also of material objects in
process of reaching a certain state.
"Milk win soon separate itself into cream, and a
more serous liquor, which, after twelve days, attains
to the highest degree of nciiWty ." —Arbiithnot : Alim.
*i\ It is rarely followed by an infinitive. In
the subjoined example " attain to know " is
= attain to theTcnowledge of.
"... and wherein lies
The offence that man should thus attain to know ? "
Milton . P. L., bk. ix.
B. Transitive (formed from the intransitive
verb by the omission of the preposition to) :
L Of persons :
1, Lit. : To reach a place at which one seeks
to arrive, or a person with or at wliom one
wishes to be.
" Canaan he now attains ; I see his tents
Pitcli'd above Sichem, and the neighbourine plain
OfMoreh." Milton: />. i,.l)k. xii.
"The earl hoping to have overtaken the Scottish
king, and to have given him battle ; but not attaining
biiu in time, set dowii before the castle of Atoii." —
Bacon.
2. Fig. : To reach or grasp any object,
physical, mental, moral, or sijiritual, at which
one is aiming.
^ To say that a x^erson attains a thing is not
the same as to say that he obtains it. Attain
implies that one is making active efforts, or at
least indulging earnest wishes, to gain the
object ; whilst obtain can be used though he
be X-i^ssive, or even inditferent.
" The eminence on which her spirit stood.
Mine. was unable to attain."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iii,
II. Of things: To reach.
" Thintres that rigour never sholde atteine."
Chaucer: C. T., 11,087.
"It is when the sun has attaijied its greatest height
that such scenes should he viewed." — Darwin: Voyaga
round the World, chaji. xxi.
* at-tain', s. [Attain, v.]
1. The act or process of attaining.
2. The thing attained.
git-tain-a-bir-i-ty, s. [Eng. attainable,
-ity ; or attain, and -ability.] Attainableness.
{Coleridge.)
at-ta'in-a-ble, a. [Eng. attain; -able.]
1. Able to be attained ; able to be reached
by proper eff'ort.
"Tending all
To the same iiohii— attainable by all :
Peace in ourselves, and union with our God^"
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv.
2. Less properly : Obtainable ; that is, which
may possibly be reached without its being
implied that effort has been put forth at
all.
at-ta'in-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. attainable;
-ncss.] The quality of being attainable.
" Persons become often enamoured of outward
beauty, without any paiticular knowledge of its pos-
sessor, or its attainableness by thein."^Che7/7ie.
* at-tain'-ant, a. [O. Fr. ateignant = proper to
gain an end.] Suitable, appropriate. {N.E.D^)
at-ta'in-der, s. [From O. Fr. atteindre = to
' corrupt or attaint, or to reach, to strike, to
hit, to injure; Port, atingir ; from Lat. at-
tingr. (AT-rAiN.) The meaning has been
confused by erroneous association with O.
Fr. taindre, Fr. teindre = to dye, to stain.
iN.E.D.)
A. Ordinary Language:
1. The act of attainting a criminal ; the
state of being so attainted.
"A bill for reversing the attaii"ler of Stafford was
patisedby the Upper House, . . ."—Mncaulay . JJist.
Eng., chap, iv,
2. That which constitutes, establishes, or
declares an attainder ; an act or a bill of
attainder.
". . . the great Act of Attainder."— Macaulay:
Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
"Tlie terrible words, Bill of Attainder, were pro-
nounced . . ."—/bid., ch. xxii.
3. Figuratively : Taint upon one's character,
whether of proved crime or fault, or of suspi-
cion only.
" So smooth he daub'd his vice with show of virtue,
That -■*■• It -t -K
He lived from all attainder of susiiect."
Slinkesp. : Eichard fl/., iii. o.
B. Laiv: The state or condition of being
attainted, which, acf.-ording to Blackstoue,
meant "stained" or " blackened."
I. In England :
1. Formerly. Attainder, in it.'^ old and more
rigorous foru\ followed, not when a criminal
was convicted of a capital offence, but when
sentence of death upon him was ijronounced.
No formalities were then needed to tattaint
him ; the attainder followed as a natural con-
sequence from the sentence. He was regarded
as lieing out of the pale and protection of the
law. He was not allowed to be witness in
au}" case. Nay, more, there were forfeiture of
his real and personal estates, and the " cor-
rux^tion of his blood ; " tlie last-mentioned
phrase implying that not merely could he not
inherit any property from his ancestors, but
he could not transmit it to any descendants,
all of wdiom, even to the remotest generations,
were thus to suffer for a crime in which they
had taken no part. (Dlackstone : Comment.,
bk. iv., ch. 29, &c.)
2. Now. By 3 & 4 William IV., c. 106, the
consequences of atTtainder are, as much as
possible, limited to the person who actually
committed the capital offence, and by the H
& 7 Victoria, c. 85, § 1, an attainted person
may even in certain circumstances be witness
in a court of law.
II. In the United Sta.tes : The Constitution
of the United States requires that " No bill of
attainder shall be passed, and no attainder of
treason, in consequence of a judicial sentence,
shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture
except during the life of the person attainted.
(Webster.)
at-ta'incd, 2'«. par. & a. [Attain.]
at-ta'in-ing, pr. par. [Attain.]
at-ta'in-ment, s. [Eng. attain; -ment.]
I. The act of attaining.
1. The act or process of reaching any place.
2, The act or process of reaching any object
of desire.
"The gi-eat care of God for our salvation must
appear m the concern he expressed for our attainment
oi ].t."—Eogers.
II. The state of being attained.
III. That which is attained. Specially —
In the plural : Knowledge, acquaintance
witli branches of science or literature.
" His manners were polished, and his literary and
sciewtific attaimnents respectable."— J/aciu^«^: Hist.
Eng., ch. xiii.
at-talnt, ^ at-ta'ynte, * at-te'ynt, * a
teynt, ■■^ as-te'ynte, v.t. [Fr. atteint, ». ;
from O. Fr. aMaint, attalnct, ]ia. par. of a.t-
teindre : Slod. Fr. atteindre.] [ArrAixDER.]
A. Ordinary Language:
1. To disgrace, specially in the way described
under B., 1. [Attainder.]
" Was not thy father. Richard Earl of Cambridse,
For treason executed in our late king a days ;
And by his treason stand'st not thou attcknte-l.
Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry*"
Shakesp. : I Hen. 17., ii. 4.
"If we try the Act which aw«iiiiecf Fenwick . . ."—
Jfacanlay : Hist. Eng.. ch, xxiii,
^ It is often followed by o/ standing before
the crime.
"They had conspired against the English govern-
ment, and had hesn attainted of tT&&soii."—Macau(av '
Hiit. Eng., ch. i.
2. Fig. : To taint, to stain, to dim, obscure,
to blacken, to darken, as an attainder was
supposed to stain or blacken the person
against whom it was directed. [Attainder ]
Used—
(a) Of a person's reputation.
" ?'"'^'^^''^^^^ "^^^ ^""^ °^ Truy, in arms renown'd.
And Troys proud dames, who^e garments sweep th&
ground, ^
Attaint the lustre of my former name
Should Hector basely quit the field of fame?"
Pope: Earner's Iliad, bk. vi., 502-5,
" For he attaints that rivara fame
with treason's charge ..."
Scott: Marmion, ii. 28.
(b) Of anything lustrous in nature capable
of being dimmed ; or anything, whether lus-
trous or not, capable of being tainted or
stained.
" His w;arlike shield all closely covered was
'* * * • *
For so exceeding shone his glistering rav
That Phcehus golden face it did attaint.
As when a cloud his beames did overlay."
Spenser: F. Q-. I. vii. 33, 34.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe-e. ey-a, qu = kw-
attaint— attempre
347
3. To corrupt, as the IjIoocI of a person
under attainder was supposed to "be legally
" corrupted." [Attaint, imrticl-p. adj. (2).]
B. Old Lair :
" 1. To declare a jury infamous, and inflict
■on them a punishment severe even Ui extrava-
gance, on account of their having given a false
verdict. [8re Attaint, s., B. 1.] (Blackstone:
Coiiiment., I'k. iii., chaps. 23 — 25.)
2. To place one imder an attainder, which
is done upon sentence of outlawry, or on that
of death for treason or telony. {Bktckatone :
Comvi., bk. iv. 29.) [Attainder.] Formerly a
man might be attainted in two ways : (1) By
appearance, by which was meant that he really
presented hiuiself in the court, and was snb-
.lect to attainder, having confessed his crime,
been vanquished in battle, or adjudged guilty
by a verdict. Or (2) by process, when having
tied and failed to answer, after being five
times called publicly in the county, he was at
last outlawed for non-appearance.
at-ta'int, * at-te'inct, s. [From the verb.
In Fr. att'dnU ; 0. Fr. attainte.] [Attaint, v.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. Litei'ally :
1. Gen. : A stain, a blot. (Now shortened
into Taint.)
" No iiiiui hath a. virtue that he hath not a glimpse
(if ; imr .wvy iii;tn an attaUit, but he carries soiue staiu
of it."— ^hak<j^i>. : Trail. A- Cresi., i. 2.
2. Spec. : In the legal sense described under
B., 1.
"... ahflll be sued of an atteinct, and hound to
apyeere at the Stsirre Chamber." — Ilolinshed : Cliron.,
bk. iL, ch. iv.
' II. Fi-j. : Anj'thing injurious ; as illness,
weariness.
■' Nor doth he dedicate one jot of colour
Unto the weary and all-watched night ;
But freshly looks, and overbears attaint
With cheerful semblance."
Shakesp. : Hen. V., iv.. Chorus.
B. Technically :
1. Old Law : A process commenced against
a former jury for bringing in a false verdict.
The jury empanelled tu try such a case was
the grand one, consisting of twenty-four of
the best men in the county ; the appellation
"grand" being used to distinguish it from the
" petit," or small jury— the first one. If con-
victed, they were pronounced infamous, their
goods were forfeited, their wives and families
were turned out of doors, their houses razed,
tlieir trees rooted up, &c. At length the
lir.'ictice of setting aside \-erdicts, upon motion
ni.ide for the purpose, and granting new trials,
superseded the old system of attaints, which
was finally swept away by 4 Geo. IV., c. 50.
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 20.)
2. Vcti'rinrfnj Medicine: A blow or wound
on the liinder foot of a horse.
t at-ta'int, j>"rticip. adj. [Fr. atteint ; O. Fr.
attaint.] [A'i'TAiNT, v.]
1. Under an attainder ; attainted.
"He is then [when convicted of a capital crime and
sentenced to diej called attanU, attiiicttis, stiiined or
blackened." — lilackstone : VainutDJit., bk. iv., cU. 2'J.
2. Corrupted.
" My tender youth w;>^ never yet tittnint
\s itb any XJassion of iiitUiiuinij luve."
HJia/Cfsp. : 1 Jlcnt-i/ \'I., V. 5.
at-ta'int-ed, ^ at-ta'ynt-ed, -pci. var. & a.
[Attai.st, i\\
As participial adjective :
"... there are more atini/ntcd landes, concealed
from her Ulajestie, then she hath now possessions in
all Iieland."— Spenser : Pj-csent State of Ireland.
"■Whether Flora Macdonald was juatilied in con-
cealing the attidtUed heir of the Stuarts, . . ."—Ma-
caulag : Hist. Eitg., ch. v.
at-ta'int-ing, pr. par. [Attaint, v.]
2it-ta'int-ment, s. [Eng. attaint; -rru^.nt.']
The state of being attainted.
"This manor and castle was made over by Henry
VIII. to that Kreat man [Cardinal Wolsey], upon whose
attaintmrvt, that a.acrilegioos prince re-annexed it to
the crown." — Ashinole : lierkshire, i. 45.
at-ta'in-tiir^, s. [Eng. attaint; -lire.} The
' act of attainting ; the state of being attainted ;
the writ or Act of Parliament attainting one.
" Hume's knavery will bf the duchess's wreck.
And her attainture will be Humphrey's fall."
Shakesp. : 2 Hvuni VI., i. 2.
at-tal'-e-a, a. [From Attains III, Philometer,
king of Pergamus.] A genus of palms be-
longing to the .section Oicoinffi. The species
are found in the tropical parts of South
America. A. funifera is called by the Bra-
zilians Pia^saba. Its fibres afford the finest
cordage for the navy of their country. Hci'c
it is used for brooms to sweep the streets.
The seeds are called coquilla nuts. They are
hard, and being large, are used in turnery for
making the handles of doors, uuilirellas, and
other ai-tieles. A. compta is the Pindavo
Palm of Brazil. The seeds are eaten as a deli-
cacy, and the leaves used for tliatcliing, for
making hats, &c. A. spccioso and --[. ercdsa
furnish nuts, which are burnt X« dry the juice
of Slphonia elastic.', whence iiidia-rabbcr is
obtained. A. colnnw, a native of Honduras,
produces nuts called cahoim nutj, which fur-
nish a valuable oil.
' at-ta'zne (1), ^ a-ta rue, a-ta'-mi-en,
v.t. [A.S. ateviian = to tame.] To tame.
"And specially his prid*- gn.n atCame."
Bochaz : Fall of Pri>u:es, p. 109. . (Boucher.)
' at-ta'me (2), v t. [Fr. entamer = tn make an
incision into, ... to touch, . . to begin,
. , to attack, &c.]
1. To commence, to begin.
"And right anon his tale he hath atamed." —
Chaucer: C. T. |ed. Urry). [Boucher.)
^ The reading is tamyd in more modern
editions.
2. To make au incision into.
"I pray ye syr empernure, shewe mo thy minde,
whether is more accordyiige, to attame thys fysshe here
pressante fyrste at the heade or at the tayle. The em-
peroure answered sbortlye and s,iyde, At the head the
fysshe shall he fyrste attamed." — Fabian: Chroii-, f.
178. (Boucher.)
*- at'-tam-ie, s. [Atd.mv.]
*^ at-tam'-in-ate, v.t. [From Lat. attamino
= (l)to touch, to attack, to njb. (2) to enii-
taminate, to defile.] To corrupt, to spoil.
(Coles, 1085.)
TI Contaminate is now used instead of it.
^at'-tan, prep. [Atte.]
*at-ta'-nis, adv. [At-anis.]
^ at'-tar (i), s. [Atter.]
at'-tar (2), + a-tar, 6t'-t6. [In Hindustani,
Mahratta, &c., dttdr ; from Arab. Ur = per-
fume, o'tira — to smell sweetly.] Essence,
especially of roses.
attar or otto of roses. The essential
oil obtained from roses by distillation. It is
said that 100,000 roses yield only 180 grains i^f
attar ; hence the temjitation to adulterate it
is very great. The oil is first pale-green, then,
after being kept, it becomes darker, and ex-
hibits various tints of green, yellow, and red.
It is manufactured in various ^-illages and
towns of Turkey just south of the Ballcans, as
well as in India.
"And attar o.frosc from the Levant."
Longfellow: A Wajjsidc J nn ; Prelude.
attar-gul, atar-gul. [(l) Attor, and
(2) gnl, in various Indian languages =: a rose.]
The same as Attar of Ro.ses (ci.\'.).
"... festooned with only those rarest roses from
which the Attar Gul, more precious than gold, is dis-
tilled, . . ." — Moore : Lalla Rookh ; Light of the Haram.
"• at-ta'sk, v.t. [Old form of Task (q.v.).]
To take to task, to blame.
" Yun are much more attask'd for want of wisdom,
Thau prais'd for harmful mildness."
Shalcesp. : King Lear, i 4
■^ at-ta'ste, * a-ta'st, v.t. [0. Fr. taster.]
[Taste, v.] To taste.
"This is his omii staff, thou seyst, therof he shall
atasl." — Chaucer: The Pardonere and Taj^stcre.
(liichardson.)
" For gentlemen (they said) was nought so fit,
As to attaste by bold attempts the cup
Or conquest's wine, whereof I thought to sup.'
Mirrourfor Mag., p. 2'.i'.
\atte, '''' at'-ten, ^" at'-tan, a contraction for
at the.] [At.] At, at the.
" Kyii'^' William atte laste."
A- Glouc , p. 379. (R. T. in Boucher )
"• atte, prct. of v. [Hatte.]
^ at-tel9li, v.t. [Attach.] (Scotch.)
"^ at-te'ine, v.t. & i. [Attain.]
at-tel'-a-bus, s. [From Lat. attclohus ; Gr.
" aTTeAa^'os (oMelabos) = a small, wingless species
of locust]
Entom. : A genus of Coleoptera (Beetles),
belonging to the family Curculionidge (or
attelabus.
Weevils). It was originally introduced by
Linnteus with the character, "Head attenu-
ated, behind inclined.
Antennte somewhat thick
towards the apex." In
the lyth edition of his
Siptevia Xatiiroi (17(37), as
many as thirteen species
are enumerated. 'Most
of these, however, are
now transferred to other
genera of Coleoi>tera- In
':^teplieiiV Ilhtt<tratl'nt of
Brit'^h Katomolni-i)i{lii-2S).
only one species is mentioned, A. ciircnho-
noides.
at -tele, I'.f. [Ettle.]
I at-tem -per, v.t. [in O. Fr. attcmprer ;
mi. attcmperare ; Lat. attr,iiprrn = to fit, to .
adjust, to accommodate; from o'l = to, and
tcoipero = duly to proportion.] [Temper.]
1. To mix anything with another in just
proportions ; to regulate.
2. To temper ; to dilute or reduce to a more
moderate strength or amount anything that is
excessive.
"Nobility attempers sovereignty, and draws the
eyes of the people somewhat aside from the line
royal."— Baco«.
3. To soften ; to mollify.
"His early providence could likewise have attem-
pered his nature therein."— ffaco»i.
" Those smiling eyes, attemp'ring everjTay,
Shone sweetly lambent with celestial day. '
Pope: Eloisa to Abelard, G3-4.
1. To fit to sometliing else.
" Pheniius '. let acts of gods and heroes old,
Att'-inpered to the lyre, your voice employ."
Pope: Homer; Odyssey i. A'Hi.
'^ at - tern' - per - an^e, * at - tern' - per-
aunce, s. [Eng. attemper; -ance.l Temper-
ance, uioderation.
1. Gen. : In all things.
"The fela\\es of abstinence ben attcmperanca. that
holdeth tlie mean In alle thinges : alsa sbaine. that
L-^i-'heufth all dishonesty."- CAaKcer.' Pcrsuiics Tale.
2. ,^'/'fc. ; In the use of liquor, or of food, or
of both.
" By this virtue, attcmperannr-; the creatm-e reason-
able kepeth \iyiii from to much drinke, and from to
moch mete."— /nattfution of a Christian Man.
* at-tem'-per - ate, v.t. [Att'emperate, a.]
[Attemper.] To render proportionate to any-
thing, to regulate.
•• Att'-inpcrati' his actions accordingly."- flarroMj ."
Ma/ii Lectures, lect. iv.
■* at-tem- per~ate, a. [Lat. attemperatus.,
pa. par. of attempero.] [Attemper, Attem-
PERATE.] Regulated, proportioned-
" Hope must be proportioned and nttemperate to the
pniiiii^e; if it exceed that teiniier and proportion, it
hecimies a tumour and tympany of Iwii'd.' -Ita-mmoud :
Practical Catechism.
t at-tem'-pered, * at-tem'-pred (pred
as perd), pa. par. & «. [Attemper, v.]
" And to her guestes doth bounteous banket dight,
Atlemiired goodly well for health and for delight."
SjJenser: F. Q., II. xi. 2.
" A hard amid the joyous circle sings
High airs, nttemper'd to the vucal strings."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. iv., 23-4.
"* at-fcem'-per-el, a. [? Error for a.ttemperate
or aitempre.] Temperate, moderate.
" But though atiemperel wepyng be graunted, out-
rageous wepynge certes is defended, "-t'/ittucej- ,• 'Pule
of Melibeus.
* at-tem '-per e-ly, adv. [Attemperly.]
t at-tem'-per-mg, * at-tem'-pritng, pr.
pofT. ^ a. [Attemper, v.]
" at-tem'-per-ly, ^' at-tem'-pere-ly,
" at-tem'-pre-ly (pre as per), axlv. [Eng
attemper; -ly.] In a temperate manner;
moderately, in moderation.
"... whan it ia y-graunted him to take thilke ven-
geaunce hastily, or attemperely, as the lawe requireth. '
— Chaucer : Tale of Melibeus.
" Governeth you also of your diete
Attemprely, and namely in this hete."
Ibid. : SMpTnan's Tale.
at-tem'-per-ment, s. [Eng. ai^emper; -ment.]
The act of tempering, or the state of bein;;
tempered. (Br. Chalmers )
* at-tem'-pre (pre as per), u. [Attemper.]
Temperate.
" Attempre dyete was al hir phiatk.
And exercise, and hertes suffisaunce."
Chancer: 0. T., 16.324-5.
boil, bo^; pout, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, I^enophon, exist, -ing,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, ^e.^bel, del.
348
attempt — attendance
at-tempt', " at-tempt'e ip nmte), v.t. & (.
[In Old Fr. atteinptir, atempter ; Mod. Fr.
altciiier ; Prov. & I'ort attcniar ; tii>. aicntar ;
Ital. attviihtre; Lat. attento = to reach after,
to try ; freq. from attendo = . . . to attend
(Attend) : ad = to, and tendo — to stretch.]
A. Transitive :
I. i!..'ii. : To make trial or experiment of; to
try, to endeavour. *
1. (Followed by an adjective of the ptT'^on or
thing of which one makes trial or experiment,
or after whom or which one puts forth aTi
endeavour.
"Something attempted, something done,
Has earned -i night's repose."
LonofcUou' : The Village Blacksmith.
2. (Followed by the infinitive.)
" The government regarded these infant colonies
with aversion, and attempted violently to stoj) the
stream of emigration."— J/«(;au?air ; Hht. Eng., ch. i.
II, Specially :
"*!. To try in the sense of tempting; to
tempt. (Ill this sense the word tempt has
taken its jilace.)
" 'U'lio in all things wise and jnst,
Hindered not Satn.n to attempt the mind
Of man, with strength entire and free-will armed."
^f^^ton : P. L . x. 8.
2. To attack.
" Ti'ipt me hehind. got'pi-aises of the king,
For him attempting who was seU-suhdned."
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 2.
B, IiitraiK. : To make an, attack.
" I have heen so hardy to attempt upon a name,
which, amon^: some, is yet very sa.cica."—Glanvilt :
Scepsis Scicntijica.
at-tempt', ' at-tempt'e 0' mute), s. [Froni
tl]-c verb.]
1. All endeavom", an effort.
'■ An attempt was made with great success to .'set \ip
iron works."— .I/(TC((i(Z(ty ; Jffist. Eng., ch. xi.
2. An attack, an assault.
" If we be always jirepared to receive an enemy, we
shall long live, iu peace and quietness, without any
attempts upon us," — Bacon.
at-tempt-a-bil'-i-ty {p mute), 5 [Eng.
attemqit ; ability.]
1. Capability of being attempted.
2. A person or persons, or a thing or things
capable of being attempted.
"Short way ahead of us, it is all dim ; an unwound
skein of possibilities, of apprehensions, atlemptablli-
^/V'.'.-, va^ue-loommg hojjes, . . ." — Carlyle : Heroes u->ul
Uero- Worship, Lect. vi.
at-tempt'-a-ble, at-tempt'-i-tole (p
mute), a. ['Eng. attempt ; -able, -ihlc] Capable
of being attempted ; capable nf being attai.-kL-d.
"The gentleman vouching his to be more fair, vir-
tuous, wise, and less attemptahle than the rarest of
our ladies." — Shakesp. : Cj/m-beline, i. 4,
at-temp'-tate (yf njute), s. [Lat. cttLittatum,
neut. of atti-iitatus, pa. lu.r. of aftcnto.^ In
Fr. attentat.] An attempt, an endeavour,
especially to commit a crime. In 1589, Put-
tenhani ranked this wox'd as one quite recently
introduced in the language. It arose, how-
ever, somewhat earlier.
" To forbear that " tfemptaie."~Sadler (a.d. 1j43), in
Froudii Hist. Eng., vul iv., i\. 2-11,
at-tempt'-ed (p mute), pa. par. &, a. [At-
tempt, c]
at-tempt'-er {p mute), s. [Eng. uttonpt;
-er.] One who attempts. Sptcially :
1. One who assails a person or his virtue ;
an assailant; a tempter.
" The Son of God, with godlike force endued,
Against til' atic'mi)ter'ot thy Father's throne."
Milton: P R., iv. 6oa.
2. One who endeavours to do anything.
" You are no factors for glory or treasure, bucdisin-
tercsted ar£c)(tji>(ers fur the universal good." — iilunvill •
ficepsis Scientitica.
at-tempt'-i-ble (;nnute), u. [Attemptable.]
at-tempt'-ing ( p mute), pr. par. & s. [At-
tempt, v.]
A, As j>r. par. : (In senses corresponding
tn tliose iit the verb),
B. As suhst. : Perpetration, commission (in
a b.id sense, loUowed by of.) (Scotch.)
" The attempting nf sic foul and schaniefnl enor-
mities "—.-lets Jas. VL, Vo'.i (ed, 1814), p. 217. (Janat--
son.)
at-tempt- less (j> mute), a. [Eng. altcmpt;
-less.] Without trying. {Mcrloor : 1 Tani-
liarlaine, ii. o.)
at-tend', r.t. &■ i. [In Fr. attcndn = to wait,
stay, put otr, delay; Prov, atendre; tip. atcii-
der ; Port, attender ; Ital. attendere. Fmm
Lat, attendo =■ (1) to .stretch or bend anything
mateiial— a bow, for example ; (i) to stretch or
bend the mind to ; <td = to, and teiido := to
stretch, implying that one wlio attends to
any jierson or thing is as if he strctrhed out
his' neck to hear and see more e fleet i\'ely.]
A. TransiliL'c :
I. Lit. (When the subject of the verb is a
person.)
1. To turn the thoughts towards ; to apply
the mind to.
(('.) To bend the desires towards attaining
any object.
' ' Tlieir hunger thus appeased, their care attends
Tlie doubtful fortune of their absent friends,"
Dryden : Virgil ■ .Eneid i. 299.
(h) To fix the mind Upon anything; to listen
to anything ; to turn the eyes fixedly upon it,
or reflect upon it earnestly.
" Sing then, and Doinon shall attettd the strain."
Pope: Pastorals; Spring, 29.
2. To wait upon or for a person.
(i,) In a good sense:
(a) To wait upon a person as a servant does
M\wn a master. (It may be used when a ser-
vant ministers to his master at home, but is
more frequently employed when he accom-
X^anies liim on a journey.)
"... his companion, youthful Valentine,
Attends the emperor in his royal court."
Sluikesp.: Two Gent, of Ver., i. 3.
"... with devoted loyalty, though with a sore
heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to atteml Wil-
liam thither."— J/acditifii/: Eist. £i>g., ch, xxiii.
(b) To come to a superior when summoned ;
to present one's self in obedience to a sum-
mons.
"The lord mayor and the sheriffs of London were
summoned to attend the M\\g."—Macaiday : Ifist.
Eng., ch. ix.
(c) To wait for the expression of a superior
will. (It is used by Miltou in an analogous
sense lor the Son of God reverentially and
submissively attending to the will of his
Heavenly Father.)
" . . . as a sacrifice
Glad to be ofTei'd. He attends the will
uf his great Father." Milton : P. L , bk. iii.
(d) To wait upon a person in a professional
capacity, as a physician may do upon a patient.
" The fifth had charge sick per-sons to attend.
And comfort those in point of death which lay."
Spenser.
(ii,) In a had sense :
+ (ft) To accompany with hostile intentions.
" He wai at preEent strong enough to have stopped
or attended Waller in his western expedition." —
Clarendon.
(b) To lay wait for.
"Thy interpreter, full of dcspight, bloody as the
hunter, o.tten.ds tliee at the orchard end." — Shakesp. :
Twelfth ^•ig}/t, hi. 4.
3. To wait for or expect an CA'ent, whether
one desire or deprecate its coming.
^ This signification is possessed also by the
French atteiidre.
" Three davs Ipromis'd to affi-nd loy domii,
And two long days and nights .ire yet to come,"
Dryden: Indian Emperor, lii. 2.
" So dre.adfnl a tempest, as all the people attended
;hcrtiiitheie "■' '' -" ' ■ " ^ — ' "
-JinUfgh , Hi
thcrtin the i ti y end of the wurld and judgment diiy,"
e people
id judgiB
II. Fig. (When the subject of the verb is a
thing.)
1. To accompany, tn be appendant to-
" Dangei-fi of every shape and ]iame
Atteiui the followers of the Lamb."
Cowper : Olney Hymns, xxxvii.
2. To follow upon, to be consequent to.
" Secure of conquest, where the prize
Attends superior worth."
Cowper : Promotion of Tlturlow.
3. To await, to be in stnvL- fur.
"Tn him who hath a prospect of the "tate that
iif^'Kiij all men after this, the measures uf good and
evil are changed."— /-ocftc.
B. Intransitive :
I. To bend the mind to, or concentrate it
upon, some object uf study or pursuit.
" Since man cannot at the same time nfinid to two
objects, if you employ your spirit upon a linuk or a
liodily labour, you nave no room left for ■-eii'-ual teiiip-
Xi^tio^-i."— Taylor.
II. To yield attention tn ; to listen to any-
thing audible, or turn the eye fixedly on any-
thing visible.
" He.ar, ye children, the instruction of a father, and
attfUii tu know underst-auding."— />rot'. iv. l.
^\ It is used in Scripture in the sense of
God's " hearing a jirayer " and answering it.
" Ent verily Hod hath heard me: he hath attended
t" the \uice of my prayer." — Ps Ixvi. 19.
III. To be present or witliin call ; to wait
upon, as a servant may do on a master.
(1.) As a companion or servant of the person
accumpanied, or to render professional service,
sacred or secular.
" Hi.s BQulre, attending in the rear,
Buie high a gauntlet on a spear."
hcott : Lay of the Last Mmstrel, iv. 18.
" Look how thy servants do attend on thee,
Each in his office ready at thy beck,"
Shakesp. : Taming of tlie Shrew ; Induction, ii.
Or (2), in obedience to a summons, in com-
pliance with a wish.
" The nurse attended with her infant boy.
The young Astyanax. the hope of Ti'oy."
Pope: Homer: Iliad vi. 486.
rV. To v/ait for, to wait, to delay. [See Ft.
attrndre in the etym.]
"Plant ane)]iouies afti^r the first rains, if yoii will
have flowers very forward: but it is surer t<i attend
till October." — Evelyn.
TJ (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to attend, to mind, to rcaard, to heed, and
to notice : — Attend is the generic ; the rest are
specific terms. " To nnind is lo attend to a
thing, so that it may not be forgotten ; to
'regard is to look on a thing as of importance ;
to heed is to attend to a thing from a princiiile
of caution ; to notice is to think on that which
strikes the senses . . . Children should always
attend- when sijoken to, and mind what is said
tn them ; they should regard the counsels of
their parents, so as to make them the rule of
their condnct, and heed their warnings, so as
to avoid -the evil ; they should notice what
passes before them, so as to apply it to some-
useful purpnse."
(J)) Attend to and trait vpon are thus dis-
criminated ; — "Attendance is an act of obhga-
tion ; waiting 07i, that of choice. A physician
attends ]us jiaUent ; a. menWn:!- attends on Par-
liament; one gentleman wni?s upon another,"
(c) The following is the distinction between
to attend, to hearken, and to listen: — "Attend
is a mental action ; hearken, both corx>oreal
and mental ; listen, simply corporeal. To
attend is to have the mind engaged on what
we hear ; to heo,rken and listen are to strive to
hear. People attend when they are addressed :
they hearken to what is said by others ; they
listen to what passes between others." (Ci ohb :
Eng. Synon.)
' at-tend', s. [Attend, v.] Attendance.
[Greene: Looking Glass for England, i. 1.)
at-tend'-an9e, * at-tend '-aun9e, .>. [0.
Fr. attendance.}
I. The act of attending.
1. The act of waiting upon a person or upon
penple ; service, ministry ; as that of—
(i.) A servant waiting upon a ma^^ter, or
followers upon a chief.
"And the meat of his table, .and the sitting of his
servants, and the attendance of his miaiistL-rs, and
their apparel . . ." — 2 C/iron. ix. 4,
" Attendanrc is a bribe, and then 'tis bought "
Dryden : The Hind and Panther, iii.
■[ For the difference liL-twecn attendance and
icoiti iig vpon, see Attend, IV. (p).
(ii.) A prntcssional man making a pnint of
being present at proper times at the place
where he discharges his public duties.
"... another tribe, of which no inau gave attend-
ance at the .altar." — Ileh. \i\. 13.
"The next morning he held n Privy Council, dis-
charged Cliii.'f Justice Keating from any further at-
tendance at the board, . . ." — Macanlay : Jiist. Eng.,
ch. xii.
■[ (a) //; attendance : Atteudiug, attendant
upon.
" A guard of honour was everyM-here in attcnd-ance
on him " — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xxiii.
(?)) To dance attendance upon : To w.'^it upon
a superior who is regardless of the comfort of
his inferiors, or a government similarly incon-
siderate, and find one's self kept iii lively
moment, like that of a danger, no profitable
result, to the performer at least, following
from all this activity.
„, , , , "Iliad thought
They had parted .s.i much honesty among 'era.
At least, good manner.'*, iis not thus to suffer
A man of his place, and so near our favour.
To dance attendance on their lordships' pleasures.
And at the door, too. like a post with packets."
Shakesp. : Henry Vfll., v. 2
2. Concentration of the mind upon ; atten-
tion.
3. Expectation.
"That which ciinseth bitterness in death, is the
Languishing altcJidance and expectation thereof, ere it
come. — Booker.
II. The state of being attended.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; -we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or„ wore, wolf, work, who. son ; mute, ciib, ciire, -unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, a;, ce = e ; Se = e. qu = lew.
attendant— attenuation
349
III. The persons attending ; a tiaiu^ a re-
tinue. {Milton : P. L., bk. x.)
a.t-tend,'~ant* «. & s. [From Fr. attendant, im.
par. of oMendre = to attend ; Ital. attendent.]
A. As adjective :
L Ordinary Language ;
1. Acfiompanying ; beinL, present with and
ministering or lending dignity to. (Applied
in a literal sense to persons, or figuratively to
things.)
" Not to the court (replietl th' attendant traiu),
Nor iiilx.'(l with matrons to Miuervaa fane :
To Ilion's ateepy tower she bent hor way,
To mark the fortuues of the doubtful clay."
Po2)e: Homer's Iliad, h]L. vL, 473-4S1.
"... in the reign of Henry the Seventh, fresh lueat
was never eaten even by the gentlemen attendant
on a great Earl, except during the short interval be-
tween Midsunimer and Miutiaelinaa." — Macaalay :
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
" Why did the flat of a God give Inrth
To you fjilr Sun, and his attemlant Earth?"
Oowper : Tirocinium.
2. Following as a consequence of ; related
to, as an effect is to a cause.
IL Technically :
1. LoAO : Dependent on or doing duty or
service to. [B.]
2. Mus'lc. AthiiahiAit key.-i : The keys or
scales on the liftli above and fifth below (or
fourth above) any key-note or tonic con.sidercd
in relation to the key or scale or that tonic.
ICakott.)
B. As suhstontive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Of persons :
(a) One whu \v;uts upon another, as a ser-
vant on a master or mistress, a courtier on a
sovereign, or one of a traiu upon its liead.
"Yet the Queen, whose kindness had endeared her
to her huuibleat attendantx, . , ."—Macaulay: Hist.
£ng., cli, XV.
(b) One who waits upon a person witli the
view of preferring some request to liini, (jr
transacting some business with him.
" I endeavoiu' that my re.adev may not wait long for
my meaning : to yive an attendant uuick di^ipatch is
a civil Lty." — Burnet : Theory.
(c) One present at a meeting or at any
gathering.
"He was a constant nfnidant at all meetings rc-
L^tiug to charity, witliout contributing."— i!M>i/«,
2. Of things: A cnnsequcnt, a concomitant
of anything ivhited to another, as an effeft is
to a cause.
"He had an unlimited sense of f.'vme, the ntfrii^luiit
of noble sxiirits, which i)rompted liini tu engage in
travels."— /'o;uc,
" It is bard tu take iiiin view all the allrndniits or
conseiiueuts tli.it will Ijl- concerned in a question."—
iVatti.
IL Law : A person who owt's a duty or
service to anntlicr, or in some way depends
upon him. (Cowel.)
at-tend'-ed» jw. 2wr. [Attend.]
t at-tend'-er, s. [Eng. attend ; suff. -er.} An
attendant.
" The gypsies were there.
Like lords to api>eRr ;
■\Vitli such then attrmlprs
As you thouyht uHendei-s."— /Jcd Joity.n.
at-tend'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Attend.]
" Th" attentlinfi heraldf. .as by office bound.
With kindled flames the tnpod-vaae surround."
Pope : Jluuicr's Iliad, bk. xxiii., 40, i^'
* at-tend'-ment, s. [Eng. attend ; sufflx
-vient.] That wliich attends.
"The uncomfortable «i/e7idjnen(s of hell." — Broione:
Vulgar Jirrourx, bk vii., ch. 16.
t at-tend'-ress, s. [Eng. aUend(e)r; -ess.)
A female attendant " A female atteudress at
the table." (FnUer: JVorthie.^ ; Soviersctshirc.)
*■ at-te'ne, r.-i. [From Lat. attinere = to per-
tain to: ad = to; tenere = to hold; Fr.
s'attenir d = to be linked to.] To pertain to.
" Thnt atte7iit io the ijartie defeudur." — Acts James
ri, 1567 (ed. 1814), p. 44.
* at-tent', a. [In Sp. atcnto ; Port. & Ital.
attento; Lat. attentiis.] Attentive.
" Now, my God, let, I I>e.seech tliee, thiue eyes be
open, and let thine ears be attent nnto the piayer that
is made in this place."— 2 Chron. vi. 40.
" With an attent ear . . ." —Sluikesp. : Hamlet, i 2
at-tent', s. [In Fr. altcnte = waiting.] Atten-
tion.
" And kept her sheepe with diligent attent.
Watching to drive l.he ravenous Wolfe .away."
Spenser; F Q., VI. ix. .37.
at-ten'-tates» s. pi. [In Fr. attentat ~ an
' attempt ; Lat. attentuta, n. pi. of pa. par. of
uttciito — to stretch out, to attempt.]
1. Proceedings in a court of judicature,
pending suit, and after an inhibition is de-
creed. {Ayliffe.)
2. Things done after an cKtra-judicial ap-
peal. (Ibid.)
* at-ten-ta'-tion, .?. [As if from Low Lat.
attentatio.]
1. Attention. (Haclct : Lifi-ofiriUiavis,i. 99.)
2. Temptation. (Davies.)
at-ten'-tion, s. [In Fr. attention; Sp. aten-
cion ; Port, attengao; Ital. attenzione ; from
Lat. attentio — a bending of the mind, atten-
tion ; from ottentian, sup. oi attendo.] [At-
tend.]
A. Ordinary Lo.nguage :
I. The act of attending.
1. Gen. : The act of concentrating the mind
on any object of sense or on any mental con-
ception.
"Yet, while I recoraiaeud to our actresses a skilful
attention to gesture, I would not have them study it
in the looking-glass."— GoMsTTiii/i ,■ Tlie Bee, No. 11.
2. Sjyec. : An act of civility ; thoughtful
consideration, kindness, or love shown to a
person from appreciation of his or her clia-
racter. (Often in the pi.)
"The Secretary shared largely in the attentions
which were paid to his chief," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xxiii.
II. The state of being attended to.
". , , the labour bestowed by him upon what he has
heretofore and now laid before the public, entitled
liim to candid attention . . ." — Wordsworth: Preface
to the Excursion.
III. The power, ability, or faculty which
man possesses to attend to anything. [B. 1.]
"Hardly any faculty is more important for the in-
tellectual progress of man than the iwwer of atten-
tion."— Darwin : Descent of Afan, pt. i., ch. ii.
*\ To draw or to call thr attention to: To
point out to any e?ie an ol>jcct ci-dculated to a
greater or less extent to attract the iioti(;e.
" My attention was called to this swh'ject."— Darwin :
Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. i.
B. Technically :
1. Mental Phil. : Intelligent consciousness
voluntarily applied ; consciousness concen-
trated in order intellectually ti> conquer a
particular object ; the po.sitive act of concen-
trating consciousness.
" Attention is consciousness and something more.
It is consciouanesi voluntarily applied, under its law
of limitJitions, to some determinate object; it is con-
sciousness concentrated."— ,!i'//' 1)'. Ham.Hton : Metaph.,
vol. i., p. i;;)S.
"Attention \-- consciousness .ipplieJ by an act ni will
or desire under a particular law. , , , This law, which
we call tbf lin\ of limitation, is, that the intension
of our knowli'dge is in the inverse ratio of its exten-
sion— in LitbtT words, that the fewer objects we con-
sider at once, the L-iearer and more distinct will he our
knowledge of them." — Ibid., p. 246.
" Attention, then, is to consciousness what the con-
traction of the pupil IS to sight ; or to the eye of the
mind what the microscope" or telescope is to the
bodily eye. The faculty of attention is uot, therefore.
a special faculty, but merely conaciousness acting
under the law of limitation to which it is subjected.
But whatever te its relation to the special f.aculties,
attention doubles all their efilcieucy, and affords them
a power of which they would otherwise he destitute.
It is, in fact, as we are at present constituted, the
primary condition of their activity,"— /6irf,, i>, -us.
2. Mil. : A command given to soldiei-s, wlio
for a time have been permitted to " stand at
ease," to resume a more normal military atti-
tude. When "Attention" is ordered, the
hands are to fall smartly down the outside of
the thighs, and the right foot to be brought
up on a level with the left.
[Fr.
at - ten' - tive, * at - ten' - tyve,
" attentif]
1. Of persons: With the mind fixed on the
object to which the pereon is said to be at-
tending; heetbful. If the object be one of
wiiieli the eye takes cognizance, then tlie eye
is directed keenly to it ; if one cognizable
by the ear, then tlie ear Is similarly intent ; if
on a book, then the eye and the mental powers
are in operation ; if its own thoughts are the
subject of reflection, then the mind intro-
verted becomes vividly conscious of its own
working.
, "■ • - Knowledge dwells
In head-i replete ^nth thoughts of other men •
Wisdom in mindij attentive to their own." '
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
^ It may be used also figuratively of God.
"... let now thiue ear be attentive to the prayer of
thy servant, . . ."—Nehem. i. 11.
2. '-'/ things :
" I bring a trumiXit to av/ake his ear :
To set Ills sense on the attentive Kent,
-^d then to speak."
Shakesp. : Troil. A- Cr-js'... i. 3.
" Its various parts to his attentire note."
Cowpcr : Tirocinium.
at-ten'-tive-ly", adv. [Eng. altentin'; -li/.]
In an attentive manner ; heedfully ; with tlie
mind hxed on what is in progress.
" te.ar attentitieli/ the noise of his voice, and the
sound that goeth out of his mouth."— /o& xxxvii, 2.
at-ten'-tive-ness, 5. [Eng. attentive; -uess.]
The state or quality of being attentive ; atten-
tion.
"... at the relation of the qaeen's death, . . .
brively confessed and lamented by the king, how
anentivene.is wounded ins daughter. ' — SIiii!.'-i]i :
Winter's Tale, v. 2
t at-tent'-ly, ady. [Eng. attent: -hj.] lu an
attentive manner ; attenti^'ely.
"Those who attently regard a locust or a caterpillar
. . ." — Banow, vol ii., Serm. 0.
at-ten'-U-ant, a. & s. [In Fr. attenuant ; Sp.
atennantc ; Port, attemiante ; Lat. attcinunis,
pr. par. of attenuo = to make thin.] [At-
tenuate.]
A. As adj.: That has the power of making
a liquid thin, or diluting it.
" They put into the stomach those things tliat be
atte/iuant, mcisive, and shai-]), for to provoke and stir
up the appetite." — Holland: Plutarch. [Richardson.)
B, As substantive (Pharm.) : That which
possesses the power of imparting to the blood
a more thin and fluid consistency than it pre-
viously pitssessed. Water, and other aqueous
fluids," have this property to a greater ^r less
extent. (Cottle.)
at-ten,'-u-ate, v.t. [From Lat. attenunti's,
])a. par. cf Lat. otteniio = to make thin : nd =
to, and tenuo = to make thin; tenuis = thin.
(Thin.) The Fr. attenuer, Sp. atenuar, Port.
f'tfrnnar, Ital. attemiare (\yj. par. attemiato),
correspond in signification to our English
word.]
I. L it. : To make thin.
1. OfUqi'i'is : To make thin in the sense cif
less deu&e ; to render more watery and uf less
consi-stence.
" Of such coiiceniment too is drink and food
T' iucrassjite, or attenuate the blnud."
Dryden : Lucretius, bk. iv.
2. Of solids : To render finer, as a wire wliii'h
is tiled away or jtartially dissolved in an acid.
"It is of the nature of acids to dissolve ovattenu<ir.- ;
and of alkalies to precii)itate or iucraasate." — Acw/oii :
(//■f/i:.i.
II. Fi'-f : Td lessen, to diminish.
"... for this fatal sect hath jnstlcd her out of
divers lar^re regions in Africk, in Tartary, and other
l)lace^, and attenuated their number in Asia," —
How.-U : Letters, ii. 1(J.
at-ten'-u-ate, a. [From Lat. attenuatns, or
Ital. altenuufo.] [ArrENUATE, v.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1, Of liqnids : Made thin in consistency ;
rendered les3 dense.
" Vivification ever consisteth in spirits attenuate,
which the cold doth congeal and coagulate."— Bw com.
2. Of solids : Rendered finer or more slender.
B. Bot. : Made thin or slender ; tapering.
(Loudon.)
at-ten'-u-a-ted, pa. par. & a. [Attenuate,
at-ten'-U-a-ting, 3>r. par. [Attenuate, -y.]
at-ten-u-a'-tion, s. [In Fr. attenuation ;
Sp. atenuacion ; Port, attenuaro/j ; Ital, o.t-
temtazione ; Lat. attenuatio.]
1. The act of rendering thinner ; the state
of being rendered thinner.
T[ Uned specially (a) of a liquid or gas ren-
dered less dense.
"... the diminished density, or attenuation of the
wort, . . ."—Fownes: Jfanual of Chcm., 10th ed., p
604.
"Chiming with a hammer upon the outside of a bell,
the sound will be aL'cording to the iuw.-ird concave of
the bell ; whereas the elision or attenuation of the air
can be only between the hammer and the outside ot
the bell " — Bacon.
Or (b) of a solid rendered finer or more slender
in form, as, for instance, ductile wire drawn
out to a greater or less extent of tenuity,
t 2. A iierson or thing attenuated.
"I am ground even to au attenuation."~Donne:
Devotions, p. 51".
b6il. Uo^; poat, J^fel; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hm, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph^ f.
-oian, -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -f ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shiis. -hie, -die, &c. = b?!. d?l.
atter— attire
' at'-ter, * at'-tyr (yr = ir). .';. [A.S. atter,
attor, ator, ate r = ipoisoii ; matter, pus. In
Sw. ctkr ; Dan. edder.] Poison venom; pns
from an nicer.
" And njthful neddre, loth and lither,
Sal elide 11 on hise brest nether
And erthe freten wile he mai liuen.
And atter on ia tnnge ctiueu."
Stori/ of Gen. & JSxod. (ed. Moms). 369-72.
^ at'-ter-coppe, * at'-tir-coppe, ^ at-
tyr-coppe, * at'-ter-cob, "^ at-ter-
cap, * ad'-er-c6p, * a-dyr~c6p (yr — ir),
s. [A.S. attorcox>im = a, spider; from attor =^
poison, and coppa, prob. = spider. Cf. Diit.
s-pinne-coj) = spider.] [Cobweb.]
I. Literally :
1. A spider. (Prornpi. Parv.. &c.)
'■ Araneus ; an adercop or a, spynner."
Vocab. Stanb., Sig. D, 2 b, (fiowcfte?-.)
2. Less properly : A spider's web.
" I sees her kronkin astride o' th' hawk, her hair au
fill of utiercops." —Craven Dialogues, p. 228, (S. in,
iimicher.)
II. Flgwativehj : A peevish, ill-natured
person,
" Thnu yreful attercap, Pylat, apost-ata,
Jadas, Jew's janglor, Lollard lawreate."
Ever Green, ii., 74. {BoitcJiet:)
% Trench says that it was first in general
use among the Englisli race; then it became
confined to a portion of them, including
those of the Irish pale and of the north oY
England, whilst now it is confined to these
last. (Trench: Eng. Past and Present, p. 84.)
^ at'-ter-filth, s. [0. Eng. atter, and Eng.
filth-] Corrui")tion. {Prompt. Parv.)
* at'-ter-lathe, s. [A.S. atterJathe, aterlathe
= betony, penny-grass.] A plant, betony.
{Stratiiia)in .")
*at'-ter-ly, adv. [From 0. Eng. atter (q. v.),
and sutHx -%.] With poison ; venomously
{Ghanca\)
* at'-terne, "* at'-tern, a. [A.S. cettemc,
(pttren, cettryn = poisonous ; BL H. Ger.
Uteri)i.]
1. Venomous ; xioisonons. (Stratmann.)
2. Fierce, cruel, snarling, ill-natured. (Grose.)
^^ at'-ter-nesse, s. [From A.S. atter =iioison.]
[AxTriR.] Venoioousness. (Stratmanu,.)
at'-ter-rate, v.t. [Lat. ad — to, and terra,
-"tera = dry land, as distinguished from the
heavens, the sea, the air, &c.] To add to the
land, to form into dry land.
at'-ter-ra-ted, pa. par. [Atterrate.]
at'-ter-ra-tihg, pr. par. [Atterrate.]
at-ter-ra'-tion, s. [Eng. atterrat(e); -ion.]
The iJrocess of adding to the land, or of form-
ing into dry land.
at-test', v.t. & i. [In Fr. attester ; Sp. atestar,
ateatiguor ; 'Port, attestar ; lti\\. a tte^iar c ; Lat.
attestor ; from ad =■ to, and testor = to be a
witness ; testis — a witness.]
A. Transitive :
■^ L To call to witness.
" Ent I attext the gods. . . ."
ShaJcesij. : Troil. & Cress., ii, 2.
II. To bear witness.
1. Lit. : Where the witness is a person.
((() Properly: To bearwitnesstothegennine-
ness of a document and the truth of its con-
tents by appending one's signature to it ; to
certify.
(J)) In any other way, whether by word or
deed, to confirm the truth of an allegation or
fact.
" Live thon : and to thv mother dead attest
That cleare she dide from blemish criminall "
Spenser: F. Q., 11. i. 37.
" Idomonens, whom Ilion fields attest
Of matchless deeds . . ."
Pope : JIoTTier's Odyssey, bk, xix., 211-12.
2. AVhen the witness is a thing, as, for
instance, a book, a passage or passages in a
book, coincidences of fact in a statement, or
anything similar.
"... they formerly did so, as is nttested by pas-^ages
in Pliny."— ^(irwm ; Orig of Spcdes llSbH), ch, l,p, a+.
", . . the casual coincidences of fact, with which
ffonteinporai'y literatnre ahoinids, serve to attest tha
narrative of the historian, aiul to confirm its veracity. "
— l.ewt'f : Early li<rm. Hist., ch. vi., § 5.
B. Intrans. : To bear witness,
*' Till from the fleet our presents be convey'd.
And, Jove attesting, the flrni compact made."
Pope: Homer's Hind, bk. xix., 1S9-90.
t at-test', .V [From the verb.] Attestation.
"... the exalted man, to whom
Such high attest was given, . . ."
Milton: P. .ff,,bk. i.
at-tes-ta'-tion, s. [In Fr. attestation ; Sj).
atestacion; Port, attesia^ao ; Ital. attestazione ;
all from Lat. attcstatio.] The act of attest-
ing; the state of being attested ; tliat which
attests.
Specially:
1. Of persons: The act of bearing witness to
any document by a])pending one's signature
to it ; also the act of witnessing any opinion
or statement in a less formal manner.
"... men, as we know them, do not sacrifice their
lives in the attestation of that which they know to be
m\iTMf:."-~Tyndall : Fru<j. o/ Science |3rd ed, ), iii, o:j.
2. Of tilings: That which attests anything;
specially historical evidence of an external
character to the authorshii> or events of a
history.
" , . . the external attestation, corroborated by the
internal evidence of the narrative, , . ." — Lewis:
Farl!) Jloman Hist., ch. xiv., § 1.
at-tes'-ta-tive, adj. [From Lat. attestains,
perf. par. of attestor (Attest), and Eng. sulf.
•ice.'] Attesting.
" Of attestative satisfaction : Satisfaction arising
from estabhshine truth by evidence against a f.alhc
statement preintlicial to o\\e."—Bowring: lientham's
Works, vol 1., p. 374,
at-test'-ed, 5?a. par. [Attest, ■y.]
at-test'-er, at-test'-or, -^ [Eng. attest;
-er, -or.] One who attests.
"The credit of the attesters, and truth of the rela-
tions, ' — J. Spencer : Prodigies, p. 397.
" This v.Ych-attester for the publick good
By that one deed ennobles all his blood."
Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel.
at~test'-ing, j^r. po.r. [Attest, v.]
" Nor speak T rashly, but with faith averr'd.
And what I speak attesting Heaven has heard."
Pope: Eomer's Odyssey, hk. xiv., 175-6.
" Alternate each th' attesting sceptre took.
And, rising solenni, each his sentence spoke."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk, xviii,, 587-8,
at-test'-ive, a. I'E.n^. attest ; -im.] Attesting;
containing an attestation. (Worcester.)
at-test' -or, s. [Attester.]
at-te'yil-ant, a. [From Lat. attlnens, pr.
par. of attineo.] [Attain.] Appertaining,
belonging.
" Tliat to my fluU wytte it Is not atteynant."
Fabian: Chron. [Prologue, p, 2), (S. vn Boiiclier.)
* at-te'yne, v.i. & t. [Attain.]
At'-tic, at'-tic, '■" At' -tick, a. & s. [In Fr.
AttVive; Sp. Atico ; Port. & Ital. Attivo ; Lat,
Aitlcus ; Gr. ' Kttlkos (Attlkos), ir oiii Attica.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of or belonging to Attica, a province of
Greece, or to Athens, its world-renowned
capital ; to the inhabitants of Attica or
Athens ; or, finally, to their writings and
other productions.
" Who, scarcely skill'd an English line to pen.
Scans Attic metres with a critic's ken."
Byron : A College Exaniinntion.
2. Classical, (Used especially of poetic or
other compositions, in whatever language they
may be written,)
" How can I Pulfney. Chesterfield forget.
While Roman Spirit charms, and Atttc Wit."
Pope : Epilogue to the Satires ; Dial, ii, 84, 85,
II. Technically :
1. Philology :
Attic dialect: The dialectof ancient Athens.
The old Attic was the same as the Ionic, from
which the Attic properly so called somewhat
diverged. The latter was the accepted stan-
dard of the Greek language ; the other dialects
were regarded as provincial forms of speech,
2. Architecture:
(a) Attic liasc : A peculiar base which the
ancient architects used in buildings of the
Ionic and Corinthian orders, and which 'Pal-
ladio introduced also into the Doric style.
(h) Attic order: An order of fimall square
pillars placed by Athenian architects at the
uppermost parts of a building.
B. As substantive :
1. Oi'dina-ry Language :
1. A native of Attico. Sp)ec., an Athenian.
"A time when the Altirks were na milearned as their
TieiqW)o\\re."~Bentlcy : Dissert, upon Phalaris, p. 390.
2. A room or series of rooms at the top of
a house just under the roof ; a garret.
"... betaking himself with his books to a small,
lodging in an attic."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xiv.
1" It is often used in the plural.
" The wild wind rang from park and plain,
And round the attics rumbled."
Tennyson : The Goose.
II. Architecture :
1. A low storey placed above an entablature'
or a cornice, and limiting the height of the'
ATTIC ON THE ARCH OF ( ONSTANTINE
main part of an elevation. It orcurs chiefly
in the Roman and Italian styles. (Gloss, oj
Arch.)
2. In the same sense as B., I. 2.
Attic muse. A fine poetic vein.
t At'-ti-cal, a. [Eng. Attic; -al.]
1. Lit. : Of or belonging to Attica.
2. Fig. : Pure or classical in style.
" If this be not the common Attieal acception of it,
yet it will seem agreeable to the penning of the New
Testament; in which, whosoever will observe, mav
find words and phrases, whicli perhaps the Attic):
l)urity, ])erhap3 gr;unmjir, -will not appro-\-e of." —
Hammoiul : Serm., 12.
At'-ti-gisiXli, s. [In Gttr. atticism; Fr. atticisme ;
Port, atiicismo ; Gr. o.tti/clo'/u.os (attikismos) ^
(1) a siding with the Athenians ; (2) the Attic
style ; an atticism.]
t 1. Attachment to the Athenian people.
(Used specially in narratives of the Peloiiou-
nesian war,)
" Tydius and his accomplices were put to death fur
Atticism.'' — Hobbes: /Thucydidcs, hk. viii. [Ilickurd'
son.)
2. A mode of expression characteristic of
the Attic dialect ; classic elegance ; a well-
tui'ued phrase. ,
"They made sport, and I laughed: they mis-pro-
nounced, and I nnsliked : amltomakeupthea«(f/,s(«.
they were ont, and I liissed." — Milton: Apology for
Smectymnuus.
"There is an elegAnt Atticism which occurs, Tjuke
xiii. 9, 'If it bear fruit, we??.'" — Newcome: View of the
Eng. Bib. Trans., p. 279.
at-ti-51'ze, V.t. k i. [In Lat. atticisso ; from
Gr. oTTiKL^ui (af.tikizo).'}
A. Transitive: To cause to conform to the
idiom of Attica, or of its capital, Athens.
B. Intransitive : To speak or write like a
native of Attica.
" If any will stiil excuse the tjTant for nttinsing in.
those circumstances, . . ."—Jientley : Dissert, upon
Phalaris, p. 317
t At'-tics, s. pi. [From Gr. 'Attlko. (Attika),
the title of the first Book in Pausanias's
Itinerary of Greece, which treats of Attica and
Megaris.] A geographical, toiiographieal, his-
torical, or other description of Attica.
T[ Attics, the pi. of attic, has a slightly dif-
ferent etymology. [Attic, B. 2.]
"* at-tig'-u-oiis, a. [Lat. aitigmis, from at-
tigo, old form of attingo.^ [Attinge.] Con-
tiguous, bordering on, near, hard by. (Ogilvie.)
at-tig'-u-ous-ness, s. [Eng. attiguous;
-ness.] The quality of being attiguous ; con-
tiguity. (Ogilvie.)
at-tin'ge, v.t. [Lat. attingo = to touch, tc
handle: fK:;=to, and tanqo — to touch.] To
touch lightly or gently. (Cohs : Diet., 10S5.)
at-fi're, ^ a-ti're, v. t. [Connected apparently
with two classes of words. Ithas afl^nitvwith
O. Fr. attirer, attyrer, atirer = to lu'ovide, to
array, to dispose, to adorn. (This is not
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, siire, sir, marine • go p6£
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cubo ciire, ynite, cur^ vule^ full ; try, Syrian, a?, oe = e ; ^ = e. qu = kw.
attire — attorney
351
closely akin in siguilioatioii to Mod. Fr. uttircr,
whicli is = to attmrt, to pi-ocui-e.) From O.
Fr. tier = rank, order ; Prov. atteyar ; Sp.
ata'oiar — to adorn. Compare also Ger. ziereih
= to adorn ; zier = ornament. The Eug. at-
tire lias also intimate relations with 0. Fr.
attourncr = to clothe: Mod. Fr. atounier =
to adorn; from O. Fr. atovr, rt(fo»r = (l) a
hood, (2) a head-dress fur a woman. The En■,^
word tirc-finium, to a certain extent, connects
hotli classes of words.] [Aitire, s., Tire,
Tire-woman.] To clothe one in garmcr.-Cs,
especially of a gorgeons character. (Used
literally or liguratively, followed by v Itli i )r 'dk)
"... and witli the lijien mitre shall lie be attired "
—Lev. xvi, 4.
" Religion, if in lienveiily tnitlis at.tirc-l.
Needs only to be aeeii to be admired,"
C'owper : Jixpostulation,
at-fi're. * a-fi're, " at-ty're, * a-ty're
(yr as ir), ^ at-tO'ur, s. [O. Fr. atirler =
to attire.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. (0/ the form atour) : A woman's head-
dress.
" This lady wa.s of good entaile,
Riitht woiKlirfnlle of apparayle ;
By hir att/ire so bright and shene,
Men inyght perceyve welle, and seue.
She wati not of religioun.
Jf or I nelle make meuciomi
Nor of robe, nor of tresour.
Of bioche, neithir of hir rich attour."
Romaunt of the Hose, 3,713—3,755.
II. (Of the other forms of the word): Die^s.
arpu-i't^l, vestments,
1. Spec: Of a splendid kind.
" Can a iiiaitl forget her ornaments, or a bride her
attire/"— Jer. ii. ;;2. {See also Ezek. xxiii. 15.)
2. <:cn. : Whether splendid or not.
" Not brothers they in featxire or attire."
Wordsioorth : Kxcursion, bk. viii.
H In ordinary language it is rarely used in
the plural.
" But. when retiini'd, the good Ulysses' son
Witli better hand shall grace with flt attires
Hia guest ..."
Pope: nomcr's Odyssey, bk. xiv., 5S3-5.
B. Toihnically :
1. Old Bot.: The name given by Grew to
the stamens, pistils, &e., of a plant includrd
within the calyx (called ivipalement) and the
corolla (denominated foliation).
"Attire ... tin Botany]. The flower of a pbant is
divided into three iiarts— the enipaleineut, the folia-
tion, and the attire, which is either florid or semiform.
Florid nttlre, called thrums or suits, as in the rtower-,
of marigold and tansey, L-on.'iUts sometimes of two, but
commonly of three parts : the outer part is the fluiet,
the body of which is divided at the top, like the cow-
slip flower, into five distinct jmrts. Hemi/ojin attire
consists of two parts— the chives and apices ; one upon
each attire."— Grew : Anatomy of Plants.
2. Her. : (1) Clothing ; (2) a single horn of a
stag. The plur. attires is used for two horns.
{Glutis. of Her.)
at-ti'red, 'pa, par. & a. [Attire, v."]
1. Ord. Lang. : -^ ^
With a significa-
tion cnrrespiuid-
jug to that of the
verb.
2. InHcroWrii:
Ornamented Avith
horns or antlers.
(Used of the Stag
or Hart.) A rein-
deer is repre-
sented inHeraldry
\iii\i douhle attires
— one pair ertct
and the other
drooping. {Bouiell: English Heraldry.)
"Attired: a term used among Heralds when they
have occasion to speak of the homes of a Buck or
Stag." — BuHokar : Eng. Expos, (ed. 1656}.
t at-tire'-ment, s. [Eng. attire; -ment.]
Outfit, dress, apparel, furniture, decoration,
adornment. (A' ,E.D.)
at-ti'r-er, s. [Eng. a(;/r(c),- -cr.] One who
attires anotlicr ; a dresser. (JoJnison.)
i^t-ti'r-ing, pr. jmr. & s. [Attire, v.]
A. As j-iresi'nt imr. : With a signification
corresponding to that of the verb.
B. As siihstantive :
1. Siicr. Plur.: The head-dress of women.
" . . uttirings. that which gentlewomen wear ou
thtir heads, rccZi/nicuirt, , . ." — Jhiloct.
2. Gcii. : Dressing ; dress of any kind.
(a) Literally :
"In the (i«ir(»i3 and ornament of their bodies, the
duke had a fine and unaffected politeness." — Sir If.
Woiton : Jiemains, p. 171.
ATTIRED.
(h) Figuratively : Ornamental covering of
any kind. (Sidney : Astrophel £ Stella.)
S,t'-tir-ling, s. [A.S. attor, aterpoison.] A
shrew, a villain.
" Meeke^.y thou him answere, and not as an atlirling.'
Babcee Book (ed. Furuivall), p. 38
-at-ti'-tle(tle = tel), .-.^ {Latattltulo.} To
entitle.
"J Its place is now supplied by Entitle
(q.v.).
" This Aries out of the twelve
Hath March attitled for hym selfe."
Gower: C'onf. Am., bk. 7.
at'-ti-tude, ^ at-ti-tu'-do, s. [In Sw.
attitud ; Fi. & Fort. a;(((7(rfe = posture ; Sp.
actitiid ; Ital. attitudine =^ (1) a\)tnts^, fitness,
(2) posture); Low Lat. aptitadu ; fr";;i Class.
Lat. ((j)/ifs = fitted, adapted. (Apt. Wliilst
the signification ajitness, fitness, suggests
Low Lat. aptitwlo, from Class. Lat aptus=-
fitted, adajited.tlie Sp. aetitud points to Class.
Lat. !'r-f;o= doing, action, and to actns=aii
impulse, an act ; from act as, pa. par. of ago =
to drive, . . to do. The Ital. attit-udim also
is connected with Ital. aiio = action, deed,
which comes from the Lat. actus. (Act.)
Ric^hardson and ]M.ilin adopt the first of these
ultimate etymologies ; Johnson, Webster, and
AVedgwood the second.]
1. The posture in which a person stands, or
in which a haman being or animal is repre-
sented in a painting or sculpture.
"They were famous originals that gave li'-e tn
statues, with the sjime air, jiosture, and atutntlvs. ' —
Addison.
" Declining was liis dtfitiide."
Byron : ^'r;ie of Corinth, 10.
2, The posture or position of a nation, of a
person's mind or heart, or even of inanimate
things.
". . . the attitndes assumed by idealists and
scrj.tics "' — Herbert Spence^' : Psychol. "(2ud ed.), vol. ii.,
p. -.iVl, § 3S8.
U jMalone jioints out that in Evelyn's Idea
ofihc I'erfxliaiiofPainiiiig(A.'D.16SS),attitiido
occurs instoiid of aftitiide, and even it is de-
fined as being a word little known. (Todd.)
at-ti~tu'-din-al, a. [Api^arently from Ital.
attitud i.n(e), and Eng. siiff. -el.] Pertaining
or relating to attitude. (■'<mart, ll'orcester, dc)
at-ti-tu-din-ar'-i-an, s. [AiQiarL-ntly iVum
Ital. aiiitudlii(c), and' Eng. sutt". -.'/•(('/(.] (hie
who gives particular attention to attitudes.
(Geilt, Worcester, £c.)
at-ti-tu-din-i'ze, v. [Apparently from Ital.
ii.ttltadi]i{e), and Eng. sulf. -izc.] To practise
or assume attitudes.
"Tlieyhatl the air . . . of figurantes, atilfudinisiny
for effect."— Z>(.' Quii'vvi/ : Works, vol. v., p. 15S.
t 3,t'-tle (tie = tel), a. [Cognate Avith Addle
(?)(qv).] (Mah'n.)
Mining: Refuse or rubbish, consisting of
broken fragments of the rock, rejected after
examination as containing no ore worth ex-
traction, (irca/e.)
i at-tol'-lent, a. & s. [Lat. ottohm., pr. par.
of attollo = to lift up : ad = to, and tollo — to
lift up.]
A. -'Is adjective: Lifting up, raising, ele-
vating. (Used chiefly in Anatomy.)
"I shallfarthertakenoticeof the exquisite librati on
of the nttottrnt and depriment muscles." — herhain:
Physieo-Thcol.
B. As substantive :
A nut. : A term applied to one of the muscles
whose function is to raise any ijortion of the
bodily frame.
^ at-ton9'e (on9e as wun9e [?]), adv. [Eng.
at; once.] At once; together in place, or
simultaneously in point of time. [Attone.]
" Thu niov'd with wrath, and shanie, ,i,nd Ladies sake.
Of all attonce he cast avengd to be."
Spenser: F. Q., I. v. 12.
" at-tou'e (one as wun), adv. [0. Eng. att
= at ; and Eng. one.]
1. Of proximity or identity in place: Toge-
ther, connected with ; side by side.
" But v.\\!\.t are you whom like nnhicky lot
Hath linckt with me in the s,ame chains nttovc I "
Spemer: F. (?.. IV. vii 14.
". . . s\3 white seemes fayrer macht with hlacke attone "
Jbid., III. ix. 2.
2. Of proximity or identity in time : At once ;
simultaneously.
"... and from one reft both life and light (((/one."
Spejiser: F. Q., III. v. ".
" The warlike Dame was on her part a-'said
Of Claribell and Blaudamour attone."
Ibid., IV. ix. 30,
^ For At One as quite separate words, sec
At One, Atonement.]
* at-to'ne-ment, ^. [Atonement.]
at-torn', * at-turn', v.t. & i. [0. Fr. af-
torner= to direct, to dispose, to attorn ; from
toruer, tourncr = to turn; Ital. attorniarc =
to encompass, to enclose ; attorno — about ;
Low Lat. attornare, attorniare, att n marc = to
commit business to another, to attorn ; from
Class. Lat. ad = to, and torno — to turn in a
lathe, to round off; Gr. rdpi/u? (tontus) — (1) a
carpenter's tool, like our compasses, for diaw-
ing a circle, (2) a turner's chisel, a lathe chisel,
(3) a circle.] [Turn.]
A. Transitive :
Old Feudal Law orCtisiom: To transfer the
feudal allegiance of a vassal, or the vassals
generally, to a new lord on his obtaining an
estate from its former jtossessor.
"In some case a lord might attai^n ,and assign his
vassal's service to some other: hut he niiirht not
attnrn\\i\i\ to his deadly iiMi."—Sadli:r : ItiglUs of the-
Jiinijdom, p. 16.
B, Lntraiibitire :
1. Old Feudal Laio or Custom : To profess ta
become the tenant of a new lord ; that is, to
give consent to one's landlord transferring his-
estate to anothei", and intimating one's willing-
ness to become the tenant of the new pro-
prietor.
"This consent nf the vjLssal was expressed by what
was called attorniny, or professing to become the
tenant of the new lord." — Blackstune : Conimcn'.., bk.
ii., ch. 19.
2. Mod. Laic : To agree to liecomc tenant to
a landlord to wliom tlie estate on which one
is located is about to pass by reversion. [At-
turn.ment.]
at-tdr'-ney, * at-tur'-ney, * a-tur'-neyv
(pl. at-tor -ney^, at-tor'-nies), a. [From
O. Fr attorne, atm-nr, atourue, pa. par. of
attoriier, aUirner, atourner ; Low Lat. attorna-
tns, attui^iatus, pa. par. of attorno, attitrne =
to commit business to another; L;it. ad=to,
and torno = to round ofi'.] [Attorn.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. Formerly, in a general sense: One ap-
pointed to act for another in important
njiittei's, and especially in those pertaining to
law.
1. Literally:
"Rich. Tell nie, how fares our loving mother?
S'<i,n. I, by (ittomeii, bless thee from thy mother,
■\Vliu prajs continuiilly for Kichmond's good."
Shakesp. : Itichnrd HI., v, 3.
" I am a subject.
And I ch.illenge law : attornn:s are denied nie ;.
And therefiiri' peiuonally I lay my claim
To my iuhentance of free descent."
Shukesp. : Ridcard IF.,, ii, 3.
2. Figuratively:
" But when the heart's attorney once is mute,
The client breaks, as desperate in his suit."
Shakesp. : Vviiii.8 anul Adonis.
II. Note. Spec. : (In the same sense as B.)
"He frequently poured forth ou plauitiffw and de-
fendants, barristers and attorneys, witne.sses and juiy-
men, torrents of frantic abuse, intermixed with oatlis-
and cHises."—.ffacaiday : Hist. Eng.., ch, tv.
^ B, Law : One who managed any legal
matters for another in a common hiw court i
in this differing from a solicitor whO' practised;
in a court of equity. He corresponded to tlie
procurator or proctor of the ci-\'ilians antL
canonists. The attorneys were formed into a
regular body, to which no new members were
admitted, except those who had conformed
to the regulations laid down in the Act G and
7 A'ict., c. 73. By the Judicature Act of 1873.
§ 87, what were previously callcil ollorneys
are now denominated solicitors of the Siij)renii.'
Coiu't. The proctors of certain ermrts trans-
formed by the same Act are also ]iow termed
solicitors.
1[ In Scotland the tenn attorney is ^\"i
used. Sometimes all lawyers are called advo-
cates ; but more generally a division is made
into Writers to the Signet, who prepare cas^■.•^
for the courts, and solicitors, who, being
instructed by the writers, then undertake
what public jileadings are necessai-y.
Letter or Fcnocr of Attorney : A legal docu-
ment by which a person appoints anotlier to
act for him in some particular matter, as to
claim or receive a debt due to him. One who
nets in consequence of being named in such a
document is called a prrivate attorney, and need
not be a lawyer at all.
bSil, l)6y; pout, j6wl; cat, 56!!, chorus, 9hin, Tien^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^st. -ing.
-cian = &h9.n. -cion, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zbun, -tiouB, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, del.
352
attorney— attr actor
attorney-general, ^.
* 1. Gen.: A lawyer permanently I'etained
"by a general commission.
" If you do wrongfully seize Hereford's rights,
Call in the letters patent that lie hath
By his attornei/s-geticraJ to sue
His livery, ^lud deny his offer 'd homage."
SliahcKp : Richard II . iL 1.
2. .SjJfic. ; The highest legal functinnary per-
manently retained, on a salary, to take the
part of the Crown iji any suits affecting tlie
royal (by which is really meant the public)
interest. In precedence, he ranks above the
Solicitor-General. Wlicii he files an informa-
tion in the appropriate courts regarding damage
to the '' king's" lands, great political or other
crimes, &c., it is sure to meet with immediate
attention. He is not a member of the Cabinet,
but he goes out with the Ministry froni which
he received his appointment.
" Somers, now Attomay-G-everal, strongly recom-
mended delay."— J/ncauta.!/ .- Hint. Er>g., ch. xix.
Attorney-Generalship, s. The office
ordignity of the Attorney-General. {Mon. Rev.)
+ at-tor'-ney (pa. par. at-tdr -neyed, at-
tor'-nied)» v.t. [Atto'rnev, p.]
1, To employ as one's dei)uty or proxy.
"As I was thfiu
Advertising and holy to your business,
Not changing heart with habit, I am still
Attomied to your service."
Shnkei^p : Measure for j\ri?as)ire, v. 1.
2. To perform an act by attorney, deputy,
or proxy.
'■. . , their encountei-s, though not personal, have
l)een royally attomei/ed with interchange of gifts,
letters, loving embassies."— SAnA-es;j. ; W-tnter's Tale,
at-tor'-ney-ship, s. [Eng. attorney, and
suff, -ship.} The office of an attorney, in its
first and more general sense ; or, in the modern
and specific one. of an attorney-at-law acting
for one in a legal matter. [Attorney.]
" Marrjage is a matter of more worth
Than tio be dealt in by attorneyship."
"" -'- - r 1 Ilenr)! Tf., v. 5
at-torn'-ing, p7\ j>c'i: [Attorn.]
at-torn'-ment^ 5. [0. FT.attornement ; ivom
Low Lat. attornamentmn,] [Attorn.]
Old Feudal Law: Consent given by tenants
or vassals to a lord's alienating his estate. By
the old feudal arrangements, both lords and
tenants were supposed to have mutual obliga-
tidu.s, so that the former could not sell his
estate without the attornraetit or permission
of the tenant, or the tenant transfer his land
to another tenant without the lord's permis-
sion. But the lords vt-ry speedily managed to
wriggle out of their part of the obligation,
though for some time afterwards they suc-
ceeded in liolding the tenants to their's.
{Blacksto)ie : Comment., bk. ii., chaps. 5, 19.)
at-to'urp * at-to'ure, ^ at-tou're, " a-
to'ur, * a-tou're, "^ at-tu're (Old Eng. £
Scotch), prep. & o'h\ [Fr. niitonr ^rownd
about ; or Eng. ont, larr (pronounced rapidly
and indistinctly).]
A. As preposition: Over, across, beyond,
above, fui-ther fuiward than, exceeding in
number, jiast. {Scotch.)
" Na, na, lad ! Od '. she is, raiiybe, four or five ye.wi
J'ounger than the like o' nie. liy .iinl rt(toi(j-her ijeiitle
lavings." — Scott: I!:'<(gainitle'. Letter xii.
B, As adverh : ]Moruu\-er.
1" Attour alquhare : Anywhere, anywhither.
(Scotch. ) (Jartiieso n. )
' ' A ttour, the king shall remain in thy gover jiment
and keeping, till he come to perfect Rge."—Pitscottie,
p. Vi. (Jamieson.)
■[ To go attour: To remove to some distance.
(JaMieson.)
To stand attour: To keep off. (Ja.inieson.)
By and atour: Besides all that, moreover,
over and above.
" li}/ and auto>^.r, the same few farm duty allanerly."
— A Charter on SHI. Topog., vol, v (Zetland), p. 71.
at-tr^Ct', V.t. [Low Lat. attracto ; from at-
' Vractum, sup. of attraho^to draw t^ or to-
wards; ad=-io, and tralw^^ to draw. In
Mod. Fr. attirer ; O. Fr. ('(traictor ; Sp. atraer ;
Port, attrahir ; Ital. attrarre.]
I. Lit. : To draw any material suhstanee to
or towards another one, or exert an influence
whi(;h. but for counteracting causes, would so
attract it. [Attraction.]
"The single atoms each to other tend,
Attract, attracted t'>, the ntixf in jiJace
Furm'd and iinpclled :ts neiglibour to embra.i;i- '
■"The law of gravitation enunciated by No^tun is,
t!iiit evfry particle of matter in thi.- universe attracts
every other particle with a force which diminishes as
the square of the distance increases." — Tyndall : Frag
of Hcienve, yrd ed , i. C.
IL Figuratively:
1. To draw hearts by influences tittnd to
operate upon them ; to allure.
'■ Adornd
She w.is indeed, ami lovely, to attrucr
Thy love, not thy subjection."
Mdton : P L . bL. .v
"This stuiend, coupled with the hope of a pension,
does not attract the Eiighsh youth lu suflicieut
numbers." — Macaalay : Hist. Enq., ch, iii.
2. To arrest, to fix (applied to the mind or
attention), to draw the notice of.
"The former Is the error of minds prone to rever-
ence whatever is old ; the latter of minds readily at-
trac'cil by whatever is new." — Macaulay : Mist. Eng.,
ch. vii,
". . . to attract a large share of the public atten-
tion,"— Idid., ch. ii.
■^at-tract', s. [0. Fr. aitraict.] Attraction,
gen. in pi. = charms, attractions.
" Feel dai-ts and chamis, attracts .ind flames.
And woo and contract m their names."
Iludibras.
at-tract-a-bil'-i-ty, t at-tract-i-bil'-i-
ty, $, [Eng. attract ; ability.] Capability'' of
being attracted.
" There is a strong propensity, which dances through
every atom, and attracts the minutest particle to
some peculiar object ; . , . thou wilt not find a
corpuscle destitute of that natural attr act ibilitn." —
Sir W.Jones-' Tr. of Shirm and Ferhad. [As:iat lies.,
iv. 178.)
at-tract'-a-ble, t at-tract'-i-ble, a. [Eng.
attract; -able.] That maybe attracted. (Kerr,
Lavoisier.)
at-tract'-ed, jja. par, &a. [ATTRArr, v.]
t at-tract'-er, ;.. [Attr actor.]
^at-tract'-ic, * at-tract'-ic-al, a. [Eng.
attract; -ic, -ical.] Possessing the power of
drawing to or towards.
" Some stones are endued with an electrical or
attractical virtue," — Ray on the Creation.
at-tracf-ile, a. [Eng. attract ; -ik.] Having
the power to atti-act anything. (More com-
monly written Attractive.) [Attractive.]
at-tract'-ing, pr. jtur. & a. [Attract, v.]
"... especially if that thing upon which they look
has an attracting virtue upon the foolish eye." —
Bunyan P. P., pt. ii,
at-tract'-ing-ly, o.dr [Eng. attracting ; -ly.]
t^n as tu exert attraction. (Todd.)
at-trac'~tion, s. [In Ger. ^attraction, \at-
troldi.on; Fr, attraction; Sj). atraccion ; Vort.
aiiracgao ; Ital. attrazione. All from Lat.
attractio, from attraho = to draw together ; ad
= to, and traho = to draw ]
A. Ordinary} Langudfir :
I. The act or power of attracting.
1. Lit. : The act of one material body in
drawino- another to or towards itself; also
the power of doing so. [B.]
"... in so f.ar as their orbits can remain unaltered
by the attractions of the planets." — Nerschel ■ Astron
{libS). §564.
2. Fig.; The act or power of drawing a
person by moral means to one's self ; the
l)OW(*r of alluring.
"... in his eye
There is a fastening att7\iction which
Fixes my fluttering eyes on his : my heart
Beats quick; he awes me. and yet draws me near.
Nearer, and nearer." Byron: Cain, i. 1.
IL Tlie state of being attracted, either m
a literal or in a figurative sense.
"Since Kewton's time the attraction of matter by
matter was experimentally established by Cavendish "
—AtkinsoJi : Hanoi's Physics, §58.
III. That which attracts, either in a literal
or in a figurative sense ; attractive qualities.
"... to female attractions . . ."—Macaulau : Sist.
Eng., en. xxiii. *
B. Tcc/i nically :
I. Nat. Phil., or Universal Attraction: A
force in virtue of which the material par-
ti cles of all bodies tend necessarily to approach
each other. It operates at whatever distances
tiie bodies may be from each other, whether
the space between them be filled with other
massfs of matter or is vacant, and whether
the bodies themselves are at rest or are in
motion. When they are not closely in con-
tact, the attraction between them is called
that of gravitation or of gravity.
It is uf various kinds :—
(1) Th- Attraction of G^-avitation or of
ih-avity is the operation of the above-men-
tioned attraction when the bodies acting and
acted upon are not closely in. contact. It is
often Q-A\\Q(\.t\\^ Law of Gravity, ot Grarit"tion,
but the term Lavj in this case means dimply
geiieralisation. It states the universality of a
fact, but does not renlly account for it. By
this law or generalisatum, the atti'action be-
tAM-'-'H !!ny two m.Ttenal pai'ticles is direetly
lu-oportional to the product of their masses,
and inversely proportional to the square of
their distance asunder. [Gravity.]
"Thus the attraction of gravity at the earth's
smface is expressed by the number 32, because, when
acting freely on a body for a second of time, it im-
parts to the body a velocity of thirty-two feet a
second "—Ti/ndall : Frag of Science (3rd ed.), i. 10.
(2) Miih'f-idrir attraction differs from the
former in acting only at infinitely small dis-
taiiCL'.s. It ceases to be ai>preciabie when the
distances between the molecules become
ajipreciably large. It is divided into t\'HE-
aiON, Affinity, and Adhesiox (q.^■.).
"And for the attraction of gravity substitute that
of chemical affinity, which is the name given to the
7iioteciilar attraction." —Tyndall : Era'j. of Science
(Srded.), i. m.
Capillary Attraction (from Lat. capillvs = a
hair), meaning the attraction excited by a
hair-like tube on a liquid within it, is, jiro-
perly speaking, a variety of adhesion. [Adhe-
sion, Capillary.]
II, Chemistry. ChcmirnI Attraction: The
same as Chemical Affinity. [Affinity.] [«ee
also I., 2,]
III. Magnetism. Magnetic Attraction : The
power excited by a magnet or loadstone of
drawing and attacliing iron to itself.
rV. Electricity. ElectHcal Attrcwtion : The
power possessed by an electrified body of
drawing certain other bodies to itself. The re-
pulsions or attractions between two electrified
bodies are in the inverse ratio of the squares
of their distance. The distance remaining
the same, the force of attraction or repulsion
between two electrified bodies is direetly as
tlie product of the quantities of electricity
with which they are charged. (AtJdnso)i :
Gcmot's Physics.)
at-tract'-ive, a.&s. [Eng. attract; -ive. In
Fr. utfractif; Sp. atractlvo ; Port, attract ivo ;
Ital. attrattivo.]
A. As adjective;
1. Lit. : Drawing, or having the power to
draw to or towards. (Applied to the action
of gravity, cohesion, &c,, on material bodies.)
[Attract (q.v.).J
"... other stars.
By his attractive virtue and their own
Incited, dance about him various rounds ?
Their wandering course now high, now low, thenhid,
Progressive, retrograde, or standing still."
Milton : P. L.. bk. viii.
"The reason of this stability is that two forces, the
one attractive and the other repulsive, are in o|ier;i-
tion between every two &toiiis..''—Tyndall : Era'} -f
Science (IJrd ed.), x., 251.
2. Fig. : Drawing the mind or heart ; al-
lurement.
(a) Chiefly by physical beauty. Hence an
" attractive " female as a rule means a beauti-
ful one. The term may be applied, in an
analogous sense, to the inferior animals.
"... successive in.iles display their gorgeous
plumage and perform strange antics before the females
which, standing by as spectators, at last choose the
most attractive partner."— Darmn : Orinin of Sueciex
(ed. 1859), ch. iv., p. 89.
(b) Chiefly by mental or moral graci-s, or
by both combined.
■'. . . and with a'Jj-ac^ice graces won
The most averse, thee chiefly . . ."
Milton : P. L.. bk. li
B. As substantive : Tliat which draw., ; aiL
attraction, an allui'emcnt.
"The condition of a servant staves him off t'l a dis-
tance ; hut the gospel .speaks nothing but attract>,ve.>
and invitation. —South.
at-tract'-ive-ly» adv. [Eng. attractive; -ly.]
In an attractive manner. (Johnson.)
at-tractj-ive-ness, s. [Eng. attractive:
-ness.] The quality of being attractive.
Wfcs,\*cll'v^.':Sen"r''"'"'''' '"^ ^-^'^^^^■'■-^oath:
at-tract'-or, at-tract'-er. s. [Eng. attrac t ;
and suffixes -or, -er.] One who or that which
attracts,
"■ . . Mid most prevalent airj-ac^er, the earth "
Derham: Physico-Theol., bk. l. ch. r,.
" If the straws be in oil, amber draweth them not -
oil ni^es the straws to adhere so that they cMinot
nse unto the attractor.'-Browne : Vu.lgar Errour^
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go p6t
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub, ciire, vnlte. cur. rule, full; try, Syrian. », oe = e. ey^a, qu-kw '
attrahent— atwo
353
at'-tra-hent, a. & s. [In Fr. attrayant, attir-
ant; Poii;. attrahente; all from Lat. attrdhens,
pr. par. of attraho = to draw to or towards :
ad = to, and tralio = to draw.]
A, As adjective : Drawing to or towards.
B. As substantive :
1. Gen. : That which draws to or towards.
" Our eyes will mfonu us of the motion of the steel
to its attrahent." — Glanville : ScepsU.
* 2. Specially. Old Med. : An external appli-
cation, which was formerly supposed to draw
tlie humours to the part of the body on which
it was put. It is now known that the action,
easily excited, is that of the part itself.
Sinapisms, rubefacientSj &c., fall under the
category.
* at-trap' (1), v.t [From Lat. ad, and Eng.
trap{q.y.). In Sw. drapera; Fr. (draper = to
line with cloth, especially with black cloth ;
to drape ; drap = woollen cloth, stuff, sheets ;
Sp. and Port, trapo = a rag, tatter, clout,
cloth ; a suit of sails ; ragged people ; Low
Lat. iraxnis = cloth ; trappatura — trappings.]
[Drape, Trap, Trappings.] To clothe, to
dress.
(a) In ornate style.
" Attrapped royally; 'instratus omatu regio,' " —
Baret: Alvearie.
(b) In plebeian fashion.
" . , . all his Rteed
With oakeii leaves attrapt, yet seemed fit
For salvage wight . . ."
Spenser: F. Q., IV. iv. 39.
* at-trap' (2), v.t. [From Fr. attraper= to
catch, to seize, to deceive, to triclc] To en-
trap.
" . . .he was not attrapped eyther with net or
snare." — Qrafton: Jienry YIJ!., an. 17. (Richardson.)
* at-trS.p'ped (1), * at-trapt', pa. par. [At-
trap (1).]
* at-tr^p'ped (2), pa. par. [Attrap (2).]
&t-trec-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. attrectatio, from
attrecto = to touch, to handle : ad = to, and
tracto = to drag about ; freq. from iralio = to
draw.] The act of handling frequently : the
state of being frequently handled. (Johnson.)
*fi,t'-tri, ^ at'-trse-a, t[. [Attry.]
at-tril>'-u-ta-ble, r(. [Eng. attrihut(e), -able;
Fr. attribnahle.] That may be attributed, as-
cribed, or imputed to.
"The errors which were almost entirely attributabji:
to carelessnesB iiithe adjustments." — Hooker: Ilimii'
layan Jourmtls, vol, ii.. Appendix 1.
at-trib'-ute, * S.t'-tri-bute» v.t. [in Fr.
' attribuer'; Sy>. atribvir ; Fovt.attribuir ; Ital.
attribnire ; Lat. attribuo : ad=to, and (ri&no
= to distribute, grant ; tribus = the third part
of the Roman people, hence a tribe. ]
1. Of persons : To ascribe to, to impute ; to
consider as having been done by one.
(«) That whieli is ascribed to one being
.good or indifferent.
" Little as cither the iiitellectuni or the moral cha-
racter of Bloimt may seem to deserve resjiect, it ia in
a great measure to him that we must attribute thu
eniaucinatiou of the English prehs." — Macaalay : Hist.
Eng., oh. xix.
(6) That which is ascribed being bad.
"... the treason of God(']i>hin is to he attr-ibuted
altogi.'ther to timidity . . ."—ilacaulay: Hist. Eng.,
cli. XV ii.
2. Of things: To ascribe to, as when a cer-
tain effect is ascribed to a jjarticular cause,
"T now lulmit . . . that in the earlier editions of
my 'Origin of Species' I i>rohablya/(W6u«ed too much
to the action of natural selection, or the survival of
the ftttest."— Z)(irM>in ; Descent of Man, pt. i., ch. iv.
Tt In one place, as Nares remarks, S]ienser
accents the verb attribute on the first syllable,
like the substantive.
" Right true : hut faulty men use oftentimes
To Attribute their folly u)itu fate."
Spenser: F. Q,., Y. iv. 28,
In another, however, he does so on the second,
as is now universally done.
" Ye may attribute to yom-selves as kings."
ibid., 1, Canl. on Mutab., st. 49.
S,t'-tri~bute, s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., & Fr.
attribnt ; S]). atrilmtn ; Port. & Ital. attributo ;
from Lat. attributns, pa, par. of attribuo.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Tliat which is attributed, ascribed, or
imputed to any person or thing, as an essen-
tial characteristic of hjni or it. A charac-
teristic quality of any person or thing.
" Reflect his attributes, who placed them there "
Coipper: Tiroirimum.
2. That which is symbolic of one's office or
character, or of anything. [B., 2.]
"A crown, lui attribute of sovereign power."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. v.
3. Honour, reputation.
" The pith and marrow of our attribute."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i 4.
B. Technically :
1. Logic: That which is predicated of any
subject ; that which may be affinned or denied
of anything. Sir "William Hamilton divides
attributes into Primary, Secundo-primary, and
Secondary. Herbert Spencer, objecting that
these words have direct reference to the Kan-
tian doctrine of Space and Time, from which
he dissents, and that they ai'e in another
respect inaccurate, divides attriMites into
Dynamical, Statico-dynamical, and Statical
(q.v.). (Herbert Spencer: Psychol, 2nd ed.,
vol. li., p. 136, § 317.)
2. Painting and Sculpture: That which is
represented with one as being symbolical of
one's office or character. Thus the trident
is the attribute of Neptune. [A., 2.]
at-trib'-u-ted, >ia. par. [Attribute, v.]
at-trib'-u-ting, ^w. 2^o.r. [Attribute, v.]
at-tri-bu'-tion, s. [In Fr. attribution ; Port.
attribuigao ; Ital. attribuzione ; Lat. attributia
= (1) the assignment of a debt ; (2) an attri-
bute. ]
1. The act of attributing or ascribing any-
thing ; the state of being ascribed.
"... in the attribniion and distrlhution of which
honours, we see, antiquity made this difference," —
Bacon: Adv. of Learn., bk. i.
2. That which is ascribed. Spec, commen-
dation, honour.
" Hot. Well said, my noble Scot : if speaking truth,
In this fine age, were not thought ffattery.
Such attribution should the Douglas have."
Shakesp. : 1 Henry J V., iv. 1.
at-trib'-U-tive» rt. &s. [Eng. attribute; -ive.
In Fr. attribtitif ; Port, attributivo.]
A. As adjective : Attributing.
" And the will dotes that is attrUiutivc."
Shakesp. : Troilus and Cressida, ii. 2.
B. As mbstantive (Gram.): A term intro-
duced by Harris to designate words which arc
significative of attributes. He classifies them
as Attributives of the first order, or those
which are attributes of substances, Jiamely,
Atljectives, Verbs, andPaiticles ; and Attribu-
tives of the second order, or those wliich
denote the attributes only of attributes—
namely. Adverbs.
"Proper BuhjectH of the attributives good and bad."
— Bowrxng : Bentham's Works, vol. i., p. 21G,
at-trist', v.t. [Fr. atirister.] To sadden.
■ (Walpole : Letters, iii. 382.)
at-tri'te, a. [Lat, attntus, pa. par. of attero
' =■ to rub at, towards, or against : ad — tu,
and tero = to rub.]
I. Ordinary Language : Rubbed ; subjected to
the action of friction. (Milton : P. L., x. 1,073.)
II. Roman Catholic Theology : Sorry for hav-
ing committed sin, but solely on account of
the punishment associated with it.
at-tri'te-ness, s. [Eng. attrite; -ness.] The
quality of being rubbed away or worn down by
friction. (Dyche.)
at-tri'-tion, * at-try9'-^-6ii, s. [In Fr.
attrition; Ital. attrizioue; Lat. attritio.]
1. Ord. Lang. & Nat. Science: The act or
process of rubbing down or away ; abrasion ;
the state of being rubbed away, (Used of
rocks, teeth, &c.)
" If this great bed of pebbles, without including
the mud necessarily derived from their attrition, wjw
piled into a mound, it would form a gi'eat mountiun
chain." — Darwin: Voyage round the )yorld, ch, viii.
"... the posterior concavity having been siiioothlv
deepened by attrition, . . .' — Owen: British Fossil
Mammals and Birds, p. 6.
2. lioman Catholic Theology : Sorrow for
having committed sin, not, however, through
hatred of the sin itself, but merely on account
of the ]mnishment brought in its train. It is
considered the lowest degree of repentance.
"He the whyche hath not playne contrycyon, but
all onely attrycyon, the whyche is a nianer of contrv-
cyou uiiparfyte and imsuffycyent for to have the grace
of Gotl." — Institution of a Christian Man, p. 162,
*at'-try, *at'-ter-y, a. [A.S. attor, alter,
ator, ater = poison, venom.] Venomous.
"That the attri heorte sent up to the tunge."— MS.
Cott., Jfero, A. xiv., f. 21. (S. in Boucher.)
* at-tryc'-jr-on, a. [Attrition.]
at-tu'ne, v.t. [Lat. ad, and Eng. tune.]
L Literally:
1. To tune to ; to render one musical instru-
ment or one sound accordant with another
one.
2. To render musical.
II. Fig. : To render accordant. (Applied to
human hearts, the passions, &c.)
" Social fi-iends,
Attun'd to happy unison of soul."
Thomson : The Seasons ; Summer
". . . but hai'mony itself,
Attuning all their passions into love."
Ibid., Spring.
at-tu'ned, ^n. par. & a. [Attune.]
at-tu'n-ing, pr. par. [Attune. ]
^ at'-tWO (two as tu), adv. [Eng. a; two.]
[Atwo, ]
a-tun\ s. A fisli, the Thyrsites atun, belong-
* ing to tlie family of TrichiuridiK, or Hair-tailed
fishes. It feeds voraciously on the calaniary,
is found in the ocean near Southern Africa
and Australia, and is inized for the delicacy
of its flesh.
* a-tii'o, (cdv. [Atwo.]
a,-twa'in, * a-twalne, * a-twm'ne,
* a-twj^n'ne, * o-tuyn'ne (uy as wi),
cuiv. [Eng. a; twain (q.v.).] In twain, in
two ; aiiunder, apart, (Lit. &jig.)
" He eondred the Sarazins otiiynne, jiud fought as a
dragon."— Ti. Brunne, p. 183, (Richardson.)
" I wil not that this cumpaiguye parten a-twynne."
Chaucer: C. T., U13.
" F]e.9cb and veines nou fleo a-tminne,
"Wherfore I rede of louthe."
Mary and the Cross (ed. Morris), 16, 17.
" Tearing of papers, breaking rings a-twain."
Shakesp. : A Loner's Complaint.
" Edged with fiharp laughter, cuts atwain
The knots that tangle human creeds."
Tennyson : To .
a-twe 'el, «cZy, [Eng. a( = wot; weei = well,
or it may pussibly be a corruption of aweel]
I wot well. (Scotch.) (Scott: Old Mortality,
ch, xxxviii.)
a-twe'en, * a-twe'ene, * a-twe'ne, adv.
&L prep. [Eng. a; twain.] [Atwain, Twain.
Cf. also Between.] Between.
^ The form Atweene is now obsolete.
" Fi-oiu her faire eyes wiping the deawy wet
Which softly stild, and kissing them atweene."
Sijenser; F. Q., IV. vii 8B.
% In English the form atwccn is obsolete in
prose, but is emiiloyed in poetry. In Scotch
it is still used colloquially.
" It was, I ween, a lovely spot of ground ;
And there a hea.sun u'ween June and Mivj/."
Thomson. Castle of Indolence, i. 2.
" Low-tinkled with a bi-U-like flow
Atwean the lilo.ssonia." Tennyson : Song.
"... we'll guide him atweenuB, . . ." — Scott: Anti-
guary, ch. xv.
a-twe'esh., 2'^<^P- [Atwixt.] (Scotch.)
'^atwend, v.t. [A.S. at, denoting opposition;
ivendan = to go.] [Wend.] To turn away.
" Heo mai hire gult atwende."
llule and Nightingale, 1,-115,
^atwindan, ^atwinde, v.i. & t. [A.S. cet-
windan.)
A. Intrans.: To depart, to go away, to
cease.
B. Trans. .* To escape from (with dative).
*a-twin'ne, adv. [Atwain,]
ta-twist' (0. Eng.), a-twe'esh (Scotch), a.
[Eng. a; tivist (q.v.).] Twisted. {Seager,
Held, & Worcester.)
^ a-twi'te, * a-twi'-ten, v.t. [A.S. dtwitan.]
To twit, to i-eproach, to blame for, to upbraid.
"Thing most slanderous their nobles to atwite."
Chaucer: Certain Ballades, 1,066. (Boucher.)
' a-twixt', * a-twyx', * a-twyx'~yn (0.
'Eag.), a-twee'sh (0. Scotch), prep. [Old
furm of Eng. betivixt. From A.S, a ; and tweah
= two.] [Two, Betwixt.] Betwixt.
" With that an hideous storm of wind arose,
"With dreadful thunderand lightning atwixt."
Speiuer: F. q.. III. xii. 2.
"Atweesh themselves they best can ease their pain,"
Shirrcf: Poe7ns, p. 33. (Ja7nieson.)
* a-two', * at-two', * a-tu'o (two and tuo
as tu, or as tWO, see the first examyile), * a-
twae', adv. [Eng. a = in, two.) Into two,
in two ; asunder, in twain.
b5il, bo^; poiit, j^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, ben^li; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e:Hdst. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§tion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shiis. -ble, -die, kc. = b^l, del.
23
354
atwond— audaciousness
"Eight as a Hwerd for-kuttetli aucl foi-kerveth
Au arm atuo, my dear Boue, right so
A touQe cutteth frendacbip nl atuo."
Chaiuxr: C.T.. 17/273-4.
* atwond', wd. of v. [Atwikdan.]
At'-wood's ma-chine', s. [See def.]
Physics: Au apparatus invented by Mr.
George Atwood (1745-1S07) to illustrate the
theory of accelerated motion. It consists (tf
a wooden column about ten feet high, resting
on a base and supporting a series of anti-
frictlou wheels, which support a large central
roller, over which passes a cord having equal
weights at each end, so as to be in eqidlibrio.
By means of a graduated staff at one side the
rise of one weight and fall of the othtr are
indicated in feet and inches. A small addi-
tional weight, being added tu one of the large
weights, causes it to descend with a velocity
due to its excess of gravity over the other.
The constant acceleration of speed in a falling
body can also be shown and measured.
*a-tw6t', pret. of V. (as if from *a-twi'te =
to go away). [A.S. Kt = at, and" witan — tc
depart.]
*a-twyn'ne, adv. [Atvvain.]
a-ty'-a, s. [Prom Atys; Gr. *Atv5 {Ahis)-
the liame of several persons mentioned in
classic history or mythology. The most
notable was an effeminate and foppish youth,
killed by Tydeus in the Theban war.] The
name given by Leach to a genus of decapod
long-tailed crustaceans.
a-typ'-ic, a-typ'-ic-al, a. [Gr. i (o), priv.,
and TUTTos (iwpos) — a riiodel, type.]
1. Possessing no distinct typical characters.
2. Producing loss of typical characters.
a-typ'-ic-al-lj^, adv. [Eng. atypical; -ly.]
' In an atyp'ic manner.
at'-y-pus, s. [Gr. a, priv. , and tutto? {tupos) =
. . . a type. Not typical.] A genus of spiders
belonging to the family Mygalidse. The A.
sulzeri excavates in the ground, to the depth
of seven or eight inches, a cylindrical tube,
whicli it lines with silk.
* a-ty'-zar, a. [Corrupted Arabic]
Astral: Inflamed; angry (?). A technical
word of old applied to the planet Mars. (R.
Bell, in the Glossary to his edition of Chancer.)
Au. [The first two letters of Lat. auriim =
gold.]
Cliemistry : The symbol for aurum — gold.
[AuEUM, Gold.]
S^U, 6, 6u, inter], [Dan. au = oh, expressive
of pain.]
A. Of the form au : An exclamation expres-
sive of surjjrise.
B. Of the forms au in Aberdeenshire, and o
or ou in the soitthern counties of Scotland : An
exclamation expressive of surprise.
auale, I'.l [Availl.] To descend. (Donglas:
Virgil, 150, 41.)
*^aualk, V. [A.S. awceccan = to awake (?).J
To watch. (0. Scotch.)
* au-ant, s. [Avaunt.] (0. Scotch.)
^n-ba'de, s. [Fr.] Open-air music performed
at daybreak before the door or window of
the person whom it is intended to honour.
au'-baine, s. [Fr. auhaine = a.n escheat tn
the ci'own ; from anbain = a stranger not
naturalised. From Lat. alibi = elsewhere,
and suff. -amis. Comp. also allenus = au
alien.]
Droit d'auhane, or Jns albinatv s : A so-called
right which the King of Fiance formerly pos-
sessed to seize the goods of any alien dying
within his dominions, unless the person de-
ceased had in his lifetime been formally pro-
mised an exemption from the operation of the
law. {Jilackstone: Comment, bk. i., ch. 10.)
^ The natural effect of this unjust and
absurd law was to prevent foreigners froni
settling in Prance, and thus to deprive the king
and the country of all assistance from intellect
not of native growth. It was repealed in 181!).
4ube, s. [Alb.]
au'-berge, s. [Fr.] An inn ; a place of enter-
tainment for travellers.
" At the auber/je rear the foot of the Rhone glacier,
. . ."—Tyndall: Fraff. of Science, 8rd ed., ii. 32.
au'-toer-gine, s. [Fr.] A name for the fruit
of a species of Solanum.
"That of Solanum lycopersicum and melongenais
served at table in various forma, under the name of
Tomatoes and Aubergines."— London: Encyclop. of
Plants [in^). p. 1,078.
au'-bin, s. [Fr., from 0. Fr. hobin, cog. with
Eng. ?io6&i/Cq.v.).]
Horsemanship: A gait or movement of a
horse intermediate between a gallop and a
trot or amble; what Is generally called a
" Canterbury gallop."
au'-burn, ^ a'-bum, * a'-burne, '' au'-
bome, " a'-bron, * al'-burn, a. [Webster
and Richardson connect this with A.S. bcernan,
bernan = ... to burn ; bryne = a burning ;
Ger. brennen = to burn, with which the form
ahron seems akin. On this hypothesis auburn
hair would be of a colour like that produced
by burning, viz., brown. (Brown.) But the
form albxirn, which occurs in Skinner's and
Johnson's Dictionaries, points to the Ital.
albitrno = a white hazel-tree ; Lat. alburniis
= a white fish, the Bleak or Blay; albm =
dead white, not dazzling white (ALBaRNUM) ; in
which case, auburn hair must originally have
signified white instead of brown hair. Mahu
and Wedgwood adhere to this latter etymo-
logy. According to the Proni;ptoriinn, awburne
colour = citrinus — i.e., a pale yellow colour.]
A term used chiefly of hair.
* 1. Originally : White (?). (See etym.)
2. Noiv: Brown, with a tinge of red or
russet. (Byron: Corsair, ii. 2.)
A.U-C. A contraction for Anno urbis conditm
= in the year of the city fnimded, i.e., from
the foundation of the city of Rome.
au'-chan, a'-chan, s. [Deriv. uncertain.
Probably from some obscure place.] A kind
of pear. (Scotch.)
au-che'-ni-a, s [Gr. avxny (aiichen) = the
neck.] A genua of IVIammalia of the order
Ruminantia and the family Camelidee. It
includes the Llamas, which are the American
representatives of the Camels so well known
in the Eastern world. They have no dorsal
humps, and their toes are completely divided.
There are about four species of Auchenia : the
A. guanaco, or Guanaco [Guanaco] ; the A.
gla7)ui, or Llama [Llama] ; the A. paco, the
Paco or Alpaca [Alpaca] ; and the A. vicuni-a,
or Vicugna [Vicugna].
* aucht, v.t. [Ought.]
* aucbt, i>. [Ought.]
* aucht, c(. [AuHT, Eight.] (Scotch.)
aucht, aught, awcht (ch & gh guttural),
2)ret. of verb. [In Scotch aw = to possess, to
owe; from A.S. aht, ahte, (ehte, pret. of agan
= to own.] [Agh.]
1. Possessed ; owned. (Scotch.) [Aught.]
" Of kyngis. that aucJtt that reawte.
And mast had rycht thare kyng to be."
Wy^Uoun, viii., 2, 9. (Jamieson.)
2. Owed ; was indebted ; ought.
" For lawe or than for threte
Of fors, he suld pay as he nncht."
Wyntoicn, v., 3, 89. (Jamieson.)
au cou'-rant (ant as ang), a. or adv. [Fr.
au = to the, in the, with the ; courant = cur-
rent, running stream, course, way, custom,
progress.] " In the current" of progress with
regard to anything ; well informed with re-
spect to everything which is being said or
done in connection with it.
* auc'-ta-ry, s. [From Lat, anctorium = an
addition, an overweight; anctum, supine of
angeo = to increase.] Increase, augmentation.
(0. Scotch.)
"An lai^e aitctari/ to the library."
Crawford: Univ. Edin., p. 137.
' auc'-ten-ty, a. [Authentic] (0. Scotch.)
'" auc'-ter, s. [Altar.] Altar.
" He made an awter on Godes name."
Story of Oen. it Exod. (ed. llorris), 625.
auc'-tion, s. [In Sw. & Ger. \ avktion ; Dan.
auction ■=■ an auction ; from Lat. a-uctio =
(1) an increasing, (2) an auction ; augeo — to
cause to increase.]
1. The public disposal of goods to the highest
bidder. None but those who have taken out
an auction licence are at present allow^ed to
conduct such sales. To ascertain who the
highest bidder is, two leading processes niay
be adopted. The goods may be put up at a
low figure, and then competitors for them,
bidding against each other, will raise this to
a higher price. This is what is generally done
in this country. In what is called a ' ' Dutch
auction," however, the process is reversed.
The goods are put up at a price much above
their value, and gradually lowered till a bid
is given for them, and they are then foi-thwith
knocked down to him from whom it proceeded.
"Then followed an auction, the strangest that
history has recorded."— J/tic«M?a(/.' Jfist. Eng., ch, vii,
2. The goods sold by auction.
" Ask you why Phrlne the whole auction buys?
Phriue foresees a general excise." — Pope.
auction-catalogue, s. The catalogue
of the goods to be disposed of at an auction.
auction-mart, s. A place wliere goods
are sold by public auction.
auction-room, s. A room used tempo-
rarily or permanently for the disposal of goods
by public auction.
tauc'-tion, v. [From the substantive.] To
sell (goods) by auction.
auc'-tion-ar-y, ct. [Eng. auction ; -ary.) Per-
taining to an auction.
" And much more honest, to be hir'd, and stand
With auctionary hammer in thy hand ;
Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice
For the old household stutl', or picture's price."
Bryden: Juvenal.
auc-tion-e'er, s. [Eng. auction ; -eer.] A
person whose occupation it is to sell goods by
auction.
" Even the auctioneer was always a character iu the
drama."— Be QuiJiec'i/.- (fortfi (ed. 18G3), ii 6.
auc-tion-e'er, v.t. [From the substantive]
To dispose of goods by auction.
" Estates are landscapes, gazed upon awhile,
Then advertised, and auclioneer'd away,"
Cowper : Task, bk, iii.
auc-tion-e'cred, ix'. jxtr. [Auctioneer, v.]
auc-tion-e'er-ing, pr. par. & adj. [Auc-
tioneer, v.]
t auc'-tive, a. [From Lat. auctus, pa. par. of
augeo.] Increasing. (Johnson.)
* auc-tor'-i-te, s. [Fr. a^dorltL] Authority.
"... and certes rightfully may ye take no ven-
geance, aa of youre owne auctonti."— Chaucer : Tale
of Melibeus.
" auc'-tour.
[Author.]
au'-CU-ba, s. [Japanese name.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Cornacefe, or
Cornels. The only known species in A. Ja-
ponica, a well-known evergreen, with leaves
like those of the laurel iu form and mottled
with yellow. It grows in British gardens.
au-CU-pa'-tion, s [Lat. auoipatio ; from
ancvpor = to go a bird-catching ; mn-eps,
contr. for aviceps = a bird-catcher ; avis =
bird, and capio = to take.] Bird-catching;
fowling. (Johnson.)
au-da'-cious (ciOUS as shus), a. [From Fr.
audacieux ; Sp. & Port, audaz ; liial. audace.]
Lat. audax ; froni audco = to dare, to venture.]
Adventiu'ous, bold, daring, spirited.
t 1. ^'L a good or an indifferent sense : Brave ;
valiant.
" A udacious Hector ! if the gods ordain
That great Achillea rise ami ra4;e agpiu,
What toils attend thee, and what woes remain ! "
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. x., 118-120.
2. In a bad sense :
(a) Ofjjersons : Bold, impudent ; with shame-
less effrontery ; with contempt for law, human,
and divine.
"Of the members of the House of Commons who
were animated by these feelings, the fiercest and most
audacious was Kov/e/'—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
(b) Of conduct: Proceeding from and indi-
cating boldness in a bad sense ; the offspring
of shameless effrontiy.
" Such la thy audacious wickedness,
Thy lewd, pestifrous and disseutious pranks."
Shakesp.: iJ/enry VJ., lii. 1.
au-da'-cious-ly (cious as shus). adv.
[Eng. audacious; sufl". -ly.] In au audacious
manner ; boldly, impudently. (Shak2!ip. :
Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2.)
au-da'-cious-ness (cious as shiis), s.
[Eng. audacious; -ness.] The quality of being
audacious ; boldness, impudence, audacity.
(P. Holland : Livy, p. 458.)
fi.te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pet,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; miite. cub. ciire, unite, cur. rule, full: try, Syrian, as, as = e. ey=a. qu= kw.
audacity— auditory
355
au-da^'-i-t^, s. [From Lat. audads, geiiit.
of audax = audacious, bold, and Eng. suff.
-ity.] In Fr. avdace ; Port, TtaL, & Lat,
audacia.] Capacity for doing daring deeds.
1. In a good, or at least in an indifferent
sense : Courage, daring, valour, gallantry.
"Another lawyer of more vigour and audacity."—
Macaulay : Eist. Eng., ch. iv,
2. In a had sense : Hardihood, efli'ontery,
impudence ; capability of boldly doing deeds
involving contemx>t for law, human and di'S'iue.
A _ ^ A x^ A
Au-de'-an-i^m, Au-dse'-an-i^m, Au-
di-an-ism, s. [From Attdceus or Aiidius, a
native of Mesopotamia, who lived in the fourth
century. He became a Syrian bishop ; but
having incurred odium among his brethren for
censuring their avarice and luxury, he was
banished to Seythia.] The followers of the
Audseus or Audius mentioned above, who was
said to have held the anthropomorphic view,
founded on Gen. i. 20, 27, that God had n
body in the image of which that of man was
■ created. [Anthropomorphite.]
au-di-bll -i-ty, s. [From Low Lat. andlhtli-s ;
and Eng. suffix -ty.l Audibleuess ; capability
of being heard. {Journal of Science.)
an'-di-ble, o. & s. [In Ital. audibile; from
Low Lat. audihilis = audible; audio = to
hear. Cognate with Gr. aufidLw (auduo) — to
utter sounds, to speak, and avh-q (aude) = the
hi;man ^'oice ; from the root and or aus, in
Sansc. vcul = to speak ; also with Gr. ofis (pus),
genit. loTo? (ptos) = an ear.] [Eae.]
A. A-f adjective : Which may be heard ; loud
enough to be heard ; actually heard.
" His respiration quick ami audible."
Wordsworth: Excursion, hk. viii.
t B, As substantive : Anything which may
be lieard or which is heard.
"... and of articulate voices, tones, aougs. ami
quavei'iuga, iu audibles." — Bacon.- Nat. Hist., Ceut.
uj., § 258.
au'-di-tole-ness, s. [Eng. avUhJe; -lies]
The quality of being able to be heard; audi-
bility. (Johnson.)
au'-di-bly, ariv. [Eng. aiidiU(e); -hj.] In an'
audible manner. So as to be heard.
" Malu occiui, Itveakiiig rauti^Iy, . . ■"
Wordsworth : View from tJie Top of Black Oomlt.
aa'-di-en9e^ s. [in Sw, avdiens; Ger. cui-
dienz; Dan. & Fr. audience; Sp. & Pdil
audiencia ; 1\^\. audienza, audienzia ; allfrou
Lat. audieutia.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. Tlie art or opportunity of hearing ; hear
ing, listening ; attention.
To give audience is to give ear, tn listen, tn
attend.
"Men of Israel, and ye thatfear God, give aitrfieTice."
—Acts xiii. le.
II. The .state or opportunity of being heard,
listened to, or attended to.
1. In a general sense :
" Unliai>i)ily sarcasm and invective directed against
William were but i»o liku'ly ti> flud favourable a/i-
ditmce.'—Afactiulay: Bitt. Eng., ch xi,
2. Sjiec. : A formal ititerviiw granted to im-
portant personages, iiarticulai-ly to an ambas-
sador presenting his credentials or making a
communication to a sovei-eign ; also a private
interview with a monarch given to a court
favourite.
" Tbis was the state of affaii-s when, on the next day
(the Sud), Lord Augustus Loftus wjis admitted to an
audience, . . ." — Times, Nov. 24, 1876.
" He mis every day summojied froui the gallery into
the closet, and sometimes had long iiiuiience>! while
peers were keiit waiting in the ante-chambers." —
Macaulay : Eist. Eng., ch. iv.
IIL The person or persons hearing, listening,
or attending.
Gen. : An assemblage of liearers ; an auditor}'.
"... still govern thou my song,
TJrauia, and lit audience find, though few."
Milton : P. £., bk. vii.
"The king meanwhile sur\-eyed his audience from
the throne with that bright eagle eye which nothing
escaiJed."— J/ucawZa^: Eist. Eng., cli. xv.
B. Technically :
1. In England: The same as Audience-
court (q. v.).
" None to he cited into the arches r>r audience, but
dwellers within the archbishop'a diocese or peculiars."
— Const. <t' Canons Ecd. iH.
2. In Spain : One of the seven supreme
couii~s.
3. In Spanish America before it became inde-
pendent: The supreme court of justice and its
jurisdiction.
"... as little as the aboriginal population of Darien
regarded the authority of the Spanish Viceroys and
A udiences.''~Macaula!i : Eist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
audience-chamber, s. A chamber iu
which fonual audiences are granted.
" He summoned all the jirincea now resident iu this
court, to appear before liim iu the great audience-
chamber."— Translation of Boccalini (1626), p. 94.
audience-court, s. A court belonging
to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Being ac-
customed formerly to hear causes extra-judi-
cially in his own palace, he usually requested
that difficult points should be discussed by
men learned in the law, called auditors, whence
ultimately sprung up by slow degrees a court
held to have equal authority with that of
Arches, though inferior to it both in dignity
and antiquity. The audience- court is now
merged in the Com-t of Arches, the duties of
its former presiding officer being dischai-ged
by the Dean of the Ai'ches.
^ au'-di-ent, s. [Lat. audiens, pr. par. of
aiidio = to hear.] A hearer.
"The audients of her aa*l story felt great motions
botli of pity and admiration for her misfortune." —
Shelton : Transl. of Bon Quixote, iv. 2.
au-di-om'-et-er, au-dim'-et-er, s. [La*.
audio — to hear, and Gr. /xeVpoi/ (tnetron) =
measure.] An instrument devised by Prof.
Hughes, the inventor of the microphone, and
described by Dr. Richardson at a meeting of
the Royal Society in 1879. Its object is to
measure with precision the sense of hearing.
Among its constituent parts are an induction
coil, a microphone key, and a telephone.
au-di-6m-et'-ric, a. [Eng. audiometer; -ic.]
Pertaining to or connected with audiometry.
au-di-om'-et-ry, s. [Eng. audiometer; -y.]
The act or practice of testing the sense of
hearing, by means of the audiometer (q.v.).
au'-^-phone, s. [Lat. audio =■ to hear, and
Gr. ^01^ (phone) = a sound.]
Acoustics : An instrument which enables
deaf mutes to hear, and by which they can
be taught to speak. A triangular plate of
hardened caoutchouc, very sensitive to sound
vibrations, is its essential part. The patient,
holding the audiphone, places the upper edge
against his upper teeth ; the sounds are gath-
eied and conveyed to the auditory nerve by
the teeth, and not by the tympanum.
au'-dit, s. [Lat. audit-us = a hearing.]
1. The examination of an account by persons
appointed to test its accuracy, by comparing
each item with vouchers, adding up each page,
and at last authoritatively stating the sunt
owing or at credit. (Used literally or figura-
tively.)
" Yet I can make my audit up, that all
From me do back receive the flour of all,
And leave me but the bran."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 1.
" To steal from spiritual leisure a brief siian,
To keep your earthly audit."
Ibid. : King Senry VIII., iii. 2.
2. The account as thus tested and verified.
(Used lit. ox fig.)
" He took my father groBsly, full of bread,
With all his crimes bi-oa<l blown, and flush as May ;
And how his audit stands who knows save heav'n t "
Shakesp. : Eamlet, iii. 3.
audit-house, s. A house appendant to
most cathedrals, and designed for the transac-
tion of business connected with them.
" The church of Canterbury (till within this two
or three years) had the moming-prayera at seven or
eiglit of the. clock in the niominc ; the sermon at ten
in the audit-house : and then the rest of the com-
munion-service, and the communion, in the choir." —
Sir G. WJieler: Ace. of Churches, p. 115.
audit-office, s. The office in which the
public accounts of the empire are audited.
au'-dit, v.t. & i. [Audit, s.]
A. Transitive: Carefully to examine (the
account of another person), and formally and
authoritatively certify to (its) accuracy.
"Bishops' ordinaries, auditing all accounts, take
twelve pence. "—.^i/Mjre; Parergon.
B, Intrans^itive : To ascertain and certify
the accuracy of an account.
"I love exact dealing, and let Hocus audit; he
knows how the money was dishvxaed."—Arbuthnot.
au-di'-tion, s. [In Fr. audition; from Lat
auditio.^ Hearing. (Walpole : Letters, ii. 333.)
au'-di-tive, a. [in Fr. auditif; Sp. & Port.
auditivo.} Having the power of hearing.
(Cotgrave. )
au'-dit-6r, * au'-di-tour, s. [In Ger.
auditors a regimental judge ; Fr. auditeur =.
a hearer, an auditor of accounts ; Sp. auditor,
oidor; Ital. ai(di(ore= an inferior judge ; Lat.
auditor = (1) a hearer, (2) a pupil, (3) the
reader of a book ; from audio = to hear, to
understand, to learn, to examine.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. A hearer ; one of an audience.
"Workers of Goddes word, not auditours.'"
C/uiucer: C. f., 7,518-19.
" His vigorous and animated discourse doubtless
called forth the loud hums of his auditors. —
Afacaulay : Eist. Eng., ch. x.
2. One appointed to examine accounts,
compare the several items with the corre-
sponding vouchers, and finally certify to the
accuracv of the whole. In general, two
auditors act together, to give greater weight
to the statement signed as to the accuracy of
the account.
' ' Flav. If you suspect my husbandry, or falsehood,
Call me before the exactest auditors.
And set me on the proof." . , ^ .. „
Shakesp. : Ttmon of Athens, ii. 2
Auditors are, of course, required for the
Government accounts.
"The house swarmed with placemen of all kinds,
. . . tellers, auditors, receivev8."—Macttulay : Eist.
Eng., ch. xix.
B, Technically :
I. Account-keeping:
1. In the United Kingdom :
* (a) Auditors of the Imprest were officei'S
of the Exchequer who formerly audited the
accounts of the Customs' receipts, the naval
and military expenditure, &c. This office has
been entirely abolished, its functions being
now discharged by commissioners appointed
for auditing the public accounts, who at first
were five in number, but were subsequently
raised to ten.
(b) A^tditors of burgh accounts: By 5 and
6 William IV., c. 76, the burgesses of each
municipal corporation annually elect from
among those qualified to be councillors two
auditors to audit the accounts of the borough.
By subsequent acts they have been rendered
disqualified to be councillors.
2. In Scotland, the Auditor of tlie Court of
Session is a functionary who, when costs an;
awarded, examines the several accounts, taxes
the charges if needful, and finally gives a
certificate, without which the money cannot
be paid.
II. Ecclesiastical Law :
Formerly. In the See of Canterbury (pi):
Persons learned in the law, consulted hy the
Archbishop of Canterbury in deciding cases in
his palace. (Ayliffe.) [Audience-court.]
au-di-to'r-i-iun, s. [Auditory, 5.]
au'-dit-or-Sllip, s. [Eng. auditor ; and sufT.
-ship.^ The office, dignity, or functions of an
auditor.
". . . the audiforgftip of the exchequer," — Johnson:
Life of Ealifax. (JiicJiardson.)
au'-dit-or-jr, * £iu'-dit-dr-ie, a. [From
Lat. aiiditorius =■ relating to a hearer or
hearing ; from audio = to hear.]
1. Ord. Lang. & Anat. : Pertaining to the
organs of hearing.
2. Perceived by means of the organs of
hearing.
"... the (Mtdaor^ perception of the report." — Airy
on Sound {1B68), p. 135.
^ The Auditory^ Artery is a ramification of
the internal carotid one, the several branches
of which are distributed through the brain.
TJie Auditory Canal, or external meatus of
the ear, is considered to belong to the external
portion of that organ. It extends inward
from the concha for rather more than an inch.
Part of it is cartilaginous and part osseous.
(Todd £ Boioman : Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 67.)
The Auditory Nerve, called also the Acoustic
Nerve, enters the ear by the internal auditory
canal, and divides into two leading branches,
which again subdivide to an amazing extent.
It is remarkably soft in texture. The audi-
tory and the facial nerves together consti-
tute the seventh ppr of nerves in Willis's
arrangement.
"We wish to extend our inquiries from tUeandilory
nerve to the optic ner\'e," — Tyyutall : Frag, of Science
(Srded.), vii. 133.
bSil, boj^; poiit, j<5^1; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, af ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -fion, -glon = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &e. = bel, del.
356
auditory— augmentable
au'-dit-or-3^, * au'-dit-or-ie, au-di-
to'r-i-um, s. [In Fr. auditoire ; Port, audi-
toria = the tribunal of an auditor ; auditorio
= people assembled for hearing ; Sp. & Ital.
auditm-io = & court, a sessions house; Sw.,
Dan., & Ger. auditorium,, from Lat. auditcrrium,
= (1) a lecture-room, a hall of justice ; (2) a
school ; (3) (by metonymy) an audience, per-
sons assembled for hearing.] [Auditory, adj.]
A. Of thf fonn auditorium :
Arch. In ancient churches : The nave ; that
part of the church in which the audience sat.
B. Of the forms auditory and * auditorie :
I, Of places or things :
1, A hall, an apartment, or a portion of a
hall or apartment in which an audience sits.
2. A bench on which a judge sits in a law-
court.
n. Of persons: An audience; people as-
sembled to hear.
"Several of this auditory were, perhaps, entire
strangers to the person whose death we now lament." —
Atterhury.
au'-di-tress, s. [The feminine form of Eng.
auditor.] A female hearer.
"... auch pleasure she reserv'd,
Adam relating, she sole auditress."
Milton: P. L., hk. viii.
t au-dit'-u-al, a. [From Lat. audit^is =
hearing, and Eng. suffix -al.] Pertaining to
hearing. (Coleridge. )
*aue, ^auen, c Old forms of Have.
* auede, pret. of v. Old form of Had.
4u-er-toach'-ite, s. [Named after Dr. Auer-
bach.] A mineral, believed by Dana to be
simply altered zircon.
a'uf» s. [Dut alf] A fool, a silly person.
[Oaf.]
au f^'it (it silent), used as an adj. [Fr. (lit. ) =
to the deed ; also in fact, indeed, in reality.]
Acquainted with, skilled in.
* au -fald. It. The same as Afald (q.v.).
Au-ge'-an, a. [From Lat. Augeas, in Gr.
Avye'a? (Augeas), or Auyei'o? (Augeias) ; and
Eng. sutF. -an.]
1. Class. Myth. : Pertaining to Augeas, one
of the Argonauts, king of Ells, who was repre-
sented as having a stable, or cow-house, which
had been occupied for thirty years by 300
of his cattle, without ever once having been
cleansed. Hercules undertook the great task,
and succeeded completely in his endeavour, by
turning the course of the rivei-s Alpheiis and
Peneus through the polluted stable. He next
slew the king, who had defrauded him of his
hire, and put on the throne Phyleus, the son
of the erring monarch.
2. Pertaining to whatever has been too long
neglected, and cannot now, without Herculean
labour, be put right.
au'-gel-ite, s. [In Ger. aiigelith; from Gr.
auyii (auge) ■= bright light, radiance, and suff.
-ite.] A colourless or pale-red mineral, with
its lustre strongly peai'ly on cleavage surfaces.
The composition is— phosphoric acid, 35 '3 ;
alumina, 51 3 ; and water, 13*4 = 100. It is
found in the province of Scania, in Sweden.
&u'-ger, * au'-gre (gre as ger), s. [A.S.
nafe, ncifu — the nave or jiiiddle of a wheel,
par=a borer, pierc-
er; nnfe-'bor= anave-
borer, an auger.
Bosworth asks if
nafegar has not also
the same meaning ;
gar = a dart, jave-
lin, spear, lance, or
weapon ; in Sw. ua-
foare ; Icel. nafarr;
Dut. avegaar ; Mod.
Ger. naher ; C). H.
Ger. naha,gcr mean
= an auger. Thus n
has been dropped
from the beginning
of the word.]
1. An instrument
used for boring
holes in wood, or auger.
other soft substance.
It is used by carpenters, shipwrights, joiners,
wheelwrights, and cabinet-makers. It con-
sists of a wooden handle and an iron shank,
with a steel bit terminating it at the bottom.
" The auger hath a handle and bit ; its office la to
make great round holes. When you use it, the stuff
you work upon is commonly laid low under you that
you may the easier use your strength : for in twisting
the bit about by the force of both your hands, on each
end of the handle one, it cuts great chips out of the
stuff." — Moxon: Mechanical Exercises.
"Men. What's the news? what's the news?
Com. Your temijles burned in their cement, and
Tour franchises, whereof you stood, confined
Into au auffre's bore."
Sliakcsp. : Coriolanug, iv. 6.
2. An instrument of a similar kind, but on
a much larger scale, used for boring into the
soil, or through the geological strata for water,
to ascertain the character of the subsoil or
of the beds traversed. It has connecting-
rods to adapt it to the different depths re-
quired.
auger-hole^ * augre-hole, s. A hole
drilled by an auger.
" What should be spoken here, where our fate,
Hid in an auger-hoU, mjiy rush, and seize us ?"
SJiakesp. : Macbeth, ii. 3.
auger-shell, s. The English name of
the shells belonging to the genus Terebra. It
is given in consequence of their being long
and pointed. None of the recent species are
British. [Terebba. ]
au'-get, au-gette,5. [Fr. auget = a. trough.]
Mil. : A wooden pipe containing the powder
designed to be used in exploding a mine.
(Jatnes.)
aught, t ought (ou as a), ^auht, ^aght,
* aht (gh and h guttural or mute), s. & adv.
[A.S. aht, awht, auht, awiht, awuht, owiht,
ouniht = aught, anything, some ; a or o = one ;
umkt, wiht = (1) aught, something, anything ;
(2) a thing, a creature, a wight, an animal ; O.
H. Ger. wiht ; Goth. vaiht=a, thing, anything.]
[Aght, Aught, Whit, Wight.]
Ai As s^ibstantive :
1. Generally: Anything, whether great or
small.
" Who digging, round the plant, still hangs his head.
Nor aught remits the work, while thus he said."
Pope: Homer'x Odyssey, bk, xxiv,, 285-6.
2. .Spec. : The smallest portion of anjfthing,
a whit, a jot, or tittle.
B. As adverh : In anything, in any respect.
" Thy sire and I were oue : nor varied augJii
In public sentence, or in private thought."
Pope: Homers Odyssey, bk, iii., 155-6.
^ Aught = anything, is sometimes errone-
ously spelled ought, and thus confounded with
ought = should, or is under an obligation. It
would tend to clearness if the former were
uniformly spelled, as correctness requires,
with a, and the latter with o.
aught, aucht (gh and ch guttural), s. [Aght,
AuHT.] Possession, property. (Scotch.)
" Edie Ochiltree caught hold of the rein, and stopped
his further proceeding. 'Whu's aught, ye cullantV"
—Scott: Antiquary.
Bad Aught: "A bad property." (Used of an
obstinate ill-conditioned child.) (Javiieson.)
aught, aucht (gh and c/t guttural), pret. ofv.t.
[Agh.] Possessed as one's property. (Old
Eng. t& Scotch.) [Aucht.]
* a'ught-and, * a'ght-and (gh guttural), pr.
•par. [Aught, Aght.] Owing.
" That the debts avghtand be our armie— or pro-
pertie aughtand be offlcearis and soldiouris."— .fic^s
Chas. I. (ed. 1814), v. 347.
* a'ught-where (gh guttural), «. [Eng.
aught; where,] Anywhere.
"... that he had aughtwherc a wife for his estate."
—Chaucer: Legend of Oood Women, 1,538. {S. in
Soiicher.)
au'-gite, au'-gite, s. [In Ger. augit, &c. In
Lat. angites ; Gr. auytTT]? (augitcs), a precious
stone, supposed by some to be the turquoise ;
avyr\ («?((/«) = bright light, radiance.] An im-
portant mineral, interesting from its geolo-
gical as well as its miueralogieal relations.
The term has not always been used in the
same sense.
1. Formerly : The augite of Werner was the
same as what has been called volcanic schist
and volcanite.
2. Now: Dana applies the najne augite to
the greenish or brownish-black and black
kinds of aluminous pyroxene, found chiefly in
eruptive, but sometimes also in metamorphic
rocks. [Pyroxene.] When altered into horn-
blende it is called Tralite (q.v.). Augite was
once suspected by many mineralogiste to be
essentially the same mineral as hornblende,
differing only in this respect, that the former
species resulted from rapid and the latter from
slow cooling. But Dana separates the two,
regarding hornblende as an aluminous variety
of amphibole [Amphibole], and not of py-
roxene. [Hornblende.] Whatever its exact
place in the system, it is so much akin to
hornblende that Gustav Rose, fusing a mass
of the latter mineral, found that on cooling
it uniformly became augite. Both are found
in modern and in ancient volcanic products.
The green and dark kinds of eruptive rock
have hornblende or augite predominant, while
the reddish ones owe their colour to the
abundance of felspar in their composition.
In Britain augite occurs separately as a mineral
in the trap rocks around Edinburgh and else-
where.
augite-rock, s. A kind of basalt, or
gi-eenstone, composed wholly or chiefly of
granular augite. (Leonhard, Lyell, &c. )
au-^t'-ic, au-git'-ic, a. [Eng. augit(e); -ic]
Pertaining to augite, or composed in greater
or lesser amount of augite.
" It was also remarked, that in the crystalline slags
of furnaces, augitic forms were frequent, the horn-
blendic entirely absent ; hence it was conjectured that
hornblende might be the result of slow, and augite of
rapid cooling," — Lyell : Man. of Geol., 4th ed., p. 369.
augitic porphyry, A volcanic rock,
consisting of Labrador felspar and augite on a
green or dark-grey base. (Rose, Lyell, &c.)
aug-ment', v.t. [In Fr. augraenter; Sp. &
Port, atigmentar ; Ital. aumentare; from Lat.
avgmento, -avi, -atum, v.t. = to increase ; augeo,
fut. avwi = to increase ; Gr. av^avta (auxano),
and av^tii {a%i.xo)=to increase.] [See Wax,
Eke.]
A, Trans. : To increase the size of any-
thing ; to make anything larger, in reality or
to the imagination.
". . . old taxes were augmented or continued." —
Macaulay : Eist. Eng., chap. xxii.
"At half this distance the attraction would be aug-
mented four tixsiis,."—Tyndi.iU: Frag, of Science, 3rd
ed.
' Augment the fame and horror of the fight,"
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. xvi., 792
B. Intrans. : To increabe.
" strength is deriv'd from spirits and from blood :
And tnoae augment by generous wine and food.'^
Pope: Homer's Jliad, bk. xix., 159-60.
aug'-ment, s. [In Ger. f augment; Fr. aug-
ment; Port, augment 0 ; Ital. aumcnto ; Lat.
augmentum, from augeo =to increase.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of augmenting or increasing ; the
state of being augmented or increased.
2. That by which anything is increased ;
also the time during which increase takes
place.
" You shall find this augment of the tree to be with-
out the diminution of one drachm of the earth,"—
Walton: Angler.
" Discutients are improper in the beginning of in-
flammations, but proper when mixed with repellants
in the augmejit."— Wiseman.
S. Technically:
1. Philol. & Gram. : In Greek grammar, a
prefix to the past tenses and to the paulo-
post future, intended to cUstinguish them from
other tenses. The augment to the perfect
and the paulo-post future prefix the initial
consonant mth e, and retain the syllable thus
formed through all the moods. In this case
the augment is called the reduplication. Thus
from tu'tttw (tupto) comes ri-rvt^a (tetupha),
TeTv\(/o}j,ai (tetup)somai), where re ((e) is the
augment. Constituting, as It does, a syllable
it is called a syllabic augment. Sometimes
the augment is formed by substituting' for a
short vowel its corresponding long one as
€\iri^u> (elpidzo), riAiTL^ov (elpidzon) ; the au^^-
ment thus produced is termed a tejuporal
augment.
IT Dr. Donaldson, in 1S39, published the
hypothesis that the augment is properlv a
pronominal particle, denoting distance or re-
moteness, originally in space and then in time •
a view which lias since been adopted bvBoDn'
Garnett, Curtius, and others. (DomUson:
New Cratylvs, 3rd ed., 1S59, p. 508, Note.)
There is an augment in Sanscrit as weU as in
aug-ment'-a-ble, «. [Eng. augment; -alle.]
Able to be augmented ; able to be increased.
" Our elixii-s lie migm''ntable infinitely "
Ash7nole: Theat. Chem {1652), p. 182,
late. fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. », oe = e, 'ey = a. qu^'kw *
augmentation— Augustinian
357
aug-men-ta'-tion, s. [in Fr. augmentation ;
Sp. augmeiita^toii ; Port, augnientagcto ; Ital.
augumeiitazione, aumentazione.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of augmenting or increasing.
"They would not, he thought, he much alarmed by
any auffmentation of power which the Emperor might
obtain." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
2. The state of being augmented.
" What modiftcation of matter can make one embryo
capable of so prodigiously vast auffynetitation, while
another is connned to the miuutenesa of an insect."
— Bentley.
3. The amount added to produce the in-
crease.
". . . the amount of the nif/frtc'i'a^/oii It woxild be
ridiculous to attempt to estimate."—/, a. Mill : Logic,
vol. ii., p. lOL
B. Technically :
1. Astronomy. Augmentation of tlie Moon's
Semi-diameter: The increase in her apparent
magnitude, due to the diftereuce between her
distance from the observer and the centre of
the earth.
2. In Heraldry. Arms of Augmentation of
Honour are a grant from one's sovereign of an
additional charge on a coat of arms for a meri-
torious service rendered, or for some other
cause. (Glossary of Heraldry, 1847.) They
are called also Ai-ms of Concession of Honour.
augmentation court. A court erected
by King Henry VIII., for the increase of the
revenues of his crown, by the suppression of
monasteries,
aug-ment'-a-txve, a. & s. [In Fr. augmen-
tatif; Ital. auginnentativo.]
A, As adjective : Having the power of in-
creasing any particular thing, or actually
increasing it.
" Some of them [terminations of verbal nouns] being
auffmeiUat ive, some diminutive." — Instructions for
Oratory, p. 32.
B. As ^cbstantive : A word which expresses
in an augmented form — that is, with increased
force— the idea conveyed by the simple word
from whicli it was derived. Thus the Indian
term Maharajah (in Mahratta maha = great,
rajah = king) is an augmentative of the simple
word rajah. It is opposed to dimiimtive. To
the latter category belongs the word kinglet
(kiJig, and let ^=- little).
aug-ment'-ed, pa. ^ar. [Augment, v.]
S-Ug-ment'-er, s. [Eng. augment; -er. In
Fr. augmenteur.'\ One who or that which
augments or iiiiTeases anything.]
"The Egy\)tians, who were the world's aeminaiiea
for arts, ascribe all to learning, as to its patroness and
augmenter." — Waterhous : Apol. for Learn., rfc. (1053),
p. 177,
aug-ment'-ing, pr. par. & «. [Augment, v.]
"... and hence the increased supply, required by
increaaiiig population, is aouietimes raised at an aug-
mentinff cost by higher cultivation." — J. S. MiU :
Polit. Econ., vol. i.. bk. i.. ch. xii., § 2.
* au'-gre, s. [Auger.]
* au'-grym, s. & «. [Algorithm.} Arith-
metic.
augrym-stones. Stones or counters
formerly used to aid in arithmetical calcula-
tion,
" His augrym-stones, leyeii faire apart."
Chaucer : C. T., 3,210.
AugS'-burg, s. & a. [From the city of Augs-
burg (called by the Romans Augusta), in
Bavaria.]
Augsburg Confession. A confession
of faith, rough hewn by Luther and polished
by Melanchthon, which, being subscribed by
the Reformers, was read before the Emperor
Charles V., at the diet of Augsburg, on the
25th of June, 1530, It is sometimes called the
Augustan Confession. (See the etym.)
au'-gur, s. [In Sw., Ger., & Port, augur ; Fr.
augure; Sp. (iil.) augures ; Ital. auguratore,
augura, augnres (m.), and auguratrice (f.) ; all
fl'om Lat. a^igur.] [Augury.]
1. A member of the college of augurs at
Rome, a highly dignified corporation who pre-
tended to predict future events by the methods
described under Augury (q.v.). Being con-
sulted on all important oeeasions, they long
possessed enormous powers in the Roman
State ; but as knowledge increased they were
applied to onlv for fonn's sake, and at last not
at all.
"Ccesar. What say the augurs ?
Seruant. They would not have you stir forth to-dity :
Plucking the entrails of an ottering forth.
They could not tind an heart within the beast."
Shakesp. : Julius Ccesar, IL 2.
" Oh ! spare an augur's consecrated head."
fope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. xxiL, 855.
2. Any person who attempts to read futurity,
and predict events which have not yet oc-
curred.
" 'Twaa false thou know'st — but let such augurs rue,
Their words are omens Insult renders true."
Byron : The Corsair, III.
au'-gur, v.i. & t. [In Ger. auguriren; Fr. au-
gurcr; Port, augurar, agourar; Ital. augurarc ;
from Lat. augv.ror =■ (1) to act as augur, (2) to
forebode ; auguro = (1) to consult by means of
augurs, (2) to consecrate by means of augurs,
(3) to forebode.] [Augur.]
A. Intrans. : To form auguries, prognosti-
cations or guesses regarding future events ;
to anticipate, to conjecture.
" They deemed him now uuhappy. though at first
Their evil judgment augu.r'd of the worst."
Byron: Lara, il. 8.
B. Trans. : To prognosticate ; to presage ; to
forbode : as, That augured mischief. (Usually
of things.)
au'-gur-al, a. [In Fr. & Port, augural ; Ital.
augurale'; Lat. auguralis.'] Pertaining to an
augur or to augury,
"The augural crook of Komulua," — Lemis: Cred.
Early Bom. HUt., ch. iv., g 3.
" Persons versed in augural lore." — Ibid., ch. x., § 6.
au'-gur-ate, s. [Augurate, v.'\ The office
or dignity of an augur.
"The powers of the augurate."— Penny Cyclop., ill. 88.
t au'-gur-ate, vd. & t. [Lat. auguratus, pa.
par. of'augnror.] [Augub, v.]
au-gur-a'-tlon, s. [In Sp. auguracion; from
hsLt.' auguratio.] The act, practice, or art of
pretending to presage future events, either in
the manner of the Roman augurs, or in any
other way.
" Claudius Pulcher underwent the like success when
he continued the tri-pudlnTy auguratioTu."— Browne:
Vulgar Erroui-R.
au'-gured, pa. par. & a. [Auqur, v.]
t au'-gur-6r, s. [Eng. augur ; -er.] The
same as Augur (q.v,).
" And the persuasion of his augnrers.
May hold him from the Capitol to-day."
Shakesp. : Julius Casar, il. 1.
au-giir'-i-al, a. [In Sp. augurial; Lat. au-
gvrialLs, for aiiguralis. ] Pertaining or re-
lating to augury.
"On thi-T foundation were built the conclusion.'* of
soothsayers in their augurial and tripudiary divina-
tions. "—Browne.
au'-gur-ing, pr. par. & a. [Augur, v.]
" TTie people love me, and the sea is mine ;
My power 's a crescent, and my auguring hope
Says, it will come to the full.'
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 1.
au'-gur-ist, s. [Lat. augitr, and Eng. suff.
-ist. ] ' One who practises augury ; an augur,
*" au'-gur-ize, v.t. [Lat. augur, and Eng.
suff, -ize.] To augur. {Johnson.)
au'-gur-OUS, a. [Lat. augur, and Eng. suffix
-ous.] Full of augury ; prescient, presaging,
foreboding.
" So fear'd
The fair-man'd horses, that they flew back, and their
chariots tum'd,
Presaging in their augurous hearts the labour? that
they moum'd." Chapman: Iliad.
au'-gur-ship, s. [Lat. augur, and Eng. suff.
-ship.} The office or dignity of an augur,
" , . , though it is true that in the augurship
nobility was more respected than age."— Bacon : Mist,
of LiSe and Death (1658). {Richxirdson.)
au'-gur-^, * au'-gur~ic, s. [In Pr. augure ;
0. Pr. aur, whence in Mod. Fr. comes malheur
= misfortune = Old Fr. tnal aur; in Lat.
trwXum augurum = evil augury. In Sp.
aguero ; from Prov. augior, augur = an omen ;
Port. & Ital. augiirio ; Ger. & Lat. augurium ;
from avis = bird, and gur = telling. Gur
appears again in Lat. garrio = to chatter, and
garridus ^= chattering, and is from Sansc. g^Lr
and gri = to shout. (Max Miiller : Science of
ia»jMa(/c, 6th ed., vol. ii., 1871, pp.265, 2G6.).]
L The act or practice of pretending to prog-
nosticate future events.
1. After the manner of the old Roman col-
lege of augurs [Augur], namely, by noting the
flight or singing of particular birds ; the
avidity or otherwise with which the sacred
chickens devoured their food ; tlie movements
of quadrupeds ; and the occurrence of light-
ning, thunder, or both, in particular parts
of the sky.
" Ard they inquired of the gods by augury to know
which of them should gfive his name to the city. —
Arnold : Eist. Borne, ch. l
2. In any other way.
" TJie very children who pressed to see him pass ob-
served, and long remembered, that his look was sad and
full of evil augury."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
3. An augural rite or ceremony.
II. That which is augured; an omen; a
prognostication ; a prophecy ; a vaticination.
" If such thy will, dispatch from yonder sky
Thy sacred bird, celestial augury I "
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk, xxiv., 381-2.
au-gust', a. [In Fr. augicste ; Lat. augustus
= (1) sacred, venerable, (2) majestic, august;
either from augeo = to cause to increase, or
from augur. A title given by the Roman
Senate to Octavianus when confirming him
in the imperial dignity.] Sacred, majestic ;
fitted to inspire reverence ; not to be touched
without awe. Used —
1. Of royal or princely personages :
" Her Majesty, and three, at least, of her august
daughters, were amongst the subscribers to the fund."
-De Quincey: H'orhs{eA. 1863), vol. ii., p. 26.
2. Of anything appertaining to such digna-
taries :
" He waa far too wise a man not to know, when he
consented to shed that august blood [that of Charles I.],
that he was doing a deed which waa inexpiable."—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. L
3. In a more general sense, of anything grand
and magnificent :
" And still let man his fabrics rear,
August in beauty, grace, and strength."
Hemans : Ivy Song.
4. Of tlie Divine Being or His arrangements
for tlie government of the universe :
" The trumpet — will it sound, the curtain rise.
And show th' augttst tribmial of the skies."
Cowper: Retirement.
Au'-g&St, s. [In Dan. & Ger. August; Sw.
Augiisti ; Dan. A%ig^istus, Oogst ; Fr. Ao-(it ;
Sp. and Ital. Agosto ; Lat. Aug\istus, from
Augustus, the first Roman emperor.]
1. Formerly : The sixth month of the old
Alban or Latin year, which began with March,
and not with January. At first it was called
in consequence Sextilis, fz'oni sextus = the sixth.
Afterwards the senate altered that name into
Aiigustus, in honour of Augustus Ca;sar, the
first Roman emperor, who during this month
was created consul, three times over obtained
triumphs, subdued Egypt, and terminated the
civil war.
2. Now : The eighth month of the year in
this and other parts of the Christian world.
In England the first Monday in August is a
Bank holiday. [Bank Holiday.]
"August -was dedicated to the honour of Augustus
Ciesar, because in the same month he waa created con-
sul. thrice triumphed in Roinc, subdued Egypt to the
Roman empire, and made an end of civil wars ; being
Au-giis'-tan (1), a. [Lat. Augustanus.] Per-
taining to Augustus Csesar. As literature in
ancient Rome reached its highest development
during the reign of Augustus Caesar, the ex-
pression " the Augu.stan age " of literature in
any country means the age in which it is at its
highest point. It was once common to regard
the reign of Queen Anne as the Augustan age
of English literature, which, however, there
can be little doubt, is still future.
" The Genius of the Augustan age
His head among Rome's tuliis rear'd."
Cowiter : On the Author qf " Letters on
Literature."
Au-giis'-tan (2), u.. [From Augnista, the old
Roman name of Augsburg, in Bavaria.] Per-
taining to Augsburg.
Augustan Confession.
Theology & Church History : "What is now
commonly known as the Augsburg Confession
(q.v.).
Au'-gus-tines, Au'-giis-tins, s. pi. [From
Augustine.'] [Augustinian, B.J
Au-gUS-tm'-i-an, a. & s. [From Augustine
or iSf. Augustine, the very eminent theologian
and Christian father, bom at Tagaste, in
Numidia, on November 13th, A.D. 354 ; a
b^. boy*; pdiit, J4$^l; cat, gell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph=:f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shiis, -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
358
augustly— atmt
jiresbyter of Hippo Regius (now Bona, in
Algeria) from 391 ; and finally bishop of the
same Hippo from 395 to his death on the 2sth
of August, 430,]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to St. Augustine.
A^ignstinian Canons regular : Canons whose
mode' of life was regulated by what was con-
sidered to be the rule of St. Augustine.
[Canons.] (MosMini: Church Hist., Cent, xi.,
pt. li., ch. ii., § 29.)
Avgustinian Eremites: The same as Augus-
TiNiANS [B., 2 (q.v.).] (Ibid., Cent, xiii., pt.
ii., ch. ii., §§ 22, 23.)
B. As substantive :
I. Gen. : Any follower of Augustine.
II. Spec. (Plural) :
1. Those who follow Augustine in his views
of the doctrines of grace, which were essen-
tially what are now called Calvinistic.
2. An order of monks called after Augustine.
Other English designations for them are
Aiigustines or Augnsti7is, and they are also
sometimes called AitguMinian Eremites, or
simply Er&niites. They were formed into an
order by Alexander IV., in 1256, he having
required various societies of Eremites — of
which some followed the rules of William the
Eremite, and others those of St. Augustine
—to unite into one body. When, in 1272, the
orders of Mendicants were reduced by Pope
Gregory X. to four, the Augustinians were
one of these four. They are the same that
are called Austin friars. Their garb is black.
au-gua'-ti-Oiis» «. [August, a.] The same
as August (q.v.). (Hacket : Life of Willia-nis,
i. 169.)
au-gust'-ly', adv. [Eng. august; -hj.] In an
august manner ; in a highly dignified manner ;
in a manner to inspire veneration or awe.
au-gusf -ness, s. [Eng. august ; -ness. ] The
quality of being august ; dignity, venerable-
ness. (Johnson.)
* auht, * auhte, * sight (0. Eng.), aucht
(Scotch) (gh and ch guttural), a. [A,S. eahta=-
eight.] Eight. [Aght, Bight.] (Rob. de
Brunne, p. 122.)
[Aght, Aht.] Property.
* aulit (h guttural),
(S. in Boucher.)
* auht'-end, (h guttural), a. [A.S. eahta-tyne.]
Eighteenth,
" In his auhtend year."
Jtob. de Brunne, p. 63. (S. in Boucher.)
auk (in Provinc. Eng. all£), s. [Icel. aulka;
Sw. alka = a puffin ; Dan. alke ; Ger. alk ;
Mod. Lat. alca] [Alga.] The name given to
several sea-bii'ds, especially the Great and the
Little Auk.
1. The Great Auk is the Alca im2)ennis of
Linnseus. [Alca, Alcid^.] It was from two
to two and a-half feet high, with short wings
almost useless for flight. In the water, how-
ever, it moved with astonishing rapidity. It
occasionally visited Britain, but was essen-
tially a Northern bird. Its bones left behind
show that it was formerly abundant on the
shores of Iceland, Greenland, and Denmark.
This species became extinct towards the close
of the first half of the nineteenth centnry.
THE KAZOR-BILL (aLCA TORDA).
2. The Little Auk of Pennant and others,
called also the Common Rotche, and the Little
White and Black Diver, is the Mergulus
Tiielanoleucos of Yarrell's British Birds, the
M. alle of Carpenter and Dallas, and the Alca
alle of Linneeus. It has the breast, the belly,
a dot above the eyes, and a stripe on the wing,
white ; the rest of the plumage black. Its
length is nine inches, and the extent of its
wings sixteen. Its dimensions are thus about
those of a large pigeon. It nestles in holes or
crevices on the bare rocks, laying one bluish-
green egg. It is abundant in the Arctic seas.
It occurs also in Britain.
3. One of the English names given to a bird,
the Razor-bill (Alca tarda).
King of the Auks : A Scotch name for the
Great Auk (Aka impennis). [See No. 1.]
*
t auk'-ward, a. [Awkward.]
taul,^. [Awl.]
au'-la, s. [In Sp,, Lat., &c., aula. In Gr.
avKJ) (aule) — (1) a courtyard oi- its wall ; (2)
the court or quadrangle around which the
house itself was built ; (3) any court or hall ;
(4) (later) the court, or aula regia.]
1. A court baron. (Spelman.)
2. In sortie old ecclesiastical writers: The
nave of a church.
3. A. regia or regis : A court established by
William the Conqueror in his own hall, and
comprised of the great officers of state usually
attendant on his person. It was ultimately
transferred to Westminster Hall.
au'-lSB-iini, 5. [Lat. aukeum ; Gr. avXaCa (au-
ktia) = . . . a curtain ; tapestry.]
* Bot. : A term sometimes applied by Lin-
naeus to a corolla.
au-la'r-i-an, a. & s. [In Sp. & Ital. aula = a
royal palace ; Lat. aula ; Gr. auAij (aule) =
the front court of a Grecian house.]
1. ^sod/ecttiie; Pertaining to a hall. (Smart,
Worcester, &c.)
2. As substantive. In Oxford University:
The member of a hall as distinguished from a
collegian.
"Dr. Adams [Principal of Magtlalen HaU] made a
little speech, and entertained the vice-chancellor and
autarians with a glass of wine." — Li/e qf A. Wood, p.
383.
ail -lax, s. [Gr. av\a^ (aulax) =■ a furrow, in
allusion to the furrows on the under side of
the leaves in one species.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Proteaceas, or Proteads.
The species are pretty shrubs, with narrow
leaves.
3.Uld, a. [A.S. aid, eald.] Old. [Old.]
* 1. (Formerly English.)
" 'Tis pride that pulls the country down :
Then take thine auld cloak about thee, '
Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 3.
2. (Now only Scotch.)
"Half the people of the baronyknow that their pour
auld laird is somewhere here about."— A'coK .■ Waoarlijy,
ch. btv.
auld-farrant, a. Sagacious.
"This auld man, Ochiltree, is very skeely and
auld -/arrant about mony things." — Scott. Anti-
quary, ch. xlii,
auld lang syne. [Scotch auld = Eng.
old; lang = long; sy7ie = since.] Long, long
ago; referring to the time when friends now
in full maturity, if not even beginning to de-
cline, were boys accustomed to play together.
" But seas between us braid ha'e roar'd,
Siu' auld lang sync."
Burns : Auld Lang Syne.
auld-warld, a. Old world ; antique ;
belonging to a state of things which has now
passed away. (Scotch.)
au-let'-ic, a. [Lat. auleticus; Gr. auAr/TiKos
(aulctikos) = suitable for a pipe or flute ; avAos
(aulas) = a flute_ or other wind instrument :
au) (ao), a.T]iii (aemi), or avot (and) = to blow ]
Pertammg to the pipe or flute. (Johnson.)
au'-lic. * au'-lick, u,. & s. [in Fr. aulique ;
Sp., Port., & Ital. aulico; Lat. auUctis =
pertaining to a princely court, princely ; Gr.
auA-tKo? (aulikos) = of or for the court, courtier-
like. In Ital. aula is = a royal palace ; Lat.
aula = (1) the front court of a Grecian house,
(2) a palace, a castle, (3) princely power, (4)
the court, coui'tiers ; Gr. av\-r} (aule) - (1) the
open coui-t before a house, or its wall, (2)
(later) the court or quadrangle, (3) the hall
or vestibule, or any chamber, (4) (latest of all),
the court, courtiers. From aw, aTjjut (ao, aemi)
— to blow — the court-yard being necessarily
open to the wind.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to a royal court.
n[ Aulic Council :
(a) In the old German Empire, the name
formerly given to the personal council of the
Emperor, as contradistinguished from the
imperial chamber, which was the supreme
court of the empire. It ceased when the
emperor died, but a fresh one was immediately
called into existence by his successor. The
supercession of the German Empire by the
Confederation of the Rhine, established under
tJie auspices of Napoleon I. in 180(5, terminated
the old Aulic Council.
(b) A council at Vienna, established for the
management of the military affairs of Austria.
B, As substantive. At tlie Sorbonne, and
some foreign universities : The ceremony ob-
served when one rcc-'ives the degree of Doctor
of Divinity. First an oration is addressed to
him by the Chancellor of the University, then
he receives the ca]i, and linally presides at
the disputation. Whilst the term aulic is
used generally of the whole ceremony, it is
specially to the disputation that it is applied.
taul'-nage, s. [Alxage.]
t aul'-nag-er, s. [Alnager.]
* auln, ■" aulne (I silent), a. [Aune.]
aulned (l silent), a. [Apparently altered from
Awn (q.v,),]
Heraldry: Awned, bearded. (Used of ears
of corn.)
aul'-op-us, s. [Gr. av\6^ (aidos) = a flute,
and TTous (pons) == a foot J A genus of fishes
belonging to the family ScopelidiS.
au-los'-tom-aj aa-los'-tdm-us, s. [Gr.
auAos (aulas) = a flute, and o-rdjua ('^tama) =
mouth. Flute-mouthed.] A genus nf spiny-
finned fishes, of the family Fistularidar. Like
the rest of the family, tlie snout ends in a
tube. There are two species, both tiom
tropical seas.
au-lo-stom'-i'dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. aulosto-
m(a), and Lat. fem. pi. atlj. sufi'. -idee.} [Fis-
TULARID.E.]
" aul'-ter, s. [Ai-tar.] The same as Altar
(q.v.).
* aul-trage, * aul'-ter-age, s. [Altae-
AGE.] The same as Alteeage (q.v.). (Scotch.)
•au'-mail, * au'-mayl, v.t. [Amel, ».]
* au'-mayld, pa. par. [Aujiail.]
* aum'-ble, * aum-beL (Ajible. ]
♦aum'-bry. [Ambey.]
aume, o. The same as Aam (q.v.).
* au'-men-er, * au'-mere, s. [Fr. aumonier
= an almoner.] An ahnoner.
* au'-znone, s. [Fr. aumdnc — alms, charity.]
haw: A tenure by which lanils are given in
alms to some church or religious house.
* aun'-9en-yd, * awn'-spben-yd, a.
[Ancient.] Antiquated. (Frompt. Parv.)
*aun'-9e-tre (tre as ter), s. The same as
Ancestoe (q.v.).
* aun-ge-trj^, 5. Old spelling of Ancestey
(q.v.).
* aune, * aulne, s. [Fr. aunc, aulne ; Lat.
nhia = (1) the elbow, (2) the arm, (3) an ell.]
Fo}imrly : A French measure for cloth,
varying in length in dillerent places. At
Rouen it was = 1 English ell, at Calais = 1 '52,
at Lyons = 1-061, and at Paris = 0-96.
Now : The metre has taken its place.
* aun'-gel, " aun'-gil. Old forms of Angel.
" And .as an aungct lad hhn up and doun."
Chaucer : C. T., 7,260-L
"At Lucifer, though he an aunijil were.
And nought a man, at him wil I bygyime."
Itiui., 15.485-6.
aunt, * aunte (au = a), s. [In Ger. and Fr.
taatc; O. Fr. ante; Prov. amda, from Lat.
amila = aunt by the father's side, that by the
mother's side being quite a different word,
viz., viatertera.]
fate, fat, £lre, gjnldst, what, fall, fatber ; we, wet, bere, camel, ber, tbere ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wbo, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, oiir, riile, fuU ; try. Syrian, ae, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
aunter— auricula
359
L Lit.: Thesister of one's father or mother.
[Auntie.]
" Who meets us here ? my niece Plautngeiiet,
Led ill the haml vt her kind aunt of Glos'ter.'
__. „, Shakesp. : liich. ill., iv. l.
II. t iguraiively :
1. Jn a good sense: A kindly epithet for an
elderly woman of no kinship to the speaker,
as uncle was fur an elderly man.
1" Modryle tO Exvytlr — aunt and nncle, are
used similarly in Welsh. {Barnes: Early
England and the Saxon English, p. 135.)
2. Jn a had sense : A cant term for a woman
of bad character, whether prostitute or pro-
curess. (Nares.) (Shakesp.: Winter's Tale,
iv. 3.)
" aun'-ter, * aun'-tre (O. Eng.) (tre as ter),
* an'-ter, "* aun'-tyr (tyr as tir) (Provhic),
c. [Contr. from Fr. aventure = a.n adventure.]
1. An adventure.
2. Fortune. (Prompt. Pnrv.)
" Fro Nahugadonosor the kyiig that him hade.
Called this paleis 'Auntres, and forsothe seide,"
Joseph of Arimathie {ed. Skeat), 319-20.
*aim'-ter, - aun'-tre (tre as ter), v.t. & i.
[Prom Fr. uventurer = to venture, to risk.]
To veDture, to dare ; to encounter danger, to
incur risk.
" Unhardy is uueely, as men salth,
I wol arise, aiid autitrc it, in good laith."
Cftaiicer: C. T„ 4,207-8.
* aun'-ter-oiis, "" aun'-trous, * an'-ter-
OUSt a. [Abbreviated from adventurous
(q.v.)]. Adventurous, courageous, enterpris-
iilg. [AtiNTER.]
" Aud for he was a knyght avmtrous."
Chaucer: C. 'J'., 15,317
aun'-tie (au = a), s. [Eng. aunt; and dimin.
-ie.] A familiar name for an aunt. (Eng. and
Scotch.)
"I wad get my mlther hestowed wi'her auldgrauing
tittie, auntie Meg, in the Gallowgate o' Glasgow.' —
Scott: OltlJJortalitij. ch. xiv.
' aun'-tre (tre as ter), s. & v.t. [Aukter.]
* aun'-troils, c [Aunterous.]
* auonge, v.t. [A.S. afon = to receive, pa. par.
ajongen, afangen.] [Afonge.]
" Bede hiiri that ich deie mote and the oile of mylce
auonge,"—The Holy Jiodc led, Moiris), 44.
*auote, ado. [Eng
foot. [Afuot.]
: on ; vote = foot.] On
au'-ra. s. [In Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. axirrf.;
Gr. aijpa (aura) = air in motion, a breeze ; ^ au
(ay), arif^i (aemi) = to blow, and auto (nno) =
to shout ... to roar ; Sansc. vA or wd = to
blow.]
I. Gen. : Any subtle, invisible fluid, gaseous,
or other material emanation from a body, as
an effluvium ; the aroma of flowers. ,
n. Specially :
1. Elerfricity. Electric Aura: A so-called
i'lectric fluid emanating from an electrified
body, and forming what has been called an
electric atmosphere around it.
2. Med. Epileptic Aura (A. epileptica, or
simply .^lira); A sensation as if a current of
air, a stream of water, or a slight convulsi\c
tremor ascended from a part of the body, or
of the extremities, to the head, on reaching
which the patient falls down in a fit of
fjiilepsy. (Dr. J. Cheync : Cycl. Pract. Med.,
vol. ii., p. 86.)
au'-ral (1), ft. [Lat. aifra; and Eng. suff. -al]
Pei-tiiining to the air. (Maunder.)
au'-ral (2), ((. [From Lat. auris= the ear.]
Pertaining to the ear.
au'-ra-llte, s. [in Ger. auralit; from aura('>),
and Xi0o9 (/t//ios) = stone.] A mineral; ac-
cording to the Brit. Mus. Catalogue, a variety
of Diehroite; but according to Dana, the
same as Fahlunite (q.v.). Boisdorff called it
Hydrous lolite. It is from Abo, in Finland.
au-ran-ti-a'-9e-0e, s, [From Mod. Lat.
aurantium, the specific name of the orange
(L'itrm aurantium), the remoter derivation
apparently being aurans, genit. aurantis, pr.
par. of auro = to gild ; aurum = gold, referring
to the fine yellow colour of the fruit.]
Bot. : An order of plants, classed by Lindley
in his Rutales, or Rutal Alliance. They have
from three to five petals, stamina the same in
number, ur twice as many, or some multiple
of the petals, hypogynous. The fruit is pulpy,
and is many-celled. It, with the rest of the
plant, is covered with an abundance of oily
receptacles. The leaves, whicli are alternate,
are often compound, frequently with the petiole
winged. There is no genus Aurantium (see
etym.). The typical one is Citrus, which
contains the orange, the lemon, the lime. &c.
[Citrus.] In 1847 Dr. Lindley estimated the
known species of Aurantiaceee at 95, nearly all
from India.
au'-rate, a. & s. [In Ital. aurato ; from Lat.
auratus = gilt, pa. par. of auro = to gild, from
aurum = gold. ]
A, As adjective : Of a golden yellow hue ;
a pure bright yellow, duller than lemon-
coloured.
B. As s^tbsiantive :
1. Horticul. : A kind of pear.
2. Chem.: Auric oxide in combination with
an alkali. (Fownu : Chem., 10th ed., p. 421.)
^ There are aerate of potash, of ammonia,
&c.
au'-ra-ted (1), a. [in Ital. aurato; Lat. au-
ratus = gilt, from aurum = gold.] [Aurate.]
1. Ord. Lang. £ Science generally: Contain-
ing gold ; gilded, or resembling gold in colour.
2. Chemistry: Combined with auric acid.
[Auric]
au'-ra-ted (2),
ear.] Eared.
[From Lat. auris = the
aure (au'-ra), a. [O. Fr.J Bestrewed with
golden drops. (Gloss, of -Her., 1847.)
au'-re-ate (Eng. & Scotch), *aw'-re-ate
(Scotch), a. [Lat. aureatiis = adorned with
gold.] Golden.
" Amidis ane rank tre lurkis a golden he-ich
With aureate leuis aiid flexibel twistis teuch."
Douglas: Vlrg., 167, 42.
au-re'-li-a, s. [In Sp. aurelia = a pupa, chry-
salis ; Lat. aurelia = pupa of a golden colour,
from aurum = gold. Several Boman ladies
were called Aurelia.]
Entom.: A chrysalis; a pupa. [Chrysalis.]
"The solitary maggot, found in the dry heads of
teasel, is eometinies changed into the aurelia of a
butterfly, sometimes into a fly-case."— flay; On the
[Lat. aurelia (q.v.), and
au-re'-li-an, a. &
Eng. suflix -an.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to an aurelia.
(Huviphreys.)
B. As substantive : One who studies butter-
flies.
" Few butterflies are greater favourites with aitre-
tians tlann this [White Admiral]."— ./artJiKe; JV^atu-
raliit a Ltbrary, xxxix, L
au-re'-o-la, s. {In'Pv.aurioh; Vort. aureola ;
from Lat. aureolus = golden ; aureiis ~ golden ;
aurum = gold.] The circle of rays with which
painters surround the head of Christ and the
saints. Trench is in error when he says that
this word is in none of the Dictionaries. It
IS in Webster, ed. 1S4S. The Archbishop
says that the following citation from Donne
should be inserted with it :—" Because in their
translation, in the Vulgate edition of the
Roman Catholic Churclf, they [the Roman
Catholics] find in Exod. xxv. 25 that word
aureolam. Facies coronam aureolam, ' Thou
Shalt make a lesser crown of gold ;' out of
this diminutive and mistaken word they have
established a doctrine that, besides these
corona aurete, those crowns of gold which are
communicated to all the saints from the crown
of Christ, some saints have made to themselves
and produced out of their own extraordinary
merits, certain aureolas, certain lesser crowns
of their own . . . And these aureolas they
ascribe only to three sorts of persons— to
Virgins, to Martyrs, to Doctors." (Donne-
Sermon, 73.) (Trench: On sotne Def. in our
Eng. Diet., p. 42.)
au'-ric. a. [From Lat. auntm = cold and
Eng. suflix -ic.] '
A. Ordinary Language : Of gold ; having
more or less of gold in its composition or in
any way pertaining to gold.
B. Science generally :
Chem. : With gold as one of its constituent
elements. In aitric com^jounds the gold is
bSJl, boj^; pout, j<J^i; cat, 9811, chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin.
trivalent, whilst in aurovs compounds it is
univalent. There are auric sulphides, chlo-
rides, anoxides, bromides, and iodides. If
alloys of gold be dissolved in nitroniuriatic
acid, and a ferrous salt be added, the pure
metal will be precipitated. The chief tests for
gold in solution are ferrous sulphate and what
is called "purple of Cassius."
Auric chloride or trichloride nf gold (AnClg)
is formed when gold is dissolved in nitro-
niuriatic acid, forming a yellow solution. It
crystallises with hydrochloric acid, which it
gives off on heating, forming a red crystalline
mass of AuClg. Auric chloride is very deli-
quescent, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether ;
it forms double salts, as NaCl,AuCl6,2H20,
a double chloride of sodium and gold.
Auric oxide (AU0O3) is obtained by adding
magnesia to auric chloride, and digesting the
precipitate with nitric acid. Auric oxide is
a chestnut-brown powder, reduced to metallic
gold by heat, or by exposure to light. Auric
oxide is soluble in strong nitric acid, and
easily dissolved by hydrochloric or hydro-
bromic acids. It is soluble in alkalies. By
digesting it in ammonia it forms fulminating
gold. Its salts, with alkalies, are called
aurates.
Auric sulphide (AugSg) is formed when hy-
drogen suljihide (H2S) is passed into a cold
dilute solution of auric chloride. It is yellow-
brown, and is soluble in ammonium sulphide.
au-ri-Chal'-^ite, s. [From Lat. aurichalcum,
better spelled orichalcnvi; Gr. opfi'xaAfcos (orei-
cludkos) = yellow copper ore, also the brass
made from it ; opeto? (oreios) = mountainous ;
opo9 (oros) = a mountain, and x'^^'^o^ (chalkosj
= (1) copper, (2) bronze, (3) brass.] A mineral
placed by Dana under the fourth section of
his Hydrous Carbonates. It occurs in aeicu-
lar crystals, forming drusy inci-ustations ;
also columnar, plumose, granular, or lami-
nated. Its lustre is pearly ; its colour, pale-
green, or sometimes azure. The hardness is
2. The composition : Oxide of copper, 16'03
to 32-5; oxideof zinc, 32-02 to 56-82 ; carbonic
acid, 14-08 to 24-69 ; water, 9-93 to 10 '80 ; lime,
0 to 8-02. It is found at Roughten Gill, in
Cumberland ; atLeadhills, in Lanarkshire ; in
Spain, Asia, and America. Buratite, by some
called lime-aurichalcite, occurs in France and
in Austro-Hungary.
au'-ri-cle (cle = kel), s. [In Fr. auricide;
from Lat. auricula = the external ear, dimin.
of auris— the ear.] Anything shaped like an
ear. (Used, spec, in Anatomy.)
1. Auricle of the ear : The pinna or external
portion of the ear, consisting of helix, anthelix,
concha, tragus, &c.
" The auricles of the ear act like an acoustic instru-
ment to collect, increase, and pass to the internal ear
the sounds which reach it from without."— Todd and
Bounnan: Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., pp. 66, 89,
2. Auricles of the heart : Those two of the
four cavities of the heart which are ranch
smaller than the others, and each of which,
moreover, has falling do\vn upon its external
face a flattened aijjiendage, like the ear of a
dog, from which the name of the whole struc-
ture is derived. The right auricle has a com-
munication with the right ventricle, and the
left auricle with the left ventricle. The two
auricles are irregular, cnboidal, muscular
bags, separated from each other by a thin
fleshy partition. The main poition of each
consists of what is called the sinus venosus,
into which the veins pour their blood. (Todd
d Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. ii., p. 333, &c.)
" The part of the heart which receives is called the
auricle or receiving cavity; and this opeos into the
yerUricle or propelling cavity." — Bcaie: Jiioplasm
(1872), p. 24, 5 40.
au'-ri-cled (cled = keld), u. [Eng. auri-
cl(e); -ed.]
1. Gen. : Eared ; possessing ears.
2. Bot. : Possessing two small lobed appen-
dages, like minute ears, at the base of the
leaf, as in Salvia ojicinalis. It is called also
auriculate ; in Lat. auriculatus.
au-ric'-u-la, *•. [In Dan. & Ger. aurikel;
Fr. auricide; Lat. auricula — a little ear.
Sometimes called Bear's Ear.]
1. Ord. Lang. <£: Horticul. : A well-known and
beautiful garden flower, the Primida auricula.
It is a native of the Alpine districts of Italy,
Switzerland, and Germany, and occurs also in
Astracan. In its wild state its colours are
generally yellow and red, more rarely purple,
and occasionally variegated or mealy. A still
as; expect, ^euopbon, e^t, -mg.
tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -ble. -die. &c^=b©l, d©l.*
360
auricular— Aurora
greater variety of colours has been introduceil
by cultivation.
" From the soft wing of vernal breezes shed,
Aiieinonies ; aurvyiilan, envleheil
Withshiniiigmeal." Thomson: Spriny, 537.
2. Zool.: Agenusof pulmoniferousmolluacs,
the typical one of the family Anriciilidne
(q.v.). None are British. They occur chiefly
in the brackish swamps of tropiml islands.
Tate, in 1875, enumerated ninety-tbar recent
and twenty-eight fossil species, the latter
apparently Neocomian in age. There arc
several sub-genera.
auricula Judse. The typical species of
the genus Auricula. It occurs in mangrove
and other swamps.
aiUriCula Midse, The Valuta Aur in Mv.hp
(Linn.), the Midas's ear-shell. It conies from
tropical Asia or tlie Asiatic Archipelago.
^U-ric'-U-lar, a. [In Fr. aurici'ktirc (adj.);
Sp. & Port, auricular; Ital. auricolare, anri-
dUare (adj.) ; Lat. auriciilaris = belonging to
the car ; auric^da = a little ear, dimin. ot
axiris = an ear.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Lif. Of the ear:
1. Pertaining to the ear or any part of it.
2. Heard by the ear; depending upon the
ear.
" /^dyn. If your honour judge it meet, I will place
you where you shall heivr ua confer of this, and by jiu
auricular assurance have your satUfactlou . . ."—
Shakesp. ; King Lear, i. 2.
3. Whispered in the ear ; secret. [B., II.]
4. Passing from ear to ear; traditional.
"The alchyniista call in many varieties out of asti'o-
loijy, auricular traditions, and feigned testimonies, "—
Sacoa.
t II. Fig- ■ Of anything ear-like in shape.
[B., 1. 2.]
B. Technically :
L Anatomy :
1 1. Pertaining to the ear.
2. Pertaining to anything ear-like. Spec,
pertaining to the two auricles, or to one or
other of the auricles of the heart.
"The auricular septum, however, remains incom-
plete through fcetal life."— Todd & Bovmian : Fhysiol.
Aiiat., vol. ii., p. 004.
"Auricular appendage, or proper auricle : That
portion of each of the auiictes of the heart which re-
sembles au ear." — Ibid., IJ. 3.14.
II. Theology, Church Histoi'y, £c. Auricular
Confession: Confession of sin privately made
to a priest, with the view of obtaining absolu-
tion.
"Shall auricular confession be retained or not re-
tained in the Church?"— /"roMtZe: fliit. Eng., 2ud ed.,
voL iii., ch. xvL, p. 384,
aU-ric'-U-lar-l^, adv. [Eng. auricular ; suff.
-hj.] By means of whispering in the ear ;
secretly.
" These will soon confess, and that not auricularly,
but in a loud and audible voice." — Or. 11. Afore : Decay
of Piety.
4u-ric'-u-late, au-ric'-u-la-ted, adj.
[Mod. Lat. auriculatus ; from auricula •= a
little ear, dimin. of auris ■= an ear.]
L Generally. Biol. : Having actual ears,
or with appendages like ears.
II. Specially :
1. Zoology:
(a) Of the Vevtehrata (chiefly of the form
auriculated) : Eared ; with the ears so con-
spicuous as to require notice in a description.
(b) Of the Mollnsca {chiefly of the form auri-
culate) : Eared ; that is, with a projecting ear-
shaped process on either side of the apex of
the shell. Example, the genus Pecten.
2. Bot. (of either form) : Eared ; having at
the base two small appendages shaped like
ears. (Applied chiefly to leaves.) The same as
AuRicLED. Example, Jasminum auriculatum.
(Liiuiley, Loudon, &c.)
au-ri-cu'-li-dSB, s. -pi. [From the typical
genus Auricula (q.v.).]
Zool. : A family of Gasteropodous Molluscs
belonging to the order Pulmonifcra, and to
the section Inoperculata. They have spiral
shells, of which the body-whorl is large and
the aperture elongated and denticulated. They
freiiuent salt marshes, damp hollows, and
places overflowed by tlie sea.
aU-ric'-U-lo-, in compos. [From Lat. auric^i la . ]
Auricle.'
auriculo-ventricular orifice. The
orifice through whiuh the blood passes fruiii
the auricle into the ventricle. It is guarded
on either side by valves. (^Vodd & Bownian :
Physiol. Auat, vol. ii., p. 333.)
ail-rif'-er-oiis, a. [la Fr. anrifkre; Sp. &
Port, aurlfiro ; Lat. aurifcr ; from aurum =
gold, and /ero = to bear.] Gold-bearing ; pro-
ducing gold.
'• Wlieuce many a buisi-ing stream auriferous plays. '
ITiimtaon : Summer, 643.
auriferous native silver. A mineral,
called also Kiistelite (q.v.). It passes gradu-
ally into argentiferous gold.
auriferous pyiites, auriferous
pyrite. A species of pyrites containing
gukl. It is generally found in quartz rock
with gold in other forms, and is the most
abundant of all the minerals there associated
with the gold. (Dana.)
au-rif'-ic, a. [Lat. aurwn = gold, and facio
= to make.] Having the power of changing
other substances into gold. (Southey: Jhe
Doctor, ch. clxxxvi.)
au'-ri-flSimme, s. [In Port, aurijktmma.]
[Oriflamme.]
au'-ri-forni> a. [Lat. auHs = ear, and forma
= form.] Having Ihe form of au ear ; re-
sembling an ear. (Webster.)
Au-ri'-ga, s. [Sp. & Lat, own'sra — a waggoner,
from aurea = a bridle, and ago = to drive . . .
to manage.]
1. Astroyi. : One of the ancient northern
constellations, the Waggoner.
2. Anat. : The fourth lobe of the liver.
(Quincy.)
3. Swrj/. ; A bandage for the sides. (Quincy.)
au-ri'-gal, a. [Lat. avrigaUs.] Pertaining
to a waggoner or charioteer. (Bulwer )
* au-ri-ga'-tion» s. [Lat. aurigatio.] The act
or practice of driving a carriage. (DeQuincey.)
au-rig'-ra-phy, s. [Lat. avrum = gold, and
Gr. Ypa^tu (graphd) = to write.] The act or
process of writing with gold in place of ink.
' Au'-ri-mont, s. [Lat. auri = of gold, genit.
of aurum = gold ; mons, genit. inontis = a
mount, a mountain.] An imagined mountain
of gold.
au'-rin, s. [From Lat. aurum = gold, and
suff. -in, the same as -ine (q.v.).]
Chem. : C.20H14O3. An aromatic compound,
prepared by heating phenol, C6H5(OH), with
oxalic acid and sulphuric acid. It is used as a
dye under the name of coratlin or rosollc acid.
It crystallises from alcohol in red needles,
which are soluble in alkalies.
* au-ri-pig-ment, * au-ri-pig-men-
tiiin, s. [Lat. aurlpigmentujii : auri= of
gold, genit. of aurinn = gold, and pigTiientuvi
= a pigment, from j5iuf/o = to paint. Named
from its brilliant yellow colour, and from the
old idea, now known to be erroneous, that it
contains gold.]
Min. : Orpiment, the sesquisulphuret of
aisenic. [Orpiment.]
" Alchymy is made of copper and auripigmentum."
—Bacon: Physiol. Jiem,
" Red alchemy is made of copper and auripigjtient."
—Ibid., § 7.
au'-ri-scaip, au-ri-scS,l'-pivum, s. [Lat.
auriscalpium : auris = the ear, and scaliJO = to
scrape.]
* 1. An ear-pick.
* 2, Surgery: A probe.
au'-rist, s. [Lat. auris = an ear.] One whose
special study is the ear, and who is therefore
an authority in the diseases to which it is
liable. (Ash.)
au-ri'-ted, a. [Lat. auritus.]
1. Zool. : Eared ; furnished with ears, or
with ear-shaped appendages.
2. Bot.: Eared; furnished with lobes re-
sembling ears. Not differing essentially from
AuRicLED and Auriculate (q.v.).
au'-ri-um, s. [Lat., genit. pi. of auris = an
ear.]
Med. Aurium tinnitus: Tingling of the
ears, i.e., m the ears.
au'-rochs, s. [Ger. urochs; from (1) ur =
original, and (2) oclis — an ox.]
Zoology :
1. Bos primigeni\is, the Urns of Ca;sar (tie
Bel. (Uil., vi- 2S). It formerly ranged over
Europe and the British Isles, and the species
survived in Poland and Lithuania till com-
paratively recent times. Tlie word has been
mistaken by some for a i>lur;il form, and h.i.s
tlius given rise to a spurious singular,
auroch.
2. Improperly applied to the European bison
(Dos europceus).
au-ro-c6-ri'-sa, s. pi, [Gr. avpo- (auro-) used
as a combiningform nf avpa (aura) = air, wind,
and Kopts (koris) = a bug.]
Entom. : A synonym of Geocores (q.v.).
Au-rb'r-a, au-rb'r-a, *. [In Ger., Sp.,
Port., Ital., & Lat. Aurora, aurora; Fr. Au-
rnre, aurore. Malm considers thisas = o?0'm
;i(jjrt= golden hour, or Gr. avptos wpa (aurios
(hora) = " morning hour " (" morning time of
day," rather, the siieciflc sense of *'houi"
being a late one) ; or, Anally, from Sansc.
ushdsa ■■= the dawn. Smith derives aurora
from a root ur — to burn, Comiiaro with tins
Heb. "i^iM (ur) and niw (or) = light, from nis
(r,r) = to give light, to shine.]
A. Of 2^''sons (of the form Aiu'ora only).
ItoDUUi Myth. : The goddess of the morning.
She was sometimes represented as drawn in
a rosy-coloured chariot by two horses. She
appears as the forerunner of the sun.
^ In some examples it is diflicult to deter-
mine whether Aurora means this mythic
female or only the dawn.
" Soon as Aurora, daughter of the dawii.
aprinkled with roHe;ite light the dewy lawn."
Pope: Homer's OUi/ssey, bk. xvii., 1, 2.
" Till on her easteru throne Aurora jjluws."
ibid., bk. xix., CL
B. Of things (of either form):
1. Poetry : The dawn of day.
" The niomiiiB planet told th' a]>i»roacli of light.
And, fast behnid, Aurora's warmer lay
O'er the broad uuean iiuur'd the golden d.iy."
Pope: Jlouier's Iliad, Lk. xxiii., 2S1-3,
" His bosom of the hue
With which Aurora decks the !-kies.
When piping winds shall soon arise
To sweelJ^away the dew."
Cowper: Death of Mrs. Throckmorton's Bullfinch.
2. Ord. Lang., Meteorol., £c. : The generic
term for that illuniinution of the night sky
which is so (iommon within the polar circles,
and is called Aurora boreal is or A. australis,
according as it is seen near the North or near
the South Pole. Even as far outside the aiotic
circle as London the phenomenon is not a
rare one in winter ; and when the sky over
the metropolis is reddened by an aurora there
is a diffleulty in distinguishing it from the
reflection of a great lire. Sometimes the
light is of the ordinary flame colour ; green
has been more rarely obhcrved. The shapes
it assumes are intinite in number ami very
transient. Sometimes there is an arch, in
which VAXse it is placed at right angles to the
magnetic meridian, showing its connection
with magnetism. It affects electrical wires
also : thus in France and elsewhere the aurora
of August 30 and Sejiteniber 1, 1859, noise-
lessly worked tlie telegraphic needles and
violently rung the alarm-bells. The aurora is
believed to be produced by electric currents
in the higher regions of the atmosphcie. Its
great elevation above the eai-th is evident fi-tnn
the fact that the same aurora has been wit-
nessed at the same time in Moscow, Warsaw,
Rome, and Cadiz.
3. Bot. : A species of Rammculus.
fEte, fS,t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wret, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, Ge^e. ey = a. qu = kw
auroral— austere
361
aurora australis. [Aurora (B., 2.).]
aurora borealis. [rn Pr. aurore ho-
reah; Sp. aurora borcal.l [Aurora. (B., 2.).]
au-ror'-al, a. [Eng. auror(a): -al]
1. Pertaining to the dawn of dny ; roseate.
" Her cheeks suffused with an auroral bluah."
Longfellow: The StucleiU's Tale.
2. Pertaining to the Aurora borealis or to
the A. australis, as aa " auroral arch."
au-rd-tel-lii'r-ite, s. [Lat. aurum = gold ;
Ulluriuvb (Mod. Lat.), the metal so called
(q.v.); nnd Eng. suff. -ite.] A mineral, the
same as Sylvanite (q.v.),
au'-roiis, a. [From Lat. avrum = gold.]
1. Ord'uianj Langnxxgii : Full of gold; (more
loosely) containing more or less of gold.
2. C/iem. : With gold univalent in its com-
position.
^ The auroug compounds are of little im-
portance. Auroiis chloride (AuCl) is prepared
by heating the auric chloride (Au"'Cl3) to
227", till it ceases to give off chlorine. It is
a yellowi.sh mass, decomposed by water into
metallic gold and auric chloride.
Aurous oxide is formed when caustic potash
solution is poured on aureus chloride. It is a
green powder, easily decomposed into metallic
gold and auric oxide.
Atirous mUphide (AuoS) is a black-brown
precipitate, formed when hydrogen sulphide
is passed into a boiling solution of auric chlo-
ride. It is soluble in ammonium sulphide.
du'-rum, 5. [Lat. auTHm, whence Fr. , Gael.,
& Ir. or ; Wei. & Corn, anr; Sp. & Ital. oro;
Port, ouro, oiro. The root is aiir, ur = to
bum, which occurs also in Lat. vro, supine
'ustum= to burn; Gr. avui (ai(o) = to dry, to
kindle a fire ; Sansc. ush. Malm suggests O.
Prussian aifsos; Lith. auksas; Biscayan itrrm
= gold.]
Cliem. : A triatomic metallic element. It
may be monatomic in the aurous compounds,
which are quickly decomposed into metallic
gold and auric salts. Symbol, Au ; atomic
weight, 107 ; si)ecitlc gravity, 19-50 ; melting
point, 1102° C. Gold is a soft yellow metal,
ductile and malleable. It dissolves in nitro-
muriatic acid, and it is obtained pure by pre-
cipitation' from its solution by a ferrous salt.
[Gold.] The following are tests for auruni
(gold) in solution. The sulphides are precipi-
tated from acid solutions by HgS, and are
soluble in aumionium sulphide. Ferrous sul-
phate (FeS04) gives a brown precipitate, fusi-
ble by the blowpipe into a bead of metallic
gold. Stannous chloride (SnChj) gives a
brownish-purple precipitate (Purple of Cas-
sius). Oxalic acid slowly reduces gold to
the metallic state. Potassium cyanide gives a
yellow precipitate, soluble in excess. A piece
of paper dipped in a solution of gold becomes
purple on exposure to the light. All salts of
gold are reduced to the metallic state by heat.
* aurum fulminans. [Lat. (lit.) = ful-
minating gold ; gold darting lightning.] An
explosive compound made by dissolving gold
in aqua regia, and precipitating it with salt of
tartar. A very small quantity of it becomes
capable, by a moderate heat, of giving a report
like that of a pistoL (Qiiincy.)
"Some aurum fuZminans tlio fabrick shook."
earth: Dispensary, iii. 303.
* aurum graphicum. [Lit. = graphic
gold.]
Mill. : An obsolete name for Sylvanite
(q.v.).
aurum mosaicum, aurum musi-
VTim, [Lit. = Mosaic gold.]
Old Chem.: An old name for bisulphuret of
tin. It is of a sparkling golden hue, and used
as a x^ignient.
aurum paradoxum.
Miii. : Lit, an old name for Tellurium (q.v.).
fOajwt.)
aus-CUl-ta'-tion, s [in Ger. t auskidta-
tlon ; Ft. auscultation ; hut. ntirciillatio = (l)R
listening to, (2)an obeying : ausculto = to hear
with attention, to listen to. Probably from
O. Lat. auscuJ-o, ausiciUo, from ausicuJ/i, an
obsolete form of avritmla = the external ear,
the ear ; auris = the car.]
A. Ordinary Language: The act of listen-
ing to.
B. Mud. : The art of discovering diseases
within the body by means of the sense of hear-
ing. Being carried out most efficiently by
means of au instrument called a stethoscope,
it is often called mediate auscultation. It is
used to study the natural sounds produced
within the body, especially the action of the
lungs and heart, both in health and disease.
Its operation can be facilitated by percussion
of tlie surface. [Stethoscope. ]
"... the application of tiHscwimtioii to the explor.v
tioii of the sounds developed in its [the heart's] action.
—Todd & iioioman: PhySi.ol. Aiiat., i. 29.
aus-cul-ta'-tdr, s. [Lat. aiiscnltator = one
who hears or listens.] A person who practises
auscultation.
"... verified hy numerous au^cultators." — Dr.
John Forbes: Ci/cl. of Pract. Med., vol. i., p. 241.
aus-Clir-ta-tor-:3^, a. [Eng. ausculator; -y.]
Pertaining' to auscultation ; ascertained by
means of auscultation.
"... the auscultatory dlaguoatica of cardiac dis-
eases . . ."—Dr. John Forbes: Cycl. Pract. J/ed.,yoL
* £lu'-§i-er, s. [Osier.]
Au-sd'-ni-a,s. [Lat. Ausonia, fromthe^^sojtes
= the inhabitants o£Ausona, a town in Latiuni,
nearLacus Fundanus, now the Lake of Fondi,
in Italy.]
1. Old Geog. and Old and Mod. Foetry : An
ancient name of Italy. (See etym.)
"... for warmer France
With all her vines ; uor for Ausonia's gi'ovea
Of golden fruitage, and her myrtle bowera,"
Cowper : Task, bk. ii.
2. Astron. : An asteroid, the sixty-third
found. It was discovered by De Gasparis, on
February 11, 1861.
t aus'-pi-cate, v.t. [From Lat. auspicatns,
perl', par. of anspicor — (1) to take the auspices ;
(2) to make a beginning ; or from anspicatiun,
sup. of auspiadus, pa. par. of auspico, with the
same meaning. ]
1. To augur from certain circumstances that
an event about to take place will be a happy
one, or an enterprise to be coimiienced will
have a favourable issue.
" Long may'Bt thou live, and see me thus appear,
As ominous a comet, from my sphere,
Unto thy reign ; as that Old auspicate
Su lasting glory tu AuKUstua' state."
B. Joiisoit : Part of ii. James's JCntertatJtment.
2. To make a favourable beginning of an
enterprise, or simply to commence it.
"The day of the week which King James observed
to 'iiiapicate his great art'airb." — Ilackct : Life qf Arth-
bisltop WiUiams (1693), p. 173.
"One of the very first acta by which it [the govern-
ment! auipicated its eutrauce into function." — Burke :
On a Jiagicide Peace.
aus'-pic-a-t6r-3?", a. [Eng. au$picat(e) ; -ory.]
Pertaining to auspices. (Ogilvie.)
t aus'-pi9e (sing.), aus'-pi-9e^ (pi.), s. [In
Ger. auspicien (pi.) ; Fr. auspice (sing.), aus-
pices (pi.) ; Sp. ausj'iieio (sing.), auspicios (pi.) ;
Port, ot Ital. aitspicio (sing.) ; from Lat. auspi-
cium (sing.) = (lit.'^ a bird seeing or watching ;
avspex, a contraction of avispcx, from avis =■
a bird, and the root spec = to see.]
A. Of things:
1, Lit, Avwng tlie Romans: Omens, spe-
cially those drawn from the flight or other
movements of birds, or less properly, from the
occurrence of lightning or thunder in particu-
lar parts of the sky. These were supposed to
be indications of the will of Heaven, and to
reveal futurity. At first only the augurs took
the auspices [Augurs], but after a time civil
officers, discharging important functions, had
the light of doing so. Two kinds of auspices,
however, ai'ose— a greater and a lesser ; the
former reserved to dictators, consuls, censors,
praetors, or the commander-in-chief in war ;
the latter permitted to less exalted func-
tionaries. In the long struggle which the
plebeians carried on against the patricians for
Ijermission to share in political power, one
chief argument used by the opponents of
change was, the impossibility that a plebeian
could take the auspices ; but when, in B.C.
307, the flinging open of the augural college to
all classes i)erniitted him to try the exi)en-
jiient, it was found that he did the work as
effectively (not to say as ineffectively) as any
]iatriciau wliatever. The glory of a successful
eiitei'inise was universally assigned to the
person who tni)k the ausi>it'es, and not to tlit;
leader of the enterprise itself ; hence the phrase
arose, to carry on a war " under the auspices
of the emperor or some otlier liigh authority.
"The neL'lecting any of their auspices, or the chiri>-
inc of their chickens, was esteemed a peculiar criuie
which reiiuired more expiation than murder. —Bp.
Stori/ : Priesthood, ch. v,
" He accordiiitjly takes the auspices, and tlie light-
niuK fliishes fr^m left to right, wWch is a favomable
b\HU."— Lewis ; L'arly Horn. Hist., ch. xi.. pt. i., S 1.
2 Fig.: Benelicial influence descending, or
at least believed to descend, upon those en-
gaged in arduous or perilous work, from some
being or person of higher dignity than them-
selves. Specially—
(a) From the heathen gods ;
" Great fatlier Mars, and greater Jove,
By whose high auspice Home hath stood
So long." ** -^ B. Jonson.
Or (jb) from a king or queen supposed to call
down blessing from heaven.
" It [the armada] was so great,
Yet by the auspice of Eliza beat."
£. Jonson: Jfasques at Court.
(c) From the directors of an enterprise, who,
though probably not themselves present with
those engaged in executing it, are still sending
them su]>port, counsel, and aid of various
kinds. Thus when the British army is fight-
ing in some foreign land, it is doing so " under
the auspices" nominally of the Sovereign,
really of the Home Government, if not even
of the nation itself ; and a missionary goes
abroad " under the auspices " of the society or
church which pays his salary and gives him
more or less specific directions how to acf-
When success is achieved, those who directed
the enterprise from home are contented to
claim, as in fairness belongs to them, part of
the glory ; the British augur or other dignitary,
unlike the Roman one, has not the ertiontery
to appropriate the whole.
% The sing, auspice is now all but obsolete
in this first sense ; the pi. is frequently used.
t B, 0/2icrsons: Personswho went through
certain ceremonies wlien a marriage took place,
not forgetting to wish good luck or happiness
to tlie wedded pair.
"In the midst went the auspices; after theui, two
that sung."— -l/risyites at Court : Uymeiusi.
aus-pr-9ial (9 as sli), a. [Bug. auspicie) ;
-ial.]
1. Relating to prognostics.
2. Of favourable omen.
aus-pi'-cious, a. [Eng. auspic{e) ; -io'us.']
[AUSPICK. I
L Lit. : Having the omens favourable.
IL Fig. : Alluding —
(1) To the time chosen or the appearances jire-
soited : Propitious, favoui'able.
" Sudden, Invited by auspicious galea,"
Pope: Jlomer's Odyssey, bk. xiii., a:a.
"... and admonish how to catch
The auspicious mmuent, . . ."
Cowi)er : Task, bk, iii,
(2) To tlie enterprise undertaken, and t^pe-
cially to its ciimmenccinent : Prosperous, for-
tunate.
". . . the (iiwjjic/ftits commencement of anew em in
Englisii commerce." — Macaulay : Hist, Eng., ch. xxiv,
(3) To tlie higlier being able to aid or thwart
the enterprise:
(a) Auguring or promoting happiness, or at
least prosperity.
(b) Kind, benignant.
" Betwixt two seasons comes the auspicious heir."
Dryden: Britannia littdiviiia.
" Parent of golden dreams, Romance !
Auspicioiis (iueeo of ehiMisli Joys "
Byron : To Jimnance.
iU'5-pi'-cious-ly, adu. [Eng. auspicious:
-Lij.] In an auspicious manner ; with favoui-
able prognostications ; favourably.
a,us-pi'-cious-ness, s. [Eng. auspicious;
-ness.] The quality of being auspicious ; pros-
perity. (Johnson.)
" aus'-pi-9y, s. [Auspice.] The drawing of
omens from birds. (N.E.D.)
aus'-ter, s. [From Lat. anster, whence Fr.
auster and Ital. austro =. the south wind.]
The south wind.
" As viipours iilinvn by Austpr's sultry breath,
Pregnant with plagues, nnd shedding seeds of death."
Pope : Homar's Iliad, bk. v., 1,039-9.
■' On this rough Auster drove tb' impetuous tide."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. iii.. a7G.
aus-te're, * aus-te'er, a. [in Fr. austere ;
8p. , Port, & Ital. austiro ; Lat. austcrua ; Gr.
aiio-TTjpos (avstcros) = (1) making the tongue
boil, bo^; po^t, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph:=f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tlon, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -clous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c = bel, del.
■6G'l
austerely— authentic
ilrv ;ukI roiigli, harsh, rough, bitter ; (2) stern,
hiirsh ; from Gr. avm (and) = to dry.]
I. Lit. : Harsh, tart, or rough to the taste.
"... sloes austere "—Cowper : Task. bk. i.
" An atisterc ciab-.apple . . ."— Hooker : Eimalayan
'Journals, vol. ii., p, Zi.
II. Figuratively :
1. 0/ persons : Harsli, severe, crabbed in
temper; permitting no levity in one's self or
others.
"For I feared thee, because thou urt an austere ina.\i."
— Luke x\K. 21,
2. 0/thliuj-i : SeveJr.
, " He clotlied the nakedness of austere truth."
WoriLiivorth: JUxcursion, bk. i.
aus-te're-ly, "* aus-te'ere-ly, adv. [Eng.
austere ; -hj.] In an austere manner ; severely,
harshly, rigidly.
" If I have too ausferdij puiiish'd you,
Your compeiisatiou makes aineuds ; for I
Have given you here a thread of mine own life,
Or that for which I live . . ."
Shakcs^y. : Tempest, iv. 1.
"... an excellent digest of evidence, clear, passion-
leis, and austurelij just." — Macaulay : Hist. £ng., ch.
xxi.
aus~te're~ness, ^ aus-te're-ncsse, ^ aus-
te'cre-xiESSe, s. [Eng. austere; -?iess.] The
quality of being austere, either in a literal or
in a figurative sense. Austerity.
" My miBoil'd name, th' austercness of mv life.
May vouch against you ; and my place i' th' state
Will 80 your accusation overweign,"
Shukesp.: Aleas. for Mcas., ii. 4.
aus-ter'-i-t^, s. [In Fr. austcrite ; Sp. aus-
teridad ; Port, austeridadc ; Ital. austeriia ;
Lat. austeritas ; Gr. autmjpoTTjs (austerotes).'}
L Lit. : Harshness or sourness to the taste.
"The sweetness of the ripened fruit is not the less
delicious for the aitsteritu of the cruder state." —
Horslen, vol, ii., Ser. 23. \Richardson.)
XL Figuratively:
1. Of persons: Harshness, severity, crabbed-
ness of tem[n_T.
^ Blair tli'us distinguishes between austerity
ami some of the words which approach it in
meaning :—" ^litsieri^y relates to the manner
of living; severity, of thinking; rigour, of
punishing. To ansterity is opposed cj7e?niuacT/ ;
to severity, relaxation; to rigour, clemency.
A hermit is austere in his life ; a easuist severe
in his application of religion or law ; a judge
rigorous in his sentences." (Blair: Lectures on
Rhetoric and Belles Lettrcs, vol. i., 1817, p.
228.) Crabb takes essentially the same view.
" The Puritan aiistrritif drove to the King's faction
all who miuie pleasure their hnsiiiess, who affected
gallantry, splendour of dress, or taste in the lighter
arts," — .Uacuulay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
2. Of things: Harshness, ruggedness.
"... and cast a wide and tender light,
Which softeu'd down the hoar austerity
Of rugged desolation, . . ."
Bi/ron: Manfred, iil. 4.
*aus-terxi'e (Oid_Fng.), aus'-tern, as-
tern'e, aws'-trene (0. i'co^c/0, a. [A form
of austere (q.v.).] Stern, harsli.
" ilut who is yond, thou lady faire.
That looketh with sic an austenie face ? "
Nni-thumberland Betrayed. Percy, vu\. i. {liiehardson.)
" au3-tern'-ly, adv. [Eng. austem ; suffix
~ly.\ Harshly. (Scotch.)
" For the heycht of the heyte happyne sail wer,
And everyche Jorde shaU tmsternly werk."
Karly Scottish Verse, iv. (ed. Lumby), 16, 17.
Aus'-tin, a. & s. A syncopated form of Au-
gustinian (q.v.).
aus'-tral, ■'. [Fr., Sp., & Port, austral; Ital.
aiistrale ; Lat. australls = southern, from
auster = (1) tlie south wind, (2) the south.]
Pertaining to the south, southern.
Aus-tral-a'-sian (s as sh), a. & s. [From
Aiistral = Southern, and Asia.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Australasia,
a division of the globe containing the land
and water between the equator and 50'^ soutli
latitude on the one hand, and 110° and 180°
east longitude on the other. It comprises
New Guinea, the Australian continent, Tas-
mania, New Zealand, iuid various Polynesian
ishuids. It is a part of Oceania, and is some-
times ciilled, from the generally dark charac-
ter of its inliabit;nits, Melanesia. It is not to
be confuundftd witli Australia. [Australian.]
The term Avslralasia, wns introduced by tlie
President de Brosses in 175t'>.
B. As S2d)stantive : A native of Australasia.
aus'-tral-ene, s. [Eng. austral, and suffix:
-enc. The word austral is from australis, in
Pinus australis, the specific name of an
American pine. ]
Chem.: A liquid called also a^istraterehen-
thene, produced by neutralising English tur-
pentine oil with an alkaline carbonate, so as
to purify it, and then distilling it first over a
water-bath, and then in a vacuum. It turns
the plane of polarisation to the right, English
turpentine oil is made from Pinus australis
and P. to'xla, trees which grow in the Southern
States of America. (Fo wn es. )
Aus-tra'-li-an, a. & s. [From Aiistraliio),
and suffix -au.]
1. As adjective : Pertaining or relating to
Australia, formerly called New Holland, an
island of dimensions like those of a continent,
lying south-east of Asia.
Australian languages : The native languages
spoken in the several parts of Australia.
(Latham says that these all show an agglu-
tinate structure.) [Agglutinate.]
2. As substantive : A native of Australia.
Two great races inhabit the islands lying to
the south-east of Asia, and scattered in small
groups at intervals over the warmer parts of
the Pacific. The higher of these is the Malay
race ; the lower is called, from its resemblance
to the African negroes, Negrito. The native
Australians are Negritos. They are so low in
organisation that it is said they can count
only 3, 4, and 5 ; though some who have
taught them have given a much more favour-
able opinion of tlieir (capacity.
aus-tral-i'ze, v.t.". [Eng. austral; -ize.] To
tend in a southerly direction ; to tend to point
towards the south.
"Steel and good iron discover a vevticity, or polar
faculty ; whereby they do' septeiitriate at one extreme.
and australize at auother." — Browne : Vulgar Errours.
aus-tra-ter-e-ben'-thene, n. [From Lat.
australis — austral, and terehentheue.] [Aus-
TRALENE, TeREBENTHENE.]
Aus'-tri-an, a. & s. [Eng., &c., Austria, and
Eng. suffix -an. In Fr. Autrichien, a. & s,]
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining or relating to the Archduchy
of Austria, the nucleus around which the
Austrian empire, at present called Austro-
Huiigary, was agglonrerated.
2. Pertaining to Austro-Hungary itself.
B. ^s substantive : A native of Austria,
Aus'-trine, a. [in Sp. & Ital. Austrino ;
Lat. Au^trinus.] Southern. (Johnson.)
Aus-tro-, incoDiitos. [From Lat. Auster, genit.
Austri (q.v.).]
1. Southern, as Anstro-Egyptian = Soui hern-
Egyptian ; pertaining to the Southern Egyp-
tians.
2. Pertaining to Austria, as contradistin-
guished from Hungary, as Austro-Hungary.
aus'-tr6-inan-9y, s. [From Lat. auster =
the soutli wind, and Gr. (j.a.vTeia. (manteia) ~
divination.] Imagined divination by means
of observations made upon the winds. (Web-
ster, £c.)
aus-tu'9e, s. [Fr. astuce; Sp. & Port, astucia
= subtilty. ] Subtilty. [Astuce.]
"They lay attheva<^ht lyik the aid suhtill doggis
hydand nuhil conspiratioiie or dissensione suld ryes
antang you. than be there austucethei furnest vitht
money baith the parteia." — Complaynt of Scotland, p.
a'ut, a'uth, a. [All thr rapidly pronounced.]
All the. (Craven Gloss.)
au'-tar-chy, s. [Gr. avrapxCa (autarchia) =
absolute power; avrapxris (avtarclies) = an
absolute sovereign ; avrapx^^ (autarched)= to
be an absolute sovereign ; auTo? (autos) =
self, and dpxe-uw (archevo), or apxa> (archo) =
. . . to command, to rule.] The government
of a single person ; absolutism'.
"It may aa well bo;vst an ainnrchi-' and self-sufR-
ciencie."— Valentine: Four Serm. (1605), p. lO.
■* au'-ter, s. [In Fr. autel] An altar.
" Thy temne.l wol I worschijie evermo.
And on thin anter, wlier I ryde or go,
I wol do sacrifice, . . ."
Chaucer : C. T., 2,253-5.
au'-ter, a. [Norm, or Law Fr. for autre =
another.] Another.
In Law :
En anter droit : In right of another. (Used
especially with respect to the holding or in-
heriting property in right of another, as when
one marrying an heiress obtains property in
virtue of his being her husband.) (Blaclcstone :
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 11.)
Per auter vie : By the life of another. (Used
specially when one obtains the possession
of an estate to continue as long as a certain
other person lives.) (Ibid., ch. 8.)
au'-ter-fois (fois as fwa), adv. [From Norm,
or Law Fr. aider = another, and fois = time ;
Fr. autrefois.] Before, previously.
Laiv. (Used especially in the phrases A.
a-z.vyuii = previously acquitted; A. convict =:
previously convicted ; and A. attaint = pre-
viously attainted. Any one of these three
pleas, if substantiated, will prevent an indict-
ment from being proceeded with, on the
ground that one should not be tried twice for
the same offence.) (Blaclcsttyne: Comment.,
bk. iv., ch. 26.)
au- then'- tic, * au- then- tick, * ^u-
then'-tique (tique = tik), * au-ten-
ticke, * au-ten'-tike, * aw-ten'-yk (0.
Eng.), *■ auc-ten'-ty, * au-ten'-tyfe (0.
Scotch), a. & s. [Dut. authciitlclc ; Fr. authen-
tiijne ; Sp. <a\. (UtteiUico ; Port, authentico ;
Low Lat. authenticus; Gr. a.v9iVTLK6s (authen-
tikos) = warranted, authentic ; opposed to
aSe'cTTTOTos (ades2wtos) = (1) wthout a master
or owner, (2) (used of books) anonjnnous. Gr.
avSeVrT)? (aiithentes), conti'acted from auToeVTrj?
(autoentes), apidied to one who does anything
with his own hand ; auros (autos) = one's self.
Cognate with the Eng. word Author.]
A, As adjective :
1. Ordiiuiry Language :
^1. Written wuti one's own hand; oi'i-
ginal.
" There is aa much difTerence between the present
and former times as there is between a copy and an
original ; that, indeed, may be fair, but this ouly is
authcntick."~South, vol. vii., Ser. 14. (Jiichardnon.)
2. Bearing the name of an author ; having a
signature attached to it ; not anonymous.
[A., XL 2.]
"Being examined on these inaterial defects in the
anthenticalness of a iiaver i>roduced by them as avzhen-
tick, |they] could give no sort of account how it bap-
I'eiied to he without a aignatnre." — Bu&he : Report on
jiffuirs of ]ndia. (liichardson.)
3. Trustworthy, credible, as what is sub-
scribed with the name of an author is likely
to be.
" Awtenyklyu'kya and atoris aide and new."
Early Scottish Verse, i. |ed. Lumby), 1.
" Tliis man regularly sent to the French head-
quarters authentic information touching the designs
of the allicH." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xix.
4. Unadulterated ; not counterfeit.
(a) Of persons :
" Par. Both of Galen and Paracelsiis.
/,«/. Of all the learned and aiUheiitic fellows —
Par. Right, so 1 say."
Shakesp. : AlVs Well that Ends Well, iL 3.
" Slie shall not have it hack : the child shall grow
To prize the authentic mother of her mind,
Tennyson: The Princess, v.
(h) Of tilings :
" As time improves the grape's autltentic juice,
Mellows iiud makes the siieech more fit for use."
Cowper: Conoersation.
"... to be avenged
On liini who had stole Jove's nutlien'ic fire."
Milton : P. L., bk. iv.
II. Technically:
1. Chrl:>ti(in Apologetics, Ilistnric-rd Criticism,
d'c. Writers on the evidences of Christianity
have liad to define the words genuine and
authentic, and have increased rather than
diminished the obscurity attending on the
subject. Thus Bishop Watson says, " A
ijennine book is that which was written by
the person whose name it bears as the author
of it. An authentic book is that which relates
inatters of fact as they really happened."
(IVatson: Apology for the Bible, Letter ii.)
Some other writers, adverting to the fact that
the words author and authentic are etymologi-
cally connected, call that genuine which Wat-
sou terms authentic, and that authentic -wMcii
he denominates genuine. It would tend to
c-learness if all Cliristian apologists would in
future adopt this latter use of the word. At
)tresent eacli author has to define the sense
m which he individually employs it in his
writings.
2. Law: Ypsted with all legal formalities,
and legally attesteil
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we. wet. here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute. ciib. ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try. Syrian, se. oe = e. ey=a, qu^kw.
authentieal— authority
^ *
36if
3. Music: Having an immediate relation to
the key-note or tonic. It is contradistin-
guished from plagal, i.e., having a correspond-
ing relation to the fifth, or dominant, in tlie
octave below the key-note.
Autltentic Cadence^ called also Perfect Ca-
dence. [Cadence.]
Authentic Melodies. [Melody.]
Authentic Modes, Authentic Tones. [Mode,
Tone.]
B. As substantive: An authentic book or
document. [A, I.] (Fuller.)
au-then'-tic-aly «. [Eng. aiithentic ; -al]
The same as Authentic, adj. (q.v.).
au-then'-tic-al-ly (Eng.), * ac-ten'-tic-
1^. * aU-ten'-tik-l^ (0. Scotch), adv. [Eng.
uutheiUical ; -ly.}
1, In an authentic manner ; properly sup-
poi-ted by authority so as to be credible, and
therefore ti-ustworthy.
"... and iia new gift confomiacioun nor iiifeft-
inent aTUeiUikly yevlii ii«aiie the said rtiuocaciouu.''—
Act Dam. Cone, A. 14"8, i>. 31.
"I will not even allude to the many heart-sicken iiig
atrocities which I aatheiUicaUy heard uV—Darvrln :
Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
2. Authoritatively.
"This iwint is dnliioua. and not yet authenHcally
decided." — Browne : Vulgar Errours.
" Coiiacience never coininands or forhids anything
avthenticallif, but there is some law of God which
couimaiid3 or forhids it fii-st."— A'oiti/j,
au-then'-tic-al-ness, s. [Eng. authentiml;
-jiess.] The quality of being authentic, i.e.,
of being jiroperly supported by authority, and
therefore trustworthy.
" Nothinp can be more jileasant than to see virtuosos
ahont a cabinet of niedala. descanting upon the value,
raiity, and authenticalness of the Beveral iiieces."—
Addison.
au-then'-tic-ate, ut. [Eng. antlientic; -ate.
In Fr. authentiquer ; Sp. autenticar ; Port.
authenticar ; Ital. autenticare.]
1. To give proper validity to any document,
as by signing the name to it, or going through
any other formalities needful to impai-t to it
authority.
"To Corres}>oiidents. — No notice can be taken of
luionynioua conunnnications. Whatever is intended
for insertion must be aiUtienHcateU by the name and
addreos of the writer ; not necessarily for vublicatiou,
but us a guarantee of good itiith."—Slantling intUnii-
tioa ill Times Jfewspaper.
2. Ill a. more general sense: To impart sucli
authority to anything as to render it valuable
or trustworthy.
". . . replete with research and autlienticatetl by
curious evidences, . . ." — Warton : Bist. of Kidding-
ton, Pref., p. vi.
au-then'-tic-a-ted, "pa, "par. [Authenti-
cate.]
"We learn, however, from Livy that there waa no
uniform or well-nitfAcnf/coted report of the origin of
the dictatoi*Bhi\> in the early historians,"— iewis ;
Early Jiom. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., itt. i., g V6.
S-U-then'-tic-a-ting, pr. par. [Authenti-
cate. ]
4u-then-tic-a'-tion, s. [Eng. authentic ;
-ation. In Sp. atiteyiticacion ; Ital. autentica-
zione.] The act of authentication ; the act of
furnishing such evidence of authorship, trust-
worthiness, or both, as may accredit a book
or a document, or even a spoken statement.
"The reign of Tullns Hostilius, like those of his
two i)redecessors, is destitute of all a utJicn/ication hy
^coeval written evidence."— /.euiifi: Early Jiom. Hist.,
'ch. xi., pt i., § 18.
au-tlieil-ti9'-i-ty, a. [In Ger. authenticiidt ;
Fr. authenticite ; Sp. aiiteniicidml ; Port, nn-
ihenticidade.] Tlic quality of being authentic.
[Authentic]
"... rather a work of command and imagination
thwi of nntlienticity." — WitliMle: Anec. Ctf Painting,
\yl. i., ch. 2. \,Uichardson.\
au-then'-tic-l3^, * au-ten'-tick-ly, * au-
ten'-tique-ly (tique = Uk), oAv. [Eng.
authentic ; -hjJ\ In an authentic manner.
"... regesters and recordes iudicially and auter>-
tiquely made."— ifaM.- Hen. VIII.. an. 34. (JHchard-
son.)
au-then -tic-ness, * au-then'-tick-ness,
s. [Eng. authentic ; -ness.] Authenticity.
"They would receive no iwoks as the writings of
insjiired men, hut such of vhofie autJientichnesn they
hail rational grounds. "—£jU, Morton: Episcopacy As-
nertcd, \i. XXVI.
au-then'-tics, s. pi. [In Fr. auihentiiiues.']
Civil Law : An anonymous but valuable
collection of the Novels or New Constitutions
of Justinian. (Bouvier.) (Goodrich & Porter,
&c.)
au'-thor, * auc'-thour, * auc'-tor. * au'-
tor, * au'-t6ur» * aw'-towre, * a-tour, s.
[In Fr.au/-eitr; "^cl.awdur ; Frov. auctor ; Sp.
aator ; Port, autor, autJwr; Ital. autore; from
Lat. auctor (sometimes incorrectly written
autor and author) = one who enlarges or con-
firms anything ; specially (1) an originator,
(2) a father, (3) a founder, (4) an artist, (5) an
author of books, (6, 7, &e.) ; from atictum, sup.
of augeo = to increase, to augment.]
A. Ordinary Language :
L Of tlie Divine Being or of persons :
1. Gen. : The originator, beginner, producer,
or efficient cause of anything.
" In that bless'd moment Nature, throwing wide
Her veil upaciue, discloses with a smile
The A uthor of her beimties, who. retired
Behind liis own creation, works imseen
By the impure, and hears his power denied."
Cowper : Tuxk, hk. v.
" The serpent autor was, Eve did proceed ;
Adaui not aator, auctor was indeed."
Owen's Epigrams.
"... he became the author of eternal salvation
mito all them that obey him." — Heb. v, u.
" We the chief patron of the commouwenlth,
You the regardless author of its woes,"
Cowper : Task, bk. v.
2. Specially :
(a) An ancestor, a predecessor. (Old Eng. &
Scotch.) [B. 1.]
(6) One who writes books, scientific papers,
&c., with a cei-tain measure of originality, as
distinguished from a compiler and a translator.
"... the Aiiibes vseth yet that maner of doyng,
Ysmael was here atour.'-^lligden : Polichron. bg
Trevisa, ii. 10. [S. in Boucher.)
"All the rage of a multitude of autTiors, irritated
at once hy the sting of want and the sting of vanity,
is directed against the unfortunate patruu." — J/a-
caulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
If Although there is a special term. Au-
thoress (q.v,), for a female who writes books,
yet the word author is sumetimes used in the
same sense.
"To one of the Author's Children on his Birthday."
—Heading of one of Mrs. Hemant' Poems.
II. Of things : The efficient cause of any-
thing ; that which originates or produces
anything.
"That which is the strength of their amity, shall
jirove the humediate author of their variance." —
Sluikesj). : Ani. & Cleop., li. C.
B. Old Scots Law :
1. An ancestor, a predecessor. (The word
is frequently used in this sense in old Acts of
Parliament. )
"... haldin he the said James MaXM-ell or his
authoris."— Acts Jus. VI. (1605).
2. One who legally transferred property to
another.
"He who thus trausmitsa feudal right in his life-
time, is called the dispuuer or author." — Erskinc:
Inst., bk. ii., § 1.
author-craft, s. The craft or art of an
author ; skill in literary composition.
" If a book come fi-om the heart, it will contrive to
reach other heart-s ; all art and author-craft are of
small amount to that," — Carlyle : Heroes and Hero-
Worship, Lecture II.
t au'-thdr» v.t. [From the substantive.] To
be the cinse or author of ; act as the doer
of a deed ; to do, to effect, to perpetrate ; to
suxtport by authority, to accredit.
"... when such an overthrow
Of brave friends I have authored. . . ."
Chapman: Homer's Iliad, bk. iii. (Itichardson.)
" Oh, execi'ahle slaughter,
"What hand hiLth author'd it? "
Beaum. & Flet. : Bloody Brother.
t au'-thored, pa. par. [Author, ■^>.^]
au'-thor-ess, «. [Eng. autlwr, and fern. sufT.
-CSS.]
1. Gen. : A female author, cause, or origi-
nator of anytliing.
" Albeit his [Adam's] los.-!, without God's mercy, was
absolutely irrecoverable ; yet we never find he twitted
her as authoress of his inlV—Feltham : Serm. on St.
Lukexiv. 20 *
" When others curs'd the authoress of their woe.
Thy pity clieck'd my son-ows in their flow,"
Pope : Homer's Iliad, hk. xxiv., 970-71.
2. Spec. : A female author of a book.
' ' This woman waa authoress of scandalous books."—
Warburton : Notes on Pope's Dunciad.
*\ This sense is more modem than the
former one.
au-thbr'-i-al, a. [Eng. author; -ial.'\ Per-
taining to an author. (Scott: Antiq., ch. xiv.)
au'-th6r-i§e, v.t. [Authorize.]
t au'-thor-ism, s. [Eng. author: -i^m.]
Authorship. ^(Walpole: Letters, ii. 2ti9.)
au-thor'-i-ta-tive, adj. [Eng. authorii(y);
-ative.]
1. Possessed of authority ; founded on au-
thority.
2. Given forth with authority.
" With the practice of the whole Christian world the
authoritative teaching of the Cluuch of Enclaud ai>-
l>eared to be in strict hanuony. '— J/acuufa^ ; Hist.
Eng., ch. xiv.
3. Making or implying an assumption of
authority.
" And questions in authoritattoe tone."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. vii.
au-thor'-i-ta^tive-ly, adv. [Eng. anthori-
tative; -ly.] 'in an authoritative manner; by
jn-oper authority ; with an assumption of
authority.
"... publicly and atUhnritatively tiught."— Cole-
ridge: A ids to Reflection, 4th ed. (183D), p. 223.
"No law foreiyn binds in England till it be re-
ceiveil, and autluiritatiuely engrafted, into the law oi
England." — Hale,
au-thor'-x-ta-tive-ness, s. [Eng. auihori-
iiilive; -ness.\ The quality of being or apxjear-
ing authoritative. (Johnson.)
au-thor-i-ty, * au-thor'-i-tie, * au-
tor'-i-tie, *au-t6r'-^-te, ^auc-tor'-i-te,
^ auc-tor'-i-ty, * auc-tor'-i-tie, ^ auc-
tor'-i-tee, s. [In Sw. & Ban. avtoritet;
Ger. autor Hat ; Fr. antoritc ; Sp. avtoridad;
Port, autoridade ; Ital. a^doriia; Prov. auc-
toritat. From Lat. aiictoritas = (l) a cause,
(2) an o]iinion, (3) advice, (4) a precejit,
(5) a jiroposed legislative measure, (0) jtower
or authority to act, (7) reputation, iutliience,
(S) a pattern, (0) a warrant, credibility, (10)
legal ownership ; from avctnr.] [Author.]
Authority being connected with tlie word
author, in its older and wider signilication,
meaning one who enlarges, confinns, or gives
to a thing its complete form, hence one who
originates or proposes anything, authority is,
jiioperly speaking, the power to act in the
manner now described. It is used specially —
A. In an abstract sense : The right of claim-
ing belief and deference, or of demanding
obedience.
L Of ielief or deference :
1. Claimed on hehalf of persons :
(f() Legitiviately : The right which a truthful
]ierson has of claiming belief in his testimony
on matters of fact which have fallen under
liis immediate cognizance ; also the right
which a man of intellect, knowledge, and
character possesses of claiuiing deference to
his opinions, even if they cannot be accepted.
"For authority, it is of two kinds : belief in an art,
and belief in a in an,"— .Bacort .■ Nat. Hist., Cent. x.
" I re-.sahite these sentiments, conflnu'd
By your authority."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v,
", . . the antJiority of a crowd of illustrious uaniea
. . ." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
(h) Illegitirtuitely : A claim to belief or defer-
ence not sustained by proper evidence.
" It was known that he was to profane as to sneer at
a practice which had been sanctioned by high eccle-
siastical authority, the practice of touching for the
iicrotu]^."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xiv.
2. Claimed on hehalf of things : The title
which a book or a document has to a greater
or lesser amouut of credit, according to its
character.
"They consider the main consent of all the churches
in the whole world, witnessing the siicred authority at
ecrijitures, . . ."—Hooker.
"But on what authority it was recorded by the first
Koiuan chroniclers, we cannot now dijscover. " — Lewis:
Early Jiom. Hist., ch. xii., pt, i., § 13.
II. Of dbedunce :
1, Claimed on behalf of perso)is :
(i.) (The right to demand obedience may
be founded on natural law, as the authority
of a parent over his children ; or on the law
of the country, as that of a magistrate over
those brought before him ; or a master over
an apprentice.) Delegated power given by
superiors.
"When the righteous are in authority, the people
rejoice : but when the wicked beareth rule, the i)eople
mourn."— iVon. xxix. 2.
" And here he hath autJiority from the chief x^riesta
to bind all that call on thy name." — Acts ix. 14.
"Tyrconnel, before he departed, delegated his civil
authority to one council. and his military autlionty to
another," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
(ii.) Assumption that such a claim has been
acknowledged ; bold exercise of power.
b^, b^; pout, j6^1; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon> eapst. -ing.
-cian = Shan, -cion, -tion. -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die. &.c. = bel, d©L
364
authorizable— auto-de-fe
"... exhort ami rebuke with all aiithoritu- Let
no mail despise thee." — TiCu% ii. 15.
(iii.) Power resting on the actual ackiiow-
ledgnient of the claim made to it.
" Power arisiuc from streiigtli is always in those that
are guvenied, who are many ; hut authoriti/ ariaing
from opiuiou is lu those that govern, who are few."—
Temple
2. Claimed on behalf of things : The title
which a law has to be obeyed.
"The recent stjituten were surelv not of more au-
thority than the Great Charter or the Petition of
Right."— J/ttciUffay : Jlist. £ii'j., chap, i,
B. IiL a cojicrete sense; The persons for
whom nr the thing.s for which belief, defer-
ence, or obedience is claimed.
1. Of jJ&Tsons :
1, Of personti legitimately or illegitimately
claiming belief or deference.
"... statements maOe by such high authorities." —
Darwin : Descent of Man, pt. i., eh. i.
2. Of persons claiming obedience, viewed
as individuals, or regarded collectively as one.
In the former case the word is in the plural,
" the niiUtary authorities," " the civil authori-
ties," "the eculesiastical authorities," "the
municipal authorities," or simply ' ' the authori-
ties ; " in the latter it is in the singular, as in
the abstract word "authority."
"The provincial authorities sent copies to the muni-
cipal authorities." — Macaulay : Hist, of Eng., ch. v.
" AiUJiority herself not seldom sleeps,
Though resident, aud witness of the wrong."
Cowper : TcmIc, ok. iv.
^ It may be used, in an analogous sense,
of particular orders of superhuman beings
holding a place in the heavenly hierarchy.
" Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand
of God; angels and (iM^ftorirics and powers bemg made
subject unto hku." — l Peter iii, 22.
II. Of things (specially) ; Books or docu-
ments regarded as so deserving of credit that
people in general are afraid to dissent from
them in opinion.
"We urge authorities in things that need not, and
Introduce the testimony of aneient writers, to con-
firm things evidently believed." — Bruwne : Vulgar
Errours.
"I cannot here give references and authorities for
ray several statements." — Darwin: Origin of Species,
Introd., p. 2.
au-thor-i'z-a-ble, oxlj. [Eng. authorize;
-ahle.] That may be authorized.
"... a censure authorizable by that part of St.
Austin's words . ■ ."—Hammond : Works, vol. i,,
p. 243.
au-thor-i-za'-tion, s. [Eng. a\itlioris{e) ;
-ation. In Fr. auto rlsat ion ; Sp. autorizatlon ;
Port, autorizagao.] Ttie act of authorizing ;
the state of being authorized.
" The obligation of laws ariites not from their matter,
but from their admission and receijtiou, aud authori-
zation, iu this kingdom." — llale.
au -thor-ize (now more usually au'-thor-
ise), v.t. [Eng. author; -ize. In Fr. au-
to'riser ; Sp. autorizar ; Port, autorisar; Ital.
antorizzaic ; from Lat. auctoro = to produce;
from auctor.} [Author,]
I. Of authority given to persons :
1. To give a person warrant or legal or
moral authority to act in a particular way
permanently ; or to do so temporarily, till a
certain commission is executed.
"... declared that he was authorized, by those who
had sent him, to assure the Lords that . . ■" — Macau-
lay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
2. To give one that authority, influence, or
credit which tlie possession of character,
knowledge, or years does ; or to a truthful
person belief when he makes statements
founded on his personal observation.
II. Of authority given to things :
1. To give legal sanction to anything.
"Lawful it is to devise any ceremony, and to an-
thoriZH any kind of regiment, no special command-
ment being tliereby violated."— //oofef.
2. To give the sanction of custom or public
opinion to.
"Those forms are best which have been longest
received ami authorized in a nation by custom ajid
use. "— Temple.
3. To justify, to give moral sanction to, to
permit.
"All virtue lies in a iwwer of denying our own
desires, where reason does not authorize tliem." —
Locke.
4. To impart credit or vitality to an opinion
"by bearing testimony in its favour.
"... would well become
A woman's story, at a winter's lire.
Authorized by her graiidiim,"
tihakesp. : Macbeth, iii. -t.
au-thor-i'zed, au-thor-i'fed, pa. par. &
u. [Authorize.]
Authorised Version of the Bible,
or simply Authorised Version. The ver-
sion of the Bible into English, made at the
suggestion of James I. by forty-seven learned
divines. It took three years— viz., from 1607
to 1(510 — to execute, and was tirst published
in 1611. It is the only one "appointed to be
read in churches," and till quite recently its
title-page contained the words "printed by
authority." It ha.s held its place so long
more by its own great merits than by the
artificial support of law ; aud while there are
numerous minute defects, which have been
corrected in the Revised Version of the New
Testament, it remains, in all essential re-
spects, the same.
au'-thor-iz-iug. au'-thor-i^-mg, pr. par.
[Authorize.]
au'-thor-less, adj. [Eng. author; -less.]
Without an author or authors, anonymous.
"The false aspersions some authorless tongues have
laid upon me."— i'ir £. Hackmlle, (iuardian. No. laa,
au'-thor-l^, a. [Eng. author; -ly.] Like an
author. (Cowper, Worcester, (&c.)
au'-thor-ship, s. [Eng. author, and suffix.
■skip.] The profession of an author ; the state
of being an author ; or the exercise of the
functions of au author ou any occasion ;
origination.
" Thatwaste chaos of authorship by trade." — Carlyle :
Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lecture \'.
au-to-, jiref. [From Gr. avros (autos) = of
one's self or of itself := natural, independent,
alone, &,c. yoinetimes auto is used subjec-
tively, as autograph = that which one himself
writes ; and sometimes objectively, as autO'
biography = a writing about tlie life of one's
self.]
au-to-hi-og'-ra-pher, a-. [Eng. autoUo-
graph(y) ; -er.] A person wlio writes his or
her own life, or memoirs of one's self.
au-to-bi-o- graph'- ic, au-to-bi-o-
graph'-i-cal, a. [Eng. aiUobiograph(y) ;
■ic, -ical.] Relating to or containing auto-
biography.
4u-t6-bi-o-graph'-i-cg,l-l3^, adv. [Eng.
autobiographical ; sulf. -ly.] By way of auto-
biography.
t au-to-bi-og'-ra-phist, s. [Eng. autoblo-
graph(y); -ist.] An autobiogiapher.
au-to-bi-og'-ra-pliy, adv. [Gr. ayro? (autos)
= self, ^tos (bios) = course of life, life, and
7pa<^ij (graphe) = a wi-iting.] A narrative of
tlie most memorable incidents in one's life,
written by one's self.
" Aufobiograph/j of an Atheist ; or, Testimony to the
Truth. ' — Title of a lioo'c.
au'-to-oar, s. [Pref. auto-, and Eng. car.] A
carriage that can be propelled by a motive
power under the control of the occupants, the
engine being stored in anv part of the carriage
(Pall Mall Gazette, Dec. 11, 1895.)
uu-to-car'-poiis, a. [Pref. auto-, Gr. Kapnoq
(karpos) = fruit, and En;^^ suff. -ous.]
au-to-9e-phar-ic, a. [Pref. a-uto-, and Eng.
cephalic] The same as Autocephalous (q.v.). '
au-to-^eph'-a-lous, a. [Pref. auto-, Gi'.
«ei/)aA.ij {kephale) ~ the head, and Eng. sutf.
-ous.] Independent of the jurisdiction oi' an
archbishop or a patriarch. (Said of bishops
and churches.)
au-to-chron'-o-grS-ph, s. [Gr. aWos (autos)
= self, xpofo^ (ch}'0)io.s) = time, and ypa4fq
(graphe) = a writing, oi- deseribiTig.] An in-
strument for tlie instantaneous self-recording
or printing of time. (Knight.)
au-toch'-thon (plur. au-toch'-thon-es),
s. [In Fr. autochihone (sing.); Port. & Lat.
autochthones (pt.) ; from Gr. Autox^wi' {Autoch-
thon), adj. sing. ; AvtoxQovg^ (Autochthones), pi.
= sprung from the land itself ; auros (autos) =
self, and xet^i'(cW/ton)=theearth, the ground.]
One of the aborigines of a country, a man,
animal, or plant belonging to the race which
seems to have inlsalnted the land before all
other races uf a similar kind.
au-toch'-thon-al, a. [Eng., &c., avtochtiion;
-"I.] Aboriginal, indigenous.
au-toch-thon'-ic, «. [Eng. autochthon ; -ic]
Autochthomd.
au-tooh'-thon-ism, s. [Eng. autochthon;
-ism.] Birth from the soil of a country ; ab-
original occupation of a country. (N.E.D.)
au-toch'-thon-lSt, s. [Eng. autochthon; -ist.]
One who believes in the existence of autoch-
thons. (N.E.D.)
au-toch'-thon-OUS, a. [Gr. avroxBovos (au-
iochthonos).'] Autochthonal.
"... and the decision either of the autochthonous
Cecrops, or of Erechtheus, awarded to her the preier-
ence.' — ffrofe .- Hist. Greece, vol. i., pt. i., ch. i., p. 77.
au'-to-clave, s. [Gr. auro? (autos) = self, and
apparently c/auis=key, from claudo = to shut.
That which shuts itself.] A form of Papin's
digester, consisting of a French stew-pan with
a steam-tight lid. To render it safe it should
have a safety-valve.
au-toc'-ra-gy", au-toc'-ra-sy, s. [In Ger.
autokratie ; Fr. autocratie ; from Gr. avra-
Kpareta (autokrateia), from auTo? (autos)= self,
aiK^. KpctTos (kratos) = (1) strength, might, (2)
power. ]
L Literally:
1. Ofaruler: Power or authority, the limits
of which nominally deijend solely on one's
own will.
". . . who believe that an autocracy is necessary for
the accomplishment of an object which they, at the
moment, hold to be of paramount importance, . . ." —
Lewis: Early Horn. Hist., ch. xii., pt. iii., § 54,
2. Of a state: Independence of other states ;
possession of the right of self-government,
with the ability to vindicate it if it be called
in question. (Barlow.)
II. Fig.: Independent and controlling power
over anything,
"Another influence has favoured the establishment
of this autocracy among the faculties." — Herbert
apencer : Psyclwl,, 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 314, § 389.
au'-to-crat, t au'-to-crate, s. [In Dan.
autocrat; Dut. autokraat ; Ger. autokrat ; Fr.
autocrate; Gr. avTOKparqs (autokrates), adj. =
ruling by one's self: avr6<y (autos) = self , and
KpaTfoi (krateo)^ (1) to be strong, (2) to rule ;
/cpdros (kratos) = (1) strength, (2) power.] Pro-
perly, one ruling by his own power, a sove-
reign of uncontrolled authority ; an absolute
ruler. Specially —
I. Formerly. Among the old Atlienians : A
designation sometimes given to particular
generals or ambassadors when they were in-
vested with almost absolute autlioi'ity.
IL Now:
1. Any absolute soverg'gn, especially the
Emperor of Russia,
"... the «M^ocrtt( of the immense region stretching
from the confines of Sweden to those of China, . , ," —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xxiii.
2. Half sarcastically : A person who rules
with undisi)uted sway in a company or other
association.
". . . and he was thenceforth the autocrat of the
Coiti\)a.uy."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
au-to-crat'-ic, au-to-crat'-I-cal, adj.
[Eng. autocrat; -ic, -ical. In Fr. autocratiqve;
Gr. avTOKpaTiJ? (au(ofcra(es)= ruling by one's
self, absolute.] Pertaining to autocracy; ab-
solute in power, or at least nominally so.
au-to-crat'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. autocrati-
cal; -ly.] After the manner of au autocrat ;
agreeably to one's own will, and that only,
"* au-to-cra'-tor, s. [Gr. auroKparwp (auto-
krator).^ An autocrat.
au-to-cra-tor'-i-cal, a. [Eng. autocrator;
-ical] Pertaining to an autocrator, that is,
an autocrat.
"The Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, in respect of the
same divinity, have the same nulocratorical powtr
dominion, and authority."— /'c(trso« on the Crceal
Art. 7.
au-t6c'-ra-tri9e, s. [In Fr. autocratricc] A
female autocrat.
t au-to-cra'-trix, 0-. [Eng. awiocra((o)r; -it.]
A female autocrat. (Tooke.)
au'-to-crat-Ship, s. [Eng. autocrat; -ship.]
The office, position, or dignity of an autocrat.
au'-to de fe, s. [Sp. auto-de-fe; Port, auto-
da-fe = an act of faith ; Fr. auto-da-fe ; Ger.
aula dxt-fe : Sp. k Port, auto, from Lat. actum
~ au act ; Sp. & Port, fe, from Lat. fides =
faith.]
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, not-
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce -^ e. ey = a. qu = kWr
autodynamic— autopsical
365
Church Hist: The words literally mean
"au act of faith," but are used for (1) the
judicial sejitence of the Inquisition, (2) the
carrying out of such a sentence, especially
the public burning of a heretic or heretics.
In tliis case, after mass had been said publicly
and a sermon jireaehed, extracts were read
from the records of the trial conducted and
tlie sentences pronounced by the judges of
the Inquisition. For some of tlie condemned
there were minor, and for otheis capital sen-
tencL's prescribed. The unfortunates were
then handed over to the civil power. Heretics
"wlio recanted and similar penitents were first
strangled and then burnt ; but those who re-
mained obstinate were burnt alive, like the
mai-tyrs of Smithfield.
The first auto-de-fe was lield in Spain in
1481, the last in 1813. The prisoners who
suffered minor or capital punishments were,
in all, 341,021. [Inquisition.]
au-to-dy-nam'-ic, a. [Gr. aurds (avtos) =
self, and SvvafXLK6<; (dutiamilcos) = powerful,
Ironi SvfafjLLs {diinamis) = power, strength.]
Operating by its own power or force without
extianeous aid.
autodynamic elevator. A water
elevator. An instrument in which the weight
of a falling column of water elevates a smaller
column to a certain height.
au-to-gam'-ic, u. [Eng. autoga-miy) ; -ic.}
Bot. : Characterised by, or adapted for, self-
fertilization.
au-tog'-a-my, s. [Pref, auto-, and Gr. ya.fx.io.
(gamia), combining form ofydfio? (gamos) = a
wedding.
Bot: Self-fertilization; the fertilization of
a flower by its own pollen.
au-to-ge-net'-ic, a. [Pref. auto-, and Eng.
genetic (q.v.).] Self-producing.
au-to-gen'-e-sis, s. [Pref. atUo-, and Eng
gevesi^ (q.v.).] Self-production. Used in
Biol, in the same sense as abiogenesis (q.v.).
au-tog'-en-oiis, au-to-ge'-ne-ous, au-
to-gen'-e-al, adj. [In Gr. avToyevrjs (ciuto-
genes) : iunn avTos {autos) = self, and yewdtM
(gennao)= to beget, to engender; yewalgen-
Tui) = birtli, and yCyfoixai {gignomai) = to
cnine into being.] Self-engendered, self-pro-
duced ; arising spontaneously.
"Tlie various processes of the veitebire have been
mviUed into those tliat nre luttogenous. or formed
from separate osaiflc coiitree, and exugenoiis, or out-
growths fruui either of the jwst-ineDtioiied urinuuy
vertebral coustituenta."— /Vower; Osteof. of the JUam-
intilia, p. 18.
autogenous or autogeneous solder-
ing. Soldering by melting together parts of
two metals and allowing them to mix together
and unite as they cooh
fi.U-t6|f'-en-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. avtogenous ;
-ly.] In an autogenous manner; sponta-
neously.]
" The an terlor. or more properly inferior, bar of the
transverse piocoaa of the seventh, and occasionally of
some of the other cevvical vertebrre in niau, ^s mtto-
genousl;/ developed."— ^Zoiocr; Osteol. of the Mam-
tnalia, p. 20.
^u-tog'-en-y, au-tog'-o-ny, s. Gr. auro-
yec^5, aiiToydi/os {autogeiics, autogonos) = self-
produced.]
BU<L: Hffickel's name for a kind of sponta-
neous generation, in which he supposes a most
simple organic individual to come into being
in an inorganic forinative fluid. {Hist. Crea-
tion, Eng. ed., i. 339.)
&U'-td-grapll, s. o: a. [In Fr. autograplie ;
Sp. &, Ital. autografo; Port, aiitographo ; Liit.
autographus (adj.), autographum (subst.) ; Gr.
aifT6ypa<t)o^ {a^itographos) (adj.), and avroypa-
<^ov{autographnn) (subst.): from avro^ (autos)
= self, and ypa4>rj (grapM) = a writing ; ypdAto
(grapho) = to writ;.]
A, As substantive :
1. Anything written with one's own hand,
as a letter or a signatui-e ; au original manu-
script, as distinguished from a copy.
"To enrich obscure collectors of autogravTis "~
Times, Nov, 13, 1S7C. ./"*/"«.
2. An autographic press (q.v.).
B. .-15 adjective : Written by one's own hand.
" Carried a second autograph letter from Fmncis to
Henry. —Fronde: Jlist. Eng., vol. iv., p. \iu.
au-to-gr^ph', v.t. [Autograph, s.].
1. To write (as a. letter, etc.) with one's
own hand.
2. To write die's autograph on or in.
3. To copy by an autographic press.
+ au-tog'-ra-phal, a. [Eng. autograph ; -al.]
Tlie same as Autographic (q.v.).
"The autographal subscription of theCouro^ation
of 1571 to the same Articles is still extant."— Bennet :
Essay on the Thirty-nine Articles (1715), p. 376.
au-to-graph'-ic, au-to-graph'-ic-al, a.
[Eng. autograph ; -ic, -leal. In Fr. autogra-
]hique.] [Autograph.] AVritten by one's
own hand ; pertaining to an autograph or
autographs ; autographal. {Johnson.)
autographic ink. Ink used for execut-
ing writings or di-awing.-: on x^repared paper,
and of such a character that it is possible
afterwards to transfer them to stone.
autographie paper. The prepared
paper used in such a process.
autographic press. The printing press
used in printing autographs.
autographic telegraph. An instru-
ment for transmitting autographic messages,
or in some cases portraits executed in insulat-
ing ink upon metallic paper,
au-to-graph'-ic-al-ly, aiZv. [Autographic]
By an autographic process.
au-tog'-ra-phy, s. [Eng. avtograph ; -y.
In Fr. autograpkie.]
1. Ord. Lang. : An autograph.
"Persons unknown but in the anonymous auto-
graphy of their requisition, dennminatiug themselves
the gentlemen of this theatre."— ft)-. Knox: Jfarra-
tive, *c. (1783).
2. Lithography : A process for transferring a
writing or an engraving from paper to stone.
au-t6-ki-net'-ic-g,l, a. [Gr. airo-; (autos)
= self; Eng. kinetic, iind suff. -a!.] Self-mov-
ing. {More : Immortality oftkeS^d, I. ii. 26.)
au-tom'-a-lite, o. [Automolite.]
au-tom'-a-tal, a. [From* Lat. automatos;
Eng. &c. suff. -al.] [Automaton.] Automatic.
"The whole universe is as it weie the automatal
harp of that gieat and true Apollo."— Jhjio^ on Olan-
vilVs Lu-x Orient. (1682), p. 129.
au'-to-math, s. [Gr. avT0fxa9^q (automuthes),
frnni aiiro; {autos) = self, and fidOeiv {mathein),
2 aor. inlin. of fxavBdvui {manthano) — to learn.]
A self-taught person.
au-to-m^t'-ic, au-td-mS.t'-ic-al, a. [in
Fr. ahiomatique ; Port, automatico ;' Lat. auto-
matos; Gr. auTOjuaTO? {automatos).] [Auto-
maton.]
I. Ord. Lang. 0/r.iaterial things:
1. Pertaining to an automaton,
2. Pertaining to self-acting machinery.
" Rope-making— recent developments— au automatic
Bpmner for rope-yariia "-.idbc in Times, Nov. 4, 1B76,
H. Physiol, d: Mental Phil. : Carried on un-
consciously.
"Unconscious or automatic reasoning."— iTerficW
Spencer: Physiol., 2nd ed., vol. ii., p, a, § 27G.
automatic fire. A composition made
by the, Greeks, which ignited under the rays
of the sun at ordinary temperatures.
au-tom-at'-ic-al-lj^, adv. [Eng. automati-
cal; -ly.] In an automatic manner.
au-tom'-a-tised, a. [Eng. automat{on) ;
-ised.] Made into an automaton (q.v.). {Car-
lyle : Diamond Necklace, ch. i.)
au-tom'-a-tism, s. [Eng. automa{ton); -ism.]
1. Automatic action.
2. The theory that animals are mere auto-
mata, acting mechanically and not volun-
tarily.
3. The power of originating motion, as seen
in the streaming motion of Amoeba.
au-tom'-a-tist, .s. [Automatism.] One who
holds that animals are mere animals.
au-tom'-a-ton (plur. au-tom'-a-tons or
au-tom'-a-ta), s. [In Sw., Dan., &l Ger.
automat; Dut. automaat ; Fr. automate; Sp.
Port., & Ital. automato; Lat. automatus, adj7;
Gr. aiiTOjuaro? {automatos) =self-acting : avro?
(-fn(/ot) = self, and *ju,aw (wtao) = to strive
after, tn attempt.]
I, Literally:
1. Gen. : Any self-acting machine ; or, as a
self-acting machine is, at least in most cases,
impossible, a machine which, like a watch or
clock, requires to be adjusted only at remote
intervals, and during the intermediate x>eriods
goes of itself.
" ITie particular circumstances for which the auto-
mata of this kind are most emiueut may be reduced
to four." — WU/ciiis.
2. Spec.: A figure resembling a human being
or animal, so constructed that when wound up
it will, for a certain time, make movements
like those of life.
II. Fig. : This earth or the universe.
" For it is greater to undei'stand the art whereby the
Almighty governs the motions of the great automaton,
than to have learned the intrigues of policy."— Glan-
vi'.l : Scepsis Scientifica.
automaton balance. A self- acting
machine for weighing coin and rejecting any
pieces which may be of light weight.
au-tom'-a-tor-y, rr. [Eng. antomat{on) ;
-ory.] Automatic. {UrquJuirt : Babelais, bk.
i., ch. xxiv.)
au-t6ni'-a-tod.s, a. [Lat. automatus; Gr.
avTo/i-aro? (automatos).'} [Automaton.] The
same as Automatic (q.v.).
"Clocks, or automatous organs, whereby we distin-
guish of time." — Browne: Yuigar Errours.
au-tom'-o-lite, au-tom'-a-lite, s. [in
Ger. automalit ; froniGr. avT6iJ.o\o<; (automolos)
= a deserter, avrdjitoAo? (automolos) ad.i. =
going of one's self; avTOftoAeoj (automoleo) =
to desert : avrds (autos) = self, and f^oAelv
{moJein) = to go or come. This mineral is
said to be a "deserter," because it has de-
parted from the aspect of a metallic one, and.
yet lias much zinc in its composition.] A
mineral, called also Gahnite, a variety of
Spinel (q.v.). Dana characterises it as Zinc-
galmite. The composition is oxide of zinc
and alumina, with sometimes a little iron. It
is found lat Fahlun, in Sweden, and in
America.
au-to-mor'-phic, a. [Gr. ai/Td/xop<^os {auto-
niorphos) = self-formed.] Conceived after the
form or fashion of one's self. (H. Spencer.)
au-to-morph'-ijm, s. [Automorphic] The
act or practice of conceiving other things or
explaining acts by analogies from one's self.
(H. Spencer : Sociology (Inter. Sci. Ser.), p. 117.)
au-ton'-o-ma-sy, s. Prob. a misprint for
antonomasy (q.v.). (N.E.D.)
* au - to - no'- mij- an, a. [Eng. aiitonomy.]
Pei-taining to autonomy.
au-ton'-o-moiis, a. [Fr. autonome ; Port.
autonomo. In Gr. avrdi'oju.os (autonomos).'}
Pertaining or relating to autonomy ; possess-
ing and exercising the right of self-govern-
ment ; independent.
au-ton'-o-m^, *\ [in Fr. autonomie; Port.
aiUonomia; Gr. avTovoy-Ca. (autonomia), from
auToi/o/ios (:6«(ouo7ftos) = living by one's own
laws: auTos (au^os) = self, and i/djuto? (uomos)
= custom, law ; ve>w (nemo) = to distribute.]
1. Ord. Lang. : The right, and that not lying
dormant, but acted on, of self-government.
Indeiiendence ; the state of being, within cer-
tain limits, a law to one's self. (Used of
nations or of individuals.)
" It is rumoured that the autonomy of Bulgaria will
lorm part of her demands, . . ."—Times, Nov. IC, 1B77.
2. Menial Phil. In tlie Philosophy of Kant:
A term employed to designate the absolute
sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals.
* au-top'-a-thy, S. [Gr. auTOTraSem (auto-
patheia) — one's own feeling or experience ]
More defines this as "the being self-strucken,
to be sensible of what harms us, rather what
is absolutely eVill," (Davies.)
au -to-pis-ty, -5. [Gr, auTOTrio-To? (autopistos)
— credible in itself ; at-rog (a^itos) = self, and
.-^o-Tos (jns^os) = trustworthy ; ttcCOio (peitho)
-z to persuade.] Self- evidencing power •
credibility on internal evidence without its
being requisite to seek corroboration from
external sources.
au-top'-si-a, s. [Autopsy.]
au-top'-sic-al, s. [Eng. autops(y); -iced.]
Pertaining to autopsy ; autoptical. [Autop-
tical.]
boil, boy; pdUt. jdrtrl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon. exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tiou, -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = beL del.
366
autopsy— avadavat
au-top'-sy, au-top'-si-a, s. [In Fr. autop-
sie ; Port, autoima ; Gr. avroipCa (autopsia),
from auTo? (autos) = self, and o\}/ (ops) = tlie
eye. ] Observation of a phenomenon made by
means of one's own eyes, as distinguished from
testimony with respect to it.
" In those that have forked taila. autopsy conTinceth
ua that it hath this use. " — Ray : Creation.
U Med. : Used of a post-mortem examination,
t au-top'-tic-al, i*. [In Gr. auTOTrrtKos {au-
ioptikos).'}
Orel. Lang. & Meet. : Pertaining to autopsy ;
seen by one's own eyes ; autopsicah
" Evinced by autoptical ex-perience."— Evelyn, b. iii,,
oh. iii,, 5 22.
t au-top -tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. autoptical ;
-ly-]
Ord. Lang. & Med. : By means of one's own
eyes.
"That the galaxy ia a meteor, was the account of
Aristutle ; but the telescope hath autoptlcall}/ con
futed it , , ." — Glanville: Scepsis.
+ au-to-sche-di-as'-tic-al, a. [From Gr.
aiiTotrxeStatTTiKos (aiitoschediastikos) = extem-
porary ; avToiTxeStafa) (autoschediazo) = to do,
act, or speak off-hand ; auTo(rxe'5to? (atUosche-
dios) = (1) hand to hand, (2) off-hand : auros
(autos) = one's self; crxe'Sio? (schedios) ~ (of
place) near, (of time) sudden, on the spur of
the moment, off-hand ; axeSov (scliedon) =
near ; exoi (echo) = I have ; a-^^iv (schein),
infin. = to have.] Extemporaneous, extem-
porary.
"You so much over- value my autoschedlasticnl and
indigested censure of St. Peter's primacy over the rest
of the apostles, . . ."—Dean Martin : Letters, p. 21.
t au-to-the'-i^m, s. [Gr. airro? (autos) =
self, and Eng. theism (q.v.).] The doctrine of
the self-existence of God.
t au-to-the'-ist, s. [Gr. avTos {autos) = self,
and Eng. theist (q.v.).] One who is his own
gofl. (S. Baring-Gould: Origin of Religious
Beliefs, i. 333.)
au'-to-type, s. & a. [Gr. avTos (autos) = self,
and TVTTos (tupos) = a blow, . . . the impress
of a seal.]
A. -4s substantive :
1 1. A reproduction of an original.
2. A process for reproducing photographs
and pictures in permanent monochrome.
3. A print produced by this process.
B. As adj. : Produced by autotype.
au'-to-type, v. [Autotype, s.] To reproduce
(as a picture) by autotype process.
au-to-ty-pog'-ra-pliy, s. [From Eng. auto-
type (q.v.), and Gr. ypa^-ij (graphe) = a deduc-
tion, drawing, painting, or writing.] A process
invented by Mr. "Wallis, by which drawings
made on gelatine can be transferred to soft
metallic plates, and afterwards used for print-
ing from, like ordinary copper plates.
au'-td-ty-p3?-, s. [Autotype.] The art or pro-
cess of reproducing autotypes.
AU'-tumn ()i mute), s. [In Fr. automne; Sp.
otono ; Port, outono; Jtal. autuuno ; Lat. auc-
tztmnus (autuvimis is less correct), auctus =
increase, growth, abundance ; auctus, pa. par.
of aiigeo = to increase. While the words
spring, summer, and wuiter (;anie to us from
our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, the term aut^tmn
was borrowed from the Romans.]
1. Lit.: Theseason of the yearwhich follows
summer and precedes the winter. Astronomi-
cally, it is considered to extend' from the
autumnal equinox, September 23, in which
the sun enters Libra, to the winter solstice,
December 22, in which he enters Capricorn.
Popularly, it is believed to embrace the months
of August, September, and October.
2. Fog. : The decline of human life ; the
whole term of man's existence being 'tacitly
compared to a year.
autumn-field, s. A held as it looks in
autumn, when harvest is in progress. (Tenny-
son: The Princess, iv. 24.)
autumn-leaves, s. pi. The leaves which
so abundantly fall towards the close of autumn.
(Longfellow: Evangeline, i. 4.)
autumn- Sheaf* s. A sheaf of grain
gathered in autumn. (Tennyson : Two Voices.)
au-tum'~nal, * au-tum'-ni-an, a. & s.
[Eng. autiimn; -at, -ian. In Fr. automnal ;
Sp. autumnal; Port, outonal; Ital. autumnale;
Lat. anctnmnalis, less properly uutumnalis.]
A. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Pertaining to, or produced or
plucked in, autumn.
" How sweet on this autumnal day,
The wild wood's fruits to gather."
Wordsworth: yarrow Visited. Sept., 1814.
" As when a heap of gathered thorna is cast.
Now to, now fro, before th' autumnal blast,
Together clung, it rolls around the field."
Pope: Homer: Odyssey v. ^^
2. Fig. : Pertaining to the declining period
of human life.
"A sudden illnesa seized her in the atreugfth
Of life's autumnal season."
Wordsworth : Excwrsion, hk. vi.
Autumnal equinox : The time when the days
and nights in autumn become equal, the in-
fluence of twilight not being taken into con-
sideration. The sun is then vertical at the
equator on his journey southward. This
happens about the 22nd or 23rd of September.
Aut^l'^mlal point: The part of the equator
from which the sun passes to the southern
hemisphere.
AutumiicU signs (Astron.) : The signs Libra,
Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the
sun passes during the autumn.
B. As substantive : A plant which flowers in
autumn.
*au-tum'-ni-an, n. [Autujinal.]
t au-tum'-ni-ty, * au-tiim'-ni-tie, s.
[Eng. autumn ; -ity. From Lat. t autitmni-
tas, auctumnitas.] [Autumn.] The season of
autunm.
" Thy furnace reeks
Hot steams of wine, and can aloof descrie
The drunken draughts of sweet autumnitie."
Bp. Hall: Sat., iiL 1.
Au-tiin'-i'te, s. [So named because found
near Autun, in the department of Saone-et-
Loire, in France.]
Min. : An orthorhombic mineral, of a citron
or sulphur-yellow colour. The hardness is
2 to 2-5 ; the sp. gr., 3-05 to 319 ; the lustre
on one face pearly, on others adamantine. It
is a translucent and optically biaxial. Com-
position : Phosphoric acid, 13-40 to 15-20;
sesquioxide of uranium, 56-47 to 61-73 ; water,
15-48 to 20; with smaller amounts of lime,
magnesia, protoxide of manganese, baryta, and
oxide of tin. Formerly found at SouthBasset,
Wheal Edward,s, and near St. Day, in England ;
now at St. Symphorien, near Autun, in France ;
in Russia, America, &c. (Dana.)
au-ver'~nas, s. [From Fr. auvernas, a name
given at Orleans to certain kinds of black
raisins.] A heady wine, made near Orleans
from the raisins mentioned in the etymology.
Kept two or three years it becomes excellent.
au^-e'-sis, s, [Gr. au^ijo-i? (auxesis) — growth,
increase ; av^avw (auxano), 1 fut. av^-^a-m
(auxcso) = to make large, to cause to increase.]
Rhet: Amplification, a figure by which a
dignified word is purposely substituted for
one of a more ordinary character.
au»:-et'-ic, a. [Gr. au^TjTtKo? (auxetikos).^
■ Pertaining to an auxesis ; containing an am-
plification.
" This auxetic power of the preposition is observahle
in the Epist. to Philemon, ver. 19."— i>r. Hutchinson ■
Serm. at Oxford (1740), p. 8.
t aux-il'-i-ar, a. & s. [In Fr. auxiliare; Sp.
& Port, auxiliar; Ital. ausiliare; Lat. auxi-
Uaris and a^ixiliarim, from auxilior and avxi-
lio — to help ; au-xilium = help.]
A. As adjective : Auxiliary. Used—
1. Gen. Of things in general :
" While yet th' auxiliar shafts this hand supx>ly."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, hk. xxii., 12a.
" The glorious habit by which sense is made
Subservient still to moral purpoaea,
Auxiliar to divine."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv,
2. Spec. Of troops :
"Auxiliar troops corabln'd, to conquer Troy."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 147.
B. As s^ibstantive : Auxiliary troops ; auxi-
liaries.
" Ye Trojans, Dardans, and auxiltars, hear!"
Pope : Homer's Iliad, bk. vii., 419.
au^-il'-i-ar-iea, s. p/. [Auxiliary, s.]
au^i-il'-i-ar-ly, adv. [Eng. auxiliar; -ly.]
By means of help. (Harl-is, Worcester, &c.)
au^-il'-i-ar-^, * auy-il -i-ar-ie, * au^-
il'-^-ar-y, a. & s. [Auxiliab.]
A* As adjective :
L Ordinary Language: Rendering assist-
ance, helping, aiding ; subsidiary to.
" Aid from his brother of the seas he craves,
To help him with auxiliary waves." Dryden.
II. Technically :
1. Mil. Auxiliary troops. [Auxiliary, B.,
I. 1 (2).]
2. Gram. Atixiliary verbs : The verbs which
are used to conjugate others. They are the
verbs to be, to have, sliall, will, &c.
" In almost all laugunges, some of the commonest
nouns and verbs have many irregularities j such are
the common auxiliary verbs, to be and to have, to do
und to be done. Ac." — Watts.
3. Anatomy : Pertaining to any organ or
part of an organ which assists another one in
its operation.
"There is not the smallest capillary vein >iut it is
present with, and auxiliary to it, according to its use,"
— Hal<;: Origin of Mankind.
Auxiliary muscles : Muscles, the action of
which assists that of others. (Used specially
of the pyramidal muscles of the abdomen.)
4. Music. Auxiliary scales : Tlie six keys or
scales, consisting of any key major, with its
relative minor, and the attendant keys of each.
B. As s\ibstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of persons :
(1) Any person who helps another ; a helper,
an assistant.
"There are, indeed, a. sort of underling auxiliaries
to the difficulty of a work, called commentators and
critick 3 . " — Pope.
(2) Troops, often from another nationality,
taking a subordinate place in a military enter-
prise.
"Highland auxiliaries might have been of the
greatest use to him ; but he had few such auxiliaries."
— Afacaukty : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
2. Of things: Anything which assists.
"In the strength of that power he might, without
the auxiliaries of any further influence, have deter-
mined his will to a full choice of God," — South.
IL Technically :
1. Gram. : An auxiliary verb. [A., II. 2.]
2. Math. : A quantity introduced with the
view of simplifying some complex operation.
*" au^-il-i-a'-tion, s. [lini.auxiliatio.'] Help,
aid,
aux-il'-i-a-tor-y, a. [From Lat. auxiliatus,
perf. par. of auxilior = to help.] [Auxiliar.]
Assisting, helping.
"... the purchasing of masses both auxUiatory
ana expiatory . . ."Sir h. Sandys: State of Jteligion.
aux'-i's, s. [Gr. aval's (aujds).'] A genus of
spiny-finned fishes belonging to the Scom-
beridae, or Mackerel family. They are found
in the Mediterranean, the Antilles, &c. Some
are of large size. They resemble the tunny.
aux'-unge, i. [Axunge.]
a-v'a', a-va', adv. [Scotch av = of, and a' =
* all] (Scotch.)
1. Of all, as denoting arrangement in place.
(Mayne : Siller Gun, p, 22.)
2. At all ; in any way.
"... to be sure, for my x»art. I hae iiae right to he
hereawa. —Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xiv.
a'-va, s. [Native language of the Sandwich
Islands.]
L The Sandwich Island name of a liliaceous
plant, a species of Cordyline [CordylineJ,
which furnishes an intoxicating liquor.
1 "■*; 'a^\^ ^^^^??" ^^ shaded by the dark-green
knotted stem of the ava, so famous in former days for
^^ i^wxicatingefrects."— i),irm7i; Voyage round the
World, ch. xviu. ^
2. The native name given in the Sandwich
Islands to an intoxicating liquor distilled
from the plant described under No. 1, or to
intoxicating liquor in general.
''But when it did a general search was made, in
which even the houses of the missionaries were not
exempted, and all the ava (as the natives call all
ardent spirits) was poured on the ground. "—^arwrfu ■
Voyage routicl the World, ch. xviii.
3. A kind of pepper, Macropiper methysti-
cum. (Treas. of Bot.)
av'-a-da-vat, 3. [Amadavat.] An Indian
bird, the same as Amadavat (q.v.).
fa*e. fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go p5t
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub. ciire. ignite, cur. rule. fuU ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; 'se = e. qii = kw.
avail— avaunee
367
iv-va'il (1), a-va'ile, * a-Ta'iU» * a-va'ille,
* a-va'y-lyn, * a-va'yl, * a-ua'ile,
* a-ua'yle, a-ue'ile (u as v), v.i. & (.
[From Fr. valoir = to be worth ; Old Fr.
valolr, vcder, vaUir ; Prov., Sp., & Port, vahr ;
Ital. vcUere; Lat. valeo={l) to be strong or
vigorous, (2) to be worth.]
A. Intransitive : To be of sufficient strength,
validity, or eflfectiveness to gain the end which
it was designed to accomplish.
" The eifectual fervent prayer of a righteous man
availetli luucli." — James v. 16.
" Farewell ! if ever fondest prayer
For other's weal avait'd on high."
Byron : Farewell !
B. Transitive :
1. To profit, to serve the purpose of.
" But litle may such guile thee now avayl.'
Spenser : F. y., II. v. 5.
"Yet all this availeth me nothinR." — Esther v 13.
^ (a) It is rarely followed by an infinitive."
" Eternal Borrows what avails to ahed ?
Greece hououi-a not with Bolemn fasts the dead,"
Pope : Jioiner's Iliad, bk, xix., 227-8.
(&) It is often used reciprocally.
"Then shall they seek t' avail themBelves of names,
Placea, and titles . . ." MUton ■ P. L., bk. xii.
2. To promote, to favour, to assist.
" Meantime he voyae'd to explore the will
Of Jove, on high Dodona's noly hill:
What means might beat his safe return ai'nil."
Pope: Ilomer: Odyssey xiv. 365.
*a-va'il (2), * a-va'ile, ^ a-vale, *a-ua'ile,
* a-lia'le (U = V), v.t. & ;. [From Fr. avaler
=*to swallow, take down, let down ; aval —
downwards. In Ital. avallare is = to let down,
from Low Lat. avalo, or avallo, with the same
meaning.]
A. Transitive :
1. Lit. : To cause to descend, to let fall.
" By that, the welked Phoebus gan avalle
His weary waine . . ."
Spenser: Shej}h. Cal., i.
2. Figuratively : To depress in position and
in spirits ; to render abject.
"He did abase and rtfaie the sovereiguty into more
servitude towaixlathat see than had been among us,"—
Wotton.
B, Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To descend.
" And from their sweaty coursers did avaJe."
Speiiser: F. Q., II. ix. 10.
2. Fig. : To sink, to become depressed in
spirits, to feel one's pride humbled.
" That could so meekly make proud hearts auiile."
Spenser : F. Q , VI. viii. 25.
a-Tall, * a-va'ile, *a-va'yle, *a-ua'ile,
* a-ua'yle (u = v), s. [O. Fr. availe.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. Worth, value, profit, advantage, use, pro-
duce.
"I charge thee,
As heav'n shall work in me for thiue avail,
To tell me truly." Skakesp. : All's Well, i. 3.
^ It is often preceded by no, much, little,
and other adjectives, indicating quantity,
number, or proportion ; tlms, " Of oio avail,"
" of much avail," &c.
"Truth, light upon this way, is of no more avail to
lis than errour." — Locke.
1 2. Means, jiroperty. (Generally in the
plural, avaih = proceeds, profits.)
B. Scots Law: An old feudal practice which
gradually acquired tlie force of law, by which
a lord or other superior exacted from any
vassal's son, who happened to be unmarried
at the time of his father's death, but after-
wards entered the matrimonial state, the
entire toclier, that is, dower of the lady.
This was called single avail. Nay, more, the
superior believed himself entitled to choose a
wife for the young man, and take from him
double avail if, rejecting her, he wedded
another. When the Court of Session gained
a voice in these matters, the judges, ahnost
as recalcitrant as the bridegroom himself
against double avail, were never known to
have given the smallest assistance to an ag-
grieved chief in carrying out his modest claim.
(Erskine : Instit., bk. ii,, title v., §§ "20, '21.)
a-vail-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. avail, -ability;
or availaUe, -ity.'\ The quality of being
available.
a-va'il-a-ble, * a-va'il-a-l>le, * a-ua'yle-
a-ble (u = V), a. [Eng. avail ; -able. ]
* 1. Powerful, in force, valid.
" Laws human are available by consent,"— i/oofter.
" Drake put one of his men to death, having no
authority nor commission available."— Raleigh.
2. Profitable, advantageous, of benefit.
" It was as much available to pray to saints as to
whirl a atone against the wiiid."— /VoiWve ; Hist. £ng.,
vol. iii., eh. xii,, i). C4.
3. Capable of being employed.
"... available for purposes of collective luxury or
magniflcence."— y. S. Mill: Politic. Economy (Prelim.
Hemarks), p. 19.
a-va'il-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. avail-able; •ness.~\
1. The quality of being available. Spec ,
capability of eftecting the purpose for wliich
it was intended.
"Wo differ from that supposition of the efficacy, or
availableness, or suitableness of these to the end. ' —
Hale.
2. Legal force, validity.
a-va'il-a-blj^, adv. [Eng. availabl{e); -y.'\
*1. Powerfully, in force; spec, with legal
validity. (Joh^ison.)
2. Profitably, advantageously ; of benefit.
(Johnson.)
a-vail'-ing, pr. par. [Avail (1).]
*ar-va'ill, s, [From avail (2), v.'] Abase-
ment, humiliation. (Scotch.)
" The labour lost, and leil service ;
The lang availl on humil wyse.
And the lytill rewarde agane.
For to conaidder is ane pane."
DunJtar : Maitland Poems, p. 115. (Jamieson.)
* a-vail'-l6ur, * a-va'-l6ur, s. [Fr. valeur
'= value, price, . ." valour.] (Scotch.)
1. Value.
"... sail retain namair within thair awin housis,
to the use and sustentatioun of thair families, than
the avaUlour of iii d. . . ."—Balfour: Pract., ii. 65.
{Jamieson.)
2. Avail.
" That the saidis preceptis be — of als grete strenthe,
avalour, and efteete . . .''—Acts, Mary : 15*2 (ed. 1814),
p. 424. [Jainieson.)
t a-va'il-ment, 5. {yiu^. avail ; -ment.~\ Profit,
advantage. (Johnson.)
a-va'ils, s. pi. [Avail, s.]
av-a-la'n9lie, t SiV-a-la'nge, s. [Fr. aif-
lanche,fvomavaler=. . .to letdown.] [Avail
(2), v.] A snow-slip; the descent from tln'
upper parts of a mountain, down its slope, nf
an immense mass of snow and ice, accompaniei I
by earth, gravel, and such fragments of rock
as they have been able to detach. Such ava-
lanches are often destructive to Alpine houses
or hamlets. Avalanches on a miniature scale
may be seen whenever snow is melting on
housetops.
" Huge fragments, sapp'd by the ceaseless flow.
Till white and th undering down they go.
Like the avtiLinchc's snow
On the Alinnc vales below,"
Byron : The Siege of Corinth, 24.
* a-vale, v.t. & i. [Avail (2).]
a-va'-l6ur, a. [Avail, s.] Avail. (Scotch.)
*a-va'n9e, v.t. [From Fr. avancer.] [Ad-
vance.] The same as Advance (q.v.). (Old
Eng. £ Scotch.)
" It is not honest, it may not avance."
Cliaucer: C. T., 246, (S. in Boucher.)
* a-va'n9e, *a-va'un5e, s. [From Fr. avance. ]
[Advance. ] Advancement.
" To another a greter avaunee."
Piers Ploutman's Tale, 165. (S. in BoitcJier.)
* a-va'n^e-ment, * a-va'un9e-meiit, * a-
ua'n9e-inent (uan9e = van9e), s. [From
Sp. avanccTiient.] (Old Eng. & Scotch.) The
same as advancement (q.v.). (Prompt. Parv.,
Jamieson, &c.)
av'-and, pr. par. [From Scotch aw = to owe.]
Owing. (Scotch.) (Jomieson.)
" Safere as sal be fundin avand of the saide tochire,
the said Robert sail pay the samyn," &c. — Act. Bom.
Cone, A, 1488, p. 93.
a-va'nt (1), s., aad in compos. [Fr. avant : (as
* prej).) = before ; (as adv.) — far, forward; (05
suhHt.) = the bow of a ship.]
A. As s^lbst. : The van of an army. [Van.]
B. In comp. : Avant is an adj. =■ foremost,
which, in military phrases, is = most advanced
against the enemy.
avant-courier (Fr. & Eng.), t avant-
currier (Scotch), s. [Fr. avant-coureur ; from
avant = before, and courir = to run.]
1. Gen. : A forerunner, a precursor.
2. SjKC, 2jiHr, (Mil.): Forerunners of an
army, perhaps what are now called "picquet
guards. "
"The awnjt^citrricM of the English hoast were come
in sight, whilest the Scots were some at supper and
others gone to iiist."—Hume : Hist. Dotig., p. 99.
{Jamison.)
avant-fosse, s. [Fr.]
FortiS- : The ditch of a counterscarp next
to the countiy. It is dug at the foot of the
glacis. (James.)
avant-guard, s. sing, or pi. [Fr. avant-
garde.]
Mil : Advanced guard.
"The horsemen might issue forth without disturb-
ance of the foot, and tlie avant-gu':-> d without shuffling
with the battail or 8.rribre."—Hayward.
* a-va'nt (2), s. [Avaunt.] a vaunt, a boast.
[AvAUNT, s.. Vaunt, s.]
^ a-va'nt, a-va'nte, v.t [Fr. vanter.]
[Avaunt.] To vaunt, to boast. [Avaunt, v..
Vaunt, v.]
* a-va'n-tage» s. [Fr. avantage ; Low Lat.
avantagium.} [Advantage.] The same as
Advantage (q.v.). (Prompt. Parv., etc.)
[See also Evantage.]
t a-van'-tiir-ine, s. [Avent-jrine.]
av-a-rf9e, s. [In Fr. avarice; Sp. avaricia ;
Port, avareza; Ital. avarizia; Lat. avaritia,
from avarus = eagerly desirous of. ]
1, Spec: An excessive craving after wealth ;
greediness of gain ; inordinate love of money ;
covetousness,
"And the differeiice bytwixe aunrice and coveytise
is this: coveitise is for to coveyte suche tliinges !U
thou hast not ; and dvarice is to withholde and kepe
suche thiiiges as thou hast, withouteu rightful neede."
— Chaucer: Personcs Tale.
"Avarice is rarely the vice of a young man: it is
rarely the vice of a great man . , ."—Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. xiv.
2. Gen. : Insatiable desire of something else
than money.
" Aud all are taught an avarice of praise."
(JolisJnith : The Traveller.
av-a-ri'-9ious (9ious as shus), u. [Eng.
avaric(e); -ions. In Fr. avaricicux; Ital.
avaraccio.]
1. Insatiably eager to acquire wealth ;
covetous.
" Luxurious, aoanciow^, false, deceitful."
Shakcsp. : Macbeth, ir, 3,
2. The result of covetousness ; produced by
covetousness.
"An unrelenting, avaricious thrifi:."
Wordsworth ; Excursion, bk. vL
av-a-ri'-9ious-ly (9ious as shus), adv.
[Eng. avaricions : -ly.] lu an avaricious
manner ; covetously.
av-a-ri'-9ious-ness (9ious as shiis), s.
[Eng. avaricious; -ness.] The quality of being
avaricious ; covetousness.
* av'-a-rous, * av'-er-ous, a. [Fr. avare ;
Sp. & Port, avaro, adj.; Ital. avaro, s. = a
miser. From Lat. avarus, from aveo = to
desire.]
"... for it [avarice] bireveth him the love that
men to him owen, and turnith it bakward agains al
resoun. and inakith that the avarous man hath
more hope iu his catel than in Jheau Crist, . . ,"—
C/iOucer ; The Pcr&onea Tale.
a-va'st, interj. [Etymology uncertain ; prob.
a corruption of But. houd vast = hold fast.]
Naut.: Enough, cease, stay, hold, desist
from.
"Avast hailing ! don't you know me, mother Part-
lett ! " Cumberland ; Com. of the Wallooiu.
avast heaving. Desist from heaving.
av-a-tar', av-a-ta'-ra, a. [Sansc. awatdra,
avatdra, from am = from, and (ri= to cross
over, to pass over.]
1. Hindoo Myth. : The descent of a deity to
the earth ; the incarnation of a deity. (Spe-
cially applied to the ten incarnations of
Vishnoo.) [I^'CARNATION.]
2, Figuratively :
(1) Manifestation or presentation.
(2) Phase.
" ar-vk'nnce, s. &^ V. [Obsolete forms of Ai>-
VANCE.]
b$il, "bS^; pout, j<$^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, henph; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, a§; expect, ^enophon, e^ist, -|ng.
-cian. -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, - die, &c. = bel, dgL
368
avauncement— avenger
*a-v4'un9e-inent, s. [Fr. ai-aucement]
[Advancement.]
* a-va'uii-fyd, pa. par. The same as Ad-
vanced (q.v.). {Prompt. Parv.)
a-vaunt', adv.& interj. [Ft. avant = forward,
from Lat. ah ante = from before.]
■^A. As adv. : Forward.
B. -4s interj. : On ! off! away ! begone !
" AvaiDjt I thou hateful villain, get thee gone."
Shakesp. : King John, iv, 3.
^a-vaunt' (l), v.i. & t. [0. Fr. avanter: a,
!iitens.,an(l vanier = to boast, to vaunt (q.v.).]
A, Intrans. : To boast, to brag.
^ Used also reflectively.
"Let now the Papists nvaujit themselves of their
trauaubataiitiation !" — Abp. Cranmer : Answer to (jar-
diner, p. 3^3.
B. Transitive :
1. To boast of.
2 To praise, to commend. (N.E.D.)
* a-vaunt' (2), v.i. & t. [Avaunt, adv. & interj.
Tliis verb lias been influenced in meaning by
AvAUNT (1) and by Advance.]
A, Intransitive:
1. To advance, espeeially in a lianghty or
boiistful way. (Spenser: F. Q., II., iii. 6.)
2. To depart.
B. Trans. : To raise, lo advance (q.v.).
* a- vaunt' (l), s. [ A va unt, ad-y.] An order
ti) depart, dismissal.
" To give her the avaunt."
ahakesp. : Henry VIII., ii. a
* n-vaunt' (2) s. [Avaunt (1) v.] A vaunt, it
boast.
*l To make avannt: To boast. {Chaucer:
Trol. C. T., 227.)
" a-vaunt-age, s. [From Fr. avanto.ge.]
[ Advantage. ] The same as Advantage (q. v.).
" For ther nas noon so wys th.it cowthe seye,
That any had of other avauntaffe."
CJtaucer: C. T.. 2.592-.1.
"^ n-vaunt-anco, s. [Eng. avaunt, and suffix
-(t;ice.] Vaunting, boasting.
" The vice, uleped avauntancc.
With pride liath take his acquaintance."
Oower : Cortf. Am., b i.
* a-va'unt-er, s. [O. Eng. avaunt ; -er.] One
who vaunts ; a boaster.
" a-va'unt-ing, ^ a-va'unt-yn, pr. par.
[Avaunt, v.]
* a-va'unt-rj?, * a-va'unt-ri-e, s. [Eng.
avaunt, and Eng. s'liff'. -ry.]
" The worshippe of his name,
Through pride of his iivnuntrie.
He toumeth into vihinie."
Gower: Conf. Am., b. i.
* a-va'yle, o. [Avail. ]
av'-e» imperat. of verb, sometimes used as a subst.
[Lat. = hail.] [Ave-Marv.]
A. As imperative of verb, as when the ex-
pression Ave-Mary is used in an ejaculatory
manner. [Ave-Maey.] (See the examples
fro]n Scott and Tennyson.)
B, As substantive : An Ave-Mary or Ave-
]VIaria (q.v.).
"... he repeated Aven and Credos : he walked in
processions . , ." — Maraalay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
Av'-e Ma'r-y, Av'-e Ma-ri'-a, [In Sw.,
Si>., & Lat. Ave Maria; Dan. Averaaria; Dut.
& Foi-t. Avc-Marbi ; Fr. Ave Maria; Ital.
Avcnuiria, Averamaria. Frum Lat. ave =
hail = God save you, and Eng. Mary, Lat.
Maria ; Gr. Mapta (jUar/ff) =Mapia|U. (Mariam);
Heb. D^ip (Miriam), from ''^O {meri) — con-
tumacy (Geseniiis), or Tl^ {mdrar) = to be
bitter; oi- from on (rwm) = to be high. Ave
Maria are the first words of the angel's salnta-
tioii to the Virgin Mary, as given in. the Latin
Vulgate of Luke i. 28.] [Hail Mary.]
A. As imperative of a verb: Hail Mary ! a
salutation to the Virgin Mary, constituting
part of the Roman Catholic worship,
" He joyed to see the cheerful light,
And he said Ave Mary, as well he might."
iScof ; ; Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 24.
" But ' Ave Mftry,' made she moan."
Tennymn ■ Mariana in the SoulJt.
B. As substantive: A prayer to the Virgin
Mary, in which the words Ave Maria occur.
% The cliaplets and rosaries which some
Roman Catholics use, are divided into a cer-
tain number of Ave Marias and paternosters.
"Numbering our Ave-Maries with our beads."
SfialcoHp. : 3 Henry VJ., ii. l
* a'ved, * a'-ued (u = V), pret. of verb. [Ap-
parently from have, with h suppressed, before
have had become an irregular verb.] Had.
" Er the fulthe of time waa comen,
Satenas al folk aued noinen."
MS. Coll. Med. Edinb., H. III., xii., f. 51.
(S. in Boucher.)
'■ a-vell', v.t. [Lat. avello.'\ To pull away.
"The beaver in chase makes some divulsion of parts;
yet ave not these parts auelled to be termed testicles "
— Broivne.
a-vel'-lane, s. [Fr. ave-
line; Sp. avellana ; Port.
avelan; Ital. avellana =-3,
filbert, a hazel-nut.]
Her. : A cross resem-
bling four Alberts. {Gloss,
of Heraldry.)
* a've-long, a. [Old form
of Eng. oblong.'] Oblong.
{Prompt. Parv.) It is still avellane cross.
used in Suffolk.
a-ve'-na, s. [In Fr. avoine; Sp. avena; Port.
avecc ; Ital. vena ; from Lat. avena = an oat.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Graminacete, or Grasses. It has six
representatives in the British flora — the A.
fatua, or Wild ; the A. strigosa, or Bristle-
pointed ; the A. -pralensis, or Narrow-leaved
perennial ; the A. planiculmus, or Flat-stem-
med ; the A. pnbescens, or Downy ; and the
A. flavescens, or Yellow Oat. The first uf
GROUP OF AVEN.ffi.
Avenn c/a(io)- (False Oat Grass). 2. Avena fnfun
(Wild Oat). 3. Avena praterifis (Glabrous Oat
Grass). 4. Avena jmbencciis {Downy Oat Grass).
5. Aoena Jlavescens (Yellow Oat Grass). 6. Avena
strigosa [Black Oat).
these species is akin to the A. saliva, or Culti-
vated Oat. It is a cereal suitable for cold
climates, not reaching proper maturity in the
South. It attains perfection in Scotland, and
is largely grown there. A. nuda is the Naked
or Hill-oat, or Peel-corn, formerly cultivated
and used extensively by the poorer classes in
the North of England/ Wales, and Scotland.
[See also Oat.]
a-ve-na'-5eous (ce as sh), a. [Lat. aven-
aceous, pertaining to oats, oaten, from avena
= the oat.] Pertaining to the botanical genus
A-\'ena, or to the wild or cultivated oats.
av-e-nage, s. [Fr. avenagc ; Low Lat. avena-
ginm; from Lat. avnia = an oat.] [Avena.]
A stipulated amount of oats paid by a tenant
to a landlord in lieu of rent. (Kersey : Diet,
1702.)
^ av'-en-aunt (Old Eng.), av'-en-and,
(Srotch), a. [Fr. aveuanl ; Old Fr. advenant,
both = handsome and courteous.) Elegant in
person and manners ; prepossessing, engaging.
" . . . Y grete wele Sir Otea the uTainit,
And byd hym sende me his doubter avenannt"
Le Bone Florence, 128. (Boucher.)
" He wes yhoimg. and iwenand.
And til all lordis rycht ideeand."
Wyn'own, vi., 13, 161, [Jamieson.)
av'-en-aunt-liche, adv. [0. Eng. avenaunt,
and suffix liehe = -ly. ] Beautifully.
" To seche thorn that cite ther n-as non sich,
Of erbes, and of erberi, so avenauntUchc idiht."
?7ie Pistill of Susan., st 1. {S. in Bouchi-r.)
* a'-ven9e, «. [Avfns.]
" a-ve'ne, s. [Avena.] An ear of corn.
[Awn.]
" Avene ot come : Ariata.."— Prompt, Parv.
"- a-ve'-ner, a-ve'-nor, * a-vey-ner, s.
[Norm. Ft. From Lat. avena] and Eng., ifac.,
suff. -er, -or.]
Feudal Laiv : An officer of theking's stables,
who provided oats for the horses
"... and to have sitting with him at his table the
Esquire de Quyre. and the Avenour."—Ordin. Royal
Househ., p. ITl, 17 Hen. VIII. (S. in Boucher.)
' a'-veng, * a'-ueng (u = v), * a'-feng,
pret. ofv. [Afonge, Avonge.]
a-veng'e, *'a-ueng'e (u = v), v.t. [From
0. Fr. avengier, vengier, rangier, vanger; Mod.
Fr. venger ; Prov, vengar, vcnjar ; Sp.vengar;
Port, vingar ; Ital. rengiare, vendicare; Lat.
vindico = to avenge, to vindicate ; vindex =
(1) a claimant, (2) a punisher, an avenger.]
To make a return, or take satisfaction for a
wrong by inflicting punishment of some kind
or other on the offender.
1. Gen. : Formerly it was often used, as it
since sometimes is, to imply simply the return
of pain for real or imagined injury, without
its being decided whether the retribution is
legitimate or the ie\'erse.
" He had avenged himself on them by havoc euch as
England liad never before Eeeii."—Macaulay : Hist.
£fig., ch. vii.
2. But now it is generally confined to cases
of ])unishment for injury in which the retri-
bution is legitimate in character and not dis-
proportioned to the offence ; the word revenge
being used in cases of another character.
IT («) Sometimes the object of the vei-b is
the oftence for which retribution is inflicted,
followed by ujyon or on applied to the persons
punished.
"... I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the
house of Jeliu,. . . ."—Hosea i. 4.
Formerly of was sometimes used instead
of on or upon.
". . . and avew^eme o/mine enemies." — /srt. i. 24,
(&) Sometimes in place of the offence stand-
ing as the object of the verb, it is followed by
for.
"... such are the practices by which keen and
restless spirits have too often avenged themselves for
the humiliation of dependence."— J/af((,u,7'iy ; Hist.
JSng., ch. xiv.
(c) The word is often used reciprocally, the
person inflicting punishment for wrong being
at once the suliject and the object of the verb
"... aren-ffinfif myself "with my own b.aud." — 1 Sam
XXV. IS.
^ See also various examples given above.
* a-veng'e, s. [Avenge, t.] Revenge, ven-
geance.
" And if to that a-crige by you decreed
Thib hand may heliie, . . ."
Spenser: F. Q., TV. vl. 8.
"^" a-veng'e-an9e, s. [O. Eng. aveuge; -ance.']
Punishment ; vengeance.
" This neglected fear
Signal avengeancc, such as overtook
A miser." Philips : Cider, bk. ii.
a-veng'ed, ix"'. par. [Avenge, v.]
a-veng'e-ful, ^ a-veng'e-full, a. [O. Eng.
avenge; Eng. suff. -faU.] Revengeful, venge-
ful ; full of or expressive of vengeance.
" Frame thunderbolts for Jove's avengeful! threate."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. v. 37.
a-veng'e-ment, "^ a-ueng'e-ment (u =
v), s. [O. Eng. avenge ; -ment.] Vengeance;
revenge of an illegitimate character; also
legitimate punishment or retribution for
wrongs inflicted.
" For of his hands he had no goveniemeut,
Nc car'd for blood in his amif/i-mcnt."
Snriit..:- : F. ij\ I. iv. 34.
". . . to impute the dwith of Hotbam to God's
Qvengcment of his repulse at HiiU . ."—Milton ■
A ii.\wer to Eikon Basilike.
a-ven'-ger, * a-uen'-ger (u = v), s. [Eng.
avc)ig(e): -er. In Fr. venqeur ; Sp. rengador •
Port, vingar; Ital. vcndicatore.'] [Vindica-
tor.] One who avenges himself or a wrong
by inflictmg pmiishment, either of a legiti-
mate or of an illegitimate character, upon the
onender Used —
I. hi a general sense :
"■ ■ ■,.*^"'* *^9." inightest still the enemy and the
avenger. —P.,. viu. 2.
" Achilles absent wa.s Achilles still.
Yet a short space the gi-eat nvengn- staid,
1 hen low m dust thy strsngth and glory laid."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. xxii., 418-20.
ffiate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, fattier; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot
or. wore, W9lf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. 'ey = a. qu = 'kw- *
avengeresse— average
369
IL Specially:
1. Of God, as the Being to whom it specially
appertains to punish luiexpiated wrong or
other sin or crime.
"... the Lord ia the A vcnger of all such, . . ." —
1 The&s. iv, 6.
H It is used in a corresponding sense of the
heathen Jupiter or Jove.
" Theu Discord, sent by Pallas from above,
Steru daughter of the great avenger Jove."
J'opc: Homer's Odyssey, bk, iii., 165-6.
2. Of the Jewish ^'avenger ofhlood." [See ^
"below. ]
1[ Avenger of blood :
(a) Spec. : The designation given in the
Mosaic law to the person on whom iLdevolved
to punish death by violence. He was the
nearest male relative of the person killed, and
was accorded the right of slaying the homicide,
if he could overtake him before the latter
reached a city of refuge. But if the person
who had killed another reached a city of
refuge, he had then a fair trial, with tlie view
of deciding whether the offence was mau-
slaughter or murder. [Refuge.]
"... aud deliver him into the hand of the avenger
ttf blood, that he may Cle/'—Deut. xix. 13.
(See also Numb. xxxv. 9—34 ; Josh, xx.)
(6) Gen. : Any one who insists that the
unjust taking of life shall be expiated by the
death of the person, high or low, who perpe-
trates the deed.
"The first Lieateiiant-Colonel was ClelanJ, that im-
{ilacable anenger of blood who had driven Dundee
roin the Convention."— i/acautay : Hist. Eng., eh.
xiii.
* a-ven'-ger-esse, s. [0. Eng. avenger; -esse
■= -ess. In Fr. vengeresse.} A female avenger.
" Yett there that cruell Queene avengeresse."
Spenser: F. Q.. HI- viii. 20.
a-veng'-ing, pr. par., a., &. s. [Avenge, v.]
A. & B. As participle ^ participial adjectice
(used in senses corresponding to tlwse of the
verb) :
1. Of God, angels, men, or other beings
capable of inflicting retribution for wiong.
" He beard the wheels of an avenging God
Groan heavily along the dlst-xiit road."
Cowper: Expostulation.
" When England 'midst the battle-atorm,
The avenging angel reared her form."
Uemans : To the Memory of fiir Hy. E—lt — s.
2. Of the blow or stroke inflicted, or the
bolt hurled to avenge a wrong.
" Troy yet may walce, and one avenging blow
Crusu the dire author of his country s woe."
Pope : Homer's Jliail, bk. lii., 83-4.
" Each word against hia honour spoke,
Demands of me avenging stroke."
Scott : Lady of Clie Lake, iv. 31.
3. Of the day of vengeance.
C. As svbst. : Vindication of a person or
people by punishing those who have don him
or them wrong.
"Prjiise ye the Lord for the avenging of Israel."—
Judges v. 2.
a-ve'-nor,
: Gr. a, pri^'., and
[Avener,]
a-ve'-noiis, a. [Eng
' venous (q.v.)-]
Hot. : Wanting veins or nerves.
a'-vens, * a'-vence, s. [Wei. avan = a rasp-
berry.] The name applied to plants of the
genus Geum or their allies. [Geuk ] The
Common A\ens, G. nrbaiium (Linn.), has erect
COMMON AVENS.
flowers, sessile heads of fruit, and small
yellow flowers. It is common in woods and
hedges. The Water Avens, G. rivale, has
drooping flowers, stalked heads of fruit, large
flowers with purplish calyces, and erect dull
orange-coloured petals. It is not unfrequent
in marshy places and moors. Both species
have the qualities of cinchona.
Mountain Avens, called also White Dryas,
Dryas octopetala, is akin to the other species. It
has, however, eight large white petals, whilst
the petals in its congener are only five. It
is not uncommon in alpine districts. [Dryas.]
av'-en-tayle, av'-en-taile, av'-cn-
taiile, s. [0. Fr. aventail, ventaille ; Mod.
Fr. ventail; Prov. ventalh ; Ital. ventaglia =
the cheek-idece of a helmet ; from Lat. ventus
= wind.] The part of a helmet which lifts up,
and is so contrived as to admit fresh air.
[Ventayle.]
" For, as he drough a king by th' aventaile."
Chaucer : Trail. & Cress., v. 1,570. (<S. in Boucher.)
" Sweet was her blue eye's modeat smile.
Erst hidden by the aventayle."
Scott ; Marmion, Introd. to canto v.
" And lifted his barred aventayle.
To hail the Monk of St. Mary's aisle."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. 3.
* a-vent'e, v.t. [O. Fr. esventcr.] To open for
the liiirpose of breathing.
" And as he schulde hys helme avenle,
A (luarrell smote liym verameut,
Thorowowt bothe hoime and brayne."
Le Bone Florence, l.Oil. (S. in Boucher.)
jiv'-en-tine, o.. & s. [Lat. Aventimis.']
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the Mons
Avcntinus, one of the seven hills on which
Rome was built.
B, As substantive : A military refuge, a
tower, a defensive fort, a redoubt.
" Into tlie castle's tower,
Ihe only A veniine that now is left him."
Beaum. & Flet. (Ooodrich & Porter : Diet.)
*a-ven'-tre (tre = ter), v.t. [Etymologj-
tloubtful ; perhaps from Ital. avvenlare —
to cast, to throw.] To throw or push for-
ward.
" With that, her mortall speare
She mightily aventred towards one.
And down him amot, . . ."
Spenser: F. Q., III. i. 28.
* a-ven'-tred (red = erd)» ;m. par. [Aven-
TRE, Adventured.]
^ a-vent'-ring, pr. par. [Aventre, Adven-
turing,]
* a-ven'-tiire, *aun'-ter {Old Eng.),
^ awyn'-tyr (tyr = tir), (0. Scotch), s. [Fr.
aventiire.] [Adventure.]
1. All adventure.
" They toldeu him of aoentures tliat they haddo
io\\m\e"— Chaucer : C. r., 771.
2. Chance ; accident.
"... for the honorabill support oihis estate riale,
ill all aventouris and caiss, . . .' — Acts Ja. V., 1510 (ed.
1814, p. 360).
3. A mischance causing the death of a man ;
as where a person is suddenly killed by any
accident. It is opposed to death by felonious
crime. (Old Eng. £ Scotch.) (Cowel, Spottis-
woodc, dtc.)
In aventure : Corresponding to Fr. al'aven-
lurc, d'a venture — perchance. Lest, perchance.
"The medcinaris nihibit thir displeaouris to be
schawin to the Kyug ; in aventare he tuk sIl" malan.
oholy thair throw, that it mycbt haisty him to his
deith."— fleHcnd; Cron., bk. xi., ch. i.
a-ven'-tiir-ine, t a-van'-tiir-ine, s. [Fr.
from Ital. aiventiira = chance, with reference
to the accidental discovery of No. 1.]
1. A brownish glass with gold-coloured
spangles, flrst made at Murano, near Venice.
The chance dropjiing of brass-filings into a
pot of melted ylass led to the discovery.
2. A brownish-pilik colour.
3. Min. : Quartz, spangled with scales of
mica or some other mineral. The best speci-
mens have been found in Spain.
aventurine felspar.
1, A variety of Orthoclase.
2. A variety of Albite or Oligoclase.
aventurine oligoclase. A reddish-
gray or grayish-white mineral, with tire-like
reflections, produced by minute disseminated
crystals of hEematite and gothite.
"* a-ven'-tiir-ous. * a-ven'-triise, n. [Ad-
venturous.]
1. Adventurous.
" Ane Egle of the est, ande ane aventruse hyrde."
Early Scottish Verse, iv. {ed. Lumhy), 42.
2. Of uncertain issue.
the deedes of batjiyles be aventuroiis, and no
thing "certeyn, . . ."—Chaucer: Tale qf McUbeus.
aV-en-ue, *ad'-ven-ue, s. [Fr. avenue,
from avenir = to come. In Sp. & Port.
avenida; Lat. advenio = to come to : ad = to,
and ve7iio = to come.] A road or opening of
any kind leading to a house, a city, &c.
" -Vll th& avenues leading to the city by land were
closely guarded."— J/acau^a// -■ Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
Spec. : An alley bordered by rows of trees,
whether leading to a house or not.
" The roads were bordered by hedges of Mimosa, and
near many of the houses there were avenues of the
mango."— -Oarz/fin .■ Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
^ A fine broad street. (Originally American,
but coming into use in England.)
*a'-ver(l), s. [in Sw. hafre, hafra= oats;
Dan. & Dut. havre ; Ger. hafer.] The oat;
oats. (Scotch.)
* av'-er (2), * S-v'-ere, * av-oir'e (oire as
war), s. [Fr. avoir = that which one pos-
sesses ; from avoir = to have ; Sp. haber — sub-
stance, wealth, riches ; from hxiber = to have ;
Port, haver (sing.), havcres (pi.) ; Ital. avere
= estate, riches ; from avere = to have ; Low
Lat. avera, averia ; from Lat. haheo =to have.]
A. (Of the forms avoire and avere.) Gen. :
Property of any kind.
B. (0/ the form aver.) Spec. : As in the old
pastoral times property in the main consisted
of the domesticated animals, the word aver
became confined to them [Affri, Aiver, Aver-
CORN, Aver-land, A^er-silver, Averie], and
next, becoming yet more specialised, termi-
nated by signifying a work-horse. (Scotch £
N. of England.)
"Au incli of a nag is worth the span of an nuer." —
Ferguson : Scotch Proverbs, p. 7. (S. in Boucher.)
aver-corn, s. [So exiled, according to
Skinner, because it is corn drawn to the
granai-y of the lord of the manor by the work-
ing cattle, or avers, of the tenants.] A reserved
rent in corn, paid by farmers and tenants to
religious houses. (Jacobs.) (S. in Boucher.)
aver-land, s. Land ploughed by the
tenants, with their cattle, or avers, for the
use of a monastery or of the lord of the soil.
(Cowel.) (S. in Boucher.)
aver-penny, averpenny, s. Money
formerly paid in lieu of arrage and carriage.
(A word of frequent occurrence in our old
charters.)
" A verpenny, money paid towards the king's car-
riages by land, instead of service by the beasts (averia)
in kind."— Bur7i; Hist, of WcStm. and Cwmb. ; Gloss.
aver-silver, s. A custom or rent so
railed, originating from the cattle, or avers, of
the tenants of the soil. (Jacobs.)
a-ver', * a-ver're, v.t. [Fr. averer = to de-
clare positively; Prov. averar, aveirar ; Sp.
& Port, averiguar ; Ital. averrare ; Low Lat.
arero, advero ; from Class. Lat. ad = io, and
vcrus = true.] [Verify.] To assert positively,
as one does who is convinced he is speaking
the truth ; confidently to declare.
" Early one morning it was confidently averred that
there had been a battle, . . ."—Macaulay : HUt, Eng.,
ch. xxi,
"^ av'-er-agc (1) (0. Eng.), * au'-ar-age (au
= av), * ar'-y-age, * ar'-rage, * ar -age
(0. Scotch), s. [In Dan. hoveri is = average,
soccage-duty, service due to the landlord ;
Iwveribonde = soccager, bondman ; hoveri-
pligtig = obliged to soccage-duty ; hovarheide
= service due to the landlord, soccage-duty,
aver;ige ; hovdag = the day on which soccage-
duty is performed, (Taiichnitz : Dan. Diet.)
"Wedgwood derives tliis group of words from
Dan. hr.f:= a court residence or palace, and
believes that in this direction the etymology
of Eng. average (1) should be sought. The
derivation generally given is from Low Lat.
averaginm and averia, in the sense of a por-
tion of work done by animals of burden ; also
a charge upon carriages. So, also, the heriot
formerly paid to the lord of a manor on the
death of a tenant was the best live beast, or
averivin, which the deceased tenant had pos-
sessed.] [Aver (2).]
Old Feudal Law : The duty or service which
the tenant was bound to pay to the king or to
the lord of the manor by means of his animals
of burden and his carriages.
"Arage. v.t,, pervaies. Average signifies service
qubilk the teiinent aucht to hia roaster be horse or
carriage of horse."- S*ene .- De Verb. Signif. (15991,
(Jamieso^i. )
b6U. bos^^; poiit, ji5^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 5hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as: expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = fc
-cian = sh9^. -cion, -tion. -sian = shun: -tion. -§ion = zhun= -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, kc. = bel, d©l»
2t
370
average— averse
H Tlie term arriage, in the legal phrase
"arriage and carriage," is the word average
modified. [Arriage.] The feudal obligation
now mentioned was abolished by 20 Geo. II,,
c. 50. The money paid for exemption from
the burden of arage was called aver-i^eiiny
(q.v.). {Javiieson.)
av'-er-age (2) (age = ig), s. & a. [In Dut.
averij = (1) average, (2) damage ; Sw. avert —
average ; Dan. haveri = (1) average, (2) damage
which a ship receives, (3) waste of wares ; Ger.
avarle, avarei, haferei, liaverei = average ; Fr.
avarie = damage done to a ship, or any damage ;
O. Fr. average; Sp. averia — {l) average, (2)
damage done to a ship ; Port, avaria = allow-
ance out of freight to the master of a ship for
damage sustained, or a contribution by in-
surers to replace losses ; Low Lat. acerayium,
in the sense of loss of goods in transportation.
Santa Rosa and Marsh derive this from Turk.
avaria — aid, a government exaction in the
Levant ; but "Wedgwood considers it to be from
Arab, dwar = a defect or flaw.]
A. As suhstantive :
1. Ordinary Langiwge :
^ 1. Formerly : The apportionment of losses
by sea or elsewhere in just proportions among
different individuals concerned. [A., II. 1.]
From this the second sense of tlic word gradu-
ally arose.
2. Now : The medium or mean proportion
between certain given quantities. It is ascer-
tained by adding all the quantities together
and dividing their sum by the number of them.
For instance, to ascertain the average income
of the English parochial clergy, their several
incomes must all be added together, and the
sum total be divided by the number of clergy-
men. The more that the extremes vary, the
less possible is it to reason out any individual
case from a study of the average. Thus the
knowledge of the average age at which people
die in Britain affords no aid whatever towards
discovering when any particular person will
die, for some do so almost at the moment of
birth, and others linger on for nearly, it not
even quite, a hundred years. But for finding
out general laws, the stndj^ of averages is of
immense value. The average of qvalities is
ascertained in a similar way to that of quan-
tities.
"... and the average oi intellect ami knowledge
was higher among tliem than among their order gene-
rally."— Macaiilay : Hist, ^nf/., eh. xi.
"Tnclnding the period of the kings, the first decade
ha3 an average of fortj^-six yeai-a to each book." — Ltrms :
Marly Rom. NivL, oh. il., § 9.
% On an average : When an average is taken.
II. Technically :
1. Luvj, Navtical and Commercial :
(a) Average, or general average : A contribu-
tion made by merchants proportionally to
the value of the goods which each has on
board a particular vessel, to meet the loss
which arises when in a storm tlie goods of one
have had to be cast overboard to lighten the
ship.
"This contribution seems so called because it is so
proportioned after the rate of every niau's, average, or
gooua carried." — C'owel.
(b) Particular average : The sum required to
make good any fortuitous injui-y to the goods
belonging to one person. It falls on him or
on his insurers.
(c) Petty average: An estimate of the pro-
bable aggregate amount of various petty
charges, as for harbour dues, pilotage, &c..
which the captain of a vessel must in the first
instance pay, but which, of course, do not fall
on him ultimately. Formerly they were often
met, as they still are, by agreement lietween
the owners of the vessel and those to whom
the goods sent in it belongs. Hence in bills
of lading the words occur, "paying so much
freight, with primage and average accus-
tomed."
2. Gorn4racU averages: The medium price
of grain in the leading markets.
B. -^s adjective : Ascertained by taking a
medium or mean proportion between given
quantities.
". . . the ascertained differences are chiefly in the
average light imd heat . . ." — J. S. Alill: Logic, 2nd
ed,, voL ii , ch. xx., p 103.
"Meanwhile, however, the nodes of the rigid ring
will retrORrade, the general or average tendency of the
nodes of every molecule being to do iiO."^ffersckel :
Asiron., 5th ed., §6'15.
average-sized, a. Of medium size.
"Captain Sulivan informs me that the hide of an
average-sized hull weighs forty-seven pounds, . . ."—
Darwin ; Voyage rouiul the World, ch. ix.
5,v'-er-age (age = ig), v.t. & i. [From aver-
age, s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
1. To ascertain or state a mean proportional
between different numbers.
2. To divide an ascertained loss in just pro-
portions among the several individuals on
whom it should fall.
B, Intransitive (as a copula or apposition
verb) : To be on an avei-age, to amount to,
when a mean proportional between certain
given numbers is ascertained.
"Of this total the properties [in France] averaging
600 acres numbered 50,000, ancf those averaging 60
acres 500,000 . . ." — Statesman's i'ear-Book (1875), p. 80.
av'-er-age (3) (age = ig), ^ av -er-ish, s.
[From Fr. Idver = winter, and Eng. eatage.
(rode/.).]
1. Winter eatage. (Craven dialect.) The
breaking of corn-fields, edish, ronghings.
(North in genercd.) (Grose.)
2. Stubble. (S. in Boucher.)
av'-er-age-ly (age = ig), adv. [Eng. over-
age ; -ly.^ According to an average.
"... tends to render living more difUcult for every
afe)-aj;re?i/-situated individual in the community." —
J. S. Mill: Polit. Ecun., bk. i., ch. xiii.. § 4.
S-v'- er-ag-ing (age = ig), pr. par. [Aver-
age, v.]
a-ver'-dant, a, [Eng. a; verdant.] [Ver-
dant.]
Her. : Covered with green hex'bage. The
term is used specially of a mount in base.
(Gloss, of Heraldry.)
'^ av'-er-du-p6i§, s. Old spelling of Avoir-
dupois.
av'-ere, o. [Aver (2).]
av'-er-en, av'-er-in, * ai'-ver-in, s.
[From Welsh nrcut = a wild strawbeixy.]
[ AvENs. ] A wild strawberry.
" And spies a spot of averens ere lang."
Ross: J/olenorc, p. 26. (S. in Boucher.)
"^ S-V'- er-ene, s. [From 0. Scotch aver = oat.]
Money payable as custom-house duty on oats.
(Jamieson.)
"Withpowar to vptak the tollis, customeis, pryn-
gilt, averene enCrnhsilver, . . . gadgeing silver, &c." —
Acts Charles J. {ed. 18H), v. 62T. (Jamiesoit.)
"' av'-er-ie, s. [O. Eng. aver; -y, -ie. In
Sw. hafrebod.] [Aver (2).] Live stock, as
including horses, cattle, &c.
"Calculation of what uiouey and victiuils will yearly
furnish and sustain their Majesties house and averie."
—Keith: Utst., A. 1563. p. 321,
" a'-ver-il (1), ^ a'-uer-il (u as v) (0. Eng.),
*' a'-ver-ile, ^ a'-vyr-yle (yr as ir), (0.
Scotch), s. [Fr. Avril.] April.
" Thes furste was cieped Mars,
That othir A veril, the thridde May,
Therf furthe Junye, the lunge day.
Ali&aander, 51. [S. in Boucher.)
" a'-ver-il (2), * a'-ver-ill, s. [Haveril.]
A senseless fellow. (Scotch.) (Allan Eamsay.)
" Thou scowry hippit, ugly averil."
Dunbar: Evergreen, ii, 57,st.l8. {Jamleson.]
- av'-er-ish, ^. [Average (3).]
av'-er-lye, a. [Etymology doubtful.]
Heraldry : The same as Aspersed (q.v.).
a-ver'-ment, s. [O. Fr. averemeut. From
Low Lat. avcru.vientum.} [Aver, v.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of positively affirming anything,
or of verifying it, that is, proving it true ; the
state of being affirmed positively, or of being
or having been verified.
" To avoid the oath, for aver}nent of the continiiauce
of some estate, which is eigne, the party will sue a
pardoiL " — Bacon.
2. That which is positively affirmed; an
affirmation. (More rarely, the proof offered.)
" Deceit, averments incompatible,
Eiiui vocations, ..."
Byron . On /fearing that Lady Byron was III.
B. Law : An affirmation alleged to be true,
and followed by the words "and this he is
ready to verify," (Blackstone: Comment., bk.
iii., ch. 20; bk, iv,, ch. 2(j.)
a-ver'-nat, s. [Fr. avemat] A kind of grape
grown specially at Orleans.
A-ver'-ni-an, a. [From Averniis, in Gr.
'Aopvos (Aornos) : a, priv. , and opris (ornis) =
a bird. Witliout birds.] Pertaining to Lake
Avernus, near Puzzuoli, which was formerly
a volcanic crater. Birds aie found in and
about it now ; but Lyell believes that it may
once have been, as its etymology imports,
"without birds," the escape of mephitic
vapours at that period preventing their living
in the vicinity. (Lyell : Geology, 1850, p. 347.)
■' av'-er-ous, a. [Ayarous.]
av'-er-pen-ny.
[AVER-PENNY.]
a-ver'red, pa. par. [Aver, y.]
Av-er-rho'-a (h silent), s. [Xamed from
Averrhoes or Averroes, the Arabian philosopher
and physician.] [Averroist.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Oxalidacese
(Oxalids), The A. carambola, called Kuriuul,
and the A. bilimbi, the Anvulla or Bilimbi,
are trees cultivated in Indian gardens. They
have compound sensitive leaves, and intensely
acid fruit, which sometimes grows on the
trunk itself below the leaves. It is a five-
celled pome. The juice of ^, hillmbi is made
into syrup, and the flowers, conserved, are
given in fevei"s and bilious diseases. The fruit
of ^. carambola is eaten, and is also used in
dyeing.
a-ver'-ring, i^r. ;x(r. [Aver, v.]
Av-er-ro'-ist, s. [Named after Averroes or
Averrlwes (in Arabic Ebii Roshd), an Arabian
philosopher and physician, born at Cordova,
in A.D. 1149, and died, by one account, in
1198 ; by another, in 120(3. His best known
work is his Commentaries on Aristotle.]
Ilist. and Philosophy : One. of a sect deriving
their name from Averroes. They held that
all men have one common soul — a doctrine,
akin to Pantheism. They flourished in the
fifteenth century, and were a branch of the
Ai'istotelians. (Mosheim : Church Hist.)
t S-V-er-riin'-cate, v.t [In O, Fr. averron-
qiter ; from Lat. averrunco = to avert.]
1. To turn away to avert.
"flure some mischief will come of it.
Unless, by providential ^lit,
Or force we averruncate it."
Butter: Budibras, pt. i., c i.
2. To root up.
t av-er-run-ca'-tion, a. [Eng. avernm-
cat(e); -ion.]
1, The act of warding off".
" Whether averruncation of epidemical diseases, by
telesms, be feasible."— A'oiitnson .' £u.doxu (165B), p. 82.
2. The act of rooting up.
av-er-riin'-ca-tdr, s. [Eng. averruiicat(e) ;
-or.] An instrument for pruning trees, con-
sisting of two blades fixed at the end of a rod,
made to operate like a pair of shears.
a-ver'-sant, a. [From Lat. aversans, pr, par.
of aversor=io turn one's self away.] [Averse.]
Her.: Turned away; a term, aiiplied to a
hand, of which only tlie back is visible. It is
called also Dorsed (q.v.).
t av-er-sa -tion, s. [Lat. aversatio.] The
act of turning away from on acconnt of anti-
pathy to ; great dislike to. (Obsolescent.)
" It detests hating of our brother, by the same aver-
sation which it expresses against doing him affronts.*
Jerem.y Taylor : On the Decalogue.
1[ Aversation is followed by from, or by to,
or towards.
" Original sin and natural aversation from goodness."
— Taylor: Great Exemplar, p. 61,
" Aversation towards society." — Bacon : Essay on
Friendship.
a-ver'se, a. [In Sp. averso, from Lat. aver-
sus, pa. par. of averto : a = from, and verto =
to turn.]
I. Lit. : Tuined away.
" Which needs not thy belief,
If earth, industrious of herself, fetch day.
Travelling east, and with her part averse
From the sun's beam, meet night, her other part
Still luminous by her ray,"
Milton: P. L., viii. 138.
II. Figuratively :
1, With an antipathy to, the natural conse-
quences of which would be, that one would
turn away from the object thus hated or at
least morally disai)proved of; unfavourable;
unpropitious.
" The[r courage languished as their hopes decayed :
And Pallas, now averse, refused her aid."
Dryden: Virgil ; ^neid ii 227.
2. Unwilling, indisposed.
". , . finding the Old Companyobatinately (ijierse to
all compromise, . . ."—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. x.v.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, cairlel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t<
or, wore, wolf, work, v/ho. son : mute, cub, ciire, vinite, cur^ rule, full ; "cry, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
aversely— avisandtun
371
T[ Averse was formerly followed hy from, as
the etymology would lead one to expect.
". . . them that \inss hysecurely as men averse from
war."— J/(ca/t iL 8,
From is still occasinnally employed.
. Tior averse from excess in wine."
nut, Enr/., cb, ii.
-MacauJay :
Generally, however, to is employed.
*' They were awfse (0 an armiatice . . "—Macaulay :
Hist. Enfi; ch. ix.
a-ver'Se-ly, (wf T. [Eng. averse; -ly.]
1. Lit.: Backwardly.
" Not only they want those parts of secretion, but
it is emitted aversely or backward by l)oth sexes."—
Browne : Vulgar Errours.
2. Fig.: Unwillingly, reluctantly; with re-
pugnance.
a-ver'se-neSS, s. [Eng. averse; -ness.]
TAt. : A being turned away from ; but gene-
rally used figuratively for repugnance or un-
willingness.
"The coiTuption of man is in nothing more mani-
fest, than in nia aoerHeness to entertain any friend-
ship or familiarity with God." — Atterbury,
a-ver'-sion, s. [in Fr. & Sp. aversion ; Port.
aversao ; Ital. aversionc. From Lat. aver^io.]
I. The act of turning away (lit OTjig.).
1. Lit. : The act of literally turning away.
(Used of persons or of material substances.)
t (a) Of persons : The act of literally turning
round and departing. This may arise from a
desire to have no more to do with a person
disliked [2].
(b) Of material siLbstaitces : The process of
separating from, or the tmidency to separate
from, another substance from which there is a
chemical, an electrical, or other repulsion.
2. Fig. : The act of mentally turning away,
when antipathy is folt to a person or thing ;
dislike, repugnance to, but not so strong as
that implied by the word hatred.
"The Khasias . , . have Jin aniprsion to milk." —
Boolier : IJhnalayan Joui-iials, vol. ii., p. 275.
II. The state of being turned away from, in
a literal or figurative sense.
". . , his sordid rapacity had made him an object of
general aversion." — Ahicatilay : Hist. En<j., ch. x\i
III. An object of dislike ; the person or
persons from whom, or that from which, one
turns away.
"They took preat pleasm-e ill compounding law-
Buits among their neighbours: for which they were
the aversion of the gentlemen of the long robe." —
Arbuthnot ; Hist, of John Bull.
" Self-love and reason to one end aspire ;
Pain their avisruun, pleasure their desire."
Pope : Eisaij on Man, ii. 88.
^ Avarsion is now followed by to, or for, or
from; formerly it might have from, to, for, or
towards.
"The same adhe.sion tu vice, and aversion from sood-
nesa, will be a reawou for rejecting any proof whatso-
ever."—^Mej-iiw)-//
"... a state /or which thej' have so great aver-
sion."— Addison.
"His aversion towards the bouse of York . , ." —
Bacon.
* a-ver'-sive, a. [From Lat. avcrsurn, sup.
of averto, and Eng. suffix -ire.] Turned away
(literally or figuratively), averse.
" Those strong-beut humours, ■which aversive grew."
Daniel: Civil War, bk. vii,
*'■ a-verst', * a-uerst' (u = v), adv. [O. Eng.
a ; and verst, apparently a pronunciation, by
the ear, ot at first.] At the fii'st.
" A uerst byeth the hestes ten,
Thet loki ssolle alle men."
J/iS. AruJidel, 57, f. 1. {S. in Boucher.]
a-vert', * a-vert'e (1), * a-uert'e (u = v),
v.t. & i. [Not from Fr. avcrtir, which is =
to apprise (not to avert). In Ital, averterc
= to turn away ; Lat, averto = to turn away ;
a = from, and verto = to turn.]
A. Transitive:
1. Lit. : To turn away. (Used of things
material.)
" With eyes averted. Hector bastes to turn
The lots of fight, and shakes the brazen um."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. iii., 402.
2. Fig. : To turn away ; either to prevent
from coming at all, or, if this be impracticable,
to compel to depart after it has arrived. (Used
of evil, misery, &e.)
"From me, ye giMls, avert such dire disfrrace."
Pope: Homer's Odyasen, bk. kx., 412.
". . . Go— from him— from me —
Strive to avert this misery ! "
Wordsworth : White Doe of Rylstone, c iv.
T[ It is often used in prayers.
"O Lord! avert whatever evil our swerving may
threaten unto his church 1" — Hooleer.
B. Intransitive :
1. To turn evil away.
" Cold, and averting from our neighbour's good."
Thomson : Sjinng, 301.
2. In prayers : To prevent, to forbid.
"Yet Heaven avert that ever thou
Shouldst weep, and haply weep m vain."
Byron : To Inez, in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, i.
* a-vert'e (2), v. [From O. Fr. evertir; Lat.
eV6r(o= toovertluow.] To overturn. (Scotch.)
" His hous to be sa avertit, that of it sail remane na
mGmorie."—Bellend. : T. Liv., p. 334. (Jamieson.)
a-vert'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Avert, v.}
" But with averted eyes . . ."
Cowper : Truth.
a-vert'-er, s. [Eng. avert; -er.] He who or
' that which turns [anything] away.
"Averters and purgers muat go together." — Burton:
Anat. of Melancholy, p. 384.
a-vert'-ing, pr. par. [Avert.]
"" a-vert'-it, pa. par. [Averte (2).]
a'-ve§, s. pi. [PI. of Lat. avis — a bird ; Sansc.
wi = a. bird ; as if a were a prefix simply.]
Birds.
T[ As the terms used in modern zoological
classification are mostly of Latin type, the
class of Birds is generally called Aves. It
constitutes the second class of the sub-king-
dom Vertebrata, and stands below the Mam-
malia, ;ind above the Eeptilia. [Birds.]
* av'-e-trol, s. [0. Fr. avoltre, avoutri:.] A
bastard.
" Thou avetrol, thou foule wreche."
Alisaunder, 2,693. (3. In Boucher.)
""a-veyle, v.t. [Avail.]
a'-lrif-an, a. [Lat. avts = a bird.] [Aves.]
Pei'taining to birds.
"... the examination of the mammalian and
avian remains in the Minemlogical Department of
the British Museum," — Owen: British jt'ossil Mam-
mals and Birds, p. ix,
a'-vi-a-ry, *■. [In Port, aviario; from Lat.
aviarium ; from aviarius = pertaining to
birds; a bird.] [Aves.] A building, or a
portion of a building netted off, or a large
cage designed for, the keeping of birds.
" In aviaries of wire, to keep birds of all sorts, the
Italians bestow vast expense ; includuig great scope
of ground, variety of bushes, trees of good height,
running waters, and sometimes a stove annexed, to
contemijer the air in the ■wintei."—Wottan : Archi-
tecture.
&V-i-9en'-ni-a, s [Called after Avicenna.the
celebrated Arabian physician, who was bom
near Bokhara about A.D. 980, and died ap-
parently about 1036 or 1038.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Myoporacea'
^Mvoporads). A. tomentosa is the White
Mangrove of Brazil. It is tound in salt
marshes in India, as well as in South America,
The bark is used at Rio Janeiro for tanning.
a-vic'-U-la, s. [Lat. avicula = a little bird ;
" dimin.'of ams = abird.] A genus of Molluscs,
the typical one of the family Aviculida3. It
has a very inequivalve shell. The type is A.
hirundo. A. Tarantina is British. (Tate.)
a-vic-u-lar'-i-a» s. pi, [Lat. avicula = a
* little bird.]
Biol. : Bird's head processes. Small pre-
hensile processes shaped somewhat like a
bird's head, in some of the marine Polyzoa.
a-vic-u-lar'-i-an, a. [Avicularia.] Per-
' taining to, resembling, or characterised by
avicularia.
a-vic'-u-li-dse, s. pi. [Avicula.] Wing-
shells, or Pearl Oysters. A family of Mol-
luscs belonging to the class Conchifera and
the section Asiphonida. They are akin to
the Ostreadese, or Oysters, but have the urn-
bones of the shell eared, the posterior one so
much so as to appear wing-like. They have
also two muscular impressions. The fcssil
greatly exceed the living species in number.
The genera A^dcula and Pinna have British
representatives .
a-vic'-U-lo-pec-ten, s. [Prom avicida and
pecten (q.v.).] A genus of MoUuscs placed
doubtfully m the family A^iculidae. They
combine the characters of the genera Avicula
and Pecten. All are fossil They are found
in Britain and elsewhere, from the Lower Silu-
rian to the Carboniferous rocks.
a'-vi-cul-tiire, s. [Lat. avis = a bird, and
Eng. culture.] The breeding and rearing of
birds,
t av'-id, a. [In Fr. avide; Sp., Port., & Ital.
avido ; from Lat. avidus ; Wei. awyddiLS =
greedy.] Greedy, covetous. (Brydges.)
t a-vid'-i-ous, f . [Avid.] The same as Avid.
(Bale: Image, pt. ii.) (RicJiardson.)
t a-vid'-i-ous-ly, * a-vyd'-y-ous-ly, adv.
[Eng. avidious; -ly.] ' Greedily, covetously.
"Nothing is more avidiously to be desired than Is
the sweet peace of God." — Bale : Revelation, B, viii.
a-vid'-i-ty, s. [Fr. avidite; from O. Fr.
* arvyd = vehement desire ; Ital. avidita, avidi-
tade, aviditate ; Lat. aviditas, from avidus —
eager ; aveo or haveo = to be joyful or lively.]
Insatiable desire ; excessive eagerness ; appe-
tite, especially of an inordinate kind ; covetous-
ness. (Used of the sensual appetites, or of
other desires.)
"Has he not usurped with equal aviditj/ the city of
Bosphorus on the frozen Mfeotis, and the vale of palm-
trees on the shores of the Eed tiea.^ "— Gibbon : Decline
and Fall, ch, xUi.
av-i-ga'-to, s. [Avocado.]
a-vi-fau-na, a-. [Lat. avis = a bird, and Eng.
fauna (q.v.).]
Biol. : The birds of any district or country.
The term is also used as a title for a treatise
on the birds of any given area.
Av'-ign-on (ignou as in-yon), s. [Avignon
or Avenio, a commune and city in the south
of France, the place celebrated for having
been the residence of the Popes from 1329
to 1377.]
Avignon-berry, s. The berries of J?/tam-
nns infcctorius, saxatiJis, and amygdaliiivs.
They are used for dyeing yellow. When tliey
are ripe the juice is mixed* with alum, to make
the sap-green of the painters.
* a-vile, v.t. [Fr. avilir = to debase, to de-
grade.] To render "vile," cheap, or of little
account; to depreciate. [Vile.]
"Want makes us know the price of what we avile."
— B. Jonson : Masques at Court.
* a-vil'-lous, a. [Tn Fr. avilissant, from
avilir = to debase.] Contemptible ; debased.
" In avillous ItJilie."
Scott : Citron., S. P. iii. 147. (Jamteson.)
a vin'-cu-16 mat-ri-mo'-m-i. [Lat. =
from the bond of matrimony. ]
Law : Divorce in its fullest sense, and not
simply separation for the time being : " a
'nieiisa et (/ioro " = from table and bed, i.e.,
from bed and boai'd.
* ^v'-i-ronn, prep. & adv. [Fr. environ.]
Around.
" They wenten and segedyn aviroun.'
Alisaunder, 2,671. [S. in Boucher.)
* a-vi's, * a-vi'se, * a-vy's, 5. [Fr. avis =■.
advice, intelligence, instruction, warning, ac-
count, advertisement.] Advice ; opinion.
" And if you thinketh this is wel i-sayde.
Say your avys, and holdeth yow apayde."
Chaucer: V. T., l,8C9-70.
*^ a-vi'-stand, pr. par. [Avise, v.]
av-is-an'-dum, av-iz-an'-dum. [Law
Lat. ] Consideration. (Scotch. )
Lav: To take any case ad avisandum or
to avizandum = to take it for the private
boil, b^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -mg.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§>ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. =bel deL
&;2
avisde— avoidance
consideration of the judge, outside the court.
(The phrase is generally used of cases which
have heen fully debated in court by the
lawyers, and now only require careful reflec-
tion on the part of the judge, before sentence
is pronounced.)
* a-vi'sde, 2>reL of verb. [Avise.]
"* a-vi'§e, v.t. [Avize, r.]
*a-vi'§e, "^ a-ve'yse, a. [Fr. nvisc.] Cir-
cumspect.
" Of Tverre aud of bataile he wju? f ulle aviso"
Rob. lie Brunne, p. 18B.
* a-vi'se-ment, s [Eng. avise, and suff.
-ment.] Advisement, counsel, consideration,
deliberation.
" I think there never
Marriage was mauag'd with a move avisetnent."
Ben Jouson : Tale of a Tub, ii. l.
* a-vi'-^i-ly, adv. [0. Eng. avi^{e); -ily.]
Advisedly.
" But for a litil speche avisily
Is no inau acheut, to speke generally."
Chaucer: C. T., 17,259, 17,260.
t a-vi'-sion, * a-vi-si-oun, s. [^'1SI0N.]
1. A vision, a dream.
2. A warning in a di'cam.
" Macrobius, that writ the avitioun."
Chaucer : C. T., 16,609.
* a-vi'-fo, s. [In Sp. & Port, aviso = advice,
prudence; Ital. avviso = advice, opinion, ad-
vertisement, news.] [Advice, s., B. 1., Avis.]
" I had yours of the tenth current ; and besides your
avisos, I must thank you for those rich flourishes
wherewith your letter was embroidered every where,"
—Howell : LeUers, ii. 68.
* a-vi'~tOUS, a. [In Ital. avito; Lat. avitus,
pertaining to a grandfather ; ancestral : from
avus — a grandfather.] Ancestral.
* a-vi'-zand, pr. par. [Avizikg.]
■* a-vi'ze, * a-vy'ze, t a-vi'§e, * a-vy'§e,
* a-vy'-syn, v.t. [Fr. aviser=:(l) to per-
ceive ; (2) to inform. Often used reciprocally :
s'aviser = to bethink one's self.] UskI —
I. Of perception :
1. To perceive, to see, to view, to regard, to
take note of.
" ' Fond Squire,' fuH angry then sayd Paridell,
' Seest not the Latlie there before thy face?'
He looked backe, and, her avizbig well,
Weeud, as he said, by that her outward grace,
That fayrest Florimell was present there in place."
SiJenser : F. Q., IV. ii. 22.
2. To examine, to look over.
" As they 'gan his libraiy to view.
And antique registers for to avize." — Spenser.
^ Aviseth you (2 pers. pi. iviper.) : Look to
yourselves.
"Aviseth you now and put me out of blame."
ClMucer: C. T., 3,165.
IL Of rejlectioii :
1. To consider, to reflect.
" They stayVl ]iot to avise who first should he,
But all spur'd after, fast as they mote fly."
Speitser : F. Q., III. i. 18,
" The wretched man gan then nvise too late.
That love is not where most it is profest."
Ibid.. II. X. 31.
1[ In this sense it is used reciprocally —
to bethink one's self.
" Then gan Sir Calidore him to adoize
Of his first quest which he had Jonc; forlore."
Spenser: F. ^.. VI. xii. 12.
2. As the result of such reflection to form a
resolution.
" But when his uncouth manner he did vew,
He gan avize to follow him no more."
Spenser : F. Q , II. xl. 27.
nL Of advice : To advise.
" But I with better reason him aviz'd.
And shew'd him how . . ."
Spetiser: F. Q., IV. viii. 58.
* a-vi'zed, * a-vi'zd, * a-vi'sed, jm. par.
[Avize, v.]
* a-vi'ze-full, a. [O. Eng. avize, and suffix
full] Observant, vigilant.
" When Britoraart, with sharpe aviscfall eye,
Beheld the lovely face of Artegall."
Spenser: F. Q., IV. vi. 2C.
* a-vi'-zing, * a-vi'-zand, * a-vi'-sand,
pr. par. [Avize.]
av-o-ca'-do, a-vi-ga'-to, 5. [Apparently
from Port, avogudo, advogado = 3.n advocate.]
A West Indian fruit, called also Avocado-pear,
alligator-pear, suhaltern's huttcr-trcc, avigato,
and sabacca. It belongs to the order Lauraceai
(Laurels), and is the Persea gratissima. The
fruit is about the size and shape of a large
pear. A considerable part of it is believed to
consist of a fixed oil. It is highly esteemed.
The fruit itself is very insipid, on which ac-
count it is generally eaten with the juice of
lemons and sugar to give it poignancy.
av'-6-cat, s. [Fr.] A French lawyer, corre-
sponding in many respects to an English
barrister.
"These habblinc Avocats up at Paris — all talk and
no work." — Carlyle : Heroes & Hero- Worship, Lect. vi,
* av'-o-cate, v.t. [Lat. avocatits, pa. par, of
avoco = to call off or away : a = from, and
voco = to call upon.] To call away from.
"From hence it is evident that all secular employ-
ment did not — 7u)c imo~avocate a clergyman from his
necessary office and d\ity."~Bishop Taylor: Episco-
pacy Asserted, § 49. (Richardson.)
"• av'-o-ca-ted, i?a. par. [Avocate, v.]
^ av'-o-ca-ting, pr. par. [Avocate, v.'\
"Their divesture of mortality disiienses them from
those laborious and avocating duties to distressed
Chri-stians and their secular relations, which are here
requisite." — Boyle.
S,v-6-ca'-tion, s. [In Sp. avocacion; Poi-t.
avocagao ; Lat. avocatio =■ a calling off, a divert-
ing of the attention : from avoco.] [Avocate.]
1. The act of calling one away from any
business or work in wliich he may be engaged ;
the state of being called away.
"The soul with pleasing avocation strays."
Partiell : To an Old Beauty.
2. The business which calls or summons
one away from society, from idleness, from
Xdeasure, or from other work,
(a) It is generally used for an engagement
of a trifling character, or at least for one which
is not the main business of a person's life.
" By the secular cares and avocations which accom-
pany marriage, the clergy have been furnished with
skill in conuiion hfe."~Atterbury.
(b) Sometimes, however, it is used for one's
primary vocation or business in life. [Voca-
tion.]
"... whatever other merits this well-dressed young
gentleman might possess, poetry was by no means his
pniper avocation' —Moore : talla Rookh : Sequel to
"The Light of the Harain."
" a-v6c'-a-tive, «. & s. [Eng. avocate ; -irc]
A. As adjective : Having the power of call-
ing off or actually doing so.
B. -4s siibsiantive : That which calls away
from.
" Setting this apart, all other incentives to virtue,
and avocatives from vice, seem very blunt and faint."
— Barrow : On the Creed.
av'-o-9et, av'-6-9ette, av'-6-set, s. [In
Fr. avoceitc ; Sp. avoceta; Kal. avosetta; from
Mod. Lat. avucetta.] The Englisii name of a
genus of birds, with their feet so webbed that
they might seem to belong to the Natatores
(Swimmers), but "which, by the other parts of
their structure, are placed in the family Scolo-
pacidai (Snipes), and the sub-family Totaninae
(Tatlers). Their great peculiarity is a long
feeble bill, curved backwards, with which
they explore the sand for prey. Recurvirostra
avooetta is a British bird. It was formerly
abundant in the fenny districts, but is now
only an occasional visitant. B. Americana
differs from it by having a red cap ; and there
are a few other foreign species,
* a-vo'-er-y, ■>. [Avowery.]
Av-6-gad'-ro, .->. [The name of an Italian
physicist who flourished in the early jjart of
the nineteenth century.]
Avogadro's law. The law that under
like conditions of pres.sure and temperatures
equal volumes of different gases contain the
same number of molecules.
a-voi'd, *a-v6i'de, *a-u6i'de, "* a-
* voy'd, * a-u6y'de (u — v), "" a-voy'd-en,
v.t. & i. [From Anglo-Fr. avoider ; O. Fr. es-
vuidier = to empty out, to clear out,] [Void,
Wide.]
A. Transitive :
1. Ordinary Language :
1. To void ; to render void, empty, or of no
effect.
(1.) Literally :
(a) To void ; to render empty by expelling
or emitting that previously contained in any-
thing.
"A toad contains not those urinary parts which arc
fomid in other animals to aBOK^thatserous excietioii."
— Browne : Vulgar Errours.
(b) To evacuate, to quit, and thus render
empty, so far as the person evacuating the
place is concerned.
" What have you to do here, fellow ? pray you, avoid
the house." — Shakesp. : Coriol., iv, 5.
" If any rebel should be required of the prince con-
federate, the prince confederate should command him
to avoid the country." — Bacon.
(2.) Fig. : To render void of effect ; to annul
or to vacate.
"How can these grants of the king's he avoided,
without wronging of those lords which had these lauds
and lordships given thejn'!"— Spenser.
2. To keep at a distance from.
(1.) Lit. : To keep at a distance from; to
keep away from a person or place.
" He, like an honest man, took no advantage of her
unhappy state of mind, and did his best to avoid her."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xxv.
(2.) Figuratively :
(a) To shun ; to abstain from.
"He still hoped that he might he able to win some
chiefs who remained neutral ; and he carefully avoided
every act which could goad them into open hostility."
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xiii.
(&) To eseajie.
" If thou art privj' to thy country's fate.
Which, happily, furekuowing may avoid,
0 speak '." Shahesp. : Hamlet, i. 1.
II. Law : To defeat.
B. I )itransitive :
1, To become void ; to become vacant.
"Bishopricks are not included under l)enefice3 ; so
that if a peraon takes a bifiho]_)r]ck, it does not avoid
by furce oi that law of pluralities, but by the ancient
common l3.-w."— A yliffc.
2. To withdraw, to retire, to depart.
" Descend to darkness, and the burning lake :
False liend, avoid t" Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., i. 4.
a-v6id'-a-ble, a. [From Eng. avoid; -able.]
1. Liable to become vacant or to be dei^larcd
void.
"The charters were not avoidable for the kim,':;
nonage, and if there could have been any biil'Ii iirL-
tence, that alone would not avoid them." — Hale.
2. Able to be escaped or shunned.
"To take several things for granted is hai-dly reuoirf-
ahle to any one, whose bisk it is to show the falsehood
or improbability of any truth," — Locke.
a-v6id -an9e, * a-void'-6ns, * a-voyd-
a'wn9e, s. [Eng. avoid; -ance.]
A, Ordinary Language :
I. The act of voiding, or of avoiding.
1. The act of voiding, or declaring vacant
or void. [B.]
2. The act of avoiding or shunning. (Lit. &
". . . and the avoidance of all the state and works
of darkness which we should abhor."— .^u. Half. : Re:Ti..
p. 37.
fate, ^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, potb
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cuh, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, as, ce = e. ey = a. pu — kw.
avoided— avow
373
IL The state of being voided ; also the state
. of being avoided.
". . . an object of pity, of contempt, and avoidance,"
— Carlyle : Heroes and Hero- Worship, Lect. iv.
ni. That by which auytliiii^' is voided, as a
channel to cnrry off water.
"In the iippei" gallery, too, I wish thnt there may
be, if the pliure will yield it. some fountains riumnig
in divei-a ybvcea from the wall, with some line avoid-
ances."— Bacon : Essays, Vli'. aiid M'n:, ch. xlv.
B. IxLW :
1. The act of aiiimlling. (Used of a law.)
2. Tlie state of becoming vacant. (Used of
an office.)
"Avoidance of ail ecclesiastical benefice ia— 1. By
death, which ia the act of Ood. 2. By reHiQiiation,
which is the act of the iucmnljent. 3. By ceusiou, or
the acceptance of a benefice incompatible, which also
ia the act of the iucnmbeut. 4. By tlepriv.itio!i, which
ia the act of the ordinary. 5. By the net of the law :
aa in case of simony ; not suhacribinfj the Articles or
Declaration ; or not retuUiig the Articles or the Com-
mon Prayer." — Barn.
a-void'-ed, 2ia. y^r. [Avoid, v.]
" Q. Ellz. True, when avoided grace makes destiny :
My babes were destined to a fairer death, ^
If grace had blesa'd thee with a fairer life.
ShaTcesp. : JHchard HI., iv. 4.
a-v6id'-er, a. [Eng, o.vokl ; -cr,]
1. Ofperso)!^ :
1 One who voids, expels, or carries off any-
thing.
2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes any-
thing.
"... a curious aiioitier of women's company, ..."
—Beaumont <t Fletclier : Jlon. M. Fortune, iv. 1.
II, Of things : That which carries off any-
thing, or a vessel in which anything is carried
off.
a-v6id'-lhg, Tir. -par. [Avoid, v.]
a-v6id'-leSS, a. [Eng. avaul, and suff. -Uss
= without.] Incapable of being avoided ; in-
evitable.
"That avoidless ruin hi which the whole empire
would be involved." — Dennis : Letters.
av'-oir-du-pMs, av'-6ir-du-pSi§e, s.
[Ft. avoir diLjioids ; from Q. Fr. avoirs depots
= things that sell by weight, and not by mea-
surement. (Wedgwood.) Or from Fr. avoir
= to have (in Lat. habeo), and Fr. poids =
weight, load, . . . ; O. Fr. poix, pois ; from
Lat. pensiim = anything weighed ; jwjisitTn,
sup. of pendo =to weigh. The d of jjotds was
introduced in the French because it was erro-
neously thought th;it the word came from Lat.
2»n(ii(s= weight.] [Poise.] The name of a
series of weights, that by which groceries and
similar commodities are weighed. The pound
avoirdupois consists of 7,000 grains troy, and
contains sixteen ounrts, whilst the pound
troy has only twelve A pound avoirdupois
is = 453 "52 grammes.
a-vol'-ra, a-var'-ra, a'-a-v6r'-a, s [A
native South American name.]
1. Tlie name given in portion.s of South
America to palms of the genus Astrocaryum.
[AsTaooAUYUM.] (Van Martins: Palms, vol.
iii., p. 287.)
2. The name given in parts of South America
to a palm, Desmoucus macrocaiUhus, (Foa
Martins: Polrtis, vol. ii., p. SO.) Along the
Amazon it is called also Jacitara. [Des-
Moycus.]
* liv-oir'e, >. [Aver (2).]
'a-VOte, r.t. [Lat. auoco=to call away: a
= from, and yoco =to call.] To call away ; to
keep off.
"All were atlmitted to every consultation there
anent ; yet the absence from the weightiest consulta-
tions oE prime noblemen and harona, aud all ministers
but two, was not much remarked, nor their presence
sought, if their negligence, or ados, or miscoutent, did
avoke them."— Baillie's Letters, i. 183. (Jamieson.)
^^v-6-late, v.i. [Lat. avolatum; supine of
avolo = to ti V from or away : a = from, and volo
= to fly.] To fly away, to escape.
"... and nothing will «;)Oiafe or fly away, .. ."—
Boyle: Works, vol. iv., p. 591.
t av-o-la'-tion, s. [Lat. avolatio ; avolo — to
fly away.] The act of flying from or away ;
flight, escape.
"These airy vegetables are made by the relicks of
flantal emissivea, whose avolation was prevented by
he coudeuaed euclosiira" — GUtnvUl : Scepsis Scient.
"Strangers, or the fungous parcels about candles.
only aigiiify a pluvious air, hiuaering thts avolati^m of
the favillous particles,"— Broiwie ; Vulgar Ei-rours.
* a-vonge, * a-fonge (pret. a- Yens',
a^feng'), v. [*A.S. a/07i = to receive ; afmg =
received.] To take, to receive.
" And, after his fader dethe. aueng the kinedom."
Bob. of Glouc. : Chron., ix 484. (S. m Boucher.)
* a-vb're-ward, adv. [Old Eng. a. ; vote-
ward = forward.] At first.
" So that avoreward
The bissop hil chose of Bathe, Walter Giffard."
lioO. of Glouc, p. 567. {S. in Bouelier.)
*a-vor'th, a-uor'tli (u = v), v.t. [In Dut.
'bevorderen = to forward; voorwit, voorwarts=
forwards.] [Aforthe.] To forward.
"Wether he ahal aitorth the abak."
Sale A Nightingcde, 812. (S. in Boucher.)
S,v'-6-set, s. [AvocET.]
a-vo'te, a-u6'te, adv. On foot. [Afoot.]
" So that vastinde a day auote he dude this dede."
Robert of Gloucester : Chrnn., p. 545.
" Spermen aitote, and bowmen and also arblaaters."
Ibid, ji. a"8.
a-v6ii'9ll, *a-v6^'9he, v.t. [O. Norm. Fr.
advoucher ; O. Fr. avochier, avocher, advoquer,
avoquer, avouer ; from Norm. Fr. voudter ;
Old Fr. vochier, voclier = to call, to pray in
aid, to call to aid in a suit, to summon ; from
Lat. advoco = to call, to summon : ad = to,
and voco = to call. Wedgwood believes that
vouch in the sense of " call to " specially refers
to the case of a tenant calling on his feudal
lord to defend him in the matter of a right
impugned. Finally, however, the word be-
coming transferred to the landlord, lost its
meaning of " call to," and came to mean "take
the part of the tenant against his assailant,"
openly acknowledge, avow, positively affirm,
vouch.] [Avow, Vouch.]
I. (Apparently with tacit reference to a
tenant's calling on his landlord for support of
a claim.) (See etyni.) To adduce in support
of anything.
" Such antiquities could have been avoucJied for the
lvial\."— Spender : State of Irvbiml.
II. (Apparently with tacit reference to a
landlord's acknowledging a tenant and de-
fending his rights.) (See etym.)
1. Solemnly and deliberately to acknowledge
a being or person as standing to the avoucher
in a cei'tain relation.
(a) As a superior acknowledges an inferior,
or as the Supreme Being owns the people of
God.
"And the Lord hath avouched thee this day to be
his iieculiar people, . . ."—Deut. xxvi. 18.
(&) In a more general sense, without refer-
ence to the superiority or inferiority of the
persons or beings avouching and avouched.
"Thou hast avouched the Xjord this day to he thy
God, and to walk in his ways, . . ." — Dent. xxvL 17.
2. To assent to or support the petition or
the understood wishes of any person.
"jVem, Great Arimanes, doth thy will avouch
The wishes of this mortal?"
Byron : Manfred, ii. 4.
3. To support a cause believed to be just ;
to justify, tp vindicate.
"You will think you made no offence, if the duke
avouch the justice of yoiur dealing."— Sjloftesp. .- Mea-
sure for Measure, iv, 2.
4. To assert positively, to affirm ; to main-
tain, to aver.
"... but that it is so constantly ai/oiicfted by many."
—Bacon: Nat. JTist., Cent, x., § 911.
t a-v6ii'9li, s. [Avouch, v.] Evidence, testi-
mony ; avouchment.
"ITor. Before my God, I might not this believe.
Without the sensible and true avouch
Of mine own eyes." — Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 1.
t a-VOU'9h-a-ble, a. [Eng. avouch; -abk.]
That may be avouched. {Sherwood.)
a-vou'9hed, x'^- P"^* [Avouch, v.]
a-vou'9h-er, s. [Eng. avouch; -er.] He who
or that which avouches.
" Even Cardinal Eelhirmin can abide to come iu as
an avoucher of these cozuuages."— i?p. Hall : Censure
qf Travel, § 18.
a-voii'9li-mg, pr. par. [Avouch, v.]
a-v6u'9h-meiit,. s. [Eng. avouch; -ment]
The act of avouching; the state of being
avouched ; that which is avouched.
* a-vou'r, ^ a-v6u're, s. [In Fr. avo^ler =
lo avow.] jicknowledgment, confession.
a-voure, s. [0. Fr. advoyer, avoyer; Lat.
advocator.] A patron saint.
*a-vou'-ter-er, *a-v6^-ter-ere, *a-
vou'-trer, * a-vou'-trere, ^a-v6ii'-ti-
er, * a-v<^-tere, s. [O. Fr.]
1. An adulterer.
2. An adulteress.
"Avoutrer: Adultra. "—Promp(. Parv.
'^ a-vou'-ter-ie, ^ a-voii'-trie, * ad-vou'-
ter-ie, s. [O. Fr. avoiUrie.] Adultery.
a-v6^' (1), *a-v6w'e. *a-v6^'-en, v.t.
[Fr. avouer = to own, to confess, to approve, to
ratify ; avoue = an avowee, a proctor, attor-
ney, solicitor, patron, or supporter ; avouerie
= right to present to a benefice. The idea
is that of a superior acknowledging an in-
ferior, which connects the word, as Skinner
and Wedgwood maintain, with Avouch (q.v.).
Mahn connects it with Fr. vouer = to vow.]
[Avow (2), s.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. To declare openly the sentiments one
holds iu tlie belief that, even though they
may be unpopular, he can defend them ; or to
declare openly a deed which one has done,
either in the conviction that it was a right
deed, or because one is so hardened in wicked-
ness that he is incapable of feeling shame
when he justly falls under the censure of the
virtuous.
"... the orphan girl avowed the stem delight with
which she had witnessed the tardy punishment of her
father's murderer."— J/acauf ay,; Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
t 2. To acknowledge, to confess, though
more disposed to hide the deed than to pro-
claim and glory in it.
" Left to myself, I must avow T strove
From public shame to screen my secret love."
Dri/den: ISigisinunda A Guiscardo, 456.
3. To take the responsibility of stating ; to
state, to allege, to declare.
"... the relation of some credible person anoufinj;
it uiKui his own experience." — Boyle.
B. Law : To admit that one distrained
goods belonging to another, but alleging that
he can and will justify the deed.
"... he acows taking the distress in his own right
or the right of his wifs.—Blackstone: Comment., bk.
iii., ch. 9.
* a-vo^' (2), * a-v^^'e, * ar-v^^'-en, * a-
u6w'-eii (u = v), *a-w6W'-yn, v.t. & i.
Old form of Vow (q.v.).
A. rra7is. : To devote by a vow. {Scotch.)
"Tullua . . . auozWf xii i^ireistis, quhilkis war iiamit
sails, to 1)6 perpetualy dedicat to Mars." — Bellejul. : T.
Lie., p. 49. {Ja-)nieson.)
B. Intrans. : To vow.
"... warfore they mode him . . . aethyn to avoit^
to restore . . . what he had borne away." — Monast.
Angl., ii. 198. {8. m Boucher.)
"Tiillus . . . altoure avowU to big twa tempellis
. . ."—Bellend. : T. Liv., p. 49. {Jam.icson.)
^ a-v6w' (1), ^ a-v6w'e, s. [Avow, v.'\
1. A discovery, declaration ; avowal. {Old
Eng. £ Scotch.)
" At kirk aud market when we meet,
"Well d.vre make nae avowe."
Minstrelsy Border, ii. 86. [Jamieson.]
2. Patronage. [Avowery.]
"... for thorn avoioo of him the sone bigan that
strif." — Rob. Glouc : Chron., p. 477. {S. in Boucher.]
^ a-vo^' (2) (0. Eng.), a-v6^'-ye (ye = ie)
(0. Scotch), s. [Old form of Fng. vow. In Fr.
vceu ; Sp., Port., & Ital. voto ; Lat. votum.]
[Vow. ] A vow.
b6il» boy; pd^t, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
374
avowable— awafeen
" But here I will make mine avow,
To do her as ill a turn."
Marriage of Sir Gawaine.
g,-vtf^-a-ble, a. [Eng. avow; -able.'] Able
to be avowed ; which one can without blush-
ing avow.
"The proceedings may be ai>ert and ingenuous,
and candid, and avowable ; for that gives satisfaction
and acquiescence,"— /)(//(*«;; Devotions, p. 209.
a-V<f^-a-bly, adv. [Bng. avowaU{e); -y.]
In a way that can be avowed.
a-v<J^'-al, s. [Eng. avow; -al.] An open
declaration of sentiments entertained oi' of
deeds done.
"He frankly confessed that many abominable and
detestable practices prevailed in the Court of Rome ;
and by this sincere avowal, he gave occaaiou of much
triumph to the Lutherans." — Hume : Hist. Eng. ;
Henru VIII.
"This absurd avowal would alone have made it
impossible for Hough aiid hla brethren to yield."—
MacaiUay : Mist. Eng., ch. viii,
gt-vtf^-an9e, ^\ [Eng. avow; -auce.] Evi-
dence, testimony. {Fuller: JVorthies; Bucks.)
a-vd^-ant, s [Fr. avonant, pr. par. of
avouer.] [Avow.]
Laiu : "A person making cognizance," or
admitting that he distrained certain goods
belonging to another, but maintaining that he
■was justified in doing so.
"... the avowant or pei'son uiakiug cognizance . . ."
— Slackstone: Comment., bk. iii., ch. 9.
a-V<S^'ed, * a-v6^d, jia. par. & a. [Avow,
" The hasty heat of his avowd revenge delayd."
Spenser: F. Q., II, vi 40.
". . . they had become avowed enemies," — Macaulay.
Bist. Eng., ch. ix.
a-vtf^'-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. avowed ; ' -ly.]
Openly, confessedly, admittedly.
"Temple's plan of government was now avowedly
abandoned and very soon forgotten." — Jfacait^a^,-
Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
a-vd^ -ee, * a-vtfi^'-e, s. [In Er. avoue =
iformerly) the protector of a church or reli-
gious community ; (noio) a lawyer.]
A, Ord. Lang. : An acknowledged friend.
"That thou beo heore avoiee."
Alisaunder, 3,100, (S. in Boucher.)
B. Law, d-c: A person to whom the ad-
vowson of a church belongs.
". . , and so indured Sir Robert Marmyon and
Someroyle as avouies of the howys alle the tyme of the
lyfe of William the Bastarde,' — Monast. Anglic, ii.
178. (S. in Boucher.)
a-VO^-er, s. [Eng. avow; -cr.]
1. One who avows (any sentiment or deed).
2. A proclaimer.
"Vii-gil makes ^Eueas a bold avower of his own
virtues. "-iJryden-.
a-v6^'-ing, pr. par. [Avow, ■y.]
a-v6^'-ry, * a-v<5^'-er-y, * a-vo'-er-y,
s. [From O. Fr. avouerie, avowerie; Low Lat.
advocaria.] [Avow, v.]
A, Ord. Lang. (Of tlie forms avowery and
avoery) : Patronage of an indiWdual of a
religious cause or of a church. [B. 1.]
"For through avowery ot him the i-ather began to
stryf."- /;o6. tilouc. : Chro-n., p. 4"7, (S. in Boucher.)
B. Law :
1, (Of the forms avowery and avoery): The
right which the founder of a religious house
or one who had built or endowed a parish
church had to its patronage.
" And 80 in thys manner was the lord Marmyon put
fi-o the foundation and the iivocni of the howys of
Polles worth." — Monast. Anglic, li. ias (old ed.), (S. in
Boucher. )
2. {Of the form avowry) : A term used when,
on a person sueing replevin of goods, which
he alleges that the defendant distrained, the
latter, in reply, avows or openly declares that
he did take the goods, but adds that he had
proper justification of the deed, as that the
distraiut was for rent due, for damage done
to his property, or for some similar cause.
(Llackstone : Comvw.nt., bk. iii., ch. 9.)
^^ a-vd^ '-^al, a. Old spelling of Avowal,
* a-vd^'-try, s. [Advoutry, Avoutry,]
a-viil'sed, a. [in Port, avulso ; from Lat.
' avulsiis, pa. par. of avello = to pull away or
off : o = from, and vello = to pluck. ]
" "Who scatter wealth, as though the radiant ciop
Glitter'd on every bough ; and every bough,
Like that the Trojan gather'd, once avuls'd.
Were by a splendid successor supiJlied,
Instant, spontaneous," Shenstone.
a-viir-sion (Eng.), a-vial'-si-o (Scotch), s
[In Fr. avulsion ; from Lat. avulsio = a young
slip torn off a plant instead of being cut off;
avulsum, supine (A' ai^ello.] [Avulsed.]
A. Ordinary Language. (Of tlie form avul-
sion only) :
1. The act of pulling anything away from
another ; the act of tearing away or violently
separating ; also the state of being pulled
away.
" The pressure of any ambient fluid can be no intel-
ligible cause of the cohesion of matter ; though such
a pressure may hinder the avulsion of two imlished
superficies one from another, in a luie perpendieulai'
to them."— iocA«
2. That -which is pulled away ; a fra^ient
torn off. (Barlow.) (Goodrich & Porter!)
B. Law. (In English, oftlicform avulsion ;
in Scotch, of the form avulsio, the latter being
simply the Latin word left unmodified): The
wrenching away of lands from the property of
one man, and their transference to another,
caused by river floods, by the alteration in the
course of a stream, or any similar operation of
nature. [Alluvium, Alluvion.]
a-vuh'-cu-lar, «. [In Ital. avuncolo = an
uncle ; Lat. avunculus = a maternal uncle,
from avus = a grandfather; Eng. suff. -al.}
Pertaining to an uncle.
" In these rare inatauces, the law of pedigree, whether
direct or avwncular, gives way." — /, Taylor. {Goodrich
& Porter.)
* a-VUU'-CUl-ize, v.i. [From Lat. avuricul(us),
and Eng. suff. -ize.] [Avuncular.] To follow
in the steps of one's uncle. (Fuller : Worthies ;
Hants.)
Tf Trench believes that Fuller did not intend
this as a permanent addition to the language.
(Trench : English Past and Present, p. 02.)
* a-vy's, tf. [Avl?, Advice.]
* a-vy'^e, s. [Awise, s.] (Scotch.)
* a-vy'se, v.t. [Avize, v.}
*a-vy'§ed» * a-vy'-syd, pa, par. [Avized,]
^ a-vy§'e-inent, s. [Avisement.]
* a-vy'-§ioun, s. [Avisioun.]
* a-vy'-§yn, v.t. [Avize, v.]
aw, a. [All.] All. (Scotch & N. of Eng.
dialect.)
aw, o. [Awe.]
aw, awe, v.t. [A.S. agan = to own; (1) to
possess; (2) to give, ... to restore.] [Agh,
Owe.]
1. To owe, to be under obligation. (Scotch.)
"The second command is of the lufe whiche we
aw till our uychbour."- ,d6ju. SamiUon: Catccliism
(1551),
2. Ought.
" That tre vs aw forto do honoure
That bare oure lord and oure sauioure."
Finding of the Cross (ed, Morris), 5, 6.
a-wa', adv. [Away.] Away. (Scotch.)
". . . gangs awa in the moruiug."~Scott : Wavcr-
ley, oh. Ixiv.
* a-wa'i, adv. [Away. ]
^ a-wa'il, * a-wa'ill, ^. [Avail, s.] (Scotch.)
' a-wa'il, a^wa'l, v.t. & i. [Avail (2), v.t. &
1] (Scotch.)
"a-wa'ill, ^ a-wail-ye, v.i. & (. [Avail
(1), v.i. &t.] (Scotch.)
a-wa'it, ^ a-wa'ite, - a-wa'te, * a-
wa'yte, v.t. & i. [Eng. a, and wait (q.v.).]
A. 2'ransitive :
1. To wait for. Used —
(a) Of persons : Waiting for a person or
thing.
" Which with incessaunt force and endlesse hate
They battred day and night, and eutraunce did
awate. ' Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. G.
" And, plung'd within the ranks, awaits the fight."
Pojx: ■ f/ojncr's Iliad, bk, xx., 436.
(h) Of things : Left for a certain event, pur-
pose, or action.
"The Abjuration Bill and a money bill were await-
zng his asannt."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxv.
2. To be in store for
" To shew thee what reward
Awaits the good ; the rest, what punishment,"
Milton: P. L., bk. xi.
B. Intransitive: To wait.
"If a hunting party kills an animal, a number
soon collect and imtieiitly await, . . . on all sides." — r
Darwin : i'oyuge round tlie World, ch. iii.
* a-walt, '" a-'wa'ite, s. [Await, v.] Wait-
ing, wait, ambush, watch. [Wait.]
"... Delay in doss awailo
Caught hold on me . . ."
^Ijcnser: F. Q.. IV. x. 15.
a-wa'it-ed, pa. par. & a. [Await, v.]
a-wa'yt-inge, ptr, par.
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try.
a-wa'it-ihg,
[Await, v.]
a-wa'ke (pret. a-w6'ke, "^ a-wo'k ; pa. par.
a-wa'ked, ^ a-wa'kd, * a-wahte, * a-
we'ightte, ^a-wa'kte), v.t. k, i. [A.S.
avKicwn (pret. aujoc), awceccan, aweccan = to
awake.] [Awaken, Wake.]
A. Transitive ;
I, Of persons or other beings capable of sleep :
1. To arouse from natural sleep,
" He marveild more, and thought he yet did dreame
Not well awakte." Spenser : F. y., IIL viiL 22.
"And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep
on a pillow ; and they awake him, and say unto bim.
Master, carest thou not that we perish ?"'—J/arA; iv. 38.
2. To arouse from a state of physical, mental,
mo]-al, or spiritual lethargy ; to excite to ac-
tion or new life.
" But they shall find, awaked in such a kind.
Both strength of limb and ijolicy of iniiid."
SJiukesp. : Much Ado About Nothing, iv. 1,
3. To cause to arise from the dead.
"Wherefore he went again to meet him, and told
him, saymg, The child is not awaked."— 1 Kings iv. 31.
II. Of things: To put into action anything
which to the imagination may appear to be
dormant ; to put anything qniesceut into active
operation.
" Therefore take heed how you impawn our person,
How you aioake our sleeping sword of war,
S^ia/cesp. : Henry V., i. 1.
^ In this first or transitive sense, the more
common verb is not aivake, but awaken.
[Awaken.]
B, Intransitive : ■
I. Of persons or other beings capable ofsl-eep:
1. To waken up from natural sleep.
" As a dream when one a^fjctftefft . . ." — Ps. \xxiii. 20.
2. To waken up or become aroused from
physical, mental, moral, or sijiritual lethargy.
" Aiid from the kindling of his eye, there broke
Language where all th indignant soul awoke."
Ifemans : Marius at Carthage.
"Awake thou that sleeiiest, and aiise from the dead,
and Christ shall give thee light."— Eph. v. 14.
3. To arise from the sleep of death.
"And many of them that sleep in the dust of the
earth shall awake . . . " — Dan. xii, 2.
II. Of inanimate things : To remain no longer
dormant ; to cast off lethargy or inaction.
"Awake, 0 sword, against my shepherd."— ^cWi. xiii. 7.
a-wa'ke, a. & s. [Awake, y.J
A, -4s adjective:
I. Of persons or other beings capable of sleep :
1. Not in a state of sleep ; not asleep.
" And, like an infant troublesome awake.
Is left to sleeii for peace and quiet's sake,"
Cowpar : Truth.
2. Not m a state of lethargy.
II. Of things: Quiescent; not in action.
* B. -4s substantive : An arousing from
sleep or death.
a-vralced, * a-wa'kd, " a-wa'kte, pa. par.
[Awake, i\]
a-wa'-ken, v.t. & i. [A.S. a n-ojcnian = (l) to
awake, arouse, revive ; (2) to stir up, originate
arise, vegetate. Cognate with Awake (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
I. Of2>ersons or other beings caixibk of sleep :
1. To arouse from natural sleep.
" I awakened the aixiero to kno^v if there was auv
danger. —Darwin ■ Voyage round the World, ch. xv.
2. To arouse from a state of pliysical, men-
tal, moral, or spiritual lethargy.
"The picture of the clown awakened to conscious-
^f,tn."l ^-^^ %'"^ niauhood by the sight of the sleeping
l^,,^l^ n 9'"'0rt ««rf IpMge,na is perfect in itS
kind. —Dryden ■ The Fables, lutrod.
3. To raise from the sleep of death.
II. Of things : To put anything previously
dormant or quiescent into action.
B. Intransitive: To retm-n to conscious-
ness or activity after having been for a lon'^er
or shorter time under the lethargy of sleep?
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot,
Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kWo
awakened— awaytinge
375
"Theljook ends abruptly with Ms awakening iu a
fright "—Pope : Note In his " Ttrniple of Fani^."
^ In the intransitive senso, awake is more
frequently used than awaken. [Awake, v.]
a-wa'-kened, jm. par. & a. [Awaken.]
a-wa'-ken-er, s. [Eng. awaken; -er.} He
who or that which awakens.
**Afl much obliged to hia awakener as Philemon
was to St Piml.--Bot/le : Occas. Ji^., Disc. i„ § 4.
[Jiicharclson.]
" Oh ! the curse,
To Iw the awakener of dlvineat thoughts,
Father and foiimler of exalted deeds ;
And, to wiiole nations bound in servile straits,
The liberal donor of (capacities."
iVordsworth : Jixcurtdon, bk, vii.
a-wa'-ken-ing, pr. -par., a., k s. [Awaken.]
A. & B. -^5 pr. par. and adj.: In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
*' And when you tbink of this, remember too
Tia always morning somewhere, and above
The awakening continents, from shore to shore,
Somewhere tlie birds are sinewing evermore."
Longfellow: The Memj Birds of KiUingworth.
C. As substantive :
1. Gen.: The act of arising from sleep,
lethargy, or death, or of being excited to
action ; also the state of being aroused from
any of these.
" Supposing the inhabitints of a country quite sunk
ill sloth, or even fast a.sleep, whether upon the gr-wlual
awakeniiiy and exertion, first of the sensitive and
loiMJinotive faculties, next of rea-son and -reflexion,
then of ju.ttiL-e and piety, the momentum of such
country or state, would not, in proportion thereunto,
become atilJ more and more considemble."— flisfto/>
Barkeley : Querist, 591.
2. Spec. : A religious revival in the soul of
an individual or inaportion of the community.
[Revival.]
a-Tva'-ken-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. awakening;
-ly.] In a manner to awaken. (Webster.)
a-wa'~king, * a-wa'-kunge, pr. par., a.,
& s. [Awake, v.]
" Who brought the lamp that with awaking beams
Dispelled thy glooiu, aud broke away thy dreams."
Cowper: Expostulation, 600.
Si'-wald, a'-walt, a'-wart, a'~welled,
adv. [Etym. doubtful.] (See extract.)
"When fat sheep roll over upon their backs, and
cannot get up of themselves, they are said to be lyiuK
awkwaid, in some places await, and lu others awurt."
—Notes & Queries. March 4, 1854, p. 290.
*a-wa'le» s. [Value.] Valne.
" M.^ne sel tbi corne and alz thi victuale
For iiieaurahyl vyiinyiige profet and awalc."
J£arlij Scottish Verse, l (ed. Luiiiby), 116, IIC.
a-'wa'nt, v.t. [Avaunt, v.t.] To boast.
(Scotch.) The same as O. £ng. to ava^tnt, to
vaunt.
a-want'-mg, part. adj. [Eng. tmaiing, with
* prep, o- pref.] Wanting, missing.
*a-wa'pe, v.t. [Awhape.]
a-ward', *^a-warde, *a-gard', v.t. & i.
[0. Fr. awarder- to give a decision regarding
the competence of judges, from a = Lat. ad
=■ to, and warder = to observe, to take lieed
of, to keep ; Norm. Fi-. agardetz = awarded ;
agarder = to regard, to award ; gar-ia, garde
= judgment, award.]
A. Transitive :
1. Ord. Lang. £ Law : To adjudge, to decide
authoritatively, alter carefully "regarding,"
looking into, or examining the facts requisite
to tlie formation of a correct judgment. (Used
apinopriately of the decision of an arbitrator,
but sometimes also for the verdict of a judge
in an ordinary couit of law. It is generally
followed (o) by tlie objective of the thing
awarded; (&) more rarely by the objective of
the persons for or against whom the decision
IS given ; or (c) by tliat.)
"That last judgment, whiche shall awarde some
to ateruan fehcitea, and other some to euerlastvu;:
paynes aud domuaciou.'-raai.- Bebreis. cb. iv
{Richardson.)
"And we decre ordaiue and awarde that my saied
///■ ?**^^^^^*='"''''^ ■ ■ ■"-//"«•■ Henri/ \'i..ch.iv
(litchardson.) -^
" mt!"^ ^u'"!*' Solomon the truth explored.
The right awarded, and the babe restored."
Drydon: To Mr. Nortldeigh.
"A church which allo«8 salvation to none without
io-X" *" " ^ aliuoat any within it'--
* 2. To ward off, to avert.
"A Bupnllcation was preferred that the temnornl
lands iniglit have been seized to the kiUK Tim w^
S'L'^"'"^'''''' ^^ Chichley."-Krf H^rilZ
B, Intraiisiilve : To make an award; to
determine, as arbitrators do, a point submitted
to tlieni.
"Th' unwise award to lodge it in the towers."
Pope : Homer ; Odysseu viii. 557.
a-wa'rd, * a-wa'rd, * a~ga'rde, s [In
O. Fi'. award, awart ; Scutch warde = deter-
mination ; Korin. Fr. garda = award or judg-
ment.] [Award, v.]
1. Ord. Lang, dt Law : The decision of arbi-
trators on a case submitted to them, or a ver-
dict of the ordinary judges in a court of law.
"... a xjunctilious fairiieHS. snch as might have
lieen expected rather from a diainteveated uni pire pro-
iiouiR-ing im award . . ."—Macaulay : IJist. Eng., ch.
IX.
"If the award was le£(al, nobody was to blame : and,
if the award w;is illegal, the blame lay, not with the
Attorney-General, but witli the Judges."— /i/ti,, ch. xv.
2. Ord. Lang. Gen. : A decision given after
careful inquiry by one who is in a position to
give an authoritative judgment.
" With GiaSlr is none but his only son.
And the Nubian awaiting the aire's award."
Byron: The Bride of Abydos, i. 3.
a-ward -ed, * a-ward'-it, a-ward-id,
pa. par. & a. [Award, v.]
"... sotbely, the vengeance of avouterye is awar-
<Z(d to the iieyne of helle, but if he I>e destourbed by
penitence."— CAaucer: C. T. ; The Pers<mes Tale.
a-ward'-er, s. [Eng. award; -er.] One who
awards.
"The high awarders of immort,aI fame."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. ii.
* a-ward'-id, pa. par. & a. [Awarded.]
a-ward'-ing, pr. par. [Award, v.i
* a-wa'rd-Ship, s. [Eng. award, and suffix
-ship.'] An award.
"That hee would stiind to yova awardshiu."—Foxe:
ActesSi JUoniim. Queen Mary; Death qf Latimer,
{/iichardsoii.)
a-wa're, a. [Eng. a, ware; A.S. gewarian,
gi:warcnian ■= to take lieed of, to beware, to
shun ; O. S. glwar ; Dut. gewaar; Ger. getvahr;
O. H. Ger. gowar.] [Ware, Wary.]
* 1. Excited to caution ; watchful, vigilant.
2. Apprised, cognizant ; possessing know-
ledge. (Followed by of.)
"Of all this Lewis was perfectly aware.' — Macau-
lay : Hist. £f>g., cb. xxiv.
% Formerly it Avas often used to signify
cognisant of the ]n-esence of a person in con-
se(inenfe of coming in sight of him unex-
pcctL'iUy.
" And riding towards Nottingham
Some iias-itime for to spy.
There was he aware of a jolly beggar
As ere be beheld with his eye."
liobin Hood, li. 123. {Boucher.)
3. Convinced, assured ; knowing. (Followed
by a clause of a sentence introduced by that.)
"Aware that flight in such a sea
Alone could rescue tbeui."
Cowper : Tlie Castaway.
* a-wa're, v. / . [Aware, a. ] To beware, to be
cautious, to be on one's guard.
" So warn'd he them, aware themselves, and soou
III order, t^uit of all impediment ;
Instant, without disturb, they took alarm,"
Milton : P. L., bk. vi.
TI Some understand this passage to mean—
"Those who were aware of themselves."
(Johnson.)
a-war'-ie, v.t. [A.S. awergian = to curse.]
To curse.
" And draf of the awedde awariedc wihtes "
MS. CoU., Titus, D. xviii., fo. 139, i>. (5. in Boucher.)
*a-wam', v.t. [Eng. a, warn; A.S. gewar-
nian=to admonish, to defend.] [Warn.] To
make aware, to warn.
" That evei-y bird and beast awamed made
To shrowd themselves, whiles sleepe their sefices did
invade." Spenser: F. Q., III. x. 46.
a-warp', v.t. [A.S. aiveorpan = to cast away.]
To cast away.
" And awarpe the wit of those world wittie "
J/,S. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f, i36. (S. in BoucTier.]
a-wa'-ward, s. [Fr. avantgarde. ] [Ad-
vanced, B. (2).] The vanguard.
" The awaward had the Erie Thomas,
And the rereward Schyr Eduardi.s was."
Barbour, xiv. 50., MS. {Jamieson.)
a- way, * a-wa'ye, * a-wa'i, * a-we y,
* a we'y, * a-we'i, adv., v., & s. [Eng. « =
on, and way (q,v.). In A.S. a-weg, onwceg,
onweg = away, out ; from a = from, out, away,
bSil, bo^; pd^t, jd^l; cat, 5ell. chorus,
HJian. -tzan = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion
and weg = way : awe-gan = to turn aside or
away. In Ger., also, weg = way, and M. H.
Ger. en weg = away.]
A. As adverb :
I. Of things material :
1. With rest implied: At a greater or less
distance ; absent, without its being indicated
where ; departed, removed.
" He sagh erth drie and te water awai."
Story of Gen. £ Ezod. (ed. Morris), 616.
" They could make
Love to your dress, although your face were away."
BenJorison: Catiline.
2. With TTwtion implied : To a greater or less
distance from a person, a place, or a thing.
(Used with such verbs as lead, drive, send, go,
put, &c.)
" Loth and is a^te childre and wif,
Ben led a-wei bimdeii with strif."
Story of Gen. £ Exod. (ed. Morris), 859-60.
" Oh, I am sent from a distant clime.
Five thousand miles away."
Scott : Tlie Gray Brother.
II. Of things immaterial :
1. With rest imjilied : Mentally conceived of
as absent ; not occupying the attention at the
moment.
" It is impossible to know properties that are so an-
nexed to it, that any of them being away, tlnit essence
is not there." — Locke.
2. With motion implied : From one state
into another, as from being one's owii to be-
coming the property of another, from pros-
perity to adversity, from existence into
non-existence, &c.
"It concerns every man, who will not trifle away
his soul, and fool himself into irrecoverable misery, to
enquire into these ma.tters."—Tillot!ion.
" He play'd liis life away."— Pope.
IT To make away with a life is to extinguish
it ; to make away with money is to carry it off.
B. As a verb :
I. -^5 an imperative of a verb :
1. Go away, begone, be off, start off !
" Her summons dread, brooks no delay ;
Stretch to the rn.ce~uway I away I '
Scott ■ Lady of tlie Lake, iii. SI,
2. Come away !
" Away, old man ; give me thy hand ; nway I
King Lear hath lost, he and hia daugliter ta'en,"
Shakcsp. .' A'. Lear, v. 1.
^ Away with, used in an imperative sense,
is properly an elliptical expression, interpreted
according to the verb which it is needful to
supply.
(a) It may be go away vnth, begone.
Or (b) make avay with.
" . . . A way with such a fellow from the earth . . ."
— Acts xxii. 22.
Or (c) put away.
" If you dare think of deserving our cbarma.
Away with your sheephooks, and take to your arms."
Dryden: Jieautifal La/iy of the. May.
IL As an infinitive of a verb: Used only or
chiefly in the expression, " away with," mean-
ing to endure, to bear, to tolerate, to abide.
Perhaps there may be the ellipsis of a verb
like go, and the original meaning may be to
refuse to go with, not to allow such a person
to accompany one on a journey.
", . . the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with
. . ." — Isa. i. 13.
" SJuiUow. She never could away with me.
Falstaff. Never, never; she would always say she
could not abide Maatei- Shallow."- .S'/ittftesu. ; 2 Henry
JV.. iii. 2.
IIL As an indicative of a verb : To go away,
to depart. (Evidently formed by the ellipsis
otgo.)
" Love hath wings, and will away."— Waller.
T[ Whitlicr away : Whither are you going
away.
"Sir Valentine, whither away so fast?" — Shakesp. :
Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii. 1.
C. As a substantive : A way.
"And shall departe his awa>ie from thence in
peace."— /(jnxliii. 12. [Cooerdale Vers.) [S. in Jioucher.)
"^ a-wa'y-go'-ing, s. Departure. (0. Scotch.)
" When we were expecting the Marquis uway-goina
. . .'—Baillie: Letters, 168. (Iloucher.)
* a-wa'y-men-tis, s. pi. [Old Fr. avoyer =
to put in train.] Preparations, preliminaries.
(0. Scotch.)
" This done, and the awayyneniis
Consawyd full in thare intentis."
WyiUoion, viii., § 113. {Jamieson.)
* a-wa'yte, s. The same as Await, s. (q.v.).
(Prompt. I'arv.)
* ar-wa'yte, v.t. [Await.]
* a-wa'srt-inge, pr. par. & s. [Awaiting, j
(Prompt. Parv.)
Chin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin. as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
= shiin ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -die. &c. ~ hel, del. '
376
awayward— awgrim
a-wa'y-ward, * a-we'i-ward, adv.
[Eng. awcifi ; -ward.] Away, implying de-
parture,
" Aud swithe a-weiward hem -^^iireii."
Stori/ofOeii. -t Kxod (e-1, Mui'ris), r,,168.
"' awbe, * awlbe, s. The same as Alb
(q.v.). {Proiwpi. Paw.)
^aW-bel, "e'-Tjelle, *e'-l)el, s. [Abele.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
" ziw-bla's-ter, i. [Arblaster.]
1, A cross-bowman. (Barbour.)
2. A cross-bow. (WaUace.) (Javiieson.)
* aw'-bume, a. The same as Auburn (q.v.).
(Prompt. Parv.)
* aw'-byr-9h6uiie (byr as bir), ^ aw -
ber-9heoil> s. [Habergeon.]
^ a.'wcte, iwat. of mrh. [Agti.] Possessed.
[AUOHT.]
awe, ' aw, * aw'-ere, "" aghe, * ahghe,
^ age, s. [A.S. oga, ege = fear, terror, dread ;
egesa, egsa = horror, dread, alarm, fear, a
storm ; Icel. agi ; Dan. ave =■ awe, chastise-
ment, correction, discipline. (See Awe, v.)
Old Eng. agt, agte, hagt = thought, anxiety,
sorrow, grief, care, fear, has a different etym-
ology.] [Agt.]
A. (Of tlie fornis awe and awere) : Doubt,
fear or anxiety, the result of uncertainty or
jterplexity ; also a thing doubtful. {Prompt.
Parv. )
B. (Of all tlte forms except awere) :
1. Veneration, fear mingled with love ; as
for God or His word, or for a parent, a teacher,
or other earthly superior.
"... my heart standeth iu awe of thy word." — Pa.
cxix. 161.
" His frown was full of terrour, and hi.s voice
Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe,
As left hira uot, till yeuiteiice had won."
Coioper : Task, bk. ii.
2. Dread, unmingled with love.
" His queen, whom, he did not love, hut of whom he
stood greatly in ttwe, , . ." — Slaeaulay : Mist. Eng., ch.
To sta'tut in awe of: To remain with some
permanence under the emotion of fear or
veneration.
"Princes h.ive persecuted me without a cause: but
my heart standeth in awe of thy word." — Pa. cxix. 161.
See also the example under No. 2.
^ Regarding the distinction between awe,
reverence, and dread, Crabbe considers that
awe and reverence both denote a strong senti-
ment of respect, mingled with a certain mea-
sure of fear, but the former is the stronger of
the two ; whilst dread is unmingled fear for
one's personal security. Sublime, sacred, and
solemn objects awaken awe, exalted and noble
ones produce reverence, and terrific ones dread.
The solemn stillness of the tomb will inspire
awe, even in tlie breast of him who has no
dread of death. Children should early be
taught to show reverence for the Bible.
awe ' commanding, u. Commanding
awe,
" Her lion port, her awe-cnmmanding face,
Attemper'd sweet to virgin grace."
Gray ■ The Bard.
awe-compelling, «. Compelling awe.
(Crahb.) (Worcester.)
awe-inspiring, a. Inspiring awe.
In Tonic Sol-fa notation : An epithet ap-
plied to Fall, the fourth note of the scale,
from the mental effect which it is fitted to
produce.
awe-Struck, a. Struck with awe.
" Not so — the dead, the dead ! An awe-struck baud
In silence gathering round the silent stand."
Memans : Scene in a Dalecarlian Mine.
"The factions of the Parliament House, awestruck
by the common danger, forgot to wrangle." — ila-
caulay : J/lnt. Eng., ch. xiii,
awe (1), v.t. [From awe, s. (q.v.). In Icel. aegla
= to strike with fear ; Dan. ave = to keep in
awe, to discipline, to chastise, to correct ;
Goth, agan, o^aTi = to fear. ] To inspire with
veneration or with simple dread.
"His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and
melted the bystanders."— J/a canton ; JJlst. Eng., ch. iv,
"The rods and axes of princes, and their deputies,
may awe many into obedience ; but the fame of their
goodness, justice, and other virtues, will work on
more." — Atterbury.
'-' awe (2), *" aw (0. Eng.), awe (Scotch), v.t.
<t auxil. [A,S. agan = to possess.] [Owe,
Ought.]
A. Trans. : To owe. (0. E)ig. £ Scotch.)
"Weel, air, yuur house awes them tkis siller." —
Scott : Rob Roy, ch. xxii.
B. Auxiliary : Ought. (0. Eng.)
" It is nedfull to al men, in the tyme of that dysegh,
to think and to kuaw that his synis aw to have mar
pwiiyscioune than he may thoLl." — Tiie Craft of Deyng
(ed. Lumby), 116.
"'■^ a-we'ald, v.t. [A.S. wealdan, waldan=^to
rule.] [Wield.] To govern.
"AweaM thurli thi wisdom liare worldliche wit
. . ."— J/S. Cott., Titus, D. xviii., f. 137, b. [S. m
Boucher.)
a-we'ar-y, a. [Eng. a; weary.] Weary (lit.
' A: fig.)
1. Literally :
" She said, 'I am aweary, aweary,
I would that I were dead !' "
Teyvnyson : Jfariana.
2. Figuratively : •
" When will the clouds be aweary of fleeting?"
Tennyson : Nothing will Die.
a-weatll'-er, adv. [Eng. a, and weather.]
Naut. : To tlie weather side, as opposed to
the lee side.
* aw'e-band, s. [Eng. aiye, and band.] A
check, a restraint, either of a physical or
moral kind. (0. Eng. & Scotch.)
"... th.it the said castel suUl be an awband againis
them."— BellcTul. : Oroii., hk. xii., ch. 15.
awed, pa. 2)ar. & c. [Awe, v.]
* a-we'de, v.i. [A.S. axuedan.] To become
mad.
* a-wed'de, pa. par. [Awede,]
"Wives ther lay in child bedde.
Sum ded and .sum awedde."
Or/eo, 362, MS., Auchinlech. {S. in Boucher.)
a-we'e, adv. [Eng. a; Scotch wee = little.]
A little, or a very little. (Scotch.)
" I trust howls will row right, though they are awee
ajeeenow," — Scott: Rob Roy, ch. xxvi.
a-we'el, adv. [Eng. a, and Scotch weel =
' well.] Well. (Scotch.)
"^weeZ, Duncan— did ye say . . ."—Scott: Waverley,
ch. xxix.
"^ a-W^'i, adv. [Away.]
a-weigh' (gh silent), adv. [Eng. a, and iveigh.]
Naut. (of anclwrs) : The same as Atrip
(q.v.).
* a-we'i-ward, adv. [Awayward.]
* a-weld, v.t. & i. [A.S. gewceldan.]
A. Trans : To control, to subdue.
B, Intrans. : To have power, to be able
(followed by infinitive).
aw^e-less, *aw'-less, o.. Eng. awe, and
suff. -less.]
1. Subjectively : Not feeling awe ; not im-
bued with veneration ; not inspired with fear.
"The awless lion could not wage the fight."
Shakesp. : King John, i. 1.
2. Objectively : Not inspiring or fitted to
excite veneration or dread.
" The tyger now hath seiz'tl the gentle hind :
Insulting tyranny begins to jet
Upon the innocent and aweless throne."
&liukesp. . Richard III., ii. 4.
awe'-less-ness, s. [Eng. aweless; -ness.]
The quality of being aweless.
^awelong, a. [Oelong.] (Prompt. Parv.)
*a-wend', v.t. & i. [A.S. awendan.] [Wend.]
A. Transitive :
1. To turn, to turn away.
2. To change. (Used also reflexively.)
B. Intransitive :
1. To depart, to go away.
2. To change (with to).
*a-w^ene, v. [Pref. a-, and A.S. wenan= to
ween (q.v.).] To think, to suppose.
* a-we'r, adv. [0. Eng. a ; wer — where.] Any-
where. (The Holy Rode (ed. Morris), 150.)
a-we're, s. [Were.] Doubt. (Prompt. Parv.)
'^a-wer'-ty, *a-uer'-ty (u as v), a. [Fr.
averti, pa. participle = warned, advertised.]
Cautious, experienced. (0. Scotch.)
" That wes both wys ivnd awerty.
And full of gret chewalry."
B.irboiir, ii. 213, &18. {Jamieson )
awe'-some, li. [Awsome.]
*a-we'y. ctrf^- [Away.]
* a'-wey-l6ng, arij. [Oblong.] (Prompt. Parv.)
*aw'-fS,ll, a. [Afald.] (Scn/rh.)
aw'-ful, *" awe'-ful, ' aw'-full. a. [Eng.
avM ; fall] Full of awe.
1 1. Ill o. subjective sense :
1. Inspired with great awe ; feeling great
awe ; full of awe.
" It is not nature and strict leasoii. but a weak and
awful rererence tor anti(iuity, and tlie vogue of fallible
men."— Walts.
2. Timorous, fearful, afraid.
" Mnn,irch of hell, under wlioae black survey
Great potentates do kneel with nwfui fear."
Marlowe : Faust.
3. Resfjectfiil in a high degree ; done or
performed with great reverence.
" To pay their awful duty to our presence."
Shakesp.: Richard //., iii. i.
II. In an objective sense :
1. Fitted to inspire A'eneration, or actually
inspiring it.
" Abasli'd the devil stood,
And felt how awful goodness is, and saw
Viitue in lier shape how lovely."
Milton : P. L , bk. iv.
2. Fitted to inspire dread unmixed with
love, or actually insiiiiing it.
" Propbetic sounds along the earthquake's path
Foretell the hour of nature's awful throes."
Ucnuws : Death of the Princess Charlotte.
"The woman: then, sir, awful odes she wrote.
Too awful, sure, for what they treated of.
But all she is .nud does is awful."
Tennyson : 2'he Princess, i
3. Sublinxe, majestic in a high degree.
4. Extreme, excessive, very great ; often as
an intensive, the actual sense being under-
stood from the connection in which the word
is used. (Slang, orig. Avier.)
H The following adjectives are more or
less synonymous with one or other of the
senses of aw/wZ; Alarming, appalling, direful,
dreadful, fearful, horrible, horrific, porten-
tous, solemn, terrible.
awful-eyed, a. Having eyes fitted to
inspire awe.
awfUl-looking, a. Having an appear-
ance fitted to inspire awe.
" The ruins of a strange and awful-looking tower." —
Moore : Lalla Rookh ; Paradise and the Peri.
aw'-fiil-ly, adv. [Eng. awful; -ly.]
1. S'ubjectively : With a feeling of awe ; in-
spired with awe.
" On each majestic foi in they cast a view,
And timorously pass'd aud awfully v, ithdrew."
Pope: Homer's Odysavy, bk. xxiv., 125-6.
2. Objectively : In a manner to inspire venera-
tion or dread.
"Again, and yet again !— from yon high dome.
Still the slow peal conies awfully."
Hemans: The Last Constantine, 64.
3. Extremely, excessively, to a preposterous
degree. (Slang.) [Awful, II. 4.]
aw'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. awful; -ness.]
t 1. Subjectively : The state of being full of
veneration or dread.
"An help to prayer, producing in us reverence and
awfulness to tne divine majesty of God," — Taylor:
Rule of Living IJoly.
2. Objectively : The quality of being fitted to
inspire awe.
" While every cave and deep recess
Frowns in more shadowy awiii.liic.iR."
Hemans: Tale of the Eourteenfl, Century.
" aw'-f^yn, s. [Lat. alfinus.] One of the
pieces used in the game of chess.
".auyVJiof thecheker: AX^aus."— Prompt. Parv.
* aw'-grim. * aw'-grym. * au'-grym,
* al'-grim. J^ al'-gor-ithm, * al -gor-
i^m, * al'-gor-i^me, s. [In Lat. algoris-
mus ; Arab. Al Khowdrcsmi, properly meaning
the Kharismian, that is, the native of Kliai-
isme, in Central Asia. The reference is to
Mahommed ben Musa, who lived in the fii-at
half of the ninth CKutury, and wrote an Arabic
treatise on algebra, which was soon after
translated into Latin. He was quoted in that
language as Alchoresxcm magister Indortini.
(See Eenaud's Memoire sur I'Inde, p. 3li:i ;
Max ]VIliller's Science of Language, Oth cd
vol. li., 1871, pp. 300, 301.).] [Algorithm
AuGRYM.] A name used in the Jliddle A- s
for arithmetic. (Prompt. Pan:) "^
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine* go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, finite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ge, oe--e. ey = a. qu ^ kw
awliape — awned
* a-wSia'pe, * a-wa'pe, v.t. [Webster de-
nves this from Wei. ciuapiaw = to sti-ike
smartly ; Mahn, from Eng. wlw/p = a blow, a
weaiion ; A.S. hweopan = to whip ; and Wedg-
wood, who believes the primary meaning to be
= to take away the breath with fistoiiishment,
from Wei. chwaff—a, gust; Goth, afhvapuan
= to be choked ; Sw. qvaf = shortness of
breath, suffocation.] To strike, to confound,
to terrify.
"... tliiit could awhapB
Ati h.irdy heart." Spenser : F. «., IV. vii. 5.
" Ah ! my deare Gossip, answer'd then the Ape,
Deeply doo your sad words my wits awka/je."
Spenser : Mother Hvibard's Tale.
a-wha'ped, pa. par. [Awhape, v.]
a-Wlie'el^, chZv. [Eng. a= on ; w/tce/s.] On
wheels.
a-whi'le, adv. [From Eng. a = to, for, and
' while, in the sense of "a short time."] Some
time, a little.
"... the wary fiend
Stood OH the briuk of hell, and look'd awhile.
Pondering his voyage . . ."
Milton: P. L., bk. ii.
a-Whit', a ^rhlt', adv. [Eng, re; w/tii (q.v.).]
In the least.
"It does not me awhit displease." — Cowle;/.
* a-whyl'e, s. [Avail, s.] Emolument, profit.
{proiivpt. Parv.)
" aw'-in, u. [Own.]
* a-wing'-is, s. pi. [Owing.] (0. Scotch.)
* a-wi'§e, * a-vy'^e, s. [A.S. tvisa.] [Wise,
s.] Manner; fashion; wise. (Scotch.)
" Apouu his stryiigia playit he mony aue spring ;
Layes and ryiueu apoun ttie bpst amine "
Doug. : Virgil, 3,069.
"He comniandit he general proclamntlonis al fen-
snbyl men tu be recldy in ttiayr best avyse to resist
thair e\iayra.\s."—Bellend. : Chron. {Jamieson.)
a-wi'^e, * a-wy'-see, a. [Fr. avise = pru-
dent, cautious, considerate ; A.S. wis-ivise.]
[WisK.] Prudent, considerate, cautious. (0.
Scotch.)
" Nixt flchairp Muestheus war and awys&e."
Dong.: Virg.. 145, 41.
* Qr-vh:^e-\y, adv. [Eng. awise ; -ly.] Pru-
dently, circumspectly. [Advisedly.]
" Araylt rycht awiscly."
Barbour, li. 341, MS. [Jamieson.)
* a-wit', V. [A.S. witan = to know.] To know,
to perceive. (N.E.D.)
* kwlL, '^S.wke. a. Si adv. [Etymology doubt-
ful. One of two hypotheses given by Richard-
son is that it is from Dut. averechts = wrong,
the wrong way, backwards, preposterously.
Trench derives it from A.S. aweg = away, out.
[AwAV.] Mahn considers it an abbreviation
of Eng. gawk ; Fr. gauche = left, awkward,
clumsy. Wtratmann deems it = avek, and
connects it with O. Icel. oftigr. O. H. Ger.
ahuher = averse, perverse, sinister ; and
Wedgwood derives it from O. Icel. n/{Lat. ah)
= Eng. off, of, with fc as an adjectival ter-
mination.]
A. As adjective :
I, Lit. (Used chiefiy of things matei'ial) :
1. On the left hand.
" That which we in Greek call apia-Tepov, that is to
say, on thfl auke or left baud, they say iu Latin sinis-
tnvni."—P. Holland: Plutarch, p. M7.
2. Awry ; turned round. (Used of a staff
or anything similar.) (Golding.) (Trench :
Select Gloss.)
II. Fig- (Used chiefly of things immatcHal) :
1. Wrong.
" Awke OT WTaag: alniateT."— Prompt. Parv.'
2, Perverse in temper, for the moment at
least; angry.
" A wke, or aDgry. Contrarius, Mliosus, perversus. " —
Prompt. Parv,
B. As adv. : Odd ; out of order ; perverse ;
untoward.
" We have heard as arrant jangling in the pnlpits aa
tlie steeples ; and professors ringing as nwA as the bella
to give notice of the conflagration, —i'^a^ron^'e.
* 4wk* s. The same as Auk (q.v.).
awk'-cnd, s. The butt-end of a rod or wand.
"And shake
The awhend of hir charmed rod upon our heades and
I apake." /, E. in Boucher.
* awk'-ly, * awke'-ly, * awk'-li, * auk*-
1^, adv. [Eng. awk; -ly.]
1. On the left nand (lit. d-fig.).
"So i,'norant and untaught persons, many times
when Fortune preseuteth herself on the right liand,
receive her a,iDily."—P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 122.
(Richardson )
2. Oddly, clumsily, in an ungainly niMniier.
" 1 know a camel passeth In the Latin proverbeither
for gibbous and distorted, or for one that undertaketh
a thing awkely or imgainly. 'Camelus saltat.'"—
Fuller : }yo>-thies ; Cambridgeshire.
3. Perversely ; wrongly ; angrily.
"Awkli/, or wrongly 1 sinistre."— Prompt. Parv.
" Awkely, or wrawely : Perverse, contrarie.-bilose." —
Ibid.
* a.'nrk'-ness, s. [Eng. awk; -ness.'l The
quality of being awk(q.v.) ; oddness ; ungain-
liness ; perversity of whatever kind. (Rogers :
NcuLviaib the Syrian, -p. 378.) (Trench: On Some
Dcf. in our Eng. Diet., p. 15.)
awk'-ward, * awk'-ard, * auk'-warde.
'^auk'e-warde, a. [Eng. awk, and suff.
wa^d.]
I. Perverse. (In a physical, mental, or
moral sense.)
1. In a. 2>hysical sense : Turned to the left
side ; sinister ; awry ; contrary ; untoward.
" Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea.
And twice by awkward wind from England's bank
Drove back again unto uiy native clime?"
SJutkesp. : 2 llenrif VI., iii. 2.
2. 1)1 a mental or moral sense, or both : Per-
verted, perveree ; twisted, cross ; oue-sided.
(Used of persons or of tilings.)
" But was implacable and awkward
To .all tbat interloit'd and hawker'd."
BiUl-er : Uudibras.
" 0 blynde guyde^, which heinge of an uukwarde
religion, do utrcyne out .a gnat and swaluwe vp a
vatunl.'—L'Ual: Matthew, cli. 2:f.
II, Clumsy. (Used of persons or tilings.)
1. Of persons : Not dexterous ; unskilled ;
with no implication that this arises from
natural or intentional perversity.
" Making war in any otlier way, we sliall be raw and
awkward recruits." — Macautay : Hist. £iig., ch. xiii.
2. Of things:
(a) Not easily managed ; not effected with
facility.
"The Lowlandei-s prepared to receive tlie ehock ;
but this was then a long and awkward process , . . " —
Macaulay : Hist. Jing., ch. xiii.
(6) Not skilfully managed ; badly executed.
"And drop'd an awkward court'ny to the knigbt,"
Dryden: IVi/f o/ liaDies Tale.
awk'-ward-Iy, adv. [Eng. awkward; -hj.]
In an awkward manner.
"... they wove awkwardly."— Darunn: Descent (if
Man, lit i., ch. iv.
" Yet even here homage was paid, awkwardly indeed
ami sullenly, to the litemry supremacy of our neigb-
boura." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
avk'-ward-ness, -i. [Eng. awkward; -ness.]
The quality of being awkward.
* 1. Untowardness, physical or moral. (See
example under Awkward, I. 1.)
2. Want of dexterity ; clumsiness.
"All his aira of behaviour have a certain awkward-
ness in tliem ; hut these awkward aii-s are worn away
iu company."— JKftf^s .■ Improvement of the Mind.
awl, t aul, *^ awle, * aule, s. [A.S. awd,
al. Oil; Icel. air; Dut. els; Ger. ahle; O. H.
Ger. alausa, alasua; Fr. aVene ; Sp. Usna ;
Ital. lesina.l An instrument with a wooden
handle and an iron cylindrical blade sharpened
at the end. It is used by shoemakers and cob-
blers for boring holes for stitches in leather.
" Flav. Tbou art a cobbler, art thou?
2 Coin. Truly, sir, all tliat I live by is with the awl."
Sftakesp. : Julius Ccesar, i. 1.
"Then tliou shalt take an ai<7, and thrust it through
his eai unto the door . . ." — Deut. xv. 17.
awl-shaped, a.
Bot. : Shaped like an awl, subulate ; as the
leaves of the goi-se (Ulex Europceus). (Lindley :
Introd. to Botany, 3rd ed., 1839, p. 45ij.)
awl-wort, s. The English name of Subu-
laria, a genus of cruciferous plants, of which
one species, .S. aquatico, Linn., is found in
Britain. Tlie name Awl-wort is derived from
the shape of tlie leaves, which are of the fonu
of awls. The flowei-s, which are small, some-
times appear exan under water.
^ awl'-ate, v.t. [A.S. wlcetian, wlatan = to
nauseate, to loathe.] To disgust.
"Vur the king was somdel awlated . . .' — Hob.
Glouc., 485. (S. in Boucher.)
" awllbe, "^ awbe, s. [Alb.]
* aw'-less, a. [AwELEss.]
^ awxn, * aum, >. Old spelling of Aam.
* awm'-blare, s. Thesameas Ambler (q.v.).
(Pi'ompt. Parv.)
*^ awm'-brere, s. The same as Almoner
(q.v.). (Prompt. Parv.)
'' awm'-bry.
[Ambry.]
^ awm'-byr, ^ awm'-yr, * am'-byr (yr
as ir), s. [Low Lat. ambra.] [Amber.]
* awin'e-br;y, s. The same as Ambry (q.v.).
(Prompt. Parv.)
* aw^-men-ere, * awm'-nere, * aw-men-
er, ^am'-ner, ' am'-nere, s. [Almonek.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
*awm-er-y, o. The same as Ambry (q.v.).
"* aw'-mil-ere, s. The same as Ambler (q.v.).
(Prompt. Parv.)
^ awm'-linge, pr. par. & a. The same as
Ambling (q.v.).
*aw-iii6n, "heW-mon (heir as hii), s.
[O. Fr. 7(ei(rre = a helmet.] Ahelmet. (O.Scotch.)
aw'-moiis, s. Old spelling of Alms. (Scotch.)
"The farmer's wife lacked her usual share of intel-
ligence—per h.T.ps also the self-applauae which she
had felt while distributing the au>mous."— Scott : Guy
Mannering, ch. vi,
awmous-dish, aumous-dish, s. The
wooden dish in which mendicants receivt^
their alms when these take the form of food,
and not of money.
" She held up her greedy gab,
Just like a.n atnnous-clish."
Bums : Jolly Beggars,
*aw'-myr, s. [Awmbyr.]
*awn, v.t. [Own, v.]
*awn, pa. par. [Awe (2).] Owed. (Scotch.)
"awn, u,. [Own, a.]
awn, * awne, ^ awnd, ^ aune, * aw^'-ene,
* a'-van, '' a'-vene, s. [From Icel. dgn.
In Sw. agnar (pi.) = chaff, awn, awns ; Dan.
nvur ; Gv. axmj (achne) = anything shaved off,
as (1) the froth of liquids, or (2) chaff in win-
nowing.] A bristle, called also in English
beard, and in Latin arista, springing I'rom
near the termination of a bract in the in-
florescence of grasses, and produced by a pro-
longation of the midrib. (Lindley : Introd.
to Botany.)
' aw'-nar, s. [Owner.] (0. Scotch.)
" awTi'-5et~rye, s. The same as Ance.strv
(q.v.). (Pro7)ipt. Parv.)
^ awii'-9e-tyr (yr = ir), s. The same as
Ancestor (q.v.). (Promjit. Paw.)
" awnd, s. [Awn, s.]
* awn'-deme, * awn'-dyr-yn, * awn-
dyrn (yr as ir), s. The same as Andiron
(q.v.). (Prompt. Parv.)
''" awne, a. [Own.] (0. Scotch.)
awned (1), a. [Eng. awn; -ed.] Abruptly ter-
minated in a hard, straight, awl-sliaped point
AWNED. (PALE.E OF GRASSES.)
of lesser or greater length, as the pale^e of
grasses. (Lindl. : Inimd. to Bot., 18^9, p. 458.)
In Her. [See Aulned.]
bSJl. bo^; pout, jowl; cat, ceil, chorus, chin, bencb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f.
-'^ian^shan. -cion- -tion. -sicn-shun; -tion, -^ion^zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shns. -ble, -die, -Vc. :=bel, d©L
378
awned— axialiy
* awned (2), a. [A "bad formation from Awn-
JNG, s.] Awninged (q.v.).
* awn'-gel, s. The same as Angel (q.v.)-
awn'-ie, f-. (Scotch.) [Awn v.]
awn'-ing, s. [Prob. from Fr. auvent - pent-
house; Low Lat. auvauna, which may liave
had an Oriental origin.]
I. Nautically :
1. A covering of tarpaulin, canvas, or other
material, spread over a boat, orpartot'a vessel,
to keep oft' the sun's rays.
"Our fihip hecame sulphureous, no decks, noau'n-
inijs, nor invention possible, being able to refresh ua."
—:iir T. Herbert : Travels, p. 7.
2. The part of the poop-deck which is con-
tinued forward beyond the bulk-head of the
cabin. Called also Awning-deck.
II. Ord. Lang. : Any covering or shade
similar to that described under T. 1 (q.v,).
" Rows of square pillars ... to fix awnings to, that
such as sit there lor the benefit of the sea-breeze may
be sheltereil from the rays of the sun."— Swr/iiiitriie;
Travels tlivough Spain, Lett, 28.
awning-deck.
[Awning, I. 2.]
awning-decked, a.
Naut. : Furnished with an awning-deck.
awn'-inged, a. [Awning,] Furnished witli
an awning.
£twn'-ing-less, a. [Eng. awning; -less.]
Having no awning.
awn'-less, a. [Eng. aivn; -Uss.] Destitute
of an awn. (Hooker & Arnott.)
"^ awn'-sghen-yd, * aun'-9en-yd, u.
[Ancient,! Antiquated, ancient, veteran.
(Prompt. Parv.)
* awnte, s. Old spelling of Aunt.
The same as Aunterods
* awn -ter-ous,
(q.v.).
* awn-ter-ows-ly, adv. [A contraction of
Adventurously (q.v.).] Perhaps, possibly.
(Prompt. Parv.)
* awn'-tre (tre as ter), s. [Contracted from
Fr. avent^tre.] Adventure, peril. (Scotch.)
The same as O. Eng. Aunter (q.v.).
"And all lell men sail lyffthameon thaTlyffisaw77(cr.
Thai salle ruee and biyne, and mekyll revelry ae make."
Early Scottuh Verse, ii. (ed. Lumby), 66.
*awn'-tron, *awn'-tryn, * ar-ven-tryn,
v.t. [Old form of Adventure, v. (q.v.).
See also Aunter, v.] To put to hazard, to
venture, to dare ; also to render fortunate or
prosperous. (Prompt. Parv.)
awn'-y. * awn'-ie (Eng. & Scotch), a. [Eng.
awn; -y.] Furnished with an awn or awns ;
bearded.
" Let husky wheat the hau^hs adorn,
And aits set up their aionie horn."
Burns : Sc(Kch Drink.
" In shaggy wave the avyny ^aln
Had whitened owre the hill and plain,"
Picken: Poems (1788), p. 144.
a-WO'ke, v. The preterite of Awake (q.v.).
' ' And she said, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson,
And he awoke out of his sleep." — Judges xvi. 20.
* a-WO'ld, v.t. [A.S. wealdan(pret. wpold, pa.
par. wpalden) — to rule, to govern, to com-
mand, to direct.]
1. To rause.
"He hertle hem muvnen, he hem freinde for quat;
HarOe drenies ngen uwold that."
Slory ofO'cn. ami £xod. {ed. Morris), 2,033-1.
2. To avail.
" Luue wel michil it aq:te awald,
Kwilc aeruiKe and so longe told."
Story of (Jcii. & Exod. (ed, Morris), 1,671-2.
3. To signify.
" I]i this thisterneaae, old and dep,
Get wurthe worpen naked and cold,
Quat so his dremes owen awald."
Story of Oen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 1,942-4.
" ar-w6n'-der, * a-wiin-der, v.t. & i. [Old
form of Wonder (q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To astonish.
" Than al his barnes awoTiderd ware
Of the eight that thai saw tliare,"
Story of the Holy Itood (ed. Morris), 365-6.
B, Intrans. : To wonder.
". . . heo awundrede swithe."— J/5. Reg. 17, A.
xxvii., f. 62, (iS. in Boucher.)
* a-w6n'-derd, pa. par. [Awonder.]
* a-wo'nt, a. [A.S. awunian = . . . to he
wont,] Accustomed to. (Scotch.)
". . . awont the oticuiiaciouu of the said land." —
Aberd. Ileg. (1563), v. 25.
* a-work', * a-w6rk'e, adv. [Eng. o =on,
and work.l At work, into work.
"Set a good face on't, and aflVont him; and I'll
set my fingers uworlco presently." — Holiday: Tevhnu-
gamiti, iv. o.
" . , so after Pyrrhus' pause
Aroused vengeance set him new a-wurk."
Shakeap. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
a-w6rk'-ing, a. [Eng, awork; -ivigf.] Into
the state of working ; working.
" Long they thu'i travelled, yet never met
Adveutm-e which mitjlit them uworking set."
Spenser : Mother Hubbard's Tale.
' a-worth',' adv. [Eng. a; vjorth (q.v.).]
Worthily. (Scotch.)
" And so awortk he takith his penance. "
KingQaair, i. 6.
* a-w6^', v.t. & 1 [Vow, v.] (0. Scotch.)
■^ awp, s. [Whaup.J (Scotch.)
'^ a-wxaA -gous (iv mute), a. [Old Eng. a ;
lyrangf = wrong ; and sufF. -ot(s. ] Felonious.
(0, Scotch.)
"Avrrangoiit awaytaking, " — Aberdeen Reg., Cent.
xvi,
^ a-wreTse (w mute), v.t. [A.S. awrecan = to
revenge, avenge, vindicate, defend, free.] To
avenge, to take vengeance on ; in passive, to
be revenged of. (Now written Wreak.)
"He suor he wold awrcke be of hys brother Roberd."
—Hob. Glouc., p. 386. (<S. in Boucher.)
" Thus schal men on a fals theef ben awreke."
Chaucer: C. T.. 17,230.
* g>-wr5'th (w mute), v.%. [Eng. «; wroth.'\
i'o be wroth or angry.
" Ne noght so glad th.at hit ne aivrotheth."
SuZe & NigJUingale, 1,266. [S. in Boucher.)
a-wry', * a-wrie' (w mute), a. or adv. [Eng.
a; wry.] [Wry, Writhe.]
I. Literally :
1. Gen. : Oblique, slanting, uneven, leaning
to one side.
" Your crown's awry :
I'll mend it, and then play."
Sluikesp. : Ara. and Cleo., v. 2.
2. Of vision : Oblique, asquint.
" Like perspectives which, rightly gnz'd upon,
■Shew nothing but confusion ; eyed awry.
Distinguish form." Sfuikesp.: Hick. II., ii.
II, Fig. : In a wrong direction, intellectu-
ally or morally viewed ; perversely.
". . . or by her chamis
Draws him awry . . ."
Milton: Samso^i Agonistes.
aws, awes, s. pi. [Etymology unknown.]
Tlie buckets or projections on the rim of a
mill-wheel designed to receive the shock of
the falling water. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
''" awsk, i-. The same as Ask, s. (0. Scotch.)
aw'-some, a. [Eng. awe; and sufT. -some.]
1. Appalhng ; causing terror.
"So awsoiti^ a night as this." — Scott: Antiquary.
2. Expressive of fear or reverence.
" To be sure lie did gie aii awsome glance up at the
auld castle. "—Sco;( ; Guy Mannering, ch. xL
* aws'-trene, * as-ter'ne, a. The same as
AubTERNE (q.v.). (0, Scotch.)
* aw'-tayne, u. [Haughty.] (0. Scotch.)
*aw'-tere, s. The same as Altar (q.v.).
(Prompt. Pare.)
' aw'-ter-stone, s The same as Altar-
bTONE (q.v.).
" aw'-yn, n. [Own.] (0. Scotch.)
"' a-wy'-see, u. [Awise. ]
■'ax, v.t. & i. [AxE, v.]
''^ ax, s. [Axe, s.]
ax'-ay-a-cat, ax'-ay-a-catl, s. [Mexican.]
A Mexican fly, the eggs of which, deposited
abundantly on rushes and flags, are collected
and sold as a species of caviare. The use of
these as an article of diet was learned by the
Spanish settlers from their predecessors, the
native Indian Mexicans, who called the dish
now described ahxuiuhtU. (Clavigero, Webster,
tCc. )
'' axe, " ax (pret. and pa. par. * axid, pr. oar.
•' fu:uiig), v.t. &; i. [A.S. acslan, axsian, axlan,
acsigan, ox-igean = to ask.] To ask.
^ Formerly classic English, but now con-
fined to the vulgar. The word ask was de-
rived from ascian, (escinii, other forms of the
A.S. verb, the numerous variations of which
are given above. [Axid, Axuno.]
" Seiut Jame eek sivith : If eiiy fellow have neede of
sapiens, axe it of God." — CJiuucer : Titt-e of Melibeus.
^xe, * ax (pi. ax'-e§), s. [A.S. cex, eojx, acas,
acase = anything that is brought to a shai-p
edge, an axe, a hatchet, a knife. In Sw. yxe;
Ital. (ix, oxi; Dan. are; Ger. axl ; O. H. Ger.
achus ; O. L. Ger. &0. S. actis; Goth, aquizi;
Lat. ascia; Gr. a^ivrj (axinc)=a.n axe. Adze
or addice, and hatchet, though to a certain
extent resembling are in sound, are from other
roots. ] An instrument for cutting or chopping
timber, or smaller pieces of wood. It consists
of an iron head with one edge sharii, and a
handle or helve, generally of wood. As a
rule, it is used with both hands, whilst a
hatchet, which is smaller, is intended for
one. [Hatchet, Battle-Axe.]
"... there was neither hammer nor axe, nor any
tool of iron, heard in the house while it was in
building." — 1 Kings vi. 7.
IT (1) To deserve an axe : To deserve to be
beheaded as a traitor by means of an axe.
"... his English councillors and captains were
perjured traitors who richly deserved axes and halters,
and might, perhaps, get what they deserved." —
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
(2) To get an axe : To be beheaded with an
axe. [(1).]
axe-formed, a. The same as Axe-shaped
(q.v.), (Webster.)
axe-head, ^ ax-head, s. The head of
an axe ; the cutting portion of an axe, as con-
tradistinguished from its handle, the former
being generally of ii-on, and the latter of wood.
"But as one was felling a beam, the axe-head fell
into the water."— 2 Kings vi. 5.
axe-helve, s. The helve or handle of an
axe. (Webster.)
axe-Shaped, a. With one border thick
and straight, the other enlarged, convex, and
thin, dolabriform,as in the leaves oiMesevibry-
anthemum, dolabriforfne. (Lhidley : Introd. to
Bot.)
* axe-stone, s. An old designation for a
mineral, called also Jade, Nephrite, Ceraunite,
and Amazonian stone. It is a hard, tough
stone of a greenish colour. It is found in
C(3rnwaU along with diallage in Serpentine,
It is not recognised by Dana.
ax'-es (1), s. pi. of AxE (q.v.).
ax'-es (2), s. pi. of Axis (q.v.).
"* ax'-es (3), * ax -esse, * ax'-9esse, * ac'-
9esse (0. Eng.), * ax'-is, ^ ack'-sys (0.
Scotch), s. [Fr. acces; Lat. accessus = a. pa-
roxysm of intermittent fever.] [Access.]
I. Gen.: Aches, pains. (0. Scotch.)
" Bot tho began myn axis and tui-ment."
King Qaair, ii. 48.
II. Spec. : Eever in general, or yet more
precisely intermittent fever, ague. (0. Eng.
(£ Scotch.) [Accesse.]
" This axes hath made him so weake that his le^es
will not bear Itym."— Palsgr a oe, bk. iii., f. 17.
{Jamieson.)
axes-grass, s. An infusion of buckthorn
and other herbs, used as a cure for ague.
(Jamieson.)
*ax'-fit9h, * ^x'-vet5h, ;.. [O.Eng. oicc, and
vetch.] An old name for a kind of vetch, so
called from the axe-like shape of the legumes.
It is called also Axe- wort.
". . . when it should not bring forth anything hut
miibtard-seede, blew bottles, uxfHch, or such like
yninofita)>le weedes."— Tfte Coantrie Fai-me, p. 666.
(5. m Boucher.)
ax'-i-al, a. [Eng., &c., axi(s); and Eng. sufl^
'«!.'] Pei-taining or relating to an axis.
■■ Practically though not morphologically, the pelvis
^,?;^ y^"^} °^ }}*^ trunk or axial skeleton.''— JiTowe/-.-
Osteol. of the Mammalia, p. 28-1, note.
axial line.
Magnetism: The line taken by the magnetic
force in passing from one pole of a horse-shoe
magnet to the other one. (Faraday.)
a,x-i-al-ly, adv. [Eng. axial; -ly.] (Prout,
Worcester.)
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go pot
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ^ = e. qu -- kw.
axiele— axis
\m
ax'-i-cle (cle=^kel), s. [Dimin. of Axil
(q.v.).] A sheave. {Hyde Clarke.)
* ^"K'-id, pret. ofv. Axe (q.v.).
" For but thou axid whi laboure we.*
Chaucer: C. T., 7,064.
S-X-if-er-OUS, a. [Lat. axis, and faro = to
bear.] Bearing an axis.
ax'-i-form, a. [From Lat. axis, ami forma =
form. In Ger. axifoi-mig.] Of the form of an
axis.
S.X-if' -u-gal, s. [Formed on analogy of CentH-
/ugal (q.v.).] Noting a tendency to fly from
the axis ; chiefly iu the phrase uxifugal force.
ax'-il, if. [Fr. axille, from Lat. axilla (q.v.).]
Bot : The point where the base of the upper
side of a leaf joins the stem. Also the point
where two branches diverge. It was called by
old botanists the ala.
axil-flowering, a. Flowering in the
axil, as Chiotianthits axillaris.
^X'-ile, a. [From Lat. axis.]
1. Situated in the axis of anything.
2. Having the same direction as the axis.
axile bodies, s. pi Another name for
tactile corpuscles (q.v.).
^x-il'-la, s. [Lat. dimin. from an obs. ojnUa.]
1. Anat. : The armpit.
"Numerous sH-ait-glaiids exist in the asciZla."—
Todd £ Bowman : Phyaiol. Anat.,
* 2. Bot. : An axil.
■Ol. i., 422.
ax-il'-lar. ax-il'-lar-^, a. [Lat. axill(a);
Eng. suff. -ar, -ary.'\
1. Anat. : Pertaining to the armpit.
Axillary Artery: The name given to the
subclavian artery at that part of its course in
wliich it passes the armpit (axilla). Important
vessels are thenee sent off to the shoulders and
clicst.
" Axillar}/ artery is distributed into the hand;
below the eubit, it divideth into two parts. "—aroiwuc.
Axillary Vein : The vein corresponding to
the axillary artery. It springs from the sub-
clavian vein.
2. Botany : Pertaining to the axil (q.v.) ;
arising from the axil; placed in the axil.
(Lindley : Introd. to Bot, 3rd ed., 1839, iti'.
llli, 490.)
&X'-ine. a. & s. [From Lat. axis (2) (q.v.).,
and Eng. suff. -uie.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to a group of
stags, of which Cervus aayis, Linn., tha Spotted
Axis, is the type. (Griffith's Cuvicr, vol. iv
p. 116.)
B, As substantive : A member oftheAxiue
group of Stags. [Axis.] (Griffith's Cuvier,
vol. iv., p. llti.)
Sx'-ing', pr.par.
& Scotch. )
[Axe, v.] Asking. (0. Eng.
" Are ye axinff rae as a magiiitrate, Monkbanis . , .*"
^Scott : Anti<junry, ch. xxxviii.
ax-m-i-form, a. [Gr. a^Cvq (axiTie) = an axe ;
sutf. -form.] Shaped like the liead of an axe.
S'X'-m-ite, s. & a. [Gr. a^ivr} (axine) = an
axe, and Eng. suff. -ite.]
A. As substantive : A triclinic mineral, called
also Yanolit and Thumite. The crystals are
broad with their edges sharp. The hardness
is 6-5—7, the sp. gr. 3-271, the lustre glassy,
the colour clove-brown, plain blue, and pearl-
grey, these hues varying greatly according to
the direction in which it is viewed. It has
strong double refraction. Composition: Silica,
41-50 to 45 ; alumina, 13*56 to 19 ; lime, 12*50
to 25-84 ; sesquioxide of iron, 7-36 to 12-25:
sesquioxide of manganese, 1-16 to 10; boric
acid, 0 to 5'Gl ; magnesia, 0 to 2-21 ; and
potassa, 0 to -64. It is found, with garnet
and tourmaline, at the Botallack mine in
Cornwall. It occurs also, both in its normal
state and altered, in' Devonshire, as well as
on the continent of Europe and in America.
E, As adjective: Having as its type the
nnneral now described. Dana ha.s an Axinite
group of minerals. (Datia.)
S,x-in-o-liian'-9y. s. Lat. axinomantia ; Gr.
a|i(/o^acTeta (axi noimnteia), from a$ivTj (axine)
— an axe, and fiamcia (manteia) — divination.]
Pretended divination by means of an axe. One
way of doing this was to fix a hatchet on a
round stake, so as to be exactly poised, then
the names of persons suspected of a specified
offence were repeated, and the name at the
mention of which the hatchet moved, or was
imagined to move, was pronounced guilty.
ax'-i-O-lite, s. [Lat. axis (q.v.) and Gr. KCdos
(litkos) = a stone.]
Geol. : A name given to an aggregation of
incipient crystallisation or fibrous structure,
occuiTJng in some rocka. It is not unlike
spherulitc (q.v.), but the arrangement diverges
from a line, not from a single point.
ax-i-6-lit'-xc, ft. [Eng. axioUt(e) ; -ic] Re-
sembling or pertaining to axiolite.
ax'-i-om, s. [In Sw., Dan., & Ger. axiom,; Fr.
axiome; Ital. assionm; Dut., Sp., Port., &Lat.
uxionia; Gr. a^Ciofxa (axidjna) — that of which
one is thought worthy, an honour. In science,
that whieli is assumed as the basis of deinon-
sl^ration : a^tow ((w:^oo) = to think worthy;
a^toff ('U(os) = worthy.]
1. Math. : A self-evident proposition, a
proposition so evident at first sight that it
requires no demonstration, but commends
itself at once to the acceptance of every one
ca.pable of thinking. The first axioms in
Euclid are — " Things which are equal to the
same thing are equal to one another ; " *' If
equals be added to equals, the wholes are
equal."
2. Oen. : A self-evident principle in any de-
partment of thought, or, more loosely, one
which, though requiring proof, is considered
to rest on irrefragable evidence.
". . . infallible <ij:(onM and iireceiits of <?acred truth,
dehvoi-edeven inthc veryletterofthelawofGod . . ."
—Hooker: Eccl. Pol., bk. v., ch. xxil., § a.
^x-i-d-m^t'-ic. ax-i-6-m5,t'-ic-al, adj.
[From Gr. a^iwuaTo? (axioniatos), genit. of
a^LuiAa (axid}Ra) (Axiom); and Eng. suffix
-atic, -atical.] Perta.ining to an axiom or
aiioms ; self-evident ; containing axioms.
"... they have made their wayapaiiist all kinds
of opposition, and may now l>e regarded as axiomatic."
—J, S. Mill : PolU. Aeon., bk. i., ch. x., § 3.
"Hippocrates did weU to front his axiomntical ex-
periments (the book of Aphorisms) with the praiid
iniscarnaqes in the pmufcice of most able physicians."
— Whitlock; Man. of the Eng,, p. 100.
^x-i-o-mat'-ic-al-ly, udc. [Eng. axiomati-
cal; -ly.] In an axiomatic manner, by the
employment of an axiom or axioms. (Webster.)
* ax -i-6-pis-ty, s. [Gr. a^ioTrto-TW- (>ixio-
pistia) ; from a.iio^(axios) = worthy, and TrtcrTL?
(jiistis) = trust, trustworthiness.] ' The quality
of being worthy of credit ; trustworthiness.
(Webster.)
a,x'-is (1), s. & a. [From Lat. axis = (1) an
axle, a chariot ; (2) the axis of the earth ; (3)
the pin on which a hinge turns ; (4) the valve
of a pipe ; (5) (Arch.) the axes of a volute ; (6)
a board, a plank, from ago = to drive. Akin
to Eng. axle; A.S. aix, eax= an axis, an axle-
tree ; Dut. as; Ger. achsc, axe; O. H. Ger.
ahsa; Dan. & Fr. axe; Sp. exc; Port, eizo;
Russ. OS, osi; Lith. assio ; Ital. asse; Gr.
a^fji/ (axon), cognate with ajaafa (hamaxa) — a
wagon, a chariot ; Sansc. akslias = a chariot 1
[Axle.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language. (Essentially a scien-
tific word, though in some of its technical
significations it has made way into ordinaiy
language.)
1. A straight line, real or imaginarj', passing
through a body, and around which that body
revolves, or at least may revolve. .S^wc, the
imaginary line connecting the poles of ajdanet
and around which the planet rotates, fll'
Astron.] (Lit. &fig.)
(1) Literally :
" On their own axis as the planets run.
And make at once their circle round the sim."
Pope : Eisnay on Man, 313.
(2) Figuratively :
" Meanwhile, the heart within the heart, tlie seat
Where peixce and happy consciousueas sliould dwell
On its own <(xis restlessly revolves, '
Yet nowhere finds the cheeriiitj liifht of tnith "
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv.
2. A straight line, real or imaginary passing
through a body, around which the several
parts of the body are symmetrically arranged.
"The lofty mountains on the north side comiwse
the granitic oxm, or backbone of the country "—Dar-
win : Voyage round the World, ch. x.
b^. b6^; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9ell. chorus, 9hin. bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun.
IL Technically:
1. Geom. : An imaginary line drawn tlirougli
a plane figure, and about which the plane
figure is supiiosed to revolve, ^vith the result
of defining the limits of a solid. Thus, a
circle revolving about one of its diameters,
and at right angles to that diameter, will
constitute a spliere ; hence the axis of a sphere
is any one of its diameters. If an isosceles
triangle revolve around an imaginary line
connecting its apex with the centre of its
base, it will constitute a cone ; hence the axis
of a cone is an imaginary straight line drawn
from its Apex to the centre of its base. A
rectangle revolving around a straight line con-
necting the centres of any two of the oppo-
site sides Avill produce a cylinder ; hence the
axis of a cylinder is a straight line drawn from
the centre of its apex to the centre of its base.
The axis of a parabola is the diameter which
passes through its focus. For the abscissa of
the axis, the subtangent, &c., of the axis, see
Abscissa, Subtangent, &c. ' In an ellipse the
axis major (Lat. = greater axis) is the diameter
whi(!h passes through the foci ; and the axis
minor (Lat. = lesser axis) the diameter at
right angles to the axis major. In a hyper-
bola, the axis major is the diameter which
passes through the foci ; the axis minor is
tlie distance between two points formed when
a straight line drawn tiirough the centre of
the hyperbola, and at right angles to its major
axis, is intersected by a circle described around
a principal vertex as its centre, and with a
radius equal to the eccentricity of the hyper-
bola.
Conjiiriair axis of an ellipse or of a hyperbola:
Tlic .-itraight line drawn through its centre
perpendicular to the transvei-se axis.
Transverse axis of an ellipse or of a hyperbola :
The straight line drawn through the two foci.
The axis of symmetry of a body : Any line in
a regular polygon bisecting an angle or bisect-
ing a side perpendicularly.
" . . .a rotation of a body of reprular figure about its
axis of symmetry."— //crac/ie?: Astron. (5th ed., 1858),
2. Astron. The axis of tlie earth, or tlm axis
of rotation of the earth, is that diameter about
which it revolves. It is the one which has
for its extremities the north and south poles.
The term is similarly used of the sun, the
moon, and the planets. (Herschel : Astroii.,
3rded., 1858, §§ 22, 57, &c.)
"... both Venus and Mercury have been concluded
to revolve on their axes in about the same time as the
Eartli. — Herschel: Astron. (5th ed., 1858), § 600
Axis of the celestial sphere: Tlie imaginary
line around which the lieavens appear to re-
volve. It is the axis of the earth produced.
Axis of an orbit. The major axis of the orbit
of a planet is the line joining the aphelion
and perihelion points. The minor axis is the
line perpendicular to the former, and passing
through the centre of the ellipse.
3. Min, The term axis of a prismatic or
other crystal is used in the same sense as in
Geometry. (Phillips : Mineral, liud ed., 1819
p. Ixxxiii.) '
4. Mcclianics :
The axis of sv.speiision of a pendulum is the
point from which it is suspended, and conse-
quently around which it turns.
Jlic axis of oscillation of a compowul pendu-
lum is an axis constitutedby a series of points
so situated that their motion is neither re-
tarded nor accelerated by their constituting
part of a solid body, which, of course, can ouly
move together. (Atkinson: Ganot's Phusics
Srded., 1808, § ro.) '
Axis of a balance : The line around which it
turns.
Axis in peritrochio. [Gr. n-epi (peri) = round
about, and rpoxos (*roc/ios) = a wheel. ] The
same as the wheel and axle. One of the six
mechanical powers, consisting of a peritro-
chium, or wheel and an axle.
5. Magnetism: The line supposed to con-
nect the north and south poles of a magnet.
6. Optics :
Axis of a Uns: A line passing through the
centre of its curved, and perpendicular to its
plane, surface. (Brewster: Optics, 1^31, § 34.)
Optic axis : The line con-esponding to this
m the eye. The ray of light passing along it
IS the only one which is not refracted. The
other rays of light entering the eve have axes
also, but this is the only one to which the
term optic axis is a])}ilied.
expect, Xenophou, exist, -ing.
tious. -sious. -cious = shiis. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, d^t
^0
axis— aye-aye
Visual axes : The axes i>t' the several rays of
light which enter tlie eye. [See Optic Aj:is
above 1
. . . due convergence of the visual axes . . ." — Herbert
Spri'n-r: Psi/choL, 2n(l ed., vol. ii., p. 170, § 327.
Axis of refraction: A straight line drawn
perpeiuUciilar to the plane of a transparent
body, and passing through the point of inci-
dence of a luminous ray, striking it from
without.
Axes of double refraction: All doubly re-
fracting substances have one or more lines, or
one or more planes, alon^; which no doubly
refracting force exists. If tliere is one such
line or plane, then the body is said to have
one axis, or plane of axes, of double refraction ;
if two. two axes, or planes of axes, of double
refraction, and so forth. A real axis, or plane
of axes of douhle refraction, is one in wliich the
doubly refracting force really does not exist ;
whilst a resultant (txts, or plane of axes, or an
axis or plane of compensation, is one iu which
it exists, but is neutralised by a counter force
of equal intensity. A positive aa^is of double
refraction is the term used when the refracted
ray is bent towards the axes, or plane of axes,
of the body ; and a negative axis of double re-
fraction is the expression employed when it is
bent in tlie contrary direction.
7. Architecture :
Spiral axis: The axis of a spirally-twisted
column.
Axis of an Ionic capital : A line passing per-
pendicularly througli the middle of the eye of
the volute.
8. Geology : An imaginary line on the oppo-
site sides of which the strata dip in different
directions. If the angle formed at their point
of junction be a salient one. they form an
anticlinal axis, or Anticlinal (q.v.); but if
it is a re-entering one, then they constitute a
synclinal oj:is, or Synclinal (q.v.). (Lyell :
Man. ofGeol, 4th ed., 1852, p. 57.) [I., 2.]
9. Botany : Tlie axis is tlnit part of a plant
around which the organs are symmetrically
arranged. The ascending axis means tlie stem.
(Lindley: Introd. to not., arded., 1S39, p. 69.)
The descending axis is the root. (Ibid.) Re-
cessory axes are axes in addition to the main
one, found in the stems of Calycanthus, Chi-
monanthus, and some other plants. (Ibid.,
p. 96.) The appendages of the axis are scales,
leaves, bracts, flowers, sexes, and fruit. (Ibid.,
p. 110.) The axis of inflorescence is a peduncle
which proceeds in a nearly straight line from
the base to the apex of the inflorescence.
(Ibid., p. 153.)
10. Anatomy :
(a) The axis of the body : Tlie vertebral
column around which the other portions of
the frame are arranged.
"When the skull remains in eoiniectlou with the
vertehml column, it will be seen that its axis is ii
continuntion torwarcls of the axi« of thiit column, con-
sisting of the bodies of the vertebrae." — Flower : Osteal,
of the J}[ammalia, p. 36.
" In the Deer the axis of the face is nearly in the
same line with that of the cranium . . ." — Ibid., p. 171.
"The bones of the Cr.inio-ffvcial Axis . ."—Ibid.,
p. 10a.
(&) The second vertebra of the neck, or the
joint by which it is connected with the firet
vertebra. [Atlas.]
"... the vertebral being slightly bent between the
atlas and <ixis." — TocUl & Bowman: Plii/siol. Anat.,
vol. i., p. 295.
B. As adjective : Pei-taining to an axis in
the anatomical sense. [II., 10.]
"On entering the innermost capsule, the nerve-tube
suddenly loses iti envelope of white substance and
becomes pale, tlie axin cylnider alone reitiaining . . ."
— Todd & Bowman : Phys. Aitat., vol. i., p. 308.
3.X'-is (2), s. [Lat. axis = nil Indian quadruped,
probably the deer described below. ] A species
of deer, the Cervus axis, found in India. It is
hpotted like the Fallow-deer, from which,
howeve]', the adult males at least may be dis-
tinguished by their possessing round horns
without a terminal palm. There are several
varieties, if, indeed, they are not distinct
species. All are called by Anglo - Indian
sportsmen Hog-deer.
S,X'-i-US,s. [Gr. a^ia((ma) = dignity.] Agenus
of Crustaceans of the family ThalassinidiE. It
contains the Slow Shrimp, A. stirhynchvs.
ax'-le (le = el), * ax'-el, '" ax'-eU, " ax'-yl,
* ex'-yl, * ax (Eng.), * ax (0. Scotch), s.
[A.ii. eaxl = a shoulder-joint; Icel. oxl; Lat.
osla, dim. of ala = a wing. Cf. O. Fr. aissel,
e.s-,^r^ In Sw. & Dan. cael; But. as; Ger.
achse; Sp. exe; Port, eixo ; Ital. asse.] [Axis.]
1. Lit. : The pin or bar in the <entre of a
wheel around which the wheel itself turns.
" And now the twentieth sun, descending, laves
His glowing nxle in the western waves."
Pope: Ilom.er's Odjissey, bk. iv., 487-3.
2. Fig.: The axis of the heavens, arotnid
which they seem to revolve.
" There view d the Pleiiuls, and the Northern Team,
And great Urion's more refulgent beam.
To which, around the axle of the Bky,
The Bear, revolving, points his golden eye,
Who shines exalted on th' ethereal plain,
Nor liathes his blazing forehead in tlie main,"
Pope: Jlomer's Odyssei/, bk. v., 347-52.
axle-tree, ^ axyl-tre, * exyl-tree,
"■^ ax~treo (Eng.), ^ ax-tree, "^ ax-tre (0.
Scotch), s.
1. Lit. : The axle of a wheel.
"... their iixle-trcits, and their naves, and their
felloes, and their stiokey, were all molten." — 1 Kings
vii. 33.
2. Fig. : The axis of the heavens.
"... the poles or «.j:/(;-(j-ee of heaven, . . ."—Bacon:
Adv. of Learn., bk, ii,
ax'-led (ax'-eld), «, [Eng. <«:?(('); -erf.] Fur-
ni.shed with an axle. (Wharton.)
ax'-o-l6tl, s. [Mexican.] A species of am-
phibious vertebrated animals, belonging to
the order Ampliipueusta and the family Pro-
teidie. It is the Siredon pl^ciforme. it has
four feet, and has ou either side of the neck
a very large aperture, within which are dis-
played bronchial arches, the gills, however,
being attached to the opercula, or flaps which
close the orifices. It is found in the lakes
surrounding the city of Mexico, where it is
said to have once been very abundant. It is
esteemed a great luxiuy.
ax-Ot'-om-oiis, a. [From Gr. a^utv (axon) =
an axle, an axis, and tojutj (tome) = a cutting ;
from refivui (tevino) = to cut.]
Crystallog. : Having its cleavage perpen-
dicular to the axis of the crystal. (Dana.)
ax'-stone, s. [Axe-stone.]
* ax'-tre-6 (0.- Eng.), ^ Sx-tree. * ax'-tre
(0. Scotch), s. The same as Axle-tree (q.v.).
ax'-iing, pi\ par. [Axe, v.]
t ax'-iinge, aux'-unge, s. [Lni. axungia
= cart-grease ; axis = nxle, and ungo = lo
smear.] Hogs' lard. (Ure.) (Webster.)
* ax'-vet9h, s. [Axfitch.]
Ax'-wed-nes-dai, s. [Old Eng. axse ^ ash,
and Wednesctai.] Ash Wednesday. (Bob. of
Gloucester.)
* ax'-w6rt, a. [0. Eng. ax, and suffix -luort.]
[AXFETCH.]
^ ax'-yngf jyr. 2Mr. & s. [Axe, Asking.]
" And they him swore his axyug fajre and wele."
Chaucer : C. T., 1,828,
ay (1), adv. [Aye (3).]
t ay (2), adv. [Aye (2).]
^ ay, interj. [An.]
* ay me, interj. & s.
A, As interjection : Ay me! an ejaculatory
expression of sorrow, regret, or anxiety.
" Ay me ! I fondly dream ' "
Milton: Lycidas.
B, As snhstantive : The utterance of such
an ejaculation.
"Ay-meea, and liearty heigh-hoos.
Are sallets fit for soldiei-s ! "
Beaum.. & Flet.: Bondiica, i. 2.
" Sonnets from tlie melting lover's brain,
A yinees ivnd elegies."
The Woinan Ifater {1607), iii. 1,
'' ay (1), (])I. eyr-en) (eyr as ir), s. [Ger. ey
(sing.), eiren (pi.) = an egg.] An egg.
"And a faucon heoni amyddea,
An ay he laide." Alisaunder, S.i6-7.
ay-schelle, s. An egg-shell. (Alisaunder,
507.) (S. In Boucher.)
' ay (2). s. [AwR.] The same as Awr (q.v.).
(Rob. de Bntnne, p. 220.) (S. in Boucher.)
ay'-ah, s. [Port, aya, aia; Ital. aia = a gover-
ness, a chambermaid ; cognate with Port, aio,
ayo — a tutor ; Sp. ayo ; Ital. aio = a tutor, a
governor of youth,]
Anglo -Indian : The ordinary appellation
given by Auglo-Iurtians to a lady's or nurse-
maid of Hindoo or .Mohammedan extraction,
or who, whatever her faith, belongs to one of
the native races of India. The term, originally
borrowed from the Portuguese, is now tending
to become naturalised iu various Hindoo lan-
guages.
t ayd'e, v.t. [Aid, v.] Obsolete, except in
poetry, and then in imitation of antiquity.
" Wben the bells of Rylatone play'd
Their Sabbath music — 'Gotl us ayde /'"
Wonlsworth : White Doe of Itylslone, vii.
* aye (I), adv. [Aven.]
aye (2), t ay, ai, adv. [A.S. a, on = always,
ever, forever ; cc-v^away ; Icel. aen; O. Icel.
oi ; Ger. eioig ; O. H. Ger. eo, io, ewa ; Goth.
aiv ; Lat. cevum; Gr. altov (aiOn)^=. . . eter-
nity ; aet (uei) = always.] [Coeval, Eke.]
1. Always, perpetually, for ever. (Poetic.)
" Fro that time we tellen ay."
Slory of O'en. & Exod. (ecL Morris), 87.
" The soul, though made in time, survive" for aye ;
And, though it hath l>eginning, sees no end."
Sir J. Davies.
2. Always, ever, in all cases, on all occasions ;
through all bygone time. (0. Eng. & Scotch
pro^c and I'oetri/.)
". . . and sykirly, ay the bettyrman, ay the mav
hiwly, . , ."—The Craft of Deyng (aO.. Luniby), 145-e.
" Fur ai waa rigt and kire lieforn
On man, on wif, till he was bgm,"
Story of Oen. & Exod. (ed. iMorris), 4.'")l-2.
" I daur say, Mr. Waverley, ye never keiid that li
the eggs that were s.ie weel roasted at supper tn tbe
Ha' house were aye tinned by our 'Di\.viet"— Scott :
W'aoerley, ch. Ixix.
3. Always ; without intermission.
" Th' ostonish'd marinera aye ply the pump ;
No stay, nor rest, till the wide breaen ia clos'd."
Phillips.
IF Ay-forth : Ever after.
" His godhede lees he nought thei he come lowe.
That he was GotI ay forth in bis grete strengtlie."
Joseph of Aramathie (ed, Skeat), 12.J-C.
aye (3), Aye, ay, * i, adv. & s. [Etym-
ology somewhat doubtful. Perhaps it is con-
nected with Eng. yea; A.S. ia, gea ; Sw. ja
(pronounced ya); Dan, ja = yes, yea, nay ; jo
= yes, yea ; Dut. ja = yea, nay ; Goth, ja, jai.
Mahn considers it more probable that aye is
connected with Ger. ei, ei/=:wliy, hey, ay
well, all ha; M. H. Ger. ei, eia; Dan. cj ; L.
Ger. ill. Wedgwood believes it to have deve-
loped by a process which he illustrates from
ffi/e = always, and in fact to be that word.]
Yes, a iiarticle of affirmation or assent, used
in the same way as yes.
A. As adverb :
" What say'st thou? Wilt tlion be of our consort?
Say ay, and be the captain of us all."
Slutkesp. : Two Gent, of Ver., iv. 1.
% The form i occurs in old editions of
Shakespeare and other dramatic works.
Koutical: Ay, ay, sir, or Aye, aye, sir: A
common phrase in the mouths of sailors, who
mean by it to express their willingness cheer-
fully to carry out the command just issued to
them by their superior.
" Heard the voices of men through the mist, the
rattle of cordage
Thrown on the deck, the shouts of the mate, and the
sailors' ' Ay, ay, Sir ! ' "
Longfellow: Tlie Courtship of Miles Standish, iv.
B, As substantive :
1. Of things : A vote in the House of Com-
mons or elsewhere in favour of a motion as
opposed to No = a vote against it.
"There were a hundred and sixty Ayes to a hundred
and sixty-four Noes."- J/acaulay : Hist. £ng.,ch. xxiv.
2. Of persons: One who in sucli a case votes
affirmatively.
the Ayes did not venture to dispute hia
opiuiou," — Macaulay : Hist. .
., ch. xviii.
aye'-aye, s. [So called from the cry of the
auinial.] The Cheiromys Madagascariensis, an
animal placed by Cuvier among the Rodeiitia,
and by others with the Lemuridae. As its
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her. there ; pine. pit. sire, sir, marine ; go. pot.
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub. ciire. unite, cur, rule, tnU; try, Syrian, re, oe=:e. ey = a, <iu = *kw.
Ayeen— azobenzoic
381
s]iecillc name imports, it is a native of Mada-
giiKcar. It is about the size of a cat. Its fur
is brown and its tail black,
'*■ Ay-e'en, Ak'-ber-y, s. [Hindust. ayeen =
institutes, and Jkhar, a celebrated Mogul
Emperor of Delhi who reigned from 1556 to
1605 ] A very valuable statistical description
of the Mogul empire as it was in the reign of
Akbar. It was compiled by his vizier, Abul
Fazi. Tliere is an English translation of it by
Gladwin.
*ay'-el, *ai'-el (lasy), s. [Fr cde«^, from
Lat. aviolus, diiiiin. of uvus = grandfather,]
A grandfather.
' a-yen', * a-yen'e, ady. [Again,] (GhauC'er.)
* a-yen'-bite, s. [Eng. (1) oycn = again (like
yelt for gate), and (2) bite.] A bite or biting
again ; remorse.
"Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt, or Remorse of
CnnHcience." Edited by Richard WorriB, Esq, London :
Trubner and Ck).
* a-yenst', "^ a-yens', V'''^P- [Against.]
Against. {Chaucer.)
"... whan he wente in batayle ayenst them ..."
— Inoention of the Holy Cross (ed. Morris), p. 159.
* a-yen'-ward, adv. [0. Eng. ayen — SLg^m,
in the sense of against, in the reverse direc-
tion.] [Again.] Backward. (Chaucer.)
t a-yen'-wylle, cr/i". [O Eng. ayen, and
wylle =- will. J Against one's will, unwillingly.
(Prompt. Fare.)
t ay'-er-y, ^-. [Eyrie.]
* ay-green, tai-gre'en, s. [Eng. ay =
always, and green.] A name of the houseleek.
*ay'-gul-et, s. [Fr. atguilhlli.'.] An aiglet.
[Aiglet.]
*ayle, s. [Fr. a'leul.] A grandfather.
*ayle» v.t. [Ail. v.]
t ay-let, s. [Deriv. xmcertain.]
In Heraldry: A name used to designato the
Cornish Chough (Fregilus graculus). (Gloss.
of Her.)
"a5nn, s. The same as Aiat (q.v.). Spa:.^
gUCHS.
" That knowea her port, and thither sayles by ai/me."
Spctser: I-', q., II. vi. 10.
* ay'-mers, s. j-d. [Embers.]
* aynd, s. [In Sw. anda = breath, ande =
gliost, spirit ; Dan. aaiide ■= breath, aand =
ghost ; Wei. anade =. breath. ] Breath, life.
(Chiefly Scotch.) [Aunde, Aind.]
" Quoth some wba malst had tint tbeir aynds."
Chi'isVs Kirk o' the Oreen, ii. {S. in liouclier.)
* aynde, v.t. [in Dan. aande = io breathe;
Sw. andan — to breathe out.] [Avnd, s.] To
breathe upon. (Scotch.)
"... they find thair eggis ayndit . . ." — Hector
Boece : Introd. Descrip. of Scotland. {& in BoucJier.)
* ayn'-dit, pa. par. [Aynde.] (Scotch.)
* ayne, a. [Ane, One.] One, a.
" And hi.s coruiie on his heued he dede,
And let it staiiden ayne stund."
Slory of Gen. aiid Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,63S-D.
a-yont', 'prep. & adv. [Eng, a; yont.} Be-
yond, on the further side ; remote from.
(Scotch.)
A. As preposition :
". . . as he wad thrum them ower and owerto the
like o" me ayont the iugle at e'eu, . . ."—Scott :
AiUiijuary, eh. xxi.
B. As adverb :
" A hum ran iu the laigh, ayont there lay
As many feeding on trie other brae."
Jioes : Ilelenore, p. 47. {Jamieson.)
* ay'-quere, adv. [Old Eng. ay (Aye), and
qu'dre, old form of "Where (q.v.).] Every-
wliere.
" With mony golde frenges,
Ayt/ui;rc naylet lul nwe."
Gawcin and the Green Knyght, 1,070. (S. in Boucher.)
ayr'-ant, ct. [Evrant.]
* ayre (1), s. [Heir.]
* ayre (2), s. [Air.]
" Shouting:, and clapping all their hands on hieht,
That all the ayre it fUls, and flyea to heaven bright."
Spenser: F. Q., I. v. 16.
* ayr'-en (yr as ir), s. p>l. [Ay, Eggs.]
A'yr-shire^ (Ayr as Ar), s. pi. [From Ayr-
shire, a Scottish county.]
Funning: A breed of cattle brought from
Ayrshire. The animals so designated are in
■general parti-eoloured, red and white being
dift'used over them in patches. They are
horned. Tlieir special value arises from their
being excellent for the dairy.
a'yr-y (ar'-i), s. [Aerje.]
"I shoidd discoui-se on the brancher, the haggard,
and then treat of their several ayries." — Walton: Ang.
* ay^e, v.t. [Ease, v.]
'^ ay^e, 5. [Ease, s.]
^ ay'-sylle» * ai'-syll, i. [A.S. aisi? = vine-
gar.] Vinegar.
" The ve-ssel of aysylle and of galle.
Lord, Itei^e me from the synuys alle."
The Symbols of the JPaasion (ed. MoitIs), 105-C.
az-a'-le-a, 6. [In Dut., Dan., & Mod. Lat.
azalea; Fr. azaUe ; Gr. i^oAeos (azoleos) =
dry, parched, either because in such places
the plant grows, or from the brittle, dry
nature of its wood.]
Botany : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Ericaceae. (Heath woi"ts). It contains a
British species, A. procumhens, or Trailing
Azalea, a low shrub witli woody tortuous
stems and crowded leafy branches, occurring
in patches on moors in the Smttish High-
lands. tSi'\'cral foreign azaleas are {;ultivated
in gardens and greenliouses on account of the
abundance of tlieir line flowers, and in some
cases their fragrant smell. There are nume-
rous varieties of the species, and liybrids may
be formed between Azalea and tlie nearly-
allied genus Rhododendron. Azaleas are best
cultivatptl in a jteaty .soil. The most delicate
sjiecies is Azcdea Jndiai
a-za'-le-ine, s. [From Mod. Lat. azalea, and
Eng. suft". -inc.]
Chevi. [RosANiLiNc]
az'-a-role, s. [in Ger. ozerole = t\ie berry,
and azcrul ?ya?c>n = the tree; Fi-. n:crole = t}ie
berry, and a zerolier =■ the tree; Puit. azerola
= the fi'uit, and a^ero?cim = the tree ; Ital. laz-
zeruola = the bei'ry, and hczcruolo = the tree.]
The Eugli.sh name of a species of hawthorn
(Crutwgits uzarohts.]
A-za'-zel, s. [Heb. blMjy (Cfzoy-J); in the
opinion of Gesenius, tlie same as '"yt^y^ (azal-
ziil); from '?!? (azal), disused in lU-brew, but
occurring in Arabic = to separate.]
1. In Scriptvre : A word occui'i'ing in Lev.
xvi. S, lU, and '2ii, where it is ti-anslated
" scaiiegoat ; " but the antithesis which maizes
the one goat be for Jehovah, and the other for
Azazel, is best preserved by sujiposing Azazel
to be such a being as Satan or some other
evil spirit.
2. In Milton: An evil spirit, standard-
bearer to Satan.
' Then str-oi^ht commands, that at the warlike sound
Of trumpets loud and clarion-s be upreared
His mighty standard: that proud honour claime
Azazal as his right, a cherub tall."
Milton : P. L.. i. b'6i.
a-zed'-a-rach, s [In Fr. azedarach, from
Arab, azudarach.]
Pharm. : The bark of the root of a. tree,
Melia azedarach. [Melia.]
az-el-a'-ic, a. [Eng. azote, and Gr. eAat/cos
(elaihos), pertaining to the olive-tree ; eAatoi'
(elaion) = olive-oil, or oil in general ; eKaCa
(elaia) = the olive-tree.] Pertaining or re-
lating to azote (nitrogen) and oil iu combina-
tion.
azelalc acid, s.
Chem.: C7Hi4.(CO.OH)2. A bibasic acid
formed along witli suberic acid by oxidising
castor oil. It is soluble in cold ether and in
boiling water. It forms large white needle
crystals, which melt at 106*^. By heating with
caustic baryta, it yields heptane, CyHig.
A'-zel-fa-fage, s. [Corrupted Arabic] A
fixed star, numbered 4^ in the scale of magni-
tude ; it is called also ttI Cj'gni.
a,z'-i-miith, s. [In Dut., Ger., ^V Sp. azimidh;
Fr. & Port, azlmiit; Ital. azzimutto ; from
Arab, assamt, pi. as-sH7?i^i=a way, a jiath.]
[Zenith.]
Astronomy :
1. Sing.: "The angular distance of a celestial
object from the north or south point of the
horizon (according as it is the north or south
jiole which is elevated), when tlie object is
referred to the horizon by a vertical circle."
Or "tlie angle comprised between two verti-
cal planes, one passing tlirough the ele^'ated
pole, the other through the object." It is
generally reckoned eastward or westward,
trom the north or south point for ISO" either
way ; but Herschel j>refers always reckoning
it from the points of the horizon most remote
from the elevated pole westward, so as to
agree in its general direction with the ap-
parent diurnal motion of the stars. Of course
he therefore counts from 0° to 360°. (Herschel :
Astron., 5th cd., 1S5S, § 103.)
2. Plural : Azimuths, called also vertical
circles, are great circles intersecting each
other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the
horizon at right angles in all the points
thereof. On these are reckoned the altitude
of the stars, and of the sun when he is not in
the meridian.
^ Magnetical Azimuth : Magnetical azimuth
is an arch of the horizon, contained between
the sun's azimutli circle and tlie magnetical
meridian ; or it is the apparent distance of
the sun from the north or south point of the
compass.
azimuth and altitude instrument.
An astronomical instrument designed to ascer-
tain the altitudes and azimuths of the heavenly
bodies at any particular time. It has two
axes, the principal one verticiil and the other
horizontal ; the former, therefore, corresjiond-
ing to a vertical circle of the heavens, and the
latter to the celestial horizon. The angles
measured on the latter are therefore azimuths
or differences of azimuth, and tliose on the
fonner zenith distances, according as the
graduation is from the U2>per ]Joiut nf the
limb, or a point distant from it 90°. (Herschel :
Astron., §§ 182 — 187.] (Altazimuth.]
azimuth compass. An instrument used
for finding the sun's magnetical azimuth, or
the amplitude of any other heavenly body.
azimuth dial. A dial, the stile or gno-
mon of which is at right angles to the plane of
the horizon.
S,Z'-i-muth-al, a. [Eng., &c., azimuth, and
Eng. suffix -al. In Fr. and Port, azimuial ;
Sp- azimuthaLI Pertaining to the azimutli.
"... the azimutJial arc thus deteiiulned." — Her-
schel • Astron., § 188.
azimuthal error. The deviation of a
transit instrument from the iilane of the
meridian. Its effect is gi'eatest in the horizon,
and vanishes iu the zenith. It is sometimes
called the "meridian error." (Hind.)
a-s-o-ben'-zene, s. [From Eng. azo(tc) =
nitrogen, and benzene (q.v.).]
CgHgN
. Chemistry : N Obtained by distilling
CgHsN.
nitrobenzene with an alcoholic solution of
potash. The alcohol is oxidised to aldehyde.
Azobenzene can be obtained by the action of
sodium amalgam and water on an alcoholic
solution of nitrobenzene. Azobenzene crys-
tallises in large yellow-red plates, which melt
at 06-5'', and boil at 293°. Concentrated nitric-
acid converts it into nitro-substitution com-
pounds. Boiling sulphuric acid converts it into>
azobenzene-sulphonic acid, CisHyNoSO-jH.
Reducing agents convert azobenzen'e into.
hydrazobenzene, (
CeHsXH.
az-6-ben-zd'-ic, a. lEng. azo(te), and benzoic
(see def.).] Pertaining tu nitrogen, and ..Iso
to gum benzoin, a resin jtroduced from Styrax
benzoin, a tree from the Malay archipelago.
azobenzoic acid.
NC6H4.co.OH
^''"■■'nc,h,.co.oh. ^^^^'"^^^ ^>' **^^
action of sodium amalgam and ivatir on
iiitro-benzoic acid. A yellow solid, almost
insoluble in alcohol, ether, or water ; it forms^
sparingly soluble salts.
bSil, boj^; poSt, j<J^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9lun, bench;- go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, ke. = bel, deL
azodiphenyldiamine — azymous
a-z6-<ii-phen-yl-di'-a-mine, s. [Eng.
azo(te), diphenyl, diamine,] Ci^HiiN;}. A
cl'ieiuical substance produced by passing
nitrous acid through an alcoholic solution of
aniline.
a-z6'-ic, a. [Gr. o^wos (azoos): a, priv., and
^ojos (zoos) = alive ; ^wij {zoe) = life ; ^dw (zuo)
= to live.] Bestitute of life, or the remains
of wheat once were animated beings.
Geology. Azoic Rocks : Those in which no
traces of organic remains exist, and which
are by some assumed to have been deposited
before life commenced in this planet.
% As the constant tendency of geological
investigation has been to find traces of fossils
In sedimentary rocks previously deemed azoic,
and as, moreover, there is good reason to
believe that in many cases in which they have
not been found they once existed, but have
since been destroyed' by metamorphic action,
students of nature require to be very careful
as to what rocks they venture to characterise
as azoic.
az-o-me'-than, s. [From Eng. a3'o(;e) = ni-
trogen, and rnethan (q..v.).
Chem. [Cyanide.]
az-o-par'-af-fin^, a. pi [Eng. azo(te);
paraffins.]
Cheviistry. [Nitriles.]
az-O-phos-phor'-iic, a. [Eng. azo(te), and
phosphoric (q.v.).] Pertaining or relating to
azote and phosphorus in combination.
azophosphoric acid. An acid ob-
tained by Dr. Gladstone, and which he re-
garded as phosphoric acid conjugated with an
atoni of the group P.N.
az-br'-ite, s. [From the Azores, nine islands
in the North Atlantic, about SOO miles dis-
tant from Portugal, to which they politically
belong.] A white mineral, translucent or
opaque, crystallising in minute octahedrons.
The hardness is 4-45 ; the lustre vitreous on a
fractured fraguient. Hayes considers it car-
bonate of lime. It is found in an albitic roclv
in the Azores.
a-zo'te, s. [In Fr. azote ; from, Gr. a, priv. , and
' ^tuTiKo? (zotikos)_~. fit for giving and maintain-
ing life ; ^(utJ (zoe) = life ; ^dm (zoo) = to live.]
A name once all but universally used for what
is now more frequently termed nitrogen.
[Nitrogen.] It was so called because when
breathed, nueombined with oxygen, it has
fatal ettects uj)on animal life.
* a'-zoth, s. [Arabic (?).]
1. Alcliemy : Mercury, which was supposed
to exist in every metallic body and constitute
its basis. (Glossog. Nov., die.)
2. The liquor of sublimated mercury.
3. Bi-ass,
i. Paracelsus's universal remedy.
ja-z6t'-ic, (t. [In Fr. azotique.^ Pcrtainingto
azote.
* azotic acid. The same as Nitric Acid
* azotic gas. Nitrogen.
"... one of which has beett named oxygen gas and
the other azotic Qi^s."-— Gregory : Jlauy s Nat. Phil.
{1807), § 241
^-o-ti'ze, v.t. [Eng. azQt(e); -ize.] To im-
pregnate witli azote.
^z-o-ti'zed, pa. par. & a. [Azotizk.]
"... those of azotized matters, whether animal or
vegetable." — Todd & Bowman : Physiol. A nut., i, 13.
"... various azotised substances." — Ibid., vol. ii.,
p. 203.
azotized substances. Nitrogenous
compounds, or those containing nitrogen, the
most essential element of food, yet, by itself,
unable to sustain life. Foods, which build
up the bodies of men and animals, are divided
into two great classes, viz. — Jtesh-foTTners, or
those which repair the waste of tissue ; and
heat-generators, or those which keep up the
hea^ and movements of the body. The former
are called nitrogenous, and the latter non-
nitrogenous or carbonaceous. The principal
animal nitrogenous compounds are albumen,
fibrin, gelatine, and casein, all of which are
almost identical in composition, and contain
from 16 to 18 per cent, of nitrogen. Albumen,
fibrin, and gelatine are found in the muscles,
blood, and bones of animals, whilst casein is
found in the milk. Similar nitrogenous com-
pounds occur in vegetables : thus we find
albumen in potatoes, turnips, apples, &e. ;
fibrin in wheat, barley, and the other cereals ;
and casein in peas, beans, and lentils. The
nutritive value of an infusion of tea or coffee
is very small, the amount of nitrogen present
being almost inappreciable. The non-nitro-
genous foods are sugar, starch, and fat or oil.
These, by oxidation in the body, produce heat
and motion, and are hence terjued heat-givers
or force-producers.
az-O-ti'Z-ing, pr. par. [Azotize, v.]
a-z6'-tO-, as a prefix. [From azot(e) ; -o.]
Combined with azote, as azoto-sulphuric.
azoto-sulphuric acid (of De La Pro-
vostaye). A chemical compound. Formula
S2N2O9.
az-ox-y-ben'-zene, s. [From Eng. azot(e) ;
Gr. o^us (oxus) = sharp ; Eng. benzene (q.v.).]
CgHgN.
Chem. : Azoxybenzene, I J>0. It is
CgHgN^
formed, together with azobenzene, by reducing
nitrobenzene with alcoholic potash. It crys-
tallises in long yellow needles,
Az'-ra-el, Az'-ra-il, s. [Arab., Turk., &c.J
The Mohammedan angel of death.
Az'-tec, a. & s. [Mexican.]
A, As adj. : Of or pertaining to the Aztecs.
B. As subst. : A member of a ilexican tribe
dominant at the time of the SpanL-jh invasion
in 1519.
gr-zu'l-mic, ,a. [Eng. az(ote), and ulmic, from
idmin (q.v,).J Pertaining to azote and ulniin.
azulmic acid.
CJiem. . Azulmic acid, C4H5N5O, obtained
by the spontaneous decomposition of an
aqueous solution of cyanogen gas ; also by
the action of cyanogen, C0N5, on aqueous
ammonia. By boiling it with water it is con-
verted into mycomelic acid, C4H4N4O2.
^z'-ure, ^ a|t'-ure, * a§'-sure, * ^s'-ur
(z^zh), a. & s, (The first"* syllabic of the
word is occasionally pronounced a'). [In Fr.,
"Welsh, Prov., and O. Sp. azi(r; lta\. azzurro,
azzuolo ; Sp. aziir, azul; Port, azid ; from
Pers. Idjawardi, lajnwardi — blue, azure ; Idja-
ward, Idjuiuard = lapis lazuli, the second
word in which is the Persian one altered.
From Arab, azul = heaven.] [Azurine, Azur-
ITE, AZURN.]
A. As adjective :
Ord. Long. : Of that tint of blue which is
seen in the vault of heaven durhig the absence
of clouds. Used —
1. Of the sky.
" Inverted trees, and rocks, and azm-p sky."
Wordsworth : £xciirsioii, bk. iii,
2. Of the sea in certain states.
" The sea,
Far through his azure turbulent domain,
Your empire owns." Thomso7i: Spring, 71.
3. Of some eyes, and specially of Minerva's.
" Minerva, graceful with lier mure eyes. '
Pope: JJomei-'s Odyssey, bk. i., ao,
i. Of sea-goddesses.
" Leucothoe saw. and pity touched her breast
(Herself a mortal once of Cadmus' strain,
But now ttn azure sister of the mam)."
Pope: Homer's Odyssey, bk. v., 425-7.
B. As substantive ;
I. Ordina.ry Language :
1. The colour of the sky, soft or pale blue.
" Gold aud seluer he seis and asiir foi-sothe."
.loxephof Ar-imathie {eiX. Skeat), 195.
". . . if our hypothetical ahell were lifted to twice
the height of Mont Blanc above the earth's surface
we should atill have the azure ovarhend. "—Tymkdt''
Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., vii. 152-11.
2. The vault of heaven, so called from its
soft blue colour.
" up to the lights above ns, in the azure.
Which are so b&nutitnl."-— Byron .- Cain, i. 1.
II. Her. : Bright blue. Used especially in
describing the escutcheons of gentlemen be-
neath the degree of barons. The
same colour on a nobleman's coat
is called sapphire, from the stone,
and that on tlie coat of a sove-
reign prince Jupiter, from the
planet of that name. Engravers
conventionally represent azure, azure.
or a-sure as it is sometimes spelled ia
heraldry, by horizontal lines. (Glossographia
Nova, (&C.)
" Foles in foler fljikerande bitwene,
And al in asure and ynde enaumayld ryche.
Ear. Eng. Alllter. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1,410-11.
azure-eyed, a. Having eyes of an azure
colour, or what may be poetically described
as such.
" Pair-haired, azure-eyed, with delicate Saxon com-
plexion."
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, i.
azure -pencilled, a. Pencilled with
azure, with radiations of an azure hue.
" And where profuse the wood-veitch clings
Bound ash and elm, in verdant rings.
Its pale and azure-pencilled flower
Should canopy Titaiiia's bower."
Scott : Jtokehy, iv. 2.
azure-spar, azure spar, s. A min-
eral, called also Lazulite (q.v.).
azure-Stone, azure stone, 6 The
same as Azube-spar (q.v.).
azure-tinted.
Tinted with azure.
" On hiH hairy arm imprinted
Was an anchor, azure-tinted ;
Like Thor's hammer, huffe siu^ dinted
Was hia brawny hand."
Longfellow : I'he Saga of King Olaf, xiv.
az'-ure (z as zh), v.t. [From the r.djective
or substantive, in Sp. & Port, a^dar.] To
colour azure.
az -ured (z as zh), pa. par. & a. [Azure.]
A. As past participle : Coloured azure ; made
to assume an azure colour.
B. As adjective : Of an azure colour.
" Thou shalt not lack
The flower that's like thy face, pale primrose ; nor
The azured hare-bell, like thy veins no, nor
The leaf of egbmtine, whom not to slander.
Out-sweeten d not thy breath . . .
Shakesii. : Cymbeline. iv. 2.
az'-ur-ine (z as zh), a. & s [Eng. azur;
-ine. In Ital. azz^lrino.]
t A. As adjective : Of an azure colour.
_ " . . . whereupon they lay a colour which con-
tinuetb dark azurine." — Hackluyt: Yoijagcs, vol. iii.,
p. \i7.
B. As substantive : A fresh-water fish, called
also the Blue Roach, the Leuciscus coirtdeus
of Yarrell. It belongs to the Cyprinida;, or
Carp family. It is found in Lancashire and
in some of the Swiss lakes.
az'^ur-ite (z as zh), s. [Eng. azur; and suff.
-ite.]
1. (In Ger. lazulit, lazidith.) A mineral,
called also Lazulite (q.v.).
2. (In Ger. lazurit.) A brittle, transparent
or subtranslucent mineral with monoclinic
crystals. The hardness is 3 '5— 4*25 ; the sp.
gr., 3"5— 3'S31 ; the lustre vitreous or verging
on adamantine ; the colour azure-blue, passing
into Berlin blue. Compos. : Carbonic acid,
24 to 25-46; oxide of copper, 68 '5 to 70 ; and
water, 5'46 to 6. It occurs in England, in
Cornwall, Devonshire, Derbyshire, &c. ; as
also in FrancCj Austro-Huugary, and Siberia.
(DaMa.)
az'-urn (z as zh), a. [Ger. azurn.] The same
as Azure.
" My sliding chariot stays.
Thick set with agate and the azurn sheen
Of Turkis blue." Milton : Comus. 893.
az'-y-'gous, a. [Gr. a^vyo^ (azvgos) = un-
wedded, not constituting one of a pair; a,
priv., and ^vyos (zugos), oftener Cuyoi' izuqon)
= a yoke.]
Anat. : Pertaining or relating to anything
occurring singly as contradistinguished from
one of a pair.
"Single or azygous hone3."~Flotoer : Osteol. of the
Mammalia, p. 105. "^
*az'-yme, s. [Gr. i, priv., and ^u'^tj (znme)
= leaven. [Azymous.] Unleavened bread.
Sz'-y-mite, s. [la Ger. Azymiten (plural) ;
Fr. Azymite (sing.).] [Azymous.]
Church Hist. (Plur.): Those who use un-
leavened bread in the administration of the
Lord s Supper.
az'-y-mous. a. [In Fr. azyvie; Sp. azivio;
Port, azymo: Lat. asyvius ; Gr. a^vfj-o? (azu-
mos): a, priv., and ^vVt, (^^me) = leaven.]
Unleavened; unfermented. (Used of bread.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what. ^11, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, ciib. ciire, unite, cur. rule, full; try, Syrian, se. ce = e. 'ey = a. qu=*kw. '
Ba— Babel
■ms
B.
S. The second letter and the first consonant in
the English alphabet, as it is also in the other
languages of the Aryan family spoken in
Europe. The characters in use in these
several tongues having come through the
Greek from some old form of speech, probably
the Phoenician, belonging to the Semitic (better
called the Syro- Arabian) family, it was to be
expected that the letter corresponding to B
would occupy the same place in the Semitic
as iu the previously-mentioned Aryan alpha-
bets. Investigation shows this to be the
case, to a considerable extent at least. X
sound and character -corresponding to the
English h and the Greek 0 = (beta), is the
second letter and the first consonant in Phoe-
nician, Hebrew, Samaritan, Aramaic, Arabic,
and Coptic. In Ethiopia, however, beth
stands tenth instead of second in order.
Turning next to some of the Aryan languages
of Asia, we find that in Armenian be is the
twenty-sixth of thirty-eight letters ; and in
Sanscrit, Mahratta, &c., bit or hd is generally
placed twenty-third in the list of consonants,
where it is preceded by phu and followed by
bhii. Returning again to the Semitic, TVI
(beth), the name given to the second letter of
the Hebrew alphabet, is really Arameean.
Like the corresponding word in Hebrew, n^n
{baith), it signifies a Jiouse, to which it has
some faint resemblance. The Hebrew coin-
letter Jl ^, the Samaritan ^^ and the Phoe-
nician ^ ^, have a somewhat greater one ;
and probably the old hieroglyph from which
these symbols were abbreviated may have been
the most like of all. [A, Alphabet.]
B is a fiat nuite [Mute], the voice not being
so entirely shut otf in pronouncing it as it is
when one of the sharp mutes, p or/i is uttered.
The b sound is produced by compressing the
lips, a vowel being added to render it audible.
It is hence called a labial, from Lat. labium =
a lip, x^liir. labia = lii>s ; its other associates
in the same category being p, f, and v, with
which it is often interchanged in the cognate
languages. Thus to hake is in O. H. Ger.
pttc/tcm, and in Slav, ■peshtshi. The Eng. life
is the Ger. leheyi ; and while life is the sub-
stantive, live is the verb. So the Lat. halana
is from the Gr. tftdWaiva (phallaina), <f>dKaiua
(phalaina) with ph pronounced as /, whilst
from one or other comes the Eng. whale. The
Eng. 7tave is from the Lat. haheo. So also
the Sanscrit vi/cwra=a tiger, becomes the
Mahratta vagh (pronounced wag/t), and is
transformed into the Hindi hagh. Other
letters than the labials can be interchanged
with b : thus the Greek /xdAujSSo? (molubdos)
and the Lat. piiim&iim = lead, unlike as they
appear, are alcin, m being exchanged for j»;
and the old form of the Lat. helium = war, was
diiellum, whence our Eng. words bellicose and
ih(eL
I. B, as aji initial, is used —
1. I II designating University degrees :
(a) For Lat. Baccalaureus, as Ai tlurii Bucca-
laurciis — Bachelor of Arts.
(6) For Bachelor ; as B. A.= Bachelor of Arts ;
B.D.= Bachelor of Divinity ; B.M.= Bachelor
of Medicine ; B.L. — Bachelor of Laws.
2. Tti Hfusic: For bass. Similarly B.C. is
used for basso contimio = thorough bass.
3. In- Chemistry : For the element boron, of
which it is the symbol as well as the initial.
II. B, asa symbol, is used—
1. In Nuvieration, in Greek, Hebrew,
Arabic, and even occasionally in English, for
2. But ^1 in Gi'eek is the diacritical mark for
2,000. In Latin B stands for 300, and B for
3,000.
2. In Music : As the seventh note of the
diatonic scale. It answers to the Italian and
French si. In Germany it is = B flat.
3. InChem. [I., 3.]
4. Biblical Criticism. Of Codices: B = the
Codex Vaticanus. [Codex.]
III. B, OS a part of speech, is used—
1. As a?i adjective: as " the b sound."
2. As a substantive : as " Capital B ; " " Not
to know a B from a bull's foot. "
3a (fihemiistry). The symbol for the element
barium.
ba*, s. [Eng. hall, with the permanent eUipsis
of the last two letters.] A ball. (Scotch.)
ba, a. [A.S. ha = both.] [Both.] Both.
"That poure ba aod riclie."— .l/X Colt., Titus, D.
xviii., fo. 133. (S, in Boucher.)
ba, v.t. [Basse, v.]
baa (Eng.), bae (Scotch), s. [From the sound.]
The utterance of a sheep in bleating, from
which it is manifestly imitated.
" Proteus. Therefore thou art a sheep.
Speed. Such another proof will make me cry baa."
&kakesp. : Two Oentl. of Vnr., i. 1,
baa (Eng.), bae (Scotch), v.i. [From the sub-
stantive.] To emit the sound which a sheep
does in bleating.
" Or like a lamb, whoBe dam away i3 fet.
He treble baas for help, but uoue can get."
Sid>ie!/.
Ba-al, s. [In Ger., &c., Baal; Gael. Bell;
from Hebrew bvi (Baal); Aram, b".?:! (Bacd),
and 7^3. (Beel) — (1) master, possessor, (2)
husband (generally with the article 77 (ha) =
the, bpsn (hab-BaaJ) = Biial ; in Sept. Gr. 6
BdaK (ho Baal) = the Baal (masc. ) ( Judg. ii. 13) ;
rj BaoA (hi Baal) = the Baal (fem.) (Jer. xix. 5).]
1. Lit. : The chief male divinity among the
Phoenicians, as Ashtoreth was the leading
female one. [Ashtoreth.] The Cartha-
ginians, whO' sprang from the Phcenicians,
. carried with them his worship tn their new
.settlements, as is proved, among other evi-
dence, by the names of some of their world-
renowned heroes ; thus Hannibal, written in
Punic inscriptions H''Ii:n (Hannihaal), signifies
" The grace of Baal ;" and Hasdrubal, or As-
drubal, bsi^lT? (Azrubacd) = " Help of Baal."
The worship of Baal early existed among the
Canaanites and the Moabites, whence it spread
to the Israelites, becoming at last for a time
completely dominant among the ten tribes,
and to a certain extent even among the tw(i,
iu consequence of the ill-advised marriage of
Ahab with Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal (the
name means "With Baal,") king of Sidon.
A number of places in Palestine and the
neighbouring countries commence with Baal,
such as Baiil-gad (Josh. xi. 17), Baal-meun
(Numb, xxxii. 36), but whether in the sense
of " lord," " possessor," or signifying " Baal,"
is a matter of dispute. One phu-e is simjily
called Baal (1 Chron. iv. 33). Tins divinity
seems to have symbolised the sun, and less
frequently the planet Jupiter. He was wor-
shipped under different forms or in different
rrhitions : thus there were Baal-berith =the
Covenant Baal or lord; Baal-zebub [Beel-
zebub] = the fly-lord ; Baal Peer = the Baal
of Mount Peor, or Baal of the opening, the
Moabitish national divinity. Perhaps the
Babylonian Bel was only Baal with a dialectic
difference of spelling, though Prof Rawhnscu
thinks differently (Isa. xlvi. 1). [Bel.] There
was an affinity between Baal and Molocli.
[Moloch.] The Beltein or Beltane fires, lit in
early summer in Scotland and Ireland, seem
to be a survival of Baal's worship. [Beltane. ]
"... and called on the name of Biiai from moi"niiii;
even until noon, saying, 0 Baal, hear us."— l Kniy,
xviii. 26. (See also Jer. xix. 5. 1
^[ The Heb. plural Baalim often occurs. It
ni.iy signify images of Baal, ur that imaginary
gud in different relations. (Judges viii. 33.)
2.. Fig. : Any one held by the person using
the term to be a false priest.
" The priest of Baal wiia reviled and inaulted, some-
times beaten, sometimes ducked." — Macaulay : Hist.
£ng., ch. xiii.
Baal-adorer, s. One who adores Baal.
" The JBaal-adorcr bowa on Sinai's steep."
Byron : On Jordan's Banks.
Ba'-al'lSt, s. [Eng., &;c. Baal; -ist.] A wor-
shipper of Baal; a contemptuous epithet ap-
plied to a Roman Catbolic or to an Anglican.
(Sylvester : 'I'obacco Battered, 190.)
bab, s. [Bob, .^. (Scotch.)
bab, I'-t. & !. [Bob, v.] (Scotch.)
ba'-ba» s. [Mahratta (1) Baba, a proper name
borne by many men ; (2) bai>a, a term of en-
dearment for a young child of the male sex.
Akin to Eng. baby.}
Among Anglo-lTidians : Used in the second
of these senses.
bab'-ble, * bab'-le (le = el), v.i. & t. [In
Dut. babbelen ; Ger. babbeln ; Fr. babbiler.
Imitated from the sound.] [Babel.]
A. Inti'ans. : To send forth vague unmean-
ing sounds in an unintermitted stream.
L Ofpersoiis : Used —
1. Of the imperfect attempts at speech whieli
characterise the period of infancy.
2. Of the talk of persons whose powers are
failing through old age or serious sickness.
3. Of the copious, uniutermitting, and shal-
low speech of talkers, who habitually weary
every company into which they may gain ad-
mittance, and betray every secret entrusted
to them to keep.
IL Of inanimate things: To emit such
sounds as are made by a running brook.
" And runlets babbling down the glen."
Tennyson : Mariana in the South.
B, Trans. : To prate ; to utter.
"John had conned over a catalogue of hard words;
these he u^ed to babble iTidifferently iu all companies."
— Arbuthnot.
*\ Tlie participial adjective babbling, derived
from bubble, is more common than any jiart of
the verb strictly so called. [Babbling.]
bab -ble. * bab'-le (le = el), * bab -bel, s.
[From the \erb. In Dut. gebabbel ; Fr. babll.)
1. Emanating from human beings : Unmean-
ing prattle ; shallow, foolish talk.
"The babble, impertinence, and folly. I have taken
notice of iu disputes."— (r/adi/ii/.
2. Emanating from, inanimate things: Such
a sound as that made by running water.
1" Hounds are .said to babble when they
give tongue ti.o loudly after having found.
(i.lent. Rec, p. 7«.)
bab'-ble-ment, s. [Eng. babble; -meat. In
Fr. babllleinent.]
1. The act of babbling.
2. The foolish talk which is uttered.
"Deluded all this while with ragged notions and
babblements, while they expected worthy and delight-
ful knowledge."— Jlilton : Education.
bab' -bier, * bab '-ler, s. [Eng. babbl{e); -er.
In Dut. habbelaar ; Fr. babillai'd.]
A. Ord. Lang. : An uniutermitting and
shallow talker.
" I found him ^arnilously given,
A babbler iu the land."
Tennyson: Th'' Talking Oak.
B. Ornitli. (PI. Babblers) : The English
equivalent for the Timalinai, a sub-family of
tlie TurdidiE, or Thrushes. It stands between
the True Thrushos and the Orioles. The species
;ire small birds run lined to India, the Eastern
Archipelago, and Australia. JSoine have imi-
tative powers, and many sing sweetly.
* b&b'-bler-y, s. [Eng. babble, v.; -ry.)
1. Prating, chatter, garrulousness. (N.E.D.)
2. Confused with Babery (q.v.),
bab'-bling, pr. par., a., Si, s. [Babble.]
A. As present participle <& participial adj. .
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
"And have the fates thy babbling age ordain'd
To violate the life thy yoath sustained ? "
J'ope : Momer's Odyssey, bk. xix., 563-4.
B. As substantive : Vain, shallow.fnolishtalk.
babbling-thrushes, 5. pL [Babbler, B.]
t bab'-bly, a. [Eng. babbl(e) ; -y.] Given to
babbling ; garrulous. (Carlyle : Frederick the
Great, IV. 177.)
babe, s. [Mid. Eng. babe, hah, hahon, from the
last of which, probably of Celtic origin, the
first two are contracted.]
I. Lit.: An infant, male or female. [Baby.]
"And, behold, the babe wept." — Exod. ii. 6.
II. Figuratively :
1. AdoU. [Doll.]
*' BearinE a trusse of tryfles at hya backe.
As bells and babes, and glasses in hya paeke."
l:fpenser : The Sliepheard's Calender, v.
2. A childish person.
3. In Scripture: A person who has just
undergone the new birth, and is as yet very
immature in spiritual development.
"As new-born fta&es, desire the sincere milk of the
word, that ye may gi'ow thereby."—! Pet. ii. 2.
* babe-hood, a. [Eng
e; -hood.] Infancy.
Ba'-bel, s. [Sw., Dan., Dut., Fr., Port., &c.,
Babei; from Heb. "JSa (5a&«0= (1) confusion,
(2) Babel, (3) Babylon; for b^h^ (BdlbSI) ;
from b^^ (baldt) = (1) to pour over, (2) to
"kSIX, bo^; po^t, jif^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as;Aespect, Xenophon, e^ist. -tag,
-cisau -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &.c. = bel, d^l.
384
babelary— Babylonia
confound (Gcsenl'is); or from Bab-ilu = ihe
'gate of God, or Bab-ili = the gate of tlie
gods ; the rendering into Semitic of the Ae-
cadian Ca-dimlrra. (Sayce m Trans. Soc.
Bihl ArchcEol.,\iA. i., PP- 298, 309 ).] A V^^^vc
ur circumstanecs in which confusion of sounds
—as, for instance, by several people speaking
lit once— is the predominating characteristic.
The reference is to the confusion of tongues
divinely sent in consequence of the building
of the Tower of Babel (tien. xi. 1—0.)
"The poor man must have thought the voice came
from the shore : aueh a litibel of cries issued at once
irom the ship . . ,"-^I)arwin: Voyage round Vie
World, ch. XV.
*bal)elary, * babelery, s. [Babblery.]
Ba'-bel-ish, a. [Eng. BaUl ; -ish.] Resem-
bling'a babel ; confused. {Blount: (Hlossog.)
Ba'-bel-ism, s. [Bng. Bcibd; -ism.] Noisy
confused speech. {Athenceum, July 15, 1S(J5.)
« bab'-er-lypped, *l)abyr-lypped (yr as
ir),«. [Firstelementdoubtfal.] Thick-li]iped.
" He was hyttel-broweJe and baber-li/ppcd, with two
blery eyeii " — Piers J'lowniun, p. 97.
ba'-be-ry, s. [Eng. halcury (q.v.), but modi-
lied in meaning by confusion with &ai'f (q.v.).]
Finery designed to please a baby or eliild.
" So have I seen trim books in velvet diglit,
With golden lea\es and painted hahi-ry
Of seely boys, please nnacinmiiited siiflit,"
tiidiii-y . Arcadia, '\i]s.. \.
ba'be-ship, s. [Eng. hahe; -ship.] Infancy.
(Udal : Apoph. o/Eraamiis, p. 194.)
ba'-beur-y, * ba'-bur-y, s. [Probably a
corruption of ln^hwynrie = baboonery (q.v.).]
Grotesque ornanientiition, especially in sculp-
ture or pictures.
"As bubrurles and pinnacles,
Imageries and taLernaeles."
Chaucer: Bouse of F(i me.
ba-bi-a'-na, s. [From Dut. taUamr, the
name given by the Dutch colonists in South
Africa, from the fact that the baboon, or
haciaan, is fond of it.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Iridaceee, or Irids.
The species are all from the Cape of Good
Hope, and are beautiful flowers. One is dark
red, another red and blue, and more than one
are scented. One of the commonest species is
Bahiwia sulphurea.
ba'-bie, ;>. The same as Baby. (Scotch.)
babie-piCkle, s. Tlie small grain lying
in the bosom of a larger one, at the top of a
stalk of oats. (Scotch.) (Juviieson.)
"* ba'-bie, s. [Bawbee.] (Scotch.)
Bab'-ing-ton-ite, s. [Named after Dr.
Babington, who, besides being a distinguished
]ihysician, published several important works
on mineralogy in 1795-1799. A small gather-
ing of mineralogists at his liouse idtimately
develojied in 1S07 into the great Geological
Society of London.] A mineral placed by Dana
under his Aniphibole Group, the Pyroxene
Sub-gi'oup, and the section of it with triclinic
crystallisation. The hardness is 5*5 to G ; the
sp. gr. .'i-35— 3 37 ; the lustre is vitreous, splen-
dent ; the colour dark-greenish black. Com-
position : Silica, 47-46 to 54-4; protoxide of
iron, 10-26 to 21'3 ; lime, 1474 to 19-6; sesqui-
oxideof iron, Oto 11; ]n-otoxide of manganese,
I'S to 17'91 ; magnesia, 0 77 to 2'2; alunnna,
0 to (i'48. It occurs in the Shetland Islands,
at Arendal in Norway, and in North America,
bab-i-rous'-sa, s. [BABvaoussA.]
ba'-bish, ' ba -bishe, "^ ba'-bysh, * ba-
byshe, «. [Eng. ?)a&(e); ■ish.'] Childish,
as a babe would do.
"If lieliebasliful. and will soon blush, they call him
a babish and ill Iwought-up thing."— vlscAitm.
* ba'-bisb, v.t. [From Eng. yaUsh, adj. (q v.) ]
To render babish ; to treat as if one were a
baby.
"The Pharisees had habished%\\a simple people with
fained and culde religion, and liad tanfrled theyr con-
sciences with inannes ordiuaunces."— fiitti: Johnvw.
{Richardson.)
ba'-bish~ly, adv. [Eng. haUsh; -ly.] Child-
ishly ; in a baby-like manner.
"One that spake bo babish! //."—Archbishop Cbhcr
Answer to the Jesuit JIalonii, p. 404.
ba'-bish-ness, s. [Eng. hahish; suff. -ncss.]
Tlie quality of being babish; childisliness.
COgilvLe.)
* bab'-lab, s. [Perhaps akin to Peisian and
IMahratta hahul and bahhue = the Gum-Arabic
tree (Acacia AraUica). The rind of the legume
of a plant — Mimosa cineraria of Linnteus, now
Prosopis spicigera. It contains gallic acid and
tannin, and lias been used in dyeing a drab
colour. (Ure.)
ba'-boo, ba'-bu, s. [Bengalee.] A term used
in Calcutta and other parts of Lower Bengal
for a Hindoo gentleman, or sometimes for a
native gentleman of any purely Oriental race.
" Here is a picture of a Calcutfci babu." — Calcutta
Review, vol. vi. (1846), p. Ivi.
ba-boon', *bab'-i-6n, *bab'-i-an, s. [In
"Sw. babicui; Dan. bavian; Dut. baviaan ;
Ger. pavian, havian ; Fr. baboidn (masc),
baboidae (fem.) ; Sp. habidno ; ItaL babbidno,
dimin. of fewij&o = papa ; Low Lat. tahoynvs,
bahiiynus, babovinus, habewynus, babuynia,
and piijiio. Skinner and Menage think it
cognate with I^abe, whilst "Wedgwood consitlers
that ba and pa, being syllables requiring the
lips for their utterance, came to mean the
motion of the lips in framing then\ ; also the
lips themselves. Deriving baboon ivom this
root ba or jia, lie considei's it etymologically
to mean = the ugly-lipped animal.]
1. Lit. : The English name of those Simi-
adie (Monkeys) which have a facial angle as
low as 30", a long, dog-like snout, great canine
teeth, large callosities, and cajiacious cheek-
pouches. They are classed by Jiaturalists
chiefly undei the genus C-\uu LiliaUis. They
baby-farm, s. A place where yonng
children are received to nurse, for payment,
baby-farmer, s. One who receives in-
fants to nurse, for iiayment, when the parents
are unwilling or unable to do so.
are the lowest in intelligence of all the Simi-
adffi, and the most ugly and animal in look.
They are ferocious wlien fidl-grown, though
the young of at least one species Itas been
domesticated. The mandrill, the drill, the
derrias, and some other monkeys of similar
affinity, are regarded as baboons. Africa,
throughout its whole extent, is their appro-
priate habitation, though one species is
found also in South-western Asia. Some other
monkeys, less closely allied to Cynocephali,
are popularly known as baboons.
"And J am neither your miiiotaure, nor your cen-
taure . , . nor your babion."—D. Jonson : Cynthia's
Jieucls.
2. Fig. (ill vituperative language): A man
who, for ugliness, for want ot intellect, for a
snarling temper, or some other quality, recalls
to mind a baboon.
ba-bo6n'-er-y, s. [Eng. baboon ; -ery.] An
assemblage of baboons. (Clixipman : Masque
of Middle Temple.)
ba-boon'-ish, a. [Eng. baboon ; -ish.] Eesem-
Uling a baboun. (Aliss Ferrier : lulufitancc,
vol. i., ch. ii.)
ba'-bu, s. [Baboo.]
* ba'-bur-y, .>. [Babery.]
ba'-by, ' bab'-by, ' bab'-bie,s it a. [From
Eng. babe, and y, denoting little.] [Babe.]
A. As substantive :
1. An infant, male or female ; a babe.
" The bnbii beats the nurse, and quite athwart
Gues all deeorum."
ahakesp. Measure for Measttrc, i. 3.
2. A doll such as girls play with.
"The archduke saw that Peikiu would prove a
ruiinagate : and it was the part of children to fall out
about iaiieo." — Bacon: Henry YJI.
3. An idol.
" Since no image can represent tlie great Creator,
never think to honour Him by your foolish puppets
and babies of dirt and c)ay," — 6tdlingj[cct.
B. As adj. : Like a baby ; iiifantilc, childish
(Tennyson : Elednore, i.)
baby-farming, s.
baby-farmer.
The business of a
baby-house, s.
1. A doll's house.
"A proud show
Of haty-houses, curiously arranged."
Wordsworth: Excareion, bk, a.
2. A weather-house (q. V.J.
baby-oak, s. An oak as yet very small
in size, and which has passed through only
the first stages of its development.
" The rix'er life may magnetise
The baby-oak within.
Tennyson : The Talking Oak.
baby-rose, s. The rosy blush on the
cheeks of an infant or young person.
"TiU the lightning laughters dimple
The baby-roses in her cheeks."
Tennyson: Lilian.
baby-show, s.
1. A show, sight, or spectacle which a baby
■will appreciate.
" That way look, my infant, lo !
What a pretty baby -show !"
Wordsworth : Kitten & the /'ailing Leaves.
2. An exhibition of babies.
baby-treat, a*. A treat forabaoy.
" 'Ti3 a pretty baby-treat ;
Nor, I deem, for me unmeet."
Wordsworth : Kitten & the Falling Leaves.
ba'-by, v.t. [Baby, s.] To make a baby of, to
treat bke a baby, to keep in a str.te of infancy.
"At best it babies us with endless toys,
And keeps us children till we drop to dust."
Young : Night Tiioitghts, v. 521.
ba'-by-hood, s. [Eng. baby, and sum -kood.'\
The state of being a baby ; infancy or child-
hood in the restricted sense. (Ash.)
ba'-by-ish, a. [Eng. baby, and suffix -ish.]
Like a baby, as a baby would do ; infantile,
childish. (Luk.) (Worcester's Diet.)
^ This is a much moi'c modern word than
Babish (q.v.).
ba'-by-ism, s. [Eng. baby, and suffix -ism.]
The characteristics of ababy. (Booth.) (Rcid,
Worcester, &e.)
Bab-y-l6'-ni-an, a.& s. [Eng. Babylon, -ian;
from Lat. Babylonins; Gr. pa^uXcoi/to? (Bobu-
lonios); from Lat. Babylon; Gr. jSa^uAon'
(DabidOn), the great city on the Euphrates
celebrated in Scripture, ancient classics, and
elsewhere. ] [Babel.]
A. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Pertaining either to the ancient
city or to the country of Babylon.
"... Sir Henry IRawlinson] published the first
autlientic list of early Chaldean and Babylonian
nioii.'irchs." — Mr, Ueorge Umitli in Trans, tiuc. Jiib.
Archceol., vol. i., p. 28.
2. Pertaining to the mystical Babylon men-
tioned in Rev. xvi. 10 ; xvii. 5 ; xviii. 10, 21.
B. As substantive :
1. Lit. : A native of, or, more looselj', a
resident in, the ancient city or country of
Babylon.
"... after the manner of the Babylonians of
Chaldea, the land of their nati vity."— ^zet. xxiii 15,
2. Fig. (Anciently): One who professes
astrology, the Babylonians being so much
addicted to this study that the term "Baby-
lonian numbers." in Horace, Odes, I. xi. 2,
signifies astrological calculations similar to
fortune-telling.
% There is no distinctive Babylonian lan-
guage. In early times Babylon had an
Arcadian population and tongue of Turanian
origin, with a strong and increasing Semitic
clement in it. (Soycc.) From the^c Semites
came t)\t^ " cuneiftuni inscription of Babyhm,"
whicli Max Mnller conjoins with those of
Niupveh, jilacing both under the Aramaic, or
Nortliern chiss of the Semitic family of lan-
guages. [ARAM.EAN, ChALDEE, CUNEIFOR-M.]'
t Bab-y-l6n'-ic, Bab-y-lon'-ic-al, a.
[From Eng. Babylon, -ic, -ical ; Lat. Bahy-
loniciis, Babyloniacns ; Or. Ba^uAtortaKos (Ba-
bulonialcos).^ [Babylonian.]
1. Lit. : Peit^iining to cither the literal or
the mystic Babylon ; Babylonian.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pots
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
Babylomeally— baceharis
385
2. Fig. .' Confused, tinniiltiious ; ilisordi.Tly.
" He siiw plainly their aiitniuity, novelty ; their
iiuiversality, a liabMlunicnl tyiiiiiiiy : ami their cuii-
seut, a coiisviracy." — Harington : lir. View of the
Church, p 97.
Bab-y-lon'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. Bahylon-
icid ; -ly.] Alter tbe manner of the Babylon-
ians ; hence, luxuriously, sumptuously.
"He [the herrimrl i» (itteiulett upon niu3t Bab/flun-
icalty."—Mashe : J/unl-m Utaffe (ed. idiiidley), p. 50.
B3ib-y-l6n'-ics, s. pi. [Babylonic] The
English tlesign;ition gcnei-ally given to a frag-
ment of universal hibtoiy prior to 267 B.C.,
composed by Bero.sus, a priest of Babylon.
Bab-y-lon'-ish, a. [Eng. Babylon; -ish. In
But. Babylon inch.]
1. IM. : Pertaining to Babylon ; derived
from Babylon ; of Babylonian manufacture.
" A goodly Babylonish garment."— ^oaA. vii. 21.
1. Figuratively :
(1) Outlandish, barbaric; ostentatiously
grand, but in bad taste ; Babel-like, marked
by confusion of tongues.
" A Babylonish dialect
Which learned pedants much affect."
Butler: Jhtdibias, T., 1. 93.
(2) Popish.
Bab'-y-lon-ism, s. [From the city Babylon ;
■isvi.]
* 1. Popery.
2. A Babylonian word or phrase. (N.E.D.)
tilib-y-rous'-sa or bab-i-roiis-fa, s. [A
name given by Bontius. [In Fr. bahironsse;
Port, babirosa, babiriissa.] A species of hog,
sometimes called the Horned Hog and the
Hog-tleer, from the fact that its upper tusks,
UABVROI'SSA.
which are nf great length and curved in foi'in,
piercing througli the upper lip, grow u])wards
and backwards, like the hDrns of a ruminant.
It lias longer legs than thosp of the i-nmnion
hog. Its native country is the Indian Archi-
pelago, yet it seems to have been known to
the ancients. It is the .Sits bnbiirussa uf
Linna?us, now called Babyr-ussa alfiiru^. It.s
flesh is good eating.
ba'-by-Ship, s. [Eng. baby; -ship.] The
state or characteristics of a baby ; babyhood,
infancy. (Minsheii.)
ba,c. .. [Back (2).]
bac-a-la'-o, bac-ca-la'-6, o. [Sp. bacaZlao.]
Godhsh.
baccaleo - bird, s. a Newfoundland
name for the Guillemut. (Gosse : Land and
Sea{cd. 1S70), p. 44.)
bac'-ca, s. [Lat] a berry.
Botany :
* 1. A berry ; any fleshy fruit.
2. Now: a many-celled, many-seeded, inde-
hiscent pulpy fruit, in which at maturity the
seeds lose their attachment and become sc.at-
tered tliiough the pulp. (LindUy.)
ba(^a~sicca, s. [Lat. {ht.)= a dry berry.]
Bot.: In Prof. Link's arrangement, a fruit
which when unripe is fleshy, but which when
ripe becomes dry, when it is distinguishable
from a capsule only by not being brown.
* bac'-ca-laur, -s. [Baccalaureate.] A ba-
chelor of any faculty. [Bachelor, B., I. 1.]
b^c-ca-lau'-re-an, a. [Baccalaur.] Be-
longing to, or connected with, a bachelor (q. v.).
bac-ca-lau'-re-ate, s. [In Dan. baccalau-
reat; Gcr. humalavra't. baU:<d<n(rmt; Fr. bac-
udanretd; tiom :M''diifiV. Lat. buccolauretis.
(Balcalaurels.) The general opinion is
that bacLiil'iurmie is compounded of Latin
bacrn. = a berry, and laureatus = crowned
with laurel, froin laurea = the laurel or bay-
tree ; the reason, according to Calepinus,
, being that students, on gainnig the B.A. de-
gree, were crowned with a garland of laurel
or bay berries ; a statement resting on very
doubtful hi>.torical authority.]
In Unirrrsttiis: The degree of Bachelor of
Ai-ts. [Baccalaurels, Bachelor.]
bac-ca-lau'-re-iis, ;■■. [In Dan. & Dut. ftcc:-
calaureus ; Ger. haccalfiureus, balchdaureus ;
all from !Mcdiaev. Lat, banv /aureus, a corrupt
form of baccalarius, a Low Lat. adjective
descriptive of a man who worked on a baxca-
laria = a farm, a division of land of uncertain
size.] [Bachelor.] One who has taken the
first degree in a university ; a Bachelor (of
Arts).
bac'-cai-rat (t silent), bac'-ca-ra, s. [Fr.
baccara.] A game of cards in which one
player takes the bank against several others,
who deposit a stake which 'is doubled by the
banker, after which he deals two cards to
each player, himself included. The object is
to decide each bet by comparing the value of
■■ the cards held by each player with that of
the banker's hand. Eacli court card counts
ten, and the others count according to the
pips. The game is illegal in England.
bac-car'-i-nine, ». [Foruied from Mod. Lat.
bi>rrhnns(q.v.)
Chum. : An alkaloid obtained from one of
the species of Baccharis.
bac'-cate, b&c'-ca-ted, a. [From Lat. bac-
catus = set or adorned with pearls ; from
tacca = a berry, . . . a pearl.]
A. Of the fonn baccated ;
+ 1. Set with pearls. (Johnson.)
2. Having many berries. (Johnson.)
3. The same as Baccate. (B., 2.]
B. Of the form baccate :
1. Having as its fruit a bacca. [Bacca.]
Berried ; having a fleshy coat ur covering to
the seeds.
Baccate seeds : Heeds with a pulpy skin.
2. Havingin any part of it a jun-y, suceulent
texture, as the calyx of Blitum. (Lnullnj.)
bac-cau-LlVr-i-iis, a. [The tirst part is from
Lat. bacca = a berry ; the second apparently
from Gr. auA.69 (aj( Jos) = hollow.] Tlie name
given by Desvaux to the type of fruit called
by Mirbel, Lindley, and othci's, Careerulus
(q.v.). It consists of several one ortwo-seeded
dry carpels cnliering around an axis. Ex-
ample, Walvaceous plants.
bac'-cha, s. [Gr. Bokxt (BakcM), a mytho-
logical name.] A genus of dipterous insects
belonging tu the family Syj-phida;. Several
occur in Britain.
BS-c'-cha-nal, s. & a. [In Fr. (1) bacchanale,
bacchanal (no pi.) = great noise and uproar,
a noisy and tinnultuous dance ; (2) Bacclutnales
(pi.) = festivals of Bacchus ; Sp. £acaua^adj.
& s.), Baccanales (s. pi.) = Bacchanals; Port.
bacchanal (adj.), Bncclianah (s. pi.) = feasts
of Bacchus ; Ital. Baccanak = a tumultuous
crowd, a baeclianal ; all from Lat. Bacchanalis
(adj.) = n-latnig to Bacchus, Bacchanalian;
also Bacchanal, old orthography Baccanal (s.)
= (1) a place of Bacchus, (2) a feast of
Bacchus, the orgies of Bacchus : from Bacchus
(q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Of things. (Flur. Bacchanales and Baccha-
iiallu') :
1. An orgie celebrated in honour of Bacchus.
(Often in tlie })lnral.) The worship of Bacchus
was ]ierhaps of Oriental origin. Various festi-
vals in his honour were held in Greece. The
colonists from that country in Southern Italy
introduced his worship into Eome, where
Bacchanaliji. attended by much immorality,
were secretly held for some time, till they
were discovered in B.C. 186, and prohibited
by a decree of the Senate.
"They perforin these certain bncchanaJs or rite.s in
the honour of Bncchns."—ffollaitd : Plutarch's Morals.
2. Any similar orgie.
" Tlieii Genius danced a bacchanal ; he crown d
The Ijrininiiiig goblet, seized the thyrsus, bound
His brows with ivy. rush'd into the field
Of wild imagination, aud there leeVd.
The victim of his owu lascivious fires.
And, dizzy with delight, profaned the sacred w, res.
Cowper: Table Talk.
II. Of persons. (Plur. Bacchanals only) :
1. Lit. : A worshipper of Bacchus.
nor was it unsuitable to the reckless fury of
the BaccJianals durimj their state of temporary excite-
meut, . . ."—Groh-: Bist. Oreece, pt. i., eh. i.
2. Fig. : One who prefers drunkenness and
debaaciieiy to all higb and noble aims.
" Hark ! rising to the imioble call,
How answers each bold Bacchanal ?
Byron : J)on Juan, lu. 86.
B. As adjective: Characterised by di'unken-
ness and revelry.
"Your soleiniie and bacchanal feasts, that you ob-
serv'e yearly."— CrotfZe^.- Deliberate Answer (\b9,'). f. 26.
Bac-cha-na'-li-a, s. pi. [Latin.] [Bac-
chanal.]
Bac-cha-na'-li-an, a. & s. [Eng. bacchanal,
-ian; from Lat. bacchanalis.] [Bacchakal.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to a bacchanal ;
resembling the cliaracteristics of a bacchanal.
" There, beauty woos him with expanded arms ;
Eveu Bacchanalian madness has its charms.
Cowper : Progress of Error.
B. As siibstantive :
1. Lit. ; A worshipper of Bacchus, specially
in the state of excitement in which he was at
the festivals in honour of the divinity whom
he specially worshipped.
" So. when by Bacchanalians torn,
On Thracian Hebrus' side,
The tree-enchanter Orpheus fell."
Cov^per: Death of Mrs. Throckmorton's Bullfinch.
2. Fig. : One whose actions on any special
occasion, or habitually, resemble those wit-
nessed at the ancient orgies in honour of
Bacchus.
Ba,c-cha-na'-li-an-ly, adc. [Eng. Bacrha-
iialian; -b/.] In Bacchanalian fashion ; after
tlie maimer of bacchanals.
t bac'-cbant, s. [From Lat. bacrhaiis, pr.
]iar. of bacchor = t(\ celebrate the festival of
Bacchus.] A priest of Bacchus. (U'vircstcr.)
b&C-chS>Il'-te, 5. [In Fr. & Port. Bacchante,
bacchante = (1) a priestess of Bacchus, (2) an
immodest female ; Ital. Baccante ; from Lafc
bacchans, pr. par. of bacchor.] [Bacchant.]
A priestess of Bacchus. (Often used in the
plural, I}dC'i:hdn'-tes.)
" Plaintive at fii^st were the tones and sjid ; then
soaring to madness
Seemed they to follow or guide the revel of frenzied
Bacchantes."— Lotiafellow : Evungcliiu-. pt. ii. 2.
bS.c-cba-rid'-e-P5, &. pi. [Baccharis.] a
family of Composite plants belonging to the
order Asteracea?, the lirst sub-order Tubu-
lifloree, and the tliird tribe Asteroidea;. It
has no wild British .sjiecies. Typical genus,
Baccharis (q.v.).
bac'-Cha-rfs, s. [In Ger. baccharis ; Fr.
bacchante ; Lat. bacmr, bacchar, and baccharis ;
Gr. ^aKKapis (baklctrls) ; from the Lydian lan-
guage. A plant yielding oil (Baccharis dios-
curides?).^ Plowman's Spikenard. A genus of
baccharis.
plant, floret, and root.
plants belonging to the order Asteracere, or
Composites. Ujiwardsof two hundred species
are known, all of which belong to the Western
Hemisphere. They are herbs, shrubs, or
sometimes small trees, many of them resinous
and glossy. B. mii:rocephala is used in Parana
for curing rheumatism, and B. genistilloides in
Brazil in intermittent fever.
boil, boy; poiit, j<S^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f,
-cian. -tian = sban. -tion, -sion, -cloun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
25
Bac-chic, Bac'-chi-cal, a. [lu Fr. Ba-
chique; Port. Bacchico ; Lat. iJacc/ticus = relat-
ing to the Bacchic metre ; Gr, BaKx^Ko? (Bak-
chikos).'] Pertaining or relating to Bacchus,
or to any such orgie as those which were so
objectionable a feature of his worship.
"He cured them liy iuti"otlucmg the Bacchic dunce
and f aimtical ex.citement." — Qrote: Greece, pt. i., ch, i.
Tjac-chi'-us, a. [Lat. hacehhis ; Gr. ^aKx^los
(bakcheios).']
Pros. : A foot consisting of three syllables,
the first and second long, and the third short,
as jje I jo \ rd ; or, according to others, the
first short and the second and third long, as
ca I rl i nCis.
Bac -chiis, "^ [Lat. Bacchus ; Gr. Bafcxo?
(Balcdws).']
Classic, Myth. : The Roman god of wine,
generally identified, whether correctly or not,
with the Greek Dionysos, the divine patron
of wine, inspiration, and dramatic poetry.
His worship, or at least the frenzied form of
it, is said to have arisen in Thrace and reached
Rome through the Greek
colonies in Southern It^ily.
Like Dionysos, he was one
of the Bii Selecti, or "Se-
lected gods. " He was
fabled to be the son of
Jupiter and Semele. He
figures in perennial youth,
with a crown of vine or
ivy leaves around his
teniples, and holding in his
hand a spear bound with
ivy. Tigers, lions, or lynxes
are yoked to his chariot,
whilst he is accompanied
by bacchanals, satyrs, and
his foster-father and pre-
ceptor Silenns. He is said
to have conquered India,
and his worship [Baccha- bacchus.
nal] has more an Oriental
than a European aspect. In the foregoing
article the most common form of the myth is
given ; there are others so inconsistent with it,
and with each other, that possibly, as Cicero,
Diodorus, and others think, several personages
have been confounded together under the
name of Dionysos or Bacchus. [Dionyhos.]
Bacchus-bole, s. A flower, not tall, but
very full and broad-leaved. (Mortimer.)
bac-^if'-er-oiis, a. [In Fr. baccifere; Port.
baccifera : from Lat. haccifcr ; hacca = a berry,
and/ero — to bear.] Berry-bearing, producing
berries ; using that term either (1) in the ex-
tended and popular sense, which was also the
old scientific one —
" Racciferous trees are of four kinds, (1) Such fw
bear a calicnlate or naked berry ; the flower and calix
both falling off together, and leaving the lierry bare ;
as the sassafras trees. (2) Such iw have a naked niono-
spernioua fruit : that is, containiiit; in it only one seed ;
as the arhutes. (3) Such as have but polyspernious
fruit ; that is, containing; two or more kernels or seeds
within it; as the jeaminum, ligustruni. (4) Such as
have their fruit composed of many acini, or round .loft
balls, set close together, like a bunch of grapes ; as the
uva marina," — Itay.
Or (2) in the more limited and modern scien-
tific one. [Bacca.]
bac-9iv'-6r-ous, «. [Lat. bacca = a berry,
and voro ■= to swallow whole, to devour. ]
Berry-devouring ; feeding on berries. (Glossog.
Nov., 2nded.)
* ba9e, II. [Base, adj.']
** ba9e, s. [Base, s.]
bach -a-rach, back'-r^ck, back'-r^g,
s. [From Bacharach, a town upon the Rhine,
near wliich it is iiroduced.] A kind of wine
from Bacharach.
" With bacharach and aqua vit»."
Butler : Eudibras.
* ba9h'-ei-er-ie, s. [Eng. bacheler; sufT. -ic.
Fi'om Low Lat, bo.chd.eria = commonalty or
yeonjanry in contradistinction from baronage.]
Tlie stfite, condition, or dignity of a knight;
knights collectively, the whole body of knights.
"Phebus that was flour of bachelerie.
As wel in freedom as in chlvalrie."
Chaucer: C. T., 17,074-5.
ba9h'-el-6r, '^ ba9h'-el-ldr, '^bat9h'-el-
or, * bat9h'-el-ldr, * bat9h'-ler, ^ ba9h'-
el-ere, ba9h'-el-er, * ba9h'-y-lere (0,
Eng.), * ba9h'-el-ar (0. Scotch), s [From
Fr. &ac/ic/ier =(1) a young gentleman who as-
pires to be a knight, (2) a student wlio has
taken his first degree at a university, {3) an
unmarried man, a lover ; O. Fr. bachelier,
bachelUer, bacheler, bachiler = a ynung man,
f i-om Med . Lat. baccalariits, said to be from Late
Lat. bacca for vacca = a cow. ] [Baccalaureate. ]
A. Ordinary Lang. : A person of the male
sex, of marriageable age, who lias 'not iu fact
been married. When he has passed the time
of life at which the majority of men enter the
matrimonial state, he is called an old baclidor.
"Fair maid, send forth thine eye : this youthful parcel
Of noble bachelors stand at my bestowing,"
Shakes/j. : All's Well that Ends Well, ii. 3.
B. Technically :
I. University degrees :
I. In the expression bachelor of arts (B.A.),
one who has taken the first degree at a uni-
versity. The B.A. degree was introduced in
the thirteenth century by Pope Gregory IX.
In the opinion of Jamieson, in this sense the
term bachelor was probably borrowed froni the
arrangement in the University of Paris, where
two of the four orders into which tlie theo-
logical faculty was divided were called Bacca-
larii Formati and Baccaktrii Cursores.
"The Bachelars met in the chamber above the
school of Humanitie."— Craiw/. .■ Hist, fiiiv. A'Uin., p.
29. {Jatnieson.)
*2. The same as Master of Arts. (0. Scotch.)
" At any of our Universities, the students, after four
years' stxidy, take the degree of Bachelor, or, as it is
commonly termed, Master of AiUi."—SiJOttiswootle.
(Jamieson.)
II. Heraldry:
1. Formerly
(a) A person who, though a knight, had
not a suificient number of va.ssals to have his
banner carried before him in battle.
*{b) One who was not old enough to display
a baiiner of his own, and therefore had to
follow that of another.
" A kn Jghte of Rome and his bachylere. "
Gower, t. 42. (6'. in Boucher.]
* (c) A chevalier who, having made his first
campaign, received a military girdle.
*(d) One who, on the first occasion that he
took part in a tournament, overcame his
adversary.
2. Now: A member of the oldest but lowest
order of English knighthood— the knights
bachelors. [Knight.] King Alfred is said to
have conferred it on his son Athelstan.
III. Among tlie London City Comjxtnies : One
not yet admitted to the livery.
^ Bachelor's buttons : A name given by gar-
deners to the double-flowered variety of one
of the Crowfoots, or Buttercups (/ia/nnicuhts
acris). Somethnes this species is further
designated as Yellow Bachelor's Buttons, after
the example of the French, who denominated it
Boutons d'or, while the name White Bachelor's
Buttons (in Fr. Boutons d'argent) is bestowed
on another Crowfoot (Runnncuhts aconitifo-
lius). Various other plants, especially the
campion, the burdock, the scabious or Blue-
bottle, have also been called Bachelor's But-
tons, or Buttons.
ba9h'-el-or-d6ni, s. [Eng. bachelor ; -dom.]
Bachelors collectively.
ba9h'-el-6r-hood, a. [Eng. bachelor; -hood.]
The condition of a bachelor ; celibacy.
ba9h''el-6r-ism, s. [Eng. bachelor ; -isvi.]
The state or condition of a bachelor. (Ogilvie.)
bafh'-el-dr-ahip, s. [Eng. bachelor; and suff.
■ship.] The state or condition of a bachelor.
1. In the sense of an unmarried person.
" Her mother, living yet, can testify
She was the first fruit of my bachelorship."
Shuhesp. : 1 Hen. I'/., v, 4.
2. In the sense of one who has taken the
first or lower degree in a university. [B.A.]
* bach'-lane, pr. par. [Bachle,] (Scotch.)
ba'-Chle, i-. [Bauchle.] (Scotch.)
bach'-leit, pa. par. [O. Fr. bo.ceoler = to lift
up and down.] To lift oi- heave up or down.
(Cotgrave.) (Used of some modes of exposing
goods for sale.) (Jamieson.)
ba9'-il-lar, 0.. [Mod. Lat. hacill{us); -ar.^
1. Pertaining to or resembling the genus
Bacillns (q.v.).
2. BaciUiform.
ba9'-il-lar-i-a, 6, [From Lat. bacilliLs (q.v.).]
Bot. : A genus of Diatomaceous Algae. The
species consists of rectangular segments ar-
BACILLARIA (MAGNIFIED 100 DIAMETERS).
ranged tabularly or obliquely, and the frus-
tules are constantly in motion,
* ba9-il-lar-i'a'-9e-ee, s. pL [Mod. Lat.
bacillari(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. suff. -aceai.]
Bot. . A synonym of Diatomaceic (q.v.).
ba9'-il-lar-y, a. [Mod. Lat. bacill{us) ; -ary.]
1. Consisting of, or characterized by, bacilli.
2. Having the shape of small rods, some-
times applied to the layer of rods and cones
in the retina.
ba-9ir-li-9ide, s. [M.od.hfit.bacillus,a.nd-cido,
combining form == to kill.] A substance used
to destroy poisonous germs ; a disinfectant.
ba-9ir-liis (plur. ba-9ir-li), s. [Lat. bacillus
= a little staff; dimin. of baculvm = a staff.]
1. Anat. : Any minute rod-like body.
2. Biology :
(1) A so-called genus or division of micro-
scojiic rod-like organisms. Several species
are distinguished; some associated with, and
believed to be the causes of certain diseases ;
others are the active agents in fermentation
and putrefaction.
(2) Any individual of this genus or division.
3. Entom. : A genus of Phasniidte (q.v.).
back (1), ""backe, *bak. s., a., & adv. [A.S.
brnc, bac; Sw. & O. Icel. buk ; Dan. hag, bagen;
O. Fr. & O. L. Ger. bac, bak; O. H. Ger. baclw.]
A. As substantive :
I. Literally : The upper part of the body in
most animals, extending from the neck to the
loins.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of man :
(a) The whole hinder part, upon which a
burden is naturally carried. (Opposed to the
front or any part of it.)
"Those who, by their ancestors, have been set free
from a constant drudgery to their backs and their bel-
lies, should bestow some time on their heads."— ioc/ce.
(&) The entire body, as in the expression,
" he has not clothes on his back."
(c) Whatever, in any portion of the human
frame, occupies a relative situation analogous
to that of the back in the body itself. Thus
the back of the head is the hinder part of the
head ; the back of the hand is the convex part
of it — that on the other side of the palm.
(d) A body of followers ; persons to back
one. [Backing.]
"So Mr. Pym and his 6acft were rescued."— JJaiMie;
Letters, i. 217. [Jamieson.)
^ A thin hack : A small party. (Jamieson.')
(e) In football: Those players who are sta-
tioned at the rear of their own side, and
nearest their own goal. [Half-back.]
2. Of things:
(a) Of knives, axes, and similar implements :
The thick blunt poi-tion; that on the other
side from the cutting edge.
(b) The portion of anything most remote
from its face or from the place which the
speaker at the moment occuiiies.
" Trees set uiJon the backs of chimnies do ripen fruit
sooner." — Bacon : Natural History.
"The source of waves which I shall choose for theae
experiments is ji plate of copper, ju^ainst the back of
which a steatly sheet of flame is permitted to pl-ty."—
Ty^tdali : Frag, qf Science- (;;ra ed.), viii. 4, p. ibl.
III. The word back is used in the following
special phrases : —
1. Behind the back :
(a) Lit. : To or at any spot so situated.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd. son ; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu ~ kw.
backcast — back
387
(&) Fig. : The time when one is absent. [See
No. 10.]
2. Tlie back of my Imnd to you : I will have
nothing more to do witli you. (Jamieson.)
3. To be up (iised of the hock) : To become
iiTitated against a person. Tlie metaphor is
derived from the procedure of a cat or similar
animal, which raises its sphie and bristles
up its hair before attacking an adversary.
{Jamieso^i.)
" Well, Nelly, since my back is up, ye sail tak dowii
tVie picture , . ."—Scoff.: St. Ronaiis Well, ch. lii,
4. To hov) down ilie hade : To humiliate.
"... and baw down their back alway." — Rom. xi. in.
5. To cast behind tlis hack :
(a) Used of law or of j^ersojis : To despise.
"Nevertheless they were tlisoliedient, nn«l rehelled
against tliee, and cast tliy law behind tlufir backs."—
Jfeh. ix. 3C.
"... thoTi lia-it forgotten ine, and cast nie behind thy
back . . ." — Ezek. xxiiL 35.
(b) Used of sins : Tci forgive and forget.
6. To give the back : To turnback, to abandon
an expedition pr enterprise.
"... he would not thus lightly have ^iwe« us ilte
back." — Banyan: P. P., \)t. i.
7. To hxive the back at the wall : To be in an
unfortunate state. (Jamiesoii.) (Scotch.)
8. To plough upon thf hack: To inflict upon
one gross opjiression, injury, and insult.
"The jilowers plowed upo-a my back: they made
long tlieir furrows."— /"a, cxxix. 3.
9. To see the back, used of snldier.s in a battle,
means tliat they have turned to flee.
"... fifty thousand fiirhting men, whose backs no
enemy hmi ever seen." — Macan'lu//: Uist. Eng., cli, i.
10. To turn the ha,ek :
(h) To turn inbiittl'.' with the intention of
fleeing, or in an enterprise with tlie design of
abandoning it.
" 0 Lord, what sliall I nay, when Israel turncth their
6acfc« before their enemies r'—^oKft, vii. 8.
(h) To go away, as, " Scarcely had the
teacher turned his hack when the scholai-s
grossly misbehaved." (Inthis sense it imiy be
followed by on or tijjon.)
(c) Actually to turn the back upon one in
the street, either uudisguisedly or under the
pretence of not seeing him.
B. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to or supporting the back, as
the " ^ac/t-bnne."
2. Behind anything in situation, as a " back-
yard;" hence reiiinle from the accessible parts
of the (;ounti'y ; uji a country iuland, as " the
hack settlements of North America."
^ Sack and bottom nails: Nails made with
flat shanks that they may hold fast, and yet
not iipen the grain of the wood. (Glossog. Nov.)
C. --is adverb :
I. Of a person or place :
1. To the quarter behind a person or tiling;
backward.
"And when Jndiih looked 6aci, behold, the battle
was Itefore und behind,"— 2 Chron. xiii, 14.
2. To tlic direction o]iposite to that in
which motion has been made; to the place
whence one has dejiavted or been taken away.
", . . and the Lord caused the aea tn po buck by a
atrongeaat wind all that night, . . ."—Exod. xiv. 2\.
"Wlivare ye the last to tiring the king back to his
house?'' — '2 Sajn. xlx. U.
% To give hack in battle: To recede from a
position before occupied.
"This made Cliristian give a little it«et: Apollyon,
therefore, followed hia work amain . . ."—Hunyan,
P. P., pt, i.
3. To a person or public body whence auy-
thing has been obtained ; to one's self again ;
again ; in return.
" The labourers jjossess nothing but what he tliinki
fit to give them, and until he thinks fit to take it
back."~J. S. Mill : Pol. Econ., vol. i.. bk ii., ch. v., § i.
4. So as to remain behind ; with no pro-
gression in anv direction (lit. & fig.); re-
tained instcail of being paid o\x-'r.
"... but. lo, the L'liil bath kej»t thee back from
honour."— JVW11&. xxiv. 11,
"... to keep bacli part of the price of the laud.'—
Acts V. 3.
5. With progression, yet so as to fall more
and more beliiud another body ; as "Compared
with the Christian powers, the Mohammedans
are falling back in the world," meaning not
that they are stationary or retrograde, but
that their forward motion is so slow in cnm-
parison with that of the Chri.stiau nations that
they are more and more falling behind.
IL Of time:
1. To or at a time gone by.
" I had always a curiosity to look back unto the
sources of tilings, and to view in my mind the begin-
ning and progress of a rising world." — Burnet.
2. A second time, anew, afresh again.
"The epistles being written from ladies forsaken bj'
their lovers, many thoughts came back upon us in
divers letters," — Drijden.
m. Of stole or condition : To a former state
or condition ; again.
TI Crabb thus distinguislies (a) between
the adverb back and backward : — Back de-
notes the situation of being and the direction
of going ; backward simply the manner of
going. A person stands back who would not
be in the way ; he goes backward when he
would not turn his back to an object. (&) Be-
tween back and behind : Back marks the situa-
tion of a place ; behind, the situation of one
object with another. A person stands boxk
who stands in the back part of a place ; he
stands behind who has any one in front of
him ; the back is opposed to the front, behind
to before. (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
D. In composition : Back is generally an
ad.iectiv6, as back-hone, back-yard, though in
some rare instances it is adverbial, as in the
case of oacfc-filling, &c.
''■ back-band, c-. [Back-bond.]
back-bedroom, s. A bedroom at the
back of a house.
back-board, &. & a.
1. As substantive :
(a) A board for the support of tlie back.
(h) A board across the stern of a boat for
the passengers to lean against.
(c) A board attached to the rim of a water-
wheel to prevent the water running off the
floats or ]taddle.s into the interior of the
wheel. (XlchoJsun.)
((0 A part of a lathe. (Goodrich & Porter.)
2. As adjective : Behind the ship, (Glossog.
Nov.)
back-bond, * back-band, * bak-
band, s.
Scots Laiu : A counter -bond rendering another
one null and void. It is a deed corresponding
to what is called in England a declaration of
trust. (Mackenzie : Institutes, £c.)
back-boxes, s.pl.
Tijpnijraphy : The boxes on the top of the
upper case used for printers' tyjies, usually
apjtropriated to small capitals. (Webster.)
back-cast, a. & s. (Scotch.)
A. A.-i adjective : Retrospective.
" I'M often kindly think on you
And on our happy days and nights.
With pleasing back-cast view.'
Tannahilt ; Poems, pj), 90, 9?. {Jamieson.)
B. As s^ibstantice : Anything which throws
one back from a state of prosperity to one of
adversity.
" They'll get a back-cast o' hia hand yet, that think
ao muckle o the creature and f '"' Uttle o' the Creator."
—Scotl : Tales of my Landlord.
back-chain, s. A chain winch passes
over the cart-saddle of a horse to support the
shafts. (Booth, Worcester, £c.)
back-end, s. The latter part of any-
thing. Spec, the latter part of the year.
"... when you did me the lion our to stop a day or
two at laat back-end."— Blackwood's ifag., Oct., 1820, p.
3. {Jamie
I.)
back-fear, s. An object of terror from
behind. [Backchalbs,]
"He needed imt to dread no back-f^ar in Scotland
a.s he was wont to (\o."—Pitscottie {&L 1728), p. 105.
[Jamieson.)
back-filling, «.
1. The act or process of restoring to its
place, as in the ease of a grave, for instance,
earth which has been removed. (Tanner,
Worcester, etc.)
2. The earth thus restored to its place.
(Tanner, Worrestcr, dx.)
back-leaning, a. Leaning towards the
hinder jiart. (Savage, Worcester, <£c.)
back-light, s. A light reflected upon
the hinder part of anything. (Fcnton, Wor-
cester, cCr.)
back-look, s. A look to what is past in
time. (Chiefly Scotch.)
"After a serious back-look of all these forty-eight
yaaxs."— Walker : Peden, p. 71. (Jamieson.)
back-parlour, s. a parlour situated at
the back part of a house.
back-plate, s. A plate on the hinder part
of armour ; the same as Back-piece (q.v.).
back-spaul, s. The hinder part of the
shoulder. (Scotch.)
". . , if sae rauckle as a collier or a salter make a
moouJight flitting, ye will deck him by the back-
spaul in a minute of time , . ." — Scott : Jiedgauntlet,
ch, vii.
back-tack, back-take, s.
In Scotland : A deed by which a wad-setter,
instead of himself possessing the lands which
he has in wadset, gives a lease of them to the
reverser, to continue in force till they are re-
deemed, on condition of the payment of the
interest of the wadset sum as rent. [Duety.]
"Where lands are affected with wadsets comprya-
ing assignments or back-takes, that the same may be
fiiiit compted in the burdens of the delinquent's
estate,"— ^cM Charles I. (ed. 1814), vi. 204.
back-tread, s. Retrogi-ession. (Scotch.
"... followed the backtread of our defection." —
Manifesto of the Scots Army (1640).
back-trick, s. A caper backward in
dancing. (Shakesp. : Txoelfth Night, i. 3.)
back-yard, s. a yard behind a. house.
(Bl'jmefickl, H'onxsler, d'c.)
IT Other compound words will be found
further on in their proper alphabetical order.
b^k, r.t. & i. [From the substantive.]
A. Transitive :
I. Ordinarij Language:
1. Literally :
(1) To get on, or to place on, the back of an
animal ; to ride.
"... as I slept, raethought
Great Jupiter, upon hia eagle back'd,
Appeard to me, with other apritely showe
of mine o«n kindred."
Sltakesp.: C'ymbeUne, v. 5.
(2) To cause to move backwards. (Used of
horses, railway engines and the trains at-
tached to them, the engines in steam-boats, or
anything similar.) [See II 2, where some
special phrases are given.]
" One of the alien mercenaries had backed his horse
against an honest citizen who pre.'*Hed forward to catch
a glimuae of the royal ciiiu>py."—Atacaulai/ : Hist.
Eng., ch. xi.
(3) To write on the back of; to direct a
letter ; to endorse a bill or other document.
[II. I.]
2. Figuratively : To stand at the back of,
to aid, support.
(1) Of persons : To stand as a second or sup-
porter to one ; to support or maintain one's
cause.
" I have not ridden in Scotland since
James back'd the cause of that mock prince,
Warbeck, that Flemish coimterfeit,
Who on tlie gibbet paid the cheat."
Scott : Marmion, i. 16,
"... doubt whether it would be possible for him to
conteud against them when they were backed by an
English army. "-J/ttcaitiw?/: Hist. Eng., ch, xiv.
('!) Of things :
(a) To justify, to support.
". . . endeavour to back their experiments with a
apecioua reason." — Boyle.
" We have I know not how many adages to back the
reason of this moral." — L'Estrange.
(b) To second.
" Factious, and fav'ring this or t'other aide,
Their wagers back their wishes." hrydm.
"... I am come forth to withstand them, and to
that end will back the lions," — Banyan: Pilgrim's
Progress, vt. ii,
IL Techniccdly :
1. Law. To back a warrant : To endorse a
warrant with the signature of a justice of the
' peace, so as to give it force in the county or
other district over which his authority ex-
tends. This is done when an accused person,
for whose apprehension a wan-ant valid only
ill one county is nut, passes into another.
(Blackstone: Coviment, bk.iv., ch. 21.)
2. Nautically :
To back the sails of a s/ap : To cause them
to press backwards on the masts instead of
forwards. The eff"ect is to make the ship
move sternward.
To hack tlie engine in a steanihoat : To revei-se
the action of tne engine, with the effect of
making the vessel go backwards.
boil, boy; pout, jtfiVl; cat, 5ell, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
388
back— back-handed
To bade a vessel : To mate her go backwards.
To hack the oars of a boat : To reverse the
rtction of tlie oars and make the boat move
stern foremost, the phrase for which is, to
hack ast-ern.
To back an anchor: To lay down a small
anchor in advance of a large one, tlie cable of
the former being fastened to the i-rnwn of the
latter one to xirevent its coming home.
3. Horse-racing :
(a) To hack a horse : To bet that one of the
horses in a race shall outrun the rest.
(b) To back the field : To support the aggre-
gate of the horses in a race against a particu-
lar horse.
B. Intransitive : To move backwards. ,
To back out of a jivomise, a 'pff>ject, or an
enterprise: To retreat from tlie forward posi-
tion one formerly occupied with respect to it.
back (2), bac, s. [In Sw. back =. . . a bowl ;
Dut. buk = a bowl, a pan, a basin, the boot of
a coach, the pit in a theatre, a trough, a crib,
a mess ; Fr. bac = a large ferry-boat for men
and anijnals ; Arm. hak, bag = a bark.]
A. Ord. Lang. : A wooden trough for carry-
ing fuel ; a " backet." [Bucket.] (Scotch.)
"After imiTOwly escaping breakiug my shins over
a tuvf back and a saltiiiy tub . . ."—Scott: Jiob Roij,
ch. xiii.
B. 'Technically :
I. Navigation : A ferry-boat or praam, spe-
ci;(lly one of lai-ge size, moved by a rope or
chain, for transporting animals, as well as
men, from one side of a river to the other.
(Wchster.)
II. Brewing £: Distilling :
1. A cooler, a large flat vessel or tub in
■which the wort is cooled. (Webster.)
"That the backs were about 120 inches deep."— Sfa(e,
Leslie ofPouris, Ac. (1805), p. 166.
2. A vessel into which the liquor designed
to be fermented is pumped from the cooler in
order to be worked with the yeast. (Webster.)
bach (3), s. [Ger. backen ~ to bake,] An
in.strument for toasting bread above the fire.
It is like a griddle, but is much thicker, and i.s
made of pot luetal. It is akin to the York-
shire baekstone. {.Taimeson.) (Scotch.)
* back'-ber-inde, back'-ber-end> a.
fA.S. hcec-berende = taking on the back ;
ho'C = back, and herende, from beran — to
bear. ]
Olrl Iaiw : Bearing upon the back. (Used
sitecially when a man was apprehended bearing
npon his back a deer which he had illegally
shot.)
back -bite (pret. back-bit, pa. par. back -
bit-ten), vj. & i. [Eng. back & bite]
A. Transitive :
Literally: To bite on the back, as a dog
milling treacherously behind one might do;
but used figuratively, meaning = to attirek the
character of the absent, censuring or slander-
ing them behind their backs.
"Most untruly .and lualicioasly do these evil tongues
h irTcbite and slaTider the sacred ashes of that iierson-
!iy;e. "—Spenser.
B. Intransitive : To speak disparagingly, if
not even slanderously, of the absent.
•'He that backbUeth not witli his tongne ."—
/^. XV. 3.
tiaik'-bi-ter, s. [Eu^^. hfickhit(e); -er.] One
who is given to backbiting ; one who censures
tlic actions or attacks the character of the
absent.
"NdKidy is bound to look upon his bnekbiler, or
his uiiderininev, his betrayer, or his oppressor, as his
friend." — South.
back'-bi-ting, ^ back'-bi-tyng, ' back -
by-tinge, * back'-by-tynge, in: par. &, a.
[Eng. hack; -biting.]
A, & B. Corresponding in signification with
'tlie verb. (Usnl specially of tlie tongue.)
"Tbe north wind driveth away rain: KO_doth an
angrv countenance a backbltinn tuiigue." ~ I'rov.
XXV, '23.
C. As substantive: The act or habit of at-
tacking the chai'acter of the absent.
"Leaaiiiges backbytinges, and vain -glorious crakes.
Bad counsels, prayses, and false flatteries."
Spenser: F. Q . II. xi. 10.
". . . debates, envyings. wratbs, strifes, backbitmgs.
whisperingii, swellings, tuinulta."— 2 Cor. xii. 20.
back-bi-ting-ly, adv. [Eng. backbiting; -hj.]
In a way to backbite. (Baret.)
back '-bit-ten, pa. par. & a. [Backbite.]
back-bo'ne, .:,. [Ens- back; -hone.]
1. Lit. : The spine ; the s]iinal column ; a
consists of numerous vertebra?.. [Vertebra.]
"The backbone should be divided into many verte-
bres for coiiiinodious bending, and not to be one entire
rigid bone." — Hay.
2. Flgu rati eel !j :
(1) Anytliing resembling a backbone.
(2) Firmness, resolution, stability of chu
racter.
back'-boned, f [Eng. backbon(e); -cd.] Vui-
nished with a luickbone ; vertebrate.
"Tbe 1 at then is one of the group of bacl:byiir.l
animals,"— ,SV, G. Mimirt : The Cat, p. 451.
back-brede, s. [Bakbrede.]
back'-car-ry, s. [Eng. back; carry.]
Lavj : TJie act of cari-ying on tlie bai_l<.
"Manwood, in bis forest laws, noteth it for one df
the four circumataiices or ca.se.i wherein a forester
may arrest an offender aorainst vert or veniRon in tlie
forest, viz.. stable-stand,' dog-diM», backmrry, and
bloody-hand." — Coivcl.
back'-come, v.l. [Eng. back; come] To
return. (Scotch.)
" If it bapiJened Montrose to be overcome in battle
before that day, that they were then to be free of their
parole in baek-coming to him." — Spaldino, ii. 25.;.
(Jamicson.)
back'-come, s. [From Backcomb, <'. (q..v.).]
Return.
An ill-backcomc : An unfortunate return.
(Jaialcson.)
back'-c6m-ihg, *. [Eng. back; coming.]
Return.
"... how the army should be sustained at tlieir
back-coming." — SpaUling, i. lU". (Jam'teson.)
back'-dbor, s. [Eng. hack; door.]
1, Lit. : A door at the back part of a house,
leading genei-ally to a garden or other enclosure
connected with the building,
"The procession durst not return by the way it
came; but. after the devotion of the monkb, passed
out at a back-door of the convent."— /irfrffson.
2. Fig. : An indirect or circuitous w\.\\.
course, or method.
" PoiJery, which is so far shut out as not to re-enter
openly, is stealing in by the back-door ot atheism." —
Atlerbury.
back'-draught (ugh = f), s. [Eng. back;
dravght.] The convulsive insjnratiou of a child
during a fit of whooping eougli. (.lamieson.)
*backe,^. A bat. [Bat (3).]
backed (Eng.), back'-it (Scotch), pa. 'par.,
a., and in compios. [Back, v.]
A. .4s adj. : Having a back of a particular
type determined by tlie context.
"Sharp-headed, barrel-bellied, broadly backed."
liryden: Yirg'd, Georgies, iii
B. In compos. : Having a back of a particu-
lar type settled by the word with which hacked
is iu close conjunction.
'• There by the huiop-fraff J willow."
2'emiyson : }yatkiiig to the Mail.
^ back'- en, v.t. [Eng. hack; -en.] To
liinder.
back'-er, ». [Eng, hack; -er.]
A, Ord. Lang. : One who backs ; a sup-
porter; one who bets on particular horses
against the lield.
B, Arch. : A small slate laid on tlie back ot
a large one at certain iioints. (Brande.)
back'-et, *. [Bucket.] (Scotch.)
back'-et-stane, s. A stone at tliesideofa
kitchen hre on whicli the saut-backet lests.
(Scotch,)
* back'-fall, s. [Eng. hack ; fall.]
1. A falling back in spiritual matters ; back-
.sliding.
2. Atrip or fall in wrestling in which one
is thrown on the back.
3. A lever in an organ coupler.
* back'-fall-er, s. [Eng. back/all; -er.] A
backslider, an apostate.
"Oniaa, with many like bacf(faUers from God. fled
into Egypte." — Joyc: /Jxpas. of Daniel, cIl xi.
back'-friend, s. [Eng. back; friend.]
I. Of persons:
1. A so-called friend who, behind one's
back, becomes an enemy. (Eng.)
" Far is our church from eLtroachiug upon tbe civil
piiM'er. as some, who are backfriends to Dolh, would
mal iciously 'insinuate. "—Srj/['7(.
2. One wlio sci'.onds or sujiiiorts auutlKM ;
an abettor. (Scotch.)
"The people of God that 's faithful to the cause has
ay a good back-friend." — JUicJi. Brace's Lectures, 60, CI.
{Jamicson )
II. Eig. Of things: A place of strength
behind an army. (Monr'> : Exped., pt. ii.,
140.) (Jamiesim.)
back'-fu', s. [Eng. hack, and Scotch fu', con-
tracted from 'Eng. full:] As much as can be
carried on the back. [Cf. Bagk-eerinde.]
"A back/u' of peals." — ISlackwood's Mag., March,
1823, p. 317. [Jamicson.)
back-ga'-in, back-ga'-en, parHcipiai adj.
[Eng. hack, and Wcotch gain, gaen =■ going J;
(Scotch.)
I. Of things: Going back; ebbing. (Used
of tlie tide, &c.)
II. Ofpcrsoni^:
1, Declining in health ; ill-grown.
2. Declining iu worldly circumstances.
"The backgaen tenants fell about
And couldna stand."
The Hurst Jilg, st, 48. (Jam,ieson.)
back- gam- mon, bag-gam'-mon, s.
[A.S bicc = back, and gamen — game, because,
under certain eircuiustances, the pieces are
taken Tip, and obliged to go back and reenter
at the table (A. -tM*.). Tliis ctyjiiology is given
by Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, bk. i\'., cb. ii.,
and quoted with approval by Prof. Skeat.J
1. A game played by two jjei'sons un a tabie
divitled into as many portions, on whieh there
are twenty-four black and white spaces, called
"points." Eacli player has at his dispo.sal
lifteen dice, black nr white, called "nien,"
which he mana;uvies upon the points.
"A gentleman, with whom I am slightly acquainted.
loat iu tlie Arjtyle Kooma several thousand pounds at
backgammon —Byron: Jinglish Bards and Scotch
Ueviewcrs (Note).
2. A special kind of win at this game.
It consists in the winner cwrrying off all bis
men before the loser has carried his men to
JUS own table.
backgammon-board, o. A board on
which backgammon is played.
"Neither the card-table nor the backgammon
board. —Mucaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
back-gam'-mon, v.t. [Backgammon, s.]
To beat at backgammon, (N.E.D.)
back'-gane, jmrticiploX calj. & s. [Eng. hack,
and Scotch ^a/(.e = gone.]
A. As participial adj.: Ill-grown, (Jamie-
son.)
B. As suhst. . A decline, a consumption.
(Jajnieson.)
back -gate, ^. [Eng. back, and gate.]
I. Lit. : An entry to a house, court, or area
from behind.
"To try up their own backgates closer." — Spalding,
i. 109.
II. Fig. Ofcondnct:
1, Shuffling, underhand, not straightforward.
2. Immoral. (Jamieson.)
back'-ground, s. [From Eng. back, and
grmtnd. In Dan. baggnuid.]
A. Ordinanj Limguage :
1. Lit. : The ground in a landscape situated
towards the horizon.
"... instead of the darkness of space :ia a. back-
gi-ound, the coloui-a were not much dimiuiahed in hxiV
liancy."— ryiirfaM.- Frag, of Science (3rd ed.), x. 285.
2. Fig. : In obscurity, with some degree of
darkness or indistinctness of outline ; also in
an inferior jiosition, as in such phrases as "to
stand, or be left, in the background."
B. Painting, Photography, &c. : The i-epre-
sentation of the more remote poi-tion of ii
landscape, or of the space and objects behind
the princiiial figures.
back-hand'-ed, culj. & adv. [Eng. 6ac/. ;
handed. ]
A. As adjective :
1. Having the hand directed backward ;
delivered or given by means of the hand thus
directed, as " a back-handed blow."
2. Oblique, indirect, not straightforward, as
" a back-handed e()niplinient."
B. As adv.: With the hand directed back-
ward, as " the blow was given hack-haiuled."
fa:;e, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; se = e. qu — Itw*
backhouse— backsword
389
back'-house, s. [Eng. hack; house.] A
house at the back of another and more im-
portant one.
"Their buckhoi-a/'t, of more necessary than cleanly
service, as kitchciia, aUvblea, are climbed up Into by
atepa,"— 6'ore«T,
back-ho^'-si-a, s. [Xiuned after Mr. James
Backhousi', a bofcmist and traveller in Aus-
tralia and youth Afriwi.] A genus of plants,
with showy flowers, belonging to the order
Myrtaceae. Backhousia myrtifolia is a small
BACKHOUSIA JtYRTIFOLIA.
tree, with opposite ovate kaves and stalked
corymbs of whitish flowers.
back'-ing, j?r, par., a., & 5. [Back, v.}
A. & B. As present pojrticiyU & adjective :
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As siibstantlvc :
I. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the present participle.
IL Technically:
1. Horsemanship : The operation of breaking
a colt for the saddle. (Gilbert.)
2. Boolc-hiiiding : The preparation of the
back of a book with glue, &c. , before putting
on the cover. {Webster.)
3. Stereotyping: A thick coatin" of type metal
affixed to the back of the thin shell of copper
tleijosited by means of a voltaic battery.
^ Backing-up {Cricket-playing) : Atemiused
when one lielder runs behind another, so as to
stop the ball, should tlie front one fail tit do so.
back-lins, adc. [A.S. oii-hcrdimj — back-
wards.] {Scotch.)
backlins-comin, -partklp. adj. Coming
backwards ; returning.
" An' backliim-cmnin', to tlie leuk,
She grew m;nr briyht." Burns.
back'-man, * bak'-man, s. [En^'. back;
man.] A follower in ^\nv^, a henchman.
{Scotch.)
" The lairds and ladyus rydo of the touu
For feir of huugerie baktnoii."
Maitland: Poenis, ii. 189. (Jamieson.)
back'-6\*^e, s. [Eng. hack, and Scotch owrv
= over.] A considerable way back. {Scotch.)
{Jamieson.)
b^ck-paint-ing, s. [Eng. back; painti7ig.]
A term sometimes apjdied to the painting of
mezzotinto prints pasted on glass of a size to
tit them.
bSxsk'-pJle^e, s. [Eng. back; piece.] The
piece or plate, in a suit of armour, covering
the back.
"The morning that he was to join battle, bis ar-
mourer ijuton hia backplece before, and his breastplate
behind.' —Camden.
b^ck'-plate. [See Back-plate.]
back'-rack, ». Another form of Bacharack
(q.v.).
b^Ck'-rent, s. [Eng. back; rent.']
In Scotland: Rent paid by a tenant after
he lias reaped the crop. It is contradistin-
guished from /ore-re?t(, which has to be settled
previous to his first harvest
back'-re-tum, s. [Eng. back; return.] A
return a second time, if not even more fre-
quently.
... ,, "... omit
All the occurrences, whatever chanc'd
Till Harry's back-return again to France."
Shakesp. : Hen. I'., Chorus, v.
back-room, s. [Eng. back ; room.']
1. A room in the back part of a house.
"If you have a fair prospect baokwards of gardens,
it may be.convenient to make fcooft-rooms the lai^er."
— Moxon: Jlvcluinicnl Exercises.
2. A room behind another one.
backs, s. [In 8w. & Dut. 'balk = ?i beam, a
]iartition, a joist, a rafter, a bar ; Ger. balken
(pi.) = ii beam.]
i.'arpcniry : The principal rafters of a roof,
[Roof. ]
Leatlicr-ihcliitg : The thickest and stoutest
hides, used for sole leather.
back -scrd.t9h-er, «. [Eng. back; scratcher.]
An instrument applied to the backs of people
by practical jokers wherever holiday crowds
assemble, as at races, fairs, or illuminations.
[Eng. back; set.] Set upon
back-set,
behind.
" He suffered the Ismelites to be driven to the brink
of the seas, backset with Pharaoh's whole power." —
Anderson: Ej:jjos. upon Benedictus (1573), fol. 71, b.
back-set, s. [Scotch set = a lease ; set = to
give in lease.]
A. Oi dinar y Language :
1. Of iMTSons : Whatever drives one back in
any pursuit.
" The people of God h.ive got many backsets one after
another." — Woodrow: Hist., ii, 555.
2. Of thisigs : Anything which checks vege-
tation.
", . . even those [weeds] they leave cannot after
such a backset and discoui-ageiiieiit come to seed so
late in the season." — JIuxwell: Scl. Travis., 82.
B. Old Law : A " sub-tack " or sub-lease in
which the possession is restored on certain
conditions to those who were formerly in-
terested in it or to some others.
"... havJU!,' got this tack, sets the same cautions in
backset, to flonie well-nlfectea burgesses of Aberdeen."
— SpaUUng, i. 3^4. (Jamieson.)
b^ck'-shish, .-<. [Baksheesh.]
b^Ck-si'de, s. [Eng. back, and side. In Sw.
baksida ; Dan. bagside.]
A. Ordina.ry Language:
1. Gen. : The back portion of anything, as
of a roll, a tract of country, &c.
"... a book [Ixioks werfe formerly rolls] written
within and on the i)«c*sidf, . . ."—/iev.v. l.
" II the quicksilver were rubbed from the backside
of the specuhim, . . ." — Jfewton.
2. SiKc. : The hinder part of an animal ; the
rump. {Vulgar.)
"A iKKir ant carries a grain of com, climbing up a
wall with her head downwards and her backside ui>-
wards."— .*(W*so)i,
B. I n old conveyances and pleadings : What
now is called a back-yard ; that is, a yard at
the back of a house.
"The wash of pastnres, fields, commons, roads,
streets, or backsides are of great ivd vantage to all sorts
of land." — Mortitner.
back'-Slide, v.i. [Eng. back; slide.]
1 1. Lit. : To slide backwards, as a man or
an animal climbing a steep ascent might do.
[See ex. under Backsliding, j?ar(ici^. adj.]
2. Fig. : To slide or lapse gradually from
the spiritual or moral position formerly at-
tained.
" That such a doctrine should, through the grossness
and )>linduess of her professors, and tne fraud of de-
ceivable tmditions, drag so downward as to backslide
one way into theJewish beggary of old cast rudiments,
and stumble forward another way," &c. — MiUan: Of
R^. in Eng., bk. 1.
back-sli'd-er, s. [Eng. bac'kslid{e) ; -er.]
One who slides back or declines from a
spiritual or moral position formerly reached ;
an apostate.
" The backslider in heart shall be filled with his own
ways . , ." — Prov. xiv. 14,
back-Sli'd-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Back-
aLIDE.]
A. & B. As present participle £ participial
adj. : In senses corresponding to those of the
verb.
"... 0 backsliding daughter . . ."—Jer. xlix. 4.
". , . backsliding IsiKel . . ."—Jer. iii. 6, 8.
C. -4s sxd)stantivc :
\ 1. Lit. . A sliding backwards. (Rare or
unused.)
2. Declension from a spii-itual or moral
position formerly reached.
"... because their transgressions are many, and
their bacl^lidings are increased." — Ji^. v, 6.
"... I will heal your backtlidings. —Jer. iiL 22.
b^ck'-Slid-mg-ness, ^. [Eng. backsliding;
-ness.] The quality or state of backsliding.
{Webater.)
back'-spang, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch
spang = ix> spring.] A trick or legal quirk
by which one takes thn advantage of another
after the latter had thought that everything
in a settlement was adjusted. {Jamieson.)
back -spare, 5. [Eng. back, and Scotch spare
= 3. hole.] A hole, a rent. " Back spare of
breeches, the cleft." {Jamieson.)
back-spear, back-speir,v.(. [Eng. back,
and Scotch speir = to ask.]
1. To trace back a report with the view of
ascertaining where and from whenc-e it origi-
nated. {Jamieson.)
2. To cross-question.
" Whilk maid me ... to be gi'eatly resiiected by
the king and backspeer it by all meaues." — Melville:
Diary ; Life of A. Melirille, ii. 41. {Jamieson.)
back-spear-er, s. [Eng. 'back, and Scotch
spcarcr, from spe^r, spear, v. (q.v.).] A cross-
examination.
" He has been aevenil times affronted
By the backspearers, and accounted
An empty rogue."
Cleland Poems, 101 (Jamieson.)
b^ck-sprent, s. [Eng. back, and Scotch
sprent= a spring ; anytliing elastic]
1. The backbone.
"And tou'lt woi'stle a fa' wi' T, tou sal keun what
chaunce too hess, far 1 hae found the ba^sprents < >' the
malst iwirt of a' the wooers she hns." — llogg : Wint.
Tales. L 27-2.
2. A reel for winding yarn, which rises as
the reel goes round and gives a check in fall-
ing, to direct the person employed in reeling
to distinguish the quantity by the regulated
knots.
3. The spring, or catch which falls down
and enters the lock of a chest.
4. The spring in the back of a clasp-knife.
{Jamieson.)
bS,ck'-StafiE; s. [Eng. back ; staff ; the word
hack being used because the observer had to
stand with liis back to the s\m.] An instru-
ment invented by Captain Davies, about A.D.
1590, for taking the altitude of the sun at sea.
It consisted of two concentric arcs and three
vanes. The arc of tlie longer radius was 30°,
and that of the shoi-ter one 60" ; thus both
together constituted 90°. It is now obsolete,
being superseded by the quadrant. [Quad-
rant. ]
b^k-sta'ir§, s. & a. [Eng. hack ; stairs.]
A. As sub^tant i ve :
1. Lit. : Stairs at the back of a house, whe-
ther inside of it or outside. Used specially
of the private stairs in a palace or mansion, as
distinguished from the state or grand staircase.
2. Fig. : Circuitous, and perhaps not very
reputable means of benefiting a friend or gain-
ing a personal object.
"I condemn the pmctice which hath lately crept
into the court at the buck-ttalrs, tliat some pricked for
sheriffs get out of the bill."— ^actm.
"R, As objective {fig.): Conducted by the
route of the backstairs ; tortuous, not straight-
forward. [Backstairs-influence .]
backstairs -influence, s. Influence
exerted secretly, as in- obtaining for one an
office to which he is not entitled by merit.
back'-stay§, s. pi. [Eng. hack ; stays.] Stays
or ropes which prevent the masts of a ship
from being wrenched from their places.
back'-Stone, s. [Eng. hake, A.S. hacan;
stone.] The heated stone or iron on which
oat-cake is baked. {Scotch c& iV. of Eng.)
" As nimble as a cat on a hot backstone."— Yorkshire
Pro per b.
back'-stop, s. The same as Long-stop (q.v.).
back'-string, s. [Eng. hai-k; striiig.] One
of the strings tied behind a young girl to keep
her pinafore in its proper place.
" Even misses, at whose age their mothei-s wore
The backstmng and the bib." Cowper : Task, bk. iv,
back-swo'rd {w silent), s. [Eng. hack;
sword.]
1. A sword mth one sharp edge.
"Bull dreaded not old Lewis at backswm-d" —Ar-
buthnot.
2. A stick with a basket handle, used iu
rustic amusements. [Basket-hilt.]
b&Jl, bo^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell. chorus, 9liin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f.
-<!ian, -tian = shan. -9ion, -tlon, -sion == shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel. del.
390
back"ward— bactris
back -ward, * b3.ck'-warde, '^ bS.k -
ward, back -wards, adv., a.,&s. [Eng.
hack; -ward, or -wards. ^
A. As adverb :
I. Of place :
1. With the back intentionally turned in the
direction towards which one is movini;.
■■ . . . but I did not see a place where any one miKl't
not have walked over buckwards, . . ."—Danvin:
Voyage round the World, eh. xv.
2. So that the body naturally moves in the
direction towards which one's back is situated.
Upon the back, or tending thereto ;' downwai'd,
npon the back.
"... he fell from off the seat firtfAviiarrf by the side
of the gate, and his neck brake, . . ."—1 Sam. iv, 18.
3. Towards the back. (Used not of the
whole body, but of part of it.)
"In leaping with weights, the arms are first cast
backwards, and then forwards with so much the
greater force ; for the hiUKLs go backward l>efore they
take their rise," — Bacon.
4. In the direction opposite that in which a
]"ierson or thing has been moving, so as to con-
vert a forward into a retrograde movement ;
regressively, retrogressively.
" The foremost, who rush on his strength but to die :
ThiLs against the wall they went.
Thus the fii-st were backward bent."
Byron : The Siege of Corinth, 53.
"Are not the mys of light, in passing by the edges
and sides of bodies, bent several tunes backwards and
forwards with a motion like that of au eel?" — Ncwtott.
5. Back to or towards the place whence a
person came, so as to compel retreat. Also to
the person or place whence a thing came.
(a) Of persons :
" We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
And beat them backward home."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 5.
(h) Of things :
"Amendments and reasons were sent backward
and iorwsiTd."—Macaulay : Jlist. Eng., ch. xiv.
" How under our feet the long, white road.
Backward like a river flowed."
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, iv.
II. Of time:
1. Towards bygone times.
"To prove the possibility of a thiu^, there is no
argument equal to that which looks backwards ; for
what has been done or suffered may certainly be done
or suffered agaiiL" — Soutli.
2. In bygone times ; past ; ago.
" They have spread one of the worst languages in the
world, if we look upon it some reigna backward." —
Locke.
III. More figuratively :
1. Reflexively. (Used of the mind turned
upon itself.)
" No, doubtless ; for the mind can backward cast
Upon herself her understanding light."
Sir J. Davies.
2. So as to fail in an endeavour ; into
failure, into foolishness, or into fools.
"... let them be driven backward and put to
shame that wish me evil."— T*.:!, xl. 14.
"That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and
maketh diviuei-s mad ; that tunieth wise men back-
ward, and maketh their knowledge foolish."— /au.
xliv. 25.
3. From what is good towards what is bad.
Spec., so as to lose moral or spiritual attain-
ments already made.
"But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear,
but walked in the counsels and in the imagination uf
their evil heart, and went backward, and not forward."
—Jer. vii. 21. (See also xv. 6.)
i. In a perverse manner ; with an intellec-
tual or moral twist, or with both.
" I never yet saw man.
But she would sijell hmi backward ; if fair-fac'd.
She'd swear the gentleman should be her sister ;
If black, why nature, dniwmg of an .aiitick.
Made a foul blot : if tall, a laimce ill-hea<led. "
Shakesp. : Much Ado about Nothing, iii. 1.
"And judgnient is turned away backward, and
justice stindeth afar off: for truth is fallen in the
street, and equity cannot enter."— 7i£z. lis, H.
B. As adjective :
1. Late in point of time. (Applied to flowers,
fruits, &c., expected to come to maturity at a
curtain season of the year.)
2. Behind in progress. (Applied to mental oi'
other attainments, to institutions which have
not kept pace with the times, &c.)
" Yet, backward as they are, and long have been."
Cowpev: Tirocinium.
"In a very backward state of society, like that of
Europe in the middle ages, . . ."—J. S. Mill: jPolit.
Econ., voL i., bk. i., ch. x., § 3.
3. Of dull comprehension ; slow.
" It often falls out, that the backward learner makes
amends another y/i\y."—Soulh.
" Nor are the slave-owners generally backward in
learning this leHBou."—J^. if. J/fii: PolU. Econ., vol. i.,
bk. ii , ch v., § 1.
i. Avei-se to ; unwilling.
(n) From indolence.
"The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of
weighing every argument." — Watts.
(6) From not having attained to complete
conviction of the expediency of doing what is
proposed.
" All things are rea<ly, if our minds be so:
Perish the man, wliose miud is backward now ! "
Shakesp. : Jletrri/ t'., iv. 3.
"Our mutability makes the friends of our n.ition
backward to engage witli us in alliances." — Addison,
(c) Fi'om possessing the strong conviction
that what is proposed is detrimental.
" Cities laid waste, they atorm'd the dena and caves ;
For wiser brutes are backward to he bhivet." — Pope.
C As suhstantive : The space behnid or the
time which has gone by.
" What seest thou else
In the dark backward or abysm of time ? "
Shakesp. : Tempest, i. 2.
back-ward-a'-tion, s. [Eng. backward ;
-ation.^
On the Stock Exchange: A consideration
given to keep back the delivery of stock when
the price is lower for time than for ready
money.
bS-Ck'-ward-lsr, adv. [Eng. backward; -ly.'}
L Lit. : In a backward direction.
" Like Numid lions hy the hmiters chas'd.
Though they do fly, yet backwardly do go
With proud aspect, disdaining greater haste."
Sidney: Arcadia, bk. i.
II. Figuratively:
1. In a backward manner ; with an indispo-
sition to come to the front, or if brought
thither, then with a tendency to retreat; re-
luctantly, unwillingly,
2. Short of what might have been exjiected,
or is due ; perversely.
" I was the first man
That e'er receiv'd gift from him :
And does he think so backwardly of nie,
That I'lliequite it last."
Shakesp. : Thnon, lii. 3.
bS-ck'-ward-ness, s. [Eng. backward ;
-ness.'] The quality of being backward.
1. Of persons : Reluctance, unwillingness ;
hesitancy to remain on the foreground of
action, or to come to the front and undertake
action at all.
" The thing by which we are apt to excuse our back-
wardness to good works, is the ill success that hath
been observed to attend well-designing charities." —
Attei-bury.
2. Of things : The state of remaining behind
the development which might have been ex-
pected at the time ; lateness. The opposite
of forwardness or precocity.
back-wards, adv. [Backward.]
back'-wa-ter, s [Eng. back (adv.), and
water.^
1. Gen. : Water in a stream which, meeting
with some impediment in its progress, is
thrown backward.
"Mr. Temple, on reacliiug the backwater of a river
which had been quite shallow in the morning, found
it ten feet deei)." — Header, vol. ii. ,No. 4": Nov.21, 18ij,J.
2. Spec. : Water in a mill-race thrown back
by the turning of a waterwheel, by the over-
flow of the river below, or by ice, tliat it can-
not flow forward. When its course is un-
impeded it is called in Scotland tailwater.
back-woods, s. [Eng. lack, and wood.] The
jiartially-cleared forest region ou the western
frontier of the United States. {Darthtt.)
Hence used of uncleared forest land generally.
back -w6od^'- man, s. [Eng, backwoods;
nmn.'\ One whose residence is in the wooded
parts of North America, and who has acquired
the characteristics which fit him for the situa-
tion in which he is placed. {Byron.)
back' -worm. s. [Eng. back, and worm.] A
small worm luund in a hawk's body near the
kidneys when the animal is labouring from
disease. [Filandkr.]
ba'-con, * ba'-coun, * ba'-cun, s. [Froni
O. Fr. & Prov. bacon. In 0. But. bake, hrrc =
ham; 0. Ii. Gtiv. backe {snioua. borkeii) ; Low
Lat. baco, bacco, bacho = a bacon hog, ham,
salt pork,]
1. A term applied to the sides of a i)ig
which have been cured or preserved by salt-
ing with salt and saltpetre, and afterwards
drying with or without wood-smoke. By the
old process of rubbing in the saline mix'tun.',
the curing occupied from three to four mt)nths.
The method now generally adopted on a large
scale is to place the prepared Hitches in a fluid
pickle. The pickling, drying, and smoking
now occupy not more than six weeks. Tlie
Wiltshire bacon is considered the linest, but
that prepared in Ireland is almost equal to it.
The nitrogenous or flesh-forming matter lii
bacon is small, one pound of bacon yielding
less than one ounce of dry muscular substance,
whilst the amount of carbon compounds, or
heat-givers, is large, exceeding sixty per cent.
Its digestibility, however, owing to the large
proportion of fat it contains, is not less than
that of beef or mutton. Bacon is imported in
large quantities from America, but it is in-
ferior m quality to that prepared in many
liarts of England and Ireland.
" Hii^h o'er the hearth a chine of bacon liuug ;
Good old Philemon selz'd it with a prong.
And cut a sliue." Dryden.
*2. A rustic, a chawbacon.
To save ona's bacon : To save one's self from
bodily injury or pecuniary loss.
"What frightens you thtia, my good son? says the
prie.st ;
You niiirdeid, are sorry, and have been cimfest.
O father : my sorrow will scitrce save my bacon .-
For'tw,iaiiottliatX inuider'd, but that 1 was taken."
Prior.
Ba-co'-ni-an, a. [From Eng. Bacon ; -ian.
See def.] Pertaining or relating to Fiancis
Bacon, Lord Vcrnlam, who was born on the
22nd of January, 1561, was created Baron Vera-
lam on July 11, 1018, published his Novum
Organon in lti2U, and died on 9th April, lC2iJ.
Baconian philosophy. The imluctive
philosophy of wliich it is sometimes said that
Lord Bacon was the founder. [A Posteriori,
Induction, Inductive.1
fjJtc-ter'-i-a, s.pl. [Bacterium.]
bac-te'r-i-al, u. [Eng., &c., bacteria; and
Eng. sufl. -id.] Pertaining to bacteria.
bac-ter-i-o-log'-ic-al, a. [Eng. bacteri-
ologiy): -ical.] Pertaining to bacteriology.
(Athenieum,, Nov. 2il, 1SS7, p. 710.)
bac-ter-i-6r-6-gist, s. [Eng. bacteriologiy) ;
-ist.] One skilled in bacteriology ; a bacteri-
ological student.
bac-ter-i-6r-6-gy, s. [Eug.,&c.,bucteri{um);
-ology.]
Biol. : The systematic study of micro-
organisms which cause fermentations, putre-
faction, and disease.
bac-ter-i-os'-co-py, s. [Eng., &e., bac-
terium, and Gr. uKowetv (skopein) = to view.]
TJiol. : The microscopical examination of
microbes.
bac-ter'-i-um (pi. bac-ter'-i-a), s. [Mod.
Lat. from Gr. ^aKTTJptof (baktcrioa) = dim.
from ^dKTpov {baktron) = a staff'. The word-
is thus akin to bacillus (q.v.)."]
1. A genus of Schizoniycetous Fungi con-
sisting of one elliptical or cylindrical cell, or
two such cells joined end to end, and capable
of automatic motion. B. termo occurs in ani-
mal and vegetable infusions. (No X'bual in
this sense.)
2. Any individual of this genus.
3. A microbe; a Schizoniycetous Fungus;
one of the minute organisins which cause
putrefaction, and are found associated with
certain diseases, of which they are considered
to be the cause.
bac'-ter-oid, o. [Mod. Lat. lader(ium) ; -old.
According to the gencial rules of formation
the word should be hncttrioid.] Pertaining
to, or of the nature of, bacteria.
bac'-tris, s. [From Gr. ^dKTpov (bakiron)~&
stati; also a cudgel, a club. The genus is so
called because the species whicli it contanis
are made into walking-sticks.] A genus of
Palms (Palmacea;), of the section CocoiuEe.
The species, which are about forty in number
are slender in form, only about the height of
a man in stature, and so armed with thorns
tliat when growing together they constitute
an unpenetrable thicket. They are found in
the West Indies, in Brazil, and the parts
adjacent. Bactris major, or Greater Bactris,
has n large nut with a solid kernel, eaten in
Carthagena, in South AniLnca, of which the
species is a native. B. minor, or Lesser
Bactris, also from Soutli Amciicaj has a dark-
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir marine* so not
or. wfire, W9lf, work, whd, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, sb, ce = e, ey = a. qu = 'kw *
bacuie— baager
391
puiple fruit about as large as a cherry, with
an acid juice, which is made into wine. It is
specially from this species that the walking-
sticks mentioned above are obtained. They
are sometimes impoi-ted from Jamaica under
the name of Tobago canes.
b4c'-ule, s. [Bascule.]
bac'-u-lite {Eng.), s. &. a. ; bac-u-U'-tes
(Mod. Lat.), s. [In Ger. hatyidit. From Lat.
hacuhtm or bacidtis — a stickj and -i(e = Gr.
Ai0o? (lithos) = a stone.]
A. As substantive. (Chiejly of the form
Baculites.)
Palceont.: A genus of chambered shells be-
longing to the family Animonitidai. Fiom
the tyjiical genus, Ammonites, it is at once
distinguished by the form of the shell, which
is long and straight. The aperture is guarded
by a dorsal process. In 1875, seventeen species
were known, all fossil. They extend from the
Neocomian to the Clialk, and occur in Britain,
Fi-ance, and India. There is a sub-geiuis
called Baeidina,with two known species from
the French Neocomian rtjcks. {Tate.)
B. As adjective. (Of the form Baculite.)
Geol. : Containing numerous specimens of
Baculites.
Baculite Uviestone : A name applied to the
clialk of Normandy on account of the abund-
ance of baculites which it contains. {Wood-
icard : Manual of the MoUusca, 1851, p. 'J7.)
I)ac-u-l6m'-et-r^, s. [Lat. baculnm, haculus
— ft stick ; Gr. ju-e'Tpoc (metron) = a measure.]
The act or i)rocess of measuring a distance by
means of a stick or rod. (Glossog. Nov.)
b^C'-U-lum, acciis. of Lat. s. [Accus. of Lat.
bacultis or bacuUun = a staff.]
Humorously. Anjum&ntuvi ad baculum.
[AnriUMENTUM.]
bad', badd'e, a. & s. [Etymology doubtful.
Prof. Zupitza with great probability sees in
had-de the Mid. Eng. reproduction of O. Eiig.
7jre(/(/tfi = a hermaphrodite; assuming a later
adjectival use, and the loss of tinal I, as in
viycel, muche. (N.E.D.)]
A. As adjective: The opposite of good; a
word of very general application, signifying
whatever person or thing is so exceedingly
inferior to tlie average of his or its class as to
require a positive word to express the notable
deiicieney.
1. Morally depi-aved.
'■ Thou may'flt repeut,
And one bad act, with many (feeds well done,
May'st cover." — Milton.
2. Very inferior in intellectual charactiT-
istics, as in skill, knowledge, &c.
"In every age there will be twenty 6ad writers to
one good one ; and every bad writer will think himself
a t^ood one. " — Macaulay : Hist. JSiig., ch. xxlv,
3. With marked physical defects.
* 4. Sick. (Followed by of.)
" Had qfB. fever."— JohnsoTU
IL Of things:
1. Notably deficient in that which consti-
tutes excellence in the thing specified. Thus
a bail road is one rough, muddy, stony, or
with other evil qualities ; bad weather is
weather unsuitable for out-door exercise and
for agricultural labour, &c. ; bad sight is sight
much beneath the average in power of defining
objects with clearness ; a bad coin is one in
some way debased, so as not to be worth
the sum for which one attempts to pass it
current.
" And therwithal it was ful iwre and badde."
Chaucer : C. T., 15,908.
" And haat thou Bwom on every slight pretence.
Till perjuries are common aa bad pence."
Cowper: Expostulation.
2. Pernicious, hurtful ; producing noxious
eff^H-.ts. (Followed by /or.)
B. As substantive :
I. Of persons : Wicked people.
" Our Tmhapj>y fates
Mix thee amongst the oa<t, . . ." — Prior,
II. Of things :
1. Tliat which is bad or evil.
"... Take heed that thou speak nob to Jacob either
good or bad." — Oen. xxxi. 24.
2. Badness, wickedness ; a wicked, vicious,
or corrupt state.
" Thus will the latter, as the former, world
Still tend from bad to worse."
Milion: P. i., bk. xn.
t Crabb thus distinguishes between bad,
wicked, and evil. Bad respects moral and
physical qualities in general ; wicked, only
moral qualities ; evil, in its full extent, com-
prehends both badness and wickedness. What-
ever offends the taste and sentiments of a
rational being is had — e.g., bad food, bad air,
bad books. Whatever is wicked offends the
moral principles of a rational agent : e.g., any
violation of the law is wicked; an act of in-
justice or cruelty is wicked — it opposes the
will of God and the feelings of humanity.
Evil is eitlier moral or natural, and applicable
to everj' object contrary to good ; but used
only for what is in tlie higtiest degree bad or
wicked. When used in relation to persons,
bad is more general than wicked; a Sad man
is one who generally neglects his duty; a
wicked man one chargeable with actual viola-
tions of the law, human or Divine— such an
one has an evil mind. A bad character is the
consequence of immoral conduct ; but no man
has the character of being wiclced who has not
been guilty of some known and flagrant vices :
the inclinations of the best are evil at certain
times. (Ciahb : Eng. Synon.)
•[ To be in bad bread :
1. To be in necessitous circumstances in
regard to the means of sustenance. (Scotch.)
(Janiieson.)
2. To be in a state of danger.
bad-hearted, u,. Having a bad heart ;
having bad hearts.
", . . his low-minded and badrhearCed foes."—
Macaulay: Hut. Eng., ch. xxiv,
* b^d, pret. of verb. [Bade.]
bad'-der-locks, s [Etymology doubtful.]
One of the names given to a sea-weed, Alaria
esculenta. [Alaria.] (Scotch.)
t bfiid'-dordgi, s. [Corrupted trombad words.]
Bad words.
" To tell sic baddords till a bodie's face." — Itoss :
nelenore, p. 57. {Jamieson.)
bade, b&de, * bSd, wet of verb. [Bro.]
"ButfitMfo them farewell. . . ."—.fiefs xviii. 21.
' bade, bald, s. [Old forms of Abide, Abode. ]
(Scotch.)
1. Delay, tarrying.
But bade: Without delay ; immediately.
"... and ayne but bade
Fel iu the bed . . ."
Doug. : Virgil, 215, 43.
2. Place of residence, abode. (Gl. Sibb.)
(Jamieson.)
badge, b^igge, ^b^ge (Eng.), b^d-gie,
bau'-gie (Scotch), s. [In the Anglo-Saxon
beug is = a crown, and beah = a bracelet, a
neck-ring, a lace, garland, or crown ; Dut. bag
= a pendant, an ear-drop, a ring ; Fr. bague =
a ring ; Lat. bacca = . . . the link of a chani.
Skinner, Minsheu, Mahn, &c., connect badge
with these words. Mahn admits the affinity
of bailge to the A. S. beag and beah, and adds
as cognate words. Fries, heage = bandage ;
Low Lat. bauga, bauca, boga = bracelet, and
bagia, bagea = sign. Webster ventures on no
bj^othesis ; Jolinson believes it to be from
Lat. bajulo = to carry a hea^y burden ; and
Wedgwood, with some misgiving, makes it one
of a group with botch and pa-tch.] [Badge, v.}
(See example.)
A. Ordinary Langiuige:
L Lit. : A mark or cognizance worn on the
dress to show the relation of the wearer to any
person or thing. [B., Her.']
" Yet now I spy, by yonder stone.
Five men — they mark ua, and come on ;
And by their badge on bonnet liome,
I guess them of the land of Lorn."
Scott: Lord of the Tales, iii. 18,
" He wore tlie garter, a badge of honour which has
very seldom been conferred ou aliens who were not
sovereign princes." — Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. xii.
n. Figuratively :
1. That by which any person, or any class
or rank of men, is conspicuously and charac-
teristically marked out.
" Furthermore, he made two changes with respect to
the chief badge of the consular power." — Lewis : Early
Horn. Hist., ch. xii., pt. t, § 4.
"The outward splendour of his office ia the badge
and token of that sacred character which he inwardly
'bears."— Atterbury.
BADGE OF ARTHUR,
PRINCE OF WALES.
(1500.)
2. A chai-acteristic mark or token by which
anything is known.
"To clear this spot by death, at least I give
A badge of fame to slander's livery.
Rape of Lucrece, 1053, 4,
" Sweet mercy ia nobility's ti"ue badge." _
Shakesp. : Titus AJidron., L 2.
B. Her. : A cognizance. [Cognizance.] A
mark of distinction somewhat similar to a
crest but not placed on a wreath, nor worn
upon the helmet. Princes, noblemen, and
other gentlemen of rank had formerly, and still
retain, distinctive badges. Thus, tha broom-
plant (Planta genista) was the badge of the
royal house of Plantagenet, a red rose that of
the line of Lancaster, and a white one that of
the line of York. The four kingdoms, or old
nationaUties, tlie union
of which constitutes
the home portion of
the British empire, and i
the nucleus of the rest,
have each a distinct
royal badge. These
were formally settled
by sign-manual in ISOl,
and are the follow-
ing : — For England : A
white rose witliin a red
one, barbed, seeded,
sbpped, leaved proper,
and ensigned with the
imjierial crown. For
Scotland : A thistle,
slipped and leaved pro-
per, and ensigned with the imperial cro-wn.
For Ireland : A harp or, stringed argent, and
a trefoil vert, both ensigned with the imperial
crown. For Wcdes : Upon a mount vert, a
dragon passant, with wings expanded and en-
dorsed, gules. (Gloss, of Heraldry.) Formerly
those who possessed badges had them em-
broidered on the sleeves of their servants
and retainers [Retainers], and even yet the
practice is not extinct.
The history of the changes which badges
have undergone is interesting. In the time
of Henry IV. the terms livery and badge seem
to have been synonymous. [Livery.] A
badge consisted of the master's device, crest,
or arms on a separate piece of cloth, or some-
timeson silver in the form of a shield, fastened
to the left sleeve. In Queen Elizabeth's reign
the nobility placed silver badges on their ser-
vants. The sleeve badge was left off in the
reign of James I., but its remains are still
preserved in the dresses of jporters, firemen,
and watermen, and possibly in the shoulder-
knots of footmen. During the period when
badges were worn the coat to which they were
affixed was, as a rule, blue, and the blue coat
and badge still may be seen on parish and
hospital boys. (Donee : Illustrations of Shake-
speare, 1839, pp. 205-7.)
badge, v.t [From the substantive.] To in-
vest with, or designate by, a badge ; to blotch,
to daub.
" Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood ;
So were their daggeTB."— Shakesp. : Macbeth, ii. 3.
badge'-less, a. [Eng. badge ; -less.] Destitute
of a badge.
" WTiile his light heela their fearful flight can take.
To get some badgeless blue upon his Ijack."
Sp. Hall : Sat. , iv. 5.
* bad'-ger, b^d-geard, * bag-eard, s.
[Fr. b^aireaw = a badger ; O. Fr. bladier = a.
corn dealer ; Low Lat. bladarellus = a little
coni-dealer ; bladarius, bladerius = a corn-
dealer, a badger, from bladum, bladus, blada
— corn, which the badger was evidently be-
lieved to carry away. ]
* A. Of persons : A person who bought corn
or other provisions in one place and carried
them to another, with the view of making
profit on the transaction. [Badgering.]
"Some exemption ought not to extend to badgers,
or those who carry on a trade of buying of com or
grain, selling it again without manufacturing, or of
other goods unmanufactured to sell the same again."
—Nicolson aiid Burn : Hist, of Cumberland, p. 312.
B. Of aniTnals (believed to carry off com
in the same manner as the persons now
described).
L Ordinary Language :
1, A mammalian animal found in England
as well as on the Continent. It stands inter-
mediate between the weasels and the bears,
and was called by Linnaeus Ursus meles, but is
termed by modern naturalists Meles vulgaris.
[Meles.] It is a nocturnal and hybernating
animal, "with powerful claws, which enable it
boil, b63^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^ist.
-Gian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun =shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, d^l^
-tag.
392
badger— baffle
to burrow hi tlii- ground, tt feeds chiefly on
roots. It can liite fiert;i'ly when brought to
bay. It is of a light colour aliovi.-, and dark
beneath. It secretes an oily matter of a very
offensive odour. Country people speak of .i
dog and a hog badger, but they are not dis-
tinct even as varieties.
"Thftt a bi"ock, or badger, hath legs of one aide
shorter thjin the other, is received not only by
theorists and inexperienced believers, but inuat who
behold them daily.'— flrowrtt-.
2. The English designation of tho genus
Meles, which, contains one or two other
species.
II. Technically:
1. Her. The badger is often introduced in
heraldic blazonry : it is soinetiines called a
"brock" (see examiile under B., I. 1), and
sometimes a gray. (Gloss, of Her.)
2. The Badger of Scripture, Helirew M-^nri
(to.chlMsh), has not been identified with cer-
tainty. The Septuagint translators render
the Heb. tachhash, not by a substantive, but
by the adjective vaKtvOiva (kuakinthitia) =
hyacinthine, hyacinth-coloured : as, however,
the word is at times used in the plural, it
cannot be an adjective. It is probably an
animal, but which is far from determined.
Gesenius thinks it the seal or badger itself;
the Talmud an animal like a weasel or marten ;
Col. Hamilton Smith a kind of antelope, such
as the tachmotse, tacasse, or pacasse of Eastern
Africa. Other opinions make it a dolphin or a
sea-cow, or a dugoug, or a kind of hyeena.
Such diversities of opinion make darkness
visible instead of removing it.
"And thou ahalfc make a covering for the tent of
rams' skins dyed red, and a covering above of badgers'
akius "—Hxod. xxvi, 14.
Cape-badger. [Hvrax.]
Honey-bvdijer : A name sometimes given to
the ratel. LR-vtel.]
Fouched-badger : The English name of a
genus of Marsupial Mammalia. [Parameles.]
Jiork-hrnbier : The rendering in Griffitli's
Cucier of Klip-daassie, tlie name given by the
Dutch CLdoiiists at the Cape of Gond Hope
to the Hyrax of rtouthem Africa. (Griffith :
City., vol. iii., p. 429.)
Tf The word badger, in the general sense of
a hawker, still lingers in the Midland counties
of England and some other localities, uftcn
under the form badger.
badger-baiting, s. A so-called "import"
of a cruel character — the setting of dogs to
fight a badger and attempt to draw it from its
hole.
badger-coloured, a. Coloured like a
badger (an epitliet applied by Cowpertoa cat).
"A lieast forth sullied on the scout,
Loiii,'-bai.kd, li^ng-tiil'd, with whiakerd auout.
Ami biidtjer-catoiurnd hide."
Cowper : JIis. 7'kvockmorton's BuVJinch.
badger-dog, s. A dog used for badger-
drawing; a dachshund.
badger-legged, «. Having legs like
those of a badger ; having legs of unequal
length, as those of the badger are jjopularly
supposed to be. (See the example from
Browne, under B., I. 1.)
"His bodjf crooked all over, big-bellied, badger-
leggcd, and his complexion swarthy.' — L' Estrange.
badger's-bane, s. The name of a plant
{Aconitmn meloctonum).
bad'-ger, v.t. [B'rom the substantive.] To
woriy* to tease, to annoy like a badger baited
by dogs. (Colloquial.)
bSid'-gered, pa. jiar. [Badger, v.]
bad'-ger~ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Badgee, ■;'.]
A. & B. As pr. par. k partu-ipiul adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of tlie verb.
C. As substantive :
* 1. The act of buying corn or other pro-
vision in one place and carrying it to another
to sell it there for profit, as, on the principle
of free trade, one ia thoroughly entitled to
do. It wats, liowever, deemed an offence, and
has been made legal only since the passing of
the 7 and 8 Vict., c. 2i.
2. The act of teasing, tormenting, or worry-
ing ; or the state of being teased, tormented,
or worried like a badger whom dogs are at-
tempting to " draw."
bad'-gie, s. [Badge.] (Scotch.)
bad-la'-ga (i as y), bad i-a'-ga, o. [Russ.
hadyiigu.] A genus of sca-wecds belonging to
the family or section AmphiboliX!. Tlu're is a
species (!onimoii in the north ol Europe, the
jxiwder of which is used to take away the
livid niaiks left by bruises,
^ liadiaga. was considered by Linnaeus a.
sponge, and by others a fungus.
ba-di-a'-ne, t bad' i-an, s. [From Fr.
badiane, badian ; Ger. badiaii-, from Pers.
bddydii = fennel, anise. (N'.E.D.).~\ A tree
(Illwiinii anisatuni), belonging to the order
Magnoliaceee (Magnoliads). It is called Star
Anise, orChinese Anise. The designation btar
refers to the fact tliatthe fruit is stellate in
shape, and it is designated anise from its pos-
sessing a pungent aromatic flavour and smell,
like that of anise. Its native land is China,
where it is used, as it is also in the countries
adjacent, as a coudhnent in food, small quan-
tities of it being also chewed after dinner.
(Trcas. of Bot.)
bS^-i-er'-a, s. [From Badier, a French
botanist, w'ho collected plants in the Antilles.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order Poly-
galaceai. Badiera diversifolio. is the Bastard
Lignum Vitse of Jamaica.
ba- dig'- eon, s. [in Fr. hadigeon.]
1. Among Statuaries: A mixture ofjdaster
and freestone ground together and silted ;
used to fill the small holes and repair the
defects in the stones to be sculptured.
2. A))wug Joiners: A mixture of sawdust
and glue, used to remove or conceal defects
Ih the work done.
bad'-in-age, s. [Fr. barh nage ; from badi-
ner — to play ; boAiln = playful.] Light, jest-
ing, sportive, playful discourse.
" When you find your antagoiiiat beginning to grow
warm, put an end to the (lispute by some genteel
badinage." — Lord Chesterfield.
bad-in'-e-rie, s. [From Fr. hadlmrie.'^
The same as Badinage (q.v.).
"The fund of senailile discourse is limited; that of
jest and badiiieric ia infinite." — tihenstone.
ba'-di-oiis, '(. [Lat. bcullus = lirown and
chestnut coloured (used only of horses). In
Fr. bai = bay, light brown, bay-coloured ; «]>.
bayo; Port. & Ital. baio.] [Bay, a.]
Nat. Science: Chestnut-brown, dull brown,
a little tinged with red.
ba-dis'-ter, s [Gr. ^aSto-r^s (badistes)^ a
walker, a goer; jSaSi'^w {ba€lizo) = to walk or
go slowly.] A genus of predatory beetles be-
longing to the family Harpalidie. Three or
jnore s]iecies occur in Britain, the best known
being Badistcr bi))Udulatus, wliich, istephens
says, is a common insect throughout the
metropolitan district, abounding during the
winter months beneath the bark of felled
trees.
bad'-ly, " bad'-del-iche (che guttural), adv.
[Eng. bad; -ly.]
1. Gen. : Like something bad ; in a bad
manner ; evilly.
11. Specially :
L Unskilfully.
" It is well known what h;ui been the effect in Eng-
land of 6odi(/-admiii)atered poor laws, . . ."—J. S. Mdl :
Polit. £con., vol. i., bk. i., ch. xii,, § 'i.
2. Imperfectly ; with notable deficiency of
some kind.
-Arnold: JJhl. .flojjte, vol.
3. Seriously, grievously, disastrously.
" K. John. How goes the day with ns? Oh, tell me,
Hubert.
Hubej-t. L till/, I iear. How fares your majesty ? "
Shakesjj. : king John, v. 3.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes between ladhi
and ill: "These terms are both employed to
modify the actions or qualities of things, but
badly is alwaj's annexed to the action, and ill
to the quality : iis to do anything badly, the
thing is badly done ; an ii?.-judged scheme, an
iii-contrived measure, an Undisposed person."
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
* bad'-lyng, s. [B^dli::g.]
b^d-ness. s. [Eng. ha,J : -ness.] The quality
or state of being bad in any of the senses of
that word.
" The ti-avelling was very tedious, \n>t\\ from the
badness of the roads, and from the immber of great
fallen trees, . . .■'—Durwin: Voyage round the World,
ch. xiv.
"It was not your lirnthei''8 evil disixisitioii made
him seek his death; but a i)rovoking merit, set at
word by a reprovable badness lu himself." — Sltakesi). :
Lear, iii. 5.
ba'-dOCh, s. [Scutch.] A gull, the Arctic
Skua (Cataractes p)arai>iticu^). (Scotdi.)
bcid-ran^, a. [Baudbans.]
bae, s. [Baa, s.] (Scotch.)
bae, v.i. [Baa, v.] (Scotch.)
b£eck'-i-a, s. [From Abraham Breck, physi-
cian to the king of Sweden, and a correspon-
dent of Linmcus. ] A genus of plants belonging
to the order Myrtacea;, or Myi'tle-blooms, A
few lia\'e been introduced into BritisJi gardens
from Australia and China.
* b£ed'-ling (0. Eng.) * bad'-lyng (0. Scutch),
s. [A.S. bcedling = a hermapiiiodite, an
erteminate ujan.] [Bad.]
1. An eficminate person, of the kind referred
to by St. Paul in 1 Cor. vi. 9.
2. A low scoundrel.
b3e-6m'-y-$es, s. [Gr. jSatds {haios) = small,
and fj.\JKYj^ (iniikes) — mnahvoom, fungu.s.] A
genus of lichens much resembling minute fungi.
bse'-tis, -i. [Lat. Baetis.] A genus of insects
belonging to the order Xeuroptera ;ind the
family Ephemerida?. They ha\e four wings
and two setae. There are many Britisli species.
bsB'-tyl, s. [Gr. jSatruAo? (bcdtidos).^ A sacred
meteoric stone. (Tylor.)
baff, s. [Etjmology doubtful.] A blow, bang,
heavy thump. (Scotch.)
"... they durstna on ony erraAd whatsoever gang
ower the door-stane after gloaming, for fear Johik
Heatherblutter. or some siccan dare-the-de'il, should
tak aiu^attheni , . ."—Scott: Waverlei/, 6li. IxxL
' baf fe, * baf -fen, ^ bar-fyn, v.i. [In
Dut. bo.ffen^^ to bark, to yelp; Low Lat.
baffo — to bark. ] To yelp as liuunds.
" Baffya ashowudya; Daulo, baffo, latro."—Priinift!
Parv.
"liaffna .Ui houiules after their prey ; Xicto.'' {Ibid.
baf-fe-tas, baf-tas, bas-tas, s. [In
Gar. baftas. Possibly from Pers. bufti = woven,
wrought, (il/a/iu.)] A plain muslin brought
from India.
■ baf-finge, jjr. par. & s. [Baffe, v ]
As substantive: " Bufl'ynge or bawlynge of
howndys " (Prompt. Parv.)
baf -fle (fle as fel), *baf-full, r.t. & i. [From
Low Scotch bauchle. In Fr. hafoiieii= to treat
with derision, to scoff" at, to baffle ; O. Fr.
beffier,bcffer ; Up. befar = to scoi^', to jeer ; ItnL
bejfare =■ to rally, to cheat, to over-reach.
Comp. Dut. /j('jf(r/i=:tobark, to yelp ; Ger. baffcn,
bctfzen — to yelp ; Hind, befaida = to baffle.]
A. Tiansitive :
1, To subject to some public and degrading
punishment. (Used specially'' of a knight who
liad shown cowardice or \iolated his pledged
allegiance.)
" And after all for jjreater infamie
He by the heels hmi hung upon a tree.
And baffaVd ao, that all which passed by
The picture of his punishment might see."
Spenser: F. Q., VI. vii. 27.
■' In this state I continued, 'till they hung nie up by
th' heels, aud beat me wi' hasle-sticks, aa if they would
have bak'd me. After this I Jiiiled and eat quietly :
for the whole kingdom took notice of me for a bajfled
and whip'd le\\u\v."—King and .>'o King, ii. •!.
2, To elude, to escape from, especially by
artifice.
" By wily tura-s, by desperate bouud«,
Had bailed Percy's best bloodhounds."
Scott : J.ay of the Last J/instrel, i H.
3, To thwart, to defeat in any other way.
(In this case the baffler and the baffled may
be a man, one of the inferior aninmls, or a
thing.)
" But, though the felon on his back could dare
The dreadtul leap, more rational, his bteed
Declined the death, and wheeling swiftly round.
Or e'er his hoof had press'd the cfunibling vei-ge,
Ba_ffted bis rider, saved against his will."
Cowper : Task, bk. v'l.
" Across a bare wide common I was toiling
With laneuid feet, which by the slippery ground
Were ftf'j^ed." — Wordxworth ■ Ji'xcursion, bk. i.
". . . a universe which, though it baffles the intel-
lect, can elevate the heart, . . . —Ti/ndall . J-'ntg. of
Science, 3rd ed., v. 105.
"... 6((^e the microscope." — Ibid., xi. 'MG.
B. Intransitive :
1, To practise deceit, with the view of elud-
ing any being, person, or thing.
foite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, W9lf, work, wh6, son; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. 39, oe ^ e ; se = e. qu = kw.
baffle— baggage
393
■ Do we not imlpiilily baffle, wlieii, m respect to God,
wi> lu-eteiid tu 4«'iy om-B^vus, yet, upou uviieiit occa-
sion, allow hiui uothhittV" — Jiarrow : \Vork^~ i 4:i7.
" Tu what inu'iKJtte c:m it be to juggle and biijfle for a
tune?"— /ii((., iii. 180.
2. To struggle iiiertectually against, as when
a ship is said to baffle ineftectuallv with the
winds.
% («) Wedgwood believes that thei'o are
two distinct verbs spelled baffie, which have
been confounded together. Under the one lie
would place the signification given above as
No. 1, viz., to degrade, to insult. The second
and third signilications of the transitive verb,
and that ranked nniler the intransitive one,
he would releg:ite to liis second verb, of which
the primary form was intransitivL-, signifying
to act in an ineffi'ctive manner, and transi-
tively to cause one to -act in such a way. This
second verb he connects with the Swiss haffdn
= to chatter, to talk idly. {Wedgwood: Diet
Mng. Etym,, 2nd ed., p. 39.)
% (&) Crabb thus <listinguishes between the
verbs to baffle, to defeat, to disconcert, and to
confound : " When applied to the dei-angement
of the mind or mtional faculties, baffle and
tlrfntt x-espect the powers of argument, discon-
cert and confound the thoughts and feelings.
Baffle expresses less thaiidefent ; disconcert less
than confound. A pei'son is baffled in argument
wlio is for the time discomposed and silenced
by the superior address of his opponent : he
is defeated in argument if his opponent has
altogether the advantage of liim in streiigtli of
reasoning and justness of sentiment, A person
is disconcerted who loses his presence of mind
for a moment, or has his feelings any way dis-
composed ; lie is coiifotuided when the poivei-s
of thought and consciousness become torpid
or vanish." "When applied to the derange-
ment of plans, baffle expresses less than defeat ;
defeat less than confound; and disconcert less
than all. Obstinacy, pei-severance, skill, or
diYt baffles; force or violence de/cft^s ; awkward
circumstances disconcert ; the visitation of
God confounds. When wicked men strive to
obtain their ends, it is a hapi^y thing when
their advei-saries have sufficient skill and ad-
dress to baffle all their ails, and sufficient
power to defeat all their projects ; but some-
times when our be.st endeavours fail in our
own behalf, the devices of men are confounded
by tlie interposition of Heaven." (Crabb: Eiig.
.'^linoii.)
[From the verb.] A
^ar-fle (fle=fel),
defeat.
"It IS tlie fakill (if tlic tlisputaut that keens off ;i
baffle"— Houlh.
"Tlie aiitliora luivini; niissetl of tlieir aims, live fam
to retreat with a fi'nstiatiuu and a baJ)U:"—I bid.
bS,r-fled (fled = felcl), baf-fuld, -pa.
par. [BAi-FLii, ii]
"Say, was it tliiiM, with audi a baffled mien
You met the apin-oauiiea of the Hpartui <.meen¥"
Puijc, Uonmr's IliiiU, bit. in., 09, "o.
" And, by the broad iniiierioiiii Mole reiJell'd,
Hark ! now the baffled atonti iiidijjnaiit roars."
T/tomson : Libertij, pt. v.
baff-ler. s. [Eng. baffUfi); -er.] He who or
that which baffles, humiliates, thwarts, or
defeats a pei-son, or completely overconiL^s a
thing.
"Esperieuee, that i,'ri;it baffler of speculation, . , ."
— Qoverament of the Towfiic.
Tjaflf-ling", pr. jKir. & a. [Baffll:, u]
Naid. A baffl'ing loind : One which fre-
quently shifts fium one point of the compass
to another.
+ baff-ling-ly, a(?('. [Ej^:.^. baffling ; -bj.] In
a manner to baffle. (Webster.)
t bafif-ling-ness, s. [Eng. bafflimj; -ness.'\
The quality of baffling. ( Webster. )
* bar-fuld, 2KU par. [Baffled.]
b&g, * bagge, s. [From Gael, bag, balg = a
bag; bag = a bag, a big belly; bolg = SL pair
of bellows, a quiver, a blister, a big belly;
hi(ilg = to bubble, to blister; Wei. balleg = ?i
purse ; Norm. Fr. bage — a bag, a cotter ; Low
Lat. baga=a oofler. In A.S. bcelg, hculig,
bijUg, hclg = a buI^'C, budget, bag, purse, belly;
Ger. balg — a skin, the paunch, a pair of
bellows ; Goth, bajgs = a skin, a pouch ; Dan.
ha!f= asheath, ascabbard.] [Belly, Bulge.]
A, ordliwry Language :
L Of sacks, pojLclies, or anything siinilar
manufactured, by art:
I. A pouch or small sack, made usually of
rh.Ui iir Ic'itlier, and generally witli appliances
for drawing it together at the mouth ; or any
similar article.
" A woud'rous baff with both lier hands she binds,
Like that where once Ulyshes held the winds."
Poije : The Ra/w of the Lock, iv., Bl-2.
2. A term used by sportsmen to signify the
results of the day's sport. IhwA, a goodbag
= a large quantity of game killed and brought
home.
•^ Bag and baggage. [Baggage.]
3. A purse or anything similar.
{") Generally :
' ' For some of theui thought, because Jud-ia had the
bay. that Jesus hud s.iid unto him. Buy those thiuj.'s
that we h.LVii need of against the feaat; or, that he
should give soiuethinsj to the poor."— ^o/tft xiii. ^9.
"... see thou shake the 6m*7s
Of hoarding aljbots; imi>risou'd
angels
Set at liberty."
Shakes)). ■ Khifj John, iii, 3.
* (6) Spec, (formerly) : An cu'-
namental purse of silk to con-
tain the back-hair of a wig, as
shown in like illustration.
"We saw a.young fellow riding to-
wards us fuy galloi). -with a lx>b wig
and black silken bag tied t« it."—
Addison.
i. A quiver. (Scotch. )
" Then bow and bar/ ime him he BAC-WIG.
keist." Chrhit Kirk, i. i;;.
IL Of anything similar in natare :
1. Gen. : A minute sac in which some secre-
tion is contained, as the honey-bag in a bee
and the poison-bag in a venomous serpent.
(Lit. & fig.)
" The swelling poison of the several sects,
Whieh, wantin-' vent, the nation's health infects,
Khali bui-st its bajj." Dniden.
' 2. Sptc. : Tile udder of a cow.
"... onely her fi't? or udder would ever be white,
with four teats and no moj-e."—Markham: Way to
Wealth (ed. 1657), p. 72. (5 imBoucher.)
B. Techniccdly:
1. Weights and Measures (used as a measure
of capacity): A tixed or customary quantity of
goods in a sack.
2. Law :
(a) Petty Bag Offlce: An office in the Com-
nion Law jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery,
in which w;i^ a snmll sack or bag in which
were formerly kept all writs relating tu Crown
business.
■^- (h) Clerk of the Velty Bag: Tlie functionary
who had charge i>l tliL' writs now described.
(.Sir the subjoined example.)
'■The next ela,use ordains that at any time after tin.-
conimenceinent uf the A^t her Miijesty's Treaauiy
may, with the coneurieuue of the Lord Cliiincellor and
the M;i«ter of .the KuIIh. abolJMh the office of CTwA o/
the Petty Bat}, ' nutwithstandiiiy that there is n'u
^aeancy m the othL'e.' . . . Theodilest imit of the
Jttiair IS that it li.is been universiillv .supposed, at leiibt
)ty hiymeu, that PvHij Ban Wiis •abolihhed ' some years
iii,'ii His iijinie is certainly not to be found m the
list of olficejt, of the Chancery gi\tin in the Solicitor'n
/haiM/ itiul Almanack for the c«nent year. . .
Tlnere wire once three Clerks of the P<-ltii Bag. The
sole biuvivor is doomed; but, Phcenix-like, he ri-^w
agHin in the Clerk of tlie V.wiViu."— Daily Telciraiili
August J, 1674 : y/iu ffy-eaf itati.
b^g. * bagge, i.t.k i. [From the substantive. ]
A. Transiilvc (of the form bag) :
1. To put into a bag.
" Hops ouL,'lit not to be bagged up hot."— Mori imet-
2. Used by sportsmen of killing and carry-
ing home game.
"It was a special siwrt to find and bag and mark
do^vn the whining coveys in such ground . . ."—Bail'i
Telegrauh, Seiit. 1. 187y.
Z. To load with a bag. (Only in the pa. par.
in the sense of laden.)
" Like a bee, bagg'd with his houey'd \ eiiom,
He brings it to your hiva" BrydcTi.
i. To cram the stomach by over-eating.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
5. To cut grain with a hook. [Baoqinq.]
6. To distend like a bag.
B. Intransitive (of the forms bag and bagge) :
1. Lit. : To be inflated so as to resemble a
full bag ; to take the form of a full bag.
"The skin seemed much contracted, yet it bagged
.and had a porringer full of matter in it ' — [Visernan. '
2. Fig. : To swell witlt arrogance.
" She goeth upright, aud yet she lialte ;
That baggith foule, and lokith faire."
Cliaucer: Dream, i. 1,624
* bag, jy^-et. of V. big = to build. (0. Scotch.)
[Big, v.]
" My daddie bai/ hi.s housie well."
Jacobite Belies, i. 53. (Janiiesoit,)
ba-gas'-sa, s A genus of Artocar]>a<'ea'
(Artocarpails). Tlie fruit of one spi'cies is
eaten in Guiana, wliere it grows \\'ihl.
ba-gas'se, s. [In Fr. bagasse is = a slut, a
hussy.] Tlie sugar-cane when crushed anil
dry. It Is used as fu«l in the hotter parts of
America. (Ure.)
bag-a^)elle, bag'-^-telle, s. [Fr. bagatelle
= (\) a ti-Jnket, (i^) a trifle, (3) the play; ,Sp
bagatclp ; Port. & Ital. bagatella; from Prov
& Ital. bagaki — a. trifle ; 6. Fr. bagnc; Prov.
bagua = bundle.] [Bag.]
1, A trifle ; anything of little importance.
" Oure of those bagatelles wliieh sometime.^ sprinif up
like mushrooms in my imagination, either while I am
writing, 'jr just before l~hQ^ui."—Cowper: Letter to
Newton, Xov. 27, 1761.
" The glory your malice denies :
Sliidl dignity give feo iny lay,
Although but a mere bagatelle ;
And even a poet shall say.
Nothing ever vv.ls written so well."
CowjMir : To Mrs. 2'hrochiriortoii.
2. A game in which balls are struck by a
rod ani:l made to run along a board, the aim
being to send them into certain holes, of
which fliei-e are nine, towards its further end.
bag'-a-vel, s. [From A.S. hycgan, bycgean^=
to buy-, and gavel = tax.] A tribute ^'ranted
to the citizens of Exeter by a charter from
Edward I., empowering them to levy a duty
upon all wares brouglit to that city for the
purjiQse of sale, the produce of which was to
be eniiiloj"ed in paving the streets, repairing
the wrrth;. and the general maintenance of the
town. (Jacob : Laiu Diet.)
bag'-a-ty, bag'-get-y, s. [From hag, sug-
gested by tlije gibbous aspect of the fish.] Tlte
female of the Lamp-Hsli, or Sea Owl {Cyli-p-
terus lunqm^. (Scotch.)
"Lumpus alter, quibusdam piscls irilibusuM dictus
I take jt to be the SJime whicli our H-^hcrs rail the
Hu-^h-P.idle. or Bagati/ ■' they say it is the liniale of
tliK toVmar.'—Sibb : Fife. p. 126.
' bag'e, * bag'ge, o. [Badge,] a badge.
(Pron}^. Parv.)
^ b^g-eard^ s. [Badger.]
bag-ful, .5. [Eng. bag; -ful] As much as a
bag will hold.
bag'-gage (1) (age = ig), s. & a. [in Sw.,
Dan., Dut., Ger., Fr., & Sp. hagage ; Prov.
bagatge ; Port, bugagem, ba^gajcin; Ital. hoii-
aglla, bagaglie(\i\.), bagagUo(timi;.). Probably
froni Sp. baga = a cord which ties the packs
upon liorses. Or possibly, as Malm tliinks,
from O. Fr. haguc; Prov. bagua = a.hmi\X\ti.]
A. As s-nhsiantivc :
1. Tlie tents, furniture, utensils, and what-
ever else is indispensable to tlie comfort of an
army.
"... yet the baggage was left behind for want of
beasts to draw it . . ."—Macaiilay : J/ist. Jiitg., eh. xv.
2. The tiHinks, portmanteaus, and carpet-
bags which a tra\'eller carries with him on liis
journey ; luggage.
"... theboiling waves of a torrent whieh suddenly
whirls away his baggage and forces him to run for hi;-
life . . ."—Macaulag : JIisl. Eng., cli. xiii.
3. Rubbish, refus-e, trumpery.
E. -Is adjective:
1. Used for carrying luggage.
"Tlui baggage hoi-aes."— J/acauZuy .• Hist. Ena
e\\. \\\\, -^ '
2. Worthless, rubbishy.
£ag and Baggage ('generally used as an ad-
verb) : With a person's all ; root and branch.
It b-eems to hav(; been used originally of the
defeudfii-s of a fort who have surrendered on
terms, being allowed to carrv out wiUi thein
the^ir knapsacks and other luggage. From
thi^i it passed to other more or less analo"ous
cases. ^
"And the men were letten l)ii£H, bag and bagqaae
and the castle casten down to the ground "—PUseottie ■
James II., p. 34.
,-, "P'^^^^V^'i* •^esiped. when Ins affairs grew desperate
ill ligypt, to pack ui. bug and baggage, and sail for
Italy, ^Arlnithnoi.
H Tlie phrase bag ami baggage, which had
long existed both in English and Scot^-h ac-
'jutred new vitality in 1S76, when Mr. Glad-
stone recommended, as a panacea for the
woes of Bulgaria, that the official part of the
Turkish population should be reLpiested to
remove from that province "bagand ba-'-y^e "
His view on the subject was described'' by
some newspaper writers as the " ba- and
baggage " policy. °
bag'-gage (2) (age = ig), s. [Fr. hnr,asse
= baggage, worthless woman, h;irln( ; Prov.
bagua>:>a; Sp. bagasa; Ital. hagabria ; trou'i
boil, boy-; pout. j<5^1; cat. cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tian = snan. -tion, -sion. -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion ^ shun, -tious, -cioiis :^ shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
394
baggager— baikerinite
(). Fr. hague, Pi'ov. hogva = a bundle. I»r.
Murray considers that it is a particular use
of baggage (l).'\
1. With imputation on tlie moral cliaracter :
A woman of loose character, specially one
following an army.
" Hang thee, youiig baggage, disobedient wretch."
Shafcesp. : Romeo and Juliet, iii. 5.
"When this baggage meets with a man who h)ia
vanity to credit relations, she turus him to account."
— S/jectator.
2. Without imp^Uation on tlie moral cliaracter
{familiarly): A young girl not worth much.
(Formerly used sometimes in mock censure as
a term of affection.)
"Olivia nnd Sophia, too, x)romised to write, but
seem to have forgotten me. Tell them they are two
arrnnt little baggages . . ." — Goldsmith: Vicar of
Wakefield.
* bag'-ga-ger, s. [Eug. haggag(e); -er.] One
engaged in carrying baggage. (Raleigh.)
bag'-ga-la, *bag'-16, s. [Arab.] [Budge-
row.] A two-masted boat, more generally
called a clow, used by the Arabs for com-
merce and also for piracy in the Indian Ocean.
They vary from 200 to 250 tons burthen.
^ b^gge, v.i. [Bag, v.L]
^- bagge, s. [Badge.]
bagged, pa. par. & a. [Bag, v.t]
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
2. Bot., &c. : Resembling a bag or sack.
E.\ample, the inflated jietals of some plants.
bag'-get-y, 6. [Bagaty.]
bag'-gie, s. [Eng. bagr; i-^j diminutive suffix.]
A small bag.
"A guid New-year I wish thee, Maggie !
Hae, there's a rip to thy auld haggi-e."
Burns : Auld Farmer to ^ is Auld Mare Maggie.
* bag'-gi-er, s. [Fr. bagu ier. ] A casket.
(Scotch.)
"Abaggier conteiuing xiii ringia . . ." — Inoentories
(1578), 1>. 265. (Jamiason.)
bS.g'-ging, pr. par., a., & s. [Bag, v.]
A. L^ B. An adj. £ particip. adj. : In senses
corresponding to those of the verb. In the
following example with the sense of distended.
[See Bag, v., B. 1.]
"Two kids that in the valley stray'd
I found by chautje, and to my fold coQvey'd :
They dram two bagging udders every day."
Lrydcn : Virgil ; Eel. U. 50-2.
G, As substavtive :
1. The act of making into bags ; the state
of being so made.
2. The act of putting into bags.
3. Cloth, canvas, or other material designed
to be made into bags. (Webster.)
\. A method of reaping grain by the hook,
by a striking instead of a drawing cut.
bagging-time, s. [Apparently from the
practice of the country people working in the
lields to have recourse to their bags at a
certain time for a collation.] Baiting time;
feeding time.
". . , on hoo'll naw cum ageii till Jtiff^i/i^-^tme."
Tim Bobbin, )). 11. {S. in Boucher.)
*bS.g'-ging-ly, *bag'-g3^ng-ly»i:uiv. [Eng.
bagging; sulf. -lii.] Often held to mean arro-
gantly ; in a swelling manner, boastfully ; but
Tyrwhitt, Stevens, &c., consider it to mean
S(iuintingly, and with the latter view the con-
text is in harmony.
" I saiigh Ell vie in that peyntyng,
HadJe a wondirful lokyng ;
For she iie lokide but awrif.
Or overthart, alle baggyngly."
Jlomaunt of the Rose, 289—292.
Tjag'_glt, pa. par., a., & s. [Bagged.] (Scotch.)
A. & B. As participle tS: particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb in-
transitive.
B. As substantive
1. A tenn of contempt for a child.
2. An insignificant little person, a "pesti-
lent creature."
3. A femj.ie salmon after opaivnmg.
bS-g'-net, s. [Eng. bag; net.l A net in the
form of a bag. It is used for catching fisli,
insects, &c.
bag'-ni-6 (g silent), s. [From Ital. bagno
= a bath ; bagnio = cistern, bathing-tub. In
Sp bano; Tort, banho; Fr. bains (itlm:), from
baigner=^ to bathe; Lat. balneum, a contrac-
tion of balineuni = a bath ; Gr. ^aKavelov
(balaneion) = a bath or bathing- room. Liddell
and Scott consider it to have a connection
with paAaro? (balanos) = an aconi, but do not
know in what way.]
1, A bath, a bathing establishment, house,
or room.
"I have known two instances of malignant fevers
produced by the hot air of a bagnio." — Arbathnot on
Air.
2. A brothel.
t 3. In Turkey : A prison for slaves, the
name apparently being given to it on account
of the baths which those places of confine-
ment contain,
Bag'-no-lists, Bag-no-len'-si-ans, or
Bai-O-len'-Sl-ans, s. pi. [From Bagnoles,
in Provence.]
Ch. Hist. : A Christian sect existing in the
twelfth century. They belonged to the branch
of the Cathari, whose great principle was to
admit only a single First Cause. They were
one of the bodies termed Albigenses. [Albi-
genses.] (Mosli-eim: Gh. Hist, Cent, xii., pt.
ii., ch. 5.)
ba-go'-us, s. [Lat. Bagoxis and Bagoas ; Gr.
Ba-ywas (Bagoas) ; from a Persian proper name
believed to signify an eunuch.] A genus of
beetles of the family Curculionidae, or Weevils.
The .species, some of which are British, are
small insects found iu marshes.
bag'-pipe, s. [Eng. hag; pipe. So called
because the wind is received in a bag.] A
musical instrument which has existed In
various parts of the world from an unknown
period of antiquity, but is now associated in
the minds of the English chiefly with the
Highlands of Scotland. Though less known
in Ireland, it is still in use there also. It
consists of a large wind-bag made of greased
leatlier covered with woollen cloth, a valved
mouth-tube, by which the iilayer inflates it
with his breath, three reed drones, and a
reed chanter, with finger-holes on which the
tunes are ].ierformed. The drones are for the
bass, and the chanter, which plays the melody,
for the tenor or treble. The compass of the
bagpipe is three octaves.
"And then the bag/jipes be conld blow."
IVordbWorlh : Blind Highland Boy.
U If we may judge from the following
passage of Shakespeare, the nationality of this
instrument was not so limited in his time as
it is now.
"... the drone of a. Lincolnshire bagpipe."—
1 Ucnry IV., i. 2.
t bag'-pipe, v. t. [From
the substantive. ] To
cause, in some way or
other, to resemble a
bag-pipe. (Used only
in the subjoined nauti-
cal phrase.)
To bagpipe the miz-
zen : To lay the mizzeu
aback by bringing it
to the mizzen shrouds,
as shown in the accom-
panying engraving.
bS-g'-pi-per, s. [Eng. bagpiping the
hag; piper.] One who iiizzen.
plays the bagpipe.
" Some that wiU evermore peep through their eyes,
And laugh like jjarrots at a bagiAper."
Shakesp. : Merch. of Venice, i. 1.
bag'-rape, s. [From leel. bagge ~ a bundle (?),
and Scotch rape = rope.] A rope of straw
or heath, double the size of the cross-ropes
used in fastening the thatch of a roof. This
is affixed to the cross-ropes, then tied to
what is called the pan-rape, and fastened with
wooden pins to the easing or top of the wall
on the other side. (Jamieson.)
Ba-gra'-ti-6n-ite, s. [Named after its dis-
coverer, P. R. Bagration.] A name given by
Kokscharof to a mineral which occurs m black
crystals at Achmatorsk, in the Ural Moun-
tains. Dana makes it identical with Allanite,
and the British Museum Catalogue of Minerals
ranks it as a variety of Orthite. under which
it places also Allanite. The Bagrationite of
Hermann is the same as Ei^idote (q.v.).
ba'-gre (gre = ger), s. [Bagrus.] Any
fish belonging to the genus Bagrus (q.v.).
bag'-reef, s. [Eng. bag; reef.]
Naut. : A fourth and lower reef used in the
British Navy.
bag'-rie, s. [Etymology doubtful.] Trash.
(Scotch.)
"I siKh when I look on my threadbare coat,
And shame fa' the gear and the bagrie o't."
Jlerd: Coll., ii. 19. (Jamieson.]
ba'-griis, s. [Latin Bagrus, a proper name.]
A genus of fishes of the order Malacopterj'gii
Abdominales, and the family Siluridee. None
of the species occur in Britain.
Bag'-Shot, s. &, a. A village in Surrey, ten
miles south-west of Windsor, which gives its
name to the fdllowing.
Bagshot Sands.
Geol. : A series of strata now considered
Middle Eocene. Mr. Prestwich, who first gave
them tills position, considered them coeval
with the Bracklesham beds. He divides them
into Lower, Middle, and Upper Bagshot Sands.
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1S47, vol. iii., pt. i.,
pp. 37S to 399.)
ba-guet'te, tba-guet' (u silent), s. [In
Fr. baguette = a switch, a rammer, a drum-
stick, a round moulding ; Sp. & Port, baqueta ;
ItaL bacchetta = a rod or mace ; from Lat.
baculum, baculus= a stick.] [Baculum.]
Arch. : A round moulding, smaller in size
than an astragal. It is sometimes carved and
enriclied, and is then generally known as a
clmplet. In its plain form it is often called a
becid. [Bead.]
bS-g'-wyn, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
Her. : An imaginary animal, like the heraldic
antelope, but having the tail of a horse and
long horns curved over the ears.
Ba-ha'-ma, s. & a. [For etym. see def.]
As adjective : From the Bahama Islands in
the West Indies, between lat. 21" to 27° N.,
and long. 71° to 79° W.
Bahama red-wood. The English name
of a plant, Rliamnus colubrina.
ba-har', bar're, *■. [Arab, ^ja/idr; from ba-
hara = to charge with a load. (Mahn.).'] Two
weights which are current in certain parts of
the East Indies.
The Great Bahor is 524 lbs. 9 oz. avoirdupois.
It is used for weighing pepper, cloves, nut-
megs, &c.
The Little Bahar weighs 437 lbs. 9 oz. avoir-
dupois, and is used for weighing quicksilver,
vermilion, ivory, silk, &c.
bahr'-geist (h silent), s. [Barguest.]
"^ba'-ie, o. [Etym. doubtful,] A chiding, a.
reproof.
" Let baies amend Cisley or shift her aside,"
Tusser ; Husbandry.
baide, pret o/BiDE. [Bide, Abide.] Waited,
stayed, lived, endured. (Swtch.)
" Oh, gif I kenn'd but where ye baide,
I'd send to yuu a marled plaid."
Barnj, : Uuidwife of Wauchope House,
^''baigne, v.t. [Fr. baigner = to bathe, to
wasli.] To soak or di'ench.
" The women foralow not to baigtie them, unless they
plead their heels, with a worse perfume than Jugurth
found ill the duugeon," — Carew : Survey of Cornwall.
bai'-er-ite, bal'-er-ine, s. [From Bayem
OT Bairen, the German name of Bavaria.] A
mineral, the same as Columbite (q.v.).
baik, s. [Beck.] A beck, curtsey ; reverence.
(Scotch.)
"... when Mattie and 1 gae through, we are fain
ro make a baik and a bow, . . ." — Scott : Rob Roy, ch.
XXV i.
bai'-kal-ite, s. [In Ger. Baikalit; from Lake
Baikal, near which it occurs.] A mineral
of a dark dingy-greeu colour. Dana makes
it a variety of Sahlite, which again is a variety
of Pyroxene. The British Museum Catalogue
classes it as a variety of Diopside.
bai'-ker-in-ite, s. [Altered from Baikerite
(q.v.),] A mineral, one of the hydrocarbons.
It is brown in colour, translucent, of a bal-
samic odour, and a taste like that of wood tar.
At 15° C. it is a thick, tar-like fluid, and at
10° C. a crystalline granular deposit in a
viscid, honey-like mass.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, wliat, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
baikerite— baillie
39o
bai'-ker-ite, s. [From Lake Baikal, near
whicii it is found.] A wax-like mineral, a
hyclro-carbon compound. Besides occurring
in nature, it has been distilled artificially from
mineral coal, peat, jietroleum, mineral tar,
&c. It is identical with Ozokerite, or it is a
variety of it.
bail (1), * baile, * bajrle. v. t & i. [From Fr.
hailler = to give, deliver, put into the hands
of, deal, bestow ; Prov. hailar ; from Lat,
hajulo = (lit.) to bear a burden, to carry any-
thing heavy ; from bajuUis = a carrier of a
burden. Blackstone considers that the idea
in hall is that of the Fr. hailer =10 deliver,
because the defendant is bailed or delivered
to his sureties. Wedgwood shows that the
word hajuhis in mediaeval times became = the
bearer of a child, a nurse, and then a tutor, a
guardian. Hence, one bailing another was
assumed by a legal fiction to be his guardian,
who could produce him at will.]
A, Transitive :
1. Ordinary Language :
''■ 1. To deliver, to set free ; to release, to
rescue.
" Xe uone there was to reskue her, ne none to baile."
Spender: F. Q., IV. ix, 7.
2. To debver in the legal sense. [II. 1. (a), 2.]
II. Law :
1. Of persons:
(a) To hand an accused person over to sure-
ties on their giving a bond [Bail-bond] that
he will surrender when required to take his
trial. [Bail.]
"When they hatl bailed the twelve bishops who
were in the Tower, the House of Cominoiia, in great
indignation, caused them ijiiinediately to be re-com-
mitted to the Tawfir."—Ctareiuloiu
" . . . to refuse or delay to bait any person bailablo
iK an offence against the liberty of the subject in any
magistrate, bycoraniou \a,\v ."—Jilaokstoae : Comment.,
bk. IV-., ch. 22.
{h) To give security for the appearance of
an accused person.
"... what satisfaction or indemnity is it to the
public, to seize the effects of them who have ia/^eti a
murderer, if the murderer himself bo suffered to escape
with impunity ?"—/KacA:«(o/ttf; Comment., bk. iv., ch.
22.
2. Of things: To deliver anything to another
ill trust for some purpose, as, for instance, to
give over to sojne Bethnal Green silk-weaver
material to be woven. The person who re-
ceives the trust is called the bailee (q.v.).
B. Intransitive : To admit a person to bail.
" Lastly, it is agreeil that the Court of King's Bench
(it ,iiiy judi^e thereof in time of vimatiou) may bail
for any L-riiiie whatsoever."— Zi/ucAitojio .■ Comment.,
bk. IV., ch. 22.
bail(2), v.t. [Bail(3),s.] To dear (as a boat)
ot WMter, by dippinji it up ami tlirowing it
overboard. (Used also intransitively.)
bail (1), * baile, * bayle, s. [In Fr. bail =
a lease, tenure ; O. Fr. hail, baile = a guar-
dian, an administrator.] [Bail, v., Baillie
Bailiff. ]
A. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Custody.
" So did Diana aud her maydens all,
Use siljy Faunus now witbin their baile."
Sfteiuur: F. Q., VII. vi. 49.
2. In the same sense as B. 1, 2.
B. Law :
1. Of persons: Those who stand security for
the appearance of an accused person at the
fitting time to take his trial. The word is a
collective onu, and not used in the plural.
They were so called because formerly the
laerson summoned was bailU, that is, given
into the custody of those who were securitv
lor his appearance.
i "-^"^j,* required, the 6«« must Justify themselves
in court --Blacksfoius : CommeiU., bk. iii., ch. 19.
2. Pecuniary security given by responsible
persons that an individual charged with an
ottence against the law will, if temporarily
released, surrender when required to take his
trial.
nm.;«;o;.^^ ?^^® *""' ^'^^i '^' ?"* "' securities for hia
To admit to hail : To permit security to Ije
tendered for cue, aud, if sufflcient, accept it.
„, '',^''* '''"' °.' Pjso tor this new charges is postponed.
cii. An., pu 111., § 3f.
U Several kinds of bail either exist or did so
^orjiierly at common law. Au imjiortaut oue.
of winch uuich use was once made, was that
called Cmnmm Bail, or Ball helow The old
* bayl, s [From Lat. ialllum.]
practice Ijelng to arrest persons who now
would only be summoned, an excuse was re-
quired for again letting those go against
whom the charge was trivial. So. with all
gravity, there were accepted as their securities
Jolin Doe and Richard Roe, two niythic per-
sonages whom no one had ever seen in the
flesh, and who were known to he utterly un-
producible if the friend for whose appearance
they became responsible thought fit to decamp.
If the charge was a more serious one. Special
Bail, called also Bail above, was requisite ;
it was that of substantial men, and in this
case no shadowy personages would do. The
Act 2 Will. IV., c. 39, § 2. so altered the form
of process that the necessity for Messrs. Doe
and Roe's services was at an end ; and tl c
Common Procedure Act, 15 and IB Vict, c. 76,
passed in 18.52, completed the change which
the former Act had begun.
bail-court, s. Formerly, a court auxi-
liary to that of Queen's Bench. It was called
also the Practice Coui-t.
bail (2), s. [Mid. Eng. heijl, proh. from Icel.
ieygui = a ring, a hoop, the guard of a sword.
(JV.ii.iJ.). J
1. Pitiful: Honps to bear up the tilt of a
boat. (Utosioy. Xue.)
2. The handle of a kettle or similar vessel.
Accoidmg to Forby, it is used in Staffordshire
specially for the handle ol a pail or the bow
of a scythe.
•bail(3), s. [Fr. bailie.] A bucket or similar
vessel tor clearing water out of a boat.
* bail (4),
LBailev.
1. Tlie same as Baii.ev (q.v.).
2. A bar or pole to sepaiate horses in a
stable. When tlie bar is suspended from the
ceihng at one end it is called a swingiivj-ball.
3. A fi.amework for securing a cow by the
head while she is being milked, (.iustralian.)
ball (5), s. [Lat. hacidns = a. staff.) One of
the top or cioss-pieces of the wicket in the
game of cricket.
bail'-a-ble, a. [Eng. ball(\): -able.]
1. 0/2Xrsoiis: Having committed only such
au offence as to allow of one's being admitted
to bail.
■ i'v 'iV'.! "'ifP "' l"ive seen that eveiydefeudaut
la bailable —/itachstonc: Comment., bk. iv., ch. 22.
2. 0/ Offences : Not so serious but that one
committing it may be admitted to bail.
Com2lt. bkl'Xu"! ■"" '""•■"'"'■■■-Btack.toue:
baU'-bond, s. [Eng. Mil (l) ; bond.]
Law: A bond or obligation entered into
before the sheriff by one or more sureties
who by it engage that au accused person shall
surrender at the iiroper time to take his trial.
(.Blackstone : C'ovunent., bk. iii., ch. 19.)
• baile, i. & s. [Bail (i).]
bailed, 2x1. inr. & a. [Bail, v.]
bai'-lee, s. [Eng. bail (1) ; -ee. ] One to whom
goods are entrusted for a specific imrpose by
another person called the bailer or bailor.
"Por ns such bailee i« responsible to the bailor if
the goods .are lost or dauj.aged."— /f/uc*sroyic ■ Cma-
meiiC, bk. 11., ch. 30.
bail'-er, baU'-or, s. [Eng. bail (1) ; -er, -or 1
One who entrusts another person called the
bailee with goods for a specillc purpose. (See
example under Bailee.)
bai'-ley, s. [in Fr. bailie; Low Lat. ballium
= (1) a work fenced with palisades, or some-
times with masonry, covering the suburbs of
a town to constitute a defeuce to it ; (2) the
space immediately within the outer wall of a
castle, (./antes. ).] [Bail (4).]
* 1. Formerly : The courts of a castle formed
by the spaces between the outward wall and
the keep.
2. yow : A prison, or any modem structure
situated where such courts previously existed
as the Old Bailey in Loudon. '
bail'-i-ar-y, bail'-lj-er-ie, *bayl'-ler-
ie, «. [Scotch baillie ; Eng. suff. -ary.]
In .S'co//(Oid;
1. The extent of a bailee's Jurisdiction.
"And do hereby grant lull po\ver and commission
to the sherift-princip.il of Ah- aiiil his deputies, the
Bailie-depute of the Baill'iry uf Cuninghain, and
comuiandint' officer of the forces , . ." — tVodrow, ii.
2oC.
+ 2. The extent of the jurisdiction of a
sheriff.
"That ilk schiref of tlie reaiine sonld gar wapin-
schawmg be maid foLue tymes ilk yeir. in als niony
places as war speidfuli witiim his Jialllierie." — Acts,
Jas. I. {1425), eh. i.7 (ed. loCCJ.
Letter of Bailiary : A commission liy which
an heritable proprietor apjiointed a baron
haiUk to office in the district over which the
proprietor had feudal sway.
bal -lie.
[Baillie.]
:tally :
governor of a castle belonging to the
bai'-liflf, s. [In Diit. haljmu. Prom Old Fr.
bailiff ; Fr. bailll =bailirf, inferior .judge, sene-
.sclial ; t«(7/en/- = agent, governor; hailler =
tn give, deliver, put into the hands of; Prov.
hailicii; Port, bailing a. bailiff; Ital. balivo ;
Low Lat. baillivus, balliviis, ia^julus= a peda-
gogue, a tutor of children ; Class. Lat. bahilus
= a porter. Cognate with 0. Fr. &at??ir; Prov,
&fti/ir = to govern; Ital. balire = to bring up,
to govern ; baliato, halin = power, authority ;
also with bailo = a. kind of magistrate, and
halUi=s. nurse. (Bail, Baillie,) The es-
sential iiieaniug is a person eiitrustco by a
sui-ierior with jiower of suiieriutendence.]
1. Gen. : An officer appointed for the ad-
ministration of justice in a certain bailiwick
ur district. The sheriff is the king's haililf,
\vhose business it is to preserve the rights of
tlie king within his "bailiwick" or county.
[Bailiwick ]
"... the hundred is governed by an high constable
or bailijf."~muckstone : Comment., lutrod., S 4. See
also bk. i., ch. 9.
IL .S-J.C-
J. The
king.
2. A sheriff's officer. Bailiffs are cither
bailiffs of hundreds or special bailiffs.
(a) Bailiffs of Uumlretls are officers ajt]iointed
by the sheriff o\er the districts so called, to
collect hues, to summon juries, to attend the
judges and justices at the assizes and ciuarter
sessions, and to execute writs and process.
(6) Special Bailiffs are men appointed for
their adroitness and dexterity in hunting and
seizing persons liable to arrest. They assist
the bailiffs of Imndmls in important work for
which the latter have no natural aptitude or
acquired skill. .S]iecial bailiSs being com-
pelled to enter into an obligation for the
proper discharge of their duty are sometimes
called bound-bailiffs, a term which the com-
mon people have corrupted into a more homely
ap]ieIlation. [Bum-bailiff.] (Blackstone: Com-
ment., bk. i., ch. 9.)
1[ Formerly bailiffs of liberties, or franchises,
were functionaries appointed by each lord
within his liberty to execute process, and
generally to do such work as the bailiffs
errant were wont to do in larger districts.
bai'-li-wick, s. [From O. Fr. baillie = the
jurisdiction of a bailiff, aud A.S. suff. -aiic = a
dwelling, station, yillage, castle, or bay ; as
Alnirick = the dwelling or village on the Aln •
Greenwich = the green village ; and Noi-wich
= the north viUage or dwelling. (^Bos worth.)
In Ger. bailliff and Fr. hailliage are = a baili-
wick.] The precincts within which a bailiU
possesses jurisdiction. Speaially—
1. A county.
" As the king's bailifr. it is his [the sberilTsJ bnsineas
to preserve the rights of the king within his baUimick ■
for so his county is fretjnently called in the writs : a
word introduced by the princes of the Norman line
inunitation of the French, whose territory is divideii
into bathwtckx, .as that of England into eounties."—
Jjlacfatoite : Comment., bk. i., en. 9.
2. A liberty exempted from the jurisdiction
of the sheriff of a county, and over which the
lord appoints his own bailiff, with the same
power within his precincts as that which
an under-sheriff exercises under the sheriff
of a county. (Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii.
ch. 3.) ■
bail'-li-age (age = Jg), s. [Fr.] The term
in French corresponding to Bailiwick in
English.
bail'-lie (1), bai-lie,
Fr. bailli.] [Bailiff.]
* A. (Of the forms baily and baillie) : A
baihn ; a steward.
„,'1;^J «,."'"' "\° ss';™"'" lie made by the Baillie,
' bai'-ly, s. [From
8)6il. bdjr; p^t, j<5wl; cat, jell, chorus, 9M11, ben?h; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, as
-cian-shan. -^sion, -tion. -sion = shiia ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sions, ' '
expect, 3Cenophon, exist, -ihg.
clous = shiis. -ble. -die. \, = bel. deL
396-
baillie—baiting
S, (0/ the form baillie or bailie) :
1)1 Scot'j Law :
t 1. An officer or other person named by a
proprietor to give infeftment.
2. A municipal functionary, in rank next
above a towu-councillor. In most respects
his functions are the same as those of an
alderman in England. He acts as a magistrate.
" bail'-lie (2), 'bai'-lye. --■. [Old Fr. haillie =
the jurisdiction of a bailifl'; from O. & Mod.
Fr. &ai;Zer = to deliver ; Ital. halia, haliaUj —
power, authority ; Low Lat. &aiUa = guardian-
ship.] [Bail (1), Bailiff, Batllie (1).]
Care, management; guverunicnt of, custody,
guardiansliip.
"Thau dveJe had m lier baillie
The keepiiiK uf the uuiistiiblei-ie
Toward the North."
Rom. of the Rose, i,2l7. {Doudier.)
bail'-li-er-ie, o. [Bailiary.] {Scutch.)
bail'-ment, s. [Euj;. hail{V); -ment, on ana-
logy with O. Fr. baUlemeitt, from O. Fr. & Fr.
bailler = to deliver, to hand over.]
1. Of tits delivery of things: The act of de-
livering goods in trust, or the state of being
so delivered, upon a contract expressed or
implied that the trust shall be faithfully exe-
cuted on the part of the bailee. Thus one
may give cloth in bailment to a tailor to
make into a coat, or a jiarcel to a cari'ier t(3
be delivered to a third party to wlumi it
is addressed.
" Bailment, from the French bailler, to deliver, is n
delivery of goods m trust upon a contract expressed
or implied that the trust shall be f.iithfully executed
on the part of the ha.ili:e."—Blacks(one: Comirtent ,
bk. ii., ch. ;iu.
2. 0/ tlie delivery of persons: The act of
delivering an accused person to those who are
responsible for his appearance ; the state of
being so delivered.
"... a delivery or ftaiZmcnJ of a person to his sure-
ties uiJon their giving (together withnimself) sufficient
security for his appearance."— ^tocft«(07ie ; Cotnment.,
bic IV., ch, 22.
bail'-or.
[Bailer,]
bail'-pie9e, *. [Eng. hail; piece.]
Law : The slip of parchment on which are
recorded the obligations under which those
bailing an accused person come before he is
surrendered to their custody. {Blackstone :
Comment, y bk. iii., ch. 19.)
''bai'-ly, s. [Baillie.]
^bain, bayn, bayne. a. &. adv. [Icel. hehm,
straight, direct ; also, ready to serve, hos-
pitable. (N.E.D.).^
A. As adjective :
1. Ready ; prompt.
"That were bayn
To serve Sir Tristiem awithe."
iir Tristrem, i. 65.
2. Obsequious, complying; submissive.
"To Goddez wylle I am fill bayne."
Gawayn and the Green Knyght, a,B70.
If Hence, sometimes used almost substan-
tively.
" The buxumnes of his banc. '
Tuivnelfy Mysteries, 82.
3. Flexible, limber, pliant.
" Their bodies baine and lytb."
Gohiing : Ovid's Meiam., iii. 77.
4. Near, short, direct. (Said of a road.)
B, As adverb : With readiness ; readily.
* bain, ' baine» * bayne, ^ baigne (;/
silent), v.t. & i. [Fr. baigner = to liatlit,
swim, soak in ; Sp. banar ; Port, haahur ;
Ital. bag)iare=to wet, to wash; bagmtrsl =
to bathe, to wash one's self ; Low Lat. balaco ;
from Lat. balneum := a bath.]
A. Trans. : To wash, to bathe ; to wet.
" And when salt teares do bayne my breaat."
Surry. {S. in Boucher. )
B. Intrans. : To bathe one's self.
"In virgin's blood -loth baine."
Phacr : I'irgil, p. 260. {Boucher.)
* bain (1), " baine, * bayne, - baigne (o
silent), s. [Fr. bain = bath, bathing, bathing-
tnb, bathing-machine, batliing-place; Sp. hano ;
Ital. bagno = a bath ; bagnio = a cistern, a
bathing-tub.] [Bain, v.t] A bath.
", . . and never would leave it off but when he
went into the sttiw or bain." — Holland: Plinn, li 70i
'*. , . !', 6'f///(f of things aperitive or opening, . , ." —
Vigoe: Anatomie. (Boucher.)
* bain (2), o. [Ban.]
* balnes, ■>. [Banns ]
bain'-lYj adv. [Old Eng. bain; and suff. -hj.]
Raidily.
" And he as bairdu obeyed to the buerne his erne."
Deslriict. of Troyi', i. 4, M.H. {3. In Boucher.)
bai'-ram, »■ [Turk, lairam, beiravi ; Pers.
bayrdm.] A great Mohammedan festival,
following immediately on the Ramadan or
Rhamazan, the month of fasting, and believed
to have been instituted in imitation of the
Christian Easter. It is called also Id-ol-Fitr
— the Festival of the Interruption, as " inter-
rupting," or, more accurately, terminating, a
four-weeks' fast. The rejoicings .shouldextend
one day, but are generally run through a
second one. Seventy days later is held a
lesser Bairain, called Id-al- A zha and Kvrhdn
Bairdm = the Festival of the Sacrifices. It is
in commemoration of Abraham's willingues.s
to offer his son Isaac in sacrifice, and lasts
four days.
" Millions of lainjjs proclaim'd the feast
Of Bairain through the boundless Eist."
Byron : The Giaour.
^bair'-m^n, s [0. Eng. &ai?- = bare; and
man.]
Old Law: A poor insolvent debtor, left
"bare" of proiierty, and who had to swear in
court that he was not worth more than 5s. 5d.
bairn (Scotch and 0. Eng.), ^bam, barne,
(0. E»g.), s. [A.S. beam. In Sw., Icel., Dan.,
O.S., & Goth. &((rji=a child. From AS
&era)L=:to bear.] [Bear, Boen.] A child,
whether male or female.
A. Of the forms barn and barne :
" And biingeth forth banies ayens for-lwden lawes."
Piers Plowman, p. 178. (A', in Boucher )
B, Of the form bairn (Old English <£• Scotch.)
" Which they dig out fro' the dells.
For their bairns' bread, wives* and sells'."
Ben Joiison, Underwoods, vli. 51. [ii. in Boucher.)
"... the bonny bairn, grace be wi' \t."— Scott :
Guy Mannering, ch. iii.
bairns' part, s.
Scots Law : A third part of a deceased per-
son's movable effects, due to the children when
their mother survives. Should she be dead,
they receive one-half in place of one-third.
* bairn-team (Eng.), bairn-time
(Scotch), s. A progeny ; a family of children ;
a brood.
" Thae bonnie haimCtme Heav'n has lent,
Still hiw'her may they heeze ye."
Burns: A Dream.
bairns-woman, s, A child's maid ; a
dry nurse. (Scotch.) (-Jamieson. )
bairn'-less, a. [Scotch & O. Eng. bairn (<\.y.);
■ less.] Childless.
ba'irn-li-ness, s. [0. Eng. &, Scotch bairn;
sutL -H = !y ; End- ness.] Childishness. (Scotch.)
"The bairnlineas of suppiutj peas with a spoon. "—
Blackwood's JIagazine, xliii. 270, {N.E.f).]
ba'irn-ly, a. [O. Eng. k. Scotch bairn; -hj ;
In Sw. barnsUg.] Childish; having the man-
ners of a child. (Scotch.)
" Thinking the play of fortune bairnely sport."
Muses Thren., p. 116, {Ja-inieson.)
ba'i^-dlie, adv. [Scotch bazcd; suff. -lie =
Eng. -lie. Like one bazed.] [B.\zed.] In a
state of stupefaction or confusion. (Scotch.)
(Jamleson.)
" Ammsdlie and the baisdlie,
Eicht bissilie they ran,"
liiirel : Pilg. ( n'ntnons Collec). li. 20.
~ bal^e-main, *. [in Fr. baisevialn = kibs-
ing of hands at a feudal ceremony, indicating
affectionate loyalty : baiser = to kiss, and
mains = hands.]
1. The act of kissing the hands to, the act
of complimenting of an inferior to a superior.
(Ft.) Compliments, respects.
"Do my baiseniains to the gentleman
Beaux' Stratagem.
-Farquhar
"^ baiske, a. [Icel. heisk = bitter.] Sour.
" Foi the froite of itt is soure,
And boisko and bittere of odours."
J/,S. Cott. Faust., bk, vi., f. 123 b. (S. in Boucher.)
baiSS, v.t. [Bahtk.] (Scotch.)
bait ^ (1) ^ b^ite, bayte. ^ baight,
"^ beyght (///t silent), v.t. & i. [A.S. batan
(i.)= to lay a bitit tnr a fish ; beta = to pasture,
to feed, to graze, to unharness, to tan ; Dan.
&erfe(i.) = to bait, to rest, to refresh; Ger.
hfu-tcji = to bait. From A.S. Z>i(a)i = to bitf.
(Bite.) "Wedgwood believes all the signilica-
tions here given to be modilications of the
idea of biting.]
A. Transitive:
1. Of a "bite" of food or other attrasti/yn,
given with insidious design :
X. Lit. : To place upon a hook some food
attractive to the fishes or other animals which
it is designed to catch. Or similarly to place
food upon or in a trap, or otherwise expose it,
with the view of luring ceitain animals into
the loss of their lives or liberty.
'• M.iijy sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as isiyell
known to anglers, who bait their hooks with them."—
/ia>/.
2. Fig. : To put in one's way some object
of attraction with the object of gaining the
mastery over him.
" 0 cunning enemy, that to catch a saint
Witli saints doth bait thy hook ! Most dangerous
la that temptation that doth goad us on
To sill in ioving virtue."
; Meas.ffyr Meas., ii. 3.
II. Of a "bite" of food given with no in-
sidious design : To give proveader for the
purpose of refreshment to hordes or othL^r
animals at some halting-place on a journey.
" In the middle of the day we baited our horses at
a little inn called the Weatherboard." — Darwin:
y'oyagc roiiiul th-e World, ch. xix.
III. Of the incitement of dogs to bite an
an itnal :
1. Lit. : To set dogs upon an animal to
worry it, perhaps to death.
" Who seeming sorely chaffed at his band.
As chained bear whom cmel dogs do baif.
With idle force did fain them to withstand.
Spenser : F. Q.
2. Fig. : Greatly to harass or persecute.
"... liunted to the last asylum, and baited Into a
mood in which men may be destroyed, bat will not
easily be subjugated." — JIaeaulay ; Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
B. Intrans. : To stop at an inn or any other
place for the purpose of taking refreshment or
obtaining provender for man and beast.
"In all our journey from London to his house, wa
did not so much as bait at a Whig inn," — Addison:
Spectator.
bait (2), v.i. [Fr. battre; Old Fr. 6a(re = to
beat; Sp. batir ; Port, bater ; Ital. battere;
Lat. battuo = to beat.] [Beat, v.] To flap
the wings ; to flutter, (Used of hawks or
other birds of prey.) [Baiting, s.]
" Another way I have to man my haggard.
To make her come, and know her keeiwr's call ;
That IS, to watch her as we watch these kites
That bait and beat and will not be obedient."
Shakes}}. : Taming <tf the Shrew, iv. 1,
bait, * baite, * bayte, * baight, * beyght
(gh silent), s. [In Sw. bete = pasture grazing,
bait, lure ; Icel. beita = food; beit = pasture.]
I. Of food or anything else attractive given
with insidious design:
1. Literally: Whatever is used as an allure-
ment to make fish or other animals take a
hook, or come within the operation of a net,
snare, ur trap of any kind.
"The pleasant'st angling is to see the fiah
Cut with her golden oars the silver streau.
And greedily devour the treacherous bait."
Shakesp. .■ Much Ado aboxU A'otking, iii. 1.
(a) Gen.: Anything constituting the natural
food of fishes ; a worm, for instance, put on a
hook. It is opposed to an artificial " fly."
(b) Spec. . A contraction for Whitebait
(q.v.).
2. Fig. : An allurement of any kind, de-
signed to ensnare one, or at least to bring his
will under the control of the person laying
the "bait."
" Fruit like that
Which grew in Paradise, the bait of Eve
Used by the tempter." Milton: P. L., bk. x.
"They at once applied goads to its anger, and held
out baits to its cuijutity."— J/ticaufct^.' Hist. Eng., ch.
XXV,
II. Of fond given or taken toith no insidimis
design : Food or drink taken on a journey for
purpose of refreshment.
ba'it-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bait, v.]
"... and lead him on with a fine baited delay, till
he hath pawn'd Ms horses to mine host of the Garter."
— ShaJce«p, : Merry Wiva of Windsor, ii, 1,
baith, u. & pro. [Both.] (Scotch.)
ba'it-ing, pr.par., a., & s. [Bait (1).]
A, & B. As present participAe & participial
adjectirc : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
" But our desire's tyrannical extortion
Doth force us there to ^et our chief delightfulneas,
Where but a baiting place is all our portion."
Sidney.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of placing bait upon a hook or
on or in a trap.
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, cb = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
CO g
Z o
S 5
B3
baittle— balsenoptera
397
2. Tlie at-t of h.irahsing r,nriie large or power-
ful aniuml liy lueaiiy of t-ht'^^ ; the state of
being so harassed.
bait -tie (tle=tel), s. [Battel, a.] Rich
pusUire. (Sfotck.)
baize, * baye^. s. [in Sw, loj ; Dan. hay ;
but. buui : O. Fr. hai ; Fr. hoi/cHe, huictte ; Sp.
h<i!iela; Port, /jctc/a ; Ital. hoiftia, from Lat.
lioilius = cliestiiut-eoloiireil.] A eoai'se wool-
len stutV, suiiiethiiig like lUiimel, furiiierly used
ill England fur garments, now employed
chiufly for curtains, cdvlts, &c. Cr.ibb says,
'*'J'he nanje and the thing were introdiicetl
into England by the Flenush refugees." {Scott:
Jiokf'hy, vi. 10.)
■*■ baj'-U-late, v.t. [From Lat. hajulus = a
carrier, a i«nter.] To carry anytliing, and
specially gr>uii, from one jilace to another
with the \'n.-\T of selling it at a profit. [Bad-
ger, Badoering.] (FiiUer : Worthies ; Sussex.)
baj'-u-ree, baj'-ree, baj'-ra, or baj-
U-ry, s. [In Maliratta bajurec] The name
given in many jiarts of India to a kind of
gi';iin (Holcits spicattis), which is extensively
(;ultivated,
* bak-brede. s. [A.S. 'bacan = to bake, and
fr/-e(i = abaard.] A kneading trough, or a board
used for the .snme purjiose in baking bread.
(Cathul. Angliciim.)
bake, " bakke, * b^cke (pret. baked,
"' boke ; pa. par. baked, t ba'-ken,
' bakt), v.t. & i. [A.W. bacan = to bakt.
In yw. & Icel. &a/.:a ; Dan. hage ; l)u.i.balc]ce>L ;
Ger. backeit ; O. H. Ger.pftc/inu; Russ. peshtshi
= to bake ; p^ku = I bake ; Pol. piec = to
bake ; Sansc. patsh = to bake.]
A, Traitsltive :
1. To dry and harden in an oven, under
whii^h a fire has been lit, or by means of any
similar appliance lor imjjai'ting a regulated
anujunt of heat. (Used of bread, potatoes, or
other articles of food.)
"And the people went about, mid giitliered it [tliu
luiiiiiml. iiiid ^I'uULid it in lIlill^, ov bent it in a inui-tjir,
null baked it in linUR, . . ."— jVninft, xi, 8.
2. To harden by means of fire m a kiln, in a
pit, &LC., or by the action of the sun. (Used
of bricks, oai-tli, the ground, geological strata,
or anything sinnlar.)
" A hollow BcuuiVU, I judye, hi niiclent time,
Fur bakinij eiiitli, ur Ituriiiiii! ruck to lime."
Coioper : T!ic J^'n-Ulcs'. Alarm.
"The lower beds in this yieiit \)ile of strata have
heeii dislucited, baked, urystjillised, and almost
blended together." — Darwin: Voj/agc roumlthc World,
ch. XV.
3. To harden by means of cold.
"The earth is baked with froat."— S7mtu«/j. :
T-uii/jvat, 1. 2.
B. IntruN^itirc:
1. To iieiforni the operation of baking on
any one oecasion or habitually.
"I keep his house, mid I wjvah, wriny, brew, bake.
seonr, dress meat, and make the bedb, and do all iiiy-
iu:lt."—ShakesjJ. : Merry Wives, i. 4.
2. To become dry and hard through the
action of heat, or fron; some similar cause.
" Fillet of a fenny snake.
In the oaiildruii Ixtil mid bake."
S/uikesp. : M<icbeth, n. 1.
bake, «. [Contracted from baked (q.v.).]
Baked. (An adjective existing only in com-
position.) [Bakehouse, Bake-meats.]
baked, ^n. par. & a. [Bake, r.]
". . . hills of baked and altered clay-state," — Darwin :
Voyage round the World, oh. x.
baked meats. The same as Bake-
meats Oi-v.).
"There be some houses whereiu sweetmeats will
relent, and baked nt«af£ will mould, more thau others."
— Bacon.
bake-house, *ba'k-li6wse,s. [Eng. bake;
house. A.S. bcechiis ; Dan. bagerhuns.'] A
house in which baking operations are carried
on.
"I liava marked a willingness in the Italian artizaiis
to distrilmte the kitchen, pautry, and bake-house
uuder uronnd." — Wotton.
balce-meats, s. pi. [Eng. bake, and ineats.']
Meats baked.
"And ill the ii|)i«nnost Ija-sket there was of all
manner of &afe;-mea£a for Pharaoh . . ."—Gen.-xX. IT.
\ ba'-ken, pa. par. & a. [Bake, v.] (Obsoles-
cent.)
". . . a cake barren on the coals - , .■'— l^^'n^s xix, C.
ba'-ker, s. [Eng. hak{i-); -er. A.S. hrcccrc ;
Icel. bakari; tiw. bugnre ; Dan. bagn- ; Dut.
bakker ; Ger. hiu-kcr, heckcr.^ One wliose occu-
pation is to bake bread, biscuits, i:c.
"There wau not a bakei-'it shop in the city round
wbK-h twenty or thirty soldiers were not constantly
prowling." — Macaalay : His . Jing., ch. xii.
^ baker-foot, s. A font like that of a
bakei-, by which was meant a badly-shaped
or diHt(nted foot. {Bp. Taylor.)
'' baker-legged, a. Having legs like
those of a baker, by which was meant legs
bending forward at the knees. QVebster.)
* baker's dozen [Dr. Biewer (Did.
of Phrase and Fable) says, " When a heavy
penalty was inflicted foi- short weight, bakers
used to give a snrpUis ninnber of loaves,
called the inbreuil, to avoid all risk of incnr-
ring the fine."] Thuteen.
baker's-itch, ■?. A disease, a species of
tetter [Fsoriatiis pisturiu = baker's i)soriasis).
[Psoriasis.] It is found on the backs of the
hands of bakers and cooks, and ai-ises partl>
from exposure to the heat of the lire, and
partly fiom the in-itation produced by the
continued contact of Hour upon tlie skin.
baker's salt, s. The carbonate of am-
monia used as a substitute for yeast.
ba'-ker-ess, ^. [Kng. baker; -ess.] A ff male
baker
ba'-ker-3^, ^balt-ker-y, s. [Eng. baker;
-y. A.S. bmcerii. In Sw. hngeri ; Dut. bak-
kerij ; Ger. bdckercL]
1. The trade or calling of a baker.
2. A bakehouse, a place where bread is
made.
t balie-Ster, s. [Eng. bake, and suffix -ster.
A.S. baxcstrc = (l) a woman who bakes, (2) a
baker.]
1. Originally (fern, only): A female baker.
(Old English.)
2. Subsequently (masc. £' fern.): A baker of
citln'r sex. (Obsolete in England, but still
tjMbting in parts of Scotliind.)
Tl Tlie name Baxter is simply bakest&r dif-
ferently spelled.
bak-gard, s. [Scotch 6(i7.=Eng. bark; and
Scotcli gard=.'Eug. guard.] A rear-gnard.
(Scotch.)
, " The Erie Maleoui he biul byd with the staill,
To folow th.-iiiu, a bakgard for to W."
Wallace, ix. 1,742, MS. (Jamicsoii.)
ba'-kie, s. [Eng. bake; -ic.] The name given
to a kind of peat. (Scotch.)
"When brought to a proper consistence, a woman,
on each side of the line, kneads or l^akes this jJiLst^-
iiit<i masses of the sbaiw and size of peats, and K|U'eH*l.-s
them ill rows on the gi-ass. From the manner of
the oiieration, these peats are called Sakiex " — Dr.
Walker: Prize Essays, UiglU. Hoc, § ii., 124, [Jamie-
son.)
ba'-king, ijr. jmr., a., & s. [Bake, v.]
A. & B. A.-i present jKLrticiple £ participial
aUjci'tive : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
B. -4s substantive :
1. The act or process of applying heat to
untired bread, bricks, &c.
2. The quantity of bread ])roduced at one
opemtion. [Batch.]
baking-dish, s. A dish for baking.
baking-pan,
A pan for baking.
baking-powder, s. A powder used in
baking as a substitute for yeast. It consisti^
of tai-taric acid, bicarbonate' of soda, and rice
or jtotato flour. These ingredients must be
})Owdered and dried separately, and then
thoroughly mixed together. Tlie flour is
added to keep the powder dry, and ])revent it
absorbing moisture from the atmos]ihere. A^
the combination of taiiarie acid with bicar-
bonate of soda produces tartrate of soda,
which is an ai)erient, it would be better if
manufacturers of baking jijowders would sub-
stitute sesquicarbonate of ammonia for the
bicarbonate of soda. Baking jiowders ara
generally free from adulteration, although
ahim lias sometimes been found, but in very
minute quantity.
^ bakk, s. [In Ger. hu-lr.} A cherM.
" Thau bravde he bi-ayii wod and alle his bakkes rente.
His beard aiul liis bright fax for bale lie to twight."
William and the Wei-wo!/, p. 7C. (S. in Boucher.)
'^ bak-pan'-er, s. [O. Eng. hak = UiP back,
and y/a;(tw = pannier.] A x'annier carried on
the back.
"First xii. c. pan eyres : cc fyre pannes, and xxv.
other lyre pannes. . . . Item -v. c. bakj>a)icrs a.1 gai--
nislied. cc. lanternes."— Caj:(o?t: Vegecias, aig. i.,v. b.
(S, in Boucher.)
bak-sheesh, bakshish, biik'-sheish,
back'-shish, back'-sheesh (the vowel
of the first syllable has a sound intermediate
between a and 7(, nearer the latter than the
former), s. [Arab. & Pers. balhshlsh = a
present ; from bakhshU.lan = to give.] A gra-
tuity.
*■ . . every fresh noiiiiiiation is productive of fresh
bak!.?ieesh to'tlie unworthy niinions of the harem. —
Time:,, 2oth April, 1870.
% In Egypt and other jKU'ts of the Turkish
empire (not, as is sometimes said, in India),
the traveller has scarcely set foot on shore
before clamours for " baksheesh " on the most
frivolous pretexts, or in simple beggary, with-
out pretext at all, assail his ears from eveiy
quarter. "Baksheesh" is the tirst Arabic
word with wliich he becomes acquaint-ed, and
he acquires it unwillingly. It will be foi' his
interest, as soon as possible, in self-defence,^
to learn three words more — "Id shy hii,"
meaning, "there is none."
* bak' -stale, adv. [O. Eng. bak = back, and
perhaps A.S. stellun = to spring, leap, or
dance.] Backwards.
"Bakward or bakstale; a retro . . .'—Prompt. Pare.
"- bal, s. [A.tS. hai-(l) a funeral pile, (2) a
burning; Icel. bead = a. strong fire.] [Baal,
Bki.tane.] A flame.
" Drif thaiiii down in to tho hell.
And duiit the develes theder in,
III thair bnl al for to lirin."
Cursor MujhU, MS. Edin., f. 7 b. (S. in Boucher.)
ba'-la, i". [Celt, bal = i>huc (?). In Goth, also
bal is = domicile, a residence, a seat, a ^■illa ;
from bo = to go.]
lU'iuj. : A small market t.^wn in the north
of Wales, iu the county of IVlerioneth.
Bala limestone, s.
<Uu)l. : The aiijiellation given by Pi'ofessor
Sedgwick to a calcareous deposit occurring in
the vicinity of Bala. It.s age is nearly tliat
of Muichison's Llandeihi Rocks in tlie older
jiart of the Lower Siluiians. [Llandeilo
Rocks.]
" bal -ad, * b^l'-ade, s. [Ballad.]
ba-lSB'-na, s. [Lat. balana ; Ital. balena;
Port, balea, boleia; S]). ballena ; Fr. baleiue ;
Gr. ^aWa-iva (j^hallaina), <^6.\aLva (phalaino),
ijxiWt) (T^halle), paA?] (phale); O.H. Ger. vml ;
Mild. Ger. valllihrh ; 13ut. vah^isrh ; D;in.
hrnlji^L : Sw. hi-al; Icel. hrcdr ; A.S. /"' '
Eug. luhale (q.v.).]
rl ;
THE GREENLAND WHALE.
Zool. : The typical genns of the family Balie-
iiida: (q.v.). There is no fin un the back. B.
mysticetus is the conimon Greenland or Right
"Wliale ; B. aiistralis is the corresiionding
species iu the Southern Hemisphere. [Whale.]
ba-lae'-ni-dse, s. j^l. [Fiom Lat. balmn(a) ;
and suff. -idee.]
Znnl.: The true whales, the ino.st ty]iical
family of the order Cetacea and the sub-ordei-
Cetf. They are known by the absence of
teeth and the ]iresence in their stead of a
horny substance (tailed whalebone, or baleen.
The family contahis two genera, Baliena and
Baliienoptera (q.v.).
bal-ae-n6p'-ter-a,a. [Lot. '"(;r«'7ffi = a whale,
and Gi'. Tr-repoi' (pteron) — a feather, a wing,
or anything like one— a fin, for exiiiiiple.]
boil, b^; po^t, jo^l; cat. 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist. ph:=f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tlous, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel. deL
398
balade— balance
Fin-backed Whales. A genus of Bala^nidn^,
characterised by the pChsessiou of a soft
dorsal lin, and iiy tlie shortness of the plates
of baleen. BoJi.iniOj<tcra Loops, the Xnrthrru
Rorqual, or Fin-lisli, called by sailors the
Finner, is not rare in the British seas. It is
the largest of known animals, sometimes
reaching 100 feet in length. A soniewliat
smaller species^ B. niusculus, inhabits the
Mediterranean.
" bal'-ade.
[Ballad.]
bal'-ange, * bal'-laun9e, s [In But. &«-
hins; Ger. (in Meeh.) \ halaace ; Fr. l)alanri: ;
Prov. halans, balanza ; Sp. halaiiza ; Ital.
hilancia ; Lat. ?)t7aJix = having two scales :
ii (in compos. 6n]y)=two, and lonr=(l) a
plate, platter, dish, and si>t'rially (2) the scale
of a balance. Coni]iare alsn l.nw Lat. bal-
lancio, valentio. -^itnce or value. (iSee Du-
ani[n'.).']
A. Ordinary Language :
I. An instrument for weighing.
1. Lit. : That which has two scales ; viz.,
the instrument, described under B., I. 1, for
weighing bodies. It is called "a balance," " a
pair of balances," or, more rarely, "balances."
"A. just weight rmd balance :ire the Lord's: all the
weig'hts of the has: are his work." — Prov. xvL. 11,
"... had a pair of ftaZancesiii hlahaiid."— y^eiT. VL. 5.
"Just balances, jiiat weights, a just ei>hah, aud a
just hill, shall ye have . . ." — Lev. xix. aO-
2. Figuratively :
(a) What may be called mental scales ; those
powers or faculties whicli enable one to ti.sti-
mate the relative weight, advantage, or im-
portance of two things, neither of which can
be cast into material scales.
" If a person suffer much from sea-sickness, let him
weigh it heavily id the balance." — Darwin: Vonage
round the World, ch. xxi,
Q}) The emblem of justice, often figured as a
bandaged person holding in equdibrio a pair
of scales.
To sway the balance : To administer justice.
" Discernment, eloquence, and grace,
Pruclaim hiiii horn to sway
The balance in the hiifhest place.
And hear the palm away.
Cowper: Promotion of Thurlow.
II. The state of being in equipoise.
1. Lit. : The equipoise between an article
and the weight in the opposite scale ; or any
similar equipoise without actual scales being
used.
" And hung a hottle on each side,
To make his balance true."
Cowper: John Gilpin.
"I found it very difficult to keep uiy balance." —
Darwin: Vouage round the World, cli. xvii.
2. Figuratively :
(a) The act of mentally comparing two
things which cannot be weighed in a material
balance.
"Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either
side, it will appear tlrnt the rules of the gospel are
more powerful means of conviction than such
message. ' ' — A tterbttry.
(b) Mental or moral equipoise or equili-
brium; good sense, .steadiness, discretion.
"... the English workmen completely lose their
balance." — J S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vo\. i., bk. i.,
ch. vii. (Note).
HI. That which is needful to be added to
one side or other to constitute an equilibrium ;
also the preponderance one way or other before
such adjustment is made.
1. Lit. : Used In connexion with the weigh-
ing of articles or the making up of accounts.
[B.]
2. Fig. : Used in the estimating of things
immaterial which cannot be literally weighed
or calculated.
"... the balance of hardship turns the other
vfa,y."—J. S. Mill: Polit. Econ., vol. i., bk. ii., eh. iL,
§2.
B. Technically :
I. Mechanics, £c.:
1. Common balance : An instrument for de-
termining the relative weights or masses of
bodies. It consists of a beam with its fulcrum
in the middle, and its arms precisely equal.
From the extremities of the arms are sus-
pended two scales, the one to receive the
object to be weighed, and the other the coun-
terpoise. The fulcrum consists of a steel
prism, called the knife-edge, which passes
through the beam, and rests, with its sharp
edge or axis of suspension, upon two supports
of agate or jiolished steel. A needle or
pointer is fixed to the beam, and oscillates
with it in front of a graduated arc It points
to zero when the balance is at rest. When
the beam is horizontal, the centre of gravity
of the instrunifut should be in the same
vertical line with the edge of the fulcrum, but
a little beneath the latter. A good balance
])0ssesses both sensibility and stability. A
balance is said to be sensible which so easily
revolves upon its fulcrum that, when in equi-
poise, the addition of the minutest i)article of
matter to one scale makes it sensibly move.
It is stable when, owing to the low position of
the centi'e of gravity, it Uoes not long oscillate
on being disturbed. This first type of balance
may be modified in various ways.
(a) A false balance of this type is one in
which the arms are unequal in length, tluj
longer one being on the side of the scale into
which the article to be weighed is to be put.
As tlie balance is really a lever [Lbver], it is
evident that a smaller weight than that in the
scale will put the beam into equilibrium. The
fraud may at once be detected by putting the
article to be weighed into the scale containing
the weight, aud vice versd.
(6) Hydrostatic balance : A balance designed
for the weighing of bodies in water, with the
view of ascertaining their specific gravity.
2. A "Eoniau" balance, the same as the
steelyard. [Steelyard.] Of this type the
Chinese, the Danish or Swedish, and the bent
lever balances are modifications.
IL Mechanics a/ncl Natural Philosophy :
Balance of Torsion : An instrument invented
by Coulomb for comparing the intensities of
very small forces. It consists of a metallic
wire suspended vertically from a fixed point,
to the lower end of whicli a horizontal needle
is attached with a small weight designed to
keep the wdre stretched. The magnitude of a
small force acting on the end of the needle is
measured by the amount of "torsion," or
twisting of the wire — in other words, by the
arc which the needle passes over measured
from the point of repose.
III. Mechanics and Horology :
1. Balance of a Watch : The circular hooji
or ring which takes the place of the bob of a
pendulum in a clock. The action of the hair-
spring causes it to vibrate.
"It ia but supposing that all watches, whilst the
balance beats, think; and it is sufficiently proved,
that my watch thought all last night." — Locke.
2. Compensating Balance of a Chronometer :
A balance or wheel furnished with a spiral
spring, with metals of difterent expansibility
so adjusted that, in alterations of tempera-
ture, they work against each other and render
the movements of the chronometer uniform.
rV". Astron. : A constellation, one of the
signs of the zodiac, generally designated by
its Latin name, Libra. [Libra.]
v. Book & Account Keeping : The excess on
the debtor or creditor side of an account,
which requires to be met by an identical sum
entered under some heading on the other side
if an equilibrium is to be established between
the two.
VT. Comm. & Polit. Econ. Balance of Trade :
Properly an equilibrium between the value of
the exports from and the imports into any
country, but more commonly the amount re-
quired on one side or other to constitute such
an equilibrium.
" Nothing, however, can be more absurd than this
■wholedoctriiieof the balance of trade. . . When two
places trade with one another, this doctrine supposes
that if the balance be e\'en, neither of them either
loses or gains ; hut if it leans in .any degree to one
side, that cue of them lo'^es aud the othur gains, in
Eroportion to its declension from the exact equili-
rium."— ./IrfaJTi Smirii: iVealth of A'utions, bk. iv.,
ch. iit., pt. ii,
VII. Politics. Balance of Pourr: Such a
condition of things that the power of any one
state, however great, is balanced by that of
the rest. To maintain such an equilibrium
all the nations jealously watch each other, and
if any powerful and ambitious one seek to
aggrandise itself at the expense of a weaker
neighbour, all the other states, parties to the
system, hold themselves bound to resist its
aggressions. The ancient Greek states thus
combined first against Athenian and then
against Spartan domination. Several of the
modern European states did so yet more sys-
tematically, first against Spain, then against
France, and more recently against Russia.
Many of these wars have tended to the vindi-
cation of international law and the preserva-
tion and increase of human liberty ; but
others have been detrimental to humanity,
and the "balance of x"'Ower " does not now
override e\'cry consideration to the extent
that it did formerly. Those who advocate
it have no other ambition than to maintain
the "status quo," however arbitrary or ob-
solete. They are logically bound to condemn
the resurrei-tion of Italy, the unification of
Germany, the destruction of the Pope's tem-
poral power, and the curtailment of Turkey —
events whicli have reconstructed a great por-
tion of Continental Europe on a basis more
natural than that previously existing, and
therefore more likely to maintain itself spon-
taneously, in place of requiring, at intervals,
a great expenditure of blood and treasure to
prevent it from being overturned.
balance-beams, s. pi. Beams consti-
tuting ])art of the machinery for lowering a
drawbridge, and which, moving upwards,
cause it to descend.
" Full harshly up its groove of stone.
The balance-brams obeyed the blast,
Aud down the trembling dr.awbridge cast."
Scott : The Bridal of Tnermain. L 15.
balance -electrometer, s. An instru-
ment invented by Cuthbertson for regulating
the amount of the charge of electricity de-
signed to be sent through any substance.
Essentially, it consists of a beam with both
its arms terminating in balks. One of these is
in contact with a ball beneath it, supported
by a bent metallic tube, jiroceeding from the
same stand as that on which the beam rests.
When electricity is sent through the instru-
ment, the two balls repel each other, and the
beam is knocked up. Its other extremity
consequently descends, the ball there coming
in contact with another one at the top of an
insulated column, and a discharge will there
take place. The weight, overcome by the
repulsive force, will measure the intensity of
the latter. It has been superseded by instru-
ments on other principles.
balance-fish, s. A name sometimes
given to a shark of the genus Zygsena.
balance-knife, s. A table-knife with u
handle which balances the blade.
balance-reef, s.
Naut. The closest reef of a fore-and-aft sail,
making it nearly triangular.
balance-sheet, s. A statement of debits
and credits in tabular form.
balance-Step, .•>. [Goose-step.]
bal'-an9e, t bal'-lan5e, * bal'-launge,
v.t. & i. [From the substantive. In Sw.
balansera; Dan. balancere ; Fr. balancer ; Prov.
balansar, balanzor ; Sp. & Port, balancear;
Ital. bilanciare.] [Balance, s.]
A. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Langua.ge :
1. Lit. : To ad,iust the scales of a balanct; so
that tliey may be equally poised ; to render
them what is called in Anglicised Latin in
equilibrium, or in classical Latin in zgui-
librio.
2. Figuratively :
.(a) So to ad,iust powers or forces of any
kind as to make them constitute an equili-
brium ; to cause to be in equipoise ; to render
equal. (Used whether this is done by man or
by nature.)
" Now by some jutting atone, that seems to dwell
Half in naid-air, as balanced by a spell."
HcrnanK : The Abencerrage, c. 0.
" The forces were so evenly balanced that a very
alight accident might have turned the scale. —Macau-
lay : Hist. £ng., en, xix.
" In the country, parties were more nearly balanced
than in the capital.' — Ibid., ch. xxv.
(6) To make the two sides of an account
agree with each other, or to do anj-thing ana-
logous. [II. 1.]
"... his gain is balanced by their loss. "—J". S. Mill:
Polit. Econ., bk. 1., ch. ill.. § i.
"Judging is balancing an account, and determininff
on whicli side the odds lie. "— iocfrc.
" Give him leave
To balance the account of Blenheim's day."
Prior.
(c) Mentally to compare two forces, magni-
tudes, &c., with the view of estimating their
relative potency or importance.
"A fair result can be obtained only by fully stating
and balancing the facts aud arguments on both sides
of each question."— ^aj-wt/* : Origin of Species (ed.
1859), Introd., p. 2. n "J i- \
id) To adjust one thing to another exactly.
" While fhief baron Ear .«at to bnlnnco the laws,
So famed for his talent in nicely discemins."
Cowper: Report of an Aa judged Case.
■iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, iall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; fe = e. qu — kw.,
balanced— bald
399
IL Teck)ucaUy :
1. Acco^int and BooJc Keeping : To ascertain
and note down or pay the sum which is neces-
sary to make the dettor and creditor aide of
an account equal.
2. I>(iiicing: Reciprocally to move forward
to and backward from.
B. Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : To Ije in equilibrio; to he exactly
puihtid. (Used of scales.)
2. Fignro.tU-cly :
(") To lie equal on the one side and the
otlier, as "the account balances."
t (b) To liesitate between conflicting evidence
or nioti\es.
"Were the »atiKf.actioii of lust, and the jnys of
heaven, uttered to auy one's liiebeut ^jussessiuu, he
woukl not bitliince, or err in the deterniinHtion ut his
choice."— iocfte.
" Since there in nothing that can offend, I see noi;
why you Hhould balance a nioiueut about x>riutin|r it "'
— AtU-rburi/ to Pope.
IL Dancing : To move forward to, or back-
ward from, a partner.
1ia>l'-an9ed, ixi. par. & a. [Balance, i-.]
' Fur England also the same soheriny process of
/j'll'iiK'eil loss and gain will have the Haiue salutary
c-HVL't "—Time<, Nov. 16, 1877.
bll'-an9e-inent, s. [Eng. balance; -ment.
In Fr, balancevt£nt.'\ The act of balancing;
the state of being balanced.
"The elder Geotfroy and Goethe propounded, at
abont the same period, their law uf comtiensatiou or
Ittdii ncamcHt ot nvowth." — J}unvin: Origin of Upecies
(ed. I8J9), ch. v., p. 147.
b3,l'-an-9er, s. [Eng. balanc(e); -er.]
1. Ord. Lang. : He who or that which
balances or poises a pair of scales, or who, by
this or any other method, produces equili-
biium in anything. [Halteres.J
2. Entom. (The balancers of a dipteious
insect) : Tlmse druni.stick-likc processes well
seen in the fly and other familiar species of
the order.
b^l'-an-9ihg, wr. par., a., & s. [Balance, v.]
A. & B. -4s I'T. par. & piirticip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. -4s substantive :
1. The act of rendering equal or in apt ill-
brio or poised ; tlie state of being thus equal
or in equipoise.
2. That wliich produces equilibrium, poise,
or equality.
ba~land'-ra, 5. [Sp. & Port, balandra.] [Bi-
LANJJER.] A kind of vessel with one mast,
used in South America and elsewhere.
"I was couiiielled to return by a balandra, or one-
nmsted ve.ssel of about a huudred toDs' burden, which
was hound to Bueuoa Ayres." — Darwin: Voyage ron)ul
the World, ch. vii.
ba-lan'-i-dse, s. pi. [Balanus.] One of tlie
two families into which the crustaceous order
called Cirrliopoda is divided. It includes
the animals poimlarly called Sea-acorns, from
the remote resemblance which their shells
bear to the fruit of the oak. Tliey (;onstitute
the lixed Cirrhopoda so frequently seen cover-
ing stakes and rocks within high-watermark.
[Balanus, Baknacll:, Cirrhopoda.]
bal-a-ni'-nus, s. [Gv. /3aAavo? (balanos) = :in
acorn, probubly IVuin the similiinty of shape
of some of tliese beetles.]
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to
the family CureulionidiE. The species have
a long slender rostrum, furnished at the tip
with a minute i)air of sharj) horizontal jaws,
which they use in depositing their eggs in the
kernels of certain fruits. Balaniniis nucum
is tlie Nut-weevil. It attacks the hazel-nut
and the tilbiirt, whilst B. glandiuin makes its
assaults on the acorn.
bal'-an-ite, s. [Tn Ger. balanit ; Fr. balanite ;
Lat. balanites; Gr. jSaA-ai'trrj? (bale uite.'i) = (a^
adj.) acorn-shaped, (as s.) a jjrecious stone.
{Pliny.).']
Palaont. : A fossil Cirripede of the genus
Balanus, or closely allied to it.
bal-an-6ph'-6r-a, s [Gr. ^dKavo? {balanus)
— acorn, and <^e'paj {pharo) = to hear. Acorn-
b":ii-ing.] The typieal genus ol the Baiano-
plmracca!. Tlie Himalayan species make great
knots on the roots of oaks and maples, scooped
by the natives into drinking-cups. In Java
the wax of Balanophora elongatct is used in
making candles.
bal-an-6-ph6r-a'-9e-2e {Lindley), bal-an-
6-ph6r'-e-se{Rickard), s. pi. [Balanophora.]
Cynomorlums. An order of plants placed by
Lindley under the class Rhizauths or Rhizo-
gens, but believed by Dr. Hooker to have an
affinity to the Exogenous order Halorageae, or
Hi]ipurids, They are succulent, fungus-like,
leafless plants, usually yellow or red, parasitical
upon roots. The flowei-s are mostly unisexual ;
they are crowded together in heads or cones.
The i)erianth in the males is generally three or
six cleft ; the ovary has one or two styles, but
only one cell and one pendulous ovule. Lindley
estimated the number known in 1S46 at thirty.
They occur in America ; at the Cape of Good
Hope and in other parts of Africa ; also in Asia.
One species occurs in Malta. In properties
they seem to be styptic. Cynomoriinn coccl-
■neinn, called by apothecaries Fungus Melliensis,
is so, as are some siieeies of Helosis. Embro-
pliytum i.s eaten in Peru as if it were a fungus.
[Balanophora, Cvnomorium.]
bal-an-6-ph6r'-e-S9, o. 2)1. [Balanophor.a.-
CE.E. ]
bal'-an-iis, s. [Lat. balanus ; Gr. ^d\avo<;
{baUmos) =(l)an acorn, (2) any similar fruit.].
Acorn-shells. A genus of Crustaceous animals,
the tyjiical one of the fanuly Balanidte (q.v.).
Their shell consists of six valves, firmly united
into a short tube, which is fixed by its base
to the object to which the animal seeks to
adhere. From two to four valves more close
the upper i)ortion of the tube, with the excep-
tion of a slit or orifice, through wliich the
inhabitant protrudes its cirri in quest i>f sus-
tenance. Though fixed when adult, it swims
about when immature, and in tliat state some-
what resembles an entomostracan. [Acorn-
shell.] '
bal-as, bal'-ass, a. & s. [In Ger. hallass: i
Fr. balais and ritbis balais ; Prov. balait^, ■
ha lack ; Sp. balax ; Port, balax, balais; Ital.
balascio ; Low Lat. balascus. Named from
Balashon or Balaxiam, erroneous spelling of
Badakshan or Budakshan, a city of Uzbec
Tartary or Great Bokhara; capital of the
jirovince of Kilau ; lat. 37° 10' N., long. OS'
50' E.]
A, As adjevticc: Pertaining to the kind of
ruby desenbed under B., as tlie Balas Ruby.
B. As substantive : A name given by lapi-
daries to the rose-red varieties of the Spinel
Ruby. These arc not to be confounded with
the Oriental ruby, or sapphire, which is of
far greater value. [See Ruby and Spinel, of
which the ruby is a variety.]
* bal-3,s'-tre (tre = ter), s. [Lat. ballsta-
ri7is.] [Arblestre.] A cross-bow,
"... a grete iiuitntite of uiJtrappea. buhisircn,
(juarelies, liowes aiidarrowes, . , ." — Caxton: Vejiititia,
aig. I., vi. b. (S. in Boucher.)
bal-aus'-ta, s. [Lat. balaustium ; Gr. ^a-
Aauo-TLOf {balaustio7i) = the flower of the wild
pomegranate. ]
Bot : The name given by Richard, Lindley,
and others to the kind of fruit of which the
pomegranate is the type. It consists of a
many-celled, many-seeded, inferior indehisceiit
fleshy pericarp, the seeds in which have a
pulpy coat, and are distinctly attached to the
placentae. {Lindley: Introd. to Bot.)
bal-aus'-tine, a. & s. pLat. bulaiistivm ; Gr.
.SaAavo-Ttoi- {balanstion).'] [Balausta.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the pome-
granate-tree. {Coxe. )
B^ As s-ubstantive : The pomegranate-tree.
*ba-la'yn. s. [Fr. balaln = a whale ]
1. A whale.
2. Whalebone. (The meaning, however, in
the following example is doubtful.)
" Her baner whyt. witbouten falile,
With thre Sarezynes hedes uf sable.
That wer sthapeu uoble and large
Of balayn, both sheeld and tJirge."
Richard Caeur de Lion, 2.99-2.
* bal-bu'-ti-ate, v.i. [In Fr. balbutier ; Poit.
balbuciar ; Ital. balbuzzare, Jialbuzzire, balbet-
tare, balbutlre ; Low Lat. holbuzo ; CUi^^s Lat.
&a/&i((LO = tosUimmer; from balbus = stammer-
ing.] To stammer. (Johnson).
bal-bu'-ti-ent, a. [Lat. halbuiientem,, ace. of
balbutiois, pr. par. of baUndio.] [Balbutiate.]
Stammering, hesitating in speech.
"Speech .... imperfect, balbnf tent, and inartici-,-
]3.te. —CudiDorth : InUUeclaal System.
b^l-bu'-ti-es, a. [In Fr, balbutle = inarticu-
lateness, bad pronunciation ; Port, balbucie ;
Ital. balbuzie = stammering, stuttering ; from
Lat. balbus = stammering.]
Med. : Stammering ; hesitancy in speech.
^ bal'-con, * bal'-cone, s. [Balcony.]
bal-c6-nette', s. [Formed from Eng. bal-
con{y) ; dim. suff. -ette.] Asmall orminiatnre
balcony serving for ornament rather than use.
bal'-con-ied, a. [Eng. balcon{y) ; -ied.'\
Having balconies. (Sometimes used in com-
position.)
"The house was double-&a?conierf in front."— /Joiner
North.
bal'-c6n-y, ^ bStl-co'-ny-, ^ bal'-con,
^bal'-cone, *bel'-c6ne» s. [In Sw., Diit.,
& Ger. balkon ; Dan. balkon, balcon ; Fr.,
Prov., & Sp. balcon; Port, balcao; Ital. bal-
cone; Low Lat. balco. Cognate with Ital.
halco or paZco=a floor, stage, scaff'old, the
box of a theatre, the liorns of a deer, and
Eng. balk = a beam.] [Balk.]
Ord. Lang. & Arch. : A gallery or ]>rojccting
fiamework of wood, iron, or stone, in front of
a house, generally on a level witli the lower
]iart of the windows in one or more floors.
Balconies are supported on brackets, canti-
levers, rails, consoles, or pillars, and are often
surrounded by iron rails or by a balustrade
of stone. They are very common outside the
better houses in large towns. When they arc
sufficiently strong the inmates of the house
can use them for standing or sitting in the
open air; when more feebly supported, they
may be employed as form-stands for plants in
flower-pots.
"The streets, tlie brtlnmif^, and the very housetops
were crowded with t^nzen." ^Jlacaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xi.
1[ (a) The form balconc occurs in Howell's
Lcdns (dated 1000.) (Hulliwcll: Contrib. to
Lexic.) It is found also in Holyduy's Juvenal
(1618). This is probably the earliest instance.
(b) In 1836, Smart noted that the change of
accent from the second syllable of the word
to the fii-st had taken place within the previous
twenty years.
'*bald(l), a. [Bold.]
bald (2), * balde, * ball-ed, * ball-ede,
' bar -lid, a. [Oi-ig. a dissyllable, the -d
standing lor an older -ed, the adjective being
thus formed from a substantive. The original
meaning seeniB to liave been (1) shining, (2)
white, as a bald-fa.ced stag, or horse. From
Gael. & Ir. bal, ball = a spot, a mark, a freckle,
cogn. with Breton bal = a white mark on
animal's face, {.s/jca^)]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally :
1. Of Tiian : Without hair upon the crown
of the head, one of the characteristic marks
of approaching old age.
"Balled he was, and thycke of body . . ."
Jiob. Glouc: Chron., p. 429. [S. in Boucher.)
"Both the great and the siiiall shalldie in this land:
they shall uot >)e buried, neither shall men lament for
thent, nor cut themselves, nor make themaelves bald
for them."— ./er. xvi 6,
2. Of birds : Without feathei-s on the crown
of the head, a charaeteristic seen in some
vultures, which can in consequence bury their
head in the carcase of an animal without
having their feathers rendered clotted and
disagreeable by blood.
IL Figuratively :
1. Of covering or adornment essentially of a
material kind :
(a) Of plants: Destitute of foliage, flowers,
or fruit. [See also B.]
" Under an oak, whose houghs were moas'd with age,
And high tox) bald with dry antitinity."
S/takesiJ. : As you Like It, iv. 3,
(&) Of any inanimate part of Tiature : Desti-
tute of its natural covering. (Used of rocks,
the earth, &c.)
• 2. Of covering or adornment essentially of an
immaterial kind :
(n) Of literary composition : Unadorned.
(Used both of original composition and of
translation.)
bSil, boj^; p^t, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xeuophon, e^st. -ing,
-ml an, -tian = shan. -9ion, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. — b^U del.
400
baldachin— baldric
"Hobbi"^, ill tilt ]irefrice to his own bald tiMiisliitinii
ni the Ilia-s, lic-iiis tlit- pvjiise of Homer \iliere he
i-huiild li.we eiiiled it "—/Jri/deii : Fab., Pret
" Ami th.it, though laI)oiu-'il. line must b</ld appear,
That liriii^'S uiigratuful itiUHick to the ea.T."—Crcedi. ,
(/_>) Of a I'ri !iOii's rjianictrr, vmnners, or staUis :
Unattr.ictivt', undijinilied.
" What shouKl the ]ieijple do with these bald tribunes ?
Oil M'hoifi ileiieiicliiii; their ohedieiic-e fails
To the t'liii'itt;!' bench," .■^lliakcsp. : CorloL, iiL 1.
"R. Agrle. & Bot. Of grasses : AVithoat n
lioard or awn.
bald-bilZzard, s. A name sometimes
given tu the Osjirey. or Fishing-hawk (Pcntf'/ri^j
haUcecttis), ami to the genus to which it
"belongs.
\ l!ahl-hii:::ard is sometimes eorrupted into
Balhuzzanl.
'bald coot, s. The Common Coot (Fulica
citra), from the white frontal plate.
baid-liead, bald head, s.
1. A head wliich is bald, or destitute of linir.
2. An oftensive designation for one affected
witli baldnes-^.
"... there came forth little chilclreu out of the
eity, stiitl mocked him, .iml said unto him, Go ui>, thou
bifid he<id ; go ux), thou bald head." — 2 Kirujs ii. 2!.
bald-locust, bald locust, s. [Heb.
^"^9 (salgham, scdeam, or saJavi), from East
Aram. D^^p (salghum, saleam, or salam) —
eonsumetL In Sept. Gr. arraKT]? (attalx's) ;
Lat. Vulg attacus.] A winged and eatable
species of locust, not yet properly identified.
"... auil the bnld locust after his kind . , ." — Leo.
xi. 22
bald-pate, s & a.
A. Assvbstantlve: A " pate," or head, desti-
tute of hair.
"Come hither, goothnau baldpnte ; do you know
me?" — Sliakesfj. ; Mean, for Meas., v. 1.
B, As adjective :
1. Having a liead of this description.
2. Devoid of the accustomed covering of
anytliing.
" Nor with Da1>artis bridle up the floods.
Nor i>erriwi(j witli snow the baldpate woods."
Soame and Drydeii: Art of Poetry.
bald-pated, a. Having the "pate," or
head, destitute of hair.
" You baldpated, lying rascal, you must be hooded,
must you?" — Slitikesp. : Meas.for Jfcas., v. l.
bald-tyrants, s. pi. The English name
of a genus of birds, Gymnocephalus, wliich
belongs to the family Ampelidee (Chatterers),
and the sub-family Gymnoderina, or Fruit-
crows. Its habitat is South America. Its
name is derived from the absence of featheis
on a considerable portion of the face.
bal'-da-chin, bS,l-da-chi'-no, bau'-de-
kin, s. [In Dan. haJJakhi ; Ger, haUlctcliin ;
Fr. baldaqnlii; Sp. haldaqui ; Ital. haldachiiio
= canopy ; Low Lat. haldachin'ns, haldecMnvfi
— (1) rich silk, (2) baldachin; from Ital.
Bcddacco, Baldach = Bagdad, the well-known
city near the eastern limit of Turkey in Asia,
whence the rich silk used for covering balda-
chins came.]
1. Properly : A rich silk cloth erected as a
canopy over a king, a saint, or other person
of distinction, to increase his dignity.
"No baldncJiiiio, no cloth of state, was there; the
king being absent." — Sir T. Herbert . Trav , p. iss.
2. Eo-'les. Arch. : A canopy, generally sup-
ported by pillars, but sometimes suspended
from above, placed over an altar in a Roman
BALDACHINU (X^RCM ST 1'LTER'S, UOME).
Catholic Cliin'ch. not so much to protect it as
to impart tu it ad<litu'iial giace and dignity.
It is generally of a square fnrni. covereil with
bilk or other rich cloth, fringed at the margin.
It is supposed tu be copied fi'om a structure
called in Latin cUioriiiiii,a.n0.in Greek Kt^dtpiov
(klborlott), erected liy tlic early Christians over
tonilts and altars. Baldachins were tirst in-
troduced into the Western Church about
1130, and into England about 1271::-. Some
baldachins are nf great size. That in St.
Peter's at Rome, the largest and finest known,
reaches the elevation, including the cross, of
126^ feet. On the uthcr hand, some arc small
enough to be removed from their jilaces and
carried over the host in Roman Cathidic pro-
cessions.
* ba'ldc-ly, * balde-Iiche (<■/; guttural),
adr. [BoLDLi'.]
* bald'e-moyne, s [Etymnlogy doubtful.]
[BALDirONEV.]
t bald'-en, r.t. & /. [Eng. bcdd (2); -e?i.]
A. Trans. : To make or render bald.
B, Jiitrans. : To become bald, to lose one's
hair.
bal-der'-dasb, s. [According to Malone,
balder is from Eng. hall, and dash is also the
oidinary English word, the reference being to
the practice of barbers dashing tlieir balls
backwards and forwards in hot watei*. The
example from Nashe given below is in favour of
tliis etymology. But Joseph Hunter, writing
in Boucher, suggests that balderdash may be
from "Wei. baldardd, haldordd = to babble, to
prate, to talk idly ; bvhhirddiis = prnting,
babbling, talking idly. Witli ttiis view Wed,:,^-
wood agrees, and adds Teutonic and otlier
affinities. In Gael, hallartaich, hallardnich is
= a loud noise, shouting ; Sw. buller = noise,
clamour, bustle; Dan. bvlder= noise, rumbling
noise, bustle, brawl ; Dut. hiddering = bluster-
ing. All these, however, are at best only
conjectures. There is no evidence as to its
origin, ]
I. Lit. : Mixed, trashy, and worthless liquor.
1. That used by barbers for washing tlie
head. [See etymology.]
"They would no more live under the yoke of (be
aea, or have their heads washed with hia bubbly
s\mine or bmber's balderdash."— Ji/asfie : Lcnteii litiijfe
(1599), p. 8
2. Pooj-, thin liquor.
" It la against my fieehold, my inheritance.
To drink sucli balderdash, or bonny clabber 1 "
B. Jcm&oii : Acw Jnn, i. 2.
II. Fig.: Confused speech or writing; a, jar-
gon of words without meaning.or if they possess
any, then it is something offensive or indecent.
"To defile the eai'M of young boys witli this wicked
balderdash."— Thackei-at/ : The Ji'trwcomes, ch. i.
bal'-der-dash, v.t. [From the substantive.]
1, To mix.
" When monarchy heffan to bleed.
And ti'easou had a line new name :
When 'J'liRines wa.-* balderdash d with Tweed,
And pulpits did like beacons ft.Liue."
The Gimeoa BaUad (1674] .
2. To adulterate with inferior liquor.
" Can wine or brandy receive any sanction by being
balderdashed with two or thjee ^orts ()f simple
\\-Atei\s'i"—MandeuUle . Jlijpochondr. Dis. (17^0), 279.
baId'-i-C06t, s. [Eng. bald (-2) ; i connect-
ive, and t:oot (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : The Connnon Coot [Fulica atra).
2. Fig.: A monk, ])robab]y from his dark
garinents and sha^'cw cj'own.
" To hob and nob with the.ie black batdimols."
Kiiigsley ■ Saint's Tragedy, in. 4.
bald'-ish,«. {^\\g.bald;-lsh.] Somewhat bald.
bald'-ly, 0(/j.'. [En-, bald: -ly.] In a bald
manner ; nakedly, inelegantly.
" Thev do allegoii/e but very baldli/.'-P. /fvllaiid .
/•luturfh.
bald -mon-ey^ ' tiald^mon-y, bav/d-
mon-ey, bald'e-moyne, s. [a ccnrnp-
tiou of Lat. rahle hoiiJf, - exceedingly good
(Prior). Dr. Murray say,-. Iliat the early forms
liniiit to a Fr. baudnnoine (which is not
fouiidi,]
"^ A. Of the forms baldmony, ■■ baldemoync :
A gentian. {Jolnison, dc.)
B. Of the fmiii.'i baldmoney and bawd-
money : All English mime applied to the
Meum,agenus of umbelliferous ]tlants. One
species occurs in Bi'ilain, the M. nthamanti-
cuvi= Common Baldmoney or Meum It has
nuUtijtartite leaflets, yeUo\vJsh flowers, and a
fusiform root eaten by the Highlanders as an
BALDMONEY (mEUM ATHAMANTICUM).
aromatic and carminative. The whole plant
has a strong smell.
bald'-ness, ^ bal'-led-ness, ^. [Eng. &aM;
-ness.] The quality of being bald.
I. Literally:
1. Partial or total absence of Iiair on a
human being, whether arising from disease or
from old age. [Alopecia.]
". . . hisshode shamed iiottheharmeof ZiiiHcrfHesse,
and wheinie he is iclipned m squar the forlietle, lie
sbeweth as a lyouuus visage. "—y^oi. of Glouc., p 48i.
(S. in Boucher.)
2. Absence of feathere from the crown and
back of the head in a vulture or other bird.
"Make thee h.ild, and poll thee for thy delicate
children ; eulai^ge thy baldness aa the eagle."— J/ *c. i. 16.
TT In the example from Micah tlie word
translated "eagle" is probably a species of
vulture.
II. Figuratively :
1. Such destruction as leaves a city bare of
inhabitants, if not even of edifices.
"Baldness is come upon Gaza; Ashkelou is cut off
with the remnant of their valley : how loug wilt thon
cut thyself i " — Jer. xlvii. 5.
2. Absence of all ornament or even elegance.
(Specially of composition.)
"Borde has all the baldness of allusion, and bar-
barity iif versification, belonging to Skelton, witho\it
his strokes of satire and seventy.'"— ITttrto/i.- Hist, of
£iig. Poetry, iii, 74. -^
bald'-ric, * bald'-rick, * bauld'-rick,
*baud'-rick, ^bau'-der-yfe, bawd-
rick, * bawd'-rycke, ^ baw'-der-yke,
* baw'-dryk, * baw'-drikke, bald-
reye, bdV-dreg, baw'-dryg (au or aw
in some of these words is softened from aid,
which is the older form), a-. [In M. & O. H.
Ger. halderich. According to Mudge, from
Low Lat. haldringus; accordhig to Ducange,
fiom Low Lat. haldrellus. In either case,
I'emotcly from Class. Lat. balteus = a girdle, a
belt, . . . the zodiac. InA.S. belt ; Sw. haltc;
Icel. balti ; Ban. boelte ; Fr. bavdrier ; O. Fr.
baudrier, ha.ndre; Ital. bvdriere.^ [Belt.]
L Literally :
1. A ri<-hly- '^^^
ornamented gir-
dle or belt, pass-
ing over one
shiuilder and
arimnd the op-
]"isite side, as
shown in the
accompanying
ligure. It was
designed to be
(trnaiiiental and
to show the
rank of the
wearer, besides
being of u,se as
a sword - belt,
or, in some
cases, for carry-
ing a bugle.
"A radiant baldric, o'er his shoiiKlev tied.
Sustain d the sw ord that gb-tter'd athi« side "
Pope: nomers Iliad, bk. ni„ 41o-16.
•' His bugle-horn hung liy his side
All ill a wolfskin baldric tied."
Scolt : Lay of tlie Last Jfin-^trcl, iii. IC.
". . . from his 6o7(?ric drew
His bugle . . ." Byron: The Corsair, ii.4.
■^ 2. A collar.
"A baldrick fur a lady's neck.'— Paligrave.
BALDRIC.
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; w^e, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • go pot
or, wore, wQlf, work, whd. son: mute. ciib. ciire, unite, cur, riile, full; try, Syrian, se, cB = e. ey=a. ou = kw
bale— balk
401
^ 3. Any one of the subsidiary ropes used in
ringing cluucli bells (Bcntcher) ; or the rope
by iiieuns of which a bell is rung.
". ■ . for iuakh>(f the bawdryk of the great belle,
xiid." — ^cW. MUH., Mas. Brit.. 0,761, f. 40. (S. lit
Jiintdiei:)
II. Fig. : The zodiac viewed as a gem-
studded belt encircling the heavens. (See
Lat. balteus in the etymology.)
"That like the Twins of Jove, they seem'd in sight,
Which deck the baldrick of the heavens bright. "
Spenser: F. Q., V. i. 11.
baldric-wise» bauldrick-wise, a.
Resembling a baldric ; ornamented like a
baldric.
" And not the meanst, but, bauldrick-wUe, doth wear
Sunie goodly garland . . ."
Drayton, iv. 1,4C4. [Boucher.)
* bale (1), s. & a. [A.S. bcal". hmlo = (1) bale,
"woe, evil, mischief ; (2) wickt'dncss, depravity ;
haleioe ~ miserable, wicked ; halewa = tlie
baleful or wicked one, Satan; Icel. bed, hoi;
Dut. &ftai = niisei-y ; O. Sax. halu; O.H. Ger.
ba/o; Goth, balos. In Ir. hecda is =; to die;
and aball = death.]
A. As substantive :
1. Mischief, danger, calamity.
" Ac of sende thi son therfore.
And yif him reapit of his bale."
Sevyn Sages, ii. 704-5.
IF Sometimes, though rarely, used in the
plural.
" Of auch false bliBae as there is set for stales,
T' entrap unwary fooleB in their eternal baleft."
Spenser: F. Q., VI, x. 4.
2. Sorrow, misery.
". . . that much bale tholed." — Oawayn and the
Qreen Knyg/U, 4,448. (S. in Bouclier. )
" For light she hated as the deadly bale."
Spemer: F. <i., 1. i. 16.
B. As adjective : Evil.
"... bring me forth toward blisae with se ba/''
here." — MS. Colt., T'Uus, D. xviii., f. 146 b. {S. In
Boucher.)
bale (2), s. [In Sw. hrd ; Icel. bollr ; Dan.
bade; Ger. ball, halle, ballni ; M H. Ger. bal,
bulle ; O. H. Ger. balla, palla, pallo ; Fr. balle ;
0.\h\ hale; Prov. balla; Sj). & Port, hala;
Ital. halla ; Low Lat. halla, hala = a bale, a
ball.] [Ball.]
1. A package or certain quantity of goods
or merchandise, wrapped or packed up in
cloth, and corded round very tightly, marked
and numbered with figures corresponding to
those in the bills of lading for the purpose (if
identification.
" Every day tenor twelve bales oi parchment covered
with the signatures of ossociators were laid at hia
teet."—Jfacaulti.y : Hist. Eng., ch. xxi.
"... the moat frequent object beinj; a bullock-
i piled up with &aZfi6
rouTid tlie World, ch. xix.
'^ 2. A pair of dice.
" It ia a fiilae die of the .'same bale, hut not the same
cut." — Overbur,'/ : Charact., sign. Q. 2.
" For exercise of arms a bale of dice."
B. Jonson: New Inn, i. 1.
bale-goodSy s. pi. Goods done up in bales.
bale (1), v.t. [From hale, s. (2). In Ger. ei)i-
ballen; Fr. emballer ; Sp. emhalar : Ital. Im-
ballare.] To form into a bale or bale^..
bale(2), v.(. [Ba[l(2), y.]
balG (3),^-. [Bail (3), s.]
bale (I), s. [A.S. bal = (1) a funeral pile, (2) a
burning.] [Beltane.] A lire kindled upon an
eminence, on the border or coast of a country
or elsewhere, to give warning of the approach
of danger.
" For. when they see the blazing balp,
Ulliots and Armstrongs never fail."
Scott: Lay of the Lust .Miimtiel. iii. 27,
bale-fire, ^>. A fire of the kind now de-
scribed.
"Sweet Tevlot ! on thy silver tide
The t'la-i'lng bale-fires blaze no more."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. i.
bale-hills, s. pi. Hillocks uu which bale-
fires were formerly kindled. ijS. in Boucher.)
bale (5), s. [Fi-. bale, hdle, hcdle, from Wei.
buliasg, hallait = a skin, a glume (Littre), bal-
leog = apricl<ly skin {Puglie.).'] De CandoUe's
n;iuie for one of the bracts in the flower of
gr.isse-i called by him also glujuella.
t Bal-e-ar'-i-an, a [Lat. i3(.r;earis = Balearic,
IVnrii ' Baleari-^, s., or Balcures insulce ; Gr.
^LiAiapti? (Lid i, fir !•■).] Pertaining to the
Bal'-aric Isles. LBalbaric]
" The fltt/enrinnBliugers slung their stones like hail
iiitii the ranks of the Roman Ime."— Arnold . UiU.
h-iine. vol. lii., ch. xUli., p. 140.
Bal-e-ar'-ic, a. [Lat. Balearic-as.} [Balea-
RiAN.] Pertaining to the Balearic Isles in the
Mediterranean. In Sp. and Lat. Baleares,
probably from /SoAAw {haJlo) = to throw, the
inhabitants anciently being excellent slingers.
There are five islands— viz., ilajorca, Minorca,
Iviza, Formentera, and Cabrera. They are
subject to Spain.
Balearic crane, s. The Crowned Crane
(Bcdeamca jxtyonuia), found not merely in the
BALEARIC CRANE.
islands after which it is named, but in North
Africa. Its occiput is ornamented with a tuft
of yellowish filaments or feathers tipped with
blackish hairs. Its voice is like a trumpet.
ba-lec'-tion, bi-lec'-tion, bo-lec'-tlon,
s. [Etymology not obvious.] A balection
moulding.
balection moulding, &.
Architecture: A projecting moulding, situ-
ated around the panels of a framing. {Owilt.)
ba-lec'-tioned, a. [Balection.] Furnished
with balection mouldings.
baled, pa. par. [Bale, v. (1).J
baled, pa. par. [Bale, v. (2).j
ba-le'en, s [In Fr. haleine = {1) a whale, (2)
whalebone ; Lat. haUena; Dut. hale'ui — whale-
bone (q.v.).]
* 1. A whale.
2. The sea-bream.
3. Whalebone.
"The family of the Balojnidaj, or true Whales, in
whicii the teeth are deticient, and the mouth is
fnrniBhed with uumeroiia plates of a horny substiiiio-o
well known jw whalebone, or 6aIee?i."—ZJa»iii." Animal
Kingdom, p. 677.
baleen-knife, s. A curved knife, with a
handle at each end of the blade, used for
splitting whalebone.
bale-fill, t bale-full. l.. [Eng. hale (l);
-/it^L]
1. Subjectively: Full of grief or misery ; sor-
rowful, sad, woeful.
" Such stormy stoures do breede my baWull smart.
As if my yeare were wast and woxen old. "
Spenser: Shep. Cal., i.
". . , round he throws his &ra?e/wi eyes.
That witnessed huge affliction and dismay.'
Milton : P. L., bk. i.
2. Objectivehj : Pernicious, harmful, deadly.
"He cast about, and searchthia baleful bokes a^aine."
Spenser: F. Q.. 1. ii. 2.
"... by baleful Furies led . . ."
Pope : ThebaU of Statius, 05.
" It is Count Hugo of the Rhine,
The deadliest loe of all our i-ace.
And bal^ul unto me and mine ! "
Longfellow : Goldvn Legend, iv.
bale-fiil-ly, adv. [Eng. baleful; ■ly.'\ In
a baleful manner; perniciously, harmfully.
{Johnson.)
bale-ful-ness, s. [Eng. laleful ; -ness. ] Per-
nlciousness, harmfulness, ruin.
" But that their bliss he turned to balefulnesn."
Spenser: F. Q., II. xiL 83.
ba-Ies,
[Balass.]
* bS,l'-es-ter, s. [Balistar.]
^ bal'-ette, s. [Ballad.]
* bal-hew (ew as u), «. [Balwe.]
ba'-ling (1), pr. par. & s. [Bale, v. (1).]
A. As present 2xir. : Making up into bales.
B. As substantive: The act or process of
putting goods into bales. (IVebster.)
ba'-ling (2), pr. par., a., & s. [Bale, v. (2).]
A. &- B. As [U'c-ient pur. & adj.: Freeing
from water by tlnowing it out.
C. As substantive: The act or process of
freeing from water by throwing it out.
bal'-i-saur, bal-y-saur, s. [Hind, idlu-
sur = sandliog : bida = sand, and sur = hog.]
Zool. : The Indian badger (Ai-ctonyx cullaris).
It is larger tlian the European torni.
ba-lis'-ta, bal-lis'-ta,s. [In Fr. buVi^ti'; Ger.
'balliste; Port, halista; Lat. hallisia, balista,
and ballistra; from Gr. ^aAAo) (hallo) = to
throw.] A large military engine used by the
ancients for hurling stones, darts, and other
missiles by means of a spring tightly drawn
and then let loose.
2. Anat. : The bone of the tarsus, moro
commonly called the astragalus.
ba-lis'-tar, * ba-les'-ter, s. [Contracted
from Arbalister Oi.v.).] A crossbow-man.
". . . two himdred men of nrmes, a hinidied
balesters, and cc. carpenters." — Caxton: Vegetun,,
Sig. I., vi. b. is. in Boucher.)
ba-lis'-ter, bal-lis'-ter, s. [In Prov. bales-
tier, balestrier ; Lat. balistarmm, accus.=: cross-
bow, from balista (q.v.).] A crossbow.
" A spindle full of raw thread, to make a false string
for the king's balUter, or crossbow. '—Blount : Tenures.
ba-lis'-tes, s. [Lat. hallista or balista (q^.v.).
The resemblance to the method of working
the balista is in the way the fishes to he de-
scribed elevate a long spine which they have
upon their backs.] A genus of fishes, the
typical one of the family Balistidre. The
species are common in the tropics ; and on the
strength of a specimen taken off the Sussex
coast ill August, 1827, tlui Batistes capriscus
(ofCuvier), the European File-fish, is now ac-
corded a place in the British fauna.
ba-Us'-tics, bal-lis'-tics, s. [In Fr. balls-
tique ; Port, bidi'^lic",.] The science of throwing
missile weapons by means of an engine.
ba-liS'-ti-dSB, s. 70I. [From the typical genus
"balistes (q.v.). J File-tishes, Afaniily of fishes
of the order Plectognathi- Their skin is
rough or clothed with hard scales. Tliey have
a long muzzle, and few but distinct teeth.
* bal-is-trar'-i-a. s. [From balista (q.v.). J
1. A Inoplmle through which crossbows
were discharged.
2. A room in which crossbows were kept.
ba-li'ze, s. [From Fr. balise=a sea-mark, buoy,
beacon, floating beacon, quay, water-mark ;
Sp. baliza ; Prov. palisa; from Lat. palvs^a.
pale.] [Pale, s., Paling, Palisade.] A pole
raised on a bank to constitute a sea-beacon ;
a sea-mark. (Webster.)
balk, ^ balke, - baulk, ^ bauk, ^ bawk
(I usually mute), s. [A.S. balca={l) a balk,
heap, ridge, (2) a beam, roof, covering, bal-
cony ; Dut. balk •=. a beam, joist, rafter, bar ;
Sw. balk, hjelke — a. beam; Dan. bielke; Ger.
balken ; Wei. 6aZc = a ridge between furrows,
from bal — a prominence ; Fr. balk.] [Balk,
v., Balcony.]
A. (Apparently connected specially with
Dut., &c., balk =^ a. beam. See etym.) A
beam, a rafter.
" There's some fat hens sits o' the bawlzs."
Taylor : Scotch Poems, p. 02, [Boucher.)
" On Saturday List a heavy balk of timber, weighing
some three quarters of a ton. w;is being hoisted to the
first floor of the building by means of a crank, when
the rope . . gave way and the timber fell . . ." —
Times. May 17, 1879.
B. (Apparently connected specially with
Wei. bah = a ridge between furrows.)
boil, bojl^; poiit, jiirvtrl; cat, 9ell, chorus, ^hin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=:^f,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tieus, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, deL
26
402
balk— ballad
L Literally :
1. A ridge of land left unploughed between
the farrows or at the end of a field ; land over
which the plough slips without turning it up.
" Dikers and delvers digged up the balkes."
Piers Ploioman, i. 67. {Boitcher.)
" Making no bnlkes, the plough was truly held."
Boclias : FaU of Princes, t 172. {Boucher.)
2. The boundary line between fields, con-
stituted^ as is sometimes the case, by such an
unploughed furrow ; or, in a more general
sense, a boundary made by a ridge or tract of
land of any kind. (This use of the word still
obtains in Suffolk.)
" Doles and marks, which of ancient time were laid
for the division of meres and balks in the fields, to
bring the owners to their right." — Homilies, iL 2»6.
"... who by his knightlie force
Had set from robbera clere the balke that makes the
straight divorce
Between the seas Ionian and Mzea.r\."
Ooid: Metamorph,., bk. vii. (■/■ ^- *" Boucher.)
XL Figv.ratively :
1. Anything passed by in the way that an
unploughed furrow is.
** The mad Steele about doth fiercely fly,
Not sparing wight, ne leaving any balke.
But making way for death at large to walke."
Spenser : F. Q., VI. xi. 16.
2. The disappointment hence resulting ;
frustration of plans or projects.
"There cannot be a greater balk to the tempter, nor
a more efTectual defeat to all his temptations, ' —South.
3. A part of a billiard-table.
balk (1), * balke, * baulk, ^baulke Q
usually mute), v.t. & i. [Eng. ialk, s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
I, Lit. Of land : To leave untouched by
the plough; to plough, leaving "balks" or
fuiTows unturned up.
" So well halt no man the plough
That he ne balketh other whyle."— ffower.
IL Figuratively :
1. Of the dead in hattle : To leave lying un-
touched (?). (Various authors consider it to
mean in the following example, " heap up.")
" Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
BaWd in their own blood, did Sir Walter see
On Holmedon's plains." — Shakesp. : I Sen. I v., i. 1.
2. Of roads, patlis, &c. ; also of things iimna-
terial : To avoid, to turn aside from, to miss,
to leave unmeddled with.
"... which made them bauZk the beaten road, and
teach post-hackneys to leap hedges."— Sir -ff. Wotton:
Item., p. 213.
"I shall balk this theme."— .Op. Ifall: Bern., p. 2.13.
3. Of persons in friendly discussion : Coyly
to say the opposite of what one thinks, or
believes to be maintainable in argument, with
the view of drawing out a person with whom
the speaker wishes to be in friendly or loving
dispute.
" But to occasion him to further talke,
To feed her humor with his pleasing style,
Her list in sti-yfull termes with him to balke.
And thus replyde." Spenser : F. Q,., III. ii. 12
4. Of persons having any ^vish, hope, or with
any aim or project in contemplation : To thwart,
to frustrate, to render nugatory, to disappoint.
"Their numbers balk their own retreat."
Byron : The Siege of Corinth, 29.
B. Intrans. . To turn aside, to swerve, to
diverge.
" When aa the ape him heard eo much to talke
Of labour, that did from his liking balke."
Spenxer : Mother Nubberd's Tale, v. 268,
*balk (2), *b6lk, v.t. & i. [A.S. healcan,
Vealcettan = to belch, emit, utter, pour out.]
1. To emit, to belch.
2. To signal to the boat the direction a .shoal
of fish has taken.
balked, ■' balkt, * halk^pa. par. [Balk (1), v.]
"This was looked for at your hand, and this was
balkt."— Shakesp. : Twelfth Jfight, iiL 2.
balk'-er (l), s. [Eng. balk (1); -er.] One who
balks.
balk'-^r (2), s. [Balk (2), v.] One wlio stands
on a cliff, or high place on the shore, aud gives
a sign to the men in the fishing-boats which
way the shoal of fish is passing.
" The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called a
plusher, who leapeth above water and bewrayeth them
to the balker." — Carew : Survey of Cornwall.
balk'-ing (1), pr. par. [Balk, v. (1).]
* balk'-ihg (2), '^ balk'-ynge, * bolk'-mg,
pr. -par. Si a. [Balk, v. (2).]
As snhstantive : Eruc-tation.
" It is a balkynge of yeaterdayes meel."
Uorman : Vulg. , Sig. G. 8, (,S. in BoucJter. )
balk'-ing-ly, (t-dv. [Eng. balking; -ly.] In
a manner to balk, so as to frustrate or disap-
point. (Websti^r.)
ball (1), s. [In Sw. boll, bal; Dan. bold; Dut.
bal; Ger. ball; O. H. Ger. balla, palla; Fr.
boile, ho^ilet, houle, bille; Prov. & Sp. 6eto =
a ball ; feaZia = bullet ; Port, bala; Ital. palla
= B. ball, bowl, bullet; Lat. pilo.= &. ball.]
[Balloon, Ballot, Bowl, Bullet, Pill.]
A, Ordinary Language :
I. Anything in art or nature which is globu-
lar or nearly so.
I. Of things made by art :
(a) A globular body for play. It may be
formed of leather and stuffing, or any hard
substance, or be inflated with air, and can be
used with the hand, the foot, or a racket.
(b) A globular body of wood, ivory, or other
substance, used for voting by ballot or in any
other way. Also one of a similar character
for experiments in natural philosophy.
" I/Ct lots decide it.
For every number'd captive put a ball
Into an urn, three only black be there.
The rest all white are safe." — Dryden.
" Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears ; . . .
Bound in his urn the blended baZU he rowla.
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls."
Dryden : Virgil ; jEneid vi. 582-85.
(c) A bullet, a globular piece of metal de-
signed as a projectile to be expelled from a
musket or rifle. Also one on a larger scale to
be ejected from a cannon. (Often used in the
singular as a noun of multitude to signify a
large number of balls.)
"Their iwwder and baU were spent. Cries were
heard of 'Ammunition! for God's sake, ammunition!'"
— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, v.
(d) A globe of metal carried as a symbol of
sovereign or otlier high authority.
" Hear the tragedy of a young man that by right
ought to hold the ball of a kingdom ; but by fortune is
made himself a ball, tossed from misery to misery,
from place to i>lace." — Bacon,
2. Of objects existing in Nature :
(a) Gen . : Anything in nature wliich is
globular or nearly so.
"Like a ball of snow tumbling down a hill, he
gathered strength as he passed." — Howel.
(&) Spec. : The earth when viewed with re-
ference to its nearly spherical shape. It may
have some explanatory adjective, such as
"earthly" prefixed, or may have no such ad-
jective.
" No compound of this earthly ball
Is like another, all In all."
Tennyson : The Tim Voices.
" Ye gods, what justice rules the ball f
Freedom and arts together fall." Pope.
IL A game In which the globular body
described under I. 1. (a), or anything similar,
is used.
B, Technically :
I. Heraldry. Balls, occasionally tasselled,
are represented on some charges.
II. Mechanics :
1. Ball and socket: An instrument so ad-
justed that it -can move in all directions,
horizontally, vertically, and obliquely, like the
ball-and-socket joint of the shoulders or ot
the hip. It is used in trigonometrical suir-ey-
iiig and in astronomy. The theodolite ap-
proaches this construction.
2. The ball of a pendidum : The heavy piece
of metal at the bottom of a pendulum. The
name is not appropriate, for the "ball," in-
stead of being globular, is much compressed
on two opposite sides. [Bob.]
IIL Veterinary Science : A bolus of globular
shape administered as medicine to a horse.
rV. Pyrotechnics : A firework made in a
globular form, and consisting of combustible
materials of various kinds.
^ V. Printing : A cushion covered with
leather or skin, and stuffed with hair or wool,
the whole affixed to a hollow piece of wood
called a ball-stock. It was formerly used by
printers for applying ink to the types, several
applications of the ball being necessary to
spread the ink over the entire surface when a
number of pages were printed at one time ;
but now this is done nmch more rapidly and
efficiently by means of rollers made of a
composition of treacle, caoutchouc, and other
ingredients.
VI. Anatomy :
(a) Any part of the bodily frame globular
in form.
" Be subject
To no sight but thine and mine, invisible
To every eye-ball else."— Shakesp. : Temp., i. 2.
(h) Any part sub-globular or protuberant.
"... pressed by the 6ai( of the foot . . ." — Todd &
Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vol. i . p. 170.
Ball-and-socket joint : A joint constituted
by the insertion of the round end of one bone
in a socket
EALL-AND-.SOCKET JOINT.
[Enarthroidal, Enarthrosis.]
". . . an enarthroidal or baU-and-socket joint." —
Todd & Boimnan : Physiol. A nat., vol. L, p. 71.
VIL Bot. : The round central part of the
flower of Stapelia.
IT For such compounds as foot-ball, snow-
ball, see the word with which ball is conjoined.
ball-cartridge, s. a cartridge contain-
ing a ball, as distinguished from one which
has only powder.
ball-cock, s. A water-cock furnished
with a ball, which allows the fluid freely to
enter till it rises to a certain line, when the
ball is floated to a level with the aperture by
which ingress is made, and closes it for a time.
ball-flower, s.
Arch. : A kind of ornament in Gothic archi-
tecture of the fourteenth century, in which
ball-flower ornament.
the petals of a moulded or sculptured flower
enclose, not stamens or pistils, but a ball.
The most numerous examples are found in
the diocese of Hereford.
* ball-Stock, s.
PrwUing: The "stock" to which the cushion
was affixed, in the old apparatus for applying
ink to the types. [Ball, B., V.] (Now
superseded by composition rollers.)
ball-vein, s. The appellation given by
miners to a particular kind of iron ore found
in balls or nodules.
ball, v.i. [From Eng. hall (s.). In. Ger. ballen.'i
1. To unite so as to form a ball.
2, To have a ball attached to it.
ball (2), s. [In Sw. , Dut. , Fr. , & Prov. bal ; Ger.
baU; Sp. & Port, baile ; Ital. ballo. From
O. Fr. baler; Prov, balar, ballar ; Sp. & Port.
bailar ; Ital. ballare ; Low Lat. hallo = to
dance ; Gr. ^oAAi^w (ballizo) = to throw the
leg about, to dance ; j3aAA(o (hallo) = to throw.]
A dancing assembly, a social party at which
guests assemble, specially that they may spend
the evening in dancing.
" Of court, and ball, and play ; those venal souls.
Corruption's veteran unrelentmg Ijands."
Tho»ison : Liberty, pt. y.
% To open a ball :
(a) Lit. : To lead off in the first dance.
(h) Fig. (among soldiers) : To commence a
battle, or a cannonade against a fortification.
ball (3), .i-. [For etymology, see Bald.]
1. A white blaze or streak, especially on the
face (jf one of the lower animals.
2. A white-faced horse or cow.
* bal'-la9e, v.t. [Ballast, v.]
bar -lad, * bal'-ad, ^ bal'-ade, * blil'-let,
*bal'-ette {Old Eng.), *bal'-lant (Old
Scotch), s. [In Sw. ballad; Dan., Dut., Ger.,
& Fr. baUad£ ; Prov. ballada ; Ital. ballata =
a dance, a ballad ; from ballare = to dance.]
[Ball (2), s., Ballet.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. OHginally : Any composition m verse, or
even in measured Unes. Such a production
might be serious, or even religious. Thus in
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- eo pot
or, wore, wplf, work. wh6, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, riile, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = *kw
ballad— ballet
403
Coverdale's Bible Solomon's Song is called
"Salomon's Balettes," and in Cranmer's and
the Bishops' Bibles "The Ballet of Ballets."
Harding also calls his Chronicle a "Balade."
{Bouclier.)
" Ballad once Bieiiifled a solemn and sacred Bong as
well as trivial, when Solomon's Song was cw-lled the
ballful of ballads: but now It Is applied to nothing
but trifling verse. —IK««s.
2. Next : A poem in spirited style, in most
cases celebrating some heroic exploits. It
was a much brieler and less elaborate compo-
sition than an epic. Ballads of this type have
existed in nearly all countries. They have
been used with great effect to perpetuate and
increase the martial spirit, besides furnishing
a tolerably authentic narrative of important
occurrences ere history of the ordinary kind
had arisen. Before the revival of letters had
directed attention to the great classic models
of epic poetry, native ballads were highly ap-
preciated, even by persons of rank and cul-
ture, and the bard was a welcome guest at
their social entertainments. This state of
tilings was in full force between the eleventh
and thirteen centuries, dming which period
the ballad, though still maiidy occupied iu
celebrating heroic exploits, began to embrace
a wider range of subjects. [Bard.]
" A great pai't of their history is to be learned often
from their ballads." — Afacu-uUiy : J/Ut. Eng., eh. iii.
"I know a very wise uiau that believed that if a
man were permitted %o make all the ballads, he need
not care who should make the laws of a nation,"—
Fletcher of Saltan n : Letter to the Marquis of Montrose.
3. Now : A more or less doggerel poem sung
for money in the street. (This is simply the
old ballad degenerated.)
B. Mubic :
1. A short simple air repeated in two or
more stanzas, with an accompaniment of a
strictly subordinate character. A more elabo-
rate composition of an analogous kind is called
a song or canzonet.
2. A piece of concerted vocal music of the
moxlrigal class, perhaps originally of a dance-
like rhythm, and generally having a short
" burden " such as fa, la, &c.
3. A term used by Bach and other writers
to designate one of a " suite du pieces."
T[ A ballade in German music may be a long
dramatic and descriptive song, or even assume
the form of a cantata with solos and choruses
with orchestral accompaniments.
ballad-maker, s. A maker of ballads.
"Such a deal of wonder is broken out within this
hour, that ballad-makers cannot be able to express it."
—ahakesp. : tViiUer's Tale, v. 2.
ballad-making, s. The art of composing
ballads.
" How lie found time for dress, politics, love-making,
and ballad-itutking v/a:* a wonder."— J/ac«uZotf; Sist.
Eng., ch. xi.
ballad - mo Ager, s. A contemptuous
epithet for a composer of ballads.
" With eagle pinion soaring to the akies,
Behold tne JBallad-monger Southey rise ! "
Byron : English Bards.
ballad-opera, s. An opera, the musical
portion of whicli is not a connected and con-
secutive whole, but a series of ballads intro-
duced, as occasion arises, into the spoken
dialogue.
ballad-singer, s. One who sings ballads.
" A famous man is Robin Hood,
The English bnllad-singer'8]oy\"
Wordsworth : Jiob /toy's Grave.
ballad-singing, s. The act or practice
of singing ballads. {Garrick, Worcester, d:c.)
ballad-style, s. A style suitable to be
used in the composition of ballads.
"The familiarity which Dr. Milles assigns to the
ballad-style." — Warton ; Rowley £ni/., p. 46.
ballad-theory, s. A theory which ac-
counts for the prevalence of belief in certain
unsupported historical narratives by assuming
that they may have been derived from old and
veracious ballads.
"There is another circumstance which shows the
futility of Niebuhr's balUid-tJieory, as a h istorical hypo-
thesis, . . ."—Lewis: Early Rom. Hist., ch. vi., § 5.
ballad-tune, s. A tune to which a ballad
is set.
". . . and fitted to the ballad-tune which each liked
best."— IKartoj* ; Hist, of Eng. Poetry, iii. 163.
ballad-writer, s. A writer of ballads.
" Thomas Deloney, a famous ballad-writer of these
times, meutioneil by Kemp, one of the original actors
In Shakespeare's plays." — Warton: Hist, of English
Poetry, ill. 430.
b^l'-lad, v.t.&i. [From Eng. hallad, s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive : To assail with or in ballads.
(Followed by the objective of the person
against whom the ballad is directed.)
" Saucy lictors
Will catch at us like strumpets, and scall'd rbimers
Ballad us out o' tune."
S/iakesp. : Ant. and Cleop., v. 2.
B. Intraiisitive : To compose or sing ballads.
"These envious libellers ballad against them."—
Donne: Par., l.
bal-lade', s. [Fr.] A poem of one or more trip-
lets of seven or eight lines, each with the same
refrain. There is, or should be, an envoi.
t bal'-lad-er, s. .[Eng. balkul; -er.] One
who composes or sings ballads ; a balladist.
b^l'-lad-ing, pr. par. &, a, [Ballad, v.]
"A whining ballading \ov&[.''—B. Jonson : Masques.
t bS.l'-lg.d-ist, s. [Eng. hallad; -ist.} One
who composes or who sings ballads ; a
ballader. (Quart. Review, Worcester, &c.)
bal'-lad-ry, s. [Eng. hallad; -ry.]
1. The singing of ballads.
" stay, till the abortive and extemporal din
Of balladry were understood a sin."
B. Jonson : Masques.
2. The ballad style of composition.
"To bring the gravity and seriousness of that sort
of music [ItaliauJ into vogue and reputation amon^
our countrymen, who've humour it is time now should
begin to lose the levity and balladry of our neigh-
boui-s." — Parcell: Anthems, Pref.
3. Skill in composing ballads.
" To see this butterfly,
This windy bubble, task my balladry I "
Marston : Sc. of Vill., ii. 6.
b^r-lan, s. [Etym. doubtful, cf. Ball (3), s.]
The Engli.shspecitie name applied to a lish, the
Ballan Wrasse (Labnis hergylta). It is blue
or greenish above, white beneath, everywhere
chequered with fawn colour. It occurs in the
British seas. A fawn-colour variety was the
Ldbrus ballan of Pennant.
* b^l'-lant, s. [Ballad, s.] (0. Scotch.)
^ bal'-la-rag, v.t. [Bullirag.]
bal'-last, " bal'-ast,s. [In Sw.,Dut., Ger ,
& Russ. ballast ; Dan. baglast ; apparently
from bag = the back, behind, and last = bur-
den, charge, load, weight ; Sw. last = load,
cartload ; I eel. hlass ; A.S. /iices( = a burden,
loading, the loading of a ship, freight, mer-
cliandise : O. Fries, hlest ; O. H. Ger. hlast ;
Dut. & Ger. last ; Fr. balast, lest = ballast,
lastage, cargo ; Sji. lastre = ballast ; Port.
lastro. The second half of the word seems
plain. The import of the first half appears
suggested by the Dutch word bag = back.
Wedgwood believes the nietajjhor to be that
of a ship coming back in ballast when it is
unable to obtain cargo. Webster and Mahn
give as an alternative view Celt. 6ca^ = sand,
and suggest comparison with Wei. balasam =
ballast. Or the substantive may be from the
verb to ballast, and it again from A.S. behlcestau
— to load a ship.] [Ballast, i\t., Lastage.]
I. Literally :
1. Stones, iron, or other heavy substances
plated in the bottom of a ship or boat to lower
its uentie of gravity and make it less liable to
be capsized when tossed by the wind and
waves.
"Thev had scarcely time to hide themselves in a
dark hole among the gravel which was the ballast of
their smack." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
*\ A ship is said to be in ballast when she
has no cargo on board.
2. Gravel, shingle, or anything .similar, laid
on a line of railway to make it solid. (Good-
rich £ Porter.)
II. Fig. : Whatever is necessary to give
stability to the character of a person, of a
form of government, or anything similar.
" Why should he sink where nothing seem'd to press?
His lading little, and his ballast less."~Swift.
"There must be middle counsellors to keep things
steady, for without that ballast the ship will roll too
much." — Bacon.
ballast-waggon, s. A waggon used
on railways for carrying ballast and other
materials for the construction or repair of the
permanent way.
b^l'-last, * bar-la9e, v.t. [From ballast, s.
(q.v.). In A.S. behlcestaa = to load a ship ;
Dan. baglaste; Dut. & Ger. hallasten.^
~ A. Of the form ballace : To stuff.
" Neither to ballace the belly of Bacchus."
Reynold Scot ; Dedi<^atlon to ... a Hop
earde«(1578). (J. H. in BeucJier.)
B. 0/(Ae /arm ballast:
1. Lit: To place stones, iron, or other heavy
substances in the bottom of a ship or boat to
diminish the risk of its being capsized.
"If this be BO ballasted as to be of equal weight with
the like magnitude of water, it will be moveable." —
Bp. WUkins.
2. Fig. : To counteract the action of any-
thing too light by superadding something
solid to it ; to impart stability to anything
liable to be overturned.
" Whilst thus to ballast love I thought.
And so more steddily f have gone,
I saw I had Love's pinnace overfraught."
Donne.
" Now you have given me virtue for my guide.
And with true honour ballasted my pride."
Dryden.
bal'-last-age (age = ig), s. [Eng. ballast;
-age.] Atoll paid for the privilege of taking
up ballast from the bottom of a port or
hai'bour. (Bouvier, die.)
b^l'-last-ed, pa. par., a., & s. [Ballast, v.]
bal'-last-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Ballast, v.
In Dan. baglastuing, s.]
A. Aspr.par. d participial adjective, : Noting
or describing the act of placing literal or
figurative ballast in anything.
B, As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of ballasting, the
state of being ballasted ; the ballast itself.
"... and so more equal iaWastiMj;
To thee, Posthunius."
Shakesp.: Cyinbeline, iii. 6.
2. Engineering : Gravel, pebbles, cinders,
slags, or similar material used as a founda-
tion on which to base the surface material of
a common road or of a railway.
b^l -lat-ed, a. [From Ital. ballata = a dance,
a ballad.] [Ballad.] Sung in a ballad.
" I make but repetition
Of what is ordinary and Kyalto talk,
And ballated, and would be plaid o' the stage.
But that vice many times finds such luud friends,
That preachers are charm'd silent,"
Webster : VUloria Corombona, iii.
bal'-la-tdon, s. [Russ.] A heavy luggage-
boat employed in the transport of timber in
Russia.
bal'-lat-ry, s. [From Ital. ballata = a dance,
a ballad,] [Ballet.] A jig, a song.
"The ballatry and the gaminuth of every niuniclpal
fldler.".-J/(7,'on .■ Areu/jagilica.
balled, pa. par. &. ft. [Ball, v.]
* ball'-ed-ness, o. [Baldness.]
* bal'-len-ger, * bal'-en-ger, * bal-m-
ger, s. [From Anglo-Fr. balengler = O. Fr.
baleinier = a whale-ship, from baleine = a
whale. {N.E.D.)] A small sailing vessel,
formerly in use in France, England, and
Scotland; a barge, a water-vessel, a man-
of-war.
"Quhenschippesof Tour and 6aKmj7eri« of weir . . "
— Dissertation j^retlzed to the Complaynte of Scotland.
ball'-er, s. [Eng, ball; -er.] One who makes
up thread into balls.
bal-les-ter-o'-^ite, s. [Named after Lopez
Ballesteros.] A mineral, the stanniferous
variety of Pyrite or Pyrites. It contains tin
and zinc. It is found in Galicia.
bal'-let (1) {t silent), t bal'-lette, s. [In
Dan., Dut., Ger , & Tv. ballet; Ital. balletto ;
from ballare = to dance, to shake ; Lat. ballo
= to hop, to dance ; Gr. j3aAA.w (ballo) — to
throw, and jSoAAi'^tu (ballizo) = to throw the
leg about, to dance.] [Ball (2), Ballad.]
Dramatic Art: A dramatic representation,
consisting of dancing and i)antomime, regu-
lated by the strains of music, and generally
attended by the subordinate accessories of
scenery and decoration. It was first introduced
by the Greeks, was copied and developed by
tlie Romans, and was revived in more modern
tiuiL'S by the Italians, whose example diffused
it over most civilised countries. Our own
riLLtion received it from the French. Till the
decline of the Roman empire, the performers
were men, then women were introduced, and
have since been the chief actors in the ballet.
The bad taste of the play-going public has
always tended to drag down the ballet to the
low level of a mere exhibition of gynmastic
skill in dancing, whereas its original and
specific aim was to act by gesture instead of
words a drama illustrative of the life, manners,
and costumes of foreign nations.
boil, b^; pd^t, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^st. -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -§fion = zhun. -tious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c, = bel, del.
404
ballet— ballot
" Tlie title of bnUet was falsn] often applied to poems
of considerable length." — Vraj-(^OM; /lUt. of £ng.
Poetni, iii. 42i
bal'-let (2), s. [Dimin. of Ball (1).]
Here. : A kind of bearing in coats-of-arnis.
It consists of bezants, plates, hurts, &c. , dis-
tinguished from each other by their colour.
t toal'-li-age, s. [Bail(1), s.] A duty payable
to the City of London on the goods of aliens.
■ bal'-li-ard.
[Billiard.]
toal-lis'-miis, s. [From Gr. ^aAAicr/xd? (halUs-
mos) — a jumping about, a dancing ; j3aAAifw
(halli-zo) = to throw the leg about, to dance. ]
Med. : A variety of palsy, called by Parkin-
son Paralysis agitans, or shaking palsy, of
■which the symptoms are the trembling of the
limbs even wlien they are supported. When
the patient tries to walk he is compelled to
adopt a running pace. The disease is a rare
one, and generally terminates in death.
bal-Hs'-ta, s. [Balista.]
bal-lis'-ter, s. [Balister.]
bal-lis'-tic, a. [Tiat. tallisto, ; Bng., &c., suff.
-Lc, In G-er. hallistisch ; from Lat. balUsta
(q.v.).] Pertaining to the ballista ; pertaining
t;o the method of shooting missiles by means
of a ballista.
ballistic-curve, s. The actual path
traversed by a projectile.
ballistic-galvanometer, s A gal-
vanometer used to measure a current that acts
only for a very short time.
ballistic pendulum, s. A machine
invented by Mr. fienjamin Robins for ascer-
taining the'force of projectiles. It consists of
a large block of wood affixed to the end of a
strong iron stem, having at the other end a
cross steel axis, jilaced horizontally, about
which the whole vibrates together like the
pendulum of a clock. When a projectile is
discharged against the wooden block or ball,
the pendulum is set in motion, and the arc
through which it vibrates measures the force
witli whi''h the machine has been struck.
bal-lis'-tics, s. [In Ger. lallistik; Fr. hallis-
tiqxie; Port, halistica.] The art, or the prin-
ciple underlying the art, of shooting missiles
by means of a ballista. (Crahh.)
bal-lis-trar'-i-a, s. [Balistbaria.]
bar-li-iim, s. [Med. Lat. ; see Bailev,]
1. Originally: An outer bulwark.
2. Afterwards : The area or courtj'ard com-
prised within an outer bulwark. It contained
the barracks for the garrison, the chapel, and
sometimes other buildings.
" With battled walls and buttress fast
And barbican and bnlllum Tast."
Scott : Bridal of Triermain, iii. 9.
bal-lo'on, ^ bal'-lon, * ba-l6'on, ^- ba-
itf^'ne, s. [From Fr. halloii = (1) a football,
(2) a bladder, (3) a baloon, augmentative of
halle =■ a ball, a bullet. In Sw. hallong ; Dan.
& Ger. hallon; Sp. balon ; Port, halao ; Ital.
pallone; Wei. p&lhen; from pei = a ball.]
A. Ordinary Langtiage :
1. Originally :
* 1, A large as contradistinguished from a
small ball ; baloon, as mentioned in the ety-
mology, being the augmentative of hall. Spec. ,
the large ball called by Minsheu a "wind
ball," used in the game defined under No. 2.
"Like haUoones full of wind, the more they are
firessed down, the higher they rise." — Sewyt : Sermons
1658), p. 115.
T[ Todd thinks that the foregoing example
suggests the existence "-f a machine for tra-
versing the atmosphere as early as 1658. But
may it not refer to a ball pressed against the
ground, and again elastically springing up ?
2. A kind of game somewhat resembling
tennis, played in a field with a large ball of
leather inflated with air, and driven to and
fro with the arm.
"We had a match at baloon, too, with my Lord
■\Vhachuni, for 4 crowns. Oh, sweet lady, 'tis a strouff
play with the a,rm."— Old Plity. iv. 158. {Boucher.)
"Foot-ball, balloon, quintance, &c., which are the
common recreations of the country folks." — Burton:
Anat. of Mel., p. 266.
II. Subsequently :
1. Gen. : Anything large and spherical, or
nearly so, especially if at the same time it is
hollow. [B.]
2. Spec. : The machine for aerial navigation
described under B. 4.
B. Technically :
■^■" 1, Old Chevi. : A large spherical receiver
with a short neck, used in distillation.
2. Arch. . A ball or globe placed on the top
of a pillar. (Johnson.)
3. Pyrotecli. : A ball of pasteboard, stuffed
with combustible matter, which, when fti'ed,
mounts to a considerable height in the air,
and then bursts into bright sparks of fire re-
sembling stars. (Johnson.)
i. Aeronautics : A machine designed for
aerial navigation. The sight of soap-bubbles
rising into the air, and of the flight of birds,
must have made men in all ages give at least
an occasional stray thought to the subject of
aerial navigation ; but the first deliberately
considered scheme recorded seems to have
been that of Francis Lana, a Jesuit, who, in
1670, proposed to raise a vessel into the at-
mosphere by means of four metallic globes,
having a vacuum inside. The scheme, if tried,
would have failed ; the globes of metal, if in-
tensely thin, would have been crushed in a
moment by the surrounding air ; whilst if
made thick enough to resist the pressure,
they would have been far too heavy to rise.
The only type of balloon which as yet has
succeeded was invented early in 1772, by the
brothers Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier,
paper-makers of Annonay, near Lyons, who
publicly exhibited at Annonay the first bal-
loon ascent ever witnessed, on June 5, 1783.
Their balloon was filled with air rarefied by a
fire lighted in the car. In December of the
same year, M. Charles, Professor of Physics in
Paris, substituted hydrogen gas for rarefied
atmospheric air. On November 21, 1783, the
Marquis d'Arlandes and M. Pilatre ascended
3,000 feet or more in a balloon, and, passing
over Paris, descended again in safety. Since
then many daring aeronautic feats have been
successfully achieved, while some fatal acci-
dents have occurred. M. Blanchard, ascend-
ing from Paris on March 2, 1784, was the first
to carry up with him a parachute to aid him
in his descent if a catastrophe occuiTed. On
November 25, 1783, the first English balloon
was sent up from London, with no person in
the ear; on September 15, 1784, Vincentio
Lunardi ascended from London ; on January 7,
1785, M. Blanchard and Dr. Jeffries crossed the
English Channel from Dover to the forest of
Guiennes ; on September 21, 1802, M. Garnerin
safely descended in London from a parachute.
Twice in 1804 M. Gay-Lussac ascended from
Paris for meteorological and other scientific
research, the first thne, accompanied by M.
Biot, 13,000 feet ; the second time, alone,
23,000 feet. It will be observed that in the
early history of balloons France takes undis-
puted precedence of England. This country,
however, gained a triumph not yet paralleled
when Mr. Glaisher ascended on Sept. 5, 1862,
to the amazing altitude of 37,000 feet.
But the great drawback on the utility and
safety of aerial travelling was the inability to
guide the balloon. Hence many experiments
were made to overcome the difiiculty, and in
1884 the brothers Tissandier had so far suc-
ceeded as to construct a screw-propelled air-
ship, operated by an electric motor, which
proved capable of holding its course in calm
weather, and of being readily controlled by the
rudder. Balloons now engaged the attention
of inventors in many countries, and in 1898
considerable interest was aroused by M. Santos
Dumont, who had completed a novel dirigible
balloon, driven by a small petroleum motor
similar to those used for motor tricycles.
When tried, this balloon after a few short cir-
cles fell to the ground, the inventor fortunately
escaping with a severe shaking. Pursuing his
hobby, in 1901 he produced an air-ship which
he repeatedly steered round the Eiffel Tower.
In 1902 Mr. Stanley Spencer designed and
constructed a navigable balloon, worked by a
screw and petrol motor, and after perform-
ing some evolutions above the Crystal Palace
grounds, he steered it over London.
Captive Balloon: A balloon fixed by a rope
or chain to the ground so that it is not free to
ascend beyond a certain height.
Fire Balloon : A balloon constructed of
paper or some light material, which, at pyro-
technic displays, is sent up into the air, carry-
ing a fire or light instead of an aeronaut.
bal-l6on'-er, s. ['Eng. balloon ; -er.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A balloonist.
2. Naut. : A balloon-like sail. (N.E.D.)
bal-loon'-ing, s. [Eng. balloon; -ing.] The
art of constructing balloons, or of using them
for the purpose of aerial navigation.
" Since then the art of ballooning baa been greatly
extended, and many aacenta have been made." — Atkin-
son: Ganot's Physics, 3rd ed. (18G8), p. 134.
Military Ballooning : The art of using bal-
loons for military purposes. Sometimes
captive balloons have been employed to re-
connoitre the enemy in war ; and on Friday,
October 7, 1870, during the investment of
Paris by the Germans, the celebrated French
deputy, Gambetta, escaped from the belea-
guered capital in a balloon. The first use of
balloons in the British Army was at Suakim
in 1885.
bal-l6on'-ist, s. [Eng. balloon; -ist] A per-
son who constructs or who steers a balloon,
or ascends in one from tlie earth ; an aero-
naut. (Knox, Worcester, <S:c.)
bg-l-ldon'-ry, s. [Eng. balloon; -ry.] The
art or practice of ascending in a balloon. ;
aeronautics. (Quarterly Revievj.)
bal'-lot, s. [Fr. Fallot = a ballot, a voting-ball,
a pannier, a basket ; Sp. balota ; Port, halote ;
Ital. hallotta = a little ball, dimin. of balla —
a ball.]
1, A ball used for the purpose of voting.
In casting a ball for or against an individual,
the arrangement sometimes is that if the vote
be designed in his favour, then a white ball
is used ; but if it be intended to be against
him, then one of a black colour is employed
— whence the phrase " to blackball one. "
Other methods, however, may be adopted :
thus, a ball of any colour put through a hole
into one drawer may indicate a fa^'ourable
vote, and into another an unfavourable one.
Used in this sense, lit., for such a ball as that
described, or fig., for anything, even though
not a ball, emplo3'"ed in secret voting.
2. The method of voting in a secret manner,
by means of balls of diflerent coloui-s, or put
into different compartments, or in any other
way ; secret as opposed to open voting. Ad-
mission into scientific societies, clubs, the
direction of banks and other large commercial
establishments, has long been conducted by
ballot. In ancient Athens and the other
Greek states it was in use when votes had to
be taken on political questions. It has long
been established in America, and for a shorter
period in France. In this country it consti-
tuted one of the five points in the Chartist
programme, both of the great political parties
in the state being at first opposed to it, as
deeming It a i-evolutionary project. Gradu-
ally, however, the mass of the Liberal pai'ty
ceased to fear the ballot, and opposition to it
on the part of the Conservatives became less
pronounced, till at last, while Mr. Gladstone
was in the plenitude of his power, a bill,
legalising it as an experiment for eiglit years,
was passed during the session of 1872. Its
merits are that it constitutes a considerable
barrier in the way both of intimidation a.nd
bribery, and thus encourages the voter to
express his real sentiments, besides making
elections much less likely to result in riot
than when tlie old system prevailed. Its
chief disadvantage is that it aflbrds an uncon-
scientious voter facility for saying that he has
voted one way when, in reality, he has secretly
done so in another. To this, however, it
should be added that when the legislature has
taken means to make a vote secret, there is an
obvious indelicacy in any one questioning a
voter as to how he recorded his suffrage at the
polling-booth.
" A motion wa-s made that the committee should he
instructed to add a clause enacting that all elections
*ould be by ballot."— Macaulay : Eist. Eng., ch. xxi.
ballot-box, s. A box for the reception
of ballot-balls or papers when a secret vote
is being taken.
" A weapon that comes down as still
As snow-flakea fall upon the sod.
But executes a freeman's will
As lightning does the wiU of G-od ;
And from its force nor doors nor locks
Can shield you :— 'tis the ballot-box."
J. Pierpo7it : A Word from a Petitioner.
bal'-lot, v.i. & (, [From lolht, s. In Sw.
ballotera; BEn.ballotere ; But. balloteeren ; ¥i\
ballotter; Sp. halotar ; Ital. ballotaTe.}
A. Intransitive :
1. Specially : To vote by means of ballot-
balls. [Ballot, 5.]
2. Generally : To vote secretly, whatever be
the method adopted.
fate, &i.t, faxe, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • go pot
or, Tvore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. «e, ce = e ; Sfe = e. qu = Uw.
ballota— balsam
40o
B. Transitive: To submit to the upemtion
of the ballot.
" No commtitloii arriving to a sufficient nuiitber of
halltj, they fell to ballot aoine otlieru."— Wotton..
bal-lo'-ta, s. [In Dut. & Fr. hallote; Lat.
ballote; Gr. iSaAAwTi} (ballote), from ^dXKtu
{ballo) — to throw, to throw away, to reject,
tlie allusion being to its unpleasant sraeU.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Lamiacese, or Labiates. The calyx has ten
ribs. The plant is two or three feet high,
with whorls of purple or rarely of white
flowers. It flowers from July on almost to
winter, and is more frequent in the south
than in the north of Britain.
t bSl-l6-ta'de, t bal-6-ta'de, s. [in Ger. &
Fr.hullohide; from Ft. ballotier, v.t. = to toss.]
In the Menage : The leap of a horse per-
formed between two pillars, and of such a
character that when liis fore-feet are in the
air, he shows nothing but the shoes of his
hinder feet. It differs from a oupriole, for
when a horse works at caprioles he jerks out
the hinder legs with all his force, whereas he
abstains from Jerking them out when he makes
a ballotade.
"bal-lo-ta'-tion, s. [Eng. ballot; -ation. In
Ital. baUoUcizio)ie.] The act of voting by
ballot.
" Tlie election is iutricivte niitl curious, coiieistiiig of
ten several ballotaiions."— lVotto7i.
bal'~l6t-er, s. [Eng. ballot; -er.] One wlio
votes by ballot, or conducts balloting opera-
tions. (Quart. Eev.)
bS-l-lot'-i-dse, s. pi. [From ballota (q.v.).]
A family of Labiate plants, ranked under the
tribe Stachese. The only British genus is the
typical one, Ballota (q.v.),
\ bS,l'-l6t"in, s. [Fr. ballottin = . . . a boy
who receives a voting ball.] One who collects
ballots.
bal'-ldt-mg» pr. par., u,., & s. [Ballot, v.]
A. & B. As. pr. jiar. ^i' iiurdcijiuil adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As snhstdntive : The act of voting by
Ttallnt, or secretly.
" Giving tlifir votes by balloting, tliey lie miJer no
Jiwe. "Swi/t.
bal'-l6t-ist, s. [Eng. ballot; -ist.'] An advo-
cate for the ballot. (Quart. Eev.)
^ bal'-low, s. [See def ] A word found only
in the Shakespeare Folio, b'l^S (Lear, iv. 0),
and probably a mispi'int for hatton = baton
(q-v.).
* bal'-low, a. [Etym. nuknown.] Gaunt,
bony, thin.
" Whereas the ballow nag outstrijja the wind in
chime."
Drayton: Polyotbion (Narea).
ball'-room, s. [Eng. ball; room.] A room
used temporarily or permanently for balls, i v.
for dancing assemblies.
"... the land of corn-flelds and vineyards, of pildcd
coaclies nnd iace d ( nivats, of ball-rooms and tlieatres.
— Maaaulay : Jlht. ling., ch. xvi.
balm (I silent), * baume, * bawine, s. [In
Yvov.balmc ; Fr.bauvie, from Lat. balsamvm ;
O. Fr. baKsiiia, basme; Sp., Foil., & Ital. hal-
samo ; Sw. & Ger. balsam ; Dan. balsovi ; Dut.
balsem. Thus balm is a contraction of balsam
q.v.).]
A. Ordinanj Language :
1. The juice, sap, or gum of highly odorifer-
ous trees, shrubs, or herbs.
" JSalm trickles throuirh the bleeding veins
Of happy shrubs in Iduuieon plains." Dryden.
2. Anytliing jiossessed of a highly fragrant
and agreeable odour, as, for example, anointing
oil.
■' Thy place is fill'd, thy sceptre wrung from thee ;
Thy ftuiJH wash 'doff wherewith thou wast anointed."
Shakesp. : a Henry VI., iii. 1.
3. Anything soft and grateful to the feelings,
or which mitigates pain, irritation, ordistress.
" Wide flush the fields ; the softening air is balm."
Thomson ■ Hyynn,
" Nor steep our browa in slumber's holy bnlm."
Tennyson : The Lotus-eaters ; Choric Song, 2.
B. Botany, Horticidtnre, Commerce, etc. :
I. Generally: The English name of several
botanical genera.
II. Specially :
1. Loudon applies the term balm specially
to M L'lissa, which Arnott and others call
hastard-balm.
2. Balm of Acouchi: The gum of the Idea
acnchini, a plant of the order Buiseracea*.
3. Balm of Gilead :
(1) Scripture : The gum of a tree and the tree
itself, the latter growing, as its name suggests,
in Gilead, a region east of Jordan, belonging
chiefly to the tribe of Gad. It is called '"??
(tseri) in Heb., aud prjTiVy) (rhetine) in Septua-
gint Greek. It was used for healhig wounds
(For reference to it see Gen. xxxvil. 25 ; xliii.
11; Jer. viii. 22; xlvi. 11; Ezek. xxvii. 17.)
It has not been satisfactorily identified by
modem botanists. Royle thinks it may pos-
sibly have been the Elceagiius angustifolius of
Linnseus. [See (2) a. ]
(2) Botany :
(a) A tree, Balsamod-endron Gileadense, the
specific name being given because it was once
supposed to be the Scripture "Balm of Gilead"
—an opinion probably erroneous, for it does
not at present grow in Gilead, either wild or
in gardens, nor lias it been satisfactorily
proved that it ever did. [(1) Scripture.^ It is
called also B. opobalsamuin. It is a shrub or
small-spreading spineless tree, ten or twelve
feet high, with trifoliate leaves in fascicles of
2—6, and reddish flowers having four petals.
It is found south of 22" N. lat. on both sides
of the Red Sea, in Arabia, Aliyssinia, and
Nubia. It does not occur in Palestine. (Br.
Trimen, <£c.)
(b) Its gjim : This is obtained from the trees
by incision. It is called also Balm of ]\Iecca
and Opobalsamum. Two other kinds of gum
are obtained from the same tree : the first
(XylobalsamxiTn) by boiling the branches and
skimming off the resin, which rises to the
surface of the water ; and the second (Carpo-
balsamum) by pressure upon the fruit.
Balvi of Gilead Fir : A tree (Abies balsamea).
which furnishes a turpentine-like gum. It is
a North American fir, having uo geographical
connection with Gilead.
4. Bahn of Mecca : The same as Balm of
Gilead (2), b (q.v.).
balni-breatlling, a. Breathing balm,
or producing a highly agreeable effect upon
the senses or heart.
"Since the balm-breathing kiss of this magical miea
Can such wonderful transi>orts produce."
Byron : To tha Sighing Strephon.
balm-dew, s. Odoriferous dewb, or dew
fitted to soothe.
"All starry culmination drop
Balm-dews to bathe thy fett ! "
Tennyson: Tlie Talking Oak.
balm (I silent), * baume *bawme, v.t.
[From balm, s. (q.v.),]
1. Lit. : To anoint or impregnate with balm
or with any other odoriferous substance.
" Balm his foul head with warm distilled waters,
And burn sweet wood to make the lodgiiiK sweet, "
Shakesp. : Taming qf the Shrew, i., Induct.
2. Fig. : To soothe, to assuage.
" Opprest nature sleeps :
This rest might yet have balm'd thy senses."
Shakesp. : Lear, iii. 1.
balm crick' -et (I silent), ■=. [Prob. a mis-
trans, of Ger. baum grille = tree cricket.]
The cicada. (N.E.D.)
"The balm cricket carols clear
In the green that folds thy grave."
Tennyson: A Dirge.
t balm'-i-ily (l silent), v.t. [Eng. balm(y), and
suffix -fy.] To make balmy.
"The fluids have been entirely sweetened and
balmified/'—Cheyne : English Jfalady (nss), p. 306.
balm'-i-ly (l silent), adv. In a balmy manner.
balm'-y (i silent), a. [Eng. balm; -y.]
1. Impregnated with balm ; having the
qualities of balm; highly and pleasantly
odoriferous.
" Broke into hills with balmy odours crown 'd."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. ii.
"Where, scatter'd wild, the lily of the vale
Its balmy essence breathes where cowslips hang
The dewy head, where purple violets luA."
Tltamson: Spring.
2. Producing balm.
" Let India boast her groves, nor envy we
The weeping amber, aud the balmy tree "
Pope: Winds; I- Forest.
3. Mitigating or assuaging bodily pain or
mental distress ; soft, soothing.
" The lamp of day is quench'd beneath the deei^,
Aud soft approach the balmy hours of sleep
Pope: Hom^s Udyasoy, iii. 41:7, 428.
bal'-ne-al, a. [From Lat. balneum— a. bath,
and Eng. suft'. -al.] Pertaining to a bath.
bal'-ne-a-ry, s. [Lat. boZnearis, balnearius
= pertaining to a bath.] A bath-room.
"The balnearies, aud hathiug-places, he exposeth
untothesumiuorsettiug."— Z/roiCfte." Vulgar Errours.
bal-ne-a'-tion, s. [From Lat. bahiewi — a
bath.] The act or operation of bathing.
"In balneations, and foinentiLtions of tbiLt part."—
Browne: Vulgar Errours.
bal'-ne-a-tor-y, a. [Lat. hal neatorius =^ iier-
tainiug to a bath.] Pertaining to a bath.
bal-ne-og'-ra-phy, s. [Lat, balneum ■= a
bath, and Gi:' ypa4}ri (graphc) = a writing.] A
treati.se on baths and bathing.
bal-ne-o-log'-ic-al, a. [Eng. balneolog(y);
■leal.] Pertaining to balneology (q.v,).
bal-ne-ol'-o-gy, o.-. [Lat. balneum = a.bath ;
sutf. -oloijij.]
Med. : The study of baths and bathing.
t bal-6-ta'de, i. [Ballotade.]
* ba-16'W, * ba-l6'0, interj. & s. [Probably
of no derivation. Janiieson thinks it is derived
from Fr. en bas le loup = the wolf (is) below,
but there is no e\'ideiice.]
A, As iiitn'j. : A nursery term designed to
frighten clukb-en into silence, if not into sleep.
'■ Balow, my hahe, lie still and sleipe.
It grieves me sii.ir to see thee weipe."
Lady Anne Uothwell's Lament, (lioucher.)
Bk As substantive : The name of a tune re-
ferring to the above-mentioned exclamation.
" You musicians, play Balo«."
Beaum. A Flet.: Knight of the Burning Pestle, ii,
bal'-sa, bal'-za, s. [Sp. ^ Port, balsa.] A
raft or fishing-boat, used chiefly on the Pacific
coast of South America.
bal'-sam, s. [In Sw. & Ger. balsam ; Dan.
balsam ; Dut. balsem ; Fr. baui^ie. ; O. Fr.
hausMc, basme; Sp., Port., & Ital, balsamo ;
Lat. halsamum ; Gr. pdKa-afjLov (balsamon) ~
(1) a fragrant gum from the balsam-tree, balm
of Gilead ; (2) the balsam-tree ; also jBaAo-a/xos
(balsamos) = the balsam-tree.]
A. Ordinary Language :
L Lltendin :
1. Any natural vegetable resin with a strong
and fragrant odour.
Tj Johnson defines it as " ointment, un-
guent, an unctuous application, thicker than
oil and softer than salve "
2. A well-known and beautiful plant, Im-
patiuRS balsamina, or any of its congeners.
II. Fig. : Anything agreeable to the re-
cipient, and which acts upon him with medi-
cinal effect.
" Christ's blood our balsam ; if that cure us here,
Him, when our judge, wc shall not find severe."
jDenliam,.
B. Technically :
I, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, Comm., <&c. :
1. Originally : A term for any strong-scented
vegetable resin. It was applied also to many
resinous and oleaceous compounds,
2. Then : It was next limited to those con-
taining, or supposed to contain, benzoic acid,
and specially to the Balsams of Tolu and Peru.
to storax, benzoin, and liquid amber.
3. Noxo : It has again been extended to sub-
stances not containing benzoic acid. Accord-
ing to the present use of the term, balsam in
Chemistry may be defined as a natural mix-
ture of resin witJi volatile oil.
EALSA^: OF COPAIBA : PLANT, FLOWER, AND FRUIT.
Tl Balsam of Copevi or Copaiba: A gum
which flows from incisions of tin.' wood of
boil, b^; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-cian, -tian — Shan, -gion, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion — zhiin. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, del.
406
balsam — Baltimore
Copaifem officinalis, a South American tree.
It is at first clear and colourless, but ac-
quires a yellowish tinge by age. [Copaifera.]
Balsam of Mecca, Balm of Mecca: The same
as Balm of Gilead, an odoriferous resin from
an Amyridaceous tree, Balsainodendron GLka-
dense. [Balm of Gilead, Balsamodendbon.J
Balsam of Peru: A balsam, the produce,
acc()rLling to Mutis, of Myroxylon, or Myro-
spcrmum, an Amyridaceous genus.
Balsam, of Tolu : A balsam, the produce of
Toluifera, or Myrospermum, already men-
tioned.
■^ II. Old FUarrfiacy. Balsam of Sulphur :
A solution of sulphur in oil.
III. Botany aiid Horticulture :
1. Sing. : The English name of Impatiens, a
genus belonging to the order Balsaminacea',
or Balsams. Impatiens halsamina is the much-
admired " balsam " so often grown in gardens,
in l)0:ces, or pots in windows, and in other
FLOWER OF THE GARDEN" BALSAM.
places. Cultivation has made its colours
now very diverse, and the plant has run
into many varieties, but none of them is per-
manent. The juice of the balsam, prepared
with alum, is used by the Japanese to dye
their nails red. [Impatiens.]
2. Plural : Balsams. The English name of
the order Balsaminaceiv, in Lindley's nomen-
clature.
balsam -apple, balsam apple, £.
The fruit of a Cucurbitaceous plant, Momordica
balsaniina. It is a fleshy ovate fruit, partly
smooth, partly with longitudinal rows of
tubercles, and red in colour when ripe. In
Syria the unripe pulp, mixed with sweet oil,
and exposed to the sun for some days, is used
for curing wounds. It is applied in drops let
fall ujion cotton wooL
balsam-herb, balsam herb, s.
Among Gardeners : A plant, Justicia comata.
balsam-seed, s.
Among Gardeners: Any plant of the genus
Myrospermum.
balsam-sweating, a. Sweating or jdeld-
ing balsam.
balsam-tree, s.
1. The English name of the Clusia, a genus
of plants constituting the tyjiical oue of the
order Clusiacea;, or Guttifers.
2. The " Balm of Gilead," or any other tree
belonging to the genus Balsaniodendron. [See
Balm, B., II. 3 ; Balsamodendron.]
balsam-weed, s. The name given in
Anujcica to a plant, Gnaphalium polyceplmhim,
used in the manufacture of paper.
balsam-wood, s.
Among Gardeners: Any plant of the genus
Myroxylon.
" bal'-sam, v.t. [From halsam, s. (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : To impregnate with balsam.
2. Fig.: To make agreeable, as if impreg-
nated with balsam.
" The pifts of oui- young aud flourish iiig .ige are very-
sweet, when tliey are balxaYied with discretion." — Up.
Hackctt : Life of Ah]}. WilliAims, pt. 1., p. 57.
"*" bal-sam-a'-9e-SB, s. pi. [Prom Lat. hal-
SLtmum.] [Balsam.] An order of plants, gene-
rally called Altinghiacese or BalsamifluEe (q. v. ).
bal-sam-a-tion, s. [Eng. halsam; -ation.']
The act or operation of impregnating with
balsam.
" Mr. Hook produced a paper, which he had received
from Mr, HAak, being an account of the several thiiigB
affirmed to be performed by Dr. Elshot of Berlin;
which paper wa.s read. It contained an account of . . .
his unwersal balsamation." — Hist. Itoy. Soc, iv. 109.
{Todil.)
bal-sam'-ic, * bal-sam'-ick, ". & s. [Eng.
balsam ; -ic. In Fr, halsamique ; Ital. hal-
samico ; from Lat. halsamicus.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to balsam.
Specially —
1. Having the qualities of balsam.
"... with inild balsamic juice
The Tuscan olive . . ."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
2. Mitigating, assuaging, or removing pain
or mental distress,
"... medical men of high note believed, or affected
to believe, in the balsa^nic virtues of the royal hand."
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
B. As substantive: Anything havino; pro-
perties like those of balsam. (Berkeley.)
bal-sam'-ic-al, a. [Eng. balsamic; -al] The
same as Balsamic, adj. (q.v.). (Hale.)
bal-sam'-ic-al-Iy, adv. [Eng. bahamical;
-hj.] After the manner of a balsamic. {Dr.
Allen.)
bal-sam-xf-er-oiis, a. [Lat. balsamum, and
fero = to bear.] Bearing balsam. (Smith.)
bal-sam-ir-lu-£e, s. pi. [Lat. halsamum =
balsam, and^i(0 = to flow.]
Bot. : Blume's name for an order of plants
more generally called Altinghiacese or Balsa-
niaceai (q.v.).
bal-sam-i'-na, s. [Lat. balsaminus ; Gr. )3aA-
o-a/xt.i'05 (balsa minos) = ot balsam.] A genus
of plants, in which some include the Garden
Balsam, which is called by them Balsamina
hortensis, but is more appropriately designated
by the name Linu;eus gave it, Impatiens hal-
samina.
bal-sam-in-a'-9e-3e (Limlhy), bal-sam-
in'-e-se (Ach. lUchard) (Latin), bal'-sam§
(Eng.), s. 2il. [Balsamina.]
Botany : An order of plants placed under
the Geranial Alliance. The flowers are very
irregular. The sepals and x*etals are both
coloured ; the former are properly live in num-
ber, but generally by abortion three, one of
them spurred ; the latter Ave, reduced to two
lateral ones, each really of two combined, aud
a large broad concave one. Stamens five, un-
combined. Fruit generally a five-celled caji-
sule, with one or more suspended seeds. No
involucre. The large genus Impatiens is the
type of the order, which in 1846 contained 110
described species, chiefly from the East Indies.
[Balsamina, Impatiens.] Some make the
Balsarainaceaa only a sub-order of Geraniacete.
bal'-sam-ine, s. [In Ger. halsamine ; Fr.
balsamine ; Gr. /3aAo-aju.iV»] (balsaniine) — the
balsam- i)lant.] A name sometimes given to a
plant, Ivipatiens balsamina.
bal-sam-in'-e-ee, s. jjZ. [Balsaminace^.]
bal-sam-i'-ta, s. [In Port, balsavilta ; from
Lat. balsamu Gr. ^aAcraju.oi' (balsamon), and
poAo-afio? (balsamos) = the balsam-tree, called
from the balsamic smell.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Asteracete (Composites).
B. vulgaris is the Costmary or Ale-cost. [CosT-
MAKV, Ale-cost.] The species are plants of
no beauty from the south of Europe.
bal'Sam-6~den-drdn, s. [Gr. /SaXo-ajLtoi'
(balsamon) = balsam, and SeVSpoi/ (de^^yiron)
= a tree. Balsam-tree.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Amyridaeeje. They
have often pinnate leaves, spinous branches,
small green axillary, unisexual flowers, and
a two, or by abortion, one-celled fruit with
solitary seeds. BoJsa.madendron tnyrrha, found
in Arabia Felix, yields the resin called Mjrrrli.
B. Gileaden-se (Balm of Gilead), called also B.
opobalsamum, produces Balm of Gilead or
Balm of Mecca, (q.v.). B. inukul yields a resin
believed by Dr. Stocks to be the Bdellium of
Scripture and of Dioscorides. [Bdellium.]
B. africoMum furnishes African Bdellium. B.
laxtaf furnishes a kind of myrrh, and B. pu-
hesceiis yields Bayee Balsam. B. Zeylaniotm is
cultivated in Britain as a stove-plant. [Balm.]
t bal'-sam -oiis, a. [Eng. balsam; -ous.]
Full of,'or containing, balsann
bal'-sam-y, a. [Eng. balsam; -y.] Balmy,
aromatic, fragrant. {N.E.D.)
* bal'-ter, ^ b^u'-ter, v.i. & t. [Prob. from
Icel. ; of. Dan. baltre, boltre = to wallow.]
A. Intra-nsitive :
1. To dance clumsily.
2. To become clotted or tangled.
" It baUereth .... Into knots and balls."—/'. Hol-
land: Pliny, xxix. it,
B. Transitive :
1. To tread down.
2. To tangle, to mat. (N.E.I>.)
* bal'-ter, s. [Balter, v.] a clot, a lump,
anything coagulated. (N.E.D.)
Bal-tic, * Bal-tick, a. & s. [Etym. some-
what doubtful. The word was first used by
Adam, canon of Bremen, at the end of the
eleventh century. In Fr. Baltique ; Poi-t.
Baltico ; Mod. Lat. Mare Balticum. Probably
from Sw, bait = a belt (Belt), in allusion to
its form, and also to the fact that two of the
straits connecting it with the ocean are called
the Great and the Little " Belt." It has also
been derived from Sclav, or Lettonian bait =
white, from its being frozen jjart of the year ;
or from Baltus, an old king, or Baltea, the
old name of an island.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the sea de-
scribed under B.
"We know that it [the Scandinavian ice-sheet] not
only fllled the Gulf of Bothiii.i, but occupied the
whole .irea of the Bailie Sea." — Geikie: The Orvat Ice
Age, 2nd ed. (1877), p. 401.
B. As substantive : An inland sea, enclosed
by Sweden, Russia, Germany, and Denmark,
aud comniimicating with the German Ocean
by the "Sound" and the Great and Little
Belts.
"Hence we tniiy confidently infer that in tlie days
of the iiborlL'itial huntei-s -lud fishere, the ocean Irnd
freer access than nuw to the Baltic."— Lyell : Aniiq.
o/JAfft. 4th ed. (1873), p 14.
Bar-ti-m6re,bal'-ti-more,s. &a. [Kamed
after the second Lord Baltimore, a Roman
Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, in England,
and Longford in Ireland, who, in A,D. 1634,
founded the colony of Maryland, in North
America.]
A. As substantive :
1. (As Baltimore) : A city and county in
Maryland, in the United States.
2. (As baltimore) : The bird described under
Baltimore Bird (q.v.).
"I have never met with anything of the kind in
the neat of the battiinore." — Wilson and Bonaparte:
Americ. Ornitk , ed. Jardiue (1832), i. 19.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to Baltimore ;
found at Baltimore.
Baltimore bird, Baltimore oriole,
Baltimore hang-nest, baltimore. A
bird of the family Sturuidse (Starlings), aud
tlie sub-family Oriolinae (Orioles). It is the
BALTIMORE BIRD AND NEST.
Oriolus B'dtimore of Catesby, now Icterus
Baltimorii. The name Baltimore was applied
or attached to this bird not merelv because it
fEte, fat, f^e, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot.
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey=a. qu = Uw,
baltimorite— ban
407
occurs at the place so called, but according to
Catesby because its colours, which are black
and orange, were the same as those on the
(toat of arras or livery of the Lord Baltimore
who was formerly proprietor of Maryland.
(See etym.) The appellation "Hang Nest,"
or sometimes "Hanging Bird," is given be-
cause it builds a pendv' .^is nest — that is, like
a cylindrical pouch, sometimes sewed with
horse hair ; the curious structure being sus-
pended from the end of a branch or a twig.
Another name given to the baltimore is " Fire
Bird," because when its bright hue is seen
through the green leaves tlxe appearance
somewhat resembles a flame of tire. Yet
another name is "Golden Robin." It extends
from Canada to Mexico, or even to Brazil,
migrating to the northern part of this area
about May, and to the southern one about the
end of August or in September. {Wilso)i and
Bona/parU, dx.)
bal-ti-mbr'-ite, s, [From Baltimore (q.v.^
where it occurs, and sufT. -ite.] A mineral,
considered by Dana as identical with Picrolite
(q.v.), and ranked in the British Museum
Catalogue as a variety of Serpentine (q.v.). It
is composed of longitudinal tibres, adhering to
one another. Its lustre is silky. When thick
it is opaque, but when thin it is transparent
on the edges.
bal'-us-ter, t bal'-liis-ter, tbal'-lis-ter,
t bal'-las-ter, s. [Fr. balaustre ; Ital. &a-
loAisiTQ ; Lat. halaustium ; Gr, ^oKavaTiov
(bakiustion) = a wild pomegranate flower,
because the usual double-curved form of balus-
ters somewhat resembles the shape of that
flower.]
Ill Archituctiire :
1. A small pilaster or column, often adorned
with mouldings. It is usually made circular,
and swelling towards the lower part. Rows
of such balusters are often placed in the front
of galleries in churches, on the outside of
terraces and bridges, or to support rails on
stairs. In the last case, the word is generally
corrupted into banister [Banister], whilst a
row of balusters constitutes a balustrade (q.v.).
" Riiyleil with turneil biiUastera of frce-atone." — Sur-
vey of Whnbledon {1649). {ArduBol,, vol. x., -p. 404.)
"Thia should first Imve been pliiDcbed over, aud
ruiled about with balusters."— Carew.
"The use of the bahialer was unknown to the au-
cieuts. . . . Perhaps the most aiicieiitare to bu found in
Italy, aud it may bocoiiaidei-ednn inventiou which flr»t
appeared on the revival of the arts in thai couutry." —
Chambers : Civil Architect, (ed. Gwilt), p. ;i2*2.
2. The lateral part of the volute of an Ionic
capital. (Gwilt.)
baluster-shaft, ^.
Arch. : A shaft sumewliat resembling a
baluster, occurring in Anglo-Suxun architec-
ture. Used specially in windows.
baluster-Stem, .
of a chalice, &c.
A bulging stem, as
ba-liis'-tered, bal-liis'-tred (tred as
terd), adj. [Eng. baluster ; -ed.] Having
baUistei-s. {SoaDUiS.)
b^'-iis-trade, t bal'-liis-trade, s. [In
Sw. & Dan. balhistrade; Dut. & Fr. balus-
trade.; Sp. balaustrada; Fort, balaustrada, ba-
luAistada; Ital. halaustrata.^ [Baluster.]
BVLLblR^DL
Arch. : A range of small pillars called balus-
ters, resting on a plinth, and supporting a
coping, cornice, or mil. They are frequently
employed to form a parapet around a flat-
roofed building, or along the sides of a bridge,
terrace, staircase, or balcony, or to fence
round an altai- or a font. The material most
frequently used in their construction is stone,
though iron and wood are also occasionally
employed.
*balwe, ^balhew, ^baly, a. [Etymology
doubtful] Plain, smooth.
" Balwe or playne."— Prom/rf. Paru.
* bal'-we, * bal'-lu, s. The same as Bale (1).
^' bal'-ye, s. [Baillte(2).] Dominion, custody.
" To harl hiin til hia balye."
Cursor Mundi. (S. in Boucher.)
'^ ba'-ly-slup, s. [0. Eng. haily = baillie
(q.v.), and sutt". -shi'p.l The office and position
of a bailiff.
" Balyshlp, baliatue." — Prompt. Parv,
tbalz.s. [Ger.]
Ornith. : The love-dance and love-song of
the blackcock.
"The elder Brehm gives a curious account of the
Balx, as the love-dauce aud love-song of the Blackcock
is called in Gerniauy." — Darwin: Beseem qf Man, pt.
ii,, ch. xiii.
balz-place, s.
Ornith. : A place where blackcocks perform
tlieir love courtships.
". . . aud the same blackcock, iu order to prove his
strength over several antagonists, will visit in the
course of one momiug several balzrplaces, which re-
main the same during successive years." — Darwin,:
Descent qf Man, pt. li., ch, xiii.
bal'-za-rxne» s. [Fr.] A light mixed material
of worsted and cotton, used for ladies' dresses.
(Simmonds. )
t bam* s. [Bamboozle.] A sham ; a quiz.
" The laird, whose humble eflbrts at Jocularity were
chiefly confined to wliat was then called bites and
bams, since denominated hoaxes ;uid quizzes, had the
fairest possible subject of wit iu the unsuspecting
Dominie."— 5co« / Ouy ifanncring. ch. iii.
t baxn, v. [From bam, s.] To cheat.
b^m-bi-n6 (pi. bam-bi'-ni), •.. [Ital. = a
cliild.] A child, a baby; a figuic of the Holy
Child, esp. that one reputed to be miraculous,
l)reserved in the Church of Ara Coeli, Rome.
b3.nL'-b6o, s. & a. [In Sw. bamhuror ; Dan. havi-
biisror ; Ger. bambvs-rohr and bambvs ; Dut.
hamhoesriet and bamhoes ; Fr. bamboii; Sp.
rana bambos ; Port, bmnhn; ItaX.camutbamhu.
From Mahratta bamboo or hambu; or from
Malay bamboo or bamb-Q,, also rnambu.'\
A. Aii substantive : Any species of the
botanical genus Bauibusa, and specially the
best-known one, Bamhusa ar^indinacea. [Bam-
BUSA.] It is a giant-grass, sometimes reach-
ing the height of forty or more feet, which
is found everywhere in the tropics of the
Eastern Hemisphere, and has been introduced
into the West Indies, the Southern States of
America, aud various other regions in the
Western world. It has the usual character-
istics of a grass— the cylindrical stem, of flinty
hardness externally, while soft or even hollow
within ; the separation of tlie stem into nodes
and internodes ; and the inflorescence of a
type found in many genera of the order,
namely, in great panicles made up of a series
of spikes of flowers. In some cases a sub-
stance called tabasheer [Tabasheer], consist-
ing of pure silica, is found secreted in the
nodes.
The uses to which the several species of
bamboos are put iu the regions where they
grow are almost innumerable. In house-
building they furnish the framework of the
sides and roof, with the joists and other parts
of the flooring. Villages of such materials are
in many cases rendered very difficult of attack
by being surrounded by a tliick fence of spiny
species. Bows, arrows, quivers, the shafts of
lances, and other warlike weapons can be
made from the stems of bamboo, as can ladders,
rustic bridges, the masts of vessels, walking-
sticks, water-pipes, flutes, and many other
objects. The leaves are everywhere used for
weaving and for packing purposes. Finally,
the seeds are eaten by the poorer classes in
parts of India ; and in the West Indies the
tops of the tender shoots are pickled and made
to supply the place of asparagus.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the bamboo ;
made of bamboo, consisting of bamboo, re-
sembling the bamboo. (See the compounds
which follow.)
bamboo - cane, bamboo cane, .s.
Another name for the bamboo.
bamboo-jungle, s. An Indian jungle :n
wliich the wild bamboo abounds.
bamboo-rat, s. A rodent mammal be-
longing to Gray's genus Rhizomys, whicli is
placed under the Muridie, or Mouse family.
bamboo-Stage, «. A stage made of
bamboo.
" Sitting on n bam.boO' stage Ratein."S'ooker : Hima-
layan Journals, i. 70.
bam'-boo, vJ. [From bamboo, s. (q.v.).] To
beat with a bamboo.
bam-boo'-zle, * bam-bou'-zle (zle =
zel), v.i. & t. [Said by some to be of gipsy
origin, but this statement is unsupported by
evidence. The word appears in the early part
of the eighteenth centiu-y, aud is mentioned
in the Tatler (No. 230) among " certain words
invented by some pretty fellows." Bam may
be either the source, or an abbreviation, of
the longer word.]
tA. Tntrans. : Intentionally to involve a
subject in mystery or perplexity. To do so
especially in money matters for purposes of
fraud.
" After Nick had bamboozled about the money, John
called (or the counters." — Arbuthnot .* John BuU.
B. TraTisitive:
1. To mystify for purposes of deceit.
" Let no one be bamboozled by this kind of talk."—
Edward A. Freeman: Times, Feb. 10, 1877.
2. To cheat, to swindle.
* bam-b6o'-zle, s. [Babiboozle, v.'\ Mystery,
trickery, cheating, swindling.
bam-boo'-zled, * bam-b6u -zled (zled
as zeld), j'«. par. [Bamboozle, -y.]
bam-bdoz'-ler, s. [Eng. bam^oozl{e); -er.]
One who bamboozles ; a cheat, a swindler.
(Vulgar.)
"There are a set of fellowp they call banterera and
bamboozlers that play such tiicka," — Arbuthnot,
bam-booz'-ling, * bam-b6uz -Ung, pr.
par. & a. [Bamboozle.]
bam-bu§t'-a, * bam'-bos, s. [Latinised
from the Mahratta or Malay word 6cwn&oo,]
[Bamboo.] A genus of grasses, the type of
the section Bambuseae. It contains the well-
known Bamboo or Bamboo-cane (Bambiisa
arundina^ea). [Bamboo.] Other species from
Asia and the adjacent islands are B. maxima,
100 feet high, from the Malay archipelago ; B^
aspera, from Amboyna, 60 or 70 feet ; and B.
aptis, from Java, of as ample dimensions, with
many others. The American species are less
numerous, but B. latifolia, from the Orinoco,
is very fine.
bam-bu-^id'-S8, * b3,m-bu^'-e-se, 5. -pi.
[Bambosa.] The family of the order Grami-
nacese, to which the Bamboos belong. It
falls under the section Festucese- In most of
the species there are six stamens instead of
three, the normal number. The genera are
but few, Bambusa (q.v.) being the chief.
bam'-llte, s. [Named after Bamle, in Norway,
where it occurs.] A mineral, a variety of
Fibrolite proper (q.v.). It is of a white or
greyish colour and columnar in form.
ban (1), * bann, * banne, * bain, - bane
(pi, bann§, tban^, *b^ne^, *baine§>,
s. [From A.S. banRan= to proclaim, sum-
mon. In Sw. bann = excommunication ; Dan.
band, ban = bau, excommunication, outlawry ;
Dut. ban = excommunication, banishment,
jurisdiction ; Ger. bann ; O. H. Ger. ban = a
public proclamation, spec, excommunication;
Wei, & Gael. ban = a. proclamation; Fr. &
Prov. ban = banns, proclamation, publication,
ban, banishment, outlawry, exile, privilege ;
Sp., Port., & Ital. bando. The word seems to
have come originally from the Teutonic
tongues. Low Lat. bannv^, hannum, bandum. ]
[Abandon, Bandit, Banish.]
1" Essential Tmaning : A proclamation, public
notice, or edict respecting a person or thing.
Wedgwood thinks that the original significa-
tion was that given under B., I.
A, Ordinary Langtcage :
L Of persons :
1. A public proclamation or edict respecting
a person, without its being in any way im-
plied that he has been named in order to be
denounced. [B. , III,]
b65l, bo^; pout, jo^l; cat. 9ell, chorus, 5lun, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e:^ist. -mg.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =:bel, del.
40S
ban— band
(1.) Gen. . An edict or proclamation of any
kind.
"That was tlie ban of Keuiiigwurthe ; tliat \v,iK lo
tliiii
Thiit tliei- lie asoUle of heie men deaerited lie none
That haiUU- iholde aye the king, Liote tlie erl ul
Leiuetre one "
Hob Olouceat., p. 5G8. IS. in Boucher.)
(2.) Specialty :
(a) A suiiimons ; a eitiition.
" Tlier come to tliv> roumle table as he aeiide ys hau,
Aiuisel kyii'^' ..f Su jtlond, an. I alao Uii.ui,
That was kynL' uf Mm^yfyceiis, and also of North
Walya,
Ciidwal, and also Scater kyng of South Walys.'
A'ob. (iluncef:t., p. 198. (a. in Boucher ]
(6) Plur. : An umiouncenicnt of an inteudud
marriage. [B., HI.]
* He gan renew the late forbidden hains."
Hljeiiser: P. Q.. I. xii. 3C.
" I bar it in the interest of my wife,
'Tisslie iaauljciJiitracted to tliis lord.
And I, her husband, contradict your hanns."
iShakeSfj. : King Lear, v. 0.
2. A proclamation or edict denouncing one,
and rendering him subject to penalties. .S'jie-
cialhj —
(1.) In civil matters. [B., 11.]
" He la-oceeded so far by treaty, that he was proffered
to have the iniijerial ban taken off Altapinus upon
submisaiou."— //o(c«i.
(2.) In ecclesiastical matters: Excommunica-
tion, curse, anathema. [Ban, v.]
"A great oversight it was of St. Peter that he did
not accurae Nero, whereby the pope might have yot
all ; yet what need of such a ban, since friar Vincent
uould tell Atabiilipa that kingdoms were the pope's';"
—Jialeijh.
(3.) Gen.: A curse of any kind by -whom-
soever given forth.
" Thou mixture rank, of midnight weeda collected,
With Hecate s ban thrice blasted, thrice infected."
Shahesp. : Hamlet, iii. 2.
11. Of things:
1. A public proclamation or edict, com-
manding, pennittiug, forbidding, or announ-
cing anything [B., 111.] ; hence any prohibition
or interdiction of a solemn kind, however
announced.
". . . who thus hast dared.
Had it been only coveting to eye
That sacred fiuit, sacred to abatnience.
Much more to taste it, under ban to touch? "
Milton: P.L., bk. ix.
2. The penalty inflicted upon a person pub-
licly denounced.
B. Technically :
I, Military and Feudal:
1. A proclamation in time of war, summon-
ing the king's retainers to attend him on an
expedition.
2. The retainers thus summoned. The va.s-
sals of the feudal lords under the king were
called the arriere-l/an. [Arriere-ban.] (This
nomenclature was originally French.)
II. Hist. The Ban of the Empire: A penalty
occasionally put in force under the Old Ger-
man empire against a prince who had given
some cause of otfence to the supreme authority.
Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, in tlie eleventh cen-
tury, and Otho, of Wittelspach, in the tv/elfth
century, were thus put under the han of the
eiiipire.
III. Law, <{:c. Banns (j'L): The publication
of intended marriages in the ChurL-h of Eng-
land ; proclamation that certain ])arties named
intend to proceed to marriage, unless any im-
pediment to their union be proved to exist.
Banns of marriage have to be published for
three Sundays before the event in the churcli
or eliapel where the ceremony is to take
]ilace, unless a licence is obtained. [Licenck,
Marriage.]
ban (2), s. [Servian ban; Buss. & Pol. pa>i.
= a master, a lord.]
In jhistro- Hungary :
1. Forrmrly : A title belonging to the warden
of the eastern marshes of Hungary.
2; Now : The Viceroy of Temesvar, generally
called the " Ban of Croatia." The territory
he rules over is called a haiiat or hanatc.
^ The name Ban in this latter sense was
brought prominently before the English public
during the war of independence waged by the
Magyars of Hungary against Austria in 1849.
In that struggle the Sclavonians, who con-
stituted nearly half the population of the
Austrian empire, sided with the Germans
.'igainst the Magyars.
tofjH (3), ^. [I-Iind.Iyau, Mni = CQtton. (Seedef.)]
Comrn. : A kind of fine muslin iu;iiie from the
fibres of the leaf-stalk of the banana, brought
from the East I ndies.
ban* v.t. & ('. [A.S. tannan, abannan = tn
ciunmand, to order. In Sw. bajina — to re-
prove, to cliide ; bannas=.to ban, to curse;
Tiixw. f urban dc-= to excommunicatL', to curse;
Dut. banden=^io exconnnunicate.] [Ban,.';.,
Banish.]
A. Trax'^. : To make the subject of a publii;
proclamation, tijief tally —
1. Of 'persons: To excommunicate, to curse ;
to imprecate evil upon.
" And bitter words to ban her cruel foes."
SAaicKju. .■ Jiape of Lucrece, 1,460.
2. Of things : To Ibrliid ; to lu-ohibit.
" And mine haa been the fate of tliose
. To whom the goodly earth and air
' Are baniid and barr'd— forbidden fare."
Byron: PrUoner of Chillon.
B. Intransitive :
1. To imprecate vengeance upon a person;
to curse a persun.
2. To curse and swear ; to use more or less
profane or irreverent language. (English c£'
Scotch.)
" Ne'er cnrae. nor hann, I you implore,
In neither fun nor passion,"
A. Douglas: Poems, p. 75.
ba'-nal, ban'-al, a. [From Fr. banal, adj.
= (1. Of persons) mercenary, (2. Of things)
common to everyone ; formerly said of things,
as a mill, oven, &c., provided by a feudal lord,
and which the people were obliged to use.]
1. Belonging to compulsory feudal ser-
vice.
2. Commonplace, petty ; trite, trivial.
"Some facetioua fools in the pit set up the banal
l.augh."— /Voius & Queries, Dec. 10, 186-1, p. 480.
t ba-nal'-i-ty, *'. [Fr. banality = common-
place.] [Banal.]
1. A commonplace; a commonplace com-
pliment, uttered to everyone alike, and devoid
of any special significance.
"His house and Ida beart are open to you. Ci\ il
banalities are not at all in his line, his friendship is
solidly demonstrative, and you can do liim no greater
favour than by frankly accepting the thousand kind-
nesses he is eager to xtioSer."— Daily Telegraph, Dee.
8, 1870.
2. Tlie quality of being commonplace,
ba-na'-na, s. & «. [In Sw. hananastrdd ; Fr,
banane, the fruit, and bananier, the tree ; Sp.
banana, hanano, bananas; Port, banana.]
A. As substantive :
1. A tree, the Musa saplentuvi of botanists
To the superficial observer it looks like a
palm, but the leaves are essentially different.
Tearing in long stripes, like tliose of endogens
in general, they differ from the normal type in
doing so transversely on either side from the
midrib, instead of longitudinally. The flowers
also are diflerent, and the nearest aftiuity of
the order Musacert;, of which it or its congener,
the plantain, is the type, is with tlie gingers
and arrowroots, and not with the palms. The
banana is about twenty feet high. It re-
THE BANANA AND ITS FRUIT.
sembles the plantain so closely that some
think it a mere variety of that species ; but it
differs in having the stalk marked with dark-
purple stripes and spots, and possessing a
shorter, more rounded, and more luscious
fruit. Originally from the Eastern hemisphere,
but now cultivated also in the tropics of
America.
2. The fruit of the banana-tree. It grows in
clusters of long, angular, finger-like fruits.
some inches in length. When the rind, whicb
easily comes away, is stripped off, there is
found beneath it a'soft pulp like tliat of a fine
pear, but more luscious.
'■ The dre-iui is past ; and thou liaat fomid a',M.iu
Thy cocoas and bananas, palms and y.am^>,
And liomestrtU thatched witli leavea."
C'ow/jer : Tnek, hli.. i.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the banana ;
feeding on the banana. (See the compounds.)!
banana-bird, s. A bird, XanthamuT'
icterus, belonging to the family Sturnida;
(Starlings), and the sub-family OriolinfC, or
Orioles. It is tawny and black, with whitt-
bars on the wings. It is gregarious, a multi-
tude of individual nests hanging from thfr
ends of contiguous twigs. It occurs in the
"West Indies and tlie warmer parts of Con-
tinental America. It has some affinity to the
Baltimore Bird (q.v.).
banana-leaf, s. The leaf of the banana.
[For its X'eculiar venation, see Banana, A., 1.]^
"Before morning it rained very heavily, but the
good thatcli of banana-leaves kept us diy." — Darwin:^
\'oyage round the iVorld, ch. xviiL
banana-tree,
[Banana, A., 1.]
ban'-at, ban'-ate, o. [in Ger. Banat; from
&ajt(2)(q.v.).] '
1. Tlie territory or jurisdiction of a ban.
. 2. Specially : An old province of Hungary,
of which the capital was Temesvar.
banc, s. [A.S. bene; Fr. &a/tc = a bench, .
court.] [Banco.]
Law. Inbanco. [Banco, II.]
^ ban'-chis, s. [From Ital. banco = a bank.}'
[Bank.] Deeds of settlement. Money-deeds-
(?). {Jamieson.) (Scotch.)
"Botquhenniy biJlis and my &rtHc7iis was all selit,'
I wald iia langer beir on brydil, Ijot bniid up my
heiil."-~I) unbar : Maitland Poems, p. 57.
% Altered in the edition of 1508 to bauchles,
which Jamieson considers still more unintelli-
gible.
' bancke (1), s. [Bank. ]
' bancke (2), s. [In Ban. Z»aj(;.- = drubbing,,
cudgelling blows ; baiilce = to beat, to knock.].
A ruff or roll on a drum (?). (0. Scutch.)
To beate a bancke : To beat a ruff or roll on
a drum.
"The (1 rummer-major, accompanied with the rest of
the druuimers of the regiment, being coininanded,
beate a bancke in head of the regiment." — Jlonro-
£xped., pt, ii., p. 33. {Ja'inieson.)
ban-c6, s. [In Dan. banco = a bank ; Sp.
banco = bench, bank ; Ital. banco = a bench, a
shop counter ; metter banco = to be a banker.])
[Bank.]
I. Cohimerce :
1, A bank, especially that of Venice.
2. The difference between the price of money
at a bank and its value outside.
II. Laiu. Sittings in banco, or in banc r
Sittings of a Superior Court of Common Law
as a full court, as distinguished from the
sittings tif the judges at Nisi Frins, or on
circuit. The judges sitting in banco wear a
robe of the time of Henry IV., of dark purple
and ermine, except on red-letter days, when
it is of scarlet.
t b3.h'-c6ur-iS, 5. [In Ger. banclarerc =
tapestry, the covering of a stool or bench ;
Fr. banquier = "a bench-cloth, or a carpet for
a forme or bench." (Cotgrave & Jamieson.)~\
A cover.
*' Braid bnrdis and beukis, ourbeld with bancouris of
gold,
Cled our with grene clathis."
Boulate, iii. 3, MS. (Jamieson.)
band, ^bande, s. [In A.S. bandc = a band,
a householder, a husband ; band = bound ; pa.
par. of bindan = to bind. In Sw. band ; Da.
haand ; Dut. ha.nd = a tie, a string; bende =
a troop, a company ; Ger. bande, hinde ; Goth.
handi; Fr. bande; Sp., Port., & Ital. hand a ;
Hind, bund = an embankment, bund, band —
to confine. As Trench points out, band, bend,
and bond were not at first distinct words, but
only three different ways of spelling the same
word. (Trench : English PcLSt and Present, p.
(36.).] [Bend, Bind, Bond.]
A. Ordinary Language :
(a) Of things :
I. Literally :
1. A fillet, tie. cord, (iiain, or other ligament
used for binding together things which else
would be separate, for ornament or for any
other purpose.
(1.) Gen. : "With the foregoing signification.
fate, fat, fare, amidst^ what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule^ full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = ao q,u = kw-
band— banded
409
" So wild a lieast, so tame ytaught to be,
Aiid buxuiu to his bands, ia jyy to see."
apeiuer : Mother Uubberd's Tale.
(2.) Spec: The rope or tie "by which black
cattle are fastem-d to the stake. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.)
2. The hinge of a door. (Generally in the
pi.) (Scotch and North of England.) (Jamieson.)
3. Formerly sing, (band), now pi. (bands) :
A form of appendage to the collar or neck-
cloth formerly worn by clergymen, lawyers,
students in colleges, and others. It consists
of two broad stripes of muslin united above,
but separated below, their upper part tied by
a string around the neck, from or in front of
which they hang down. The use of bands has
been to a great extent discontinued by the
clergy, but they are still a recognised featui-e
of legal attire.
" For his mind I do not care,
That's II toy that I could spare ;
Let his title be but (rreat,
Hia cloaths rich, )iud band sit neat.'
lien Jonson.
"He took his lodging at the mansion-house of a
taylor's widow, who washes, luid can clear-starch hia
6 ands, " — Add Uon.
II. Figuratively :
1, Anything by which persons or things are
united together or restrained.
(1.) In a general sense :
". . . and I have broken the hands of your yoke,
and made you go a\txight."— Leu. xxvi. la.
" Here's eight that must take hands
To join in Hymen's bands."
Sfiakesp. : As You Like It, v. 4.
(2.) Specially :
(a) A money-bond. (Scotch.)
" Mr. Novit, ye'U no forget to draw the annujti rent
that's due on the yerl's bund— it I pay debt to other
folk, I think they shouhl piy it to me, . . ."Scott ■
Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch, viii.
(6) Any bond or obligation. (.Vco^c/t.)
" Thare may na band be maid so form,
Thau thai can make thare will thare term."
Wyntoun, ix. 25, "7, (Jamieson.)
To inake band : To come under obligation ;
to swear allegiance.
"... quhilk weld no langar bide
Vndir thrlllage of segis of Ingland,
To that falsa king he had neuir ■>naid baiid."
Wallace, iii. 54, MS. {Jatnieson.)
2. Union.
To ialce band : To unite.
" Lord make them corner-stonea in Jerusalem, and
give them grace, ni their youth, to take band with the
lair chief Corner-stone," — Itutherf.: Lett., p. in,, cp.
20. (Jamieso7i.)
Cb) Of persons. [Wedgwood considers that of
the words from the several languages given in
tlie etymology, Sp. banda, in the sense of side
(it means a scarf, a side, a bend, a band), is the
one from whi('h the Eng. hand, when used of
liersons confederated, originally came.]
L Gen. : A company of persons united to-
gether for any purpose, or held by any bond
of affinity.
1. Lit. : Persons so united.
2. Fig. : A great assemblage of any species
of animal.
", . . vast numbers of butterflies, in fiantfo or flocks
of countless myriads, extended .as far as the eye conld
range." — Darwin: Voyage round the If'oWtZ, ch. viii.
II. Specially :
1. A number of soldier.s, or at least of men
capable of bearing arms, miited togetlier for
military purposes.
"So the 6(in(is of Syriacanie no more into the land
of Israel."— 2 Kings vi. 23.
" And backed with such a band of horse,
As might less ample XJOwei"s enfoice "
Scott : Jiokeby, vi. 34.
2. A number of trained musicians in a
regiment, intended to march in front of tlie
soldiers and play instruments, so as to enable
them to keep step as they move forward ; also
any similarly organised company of musicians,
even though they may in no way be connected
with the army; an orcliestra. (The word
band is also applied to the subdivisions of an
orchestra, as string-band, iviiul-hand, &c.)
"... the hereditary piper and his sons formed the
band."—Maaiulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes between hand,
company, crew, and gang :—" Each of these
teiTus denotes a small association for a ] 'arti-
cular object. A band is an association wiicre
men are bound togetlier by some strong obli-
gation, as a band of soldiers, a band of robbers.
A romi'tiny marks an association for conveni-
cine, witliout any jiarticular obligation, as a
c'tn/iany of travellers, a coirfpany of strolling
]tlayers. Crci" marks an association collei-teil
tnj^M'tlier by some external power, or by coin-
cidence of plan and motive; in the former
case it is used for a sliip's unwo ; in the latter
and bad sense it is employed for any number
of evil-minded ]'cr.sons met togetlier, from dif-
ferent quarters, and co-openitiiig for some bad
purpose. Gang is always used in a bad sense
for an association of thieves, murderers, and
depredators in general. It is more in common
use than band. In Germany the robT)ers used
to form bands and set the Government at
defiance ; housebreakers and pickpockets com-
monly associate now in gangs." (Eng. Synon.)
B. Technically :
1. Saddlery. The hands of n saddle: Two
pieces of iron nailed uiion the bows t<j hold
them in their proju-j- place.
2. Naut. : A stri])e of canvas sewed across a
sail to render it stronger. (Falconer.)
3. Arch. : A fascia, face, or plinth ; any fls,t
low member or moulding. (Johnson.)
4. Armt. Flattened band : The name given
by its discoverer, Remak, to what is better
called by Rosenthal and Purkinge the oj:i-i
cylinder. It is a transparent material occupy-
ing the axis of the nerve-tube. (Todd £ Boic-
man : Physiol. Anal., vol. i., pp. 212, 22S.)
.1. Botany : Bands or vittar are the spaces
between the elevated lines or ribs on the fruit,
of umbelliferous plants.
6. Bookbinding: One of the cords at the
back of a book to which the thread is attached
in sewing.
7. Mach. : A broad endless strap used for
eomniuni eating motion from one wheel, drum,
or roller, to another.
*\ For such compounds an faggot-hand, head-
band, sioathing-band, &c., see the word with
which banil is in combination.
band-fish, s. The English designation of
Cepola, a genus of tislies ranked under the
Riband-shaiied family of the order Acanthop-
teri. The Red Band-fish or Red Snake-lLsli
(Cepola nibescenSj Linn.) occurs in Britain.
band-kitt, s. A large wooden vessel with
a cover to it. (Boucher.)
band-master, s. The director of a
(military) band. [Band, II. 2.]
band-place, s. The part of the hat
where the band was placed.
band-pulley, s.
Mach. : A flat-faced wheel, fixed on a shaft
and driven by a band.
band-saw, s.
Mach. : An endless steel belt, serrated on
one of its edges, running over wheels, and
rapidly revolved.
band-Shaped, a.
Hot. : Narrow and veiy long, and with the
two opposite margins parallel. Example, the
leaves of Zostera viaruia.
band-stane, .^\ a stone that goes through
on botli sides of a wall, and thus binds tlie
rest together. (Scotch.)
"I am ainaist persuaded it's the ghaist of ,t stane-
mason— see siccan band-stanes as he's laidl "— Scoft .■
Tales ctfmy Landlord, i. "9. (Jatnieson)
band-String, a.
1. A string appended to a band ; a .string
going across the breast for tying in an orna-
mental i\'ay.
" He saw a weel-fa'ared anld gentleman standing by
his bedside, in the inouiilight, in a ciueer-fashiuued
dress, wi' mouy a button and a band-string about it. "
— Scott: Antiquary, ch. ix.
2. The designation given to a species of con-
fection of a long shape. (Jamieson.)
band-wheel, .<:.
Mach. : A wheel with a face nearlv flat or
grooved to retain the band that drives it, as
in the lathe.
band (l), * bande, v.t. & i. [From Eng. hand,
s. (q.v.). In Fr. &auder=to bind, to tie;
Port, bandar.]
A. Transitive :
+ 1. Of things : To tie with a band.
"And by his mother stood an infant Love,
With wings unfledg'd, his eyes were banded o'er. "
Drydcn : Palamon ,i- j rci'c, ii. 'li'i, ;i2L
2. Of persons: To unite to;^o_.ther in confe-
deracy ; to form into a band, trooji, or society.
(In this sense often used reflectividy.)
'As such, he might still be f.ircinost among those
who were bnmled together in defencf of the liberties
of l&\iTOYis."—Mncauhijj : Hist. Fn'j , ch. xv.
B. Intransitive :
1. To unite together ; to enter into agree-
ment, alliance, or confedei-acy.
" And when it was day. certain of the Jews banded
together . . ."— Acts xxiii. I'l.
2. To assemble.
" Huge routs of people did about them band."
Spenser : I'. Q., I. iv. 36.
band (2), r.t. [Low Lat. bandire — to pro-
claim, to denounce.] [Ban, Banish.] To in-
terdict, to banish, to forbid, to expel.
"Sweete love such lewdnes bands from his faire com-
panee." Spenser ; F. Q., III. ii. 41.
- band (1), 7//T^ &pn..par. o/Ban, i\ (q.v.).
" And curs'd and band, and blasphemies forth threw "
Spenser: I". Q ,\. xi. 12.
"' band (2), pret. & pa. par. of Band, v. (q.v.).
[A.S. hand, pret. of &t?irfaJi = to bind.]
" His hors until a tre sho band."
rwaine and Qawin, 1,776. [S. in Boucher.)
band-age (age = ig), s [In Dan. & Fr.
handa<!i\ from Fr. bander :=to band or tie,
k>-:.] [BwD, s. & v.]
A. Ordinary Language:
I. Anj-thing tied around another, as a piece
of cloth tied around the eyes to blindfold one,
or around a wound for surgical purposes.
1. In a general sense :
(a) Literally :
"Cords were fastened by hooks to my bandages,
which the workmen had girt round my iit:ck."—Smft'
(b) Figuratively :
" Zeal too had a place among the rest, -with a.
bandage over her eyes . . ." — Addi£an.
2. In a surgical sense. [B. 1.]
"... my informer, putting his head out to see what
was the matter, received a severe cut. and now wore a
bandage." — Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. vi.
t II. The act or operation of tying up
wounds.
S. Technically :
1. Surgery : A fillet, band, or stripe of
cloth, used in surgery fiu- tying up wounds,
and thus stopping the effusion of blood, fur-
ther injury from the air, from accident, or
from violence. [A., I. 1, 2.]
2. Areh. (FInr.): The iron rings or chains
.•^urroun-iing the springing of a dome or the
rireuiiiference of a tower, to bind the structure
together.
b^nd'-age (age = ig), v.t. [From bandage,
s. (q.v.).] To tie up with a bandage or
similar apjiliance.
b3>nd'-aged, }>(( par. & a. [Bandage, v.]
band'-ag-ing, pr. par. [Bandage, v.]
bd.nd-a-le'er, s. [Bandoleer.]
ban-d^n'~a, * ban-d^n -na, s. [In Fr.
bandana: Sp. handana, hamhuto = di necker-
chief luade of bast. (Mahn.).^ A kind of
.■alico-printing in which white or bright-
eoloured spots are placed upon a Turkey-red
or dark ground.
handana handkerchief. A handker-
chief printed as described above.
band'-box, s. [Eng. band ; box.] A box of
thin card, used principally for enclosing hats,
caps, or similar articles of attire.
" With empty bandbox she delights to ranee "
(w'/z Triuia.
bande (ban'-de), a. [Fr. = banded.]
Her. : The same as Eng. In Bend. [Bend.]
ban'-deau (eau as 6), plur. ban'-deaux
(eaux as oz), s. [Fr. = a fillet, frontlet,
diadem, tiara, architrave.] A narrow band
or fillet around a cap or other headdress.
" Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of
leather."— 5co(f.
band'-ed (l), * band, pa. par. & a. [Band
A, Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
" Secret and safe the banded chests.
In which the wealth of Mortham rests."
Scott ; Jiokeby, iv. 31.
B. Technically :
1. Lot. : A term applied to variegation or
marking wlien transverse stripes of one colour
cross another one.
2. Un\ When a garb is bound together
with a band of a different tincture, it i.s said
to be handed ©f that tincture. (Gloss, of Her.)
band'-ed (2), pa. par. [Band, r.]
bSil, boy; po&t, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph:=f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion, -cioun -shun : -tion. -sion = zhiin. -tious. -sious - shiis. -ble. -file. &c - bel, del.
410
bandelet — ^bandy
ban-del- et,
[Bandlet.]
t band'-er, s. [Eng. hmtd; -er.'] One who
bands ; a person engaged to one or more in a
bond or eoA'enaut. (Cldejly Scotch.)
" Montrose, tuid ao iiuuiy cf the bayulers as hapiicned
to be at home at thiLt time, were cited to appear."—
Oathry : Mem., p. 90, {Jujtiieson.)
ban-der-ole, ban'-der-olle, s. [Bandrol.]
ban'-di-c6ot, * ban'-di-cote, s. [Anglo-
Indian name, from Ti.':livj,\i ■pandi-koklu = pig-
rat]
1. A name given to the Hits giganlevs of
Hardwicke. It is as large as a rabbit, and is
found in India. It feeds on grain,
2, The English name given to a genus of
Marsupial quadrupeds, named fi'om their re-
semblance to the above species. They con-
stitute the genus Perameles or the family
Peramelida?, and are found in Australia. There
are several species. They are -sometimes
called Bandicoot Rats. [Peramelid^.] ■
ban-died, 3x1. par. [Bandy, v.'\
ban'-di-leer, o. [Bandoleee.]
band'-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Band (1), v.]
banding-plane, s. A plane used for
cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and
bands in straight and circular work. (Good-
rich & Porter. )
ban'-dit, " ban'-dite, ^ ban'-dit-to,
* ban-det-to (pi. ban'-dit-ti, t ban-
dits), a. & s. [In Sw., Dan., Ger., & Fr.
iandit : Dut. handiet ; Sp, & Port, handido
= a highwayman. Ital. haiuHto, as adjective
= proscribed, banished ; as substantive = an
outlaw, an exile, a highwayman ; haiidUa,
haiLdo = ii proclamation; liandire^= to pro-
claim, publish, tell, banish.] [Ban.]
* A. As adjective (of the old form banclitto) :
Pertaining to an outlaw, a highwayman, or
other robber. [B.]
"A Roiriaii sworrter, mid banditto slave,
Mui-der'd sweet Tully,"
Sliakesp : 1 Men. VI., iv. 1,
B. As stihstuiitive (of the modern form
luiulit):
1. Properly: One who, besides having been
banished, has been publidy proclaimed an
outlaw, and, having nothing further to boi)e
from society, or at least from the government
which has taken these decisive steps against
him, has become a highwayman or robber of
some other type,
2. More generally : Any robber, wliatever
may be the circumstances which have led to
his adopting his evil mode of life.
"No ba?idU fierce, no tyrant mad with pride,
No cavern'd hermit, rests self-mtisfy'd." Pope.
T[ As robbers generally And that they can
more easily carry out their nefarious plans if
they go in gangs, the word bandit often occurs
in the plural (banditti) ; there is, however, no
reason to believe that this is etymologically
connected with band, in the sense of a com-
]iany of people associated together for some
eud-
" They had contracted aU the habits of banditti." —
Macaalay : Hist. JSng., ch. xiv,
bandit-saint (pi. banditti-saints), s.
A person combining the profession of a saint
witli the jiractice of a bandit.
" Banditti-saints disturbing dist-aiit lands,
And unknown nations wandering for a home."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
ban'-dit-to (pi. ban'-dit-ti), s. [Bandit.]
t ban'-dle, s. [Irish bannlanih = a cul)it : banu
= a measure, and lamh = the hand, the arm.]
1. A measure of two feet in length, used in
the south and west of Ireland.
2. See extract.
" Ban die, or narrow linen, for home eonsumpi inn,
is uiiide in the western part of the county." — Artkiir
Young : A Tour in Ireland, p. 85.
bandle - linen, s. (See extract under
handle, s., 2.)
t band' -less-lie, adv. [Eng. hand ; -less, -Ij/.]
Withont bands oi' vestments; regardlessly.
(Scotch.) (Ja)tiieson.)
i band'-less-ness, s. [Eng. haiul; -less,
-ites-f.] The state of abandonment to wicked-
ness. (Scotch. ) (Jamieson. )
band-let, ban'-del-et, a. [In Fr. handc-
htte,j
1. Ord. Lang. : A small band for encircling
anything. (Francis.)
2. Arch. : Any small band, moulding, or
fillet. (Johnson.)
band-hoo'-ka, s. [Name in some languages
of India.] Tire name of an Indian shrub, the
Ixora Bandhuca, sometimes called the Jungle
Geranium. It has scarlet or crimson flowers,
and belongs to the order Cinchonaceae, or Cin-
chonads.
ban -dog. ' band-dog, * band'-dogge,
^'" bond'e-dog, s. [O. Eng. i)an4 = bound,
and dog.'] A dog of such a character as to
require the restraint of a band ; a large, fierce
dog requiring to be kept chained. Specially,
according to Harrison, a mastiif; and, ac-
cording to Bewick, a cross between the mastiff
and the bull-dog.
" Boiide-dog : molossus." — Prompt. Parv.
" Half a hundred good band-dogs
Came running o er the lea."
Robin Hood, ii. 64. (Boucl\,er.)
"We have greab ban-dogs will teare their akinne."
Spenser : SUep. Gal., ix.
bS,n'-do-leer, ban'-de-lier, ban'-di-
leer, s. [In Dut. and Ger. handelier; Sw.
banthr ; Fr.handouUere ; Sp. handolera; Port.
ho-ndoleira ; Ital. bandoliera; from Fr. hande,
Ital. handa = a band. Named from having
been fastened by a broad band of leather.] A
large leathern belt worn in mediaeval times by
BANDOLLLR
musketeers. One end passed over the right
shoulder, whilst the other hung loose under
the left arm. It sustained the musket, and
had dependent from it twelve charges of
powder and shot put up in small wooden
boxes.
" He lighted the match of liis bandelier.
And wofully scorched the liackbntteer."
Scott : Laij of the Last J/instrel, iii. 21.
ban-don, * ban'-doun, * baun'-doun
(p. Eng.) ban'-dov^n (O. Scotch), s. [O. Fr.
& Prov. ba,ndon— command, orders, dominion.]
[Abandon.]
1. Command, orders, dominion.
" Alangst the land of Eoss he roars.
And all oljey'd at his bandown,
Evm frae the North to Suthren shoars.
Battle of Ifarlaw, st. 7. £vergrcen, i. Bl. (Ja^nieson. )
2. Disposal.
" For bothe the wise folke and unwise
Were wholly to her bartdon brought,
So well with yeftes hath she wrought,"
Rom, of the Rose, l.ies.
t ban -dore, t ban'-diire, t man-dore,
t pan'-dbre, t pan'-dore, s. [In Dan.
pandurc ; G&c . pcuidore ; Fr. bandore, mandore,
vumdole, paiulore ; Sp. handurria, pandola =
a lute with four strings, mandolin, pandurria ;
Port, bandurra ; Ital. mandola = a cithern,
pa)idora, pandura ; Lat. pandnra anil pa ndu-
rium ; Gr. Tra.v8ovpa (pandoura) and TravSovpig
(pando'tiris) — a nmsical instrument with three
strings, said to have been invented by Pan.]
A musical instrument like a lute or guitar,
invented by John Ross or Ro.se, a famous
violin-maker, abfiut 1562. The name gave
origin to banjo (q.v.).
" One Gavchi Sanchez, a Spanish poet, hecame dis-
traught of his wits with overmuch levitle, and at the
time of his distraction was playing upon a bandore." —
Jl'i/s, ^""((s, and I'ancies, K. 4 (1614).
ban'-doun-ly, *ban'-d6wn-ly, adv. [O.
Eng. & Scotch handoun ; -ly.] Firmly, cou-
rageously. (Scotch.)
"The Sotheron saw how that so bandownli/,
Wallace abaid ner hand thair chewalry.'
Wallace, v. 881, MS. (Jamieson.)
band'-rol, ban'-der-ole, ban'-ner-61,
ban'-ner-olle, ban'-ner-all, s. [In Fr
banderole — (1) a shoulder-belt ; (2) a bandrul ;
(3) (Na ut. ) a streamer. ]
1. A small flag, pennant, or streamer in the
form of a guidon, longer than broad, usually
borne at the mast-heads of vessels. (Johnson.)
2. The small silk flag which occasionally
hangs from a trumpet. (Johnson.)
3. A banner or
flag, usually about
a yard square,
, several of which
were borne at the
funerals of the
great. The engrav-
ing shows the ban-
neroUe which was
placed at the head
of Cromwell at his
funeral. (Fair- ^«.,^..^^
holt.) (See also
example from Camden under Bannerot,. )
4. Her.: A small streamer depending from
the crook of a crozier and folding over the
staff-.
5. Arch. : A flat band with an inscription,
used in the decoration of buildings of the
Renaissance period.
band's-man, s. [Eng. band; -man.] A
member of a (military) band. [Band, II. 2.]
band-ster, ban'-ster, s. [Eng. hand, and
suffix -s^er.] One who binds sheaves after the
reapers of the harvest-field. (Scotch.)
b^n'-dy (1), s. [Etymology doubtful. Dr.
jVIuri'ay thinks it probable that it comes from
bandy, v. (q.v.).]
1. A club bent and ronuded at the lower
part, designed for striking a ball.
2. A game played between two parties
equipped with such sticks or clubs, the one
side endeavouring to drive a small ball to a
certain spot, and the others doing their best
to send it in the opposite direction. [Hockey.]
" Are nothing hut the games they lose at bandy."
0. Play, v. 1C2. {J. H. in Boucher.)
bandy-wicket, s. An old name of a
game like cricket. (J. H. in Boucher.)
ban'-dy (2), s. [Telugu & Karnata (Canarese)
bandi, bunki ; Tamil vandi.] A cart, a car-
riage, a gig ; any wheeled conveyance. (Anglo-
hid-ian.)
ban'-dy (I), u. [Probably from bandy (1), s.j
1. Curved outwards at the side (said of legs).
(See extract from Swift under handy-leg.)
2. Bandy-legged.
bandy-leg,
outwards.
A
curved laterally
Your bandy-leg, <
bandy-legged, u. Having bandy legs.
"The Ethiopians had an one-eyed bandy-legged
prince : aucli a person would have made hut an odd
figure." (Johnson.)
band'-y (2), u. [Eng. band, s.]
1. Marked with bands or stripes.
"Soe as the same clothes heiuge put in water are
founde to shrincke, rewey, pursey, squaUie. cocklinge,
bandy, lighte, and uotablie taM\t'\.e.'~Stat. 43 Eliz., c. 18.
2. Full of (musical) bands.
ban'-dy, v.t. & i. [Prob. from Fr. bander = to
bandy, with some allusion to bande = a side.]
A. Transitive :
I. Literally : To toss backwards and for-
wards, as a ball in the game of tennis or any
similar play. ''
"They do cunningly, from one hand to anotlier,
bandy the service like a tennis ball." — Spc^iser.
" What from the tropicks can the earth repel ?
What vigorous ann, what repercussive blow.
Bandies the mighty globe still to and fro?"
Blackviore.
II. Figuratively :
1. To exchange anything in a more or less
similar way with another person,
(a) In a general sense :
" Had she affecLions and warm youthful blood.
She'd be as swift in motion as a ball ;
My words would bandy her to my sweet love.
And his to me." ^a?Lesp. : Rrnn. .t- Jul., ii. 5.
(&) Spec. : Used of the excliaiige of words or
blows with an adversary.
" And bamlied many a word of boast."
Scott : I^ay of tlie Last Minstrel, v. 14.
" While he and Musgrave bandied blows."
Ibid.. 27.
2. To agitate, to toss about.
" This liath been so bandied amongst us, that on
can hardly miss books of this kind."— iocfte.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, Tvhat, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. q.u — Itw,
bandying— banish.
411
' Ever aiiice men hiive been united into govem-
meuts theendeii.vi,iirs jifter iniiversal moiiai'diy have
been bandied u-.tiuiii- them." —Sicift.
" Let not obviouB and known truth, or some of the
most plain and certain piopoaitions, be bandied about
ill a disputation "~)l'ut(s^
B. Ivtrfin-iUive :
1. Lit. : To drive a ball backward and for-
ward in playing tennis.
"That whik- he bait lieen 6and7/mff at tennis . . ."
\V''bnttir : Vittoria Corombona. [A'ar&s.)
2. Fig.: Tu (Xnw anything to and fro;
specially, to excliLLn;^f blows with au adversary.
" A valiant son-in-law thou shalt enjoy ;
One fit to biiTidy with thy lawless sons,
To rufflt- 111 the commonwealth of Rome."
.•>liake»p. : Titus Andron., i. i.
ban'-dy-ing, ^tr. ^n',-. & a. [Bandy, v.']
"bane (1). s. LBone.j (O Eng. & .'<cotch.)
bane (2), s. [A 8. hoim, = (l) a wound-maker, a
murderer {'J.) destruction, death, the undoing;
bane, ben, /jpv/va = a wound ; Sw. bane = ha.Tie,
death ; Icel. baid = death, murder ; in compos.
bana, as hana-sott ■= death-sickness ; bana-sar
= death-wound, from &a7((i = to slay, beji =
a deadly wound ; Mid. H. Ger. & Flem. bane
= destruction ; O. H. Ger. baua = death-blow,
murder ; hfAno =. umiderer ; Goth, banja = a
blow, a \voun<l (Baxo) ; Irish &a?ia = death.
Bane may be connected with Arm. benyn,
vinym ; Fr. venhi: Sp., Port., &, Ital. veneno ;
Lat. 2Je)ie(wm= poison.] [Banic, v.] '
' A. Of jiersojis .■ A murderer.
"And schuUle have 6ft«e been . . ."
AfS. Colt., Titus, D. xviii., f. 147. (,S. in Boucher.)
B. Of things :
I. Lit. : Poison of a deadly kind. [Bane-
berry. ]
II. FKjiii'ativfhi :
1. Anvtliin^ Iiighlv detrimental, noxious, or
fatal.
"Thus ;iiii T doubly arm'd ; my death nud life,
My {laiic mill antidote, uil' both before me :
Thin, in a niuinent, brings me to an end ;
But that inl'urma nie I ahall never die."
A<i<'/.^<..n.
2. Anything detrimental to a lesser extent.
TI Crabb thus distinguishes between bane,
pest, and ruin .■— " JUnic is said of things only ;
pent, of persons only. Whatever produces a
deadly corruptiou is the bane; whoever is as
obnoxious as the plague is a jjesf; ruin is that
which actually e;inses ruin ; luxury is the
bane of civil society ; gaming is the bane of
youth ; sycophants are the pests of society- ;
drinking is the rnin of all who indulge to
excess." {Cvahh : Einj, Synon.)
bane-berry, £<. The English name of the
Actcea i,}>b:iiia, a plant of the order Ranuncu-
lacety, ur Crowfoutf-. It is called also Herb
Christopher. It grows wild in Britain. The
berries are poisonous ; with alum thej' yield
a black dye. [Act.-ea.]
* bane-wort« 5. One of the old names of
a plant-- the Deadly Nightshade (Atropa bella-
donna, Linn.).
''bane, v.t. IFrom binir, s. (q.v.). In Gr
*(^eVu) (^iheno) = to .^lay.j To poison.
" What if my bouse be troubled with a nit.
And I be iileas'd to give teu thousand ducats
To have it bau'd "
Skukesp. . Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.
* bane-fire.
[Bonfire.]
ba'ne-ful, a. [Eng. bane; -fxd.'\ Poisonous,
pernicious, deadly, noxious, harmful, destruc-
tive.
" For sure one star its baneful beam display 'd
Od Priaiii'b mof and Hippoplacia's shade."
Pope: Bonier's Jtiad, xml 610, Gil,
"And here to every thirsty wanderer
By aly euticemeiit gives his baneful cup."
Milton: Comus.
ba'ne-ful-ly, adi\ [Eng. baneful; -hiA Per-
niciously, noxiously, harmfully. {Webster.)
ba'ne-ful-ness. s. [Eng. baneful; -ncss.]
The quality or state of being poisonous,
noxious, pernicious, or liarmfnl. (Johnson.)
*ban'-er (Scotch),
[Banner.]
ban'-ere (0. Eng.),
* ban'-er-man, 5. An obsolete spelling of
Banner-man (q.v.).
'^ banes.
s. pi. [Ban(1), s.]
bang, v.t & i. [Imitated from the sound. In
Hw. banka; Dan. banke = to beat, to knock;
Ir. heanuem = to beat.]
A. Transitive :
1. To beat, to thump, (Vulgar.)
" One receiving from them some affronts, met with
them handsomely, and banged them to gDod purpose."
— ilowel.
"He having got some iron out of the earth, put it
into iiib servants' hands to fence with and bang one
another. " — Locke.
2. To Are a gun, cannon, or anything whiuh
makes a report ; or, more loosely, to let otf or
shoot an arrow, or anything which goes more
noiselessly to its destination.
"... he gaed mto the wood, and banged oflf a gun at
him."— ;Scorj : Waverl-ei/, ch, Ixiv.
3. To handle roughly.
" The desperate tempest hath so hitngd the Turks."
Shukes}j. : Othello, ii. 1.
i. To surpass.
". . , not an England cnu bang them." — Anderson:
Cinnberlatui lialludg, p. 25. {S. in Boucher.)
B. Intransitive : To cliauge place with im-
petuosity : as, " He hang'd to the door " — he
went hastily to the door. (Jamieson.) Cf.
" to bang to the door," meaning to shut tlie
door so as to cause a bang.
^ To bang ont, v.t. & i.
(a) Transitive : To draw out hastily.
" Then I'll baiig out my heggar-diBh."
Song, {/iosx's llelenorc, p. 143.)
(^j) Intransitive: To rush out. (Scotch.)
" Blythly wald I bang out o'er the bnie."
liaini,aii : Poems, il. '.vi'-i. {Jamieson.)
bang (1), s. [Imitated from the sound. In
Dan, (?a7!/c = drubbing, cuilgelhng, blows.]
1. A blow, a thump. (Vulgar.)
"With many astift'twack, many a bang.
Hard ciahtree and old iron rang " J/udibras.
2. An action expressive of haste ; as "he
•;arae with a bang." (Scotch.)
TI In a bang : Suddenly. (.Scotrh.)
" And syne be married with him in a bang."
Itoss : Ileltsnore, p. 69.
3. A great number ; a crowd. (Used of
persons or things.)
" Of custoinerB she had a bang ;
For lairds and aouters a' did gang."
Jiamsag : Poems, i. 216.
4. The fi'ont hair cut square acr'jss the fore-
head (of a woman or girl).
"She wears a most bewitching bang."-~C'enturg
Mu'/'iznie. Aug., 18B2, ]>. C-10.
bang (L'), .V [Bhang.]
banged, jjk. j?^/-. [IUn.;, v.]
bah'-ghy (h mute), s. [Compare Telugu Mm-
gah — baggage in baskets.]
In India: Baggage suspended from a bam-
boo pole carried on a man's shoulders.
being'-i-a, s. [Xamed after Christian Frederick
Bang, author of a dissertation upon the plants
of sacred history (1707).] A genus of Algye.
The species are in broad or silky tufts.
bang'-ing, j)*-. pn/-. & a. [Eng. bang ; -ing.]
A, As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. As adj.: Great, large, "beating" in the
sense of exceeding anytliing else in magnitude.
(-S'. in Boucher, &c.) (Vulgar.)
[HinJ. hangri, bungree = a brace-
let.] An
ornament
of a ringed
form, like
a bracelet,
worn on
the wrists
and ankles
of both
sexes in
India, in
parts of
Africa,and
other tro-
pical coun-
tries.
b3,n'-gle.
ban'-i-an (2), .^. The same as Banyan (1).
ban'-ish, v.t [in Ger. bannen, ■verbannen;
(.) H. Ger. Ixni nan ; Dut. verbannen ; Fr.
bannir,i\v.imi.hanisi.ant ; Vort.banir; Prov.
& Ital. bandire; Low Lat. bannio.'] [Ban,
Bandit.]
I. Literally:
1, To sentence to exile ; to send awav from
one's country by the verdict of a judicial
authority ; to exile for a limited period or for
life.
". . . therefore we banish you our territories."
Shukes/j. ; JHchard IL, i, 3.
2. Reflectively : To send one's self abroad.
IL Fig. : To drive out or away ; to expel.
"It is for wicked men only to dread Go^l, and to
endeavour to banish the thoughts of Him out of their
minds."— r^/o/soH.
"And bids the world take heart and banish fear."
Cowper : The Tusk. bk. ii.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to banish, to exile, and to expel, and
between the corresponding nouns banishment,
exile, and expulsion. The idea of exclusion, or
coercive removal from a place, is common
to these terms.
(a) To banish and to e.rlle are thus discrimi-
nated -.—Danislnncut includes the removal from
boiUbdS*^; p6Ut,j6^1; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon. exist, -in^
-<sian. -tian = shan. -9ion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. ~ bel, del.
^ ban'-gle, v.t. [Etymology unknown] To
flutter aimlessly. tSaid of hawks.)
To bangle away: To waste by little and
little ; to squander recklessly.
■'T^^*:^ ^c"ff'? away the legacy of peace left us bv
Christ, It IS a sign of our want of regard for him ■--_
IVhole Duty of Man. '
bangle-ear, s. A loose hanging ear in a
dog ; a defective car in a hoise. (Rees.)
bangle-eared, a. Having the ears loose
and hanging like those of a dog. (J. H. in
Boitcher.)
Baii-gbr'-i-an, a. [From Bangor, a cathedral
city and parish in Carnarvon. The Rev. J.
Evans derives it from Wei. ban = superior,
and cor = a society. The chief choir.] Per-
taining to Bangor.
Bangorian controversy : A controversy raised
by Dr. Benjamin Hoadley, Bishop of Bangor,
through his publishing a sermon in 1717,
from the text, "My kingdom is not of tliis
world" (John xviii. 36). His views, which
were Low Chiu-eh with a dash of what is now
called Rationalism, gave much offence to the
High Churchmen of the day. Among Dr.
Hoadley's opponents was Dr. John Potter,
afterwards Archbishop of Canterbui-y, and
author, among other works, of the well-
known Grecian Antiquities.
"They are informed of the excellence of the Ban-
gorian coiUroversg . . ," — Goldsmith : The Bee, No. vii.
bihg-ra, s. [From ]Wahratta, »S:c., bhang —
hemp.] Coarse hempen cloth made in North
India.
bang'-some, a. [Eng. bang; -some.] Quar-
relsome. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bangs-ring, s. [Banxrinc]
t bang'-ster, * bang'e-is-ter, s. & adj.
[Eng. bang; -ster.]
A. As substantive. Properly : One capable of
inflicting "banging" blows ^ a. burly ruffian,
a rough, a bully, a quarrelsome person. (0,
Eng. £ Scotch.)
'Ilk bangei.itiTa.Jtd liminer of this land
With frie brydell hall qiiham thai ])leis molest."
Pinkerton : licollish Poains, ii. 337. {Jamieson.)
B. As adjective : Violent, quarrelsome.
'■ A' kens they bangster chiels o' yore.
First amity an luxrie tore."
Lej.rmont : Poems, p. 29. (Jamieson.)
'^ bang'-Strie, s. [From bangster (q.v.), and
suffix -y.] ytrength of hand ; violence to
another in his person or property. (Scotch.)
" Personea wrangeouslie iutrusint^ themselvefl in the
rowines and poasessionea of utheris, be bangstrie and
force, . . .^— Acts Jos. VI. (1594).
^bangue, *. [Bhang.]
b^n'-i-an (1), ba,n'-y-an (2), «. & a. [In
Ger. baniane, bandanen ; Fr. banian; Port.
baniano ; Sansi-. banilc=a. merchant; pa.nya
= saleable ; pan= to sell. (Malm, <&c.)/\
A. -4s subbti'iitive (among Anglo-Indians) :
1. A Hindoo merchant or shopkeeper.
2. Spec, in Ikngal: A native who manages
tlie money concerns of a European, and some-
times acts as his intiTpreter. (Gloss, to Mill's
Hist, of India.)
3. A loose flannel jacket or shirt.
banian-days, s. pi.
Naut. : Days on which sailors have no meat
given them in their rations.
banian-hospital, ».
East for sick animals.
A hospital in the
banished— bank
or tlie prohibitioii of access to some iilace ;
exile signifies the reraoval from one's home ;
to i;.cih.', therefore, is to banish, but to banish
is not always to exile. Banishment follows
from a decree of justice ; exile either by tlie
necessity of circumstances or an order of au-
thority. Banishment is a disgraceful punish-
ment inflicted by tribunals upon delinquents ;
f.xile is a disgrace incurred without dishonour :
exile removes us from our country ; banlsh-
inent drives us from it ignominiously. Ban-
ishment is a compulsory exercise of power
which must be submitted to ; exile is a state
into whicli we may go voluntarily.
(5) The following is the distinction between
to banish and to expel : — Banishment and ex-
pulsion both mark a disgraceful and coercive
exclusion, but banishment is authoritative ; it
is a public act of government : cxptilsion is
simply coercive ; it is the act of a private in-
dividual, or a small community. Banishment
always supposes a removal to a distant spot,
to another land ; expulsion never reaches
beyond a particular house or society— e.g., a
university or jjublic school, &c. Banishment
and expulsion are likewise used in a figurative
sense, although exile is not : in this sense,
banishment marks a distant and entire re-
moval; expw^^'ioji a violent removal : vfebanish'
that which it is not prudent to retain — e.g.,
groundless hopes, fears, &c. ; we eo!^el that
which is noxious— e.£r., envy, hatred, and
every evil passion should be expelled from the
mind as disturbers of its peace.
ban'-ished, * 'ban'-yshed, pa. par. & a.
[Banish. J
ban'-isll-er, s. [Eng. banish; -er.l One who
banishes.]
: Coriolanits, iv. 5.
bS-n'-ish-ing, pr. par. [Banish.]
ban'-ish-meiltr s. [Eng. banish ; -ment. In
Fr. banissement.] The act of banishing; the
state of being banished.
1. Lit. : The act of sending one from his
country into exile ; the state of being sent
into exile.
" There was now no probability that he would be '
recalled from banWrnieiit," — Hacaulas/ : Bist. Mng.,
ch. V.
2. Fig. : The act of sending another away ;
specially, the act of dismissing thought or
mental emotion. (Webster.)
bau'-is-ter, s. [Baluster.]
ban-is-ter'-e-se, s. pi. [Banistgria, q.v.]
Bot. : A tribe or section of the order Mal-
pighiaceffi.
ban-is-ter'-i-a, s. [Named after the Rev.
John Banister" wlio lost his life searching
for plants in Virginia.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Malpigliiaccfe, or Mal-
pighiads, and the tribe Banisteres;. The
species are evergreen twiners and climbers,
with fine leaves and flowers. They were in-
troduced from America.
ban'-jo, tban'-jer, s. [Probably a corrup-
tion of bandore (q.v.).] A musical instrument
with five strings, having a liead and neclc
like a guitar, with a body or sounding-board
hollow at the back, and played witli the hand
and fingers. It is the favourite instrument
of the plantation negroes of the Southern
States and theii" imitators.
bank, ^banke, ^bahcke, s. [In A.S.
banc = (1) a bench, (2) a bedstead ; bene =
a bench, a table ; Sw. bank = a shelf, a bar ;
Dan. bcenh =. a bench, a form, a seat ; bank
= a bench, form, pew, bank, pawnbroker's
shop, shelf ; Ger. bank, banko ; Dut. bank ;
Wei. & Arm. banc, bancq ; Fr. & Prov. banc =
a bench, seat, pew, a bank, sand, a border-
shelf; &aftgi.(e = bank, money agency, work-
man's salary, bench, block ; Sp., Port., & Ital.
banco = a bench, a shop-counter, a bank ;
Low Lat. bancus — a higli seat. Hence it ap-
pears that bank and bench were originally the
same word.] [Bench.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
I I. Of a bench or seat : A bench, a desk, a
counter, or anything similar to these in form ;
spc('i;dly, one of the benches on which rowers
usually sit.
" PliLced on their 'banTc& the lusty Trojans sweep."
2. Of a house fitted np vitli such benches w
seats ; of anything or any person connected with
■•^nch a building :
(«) A counting-liouse or office fitted up with
benches, desks, and counters ; specially one
for dealing in money. [B.]
", , . fi, fairly good demand ie maintained at the
Bank."— Times, Deo. 28, 1878.
(b) The money dealt in at a bank,
(c) The persons who deal in it ; sjoecially the
manager or the directors of the business.
"... the Bank has been able to stem the torrent of
cuixency . . ." — Times, Dec 28, 1878.
(rf) The operations carried on ; the affairs
managed.
"... the foresight with which the Bank has for
some months past been managed. "—7V77i.c!i, Dec. 2s,
1878.
3. Of anything in nature resembling a, bench
or seat :
(1) A piece of ground rising abo\e the rest,
and constituting either a long auclivity or an
elevation of some other form. This may be —
(a) A river-bank.
"... packs of wild dogs maybe heard howling on
the wooded banks of the less frequented streams." —
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. vi.
(ft) Any slight eminence or knoll.
" With fragrant turf, and flowers as wild and fair
As ever dressed a bank or scented summer air."
Cowper: Charity.
^ In East Yorkshire it is used for a hill.
(Prof. Phillips: Rivers, tf'C, of Yorkshire, p.
262.)
(c) An eminence rising from the sea-bottom,
even though it does not come near the surface,
as "the banks of Newfoundland."
"And there is no danjjer of bank or breaker.
With the breeze behind us on we go."
Longfellow : Golden Legeiul, v.
(2) A cloud or fog shaped like a bench, or
like a river-bank or a knoll.
"... aheavy &«»tA- of clouds .. ." — Darioin: Voyage
round tlie World, ch. ix.
(i) Anything which, made by man, looks
like a natural river-bank, eminence, or knoll ;
specially, a mound of earth or other material
thrown up with the view of aiding in the siege
of a fortified place.
"He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow
there, nor come before it with shields, nor cast a bank
against it." — I&a. xxxvii. 33.
II. Technically:
1. Law:
(ct) Originally : The bench on which the
judges sat.
(b) The whole of the judges, or at least a
number of them sitting together, hearing argu-
ments involving questions in subtle points of
law, as distinguished from a smaller gather-
ing of them for hearing cases in Nisi Prius.
2. Printing: A flat table used by printers,
on which the printed sheets are laid as they
come from the press,
3. Carpentry: A long piece of timber.
4. Comm. £ Polit. Ecun. : An institution in
the hands of a joint-stock company or of a
private person, for receiving money, keeping
it secure till required again by the owners,
and turning it meanwhile to profitable ac-
count. [Banking. ]
5. Mach. : A creel for holding rows of
bobbins of cotton,
6. The floor of a glass-melting furnace.
(Knight.)
7. Music: A row of keys of a stringed or
wind instrument. (Knight. )
8. Mining : The face of the coal at which
miners are working ; the surface of the ground,
as in the phrase " so much coal came to bank."
Also, the coal left standing between the ex-
cavations is banl.
9. Naiit. : A tier of oars in a galley.
B. Attributively, as in tlie following com-
pounds : —
bank-agent, s. a paid functionary em-
jiloyed to conduct banking operiitions in a
branch of the central office established as a
feeder in a provincial town.
bank-bill, s.
1. In England : A bill drawn on a bank or
a private individual. It is payable at sight,
or at a certain specified time after it becomes
due. [Bill.]
" Let three hundred pounds be paid her out of my
ready monej'-, or bank-bills."— Hivift.
2. In America: A promissory note ; a bank-
note.
bank-book, .':. A book in which the
cashier or clerk enters the debt and creditof a
customer.
bank-credit, a.
7 n Scotland: A specified sum up to which
one will be allowed to draw monry from a
bank upon proper security being given.
bank-fence, 5. A bank of eartli used as
a fence for a field or other piece of land.
bank-holidays, s.
Lavj & Ord. Lang.: Holidays upon which
banks are legally closed, so that the oflicers
of those establishments may obtain needed
rest. By the Bank Holidays Act, passed on
the 25th of May, "1871, the following holidays
became legal in the three kingdoms :—
1. In England and Ireland: (1) Easter
Monday ; (2) the Monday in Whitsun v/eek,
generally called Whit Monday ; (3) the first
Monday in August ; (4) the 26th of December,
jjopularly called Boxing Day.
2. In Scotland: (1) New Year's Day; (2)
the first Monday in May ; (3) the first Monday
in August ; (4) Christmas Day.
Of the above holidays Christmas Day, Box-
ing Day, and New Year's Day, fall on different
days of the week, and may in consequence
fall on Sunday. When any one of them does
so, the legal bank holiday is on the Monday
immediately following.
Most of the English had previously made
holiday on Easter Monday, Whit Monday, and
to a certain extent on Boxing Day ; and the
Scotch had done so on Nev/ Year's Day, and
in a limited degree on Christmas ; but the
first Monday of August in the three king-
doms, and the first Monday of May in Scot-
land, were not observed before the passing of
the Act of 1871.
bank-interest, s. The interest allowed
on money deposited in a bank. The late is
higher on deposit receipts than on current
accounts. Both, however, fluctuate within
certain considerable limits. Till lately the
joint-stock banks and discount offices regu-
lated their rate of interest by that of the Bank
of England, but recently they have showed
a disposition to adopt a more independent
course.
bank-martin, s.
Omith. : A name for d bird, the Sand^
martin (Hirundo riparia). (Also called Bank-
SWALLOW.)
bank-money, s. The credit given by the
Bank of Amsterdam for worn coin received by
it at the intrinsic value of each piece. The
appellation was intended to distinguish it
from the current money of the place. (Penny
Cycl., iii. 377.)
bank-note, s. A note issued by a bank
legally empowered to send it forth. It pro-
mises to pay to the bearer a certain specific
sum of money conspicuously printed upon its
face. The Bank of England issues notes of
the value of £.5 and upwards, which are legal
tender throughout England. Certain Scotch
banks send forth notes as low as £1, which
are legal for Scotland, and are so popular that
they have nearly banished gold from that
country. The Irish banks are banks of issue,
sending forth notes for £1 and above. The
English provincial banks are not banks of
issue.
"... that the parties present would engage to receive
bank-notes in all i«iyments to be made to them."—
Prof. Leone Levi : Brit. Conim. (1872), p. T6.
bank-post, s.
Stationery : The name for three kinds of
paper used for foreign correspondence. Me-
dium Bank-post is '22 x 17^ inches, and weighs
13 pounds per ream. Large Bank-post is 20^
X 16^ inches, and weighs 11 pounds per ream.
S'niall Bank-pai>t, a kind of paper now seldom
used, is 18 X 15^ inches, and weighs about
9 pounds per ream.
bank-rate, ;;. The rate of discount at
the Bank of England on a particular day.
[Discount, Interest.]
"When the bank-rate remains apparently immov-
ably 1 per cent, above the highest open value of
money . . ."—Times, Sept. 19, 1879.
bank-Stock, s. A share or shares in the
capital of a joint-stock bank.
" The sick man cried out with a feeble voice, ' Pray,
Doctor, how went bank-stock to-day at 'Change?'"—
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t»
or, wore, wolf, wcrkj, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. q,u = kWo
bank— bankrupt
413
bank-swallow, .
Ornith. : A nnuic fur tlic Sand-martin
{lllrundo vipaHo..) LB■■^^'K-MARTI^^]
bank, v.t. & %. [From ^^/i/;, s.]
A. Transitive :
1. Tij pass by the lj;iiiks or mounds of.
"... as I liavL' i»rt7iAed their towns,"
ahukesp. : ICing John, v. 2.
2. To i>]ace in ;i liunking L'staldishnitnt
wliich invittjs the deposit of niouey. (Johnson.)
3. To surround with a bank ; to embank, to
fortify with earthworks. (Johnson.)
% To hank vp a Jin' is tr. cover it thickly
witli shack coal, which will keep alight but
burn slowly, as is done by engineers leaving
work for a time.
B. Inti-cns. : To pla-e money in a bank.
b^hk'-a-ble, a. [Eng. J>rfHk; ahh.'] Of such
a character as to be (■■ipabie of being received
at a bank, (li'ebster.)
banked, ]"'• jtar. & a. [Bank, v.]
bahk'-er (1), *banq'-uer(w silent), "banc-
qwer (Kuri.), bank'-er, 'bank'-ure
(Scotch), s. [In Fr. ^jaj^yui^j-— a bench-cloth.]
[Bank, s.J
L Of a li feral bench (yr seat :
• 1. A cushion or covering fur a seat
" One docer und a. now lianciwer, . . ." —Cock tin ■
Will of tVm. Asfcame (1383). Testam. Ebor., \i. 129.
If Tlie form hanker appears in Promjjt. Parv.
(1440). It is still in use as a technical word
among artisans.
2. A stone bench on which masons place
the block of stone on which they are operating.
3. A bench used in bricklaying for prepar-
ing the bricks for gauged work.
IL Of that lohich prrtnius to aiiythiiui in
nature Iw fyrm like nach a bench or seat: A
vessel used for cod-flshing on the banks of
Newfoundland.
bank-er (2), s. [Eng. hank; -n\ In Hw.
banl.iir : Dut. & Ger. hankie r ; Fr.banqider;
Sp hanqiie.ro: Port, bankiwim; Ital. han-
cktere.] [Bank.]
1. One whose profession or occupation it is
to conduct banking operations. He takes in
money for safe Iceeping, and, as a rule, allows
interest on it, to repay which and obtain a
profit for himself or for his employers, he
seeks to place out a great part of what he has
received as advantageously as he can. He
prospers if his investments are good, but is
the cause of tremendous disaster if, lending
what has l)pen entrusted to him on bad
seciu-ity, he find it not again recoverable.
" Whole droves of leudei-a crowd the banker's doors,
Tu call iu uiouey.' Drijden.
2. One wiio raises b;mks as a barrier against
river-floods, (.■iicroacluncnts of the sea, &c.
3. A drain-digger, ditcher. (North.)
ibank'-et (1), s. [Fr. banquette.]
Brick-making : A wooden bench on which
bricks are cut.
*bank'-et (2), ^. [B.vnquet.]
bank'-ing, jjr. par. ,a.,& s. [Bank, v. ]
A. & B. As jyesent jmrtiriple tf- partivipial
iiiljr.i'live: In senses I'urresponding to those of
tlie \erb.
". . . were paid !■>" thi_- qiuestur in bills oil the
bankiiifj tomiuissioners, m- trnnni'in 7ne>isarii, . , ,"
— Arnold: Ilist. Jioine, vul. UL, ch .vliv , p. iU?.
C. As s^ibstinitive :
1. Kngiiiei:riv.g : The act or operation of
raising a b.ink against river-floods, tlie en-
crnrtrliments of the sea, orfor otlier purposes.
_ 2. Comm. £ PoUt. Econ. : The act or opera-
tion of dealing in money ; the (tccupation or
business of a banker ; the methods he adopts
in carrying on this occupation ; and the gene-
ral principles on which these methods are
founded.
Though banking cannot have been much
required, and in all likelihood did not arise till
society had made considerable advances, yet
its origin goes back to a remote period of
antiquity. The practice of taking interest fur
money, wldch presupposes operations which,
by wliatever name called, are really banking,
is alluded to in the Mosaic law (Exod. xxii.
25 ; Lev. xxv. 35—37 ; Deut. xxiii. 19, iO), as
it was in the New Tcst^^nient by the Divine
Teaclier in one of his parables (Matt. xxv. ■!').
The highly interesting discoverj- has recently
been made that tliere was a banking establish-
ment in ancient Babylon, founded by a man
called Egibi, which lasted at least from the
tirst year of Nebuchadnezzar II. (B.C. 604) to
the end of the reign of Darius Hysta-spis (B.C.
485), and conducted financial operations of a
magnitude which would have done no dis-
credit to the Bank of England. (Trans. Bib.
Archoiol. Soc, vol. vi., 1879, p. 582.)
Banking was well nnderstood at Athens ;
it was established also in the capital and the
provincial parts of the Roman empire, though
not just on the senile of magnitude wdiicli
might have been exjiected.
It languished througli the Middle Ages, but
revived with commerce in general about the
middle of the twelfth century, Italy in tliis
as in many other respects leading the way.
Hence, as shown in the etymology, the Eng-
lish word hank comes from the Italian banco,
which primarily means a bench, and points
to the fact that the first bankers, while con-
ducting their business, sat upon a bench, as
the Hindoo money-changers do to this day.
[MoNEY-OHASGER.] Froui Italy the revival of
banking spread to other civilised countries.
Omitting banks of lesser note, that of Venice
—the first public bank established in mediseval
times— arose in 1157, that of Genoa in 1345,
that of Barcelona about 140U, that of Amster-
dam in 1669, and that of Hamburg in 1611t.
In 1694 the celebrated William Patterson
founded the world-renowned Bank of England,
its charter being dated July 27th of that year.
The Bank of Scotland followed in 1695. In
1703 arose the Bank of Vienna, in 1765 that
of Berlin, and in 17a3 that of Ireland. The
United States Bank comnieuced in 17iii),
though it was not incorporated till 1816 ; that
of France was instituted in 1803, and that of
Bengal in 180'.t.
To return to the British Isles. The first
notable traders in money in England were the
Jews; then followed, irom about the middle
of the thirteenth century, Italians from Loni-
bardy and other parts "of Italy, wlience the
name Lombard Street for a well-known
thoroughfare in London still swarming witli
bankers. The goldsmiths combined with
their more specilic avocation, fir^,t the ex-
change of coins, next the borrowing and lend-
ing of money, and finally banking of the more
modem type came gradually into existence
about the middle of the seventeenth century.
The object of all bankei-s is to trade in
money. This may be done with capital which,
ui the strictest sense, is their own ; or it may
be so that, while employing this, they may
invite deposits and current accounts froiii
the jJublic, tlms keeping money in safe cus-
tody, of which the owner might be robbed if
he retained it in his own possession, and
making payments for liim more safely and
conveniently than hecnuld do himself. [See
Deposit, Cltrrknt A'.iiiunt.] The last-men-
tioned operation is generally carried out by
means of bills or cheques. [Bill, Cheq\te,
Clearing-house.] The establishments now
described are banks of deposit and of discount.
To these functions some add that of being
banks of issue, i.e. , a bank which issues notes.
[Bank-note, Issue.]
The banks of tin- British Isles may be
otherwise clas--itted ,—
(a) Tlie Bank of England stands in a cate-
gory by itself. It is ruled by a (.ii>vernor,
Deputy-Governor, and twenty-ifour directors.
Its origuial capital of £1,200,000 was increased
by suceessive subscriptions till in 1816 it
reached £14,553,000. Its charter has frequently
been renewed. It is, of course, a bank of issue.
The £5 notes, by which it is best known to
the general public, were first sent forth in
1793. It has been helped by the Government,
and has helped the Go\ernment in return.
Though generally prosperous, it has had its
vicissitudes, having had to suspend payment
of its notes in lii'Jii, and between 1797 and 182()
was restricted from making payments in gold,
though a first step towards the gradual re-
sumption of the normal system had been made
in 1817. The Act by whi.li banking is now
regulated is Sir R. Peel's celebrated Bank Act
of 1844, one provision of which was that the
issues of the Bank oi England on securities
should be limited to tl4,000,000. The periodi-
cal settlement of dividends and annuities,
contracted for at the National Debt Office
in Old Jewry, is made at the Bank of Eng-
land. Tiie directors of the Bank meet every
Thursday, to consider and fix the rate of dis-
count, and for other business. Till lately
other banks and discount houses were wont
to modify their own rate of interest by these
periodical announcements, but of late some of
them have acted more independently.
(b) Tim Joint-stock Banks of London and tlie
provincial parts of England. The capital of a
joint-stock bank is made up of the money sub-
scribed by its shareholders. Most of these
establishments are constituted on the prin-
ciple of unlimited liability, by which is meant
that if the bank become insolvent, the share-
holders are responsible to the last farthing
they have iu the world for the debts of the
bank : sharing its profits in time of prosperity,
tliey must participate in its losses in days t.>f
adversity. Nay more, a trustee wlio holds
bank shares is responsible personally to the
extent of his pi-ivate property, though he
could not without fraud have apx)ropriated
any profits arising from the shares placed iu
his name. By an Act of Parliament jjassed in
1879, these wdl be iierniitted on certain con-
ditions to diminish the excessive liability of
their shareholders. Most of the joint-stock
banks grant interest on the deposits. None
within sixty-five miles of London are allowed
to be banks of issue.
(c) Private Banks: Associations of private
peraons for banking purposes, not incorpo-
rated under Act of Parliament. These, as a
rule, give no interest on deposits.
(d) Scotch Banks. These, as a rule, are joint-
stock banks, hitherto founded on the prin-
ciple of unlimited liability, with the great
risks to the shareholders (trustees included)
described under (b). The Scotch banks issue
notes as low as £1, which are so popular iu
Scotland that they have all but displaced
gold from that country. Some of them h&xa
branches in London. A Government bill in-
troduced into Parliament in the session of
1879 sought indirectly to compel their with-
drawal, but this part of the measure did not
become law.
(e) Irish Banks. These are conducted on a
system essentially the same •is that pursued
ill Scotland ; they are banks of issue, sending
forth notes for £1 and above.
(/) Savings Banks : Banks established for
the reception of small deposits from the
humbler classes of the community. In the
savings banks of ordinary type a larger sum
tliaii the money is worth is paid for interest,
the considerable deficit being made good from
the consolidated fund.
TI Post Office Sarinqs Banks are established
at all the Money Order Offices of the United
Kingdom. Dejiosits ure received from one
shilling up to a certain limit. Interest is paid
at the rate of 2^ per cent, per annum.
"... in the hunineaB ot baiiking luid that of ijisur-
ajiee : to buth of wliich the joint-atock principle is
emmeiitly luliipted."— y. H. Mill: Polit. Hctm., bk. i
ch. ix., S2.
l)anking-busiiiess» s. The business of
banking ; the business of dealing in money ;
bank business.
"... for the transactinii of ordinary banking-
ba3iii<:ss."—Penn!/ Cyclop., lii. 378.
banking-functions^ s. pi. The func-
tions discharged by a bank ; the operations of
a bank,
". . . and of performiug the ordinary banking-
functions." — Penny Cyclop., lii, 378.
banking-house, s. A house in which
banking operations are carried on.
"The great banking-house at Benares."— PtjJitv
Cyclop., ill. 378.
bahk'-less, a. [Eng. bank; -less.] Without
a bank, not defined or Ihnited by a bank ;
boundless.
bank'-riipt, * bank-rout, 'bank-uer-
out __ (if silent) (Eng.), ^ bafik'-roftt,
^ bank -rom-pue (0. Scotch), s. & a. [O.Fr.
banqnerouttier = a bankrupt (Cotgrave), flora
banquerovtte = a becoming bankrupt. In 3w.
bankriittor ; Dan. bankerotor ; Dut. hankrue-
tier ; Ger. bankerottirer ; Ft. hanqucrouticr,
from ba n que = hank, and Norm. Fr. rmijit,
Lat. ruptus = hroken, pa. par. of rnmjiO =
to break.] (See below, the example from
Skene.)
A. As substantive :
L Ordino.ry Language :
1. Literally :
(a) A trader or other person so deeply in-
debted that he has failed to meet his pecuniary
boil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian = Shan, -cion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -clous - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^l.
414
bankrupt— banneret
obligations, and has had to surrender his
pi'operty to be proportionately divided among
his creditors ; more loosely, one who cannot
pay his debts, even if no arrangement has
been come to witli his creditors.
" 111 Latiiie, Cedere bonis, quhilk is most commouly
Vsed iimoiigst iiierchandea tu make bankrout, bank-
rupt, or baiikrompite ; because the iloer thereof, aa it
were, breakis his bank, sttille or seate, quhair he veed
his trafhcque of before."— i'Aena ; Verb, iiign., under
the words Di/our, fJyooar.
"Every asylum was thronged with contraband
traders, iraudulent bankrupts, thieves and iiesassins. '
— Macaaliiy : JiUt. £ng., ch. ix.
* (6) (0/ tlie form bankrout): Bankruptcy.
{Nares.)
"An unhappy master is he, that is made cunning
by many shipwracks; a miserable merchant, that Is
neither rich nor wise, but after some bankrouts." —
AscJunn: Scholem., p. 69.
2. Fig. : Anything wliich promises more
than it can give. (Nares.)
" Time is a very bankrupt, and owes more than
he's worth to season."— l^hakesp. : Comedi/ of jErrors,
IV. 2,
IL Law and Com/merce :
* 1. A trader plunged in debt who absconds
and hides liimself, so as to defraud his credi-
tors ; or does anything similar in order to
avoid meeting his obligations. (Blackstone :
Comment.)
2. A trader who fails to pay his debts, and
who, on the petition of some one uf his cre-
ditors or his own, to the court of law which
lias special cognisance of such cases, is re-
quired to give in a correct account of his
effects, which, after all expenses are paid, are
then divided among his creditors in shares
proportionate to the amount of their several
claims against him. No further legal demands
can be made against him, though, if strictly
honourable, he of course feels that, morally
viewed, his debts are still owing, and if at any
future time he obtain the requisite resources,
he is in conscience bound to liquidate them
with interest from the time when his failure
took place. [Bankeuft Laws.]
Tj Strictly speaking, only a merchant or
other commercial man can become a bank-
rujit ; any one else failing to pay his just
debts is said to be insolvent.
B. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Judicially declared unable to meet
one's liabilities.
". . . the officers should not be Jajiftriti^i traders,"—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
2. Fig. : Unable to do what is demanded or
expected of it.
" Nor shall I e'er believe or think thee dead,
Though mist, until our bankroiit ^tage be sped," &c.
Leon. Diffgea: Prolog, to Sh., p. 22a. (.Varcs.)
*' He gives, what bankrupt Nature never can,
Whose noblest coin is light and brittle man."
Compar: Valediction.
bankrupt laws, bankruptcy laws.
Laws which have been formed with the view
of protecting a merchant who cannot pay his
debts from unduly harsh conduct on the part
of his creditors, and those creditors from any
fraudulent conduct on the part of their
debtor. [Debt.] Experience has shown the
first object to be easy of attainment, tlm
second one difficult. The first English bank-
rupt law was that of the 34 & 35 Hen. VIII ,
c. 4, which was rendered necessary to protect
creditors from the shameless frauds to wliicli
they were too frequently subjected. Other
statutes followed, which were consolidated by
the Act of Geo. IV., c. 16.
^ Bankruptcy laws were parsed in England
in 1543 and 1571. These were consolidated
and amended in 1^61, 1868, and 1869. But
a much more complete and benelicial change
in Bankruptcy administration was made by
the Bankruptcy Acts passed in the year.s
1883, 1887, and 1890.
bankrupt system. A system of laws
designed to regulate all cases relating to bank-
rupts or bankruptcy. [Bankkuft Laws.]
b^nk'-riipt, *bS.nk'-r6ut, v.t. &, i. [From
tlie substantive.]
1. Trans. : To render or declare a merchant
unable to meet his liabilities.
12. Intratis. : To be unable to meet them.
" We cast off tLe care of all future thrift, because we
are already bankrupted."— Hammond.
'• He that win--, enipiie with the loss of faithe
Uut-buies it, and will bankrout."
Thorpe : Byron's Conspiracy.
bank'-rupt-9y, s. [Eug. bankrupt ; -cy.l The
state of being baiikrujjt ; the act of declaring
one's self bankrupt.
bankruptcy law. [Bankrupt Laws.]
bank'-rupt-ed, pa. par. [Bankrupt, ;■.]
bahk'-rupt-ing, pr. 2^0'^. [Bankrupt, v.]
t
" bank'-ure, s. [Fr. hanguier = a bench-cloth,
a ca.rpet for a fonii or bench {Cotyrave) ; Low
Lat. banquerium, haiicale.] A covering for a
bench [Banker.]
"A pair of iTustiaue blankatis, a bankurc, four
cuschingis," &c.— ■4c(. Z>oin. Cone, A. 1493, p. 315.
bank'-si-a, s. [Named by Linnaeus after the
well-known Sir Joseph Banks, who was born
January 4, 1743, sailed from Plymouth as
naturalist in the exploring expedition com-
manded by Captain Cook in 1768, became
President of the Royal Society in 1778, was
created a baronet in 1780, and died June 19,
1820.] A genus of plants, belonging to tlie
order ProteaccEe, or Proteads. The species,
which are somewhat numerous, are elegant
plants, scattered all over Australia, where they
are called Honeysuckle Trees. They have
umbellate flowers, with long, narrow tubular
coloured calyces, no corolla, four stamens,
and hard dry leaves, generally dull gieeii
above, and white or pale green beneath. Many
species are now cultivated in England in
greenhouses.
banksia rose. A species of climbing
cluster rose with small buff or white scentless
blossoms.
bank-si-dse, s. pi. [Banksia.]
Bot. : A tribe of plants belonging to the
order Proteaeeie and the section Follieulares.
Type, Banksia (q. v.).
ban'-ll-eue, s. [Fr., from Low Lat. bojileuca)
&aH*nts = jurisdiction, proclamation, and hmca
— league.] A district or the districts situated
locally outside the walls of a city, but legally
within the limits ; a suburb or subiubs
(Brands.)
'b^n'-nat, "ban'-nate, s. [Bi^nnet.] a
bonnet. (Scotch.) Spec, a bonnet of steel ; a
skull cap. (Jamieson.)
Double bannate (double in the sense of jilate
armour and bonnet) : A skull cap ; a steel
bonnet.
"That Luca-s BroiM sail restore to Andrew Gude-
fallow a double bannate, price vj s. viii d., and certane
gudis of houshald." — Act. Dum. Cone., A. 1490, p. 157.
banned,
. 2Mr. & a. [Ban, v. ]
' ban'-neoure, *ban'-eour, s. [From Eng.
banner. ] A standard-bearer. (Scotch.)
" He bad the banncoure be a sid.
Set his baunere, and wyth it bid."
yv^ntown, ix. 2", 365, {Jamieson.)
ban'-ner, ban-er, 'ban'-ere, s & o.
[In Dan. banner; Sw. and WcI. baner ; But.
banicr, man; Ger. banuer panier, fahne ; Fr.
hanniere = a banner, bandiere = a file of sol-
diers with colours at their head ; Prov. baneira,
banera, bandiera; Sp. bandt-ra ; Port, hon-
deira; Ital. bandiera, connected with bandiie
= to proclaim, to publish . . . ; Low Lat.
banderia = a banner; bandnm =■ a band, a
flag. Com]), with Goth, bandva, bandvo^s.
sign.] [Band.]
A, As substantive :
I. Ordinary Lav giiage :
1. Literally: A flag or standard carried at
the head of a band marshalled for military
purposes. [B. 1.] It indicates the way to
be taken in marching, and is a Lonspicuou.s
rallying-point in case of defeat. There are
national, imperial, royal, ecclesiastical, and
more private banners. A banner generally
consists of a piece of taffeta or other ririi
cloth, with rine side of it attached to a pole,
wliile the ri'st of it is free to flutter in the
wind. Sometimes the word banner is used for
a stn^amer affixed to the end of a lance, or in
some similar position. [A., II. 1.]
"Tlie baner wele that thou display."
Ywaine a/ul Oawin, 476
" All in a moment through the gloom were seen
Ten thousand banners rise into the air,
With orient coloui-e waving."
Milton ■ P. L.. bk. i.
" He said no more ;
But left his sister ami hia (lueen behind.
And wav'd hia royal banner in the wind."
liryden.
2. Fig. : Any Being, person, or thing to
which in moral struggles one can rally. (In
iNNER OF COUNT
DE BARRE.
Ternj}. Edward I.
this sense Bojiner is a nanic sometimes as-
sumed by jiarticular newsiKijier'^, as the cor-
responding word Standard .s by otlicrs.)
IL Technically :
1. Ber. : A flag, generally stjuare, painted or
embroidered with the aruis of the person in
wliose honour it is borne, and of such a size
as to be proportionate to liis dignity. Theo-
retically, the banner a
of an emjieror should 0
be six feet square, "^^
that of a king five
feet, that of a duke
four feet, and that
of a nobleman from
a mai'quis to a
knight baimeret in-
clusive, tliree feet.
X') one under the
rank of a kniglit
banneret is entitled
to a banner. [Ban-
neret,] [For the
diff'erent kinds of
banners, see Col-
ours, Flag, Gon-
FANNON, Guidon,
Oriflamme. Pen-
dant, Pennun, and, ^Streamer.]
If AFeudal Banner is a sipiare flag ni which
the arms of a deuL'ased persuii air jianelled,
but with the helmet, mantle, and supj-nrters
absent. When all the quarterings nf the
person who is dead arc ]iri^sent, and tlie edge
fringed, it is called a Great Banner.
2. Botany: The \exillum— tlie striinlitrd or
upper expanded petal in tlie coroll:i of a
papilionaceous plant.
B. Attributivecy : In tlie sense of, in some
other way pertaining to, or being in r-mnec-
tion with a banner ; as In tlie following . —
banner-clotb, ^. The <doth ni wliich a
banner is made.
"The banner-cloth was a y.ird biuju^ and five
quarters fleep."— Penny Cych-j- . iii 107.
banner-cry, s. a ery designed to sum-
mon troops and other combatants togetla-r as
around a banner.
' ' At once there rose so wild a yell
Within that dark and nanow dell.
As all the fiends, from heaven that fell.
Had pealed the banner-cry oE.hell ! "
.Scott : Lady of the Lake, vi. 17.
banner-man, ■.>. A man who carries a
banner.
" My banner-man. advance!"
Hcott . Lady oftJie Lake, vL 18.
banner-stafif, s. A staff from the upper
part of which the cloth of a banner is un-
furled.
"The banner-staff -WAS in his hand '
Wordsworth ■ Whit-, liocof Uylitonc, vi
ban'-ner-al, s. [Banner.] A flag or standard.
" Beneath the shade of stately banncral.'
Keats : ,'ipechnen of an Induction.
ban'-nered, a. y&n^.banncr ; -ed.'] Furnished
or equipped with bannei's.
" By times from silken couch she roue.
While yet the bannefd hosts repose."
iS'co(( .■ Lay of tlie Last Jtinstrcl, v. 10.
ban'-ner-et, " ban'-ner-ette, ' ban -er-
ette (Eng.), - ban'-reute (0. scotch), ,s.
[In Fr. banneret, banderet ; Low Lat. ban-
neretus.] [Banner.]
1. An abbreviation for Knight-Banneret ; a
member of an ancient order of knighthood
which had the privilege of leading their re-
tainers to battle under their own flag. Tliey
ranked as the next order below tlie Knights
of the Garter, only a few official dignitaries
intervening. This was not, howevei-, unless
tliey were created by the king on the field of
battle, else they ranked after baronets. The
order i.s now extinct, the last banneret created
having been at the battle of Edgehill, in 1(542,
for his gallantry in rescuing the standard of
Charles I.
" A gentleman told Henry, that Sir Richard Croftea,
made banneret at Stoke, was a wise man ; the king
answered, he doubted not that, but marvelled how a
fool could know."— C«)ttde)i.
2. A small banner or streamer.
"... yet the scarfs, and the bannerets about thee
did manifoldly dissuade nie from believing thee a
vessel of too sreat a burthen."— S/iaftesTa. : Alts Well
that Ends Well, ii. 3.
3. A title given to the highest oflicer in
some of tlie Swiss Reimblics.
ate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or. wore, w^if, work, who, son ; mute, cub. ciire, iJinite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ue = e ; ce = e. qu -^ kw.
bannerol— banyan
415
ban'-ner-ol^ s. [Bandrol. ]
"King Oswald had a hnmwrol of gold and Diu-ple
set over his tomb."— CamtU*;-
b^'-net, s. [Bonnet.] (Scotch.)
Nvikit bannet: The square cap worn by the
Roman Catholic clergy.
"... no bischopes, frieris. preistis, chatmoues, durst
weir nuiklt-bannettes . . ."—FUscottie : Cron., p. 527.
{Jamieton.)
ban'-niilg, pr. par., a., & s. [Ban, c]
As substantice : Cursing.
" Furthermore, who is ther that is not afraid of all
maledictions and cursed execrations, and eax>ecially
when the names of the infenml fiends or unluckie
souls are used in such bannlngs."~llolland : Plinie,
bk, xxvliL, c. 2. (Richarilsoit.)
[From Eng. ban (q.v.).]
*" b^n-ni'-tion«
[Banish.]
1. Outlawry.
2. Expulsion from a place. (Laud.)
ban -nock, '^ bon'-nock, s. [It. boinneog;
Gael, bonnach.l
1. A flat round cake made of oat or barley
meal. (Scotch.)
^ The dough of which bannocks are made
is generally better than that of whicli cakes
are formed ; a bannock, as a rule, is toasted
on a girdle, while a cake, after having been
laid for some time on a girdle, is toasted
Itefore the lire ; a bannock, moreover, is
generally of barley-meal and a cake of oat-
meal. (Jamieson.)
"... ye needna stick to gie them a waught o' drink
and a bannock." — Scott : Old Alortality, ch, iv.
2. Old Law : A duty exacted at a mill in
consequence of thirlage.
"The sequels . , . -pass by tlie name of knaveship
and of bannock and lock on gowpen." — Ergkine ■
Jnstit., bk. ii., t ix.. § 19.
bannock-fluke, s. A fish— the Common
Turbot (Ple-nrvnectes Tnaxiimis). (Seotch.)
"'What live ye for to-day, your honour?' she said,
or rather screamed, to Oldbucl^ ; ' Caller liaddocks and
whitings, a bannock-Jluke and a cock-padleV'"— ScoW :
Antlffttar!/, ch. xi.
bannock-hive, s. [Scotcli bannock, and
hive (q.v.).] Corpulency, induced by eating
plentifully.
" How great 'a my joy ; it's sure beyond compare !
To see you look sae hale, aae plump an' square.
However ithera at the aea may thrive,
Ye've been nae stranger to the bannock-hiuc."
Morison : Poems, pp. 177, 178.
bannock-Stick, s. A wooden instru-
ment for rolling out bannocks.
" A hassle, and a bannock-stick ;
There's gear enough to make ye sick,"
Jlogg : Jacobite Relics, i. 118,
bann§(, s. pi. [Ban.]
b^'-quet (qu as kw), * b^n'-ket, * ban-
kette, s. [In Dan. & Dut. banket ; Ger. ban-
kett; Fr. banqiiet; Sp. banquet ■=& banquet;
baiiqueta=^ii stool, a raised way; Port, ban-
queta — a, banquet; Ital. banclietto = a. feast.
a little scat; dimiu. of banco — a bench.]
[Bank, Banquette.]
1. Literally :
*1. Formerlfi : A dessert after dinner; not
the substantial meal itself.
" We'll dine in the great room, but let the niusu-
and banquet be prepared heTe."~Massiiii!er : The Cn-
natural Combat, iii. 1. {Nares.)
*\ (ft) " The common place of banqueting,
or eating the dessert," Giffard says, " was the
garden-house or arbour, witli which almost
every dwelling was furnished."
(&) Evelyn used baiiquet in the sense of a
dessert as late as 1(385, though the modern
signification had already come into partial
use. (Nares.)
2. Novj : An entertainment of a sumptuous
character, at which choice viands and liquors
arc placed before the guests. (Used of the
whole entertainment, and not simply of the
dessert.)
IL Fifj. : Anything on which the mind can
feast with jilcasure.
" In his commendations I am fed ;
It is a banquet tK> me."
^akesp. : Macbeth, i. 4.
banquet-hall, s. A hall for banqueting
in, or a hall in which banqueting has actually
taken place.
" You shall attend me, when I call,
lu the ancestral banqtiet-haU."
Longfellmo : The Golden Legend, i.
banquet-house, s. [Banqueting-house.]
" Now the queen by reason of the words of the king
and his lords came into the banquet-house . . ." — Dan.
V. 10.
banquet-tent, s. A tent designed for
luxui'ious entertainments.
baii'-quet (qu as kw), v.t. & i. [In Ger.
bankettiren; Fi'. banqueter; Sp. & Port, baii-
quetear.']
A. Transitive : To make a sumptuous
feast for ; to invite to or entertain at a
sumptuous feast.
"Jove feels himself the season, sports again
With his fair spouse, and banquets all nis train."
Coiaper: TrUnal. of Milton. ("Approach of Spring").
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To feast luxuriously.
" Bom but to baiiquet and to drain the bowl."
Pope: Jlomer's Odysitet/, bk. x., 662.
" I purpos'd to unbend the evening hours,
AJid banquet private in the women's Ijowers."
Prloi
2. Fig. : To obtain luxurious food for the
mind or heart.
" The mind shall banquet, tKo' the hody pine :
Fat paunches have lean pates, and dainty bits
Make rich the ribs, but bankerout the wits,"
Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Ixist, i. 1.
t ban -quet-ant (qu as kw), s. [From Fi-.
banqiietant, pr. par. of banqx'.eter := to ban-
quet.] One who banquets.
" And there not beside
Other great banquetnnts, but yon must ride
At anchor still with us "
Chapman : Uom. Odr/ss., bk, xx. iJiichardson.)
ban'-quet-ed (qu as kw), pa. par. & a.
[Banquet.]
ban'-quet-er (qu as kw), ""b^n-quet-
te'er, ^ banc'-ket-tour, ». [Eng. ban-
quet, and suffix -er.]
1, One who is a guest at banquits, or at
home feasts luxuriously. (Johnson.)
2. One who is the entertainer at a banquet
or banquets. (Johnson.)
bd,n'-quet-ing (qu as kw), b^n'-ket-
tihgf pr. par., u., &■ s. [Banquet, c]
A. & B. As pr. par. d- partb-iplnl adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act ur nperation of feasting luxu-
riously.
. and tjilk'd in glee
2. The viands and liquors provided for such
an entertainment.
banqueting-house, banquet-house,
s. A liouse specially constructed or used for
luxurious entertainments.
"... presented his credentials in the Banqueting-
houae." — Jlacaulay : HiSt. Eng., ch. xvi.
banqueting-room, s. A room con-
structed or used for luxurious entei-tainintiits.
bah-quette', bau-quet' (qu as k), s. [Fi .
= a small bench, a long seat stuffed and
covered ; a causeway, footpath, or pavement.]
Fortif. : A small bank at the foot of a para-
pet, on whicli soldiers mount when they fire.
t b^§(, s. pL [Ban (1).]
ban'-shee, ben'-shi, s. [Gael. bean-sUth =
fairy ; from Gael. & Ir. bean = woman, and
Gael, sith, Ir. sith, sigh, sighe, sighidh =fairy.]
Celt. Mythol. : A fay, elf, or other supernatural
being, supposed by some of the peasantry in
Ireland and the Scottish Highlands to sin^;
a mournful ditty under the windows of the
house when one of the inmates is about to die.
ban- Stick -le (le = el) (Eng.), ^ ban-
styk-yll (0. Scotch), s. [A.S. ban = a bone,
and stickel = a prick, a sting.] A name given
in Scotland and in parts of England to afish —
the Rough-tailed, Tliree-ispined Stickle-back
(Gasterosteus trachun(s, Cuv.), in Suff'olk a
" tantickle." It is a common species in Britain,
occurring bnth in frehh water and in the sea.
" Asperagus {qucedam piscis), a bansti/kyll."
Ortus Vocab. (S. ia Boucher.)
ban'-tam, «. & s [Probably from Bantam,
a decayed village in the north-west of Java,
formerly the seat of a Dutch residency.]
A. As adjective. [From Bantam, or other-
wise pertaining to it (see etymology).] Spec.,
pertaining to the fowl presumably from that
plai.-e. [B.]
B» As substantive :
1. A small variety of the domestic fowl. It
has feathered legs.
2. A kind of painted or carved work like
that from Japan, but more gaudy. (Goodrich
& Porter.)
ban'-ter, v.t. [Etymology unknown. Prob-
ably of a similar origin to bamboozle (q.v.). It
occurs in the list of words in the Tatler (No.
230).] Mildly to rally one, to make good-
natured mirth at one's expense ; to utter mild
railleiy upon one ; (vulgarly) to chaff. It is
quite consistent with respect and aft'ection for
the individual bantered ; indeed, there is in it
a tacit compliment to his temper, as it would
not be ventured on were he deemed likely to
take fire at the remarks made.
" The magistrate took it that he bantered him, and
bade an officer take him into cMs,to(iY."—L' Estrange.
^ Wedgwood quotes a passage from Swift
(" Tale of a Tub "), in which this word is said to
have come into England first from the bullies
of AVliitefriars, from whence it spread next to
the footmen, and finally to the pedants. It is
not looked vn as pedantic now.
bS-n'-ter, s. [From the verb. In Fr. badi-
nerie.} Mild raillery, plea.santry at one's
expense ; a joking upon one's weaknesses, pro-
cedure, or surroundings.
"This humour, let it look never so silly, as it passes
many times for frolic and banter, is one of the most
pernicious snares in human life." — L'Estrange.
". , . those who ridicule it will be supposed to make
their wit and banter a refuge and excuse for their own
laziness. " — Watts.
ban'-tered, jxt. par. & a. [Banter, v.]
ban'-ter-er, 6. [Eng. banter; -er.] One who
banters.
". . . marked him out asanexcellentsubjectfor the
operations of swindlers and bantcrers."—Macaulay:
Ilist Eng., ch. iii.
bS,n'-ter-ing, * ban'-tring, pr. par., «., & s.
[Banter, v.]
A. As pr. par. & participial adj. :
" It 13 no new thing for innocent simplicity to be the
subject of bantering dToUs.''^L' Estrange.
B. As substantive: The act of rallying, or
treating with mild raillery ; the state of being
rallied or mildly jested upon ; the remarks
constituting the railleiy. (Webster.)
bant'-li^, s. [According to Mahn, from Ger.
bdnkling = a bastard ; according to Wedgwood,
from bandling, referring to the swaddling
clothes in which a young child is wrapped.]
A little child, a brat. (Used in contempt.)
(Vulgar.)
" If the object of their love
Chance by Lucina's aid to prove,
They seldom let the bantling roar,
In basket, at a neighbour's door." Prior.
banx'-ring, s. [From a Sumatran language.]
The native name of a small insectivorous
mammal. [Tupaia.]
ban -y-an (1), ban-i-an (2), ban'-Sr-an-
tree, s. & adj. [Probably from Eng. or Fr.
banian, = a tribe of Hindu merchants ; a
broker.] [Banian.]
A. As substantive : A tree. i\\Q Ficus Indica,
or Indian fig-tree, celebrated fur sending down
BANYAN-TREE.
new stems from its spreading branches,
which, supporting those branches themselves
make a living colonnade of great extent
Colonel Sykes mentions a banyan-tree which
he saw at the vUlage of Mhow, in the Poona
Collectorate, which had sixtv-eight of the
descending stems just mentioned, and con-
stituted a grove capable, when the sun was
b6il, boy; poftt, j<S^l; cat, 9eU. chorus, 9Wn, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus,
ing.
ble, -die. &c. =bel, deL
416
banyan— baptist
vertical, of affording aliade to 20,000 men.
The tree is well described by both Milton and
jSoiithey, except that i\Iilton, misled by Pliny,
makes the leaves larger than they are in
nature, and describes loopholes cut in the
banyan grove, which are wholly mythic —
"... there soou they chose
The fig-tree, not that kind for fruit reiiuwiied,
But such as at this day. to Indians known.
In Mfilabar or Decciin aprejids her anus,
Branching so broad and long, that in the gronnd
The bendeil twjga take root, and (laii^'htera grow
About the mother tree, a pillared shade
Hifh over-arched, and echoing walks bebween ;
There oft the Indian herdsman, shunnine heat,
Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing nerds
At loopholes cut thro' thickest shade ■ those leaves
They gathered, broad as Amazonian targe."
JIUton: F. L., bk. ix.
" It was a goodly sight to see
That venerable tree.
For o'er the lawn, irregularly spread,
Fifty straight columns propt its lofty head ;
And many a lung depencluig shoot,
Seeking to strike its root.
Straight like a plummet, grew towards the ground.
Some on the lower boughs which crest their way,
Fixing their bearded fibres round and round.
With many a ring and wild contortion woimd ;
Some to the passing wind at times, with sway
Of gentle motioji swung ;
Others of younger growth, unmoved, were hung
Like stoue-diops from the cavern's fretted height.
Beneath was smooth and fair to sight.
Nor weeds nor Ijriars deformed the natural floor,
And through the leafy cope which bowered it o'er
Came gleams of chequer'd light.
So like a temple did it seem, that there
A pious hearts first impulse would be prayer."
SotUhey : Curse of Kehama, bk. xiii.
B. As ailjective: Pertaining to the tree now
described.
banyan-tree, banian-tree, s. [Hee
Ban VAN (1).]
" Wide round the sheltering banian-tree."
Hemans : The Indian Clti/.
* ban'-y-an (2), s. & a. [Banian (1).]
ba'-o-bab, s. [Eth. baobab, abavo, cibavi. ]
One of the names for the Adansonia digitata,
called also the Monkey-bread Tree. [Adan-
sonia.]
bap (1), s. [Etyni. doubtfal.] A Leicestershire
term for a dark bituminous shale, (ll'eale.)
bap (2), s. [Derivation uncertain.] A thick
cake baked in the oven, generally with yeast ;
whether it be made of oatmeal, barley-meal,
flower of wheat, or a mixture. (Scotch.)
" There will be good lapperd-milk kebbucka,
Andsowens, andfardles, and baps."
Ritson : S. Songs, i. 211. iJa7nieso7i.)
Baph'-o-met, s. [Corrupted from Mahomet,
the popular way of writing the name of the
Arabian "prophet," more accurately desig-
nated Muhammad or Mohammed.] A real or
imaginary idol or symbol which the Knights
Templars were accused of worshipping.
bap'-ta, s [Gr. ^an-Tw (bapto) = to dip, to
dye.] ■
Eiitom. : A genus of moths of the family
Geometridse. They are thin-bodied, and fly
during the day. Bapta himaculata is the Wliite
Pinion-spotted, and B. punctata the Clouded
Silver Moth.
* bap'-teme, s. [Baptism,]
bap-tlS'-i-a, s. [Gr. jSa-rrTio (bapto) = to dye,
for which some of the .species are used.] A
genus of leguminous plants, ornamental as
border-flowers.
bap'-tism, * bap'-tisme, * bap'-tSme,
* bap'-tym, 5. [in Fr. bapUme; O. Fr. &
Prov. bo.ptlsme; Sp. hautismo ; Port, baptlsmo ;
Ital. hatiesimo ; Lat. bapiismxi; Gr. ^dnTLO-fxa
(baptisma) and jSaTTTKr/ios (bapti^smos) ; from
^aiTTi^io (haptiso) := . . . to baptize.] [Baptize.]
A. Literally :
1. The act of baptizing any person or thing
in or with water.
1. The art of immersing any one inwatei,
or pouring or sprinkling it upon him or her
as a religioQs and symbolical rite.
" Daptym: Baptismus, baptisma."— /"romiO^ Parv.
Two kinds of baptism by means of water are
mentioned in the New Testament: —
(ft) " The baptism of repentance for the re-
mission of sins," administered by John the
Baptist in Jordan to those who, under the
influence of his preaching, made confession of
those sins.
" .Tohn did baptize in the wilderne'js, and preach the
baptism of repentance for the remission of sms." —
Mark 1. 4. (See also Matt. iii. 6.)
Qi) The initiatory rite of the Christian
Churcli, administered first by the apostles
(John iv. 2) whilst their Divine Master was on
earth, and which has continued to be dis-
pensed to the present time.
2. The act of "baptizing" a thing instead
of a person with water.
% The washing of a ship with salt water
on passing the equinoctial line was formerly
called in cant and somewhat profane language
"her baptism."
3. A te:^m employed by Protestant, not by
Roman Catholic, writers for the blessing of
bells designed for worship in the Church of
Rome. [Baptize, A., I. 2.]
11. The state of being baptized.
B. Fig%iratively : ^
I. Scripture :
1. The doctrine, allegiance, or life into which
the initiatory rite introduces one.
"And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye
baptized? And they said, Unto John's baptism."—
Acts xix. S.
2. Death to sin and resurrection to newness
of life.
"Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into
death: that like as Christ was raised up from the
dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also
should walk in newness of life." — Jiom. vi. 4.
3. Such a moral and spiritual state as war-
rants the answer of a good conscience towards
God.
" The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also
now save us (uot the putting away of the filth of the
flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward
God). . . ."—1 Pet. iii, 21.
4:. Suffering, specially that of Christ.
"But I have a baptism to be b!ii)tized with; and
how am I straitened till it he accomplished i " — Luke
xii. 50.
II. General Literature:
1. The act or px'ocess of refreshing the heart
by "sprinkling" it with something fitted to
effect that end.
" If on the heart the freshness of the scene
Sprinkle its coolness, and from the dry dust
Oi weary life a moment lave it clean
With Nature's iap(i«wi, . . ."
Byron : Childe Harold, ix. 68.
2. Initiation into any work or occupation
fitted to make a change upon tlie character,
and prevent the possibility of one's ever
being again wliat he was before. Thus, when
during the Franco-German war of 1870, Prince
Louis Napoleon, the same who perished so
tragically in Znluland, wa.s first exposed, by
direction of his father, Napoleon III., and
with his own consent, to the fire of the enemy
at Saarbriick, the event was called a " baptism
of fire. " So also during the Indian mutinies of
1857, the revolted sepoys, who had by murder-
ing Europeans committed themselves to a
course of action from which tliere was no
return, were said to have undergone a "bait-
tism of Wood." Formerly, tlie term hapti^).L
was also sometimes profanely ajjplied in cant
language to the outrageous practical jokes
to which seamen or passengers in a ves.sel,
who for the first time crossed the equinoctial
line, were too frequently subjected, such pro-
cedure being deemed legitimate in that zero
of latitude.
1i (1) Baptism of blood :
Theol. : Jlartyrdom for the Christian faith,
said to compensate for the want of the Sacra-
ment. The same virtue is attributed to bap-
tism of desire and baptism of Jlre.
(2) Baptism, of desire :
Theol. : An ardent desire to receive the
Sacrament, with perfect contrition for one's
sins. [^ (1).]
(3) Baptism of fi re :
Theol. : Tlie same as hapti'^m of blood (q.v.).
Used also of the gifts of tlie Holy Ghost.
(4) Clinical baptism :
Theol.: Baptism administered to a person
on a sick-bed.
(5) Condirunial baptism:
Theol. : Baptism administered conditionally
to a person wliose condition is unknown nr
about the ^■aliditv of whose baptism doubts
are entertained. The form is : " If thou art
not baptized, I baptize thee," &c.
Ibap-ti^'-mal, a. [Eug. baptism; -al.] Per-
taining to baptism.
"Tlie baiifismal service was repeatedly discussed. " —
Jtiic'tiihty Ilht, E-Kj , ch. xiv.
baptismal' character, s.
Theol. : A term applied in the Roman and
Anglican churches to a certain spiritual mark
which dittereutiates the souls of baptized
Christians from those who have not received
tlie sacrament of baptism. This necessanly
carries with it the belief that the acts—
whether good or evil— of an unbaptized per-
son can never be the same as those of one
who has been baptized, and that the sacra-
ment of baptism cannot be repeated without
sacrilege. Also called baptisimd mark or
baptismal seal.
Ibaptismal-name, s. A name given in
baptism ; a Christian name.
baptismal regeneration. [Heoener-
ATION.]
baptismal-shell, s.
Eccles. : A small shell-shaped metal vessel
with which water was taken from tlie font and
poured on the head of the candidate in bap-
tisiri. A small shell, polished and mounted
in precious metal, was sometimes employed.
baptismal- VOWS, s. pi.
Ecflcs. : The promises made by the sponsors
for a child, or by an adult for himself, in the
sacrament of baptism.
bap-ti§'-mal-ly, adv. [Eng. baptismal : -ly.]
After the manner of bajitism ; through means
of baptism. (Quin.)
Bap'-tist, bap'-tist, s. & a. [In Ger. Bap-
tist; Sp. haptista; Lat. Baptista ; Gr. )3a7r-
Ti(Trrj<; (Baptistes) (Matt. Iii. 1) = the Baptizer.]
[Baptize, Baptism.]
A. ^Is s\Lbsto.ntive :
1. Scripture : One who extensively adminis-
ters the rite of baptism. Tlie term was and
is specially apjilied to John, the forerunner of
Jesus.
"In those days came John the Baptmt, preaching in
the wilderness of Judrea, . . . Then went out to him
Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region roun4l
about Jordan, and were baptised of him in' Jordan
confessing their sins "—Matt, iii, i— 6.
2. Theol., Church Hist., (C Ord. Lang.: A
Christian who holds that it is not according
to Scripture to baptize infants, but that the
ordinance of baptism should be administered
only to believers in Christ, and in their case
not by sprinkling, or affusion, but by im-
mersion.
Whether the early Church did or did not
baptize infants has been, and still is, a matter
of dispute. It is universally admitted that
some of the so-called heretical sects of the
Middle Ages were' opposed to infant baptism.
At the time of the Reformation the question
to whom baptism should be administered
came very pi'oniinentlyhefore the Church and
the world, owingto thefact that a considerable
number of those who, under the leadership
of Luther, Melanchthon, and other religions
chiefs, cast off their allegiance to Rome, ulti-
mately abandoned all belief in infant baptism.
Their opponents called them Anabaptists, im-
plying that they administered a second baji-
tism, the first one, that dispensed in infancy,
still remaining in force ; whilst they, of
course, repudiated this name, alleging that the
first baptism given in infancy being invalid,
that which they dispensed in adult life was
tlie first, and not the second. Their religious
fanaticism, coupled with the extreme and
dangerous political views which some of the
Continental Baptists adopted, brought the
whole Reformation inio discredit, and was
one of the chief causes which operated to
create the powerful reaction, of which Loyola
became the lender, bnt which would have
aiisen even if Loyola had never lived. [Ana-
baptist, Jesuit, Revolition.]
The modern Baptists have little in common
with the German fanatics described ; more-
over, they do uot come from them by historical
descent. The name Anabaptists is now con-
fined, except by extrpine conti'oversialists, to
the Continental fanatics of the sixteenth cen-
tury, whilst the term Baptists is accorded to
the modern opponents of infant baptism.
Baptist views first .nttracted public notice
in England in A.D. 1536, the Cimvocation
which met in that yenr having denounced
them as "detestable heresies utterly to be
condemned." Those who upheld them were
subsequently banished the kingdom by pro-
clamation, a few even suffered at the stake ;
but, as in other cases, persecution failed to
upfo..t the system of belief which it was
designed to eradicate. The first permanent
Baptist congregation in England did not;
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, were, w^lf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
baptistery— bar
417
eoiii'' into existence till A.D. Kill ; the pastur
was Thomas Hehvys, who, .iointly with John
Hiiiyth, fuiiiKled the Eiij^lish General Baptist
I'liuruJi, The first Baptist congregation in
^>C()tl;ind was formed by tlie Rev. Mr. McLean
in 1705.
Some Baptist clinrches maintain close corn-'
nnniion, i.e., will not allow any to join them
at the Lord's Supper unless they have first
lii-en immersed as believers ; whilst others
admit unbaptized Christians to the full rights
(if I'linrch membership.
Seventli-Day Baptists, who are not numer-
ous, consider that, as no express conmiand
for the alteratum of the Sabbath from tlie
si'veiith to the first day of the week exists,
they should observe the seventh instead of
the lirst day. The government of the Baptist
churches is on the Congregationalist model.
[CONCREOATIONALIST.]
In 1902 the Baptists of Great Britain claimed
to have 6,759 churches and cha]>els in cliar/*-
of 2,030 pastors, ?!72,908 members, and 53-2,l'1'.>
Sunday scholars. In the United States tliry
are proportionally more numerous than in
Britain. Throughout the world, in 1901, there
were said to be 58,029 Baptist churches, with
41,870 ministers or missionaries, and 5,454,699
members. (Baptist Handbook for 1902.)
Of the eminent ministers formeily con-
nected with the Baptist churches may be
mentioned Robert Hall, John Foster, and
moie recently Charles H. Sjiurgcon. Of emin-
ent missionaries, Carey, Marshitian, and Ward
of Serampore, and AUonirani Judson of Bur-
mali, were fonnerly connected with them,
B As adjective : Pertaining to or connected
with the religious body described under A. 2.
bap'-tis-ter-y, bSp'-tis-try, s. [In Fr.
baptistere ; Sp. hantlHerio ; Port, baptiskriu ;
Ital. battisterio ; Lat. baptist eriuin ; Gr. jSan--
TtoTiJpioc {baptisterion)=(l) a bathing- place,
a swimming-place ; (2) the baptistery in a
church,]
1. A place in a church nr elsewhere for
baptizing people. The part of a churcli in
which the fimt is placed.
" The bnptistfiries. or places of water for baptism,
in tliose elder tiinen, were not, as now our fontfi are,
within the church, hut without. jukI often in plucea
very remote from It."— J/ede; Churches, &c., p. 42.
t 2. Baptism.
"The cluircli wiiters used for hapthtry.'-'
E II. lU-owuhii) : Ous'i Guidi, 212.
bap-tis'-tic, bS,p-tis'-tic-al, a. [Eng. Uip-
tist ; -ic, -ul.] Pertaining to John the Baptist,
to a Baptist, or to baptism.
"Thia biiptistical profe8«ton. which he ignoraiitly
Inui^hed tit, is atteHted by fathern, by couiicila, by
liturgies. "~B/J. Bramhall : Schism Guarded, p. 205.
bap-tis'-tic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. baptistical ;
-ly.] In a baptisti<'al manner. (Dr. AJkn,
IVorcester, dtc.)
bap-ti'z-a-ble, a. [Eng. }>ap1ke; -able.'\
Tliat may be baptized. {N. K. KhJer'i, Wor-
cester, &c.)
bap-ti-za'-tion, s. [Eng. baptiz(e), -ation,
from Lat. baptizatlo.^ The act of baptizing ;
the state of being baptized.
"... his first was hiH baptizatlon with water."— B/j.
Hall: CoiUempl. Christ's Baptism.
bap-ti'ze, bap-ti§e, v.i. & i. [In Fr. Imp-
ti-ser ; Prov. bateiar ; Sp. bautizar; Port, bap-
ti:nr, bautizar; Ital. hoAtczzun' ; Lat. baptize;
Gi'. ^aTTTi^fsi{baptizr))^:^{\) to dij) in or under
water, (2) to draw water or wine, (3) to bap-
tize ; §a.TTTui (paptd)=(\) to dip, (2) to dye,
(3) to draw water.] (Liddell & Sadt.)
A, Transitive :
I. /.)■(. ." Of the symbolical use of water nr
ainilh'iig similar in connexion with a pei'W"
or a llniig :
1. Of the iise of tuater in connexion witli a
person : To immerse the body in water, or pour
or sprinkle water upon the face, pronouncing
at tlie same time certain sacred words."
(a) To do so with some xuiknown formula, as
John the Baptist did.
" T iudeed baptize you with water unto repentance."
~.\/an. iii. ii.
(b) To do so in the name of the Father, of
the Son, and of the Ilnly Spirit. This is the
initiatory rite of the Christian Church.
"Go y« therefore, and teacb all nations, baptiziiig
them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and
of the Holy Ghost."— JM^. xxviii. 19.
IT When the baptized person is an infant it
aeneially receives its name, or, at least, has
its name for the first time pultlicly announced
at the time of baptism. This seems to have
been the case also with the initiatory rite of
the Jewish Church — circumcision (Lnke i, 59) ;
but the naming of the child was no essential
])art either of the one rite or the other.
2. Of the symbolical use of water or anything
similar in cnnvexioii vith a thing: The cere-
mony which Protestant writers call "baptiz-
ing" a bell, designed for the use of Roman
Catliolics in their worship, is carried out by
blessing it and giving it the name of some
saint. Roman Catholics do not admit that
the exjiression baptize is a legitimate one to
employ in this ease.
II. Fiij. : Divinely to impart the Holy
Ghost to any one. [BArnsM.]
". . . TTe shall I
anil witli tire."— .(/(
B. Iidraiisltive: To administer baptism.
"John did baptize in the wilderness," — Marh i. 4.
bap-ti'zed, bap-ti'sed, pa. par. & a. [Bap-
tize.]
bap-ti'z-er, bap-ti'§-er, s. [Eng. haptiz(t) ;
-er.] One who administers the rite of baptism.
"... his labours a.s a preacher of rigliteousness ami
a baptizer."—Straiisg: Life of Jesus; Trana. (184G),
vul. }.. § 4.''., xjp. 308, 309.
bap-ti'z-ing, pr. par. Sua. [Baptize.] The
act of administering baptism ; the baptismal
rite. [Baptism.]
"bar, s. [A.S. bar.] An old spelling of Boar
(q v.).
bar, * barre, s. & a. [In Dan. barre ; Dut.
6aar = a wave, a bier, an ingot, a bar : Ger.
barre = a bar, as of gold or silver ; Fr. hnrn- ;
Prov., Sp., Ital., Gael. & Irish barra; Arm.
bar = branch ; barren ~ bar ; Wei. bar =
branch, bar. Cognate with Spar (q. v.) Pri-
mary meaning, the branch of a tree ; hence a
bar.]
A, As substantive :
(a) Ordinary Language:
I. LlU'ralhj:
1. Anything which, crossing another, hindei s
or obstructs progress.
(1.) A piece of wood, iron, or other material,
long in proportion to its breadtli. ]ti;uTd
across anything open ti) entrance, and intended
to preveiit ingress or egress. Spcciolhj —
(a) The transverse bars of a gate , the bolt
of a door.
"... hewed asunder the bars of the main gates tu
admit the whole column of Africans . . ."—Arnold .
Ilist. Jlomv, eh. xliv., vol. iii., p. 316.
(b) A boom across a river.
(2.) Any material body shaped like such a
transverse beam or bolt, fur whatever purpu^c
it may be designed. Spec, an iugnt, wedge,
or mass of metal, such as gold, silver, kc.
(3.) Anything natural, in place of artificial,
eonstituting an obstruction. >^j>n:, a bank
of silt, sand, or other material deposited by
a river at its mouth, and, unless cleared away
from time to time, tending sooner or later t'<
impede navigation. Also a similar bar laid
down by the sea, even where there is no
river.
" A still salt pool, l(K-kM in with bars of sand."
Tcniiyton: The Palace of Arf
^ The "bars of the ocean," in Job xxxviii.
10, are its shores. In Jonah ii. 6, the "bars
of the eai-th " are believed by Gescnius to
mean imaginaiy bolts or bars descending deep
into its lower paiis.
(4.) Any line or mark in writing, printin; ,
painting, &e.. laid across another one. (lu
this sense (jnr was formerly used specially of
cross cheques placed at^ross garments, and
difiering from them in colour.)
" Both the barr-'s of his belt
And other blyti e stones,
That were richely rayled
In hiv amy clene."
Gaiaai/n Sr the Green Kni/rjht, 292. (5. i}i /lour'irr.)
2. ATiything fenced off by such pieces of
Avood, iron, or other obstrnction. Spr,-., ]).)it
of a room railed or partitioned off from tic-
rest to prevent intrusion.
(a) In Iniis, Taverns, Coffce-linv.sei^, ami Re-
fre.'yhment -Rooms : An enclosed jilace in which
the barman, barmaid, or similar person stands
to sell liquor or food.
"I was under some apjirehension that they would
appeal to nie; and therefore laid down my i)enny at
the bar, and made the best of my wny.' —Aildison.
(6) In Courts of Law. [See A. fb), I. 1.]
(e) I)t the Houses of Parliament : A partition
dividing/the body of both Houses, to wh.ch
only the members and elei'ks are admitted,
from a less sacred space just inside the dnor.
To the bai- of the House of Lords the Com-
mons are summoned to hear the royal speech
reail or the royal assent given to bills. When
the House of Lords acts as a judicial body,
counsel are heard at tlie bar. To the bai' of
the House of Commons those are summoned
who are guilty of a breach of the pri-vileges of
the House.
"The HoiLse of Commons agreed yesterday to the
motion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to sTimnion
. . . to appear at the 6ar. The Select Committee ap-
pointed to consider the conduct of these persons re-
IKirted that they . . , were guilty of a breach of the
privileges of the House. ' — Daily Sews, July 23, 1879.
3. The persons thus protected from intru-
sion. [See(b), I. 2.]
II. Figuratively :
1. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 1.) : Any-
thing which hinders, prevents, obstructs, or
excludes ; also the act of hindering and the
state of being hindered.
^ In this sense it may be followed by to,
against, between, &c.
" Must I new bars to my own joys cre.ate.
Refuse myself what I had f ore d from fate ? "
Lryden.
" And had his heir surviv'd him in due course,
What limits, England, hadst thou fomid ? what bar t
What world could have resisted V "
Daniel: Civil War.
' Fatal accidents have set
A most unhappy bar between your friendship."
Jtotoe.
" Lest examiuation should hinder and let your pro-
ceedings, behold for a bar, aframbt that impcdimeut,
one opniiou newly added." — Hooker.
2. (Corresponding to A (a), I. 3, & (b), I. 2.)
A bein^, tribunal, or court of law with ability
and right authoritatively to judge of conduct.
(Poetic.)
" Say, to what bar amenable were man?
With nought in charge, he could betray no trust."
Covtper . Tlie Progress of Error.
(b) Technically:
I. Law:
1. Of phn-es. In Courts of Law : A space
jturtitioned off from the rest by wooden barriers
so as to prevent intrusion from the crowd. It
is designed to accommodate the counsel for
and against the prisoner, and assign liimself a
place, which he is required to occupy whilst
ids case is being tried.
■• Thv j-Tcit duke
Came tn tlir finr. whLri- to In*, accusations
Heple.iiU-d^tiU Not ^'iiiltv "
.•il.nk:-.p : Hen. VIU., ii. L
" Some at tlj.- hnr witb wul.tluty defend,
Or uii the bench the knotty I.iwh untye."
Hryden.
T[ Hence, to be i-nllal tn the hnr signifies to
obtain a licem-i.^ t(j plead as a baiTister in saitr
able law courts.
2. Of persons : A particular lawyer at the
bar pleading a cause ; or the lawyL-r.^ of any
particular court, or of the whole country taken
collectively.
"... the storm of invective which biirst upon him
from 6ar, bench, and witnesi-ljox, . . ."—Macaiilay:
J/isf. Eng., cli. iv.
3. Of trials a nd pleas ;
(a) A plea in bar means a jdea in bar or pre-
vention of a i.laiittiff's demand, A relense, a
fme, nonage, ley;;d ]iermission hi do what was
done, the statute of limitation, &c., are all
pleas in bar. (Blackfitoue : Cunnnent., bk. iii..
ch. 20; bk. iv., ch. L'li.) A plea may be in
bar not of an action, but of an execution.
(Ibid., ch. :U.)
"It is divided into a bar to common intent, and a
bar ai>ecial ; a bar to a common intent is an ordLiuLry
"T yeiieiul bar, that disables the decJar.ition or jilca of
the plaintiff; a bar siiecial, is that which is more than
ordiiiai-y, and falls out in the case in li.tnd. xiikui some
special '^ircumstiince of the font."— f-oi"cl.
" Bastardy is laid in 6ar of sometliing that isprinci-
]<;Llly commenced."— -4?/? f^Te.
(h) Trial at bar: A trial before all the
judges of that jiarticular eourt in which the
action is brought or tlie indictment laid. A
trial at bar is reserved tor the nicrc ini-
puitant cases.
(c) Bar of dower: That which prevents a
widow obtaining or retaining her dower.
Jointiu-e is the most frequent metliod of
achieving this result.
n. Commerce :
1. Gen. Bar of gold or silver: A lum]! or
wedge from the mines, melted down int) a
sort of mould, ;ujd never wrought. (Johnson.)
2. Spec, (in African traffic): A denomination
of price ; payment being fornK^rly made to the
negroes almost whoUyin iron bars (Johnson.)
bSil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, 9liiiL, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph=:f,
-cian, -tian = shan. ~9ion, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, ~§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
27
41S
bar— barb
III. Music :
1. A stroke, one of a series, drawn at right
ant(les across the flvt^ liuob to show the posi-
tion of the iiriniary accents. The position of
the bars is indicated by the time-signature,
which gives the contents of each bar. The
spaces between every two such strokes con-
tain notes of equal duration in the aggregate,
until a change is directed by a new time-signa-
ture. Bars were first introduced into musical
notation about A.D. 157-i.
2. The portion of music contained between
two such strokes.
A douhU bar denotes the cud of a complete
sertion or movement; or the introduction of
a change of time, or of key.
IV. Her. : An ordinaiy formed like a fesse,
but occupying only one-fifth of the field.
There is room for four bars, but not for more,
on a shield. [Barrulet, CLoyET.]
EARS BARa GEMELS.
Bai^ gcmrJ. [From Lat. gemellus = double.]
A bar voided, a bar with closets placed in
couiiles. [Closet.]
In bar: With the charges arranged in two
or more rows. It is opposed to in fesse, that
is, having the charges in a single row only.
V. Muiing : A vein running across a lode.
VI. Farriery :
1. The void space or interval on each side
between the molar and the canine teeth in*
the upper jaw of a horse. It is into this
space that the bit is inserted, with the view
of governing the animal. (Generally used in
the x'lural )
2. Part of a horse's hoof.
VII. Old Games :
To play, or " pley " at bar: To play at
prisoner's bai's or base. [Base (3).] {Jamie-
son.) Tlie term occurs as early as 1:^75. See
also ilyi'e's In^'ti net ions to I'ori^li Priests
{E.B. T.S.),p. U, 1.
". , . iior jj^'.v «f i'«''oraiiyutber way hi the oppres-
sionis of his uychbour."— .^Icis Jus. It', (n^i), ed. 1814,
p. 227.
B. As adjective: Peitaining, relating to, or
connected with a bar of any kind. [Bar, s.]
Chiefly in composition, as below.
"bar-cutter, a.
Metal-working : A shearing machine which
cuts metallic bars into lengths.
*" bar-fee, s. A fee of twenty pence paid
to the jailor by prisoners acquitted of felonj'.
bar-frame, s. The frame which supports
the metallic bars of a furnace.
bar-gown, s. The gown worn by a lawyer
pleading at the bar.
bar-iron, .-.. Iron wrought into malleable
bars.
bar-lceeper, s. One who keeps the bar
of a public-house, a toll-bar &c.
bar-loom, s. A loom for weaving ribbons.
(Knight.)
bar-magnet, s. A magnet in the form
of a bar.
"... tlie magnetic luomeiit of a at eel bar-maijnrt."
—Everett: The C. G. S. ^'/.Uem of Ciu/s (1875). ch. \.,
p. 60.
bar-maid, s. A female who sells liquor
and food at the bar of a public-house or re-
fresliment-rooni.
bar-posts, .5. I'l. Pitsts affixed in the
ground into or tn whieli tnui.svci'sc bars may
be affixed, with the view of hindering ingress
into the field or other sjiai-e thus enclosed.
bar-share plough, s. A idough with a
bar extending backward from the i>o\nt of the
share.
bar-Shear, a.
Metal 'irnrl-ing : A machine for cutting
metallic bars.
bar-shoe, s.
Farn:'i-y : A kind of horseshoe having a bar
across the hinder part — the open part^of the
heel, to protect the tender frog of the foot
from injury.
bar-shot, s. Two half cannon-balls, joined
together by an iron bar, and used in sea-fights
to cut across the masts or rigging of an adver-
sary's vessel. (Johiisoii.)
bar, " barre, v.t. [From bar, s. (q.v.). In
Fr. bar rev; ttp. harnvr; Ital. .^barrarc]
I. Ordinchry Language :
1. Liln-ally:
(a) To furnish with a bar or a series of bars ;
also to fasten anything with a bolt or bar, or
with a series of them.
"Hia steed waa black, hia helm was barred."
Longfellow : The Elected KnifflU.
" The acoufcs had parted on their search,
The castle gates were barr'd."
Scott: Jfarmion. i. 2
"Thy tity against fierce besiegers barr'd."
Cowper : Traiisl. MiUon's Elegu to hh Tutor.
(6) To provide a garment with cross cheques
dinering from it in co1(r.u\
"... cleiie apures viider,
Of bryght guide vpuu ailke Ijurdea
liarrvd ful ryche."
Gawan & the Green Kni/ght, 287. (S. In Boucher.)
2. FiguratireJy :
(1) To hinder, to prevent, to obstruct ; to
, render impracticable. Uscd^
(a) Of obstruction or prevention by physical
obstacles or force.
" Our hope of Italy not only lost,
But shut from ev'ry shore, and barr'd from ev'ry
coast." — Dry den.
" It came to p:\a3, that when lie did address
Himself to yuit at length this luouiitAin laud,
Coiubintd marauders half-way barr'd egress,
And wiisted far and near with glaive and brand "
Bijron: Childe Harold, ii 69.
(&) Of obstruction or prevention by moral
means, as prohibition by law, human or divine,
by authority, or anything similar.
" For though the law of arras doth bar
The use of venoiii'd shot in v/gx."—Uudibras.
"Bar him the playhouses, and you strike him
dumb." — Addison
"... nor have we hereiu fiarr'rf
Your better wisdoms, which have freely gone
With this afTair along."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 2.
" While (still superior blest !) the dark abrupt
la kindly bui-rd, the precipice of ill."
Thomson . Liberty, pt. iv.
(c) Of obstruction to the ingress of emotion
into the heart through absence of the capacity
to feel.
" Hearts firm as steel, as marble hard.
"Gainst faith, and love, -md pity barr'd."
Scott : ItoTccby. ii. 11.
(2) (a) To except, to omit as an exception.
(Often in the present pailiciple, barring.)
•'Naj.but 1 Zi(/?- tu-iiiiilit : you sliall not gage me
By wh.it "edo tunmht.
Shakes/j. : Mcr. nf Vuu., ii. 2
(!>) To object to. (Beauin. tt Flct.)
II. Technically :
1. Law : To hindoi —
(a) The process of a suit, cause, or action
from being carried out.
"No time, II nr trick of law. their jictioii bars ■
Then (..iiisf they to au easier issue ]i\it " Dryden.
Or {b) a i)er.son from carrying out the pro-
cess of a suit.
" If a bi.iln)p be a party to a suit, and excummuiii
cate« his adversaiy, such escomuimncatiou shall not
disable orliuj-his i\k\\^i»:\.\^.' —Ayliffv.
2. Fid nery. 'To bar a rein. To tie one of a
horse'b veins abo\'e and below, the .skin being
fir.st opened for the purpose and the vein dis-
engaged. The portion of it confined between
the two ligjunonts is then operated upon for
the remov.il of its malignant humours.
% To bar Ihe dice : To declare a throw void.
(Dryden: Amboyna, ii. 1.)
bar, prrji. [Bar, v.] Barring; with the ex-
ception <'f. (As appears from the example, the
prep, was originally the iuiper. of the verb.)
" When iifxt tliou dost invite. /j«r stjite '
Ueritck- Hesjjerides; C'poti bhoiubreud.
* bar, pret. of verb. [Bore.]
"A bow he bar, and arwes bright and keue,"
Chaucer: C. T., C,9S3.
"^ bar, a. [Bare.]
bar-a-lip-ton, ■^ [The word is not an
ordinary one with an etymology ■ it is simply
composed of symbolical letters, specially the
vowels. -4 is = a universal affirmative, / =
a particnlai' affirmative, and to7h is a termina-
tion given fur euplumy ]
Logic : The first indirect Mode of the first
Figure of Syllogisms. A syllogism in baralip-
ton is one in which the first two propositions
are universal affirmatives, and the third a
particular affirmative ; the middle term being
the subject of the first and the attiibute o'f
the second. One example generally given of
the baralipton is the following :—
BA. Every evil ought to be feared.
RA. Every violent passion is an evil.
LIP. Therefore something that ought to be feared
is a violent passion.
The baralipton is an imperfect kind of syllo-
gism.
bar'-a-Iite, s. [A corruption of bavalite.] A
mineral, called also Bavalite, a variety of
Chainoisite.
bar'-a-netz, s. [Barometz.]
■ bar'-a-toure, •>. [Barrator.]
^ bar -a-try,
■ bar'-eyn, ti-.
[Barratry.] (Scotch.)
[Barren.]
barb (1), ^ barbe, s. [in Fr. barbe; Sp.,
Port., Ital., & Lat. 6ar6a = beard.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Lit. : A beard, or anything in an animal
resembling it.
" The iMirba, or the barbe, or Ijeard, is all the hair of
the higher and lower lips."— ^. Holme: Acad, of
Armory (1688J.
II. Figuratively :
1. A kind of mask, hood, or muffler, worn by
women, and specially by widows. It covered
the lower part of the face and shoulders.
" Do way your barbe, and shew your face bare,"
Chaucer : Troilus & Cresside {S. in Boucher.)
2. The points standing backwards in an
arrow or a fishing-hook, which are designed
to prevent its being easily extracted.
" Nor less the Spartan fear'd, before he foilud
The shining barb appear above the wound."
Pope : Homer's Iliad.
3. Armour for a horse.
"And turning to that place, m which whylere
He left his loftie steed with golden sell
And goodly gorgeous i»«r6«i . . ,'"
Spensei- : F. y,, It. ii. 11.
"Their horses were naked, without any barbs; for
albeit many brought barbs, few regarded to put them
on " — Hay ward.
B. Technically :
1. Bot. (Plur.): Hairs dividing at the apex
into forks, each prong of the fork being again
hooked.
2. Mil. : The same as A. II., 3 (q.v.).
^" barb, "* barbe, v t. [From barb, ^. In Dan.
barbere; Ger. barbieren.]
1. To shave, to dress or trim the beard.
" Shave the head and tie the beard, and say it waa
the desire of the penitent to be so barbed before his
death; you know the course is common." — Shakesp.:
Mens, for Meas., iv. 2.
1[ In some editions the reading is bared, and
not barbed.
2. To arm with a barb or prong. (Apidied
to fish-hooks, arrows, &c., lit. & fig., chiefly
in pa. par.) [Barbed.]
"... and it barbed the arrow to her womanly feel-
ings, that Coleridge treated any sallies of resentment
which mi^ht sometimes escape her as narrow-minded-
ness . . .' — DcQuincey: Works, voi. u., p 65.
3. To equip a horse with armour ; to encase
a horse in armour. (Chiefly in pa. par.)
[Barbed.]
barb (2), s. [In Ger. berber. barbar ; Fr. barbe ;
Ital. barbero. Contracted from Barbary, a
vast and somewhat undefined region in' the
north of Africa. Either from ^er&er, the name
given by the Arabs, and still retained by ethno-
logists, for the race inhabiting North * Africa ;
or from Lat. barbariw = a barbarian.] [Bar-
barian.]
1. A fine variety of the horse, brought, as
its name imports, from Barbar\'. It lias a
large and clumsy head, a short and thick neck,
a broad and powerful chest, with long, slender
legs. It has great speed and endurance, and
fine temper. The breed has much degenerated
through neglect both in Barbary and also in
Spain, into which the Moors introduced it
during the period of their supremacy. Only
some of the liorses brought from Barbary are
really of the proper Barb breed.
"The importance of improving our studs by an In-
fusion of new bio id was strongly felt; and with this
view a considerable number of barbs had lately been
brought mto the co\intry,"~Afacaulay : Sist. Eng.,
originally came
ch
2. A kind of pigeon whie
from Barbary.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, fuU; try. Syrian, ce. oe = e. ey = a. au='ltw. *
barbacan— barbarous
419
"The barb is allieil tu the cirrk-i-. l)iit iusteiid of a
long liwik, ha3 a very short and vei j- bruiul uuc."— /Jttr-
wht : Origin of Species, uh. L, i>. -21.
The pij^'eon described
barb-pigeon, ,
luider No. -.
"... it ia proljiihle th.it iu each k'fiifratiou of the
barb-f/igeoii, \vhii:h pri'duces mubt r,uel>- .i blue and
blftck-barred bird, tbeie has been a tL-mleiiLy iu each
generation in the jiluinagt; to assume this colour." —
Danviic : Origin of Upcciet, eh, v., p iijl.
bar'-ba-can, s. [B.\KB1CA^.]
bar'-ba-can-age, s. [B^rbiuanage.]
Sar-ba'-di-an. v-. & s [From Larbadoes
(q-v-).]
1 1. As (idjectU-h: Pertaining to Barbadoes.
(The inorii cnmniou term used is Barbadoes, in
an adjectival spuse.)
2. As substantive : A native of Barbadoes.
Bar'-ba-does, s. & c [Probably from Port.
harhadas = bearded. A term applied to the
cacti, which the first Poituyuese (hseovererb
found growing on thfi island abundantly.]
A. ^s substantive: An important West In-
dian island belonging tn tlie Windward group,
and the most ea.sterly of tlie whole. It con-
stituted the first West Indian cnlfuiy founded
by Britain, being settled in A.U. 1(124.
B. As adjectlrr : From, in, or pei'taining to
the island described under A.
Barbadoes aloes. [Aloes, B. (i).]
Barbadoes cedar.
Bot. : TheEn;,disli Hiune of aci'dnror Jimipo-
(Junlperus harbaili'iihis). it eomes I'l om Florida
and the other warm parts of America.
Barbadoes cherry.
Botany: The English name of Malitighia. a
genns of plants ronstituting the tyjiical oiiv
of tlie order Malpighiacete (Malpighiads). The
term is specially applied to Malplgkia ureas
and its fruit, tlic latter, which sometimes re-
sembles a cherry but is far inferior to it, being
eaten in the West Indies ; so also is tliat of
M. glabra, cultivated for the purptise. [M vl-
PIGHIA. J
Barbadoes flower-fence, Barba-
does pride.
Bot: A name given to the beautiful plant
PoiiLciann pidvhcrrtiiu'. It belongs to tlie
Leguminous order, and the sul'-oi-der Cii^s;il-
piiiiea;. It is a low spiny tree with an odour
like savin. It is a native nf tlie tropics of
botli hemihphex'es, and has Barliadors jueiixed
to it because there specially it is used for
fenres.
Barbadoes gooseberry.
Eot. : A name giNXM to a sin'eies of cactus,
the G. Prrralcla, Linu., which grows in the
West Indies.
Barbadoes leg.
Med. : A disease common in Barbadoes, the
prominent symptom of whicli is the swelling
to a large size of some portion of the body,
generally the leg. It is called also Elephant
Leg, or Yam, or Galle, or Cochin Leg, and is
the Elephantiasis Arabum of medical writers.
[Elephantiasis.]
Barbadoes lily.
Bot. (& Hortic. : The English name of the
ArnartjU.is equestri-^, now called llippmUnnn
eijvstre, an. ornamental i)lant from the West
Indies.
Barbadoes pride. [See Barbadoes
Flower- FENCE.]
Barbadoes tar.
Mi)i.: An old name for a kind of mineral
pitch or petroleum, often of a greenish hue,
sent forth by bituminous springs in Barba-
does.
bar'-bar, ' bar'-boiir, a. & s. [In Sw., Dan.,
& Ger. barhar (.s ) ; Dut. borbour (s ) ; Fr. bar-
bare (a. & s.) ; Sp. b'lrbaro (a. Ot s.) ; Port. &
Ital. barbaro(a..)\ Lat. hn-banc:: . Gi. ^dp/3apos
(burburos): Russ. rarrar: yansc. ?j"'7yii/Y(S, rnr-
varas. The reduplication bar-hnr is desiL^ned
to imitate and caiio^iture the confused sound
of unintelligible speech.] [Barbariax (1) ]
A, As luliertivi: (of tin- jhrias barbai' and
barbour) : Barbarous, savage.
" AUitit the aiyiiiKia he barbour, and cominomi. the
rycht rnderstftudiiii; of the aainyn semis iiiekle fov
men vnlearnit, lyke as the wraug ledis nn-niy in thir
dayitt m yret e'rrouri.i.'— A'ei(»et^^ "/ Crossntgaell .
Vmiipfiid. Tractine, \>. 5U.
B. As substantlre (of the form barbar) : A
birbai'iaii.
" Ah, Ei'itiiiii ! if thou, and thy liouses nud inlialiit-
ants, woukl not be drowned in thy<Avn IiIoikI sIrvI
by these barbars and burner?-, let the bleeding of
ihv soul be seen by him'— J/. Ward: ConteuUotgs,
]>. "a*3.
Lar-ba-ra, s. [A word of Latin form con-
structed not for its etymology or signification
{— bai barons things), but that its letters, and
speciidly its \o\vels, may stand as symbols,
(yee definition).]
Logic: A mnemonic woi'd intended to desig-
nate the first mode of the first figure of syllo-
gisms. A syllogism in barhara is one of v.diich
all the three ]U'oi>()sitiuns are iini versa! atfirjna-
tives, the middle term being the subject of
the first, and the predicate of the second. Or
it may be thus rein-esented : — Bai — Every
X is ?/; ba = Every 2 is i/; therefore ra is =
Everj z i.T x. Example—
"BAK. ah men must die.
BA But these aie men
EA. 'Hibreforetliey must (be."
Whutely ■ Logic. Uth ed. (18-18J, bk 11 . ch. iii., § -j.
Lar-bar'-e-a, .s-. [In Fr. barhaxe; Port, har-
bora ; Ital. Iniilnnca: herba de S^nta Barbara.]
A genus of ]tlants belonging to the order
Brassicacea; (Crucifers). Baihu.rea riilqarls,
the Bitter Wintt-r Cie^s or Yellow Rocket, is
indigenous to liriiain, &c. B. jn-a-enx, or Early
Winter Cress, called also the American or
lielleisle Cress, has escaped from gardens.
[WiNTER-CRLs.s.]
l)ar-ba'r-i-an, v & a. [Fi-omLat. barbar(us),
and Eng. sufiix 'ion. The Latin is unly a
transliteration of the Greek fidp^apo^ {bor-
haras), of uncertain derivation.] [Barbar.]
A. As stihstciitlve:
I. Ilistorieally:
1. Among the Gra:ks: A foreigner ; one wlio
could nut s]>eak Greek At first the Romans
were included by the Greeks under the term
barbarian ; but as the inhabitants of the great
Italian eit> gradually gained iniiicrial power,
and moreover began to consider the Greek
language as a desirable if not even an indis-
liensable part of a liberal education, they were
no longer placed in the category of "barba-
rians," nor was their speech deemed "bar-
barous." Wlien the Greeks became the most
civilised i)eoplc in the world the term barha-
I inn came tu be used with some reproach, but
less so than among ourselves now.
"Proud Greece all nations else barbar tans heltX,
Boasting hi^r learning all the woi Id L-xuell'd."
"There wevr imt rlMlncnt L'tHls among the Greeks
luij barbarians.' —SidUii;fjlcel.
2. Among tlie Roniam^ :
(1) Before the fall of tliC Empire : A term ap-
plied to a foreigner who could speak neither
Latin nor Greek.
" I would they were barbarians, a& they are.
Though in Rome htter'd."
Uluikesp. : Coriolanus, iii. 1,
(2) After the fall oftlic Empire:
(a) First : A person belonging to any of the
uncivilised Germanic tribes who long threat-
ened, and at lust overthrew, the Roman
Empire.
(b) Subsequently : A Berber from Northern
Africa.
II. At the jircsent time:
1. A savage; a ]terson belonging to some
uncivilised lacc. In general, but not always,
it implies some cruelty or ferocity ; a ruffian,
a cniel monster. (Sherborne. )
2. A person of whatever race, civilised
or uncivilised, who is savage in manners or
<;onduct.
" Europe has been threatened with subjugation by
barbarinns, compared with whom the barbarians who
marched under Attila and Alboin were enlightened
and humane."— jl/«C(((i^«i/ ; Ilisl. A'ng., eh. x..
B. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to a barbarian in the Greek,
the Roman, or the English sense. [See the
substantive.] Specially in the last of these
three, i e., pertaining to a person belonging to
one of the uncivilised races of mankind.
" Some felt the sileut stroke of mould'rmg age,
Barbarian blindness." Pope.
2. Barbarous, cruel.
bar-bar'-ic, bar-bar -ick, ". [In Sp
Port, & Ital. I'arlionco; Lat. harbaricus ; Gr.
^apjSapLKos (barbarikos).]
I Of persons: The same as Barbarian,
adj. (1).
IL Of things :
1. Foreign.
" Or where the guru'ei>iis Eiist, with richest hand.
Shu« ei-s on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
Milton: P. L„ bk. 11.
•' TiUl minarets, shining mosqiies, barbaric towers "
Hemans: Tlie Abciicc^-ragc.
2. Evincing the paitial or total absence of
civilisation, such as might be expected from a
semi-savage.
bar'-bar-i§in, s. [In Sw. & Gei-. barbarism;
Dan., Dut., & Fr. barbar i^me ; Sp., Port., i:
Itiil. barbarismo.]
1. Of deficienvij in ciiiUsatlon, edncation,
eulliire, or jjolish :
\. Of nations: Absence of civilisation ; ex-
istence in the lowest stage with respect to
culture that the human race is at present
fotmd. Example, the aborigines uf Australia.
" Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism
to civility, and fallen again to ruin."— Sir X Dauies.
IreLand
2. OfUuUvidnals: Absence of culture, great
ignorance, want of manners, incivility.
"jModeration ouyht to be had iu tempering and
managing the Irish, to bring them irom their delight
ot licentious baiburitm unto the love of goodness and
civtlity."— Spenser : State of Jrelani.
II. Of deficienoy in humanity: Cruelty, re-
lentless hardness of heart, whatever be the
amount of external polish or intellectuid
cultui-e. In this sense, Barbarity (.ci.v.) is
the more common term.
"They must iicrforce have melteil.
And barbarism itself ha\'e piciod bim "
ShnkC'-p. . J;ich'n\l II.. v. 2.
III. Of defiiiieiicy in purity uf speech: An
impropriety of sptech ; a form of speech con-
trary to the rtilcs of a language, and which a
foreigner or uneducated person might be ex-
pected to use. Such improprieties may be in
a phrjisc, in a word, iu spelling, or in proiiun-
ciatiMii.
"The language is as near apinMaehiug to it, u-; mir
modem bnrbarism will allow , ^^llieh ia all th.it cm
bi! expected fruui .my iiuw extant. '—Drgdcu ; Javcn.U
{ Dcdicatioit],
bar-bar'-i-ty, a. [Formed by tmalogy, as 'if
from a Lat. tmihaiitas. In tip. barhar ida^l ;
Port, bai I'n ruin. Ir.]
1. Absence of civilisation.
2. Cruelty, inlmmanity.
"... treating Christians with a barbarit,'/ which
would have shocked the very Moslem."— J/aattt(«i/ ;
Jlist. Eng., ch. xi.
3. A barbai'ism in speech. [Barbarism,
No. 1.]
" Next Petrarch foUow'd, and in hnu wi> see
What rlijiiJL-. improv'd iu all its ht'L^;liL, l.ih be ;
At best a pleasiug souud, and swett barbarii>i."
Dr'jden.
bar'-bar-ize, v.i. & i. [In Sp. harbarizar;
Port, barbar ibar.]
A. Transitive: To render barbarous.
'"Detested forms, that on the mind impress'd,
Corrupt, cuufouud, and barhnnze an age."
ThMns<nt Libertij, 681,
B. Intransitive : To utter a barbarism in
speech.
" Besides the ill habit which they got of barbarizing,
against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their im-
tutorcd AngliciaiiiH." — Milton : Education.
bar'-bar-OUS, a. [From Lat. harbarus; Gr.
Pap^apos (barbaros).']
L Of persons:
1. Foreign, as opposed to Greek or Roman,
but without any reflection on the humanity of
the person to whom the term was applied.
^ Here the word barbarous is used partly in
the sense I. 1, and partly in I. 2.
2. UnciviUsed ; without education or re-
finement.
" Abarbtroiis country must bebr-iken hv war before
it be capable of Koveriuueut : and when subibied, if it
be not well planted, it will eftsoons return to barbar-
isnt." — Vir J. Davtes : Ireland.
"He left governoura to vex the nation: at Jeru-
salem. Philip, for his country a Phrygian, and for
manners more barbarous than he that set him there."
— 2 Maccabees v. 22.
3. Strange in conduct, cruel, inhuman.
II. Ofthiugs:
1. Emanating from some other ]ieo])le than
the Greeks and Romans, and inferit)r to wlut
b6il, boy; poiit, j6^I; cat, 96!!, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, af ; expect, 3^enophon, exist, -ing,
-Gian, -tiaji = staan. -tion, -sion, -cioun— shun; -tlon. -sion = zhim. -tious, -sious^shus. -ble, -die, >Vc - bel, df*
420
barbarously— barberry
the last-named classic nation would have
produced.
" Those who restored painting in Germany, not
having those reliques of antiquity, retiiinecl that bar-
barous iPiinner." — Drydem,
2. Sudh as might be expected to emanate
from an uncivilised people or individual.
Usedr-
(a) Of anything confused in sound or tu-
multuous.
"When straight a barbarous noise environs me
Of owls and cuckooa, asses, apes, and dogs."
Milton: Hoiinet, xi.
(h) Of anything untrained or uncultured.
" What need I say more to you ? What ear is so bar-
barous but hath heard of Aniphialus V "— Sydney.
3. Savage, cruel, full of cruelty.
"By their barbaroux usage he died within a few
days, to the yrief of .ill that knew \\'nn."—Clareiiaon.
" And barbaroti.t climea, where violence prevails.
And strength is lord of all ; but gentle, kind,
By culture tamed, by literty ref resh'd,
And all lier fruits by radiant truth matured."
C'owper : Task, bk. i.
bar'-bar'Oiis-ly, adv. [Eng. Mrharous ; -ly.'\
Like a barbarian ; as a barbarian might be
expected to do ; in a barbarous manner.
Specially :
+ 1. AVithout knowledge, polish, or refine-
ment.
2. Cruelly, inhumanly, savagely. (Used of
persons orthmgs.)
" But yet you barbarously murdered him."
Brydett : Spanish Friar, v. 2.
"The English law touching forgery became, at a
later perioa, barbaroasly '<eveie ; but in 1608 it was
absurdly lax."— J/acaiii*;^; //(>■;. JSnsj., ch. xxiii.
3. In a way inconsistent with purity of
idiom.
"We barbarously call them blest,
Wliile swelling coffers break their owners' rest."
Stepney.
bar'-*bar-ous-nesSi, s. [Eng. harbarous ;
-Tiess.] The quality of being barbarous.
1. Absence of civilisation or of polish,
"... the ignorance of the friar, and the barbar-
ousncss of the Gotha."—3'e7nple.
2. Cruelty.
" The barbarousness of the trial and the persuasives
of the clergy prevailed to antiquate it," — Hale: Com-
mon Law.
3. Such misuse of words as might be ex-
pected from a foreigner ; incorrectness in the
use of words ; impurity in idiom.
"It is much degenerated as toxiching the pureness
of speech ; being overgrown with barbaroiisness." —
Brerewood.
Bar'-bar-y, bar'-bar-y, s. & a. [In Sw.,
Dan., & Gar. Barbariet; Dut. Barbarije; Ger.
Berberei ; Fr. Barbarie ; Ital. Barberia; from
Lat. harbaria, a foreign country — i.e., one out
of Italy. Or from Berber, the name given by
the Arabs to the native inhabitants of North
Africa before the Mohammedan conquest.]
A. As substantive :
1. Geo(}. : An extensive region in the north
of Africa, comprising Morocco, Algeria, Tunis,
and Tripoli to the north, with the Beled-ul-
Jered, or Country of Dates, to the south of
the Atlas mountains.
12. "'"(/, Lang.: ABarbaiyhor.se; a barb.
"They are ill-l-iiilt,
Pin-buttock'd, like your dainty barbaries,
Aud weak i' the pasterns,"
Beaum. * Flct. : V/il-dgoose Chace.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the region
described under A.
Barbary ape (or Mafint). A nionkey
— the Maca.ciLs Initus, found in the north of
BARnARY Al'li.
Africa, .nid <•[' which a colony exists on thi*
Rock uf Gil'ialtar. It is the only recent
European quadrumanous animal. It is .snnic-
times called the Magot, and is the species
occasionally exhibited, when young, bv show-
men in the streets. When adult, it becomes
much less controllable. It has a full and
moderately long muzzle, hair of a greenish-gray
colour, and a small tubercle in plitce of a tail.
Barbary gum. The gmn of the Acacm
(J II nimifn-a. The tree grows in Mogador, in
Morocco.
Barbary horse. A barb. [Barbarv,
A. 'J.]
■■" bar'-bar-yne, s. [From hnrhf^rry (q.v.).]
The fruit of the barberry-bush.
" Barbari/ne imte : Bsrheviin."— Prompt. Pm-v.
bar'-bas-tel, bar-bas-telle, s. [In Fr.
barbastelle ; accordingto Agassiz, from a pioper
name, possibly Barbastro in Aragon.] A bat
— the Plecotus borbastellus. It is (jf a deep
brown colour, with the end of each hair yellow.
It is found in France and Germany. {(Jri^itk's
Cuvi&r, dc)
bar'-bate, bar'-ba-ted, --'. [Lat. hnihntus;
from barba = a beard.]
Botany: A term
applied to hairs
when they are long
and arranged in
tufts.growiugfrom
different parts of
the surface of a
plant, or in a soli-
tary parcel. The
illustration shows
eight varieties : —
(1) Hair of the
common cabbage ; — .o...,.
(2) Virginian Sjn-
derwort; (3) sting of nettle; (4) 'Whitlow
Grass ; (6) Alyssum ; (6) the fruit of Cc-'-foiini
vesca; (7) leaf of the Prunella nilt/nris ; (S)
Epilobium hirsntum.
barbe, ^\ [Barb.]
bar'-be-cue, s. [Sp. barbacoa, from Haitian
harbacoa = a framework of sticks set u]>on
posts. (-/?. B. Tylor : Prim. Cult., p. l'(.vj.)]
1. A hog dressed whole, as is done in ihe
West Indies. To do this, the carcass of the
animal, split to the backbone, is laid ■u])on
a large gridiron, under and around which is
placed a charcoal lire.
2. A large gathering of people, gencrjilly
in the open air, for a social entertainment,
one leading feature of which is the mast-
ing of animals whole to furnish the numer-
ous members of the party with needful food.
(Americaii.)
bar'-be-cue» v.t. [From the substantive, 1
To roast a hog or other animal whole, in the
manner described under Barbecue, s. (q. v.).
" Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endued,
Cries, Send me, gods, a whole nog barbecued."
Pope.
bar'-be-cued, J3P. vf^r. &a. [Barbecue, c]
barbed (l), pa. j>nr. & a. [Bare (1), v.]
A. Ordinary Language :
t 1. Having the beard trimmed.
2. Bearded; furnished with jagged or arrowy
])oints like a hook.
" The twanging bows
Send showers of BliaCt», that on their barbed points
Altemateruin bejir," Philips.
"Then fix, with gentle twitch, the barbfd hook."
TJioinson : Seasons ; Spring, 410.
F. Her. : Bearded. Used chiefly —
((') Of the five leaflets in the compound leaf
of SMiiie roses,
(t)) Of the point of an arrow.
barbed (2), pa. par. & a. [Barb, v. (y).] In
Wedgwood's opinmn corrupted from Fr. banh'
= ... (of hor&esj covered with armour.
[Barded.]
Ord. Laini. & Her.: Furnished with armour.
(Used si>ecially of a horse.)
" liarbi-d A\'ith frontlet of fiteel, I trow,
And with Jed wood-axe at saddle-bow,"
SvotI: Lay of the Last Min'itrel, i. &.
" With bis barh'-l horse, freah tidings sav,
Stniit C'roimvell has redeemed the day.''
Scott: Rokeby, i. lit.
barbed-catte, barbed catte, s. \
w;iiiike engine. (P'or details see the ex^niiple
from (Aixtou which follows.)
" For to niake awerrely holde that men calle a barbed-
ciitte and a bewfray that ahal haue ix. fadoinc of
lengthe, .md two fadome of brede, and the said catte
six fadoiae of lengthe and two of brede, shall he or-
deyned alle .irjuarre wode for the same aboute four
hondred fiiduni."— C'tKCfo-n : Vngecliis, Sig. I., vi. b. {S,
ill Bo:ii:her.)
bar'-bel, bar'-ble, s. [In Sw. barb-fish =
barb(d-fish ; Dan. barbe-fish ; Dut. barbed;
Ger, barbe, hurhrln; O. Fr. barbel; Fr. bar-
beoif. ^= a barbel fish ; barheU = bearded ; 8p.
k. Port, hiirbo ; Ital. burbio ; Lat. barbellns,
dimin. of bnrbus, from barba=- beard,]
A. Of auytJiing heardlike :
1, A sniall fleshy thread or cord, of which
sevcr.il hang from the mouth of certain fishes.
2. A knot of superfluous flesh growin;;" in
the channels of a horse's mimth.
B. Ofa/ifih hiol'lvg as if it ii'C/c belt. riled : A
tish— the JSarbvs 'nilgari-^ of Fh-ming, the Cy-
prinif< bcrliiis of Linnasus, lielonging tn the
order :Ma];ico]»terygii Abdominales and the
family Cyprinidai. It occurs abundantly in
the Thames and Lea,. spawning in May or June.
It has been known to weigh 15^ jiounds, but is
not prized as food.
"The hfirbi'l i^ so called from or by reason of the
beard or w.tttuls .it his mouth, his mouth being under
his nose ny chiipi. —Walton; Angler.
bar'-bel-late, adj. [Formed by analog^' ' «
if from Lut. barbdlatus, from borba = a beard.]
Bot. : Having barbed or bearded bristles.
bar'-ber (1) (Eurj ). - bar'-bour (0. SmtcJi), s.
[In 8w. barber, burhnure; Dan. barbeer ; Ihit.,
Ger.. & Fr. hnyhler : Sp. barbero ; Port, hnr-
beiro; Ital. barbicre ; fmni Lat. barbn. =bfa)d.J
A man who shaves the beard. Fornicrh' a
rude kind of surgei-y was combined with ihi&
primary function. [BABEER-rHiRUBnEON.]
■■ Thy boist'rous looks.
Xo wiithy tiintth for valour to iissail,
But by thi: barber't, razor best subdued."
Milton : Samson .igon.
barber - chirurgeon, barber - s- u r -
g'eon, '^. A man who combines the trim-
ming of the. beard with the practice of iude
surgery. Tlie separation between the humbler
calling and the more dignified profession was
made by IN George II. ; but the memorial of
the foriner union is still seen in the striped
pole and basoii sometimes projecting as s^in-
bols from the front of a barber's shop. The
ribbon round the pole is said to represent the
bandage tnr the arm, and the bason that for
the receptini) of the blood.
" He put hhii-self into a barber-ch'irurgeons' handr.,
who, by unfit iqipHcations, rarefied the tumour."—
Wii,e7nan: Surgery.
barber-monger, s. A term of reproach
used in Shakespeare. It appeai-s to mean one
who has large dealings with his barber or with
barbers in general ; a fop.
" Draw, vou rogue ; for tliouph it be night, the moon
shines: 11' m.iKe a sop of tlie moonshine of your
di-aw, you whortwon uullionly barber-monger, draw." —
SJiaJcexp. : King Lear, n. 2.
bar'-ber (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson
compares it with leel. haer = abundant and
of good quality ; '). Sw. bara, hnera --= to shine
forth.] That whicii is best or excellent of its
kind. (Vulgar.) (Scotch.)
bar'-ber, '*.'. [From finr&er (l), s.] To shave
or dress tlH-- ban- of ; to trim.
" Our courteouG Antony,
Whnni ne'er the word of ' No ' woman heard speak,
Beinj; barbcr'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast."
S/i'ita^p : Antony u-nd C'leop., li. 2.
bar'-ber-ess, ■-■. [Fug. barber ; -ess.} A
female barber. {Miiif-hev.)
bar -berry, ber-ber-ry, «. [In Sw, ber-
bi'i-i -hill- ; Ital, berbero, berhcri ; Dan., Dut.,
Sp., Port., ^: Lat. berberis , from Arab, ler-
hrrys.] The English name of the Berberis,
a genus of plants constituting the typical rme
of the order Berberidacea- (Berberids). The
Common Barbr im iJirrberis rnlgarl'-)\sv,'il(\ m
Britain, :ind is al-n iilanted in gardens or in
hedu'es. Vi( ing an "marnental shrub, especially
when covcK-d \vitli a profusmn ^f flowers ur
loaded w ith Unit. It has vellow flowers with
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, m.arine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work. whd. son ; mute, ciib, oiire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oa = e. ey = a. qu = Uw.
barbet— bard
421
an unjtleasant smell, which, however, ine
murh frfquentt.'il \>y bees. The benies are
oblong ill foini, red in colour, except iit the
BARBERUY AND FRUIT.
top, where the stigma, wliich is black, re-
mains. Their juice is acid, hence they are
used for preserves and confectionery. Tlie
root, boiled in lye- and the inner bark of the
stem, dye a ■line yeiLu\v. [Beebeeis,]
barberry blight, berberry blight.
Bot. : Tlie English name of a minute fungal,
the .'Ecidium Berberldis of Persoon. It occurs
on tlie leaves olthe barberry, forndng roundish,
brjglit-red spots, consisting of the fruits of tlie
^cidium, which form little eu]is fullof spui'es
when tliey bur.--t. These spores germinate on
the leaves or steni.- < tf wheat, send "ut niynlinm
into the jihuit, and produce the diseuhe called
rust, which was tiiought to be a dihtinct fun-
gus, aevei'al generations of this form grow
in the suniiuer, but in the older specuuens a
darker two-celled spore is jiroduced, which
remains on the straw dui-ing llie wintei, and,
germinating in tlie spring, jn-oduces spurea
that cause the barberry blight.
barberry-bush» a. The barberry ((i-v.).
" Wliere tlie tiiiij^led i)ar/>(.'nv/-l)Uaheii
Hang their tiilta of crimsuii Iji-rries "
LoiiyfHlow : Song uf Jliawatha, Inti'uil.
bar'-bet, s. [in Fr. havhd, from Jiarhc =
beard ; or fi'om Lat. barba— a beard,]
1. Any bird of the family Pieidie and the
sub-family Capitoniuie. The barbets have short
conical bills, with stiff bristles at the base,
short wings, and bj-nnd and rounded tails. It
is from the bristles, which have an analogy to
a beard, that the name is derived. Tliese
birds are found in the warmer parts of both
hemtsplieres, the most typical coming from
South America. {Di'Jlaa : Nat. Jlist.)
2. A dog, called also the poodle. It is tlic
Caiiis JamLliar'ny, var. aquatlcns. It has a
large round head, with a more considerable
cerebral cavity than any other v;iriety (ifdog.
pendent e^ars, long cui'ly hair, white with
black patches, or vice vtma.. There is a large
and a small barbet. {Grijjith's Cuv., vol. v.,
p. 138.)
3. A name gi^ en to a small worm that feeds
on the aphis.
bar-bett'e, s. [Fr ] A mound of earth on
whicli guns are mounted to be lired over the
parapet.
Fortificatlnii. En hnrbdU: : Placed so as to
be fired over tlie top of a piu'iipet, and not
through embrasure-!
\f*''
tecting both from danger except for the briet
period when the piece is being fired. The
gun is raised to its proper elevation for filing
by the depression of certain weights which are
attached to the rockers upon which it is
supported.
bar -bi-can, bar'-ba-can, * bar'-by-
can, s. [In Fr. & Itai. harbm^aiie ; Prov. &
S]>. barbacaiia ; Port, barberaii; Low Lat.
harbricojui, harbicnua; from Arab, barbalchuii
= aqueduct, sewer(?).]
Old Fort ijicat ion :
' I. A long narrow opening in the walls of a
cistle, to draw off the water falling on a plat-
forin or terrace.
2. A hole in the wall of a city or of a
castle, tlirough which arrows and javelins or,
in later times, small firearms or cannon might
be discharged. (Spelmait.)
3. A small tower connected with the out-
works of a city or castle, designed for the
defence of a solitary watchman or the ad-
vanced guard of the garrison, or to be a cover
to the inner works.
bar-bi-tiir'-ic a9'-id, s.
C'™- 8n2§(C3H,o,)"o=*i»'»''J' "'^■^-
By the action of bromine on hydurilic acid
dibromobarbituric acid is lormed along with
alloxan. When this acid is heated with excess
of hydriodic acid it is reduced to barbituric
acid, which crystallises in prisms with two
molecules of water. It is bibasic, and forms
salts. Boiled with potash it gives off am-
monia, and yields the potassium salt of
malonic acid.
bar-ble§, bar'-bels, s. [In Fr. barbes.] A
white excrescence which grows under the
tongue of some calves, and prevents them
from sucking. (Scotch.) {Jomieson.)
*bar'-blyt, j^arlidp. odj. [From Fr. barbeU
= barbed; or = barbellate.] Barbed. [Bar-
EELLATE.] {iSootck.)
" And sum, with arinys barbti/t Ijiaid,
Sa gret iniirtyrdoine on tlmim luis »ia.iLi,
That thai gau draw to woyd the pliLce '
Barbour, viii. 57, M.S. [JamiL'Son.)
'^bar'-bour, s. [Barber.] (0. Scotch.)
" harbour's knyf. A "razor. (0. Scotch.)
bar-hu-la, bar'-bule, «. [Lat. barbula =
a little beard ; dimin. fryni harha = beard.]
A, Ord. Lang. (0/ (/ieyor»i barbule) :
1. A small beard.
2. A small barb.
3. One of tlie processes fringing the Itarb^ of
a fciither, and serving to till up tlie space be-
tween them.
B. Bot. (0/ //ic /"nil barbula) : The beard-
like apex of the peristome in Tortula, and
some other genera of mosses.
' bar-bul'-yie, v.t. [Fr. barbouWe, pa. par.
of barbouiller = to daub, to dribble, to speak
b.Hlty or confusedly.] To disorder, to trouble.
(Scutch.)
T[ This word is still used in Perthshire in
this sense.
"... Everything .-inperit twae
To my barbulb'ctt liniiii."
Cherrie and Slae, at. 17. £vciyrven, ii. 109. {Jamieson.)
bar'-biis, .■!. [Lat. &ar&us = a barbel.] [Bar-
bel.] A ^'cnus of fishes of the order Mala-
cojiterygii Abdominales, and the family Cypri-
nidffl (Carps). One species occurs in Britain,
the B. vnlguris or Barbel, conimoii in the
Thames. [Barbel.]
bar'-ca-roUe, s. [Fr. barcarolle; Ital. bar-
carolo, barcartioh', barcoUiolo = a waterman,
from barca = a barge, a boat.] [Bark.] A
kind of song sung by the Venetian gondoliers ;
a composition eitlier iii music or poetry, or
both, similar in character to such songs.
bar'-clay-a, s. [Named by 'WaUich after
Robert Barclay, of Bury Hill.] A genus of
plants belonging to the order Njmiihieacea'.
and tribe Barclayidaa. They are aquatic plants
with root-stocks like tubers ; the flowers con-
sist of five sepals, distinct from each other ;
(i^■e red petals, united at the base into a tube ;
stamina and carpels, many. They are found
in the East Indies.
bar'-clay-i-d£e, s. pi [Barclaya.]
Bot. : A tribe belonging to the order Nym-
phaaceae, or Water-lilies. Type, Barclaya
(q.v.).
bard (1), * baird, s. [In Sw. and But. hard ;
Dan.,Ger., & Fr. barde : Port, bardo ; Lat.
hardiis; Gr. ^apSog (bardos), all from Irish
& Gael, hard; Wei. bardd, barz ; Arm. barz.]
Cognate with Ir. barda = a satire or lampoon ;
AVel. 6arcf/(as = phiIosojihy ; hardgau — a song ;
hm = rage, enthusiasm ; Ir. & Arm. har ==
brilliant, glossy, learned, literary. ]
1. Originally: A poet by profession, spe-
cially one whose calling it was to celebrate in
verse, song, and play the exploits of the chiefs
or others who patronised him, or those of con-
temporary heroes in general. Bards of this
character flourished from the earliest period
among the Greeks, and to a lesser extent among
tlie Romans. Diodorus and Strabo, in the
first century B.C., allude to them under the
name of ^dpSot (hardoi), and Lucan, in the first
century A.D., under that of bardi. Tacitus
seems to hint at their existence among the
Germanic tribes. It was, however, above all,
among the Gauls and other Celtic nations that
they flourished most.
*>5il. bo^; poiit. j6wl; cat, 9eU» chorus, 9hin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion» -^lon = zhun. -tious, -slous = shus. -ble, -die, &c = bel. del.
GrK KN BARBETTE.
"The hilK rire strongly entrenched, being fortifu'd
with redoubts en barbcUc."— Haiti/ Teletiraph, Ui.t. 8,
1877.
^ Moiicrieffe barbette: A siiecial form of the
barbette system invented by Col. Moncricffe,
by which a gun is elevated at the moment of
firing, the recoil causing it to disappear, b> a
movement likt^ that of a child's rockiii;;-
horse, into a circular pit sufficiently large to
accommodate it and the gunners, thus pro-
bakbican.
(1) III Casllcs, the barbican was placed just
outside the gate, so that it might be used as a
watcli-tower.
* Within tliL' barbican a porter sate
Day and niirht duely Keeping watch and wnrd ;
Nor wight nor word mote ijjiase ont of the g.itc,
But ill good Older and with dew regjird."
Spenner: F. y., II. ix. i:>.
(2) III Cities:
(a) An outwork of a city in advance of the
other ti.irtifications, and designed to cover or
protect them.
(b) A fort at the entrance of a bridge, or at
the place of exit from a city, having a double
wall with towers.
t bar'-bi-can-age, t bar'-ba-can-age
(age as ig), s. [Low Lat. barhicanaguim,
from hiirbicaii (q.v.).] !Money paid for the
support of a barbican. (Bouvier.)
bar'-bi-er§, s. [A difi'erent pronunciation of
Eng., Sac, berihcri (q.v.).] According to Drs.
tSeott and Copland, a paralytic disease, whicli
often ai-ises on the Coromandel coast of India
from sleeping in the open air exposed to the
land-winds, esjiecially in January, February,
and March. 'J'liere are pain, numbness, and
partial paralysis of the extremities, with occa-
sional injury to the voice. It is an acute
disease, and dilferent from beriberi (q.v.).
(Cyclop, of Pract. Med.) But tlie writers now
mentioned had not personal opportunities of
seeing the disease. Dr. Malcolmson of Madras,
and Dr. Carter of Bombay, ^ ^
who liave had this advan- ^ ^
tage, consider barbiers the
same as beriberi (q.v.).
bar'-bi-ton, s. [Lat. har-
hiton &, barlnloit ; Gr. j3ap-
ptTos {barhltos).'] A many-
stringed instrument used
by the ancients. It is gene-
rally said to have been
invented by the Greek poet
Anacreon, but is more
probably of Eastern origin.
It is not certainly known
whether any representative
of a barbiton is actually in
existence, but it is proba-
ble that it greatly resem-
bled the instrument figure*'
here, which is taken from
Blanchini's work.
ANCIENT SEVEN-
STRINGED LYRE.
422
bard— bare
■ According to Warton, tliey were originally a
constitutional aiipendage of the Druid hier-
archy. At Llauidan, in Anglfsea, formerly
inhabited by Druidical conventual societies,
vestiges exist of Tre'r Dryn = the Arch-Druid's
mansion ; lUidruOan =thG abode of tlio inlerior
Druids ; and near them Bod-owyr = the abode
of the Ovailes, i.e., of those passing throiigli
their novitiate ; and Tre'v Brirdil = the hamlet
of the bards.
They may be even considered as essential
constituents of the hierarchy, it the division
of it into priests, philosophers, and poets be
accurate. The bards did not jtass away with
the Druids, but flourished, espei;ially in Wales,
honoured at the courts of princes, and figuring
\\\) to the jiresent day at the Eisteddfods or
gatherings of bards and minstrels. They were
similarly honoured throughout Ireland, and
indeed among the Celts everywhere.
"There is amongst the Irish a kind of people called
hards, which art; to them instead of poets : whose pro-
feasion is to set forth the praises or dispraisen of men
in their pnems or rhime ; the which are had in high
regard and estimation among them." — Upenner : Utata
of Ireland.
t 2. Later : A vagrant beggar, who could not
or would not work, and who, moreover, pre-
tended to be wanting in understanding, if,
indeed, he were not so in reality. (0. Scotch.)
"... Th.at nane sail he thoiled to heg, neither to
hurghnor to land betwixt fourteen and seventy yearc,
that sike as make themselves fules or bair'tcs, or
nthers siklike runners about, being apprehended sail
be put in the king's ward or irones, sae lang as they
have any glides of their awne to liveon."— Sco«ii7i Acts,
i. 4ia. (S. in lioucluir.)
3. Now : A sjmonym for a poet.
" Conquerors and kings,
Founders of sects and systems, to whom add
bouhists, btirds, statesinen, all unquiet things
Wiiich stir too strongly the soul's secret springs,
And are themselves tlie fnols to those they fool;
Envied, yet how unenviable !
Bjiron : Childe Barold, iii. 43.
bard's-crof t, s. The designation given to
a piece of land, on the property of a chieftain,
hereditarily appropriated to the bard of the
family.
"... more seed-barley than would have sowed his
Highland Parnassus, the JiunCs-Croft as it was called,
ten times over." — Scott: Wauerley, chap. xxi.
bard-like, a. Like a bard.
" And all the keener rush of bloo^,
That throbs through hard in bard-like mood.
Hcott : Mai-inion, Introd.
bard (2), s. [Fr. harde = scaly horse armour.]
1. Defensive armour for a horse.
2. A slice of bacon for covering meat, fowls.
&(:., in roasting.
bard, v.t. [In Fr. harder = to lard, to cover
with a slice of bacon, to cover a horse with
armour.]
1. To eapari.son, to adorn with trappings.
2. To cover with a slice of bacon, for roast-
ing.
bar'-dach (ch guttural), .';. [From Eng., &c.,
hard, or from Icel. barda= pugnacious.] Im-
pudent boldness, the result of insensibility to
danger or shame.
" She never minds her, hut tells on her tale
Right bauld and burdach, likely-like and hail."
Jloss: llelenore, p. 81. {S. in Boucher.)
bard'-ed^ pa. -par. & adj. [Bard.] Capa-
risoned ; defended by armour. {Used of horses
as equipped in mediteval times. The armour
covered the neck, breast, and shoulders.)
[Barb.]
Bar-des'-a-mstS, s. pi. [Named after Bar-
desanes, a" Syrian of Edessa, in the second
century.] A Christian sect which followed
the person above named. His tenets were
founded on the Oriental philosophy. He
supposed that God at first made men with
ethereal bodies, but Satan tempted these first
human beings to sin, and then put round them
the grosser bodies which we now possess ;
and that when Jesus descended on earth he
appeared in an ethereal body, and taught men
to subdue their carnal depravity by absti-
nence, meditation, and fasting. Bardesanes
afterwards returned to the ordinary Cliristiau
belief, but his followers long held the tenets
which he had abandoned. (Moshcim: Ch.Hist.,
Cent, ii.)
bard'-ic, a. [Eng. hard; -Ic] Pertaining
to a bard, to the order of bards, or to their
poetry. (Warton.)
bard'-ie, bard'-y, a. [Etymology doubtful.]
Defiant, audacious. (Scotch.)
" f-hiin the pert and b'vdy dame."
A' Galloway : Poems, p. 202.
bar-dig-li-6'-ne ig mute), s. [In Ital.
Marmo Bardiglio di Ber (jcnn o :=marhle bar-
diglio (the mineral anhydrite), from Bergamo,
in Italy.] A mineral, the samu as Anhydrite
(q.v.).
bard'-i-ly, aci-v. [Scotch bardie ; -hj.]
1. Boldly, witli intrepidity.
" They hardily and hardily
Fac'd home or foreign foe ;
Though often forfougnten,
They never grudg'd the blow."
Ii. Oallowu,y : I'oema, p. 64.
2. Pertly. (Javiieson.)
bard'-in, ' bard'-ynge (plur. bard' in§,
"^ bard'-yn-gis), s. [Fr. hardr.] Trappings
for horses. (Often in the plural.)
" Item, — tliair, certane auld hames with folr geir
and bak geir, with jiart of auld aplentis, and hardin to
hora."— I nventoriiis, A. 1566, p. 17o.
" At last be cumyng of Welchemen and CornwaJ, .sa
huge nois rais be reird and sowne of hellia that ham^
on thair bardyngis, that the ennymes war afl'rayt, and
llnaly put to Hycht." — Bellend. : Cnm., fol. 25. [Jumiv-
son. )
bard'-i-ness, -s. [Scotch /jctrrf/e; -ness.} Petu-
lant frowardness, pertness and irascibility, as
manifested in conversation.
bard'-ish, a. [Eng. hard ; -ish.]
1. Pertaining to a bard, or to the bards.
2. Rude, insolent in language. (Scotch.)
"The rest of that day, and miich also of posterior
seBaions, were mispent with the altercation of that
bardish man, Jir. Ii. Uogleish, and the yound constable
of I>undee."— 5a(7;ie; Lett., i. ail. {Jainii.'son.)
bard'-ism, s. [Eng. hard ; -isin.'] The senti-
ments, maxims, or system of belief given
forth by the bards in their verses. (Elton,
Reid, &G.)
bard'-liiig, s. [Dimin. of Eng. hard.l An
inferior bard. (Cuniiingham, Jforcester, etc.)
" bard'-yn-gis, ». pL [Bardin.]
bare, ^ bar, a. & s. [A.S. ha^.r, hare ; Sw. &
Dan. bar; Ger. bar, baar ; Dut. haar ; Irel.
herr ; O. H. Ger. par ; Rnss. hos ; Lith. hnxnt.,
basus ; Sansc. Wtasoci = the sun, and bhas =
to .shine.]
A. As adjective :
I. Literally :
1. Naked, without clothes. Used—
(1) Of the whole of the human body.
"... and leave thee naked and barc."—Ezek. xvi 39.
(2) Of any portion of it :
(a) In a general sense. [Barefoot, Bare-
handed.]
(h) Spec. Of tlie head: Wanting the cover-
ing of their heads ; uncovered, as a token of
respect or for ceremony's sake.
"Though the Lords used to be covered whilst the
Commons were bare, yet the Commons would not be
bare before the Scottish commissioners , and so none
were covered." — Clarendon.
2. More loosely : Consisting of raw flesh.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of things material . ■
(1) Of the body : Lean. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
(2) Of clothes: Threadbare.
"You have an exchequer of words, and no ntb>-r
treasure for your followers ; for it appears by their
hare liveries, that they live by your bare words."—
Shakesp. : Two Gent, of Verona, ii, 4.
(3) Of trees or otiier plants : Destitute of
leaves.
"The trees are bare and naked, which use both to
cloath and house the kem."~Speiiticr : Ireland.
(4) Of a rock, sei'-shore, or anything similar :
Without soil or verdure.
"The hooby lays her eggs on the bare rock, . . .'"—
Darwin: Voyage round the World, ch. i., p. 10.
2. Of things immaterial, ctbstract ; or in c
wore general sense:
(1) Plain, simple, unadorned, without orna-
ment.
" Yet was their manners then but bare and plain :
For th' antique world excess and pride did hate."
Spenser.
(2) Detected ; brought to light.
" These false pretexts and varnish'd coloui's failing ;
Bare in thy guilt, how foul thou must appear ! "
Miltcm: Samson Agon.. 90.
(3) Poor, indigent ; empty. Used —
(a) Of persons :
" Were it for the glory of God, that the clergy should
be left as bare as the apostles, when they ha<l neither
staff nor scrip ; God would, I hope, endue them with
the self-saine affection." — ffooJccr : Pref. to Ecclesias-
tical Polity.
(b) Of things :
"Even from a bire treasury, my success h:ts heeu
coutr.try to that of 31r. V<jw\ey."-~Dryden.
(4) Mere, unsupported or una<:companied by
anything else.
"Those who lent him money lent it on no security
hut his hare '^ord."— Macau hiy : Hist. En{i., ch. xiL
If Sometimes hare is succeeded by of placed
iielorr, that which is taken away.
" Making a law to reduce interest, will not raise the
price oi land ; it will only leave the country barer of
money. "—Locke.
^ To lay hare : To nneovcr anything. (Used
literally and figuratively.)
(a) Literally :
"Therefore lai/ bare your hosom. "
Shttfiesp. . .Merdiaat uf Venice, iv. 1.
(h) Figaratlrt'hj :
"... and he lays hare his disappointment . . ." —
Times, Nuv, 5, IbTi.
Bare poles : The masts and yards of a sliip
when no sails arc set.
To run under have poles: To run with no
sails hoisted, as during storms.
B. As ^uhstimtive :
t Sciiljit'ire : Those parts of an image Avhich
rejircsent the baie flesh.
" To make the visages and hands, and all other bares
of all the said inia^'es ui most quick and fair wise." —
Con/ruL-t .fur (lie J/onuinenc of Jiic/uird Deaueli/onp,
Earl of Wurwi' k, in Stores MoninnetUal Jiemains.
•] (a) Crabb thus distinguishes the adjectives
hare, naked, and uncovered : — "Bare marks the
condition of bein^^ without some necessary
appendage ; mckcl simply the absence of ex-
ternal covering; hare is therefore often sub-
stituted for naked, yet not vice versa — e.g.,
bare-heruled or hare-footed; }i\it a. figure ov the
body is naked. Applied to other objects, bare
indicates want in general ; naked simply some-
thing external, wanting to the eye— e.g., bare
Willis, a hare house ; naked fields, a naked ap-
pearance : '*''yT in this sense is often followed
by the object wanted ; naked is mostly em-
ployed ;is an adjunct— 6are of leaves, a naked
tree. Naked and uncovered strongly resemble
each otlier ; to be naked is in fact to have the
body -uncovered, but many things uncovered
are not naked. Nothing is said to be naked
but what in the nature of things, or according
to the usages of men, ought to be covered."
(ft) Bare, scant]), and destitute are thus dis-
criminated :— " xVlI these terms denote the ab-
sence or deprivation of some necessary. Bare
and scanty have a relative sense ; the former
respects wdiat serves for ourselves, the latter
what is provided by others : a subsistence is
hare, a supply is suvnty. Bare is said of those
things which belong to corporeal sustenance;
destitute of one's outward circumstances in
general ; bare of I'lotltrs or money ; destitntc of
friends, resources, &c."
(c) The following is the distinction between
hare and mere : -" Bare is used positively, mere
negatively. The bare recitid of some events
brings tears ; the mere attendance at a place
of worship is the smallest part of a Christian's
duty."
bare-handed, a. Having the hands, or
one of them, baie. {Butler, Worcester, dc.)
bare-toed, a. Having the tnes bare.
Bare-toefl Day Owl: A name given by JVIai--
gillivray to an owl, strix 'passerina, the" Littte
Night Owl of Audubon and Selby, Syrnia
psilodactyla of JIacgillivray. [Xgctua.]
bare-worn, a. AVorn bare. (Goldsmith,
Worcc^fn; d-c.)
bare, t'.^ [Bare, a.&s.] Torenderbare. Used—
I. Litercdly : Of the human Ijody or any
part of it.
" Since thy triumph was bought by thy vow —
Strike the busom that's bared fur thee now ! "
liyroii. ■ Jcflulm •> Daughter.
n. Fig : Of anything else capable of being
denuded of its ciu'ering. Sjncially —
1. Of vuite rial things :
(a) Of a tree which has been divested ot
its leaves or branches, or of grass nippe<l or
cut short.
" Loi>ped of their boughs, their hoar trunks bared.
And by the hatchet rudely squared."
Scott Lady of the Lake, i. 2C.
"There is a fabulous narration, that an herhgrnweib
In the likeness of a lamb, and leedetb upon the- ;^'r;iss
1)1 sui'h .surt as it will bare the rrass round about. "—
/iaron: .\a(,.,-al H,.fur„.
(b) Of a weapon unslieathed.
" But thundering as he came prepared,
\\ ith ready arm and \se.ipon bared."
Scott . Lady of the Lake. i. 8.
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire. sir. marine; go, pot„
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, os = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
bare— bargain
i23
(c) Of any other material thing divested of
its (lovpriiig.
2. Of things iimnaterUtl or itfystroA^t :
" For Virtue, when I iwiiit the pen.
Bare the mean heai-t that lurks beneath a at;ir ;
Ciui there lie wanting to defend her cause,
Lighta of the church, ur guardians of the laws? "
Pope.
bare, v. One of the preterites of the verb to
bmr.
"... the Levites, which fitirr theiiilmf the coveiiimt
of the Lord, . . .' — DeiU xxxi. 25.
"... the daughter of Aiah, whom she &«7-c' unto
Saul. . , ." — 2 Sam. xxi. 8,
ba're-bone, s. [Eng. hare; hone.] A very
lt;;ui pKi-Hoii, one who looks as if he had no
tlesli ou liis bones.
"Here comes leiiu Jack, here cornea bnrebone : . . .
how lon^' is it a!,'i», Jiuik, aiiice thuu sawcst thy own
knee ; '—Shake/i/j. . 1 Jlmiry I v., ii. 4,
■[ IJarebonc's Parliam-pnt (//(.sr); A derisive
nickname given to the Hrst Parlumient elected
under the auspices of Oliver Cromwell. It
was so called bec^ause it had as one of its
members a Puritan leather-seller in Fleet
Street known as "Praise God Barebone." It
was not a properly representative assembly.
Cromwell having requested the sevei-al minis-
ters of religion to send in the names of tin;
most pious members of tlieir several eonyn'-
gations, he selected from the lists forwanled
to him 139 Englishmen, six Welshmen, four
Scotsmen, and six Irishmen, and invited or
summoned them to the House of Commons.
On the appointed day of meeting (July 4,
lij5;i), a hundrt'd and twenty of the selected
meniliers actually presented themselves. Five
nuinths subsequently, at the suggestion of
Colonel Sydenham, they resigned their au-
thority into the hands of Cromwell, wlio
forthwith began to rule under the title of
"His Highness the Lord Protector." Bare-
bone's was sometimes called also the " Little
Parliament." Some of its measures were en-
lightened. It was economic of 'the publii;
money ; it desired the codification of English
law, an aim unhappily not yet accomplished ;
and it provided for the registration of births,
marriages, and deaths.
ba 're-boned, n. [Eng. bare; honed.] Having
the bones covered with but little flesh.
(.Slu'l.esiicarc.)
bared, jin. -par. & a. [Barf:, v.]
ba're-fa9ed. n. [Eng. hare ; faced.]
1. Lit. : Having the face bare or uncovered.
" Your French crowns h.ive no hair at aU, and then
2. Fig. : With sliameless boldness in doini,'
what is evil, or avowing something wlncn
might have been expected to be concealed.
" The animnHitiea increased, and the parties appeared
brtra/itced agauist each other." — Clareiulon.
"... biirefiivod Yohhe\\tia of private property, . . ,"
—Arnold: /lis!. Homo, uh, xli.
ba're-fag-ed-ly, orfu. [Eng, barefaced; -hj.]
1. Lit. : With the face bare.
2. Fig. : In a barefaced manner ; with shame-
less boldness in doing an evil deed or avowing
sometliing disreputable.
"Though only some profligate wretches own it too
biirf/acudti/, ye£, perhaps, we should liear more, did not
fear tie people's tongues." — Locke.
ba're-fa9-ed-ness, s. [Eng. barefaced; -of'.ss.]
The state or quality of being barefaced, either
literally or liguratively.
ba're-fit, a. [From Scotch hare, ami Jit =
Eng. foot. ] Barefooted. (Scotch.)
" . . . its nae mair ferlie to see a woman greet than
to see a goose going harejU."— Scott : Hob /ion, ch. xxvii.
ba 're-foot, a. & rulv. [Eng. hare, and foot.]
Not having boots, shoes, or stockings ; bare-
footed.
A. .4s ailjective:
"... Lochiel took olF what nrohahly was the only
mir of shoes iu his clan, and charged barffoof at the
hea<l of hismeu."— J/(tc/i(tiuy; Hitt. Eng., eh. xiii.
" That barvfnot plod I the coUl gromid iipoii."
Sliakesp. : All's Well that £ncis Well, iii. 4
B. As adverh : Without boots, shoes, or
stockings on the feet.
ba're-foot-ed, a. [Eng. hare ; footed.] With-
out boots, shoes, or stockings on the feet.
1. TAterally:
"1 know a lady in Venice, who would have walked
b'lrrfooted to Palestine, for a. touch of his netlier
lil>. 'Shakesp. : Othello, iv. 3.
2. Figuratively :
" Thus did that i>oor soul wander in want and cheerless
discomfort, ,
Bleeding, barefooted, over the sli.mlM and thorns of
existence."— i-o«,'/.''e//oi*'; Ec-imjultnc, li, l.
bar'-ege, s [From Bareges, a town in th",
Pyi-enees.l A lady's thin dress goods, all
wool. (Knight)
ba're-gnawn (g silent), adj. [Eng. bare;
gnawn.] (inawn or eaten bare ; gnawn or
eaten till no more tlesh remains on the bones.
" Know my name is lost,
By treason'b tooth biin-giiawn and caiikeibit."
^hithesp : King Lfur, v. 3.
ba're-head-ed, a. [Eng bare ; headed.]
Having the liead uncovered.
" Bucliau cscaijed bitrchende'/, and withoiit his
swurd. <Jaiiiion ran away in hia shirt." — Macaality
J/ist. Eiiij., ch. xvi.
bare-head'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bareheaded ;
-ness.] The state or qnality of being bare-
headed ; the state of having the head un-
covered.
" Siirehcadednpss was m Corinth, a.i also in all Greecu
and Kome, a token of hoimur and superiority ; .and
covering the head, a toktin of subjection."— fl/' Ilall :
Item.., p. 2;t7.
*bar-eigne (eigne as en), bar'-einCs
^ bar-reia, «. Various old ^pellings of
barren.
* bdr'-el, -=. [Barrcl.]
ba're-legged, (' . ['E.w^.hnre; logged.] Havin-
the legs bare.
"He riseth out of his hed in hi-; -iliLrt, karcfiint aiiii
6ar«iff,(7(7crf, tosee whetlier it he so; witli ;idnik laiiteiii
searching every vomar."— Hurl on: Aimfi'inj/"/ Mvlmi-
choly, p. 110.
ba're-ly, "'?y. [Eng }iarc;-ig.]
I. LiU'raUy : Nakedly.
II. Figurattrcly :
1. Poorly.
2. Without decoration.
3. Merely; only; withimt anything more
"Where the halance of trade bareln I'ly- for com-
modities witli comiiuidities. there iiihulv must he
sent, or clue ttie debts caiiiLut Iji.' laid,"— /.orAc
4. HartUy ; scarcely.
" Kij aaain the two main divisMHis i.f cirri])cili-"^. the
ptdunciilated and nessile, whicli dLfiVr widely in l-\-
t^rnal appearance, have larvoe iu all tlieir several
^bigL's bitreli/ distiuguishahle ■'—/'((*■«'(" Origin of
S/ivciex, ch xiii.
ba're-necked, a. IEul;. har<\ and necked. \
Having the ne(;k bare (lit. d'Jig.).
"All things are naked unto him, Trtii'Ta Terpax''}'
\LtrfX€i/a., ,all things are barc-neckf unto him, 'tis io
the original, being a metaphor taken from the mode
in the Ehistein countrey, where they go bare-neckt." —
llcwyt : Serin., p. 70.
ba're-ness, s. [Eng. hare: -nr.^s.]
I. Lltendhj: Nakedness of the body or any
jiortion of it.
II. Figuratively:
1. Tlireadbareness or meanness of clothing.
2. Leanness.
"... but when you have our roaes
Ton barely leave our thorns to prick our-ul^ ea,
And mock ua with our bareness."
S/uikesp . All's Well that End.', Well, iv, 2.
3. Poverty.
" U'lTe it stripped of its privileges, and made ns like
the primitive church for ilia bareness as its imritj, it
could legally want all such privile^-'cs."— .sud^/i,
4. Absence of vegetation and warmth ;
nakedness. (Lit. dtjig.)
" How like a winter hath my absence heeu
From thee, the pleiusure of the fleeting yejir .'
What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen !
What old December's barcne.'is everywhere."
S/iakesp. ■ Sonne's, H".
ba 're-picked, a. ['En'j:.hare; p irked.] Picked
bare ; jiieked to the bone.
" ^^ow, for the bnre-i>ick'd bone of majesty,
Dotli dogged war bristle his angry crest.
And snarTeth in the gentle eyes of i>eace.'
Shakesp. ■ liing John, iv. 3
ba're-ribbed, adj. [Eng. bare; ribbed.]
Having the ribs bare in the sense of possess-
ing but little flesh upon them.
"... in his f(irehea<l sits
A bare-ribVd death, whose office is this day
To feast ui>ou whole thousands of the French."
Sliakesp. : Kim/ John, V. 2.
** bar'-et (1), '' bar'-ette, s. [B.\rrat.]
" bar'-eyn, a. [Barren.]
bar -fiil, t barr'-ful, a.
Full of obstructions.
[Eng. bar; -fnJ.]
"A bar/ill strife !
Whoe'er I woo, mvself would be his wife "
's/iiike^p.: Twelfth SiglU, i. 4.
bar gain, bar-gane, ^ ber'-gane, v.t.
& i. {Ft. hargaigncr ^ to bargain, haggle,
boggle, waver, hesitate ; O. Fr. hargnigner,
hantuiner, barqlner. bargalgner, hargdgner;
Vvw & Port, hnrganhar : Ital. hargagnare ;
Low Lat. hinraniare=\.'^ traffic; from barca
= a bark. (Bakk.) (Jompai'e also with (). Sw.
Ixrria, birr/a — X'^ contend; Icel. /.(-;;/(; = to
strike; /((^r/o^f ^to stiive ] (0. Eng. Li;S<ntvh.)
A. JutrawiitiL'e :
' 1. To fight, to contend. (0 Srofch.)
"Wallace said, Xay, or that ilk tyme be went,
War all the men hyn till |thc] orient.
In till a will «itb Eduuard, quha had *"-iru,
We sail bargaiie he ix. houri^ to niorii
tVulliirc, X. olti, .US. {Jtiuiir'<i-n.)
2. To make a contract, agreement, or fornial
stipulation for the purchase or sale of any-
thing ; to agj-ee. (In general it has after it
for, which is prefixed to the thing purchased
or sold.)
" So worthle.ss peasjints bargain fn- tlieir wLvea,
As market-men for oxen, sheep or burse "
Shak'^sp 1 tien. V! , v. 5.
B. Tr(i,}sUire : To transfer to another iu
consequence of a bargain.
bar-gain, ' bar'-gan, * bar-gane,
■'^ ber'-gane, s. [O. Fr. hargaine, haningne,
hargaigve ; Prov. bargaa, harganha ; Port.
barganJia ; Ital. bargagno. Compare also Icel.
hardaga = battle.] [Bargain, v.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Origitiallg : Contention, strife, quarrel-
ling. (0. Evg. ii- Snitrh.)
" This is the strike, eke th' afTraie,
Ami the battel tbac l.Trftteth aie.
This bargaine maj' never take.
But that if she thy pece will make "
lloinaiint of the Rose, C 551.
" Thare was ane hidduous lmtt.il for ti^ sene
As thare nane uthir bargane are had bene."
Donglas: .Eneid, bk. li. (S. in Boucher.)
II. Sid>.-^nj>n'ntbj:
1. Generally :
(1) An agreement, stipulation, or contract
between two parties, the oin.- nf whom enga-es
to part with certiiin property for a sitecilied
price, and the other to give that price for it,
and accept tlie proi'city as his own. In im-
portant bargains or imlilic treaties among the
ancient ilonians, a swine was .sacridced, the
jierson who gavt- it the death-blow formally
expressin- the wish that Jupiter might simi-
larly stiikt or smite the Roman people if they
wcT- unfaithful to their stipulations (see Livy,
i. 24). From this, perhaps, came the phrase
still connnon, " to strike a bargain," meaning
simply to make a bargain with due formalities.
Or there may be a reference to the stiiking
hands mentioned in Prov, xxii. 26; vi. 1; also
xi. V> (margin).
"A bargain was struck: a sixpence w.as broken;
and all the aiTangeuients were made for the voyaye."
— .i/acauliij/ : Hist. Eng., ch, \.\i.
Into tlie, haigaln: In addition, beyond what
wa; stipu]ate<i for >v expected.
" Give me but my price for the other two, and you
shall even have that into the bargain." — /.'Estrange.
"He who is at the charge nf a tutor at home, may
f;ive hia son a more genteel carriage, with grc-ater
earning into the bargain, than any at school can do."
—Locke.
(2) ]\Ierepnariness ; interested stipulation.
" There was a difference between courtesies reeci.ved
from their master and the duke ; for that tlu' duke's
might have ends of utility and bargain, wlierejis their
masters could wot."— Bacon.
2. Specially :
(1) Lit. In a favovrable sense: An article
]iurchased at an advantageous rate.
" As to bargains, iew of thein seem to be excell'nt,
because they all terminate into one single point." —
Swift.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) Chiefly in an imfavonrable sev.^e : An
event affecting one's destiny or interests.
" T am sorry for thy inisfortiuie ; however, we must
make the l>e»t of a b.id barqain." — .^4 rbuthnot : 1/istory
of John Ball.
(h) An indelicate repartee.
" Where sold he bargnuif. whipstitch?"— /Jryrffm.
B. Law. Bargain and Sale : A kind of con-
veyance introduced by the " Statute of Uses."
It is a kind of real contract in which the
"bargainor" for some pecuniary' transaction
bargains and sells, that is, contracts to con-
vey, the land of the " bargainee," and becomes
by such bargain a trustee for, or seised to the
use of, the bargainee. The Statute of Uses
completes the purchase ; in other words, the
b6il, bo^; poiit, j6^I; cat, 9eU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -mg.
-cian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion — shun; -tion. -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dol.
^M
bargainee —barium
havf^ain first vests the use, and then thf
statute vr.sts the iiossessiim.- (Sci- BlackstoiK/^
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20.)
liar'-gain-ee, ». [Eng. bargain ; -ce.]
Law: A persnu with whujii a liar^'aiii is
made ; the correlative tfriii to linrijduior. One
whi") accejits a liargain ; one who a^rci's tn
accept the ]iriii>erty about which a bargain has
"been made.
"A leiise, or rather bargain aud sale, upon some pe-
cuniary conaideratiuii, for one j'ear. ia made hy the
tenant of the freehold to the lessee ur bargainee."—
Blackstone : Comvicnt.. bk. ii., ch. 20.
bar'-gain-er, '" bar'-gan-er, .. [Eug. har-
gahi : -er.]
*l. (Cliirfiynftheformh:iTga.ner): A tighter,
a bully. (O.'/i^'r/ d: Scnlrh.)
"Than Yrecoiii on with aturt and stryfe :
His hand wes ay upouii hla knyfe,
He brandeist lyke a heir,
Bostaris, braggaris, and har<janeris,
Eftir hmi passit into pains,
All bodin in feir of weir "
Dunbar Btmnatyne Poems, i> 28, at. 4.
2. {Chiefly of the form bargainer) : A jierson
who bargains \vith another or others. [Bar-
gainor.]
" See, if money ia paid hy ""« of the btiroainers, if
that be not good a\30."— Chilton : iiepcn-ts of Pleus
(10r,L), p. 145
bar'-gain-ihg, *bar'-gan-yng, pr. par.,
q,., 'i, s. [Bargain, v.]
A. & B. -4s preseui 'pa/rticijile & adjective:
In senses corresponding to those of the verli.
C. .^15 suhstaiUive :
1. The act of fighting.
"This Eneas, wyth hydduoiis bargfinung,
lu Itale thrawart pepill sail doun thring."
Doug. : Virgil, 2i, !i.
2. The act of making or attempting to make
a bargain {Adaui Smith.)
bar'-gain-or, .5. [Eng. hargai)i ; -or.]
In Law : On who bargains, stipulates,
agi'ees, or contracts to transfer projierty, for a
certain pecuniary or other consideration, to
another person called the bargainee.
"... a kind of re.tl contract, whereby the bargainor,
for some pecuniary consideratiou, barg.iina and sells,
that Ls, contracts to convey, the land to the bargainee."
— Blackstone . Comment,., bk. ii., ch. 20.
*bar'-gan, ""bar'-gane, 6. [Bargain.]
* bar - gan'- der, ^ bir - ga a- der, * bur-
gan'-der, s. [The first element is un-
certain, but it is probably M. E. bergh = a.
burrow, from the fact that the bird frequently
breeds in rabbit-holes, whence it Ls.also called
the burrow-duck. The more general form of
the name is, however, hcnjamler (q.v.).]
Zool. : One of the English popular names of
a duck, the Sheldrake (Tadorna ndpanser).
*bar'-gane, v.t. [Bargain, v.t.]
* bar'-gan-yng, pr. par., u.., & s. [Bargain-
ing.]
* bar'-ga-ret, ' bar'-ga-rete, s. [From Fr.
hergerettc = a shepherd-girl.] A kind of dance,
with a song, .supposed to have been popular
among shepherds.
". . . tho* beffan anon,
A lady for teaing, right womanly,
A bargaret in praising the daisie."
Cfuiiiccr . Floure aTid Leafe
* bar'-gast, .>. [Barghaist.]
barge (1), .'-■. [In Dut. bargic; Fr. barge = a.
hay-stack, a flat-bottomed boat for pleasure
or burden, a pile of faggots ; berge = a beach,
a steep bank, a shoal, a bank, a small boat ;
O. Fr. barge: Prov. harca, barga ; Sp., Port.,
& Ital. barca ; Low Lat. barga. Bark and
barge were originally the same word.] [Bark.]
1. A sea- commander's boat.
■' It was consulted, when I had taken my barge and
gone ashore, that my ship should have set sail aud left
Bi.e."—Iialeigh.
2. A pleasure-boat. A boat fittod up with
all necessary equipments for comfort, fes-
tivity, and siiou-.
"They were put on board of a state barge, ," —
Stacaiilay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
3. A boat used on rivers for the conveyance
of goods.
"... gettiug into the lar^e punts or SargiiTS, which
were ordinarily used forferrymg men .and cattle across
the harbour, . . ."—Arnold : Hist. Rome, ch. xxi.
" By the niai-gin, willow-veiled.
Slide the heavy barges trailed."
Tennynon ■ Tlie Ladu of Sluxlott.
barge-laden, «. Laden with barges.
" The Nen's hrrrr/r-Imlen wave "
Cowper. Bill of Jtorfnlrl'/. A.D. 1787.
barge (2J. s. &a, [Corrupted fi'om r<'rge(i:.v.).^
barge-board, s
In ArrkitcctvK
A iirojecting boaid
usually placed it
the gable end < 1 i
building, and < on
cealing the horizon
tal timbers, laths
and tiles of the
roof It serves as i
protection aganibt
driving rain, and
is generally perfor eargl board
ated or scalloped
to give it an ornamental appearance.
barge-couples, s. ji?.
Arch. : Two beams mortised into each other
to strengthen a building.
barge-course, s.
Arch. : A part of the tiling projecting beyond
the princijial rafters in buildings where there
is a gable.
bar-ge'e, s. [Eng, barge ] A man who man-
ages a barge. [Barger.]
bar'-geist, s. [Barghaist.]
bargc'-man, o. , [Eng. barge; man.] A man
who manages a barge. [Bargee.]
"He knew that others, like sly bargemen, looked
that way when their stroke was l>eiit another way."—
Lord Northatnpton : Proceed. i/ganiKC Garnet, sign. N.
" And backward yode, as bargemen wont to fare."
Spenser: F. Q., VII. vii. 35,
barg'e-mas-ter, s. [Eng. barge ; master.]
The master of a barge
"There is hi law an implied contract with a common
carrier, or bargemaiit''r, to be answerable for the goods
he carries."— fl/actsfo«c.
bar'-ger, s. [Eng. barg(e) ; -er.] One who
manages a barge. [Bargee.]
"... who again, like the Canipelliana in the north,
and the London bargi'.rx, foralow not to baigne them."
— Careto: iiuruey of Cornwall.
* bar'-ghaist, bar-guest, "bar'-gast.
i * bahr'-geist, s. [First element doubtful ;
and guest, ghaist = ghost.]
M)ith. : A demon with frightful teeth, long
claws, and staring eyes, believed to have its
habitat in Yorkshire, said to appear near gates
and stiles.
"... needed not to care for gh-aist or bar-gJiaist,
devil ordubbie." — Scott • Hob Roy.
"Thou art not, I presume, ignorant of the qualities
of what the Faxons of this land call a bahr-geist."—
Scott : Tales of the Crusaders, i. 294
bar'-i-a, c. [Baryta.] A name for Baryta
(q.v.). -
ba-rid'-i-US, s. [From Gr. papt? (baris) =
an Egyptian boat, a kind of flat boat ; elSos
(eifIos) = . . . form, api-iearance.] A genus of
beetles belonging to the family Curculionida-,
or Weevils, Th,e species are generally small
cylindrical insects, black, and covered with a
whitish down. They feed on aquatic plants.
ba-ril'-la, s. [In Fr. barille ; Sp. harrilla.]
The ash of sea-weeds and plants, as Salsohi
■soda, which grow on the sea-si("i;. It is pre-
pared on the coast of Spain, and was formerly
the chief source of sodium carbonate. (Brandc.)
barilla de cobre (copper barilla). The
commercial name for native coiiper brought
from Bolivia. [Copper.]
bar -Is, s. [From Gr. jSapi? (baris) = a. row
boat. Probably in allusion to their shape.]
[Baridius.] a genus of beetles belonging to
the family CurculionidEe.. The species feed
upon the dead parts of trees. Baris lignarius
preys both in the larva and the perfect state
on the elm.
ba-ri'-ta, s. [From Gr. ^apils (parns) = heavy ]
A genus of birds, placed by Guvier among the
Laniadee (Shrikes), but transferred by Vigors
to that of Corvidae (Grov.-s). The birds belong-
ing to it are called by Buff'on Ca^sioans. They
are found in Australia and New Guinea.
Baritn tibicen is the Piping Crow of New
South Wales.
bar-ite, bar'-yt, bar'-yte, ba-ry'-tine,
ba-ry'-tite. ba-ry'-tes, s. [Boriie is from
Gr. ^apug (barus) = hea^'^' ; baryte^ from Gr.
^apuTTjs (barutes) = weight, heaviness ; baryt.
barytbie, and barytilf from the same sul.st.,
the last two with suffixes -ine and -He respec-
tively. In Ger. haryt ; Fr. baryte.] [Bariuhi,
Baryta.] A mineral, called also Baroselenite,
Huljiliate of Baryta, Heavy Spar, and by the
Derbyshire miners Cauk, Calk, or Cawk. It
is placed by Dana in his Celestite group. It
is oi-thorhombic, and has usually tabular
riystals, or is globular, fibrous, lamellar, or
granular. Its hardness is 2-5— 3 -.O ; spec,
gr. as much as 4'3— 4*72, whence the name
Hea\'y-Spar ; its lustre vitreous or slightly
resinous ; its colour white, yellowish, grayish
black, reddisli or dark brown It is some-
times transparent, sometimes almost opaqur-.
When rubbed it is occasionally fetid. Its
comijosition is : Suliihuric acid, 34'.*i ; baiyta
(monoxide of barium), 65'7 = 100, whmce the
name Sulphate of Baiyta. It is found as ]jart
of the gangue of metallic ores in veins in
secondary limestones, &c. It occurs, among
other places in England, in Westmoreland,
Durham, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, and Corn-
wall ; in Scotland, in Argyleshire, Perthshire,
and Aberdeenshire ; in many places on the
Continent of Europe, in America, and other
parts of the world.
Dana thus subdivides Barite : — Var. 1.: (a)
Ordinary', (b) created, (c) columnar, (d) con-
cretionary, (e) lamellar, (/) gi-anular, (g) com-
pact or crjq)tocrystaUine, (h) earthy, (i) sta-
lactitic and stalagmitic. Bologna stone is
included under (d). [Bologna Stone.] 2.
Fetid, 3, Allomorj)hiti.' 4. Calcareobai'ite.
5. Celestobarite. 6. Calstronbarite.
It is found altered into calcite, spathic iron,
and a variety of other minerals.
bar-i-tone, bar-i-to -no, s [See Bary-
tone. ]
bar'-i-um, s. [In Ger. harym, from Gr. Pa.pv<;
(barns) = heavy. It is so named from the
great specific gravity of the native carbonate
and sulphate.]
Chem. : A dyad metallic element ; symb. Ba ;
atomic weight, li-iV. Barium is iirejiared by the
decomiiosition of barium chloride, BaCU, by
the electric current, or bythe vai>ourof potas-
sium. It is a white malleable metal, which
melts at red heat, decomposes water, and
oxidises in the air Barium occurs in nature
as barium carbonate and sulphate. Its salts
are prepared by dissolving the carbonate in
acids, or by roasting the native sulphate of
barium with one-third of its weight of coal,
which converts it into barium sulphide, BaS ;
this is decomposed by hydrochloric or nitric
acid, according as a chloride or nitrate of
barium is required. All soluble salts of barium
are very poisonous ; the best antidotes are
alkaline sulphates. The salts of barium are
employed as reagents in the laboratory, and
in the manufacture of fireworks to produce
a green light. Barium is ijrecii>itated as a
carbonate, BaCOg, along with carbonates of
strontium and calcium, by ammonia carbo-
nate. [See Analysis.] Barium can be sepa-
rated by dissoh'ing the carbonates in acetic
acid, and adding potassium chromate, which
gives a yellow precipitate of tht insoluble
barium chromate. Barium salts give an im-
mediate white precipitate on the addition of
calcium sulphate, an insoluble precipitate
with 4HF.SiF4 (hydrofluosilicic acid), and a
white precipitate insoluble in acids with sul-
iihuric acid or with soluble sulphates ; this
precipitate is not blackened by HgS. Barium
chloride gives a green colour to the flame of
alcohol, and the spectrum of barium salts
contains a number of characteristic green
lines.
barium carbonate.
1. Cliem. : A heavy white powder obtained
by i)recipitating barium chloride or nitrate
with an alkaline carbonate. It is nearly in-
soluble in water. Formula, BaCOg.
2. Min.: A mineral, called also Witherite
(q.v ).
barium chloride, BaClg. A colourless
transparent salt, crystallising with two mole-
cules of water in flat four-sided tables. A
saturated solution boils at 104-5°, and con-
tains 78 parts of the salt dissolved in 100 iiarts
of water.
barium dioxide, BaO.2, is obtained by
gently heating baryta in a cui-rent of oxygen
gas. It is a grey powder, which when heated
to a higher tem])erature gives off' oxygen gas,
and is re-converted into baryta.
^te, fat, fare, amidst, wbat, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey — a. qu = kWo
bark— barley
425
barium monoxide (or hn.nt.,, BuO). a
•^rcy iiorouB mass obtjiined by heating burimii
uitratt' ; itfui'ins a liydrate witli watyi (barium
hydiate), ]irnamjiuK crystals, BaH.^Oo.SH.jO.
which dissulvi; hi twenty i>aits itf^cold and
twii nf Ijoilins water, forming an alkaline salt,
winch rapidly absorbs CO-j from the air,
baiium carbonate being jirecipitat'-d. Barium
hydrate t-au also be obtiiined bv deroniiiosing
barium chloride in caustic si'iI;l
barium -titrate, Bfi(X(.);;).j, It crys-
tallises ill -.nbydron.s transinirod. colourless
i)ctulit-dr;' , they dissolve in eight iiails of cold
;nid three parts of boiling wiiUr ; it is much
less soluble in dilute acids.
barium sulphate.
1. Clieinistnj: il;ibi)4, obtained liy adding
sulphuric acid or a f^ohible sul|iliate to a
solution of a barium .salt. It is a wlutu heav\-
powder, insoluble in water or dilute ;icids. It
is used, under the name of uhmr fur, as a
substitute for white lead in the manufacture
of oil paints,
2. Mill : A mineral (sp. gr. 4".'i) r;dled alsri
Heavy Si'ar ()r Barite (q.v.) The jiowdcred
niinei-al i.s too crystalline to be used as a white
paint-
barium sulphate - carbonate. A
mineral, a variety of Withcrite.
, Is obtained
,il It decom-
; boiled with
i Barium
. bi-(,'n used
barium sulphide, Bas.
by roasting BiiS04 with ebai'i-o.il
poses by exposuj-e to tlie air;
sulphui', it yields higher sulpliidi
sulphide is iihosjiliorescent, and 1
to render the dials
dark.
of clocks lumiiioua in the
bark (1). s. [Froiu havl:, r 0|,v,)] The
peculiar iitteranee of a dog. (If" nulti'i'. Smith.)
bark (2), s. [In Sw. ^ Dan, hurl: =hai-k,
rind; Icel. hbrkr ; tlei. buih:.]
A. Ordinal y Lcuigiioge :
1. Ge.nci-ci.lly:
(ft) Tlie i-ind or outer sheath eiivlo[iiiig a
trer. [B 1.]
"Trei'^N Ifwt ;ifCni(liiig to tlie strength ami i|iiantity
nf the
h:irh :
1)^1 tliu iiijariea (
(?j) A tree itself. {Poet.)
" Ami nigyeil barks liegiu to buU."
2. Spec: Peruvian bark. [B. -.]
B. Technically:
1. Lot: Tlie outer sheath cnvelo|iiiig the
stem in au exogenous i)lant, and [irotectiug
the wood, whilst the latter is ,\oung and
tender, from injury by t;old or by external
violence. It also prepares the jTopLr .juices
of the plant, which have descended fi-oni the
lea\es, for being transmitted tlirongh the
medullary y.tys to the wood. Hark consists
of four parts: (1) tlie ei)idei'mi^ eou.stituting
its outer skin ; (2) the einphltt'um, phlceum
or peridei mis within it ; (3) the me.soiihlceuni
or cellular integument ; and (4) tlie innermost
of all, called eudophlosum or liber, [Siu the^e
terms.]
2. Medicine. Sjirc: Peruvjan bark, fi>rinei-Iy
administered, instead of its product, quinine,
in intermittent fevers. [Jesuit's Bark, J
3. Ta)iniiig : The epidermis of the oak, used
in the preparation of leather.
4. Fishing: The epidermis of the birch,
used by hshei'men for preserving their nets.
bark-bared, i*. Bared or strii.ped of
bark.
" Excorticated and bark-bared tiet^. . ."—Moytimer.
bark-bed, s.
Hoi-tic: A bed formed beneath by bark
from a tannery ; a bark-stove.
bark-bound, u. Bound by meaii.-^ of the
bark ; having the bark so lirinlv set :is to
constitute a restraint upon growth. In such
cases relief is generally afforded bv slitting the
bark.
bark-feeder, s. An animal, and spe-
cially an insect, feeding upon bark.
" When we see leaf-eatiiiK iiiHects green, antl bnrk-
feedvrb motiled-sioy . . "—Darwin: wiffir ■■'
ch. IV.
' of Species,
bark'galled, n. Having the barl^ gnUed
as with thorns. The binding on of clay will
remove this disease.
bark-louse, n.
Kntiiiii. . A kind of Aphis infesting the baric
Paper manufactured
bark -paper,
from bark.
bark-pit, s. A pit with bark, &('.; water
into whlcli hides are plunged that they may
be tanned.
bark-Stove, s.
lloitic : The same as Bark-bed (q.v.).
bark (3). barque (que as k), ^■. fin Dan.
& Ger. harl'>: = a bark, a lighter ; Dut hark =
a bark, boat, ov bai'ge ; ha'i-kabse = a long boat ;
yw. I in rli <. ^.^ = ii loiiji, boat; Fr. hunjuc—a
bark, a small ship, a craft, a large boat ; Prt>v.,
Sp., Port., & Ital. havca ; Low Lat. harca,
harcha, harga ; It. hare; Russ. hnrka. Malm
compares also with Walach. harce ; Icel. harkr
= skifr, hni hi =- \}row ; Class. Lat. ho.ris; Gv
/3apt5 {lii'n'<) =11 small and flat Egyjitian row-
boat ; Copt, harc=si small boat, baral,c = n
cart, a boat.] [BAR(;r:.]
I. I'rd. Lang. (^}>-- in roclri/): Any small
vos.sel. (]At. d'fig.)
" The Duke of Punua must have flown, if In- wouhl
ha\L' come into Eiiglaml ; for he cniihl Ufitliei" gL-t
bark not inariiiei* to iJtit to aea.'"— flat-on; On (he War
with Spain.
" Who to a winiian ti ii-^t-- his peace of iniiul.
Ti'Usts a flail /y'(; /, «itlL a teoii»estiiuiis wiml."
alaiifii:.:
II. X'niticcd:
1. A three-masted vessel, witli her fore and
main nia^its rigged like tlio.se of a ship, and
her mizzen like the mainmast of ii schooner,
eari-ymg a spanker and gaff topsail.
2. Ainniig coal -trader.-. : A Itrnad-sterned
shiji, which bears no ornamental ligurc on the
stern or prow.
bark (1), v.i. [A.S. heon-.an. In Sw. harVa.']
1. 'I'n emit the s-mnd whicli dogs do when
they menace any otlier auiinnl or man. or are
following prey. (Followed by the piejiositiun
at.)
"Why do >our doga bark so? ho tlifii- lieais i" th'
tuwuV —Shakesp. : Merrj/ tVives "f iyindsor, i. 1
2. To clamour loudly :igainst a person, an
institntion, &c.
" Vile IS the veugeance on the ashes cold,
Ami envy hjise, to bark at sleeping fiiine.'
Spenser : F, Q.
bark (2), r.t [From hark (2), s. In Sw. harka,
Dan. barke = to tan.]
1. To strip the bark from a tree, especially
for tanning purposes. (Eng. £ Scutch.)
"The severest penalties ought to he put uiJoii bark-
hiij ;uty tree that is not felled."— r^jH/t/c
(Sec also example under Barked.)
2. To cover with bark.
+ bark'-an-tine, barqu'-an-tine (qu
lis k), -v [Comp. Sp. 'Jerf/a);(!ij;, = brigantine.J
[Brigantine.] a three-masted vessel.
■- bark'-ar-y, s. [Eng. hark; -ary.] A tan-
house. (Jacuhs.)
barked (/::"!/), bark'-it(Scoit.7t),/'« vcr &u
LBark(-), r.]
"Hell glowrat an auld warld 'larklf aik snag as if
it were a queez-maddam in full bea,riiig. ■— iVorr ; Jiob
Hoy, chap. xxi.
bark'-en, v.i. [Eng. hark; -m.] Tn form a
"bark;" to become hard or indurated, to
become covered with some hard or comjiaet
subst.iuce.
"The best way is to let the lilood barken upon the
cut— that saves i'l;i.sters." — Scor/ .■ (Jay Mannering,
bark'-er (l). s. (Eng hark (l), and siim\ -^t.]
I. Lit. : A dog emitting the characterihtic
sound of its voice.
II. Fignratii'dy :
1, One who cl;iniour.s loudly against a per-
son, an institution, &c.
"Th^ other Spanish barkt^, ragiii.' 'iiid fii-iminir.
w.is almost out nf liisi wits."~Fo3:v : .\cCs ami Mini.;
Lifi- iif Archbishop Crunmer.
" But they are rather enemies of my f.uue than uie
these barkers." — ti. Joiisvii.
2. In London : A tout who, standing ,it the
ihior of an auction-room or simp, iu\ites
liasser.-;-by to enter.
bark'-er (2), ft. [Eng. ?jaW:(2), s., ami suir. -f/.]
1. One who strips the bark from a tree.
(Kersey.)
2. One who, whether lie does this or not,
uses bark thus obtained in tanning ; a tanner.
"I am a barker, sir, hy my ti.ide ;
Nowe telle me what art tliou '-"
K. Edw. I r. and the Tanner of Ta n, wirlli.
I'ercy Jieh'jues, n. 8J. {/lom-hci i
Bar'-ker's, j^ossess. of s. [Cimnected with a
person of the name of Barker.]
Barker's mill, s. [Mill.]
bark'-er-y, ' bark'-ar-y, .t. [Eng hari. ;
-ery, -ui y.] A tan-house. {Juch.-., Booth, tic.)
bark'-hau-si-a, ». [BoRKHAI.T^.rA.]
bark'-ihg (1), pr. i>ai.,u., & s. [Bark(1), r.]
I. .t II. J.^ pr. par. ,C pniUnpial a<li : In
. senses cotresiKiiidiug to that of the \vr\<.
" . . that btiiKiiKi do;,' of whom mentmii \»ah luade
hefore. -—/liiiryan /'. J'., pt. li.
!i'<rhing and fleeing: Spending onc'.s jno-
jicrly ill a piodigal way, and beliexcil to l»c on
tlie e\'e uf bankruptcy. (Scotch.) {JaiaifSi'n.)
III. As^idi^tantive:
1. The emission of the sound which consti-
tutes a dog's voice.
2. The sound thus emitted.
"... and anon tlif lowing of faltle
(.'aiiii'on tilt; eveiiiiiir liiee/e ; by the barkiiij/ at dogs
mteirupted."— ioi(;i/'L'//ffU': Eeumjeline, i. .'"j.
barking-bird. ■>■. A blid— the I'trrop-
tocho6 tariU — lound in the islands of Chiloe
and Clionos off the west of Patitgonni It is
called by the natives " Guid-guid." 11^ \oiee
IS like the yelping nf a small dog, whence its
Fngli^b name, (rtce Darwin's Jonriud i>j I'uy.
ruuiid the World, eh \iii., p. -2SS.)
bark'-iug (2), pr. par. & a. [Bark (2), r.]
barking-irons, s. pi Iron instruments
used for stripping tlie bark oil trees.
bark'-it, pa. jmr & a. [Baiiked.] (Scotch.)
bark'-less, a ir^ug. hark; dess.] Without a
bark. (Draylun.)
bark'-y, ". [Eng. Imrk — the rind of a tree,
and siijlix -y.J (.'niislstnig of bark ; possessing
or f.outainnig bark ; looking like or resembling
bark.
" the female ivv -^o
Enringathe '- "■/.// liiiL'ers.if the elm."
Shakesp. : Mi'l-mnmrr .Viijlif'i Bream, iv. 1.
*bar'~lep, * bar'-ley-lepe, s. [A s here,
hcrrlic = barley, and lea.p = basket.] A basket
for keeping barley in.
" Barleylepe, to kepe yii come (Barlep.] fumrr-i "
31. S. Harl. 321. (S. /;/ lio chn )
bar-le'r-l-a,.'*. [N;nned after Rev. .lame^ [5 n-
leliei, 51. D.', a Dominican tiavcllerantl \n itci .]
Bnt. : A genus of plants, or<iei' Acaiithaci-:c.
family Barleridce. Vaiious species ai'e toiiud
in India, arnit-il or unarmed, shruljby oi' her-
baceous, with yeilow, pink, .blue, or white
flowers. Some have been introduced inlo
Britain.
bar-ler-id'-e-se, s. jit. i:\lod. Lat. barler(iii:);
Lat. fein. pi. adj. sutl. -Iden'.]
Bat.: A family of plants belonging to the
order Acanthacea! ; type, Barleria (q.v.).
bar-ley (1), * bar'-ly, ' bar -li, * bar -
licbe, "bar'-lich, '^^ bar -lie, bar-lig,
*b8Br'-lie (0. Eng.), *bar'-la(" Smtrh),
s. it a. [A.S. here, hcerlic=^l:u\^■y iHere);
Wei. harhfi (fiom hara = bread, aiid Itye — d
]il;int) = com, barley ]
A. J^ sidistaiitirc : The seeds or grniiK of
various species and varieties of the genus
bSil, boy; poiit, j^iirl; cat, gell. chorus, 9hin, ben^b; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion - zhiin. -tious,
as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f„
sious, -cious - shiis. -ble, -die, c<cc = bel, deL
426
barley— barmy
Hord<nm. That most cominoiily in cultiva-
tion is ihinkniii vulgare, spring or two-roweil
barley, especially the rath-ri]>e ami Thanct
snrts. H. hcxasticlion {i.e., witli the seeds
growing in six rows) is the hear or hlgg^ culti-
vated in tlie north of Scotland and elsewhere.
H. ilisticho)!, two-rowed or common liarley, is
l)referred for malting, which is one of the
cliief purposes for which barley is cultivated.
[Malt-I H. zeocriton, or sprat-harley, is nioie
rare. Pcrliaps the four so-called species now
enumerated maybe tmly varieties of one plant.
IBarley is the hardiest of all the cereals, ami
was originally a native of Asia, but it is jiow
cultivated all over the world, even as bir
north as Lapland, In ancient times it was
largely used as an article of food, but tin-
^M'cater proportion of the bai'ley grown in
Oreat Britain Is now used in the preparation
of malt and spirits. For culinary purposes ib
is sold in two forms, Scotch or jiot barley,
and pearl barley, the former being the grain
partially deprived of its Iiusk ; the latter, by
longer and closi-r grinding, being rounded and
having the entire husk removed.
Brciid made from barley-meal is darker lu
colour and less nutritious than that made
from wheat flour ; but it is clieaper and more
easily digested One pound of barley-meal
contains one ounce of tlesh-formers and fou)--
teen ounces of heat-givers.
Barley-meal is sometimes adulterated with
oat-luislis, and is itself used to adulterate
oatmeal, and occasionally wheat-flour ; but
these admixtures are readily detected by the
micrnf,L-n]ic
"Ich bouhte liure 6a77/fftp."— /'(■■*',■! /'7o7C)iirtn. [S.in
Boucher.)
^ In Scripture "barley," Heb.n";^l'">l.'"(sertra7(),
Sept. Gr. KpiOff (krithe), seems properly tians-
l;ited. The Hebrew lerm is from rriViT (-^i''!' rah)
= hair, from "^^iL' (saar) =:to be liristly ; re-
len ing to the long awns of the body.
B, As a(1Jt_-ctlve : Consistmg o( barley, or in
any other way conn;^cted with barley. (See
the <'oin]ioaiids which follow.)
barley-'bird, s. A local name for the
Wryneclt {Yviix iorqnUla). In East Anglia
the name is applied to the Nightingale ; and
the Yellow Wagtail is sometimes called the
Barley -bird.
+ barley-box, s. A small box of a cylin-
drical form, called also harrcl-hox, made as a
toy for children. (Scolcli.) {Jnmicoiii.)
barley-bread, .s. Bread made fiom barley.
■' Lo, a cake of lyarley-brr^ad. '—Jadg. vii. 13.
barley-break, barley-brake, barli-
break, barli-breake, barly-break,
barly-breake (0. Eng.), barla-breikis,
barla-bracks (0. ScuMi), s.
I. Ill Eaglaml : A game once common in
England, as shown by the frequency with
which it was alluded to T)y the old poets, but
which is now confined chiefly to Cumberlantl,
where it is denominated Burley-brigs. It was
played by six young people, three of either
sex, formed into couples, a young man and a
young woman in each, it being decided by lot
which individuals were to be paired together.
A piece of ground was then dlvidetl into three
spaces, of whieli the central one was profanely
termed '" Hell." This was assigneil to a cojqilc
as their appropriate place. The couples wlio
occupied the other spaces then advanced as
near as they dared to the central one to tempt
the dt)omed pair, who, with one of their hands
locked in that of their partner, endeavoured
with tiie other to grasp them and draw them
into the central space. If they succeeded,
then they were allowed themselves to emerge
from it, the couple caught taking their places.
Tliat the game might not be too speedily
finislied, leave was given to the couple in
danger of being taken to break hands and in-
dividually try to escape, while no such liberty
was accorded to those attempting to seize
them. Thougli the name does not occur in
the subjoined lines, the game wliicli they
describe is tliat of harley-break.
"Tlieii couples three be striiicht allotted there,
Tliey uf hoth ends the middle two do fly ;
The two that in mid place Hell called were,
Must strive, with wititiiijf foot H,in\ watching eye,
To catch uf them, and tliem to Hell to bear,
That they, as well aa they, Hell may supply."'
Sir Philip Si/dney : Arcadia, i. 153.
^1 Most authorities consider barlen-hreak
identu-al with btise, :J (q.v.). Boucher regards
it as identical with a game called in Cheshire
a rotmii, and in Douglas ring-dancer and rouit-
dds; but the resemblance is far fi-om being
close. (BondLer, Nares, Gifford, dx.)
" At harley-break they play
Merrily all the day."
The Muses' Elysium [Drai/ton], iv. 1,471. ( Boucher.)
"... and with a lass
And give her a new garment on tiie L-i-ass,
After a course of barley-break or liasc."
Ben Joiuon: Sad Shf/i'n-rd, v. Ififl.
" He is at barli-break, and the last couple are now in
Hell," The Virgin AfarCijr, v. 1.
II. //( Scotlfdid. The game is obsolete in the
south of Scotland, and is passing into disuse
also in the north, Aberdeenshire being the
county in which it principally lingers. Jamie-
son says that it is generally played by younu;
])eoplt: in a corn-yard, whence it is called
hoiiii-l)rnrls, signifying "about the stacks."
" One stack is lixed on as tlie dule or goal ;
and one person is appointed to catch the rest
of the company, who run out from tlie dule.
He does not leave it till they are all out of
his sight. Then he sets out to catch them.
Any one who is taken cannot run out again
with his former associates, bemg accounted a
prisoner; but is obliged to assi.st his captor
in pursuing the rest. When all are taken, the
game is finished ; and he who is first taken is
bound to act as catcher in the next game."
barley-bree, barley-brie, ». Liquor
distilled trom l)arlcy. (Scotch.)
" How easy can the barlt:i/-bree
Cement tlie quaiTel ! "
Biirnn: Scotch f J mi/..
barley-broth, s.
1. Broth made with barley,
t 2. A cant term for strong beer.
■' Can sodden water,
A drench for sur-reyn'd jatles, their biir7et/-brot?i.
Decoct then- cold blood to such valiant heatV "
dhakesp. : J/eii. 1'., iii. 5.
barley-cake, barley cake, s. A cake
made of liarlev-nie;il.
barley-corn, s A " corn," or single
grain of barley.
Ill Measures: Tlie third part of an inch in
length.
"A long, long journey, choait'd with brakes and
thorns,
Ill-measured by ten thousand barleii-comt;."
Tidcell.
■ barley-flour, s. Flour made by grinding
barley. It is used in Scotland for making a
breakfast-bread, eaten hot with butter ami
honey or cream .and sugar.
barley-harvest, barley harvest, «.
A harvest for barley and that portion of the
general harvest of which the chief feature is
the reaping of barley.
^ In Palestine the borley-liarvest is gathered
in chiefly in April ; and in England about
July.
"... in the beginning of barley-harvest."— 2 Sam.
barley-loaf (plur. barley-loaves), s.
barley-xneal, s. Meal made of barley.
barley-mill, s. A mill for making pot
and pearl barley.
barley-mow, s. A heap of barley ; a
place where barley is stowed away [Mow.]
" Whenever by yon barley^mow I pass.
Before my eyes will trip the tidy 1:iks."— Gay.
barley-sheaf (pi. barley-sheaves),
s A sheaf of barley.
" He rode between the barley-sheaves."
Tennijson : Lady of Shalotf.
barley-sugar, s. a well-known sweet
substance sold by confectioners and others.
It consists of a syrup from the refuse < if su;^ar-
candy, hardened in cylindrical mouldh^ and
usually twisted spirally.
barley-water, s. A decoction of pi'url
barley used in medic^ine as a mucilaginous
drink. (Crahb.)
bar'-ley (2), s. [Apparently corrupted from
Eng. parley.] A word used by boys in Scot-
land and the north of England when theywish
a temporaiy cessation of a sham-figlit in which
they are engaged.
'bar'-liche, ,s. [B\rley(1).]
bar -ling, s. [Sw. htirling = a pole, from bii/ra
= lobear. {N.E.D.)'] Afire-pole. (Scotch.)
" Barlings or fire-poles the huudreth—xx. L." —
Ji-i/'% A 1611, p, 2.
Bar'-low lens, s [Named from Mr. Peter
Barlow, Professor of Mathematics at "Wool-
wich from 1806 to 1847.]
Among o-pticians:
1. Originally : A modification of the object-
glass of a telescope, suggested by Mr. Peter
Barlow, with the idea of avoiding the use
of flint glass in the construction of object-
glasses of large size ; discs of flint glass suit-
able for optical purposes then being both
ex]iensive and rare. He x'l'oposed to enclose
lielween two convex lenses a fluid lens equal
in refractive power to a flint glass of the same
dimensions. This proposal was not genejiiUy
adopted, and the term "Barlow lens" is now
mostly api^lied to the form of lens described
under N"o. 2.
H
A
i
E
BARLOW LENS.
A, B. Converging rays from object-glass. C. Barlow
lens. D. Focua of the obieet-gla.ss without the
Barlow lens. E. Focus of the object-glasa after re-
fr:u;tion through C F, G. Size of hnage formed by
ohject-ijlass at D without the Barlow lens. H, I.
Enlarged image formed by objects-glass and Barlow
lens at focus E. It, i. Size of image formed at E by
an object-glass of longer focus, and lengthened tube,
, hut without using the E.arlow leiiB.
2. Now : A concave lens inserted in the eye-
piece of a telescope before the rays come to a
focus, by means of which the focal length of
the object-glass or speculum is increased nearly
one-half, and the effect is the same as if the
tubi' were proportionally lengthened, the mag-
nifying power being considerably increased.
Anotlier advantage of the Barlow lens is the
avoidance of the loss of light which would
take place if the same magnifying power were
produced by using an eye-glass of shorter focus.
barm(l), ""barme, s. [X.fi. &mrm = the
womb, the lai>, the bosom ; from beran = to
bear, to produce, to bring forth ; Sw. & Goth.
bari)i.\ The lap, the bosom. [Barm (2).]
" barme-cloth, s. [A.S. bearm; cloth.]
X bosom-cloth ; an apron.
" A RL-int she wered, barred all of silk,
A barme-cloth eke as white as niorowe milk "
Chaucer: C. 2'., 3,'i;r.
" barm-hatre, s. [O. Eng. fearm; and
hatre = a garment. J A garment for the breast.
" Fair beth yur bartn-hatres, yolowe heth ynr fax."
JJ.S. Harl. yi:i, f. 7. [S. ia Boucher.]
barme-skyn.
barm-skln,
leatlier apron.
" Barme-ski/ii : JUelotes vel melota." — Prompt. P.irv.
barm (2), s. [A.S. heorma = bann, yeast ; Sw.
burma ; Dan. bd-irae.] [Compare Barm (1).]
The frothy scum which rises to the surface of
beer when it is undergoing the process of
fermentation, and is used in making bread.
The same as Yeast (q..v.).
" Are yort not lie
Th.^t sometime make the drink to bejir no bartn,
Mislead night wjind'rera. laughing at their harm?"
Shakesp. : Midsam. jVight's Bream, ii. 1.
"Try the force of imagination upon staying the work-
ing ot beer, when the barm is put into it.' —Bacon.
bar'-man, s. A man who ser^■es in the bar
of a public-house. (Formerly called a drawer,
q V.)
' barm'-kin, *. [Barnekin ]
' barm'-y (0. Eng.), * barm'-ie (Scotch), a.
[O. Eng. & Scotch barm; -y.]
1. Lit : Pertaining to barm or yeast ; con-
taining barm or yeast.
" Their jovial nights in frolicks and in play
They p.iifs, to drive the tedious hours awaj- ;
And their cold stoTnacha with crown'd goblets cheer
Of windy cider, and of barmy heer,"--I>ryden.
2. Lit. : Acting like barm ; fennenting with
thought ; at work with creative efiect.
'■ Just now I've taen the fit o' rhyme.
My £i(irj?i(e noddle's working prime."
Burns: To James S'liith.
barmy-brained, adj. Volatile, giddy-
headed.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, worli, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, ignite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se. oe = e. ey=a, qu — kw.
barn— barometer
i21
" A wheen cork-heatlcd b<i7->nii-braUiPil guw ks : that
nua let imiv folk ajie inuckle as die in i|iiiet."—
Hcutt: St. Roii'LH, ch. xx.xii.
barn, * bame, * berne, s. [A.S. ^n?«,
hererii, lit., a harley-pla':e, i.e., for stoiing hav-
ley, from }>i"rc = liarley, and erv, (itii = a plncr,
secret place, a closet, a habitation, a house,
a cottage.]
1. A house or other covered enclosure de-
signed for the storage of grain.
" The seed ia rotten under their clodH. the garners
art; laid dusnlate, the /'(fCTi-, aro broken down; for tliu
corn is withered "—.loul i. 17.
2. Anything like a barn in outward appear-
iiiice.
" In front there are a few cultivated fields, and bu-
yimd theiii tlie smooth hill of coloured rucks calle.l
the Flagstaff, and the rugged aciuare lilack mass of tiie
Bam." — Darwin: yoj/agu round the Vi'ortU, ch. xxi.
barn-door, s. The door of a barn.
*' Heavily clo^eil, with a jarring sonnd, the vahes of
the it'll' n-doora,
Kattled the wooden barn, . . ."
Longfellow : Eoangelinc, yt. i , i:.
barn-door fowl, s. A dung-hill coi-k or
hen,
" Sever has there been such slaughtering of capons
and fat geeae and hurii-door fowls." — Hcott : Brida of
Liiiiimerrnoor, ch. xxvi.
barn-liUe, ". Like a bam.
"... iia'-sing through several hamlet'^, each with
its hirge burn-like chapel built of wood." — Dai ivin :
Voyage roaiul tJte World, ch, xvi.
barn-owl, s. Strix flfi-inmra, a British
bird of pi'cy beloii;.;iiig to the f;iriiily Strigidii-.
It is called also tin- White Owl, the Chuidi
<_)wl, the ;S<Tecch
Owl, the European
Screech Owl {M<ir-
(jUlivrmi), the H
ing Owl, the Yell v
Owl, the Gillih
ther, the Howlet
and the Unn] t
Above it is liol t
reddish-yellnw, ii t
tied with :ish-g cy
and black and wl te
spots ; beneath, t
is white with si 11
dusky spots, lie
male is fourtee
inches long, and tl e
female fifteen. It
preys on the sniallc barn o vl
jnnmmaliaandbi Is,
with beetles and other insects. It is pei-iii;i-
nently resident, bnilds its nest in a stcriih-.
a dovecot, or a hollow tree, and lays from twi.
to live pure whit(i eggs.
barn-yard, s. A yard or enclosure, open
to the sky, attached to a barn.
" IJarn-i/ard and dwelling, lilazing bright,
Served to guide ine on niy flight "
Hcott: La-i of the Last Minstrel, iv. i\
" barn, " barne, s. [Bairn.]
3ar'-na-bitc, s. & a. [Xamed after the
Church of St. Barnabas at Jlilan, given over
to the Barnabite order in 1535. J
I. As suhstantlve. Ch. Hist. : Any member
of a certain i-eligious order, projierly called
the Regular Clerks of St. Paul. Its founders
belonged to Milan. It arose in the sixteenth
century, was approved by Clement VII. in
153-2, and confiruied by Paul III. in 1535. The
principal occupation of the Barnabites was
preaching to sinners. (Moshcim : Ch. Hi^t.,
Cent, xvi., sect, iii., pt. i., ch. 1.)
II. As adjective : Pertaining to any member
of the order described under No. 1., or to the
order itself.
bar'-na-cle (1), tber'-ni-cle (cle as eel), s-.
[In Fr. bccniade, hamache: Sp. hernacho; Port.
hernaca, bernacha, bernicla ; Low Lat. bar-
nicla, bernacula, bernicla, bernicha, bernacu,
hernax. There is no evidence as to its ulti-
mate etymology, and tlif, history is obseurL-.
Skeat thinks that the name of the crustacean
and of the bird are distinct, connecting the
former with a supposed Lat. pernacnla, dim.
from p€rna= a shell-fish, and the latter with
* hihernicnla aui.s = tlic Irish bird. [See def. 2.,]
Dr. Murray thinks the two names the same.]
hi Zoology :
1. Of Cirri pels:
(a) A general name for both pedunculated
andsessde Cirripcds. [LEPADiD.fE, Balanid.e.]
'* Bnrnnrlp.—.\ name commonly given both to the
pedunculated iuid sessile OirriiJeds."— /Jdmt.
(b) .Spec. -■ The English name of the pedun-
culated Cirripeds (Lcpadida;), as contradistin-
guished from those which are sessile [see
UPvOUP OF BARNA'-LliS.
AroRx-sHELLS, Bala>'id.f.], yet more specially
applied to the Lepas, the typiriil genus of the
family and order. [Lepas. j
2. Of Birds: A name forth.- Bernich' Gnase.
(q.v.). Formerly the absurd liclicf wns entci-
tained that these geese sjirung from the b;i]'-
nacles desn-ilied under No. 1. Ma^ Jlliller
believes that the bird was (iriKiually calh-'l
Hil^ernicula, which was coiivei-ti.-d into Bei-
nicnla by the dropping of the first syllable,
after which the similarity of the name t<- thu
Cirriped led to the two being eonlnunded to-
gether and generated the niytli. Two spec-ies
of the genus Lepas w.-ie e;dlcd by Liniianis
Lfjia-i aHHi'rifna und L. iiiiithii:rii — gun^sr-
beiiring, of course with no belief in the fiible
suggested by the name.
"There are found in the north parts of .'^cotlaml,
and island.-! adjacent called Oreades,_ cert-iiii tree-.
whereon do grow certaine sheila of a white uuliiiiv tend-
ing to riisact, wherein are contained little livini,' l-iim-
tiu-e.'i : which -sheila in time of maturity doe upeu. ;ui I
out of them grow those little living' thint;>. hIikIi
falling into the water doe liwume fowie--, whic-li we
call b'lrnaclex, in the Noitli oi Eugl.in.i brani g'---.
bnt in Lancashire tree geeae."— Oeraid : HarUa.', y
1,858. (Z/oircAur.)
"As barnacles turn soland geesB."
JIudiiras, III. ii. 65?.
bar-na-cle (2), bar'-ni-cle (cle as eel),
* ber-na-kill, *ber-nak, s. [Wedgwood
believes the word to have come froni the East,
and to have been used originally for some in-
strument of torture. Most writers, Mahu
included, considerit the same as the iirecediii_;
word. Latham derives it from Innorh:, and
Max Miiller from Ger. brillc, O. (!er, Lcriihin,
a corruption of beryllus. Compare Dan. Inrni-'-,
brandgarf! ■=■ barnacles as defined below, and
Fr. basidoi = spectacdes.J
Generally ia plural :
1. luirrirry: An instrument put upon the
nose of a hurse when he \\ill not stand tn be
shod or surgically operated ui)on. It con.Msts
of two branches, joined at nue end witli a
hinge, and is generally made nf iron.
2. Urd. Lang. : A cant term for spectacles,
these resembling the instrument described
under No. 1.
". tf.ey had bfirutrJcs on the handles of their
f;iL'es."— 2V'ni,s7, of Jiabetai-\ v. i:ii). {/iouclier.)
bar-na-de'-§i-a, s. [Named after Michael
Barnadez, a Spanish botanist.] A genus of
Composite plants, the typical one of the
family Barnadesiete (q.v.). The species are
spiny bushes with entire leaves and pinlc
florets. iJnriuidesia rosea, is cultivated in
English hothouses.
bar-na-de'-si-e-se, s. ;>?. [Babnadesta.] a
family of Composite plants b&longiug tn the
order Aste,raeea_^ the sub-order Labiatiflora',
nnd the tribe or section Blutisiaeese. Type,
Bariiadesia (q.v.).
* barnde, I'rct. of v. The same as Burnt,
■^ barneys. [Bairn.]
' barn'e-kin, " barn'-kine, " barm -kin,
s. [Etym. .doubtful. Dr. Murray suggests
Icel. hormr =lirim, eilge, wing of a castle;
and perhaps dim. sutf. -Inn.] The outermost
want of a castle, within which ward the barns,
stables, cowhouses, &c., were placed.
"... and next day lay siege to the castel of Norham,
and within short space wan the braves, overthrew the
bariikine. and alue divers within the caatel,"— //£i/(((-
shed : /list. .Scot., pii. 41ii, 4^4. {/ioiicher.)
" And broad ami bloody rose the sun,
And on the 6(.ii-)/'A/<^ ■■lioiie.
Border Mn..-.tn-ls<i, n. 341. [Boucher.)
barn'-fuU. s. [Eng. horn; full] A barn
literally full of something, as wheat, hay, .te
i.r as niuch as a barn, if lull, would hold.
barn-hard't-ite (t silent), s. [Named after
Dan B'lMihardt's Land in North Carolina,
where it occurs.] A mineral, classified by
Dana under his Pyrite group. Composition :
Sulphur, 3L)-5 ; enpper. 48 _' : iron, 2r3 ; hard-
ness, ;j'5 ; sp. gr. 4-'.\-2l. Lustre, metallic;
colour, bronze-yellow. Homichlin and Duck-
townite may be ^■;lrleties.
- barn'-hede, s. [A.S beam ^ a child ;md
{). Eng. sufiix -hcdr = :s\n,\ Eng. suftix -Imnd.}
ChildlKJOd.
■' Of alle ille tefcches in wordc and dede
That thine ohilder Uki'< iii harnhede.
HrnnjHJh- Mijrrour, MS. llaul . f. Ci. {Boucher.)
* bar'-ni-cles, s. pL [Bahnacles.]
barn'-kine, s. [Barxekin.]
ba-ro'-co, ba-ro'-ko, ^. [A word without
etvmological 'meaning, but designed to have
the vowels symbolie. (See dcl.).J
out Logic: A eoinbination of letters collec-
tLvely destitute of meaning, but which, taken
separatelv, imply that the tirst proposition (A)
is an universiil afiirniatne, tlie second and
third (t)) particuUir negatives, and the middle
term the prerlicute in the lir^^t two propnsi-
ti(ms. Barnko i.-, the fourth .Mode of the
seenud Figuie of Syllogisms. Example-
All sebolars ..f tli
cbar:ii;teri-.ti
But the iujia-> of 111,11
Tlievefore the ui.is-
flrht runic of sclinha-^li
llrst ranlc have, as one essential
! l.i\e ..I knowledge.
k hid uinnot reach the
bar'-O-lite, s [From Gr. papos {hi<n'x) =
weight, and Kieo^ (Uthos) — a stone.] A
mineral, called also Withcrite (q.v.).
+ ba-rol'-o-gy, o. [From Gi. ^apo? (haros) =
wvight, and Ao-yos (h«ins) = a discnurse.] The
tkqiartmeiit of scieine which treats of weight
or gravity.
bar-o-ma-crom'-et-er, s. [Fi-om Gr. papo?
(/,((,'os) = wci-ht. ^LflKpo? (»/((7.-ros) =long, and
neTpoi/ (vietr'jii)= M\r:is\uv.] An instrument
fnr asi'ertaining the weigiit :ind length of new-
born infants.
ba-rom'-et-er, s. [In Sw., Dan., Dut., &
Ger. barometer; Fr. }i«nniietrc; Sp., Port., &-
Ital. bnroiiiriro ; Gr. ^apos ((/rt/os)— weight, and
lj.drpov(iarlr"ii) = a meiisure.] An instrument
used fill measu]-ing the atmospheric pressure.
The discnverv that this pressure might be
c(uinterpnised by a column of mercury stand-
ing as high in iiroiKUlioii to the thirty-four
feet that water in similai' r-n'eumstances stands,
as the specific giavitv of water is to that of
mercury (the jatio or proportion, it will be
percei\-cd, is an inverse one), was made at
Florence in the ye;ir 1043 by one of Galileo's
pupils, the ceU'bialeil Torrieclli, but was not
quite comjilete when he died, in llJ47.
The most common
form of barometer
is what is called a
Ci'^tcrn Barovipter It
consists essentially of
a straight glass tube
about thirty - tliiei.'
inches long, filled
with mercury, and
dipping into a cistern
of the same metal.
It is affixed to a main I-
gauy stand, on the
upper part of which
is a graduated scale
to mark the height
in inches at which
the mercury stands.
When complete, a
thermometer stands
side by side with it
to note the tempei-a-
ture at which the
pressure of the atmo-
sphere is tested. In
Fortin's barometer
the base of the cistern
is made of leather, and can be raised or de-
pressed by means of ;i screw ; a constant level
of the merciiivfrom which to measure the zero
CISTERN BAROMETER.
boil, bo^; po^t, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^lst. -rng.
-cian. -tian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion — shun; -tion. -sion = zhun. tious. Rious^^shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, deL
428
barometric— baronet
of tin; scale, unatUiiiial>le by the ordinary eiy-
teni baruiiK'ti.T, can be produced by this one ;
besides wlucli tlie iiistrLiineiitis more pnitable.
Gay-Lussac'b barometer is in the form of a
siphon. It has two scalps with a common
zero point, and graduated in contrury direc-
tions. As the one branch, the shorter one,
coiTCsponds to the ci^^tern, and the other or
longi-r one to the tube, tlie. difference between
the two levels is the true height of the mer-
cury. Bunter's bui'nmeter is a sliglit but
valualile nioditication on th;it of Gay-Lussac.
For the aneroid barometer .(that " without
moisture ") see Aneroid. Tlie general mean
at the level of the sea is •lOVH inches. A baru-
tiueter is popularly termed a Kjcudn-r-iiln--);.
In order to iidapt it for this purjiose Pluoke
devised wliat is called the ivheel-havunettr
It is a syplion barometer, having iu its sliorter
log a float, a string from whicli passes n\-er a
pulley, and is connected with a weight some-
what lighter than the float. To the pulley is
affixed a needle, wliich moves round a circle
graduated to rejiresent the difterent variations
in the weather. [Wbather-olass.] Speaking
broadly, a barometer rises for good and falls
foi' bad weather, but there .\vv exce]itions to
this rule. 'I'he more accurate statement is
that with .S.W., S.E., and W. winds the mer-
cury falls for rain. If it ito so rapidly, the
probability is that a hea^■y storm is approach-
ing ; if slowl>, continued bad weather is to
be expected. It rises, if lapidly, for unsettled
weather ; if gradually, for tine settled weather.
A rise, with wind veering X.E., may be indi-
cative uf rain.
bar-6-met'-ric, toar-o-met'-ric-al, n.
[Eng. barovirtrr : -Ic, -iml. In Fr. baromc-
triqiip ] Pertaining or in any way relating to
the barometer
". . . the bar-tn^i-'ric culuiiiii v;Liii.:a between these
limits . . ." — Lardner ITeat, p. 160.
"He is very accurate in iimkiiif; harometricul and
thermometrieal mstraiiieuts. '—iiirli. : Phr/sKo-Theol.
bar-6-met'-ric-al-ly, adr. [Eng. baroviet-
Heal; -Ijj.] By means of a barometer.
bar-o-met'-ro-graph, s. [Gr. (i) ^apo?
(haros) =^ weight, (-I) jxtTpov {metron) = mea-
sure, and (3) ypa.4>Tq {grapM) = a drawing, a
delineation, a picture, i:c ] An instrument
used for automatically inscribing on pajier the
variations of the barometer.
t bar-o-me-trog-ra-phy, s [Frmn Gr.
jSoipos (baros) — weight, fx^rpov {nielron) — a
measure, and ypatjiri ('jraphc) = a desei'iption.J
The department of science which tteats of the
Tjaronieter.
ba-rom'-e-try, s. [Gr.^apo5(?'fl'^oi) = weight,
and fj-erpof {miitfon) - anieasLue.] liarometio-
graphy.
bar'-6-metz, bar -a-netz, o. [Russ, hu-c-
ne: = club-mos.-. J
Bot.: A fi-andulently cnn.structed natural
history specimen, catleil fd.-so the Scythian
Lanib, and represented as being hall animal and
half plant. In reality it is a woolly-skinned
fern {Cibothvm haroiwiz), stripjied of every-
thing but its rout-stock and the stipes or
stalks of foui- of its fronds, and then turned
upside down. Of course no naturalist would
for a nioiiieiil be dectjived by a deception so
easily detected. (Liiidlei/.) [See figure under
the name AgitUb Scijllnvus (Scythian lamb.).]
bar'-on,_*bar'-r6n, ""bar'-o, "bar, 'ber,
* par'-o, ' var, ' viro, ^- virro, * viron, •>.
[A.S. barojt = a man (Uv-^irortk) ; Sw , Uan,,
Dut., Ger., & Fr. baron — baron : 0. Fr. ber
(acc. bar 0)i),bai roil; Prov.bar(aL-i:.'baro); Sp.
haron, varoit = (1) a male, (2) a full-grown
man, (p) a man of consideration, (4) a baron ;
Port. oo. I no =^ a. m&le ; Ital. barone; Low Lat.
baro, barns, rttm, viro =■ man, husband, baron ;
but in Class. Lat. baro, wliieh, according to
Menage, is the origin of baron, meant a simple-
ton, a blockhead, though sometimes it is said
to have been used for a brave man, a warrior-
Cognate with A S. ict'/' = a man . Goth, rair ;
Gael, har, ber := n hero, an eminent man;
Ir. ji-r, fear ; Wei. guer, gerir; Lat. vir = a
man; Lith. viims; Sansc. ('(vc. (Vtrilk.) In
Sansc. also barrcm and bharta are = husband,
and jnay be (compared \vith baron in the
phrase baron and feitie (see A., III.). Com-
pare, also Hebrew -i23 (geber) = a man. J
A. >ifj-erson» :
t I. Old Lf'ir : A husband in relation to his
wife, used in the old iihrase baron and feme, =■
husband and wife. (Blackstone: Convineitt.,
bk. i., ch. 15.)
II. History & Law :
* 1. Formerly :
(1) At first apparently every lord of a
manoi', of whii.'h sense the expression conrt-
baron is still a memorial. [Oourt-Baron.J
The Ulagua Cliaita granted in King John's
time seems t<i show that originally all lords
of mannrs, wlm held of the king in cajnte, had
seats in the Gi'eat Council or Paj-iiament; but
their uumliers becoming too laige for proper
delilieration, the king summoned only the
greatei' barons in person, leaving it to the
sheriff to convene the smaller ones to another
house, which was a very imjiortant stejj in
making the sei)ai'ation which at present exists
between the Houses of Lords and Commons.
(BIncLstouc, bk. i., ch. 3.) [Barony.]
Hence "'■ ('2) the term baron came to be
confined to the lords of manors summoned
liy tlie royal writ in jilace of by the sheriH'.
'I'lie writ ran "Hac vice tantum." (Black-
^tnnp: Ibid.)
J!i<roiLS by ancient tenure were tliose who
held certain lands or territories from tlie king,
Willi, howevei', still reserved the tenure m
cliief to himself.
Barons by tcnqioral tenure were those who
held their honours, castles, and manors as
heads of their barony, that is, by grand ser-
jeantry. By their "tenure they were sum-
moned to Parliament ; now they are not
entitled to be there till a writ is issued in
their favour.
(3) Richard H. made the term haron a mere
title of honour, by conferring it on various
])ersons by letters patent. {Blackstone, bk. i.,
ch. 3.)
Tlie first baron by patent was John Beau-
champ of Holt, who was raised to the peerage
by Richard II., in the eleventh year rjf his
reign, October 10, 1,187, by the title of Baron
of Kidderminster. No other instance occurs
until iO Henry VI.
ii. Kovj :
(1) Any noblema]! belonging to the lowest
order of the i)eerage — that immediately be-
neath the rank of viscount. His stj le is " The
Piigljt Hon. Lord ," and he is addressed as
■' ;My Lord." In general, in place of being
called " Baron, he is simply termed " Lord A."
or" B." His coronet
has six large pearls
set at eiiual distances
on the chaplet. His
coronation robes are
like those of an earl,
except that he ha.-^
only two rows of
spots on each shoulder. At j'resent (189^
theie aix 30R temporal barons in the House,
with 2A bishops, who are also regarded as
barons, Init they take precedence over the
temporal baruns.
(2) Anyone holding a particular office to
whicli ihe title /)f(/-yK.)s (u- was attached, its the
Chief Bnrnii and the Barons of the Exchequer.
[Excui^ii'ER.l ForuierlytliereweiealsoBaious
of the Cinque Ports, viz., twu to each of the
seven following towns : Hastings, Winchelsea,
Rye, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich.
Till the Reform Bill nf 1832 these had seats in
Parliament. Instead of these l)arons there is
now a Warden of the Cinque Ports.
"Tlicy that hear
The di>th of hdiiciui nver her, are four barons
OftlieciiKiue iiuitb."
tHuikesi). : Henry VII !., iv i,
III. Heraldry. Baron and Feme is the term
applied whei'e the coats of arms of a man
and his wife are borne per paU in the same
escutcheon. If the woman is not an heiress,
then the man's coat is <ni the dexter side, and
the woman's on the sinister; if she is, then
her coat must be borne by the husband on au
escutrhenii of )ii'etenct.\
B. Of things. Baron of Beef: Beef in which
the two sirloins are not cut asunder, but
joined together by the end of the backbone.
Dr. Brewer says that it is "so called because
it is the baron, (back part) of the ox, called in
Danish the rug. It is not so called because
it is 'greater' than the sir-loiu." ■
baron-court, s. The same as Court-
Baron (q.v.).
' bar'-6n-a-dy, s. [Eng. baron.] The dig-
nity of a baion ; the barons collectively ; the
baionage.
CORONET UF A BARON.
■' Sume that were honoured with the dignity of
baraii'uli/." — Sir John Ferm- : Dedic. pre/, to ii BUizon
Iff duiu rie (ljb6.. {J. //. in Boucher.)
ba'-ron-age, * bar -nage (age = ig), .^.
[Eng. baron; -age. In Fr. barronage ■ O. Fr.
barnagc, barnalge, barnc- ; PriA'. barnajgi; =
baronage ; Ital. baronnaggio — barony. J
1. The barons of England viewed collec-
tively ; the whole body of barons.
"That autlidiity wliicli had behjiiged to the irtio/i-
aye of England ever since tlie fouudatiun of tuf
iuo\\Art\iy."—Macaitlay : List. Eng., chaj>. xix.
2. The dignity, status, or position of a
baron.
3. The land or territory from which a barttn
derives las title.
4 A book containing a list of the barons ;
a Peerage.
bar'-on-ess, s. [Eng. ?/a/a;; ; -ess. In Sw
baroiiessa ; Dan. and Ger. baronesst' ; Dut.
barones ; tip. baronesa; Poi't. baroueza ; Ital.
baronessa. ] A female baron, the wife or lady
of a baron, or a lady who holds the baronial
dignity in her own right, as " Angela Georgina
Burdett-Coutts, first Baroness."
bar'-on-et, bar'-ron-ett, s. [In Sw.,
Dan., Dut., and Ger. haroicet ; Fr. haron net ;
Ital. baronetto ; Low Lat. baronettus, dimiu.
of bai'on (q.v.).]
*I. Originally: A term a])parently in use
as early as the time of Edward III. for certain
landed gentlemen not of the dignity of lords,
summoned to Parliament to comiterljalance
the power of the clergy.
"... Kiiiy Edward the Thirde (a.s I reniemljurj
whue, heiiig greatly bearded and crubbed by tliL- lordes
of the cleargye . . was advised to direete out his
wrjtteb tu cei-Uyiie geutellmeu of the best abilitve
and trust, entitling them therein Ijan-ons, to serve
and sitt as barrens in the next Parhament. By which
nieJiiies he had aoe many barrens m his i-'arli anient, as
were able to waigh douue the cleargye and theyr
frendes, the whiuh barrons, they iuiy, were not aiter-
wards lurdes but only barronetts. as sundrye of them
doe yet retaynethe name."— S;;cjwei-.- ^tace of J r eland.
II. Subsequently : Tlie name given to three
titled orders.
1. Baronets of Great Britain : A titled order,
the lowest that is hereditary. Speaking
broadly, they rank in precedence next after
the nobility, or, more specilically, next after
the younger sons of viscounts and barons ;
but in reality they are inferior to the Knights
of the Order of St. Genrge or of the Garter,
ceitain official dignitaries, and knights-ban-
nerets created on the actual field of battle.
Tlie order was instituted by James I., on May
^'i^nd, 1011, to raise money by fees paid ftu- the
dignity, and thus obtain resources for the
seitlemeiic of Glster. The number was to be
limited to 2UU ; but a device for increasing an
honour so ju-ofitable to the Treasui'y was snun
louiid, so that before the death of'chaile;, I.
458 patents for the creation of baronets had
been issued ; and by the end of 1878 there were
69y baronets in existence. The dignity is
generally confined to the heirs male of thf
grantee. The badge of a baronet is sinister,
a hand gules ( = a bloody hand) in a iield
argent. Etiquette requires that he be ad-
dressed as "Sir A. B., Bart."
2. Baronets of 1 r eland : A titled order insti-
tuted by James I. in 1(319. It is believed that
this dignity has not been conferred on any one
since the union of Great Britain and Ireland
in 1801, but many of the titles gTanted before
the union still remain in the British baro-
netage.
3. Baronets of Scotland: A titled order
planned by James I. , but actually instituted,
not by him, but by Charles I. in 16£5, just
after the accession of the latter monarch to
the throne. The object aimed at in the crea-
tion of the order was the planting of Nova
Scotia (New Scotland). Bach baronet by his
patent received eighteen sij[uare miles of terri-
tory iu that colony, with a sea-coast bounding
it on one side ; or a tract of land extending
for three miles along a navigable river, and
stretching for six miles inland. Since the
union between England and Scotland iu 1707.
no baronets have been created holding rank
in the latter country alone, but soiiiu titles
existing previously still figure iu the British
baronetage.
t bar'-6u-et, c.t. [From baronet, s.] To raise
to the rank of a baronet ; to confer the title
of baronet on.
"The unfortunate gentlemen whuui T notii;e a'?
beiui; knighted or baroiut^d. "—Mortimer Coilins ■
lim Plunges, ill. 210. {N.E.D.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go pot
or. wore, woU, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, S^ian. ffi, oe = 6 ; ^ = e. qii -^ kWc
baronetage— barrator
^29
bar'-on-et-age (age — ig), c. [Eng. Mro-
net, -age. ]
1. The whole baronets of Britain viewcil
collectively : the order of baronets.
^. The dignity, status, or pnsition of a
baronet.
3. A complete list of bnriuict^ ; a book con-
taining such a list.
hSbT'on-et-^y, s. [Eng. haronet; -cy.] The
title or dignity of a baronet,
l33,r-0-net'-ic-al, a. [Eng. haronet ; -irnl.]
Belonging to or having the dignity of a baroiift,
"The baronetical f Jimily of Moneyiiuisk."— >/. Pick-
ford, M.A., in Notes & liueHes, Nov. IB, 1892.
ba-ro'-ni-al, a. [In Fr. haroRnial] Per-
taining or relating to a Imron, or to the order
of barons.
"... waiidfiringOD from hall to hall,
Baronitil court or royal,"
IVordjtworth : Kxair^iov. bk. ii.
baronial service. Service by which a
barony was held. It wa-s generally that of
fnmishing a specified nnmber of knights to
aid the king in war.
bar'-6n-y, ' bar'~dn-ye, *bar'-r6n-ny, v
[In Sw. and Dan. baroni; G-er. haronie ; Fr.
haroiinie; S]). baronia, varonia ^= malo. line,
a barony ; Port, baronia = male line ; Ital.
& Low Lat. baronia.] The lordship or fee of
a baron, either temporal or spiritual. Origi-
nally every peer of snperior rank had also
a barony annexed to his other titles. But
now the rule is not universal Baronies in
their first creation emanated from the king,
[Baronial Service,] Baronies appertain alsn
to bishops, as they formei'ly did to abbots,
William the Conqueror having changed the
spiritual tenure of frank-almoyn, or free alms,
by which they held their lands under tin;
Saxon government, to the Norman or feudal
tenure by barony. It was in virtue of this that
they obtained seats in the House of Li^nts,
Bl'iclcstone : Comment., bk. i., chaps. 2, I'J.)
The word is common in Ireland for a sub-
division of a county.
bar'-6-SCope, s. [In Fr. barosco^ie ; Ger.
huroskop ; from Gr. (1) ^apo? (haros) = weight,
and (2) o-K07re'a> (skopeo) = to look at, to be-
hold.] An instrument designed to show thnt
bodies in air lose as much of their weight a-^
that of the air which they displace. It con-
sists of the beam of a balance with a small
weight at one end and a hollow copper sphere
at the other. If these exactly balance eacli
other in the air, then the sphere preponderates
in a vacuum.
"... where tho winds are not variable, the altini-
tions of the baroscope aje vory nmr\,U. "—Arbuthnof
bar'-6-scop-ic, bar'-o-scop-ic-al, (nij.
[Eng. baroscop(e) ; -ic.] Pertaining or rclatiii;;
to a baroscope ; asiertained by means of a
baroscope.
". . . that some inquisitive men would make
baroscj) jyicat o)>!ieYva.tion» in EHgla.\\d."—lio//le : Works,
ii. 798. (/tic/iardson.)
I ar-6-se-le'-nite, 5. [In Ger. baroselenit ;
from Gr. )3apo5 (bares) = woiglit, and Eiig
selenite (q.v.).] A mineral, called also Barite
and Barytes (q.v.).
bar-o^'-ma, s [Gr. (l) pdpos (baros) =
weight, heaviness, and (-2) oa-ixyj (ostrw) =^ suieU.
Named from its heavy, ul-fensive smell]
Bat: A genus of plants belonging to tlic>
order Rutaceje (Rueworts), and the section
Endiosmese. Barosma crrnata is one of the
Bucku plants of the Cape. It has been re-
commended as anti-spasmodic and diuretic.
(LincUey: Veg. Kingd.) B. crenvlata nnd serra-
ti/tilia have also been used witli the former as
stimulants and tonics, as well as in diseases of
the bladder. (2'reas. o/Bot.)
CAROUCUE.
bar-ou'che, s. [In Ger. banit^^che ; Ital ba-
roccio, bcroccio — a. cart; Low Lat. barocio,
barrotium, harrotnm ; Class. Lat. hirotiis ~
two-wheeled; Hs= twice, and 7-o/ft = wliecl.]
A four-wheeled carriage with a falling to}-,
with a seat outside for the driver, and twn
inside, each capable of accommodating t\\>>
persons, the two couples facmg each other,
bar'-6u-chet (^.=iilent), s. [Dimin. of Eng.,
&c., baruudie.] A small light barouche.
barqu'-an-tine (qu as k), .. [Barkantine.]
barque (que as k), ■<'. [Fr.] (1) A bark or
boat ; (2) a barge. [Bark.]
^'barre, s. [Bar.]
bar'-ra, s. [In Ger. horre ; from Sp. & Port.
'barra.]
Weights & Mrc-^vrps: A measuru of length
used in Portugal and some parts of Spain for
measuringwoolleii and linen cloths and serges.
In Valentia, 13 barras are — 12? yards Eiigli.sh
measure ; in Castile, 7 barras are = 6^ yards .
and in Aragon, 3 barras are =2^ yards.
bar'-ra-can, s. [In Dan, barcan ; Ger. bcr-
Iraii ; M. H. Ger. barkan, harragan ; Fr. Ijai-
racan, baram.11, botiracan; Prov, hormani ;
Sp. hurragan, haragan ; Port, barregami ; Ital.
baracane; Low Lat. Jmrracanns; from Ai'ab
bai-rakdn, barkdn = a kind of black guwu.
Mahn compares with tliis Pers. haruk = a
garment made of camel's liair ; Arab, hark — a
troop of camels ; bdrik =■ camel.]
Comm. : A kind of thick strong elotli oi-
stuff resembling (amlet. It is used to make
different kinds of outer garments. Barracans
are chiefly of French manufactuie, being made
at Valenciennes, Lisle, Abbeville, Amiens, and
Rouen.
bar'-rack, A-. fiji Hw. humrl ; I'au horwi. :
Ger. harracke ; Fi, haraipic = a bariMck. n liut,
a hovel, a little iKilliy Imusc, a room, a slui]), a
wo]'k-shop, a ]mbhc-linuse ; H[>. harraca — a
small cabin made by aSpanish tisliei man on the
sea-shore ; Port. & Ital. bar ram = a bairack.]
1 1. A hut or small lodge. Foi-merly it was
especially u,sed for a liuinble temporary build-
ing of this character, one of many erected
to shelter horsemen, as contradistinguished
from simitar structures, c;illed huts, toj- foot
soldiers. Then it was extended to embrace
any temporary erection for a soldier, to wltat-
ever arm of the service belonging.
Ti The sepoys of the Indian army aie still
housed in this way, and tlic case \^as foi-nicrly
the same with the ordinary English soldiers.
(See an example from Gibbon in Wedgwood's
Diet. 0/ Eng. Ktym., 2nd ed., 1S72, p. 40.)
2. A straw-thatched roof suppoited by four
posts, capable of being raised or lowered at
pleasure, ami under whu'li hay is kept. {Barl-
lett : Diet. American isms.)
3. Generally in thy jilur., Barracks: A largr
building erected to house soldiers or for some
similar purpose ; also a lar-^e building used to
house soldiers, for whatever purpose it may at
first have been built.
"He [Bishop HaU) lived to see his cathedral eon-
verted into a bai-rack, and hia palace uito an ale-
house,"—?'. Warton: Hist, of Eng. Poet., iv. 2.
•[ As a writer in the Penny Cyclop, shows,
the word barrack does not occur in our older
dictionaries, though it is found in Phillips's
IForld of Words, foL (ITOti). In 1720 an
effort was made to erect barracks in London,
under the false pretence that they would be
used as hospitals for those who might be
seized by the plague, wliich, though extinct in
England, was then raging at MarseUles. The
device was, however, seen through, and had
to be abandoned. The first permanent bar-
racks were erected just before 1739 ; but even
as late as the French revolutionary war,
opposition was made to their being built on
an extensive scale, their existence being con-
sidered dangerous to civil liberty. At length
the perilous character of the contest with
France made it absolutely essential that bar-
racks should at once b(- erected in various
places, and in 17ii2 the work was undertaken
111 earnest. By the end of ISiy more than
three millions of pounds had been expended
ill carrying it out.
Shortly after the Revoliitioii of inss moic
vehement resistance than that given to tlic
erection of bai-r;tcks had been offered to the
retention of a standing army. [Armv.] Tlie
fidelity of the British soldiers, so markedly
contrasting with the frequent disloyaltyof t!i(-
modern Spanish troops or of the old Roman
]iraitorian guards, has long since procured uni-
\ersal tolerance in England both of a standing
army and of barracks tor its acconimndatioii.
Barracks have more than once been cou-
strucled to shelter men engaged in building a
Ught-lioase, or other temporary, br.t extensive
works.
barrack-master, s. An officer who has
charge of a soldier's barrack and its inmates.
barrack - master - general, s. An
officer, real or imaginary, who lias charge of
ail the barracks required for an army or
existent within a kingdom. (Swift )
bar'-ra -clade, s. [From Dut. baar ; O. Dut.
baer = 'biiTe, naked; and J.hied=R garment.
Cloths undressed or without a nap.]
C'uiim. : a home-made woollen garment
without a nap. (-Vi'i" York.)
bar'-ra-c6on, ». [From Sp. barraea = a bar-
rack.] [Barrack.]
Uhl Slave Trade: Any enclosed place, used
for the detention of slaves till oiipoi-tunity
arose foi" shiiiping them oft' to America.
bar-ra-cu'-da, s. {iii).barrocuda.] A fish —
the Sphiii-iriiii barrai'iulJi, found in the vicinity
uf the Baliainasand otlier West Indian Islands.
bir'-rage, ». [Fr. barrage.]
1. Engin. : Au artificial obstruction placed
in a w.iter-course to obtain increased depth
of watnr.
2. Chili Mil. mi f. : A Normandy fabric made
of linen interwoven with worsted flowers.
b&,r-rau'-ca, s. ISp.] A deeii break or ravine
caused by rains or a waterroiirse. (Baitlett.)
bar-ran'-dite, o.-. [In Ger. barrandit. Named
after Barrande, the distinguished geotogi.st
of Bohemia,] A mineral occurring in sphe-
roidal conecnti-ic concretions, with indis-
tinctly-radiated fibres. The liardncss is 4-o ;
the s]'. gr,, 2 "576 ; the lustre between viticous
and greasy ; the colour pale-bluish, greenish,
ur yelinwish-gray. Composition: Phosphoric
ui-id, ;;u-G,s ; alumina, 12-74 ; sesquioxide of
iron, 2()'58 ; water, 21-00=100. Occurs at
Przibram, in Bohemia. It is said sometimes
to be allied to dufreniic and cacoxenite.
bSr-ras. s [Fr.] The French name f(n-
the resinous gum of Plnns nun itimi, which is
the basis of Burgundy pitch.
bS-r'-rat. ^bar'-ette, ^ bar-et, », [O. Fr.
harat, barate, baretc — Hand, deceit, confusion ;
Prov. barat, barata ; Sp. harata ; O. Sp. ba-
'-"((,, &ara^(=frand, d<*i'eit; Ital. baratlo =
truck, exchange, deceit; baratta = a fight.
Irel. & Goth. &ara«a = conte-st ; Wei. harat-
tnn.] [Barrator, Barratry, Barter.]
1. Strife, I'oiitest.
" Ther nis bai-et, nother atrif ."
Jlickifs: Tliemarus, i. 231. (Boucher.)
2. Sorrow, grief.
"And all t\w hard that he bar
It reseld ni thiu hert ful sar."
Cursor Muiuli, MH. Edin., i. VA b. (S. iii Boucher.)
bar'-rat-6r, t bar-ret or, *bar'-ret-er,
" bar -ret-ter, * bar'-a-tour, *bar-^a-
toure, s. [O. Fr. barateres ; Ital. haraitiere,
barattiero = deceiver, cheat ; baratlatore = one
who trucks; from 0. Fr. baratar, baretcr =
to barter, to cheat in bargaining ; Prov &
Sp. baratar ; Ital. barattare =■ to barter, to ex-
change, to cheat ; Low Lat. baiato = to cheat ;
from O. Fr. barat, barate, 6arete =^ fraud, dis-
cord, confusion. (Barrat.) Diez consi+lers
that it is cognate with Gr. TrpaTxeti' (prattein)
= to do, . . to use xiractici.s or tricks.
(Practice.) Barrater is etymologically con-
nected with Barter (q.v.). See also Bar-
ratry.]
\ 1. The master of a ship who deals fraudu-
lently with goods put on board his vessel,
and therefore committed to his custody,
_ 2. One who, for his own x">'ni*oses, stirs up
litigation or pri\'ate quarrels among his neigh-
bo m-s.
" Will it not reflect r-iB niuch on thy character, 'Sic,
to turn barrator in thy old d.iys, a stiri-er-up of quar-
rels amongst thy neighbours';"— -^>-itu(7i»of ; Jlistorii of
John Bull.
"... a barn-tor, who is thus able, as well as
willing, to do miachieV—BhccKstone: Comment bk.
IV,, ch. 10.
boil, bo^; pout, J<S^1; cat, ceU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sio'us = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, del.
430
bamtroas— barrenness
bar'-ra-trous, u<Jj. [lin:-;. hurmtr{y); -ous.]
Pertiiiuiug tu barrati} . luvulviiig the coiii-
misbiou o( barmtry.
"bar'-ra-trous-ly, adc. [Eug. harrairous ;
-ly.] In a biirratrnus uiatniL'r ; as a "barrator
would do ; iu a way tu iuvulvc thu eriuie uf
barratry.
bar-ra-try, bar'-ret-ry, bar-ret-rie,
bar'-a-try, s. [In Fr. hminlcrle; Pruv.
haiiitaria ; Ital. haivlturui. Imraria; haw
Lat. banUaria.] [Bakkat, Barratok.] A
law term.
I. English Law :
1. The offence L-uniimtlrd by the master of a
vessel of eiiibezzhng or injuring goods com-
mitted to his charge fur a \oyi(-i.'.
2. The offence of frequently exciting and
stirring up law-suits or iiiiarrel.-. amung one's
neighbours or in society generally.
" 'Tis nrrnut barrafrt/ that lieiira
Poiut blank au actiuu 'i-.tuiht our laws.'
J/udibras.
IL Scots Law :
*1. The offence of Jicnding money out of
Scotland to purchase benelirf^ iu that country
from the Popedom.
2. The acceptance of abrilie by a judge to
influence his judgment in a casi- before huu.
" Corriiptiou of Judjfes, Crnnrii ycprfiiin/nrinit,
Baratrfi, riie/t-bote." . . " Tliiw i;|-iiiie df Q'^cll:llJylIll;
justiL-e for money wuh afterv\:inls onlleil l»y the dut-Lui's
bariitriit, from the Itnliiiii l>nriilf'ire, to truck or
barter . . ."—A'rskinc : Jtisti!. I,(ua Siiotlaiul {tiX. iwa),
p. l.oyi.
barred, im- 1"^'"- ^ «■ [Bai:, v.]
1. Orel. Lang. : In .senses cfjrresponding to
those of the verb-
"They fas-iemhlies for (:lL^lnt; wnrshiv] were veiy
properly forliiUdeii to (t.wm6/<' with buri-nd dour?,,"—
MacaiUay : Hist. Eug., cli \i.
"And they drank the reel -vviiie throuu'h the helmet
barred." —Scott : Lay of the J.ii^t Miiu^trel, i, 4.
2. Bot., EutouL, &c. : ^Yith bars of a paler
colour crossing a space ot a darker hue.
* bar-rein, t bar'-reine. [Barren.]
bar'-rel, ^bar-rell, "bar-el, s. [In Fr.
& We'l. haril; O. Fr. hnreil, harirl ; Prov.
tarril, barrial; Sp. & Port. h<i,i-il= a barrel,
■an uarthenware vessel with a great body and
a narrow neck; Ital. barUc; Gael. baraiU.
Compare Fr. barriqnr ; Sp. ba/ciuc. = a hogs-
head. Generally assiuned to be, connected
with &ar(q.v.). 'in this eat,e it would mean a
vessel barred round with staves or hooped.]
A, Ordlnunj Language :
I. Of anything shaped like a cask:
1. A cask ; a vessel bulging in the middle,
formed of staves, surrounded by hooph, and
with a bung-hole to afford egre.ss to the gene-
rally lj(iuid contents.
". ,. , and [Klijalil said, Fill four barrels with
water."— 1 Kings xviii. Ui,
"Ttliathbeen oliserved liy one of the ancients that
an empty barrel. knockedu])on withthe finger, giveth
a diapason tu the sound uf the like barrel full." —
Bacon
2. The capacity of sucli a cask, supposing
it to be of the normal magnitude. In one for
holding liquids the capacity is usually from
30 to 4.j gallons. [B., I 1.]
II. Of anything hollow and cylindrical : The
metallic, tube which reci'l^'es the charge in a
musket or rifle. With tlie stock and tlie lock,
it comprises the whole instrument.
" Take the bum-l of a long gun jierfectly bored, Sft
it iiyright, with the hreech uijun the gnnmd, and take
a bullet exactly tit for it ; then if you euuk at the
mouth of the barrel ever so gently, the liuHet will
come up BO forcibly, that it will haziird the atrikinti
out of your teeth."— i^'fffi^
III. Of anything cylindrical, lohciher hollow
or not: A cylinder, and specially one about
which anything is wound. [B., III. 1.]
"Your string ami how niust be actMiuniodaled tu
yoxir diill: if too weak, it will nut carry about the
barrel."— M 0X0 II.
B. Technically :
I. Mcu^iiro. As much as an ordinary barrcE
will liold. .Spccialbj—
1. Li<iuid Measure. In this sense the f^everal
liquids have each a different capacity of
barrel. "A barrel of wine is thirty-one gal-
lons and a half; of ale, thirty-two gallons;
of beer, thirty-six gallons ; and of beer-viuegar,
thirty-four gallons." (Johiison.)
2. Dry Men^iirc. In this case also different
articles have barrels of ditferent capacity to
test their bulk. "A barrel of Essex butter
contains one hundred and six pounds ; of
Suffolk butter, two hundred and lifty-six. A
barrel of herrings should contain thirty-two
gallons wine measure, holding usually a thou-
sand herrings." {Johnson.)
" Several collegL's, instead of limitinj,' their rents to
a ceitiun sum, jire\ ailed with their tenants to pay the
l)rice <'l so many Onrrels of enrn, jva the market went."
-.•iiLofL
•| In Anici'icii tin- contents of a barrel are
regulated by statute. Thus, a barrel of flour
in Xew York contains 19ti to S'iS lbs., or
22.S lbs. net weight. Generally speaking, tlie
American barrel contains from 28 to 31 gallons.
IL Mcch. : The cylindrical part uf a pulley.
III. Horology :
1. The barrel of a. -watch : The hollow cylinder
or case in wliich tlie mainspring woi'ks. It is
connected with a chain by the fusee, by the
winding of wiiieh tlie cliain is unrolled from
tlie cylinder, with the effect of winding the
iiiainsi>riiig.
2. Tlie chamber of a spring balance.
IV. Cavi.i'anology : llie S(jnorous portion of
a bell.
V. Anatoiiiy. Barrel of the Ear : A cavity
behind the tympanum, covered with a hue
meinlirane.
^ The belly and loins of a horse or cow are
tecJinically spoken of as the barret.
"The priceless animal uf grand symnietrieal form,
short leys, around ourral- '—&iUn<;y . iiuokuj tha horse.
VI. Nautical :
1. The main piece of a capstan.
2. The I'ylinder around which the tiller-
ropes are wound.
VII. Music: The cylinder studded with pins
by winch the keys uf a nmsical instrument
arc moved. [BAJiRiiL organ.]
barrel -bellied, barrel -belly'd, a.
Ha\ ing a large and protuberant belly. (See V.)
" Dauntless at empty noises, lofty neck'd,
HhaiiJ-headed, barrei-OeUy d, broadly- hack 'd."
Brudan: Viri/'l.O. Hi,
barrel-bird, ^. A local name for the
Long-tailed Tit [Acrcdida camlala), from the
shape uf its nest.
Uarrel-bulfc, _s. A measure of capacity.
[Barrel, B., 1. -.j
barrel-drain, •>. A cylindrical drain.
barrel-fever, s. Disease produced by
im moderate drinking. (Vulgar.) {Scotch.)
{■Jonirsun.)
barrel-liead, a. The head of a barrel.
barrel-organ, s. An organ consisting of
a cylindrical barrel with pins, the revolution
of \vhich opens the key-valves and plays the
instrument. The stret-t-organ is of this type.
barrel-pen, s. A steel pen which has a
split c\'lindri(^al shank adapting it to slip
upim a round holder.
barrel-pump, s. The piston- chamber
of a juinip.
bar-rel, v t. [From barrel, s. (q.v.) In Fr,
iinhariUer.] To put in a barrel.
" Barrel up earth, and sow some seed in it, and put
it ill the bottom oi a pond." — Bavun.
+ bar'-rel-et, .s. [Barrulet.]
bar '-relied, pa. par., adj., &; in compos.
[B.\rrel, v.~\
A. & B. As jxi-,1 jKii ttcij'le ,C- adjtLtice :
1. Put or packed in a barrel.
2. Shniied like a barrel.
C. fn compos. : Ha\ing a barrel or barrels :
as, "a i'tvt^ -barrelled levulvei'."
bar'-rel-lihg, pr pur., <'., &s. [Barrel, v.t.]
A, & £. As pr. par. tf' «. ; In senses coi're-
spoiidiiig to those of the verb,
C. As suhst. : TliL' act oi putting in liarrcls ;
till,' stiite uf being put in barrels.
bar -r en, * bar- rein, * bar- reine,
' bar -eine, * bar'-eyn, ^ bar'-eigne
(eigne as en), ". t'c f. [Norm. Fr. barein;
T). Ir. barruignc, bmiinujuc, brehaigne, brehaine,
biehange — sterile ; Aim. brekhan := sterile.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) Of tlie human race, or of the inferior ani-
mals : Unable to produce one's kind, or not
actually producing it; sterile, unfruitful, un-
prolitic.
"... and his wife was barren, and bai-e not." —
Jiulg. xiii. i.
"There ehall not be male or female barren among
you, or among your cattle." — Deut. vii. 14.
(2) Ofidui'ts: Not prcducing fruit ; as "tlie
bairen hg-tree. "
" VioWts, a barren kind,
Wither'd uii the ground muBt lie."
Wordsworth; Foresight.
(3) Of the ground: Not leitile, sterile, not
yielding abundant crops.
"... the situation of this city i.s pleasant ; but the
water is naught, and the ground barren."— 2 Kings
ii. m.
" Telemachus is far from exalting the nature of liiB
country ; lie confesses it to be barren. ' — Pope.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of the mind : Not intellectually jiro-
ductive, uninventive, dull.
"Theri.- be of them that will make themselves laugh,
to set ou some iiuantity of oarren spectators to laugh
too." — Hh^kes/j. : Baialet, iii.2.
(2) Of things in general:
(a) Uniiroduetive, not bringing with it any-
thing beyond itself ; not descending from
father to son.
" Upon iny head they plac'd a fruitless crown,
And put a barren ace^jtre m my gripe."
Hhitkes/j. : MacbefJi, in. 1.
(&) Scanty, not copiims ; delicient; wanting
in number or quantity. (In construction fol-
lowed by of.)
" The forty-three years of his reign are as barren of
events as they are of names, '-it/^'^i Early Roman
l/ist.(l6obl Chap, xi., § 13.
II. Botany :
A barren Jlower : (1) A flower which has
only stamina, without a pistil : example, the
males of moncecious and of dioecious plant.s.
(■J) Having neither stamina nor pistil : ex-
ample, some flowers in certain grasses and
sedges,
B. As substantive :
1. In the State.^ vjest of tlie Alleghany: A
tract of land ii.--ing a few feet above the level
ot a jdain, and producing trees and grass.
The soil of tliese " bai'iens " is not bairen, iis
tlie name imports, but often very fertile. It
is usually allu\ial, to a depth sometimes of
several feet. (Webster.)
2. Any nnpioductn-L- tract of land, as "the
\nnc-barrens of South Carolina." (Webster.)
[Pine-Barren.]
Having bai'ren
Creei)ing i\'5^ which does
barren-flowered, adj.
flowei's.
barren-ivy,
not flower.
barren-land, s. Unfertile land.
barren-money, s.
Civil Law: Money not put out to interest
or so traded with as tu yield an income.
barren-spirited, a^Jj. A peison of a
spirit incapable of eflceting anything high or
important.
" A barren-spiritpd fellow ; one that feeds
On abjtcts, ort-s, and imitations :
Which, out ot Use. and aUil'd by other men.
Begin his fashion."
tSkakes/j. ■ Julius Ctesar, iv. 1.
bar'-ren-ly, adv. [Eng. barren ; -ly.] In .i
barren manner, with the absence of fertility,
unlruitfuUy.
bar -ren-ness, ' bar -ren-nesse, s. [Eng.
barren; -7icss.]
I, Literally :
1. Of the h^iinan ran, the inferior animals, or
jih.i}>ts: The quality ot being" barren, inability
to procreate oflspring, or tne state of being
witbout oflspring.
"I prayd for children, and thought bitrrenne-'i^
In wedlock a reproach. " — Milton: Sainton Agon.
2. Of tlie ground: Infertility, sterility, in-
capability of yielding heavy crops.
•' Within the self-same hamlet lands have divere
decrees of value, through the diversity uf their fei-
tihty or barrennesa." — Bacon.
II. Figuratively:
1. Of tlie. mind : Want of inventiveness,
inability to produce anything intellectual.
"... a total barrenness of invention "—Dryden.
2. Of tlie. heart : Absence of proper moral or
spiritual emotion.
"The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and
sometimes feel a barrenness of devotion." — Taylor.
3. Of things in general : Dehciency of matter
or of interest.
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = itw.
barrenwort— barrow
431
"Tljf iinpcrtmiity of our adversaries ha.th con-
ttruiiieil us longer to dwell than the barrenneis of bo
poor ;i tauoC could have seeiutid eitlier tn require or to
admit —tlooker.
bar'-ren-'wdrt, s. [Eny. han-cn, and wort
= Wr\) J The English muia- of Epiniediuin, a
genus of iilauts l>elonginy tu the order Ber-
beritUu.-eii^ (Btrlie.i'ids). This is a noniiuully
British spt-L-ieb, the Aljilne Barrenwort (iijH-
nmiliu'iii i.ilpuuim), which grnwb in some suh-
alpine woods, hut only when planted. It
has a creeping rhizome, ;l twice ternate stem-
leaf with cordate leatlets, reddish flowers in
panicles, with inflated nei.turies, four sepals,
eight petals, four stamina, and eui'ious anthers.
"bS-r'-ret, s. [In Fr. harrette; l^rov. liarrrto.
herwl", hm^et; Sp.hlrrcta, birretG ; Ital. hrr-
rettii : Low Lat. barreluvi, Inrrdmii, dimin. t)f
Lat /'(./■(■//-•. = a woollen overcoat used to keep
off rain. J [Biretta.J A cap formerly woin
by soldlei-s.
barret-cap. barret cap. The same as
BAJiHET (ri-v.).
" Old &iy;l;iiid .s sign, St. Georges croys.
HJa barrr/-'-ii/i did grace. '
Utiott Lay of (hr Last A/iimlrel, iii. 10.
bar-re t-te'es, s. A kind of plani silk.
(K.njht.)
* bar'-ret-er (1), s. [Barrator. ]
* bar'-ret-er (2), s. [Barrister,]
t bar'-ret-ry, ^. [Bauratrv.]
t barr-ful, -'- [Earful.]
bar-ri-ca'de, t bar-ri-ca'-do, «. [in Sw.
barrlkail; Diit. & Ger. hcurduih ; D;ni. k
Fr. barriccuh ; Sp. barricaihi ; Ital. bayria'tn
From Fr. harrique; I'rnv. barriqiia ; Sp. A:
Port, harrira = a caslc ; casks having ap-
parently funned the original barricades.]
A. Orduiarij Langvaga :
1. Lit. : A hastily-fonncd i-amimrt of cask.s,
earth, trees, logs of wood, paving-stniu's,
waggons, or other vehielc*, designed to im-
pede the advance of a suddenly declared foe.
^ The word came into the language in the
form harriciulo, but is now more frequently
spoken and written barricade.
"... No iuj-mv(tio for abelly."'
filutktssp. : Whuer's Tale, i. -.
"The :iocfrt8 win liy a neck of hind, between the -.I'iL
on oiii' ii;Lit,:iiid tlie harbour water, or iiiui;i' aeii, uii
the iitliei ; fijitiilL'd ckiiii over with a atmng raininer
and h.t,rir.idor~li<i<:',n
'■ , . . to make tlie security still more eumiilete hj
throwing u hii,rficitdii aeriiaa the stream . . ."—Jlavuu-
lay : Hist. K^'J-. chap. xii.
2. Fig. : Anything designed to prove an
obstruction, or which actually jn-oves sucli.
"There iniiht be ^nc\\ w. harru-adr as would greatly
annoy oi- filMnlntely stop the currents of the atuiu-
sphere."~/J''r/(in/i.
B. Naval Architecture : A stron;; wooden
rail supported by stancliiuns extending across
the fore-pai-t of the quarter-deck in ships uf
war. The \'acaut spaces between the stan-
chions arc usually lilled witli rojie mats,
corks, or pieces of old cable ; and the upper
part, whicli contains a double rojte netting
above the rail, is stuffed witli hammocks, as a
defence against small shut in a naval action.
bar'-ri-cade, t bar-ri-ca'-do, i' t. [From
barricade, s. (q.^'.). In Ger. barikadccreii ;
Fr. baT^icader.]
1. Lit.: To form a barricade, to tlirow up
a hastily-constructed rampart of earth, trees,
paving- stones, waggons, or other vehicles, witli
the view of obstructing the ])rogress of an
enemy ; any barrier raised for ;i defence ; an
obstruction raised to keep a crowd from press-
ing forward unduly, or to preserve a spot
saeved from their intrusion.
" All the great avenues were barrtcadcd."~J/aciiti-
lay : Hist. Hmj.. ch. 10.
1[ Like the substantive, this .ilso first en-
tered the English language in the form barri-
cade.
"Fast we found, fast shut,
The dismal gates, and bumvndoi-d ;,tiong."
AJiUoii P. L., bk. viii.
2. Fig. : To obstruct in any way by means
of physical obstacles.
"A new volcano contiunally disrliargine that
inntter, which, being till then barricadfd up and nn-
prisoned in the bowels of the earth, was (ht- occasion
of \ery great and frequent calamities "— Woodward.
bar-ri~ca -ded, bar-ri-ca'-doed, j"-'-
par. & o. [Barricade, v.]
bar-ri-cad'-er, s. [Eng. barricad(e), v. ; -er.]
One who barricades.
bar-ri-ca'd-ing. bar-ri-ca -do-iiigp pr-
par. [Barricadk, f.]
bar'-rie, s. [A..'^.ha'.r = bare. InHw.bar. So
calleil I.ecause it is placed next to the body.]
A kind of half-petti eoat, or swaddling cloth of
flannel, in which the limbs of an infant are
wrapped for defending them from the cold.
(Scutcli.) {Jama^u".)
bar'-ri-er. bar-ri-e're, * bar-re rs, =.
&n, Fnrinerlv pronounced sometimes with
tlie areeiit Oil last syll. [In Fr. barriere;
Prov. i: Ital bnrriera ; Sp. barrera.] [Bar.]
A. As siibstuntire :
I. Ordinary Langup.ge:
1. Ldcrolhi:
(1) A physical obstructiuii of any kinrl
ercetfil to 'bar the progress of a persoR or
thing, to constitute a boundary line, or for
any similar purpose. Specially—
t ('() A fortification, a strong place ; a wall
raised for defence, a fortified boundaiy-line.
"The ijueen is guarantee of the Dutch, having pos-
.se^aion or the barrivr, :iiul the reveuues tliereof, Ijel'ore
a |Ji.Mr,- '■—Swi/i.
{!') Any obstruction raised to prevent a foe,
a cmwd.'&e.. from passing a certain point;
an> thing designed to fence arimnd a privileged
spot, ur^to mark the limits of a iilace, as. e.g.,
a tiltyiird, the gateway of a Continental town.
" The lists' dread bm-rirrs to i>reiiarc,
Against the muiTow'.s dawn. "
.Scotl : Litij of the /-■(-.' Minstrel, v H.
(■J.) Anything natural whicli similarly fur-
nisher defence, impedes movement, or pro-
duces sei>aratioti.
" Safe in the l"\e of heav'n, an ocean flows
Around our it-idiu, a barrier from the foes '
Pope
". . an irni^iblc l.nrrl.-i . two vavds iu widtl..
bL-i arated [jeifiictly calm air fruni ,i .stp.iig bhiot."—
J)<irwin: Vui/inf ro'ind i/ic- iror/-/, cli, x.vi
2. Fig. : Anything innnaterial wliich hinders
advance or produces separation.
(1) A inentiiUy-formed obstacle, obstiuetion,
or hindi-ance.
" If you value yourself as a man of learning'. yi>ii are
building It most iniijassiiljle barrier against uuitum'-
ineiit."— Walts.
(li) A meutally-formed bditiulaiy, limit, ur
line of division or separation.
" And fix, O muse, the humer of thy song
At tEdipua."— /"oije ,- ><''iiin'<.
" Mow iiiatiiict varies in the groveUiug swine.
Conipar'd, half-re:ts*uing elephant ! with thine :
'Twixt that and reason what a nice harrier I
For ever sep'nite, yet for e\ ei neai'."— y'o/"'
II. Fortijic'ition : \ ]ialisade. stockade, or
other obstacle raised lU a passaj;c or refreiieli-
ment as a defence against au enemy, (./"xus.)
B. As adjrrtiri' : Imiteduig, standing in the
way ; lutereeptiiig anything
"... the barrier mountains, by excluding the sun
for niucli of his daily cmirae, strengthen the gloomy
iiiipres8ioua."--/Je V""c*'^' iVorks (ed. IHO-i), vol. ii..
p. Ki.
barrier-gate» s. a lieavy gate to close
the opening through a barrier. (Goodrich 6:
barrier-like, a. Like a barrier.
" There is a simplicity in the barrier-like beach."—
Itaru'lii . Voyaije round the World, ch. xx
barrier-reefs, s. vL Darwin's second
great class of coral reefs. In thesi' the wall
of coral runs nearly parallel to the coast of a
e(nitineiit or large island, but at some distance
fiom the shore; in this latter resjiect differ-
ing from fringing or skirting reef-,, which are
in contact with the land. There is a vast
liarrier-reef along the north-eastern coast of
Anstialia.
"Before explaining how atoll-furmed reefs acquire
tiiL-ir peculiar structure, we must tarn to the second
great l-1jiss, namely, Jiarrie?--ree/s." — Darwhi ; \'oyaye
round Hie World, ch. xx.
' bar'-ri-ket, s. [Dimin. of Fr. harrique =_a.
hogshead, a tun, a butt.] A firkin.
"Barrot, t\. ferkiii or barrike'."—Cotgrave.
bar'-rmg, pr. par., .'., & s. [Bar, v.]
A. & B. As pre'<cnt jxirUcipk d: participial
ailjecfirr : In senses corresponding to those of
tlie verb
% It is sometimes used in familiar language
as a jireposition ; for example, " barring (i.e.,
excluding, excepting) undetected errors in
the addition, the account shoidd come to so
much."
C. As si'hstaiitive:
I. Ordinary iMngvage :
1. Lit.: Exclusion by means of a bar placed
across a door.
2, Fi'j. : Exclusion of any kind, by what-
ever i)roeess effected.
II Jler : The same as Baury or Baurulv,
(q.v.'). (Chancer.)
barring-out, .-< An act of rebellion occa-
sionally committed by school-boys. It consists
in locking and, if need be, barricading the
door against the entry of the teacher.
" Nut f ,:hn>,]-'\ioys nt n barri»j/-out,
Kai-- d ever such incessant rout."
,S'C/7V Journal of u Jfodern Fine Lad;/.
bar-rihg-to'-ni-a, y. [Named after the Hon
Daines Barrington, FR.S , ttc ]
Bat.: A genus of plants, the type of the
order Barringtoniaeea' (Barriiigtouiads). Tlar-
ringtonia i^pecin^u is a splendid tree which
grows in the Eiist Indies. It has h>ng, wedge-
shaped coi-iace(uis leaves, and large, handsome
purple-and-white flowers. The fruit is a
drupe, the seeds of which, mixed with bait,
inebriate fish in the same way that C\iveiilns
indicHS does.
bar-ring-t6-m-a'-9e-3e (Li)uUey). bar-
ring-to'-ni-e-ae {De Caiul.). (both Latin),
bar-rihg-to'-ni-ads (Fnii.), s. pi [Bar-
RiNT.TONiA.] An order of jilants chissed by
Lindley under his 53rd or Grossal Alliance,
l-'nrmeily tliey were regarded as a sub-order of
Myrtaei.'ie. from which, howe\-er, they differ
inhaving alternate undotted leaves. Sepals,
4_0 ; petals, 4 — 0 , Stamens indefinite ; ovaiy
inferior, 2, 4 --'j celled ; ovules, iiulefinite ;
-•^tyle, simple ; stii^ma, capitate; fruit, lle.shy.
Habit^it, the tropics of the Old and New
Worlds. In iy47, the known sjiecies weiv
twenty-eight. [For the properties of the
varinns species see Stravadium, Custama,
and Cahkva.]
bar'-ris-ter, bar'-ras-ter, ' bar -ret-er
(2). s. [Apparently from /-",/■, referring to the
la<-t that n barrister pleads at the bar. ( )ther
etymologies lia\'c l>fen given.] A iiienibi-'r' of
the legal luofessmn wlm has been admilt^'d
to prartise at the bar; a I'ounselloi'-at-law.
[Coi;nsi,llor, ('o['nsi-:l.] In old law bonks
bairisti-i^ were -^tylrd oj'j'rentiecs, ojijirentirii
ad hgnn, being regaixled ;is nn-re lejirners, and
not qualified to L'Xrcute the full ufiiec of an
advocate till tln'v were of sixteen years' stand-
ing ; now a bari'ister often yciirs is hebl com-
petent to Mil almost any kiiul of ofliix'. No
one who has not been called to the bar can
plead in the f^uperior Courts at Westminster.
or, as i\ rule, in ;uiy court ]ircsided over by
a superim- judge. P'ormei'ly a distinction
was drawn betwcii ('//''/(= outer) bai'iisters,
who on public oi-easiuns in the Inii^ of
Court were called from the liody of the hall
to the first place onlside the bar, wliilst
the benchers and readers were called inner.
In the Inns of Court a (.listinction was for-
nicily drawn between Inner Barristers, who
on pnblic occasions occujiied a plm-c on a
raised dais sejiarated fi'oin the rest of the hall
by a bar, and Utter (i.fi., (inter) Barrislrrs, who
were called from among the students to the
first place outside the bar. The distinction
has long been abolished, the term hiirri.>ter
being now used for what were formerly termed
Inner Baii'isters, whilst fhe Ontcr Barristers
have sunk agiiin into the rank of students,
from which they were taken. In Qm I'U Eliza-
beth's reign the Outer Barristers were allowed
to i)ractise in lav/ courts, but under most
other English sovereigns they simply took
]>art in readings and moots at the Inns of
Court. A now obsolete regulation, made in
1603, reipiired that no one should be allowed
to study for the bai' unless lie were a gentle-
man by descent ; but at least since 17t52,
study for the bar has been open, on certain
conditions, to any member of the community.
A liarrister can be disbarred, appeal, ho\\e\>'i,
being allowed him to the judges. The Irish
bar is regulated almost exactly like that of
England. In Scotland there is a differeiiee
of name, barristers being called a0.cueati.s,
[Advocate.]
* bar'-ron-y, a. [BAEo^-Y.]
bar-row (1), *bar'-u, 5. [A, 8. /j/'n,7?(genit.
bearyes), bearug = a barrow ]iig, a porker ; N.H
Ger, barch, borch ; O.H. Gi-r, barch, ho rug ;
ISp. verrant ; Sansc. bardlui, u-ardlm = a
hog (See also Pork.) Dr. Brewer, in his
Flirc.^e and Fable, says: "A harrow pig: A
baronet ; so called because he is not looked
b6U, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, 96X1, cborus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, l^enophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun — shun ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, i:c. = bei, del,
432
barrow— Bartholomew
upon as ;i nolilenian by the aristocracy, nor iis
a coniiiHuiei- Ity tijr pcojile. In like inaniier a
liaiTOW pig is in'iLlifi" male nor female, neither
hog nor snw."] A boar, especially ii* i-astratcd.
(0. Eng.)
"... ;in(l liiiilcli* fin viitte /jar^i yiioine,"
j;i.l>. li/iiuri-s , i< i;u7 (N iit Ho'ivhur.)
^ Webster says that although obsoh^ti- in
Enghintl, the wurd in this sensr is still in
<-onimnn nse in America. Tlie former asser-
tion is not quite necurate, for Stevens shows
that it hgnres in the glossaries of East Anglia
and Exmoor.
barrow-grease, ■ barrowes-greece,
s Hog's-larU.
"For ii. saws-fleatne or a red -pimpled face, 4 oz. of
harrowi's-gri-'icc are direutetl " ]iii a work called A
Thoiimnd A'o'ahlt: Thlngi,, p. IVil—Boitcher : tiuppl
to Dr Johnson's Diet. _
* barrow-hogge, &. The same as Bar-
row (1) (([.v.).
" His life \v:is like a harrow-ltogge.
That liveth inaiiy a clay,
Yet never oime doth ai»y good
Until men will hiui slaj/."
i'ercji RrUqiies. i. 208. (Bow:hp.r.)
barrow-pig, s The same as Barbow
fl)(q.v.).
" Gorret, a little sheat or barrow-jng."—Cotffrave.
barrow-swine, ■.-.. The same as Barrow
(l)(q.V.).
". . . the gall nf a harraw-swinc."—.i Tliousaml
Notable Thi<i<j\ p i»8 (Boadt-er.)
bar'-row (2), .^^ [A.S. 'be.reioe = a wheel-bar-
row; from iivn-n, beoran := . . . to bear, tn
carry. In Sav, hor=a. barrow, a bier; Dan.
I>hr = barrow ; Dut. herrie; Ger. hahre. Com-
pare hicr (q.v.).]
A, Orel. Jjin<i.: Any kind of carriage moveil
by the hand. .<iicvl«lhj —
1. A hand-barrow, a frame of wood with
two shafts or handles at each end, carried by
men ; also as much as such a vehicle will
hold.
" Have I lived to be carried in a liaaket like aharroiv
of butcher's urial. and thrown into the Ihames?" —
Hhakesp. : Alvmj Wwes of WiiidsQr, iii. h.
2. A wheel-barrow, a small cart with one
wheel placed in front, and handles in the rear,
by grasping which one can trundle the barrow
before him. It has two uprights to support
it when stationary.
"No harrow's wheel
Shall mark thy stocking with a miry trace."— »".'«//,
B, Salt viaiivfactvre: A conical basket em-
ployed at Nantwich and Droitwich for the
reception of wet salt till the water has drained
from it.
"A &/n*r(Mc containing six pecks , . ."—WliUe : Ken-
net's JfS. Gloss. (.S'. m Bouchvr.)
barrow-tram, s. (Scotch.)
1. Lit. : The shaft of a wlieel-barrow.
2. Fig. {ill it. jocular sense): A raw-boned
person.
"... gather your wind and your senses, ye Mavk
harro-w-trant o' the kirk that ye are." — Seott ilim
Maiineruig, ch. xlvi.
bar'-r5w (3), s. [A.S, lyeorh, Seorg =a hill, a
mountain, a rampart, a citadel, a heap, burrow
or barrow, a heap of atones, a plaee of burial ;
from heorgan = to protect or shelter, to fortify
Compare also hearo = a barrow, a higli or hilly
pLu-e, a grove, a wood, a hill covered with
wor«l, &!■.] An artificial mound or tumulus,
of stones nr eai'th, piled up over the remains
of the dead. Such erections were frequently
made in ancient tnnes in our own land, and
they are met withalsoinmany other countries,
both in tlie Old and New Worlds. In Scotland
they are called cairns. "When opened they are
EARBOW ON EALLIDON MOOR, DERBYSHIRE.
often found to contain stone cysts, calcined
bones, ^c. Burial m barrows commencing
BARRY BENDY.
amid the mists of remote antiquity seems to
liave been prac^tised as late as the 8th century
A.D. Of the British ante-Eoman barrows,
the long ones are supposed to belong ex-
clusively to the Stone, and the round one.,
to the Bronze, Age. [Cairn, Cist.]
"... wheic BtillnesB dwells
'Midst the nule harrows and the moorland swells,
Thus undibturb'd " J/emans : Dartmoor.
bar' -row-man, s [Eng. harrow; man.]
One who carries stones, mortar, &c., onahand-
liarrow, to masons when building. (Scotch.)
"I will give you to know that old masons are the
be«t barroimn en."— Perils of Man, ii. 32G. [./(tmieson.i
bar'-rul-et, + bar'~rel-et, .i. [Dimin. of
Eng. Iar0[.v.). " A little bar."]
Heraldry: One-fourth of a bar; that is, a
twentieth ^lart of the field. It is seldom oi'
never borne singly. It is sometimes called
also a Bracelet. When they are disposed iu
coui)]es, barrulets are Jinr.^-gemels (q.v.).
t bar-rul-et'-ty, a. [Prom Eng. harrnht
(q.v.).] Having the lield liorizontally divided
into ten or any nuniber of equal parts, Bnmj
is the term more commonly used. [Barry. J
bar'-rul-y, «. [Dimin. of harry (q.v.).] The
same in signification as Barry (q.v.),
bar'-ry, a. & s [Eng. har ; -ry.)
A. As adjcclivc (Her.): Having the
ilivided, by means of
horizontal lines, into
a certain number vf
equal parts. [Bar.]
B. -^Is suhstantive
(Her.): The division of
the field by horizontal
lines into a certain
number of equal parts.
It is called also Bar-
ruly. Chaucer terms
it barring.
^ The following are
variations of tliis division of the field : —
Barrji bendy: The term used when a field
is divided bar-wise and bend-wise also, the
tinctures being countercharged. (Gloss, of
Her.)
Barry bendy sinister: A combination of barry
and bendy sinister.
Barry bendy dexter an.d sinister: A combi-
nation of barry and bendy dexter and sinistei'.
It is called also Barry Lozengy.
Barry lozengy : Tlie same as the last,
Barry pily: Divided into an equal number
of pieces by piles jdaced horizontally a(^ross
the shield.
' bars, s. 2'd- The old name of a game. [Bar. 1
* barse, s. [Basse.]
bars-gem' -el, s. -pi. [F)-om Eng. har (q.v.),
and gerael = Si pair; from Lat. gemellvs =
twin.] [Bar,]
Her. : A pair of bars ; twu luu'izf.uital bars
on a field, at a shoi't distance from eacdi other.
bar'-sow-ite, s. [Xamed from Barsovskoi,
iu the auiilerons sands of which it occurs.]
A mineral, a variety of Anorthite, of a granular
texture. Hardness, 5'5-fJ ; sp. gr., 274-27rj ;
lustre, jiearly ; colour, snow-white. Compos.:
Silica, 48 71 ; alumina, ;i3'00 ; magnesia, 1*54 ;
lime, 15-29= W44. (Dana.)
* barst, t berst, in-et. of v. [Burst.]
va.^ti' vnouftud harsle mony a
. p. 4:i7
" Atte laste thorn stroiige duntes hyssuerd fiei-siatuo.'
Ibid., \>. 460.
•[ Still used iu North of England. (S. in
]l.nrkrr.)
bar'-ter, v.t. & /. [lu O. Er. baratcr, barctcr
= to truck, to cxi-haugc, to cheat in bargain-
iii'.^ or otherwise ; Sp, horalur = to truck ;
h'iratmr = to bargain ; Hal. harattare.] [Bar-
ter, s. ; Barrator.]
A, Traiisillve : To exchange one thing for
another. (It generally implies that this is not
done through the medium of money.)
(a) Literally :
" . . the inconvenience and delay {if not the ini-
posMhility) of flndini; sikik' one who has what yoii
w.int, and n wiUhisj to barter it for what you have."—
J. S Mill ■ Polit. Ei-on.
(h) Half-figvn.!ind>j:
" Coiiveiiience, jileiity, eletrance, and arts:
But view them closer, craft and fraud appear,
E'en liherty it-self in bar/i-reii hci e,"
iloh/sinilh T.'.e TraveHer.
1[ To barter away: Nearly the same ah to
barter ; but s]iecial iironiinence is given to
the fact that what one thns exchanges jiasses
ont of his possession and is lost to him in
future. (Often used, but not always, wlien one
sells what he should have I'ctained, or has
made a bad bai'gain.)
"If they will harfi'i- awa// their time, niethinks
they should at least hitve soine caae in exchange." —
/Jr. n. M<yra : iieniiy nf Piut.;/.
"He also harirred nwan plums, that would have
rotted ill a week, for nut-- that would last good for his
eating a whole year.' —Locke.
B. Intra ii-<. : To exchange one thing for
aiiotlier. [Sec the verb transitive.] (Lit.&
li'i/J-jigurativcly.)
" As if thi-\ ■■coni'd to trade and barter.
By giviiiLT iir liy takini^ iniartcr." — I/udlbras.
"A man has nut everything growUif' u|)on his soil,
aiifl therefore ib willing to barter with hi.s neigh hour.
— Collier.
bar-ter, s. [From Eng. barter, v. (q.v.). In
Ital. baraltii. Compin'c Sj). harafa and bara-
tura = a low price, J [Barrator.]
1. The act or :ipciation of exi-hangiug one
article for another, without the em]doymeut
of money as the medium of excliange.
". . the operation of exchange, whether condin.tajd
hy biir'er or through the niedium of money, . . . —J.
S- .Mill. Folit. Jicfjii , Ilk. i., ch. v.. § 9.
2. The article whicli is given in exchange
for another.
"He who corrupteth English with foreign word^is
as wise as ladies that change plate for china ; for
which the lauthible traffick of old clothes is much the
fairest barter."— Felton.
3. A rule of arithmetic, by which the values
of commodities of difierent kinds are com-
] tared.
bar'-tered, iw. _/w. &a. [Barter, v.t.'\
bar'-ter-er, s. [Eng. barter; -er.] One who
barters ; one who exchanges commodities for
each other. (Wukcfield.)
bar'-ter-ing, i'r. ucr. & a. [Barter, v.]
' bar'-ter-y, s. [Eng. barter; -7/.] The act
or o]ieration of exchanging one article for
another.
" It is a received opinion, that in nioEt ancient a^ee
there was only barter// or exchange of cuiuinodities
amongst most u:itious."—Vitinden /iciniitns.
Bar-thol'-o-mew (ew as u), s. & a. [Gr.
BapOoXofj-aio? (JiartlivloniaioA) ; Aram, ^p?^ "1?
(Bar Tolmai) — son of Trdmai ; or 'p'^ri "13
Jjor Tal-nud) = son of Talmai.]
A. As substantive :
1. Theol & Ch. Hist. : One of the twelve
aiiostles of Jesus. He was ]ii'obably the same
as Nathanael. (Slatt. x. 3 ; JIark iii. 18 ; Luke
vi. 14 ; Acts i. 13.)
2. Hist. The Bartholomew : A name often
given to the Ulassacre of St. Bartholomew.
[Bartholomew's Tide.]
B. As adjcctire- PcrtLiining to the apostle
Bartholomew, or to any institution, time, or
occurrence called after his name- [See the
compounds which follow.]
Bartholomew Fair, Bartlemy
Fair (Vulgar). A celebrated fair which was
long held in Smithlield at Bartholomew-tide.
The charter authorising il was granted by
Henry I. in ll.''j8, and it was proclaimed for
thu last time in lsj.3.
Bartholomew-pig.
1, Literally: A roasted ]iig, sold piping hot
at Bartholomew Fair. 'I'bc Puritans were
against this fe-ature of the fair as well as the
fair itself.
" For the veiy catlii.L' it ,i r.arihoVmiev )<ig, and to
cat it. so, is a spice ul ukd.itrv."— L'o^ ./ons'jn : Bart.
Fair. i. G.
2. Fig. : A \\\X, oA'crgrowu ]>erson.
"Thou . , little tidy Bartholomew hoar-pig."—
Shakesp. : 2 J/m. J V., ii. 4.
Bartholomew's Hospital, more gene-
rally St. Bartholomew's Hospital. A
celebrated London hospital and medical
school, on the south side of Smithlield, be-
lic\'cd to have been founded as far hack as
A.B. 1102, by Hahere, usually described as
having been a minstrel in the courtof Henry I.
It is still a highly-flourishing institution. " It
has recently been enlarged.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6. son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full; try, Syrian, ge, C3 = e. ey = a. qu = lrw<.
bartir— barytocalcite
43<3
Bartholomew's tide. The festival of
St. Bartholomew is celebrated on the 24th of
August, and St. Bartholomew's tide is the term
most nearly coinciding with that date.
1 Two great historical events have occurred
on St. Bartholomew's day, one in France, the
other in England.
(a) On the 24th of August, 1572, Paris dis-
graced itself by the atrocious and treacherous
massacre of the Admiral Coligny and an im-
mense multitude of less distinguished Hugue-
nots, one chief instigator of this crime being
the queen-mother, Catherine of Medicis, and
her son Charles IX., who becunie an accessory
before the event, lending it the sanction of
his royal name. A papal medal, with the in-
scription Hiigenotorum strages, struck to com-
memorate the event, was obtainable at Rome
till a few years ago. The crime of the 24th of
August, 1572, is generally called by Protestant
writers " the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,"
and sometimes in English naiTative simjdy
"the Bartholomew."
(o) On the 24th of August, 1662, about 2,000
clorgj'men, unable conscientiously to sign
adherence to the Act of Uniformity, had to
leave their livings in the Church of England
and make way for others who could accept
that Act.
* bar'-tir, v.t. [Ger. larteereii = to exact a
fine.] To lodge, properly on free quarters.
(0. Scotch.)
" In the moat eminent parts of the city tbey placed
three great bodies of foot ; the rest were pat in small
Iiarties and bartired in the several lanes and suspected
places."— J/erct*r. Calvdon., Feb. 1, 1661, p. 21. (Jamie-
son.)
bar-ti-z^n' (En^. & Scotch), * bar-ti-se'ne,
• ber-ti-ge'ne(0. Scotch), s. [O.Fr. bretesche
= wooden towers ; Ital. ieriesca = a kind of
rampart or fence of war, made upon towers,
to let down or be raised at pleasure ; a block-
house (Altieri) ; Low Lat. bretaschw, hertescoi
= wooden towers. In its modern form barti-
zan the word was probably introduced by Sir
Walter Scott, The sense in which he used it was
unknown in mediieval times. Dr. Murray calls
the word a "spurious antique."] [Braitice.]
1. 0/ castles or hotLses : A battlement on the
top of a house or castle. {Jamieson.)
EA TIZVV (GLA lb ILC )
Specially: A small overhanging turret pro-
jecting fi-om the angle on the top of a tower,
or from the parapet or other parts of a build-
ing. {Gloss, of Arch.)
" So near they were, that they might know
The straiuiiig harsh of each croaabow ;
Uu battlement and bartizan
Gleamed axe, and spear, and pnrtizan."
Scott: Lay of the Last JfhiKlrel, iv. 17.
2. Of cathedrals or churches : The battlement
surrounding a spire or steeple or the roof of a
cathedral or church.
"That the movn afternoon tbe town's colours be put
vpou the bertisene of the steeple, that at three o'clock
the hells begin to riiiff, and ring on still, till his
Majesty comes hither, mid paases on to Anstruther."
—Hecords Pittemoeem, 1651. {Statist. Ace, iv. 376.)
iJdtnieson.)
" While viMitors found acce.s9 to the court by a pro-
jecting pateway, tlie bartizan or flat-leaved roof of
which was aucessible from the terrace by an easy flight
of low and bioad stepg."— 5co«.- /tritle of Lammer-
moor, ch. xxU.
bartizan-seat, s. A seat on the bartizan.
" He passed the courtgate, aud he oped the tower
grate,
Aud he mounted the narrow stair
To the bartiza7i-8eat, where, with maids that on her
wait.
He found his lady fair."
Scott : The Eve of St. John.
Bar'-Ue-m^ Fair (tie = tel), [Baktholo-
MEW FaIJI.]
bar-ton, * ber'-ton, * ber'-tone, s. [A.S.
beretun = eoui-t-yaid ; from bere = barley, and
tun = a plot of ground Jenced round or en-
closed by a hedge ; hence (1) a close, a field,
(2) a dwelling, house, yard, farm, (3) a village,
(4) a class, course, turn.]
1. The pai-t of a manorial estate which the
lord of the manor kept in his own hand ; a
demesne. (Spdman. )
^ It is used in this sense in Devonshire
{Blount), and Cornwall (Careiy). In the tirst-
nanied county it also signifies a large as con-
tradistinguished from a small fami. (Mar-
slwll.)
2. An area in the hinder part of a country
house where the granaries, bams, stables,
and all the lo\Ver offires and places appro-
priated to domestic animals belonging to a
farm are situated, and where the business of
the farm is transacted. {Spelman.)
3. A coop or place to keep poultry in. {Ker-
sey, Bailey, Phillips, &c.) (For the whole
subject see Bouclter.)
Bar'-ton, s. & a. [Compare tarton (c|..v.).]
A. As substantive :
Geog. : The name of many parishes and
places in England.
B. As adjective :
Barton beds, Barton series: A series of beds
laid bare in Barton Cliff, in England, in Hamp-
shire and the Isle of Wight. Lyell considers
them the equivalents in age and position of
the French Ores de BeaucJiamp, or Sables
Moyens. He places them at the base of the
Upper Eocene, immediately below the Headon
series, and just above the Bracklesham series
of the Middle Eocene. The Barton sands have
been classed by the Government surveyors as
Upper Bagshot, and the Barton clay as Middle
Bagshot, but Lyell considers the evidence
insufficient as yet completely to bear out
these precise identifications. {Lyell : Student's
Manual of Geology, 1871, pp. 227, 233, &c.)
* bar'-ton-er, s. [O. Eng. barton (q.v.), and
-er.'\ One who manages reserved manorial
lands. [Barton (1).]
"And the persons who took care of and managed
such reserved lands were called bertonarli, i.e., bar-
toners or husbandmen." — Boucher.
bar-tO'-m-a, s. [Named after Dr. B. S. Barton
of Philadelphia, an American botanist.] A
genus of plants belonging to the order Loa-
sacese, or Loasads. The species are fine plants
with large white odoriferous flowers, which
open during the night.
* bar'-tram, s. [in Ger. bertram. Corrupted
from Lat. pyrethr^ivi ; Gr. irvpeOpov {piirethron)
= a hot spicy plant ; from irup (jtnr) = fire.
{Skiuner.).'] A plant, the Pellitory (Parietaria
officinalis). [Parietaria, Pellitory.] {Hig-
gins: Adaptation ofJunius's Nomenclator^
If Parietaria has no botanical affinity to
Pyrethruin. [Pyrethrum.]
bart'-si-a, s. [Named by Linnaeus aft«r a
friend of his. Dr. John Bartsch, M.D., a
Prussian botanist.]
Botany: A genus of plants belonging to
the order Scrophulariacese, or Figworts. The
calyx is four-cleft ; there is no lateral com-
pression of the upper lip of the coroUa, whilst
the lower hp has three equal reflexed lobes.
Three species occur in Britain : the Bartsia
odontites, or Bed Bartsia, which has reddish-
purple pubescent flowers, and is common ; B.
viscosa, or Yellow Viscid Bartsia ; and B.
alpitia, Alpine Bartsia, which has large, deep
purplish-blue flowers.
* bar'-u (1), ^. [Barrow (1).]
ba'-ru (2), s. A woolly material found at the
base of the leaves of a particular palm-tree,
Sag^ierus saccliarifer.
Ba'r-iich, s. [Heb. "^l"!!, Baruk (= blessed) ;
Sept. jSapou'x {BaroucK).']
1. Script. Hist. : A son of Neriah, who -vyas
a friend of Jeremiah's, and at least occasion-
ally acted as his amanuensis (Jer. xxxii. 12 ■
xxxvi. 4, 17, 32 ; xliii. 6 ; xlv. 1 ; li. 59.)
2. Bibliog. : Two apocryphal books or letters
which have been attributed to the above-
mentioned Baruch.
(a) The first of these was nominally designed
to assure the tribes in exile of an ultimate
return to their own land. Its date seems to
have been the second century B.C., while the
real Baruch lived in the latter part of the
seventh — that is, about 500 years before.
(&) The second epistle, or book, was nomin-
ally designed to counsel those Jews who were
left in Palestine, during the time that their
brethren were in captivity abroad, to submit
to the Divine will. It was written probably
about the same date as the former one— i.e.,
the second century B.C.
bar'-wi§e, adv. [From bar, and suff. -wise =j
manner or fashion.]
Her. : Horizontally arranged iu two or more
rows.
bar'-wood, s. [Eng. &nr; wood.} An African
wood used in dyeing. It is the product of
Bapkia nitida, a tree which belongs to the
sub-order Ceesalpinieffi.
bS,r-y-9en -trie, adj. [Gr. /Sapu's (panis) =
heavy, and KevrpiKos {kentrikos) = of or from
the centre.]
Nat. Phil. & Geovi. : Pertaining to the centre
of gravity.
barycentrlc calculus. A kind of
calculus designed to apply the mechanical
theory of the centre of gravity to geometry.
It was first published by Mbbius, Professor
of Astronomy at Leipsic. It is founded on
the principle of defining a point as the centre
of gravity of certain fixed points to wliich
co-efficients or weights are attached. It has
now been superseded by the method of tri-
linear and quadrilinear co-ordinates, to which
itself led the way.
bar-y-pho'-ni-a, s. [Gr. papv^uivCa {baru-
phonia) ;_ from ^apu's {barus) = heavy, and
(^to»^ (j3/t07ie) = a sound, . . . the voice.]
Med. : Heaviness, i.e. hoarseness of voice.
b^r-y-St**on'-tian-ite (ti as sh), s. [In Ger.
Ixirystrontianit. From Eng. iari/ta, and stro)!-
tian (q.v.).] A mineral, called also Stromnite,
a variety of Strontianite. [See these words.]
bar'-yt, s. [In Gev. baryt.] [Baryta, Barite.]
The same as Barite (q.v.).
baryt-harmotome, s. A mineral, the
same a5 Harmotome (q.v.).
ba-ry'-ta, s. [In Ger. baryt; Fr. baryte; Gr.
/Sapu-njs {banites) = weight, heaviness ; )3apus
{barus) = heavy. ]
Cheviisti-y: The monoxide of barium, BaO.
[Barium.]
1. Carbonate of Baryta :
(a) Cliemistry. [Barium.]
(&) Mill. : The same as Witherite (q.v.).
2. Carbonate^of Lime and Baryta {Min.) : The
same as Bromlite (q.v.).
3. Sulphate of Baryta :
(a) Chcm. [BariUxM.] .
(6) Min. : The same as Barite (q.v.).
4. SMphato-carbonate of Baryta {Mineralogy):
Witherite encrusted by barite.
ba^ry'-tes, s. [Baryta.]
Min. : The same as Barite (q.v.).
bar-yt'-ic, a. [Eng. baryt; -ic.] Consisting
in whole or in part of barytes ; pertaining to
barytes. {Watts : Cliemistry.)
ba-ry'-tine, *. [Eng., &c., 'baryt{a), and sufi:
-inc.]
Min. : The same as Barite (q.v.).
bar-ry'-tite, s. [Eng., &c., baryt{a), and suff.
-ite = Gr. Atflos {lithos) = stone.]
Min. : The same as Barite (q.v.).
ba-ry-to-, in compos. Containing a certain
amount of barytum, now palled Barium.
[Baryto-calcite, Baryto<;elestite.]
ba-ry-t6-cal'-5ite, s. [in Ger. baryto-calcU ;
from haryto, the form in composition of baryta
or barytes, and calcite (q.v.),' Ger. calcif}
1. A mineral, called also Bromlite (q.v.).
2. A monoclinic transparent or translu-
cent mineral, with a liardness of 4, a sp. gr.
of 3 '63-3 -66 ; vitreous lustre, a white, grayish,
gi'eenish, or yellowish colour. Composition
Carbonate of baryta, 66-3 ; carbonate of lime,
33'7=100. It occurs at Alston Moor, in
Cumberland.
bSil, b^; p^t. jo^l; oat, 9eU. chorus, jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-oian-shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &^ = bel, del.
28
434
bary tocelestite — base
Iia-ry-t6-9e-les'-tite, *-. [Eng. hnryto ;
celestite.) A mineral, called hy Thomson
Baryto-siilphate of Strontia. It is found near
Lake Erie, in North America.
bar'-y-tone, bS,r'-i-tdne, a. & s. [In Ger.
bariton (s.) {Miisic), Varytonum (Gram.); Fr.
haryton (s.); Fort. harito)i (s.); Sp. & Ital.
baritono. FromGr. ^apvTovos (barutonos) (adj.)
= (1) deep-sounding, (2) (Gram.) (see II.),
(3) (Rhet.) emphatic: ^apvs (ban(s) = heavy,
and Toi'os (tonos) = a tone.] [Tone.]
A. -4s adj. : Having a deep heavy tone of
voices oi- instruments ; having the character
described under B., I. 1.
B, As substantive :
I. Music :
I. A male voice intermediate between a
bass and a tenor.
* 2. A stringed instrument invented in 1700,
but not now in use. It resembled the viol
da Gamba. (Penny Cycl.)
II. Greek Gramniar : Not marltcd with an
accent on the last syllable. In such a case
the grave accent is understood.
* ba-ry'-tum, s An old name for barium.
[Barium.]
ba-sal,a. [Eng. ba$(e); -al.] [Base, s.]
A. Ord. Lang. : Pertaining to the base of
anything.
"... stni continue to front exactly the upper parts
of those vaUeya, at the mouths of which the original
basal fi-iuging-reef wivs breached."— ^aj-win ; Voyage
round the IVorU/,, ch. xx.
B. Bot : Situated at or springing from the
base of anything.
^ In botanical Latin it is rendered basilaris,
though the etymological affinity between this
and basal is not close.
ba-salt', s. [In Dut. & Ger. basalt; Fr. 6a-
salte; Port, basaltes, basalta; from Ltit. basaltes
(Pliny), said to have been derived from an
African word, and to have meant basaltoid
syenite, from Ethiopia or Upper Egypt.]
1. Gen. : Any trap rock of a black, bluish,
or leaden grey colour, and possessed of a
uniform and compact texture. (Lyell: Manual
ofGeoL, chap, xxviii.).
2. .Spec. : A trap rock consisting of augite,
felspar, and iron intimately blended, olivine
also being not uufrequently present. The
augite is the predominant mineral ; it is,
sometimes, however, exchanged for horn-
blende, to which it is much akin. The iron
is usually magnetic, and is, moreover, often
conjoined with titanium. Other minerals are
also occasionally present, one being labra-
dorite. It is distinguished from doleryte, or
dolerite, by its possessing chlorine dissemi-
nated through it in grains.
The specific gravity of basalt is 3'00. It
so much tends to become columnar that all
volcanic columnar rocks are by some people
called basalt, which is an error. There are
fine ooluijinar basalts at the Giant's Cause-
way in the noi-th of Ireland ; in Scotland at
BASALTIC COLUMNS.
Eutrauce to FiiigiLl's Cave.
Fingal's Cave and other pai-ts of the island
of Stafla ; and along the sides of many hills
in the old volcanic district of Western and
Central India. Non-columnar basalts may be
amorphous, or they may take the form of
volcanic bombs cementerl together by a fer-
ruginous i»aste, or again they may be amygda-
loidal. (Lye.ll: il/n». o/GeoL, chap. xxviii., &e.)
ba-sal'-tic, a. [Eng. basalt, suffix -ic : Fr.
basaltiq'ue.] Composed in greater or smaller
measure of basalt ; columnar, like basalt, or
in any other way pertaining to basalt.
"... which indicates with singular precision the
age of some, at least, of the basaltic alieets . . ." —
Jjuke of Argyll: Q. Jour. Geol. Soc, vii. (1851), pt i.,
p. 100.
ba-salt'-i-form, a. [Eng. basalt, i, and form.
In Ger. basaltifurmig.] Having the form of
basalt; columnar. (Maunder.)
ba-sal'-tine, s. [From 'Eng. basalt; -inc.] A
mineral, which in the British Museum Cata-
logue is made identical with Hornblende,
whilst Dana considers it a synonym of Augite
and perhaps of Fassaite, two sub-varieties
classed under his 8th variety of Pyroxene,
that denominated "Aluminous Lime, Mag-
nesia, Iron Pyroxene."
ba^sal -t^df a. [Lat. basaltes (Basalt), and
Or. elSog (eidos) = form, api>earance.] Pre-
senting the appearance of basalt ; resembling
basalt ; having basalt in its composition.
"... basaltoid syenite, black Egyptian basalt."—
Smith's Lat. Diet., Art. " Baaaltes."
* ba'-^an» * ba'-§en, i. [In Fr. basane; Low
Lat. basanium, ba2an, bazana, bazanna, ba-
zenna.] The skin of a sheep tanned. [Ba-
sil (2).]
bas'-an-itte, s. [Lat. basanites; Gr. paa-av-
t'rtjs '(babanites) = a touchstone, from ^ao-avos
(basanos) — a touchstone.] A mineral, called
also Lydian Stone. It is placed by Dana as
one of his Crypto-crystalline varieties of Quartz.
It is a velvet black siliceous or flinty jasper.
If an alloyed metal be rubbed across it, the
colour left behind will indicate the nature and
the depth of the alloy ; hence arises the name
of Touchstone. [Jasper, Quartz.]
bas'-a-no-mel-ane, bas'-a-no-mel-an,
s. [Gr. (Sao-ai/os (basanos) = a touchstone, and
iu,tAa.s (me?c(s) = black.] A mineral, according
to the British Museum Catalogue the same as
Ilmenite. Dana makes it his seventh variety
of Menaccanite, ranking Ilmenite as the third,
and Menaccanite proper as the fourth. Basa-
nomelane is a tfttaniferous haematite.
bas bleu (s silent), s. [Fr. has = a stocking ;
bleu = blue. ] A " blue-stocking," orighially
a lady more attentive to literature than to
personal neatness ; hence applied to any
literary lady. [Blue-stocking.]
bas'-9in~et» bas-in-et» bas'-sin-et,
* bas'-sen-et, * bas'-sen-ette, * bas-
san-ette (0. Eng.), ^' bas'~san-at, *b3,s'-
san-et, * bas'-net (0. Scotch), s. [Fr. bas-
sinet, bacinet, dimin. of bassin, basin, bacin = a
basin. In Prov. basinet, basanet ; Sp. basinejo;
Ital. hacinetto; Low Lat. bacinetum, basine-
twm,.] [Basin.]
1. A light
helmet, gene-
rally without a
visor, which
receives its ap-
pellation from
the great simi-
larity which it
presents to a
basin. The spe-
cimen shown
in the illustra-
tion is from the
tomb of Sir H.
Stafford, A.D.
1450,in Broms-
grove Church,
and is adorned
with a rich
c r e s t- wreath. ^^ ^^- ^ ^ ^''^'■
(0. Eng. £ Scotch.)
" A diatlem of gold was set
Above his hngrht steel brisinet.
And clasp'd within its glittering twine
Was seen the glove of Argentine,"
Scott : Lord of the Isles, vi, 13.
"That like gentilmau hafand ten pundis worth of
land or mare be sufficiently baruest and anarniit with
bassanal sellat, quhite hat, (^orgeat, orpeisaaiie, hale
leg liariies, swerci, spere, aud dager."— ^c(« Jas. IV.,
1491 (ed. 1814), p. 226. [Jamieson.)
2. (0/i/ie/orm bassinet) :
(a) A species of geranium. (Parkinson.)
(h) A skin with which soldiers covered them-
selves. [Blonnt.) (S. in Boucher.)
bas'-cule, s. [Fr. bascule = sweep, see-saw,
counterpoise.] A balancing lever ; the plank
on which the culprit is laid on the guillotine.
bascule-bridge, s. A bridge balanced
by a counterpoise, which rises or falls as the
bridge is lowered or raised.
base (1), * ba9e, * baas, a. & s. [Fr. bas;
Sp. haxo ; Port, baixo ; Ital. basso = low ; Low
Lat. hassus = thick, fat, short, humble.J
A. As adjective:
1. Ordinary Language :
*1. Literally: Low in place. (Applied to
the position of one thing with respect to
another. )
" Hlr nose baas, her browea hie."
Qower: Conf. Amant., bk. 1. (Richardson.)
2, Figuratively :
(1) Of individuals :
(a) Occupying a humble position in society,
being as it were at or near the base of the
social pyramid.
'■ If the lords and chief men degenerate, what shall
Ije hoped of the peasants and baser people 1 "Spensar :
J re/ a iid.
(b) Illegitimate in birth, bastari.
" Why bastard ? wherefore base f
When my dimensions are so well compact,
My innid nn generous, and luy shape as true.
As honest madam's issue."
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 2.
(c) With the slender influence or with the
moral qualities often seen in those who, being
at the base of the social pyramid or of ille-
gitimate birth, are looked down upon by the
proud and the unthinking. Mean, undigni-
fied, without independence of feeliug.
" It could not else be, I should prove so base
To sue and be denied such common gi-ace."
Shakesp. : Timon, iil 6.
" Unworthy, base, and insincere."
Cowjjer: FHendship.
(2) Of communities : Politically low, without
power,
" And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt, and
will cause theui to return into the land of Pathros,
Into the laud of their habitation ; and they shall he
there a base kingdom. It fhall be the basest of the
knigdonis; neither shall it exalt itself anymore aljiove
the nations : for I will diminish them, that they shaU
no more nile over the nations." — Ezvk. xxix, 14, 15.
(3) Of things: Mean, vile, worthless. Spec.:
(a) Oftnetals: Of little value. (Often usedof
the less precious metals in coins or alloys.
In the case of gold and silver coins or alloys,
all other metals combined with them are re-
garded as base, and a coin in which these
otlier metals are in undue quantity is said to
be debased.)
" A guiuea is pure gold if it has nothing but gold in
it, witlvout any alloy or baser metal." — Watts.
" He was robbed indirectly by a new issue of
counters, smaller iu size and baser in material than
any which had yet borne the image and superscription
of James," — Macaulay : Ilist. Eng.. ch. xv.
(p) Of any other nuiteriul thing, whetlier
occwring in nature or made by art: Inferior
in quality, of little value.
" The harvest white plumb is a base plumb, and the
white date plum are no very good plumbs." — iiacon,
" Fyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all
&nsc things, as earthen pitchers, a scullery." — Peacham.
(c) Of deportment : Suitable to a humble
position. [Base-humilitv.]
(d) Of moral conduct : Such as to involve
moral degradation.
" He had indeed .itoued for many crimes by one
crime baser than all the jest." — JIacuula>/ : Hist.
Eng., ch. XX.
II. Law :
1. Suitable to be performed by persons of
low rank. [Base-services.]
2. Holding anything conditionally. Speci-
ally used of one holding land on some condi-
tion, not absolutely. [Base-tenant.] (Black-
stone : Comment., ii. 9.)
(1) English Law :
(a) Base services : Under the feudal system
base services were such as were fit only for
peasants or persons of servile rank to perform,
as to plough the lord's land, to make his
hedges, 5tc. (Blackstone: Comment, ii. 5.)
(b) A base tenant is one holding land which
he will lose if a certain contingent event occur.
(Blackstone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 9.)
Base tenure is the tenure by which land in
such circumstances is held. A base fee, called
also a qualified fee, is one with a qualification
attached to it, and which must be determined
whenever the qualification annexed to it is at
an end. If a grant be made to a person and
his heirs so long as he or his family occupies
a certain farm, this is a base tenure, for the
grant ceases if the farm be no longer occu-
pied by the grantee or his heirs. (Blackstone :
Comment., bk. ii., ch. 9.)
iS-te, fat, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, piit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot.
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; se = e. qu = kw.
base
435
(2) Scots Law. Base rights are those which '
lire possessed by a pereon who has had feudal
pi'oi.erty disponed to him by one who arranges
that it shall be held under himself and not
under his superior.
B. As substantive : That which is physi-
cally, socially, morally, or otherwise base ;
specially, that which is morally so.
"... WLy brand they UB
With basef with baseness r bivstardy? bane, basof"
Shakesp. - Lear, L 2.
Plural : Persons low or despised.
IT Crabb thus distinguishes the terms hose,
vile, and inean:~"Ba^e is a stronger term
than vile, and vile than mean. Base marks a
high degree of moral turpitude : vile and mean
denote in different degrees the want of all
value or esteem. What is base excites our
abhorrence ; wliat is vile provokes disgust ;
what is Tnean awakens contempt. Ba^e is
opposed to magnanimous ; vile to noble ;
me^n. to generous, ingratitude is base ; it
does violence to the best atfections of our
natui-e : flattery is vile ; it violates truth in
the grossest manner for the lowest purposes
of gain ; compliances are mean which are de-
rogatory to the rank or dignity of the indi-
vidual."
base-born, a.
1. Born out of wedlock,
" But eee thy base-born child, thy babe of shame,
Who, left ay thee, upon our parish came."— ffw^.
2. Of humble, though legitimate birth.
" Better ten thoiisaiid ftave born Cades miscarry
Than you should stoop unto a Freachinan's mercy."
Shakesp. : 2 Ucnry VL, iv. 8.
3. Mean.
• Shameat thou not, knowing whence thou art extraught,
To let thy tongue detect thy biute-born heart?"
Sliakesjj : 3 Henry VT., it. 2.
base-court, * base-courte, * basse-
COUrte, s. [In Fr. basse-cour.] The court
lower than another one in digrtity ; the outer
court of a mansion, tlie servants' court, the
back-yard, the farm-yard, tlie stable-yard.
1[ The form basse-court is in Menage.
"Into the base-court she dyd me then lede."
Percy lieliqaes, i. 105. [Houcker.)
" My lord, in the base-caurt he doth attend.
To aiwak with you."— Shakesp. : Jlich. //., iii 3.
* base-dance^ * bass-daunce (0. Enrj.
& Scotch), s. [Fr. basse-daiise.^ A kind of
dance slow and formal in its motions, and
probably in the minuet style ; directly oppo-
site to what is called the high dance.
" It vaa ane celeat recreation to behald ther lycht
lopene, galmouding, stendliiig bakunrt and forduiu-t,
djuiaand base danven. pauuani, galyardiB, turdiuiiti,
braulis and bmnglis huffons vitllt muny iychtdancis,
the quhilk ar ouur prolixt to be iei\evBit.—Ootnpl. oj
HcoCIanU, p. 102. {Jamieaon.}
"Then came down tlie Lord Prince and the Ladye
Cecill, and duunced two bas'^duunces."— Append, to
Leland's Coll., v. aei. {Souelier.j
base-hearted, a. Having a low, mean,
vile, or treacherous heart, (ii'cbsler.)
* base-bumility, s. Subjection.
" But virtuous women wisely miderstand
That tliey were born to base-humility,
Unleas the heavens them lift to lawful sovereignty."
Spenser : F. Q., V. V. 25.
base-minded, a. Having a low, mean,
vicious mind, capable of morally low deeds.
" It signifleth, as it seemeth, no more than abject,
base-miTutcU. false-hearted, coward, or uidget."—
Camden : Remains.
base-mindedly, adv. In a low, vile,
dishonourable manner. {Webster.)
base-mindedness, s. The quality of
being base-minded ; vilenessofmind. (Sandys.)
base-rocket or base dyer's-rocket,
s. The English name given to a species of
mignonette, the Jtestda lutea. It is a British
plant, growing on waste plains and chalky
hills. It has yellow flowers.
base-souled, a. Having a low, mean
soul, capable of doing dishonourable deeds.
base-spirited, a. Having a low, mean,
vicious spirit. (Baxter, in Worcester's Diet.)
base (2), u,. & s. [Bass (3).]
base-Viol, s. [Bass-Viol.]
(1), s. & a. [In Sw. bas = base, pedestal ;
Dan., Dut., & Ger. f basis; Fr. & Port, base ;
Frov. baza ; Sp. & Ital. basa, base ; Lat. basis ;
Gr. j3a<rts (basis) = (l)a stepping, a movement,
(2) a step, (3) that with which one steps, a
foot, or (4) that on which he steps, a base.
a pedestal, a foundation ; j3aiVw (baino) = to
walk.] [Basis.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Langvxige :
1. The lowest part of anything, considered
as its support ; that part of anything on
which the remainder of it stands. (Used of
the lower part of a hill, or of a pillar, the
nedestal of a statue, &c.) [A., II. 1. (a).]
"... if this fail.
The pillar'd firmament ia rottenness,
And earth's base built uii stubble."
Milton: Comus.
" Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff.
That beetles o'er his base into the sea."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 4,
" Firm Dorick pillars found your solid base ;
The fair Corinthian crowns the higher space."
Dryden.
" Men of weak abilities in great places are like little
statues set on great bases, made the less by their
advancement," — li acan.
2. That end of anything which is broad and
thick, as the base of a cone. [A , II. 3. (d).]
* 3. An apron.
" Jiakers in their linen bases."— Marston.
■i. That pai-t of any ornament which hangs
down, as housings.
" Plialaatiis was all in white, having his bases and
caparison embroidered." — Sidney.
5. The place from which racers or filters
run ; the bottom of the field ; the career, the
starting-post.
"... to their appointed base they went ;
With beating heart th" expecting sign receive,
And, starting all at once, the barrier leave."
Dryden.
11. Technically:
1. Architecture:
(a) The part of a column between the
bottom of the shaft and the top of the
pedestal. In cases in which there is no
pedestal, then the base is the part between
the bottom of the column and the plinth. [See
example from Dryden under A , I. 1.]
(.'uiiutliinn. Tuscan.
BASES OF COLUMNS.
(h) A plinth with its mouldings constituting
tlie lower pait (that which shghtly projects)
of the wall of a room.
2. Sculp.: The pedestal of a statue. [See
example from Bacon under A., I. 1.]
3. Geomcti'y :
(a) The base of an ordinary triangle is its
third side, not necessarily the one drawn at
the bottom of the diagram, but the one which
lias not yet been mentioned whilst the two
others have. (Euclid, bk. i., Prop. 4, Enun-
ciation.)
(b) The base of an isosceles triangle is the
side whicli is not one of the equal two.
(Prop. 5, Enunciation.)
(c) The base of a parallelogi'am is the straight
line on wliicli in any particular proposition
the parallelogram is assumed to stand. (Prop.
35.) It also is not necessarily drawn the
lowest in the figure. (Prop. 47.)
(rf) The base of a cone is the circle described
by that side containing the right angle which
revolves. (Euclid, bk. xi., Def. 20.)
(e) The bases of a cylinder are the circles de-
scribed by the two rotatory opposite sides of
the pai-allelograni, by the revolution of which
it is formed. (Def. 23.)
4. Trigonometry, Surveying, <& Map-making.
A base or base-line is a straight line measured
on the ground, from the two extremities
of which angles will be taken with the view
of laying down a triangle or series of tri-
angles, and so mapping out the country to
be surveyed. The base or base-line, on the
correctness of which the accurate fixing of
nearly every place in Britain on the Ordnance
Maps depends, was measured on the sands ot
the sea-shore, along the east side of Loch
Foyle, in. the vicinity of Londonderry. (Airy's
Popular Astron., 6th ed., jjp. 48, 49.) [Mea-
SUBING-ROD.]
5. Fort. : The exterior side of a polygon, or
the imaginary line connecting the salient
angles of two adjacent bastions.
6. Ordnance: The protuberant rear-portion
of a gun, between the knot of the cascabel
and the base-ring.
7. Military : That country or portion of a
country in which tlie chief strength of one
of the combatants lies, and from which he
draws reinforcements of men, ammunition,
&c. During the Indian mutiny and war of
1857 and 1858, the base of the operations for
the recovery of Delhi was the Punjaub.
8. Zool.: That portion of anything by which
it is attached to anything else of higher value
or signification. (Dana.)
9. Bot. : A term applied to the part of a leaf
adjoining the leaf-stalk, to that portion of a
pericarp which adjoins the peduncle, or to
anything similarly situated.
10. Her. : The lower part of a shield, or,
more specifically, the width of a bar parted
off from the lower part of a shield by a hori-
zontal line. It is called also base-bar, baste,
a.nd plain point. (Gloss, of Her.)
11. Chem. : A metallic oxide which is alka-
line, or capable of forming with an acid a salt,
water being also formed, the metal replacing
the hydrogen in the acid. Organic bases or
alkaloids are found in many plants ; they con-
tain nitrogen, and are probably substitution
compounds of ammonia. Artificial organic
bases are called aminvs. Bases soluble in
water render red litmus blue.
12. Dyeing : Any substance used as a mor-
dant. [Mordant.]
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the lower
part, the thickest end of anything, a mathe-
matical or trigonometrical base, or whatever
else is similar ; as a base-line. [A., 11. 4.]
base-ball, s. A game carried on with a
ball, after striking which the player must
make a circuit of four or any other stipidateil
number of " bases " or bounds.
base-bar, s.
Her. [Base(1), A., II. 10.]
base-line, s.
Geom. £ Trig. [Base (1), A., II. 4.]
base-ringf, s. A moulding on the breech
of a gun, between the base and the first rein-
force. (Knight.)
base (2) (plural ba'-se§), s. [Fr. bas ~
bottom, feet, depth, end, lower part, ex-
tremity; stocking, hose.]
In the plural :
1. Armour for the legs.
" And put before hia lap a napron white,
Instead of curlets anil bases fit fur flght."
Spvnsur : /-'. Q., V. v. 20.
" Nor shall it e'er be said that wight.
With gauntlet blue and bases white.
And round blimt truncheon by his side.
So great a man at arms defy'd." — Iludibras.
2, Stockings.
" He had party-coloured ailk bases of a rich mercer's
stuffe." — Monomachia (1613), p. 20.
* base (3), * bays, * bars, ^ bar-rys, ». [The
form bars seems the older one, occurring as
early as the reign of Edward I. Base is appa-
rently a corruption of it. The name bars is said
to have been given because the place in which
it was first played was, figuratively speaking,
"barred" otf from the intrusion of those who
were not in the game.] Formerly a game for
children, the full name of which was Prisoner's
Base or Prisoner's Bays. Two equal parties of
young people faced eai-h other in line, oftch
line connected by a joining of hands. Behind
each line was a " base " or home, of which one
kept hold. If any person breaking off' from
the line ran into the intermediate space, he
was immediately followed by an opponent
from the other side, who, if he caught him,
gained a score for his own party. However
many such pursuits might take place, each
person giving chase had to stick to the fugitive
whom he had originally singled out. In some
countries the game was called Prisoner's Bars,
or Prison Bars, not ba^e. [See etymology.]
" He wende in a day to jjlawe
The children ourncu at the bars,
A cours he took with o f elawe
Gregorie the swiftere was.
After hym he leop ims wel gode
"With houden seyseth him with skept,
That other was vn blithe of mode,
For tene of herte aore he wept
And ran home as he wer woae."
Leiiend of St. Gregory, 3IS. Cott., Cleop., D. 10, 1 156. 6.
{S. in Boucher.)
boJl, b^; pout, j 6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9lun, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion — shun ; -tion, -sion -■ zhiln. -tious, -slous. -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
436
base— basic
"... two atripliDES. lada more like to run
The country base tbau tu cinnmit such slaughter."
Shakes}}. : Ci/mbeline, v. 3.
base (1), v.t. [Contracted from Eng. debase
or from abase.'\ To debase ; to alloy by the
mixture of a less valuable metal.
"lam donbtful whether men have sufflcieutly re-
fined metala which we cannot base : as whether iron,
brass, and tin he refined to the height."— 5acon.
base (2), vA. [From Eng. hose, s.]
1. To make a pike stand upon its base or
lower part, by applying the latter to the
ground ; or, more probably, to abase or lower it.
"Based his pyke." — /'^dfai'c/i (1579). (BalUwell:
Cont. to Lexic.)
2. To found.
"... to verify the report on which his statement
■was based."— Times, Nov. 16, 1877.
* base (3), "" basse, v.t. [From Ease (2), s.).]
To apparel, to equip.
"... Apparelled and basseA in lawny velvet." —
Hall: Henry i JIf., an. C. {/iicliardson.)
based (1) (Eng.), ba-Sit (Scotch), pa. par. & a.
[Base(1), v.t]
based (2), pa. par. & a. [Base (2), v.t.]
* ba'-§iel, s. [According to Dr. Murray an
error mHolinshed f or baseling {c^.v.).^ Anold
English coin abolislied by Henry II. in 1158.
* ba'se-lard, * bas'-la-erd, s. [In O. Sw.
lasslare ; O. Teut. baseler = a long dagger or
short sword.] A poniard or dagger, generally
worn dependent from the girdle. (S. in
hoadier.)
" Bucklers brode and swerdis long,
Baudrike with baeelardis kene,
Suche toles about ther neck thei hong,"
Ploughman's Tale, in Wright's Polit. Poems, i. 331.
TI The weapon with which Sir Williavii de
Walworth slew Wat Tyler was a baselard,
which is still preserved with veneration by
the Company of Fishmongers, of whom Wal-
worth was a member. (S, in Boucher.)
ba'se-less, ^ ba'se-lesse, a. [Eng. hose ;
-less.] Without a base, with nothing to stand
upon.
" It must he accept-ed ... as an historical fact, or
rejected as baseless fiction."— J/iima« .■ Bitt. of Jews,
3rd ed., Preface, vol. i., p. xvi.
* ba'se-ling, s. [Eng. bo^e, a. ; dim. suff.
-ling.] A base jierson or thing.
ba-sel'-la, s. [Malabar name. ] Malabar
'Nightshade. A genus of plants belonging to
the order Chenopodiacese (Chenopods). The
species Basella alba and B. rubra are twining
succulent plants, with smooth, fleshy leaves,
used in China and India as spinach plants.
B. rubra yields a very rich purple dye, which,
however, is difficult to fix.
ba-sel-la'-pe-so (Lat), ba-sel'-lads [Eng. ),
s. pi. [Basella.] An order of j)erigynous exo-
gens, placed by Lindley in his Ficoidal Alli-
ance. It consists of plants like Ficoids, but
witli distinct sepals, no petals, the fruit
enclosed in a membranous or succulent calyx,
a single solitary carpel, and an erect seed.
(Lindky.) All or nearly all tropical. In
1847 Lindley estimated the known species at
twelve.
ba'se-ly, adv. [Eng. base; -hj.] In a, base
manner. Specially —
1. Bom of low rank or out of wedlock, in
bastardy, illegitimately.
"These two Mitylene hiethren, baseln Iwvn, <:re]»t
out of a amall galliot unto the majesty of great kinsfs."
—Knolles.
2. In such a way as one looked down upon
in society might be expected to do ; meanly,
dishonourably.
" The king is not himself, but haseln led
By flatterers." Hhakesp. : Rich. II., ii. 1.
" A lieutenant basely gave it up as aoou as Essex in
his passage demanded it."— Clarendon.
"... by him left
On whom he moHt deiiended, basely left,
Betray'd, deserted."
Cowijcr : On Finding the Heel of a Slioe.
ba'se-ment, s. & a. [Eng. base; -inent.]
A. As sitbstantire :
1. Ord. Lang. cC" Med. : The lowest, outer-
mo.st, or most fundamental part of a struc-
ture ; that above or outside of which anything
is reared.
" . . the homogeneous simple membrane which
forms the basement of the skin and mucous mem-
brane."—rodtZ & Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol. i.,
ch. L, p. 50.
2. Arch. &- Ord. Lang. : The lower storey of a
building, whether constituting a sunken storey
or a ground floor. In ancient architecture the
basement was generally low, and had above it
a row of columns. It is still low in most
churches and other public buildings, but high
in private houses.
B. As adjective: Lowest, outermost, most
fundamental.
"It consists, like the corre.spondin{f part of moat
other glands, of two layers, an outer basement mem-
brane with which the vessels are in contact, and an
epithelium lining the interior."— yocW A Bowman :
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., chap, xiv., jj. 423.
basement-membrane, s.
Anatomy: A membrane lying between the
cutis and the epidermis of the skin.
"This expanse consists of two elements, a basement-
tissue composed of simple membrane, uninterrupted,
homogeneous, and transparent, covered by an epithe-
lium or pavement of nucleated particles. Underneath
the busement-^nembrane viissels, nerves, and areolar
tissue are placed." — Todd & Boiinnan : Phys. Anii^:,i. 404.
basement-tissue, s.
Anat. ; The tissue of which basement-mem-
brane is composed. (See an example under
Basement-Membrane.)
ba'se-ness (1), -^ ba'se-nesse, s. [Eng.
base=^lo\f, and suffix -ness.] The quality of
being base or low, in place or in any other
respect. Specially—
L Of lowness in place :
I. The state or quality of being low in social
standing.
(a) Without imputation on tJie legitimacy of
the birth : Humble rank.
"So seldome seene that one in basenesse set
Doth noble courage shew with curteous manners
met." Spenser: F. Q., VI. iii. 1.
(b) With such imputation: Illegitimacy of
birth, bastardy.
*' Why brand they us
With base? y/ith baseness f bastardy! base? base!"
Shakesp. : King Lear, i. 2.
II. Of the moral qualities likely to be prroduced
by such lovmess in place : The state or quality
of possessing, or being supposed to possess,
the moral qualities likely to be found in the
low, the despised, and the illegitimately born ;
meanness, vileness, deceit.
"Of crooked baseness an indignant scorn."
Thomson: Liberty, pt, v.
III. Of debasement in metals: Absence of
value ; comparative worthlessness in a metal.
" We alleged the fraudulent obtaining his patent,
the baseness of his metal, and the prodigious sum to bu
coined." —Sunft.
ba'se-ness (2), s. [Eng. base = deep in sound,
and suffix -ilcs^. Deepness of sound.
"The just and measured i>roportiou of the air per-
cussed towards the baseiiess or trebleness of tones, is
one of the greatest secrets in the contemplation of
sounds." — Bacon.
bas'-en-et, s. [Bascinet.]
ba'-se§, s. [Base (2). s.]
* bash (1), v.i. [Shortened from abash (q.v.) ]
To be ashamed.
" He soone approched, panting, breatWe.sse, whot,
And all so soyld that none could him descry:
His countenauuce wa-s bold, and bashed not
ForGuyous loukes, but scoriiefiill eyeglauuce at him
shot." Spenser: F. Q., II. iv. 37,
bash (2), V.t. [Perhaps Srand.]
1. To beat or strike with heavy blows.
2. To beat, to thrash.
3. To flog with the cat or birch. {'Thieve^,'
Slang.)
bash, s. [Bash (2).] A heavy blow tli.it
breaks the surface.
t ba-Shaw', s. [Tn Dut. and Gcr. bossa ; Fr.
hacha : Sp. baxa.] [Pacha,]
1. The old way, still sometimes adopted, of
spelling pasha (q.v.).
'The Turks made an expedition into Persia ; and
because of the straits of the moutitains, the bushaw
consulted which way they should get in."— Bacon.
" The lady with the gay macaw.
The dancing.girl, the great bashaw
With bearded lip and chin,"
Longfellow .' To n Chihl
2. A haughty, overbearing, and tyrannical
person.
bash'-ful, a. [From bash, »'., and Eng. siiff".
-Jul]
I. Literally (of persons) :
1. Full of shame ; having the eyes abased ;
having a downcast look from an excess of
modesty or consciousness of demerit. (Used
of s[)\-^\ii occasions or of the character in
general,)
"... tht' hold youth.
Of soul impetuous, and the basliful maid."
Wordswurth: Excu7-Bion,'bk.v,
"And bashful in bis first attempt to write."
Addison.
2. Sheepish, nnduly and foolishly embar-
rassed in company, not from genuine modesty,
but from latent vanity.
II. Figuratively (of things):
1, III the cwicrctc. (Of things boldly personi-
fied and poetiailly ajisumed to feel like man) :
(a) Feeling shame, and in consequence trying
to slmn observation.
"The Ouse, dividing the well-water'd land,
Now glitters in the sun, and now retires,
As bashfal, yet impatient to be seen."
Cowper : Task, bit. L
(b) Shame-produced ; caused by shame.
" His bashful bonds disclosing Merit breaks,"
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
2. Tn the abstract :
(d) In a good sense: Of natural shame,
modesty, or any- similar quality.
"He bums with basJifal shame."
Shakesp. : Vemts and Ado^nis.
" No, Leoniitii,
I never tempted her with word too large,
But, as a brother to his sister, shew'd
Bashful sincerity and comely love."
Ibid. : Much Ado, iv. J.
(h) In a bad sense: Of cunning, or any
similar quality.
"Hence, bashful cunning!
And prompt me, plain and holy iiniocence."
Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. I.
bash'-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. bashful; -ly.] In a
bashful manner, whether—
(1) Jlodestly. (Hlierwood.)
Or (2) Sheepishly.
bash'-fiil-ness, s. [Eng. bashful; -ness.]
The quality of being bashful ; the disposition
to blush or show embarrassment in the pre-
sence of others.
(1) To a legitimate extent : Shame produced
by true modesty.
" So sweet the blush of Bashfulness,
Even Pity scarce can wish it less."
SyroJi: Bride of Abydos, i. 8.
(2) To an illegitiinate extent : Sheepishness,
false modesty.
"For fear had bequeathed his room to his kinsman
bashf altiess. to teach him good manners." — Sidney.
"There are othei-s who have not altogether so much
of this foolish bashfulness, and who ask every one's
oiihuoti."— Br i/den.
bash'-i ba-z6uU', s. [Turk. basM bmouk =
one who fights without science ; an irregular
combatant.]
In Turkey : An irregularsoldier of anykind.
Under the direction of British officers the
Bashi Bazonks acquired reputation in the
Ciimean war ; but under Turkish leadership
in the Bulgarian insurrection of 1876, they
ar-ted with such inhumanity that the term
Bashi Bazo^ik became one of reproach, and
had to be exchanged for another— Mustehaiz
= Provincial militia.
"The troops hitherto known under the sinister ap-
pellation of ' BasJu Bazwiks' will henceforth be called
■ i^lustehaiz,' or Provincial Militia." — Pera Correspon-
dent of the Times, April 23, 1677.
- bash'-less, a. [Eng. bash (q.v.), and suffix
-less. ] Without shame, shameless, unblushing.
(.Spenser.)
ba'-sic, a. [Eng. bos(e); -ic.]
1. Cliem.: Pertaining to a base; constituting
a base and a salt.
2. Having the base in excess ; having the
base atomically greater than that of the acid
or that uf the related neutral salt ; a direct
union of a basic oxide ^vith an acid oxide.
(Todd £ BowTuan.)
basic rocks.
Lithology, Chem., & Geol. : In Bernard Von
Cotta's classification, one of the two leading
rlivisions of igneous rocks, whether volcanic
or plutonic. It comprises those which are
jioor in silicaj as distinguished from Acidic
Rocks, whieli are rich in that mineral con-
stituent. A somewhat analogous classification
had been previously adopted by Bunsen, who
called rocks akin to the Basic ones Pyroxenic
[Pyroxenic], and those allied to the Acidic
Rocks Trachytic [Traghytic] ; but while the
Pyroxenic division contains only 45 to 60 parts
of silica, the Basic one has 55 to 80 parts.
(Bernhard Von C'lttn : Rocks, translated by
Lawrence, ed. 1878, pp. 120, 356.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey=a. qu^kw.
Tjasicerine— t)asin
437
ba'-^i-^er-ine, s. [Lat. ba-^is ; Gr. jSoo-i?
(basis) = a base ; and Mod. Lat. ceriim.] A
mineral, the same as Fluocerine (q.v.).
ba-sld'-i-6-spbre, s. [Mod. Lat. iasidhm,
and Eng. spore {i[.v. i.]
BoL : A spore borne on a ba.sidium (fi.\'.).
Ija-sid'-i-um, s-. [Diinin. froTn Gr. paa-i^(b(ms)
= a base.] One ol:' the cells on tlie apex of
which the spores of fungi are formed.
ba-sS-fi'-er, s. [Eng. basify ; -er.]
Chem. : That which converts any substance
into a saliliable base.
ba'-Sl-fy, v.t. [Lat. basis, froni Gr. pdo-ts
(basis) = a base (Basis), and facio = to make.]
Chem, : To convert into a salifiable base.
ba'-si-f;y"-ing, pr. par. & a. [Basifv.]
ba-si-gyn -i-um, s. [Gr. pdo-i^ (basis) = a
base, and yvirri (j/wfte) = . . , a female.]
Bot. : The same as Gynophore (q.v.),
bd^'-ll (1), s. [In Fr. Useau = bevelling.]
Joinery : The sloping edge of a chisel or of
the iron of a plane. For soft wood it is
usually made 12°, and for hard wood, 18^
"These chlssels nre notgronnd to such a basil iis tlie
Joiner's chiHsels, on one of the aides, but a.re basiled
alwuy on hoth the flat Kities, so that the edge lies
between both the aides in the middle of the tool."—
—Moxon.
b^'-ll i2), s. [Probably a corr. of hasan
(q.v.).] The skin of a sheep tanned in bark,
used in bookbinding and for making slippers.
b^'-il (3), s. [In Sw. lyasilika; Dan. baslWce-
nart; Dut. basilicum.; Ger. basUikum and basi-
Uenkraut ; Fr. ba^«ilic ; Ital. basilica ; Lat.
hasilimm ; from Gr. ^ao-iAiieos (basiWcos) =
royal ; ^ao-iAeu? (bi^tsihus) = a king.] The
English name of the Ocymum, a genus of
plants belonging to the order Lamiacea^ or
Labiates. The specius are numerous ; many of
them come from the East Indies.' They are
fine-smelling plants.
"IT Sweet Basil or Basilicum is Ocymum ba-
silicum. It is an aromatic pot-herb.
IVikl Bffsil is Calamintlia cliiinpodium.
WILD BASIL.
Cakuiiiiitlia uciiios.
imo as Wild Basil
basil-th3ane, -
basil-weed, s. The
{Calamintha cUuopodiiuii).
b&s'-il (4), * bas'-sil, ^. [Abbreviated from
Pr. basilic = a b;isilisk, a kind of cannon.]
[Basilisk.] A long cannon, or piece of ord-
nance, carrying a ball of lliO lbs. weight, but
practically useless.
"She bare iiiiuiy canons, six on every side, with
three great bassUn, two behind in her dock, and one
Deiove.—PUscottie, pp. 107, 108. (Ja: '
b&^'-il, v.t. [From lasil, s.] To grind the
edge of a tool to an angle. [For example, sec
Basil (1), s.]
b^s'-i-lar, ba-sfl'-ar-y, o. & s. [in Fr.
hasilaire; Port, basilar; Mod. Lat. basiloris:
from basis.] [Basi;, Basis.]
A. As adjective :
1. Gen.: .Situated at the base of anything.
2. Anat. : Pertaining to any portion of the
frame whicli forms a basis to other portions.
B. As substantive :
Anat. : {tSee extract.)
"... at the posterior margin of the pons they [the
vertebral arteries] coalesce to fomx a single vessel, the
btuilar, which extends the whole length of the pons."
—Todd £ Bowman; Physiol. Anat., vol. i., p. 20a.
Ba-§il'-i-an, u-. [Named after St. Basil, who
founded a monastery in Pontus, and an order
of monks, which soon spread over the East,
was introduced into the West in 1057, and
reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1569.]
Pertaining to the monks of the order of St.
Basil.
ba-§il'-ic, * ba-§il -ick, a. & s. [In Sp.
basilica; Lat. basil iciis ; Gr. ^ao-iAtKo? (basili-
kas) = royal ; from ^ao-iAeus (boMleus) = a
king.]
A, As adjective :
1. Pertaining to or resembling a basilica
(q.v.).
2. Anat. : Pertaining to the vein of the arm
called the basilic. [B. 2. ]
"These aneurisms following always U|K)n bleeding
the ItaHlick vein, must ije aneurisms of thebimieral
artery. "—Sharp.
B. As siibstantive :
1. Arch. [Basilica.]
2. Anat. : A vein which crosses the radial
artery in the bend of the elbow, and is
separated from it by a tendinous expansion of
the biceps muscle. It is one of the two veins
most frequently opened in blood-letting.
ba-§il'-i-ca, ba-^U'-ic, * ba-^il'-ick, a.
[lu Fr. basilique; Sp., Port., & Ital. basilica;
Gr. ^aa-tKiKYj (basilike); from pautKiKos (basi-
Ukos) = royal ; jSao-iAev? (basilem) = a king.]
I. In the Greek period : Apparently, as the
etymology shows, a royal residence, though
proof of the fact has not been obtained.
II. Til the Old Roman period :
1. A public building in the forum of Rome,
furnished with double colonnades or aisles.
j=ll=;i.
PLAN OF TRAJAN's BASILICA.
It was used both as a court for the adminis-
tration of justice and as an exchange for
merchants.
2. Any similar building in o^her parts of
Rome or in the provincial cities.
III. In the Christian })eriod :
1. A cathedral church. The name is given
because under Constantine many basilicas
were changed into Christian churches, objec-
tion being felt to transforming the heathen
temples, the associations of which had been
always anti-Christian, and often immoral
(See Trench's Synon. of New Test., p. 139.)
2. A royal palace.
1[ The term was also applied in the Middle
Ages to the large canopied tomb of persons of
distinction. (See Parker's Glossary of Her.)
ba-9ir-ic-al, a. [Eng. basilic; -aZ.] The
same as Basilic, adj. (q.v.).
basilica! vein, o-. [Basilic, B. 2.]
ba-§il'-ic-ail, u, [Eng. basilic, and suff. -an.)
1, Pertaining to, or resembling, a basilica.
2. Pertaining to the vein of the arm de-
scribed under Basilic, B. 2.
IT Soon after the execution of Charies L,
Howell made sarcastic allusion to the tragic
event, by using the word basilican at once in
its anatomical and its etymological sense.
"I will attend with patience how England will
thrive, now that she is let blood in the basilican vein "
— Howell: Lett., iii. 24,
^ ba-gil'-i-c6k, s. [From Eng. basili(sk), and
cock or cock(atHce).^ [Cockatrice.] A basi-
lisk. (Cliaucer.)
ba-sil'-i-con, s. [Gr. paa-tKiKov (basilikon) =
royal, from its " sovereign " virtue. ] An oint-
ment called also tetrapharmacoii, from its
being composed of four ingredients— yellow
wax, black pitch, resin, and olive oil. (Quin^.)
" I made incision into the cavity, and put a pledeet
of beisilicoii over it."— Wiseman,
Ba-sil'-i-dans, «. [IS'amed after Basilides.]
(See def.)
Church Hist. : The followers of Basilides, an
eminent Gnostic, who lived at Alexandria in
the e^rly part of the second century A.D.
bas-i-lis'-CU3, s. [Lat. basilisc2is, the fabu-
lous animal described under Basilisk (q.v.).]
Herpetology : A genus of Reptiles founded by
Daudin. It belongs to the family Iguanidte.
There is a fin-like elevation, capable of being
erected or depressed, running along the back
and tail ; there is no throat-pouch, and thigh-
pores are absent. On the occiput is a membra-
nous dilatable pouch. The species are partly
arboreal, partly aquatic. Basilisctis mitratus.
the Hooded Basilisk, is from Guiana and other
parts of tropical America. B. Ambainensis,
the Crested Basilisk, is from Amboyna and
other parts of the Indian Archipelago. Their
habits are quite imlike those attributed to the
fabulous basilisk cf antiquity. [Basilisk.]
ba§ -i-lisk, ^ b^'-i-liske, s. [in S w. , Dan. ,
& Ger. basilisk; Fr. basilic; Sp., Port., & Ital.
basilisco ; Lat. basiliscus; Gr. ^ao-iAt'tTKos (6a-
siliskos) = (1) a little king or chieftain, (2) a
kind of serpent, so named, according to Pliny,
from a spot upon its head like a crown. (See
example under A. 1).]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. A fabulous animal, imagined by the an-
cients to be so deadly that its look, and much
more its breath, was fatal to those who stood
near. When it hissed, other serpents fled from
it in alarm. [Cockatrice.]
" Make ine not sighted like the basilisk ;
I've looked on thousands ivlio have sped the better
By my regard, but klll'd none so."
ahahesp. : Winter's Tale, i. 2.
"The basilisk was a serpent not above three palms
long, and differenced from other serpents by advancing
his head, and some white marks or coronary spots
upon the crown." — Browne : Vulgar JCrrours.
* 2. An obsolete kind of cannon, supposed
to resemble the fabulous basilisk in its deadly
effect, [Basil (4).]
" We practise to make swifter motions than any you
have, and to make them stronger and more violent
than yours are; exceeding your greatest cannons and
basilisks. " — Bacon.
B. Technically :
1. Her. : The fabulous animal described
mider A., 1. In most respects it resembles
the cockatrice, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguishable by having an additional head at
the extremity of the tail. This peculiarity of
its being two-headed makes it sometimes be
called the Amphisien Cockatrice. [Amphisien
Cockatrice. ]
2. Zool. : The English name of the genus
Basiliscus (q.v.).
ba'-sin (i mute, as if written basn), ba'-son
(Eng.), * ba'-sing, plur. * ba'-smg-is (0.
Scotch), s. [In Dan. & Fr. bassin; O. Fr., O.
Sp., & Prov. bacin; Mod. Sp. & Port, bacia ;
Ital. bacino ; Low Lat. bacchinus ; from bacca
= a vessel for water. Cognate with Ger. becken
= a basin, and Eng. bac, back (2) (q.v.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
L Of cavities artificially made :
1. A small vessel for holding water, designed
for washing or other purposes.
"Hergeat dotat this kirk with cowpis, challicis,
basingis, \a.wo.T'\&."—Bellend : Cron., bk. vi cb 15
Pelvibus, Boeth. (Jamieaon.)
" We behold a piece of silver in a basin, when water
IS put upon it, which we could not discover before as
under the verge thexeoV— Browne : Vulgar Brrours.
'\^^ t^ ™^^ ^^ ^^^ vessels of the altar, the pots,
and the shovels, and the basons, . . ."—Exod. xxxviii.3.
2. Anything of similar form artificially made
for holding water. Specially—
(a) The cavity for receiving an ornamental
sheet of water in a plantation, &c.
(&) A dock in which vessels are received,
discharge their cargo, and, if need be, are
repaired.
3. Any hollow vessel, even though not
designed for holding water. Thus the scales of
a balance are sometimes, though rarely, called
the basins of a balance. (Johnson.) [See also
B.]
IL Of cavities existing in nature:
1. The cavity naturally formed beneath a
waterfall.
" Into a chasm a mighty block
Hath fallen, and matle a bridge of rock •
f he gulf is deep below ;
And in a basin black .-md small
Receives a lofty waterfall."
Wordsworth : Idle ShepJierd Boys.
bSil, boy^; poiit, j<S^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this;
- sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph=tf.
-cian -Shan. -cion. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious. -cious=shus. -ble. -die. &c. = bel, d^L
438
basined— Basquish
2. A land-locked l^ay, or even a bay with a
wide entrance.
(a) With a narrow entrance.
" The juttiug land two ample bays divides ;
The spacious basiTis arclimg rocks inclose,
A sure defence from every storm that blowa."
Pope.
(&) "With a wide entrance.
"... which had assembled round the basin of
Torbay." — Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xvi.
3. Tlie bed of the ocean.
" If this rotation does the seas affect.
The rapid motion rather would eject
The stores, the low capacious caves contain,
And from its ample basin cast the main,"
Blackmore.
B. Technically :
I. Meclianical Arts :
1. Among opticians: A concave piece of
metal, in shape resembling a bason, on which
glass-grinders form their convex glasses.
2. Among hat-makers : A ronnd shell or case
of iron placed over a furnace, in which hatters
mould a hat into form.
II. Nature :
1. Anat : A round cavity situated between
the anterior ventricles of the brain.
2. Physical Geography :
(a) A circular or oval v^alley, generally form-
ing the bed of a lake, or, if not, then having a
river flowing through it.
(h) The entire area drained by a river, as
the basin of the Amazon ; or the channel of
an ocean, as the Atlantic Ocean.
III. Geology :
1. In the same sense as B., II. 2. (a).
"... there was a poiut in couuectiou with this
which Professor Eamsay said he claimed as his own
idea, and that was with regard to the origin of lake-
basins. His belief is that m all cases they have
originated fi'om glaciers ; that is, tliat the basins have
been scooped out by glaciws." — Lecture at the London
Iiislitutian. (Times, March 7, 187B.)
2. A depression in strata in which beds of
later age have been deposited. Thus the
London basiii consists of tertiary strata de-
posited in a large cavity in the chalk.
3. A circumscribed geological formation in
which the strata dip on all sides inward. Coal
frequently occurs in the Carboniferous forma-
tion in such a depression.
basin-shaped, w.. Shaped like a basin.
* basin-wlde, «. As wide as a basin ;
of. Saucer-eyed. (Spenser : Mother Hubhard,
670.)
ba'-sined (i mute), a. ['Eng. hasin ; -ed,] Situ-
ated in a basin ; enclosed in a basin. ( Young,)
ba'-si-nerved, a. [Lat. basics), and Eng.
nerved.}
Botany. Of leaves: Having the nerves, or
" ribs," aU springing from the base.
bas'-in-et, s. [Bascinet.]
* ba'-siiig, s. [Basin.] (0. Scotch.)
ba-si-r6s'~tral, a. [Lat. basis (Basis), and
Tostralls = pertaining to the rostrum or bill of
a bird.] Situated at the base of the bill.
" Several persons have suijposed or imagined it [the
serrated claw in the G-oat-sucKer] to be lur the purpose
of euahliug the bird to clear away from between its
hasirostral bristles the frsigmeuts of \vings or other
pai'ts of lepidopteroiis insects, whicli by adheriug have
clogged them. — MacgilHvray : Jirit. Birds, vol, lii.,
p. G4a,
ba'-sis, s. [In Fr., Port., & Ital. base; Sp.
bona; Dan., Dut., Ger., & Lat. basis; Gr.
^do-ts (basis) = a stepping, a step, a foot, a
foundation ; ^aii/m (balno) = to walk, to step,
to go.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. Of things which are or are assumed
to be material: That on which anything rests,
or is supposed to rest ; the lowest part of any-
thing, as the foundation of a building, &c.
1, Generally:
" In altar-wise a stately pile they rear.
The />asis broad below, and top advauc'd iu air."
Dryden.
" Ascend my chariot, guide the raijid wheels
That shake heaven s basis, . . ." .
MiUon : P. L., bk. vi.
2. Specially. [B., L L & 2.]
II. Of things immaterial : The fundamental
principle, groundwork, orsupportofanytlnng.
" AU pai'ts of an author's work were, moreover, sup-
posed to rest on the same basis." — Lewis : Early Horn.
Uist.. cb, i., 5 1.
t B. Technically :
I. Architecture:
1. The pedestal of a column ; the lowest
part of a column, the other being the shaft
and the capital. [Base.]
" Observing an English inscription upou the basis,
we read it over several times." — Addison.
2. The pedestal of a statue.
" How many times shall Caesar blued iu sijort,
That now on fompey's basis lies along
No worthier than the dust ! "
Shakesi). : Julius Ccesur, iii. 1.
II. CJiem. : The same as Base (q.v.).
III. Pros. : The smallest trochaic rhythm.
ba'-si-so-lute, a. [Lat. basis = a base, and
solutus = unbound, loose, free ; pa. par. of
solvo = to loosen, to separate, to disengage.]
Botany. Of leaves : Extended downwards
beyond the point at which theoretically they
3 in music] One
t ba'-Sist, s. [From Eng, i
who sings base or bass.
' ba'-sit, pec. jjar. [Based.] (Scotch.)
bask» * baske, v.t. & i. [Old Norse bathaslc;
Icel. bathiwt = tu bathe oneself. (SJceat.)']
A. Transitive : To place in the sun with the
view of being warmed by its heat.
" 'Tis all thy business, business how to shun,
To bask thy naked body iu the suu." Dryden.
■[1" It is sometimes used reciprocally ■\vith
the word self.
" He was basTcing himself iu the gleam of the sun." —
L' Estrange.
B, Intransitive {now tJie more frequent) :
1. Lit. : To repose in the sun for the pur-
pose of feeling its genial warmth ; to sun
oneself.
" a group of six or seven of these hideous reptiles
may oftentimes be seeu on the black rocks, a few
feet above the surf, basking in the sun with out-
stretched legs."— ZJttrifm: Voyage Round the Ifoi-Zrf,
ch. xvii,
2. Fig. : To repose amid genial influences.
bask^ s. [Bask, v.] A bath or suffusion of
genial warmth. (N.E.D.)
basked* pa. par. &, a. [Bask.]
bask'-er, s. [Bask, v.] Ou-e who basks.
bask'-et, * bask'-ette, s. [A Celtic word.
In Corn, basket; Welsh basged, bascod, bas-
gaxod, basgauda ; from basrj = plaiting, net-
work ; Irish bascaid, bascaied, basceld; Lat.
bascaiida, avowedly derived from the Old
British. (See the H below.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. A light and airy vessel made of plaited
osiers, twigs, or similar flexible material, mucli
used in domestic arrangements.
^ The baskets made by the old inhabitants
of Britain were so good that they became
celebrated at Borne, and were called by a Latin
name which was confessedly only their native
appellation pronounced by foreign lips. Mar-
tial thus speaks of them : "Barbara de pictis
venit b^cauda Britannis " ("The barbarian
basket came from the painted Britons"). By
' ' barbarian " lie probably meant made by
foreigners, as contradistinguished from Ro-
mans, and did not mean in any way to im-
peach the excellence of the manufacture. Mr.
Freeman (0. Eng. Hist, for Children) instances
basket as one of the few Welsh words in Eng-
lish, and points out that the small immber
that do exist are mainly the soii of words
which the women, whether wives or slaves,
would bring in. From this and other facts,
he infers that in what at the end of the sixth
century had become England, the prior in-
Jiabitants had been all but extirpated by the
Anglo-Saxon invaders.
"... a ftosftef of unleavened bread." — /.eti. viii. 2,
"And they did all eat, and were filled : and they
took ui> of the fragments that remained ttt-eh-e baskets
i\jAl."~JIatt. xiv. -20.
2. As a vag%ie measure ofco.pacity : As many
of anything as the size of basket generally
used for containing that article will hold.
first cherries of the year wfis accepted from hnu Ijy the
king," — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
B. Technically :
1. Her. : Winno wing-basket. [Winnowing,
Vane.]
2. Mil. [Gabion.]
3. Arch. : The base of a Corinthian capital.
(Gmlt.)
4. Hat-making : A wicktr-work or wire
screen used in tlie process of bowing (q.v.).
basket-carriage, s. A small caiTiage
with a wicker bed, adapted to be drawn by
ponies.
basket-fish, s. Not a genuine ",fish,"
but a "Star-flsh." It is
of the genus Astrophyton,
and the family Ophiurida;.
[Akgus.]
basket-hilt, s. Tlie
hilt of a weapon, so called
because it is made in some-
thing like the shape of a
basket, so as to contain the
whole hand, and defend it
from being wounded in
lighting or fencing. The basket-hilt.
basket-hilt of a single stick
is usually made of wicker-work.
" With basket-hilt that would hold broth,
And serve for fight and dinner both."
Iludibras.
basket-hilted, «. Having a basket-hilt.
basket-osier, basket osier, s. The
English name ofSaltx Forbyana. It grows wild
in England, and is cultivated for jjurposes of
commerce, being much esteemed by basket-
makers for the flner sorts of wicker-work.
basket-salt, s. Salt made from salt
springs, of a liner quality than ordinary salt;
so called from the shape or construction of the
vessel in which the brine is evaporated.
basket-woman, s. A woman who at-
tends at markets with a basket, ready to carry
home anything which is bought by customers.
basket-tv^ork, s
1. Work or texture of plaited osiers or twigs.
[Wicker-work.]
2. Fortification : Work involving the inter-
weaving of withes and stakes — e.g., fascines,
hurdles, &c.
bask'-et, v.t. [From baslcet, s. (q.v.).] To put
in a basket. (Coivper.)
bask'-et-ful, s. [Eng. basket ; full]
1, A basket literally full of any substance.
2. As much of anything as would lill an
ordinary basket.
t bask'-et-ry, s. [Eng. basket; sufT. -ry.} A
number of baskets regarded collectively.
bask-ing, pr. par. & a. [Bask, -y.i.]
basking-shark, s. A shark, called in
English also the Sun-tish and the Sail-tish,
and by zoologists Selachics vuixlvnis. As its
name maxiviwi imports, it is the largest known
shark, sometimes reaching thirty-six feet in
length, but it has little of the ferocity seen in
its immediate allies. It is called "basking"
because it has a habit of lying motionless on
the water, as if enjoying the warmth of the
sun. It inhabits the Northern seas, but is
occasionally found on our shores. [Selachus.]
* bas'-nat (pi. bas'-nat-is), s. [Fr. basinette,
dimin. from bassin = a bason.] A small basin ;
a little bowl. (Scotch.)
"... twa blankatis, price viij& : twa targeatis, price
of pece xs. : thre basnatis, price of the i)ei;e. xiijs. iiijd."
Act. Bom. Cone, A. H'Jl, p. 195. (Jameson.)
"*■ bas'-net, o. [Bascinet.]
ba'-son (1), s. [BasixV.]
* ba'-son (2). [Bawson.]
Basque (que as k), a. &, s. [Fr. Basque =
pertaining to Biscay or its inhabitants.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to the Basque
race or language.
B. As substantive :
1. One of the Basque race. This extremely
antique race, which probably once occuiued
the whole Iberian peninsula, exists in the
Spanish provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay, Alava,
and Navarre, and in France in Labourd, Basse
Navarre, and tioule.
2. The Basiiue language. It has no close
affinity to any European tongue. Even the
numerals are unique, except sei (six), and hi
(two).
3. A jacket with a short skirt worn by
ladies, copied probably from the Basque cos-
tume.
t Bas'-quish (qu as k), a. [Eng. Basqii(e);
-ish. In Ger. Baski^ch.^
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet. here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, oe = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
bas relief— bassil
439
1. After the manner of the Basques.
2. Pertaining to the Basque language,
"... theirworda were Ba«ffw«ft orCantabriaii."—
Str T. Browne : Tracts, p. 136,
bas re-li'ef (or s mute), bass re-li'ef,
bas'-so rd-Ue'-v6 (i as y). s. [From Fr.
Jkis or Ital. hctsso ~ low, and Fi-. relief or Ital.
relievo = (1) a relief, foil, set-ofT ; (2) relief in
painting and sculpture ; (3) tmbossiiig.l
1. Low relief; a kind of sculpture, a coin,
medal, &c., or embossing, in which the figures
are "in relief," that i.s, are raised above tlie
plane inwhicli they stand, but are raised only
slightly, tliis being implied by the French
■word hus=\o\v. Morespecifically,theystaiid
out less tlian half tlieir proper proportions ;
LAS BELIEF (ARCH OF TlTLt, )
had they stood out half their pioportions,
the tenu used would have been viezzo-reUevo,
(meaning, in middle relicO ; and had tliey done
so nioic than half, the word used would have
been alto-relievo, signifying, in high, bold, or
strong relief.
2. A cawing in low relief.
i (1), tf. [A corruption or alteration of hast
(q.v.).]
t See also Basi (1).
1. The inner bark of the lime or linden-tree,
from wiiicli mats were onee made in Englaml,
as they still arc in Russia. [See Nos. •!, ;i.J
2. Tlie liniu or linden-tree itself {Tilla
Eunijxni), also the American species {TiUa
Aim- via ma). [Bass-wood.]
3. A mat made of the inner bark of the lime
or linden-tree, or of any similar material.
Specially —
(1) In England : A hassock or thick mat on
which people kneel at cluirch.
(2) In Scotland :
(a) A mat laid at a door fur cleaning one's ■
feet. (Jamieso)i.)
(b) A mat used for packing bales of goods.
(Jamiesoii.)
(c) A sort of mat on which dishes are placed
at tiible, especially meant for preserving the
t<iblc from being stained by those that are hot.
(Jamieson.)
bass-wood, s.
1. The wood of the American lime or linden-
tree {Tilia Americana).
" All the bowls were made of bass-wood,
Wlute aud iKilished very smoothly,"
Longfellow : Song of R uiwatTia, xi.
2. The tree itself.
f bass (2), ^. [Basse.]
bass (3), ""base, * basse. «. & s. [In Sw.,
Dan., & Dut. bas; Ger. loss; Fr. basse; Sp.
ficwjo; Port. baij:o; Ital. basso.] [Ease.]
A. As adj. (Miisic) : Of a low or deep pitch ;
ffr((;r as opposed to acute. (The form base is
now obsolete, being superseded by bass.)
t^Z^uy,^"^' *^° '°"'^i? ^'^^ note-holes be, and the
further from the mouth of the piiw, the more base
aound they yield.'— tfdcon.
B. As subst. (Music):
1. The string wlilcli gives a base sound.
" At thy well-sbarijeu'd thumb, from nboro to shore.
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar."
Dt^den.
2. An instrument which plays the bass
part ; specially of the violoncello or bass-
viol, and the contrabasso or double bass. Both
this and the previous sense are found in the
following example.
" Now Mr. Fearing was one that played upon the
bass. He aud his fellows sound the sackbut, whose
notes are more doleful th;m the notes of other music
are ; though indeed some aay the bass is the ground of
music. And for my part, I care not at all for that
Profession which begins not in heaviness of mind,
he hrst string that the musician usually touches is
the bass, wbeu he intends to put all in tune. God also
plays upon this string fti-st, when lie sets the soul in
tune for himself." — Bunyan : P. P., pt, ii.
3. The lowest of the principal human
voices ; those higher in j^itch being respec-
tively baritone, tenor, alto or contralto, mezzo-
soprano, soprano.
4. Plural : The portion of a choir singing
the bass part ; also the portion of a string-
band playing the bass part.
5. In compound ironl.'::: The lowest instru-
ment of any class or family of instruments ;
as bass-clarinet, bass-finte, bass-horn, bass-
trombone, ha--is-tuha, bass-viol or base-viol.
6. Hasii-string or base-string : The string of
lowest pitch on a string instrument having
deep sounds.
7. Bass-clef: The lowest sign of p^^i:;
absolute pitch used in music : the F"^
F clef.
% A fundamental bass : The supposed gene-
rator or foundation of any harmonic combina-
tion. Tims C is said to be the fundamental
base of tlie chord C, E, G.
i:XAMPLE OF FIGURED BASE FKOM CORELLI.
% Thorough or continiious bass: Originally
the bass part figured for the player on a harp-
siehord or organ. Hence, tlie art of adding
chords to a ligured bass ; the art of harmony.
[Basso-continuo.]
bass-bar, s. A piece of wood fixed under
tliy bridge inside the belly of instrainents of
the violin kind, to strengthen it.
bass-hom, s. A wind instrument of low
tone, deeper than the bassoon.
bass-viol, t base-viol, s. [Eng. kiss,
base; viol, hi Sw. i; Dan. has-fiol; Fr. bassr
de vLole; Port, baixo de viola.'} A stringed
instrument for playing bass ; a violoncello.
"On the sweep of the arch lies one of the Muses,
playing on a base-viol. "—Br j/deti.
" At the first grm he oust every human feature out
of his couuteiinneu, at the second he became the head
of a base-olol." — .^ddisoii.
t bass, V. t. [From the substantive. Comp. Fr.
baisser = to lower, to sink, to depress.] To
sound in a deep grave tone,
■■ Methougbt the billows spoke and told me of it ;
The winds did sing it to me, and the thunder.
That deep and dreadful organ-piije, pronounc'd
The n.Tme of Proajjer ; it did bass my trespass."
Shakcsp. : Tempest, iii. 3.
b^s-sa-net, b^s'-sa-n^t, ;.. [Bascinet]
(Scotch. )
basse, t bass, * base, * bar (Ord. Eng.),
barse, bar9e (Provinc. Eng.), s. [Fi-om
A.S. hairs, bears, the kind of perch described
in the def. ; Dut. haars = a perch ; Ger. bars,
barsch, bdrblch = the barse, a perch. Akin,
though not so closely, also to Eng. perch ; Fr!
jicrche; Ital. pert lea ; Low Lat. jjarco, porca;
Sp. & Lat. pierca; Gr. Tre'pKT) (perke), ireoKos
(2JC/-fcos)= dark-coloured, dusky.]
A. Formerly (with little precision): Either
the marine fish described under B., or some
freshwater percli resembling it.
"Bar, the fish called a basc."~-.Cotgravc.
" Item, there is within the said nianur a great tame
or fish-pond, called Talken Tarn, wherein ai'e good
store of pyke, barces, trowtes, and eyles. "— ^u<c/iM07t ■
Bist. Ciimberhmd, i, 149. [Boucher.)
B. Now (more precisely) :
1. A fish of the order Acanthopterygii and
family Perridce. It was known to the Greeks
as Aa^paf (labrax), and to the Romans as htpu;^,
and is the Labrax hqms of Cuvier, and the
Perm labrax of Linnaeus. It is like the perch,
but is marine. It occurs in Britain. At
Ramsgate it is called the Sea-dace. It is used
for food. It has been known *o weigh thirty
pounds.
"For catching of whiting and basse they use a
thread." — Carew ,- Survei/ of t'oniwaU, p. 32. [BoucTi^r.)
2. A sea-fish, caught particularly at the
Potomac and Chesapeak Bay. It is highly
esteemed in Vii-ginia, (Boucher.)
t bas'-sen-et, * bas'-san-ette, " [Bas-
cinet. ]
bas'-set, fbas-set', ^bas-sett'e, s. & a.
[In Dan. hassetspil; Ger. bassetspiel; Fr. bas-
sette; Sp. baceta; Ital. &asse(fa = somewhat
less dimin. of basso = low.] [Bass, Basse.]
A. As substantive : A game at cards, said
to have been invented by a Venetian noble.
It was introduced into France in 1674. The
parties to the game are nominally a dealer or
banker ; his assistant, who supervises the
losing card ; and the punter, to play against
the banker.
"Some dress, some dance, somo play, not to forget
Your picquet parties, and your dear basset."
Howe.
"... in another were gamblers playing deep at
basset . . ." — Macaulay : Bist. oj Eng., ch. iii,
H. As adjective: Pertaining to the game
described under A.
"Gamesters would no more blaspheme; and Lady
Dabcheek's basset bank would lie broke. "—Z)e/j/its.
basset-table,
basset is played.
A table upon which
" The bassct-tahle spread, the tallier come ;
Wliy stays Smilinda in the dressing-rooin ? "
Pope : Miscellanies, The Basset-table, i. 2.
t b3.S'-set (1), a. & s. [Comp. Old Fr. basset,
dimin. of bas = low, as Ital. basseito is dimin.
of basso = low.]
A, As adjective (cimong miners) : Having a
direction at one side towards the surface of
the earth ; tending to crop out.
B. As substantive (among viiners): The out-
crop of strata at the suj-face of the ground.
bas'-set (2), a. [Comp. Ital. hassetto = some-
what low, dimin. of basso = low. In O. Fr. &
■ Prov. 6c«se( = somewhat low.] [Basset, adj.
& s.] (Used in composition, as in Basset-horn,
q.v.)
basset-horn, s. [Ital. como di hasetto.]
A musical instrument, the tenor of the clarinet
family, having more than three octaves in its
boil, bo^; poiit. j6^l; cat, $ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin.
-oiau. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -
BASSET-HORN.
compass, extending upwards from F below the
bass stave. It differs from the shape of tte
clarinet mainly in having the bell-mouth,
which is made of metal, recurved.
t bas'-set, v.i. [From basset, a. & s. (q.v.).]
Among miners: To rise to the surface of
the earth. (Applied specially to beds of coal,
which thus rise in a direction contrary to
that in which they dip.)
bas-set'te, s. [Fr.] The same as Basset, a.
(q.v.). [Bassetto.]
bas'-set-mg, jw. par. & s. [Basset, v.]
As sjihstantive (among miners) : The rise of
a vein of coal to the surface of the earth ; the
cropping out of coal in the direction contrary
to its dip.
bas-set'-to, bas-sett'e, s. [Ital. bassetto
(of?/.) = somewhat low; (s.) counter-tenor.]
[Basset, adj.] A tenor ur small bass-viol.
bas-si-a, s. [Named after Fernando Bassi,
curator of the botanic gardens at Bologna.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order 8apo-
taceas (Sapotads). It consists of large trees
which grow in the East Indies. Bassia lati-
folia (Broad-leaved Bassia) is common in some
parts of India. It is called the Mohra or
Moho-tree. The flowers have a heavy, sicken-
ing smell, and an intoxicating spirit is distilled
from them. B. hutyracea is the Indian Butter-
tree. The African Butter-tree, that of Mungo
Park and Bruce, is also a Bassia.
bas'-sil, s. [Basil (4).]
, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
cious = shus. -ble, -die, &e rr^feel, deL
440
bassinet— bastard
tbas'-sin-et (1), s. [Bascinet.]
b^s'-si-net (2), bas-si-nette', s. [Fr.
diminutive from bassin — a bawiu (ct.v.).] An
oblong wicker basket with a covering or hood
over the end, in which young children are
placed as in a cradle.
bass'-mat* s. [Scotch bass (Bast), and Eng.
mat] Matting made of bass, used tor various
gardening purposes.
bas'~s6 (1), s. [Ital. basso.] [Bass.]
1. The bass in music.
2. One who sings or plays the bass part.
" Soprano, basso, even the coiitra-alto,
Wished him five fjitlioin under the Rial to."
Byron: Beppo, xxxii.
basso - concertante, s. [Ital.] The
principal bass string-instruiueut ; that which
accompanies recitatives and solos.
basso-continuo, s. [Ital. basso and con-
tbiuo = continual.] Continued or thorough-
bass, i.e., the figured bass written continuously
throughout a movement, for the use of tlie
player on a harpsichord or organ. [Bass (3).]
basso - rilievG, basso - relievo, s.
[Ital. J [Bas relief.]
basso-ripieno, s. [Ital. basso and ripiena
= full, filled.] The bass of the grand chorus,
whieh comes in only occasionally.
bas-s6' (2), s. [Bashaw.] A pasha.
" Grefit kiugs of Barbary and ray bassoes."
Marlowe: 1 Tambitrlaine, iii. 2.
b^S'-sock, bas'-SOC, s A misprint for
hassock (q.v.).
bas-s6o'n, *baa-s6'n, s. [In Sw. hassong;
Dan. & Dut. hasson ; Pr. basson ; Sp. haxon ;
Port, haixao ; Ital. fagotto = a fagot, so called
from its similarity in appearance to a bundle
of sticks.}
1, A reed instrument of the " double-reed"
class, forming in ordinary orchestras the
tenor and bass of the wood-wind band. It
has a compass of about three octaves, com-
mencing at the note B flat below the bass
stave.
" The wedding guest here beat hi6 breast.
For he heard the loud bassoon."
Coleridge: Ancient J/ariner.
2. An organ-stop of a quality of tone similar
to the orchestral instrument.
3. A series of free reeds on a harmonium or
kindred instrument, of a like quality of tone
bas-sdon'-ist, s. [Eng. bassooji ; -ist.] A
musician whose instrument is the bassoon.
Bas'-s6r-a, Bus'-sor-ah, s. & to. [From
Arab, hasra^a. margin.]
A, As substantive : A frontier city of Asiatic
Turkey on the Shat-el Arab (river of the
Arabs), made by the junction of the Euphrates
and the Tigris into one stream. It is about
seventy miles from the Persian Gulf.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to Bassora.
Bassora-gum, s. Gum brought from
Bassora. It is suX)posed to be derived either
from a Cactus or a Mesembryanthemum.
bas'-sor-in, s. [In Fr. bassorine.]
Chcm. : A kind of mucilage found in gum-
tragacanth, which forms a jelly with water,
but does not dissolve in it.
^ A clear, aqueous-looking liquid, appa-
rently of the natm-e of bassorin, exists in the
large cells of the tubercular roots of some
terrestrial Orchids of the section Ophyreae.
It is formed of minute cells, each with its
cytoblast ; the whole being compactly aggre-
gated in the interior of the parent cell.
bas'-sus, s. [Lat. Bassus, a proper name.] A
genus of hymenopterous insects, belonging to
the family BraconidES. They have long narrow
bodies, and frequent umbelliferous flowers.
*hSLSt,v.t. [Baste.] (Scotch.)
bast (1), pa. par. [Basted, Bast, v.] (Scotch.)
bast (2), pa. par. [Base, v. ; Based, pa. par.]
(Scotch.)
bast (1), bass (1), s. [A.S. bcest = the inner
bark of the lindea-tree, of which ropes were
made ; hcesten rap = a linden or bast rope ;
Icel., Sw., Dan., Dut., & Ger. bast; 0. H. Ger.
bast, past. In Dut. bast means also back, rind,
cod, husk, shell.]
1. Properly : The inner bark of the lime or
lindiiu-tree, used in Russia and elsewhere for
making mats. [Bass.]
2. A rope made from this material.
3. Anything similar. Spec. , a strong woody
fibre derived from two palms, Attalea funifera
Rml LeopoldianaPiassaba, and used for making
brooms and brushes.
Tf Gv^a bast : The fibres of Paritium elatuvi,
a Mallow-wort. It is used for tying up plants
in gardens, or binding together cigars. (Trea-
sury of Botany.)
bast-matting, bast matting, Rus-
sian matting, s. The matting formed
from the inner bark of the lime. (Hooker <&
Arnott's Brit. Flora, ord. Tiliacece.)
bast (2), s. [Baste.]
bas'-ta, adv. [Ital. hasta = enough.]
Mtisic : Enough ! stop ! A term used when
the leader of a band wishes to stop a per-
former. (Grabb.)
bas-taH-yxe, a. [Bastille.] (0. Scotch.)
b^s'-tant, a. [Pr. basta)it, pr. par. of baster =
to be sufficient, to go on well ; Sp,, Port., &
Ital. &as(an(e = sufficient; Sp. & Port. bastar=.
to suffice, to supply, to give ; Ital. bastare =
to be sufficient; basta = enough.] Possessed
of ability.
" If we had beeu provided of baU, we were sufficiently
bastant to have kept the jmase .igaiust our enemy."—
Afonro: Exped., i. 20. {Jamiesoii.)
bas'-tard, ^ bas'-tarde, * bas'-tarst, i-.
& «. [Eng. &as((e) = illegitimacy (q.v.), and
suff. -ard. In Sw., Dan., & Ger. bastard; Dut.
hastaard ; Fr. hdtard ; O. Fr. & Prov. bastard,
bastart; Sp., Port, & Ital. liastardo ; Low Lat.
bastarchis. The ultimate etymology is O. Fr.
& Prov. bast; Low Lat. fxistu, bastvvi = a
packsaddle. Cf. Ft. fils dc bast = a. h3.s,ts,vd pack-
saddle child, as opposed to a legitimate child,
the muleteers at the inns being accustomed
to use their packsaddles as beds.] [Baste.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : An illegitimate or natural child.
[A., II. 1.]
"To auounce Robert his soue, that bastarst, was
there ..."
Rob. Gloucef., p, 431. {S. in Boucher.)
"I laugh to think that Ixibe (i bastard."
Shakesp.: Ttmon,i.2.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Anything spurious, counterfeit, or false.
"... words that are but rooted in
Your tongue, though but bastards and syllables
Of no allowance to your bosom's truth."
aUakesp. : Coriol., iii. 2,
(&) The wine described under A., II. 3.
IL Technically :
1. Law:
(a) English Law : One boni out of lawful
wedlock. (A child begotten out of lawful wed-
lock may be legitimized if its parents marry
before its birth.)
If* A bastard, being looked on legally as no
one's son, cannot inherit ijroperty, though he
may acquire it by his own exertions. Other
disabilities under which he formerly laboured
have been removed.
Tf When a man has a bastard son, and after-
wards marrying the mother has a legitimate
son by her, the former is called bastard eigne,
and the latter mulier puisne.
(b) Scots Law : In Scotland a child is legiti-
mized if its parents marry at any future
period ; this was the case also in the Roman
law, which the Scotch in this respect followed.
2. Hist. (Plur. Bastards). [So called because
headed by the illegitimate sons of noblemen,
who, on account of being bastards, were in-
capable of inheriting property.] The name
given to certain bandits, who in the fourteenth
centui-y rose in Guienne, and, joining with
the English, set fire to various towns.
* 3. Wine-vmking : A name formerly applied
to a foreign sweet wine sometimes called
muscadel [Muscadel], It came chiefly from
Candia.
" Why, then, your brown bastard is your only drink."
Shakesp. . 1 Hen. It'., ii, 4.
4. Sugar-refining :
(a) (PL Bastards) : An impure, coarse brown
sugar, one of the refuse products in the manu-
facture of refined sugar. It is occasionally
used in brewing, and frequently by publicans
to bring up the colour and gravity of beers
which they have adulterated.
(b) Sing. : A large-sized mould in which
sugar is drained. (Ure.)
B. As adjective :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Begotten out of wedlock ; illegiti-
mate ; natural.
"Peace is a veryapoplexy.lethargy, insensible, ... a
getter of more bastard children than war 's a deat^'oyer
at xaexi."— Shakesp. : Coriol., iv. 5.
2. Figuratively:
(a) Spurious, not genuine ; adulterated, im-
plying inferiority to the thing counterfeited.
"That were a kind of bastard hope indeed." —
Shakesp.: Merch. of Van., iii- 5.
" Men who, under the disguise of publick good, pursne
their own designs of power, and such bastard honours
a3 attend them." — Temple.
(b) Resembling anything else, though itot
identical with it. Not necessarily implying
inferiority to that which it is like. (Used
specially of plants or animals resembling
others, but not really identical with them, at
the same time they are just as perfect as the
species whose " bastards " they are.) [See II.
6&7.]
II. Technically:
1. Military. Of cannon : Of an abnormal
type ; for instance, longer or shorter than
ordinary.
2. Printing :
(a) Bastard or half-title : An abbreviated
title on a page preceding the full title-page
of a book.
(b) Bastard fount: A fount of hype cast on
a smaller or larger body than that to which it
usually belongs. In the former case the lines
appear closer together, and in the latter wider
apait, tlian in type cast on the usual body.
3. Wine-making. Bastard wines (pi.) : Those
partly sweet, partly astringent.
" Such wines are called mungrel or bastard wines,
which, betwixt the sweet aaid astringent ones, have
neither manifest sweetness nor manifest astrictiou,
but indeed participate and contain in theui both
qualities." — Markham: 7'ransl. of Maison Rustique
(1616), p. 635. (S. in Boucher.)
4. Plastering. Bastard stuccn : A kind of
stucco, made two-thirds of lime and one-third
of fine pure sand ; also, the finishing coat of
plastering when prepared for paint.
5. Painting. Bastard Scarlet : Of a red
colour dyed with madder.
6. 2ool. Bastard Plover : An English name
for a bird, the Common Lapwing (Vanellus
cristatus).
7. Botany :
Bastard Alkanet, Bastard-alkanet : The bark
of Litlwspernunn arvense (Common Gromwell).
It abounds with a deep-red dye, which is
easily communicated to oily substances like
the true Alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria).
Bastard Balm, Bastard-balm : The English
name of Melittis, a genus of Lamiaceai (La-
biates). Specially ajiplied to the Melittis
mclissophyllurn, a plant found wild in the south
, and south-west of England. It has beautiful
flowers of variegated colour, and in a her-
barium acquires and long retains a smell like
that of Anthoxanthum.
Bastard Cabbage-tree: The English name of
Geotfroya, an anomalous genus with papilio-
naceous flowers, and drupes instead of proper
legumes for fruit.
Bastard Cedar, Bastard-cedar :
(a) Tlie English name of the Cedrela, a
genus constituting the typical one of the order
Cedrelaceee (Cedrelads). [Cedrela,] Also
the wood of various species of the genus.
One kind comes from Australia, and another
from the West Indies. The latter is of a
brown colour and a fragrant odour, whence
the name of cedar has been given to it. It is
light, soft, and well adapted for making canoes
and other purposes.
(b) The English name of the Bubroma, a
genus belonging to the order Byttneriace;e
(Byttueriads). The Bubroma guazunm (Elm-
leaved Bastard Cedar) grows in Jamaica. The
wood is light and easily wrought. The tree is
an umbrageous one, and supplies cattle not
merely with food, but with shelter from heat
[BUEROMA.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bastard— bastinado
441
baslurd Ciiinuvton, liustard-riniuuiton. : A
tree, Laurus cassia, which grows in Ceylon.
It is decorticated like the True Cinnamon, but
of inferior value, being more largely imbued
with mucilage.
Sastard Dittany, Bastard-dittany: A Ruta-
ceous plant, DictcunimLS Fraxindla.
Bastard Flower Fence : The English name of
\denanthera, a genus of plants belonging to
the Leguminous order and the Csesalpineous
sub-order. [ Aden anth era.]
Bmtard Hare's Ear : The English name of
the Phyllis, a genus belonging to the order
Cinchonaceai (Cinchonads). Phyllis nobla,
from the Canaries, is an evergreen shrub with
beautiful leaves.
Bastard Hemp : A plant, Datisca cannahinn.
It belongs to the Datiscaceffi, or Datiseads.
Bastard Indigo, Bastard-indigo : The English
name of a genus of plants belonging to the
Leguminous order. There are several species,
all from America. Aviorpha fniticosa, or
Shrubby Bastard Indigo, was once used in
Carolina as an indigo-plant, but it is now
abandoned.
Bastard Lupine, Bastard-lupine : The English
name of Lupinaster, a genus of Leguminous
plants from Siberia.
Bastard MancMneel: The English, name of
Cameraria, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Apoeynacete (Dog-banes).
Bastard Orpine : The English name of tlie
Andrachne, a genus of Euphorbiaceous plants.
Bastard Pimpernel : The English name of
Oentunculus, a genus of plants belonging to
the order Primulace0e(Primworts). The Least
Bastard Pimpernel (Centuncuhts minimus) is
found wild in Britain. It is a small plant
with very minute solitary sessile, axillary,
pale rose-coloured flowers.
Bastard Quince : The English name of Pi/rus
Chanioimespilus, which grows in the Pyrenees.
Bastard Rocket : A Cruciferous plant, Bras-
sica Emcastrum.
* Bastard Star of Bethlelicm : A name some-
times given to a liliaceous plarft. a species of
Albuca. The genuine Star of Bethlehem is
Ornithogalum umhellatum, which now grows
half-wild in Britain.
Bastard Stone-parsley : The English name of
the Umbelliferous genus Sison. The Hedge
Bastard Stone-parsley (Siso)i amomnm) grows
wild in Britain. It has roundish ovate pun-
gent aromatic fruit.
Bastard Toad-flax : The English name of
Thesium, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Santalaceae (Santalworts). The species
are obscure weeds.
Bastard Vermin : The English name of
Stachytarpheta, a genus belonging to the order
VerbenaecEe, or Verbenes. Stachytarpheta mu-
tahilis, or Changing Flower, is a beautiful
shrub brought originally from South America.
Bastard Vetch : The English name of Phaca,
a genus of Leguminous plants, wild on the
continent of Europe and elsewhere. They are
pretty herbaceous iJlants resembling Astra-
galus.
bastard file, .5. One of a grade between
the rough and the smooth in respcet of the
relative prominence and coarseness of the
teeth. (Knight.)
bastard-ving, s. Three or four quill-
like feathers placed at a small joint in the
middle of the wing.
"... I presume timt the 'bastard-winiy' in Inrds
may be safely cviisidered jw a digit in a rudimentary
8tatL' . . ."—Dantriii: Orit/iti of ^/jccies, i:h. xiiL
tbas'-tard, i?.f. [From &asto/-(/, s. (q.v.).] To
pronounce to be a bastard.
" She lived to see her brother beheaded, and her two
BODB deposed from the crown, busttirded iu their blood,
and ui-uelly murilered. "—//aeon.
t bas'-tard-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bastard, v.]
t bas-tard-ing, "^ b^s'-tard-yng, jjr. pa/ .
& s. [Bastard, v.]
bas -tard-i§m, «. [Eng. hastard; -ism.} The
state or condition of a bastard. (Cotgrave.)
bas'-tard-ize.u.i. [Eng. bastard; -ize.]
I. IVith a person for the olrject :
* 1. To beget a bastard.
"I should have Iwen that I am, liad the maidenliest
star HI the firmament twmkled on my bastardizing."
2. To render one a bastard by legislation, or
to con\'i(_'t one nf being a bastard ; legally to
declare one a bastard. (Burn : Jitst. of Peace.)
IL With a. thing for the object : To render
illegitimate or abriorniEil. [See example under
the participial adjective.]
b^s-tard-i'zed, pa. par. & a.
"... irregular, abbreviated, auA bastardized lnu-
g\m^es."— Darwin : Descent of Man, vol. i.,iit. i ,ch. ii.
b3.s-tard-i'Z-ing, jir. p.,s. , ka. [Bastardize.]
bas'-tard-ly, adv. & a.
A. As adverb : Like a bastard ; after the
manner of a bastard. [Used (lit.) of persons
OT(flg.) of things.]
" Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys
The soil's disease, and into cockle strays ;
Let the mind s thoughts but l» transplanted so
Into the lx)dy, and bastardly they grow."
Donne.
B. As adjective : Spurious, counterfeit, not
really what it looks like or is called after.
" Bastardlji tertian , . ." — Bar-rough : Method of
Plvjsick (1624). (Hatliwell : Conlr. to Lexicog.)
bas'-tard-y, s. [Eng. bastard ; -y. In Sp. &
Port, bastardia; Ital. bastardigia.}
A. Ord. Lang. : The state or condition of a
bastard.
" There, at your uieetest advantage of the time,
Infer the bastardy ef Edward's children,"
Shakesp. : liichard III., iii. 5.
B. Scots Law :
1. Declaration of Bastardy : An action raised
in the Court of Session to obtain a declaratirm
that the plaintitf who has received from the
Crown " a gift of bastardy " [see 2] is lawfully
entitled to enter on possession of the lands or
other property bestowed.
2. Oift of Bastardy: A gift from the Crown
to some one of the heritable or movable
effects of a bastard who has died without law-
ful labue. Before the donatory can enter upon
possession he must obtain a "declaration of
bastardy" [see 1].
* baste (1 ), * bast. * baast. s. [O. Fr. bast = a
packsaddle u-st'd by muleteers as a bed in inns.]
1. Fornication or adultery.
" For he was bigeten o baste, God it wot.'
ArtourA Merlin, T,G4;i. {.\./:'.D.)
2. Illegitimacy.
" Baast, not wedlock, bast^irdia . . ." — Prompt Pare.
baste (2),
[Base(1), A., II. 10.]
baste (1) (Eng.), bast (Scotch), v.t. [In Icel.
heysta ~ to strike, tu powder ; Sw. bosta — to
baste, to whip, to flog, to beat, to lash ; Fr.
bastonner = to cudgel, to bastinado ; S]>. bas-
t-ear ; Port, bastonar ; Ital. basfonare. From
O. Fr., Sp., & Prov, boston; Mud. Fr. baton;
Ital. baUone = a staff, a stick. Coinpare also
Dan. baske = to beat, strike, cudgel ; bask =
a stripe, a blow.] [Bastinado.]
1. To beat with a cudgel.
" Quoth she, I grant it is in vain
for one that's btcstfd to feel jmin ;
Because the iMingH hia bones endure
Contribute nothuig to the cnn."—J/iidibras.
2. To drip fat or anything similar on meat
when it is turning on the sjiit or roasting-
jack to be roasted ; to soften by means of
suL'h fat.
"The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds will
serve to baste them, and so save time and butter."—
Swift.
baste (2) (Eng.), baiss (Scotch), v.t. [From
O, Fr. bastir ; Mod. Fr. bdtir = to build, . . .
to baste; Sp. bastein\ embastar ; Ital. inibas-
thrc = to sew with long stitches ; from basta
= a long stitch. Compare Dan. besye = to
sew, to stitch, to embroider ; M. H. Ger. bcstan
= to sew.] To sew slightly, with the view of
holding the portions of a dress in their proper
place till they can be sewed more thoroughlv
(Lit. £fig.) '
"The body of your discourse is sometimes guarded
with fragments, and the guards are but slightly basted
on iieitheT."—Shakesp. : Much Ado, L 1.
ba'st-ed CI) (Eng.), *■ bast (0. Scotch), pa. ■par.
& a. [Baste (1).]
ba'st-ed (2), * ba'st-en, pa. par. & a. [Baste
^- ba'st-en, ^a. par. [Ger. basten.] [Baste (1).]
* ba'St-er, s. [Eng. bast(c) ; -er.] A blow
witli a stick or similar weapon. (Todd.)
"Jack took up the poker, and gave me such a baxter
upon iiiv head, that it was two ntonLhs h=fore I per-
fectly recovered." — />?■. Wagstaffe : Mi^n-ll. }Vor/:s
(1726), p, 48.
' bas-tide', s, [O. Fr.] A place of defence;
a fortress.
Bas'-tille, * bas'-tile. * ba&-tylle (ylle
as il), ^bas-tell. ■^bas-tel, ^bas-ti-
li-an, * bas-til'-li-6n (Eng.), " bas'-tail-
yie (0. Scotch), s. [O. Fr. bastille = a fastness,
a ciistle furnished with towers ; from bastir.
Mod. Fr. bdtir = to build. In Port, bastilha;
Low Lat. bastellum, bastile, bastilia, bastia.}
1. Generally:
* 1. Originally: A temporary wooden tower
on wheels, constructed to enable besiegers
safely to approach a town or fort which they
designed to attack.
" They had also towree of tymber gojTig on wheles,
that we clepe baatiles or sonier caatelles, and. shortly,
alle thinges that uedfalle was iu eny inaner kyude of
werie-^ the legiou had it," — Trei'isa : Vegedua, MS.
Ileg. 18, A. xii., h. 2. (S. in Boucher.)
2. Later: A small antique castle fortified
with turrets, a blockhouse ; also the turrets,
bulwai'ks, or other defences of such a struc-
ture.
"Soneefterhe gat syndry craftismeii to clenge the
fowseis and to repair the said wall In all irnrtis with
touris and bastailyies, rysyng in the strangest iiiauer
that mycht be deu\Bit."—Bellend. .■ Cron., bk. v., c. 0
IL Spec, (of the form Bastille) : The cele-
brated Parisian state-prison and fortress called
by way of pre-eminence the Bastille. It was
commenced in 1370 by order of Charles V. of
France, and was finished in 1382 inider his
THE BASTILLE.
successor. Many victims of despotism were
immured within its gloomy walls. One of the
earliest scenes in the great drama of the first
French revolution was the attack of the iio]iu-
lace on the Bastille. It was captured by
them on the 14th of July, 1780, and soon after-
wards demolished. None of the governments
which have since succeeded to power in France
liave ever proposed its restoration.
" For lo ! the dread Bastille,
With all the chambers in its horrid towers,
Fell to the (pound, by violence o'erthrown
Of indignation . . ."
Wordmoorth : Excursion, bk. iii.
* bastell-howse, * bastell-house, s.
The same as Bastille, I. 2.
" And they bumte a stead called Famelay. and won
a bastcU-hmosi- in the same."— J/5. Cott. Caliq.. bk. v .
i. 28. (S. in Boucher. )
* bas'-ti-ment, * bas-ti-men'~t6, s. [From
Ital. bastiinento = a shi]), a vessel ; but in Sj).
= victuals, i)rovision ; and in O. Fr. = a build-
ing.] A ship, a vessel, &c.
" Then the bnstimentas never
Had our foul dishonour seen,
Nor the sea the sad receiver
Of this gallant train had been."
Glouer : Hosier's Ghost, st. 1,
bas-ti-na'-do, bas-ti-na'de, s. [In Sw.
bastonad ; Dan.. Ger., & Fr. bastonnade ,- Dut.
bastinade; Sp. hastonazo, bastonada ; Prov. &
Sp. bastonada; Ital. bastonata. From O. Fr.,
Sp., & Prov. boston; Mod. Fr. bdton; Ital!
bastone=a, staff, a stick.] [Bastinado, v..
Baste, v. (1), Bastox, Baton.]
1. Gen. : A cudgelling, a beating inflicted
with a stick.
" And all those harsh and ruggnd sounds
Of bastinados, cuts, and wounds." — Iludibras.
2. Spec. : One administered with d stick on
the soles of the feet, as is usually done in the
Turkish empire and in China.
bas-ti-na'-do, bas-ti-na'de, v.t. [in Fr.
bastonner; Port, bastonar; Ital. baMonare.}
[Bastinado, s.]
1. Gen. : To beat with a stick.
" Nick seized the longer end of the cudcel, and with
it began tti bastinado old Lewis, who had "slunk into a
comer waiting the event uf a squabble "—Arbuthnot
boil, bo^; po^t, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
... sin. as; expect, Xenophon. exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian == shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhixn. -tious, -sious. -cious = shtis. -ble, -die. .Vc = beU deL
l3asting— bat
2. Spec. : To do so on tlie soles of tlie feet.
" The Sallee rover, who threatened to bastinado a
Christian captive to death uhIl-hs a ransom wsis iorth-
co^lillt^ was ;in odious ruffian." — JlacaiiUti/ : Hist, of
Eag., oh. xv.
bast'-ihg (l),pr. 'par.,u.., & s. [Baste, v. (1).]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adjective ■'
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As svbstanth'c :
1. The act or operation of heating with a
cudgel or similar weapon.
" Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse,
Only dulnesa can \rroA\\ce."—&wift.
2. The operation of dripping butter or fat
ujion meat on tlie spit or roasting-jack to
make it be the more satisfactorily roasted.
" Sir. 1 think the meat wan ta what I have, nbasHng."
— Shakes^. : Comedy of Errors, ii. 2.
bast'-ing (2X pr. par., ti. , & s. [Baste, v. (2).]
A, & B. As pr. par. & participial adjective :
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C As suhstaiitive : The operation of slightly
stitching clotli together as a preparation for
more careful sewing of a permanent kind.
''3as'-ti-6n, s. [In S\v., Dan., Dut., Ger., Fr.,
& Sp. bastion; Prov. bast to ; Port, iastiao ;
Ital. bastione. From Old Fr., Prov., & yp.
bastir; Mod. Fr. Mfir = to build.]
I. Literally:
Fort. : A projecting mass of earth or
masonry at the angle of a fortification having
two faces and two flanks, and so constructed
that eveiy part of it may be defended by the
BASTION.
1. Modern hollow hastuin, Eelfort. " «, faces ; b b,
flanUs: c c, cm-tiun. 2. Moilei'n solid hastiuu,
Belfort. a. Ancient Roman liiistion,
flank fire of some other part of the fort. The
flanks of adjacent bastions are connected by
a curtain. 'The distaniie between two such
flanks is termed the gorge. A detached bas-
tion is called a lunette.
"... a fire from the nearest bastion."— Macaulai/ :
Hist. JCng., ch. xii.
^ (a) A Composed Bastion is one which has
two sides of the interior polygon very ir-
regular, with the eflcct of making the gorges
also irregular.
{/() A Cut Bastion is one which has a re-
entiTing angle instead of a point.
(c) A Deformed Bastion is one in which the
irregularity of the lines and angles prevents
the structure from having a regular form. ,
(d) A Demi-bastion is a bastion composed of
one face only, with but a single flank and a
demi -gorge.
(t) A Double Bastion is a bastion raised on
the plane of another one.
(/) A Flat Bastion is one erected in the
middle of a curtain when the latter is too lung
to be protected l)y the bastions at its ends.
(f/) A Hollow Bastion is one hollow in the
interior.
(h) A Regular Bastion is one so planned as
to possess tlie true projiortion of its faces,
flanks, and gorges.
(i) A Solid Bastion is one solid throughout
its entirt; structure,
II. Figuratively :
1, A person or thing defiant of attack.
" Tliey huild each other up with dreadful skill.
Ah bastioTis set iraint-bhmk ai,'ainat God's will."
C'owjjer : Conveisation.
2. Poet. : An object in nature resembling a
bastion in apx)earance.
"... yniidi !■ cloud
That rises upward jilwayH liigher.
And (inward drags a lahiiuving breast,
And topples round the dreary west
A looming bastion fringed with fire."
Tfiinyson: In Memoriam.
bS-s'-tl-oned, a. [Eng., &c., bastion ; -cd.]
Furnished with bastions.
" To try at length, if tower and battlement
And bastioned wall be not less hard to win."
Moore : Veiled Prophet of Ji/torussan,
bas'-tite, s. [In Ger. bastit. From Baste, in
the Harz Mountains, where it was first dis-
covered.J A mineral, called also Schiller .Sj-ar.
It is an impure foliated ser])entine. Its hard-
ness is 3'5-4 ; its spec, gravity 2-5— 276 ; its
lustre like that of bronze, whence the name
Schiller in Ger. =of shining lustre. Com-
position : Silica, 42'3(5 to 43'90 ; alumina, 1"50
to (j-lO ; magnesia, 2()00 to 30-92 ; protoxide
of iron, 714 to 1078 ; lime, 0-63 to 2 70 ; oxide
of chromium, 0 — 2*;;7 ; protoxide of manganese,
0 — "85 ; potassa or soda, 0—279 ; water, 8'51
to 1242. Phaistiue (q.v.) is an allied minera.'.
(Dana. )
bast-mat, s. [In Sw. bastvuxtta.} The same
as Bast (1), s. (q.v.).
bast'-na-site» s. [From Bastnds, iu Sweden.]
A mineral, the same as Hamartite (q.v.).
bas'-to, s. [In Dan. & Dut. basta ; Ger. & Fr.
baste ; Sp. bastos (pi.) ; Port, basto ; Ital. basto
— (1) a pack-saddle, (2) the ace of clubs.] The
ace of (dubs at quadrille and ombre. (Pope.)
bas'-ton, ba-to'oxi (Eng.), bas'-toun
(Scotch), s. [6. Fr. & Sp. baston ; Mod. Fr.
baton ; Poi't. bastao ; Ital. hastone ; Low Lat.
basto.] [Baton.]
A. Ordinary Language: A heavy staff, a
baton (q.v.).
" Quh.a best on fute can ryn lat se,
Or like auc dmnjhty canipioun in to fycht
With biibtiiijiis btixtoun dari'en strytle, or mais."
Domjlits: Virgil, 129, 3a. (Jumieson.)
B. Technically :
I, Of things :
1. Her. : A staff borne in Englisli coats of
arms as a mark of illegitimacy. [Baton, B.]
2. Arch. : The round moulding at the base
uf a column ; a torus.
3. A .stiinza, a vei'se. (A rendering of A.S.
ant I Icel. stcef=: a staff . . . stanza.)
"Nis this b'lstun wel ifught."
llarleiiiii MS., 913. {S. in DoucJter.)
i. A card of the suit of clubs.
II. Of persons (only of the form baston) :
* Formerly : A servant of the Warden of the
Fleet, whn.se duty was to attend the King's
Courts with a I'ed staff, for the pui-pnse of
taking into custody such persons as were com-
mitted by the court. It was also his duty to
attend on such prisoners as were suffered to
go abroad on license.
"It is ordained that no . . . Warden of the Fleet
shall suffer any prisoner to ^o out of prison by niani-
prise, baile, nor by bunion." — Act l Richard II. xij,
* bas'-ton, ^.i. [Baston, s.] To beat or
thrash with a stick or staff; to cudgel.
" I wohl try on the flevsh of him, or Iniy a buitoned
gown of hhu."—Dee : /Jiurj/, p. -13. (N.E.D.)
* bas'-ton-et, s. [O. Fr. = little stick, diniin.
of hnston = a stick.] A kind of bit, now
obsolete.
bas'-ton-lte, s. [F rum Bastoigne, m Luxem-
burg, where it was fonnd.] A mineral, a
greenish-brown mica, in large fohated plates.
It is a variety of Lepidomelane (q.v.).
bas'-^le (or ba'"Syle), s. [Or. jSao-is (basis)
= . . . a base, and uAtj (hula) ^ a wood . ,
(Chem.) a base, a princijilc]
Chem. : Graham's name for the metal or
other electropositive constituent of a salt.
bas'-yl-ous (or ba'-syl-oiis), a. [Eng. ia-
s!jl(e) ; -ous.] Pertaining to basylc ; of the
nature of basyle. (Craltam.)
bat (1), "" batte (pi. *■ bat'-tis), s. [Fr.batte
— a beater, battledoi'e, . . . a rannucr, a ham-
mer, &c. ; bdton= a baton, a stick, a staff;
Ir. bat, bala =■ a stick, a staff; Kuss. bot ; Fr.
hdton. Connected with Fr. hattre ; Prov.
hatre; Sp. haiir ; Port, hater; Icel. hattere;
Lat. hattuo = to beat. The original root of
these ^■erbs, as well as of the allied suli&txntive
bat is, without doubt, imitated from the sound
of beating.] [Beat.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. A club, stick, staff, or walking-stick
(a) In a general sense :
*} Still so used in many English dialects.
"The while he spake, lo, Judas, oon of the twelve
came, and with liim a greet company with swerdia and
bcatis."—\yic/cnffe: Matt. xxvi. 17.
" But soon discovered by a sturdy clown,
He heiuled all the rabble of a town.
And finished them with bats or polled them down."
Dryden: Bind & Panther, iu. 629-31.
(&) Spec. : An instrument of wood, at one
end thin and cylindrical for a handle, at the
otlier more expanded, with which to drive a
cricket or other ball.
2. A substance used as a weapon, intended
to do execution by its weight or beating
power, as a brick-b''tt.
3. A slieet of cotton used for filling quilts ;
batting.
4. A staple, a loop of iron. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
son.)
B. Technicallij :
1. Arch.: A portion of a brick, constituting
less than half its length. (Gwilt.)
2. Mining : Bituminous or otlier shale.
(Kir wan.)
bat-fowler, a. One wlio practises bat-
fowling (q.v.).
■'The hinU of psussage would, in a dark iiiBljt, im-
mediately make lur a life'ltthuiise. .iiid destioy them-
selves by Hying with violence ai;aijiHt it. ;is is well
kiKJwn tu bat-fuwlers."— /iarriiigtun's Essai/s, Ees 4.
bat-fowling-, 5. A method of catching
birds by driving them into nets fixed on up-
light sticks or bats. Tlie fowJers, proceeding
to the trees, shrubs, hedges, oi- otJier places,
where the birds pass the niglit, light torches
or straw in the vicinity, and tlicii beat the
bushes, upon wliicli the biids, flying in their
fright towards the flames, are oauglit iu nets
or by some other apph'ances.
" We should . . . then (jo a batfotoUng."—iikakesp. :
Tempest, 11. 1.
l3at-net, s. A net, fastened on sticks,
used in bat-fowling (q.v.).
bat-printing, s. A method of porcelain
|irintiug.
' bat (2).
[A. S . 6ai = boat. ] A boat.
bat-swain, s. [A.S. bat-swan.] A boat-
swain. [Boatswain.]
bat (3), *back, * bache (Eng.), * back,
*bak, * back'-ie, * ba'-kie, *ba'-kie-
bird (Old Scotch), s. [In Sw. aatt-backa =
night "back" or bat; Dan. aftenbakke.
"Wedgwood thinks the original word was blak,
whicli connects it with Mediaiv. Lat. blatta,
blacta, hatta.] [Blatta.]
A. Ord. Lang. : The pijiistrelle, or any
similar species of flying quadruped. [B. 1.]
" After the flittins of the bats,
"When thickest dark did trance the sky."
Tennyson : Marlanan
Bi Techniadlij:
1. Zool.: Any animal belonging to the order
Cheiroptera [Cheiroptera], and especially to
the typical family Vespertilionidte. [Vesper-
TiLioNiD.-E.] There are about seventeen species
known to be wild in Britain. The Common
Bat is VcspirtUlu pipistrellus ; it is called also
the Flitter Mouse, and the Pipistrelle. The
Great Bat is V.noctula; the Long-eared Bat,
Plecotiis aiiritus; and tlie Greater Horse-shoe
Bat, Rldnolophus ferrum cqulnum.
2. .Scripture: The Bat of Scripture, r|to
((itdlUph), is (correctly rendered, the Hebrew
being identical in meauing with the English
word. In Isa. ii. 20, the reference is to an
ordinary insect-eating bat ; and in Lev. xL
1'.', Deut. xiv. 18, tlie species meant is appa-
rently the Eleutfiemra .Kgijptiaca figm-ed on
the Egyptian monuments. It is a fruit-con-
suming si)ecies, similar to the Pieropus cdulis,
eaten in the Eastern islands.
3. Her. A bat is often called a rcremonse.
bat-haunted, u. Haunted by bats.
^ bat-in- water, bat in water, s. A
plant, the Water-mint (Mcntlta aquatica).
" Balaamita, meuta aquatiwi: Bat in ■watcr."~MS.
Sloanc,:,,i.'i. {A lUtleaJtcrA.D.lWO.) [S. in Boucher.]
bat-shell, h. A species of volute (q.v.).
bat's-wing burner. A form of gas
burner from which gas issues at a slit so pro-
portioned as to give the flame the shape of a
bat's wing.
bat(-I), s. [Siamese.] A silver coin, called also
Tiral (q.v.), current in Siam. It is worth
about 2s. (id. (Statesm-an's Year-Book.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ps. ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw«
bat — bath
"bSft (1), vA. [[From hat, s. (q.v.).] To handle
a bat in inlaying cricket or any similar game.
bat (2), v.t & i. (Scotch.) The same as Eng.
Batten (2), q.v.
ba'-ta-ble, a. [Abbreviated from debatable.]
Debatable, disputable.
" Batable grouuiJ seems to be the ground heretofore
in queatioii, whether it belonged to England or Scot-
land, lying between both kingdoms."— CoMieZ.
'''• 'bat'-ail, s. [Battle, s.}
* bat-ail, * bat'-aile, * bat'-ail-en, v. i.
&(. [Battle (2), v.i. &(.]
* bat'-aill, s. [Battle (2).] (0. Scoicli.)
" ba'-tand, axlv, [O. F, venir battant = to
come in haste.] Hastily ; in haste.
" Uatand to C'aiiterbiri,''
Rob. de Brunne, \>. 145.
ba-ta'-ra, s. [From the S. Amer. native name.]
A word used to denote all. or a portion of, the
genus Thaninophilus (q.v,).
b^t'-ar-deau, bat'-er-deau (eau as 6),
s. [Fi'. hatardeau = a dam, mole. Mahn
thinks It may be contracted from bastarrie
d'eaii = water-car. ]
1. Hydrostatics or Hydraulics : A coffer-dam.
2. Fort. : A wall built across a moat or ditch
surrounding a fortification. It is provided
with a sluice-gate for regulating the height of
the water.
ba-ta'-tas, &. [In Ger. & Fr. batate, patate;
Sp. batata, pataia ; Port. &aia(a; lta.\. patata ;
Peruvian x>apa. ] [Potato. ]
Bot. : A genus of Convolvulaceaa, consisting
of plants with a four-celled ovary, one style,
and two stigmas. They are creeping or twining
herbaceous or shrubby plants. About twenty
species are known, chiefly from tropical
America. Batatas edulis (Co7ivolvnlus batatas,
Roxb.) is the sweet potato largely cultivated
for food in the hotter parts of both hemi-
spheres. The edible part, the tubers, are from
three to twelve jjounds in weight. In the
East and West Indies, where they grow, our
common potato, Solanum tttherosuvi, is called
the Irish potato, to distinguish it from the
sweet potato or Batatas. B. jalapa, from
Mexico, has purgative qualities, but is not
the true Jalap. [Jalap.] B. ^miiicidata fur-
nisJies Natal Cotton.
Ba-ta'-vi-an, a, & s. [Eng., &c., Batavi{a);
-an. From Lat. Bataviis, a. & s. = pertaining
to or one of the Batavi, a branch of the Catti,
a Germanic nation who, being expelled from
their country through a domestic sedition,
settled on au island since called Betuwe or
Betu, between the Rhine and the Waal. (In
Mahratta and other Hindoo tongues het =
island.),]
A. As adjecMvc : Pertaining (a) to the
ancient Batavians. [See etyra.]
(&) To the modern Dutch.
(c) To Batavia, in Java, the capital of the
Dutch possessions in the East, or to its inha-
bitants.
B. As substantive :
1. One of the ancient Batavi. [See etym.]
2. A native of Batavia in Java.
3. A Dutchman in general.
* bat'-ayle, a. Old spelling of Battle, a.
* b^t'-ayl-ous, a. [Battailous.]
b^tgh, * bat9he, *. [From Eng. hake ; A.S.
baca)h ; a^ tlmich comes through Old Eng.
ihecchan, from A.S. theccan = to cover, to con-
ceal, to thatch. In Dan. bagt ; Dut. baksel;
Ger. geback.] [Bake.]
I. Lit. : As much bread as a baker produces
at one ojieratiou.
" Bahche. or bakynge, hatche : Pistura."—P. Par.
". . . wnitiu^inost earnestly for the hour when the
batch that was m the uvcu was to be di-awn." — Trati^l.
qf Rabelais, iv, 199. (S. tn BoticJier. )
II, Figuratively :
1. 0/ things : A quantity of anything made
at once, and which may therefore be presumed
to have the same qualities throughout.
2. Of persons (somewhat disrespectfully) : A
crew or gang of persons of the same profession
or proclivities.
" Au' there a batclt o' wabater lads
Blackguardmg Irae Kilnm-rnock. '
BuJ^is : TJtc Holy Fair.
" Another batch of 200 returned Communists arrived
here."— rimes. Sept 10. 1879 : French Correep.
^ batch'-el-6r, «. [Bachelor. ]
* bate (1), s. Old spelling of Boat.
* bate (2), s. [From A.S. bate = contention ;
or abbreviated from debate (q.v.).]
"... and breeds no ftafe with telling . . ."—
Shakesp. : 2 Ben. IV., ii. 4.
bate-breeding, a. Breeding strife.
" This sour informer, this batp-hrccding spy."
Shalces/x : Venus & Adorns, C55.
bate, v.t. &, i. Abbreviated form of Eng.
Abate (q.v.).
A. Transitive:
I. Literally :
1. To beat down the price of anything from
the amount claimed by another, or to beat
down the amount of anything.
"When the landholder's rent falls, he must either
bate the labourer's waees, or not euii>loy or not piii'
hiin. " — Locke.
2. On one's own part to lower the price of
anything, whether because another has beaten
it down, or spontaneously ; also to lessen a
demand upon one.
" Nor, envious at the sight, will I fitrljear
My plenteous l>owl, nor bate my plenteous cheer.
Dryden.
' . . . bate me some, and I will pay you some, aud. as
most debtors do, promise you infinitely. " -Muies/J. .-
2 Jlcn. IV., Epilogue.
II. Figuratively :
* 1. To deprive of.
" When iKisenesa Is exalted, do not bate
The place Its honour for the iiersou's sake."
Herbert.
2, To cut off, to remove, to take away.
••Bate but the la-st, aud 'tis wh.at I wouhl say."-
Dryden : ii/>. Fnar.
3. To make au exception, either in favour
of or against. (Used specially in pr. par.
bating, q.v.)
B, IntraKsiiive :
1. To become less, to diminish, to waste
away.
■' Bardolph, am I not fallen away vilely since this
laatiution? Qolwotbatal Do I not dwindle? Why,
my akin haugs about me like an old lady's loose gown."
—Shakesp. : l Ben. IV., iii. 3.
2. To intermit, to remit, to retrench. (Fol-
lowed by of)
"Alrnte thy speed, aud I will bate t^f mine."
Dnjden.
^ bate, v.t. Old spelling of Bait (3), v.
"' bate, V. i. Old spelling of Bait (4), v.
^ bate, v'l'et. of V. [Okl-pret. of bite (q.v.).]
Bit ; did bite.
" Yet there the steel stayVl not, but inly bate
Deep in his flesh aud opened wide a red flood-gate."
Spenser : F. Q., II. v. 7.
bS-t'-e-g,, s. [Sp. & Port.]
Mining: A wooden vessel used in Mexico
and California for washing gold-bcariu^L; sands
and cruslied ores.
bat'-eau, t bat'-teau (eau as o) (pi. bat-
eaux) (eaux as 6§), s. [Pr. bateau — a.
boat, a vessel to cross the water, as a ferry-
boat, the body of a coach ; Prov. batelh; Sp.
& Port, batel; Ital. battell-o ; Low Lat. batellus,
from battus = a boat.] [Boat,] A liglit boat,
long in proportion to its breadth, and wide
in the middle as compared with what it is
at the ends.
bateau-bridge, o.
supported by bateaux.
A floating bridge
ba'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Bate (2), v.]
As participial adjective: Used specially iu
the expression, "6a(eci breath, "meaning breath
artificially restrained.
"... in a bondman's key
Witli 'bated breath and whisp'ring humbleneBs."
Sliakesp. : jller. of Venice, i. 3.
ba'te-ful (1), a. LEng., &e., bate, and full]
Full of strife, prone to strife ; contentious.
" He knew her liamit, and haunted in the same.
And taught his slieep her slieep in food to thwart ;
Which soon ns it did bateful question fiume,
He might ou knees confess hie guilty part."
X Sidney.
* ba'te-ful (2), a. [Batful.]
ba'te-less, a. [Eng. bate; -less.} Without
abatement, unabated; unblunted.
" Haply that name of chaste unhapp'ly set
This bateless edpe on his keen appetite."
Sliakesp. : llape of Lucrece, 8, 9.
b6il, bo^; poi^t, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin
-<!lan, -tian = shan. -9lon, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -i
Bath — ^bathymetry
bath (3), s. [Heb. ri^ 0ath) = measured ; from
nri3 (bathath) = to measure.] A liciuicl mea-
sure among the ancient Hebrews. It was the
same as the ephah [Ephah], earli of these
containing the tenth part of an homer (Ezek.
xlv. 11). [Homer.] According to Josephus
(Antiq., iii., § 3), it contained six hins. [Hin.]
It has been calculated that it contained 1985 '77
Parisian cubic inches, but there are other
estimates as well.
"Then made he ten lavers of braas: oDe laver con-
tained forty batJis . . ." — 1 Kings vii. 38.
bath, v.t [Bath (l), s.l To wash in a bath.
(Used specially of children, and in the North
of England of sheep.)
bathe, * beath (preterite lathed, * hathud,
heathed), v.t. '&. i. [A.S. bathian = to bathe,
wash, foment, cherish; from heed = 3. bath.
In Sw. & Icel. hada ; Dut. & Ger. UuUn ; O.
H. Ger. padon ; Sansc. hdd, vdd = to bathe.]
A. Transitive :
1. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : To immerse the borly or any part
of it in water, or to pour water upon it for
the purpose of cleanliness, as a medical appli-
ance, or as a religious ceremony.
" Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall
6rt(/ie his flesh m water, , . ."—Numb. xix. 7.
1" It is sometimes used reflectively with
sclj or selves.
"Chancing to 6a(7te himself in theriver Cydnufl, . . ,
he fell sick, near unto death, for three days."— SoirfA.
2. Figuratively :
(a) To wash anything with water or any
similar liquid.
"... the lake which bathed the foot of the Alban
mountain, . . ."—Arnold : Hist, of Rome, vol. 1., ch.
xxiii.
(6) To bring a thing in contact with some
liquid, or apply some liquid to it, without
the purpose of purification.
" And bath&l thy sword in blood, whose spot
Eternity shall cancel n,^t '! "
Hemujtn : Wallnce's Invocation to Bruce.
(c) To immerse in anything, though but
faintly analogous to water.
" Each purple peak, each flinty spire.
Was bathed in floods of living fire."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, i. j.i.
II. Medicine & Surgery :
1. To foment or moisten a wound for the
purpose of cleansing and soothing it.
2. To supple or soften by the outward ap-
plication of warm liquors.
"Bathe them, and keep their bodies soluble the
while by clysters and lenitive holuses."— Wiseman :
Surgeru.
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To enter or lie in a bath, or otherwise
take means for formal and thorough ablution.
" The gallants dancing by the river-side,
They bathe in summer, and in winter slide."
Waller.
2. Fig. : To be immersed in anything.
" Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,
Or memorize another Golgotha,
I cannot tell." Hhakesp. : Macbeth, i. 2.
'" bathe, s. [Bath (1).]
'bathe, a. [Both.] {Scotcli.)
bathed, ^ ba'-thud, « beathed, pet. jyar. &
u. [Bathe, v.}
toa'-ther, s. [Eng. &»(%); -g;-. in Ger. &ader.]
One who bathes. (Tooke.)
t ba-thet'-ic, a [From Eng., Ac, hathos
(q.v.).] Having the character of bathos.
{Cnkridge.)
ba'-thie, s. [Bothie, Booth.] (Scotch.)
ba'-thihg, pr. par., a., & s. [Bathe.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive : The act or operation of
immersing the body or part of it in wiiter, or
some other medium, for the purpose of ablu-
tion, as a medii;al appliance, or tor ceremonial
purposes in connection witlt religion.
" Their &M(/)msr^ and ajiointings before their feasta."
— IlakevyiU . Apology, p, aSD.
_ bathing-machine, s. A vehicle con-
sisting of a small room on wheels, provided
tor a small charge to accommodate persons
bathing in the sea. The bather undresses in
the machine, which is drawn out by horses
some distance among the breakers, so that a
plunge, or even a gentle descent from the
door-step, places him at once in the water.
" The three ladies lietook themselves to a large
bathing-machine." — Tiines, Sept. 20, 1879.
bathing-place, s. A place for bathing.
bathing-room, s. A room used for bath-
ing purposes. {Congreve.)
bathing-tub, s. A tr.b or similar vessel
for holding water to be used for bathing pur-
poses. (Wehster.)
bath'-mis, s. [Gr. ^aB}i.is (bathniis),']
Anat. : The cavity which receives the an-
terior extremity of another bone.
bat'-horse (t silent), bat'-hors, tba'w-
horse, s. [Fr. bat = a pack-saddle, a pannel,
a saddle on which burdens are laid ; and Eng.
horse.] A horse which carries the baggage of
military officers during a campaign. (Macau-
lay.)
ba'-thos, s. [From Gr. pddos (bathos) = depth
or height ; Pa8v<; (batkus) = deep or high.]
The opposite of the sublime in poetry or iu
style ; anti-climax.
"The taste of the batlios is implanted by nature
itself iu the soul of man ; till, pervei-ted by custom or
example, he is taught, or rather compelled, to relish
the aublime." — Arbuthnot and Pope : Mart. Scrib.
* ba'-thre (thre as ther), jjossessiue case of
adj. [From A.S. begra= of both, from begen
= both.] Of both. [Both, Bother.]
bath-ron§, e. [Baudrons.] (Scotch.)
^ ba'-thiid, pa. par. & adj, [Bathe, v. ]
" And bafhud every veyne in swich licour,
Of which vertue engendred is the flour."
Chaucer : The Prologue, 3, 4.
bath'-vU-lite, s. [From Bathville, near
Torbanehill in Scotland, where it occurs, and
suff. -ite.} A mineral placed by Dana in his
Succinite group of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons.
It is an amorphous fawn-coloured mineral,
with an absence of lustre, and resembling
rotten wood. Sp. gr., about 1*01. Compos. :
Carbon, 58-89— 78-86 ; hydrogen, 8-56— 11-46 ;
oxygen, 7-23—9-68 ; ash, 0-25-32. It is akin
to Torbanite. (Dana.)
ba-thyb'-i-iis, s. [From Or. pa0v<; (bathus) =
deep, and ^to9 (hios) = life, course of life.
Lit. =■ deep life, life in the depths.]
Biol. .- A peculiar slimy matter dredged up
in the Nortli Atlantic, in 1857, from a depth
of 6,000 to 25,000 feet, by the crew of the
Cyclops, when examining what has since been
called the " Telegraph Plateau," for the depo-
sition of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable. Speci-
mens of this viscous mud, examined by Prof.
Huxley in 1858, were re-examined by him with
higher microscopic power in 1868, when he
came to the conclusion that they contained
a protoplasmic substance apparently existing
in masses over wide areas of ocean-bottom.
Minute bodies, which he had before called
coccoliths, of two forms [Coccolith], were
believed to stand to the gelatinous protoplasm
in the same relation as the spicula of sponges
to the softer parts of the animal. Professor
Haeckel, after examining the slimy substance,
adopted the views of Professor Huxley, and
attributed the origin of the protoplasmic sub-
stance, though not dogmatically, to sponta-
neouR generation. It was named after him,
by Prof. Huxley, Bathybius Haeckelii. The
naturalists of the exploring vessel Porcupine,
in 1868, stated that they had found Bathybius
alive, but considered it to be derived from
si)i>iiL,'r.s, &c. Those of the Clmllenger, how-
ev(^r, failed to find it in the parts of the ocean
wliicli tliey dredged over, and propounded the
hypothesis that the Bathybius was nothing
more than a precipitate from the sea-water by
the alcohol in which the specimens had been
preserved. More recently, again, the Arctic
navigator Bessels, of the Polaris, considered
that he had found masses of undifferentiated
protoiilasm in tlie Greenland seas. Tlie ex-
istence of batliybius is not now admitted.
(Q. J. Micruscnp. Soc, ISGS, p. 210 ; Proc, Hoy.
.s'-.c, vol. xvii., 100-1; Prof. AUvicui's Presl-
deiiiial Report at British Association Meetina at
Sheffield in 1870.) "^
bath-y-met'-ric-al, a. [Eng. bathy'mtr(y) ;
-ical] Pertaining to bathymetry. (Prestivich:
Q. J. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. xliii.)
ba-thym'-et-ry, s. [Gr. ^dOvs (hathv^) =
deep, and/ieVpoi' (metron) = a. measure.] Mea-
surement by sounding of the depth of the sea
at various places. (Dana.)
ler ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine. pit. sire. sir. marine ; go. p6t
b, ciib. cure, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian. ». ce = © ; ge =: e. qu = kw, *
ORDER OF THE BATH.
Collar, Badge, and Star ot the Military Knights' Grand Cross ot" the Most Honourable
Order of the Bath.
batidese— battalion
445
■iJ9,-tid'-e-se, s. 21I [Batis.] A doubtful order
of plants, of wliich the sole representative, as
yet known, is the Batis marithnci, described
under Batis (q.v.). Lindley placed it with
hesitation, and without numbering it, under
his Euphorbial Alliance. It has solitary as-
cending ovules, the female flowers being naked
and combined into a succulent cone.
*l)aVtie-bum, * ba-tie-bum'-mil, s. [Ety-
mology doubtful.] A simpleton ; an inactive
fellow. (Scotch.)
, "He waa na batie-bu/mmil."
Chr. Kirk, at. 16. Chron. S.P., ii- 367. {Jamieson.)
* bat'-il-ba-l^, s. [Probably the same as
hattle-haly ; hattU^to fatten.] An officer in
forests, the duties of which are unknown.
" It appears from the Harleian MS. 433. f. 39. that
in the 1st of Richard III., Williiuii Staverton received
a confirmation of his graunts of the office of batil-baly
in the forest of Wyndeeore." {S. in Boucher.)
bat'-ing, pr. par. (used as a prep.). [Bate, v.t]
Excepting, except.
"If we consider children, we have little reason to
think that they bring many ideas with them, bating,
perliaps, BOme faint ideas of hunger and thirst. ~
Locke.
ba'-tis, s. [Gr. j3aTi9 (batis) = a fish, ... a
plant described by Pliny as akin to a bramble-
bush.] A genus of plants, the typical one of
the order or sub-order Batideai. The species
Batis maritlma grows in salt marshes in the
West Indies. It is a low, shrubby, succulent
plant, with opposite leaves. The ashes yield
barilla in large quantities, and the ijlant is
sometimes used in the West Indies in the
making of pickles.
bat'-ist, bat'-iste, s. [in Sw. & Dan. hattist,
Ger. hatist; hattist; Sp. haHsta ; Fr. batiste,
from baptiste ; Lat. baptista ; Gr. ^aTTTto-r^s
baptisies) = a baptiser (Baptist). Named, ac-
cording to Mahn and others, either from
Baptiste Chambray, who claimed to have been
the first manufacturer of batist ; or because it
was used to wipe the heads of i-'.fants after
their baptism.] A fine description of cloth
of mixed silk and woollen, manufactured in
Flanders and Picardy.
b^t-let, *batt'-let, s. [Dimin. of Eng. hat
(1).] A small bat, a flat wooden mallet, con-
sisting of a square piece of wood with a handle,
used to beat linen wheu taken out of the
buck, with the view of whitening it. It is
called also a batting staff and battledoor (q.v.).
" I rem? mher the kiasing of her batlet, and the cow's
dugs that her pretty chopt hands had milked."—
Shakesp.: As you Like It, ii. 4.
bat'-man (1) (t silent), or b^t'-man, s. [From
Fr. 6£i( = a pack-saddle, and Eng. man.] A
man having charge of a bat-horse and its
load. (Macaulay.) [Bathorse.]
b&t'-man (2), s [Pers. ba'tman.] A weight
used in Persia and Turkey, and varying iu
weight according to the locality.
I. In Persia, the batman usually weighs
from 6 lbs. to 10 lbs. avoirdupois.
II. In the Turkish Empire :
1. At Smyrna and Aleppo it usually con-
tains 6 okes, or 400 drachms = about 17 lbs.
avoirdupois.
2. In the other parts of the Turkish empire
there are two batmans : (a) 'ihe greater batman
~ about 157 lbs. avoirdupois ; (b) the lesser
batman = about 39 lbs. avoirdupois.
ba'-to-lite, 5. [Fr. baton (q.v.), and Gr.
Ai9os = a stone.] What was considered by
Montfort a new genus of fossil shells, but was
regarded by Cuvier as only Hippurites (q.v.),
formerly described by Lamarck.
b^t'-on, *ba-t6'on, *bat'-t6on, *bat'-
iine, bas'-ton, s. [Fr. bdton = a batoon, a
staff, a walking-stick, a club, a cudgel, a
truncheon, a field-marshal's staff; O. Fr. k
3p. boston; Ital. 6as(i7ie = a staff, a support,
a prop ; Low Lat. baste] [Baston.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Gen.: A staff or club.
" Straightways we saw divers of the people with
bastoiu in their hands, as it were, forbidding us lu
land,-— Bacon.' A' ew Atlantis.
2. Spec. : A truncheon, or anything similar.
It may be used —
(a) As a badge or symbol of authority, as a
field -marshal's baton.
(h) Partly as a symbol of authority, and
partly as an offensive v.'eapon, as a policeman's
baton.
BATOir.
Arms of Fitsroy, Duke
of ftvaitou.
(c) For giving dircftiuns. as the baton of one
who conducts a musical entertainment.
B, Her. : A diminu-
tive of the bend sinister,
of which it is one-fourth
jtart the width. It is
called more fully a. sin-
ister baton, and ocoa-
sioually , 1 1 1 ough not
with eoiTcctuess, a
Jiss^ire. It is in^'ariably
a mark tliat its first
bearer was illegitimate.
[Dexter, Cross.]
bat'-6n, v.t. [Baton, s.]
To strike witlia police-
man's baton; to charge(a
mob)withdrawnbatoiis.
ba-to'on, v.t. [Baton, s.] To cudgeL
bat-ra'-chi-a, s. pi. [Gr, parpaxeto? (batra-
c7(e(0s) = pertaining to a frog, from ^drpaxo's
(batraJ:hos) = afrog.] Accordingto Brongniart
and Cuvier, the last of the four orders of
Reptiles. In Prof. Owen's classification, the
thirteenth and last order of the class Reptilia,
or Reptiles. He places under it the frogs,
toads, and newts. '(Prof. Owen : Palaiontology.)
Huxley makes the Batrachia the second of his
four orders of Amphibia. It contains the
frogs and toads.
bat-ra'-chi-an, * bat-ra'-9i-aii, adj. & s.
[In Fr, batrocicii.] [Batrachia.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to any member of
the order Batrachia. (Lycll.)
B. As subst. : A member of the order
Batrachia.
". . . these formidable fio(»'«c7itan«."—i^eK.
bat'-ra-chite, «. [In Ger. batrachit ; Lat,
batrachites; Gr. jSarpaxi'-njs (batrachites), a
mineral of a frog-green colour, described by
Pliny; parpaxos (batrachos) = a frog,] A
mineral, according to the British Museum
Catalogue a variety of Olivine (q.v.) ; but
Dana makes it a variety of Monticellite (q.v.).
bat'-ra-choid, a. [Gr. /Sarpaxoy (batrachos) =
a frog, and e!6o? (eifios) = appearance.] Re-
sembling a frog.
bat-ra-cho-my-om'-a-chy, s. [Gr. pdrpa-
xos (batrachos) = a frog ; (jtus (mus), genit. juub?
(muos) = a mouse, and f/.a.XTj (macke) = battle,
fight.] The battle between the frogs and the
mice, a burlesque poem, sometimes ascribed
to Homer.
bat-ra-choph'-a-goiis, adj. [Gr. /Sarpoxo?
(batrachos) = a frog ; and 4>"-yeli' (phagein),
infin. = to eat.] Feeding on frogs.
b^t-ra-cho-sper'-mi-dse, s. pi. [Batra-
CHOSPERMUM.] The fourth tribe of the Vau-
cherige, which again are the first sub-order of
the order Fucacese, or Seawracks. The frond
is polysiphonous, composed of a primary
thread with parallel accessary ones around
it. The vesicles, which are clustered, are
terminal or lateiul.
bat-ra-cho-sper'-mum, s. [Gr. /Sarpaxos
(batrachos) = a frog, and o-Trep/n.a (spcrma) = a
seed.] A genus of plants belonging to the
alliance Algales and the order ConfervaccEe, or
Confervas. They are found in marshes, and
more rarely in the sea.
bat'-ra-chiis, a. [Lat. batrachus = a. frog- '
fish ; Gr. jSarpaxo? (bat/rachos) = a frog, a frog-
fish.]
Ichthy. : A genus of fishes of the order
Acanthopterygii, and the family with the pec-
toral fins feet-like. None are found in Britain.
bats'-^hi-a, s. [Named after John George
Batsch, a i)rofessor of botany in the University
of Jena in the latter half of the eighteenth
century. ] '
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Boraginaces (Borageworts). The few
species known are pretty American idants,
bats'-man, s. [Eng. bat's, poss. of bat (1),
and man.] The person who handles the bat
in cricket.
^ batt, s [Fr. batte = . . . the bolster of a
saddle,! The bolster of a saddle. (Scotch.)
To keep one at the batt = to keep one steady.
"I hae had eueuch ^ido wi' Jorm Gray ; for though
he's nae bad hand wheu he's on the loom, ifc is uae easy
matter to keep hiiu at the hatt."—Hogg : Winter
Tales, i. 377. [Jamieson. )
bat'-ta, s. [Hind.] Allowauc-e supplement-
ing the ordinary pay given to the East Indian
regiments, whether European or sepoy, when
they are on a campaign or occupying a half-
conquered country.
^- bat'-ta-ble» a. [Corap. MtUl (q.v.) ; Eng.
suffix -able.] Capable of cultivation.
" Masinissa made many inward parts of Barhary and
Kumidia, before hla time incult and horrid, frultfiU
and. battable."— Barton : Anat. of Mel . (To the Jteader.}
^ bat'-tail'-ant, * bat'-teil-ant, s. [Fr.
bataillant, pr. par. of batailler = to fight,
struggle, dispute, contest hard,] [Battle, v.}
A combatant.
" Soon after this I saw an elephant
Adorned with bells and bosses gorgeouslie,
That on hia backe did beare (as battBilant)
A golden towre, which shone exeeediuglie."
Spenser : Visions qf the n'orld's Vanitie.
'■ bat'-taile, s. [Battle (2).]
t bat'-tail-ous, *" bat'-ayl-oiis (English),
■■■ b^t'-ta-louss (Scotch), u. [Fr. balaille;
Eng. suffix -ous.]
1. Of persons :
1. Of armies: Full of fight; eager for fight ;.
quarrelsome.
"The French came foremost, battaiioiis and bold."
Fairjax.
2. Of individuals :
(a) Disposed to fight ; quarrelsome.
"Acruellman, a, bataylous."
Qower: Conf. Aniant., b. v.
(b) Brave in fight.
"At schreftis evin sum wes so battalouss.
That he wal^ win to his maister in field
Fourty floraus. "
Colkelbie Sow, 879. {Jamieson.)
II. Of things:
1. Constituting one of the operations of
battle ; involving battle ; warlike.
"Those same against the bulwarke of the sight
Did lay strong siege and battailous assault."
Spenser: F. Q., IL xi. 9.
2. Constituting preparation for battle ; such.
as is adopted in battle.
" He started up, and did himself prepare
lu sun-bright arms and battailous array."
Fah-fax.
\ bat-ta'-li-a, a. [Fi-om Class. & Low Lat.
battaUa, batalia. In Ital. battaglia = a battle,
a fight; Port. &a(a^/ta ; Ftov. batalhaibatailla;
Sp. batalia ; Fr. bataille. Wachter calls bat-
talia originally a Burgundian word.] [Battle.]
1. Order of battle, battle-array.
" Both armies being drawn out in battalia, that of
the king's, trusting to their niunhers, began the charge
with great fury, hut without any order."— S'uji/'c .-
Reign of Sing Henry I.
2. An army, or portions of it, arranged in
order of battle : spec, the main body as dis-
tinguished from the wings.
" Arm'd and array'd for instant fight,
Kose archer, spearman, squire, and knight.
And in the pomp of battle bright
The dread battalia frowu'd."
Scott : Lord of tlie Isles, ■\u. 20.
bSif-ta-line, s. [Compare battlement.] A
pi'ojection, or kind of verandah, of stone.
*' The passage to the bells in the grpat steeple was
from the suuth lesser steeple, by a battaline under the
easing of the slates of said church."— 0?-e)n.' DescHp.
Chanonry of Aberd., p. 6-1.
bat-tal'-i-on, s. [In Sw. & Dut. hatdljon;
*Dan,, Ger,, & Fr. bataillon; Sp. batallon ;
Port, batalhao; Ital. battaglioTie.] [Battalia,]
1. Literally. (Military dt Ord. Language):
* 1. An army drawn up fur battle.
" Why, our battalion trebles that amount."
ShakdSp. : RU:hard III., v. 3.
^ In some editions it is '^battalia trebles."
2, An assemblage of companies ; the tactical
and administrative unit of infantry— that is,
the first body that is, as a rule, used inde-
pendently, and commanded by a field officer
(major or lieutenant-colonel). It consists of
from four to ten companies, and is generally
about 1,000 strong on a war footing.
(a) English battalions are funned of ten com-
panies fur administrative and eight for tactical
]iarposes. The first twenty-live regiments have
two battalions, the remainder, originally of one
battalion each, are now linked in pairs accord-
ing to their territorial derivation. Linked-
battalions are interchangeable as leg.trds
officers, and each shares the honours and ad-
vantages of the other. Two regiments of Rifles
have four battalions eacli, and thp thi'ee regi-
mtiuts of the Guards seven battalions in all.
b5il, bo$-j poiit, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist. ph = i;
-cianj -tian = shan. -tion, -sion. -cioun = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, -tc. — b^l* del*
445
battalioned— batter
Tlie pence strength of a battalion is about 400
men, but \'aries ; its war strength in the Held
is 1,000 men, with one lieutenant-eolonel, two
majors, eight captains, sixteen subalterns,
four olflcers of the regimental staff (adjutant,
paymaster, quartermaster, and medical officer),
and fifty sergeants. The corporals and lance-
corporals fall in with the privates m the
ranks, and therefore number among the " rank
and file."
(h) French hattaliom^. By the laws of the
2nd of December, lS7-i, and January 20 and
March 13, 1SV5, the French Infantry is divided
into (1) Infantry of the Line, (2) Regiments of
Zouaves, (3) Regiments of Tirailleurs Alge-
riens, and (4) Battalions of Chasseurs k Pied.
The 1-14 Regiments of Infantry of the Line
have each four battalions ; a battalion (which
is divided into four field companies) consist-
ing of 12 commissioned officers, 54 non-com-
missioned officers, and 264 soldiers— in all 330
men, raised in time of war to 1,000 men. The
Regiments of Zouaves have, in peace, 612 men
in a battalion, and in war 1,000. The Tirail-
leurs Alg^rieus, who in time of peace are
always in Algeria, or at least have been so for
the last eight years, have, in peace, 652 men
in a battalion, and in war 1,000 men. Finally,
the Chasseurs k Pied have, in peace, 468 men,
and in war 1,000 men.
(c) German battalions. With the exception
of the 116th (Hesse) Regiment, the 148 Line
Regiments have three battalions. The Yagers
are formed into twenty-six separate battalions.
To each Hue regiment is attached a Landwehr
regiment of two battalions, and these latter
bear the same number as the regular regi-
ments to which they are affiliated. The five
Prussian Guard Regiments have 22 officers
and 678 men per battalion in peace time, the
remaining regiments having 18 officers and 520
men per battalion, and the Yagers 22 officers
and 526 men. On mobilisation for war all
battalions are raised to a strength of 22 officers
and 1,000 men, with a regimental stalf of one
commandant, one extra field officer, and one
aide-de-camp. Pioneer battalions are practi-
cally field engineer bodies, and are divided into
Pontoniers (for bridging;), and Sappers and
Miners (for siege operations, demolitions, or
the construction of artificial defences). They
have each three field and one depot company ;
the former comprising fifteen officers and 650
men.
II. Figuratively : A great number of any-
thing. '
" When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
But in battalions:' Sliakesp. : JIamleC, iv. 5.
bat-tal'-i-oned, a. [Eng. battalion; -ed.]
Formed into battalions. (Barlow.)
*bat'-tall, s. [From Fr. bataill] [Battle,
s.] A battalion. (Scotch.) {Jamieson.)
* bS-t-tal-ling. * bat'-tel-ling, s. [From
Fr. bastille, batillc.] [Bastille, Battlement.]
A battlement.
" Skarsenient, reprise, corbell, and battellingis."—
Palice of Honour, iii, 17. {Jamieion.)
** bat'-tar-ax, a. [Battle-axe.] (p. Scotch.)
* bat-tart, ^ bat'-tirt, bat'-tard,
*bat'-"ter, s. [Fr. bastarde. "A demie-
cannon, or demie-culverin ; a smaller piece of
any kind " (Cotgrave).^ (0. Scotch.) A cannon
of a smaller size.
" Item, tua pair of itne calmes for moyau and
battard."—Ibid., p. 169. iJamiebott.)
* bat'-teil. o. [Battle.]
* bat'-teil-ant, s. [Battailant.]
* bat'-tel, * bat -till, ■ bat'-tle (1), v.t. & i.
[From *0. Eug. & Scotch bat = to fatten, to
be fat ; and, according to Mahn, A.S. d(sl =
deal, portion,] [Bat, v., Batful, Batten.]
A. Transitive : To make fat.
"Aahea are a marvellous improvement to battle
"barren land, by reason of the fixed salt which they
contain." — Jiai/ : Proverbs.
B, Intransitive :
L Ordinanj Language : To become fat, to
gain flesh.
" The best advizement was, of bad, to let her
Sleep out her fill without encuiuberment ;
For sleep, they said, would make her hattill better. '
Spermer ; F. Q., VI. viil. 38.
II. Ill Oxford: To stand indebted in the
college books for wliat is expended in pur-
chasing provisions at the buttery {size is the
corresponding term at Cambridge). (Todd.)
[Batteler.] (In this sense Skinner and
Boucher derive battel from Dut. betaalen = to.
pay, whence may be derived the Eng. tale = a
reckoning, tell = reckon, and tally. In Todd's
Johnson it is derived from Sax. tellan = count,
with the prefix be.)
* bat'-tel (1), s. [Battle (1).] An old spelling
of the substantive Battle. (Used specially in
Old Law for the absurd practice of settling
legal innocence or guilt by single combat.)
[Battle, s., B, 1.]
". . , the barbarous and Norman trial by iaHei."—
Blackstone: Comment., bk. iv,, ch. 33.
'■■ blit'-tel (2) (0. Eng.), * bat '-tell (0. Scotch),
a. & s. [From Battel, v. (q.v.).]
A. As adjective: Fei-tile, fruitful (Used
specially of soil,)
"... is like unto a fruitful field or battel soil."—
JJoUand : Plutarch, p. 943,
B, ^5 substa7itive (in tlhc plural) :
1. At Oxford : Provisions purchased at the
college buttery ; the expenses incurred by the
student in connection with them ; the bills or
accounts for such expenses.
" Bring my kinsman's battels with you, and you
shall have money to discharge th.&ai."— Letters {C'lierry
to Heame), L ll'J.
2. At Eton (formerly): A small portion of
food given the students by their dames in
addition to the college allowance.
■^ba,f-tel-er, bat' -tier, s. [From Eng.
battel; -er.]
In Oxford :
1. Originally : A student at the university,
who paid for nothing except what he called
for. He corresponded to what was called at
Cambridge a sizar.
2. Later: A semi-commoner, the lowest
grade of student, whose parents wholly paid
his way in the university.
" Though in the meanest condition of those that
were wholly maintained [in thj University of Oxford]
by their parents, a battler, or semi-commoner, he was
admitted to the conversation and friendship of the
geutlemen-comuioners."— i'/e of liishop Kennett, p. 4.
3. In a more general sense: Any student
keeping terms or residing at the University of
Oxford.
"... became a battler or student at Oxford."—
Wood: Athence Oxoii.
*■ bat'-tell» ^. [Battle.]
* bSit'-te-ment, s. [Fr. baitement = a beat-
ing ; from battre — to beat.] A beating.
b^t'-ten, t bat'-ton, s. & a. [Fr. bdton = a
stick, a stafi; or Eng. bat (1) (c[.v.).]
A. As substantive :
1. Carp. : A plank of wood from 2 to 7 inches
wide, 2| inches thick, and from 6 to 50 feet long.
They are used for floors, and, reared upright
on the inner face of walls, afford supports to
which the laths for the plastering may be
affixed. Battens ditfer from deals iu never
being so much, while deals are never so little,
as seven inches wide.
" A batten is a scantling of wood, two, three, or four
inches broad, seldom above one thick, and the leni^h
unliniited." — Jloxort.
2. The movable bar of a loom whinh strikes
in or closes the threads of a woof. (Francis.)
3. Naut. : Thin pieces of wood nailed to the
mast-head and to the midship post of the yard.
Battens of the hatches : Scantlings of wood
or cask-hoops rendered straight, which are
used to keep the margin of the tarpaulins close
to the hatches during storms at sea.
B. ,4s adjective : Of or pertaining to battens.
batten-end, s. A batten less than six
feet in length.
bat'-ten (1), v.t. [From batten, s. & a, (q..v.),]
1, To form with battens.
2. To fasten with battens.
Naut. : To batten down the hatches of a
ship. To fasten them down with battens,
which is generally done when a storm arises.
[Batten, s., A. 3.]
bdt'-ten (2) (Eng.), bat (Old Eng. & Modern
Scotch), v.t. d-i. [Comp, with A.S. &e( = better ;
But. bat, feci! = better ; A.S. betan, and Icel.
batna=to grow better; Goth. gabatnan:= to
profit.] [Batful, Battel (1), Better.]
A. Transitive :
1. Of persons, or of the lower animals: To
cause to become fat, to fatten.
■• Hattcniiig our flock with tbe-fresh dews of night.
Oft till the star that rose at evening bright.
MUton : Lycidas, 36, 27.
2. Of land : To fertilise, to render fertile
[For example, see Battening (1).]
B. Intrans. ; To grow fat through gluttony
and sloth. (Lit. and fig.)
" Hopes rashly, in disgust na rash recoils : __
Battens on spleen, or moulders iu despair.
Wordsviorth : Sxcursion, bk. v.
bat'-tened (1), pa. par. & a. [Batten (1), v. (.]
bat'-tened (2), pa. par. & a. [Batten(2), v.t.}
bat'-ten-ing (1), pr. par. & a. [Batten (1), v. ]
1. Ill a traTisitive sense: Imparting fatness
or fertility.
" The meadows here, with batt'nina ooze enrich'd.
Give spirit to the grass ; three cubits high
The jointed herbage shoots." Philips.
2. In an intransitive sense : Becoming fat.
" While paddling ducks the standing lake desire,
Or battning hogs roll in the sinking mire.
Oay : Pastorals.
bat'-ten-ing (2), pr. par. , u,., & s. [Batten (2),
v.t] '
As suhst. : Narrow battens nailed to a wall
to which the laths for the plastering are fixed.
bat'-ter (1), v.t. [Fr. boMre = to beat ; Prov.
batre; Sp. batir ; Port, bater ; Ital. baitere ;
from Lat, batuo and battuo = to beat.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. To inflict upon any thing or upon any
person a succession of heavy blows.
1. In a general sense :
"And clattering flints batter'd with clanging hoofs."
Tenny&on: A Bream of Fair Women.
2. Spec. : In the military sense defined under
B. (Lit. &fig.)
" , , . these haughty words of hers
Have batter'd me like roarmg cannon .shot."
Shakesp. : 1 i/e". IV., iii. 3.
" Now that those institutions have fallen we must
hasten to prop the edifiue which it was lately our duty
to batter. —Macaulat/ : Hist. En<j., ch. i.
II. To inflict upon a person or thing a con-
tinued assault or hard usage, not necessarily
taking the form of actual blows. (In this sense
the assailant may be man, one of the inferior
animals, wind, rain, and storm, or time.)
" Battered and blackened and worn by all the storms
of the winter."
Longfelltno: The Courtship of Miles StaTidish.
% For other examples see under Battered.
Fig. : Of the effect of passion upon the mind.
" Kingdom'd Achillea in commotion rages
Ana batters down himself,"
Sfiakesp. : Troilus and Oressida, il 3.
B. Technically :
1. Military: To inflict a succession of hea\'y
blows on a wall or other defence with the view
of breaking it down. This was of old done
by means of a battering-ram, and now by
artillery. [Battering-ram.]
2. Forging : To spread metal out by ham-
mering on the end.
bat'-ter (2), v.i. [Fr. battre = to beat, . .
to shake.]
Arch. : (Formerly) To bulge out as a badly-
built wall ; (now) to slope. [Batter (1), s.]
" The side of a wall, or any timber, that bulges from
its bottom or foundation, is said to batter." — Moxon.
If Johnson says, "A word used only by
workmen." But Joseph Hunter, writing in
Boucher's Diet, gives an example of its occur-
rence in general literature (derived, however,
evidently from the language of carpenters) :—
"... the plom-line whereby the evenes of the
squares be tried, whether they batter or hang over."—
Transl. of Polydore, Virgil, p. 77. (J. U. in Boucher.)
bat'-ter (3), v.t. [From batter (2), s. (q.v.).]
To paste ; to cause one body to adliere to
another by means of a viscous substance.
bat'-ter (1), s. [From batter (2), v.]
Arch. : A backward slope in a wall to make
the plumb-line fall within the base ; as in
railway cuttings, embankments, &c. (Weale.)
batter-rale, s.
Arch. : A plumb-line designed to regulate
the " batter " or slope of a wall not meant to
be vertical. The plumb-line itself is perpen-
dicular, but the edge is as much to the side of
this as th wall is intended to slope. (Francis.)
b^t'-ter (2), s. [From Fr. battre = to beat, to
agitate, to stir ; that which is beaten, agi-
tated, or stirred.]
1. A mixture of several ingredients beaten
together with some liquor ; so called from its
being so much beaten.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, worls, wh6, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey — a, qu = kw.
batter— battery
447
*' One would have all things little, hence has try'd
Tnrkey poults fresh from th' egg in batter try'd."
King.
2. A glutinous substance used for producing
adhesion ; paste used for sticking puper^^, &g.,
togetlier. (Scotch.) (Javiieson,)
3. Printing : A bruise of the face of the
type, when arranged in pages for printing;
also a similar defacement of a stereotyped plate.
batter-pudding, s. A pudding made
of flour, milk, eggs, butter, and salt. It is
either baked or boiled.
* b&t'-ter (3), s. [Coi-rupted from Fr. ias-
tarde.] A species of artillery. [Battart.]
(0. Scotch.)
b^t'-ter (4), s. [Batter (1), v. t]
Pottery: A plaster mallet used to flatten out
a lump of clay which is to be laid and fonned
upon the whirling table.
bS-t'-ter (5), 5. [Batsman.]
bat'-tered, - bat -red^ ^ y-bSt-red (red
as erd), pa. par. & a. [Batter (1), v.]
A. ^s past jiartkipU : In senses correspond-
ing to those of the verb.
B. As participial adjective. Specially —
I. Of things : Ha\'ing marks indicating tliat
it has been subjected to blows.
" But sparely form'd. and lean withal :
A battered morion on hia brow."
Scott : Lay of tlie Last Minstrel, iv. 5.
II. Of persons : Attbrding obvious indica-
tions that time has done its work upon their
physical frame. Used —
(a) Of old vien:
" I am a poor old battered fellow, and I would will-
ingly endmydayBinpe-ice." — Arbuth. : Hist, of J. Bull.
Or (6) of old women :
" In di'monds. pearls, and rich brocades,
She ahiiiea the first of batter'd jadea." — Pope.
bat'-ter-er, s. [Eng. hatter; -er.] One who
batters. (Johnson.)
bat'-ter-ing, 2>r. par. &> a. [Batter (1), v.]
battering-ram, s. An ancient military
engine used for battering down walls. It
existed among the Assyrians. See the engrav-
ing, taken from a tablet dated about 880 B.C.
In its most perfect form among the Romans it
consisted of a pole or beam of wood sometimes
as much as 80, 100, or even 120 feet in length.
It was suspended by its extremities from a
single point or from two points in another
beam above, which lay horizontally across
two posts. When at rest it was level, like
ASSYRIAN battering-ram (ABOUT S80 B.C.).
the beam above it. When put in action
against a wall, it was swung horizontally by
men who succeeded each other in constant
relays, the blow which it gave to the masonry
at eacli vibration being rendered all the more
effective that one end of it was amied with
iron. This, being generally formed like a ram's
head, originated the name aries (ram), by
which it was known among the Romans, and
battering- raTJi, which it obtains among our-
selves. A roof or shed covered it to protect
the soldiers who worked it from hostile mis-
■ siles, and to facilitate locomotion it was-plaeed
on wheels.
bat'-ter-3?", s. [In Sw. hcfteri; Dan., Ger., &
Fr. hatterle; Dut. batlerij ; Sp. & Port, baterio ;
Ital. batteria. From Fr. battre, Prov. bataria
= to beat. (Batter.) Essential signification,
a beating ; hence apparatus for inflicting one.]
A. Ordinary Language i
1 1. The act of beating or battering.
t II. The state of being beaten or battered ;
a legal action raised in consequence of having
been beaten. [B., I.]
t III. The wound or other injury produced
by a beating.
1. Lit. : A wound or other injury of the
body. [B., I.]
"... may increase the damages at their own discre-
tion ; as may also be the case ui>ou view of an atrocious
batteru. But then the battery must likewise be alleged
80 certainly in the declaration that it may appear to
be the same with tlie battery inspected."— ^iiicAaione ;
Commetii., bk, lii., ch, 22.
2. Fig.: Awound or impression on theheart.
" For where a heart is hard, they make no batfery."
Shakesp. : Venus & Adonis, 427.
IV. Apparatus by which the act or opera-
tion of battering is cfTeL-ted.
1. Lit. : In the military sense. [B., II. 1, 2.]
" All the southern bank of the river was lined by the
camji a.nd batteries of the hostile army." — Macaulay :
Hist, Eng., ch. xvi,
2. Figuratively :
(a) Heaven's artillery ; lightning, with the
accompanying thunder.
" A dreadful fire the floating batt'ries make,
O'ertum the mountain, and the forest ahfike."
Blackmm'e.
(&) An argument.
"Earthly minds, like mud walls, resiBt the strongest
batteries. " — Locke.
B. Technically:
I. Law : The unlawful beating of another,
or even the touching him with hostile intent.
It is legitimate for a parent or a master to
give moderate correction to his child, bis
scholar, or his apprentice. A churchwarden
or beadle may gently lay hands on a person
disturbing a 'congregation. A person, also,
who is violently assailed by another may
strike back in self-defence. He may do so
also in defence of his property. But to strike
any one in anger, however gently, without
these justifications, exposes one to the liability
to be prosecuted for assault and battery, the
assault being the menacing gesture and the
battery the actual blow. [Assault.] Wound-
ing and mayhem are a more aggravated kind of
battery. (Blackstone: Comtnent^hk. iii., ch. 8.)
II. Military :
1. Breaching (siege) battery: One placed as
close as possible to the ubjectto be destroyed;
as the stone revetment of a fortress.
2. Counter or direct (siege) battery: One in-
tended to crush the opponent's fire by an
equal number of heavy guns.
3. Cross batteries : Two batteries playing on
the same point from two ditferent positions.
4. Elev-ited (siege) battery: One in which
the gun platforms are on the natural level of
the ground.
5. Enjilading battery : One which is placed
on the prolongation of the line occupied by
the enemy.
6. Fascine battery : One made of fascines.
7. Floating battery: A heavily armed and
armoured vessel intended for bombarding
fortresses and not for sea cruising.
8. A gabion battery : One built up of gabions.
9. Half-sunken battery : One in which the
terreplein is sunk two feet below the level of
the ground.
10. Masked battery : One that is concealed
from view of the enemy by brushwood or the
non-removal of natural obstacles in front
until it is ready to open fire.
11. Mortar battery : One without embrasures
in the parapets, and the platform is hori-
zontal. The shells are fired over the parapet
at an angle of 45°.
12. Ojjen batteries : Those which are not
protected by earthen or other fortifications.
13. Ricochet battery : One in which the guns
are placed on the prolongation of the front
cf an enemy's battery, so that by firing low
charges the shot or shell may be made to
bound along inside the work and dismount
the guns.
14. Sand-bag battery : One constructed in
rocky or sandy sites of sand-bags filled with
earth or sand.
15. Screen (siege) battery : One in which the
actual gun battery is protected by a low
earthen screen placed parallel to and a short
distance from the main battery,
16. Sunken (siege) battery : One in which
the gun platforms are sunk three feet below
the surface.
17. A certain number of artillerymen united
under the command of a field officer, and the
lowest tactical unit in the artillery. In a
battery there are gunners who work the guns^
and drivers who drive the horses by which
these guns are transported from place to
place. Batteries are usually distinguished as
Horse, Field, and Garrison: The first two
consist of six guns each.
(1) Horse batteries are those in which th.'
gunners are carried partly on the carriages
and partly on horses.
(2) Field batteries are those in which all tlie
gunners are carried on the carriages ; and
these are divided again into (a) Mountain and
(b) Position Batteries.
(3) Garrison batteries are those bodies of foot
artillerymen who have to serve and mount
the heavj' guns in forts or coast batteries.
III. Physics:
1. An Electric Battenj : One consisting of a
series of Leyden jars [Leyden Jar], the ex*
battery of leyden jars.
ternal and internal coatings of which are
respectively connected with each otlier.
2. A Magnetic Battery or Magazine : One
consisting of a number of magnets joined to-
gether by their similar poles.
3. A Thermo-electric Battery: One in which
a number of thermo-electric couples are so
joined together that the second copper of the
first is soldered to the bismuth of the second,
the second copper of this to the bismuth of
the third, and so on. It is worked by keeping
the odd solderings, for instance, in ice, and
the even ones in water at a temperature of
100° Fahr.
4. A Voltaic Battery or
Voltaic Pile : A battery
or pile constructed by
arranging a series of
voltaic elements or pairs
in such a way that the
zinc of one element is
connected with the cop-
per of another, and so
on through the whole
series. The first feeble
one was made by Volta, -
who used only a single |
pair. [Voltaic Pile.] 1
There are two forms of !
it, a Constant Battery and
a Gravity Battery.
(a) A Constant Battery,
or Constant Voltaic Battery: One in which the
action continues without material alteration
for a considerable portion of time. This is
effected by employ-
ing two liquids
instead of one.
The first and best
form of constant
battery is called a
Daniell's battery,
after its inventor,
who devised it iu
the year 1836. It
consists of a glass
or porcelain vessel
containing a satu- '
rated solution of ^
sulphate of copper,
immersed in which
is a copper cylinder
open at both ends
and perforated by
holes. At the upper part of the cylinder is an
annular shelf perforated by holes, and below
voltaic pile.
DANIELL BATIERV,
boil, boy; po^t, j<$^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bencb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -xng.
-cian. -tian = shauo -cion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, ~3ion = zhun. -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -die. &a = bel, deL
448
battle— battle
tlie level of the solution. Inside tlic cylinder
is a thin porous vessel of unglazed earthenware,
and inside this last a bar of zinc is suspended.
Two thin strips of copper are lixed by bind-
ing-screws to the copjier and to the zinc ; and
several of these cylinders, connected together
by uniting the zinc of one to the copper of the
next, form a battery. To keep it iii action,
crystals of sulphate of copper to replace those
consumed are placed on the annular shelf, and
in the porous vessel is placed a solution of
salt or diluted sulphuric acid along with the
bars of amalgamated zino. As the several
chemical elements now mentioned act on each
other, a constant stream of electricity is
evolved. To this type belong Grove's, Bun-
sen's, Callan's, Smee's, Walker's, and Marie
Davy's batteries.
(p) A Gravity Batter}! : One in which the
separation is produced by the difference of
gravity in the substances themselves. To
this type belong Calliaud's and Menotti's
batteries. {AOcinson: Ganot's Physics, hk. x.,
ch. 1.)
battery-resistance, s. Resistance oc-
curring in connection with a voltaic or other
battery,
"... when low batferji-res'tstances have to be mea-
sured, . . ," — Proceedings of the Physical Society of
London, pt, ii., p. 107.
* bat'-tie, a. [Batty.]
* bat'-til, v.%. [Battle, v. (1).]
bat'-ting, -pT. par., «.., & s. [Bat, v.]
A. & B. As present participle d' participial
adjective: In a sense corresponding to that of
the verb.
C As substantive : The use and manage-
ment of a bat in cricket and other games.
bat'-ting, s. [Bat (1).] A sheet of cotton
prepared for stuffing quilts.
* bat'-tirt, s. [Battakt.] (0. Scotch.)
t bat'-tisb, 1*. [Eng. bat (2) ; -ish.] Resem-
bling a bat.
" To be out late in a battisJt humour."
Oent. Instructed.
bat'-tle (tie as tel), * b^t'-tel, - bat'-teU,
" bat'-teil, * battail* ' battaile, * bat-
ail, ^ bataile (Eng.), * bataill, battall,
* battayle {Old Scotch), s. [Fr. bataille —
battle, tight, encounter, body of forces, main
body of an army ; Prov. batailla ; Sp. hatalla;
Port, batalha; Ital. hattaglia ; all from Low
Lat. batalia(= Class. Lat. ]mgna = a liglit, a
battle), from batere, hatuere = to beat.] [Bat-
talia, Bati'alion, Beat.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of array or equipment for Jightiiig purposes:
1. Order of battle, battle-array.
" And in bataill in gud aray,
Befor Sanct Jhonyatoun com thai,
And bod Schyr Amery isch to fycht."
Barbour, ii. 2i6, {Jmnieson.)
2. Military equipment (?).
" Quhan he wald our folit assaill,
Durst nane of Walis in bataill ride."
Barbour, i. 105, MS. (Jamieson.)
XL Of the combatants engaged infighting, or
equipped for it : An army in part or in whole.
Specially —
1. A division of an army, a battalion.
" To ilk lord, and his bataill,
Wes ordaiiyt, quhar he suld assaill."
Barbour, xvii. ;i-15, MS. {Jamieson.)
IT Still used in poetry :
" In battles four beneath their eye,
The forces of King Robert lie."
Scott : Lord of tlie I&les, vi. 10.
2. The main body of an army as contradis-
tinguished from its van and rear.
"Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with
the battle a good distance behind, and after came the
arr i er. " — Hay ward.
H Not quite obsolete yet.
"... and it chanced that Brutus with the Roman
horsemen, and Aruns, the son of King Tarquiniua, with
the Etruscan horse, met each other in advance of the
main ba! lien."— Arnold: IfUt. of Jiome, vol. i., chap,
VII., p. 108.
3. The whole of an army opposed to another
in the field.
" Each battle sees the other's umbered face."
Shakesp. : Jienry V., iv.. Chorus.
III. Of a Iwstile encounter between tv^a or more
armies, or between two or more individuals, or
anything analogous to it:
1. Literally :
(1) Between armies or other large bodies of
m.en, or between beings of any kind.
(a) Between armies.
" And the king of Ihrael disguised himself, and went
into the battle." — 1 Kings xxii, ao.
(b) Between beings.
" Foolhardy as th' Rarthes children, the which made
BatteUl .xgaiust the Gods, so we a Go<l invade,"
Spenser : F. Q., III. xi. 22.
A pitclied battle : A battle in which all the
forces on both sides are engaged.
To give battle (of an attacking force): To
take the initiative in fighting ; also (of a force
on the defensive) to be prepared for an attack,
" The English army, that divided was
Into two parts, is now conjoin 'd in one,
And means to give yciu battle presently,"
Shakesp. : I Heii. VI., v. 2.
To join battle : Mutually to engage in
battle.
IT Either (a) the name of one of the comba-
tants may be a nominative before the verb,
and that of the other an objective governed by
with :
" , . , and they joined battle with them in the vale
of Siddim" {Gen. xiv. 8)
Or (6) the names of both combatants may be
nominatives before the verb.
" Then the Romans and the Latins joined battle by
the Lake Regillus." — Arnold: Hist, of Jiome, vol. i.,
chap, vii., p. 116.
To offer battle : To give the enemy an oppor-
tunity if not even a temptation to fight.
^ According to Sir Edward Creasy, the fol-
lowing were the fifteen "Decisive Battles of
the World":—
1. The Battle of M.-irathon, B.C. 490.
2. The Defeat of the Athenians at Wyracuse, B.C. 413.
3. The Battle of Arbela, B.C. aai.
4. The Battle of the Metaurus, B.C. 207.
5. The Victory of Armiuius over the Roman legions
under Varus, A.D. D.
G, The Battle of Chalons, A.D. ibl.
I. The Battle of Toura, A.D. 732.
8. The Battle of Hastings, A.D, lOGG,
9. Joaa of Arc's victory over the English at Orleans,
A.D. 1429.
10. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. A.D. 1588.
II. The Battle of Blenheim, A.D. 1704.
12. The Battle of Pultowa, A.D. 1709.
13. The Victory of the Americans over Burgoyne at
Saratoga, A.D. 1777.
14. The Battle of Valmy. A.D. 1792.
15. The Battle of Waterloo, A.D. 1815.
(2) Between individuals. (In this case the
word more commonly employed is combat.)
[B 1.]
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of a struggle of any Icind :
(a) A long protracted military, political,
social, or other struggle.
" For Freedom's battle once begun,
Bequeathed from bleeding sire to son.
Though vanquished oft is ever won,"
Byron,
(b) The struggle for existence which every
human being, as also every animal and plant,
must carry on during the whole period of his
or its hfe.
"... other variations useful in some way to each
bemg in the great and complex battle of life."— ^ur-
win : Origin of Species (ed. 1859), chap, iv , p. 80.
(2) Of success in a fight or struggle: Victory
in battle.
"... the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to
the strong."— £cciefi. ix. 11.
B. Techniadly:
1. Law. Triul by battle, or wager of battle
(or battel, as the spelling was) : A barbarous
method of deciding in the court of last resort,
by personal combat, all civil and criminal
questions turning on disputed matters of fact.
The practice seems to have been immemorially
in use among the Northern nations ; the Bur-
gundians reduced it to stated forms about the
end of the fifth century ; from them it passed
to the Franks and Normans, and through
William the Conqueror c^me to be established
in England. It was used (1) in courts-martial,
or courts of cliivalry and honour; (2) in
appeals of felony ; and (3) upon cases joined
ill a writ of right— the last and most solemn
decision of real property. In civil actions the
jiarties at variance appointed champions to
fight for them, but in appeals of felony they
liad to do so themselves. The weapons were
batons of an ell long, and a four-cornered
tJirget. The combat went on till the .stairs
appeared in the evening, unless one of the
'■umbat-ants proved recreant and cried craven.
If he did so, or if his champion lost the battle.
Divine Providence wa^ supposed to have de-
cided that his cjiuse was bad. If the one wlio
thus failed was appellant against a charge of
murder, he was held to have ilone the felonious
deed, and without more ado was hanged.
Henrv II. struck the first blow at the system
nf trial by battle by giving the defendant in a
fiisc of property the option of the grand
assize, then newly introduced. The last trial
by battle in the Court of Common Pleas at
Westminster was in the year 1571, the last
in the provinces in 1638. The case of Ash-
ford V. Thornton, in 1818, having nearly led
to a judicial duel of the old type, the Act 59
Geo. III., chap. 46, passed in 1819, finally-
abolished trial by battle. Montesquieu traces
both diielling and knight-errantry back to the
trial by battle. (Blackstone: Comment., 'iSk. in.,
chap. 22, and bk. iv,, chaps, 27, 33, &c.)
2. Nat. Science. Battle of life. [A,, III. 2
(&)■]
^ Crabb thus distinguishes the words battle,
combat, and engagement : — "Battle is a general
action requiring some preparation ; combat is
only paiticular and sometimes unexpected.
Combat has more relation to the act of fighting
than battle, which is used with more propriety
simply to denominate the action. ' In the
battle the combat was obstinate and bloody.'
In this sense engagement and combat are analo-
gous, but the former has a specific relation to
the agents and parties engaged, which is not
implied in the latter term. We speak of a
person being present, or wounded, or fighting
desperately in an engagement ; on the other
hand, we speak of engaging in a combat, chal-
lenging to single combat, &c. Battles are
fought between armies only; they are gained
or lost. Combats are entered into between
individuals, in which they seek to destroy or
excel. Engagements are confined to no par-
ticular number, only to such as are engaged.
A general engagement is said of an army when
the whole body is engaged; partial engage-
nunts respect only such as are fought by small
parties or comijanies of an army."
battle-array, ^
battle.
The array or order of
Two parties of fine women, placed in the opposite
side boxes, seemed drawn up in battle-array one
against the other." — Addison.
battle-axe (Eng.), *"battar-ax (Old
Scotch), s.
1. Lit. : A weapon like an axe, formerly
used in battle.
" But littil effect of speir or battar-ax."
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 43, st, 8.
" Four men-at-arms came at their backs.
With halbert, bill, and battl^-a-xe."
Scott : Marmion, i. 8.
^ In the first example Jamieson considers
that battar-ax may be an error of an early
transcriber for battal-ax; if not, then it is
directly from Fr. battre = to beat.
2. Fig. : Military power. The battle-ax in
Jer. Ii. 20 is the military power by the instru-
mentality of which God should execute his
judgment on Babylon.
battle-bed, s. The "bed" on which a
slain soldier is left to repose after a battle,
" In the strong faith which brings the viewless nigh.
And pour'd rich odours on their battle-bed."
Eemans: Tlie Bowl qf Liberty.
battle-bell, s. A bell used to summon
people to battle, or for some similar purpose.
" I hear the Florentine, who from his palace
Wheels out bis battle-bell with drea^ul din."
Longfellow: Tlie Arsenal at Springfield.
battle-brand, s. A "brand" or sword
used in battle. [Brand.]
" Thy father's battle-brand . . ."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, ii. 15.
battle-broil, a. Broil or contention of
battle.
" When falls a mate in battle-broil."
Scott : Bokeby, L 21.
battle-call, s. A call or summons to
battle.
" Valencia roused her at the battle-call."
ScoU : Vision of Don Roderick, st. xlvi
battle-cry, s. A cry given forth by troops
nf certain nations when engaging in battle.
' How shall she bear that voice's tone.
At whose loud battle-cry alone
Whole squadrons oft in' panic ran."
Moore : Lalla Itookh ; M-ere- Worsldppers.
•T Occasionally used figuratively for the
watchword of parties engaged in 'warfare of
another kind— cgr., political or social.
battle-day, s. The day of battle.
" The beetle with his radiance manifold,
A mail6d angel on a battle-day "
Wordsworth : Stanzas on Thomson's Castle of Indol.
battle-dell,
has occurred.
" The faithful band, our sires, who fell
Here in the narrow battle-dell ! "
Hemans : Swiss Song.
A dell in which a battle
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, faU. father ; w8. wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine • go pot
or. wore, W9lf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule. fuU ; try. Syrian, ». oe = e, ey = a. qu = kw-
ta attle — b aty Idor e
449
battle-field, s. A "field," plain, or other
extended area on which hostile armies fight
Avith each other.
"... tlie coalition of clana would liist only while
they were impatiently pushiug furward from batcle-
Ael-X to battlii-field:'—Macaulay : Hist. Entj., ou. xiii.
battle-fray, e. The fray, affray, or col-
lision of battle.
"And my free spirit burst away.
As ii it soared from hanU-fray."
Scott: Lady of tJus Lake, vi. li.
battle-front, s. The front presented by
■q,n army drawn up in order of battle.
" With plumes and pennons waving fair.
Was that bright batth-froiU I for there
Eode England's king and peers."
A'fO« : Lord, of the Mes, vi. 14.
battle-ground, s. The ground or " field "
selected for battle, or on which battle actually
takes place.
" Upon its midnight battle-ground
The spectral camp is seen, '
Longfellow : The Beleaguered City.
battle-heath, &. A heath on which a
'jattle takes place.
" Far on the future battle-heath
His eyefl beheld the ranks of denth."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iiL t.
battle-horn, s. A hom summoning men
to battle.
" Heard you not the battte-hom? —
Keaper ! leave thy golden corn."
Hemans: The Bended Bow.
battle-piece, s. A piece or picture, or
occasionally a musical composition, repre-
senting a battle.
battle-plain, s A plain on, which a
battle takes place.
" Hear ye my vows, O spirits of the slain !
Hear, and be with me on the battle-plain."
Hemans: The Abencerrage.
battle-royal, s.
1. A battle of game cocks, in which more
than two are engaged. (G-rose.)
2, A tiiilee, in which more than two persons
fight each other with fists and cudgels.
(^r hacker ay.) {Goodrich and Porter.)
battle-shout, s. A shout raised in battle.
" And the laurel groves, aa on they pass'd,
Rang with no battle-shout I"
Hemans : The Spartan's March.
battle-sign, s A sign or signal given
for battle.
" On all her olive-hills
up the battle-sign of fl
Uemans: The Siege qf Valencia.
battle-signal, s. A signal given for
l>attle.
" For those who wait the mom's awakening beams.
The battle-signal to decide their doom."
Hemans: Last Banquet of Antony unci Cleopatra.
battle-song, 5. a song sung by troops
to animate them when proceeding to battle.
" Ye know his battle-song t
The old rude strain wherewith his bands went
forth." Hemans: The Siege of Valencia,
battle-Strife,
The strife of battle.
" since thou haat been, in battle-strife.
So prodigal of health and life,
For earthly fame."
Longfellow: (Trattslation), Coplas de Manrique.
battle-target, ». A round target for-
merly used in battle.
" With disk like battle-target red,
He rushes to his burning bed."
Scott : liokeby, vi, 21.
battle-thunder, s. The thunder-like
sound given forth by the cannon and lesser
guns in battle.
" Soon murkier clouds the hall enfold,
Than e'er from battle-thunders rolled."
Scott : Rokeby, t. C4.
battle-word, s. The "word," signal, or
watchword given forth by a leader to his
followers when engaging in battle.
"Alia and Mahomet their battle-word."
Scott : Vision of Bon Itoderick, 20.
" Wo heard but the battle-word given by the chief,
* To-day for revenge, and to-morrow for grief ! ' "
Hemans : The Death of Clanronald.
" What though thy name, through distant empires
heard,
Bade the heart bound, as doth a battleipord / "
Ibid. : The Sceptic.
* bat'-tle (1) (tie as tel), ^ bat'-til, va. & 1
[Battel (1),]
bat'-tle (2) (tie as tel), * batail, ^ bat-
ailen, v.i. & t. [From laitU (2), s. (q. v.). In
Fr. batailler ; Prov, & Port, batalkar; Sp.
l)atallar = to fight, to fence; Ital. hattagliare
= to fight, to skinnish.]
A. Intransitive :
I. Lit. Of a coiijlicthetioeeii- physical forces :
1. To fight a battle ; to take part in a battle.
" Oh ! more or less than man — in high or low.
Battling with nations, flymg from the field "
Byron: Vhilde Harold, iil. SS.
2. To struggle ; to contend in a conflict of
any kind, even though unworthy the name of
a battle.
" Her ragged and starving soldiers often mingled
with the crowd of beggars at the doors of convents,
and battled there for a mess of pottage and a crust of
bread." — 2/acaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. x.x.
II. Firj. Of a confiict between moral forces:
To be in conflict or antagonism with anything ;
to struggle against anything.
" I own he hates an action base.
His virtues battling with his place."
Swift.
B, Transitive : To contest, to dispute by
force of arms, or in any other hostile way.
(Followed by-i(, which gives the ordinary in-
transitive verb a transitive character.)
" I battle it against Him, as I battled
In highest Heaven." — Byron: Cain, ii. 2.
bat'-tled (tied as teld), * bat'-teled, a.
[From O. Fr. hatailHer = to furnish with battle-
ments.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Possessed of battlements.
[Embattled.]
" So thou, fair city ! disarrayed
Of battled wall and rampart's aid."
Scott : Jlarynion, Introd. to canto v.
2. Her. : Having the chief, chevron, fesse, or
anything similar borne on one side in the form
of the battlements of a castle or fort.
bat'-tle-door, bat' -tie -dor e, * bat'-tle-
der, * bat'-yl-dore, * batyldoure (tie
as tel), s. [Etymology doubtful, probably
from Sp. batidor = one who or that which
beats ; batir = to beat,]
* 1. A washing beetle.
"Batyldoure or wasshynge hetyl, Feritorium.." —
Prompt. Parv.
2, The instrument with which a shuttle-
cock is struck. It consists of a handle and
a flat expanded board or palm at the top ; a
racket.
_" Playthings which are above their skill, as tops,
gigs, battledoors, and the like, which are to be used
witli labour, should indeed be procured them,"—
Locke.
3. A game played with a shuttlecock, which
is driven to and fro by two persons witli
battledores.
* 4. A child's hornbook. (Todd.)
bat- tie - ment (tie as tel), '^ bat'- el-
ment, s. [From O. Fr. latillevient ; bastille
= made like a fortress ; Low Lat. bastilla,
bastillns = tower, fortification.] [Bastille,]
A. As substantive :
I. Lit. (Arch. £ Ord. Lang.):
1. A wall or rampart built around the top
of a fortified building, with interstices or em-
brasures to discharge arrows or darts, or fire
guns through.
" Go ye up upon her walls, and destroy ; but make
not a fuU end: take away her battleme}Us : for they
are not the Lord's, "—^er. v. 10.
2. A similar erection around the roofs of
churchea and other Gothic buildings, where
the object was principally ornamental. They
are found not only upon parapets, but as orna-
ments on the transoms of windows, &c.
3. A wall built around a flat-roofed house in
the East and elsewhere to prevent any one
from falling into the street, area, or garden.
" When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt
make a battlemerU lor thy roof, that thou bring not
blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence "
— Deiit. xxii. 8.
II. Fig. : A high and dangerous social or
political elevation.
" That stands upon the battlemerUs of state ;
I'd rather be secure than great "—Norris.
B. In an attributive sense in such a com-
pound as the following : —
battlement-wall, s. A wall forming the
battlement to a building.
■' And the moonbeam was bright on his battlement-
walls." Hemans : Guerilla Song.
bat'-tle-ment-ed (tie as tel), a. [Eng.
battlement; -ed.'] Furnished with battle-
ments ; defended by battlements.
" So broad [the wall of Babylon] that six chariots
could well diive together at the top, and so battle-
mented that they could not falL"— ifir T. Herbert:
Travels, p. 223.
^- bat'-tler, s. [Batteler.]
* batt'-let, H. [Batlet. ]
*bat-tlmg (1), * bat-ling, *bat'-le-ing
(le = el),pr. par. [Battle (1), v.. Battel, v.]
batt'-ling (2), pr. par., adj., & s. [Battle (2),
r.] The act or operation of fighting, in a
literal or figurative sense ; contest, fight,
struggle.
" The livid Fury spread-
She blaz'd in omens, swell'd the groaning winds
With wild surmises, battlings, sounds ol war"
Tliomson: Liberty, pt. 4.
t bat-tol'-o-gist, s. [See Battologize, v.f]
One who repeats his words unnecessarily.
"Should a truly dull battologlst, that is of Auso-
nius's character, giiam pauca, qaam din loquuntur
Attici f that an hour by the glass speaketh nothing ;
. . ."—Whitlock: Manners of the English, ]!. 209.
t bat-tol-O-gi'ze, v.t. [Gr. ^arroKoyiiM (bat-
tnlogeo) (Matt. vi. 7, Gr. Test.) = to stammer,
to repeat the same syllable, word, clause, or
sentence over and over again : jSarToj (battos)
=. a stammerer, Aoyos (logos) = discourse, and
Eng. suff. -ize = to make. ] To repeat the same
word or idea with unnecessary frequency.
" After the Eastern mode, they wa^ed their bodies,
bowing their heads, and battologizing the names
Allough Whoddaw, and jl/aAume( very often,"— i'ir T.
Herbt:rt ■ Travels, p. 101.
t bS-t-tol'-o-g^, s. [Fr. baitologie; from Gr.
/BaTToAoyi'a (6a((o?0(;m) = stammering.] [See
v.t.] The repetition of the same word or idea
with unnecessary frequency. (Milton.)
* bat'-ton, s. & a. [Batten, s. & a.]
* bat-td'on, s. [Baton.]
bat'-tor-y, s. A name given by the Hanse
Towns to their magazines or factories abroad.
batts, s. [BoTTS.] Colic. (Scotch.)
"... the last thing ye seut Cuddle when he had the
batts e'en wroi^ht like a charm." — Scott: Old Mor-
tality, ch. viL
bat'-tiie, s. [Fr. &a(i?(e= beating ; from battre
= to beat.]
Among sportsmen: The process or operation
of beating the bushes to start game, or drive
it within prescribed limits, where it may be
more easily shot.
^ bat'-tu-late, v.t. [A Levantine word.
Etymology doubtful.]
Comm. : To prohibit commerce.
* bat-tu-la'-tion, s. [From Eng. battulate-
(q.v.).] A prohibition of commerce.
bat-tii'-ta, s. [Ital. battuta = time in music,
. . . the ijeating of the pulse ; from battere =
to beat.]
Music : The measurement of time by beat-
ing. [A Battuta.]
bat'-ty, * bat'-tie, a. [Eng. bat(t) ; -y. ] Bat-
like ; pertaining to a bat.
" Till o'er their brows death-eoimterf citing sleep.
With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep."
Shakesp. : Mid. Jt'ig/U's Bream, iiL 2.
* bat'-une, *. Old form of Baton.
bat-ward, ;>•. [From A. S. bat = hoa.t; and
Eng. ward, A.S. weard = a keeper.] [IBoat,
Ward.] A "boatkeeper," i.e., a boatman.
(Scotch.)
" Bot scho a batward eftyr that
TU hyr spowsyd husband gat,
Eftyr that mony a day
The Batwardis laud that callyd thai."
WynXoxtm, vi. IG, 63.
* bat'-yl-dbre, s. [Battledoor.]
boil, bo^; pout, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -siouSg -
as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
29
450
batz— bavaroy
oAUBLE.
batz, batZC:, s. [In Ger. iat:, batze, batzoi ;
Low Lat. hacGO, hacius, bacenus = of the
Swiss canton of Berne, having on it the figure
of a bea-r ; from Ger. bdtz, &c(.r=bear.] A coin
of copper with a sliglit admixture of silver,
formerly current in jiarts of Switzerland and
Germany. Its value was about a halfpenny
sterling.
t baub, s. [Apparently imitated from the
sound.] Beat of drum." (Scotch.)
"... for that effect, ordains a baitb to be beatt throw
the town, that none may pi-etencl ignorant."— Deed o''
Town Council of Jedburgh (1714). PuiUhn of Fl<ishers,
A. 1814. (Jamieson.)
bau-be'e, s. [Bawbee,] (Scotch.)
bau'-ble (1), * babuUe, * bable, s. [From
Eng. bob ; Scotch bab, as v.= to move smaitly
up and down ; as s. =a lump, a bunch
(Bob.) Wedgwood sets the exami.lo of sepa-
rating this from Bauble (2), with which it is
generally united.]
1. Originally : A stick with a lump of Ipad
hanging from its summit, used to beat dogs
with
" BnhuVe or bable : Librllla pegma." " Librilla dici-
tur iiifltrumentum librniidi : a bubfe or a dogn-e
malyute," "Pegni;i. bncuhis cum inassa pluinbi in suiTi.
mitate i?^ndvnte."—r)-ompt. Pitrv., and Fuotnot< x ioit.
2. Later : A short
stick or wand, with
a head with assi-s" ^
ears carved at the ^
end of it ; this was
carried by the fools
or jesteis of former
times. (Malone's
SliakespeaTe,\\\. 4D5.)
(Jamieson.)
% (a) Perhaps this
second meaning of
the word should go
under Bauble (2).
(6) When Oliver Cromwell, losing patience
with the then existing House of Commons, and
with parliamentary government in general,
turned the members unceremoniously out of
doors, feeling himself —
" Forced (though it gi-ieved his soul) to rule aloue,"
his words were but few, but among those
few (as all will remember) there came forth
the notable direction as to the disposal of
the parliamentary mace — "Take away that
bauble ; " or, by other accounts, his language
was, " What shall be done (or, What shall we
do) with these fool's baubles ? Here, carry it
away 1 "
bau'-ble (2), baw'-ble, * bable, s. [From
Ft. babioh = a toy, a bauble, a trifle, a gew-
gaw, a plaything.]
A. As substantive :
I. Lit. : A gewgaw, a tinsel or other orna-
ment of trifling value ; any material thing
which is showy but useless.
" This shaU be writ to fright the fry away,
"Who draw their little bawblcs when they play,"
Dr/jden.
"... almost every great house in the kingdom cod-
tained a museum of these gi^oteaque baubles." ~Jfa-
-^alat/ : Hist. Eng., ch, xi.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of things : Anything not material which
is specious or showy, but worthless. Speci-
ally—
(a) Trifling conversation ; pretentious non-
sense.
" If, in our contest, we do not interchange useful
notions, we shall trafBck toys and baubles."— Govern-
-ment of the Tongue.
(b) A composition of little value.
" Our author then, to please you in your way,
Presents you now a bawbte of a play.
In gingling ihyme."—GranviU.j.
(c) A sham virtue ; a virtue attributed to
one by people who look from a distance, but
which would on closer inspection prove coun-
terfeit.
" A prince, the moment he is crown'd.
Inherits every virtue round.
As emblems of the sovereign pow'r,
Like other bawblea of the 'iovf'i."—Sivift.
2. Of persons : One small in size and unim-
portant. A contemptuous or pretendedly con-
temptuous term for a wife or other female.
" She haunts me in every place I was the other
day talking on the sea-bank with some Venetians;
and thither comes the bauble, and, by this hand, falls
me thus about my neck. "— Sftaftefljo. ; OthcUo. iv. l,
"B, Attributively : Toy, miniature ; showy,
but not much worth.
" And where the gardener Robin, day bv day,
Drew me to school along the public w.^v,
Delighted with my ftawile cuach. . . ,"'
Cowjjer : On tJic Receipt qf my Mother's Picture.
bau'-bling, * baw -bling, a. [From Eng.
bimbU (2), and -ing, dimin. suffix.] Trifling;
contemptible.
" A buwbling vessel was he captain of,
For shallow draught and bulk unprized."
iihakesp. ■ Twelfth Night, v. I.
bau'-9e-ant, s. [Bauseant.]
bauch {ch guttural), baugh (gh = f ), a.
[Scand. bdgr = pool'.] Iiidillereiit, poor, with-
out substance or stfimina. (N.E.D.)
■*bau'-clile,ba'-chle,ba'-chel(t'?t guttural,
chle a.s chel). s. [Etym. doubtful, perhaps
from bauch (q v.).]
1. Lit. : An old shoe used as a slipper.
'■ Through my auld bachle peep'd my muckle toe."
Taylor: Poems, p. 4. (Jumieson.)
2. Fig. : Whatsoever is treated with con-
tempt or disregard ; a ne'ei"-do-well.
(o) To male a bauchle of anything— to use
it so frequently and familiarly as to show that
one has no respect for it,
(b) To Tna/c a &tt)dcAZeofa person =to treat him
as the butt or the laughing-stock of a company.
bau'-chle» bct'-chle (chle as chel). v.t.
[Bauchle,s.] To distort, to vilify. (Jamieson.)
'^ ba'uch-ling, s. [Bauchle.] Taunting, scorn-
ful and contumelious rallying ; " cliafl' "
"And alswa because that fiajicA/m^ and reproving
at the assembiiea . , . na peraoun or persounis, of
ather of the saidis realniis, beir, schaw, or decluir
ony sign or taikiii of lepruif or bauchling. againis onv
subject of the opposite rt-alme . . ."—Borbonr MaX-
teris: Balfour's Pr act., p. 606. [Jamieson.)
bauch' -ly.cidv. [Bauch.] Sorrily.indifTerently.
" Compar'd with hers, their lustre fa',
And bnucMn tell
Her beauties, she excels tbem a"."
Jlumsaji: Poems, ii. 39".
bauch'-ness» s. [Bauch.] Want, defect.
Bau -913^ s. [Lat. Baucis, (1) the wife of Phi-
lemon, a Phrygian ; (2) any pious old woman
who is poor.]
Astronomy : An asteroid, the l72nd found.
It was discovered by Borelli, on the 5th of
February, 1877.
t bau'-cle (cle as eel), s. [Bywd.]
b^U -de-kiln, a. [Baldachin.]
* baud'-er-ic, *baud'-rie, *. [Bawdry.]
bau-dis'-ser-ite, s. [From Baudissero, near
Turin, where it occurs.] A mineral of chalky
appearance and adliering to the tongue. Dana
places it under his Earthy Sub-variety uf Ordi-
nary Magnesite. [Magnesite.]
•* baud'-rick, * baud'-er-yk, * baud-
rick, * baud'-ry, s. Old spellings of
Baldric.
baud'-r6n§, baud'-ran§t, bad'-ran§,
bath'-ron^, s. A nick-name for a cat, like
"grimalkin" in England. (Scotch.)
1[ The term is appreciative rather than
contemptuous.
" He had a heard too, and whiskers turned upwards
on his upper lip, as long as baudrons' . . ."—Hcott
Antiquary, ch. ix.
*baud'-y, a. [Bawdy.]
bau'-er-ap s. [Named after two brothers,
Francis and Ferdinand Bauer, highly eminent
botanical draughtsmen.] A genus of plants
belonging to the order Hydrangeacese, or
Hydrangeads. It consists of small Australian
shrubs with opposite sessile trifoliolate leaves
and handsome rose-coloured or purple flowers.
* bau-er-a'-9e-0B, * bau-er'-e-SB, s. pi.
[Bauera.] According to some botanists, an
order of Exogeus akin to Hydrangeads ; but
it has not been generally accepted.
* bau'-frey, s. [Berfray.]
bange (as bozU), s. [From Bauge, a town of
Frajise, in tlie department of Maine-et-Loire.J
A arugget of thick-spun thread and cuurav.-
wool, manufactured in Burgundy.
* bau'-ger, a. [Etymology doubtful.] Bald,
barbarous, bad.
"... and that also he rede in his bauger Latine,"—
Bale: Brief Chron. of Sir John Oklcastell. (Bouchei:)
* bau'-gie, s. [A.S. beag,beah, &e£r= a brace-
let, a collar, a crown ; Fr. bagtie = a ring.] An
ornament, as a ring, a bracelet, or anything
similar ; an ensign. [Badge.]
"His Gchinyng schelld, with his baugie tuke he."
Douglas : Virgil, 52, 13. {Ja^meson.)
bau-hin'-i-a, s. [Dut. bauhinia; Fr. bauhine.
Named by Blumier after John and Caspar
Bauhin, the plants which have two-lobed
leaves being deemed suitable for rendering
honour to two brothers, instead of tn one
person simply.] Mountain-Ebony. A genus
of plants belonging to the order Fabacese, or
Leguminospe, and the sub-order CEesalpiniea,
The species, which are mostly climbers he-
longing to the East or West Indies, have
beautiful flowers.
bau-hin'-i-e-Ee, s. pi [Bauhinia.]
Bot. : A tribe of the sub-order Caesalpinieas.
^bauk, baulk (I usually mute), s. [Balk, s.]
(Scotch.) Uncultivated places between ridges
of land. (Scotch.)
" Upon a baulk, that is, an unploughed ridge of land
interposed among the com . ." Scott .Heart of
Mid-Lothian, ch xsvt
^ bauk-helght, bawk-height, adv.
As high as the bank (i.e. balk) or beam of a
house or barn.
bauk, v.i. [Balk, v.]
"^ bauld, u. A form of Bald, «..
bauld, u,. [Bold.] (Scotch.)
bauld'-lie, adv. [Boldly.] (Scotch.)
bauld'-ness, o. [Boldness.] (Scotch.)
"" bauld'-rick, s. [Baldric]
bau'-llte, s. [From Mount Baula, in Iceland.}
A mineral, a variety of Orthoclase. It is
called also Krablite. It is a siliceous felspa-
thic species, forming tlie basis of the Trachyte
Pitchstone and Obsidian.
baulk, a. [Bauk, s.]
baun'-sey, s. [Bawson.] a badger.
"Baunscy or bauston best: TaxTis, melota.' —
Prompt. Parv.
bau'-se-ant, beau'-se-ant (eau as 6),
* bau'-5e-ailt, s. [Fr. ; from beau ~ well,
and scant = sitting.]
1. The banner borne by the Knights Tem-
plars in the thirteenth century. It was of
cloth, strijied black and white ; or in heraldic
language, sable and argent.
2. The Templars' battle-cry.
bau'-son, s. [Bawson.]
bauson-faced, «.. [Bawson-faced.]
bau'-sy, a. [O. Sw. i
Big, strong. (Scotch.)
: a strong man.]
"... and benches narrow,
And bausy hands to ber a barrow."
Dunbar: Maitland Poems, p. 110. {Jam-ieson.)
bau'-ter, v.i. [Etymology doubtful] To be-
come hardened. (S. in Bouclier.)
"• baut'e-roll, a. [Botte-rol.]
baux'-ite, &. [Beauxite.]
ba'-va-lite, s. [Etymology doubtful. It has
been derived from Fr. has vallon = a low vale
or dale.]
Min. : A variety of Chamoisite.
Ba-var'-i-an, a. & s. [From Eng. Bavari(an).
in Fr. bavarois, adj.]
1. A, As adj.: Pertaining to Bavaria, now a
kingdom constituting a portion of the German
empire. (Macaukiy, Hist. Bug., ch. xxiii.)
2. B. As suhst. : A native of Bavaria.
(Stanhope: Hist. Eng., 1870, p. 1.53.)
bav'-a-ro^ (Eng.), bS,V-a~ry, b§,v'-a-rie
(Scotch), s. [From Fr. Bavarois = Bavarian.]
1. Lit. : A great-coat ; properly, one made
meet for the body.
" Let the loop'd bavaroy the fop embrace,
Or his deep cloak be spatter'd o'er with lace."— Gray.
" mu^ *'*^' ^^ ^^"' naaist drown't to death,
i hough we had on ba.vaHes
Fuside, that day."
Picken ; Poems (1788), p 177.
2. Fig. : A disguise ; anything employed Cc
cover moral turpitude.
" Dimia use to hide yer sin,
HjTKjcrisy's bavary. "
Picken ; Poetns, p. 90.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;
or. wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6» -^ot
Syrian. Be, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw„
bavens— bawling
451
*" ba'-vens, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A kind
of cake. (Howell.) (J. H. in Boudu^r.)
bS-v'-in, * bS.v'-en, * bauen, s. & adj.
[Deriv. unknown. Mahn compares it with
Gael. & Ir. Oaoaii- = a tuft or tassel. Wedg-
wood suggests also hab, hob — a cluster (Bab,
Bob), and Fr. huhinc = a, bobbin (Bobbin),
besides quoting from Lacorabe 0. Fr. baffe = a
faggot.]
A. As substnntive : A word used in the
timber trade, with different meanings in
different parts of the country.
1. Brushwood in general.
2. A faggot of the type of which bundles are
used for the heating of bakers' ovens or the
kindling of ordinary fires.
" He's mounted on a hazel bavin,
A crop'd mallguant baker gave him. '
Iliidibras.
3. In "Warwickshire, it is used for the chips
of wood, scraps, and refuse of brushwood and
faggots which are either given to the poor, or
are gathered together to be burnt as useless,
John Floris. Willi;im Lily, and SLakespeare
(Bavin, a.) used it in this sense. {Timber
Trade Journal, &c.)
B. As adj. : Like faggots, or like chips of
wood, easily kindled but soon burnt out.
"He arabled ud and down
With shalloiv jesters anu rash bavin wits,
Soon kindled and soon burnt."
Shakesp.: 1 ITi-nri/ IV., iii. 2.
t baw, v.t. [Fr. bas = low.] To hush, to hill.
(Scotch.)
" They giap it, they grip it, it greets and they grain ;
They bed it, they baw it, they bind it, they brace it."
Watson: Coll., iii. 21. {Jajniesoru)
t baw, in compos. [Probably from Goth, bag,
O. Sw. bale = left.] Left ; to the left hand, as
hawburd = larboard. {Scotch.)
* baw, s. [Bow, s.]
* baw, * bawe, int-erj. [Wedgwood oonsider.s
this word formed by the expiration naturally
had recourse to as a defence against a bad
smell. In Welsh baw is = dirt, filth, excre-
ment.] An expression used to signify con-
tempt and disgust.
" Ye baw for bookes . . .'' — Piers Plowman, p. 205.
"Ye bawe, quath a brewere . . ."—Ibid., p. 387. {S.
in BoucJtcr.)
* baw'-waw, s. An oblique look, implying
contempt or scorn.
" But she was shy, and held her head askew,
Looks at him with the baw-waw of her ee "
Jioss ; Uetenore, p. 82. {Jamieson.)
baw-be'e, bau-be'e, b^w-bi'e, ba-be'e,
ba-bi'e, b^be'i, s. [Etymology doubtful.
From a Scottish mis -pronunciation of Fr.
bas-piece = a low piece. (Pinker ton.) Fi'om
Scotch babby = baby, infant, because first
struck in the reign of James II. of Scotland,
who, on his accession, was only six years old.
(Boucher.) Possibly from Fr. bas = low, and
billon = copper coin, debased coin. (JVebster.)
A corruption of Eng. halfpenny. (Mahn.j
(Scotch and N. of England dialects.).'] An old
Scotch copper coin, equivalent to the English
halfpenny. Jamieson says that the first men-
tion he had found made of it in Scottish litera-
ture was in Acts Jaines VI., 1584- (see first
example), and that then the term was applied
not to a purely copper coin, but to one of
copper mixed with silver.
According to Sir James Balfour, it was first
introduced in the reign of James V., and was
then worth three farthings. In the reign of
James VI. it was valued at six, and continued
to be of the same value as long as Scottish
money was coined.
". . . of the tuelf pennie peceis, baieis, and auld
plakis . . ."—Acts James VI. (1684).
". . . ye ken weol enough there's monv o' them
iraduamind a bawbee the weisinc a ball through the
Prince himsell, an the Chief gae uiem the wink . , ."
~-Scott : Waverley, ch. Iviii.
bawbee-row, s. A half-penny roll.
(Scotch.)
"... they may bide in her shop-window wi' the
ni.ips and bawbee-rows, till Beltane, or I loose them." —
Bcott : St. Honan's Well, ch. iL
baw'-ble, s. [Bauble (2).]
baw'-bUng, a. [Baubling.]
baw'-bird (1), s. [Scotch baw, in compos.
= left; A.S. bord = E board.] The larboard,
or the left side of a ship.
" Oa hawburd fast in inner way he lete ship,
And wai) before the formeat schip in hy.'
Douglas : Virgil, 133, 13.
* baw'-burd (2), * baw'-bret, s. [Bake-
BOARD.j The board on which bread is baked.
* baw'-cock, s. [From Fr. beau — fine, and
Eng. cocfc.] A fine fellow.
"Why, how now, my bawcock ? how dost thou,
chuck T—fihaktisp. • Twelfth IfigJU, iii. t
t bawd, a. [A corruption of bald (q-v.).]
(Occurs only in tlie expression bawd or bald
money, q.v.)
bawd-money, s. A name given to
Menm athamanticum, a well-known umbelli-
ferous plant. [Baldmoney, Meum.]
bawd, * baud, * baude, s. [Bawdstrot.]
1. Literally (of perso'fis) : One who procures
females for an immoral purpose ; one who
brings together lewd persons of different sexes
with vicious intent. (Formerly masculine as
well as feminine,)
* 1. (Masc.) A procurer.
" He was if I ahal yeven hira his laud
A theef, and eke a aompnour and a baud"
Chaucer : C. T., 6,936.
2. (Fern.) A procuress.
" If your worship will take order for the drabs and
the knaves, you need not to fear the bawils. "Shakesp.:
Meas.for Aleas., ii, 1.
II. Figuratively (of things) :
1. Whatever renders anything else more
attractive than it otherwise would be, with
the view of gaining the favour of spectators.
" Our author calls colouring Jena sororis, the bawd
of her sister design : she dresses her up, she paints
her, she procures for the design, and makes lovers for
h6T."—DryUen.
2. Whatever involves the taking of a bribe
for perpetrating wickedness.
"This commodity,
This bawd, this broker, tliis all-changing word.
Uath diawu him from his own determiu'd aid,"
Hhakesp. : King John, ii. 1.
bawd-born, a. Bom of a bawd.
" Bawd is he doubtless, and of antiijuity too ; bawd-
bom."— Shakesp. : Mens, for Aleas., iii. 2.
* bawd (1), v.i. [Eng. hawd, s.] To act as a
procuress or as a procurer.
" And in four months a batter'd harridan ;
N«w nothing's left, hut wither'd, pale, and shrunk,
To bawd for others." Swift,
""bawd (2), V.t. [Bawdy (2).] To foul, to
dirty, to defile.
" Her shoone smered with tallow
Gresed upon dyrt,
That baudeth her skyrt."
Skelton : Poems, p. 126.
* bawd'-e-kyn, s. Old form of Baldachino.
{Scotch. )
bawd'-i-Iy, adv. [Eng. baudy (2) ; -hj.] In a
bawdy manner, obscenely, lasciviously.
" She can speak . . . amorously bawdUy."~Taylor,
the Water-Poet : Works, ii., 95.
bawd'-i-ness, s. [Eng. baudy; -ness.]
* 1. Greasiness or filthiness of apparel or
body. [From bawdy (1).]
2. Obscenity, lewdness. (Johnson.)
bawd'-ing, s. [From haivd, s., or the pr.
par. of hawd (I), v.] The act or practice of a
bawd.
* bawd'-rick, * bawd'-rycke, * bawd'-
er-yke, * bawd -ryk, * bawd'-rikke,
* bawd'-rS^g, s. [From Old Fr. baudric,
baldret. ] [BALnRic. ]
" Fresh garlands too the virgins' temples crown'd ;
The youths gilt swords wore at their thighs with
Sliver baudricks bound." CJuipman : Iliad.
bawd'-rj^, * baud'-rie, * bawd'-er-ie,
+ baud'-er-ie, * b ald'-rye, .s. [Eng. bawd ;
•ry. In 0. Fr. bauderie, balderie = boldness,
joy,] [Bawd.]
L Thepracticeofabawd— that of procuring
females for an immoral purpose, or of bringing
together vicious persons of different sexes with
evil intent.
" Cheating and bawdry go together in the world."—
L Estrange.
2. Illicit commerce of the sexes ; obscenity
in composition or otherwise ; unchaste lan-
guage.
'* I have no salt : no bawdry he doth mean ;
For witty, in his language, is obscene."
Ben Jonson.
[Eng. bawd; -ship.] The
* bawd'-ship,
personality of a bawd. (Used, in mock cour-
tesy, as a form of address ; cf. lordship.)
* bawds'-trot, s. [O. Fr. baudetrot. Murray
suggests that the first element is O. Fr. baud,
baude = bold, wanton, merry, and the second
tlie Tent stridt. He considers that the Eng.
bawd, &., is only a shortened form of this word,
which occurs in one MS. of Piers Ploicman,
wliere the others read bawd.] A bawd, a
pander, a procuress.
bawd'-y ( 1' , * baud'-y, a. [Etym. unknown.
Skeat suggests Wei. bawaidd = dirty, from bau/
= mud.] Foul.dirty, defiled in a physical sense.
"Of his wor8hi^J rekketh he so lite
Hii overeat slipi^e it is not worth a mite
As in efl'ect to nim, so mote I go ;
it is all baudy and to-tore also."
Chaucer: C. T., 16,103.
bawd'-y (2), a. [Eng. bawd; -y.] Pertaining
to or like a bawd ; obscene, unchaste.
"Only they
That come to hear a merry bawdy play,
Will he deceiv'd."
Shakesp.: Benry VIIL, Prologue.
e poor bawdy jest shall dare appear ;
.V the hatter d veteran strumpets her
' Not one r _ _ . . ., .
For now the hatter d veteran strumpets here
Pretend at least to bring a modest ear."
Southern.
bawdy-house, s A house of evil repu-
tation ; a house in which, for lucre's sake,
unchaste persons of opposite sexes are allowed
opportunities and facilities for illicit inter-
course,
" Has the pope lately shut up the bawdy-h/iuAes, or
does he continue to lay a tax upon sin? " — Bennis.
*bawe(l), o. [Bow.]
* bawe-line, s. [Bowline.]
* bawe-man, ^. [Bowman.]
^ bawe (2), s. [Wei. baw = filth (?).] A kind
of worm formerly used as bait in fishing ; jier-
haps a maggot of some Musca or other dip-'
terous insect.
" The bayts in May and June , . . also the worme
that ys callyd a bawe and bredythe yn a donghylle " —
MS. Sloane. {S. in Boucher.)
baw'-gie, s. [Norse.] One of the Norse
names of the Black-backed GuU (Larus
mariynis).
"^ baw'-horse, s. [Bathobse, s.]
bawk, 5. [Balk, s.] (Scotch and N. of Eng.
dialects.)
"A rose-bud by my early walk,
Adown a com-inclosed bawk."
Bums: A Rosebud.
bawl, V.i. & t. [In Icel. baula = to bellow, to
low, as a cow does ; Sw. tola; A.S. bellan;
Ger. bellen = to bark ; Dut. balderen = to
roar ; Wei. ballaw ; Fr. piauler = to squall, to
bawl, to scold ; Low Lat. baido = to bark ;
Class. Lat. balo = to bleat. Imitated from the
sound.] [Bellow.]
A. Intransitive :
1. To emit a loud sound with the voice ; to
shout.
"And every soul cried out 'Well done !'
As loud as he could bawl."
Cowper : John Qilirin.
2. To cry loudly as a child.
" a little child was bawling, and a woman chiding
it. "—VEitrange.
B. Transitive :
1. To shout ; to shout against a hostile
measure ; to effect by clamour.
" To cry the cause up heretofore,
And bawl the bishops out of door." — Budihras.
2. To proclaim or advertise with a loud
voice, as a tnwn-cner does.
"It grieved me when I saw labours whioh had
cost so much bawled about by common hawkers " —
Swift.
1[ Bawl is always used in a contemptuous
sense.
bawl, s. [Eng. bawl, v.i. & t.] A Iqud shout
or crj'
bawled, iJa. par. [Bawl, v.t]
bawl'-er, s, [Eng. bawl, v., and suifix -er.]
One who bawls.
"It had been much better for such an imprudent
and ridiculous 6(iM.7c!-, as this, to have been condemned
to have cried oysters and brooms !" — Ecliard : Grounds,
£c., of the Contempt of the Clergy, 10th ed., p. 09.
bawl'-ing, *bal'-liAg, pr. par., adj., & s.
[Bawl, v.i. &*.]
A. & B. As present porti'-ivle or paritci-
j}iol adjec^ve : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
boil, h6^; pout, j6^1; cat, 9011, cborus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, CKist. -ing.
-p.ian = shan. -cion, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sions, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, d^l.
452
bawme— bay
" From his loved home no lucre him uiii draw ;
The senate's mad decLees he never wiw,
"Nui heard <it bawling bars corrupted \i\.\v "
DryderL
C. As siibstantive : Loud slionting, crying,
or clamour,
" ' We have at the Mnzzy Club.' says he, ' no riotous
mirth nor awkward ribaldry ; no coufuuiou or bawl-
ing.' " — Goldsmith : Essai/s, i.
bawme, v.t. [Fr. emhaifmer = to embalm.]
(Scotch.)
1. To embalm.
" That ilk hart than, as men nayd,
Sclio bawmiid, and gert it liu layd
In-til a cuphyii of evuri; "
WynCown, viii. 8, 18. [Jamieson.)
2. To cherisli, to warm.
" We strike at nicht, and on the dry sandis
Did bawme and beik oure bodyis, fete and handis."
Duiuj. : Virgil, 85, 31. {Jamiason-)
ba-wn, Ibawne, '* Ifan, ^\ [Ir. hdhhun, ulti-
mate origin unknown. O'CIery in N.E.D.]
A. -4s an ordinary Old English word :
1. Geii. : Anyliabitation, dwelling, or edifice,
of whatever materials constructed. (Richard-
son.)
2. Specially: A quadrangle or base-court.
(French.)
B. As a word used hy tlw Enqlisli livivg
within the Irish pale. (See Trencli's Enj. PaM
and Present.)
1. A hill.
" These round hilla and square hawncR, which you
see ao strongly trenched and throvme up, were (they
say) at first ordained for the same purpose, that people
might assemble themselves therein, and therefore
aunciently they were called folkmotes, that is. a place
o£ people, to meete, or talke of anything that con-
cerned any difference betweene parties and towne-
ships," — Spenser: Ireland.
2. A house,
" This Hamilton's bawn, whilst it sticks on my hand,
I lose by the house what I get by the land ;
But how to dispose of it to the best bidder
For a barrack or malthouse, I now must consider,"
Sjvift : The Grand Question Debated. {Richardson. )
IT It is still used in connection with Irish
history.
". . . he had wandered about from bawn to bawn
and from cabin to cabin."— J/((cauEay: Bist. Eng.,
ch. xii., i>. 2(15.
3. A place near the house enclosed with
mud or stone walls to keep the cattle from
being stolen in the night. (Notes to Swift's
G-rand Question Debated.)
* "baw'-rel, s. [Compare Ital. harletta = a
tree-falcon, a hobby.] A kind of hawk. (John-
son.)
* baw'-§and, * bau'-zeyn, ^ bau'-zain,
* bau'-zein, o. [From Fr. halzan, bauzan
= a black or bay horse with white legs above
the hoof ; haJzake = a white spot or mark in
any part of (a horse's) body (Cotgrave) ; Prov.
bausan, and Ital. ialzano-=a, horse marked
with white ; from Breton bal = (1) a white
mark on an animal, (2) an animal with a white
mark upon it.]
Of liorses and cattle only : Streaked with
white upon the face.
" Apoun aue hors of Trace dappill gray
Herand, quhais formest feit hayth tuay
"War mylk quhyte, and his creist on hicht bare he
With bawsand face ryiigit the forthir E."
Dougl. : Virg., i. IHJ (ed. 1553). (i>. in Houcher.]
* baW-soai, * baw'-sone, * b^u'-son,
*ba'-son, "^ baw'-sin, * bau'-sene,
"^ bau'-9yne, * baw'-ston, ^ bau'-ston,
* bau'-zon, '^ bau'-zen, * baun'-sey, s.
[In O. Fr. bauzan, baiicant, baucJiant = spotted
\vith white, pied.] Originally, no doubt, the
same as the preceding word.
A, As s^ibstaiitive :
1. Lit. : One of the English names of the
badger (Meles taxu^). It is given on account
of the streaks of white on the face of the
animal. (See etym.)
"Bedoue: a Gray, Brock, Bason, Batlger."— Coi-
grave.
2. Fig. : A large or fat person. (Coles.)
% It is still used in the dialect of Craven, in
Yorkshire, in which it signifies an imperious,
noisy fellow.
B. Attributively : Pertaining to or taken
from the badger.
" His naittens were of bauzen akinne."
Drayton: ^owsaftcii (1503), st. 10.
bawson-faced, bauson-faced, baw-
sint-faced, a. Having a white oblong spot
on the face.
"Ye might try it on the bauson-fa^d year-auld
grey ; . , . — '■'oo« ; Heart of Af id- Lothian, ch. xxviit
ba\r'-ty, s. [From 0. Fr. band = a wliite dog.]
A name for a dog, especially fm- a white dog
of large size, and also for a liare. (Scotch.)
bax'-ter, s. [Old form of Baker (q.v.);
originally a female baker ; A.S. bcecestre, from
limcere. In the sixti^eutli century backstress, a
double feminine, came into use for a short
time. [Bakester.] A baker.
"Ye breed of the haxters, ye loo ynur neighbour's
browst better than your aiu batch." — Ramsay: S.
Prov., p. 80.
Bax-ter'-i-an, n. & s. [From the proper
name Baxter'i^ee def.),]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Richard
Baxtej', the eminent Pui'itnn leader, who was
born in 1015, and died in 1(J!)1.
E, As aubstanlive : One holding the doc-
trines of Baxter.
bay, * baye« a. & s. [0. Fr., Mod. Fr., and
Prov. bai; Sp. hai/o; Port, baio; Ital. bajo,
baio; from Lat. 'fWiiis = chestnut coloured.
Compare Gael, buidhe = yellow.]
A. As adjective ; Of a reddish-brown, ap-
proaching to a chestnut colour. (Applied
chiefly to horses, many of whom are of the
hue now described, with a black mane and
tail.)
"... my lord, you gave
Good words the other day of a bay courser
I rode on. 'Tis youra becauise yrjii liked it."
Shakesp. ; Tim. of Athens, i. 2.
B. As substantive :
1. The colour described under A.
" A bay horse is what is inclining to a chestnut : and
this colour is various, either a light bay or a dark bay,
.iccording as it is less or more deep. There are also
coloured noraes that are called dappled bam All bay
horses are commonly called brown by the common
people.
" All bay horses have black manes, which distin-
guish them from the sorrel that have red or white
inanes.
"There are light bays and gilded bays which are
somewliat of a yellowish colour. The chestnut bay is
that which comes nearest to the colour of the chest-
nut."— Farrier's Diet.
2. A horse of that colour.
"... he steps into the welcome chaise.
Lolls at his ease behind four handsome bays,
That whirl away from business and debate.
The disencumber'd Atlas of the state."
Cowper : Retiretnent.
(See also the example under B. 1.)
bay (1), "^"baye, s. [In Fr. bate; Prov., Sp.,
& Port, bahia ; Ital. baia, baja. ; Low Lat.
baia; Ir. & Gael, badh, bagh; Bisc. baid, baiya
= harbour. Wedgwood considers Sp., &c.,
bakia the original form, and derives it from
Catalan badia = a bay, and badar = to open,
to gape. (Skeat.)']
Aa As substantive :
1. Geog. £ Ord. Lang. : An arm or inlet of
the sea extendhig into the land with a wider
mouth proportionally than a gulf. Compare
in this respect the Bay of Biscay with the
Gulf of Venice.
" And as the ocean many bays will make."
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 157.
2. Hydranlics & Ord. Lang. : A pond-head
raised to keep a store of water for driving a
mill.
3. Arcli. & Ord. Lang.: A term used to
signify the magnitude of a building. Thus,
" if a barn consists of a floor and two heads,
where they lay corn, they call it a barn of two
bays. These bays are from fourteen to twenty
feet long, and floors from ten to twelve broad,
and usually twenty feet long, which is the
breadth of the barn." (Builder's Diet., John-
son, &G.)
" If this law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the
fairest house in it after threepence a bay."ShaJcesp. :
Meas-forAfeas., ii. 1.
"There may be kept one thousand bushels in each
bay, there being sixteen bays, each eighteen feet long,
about seventeen wide, or three hundred square feet in
each bay." — Mortimer : Art of Iliisbaiulry.
B. Attributively: As in the following com-
pounds ;—
bay-like, a. Like a bay.
" In this island there is a large bay-like space, com-
posed of the tincat white sand,"— i)arwi7i .• Voyage
round the World, ch. xx.
bay-salt, bay salt, s.
Jn Chem., Maiivf, & Commerce
1. Originally : Salt obtained by evaporating
water taken from a ' ' bay " or other part of the
sea. This was done by conducting the water
into a shallow pit or basin, and then learaig
it to be acted upon by the heat of the sun.
2. Nov) : Coarse-grained crystals obtained
by slow evaporation of a saturated solution of
chloride of sodium.
"All eruption,s of air, though small and alight, give
sound, which we call crackling, puffing, spitting, Ac,
as in bay salt and bay leaves, cast into Are. ' — Bacon.
bay-window, s.
Arch.: A window projecting beyond the
line of the front of a house, generally either
in a semi-hexagon or semi-octagon. Strictly
BAY WINDOW.
speaking, a bay window rises from the ground
or basement, while an oriel is supported on
a corbel or brackets, and a bow window is
always a segment of an arch ; but in ordinaiy
use these distinctions are seldom accurately-
observed, all three words being used as
synonymous.
"... it hath bay toindows transparent as harrica-
does," — S7iakesp. : Twelfth /fight, iv. 2.
bay (2), s. [Fr. f'.&ois, f''''^o/s= barkings, bay-
ings ; abbayer = to bark or bay at. The origi-
nal form of the word was abay, abaye, or
obey.]
1. The state of being stopped by anji-hing,
as by amorous feeling or by some restraint on
motion interposed by others ; a standstilL
"Euere the dogge at the hole held it at abaye." —
William of Palerne {ed. fakeat), 46.
" When as by chaunce a comely squire he found
That thorough some move mighty enemies wrong.
Both hand and foote unto a tree was bound.
Unliappy Squire ! what hard mishap thee brought
Into tnis bay of perill and disgrace V "
Spenser: F. Q., VI. 1. 11, 12.
2. The act or the state, position, or attitude
of standing fiercely facing one's foes after
having vainly attempted to escape from them
by flight. (Used in the expressions at bay, at
the bay, and to bay.)
(1) At bay, * at abay, at the hay :
(a) Of a stag or other animal : The state,
position, or attitude of a stag or other animal
hunted by hounds when, despairing of escape,
it turns round and faces its pursuers.
" Like as a mastifie having at abay
A salvage bull, whose cruell homes doe threat
Desiderate dauuger, if he them assay,"
Spenser : F. Q. , VI. vii. 4".
"This ship, for fifteen hours, sate like a stag among
hounds at the bay, and was sieged and fought with
in turn by fifteen great ships," — Bacon : War with
Spain.
(b) Of men : In the state of men driven to
desperation, who, having turned, now fiercely
face their assailants, resolved to sell their
lives as dearly as possible.
"... they still stood nf bay in a mood so savage
that the boldest and mightiest oppressor could not
but dread the audacity of their despair." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. iL
(c) Fig. (of things) : Warded off.
" The most terrible evils ai'e just kept at bay by in-
cessant evils." — Isaac Taylor. (Goodrich A Porter.)
(2) To bay : From a state of flight into ono
like that described under At bay (b).
"... the imjierial race turned desperately (o ftoj/."
— Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xii.
bay (3), s. [From bay, v. (q.v.).] Barking; a
bark.
" From such unpleasant sounds as haunt the ear
In village or in town, the bay of curs , , ."
Cowp-^r : Task, bk. L
bay (4), * biye, s- [Probably from Fr. baie ;
Sp. baya = a berry. Kemotely trora Lat. bacca
(q-v.)J
A. As svh.'itantivi' :
t 1. A berry, and specially one from some
species of the laurel. [See No. 2.]
2. The English name of the iMurtis noMlis.
A fine tree with deep-green foliage and a pro-
fusion of dark-purple or black berries. Both
of these have a sweet, fragrant odour, and an
aromatic, astringent taste. The leaves, the
berries, and the oil made from the latter are
narcotic and carminative. The leaves were
anciently used to form wreaths or garlands
jate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, aj, oe = e. ey = a. ciu = kw.
bay— taazat
453
with which to encircle the brows of vinlnrs.
The bay is common in Spain, Italy, Greece,
and the Levant. [Laurel,] It is common in
English gardens, the leaves being often used
BAY.
3, Branch of Lauras nobilU, in male flower (one-fifth
uiituml Hize). 2, Male flower (natural size). :i.
Female flower (uatiiral size). 4, Berry (uatiiral
size).
for flavouring certain dishes. There are several
trees called by the same name. The Red Bay
of the Southern States of America is Laurus
CaroWiiensis. The White Bay is Mafjuolia
glauca.
TT In the United States bay is locally used
also for a tract of land covered with bay-
trees. (Drayton : S. Carolina.)
3. Plur. (Poetic.) : An honorary crown, gar-
land, or any similar reward bestowed as a
prize for excellence. [See No. 2.]
(tt) Such a reward, literally, of bay -leaves.
(&) An honorary reward of another kind.
" Shall royal institutions miss the bai/f.
And Biiiall acadeinies win all the praise? "
Coioper : Tiracinium.
4. Of the Scriptnre Bay-tree. [Bay-tree, 2.]
"B, Aitribiitiocly : In such compounds as
the following : —
bay-laurel, s. A name sometimes given
to the common laurel, Prunus Uiurocerasus.
bay-rum, s. An aromatic, spirituous
liquid, used by liair-dressers and perfumers,
prepared in the West Indies by distilling rum
in wliicli bay leaves have been steeped. As
imported it is almost colourless, and contains
eighty-six per cent, of proof-spirit. It is difli-
cult to obtain genuine bay-rum, except directly
from the importer, more than one-half of that
consumed in Great Britain being an ai-tificial
mixture of oil of bay, alcohol, and water.
bay-tree, bay tree, a.
1. Ord. Lang. : The same as Bay (4), No. 2.
It is sometimes called also the Sweet Bay-tree.
2. Scripture. Tlie bay-tree of Ps. xxxvii.
35, Heb. rn}St (czrachh), from XVyx (zarachh) =
to spring up, may be the Laurus nohilis,
though this is by no means certain. Gesenius
makes it simply an indigenous tree, as dis-
tinguished from one transplanted. The Sep-
tuagint translators, mistaking nnw (arzachh)
for rnif* (ezraccli), called the tree "the cedar
of Lebanon."
" [ have seen the wicked in great power, and spread-
ing hiniaelf like a green biiy-tieii."—Ps. xxxvii. a5.
l>a'y(l). '^■^- [From Eng. hay (])=an arm of
the sea.] To embay, to sliut in, to enclose, to
encompass, to surround, as a bay is enclosed
to a certain extent by Jand.
". . . we lure at the stake,
And bay'd about with many enemies."
tHiaktsp. : Julius Ccesar, iv, I.
bay (2), v.i. & t. [In Fr. aboyer ; O. Fr. abbayer ;
Ital. abbaiare, abbajare, baiare, bajare = to
hark ; Lat. baubor = to bark gently ; Gr.
jSau'^oj (baiizo) = to bark, to cry fiav jSau (ban
ban), corresponding to the bow wow of English
children, imitated from the sound of a dog's
barking.]
A. Introns. ; To bark like a dog. Used—
1, With at of the person or thing barked at.
" While her vexed spaniel, from the heach,
Bayed at the i)rize beyond his reach."
Sa)tt : Lady of (lie Lake, ii. 5,
2, Without a preposition following,
" The watchdog bay'd beyond the Tiber."
Byron. : Manfred, iii. 4.
B. Transitive : To pursue with barking ; to
hark at. Used —
1. Lit. : Of dogs pursuing an animal.
2. Fig. : Of human enemies pursuing a
person or an arraj'.
" He leaves Ms back unjtrm'd, the French and Welsh
Baying him at the iisEls,"—Shafc(:sp. .■ 21/eti. If.,i. 3.
^ -Uso [from Bay (2), s., 2] to drive to bay.
" When in the wood of Crete they bay'd the hear."
Ukakeap. : Mvls. yight's DreaiH, iv. 1.
bay'-ard, '^bai'-arde, s. [O. Fr. bayard;
from bay, a,, and suffix -ard (q.v.).]
1. Literally: A bay horse. (Often applied
specially to an old blind horse freiiucufly
mentioned in old poetry.)
"Blind Bayurd moves the mill." — Philips.
2. Figuratively :
((() A man blinded with self-conceit.
'■ Ouely the bald and blind baijards (who usually out
of self-conceit ,ire bo exLct'diui^ly confident of theii
election and salvation) . . ."—Barrow, vol. iii., Ser. 4.:.
(Richardson.)
(h) An unmannerly beholder. [Fr. bayer =
to gape.]
bay'-ard-ly, a. [Eng. bayard; -ly.'\ Done
in a blind or stuijid manner.
"... not a formal and /"t;/ardl>/ round of duties."—
Goodman: Winter £01:, dug Conference. {liieharason.)
bay'-ber-ry, s. [Eng. bay; berry.]
1. The berry of the bay, Lauras nobilis,
2. One of the names given to the lifijrini
ccrifcra, or Wax Myitle of North America, a
shrub or small tree be;a-ing berries used for
making into candles, soap, or sealing-wax.
The root is used to reniove toothache. The
name is said to be derived from the fact that
the plant is found on the shores of bays.
bayberry-busb, s. The same as Bay-
berry (q. V. ).
bayberry-tallo^w, s. TaHow for candles
made from the fruit of the baybcrry.
*baye, '''.f. [Bathe.] To bathe.
" Hee feedes upon the cooling shade, and b<if/es
His sweatie forehead iu the breathing wynd "
Spenser: /'. Q., I. viL 3,
bayed, «. [From bay (1), s., and a., A. 3.]
Having a bay or bays.
"The large bayed hAni."— Drayton.
■* ba'ye-ly, s. Old spelling of Baillje.
*baye§i, s. [Baize.]
Bay'-eux (eux as u), s. & a. [Fr. 7?o//f//z(.see
def.), O. Fr. & Low Lat. liaiocas, Jkiinac, and
Baiocasses, from a tribe formerly inhabiting
it.] A French town, capital of an ariondisse-
ment of the same name in tlic di'partment
of Calvados.
Bayeux- tapestry, Bayeux tapes-
try, s. Tapestry ]ireserved in the Cathedral
of Bayeux, representing the events in William
BAYEUX TAPESTRY.
of Normandy's conquest of England, and .said,
apparently with correctness, to have beeji
wrought by his queen Matilda.
bay'-ihg (I), pr. par. & a. [Bay (1), v.]
bay'-ing (2), * bai'-yhge, *bay'-iuge, irr.
par., a., & s. [Bay (2), v.]
A. & B. As adj. and part ii:ip. adj.: In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive : The barking of a dog.
" Until he heard the mountains round
Ring to the baying of a hound."
SvoCt : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iii. 14.
bayl'-don-ite, 5. [Named after Dr. John
Bayldon.] A mineral occurring as minute
mammillary concretions, with a dingy surface.
It is sometimes reticulated. Its hardness is
4'5 ; its sp. gi-. 'y'db ; its lustre strong resinous ;
its colour grass-green to blackish-green. Its
composition is : Arsenic acid, 31*76 ; oxide of -
copper, bO-88 ; oxide of lead, 30-13 ; water,
4-58. It is found in Cornwall.
* bayl'-ler-ie, s. The same as Bailiary
(t|.v.). (Scotch.)
bay'-ly-shlp, s. [Old Eng. bayly = baillie;
-sh ip. ] The office or jurisdiction of a bailLLe.
■ bayne, -s. [Bain, s.]
"^ bayne, v. [Bain, v.1
" bayne, a. [Bain, a. 1 5
bay'-6n-et, * bag'-6-net, s. [In Sw. bajo-
neit; Dan. & Dut. hujonet; Fr. baivnelte,
bayonet te ; Sp. bayonclu ; Port, haioiieta ;
Ital. baionetta. From Bayonnc, a French
city in the BassL'S Pyrenees, near which
bayonets were hrst ni.iuufactured in 1040.
De'rived fi'oni Basque l'<ia = good, and ona =
bay, port.]
1. Military £ Ord. Lang. : A military weapon
fonnerly called a dagger, made tu be fitted to
the muzzle of a gun or rifle, 11' (-unvert the
latter into a kind of pike. At first it was so
fixed that it required to be taken oft' before tlie
gun was fired ; but since the battle of Killie-
crankie showed the danger of such an aixange-
ment, it has been screwed on iu such a way as
not to interfere with the firing of the weapon.
" The musketeer was generally provided with a
weapon which had, during many years, been gradually
commg into use, and which the Ein;lish then called a
dagger, bnt which, from the time of William III.,
has been known among us by the French name of
bayonet." — Macaulay : nht. Eng., ch. iii.
2. Mech. : A jiin which plays in and out of
holes formed for its reception, and which by
its movements engages or disengages parts of
a machine.
bayonet-clasp, s. A movable ring of
metal surrounding the socket of a bayonet to
strengthen it.
bayonet- clutch, s. a clutch, usually
with two prongs, att.iehed by a feather-key to
a shaft-dri-\-ing machinery. When in gear the
prongs of the clutch are ujade U> act upon the
ends of a friction-straji in contact with the side
boss of the wheel to be driven.
bayonet-joint, s. A kind of coupling,
the two jiicccs of which ax'e so interlocked by
the turning of the complex ap2iaratus that
they cannot be disengaged by a longitudinal
movement.
bay'-on-et, v.t. [From bayonet, s. (q.v.).]
1. "To put to the bayonet," to stab with
the bayonet.
2. To compel by liostile exhibition of the
bayonet.
"Yon send troops to Kabre and bayonet us into sub-
nii3sion."~a«j'te .- To the Sheriffs of Brlstoi.
ba'-you, s. [Fr. boyau = (l) a gut, (2) a long
;md narrow place.] A word used in Louisiana
(which belonged to the French before 1S03,
when the United States purchased it), antl
signifying (1) the outlet of a luke ; (l') a
channel for water.
"Into the still haynu."
LongfelloiO : The Quadroon Girl.
*L
^ bayt, * bayte, s. The same- as Bait, s.
* bayt, v.t. The same as Bait, v. (Scotch.)
' bayte, «. [Both.] (Scotch.)
* bayte, v.t. & i. [Bate, v.]
bay-ya'm,s. [From Eng. bay, a. or bay, s. (1)
(it is doubtful which), mid yarn.] The same
as woollen yarn. (Chambers.)
bayze, s. [Baize.]
ba'-za, s. [Bazat.]
bar-zaar', ba-zar', s. [In Dut., Ger., Fr., &
Port, bazar; Ital. hi>.:a.r,ba:ari, all from Pers.
bazdr — sale, exchange of good.s, market.]
1. In Persia, Turkey, India, d:c.: An Eastern
market, whether in the open air or roofed la.
"Attached to the barracks [in Madras] is a bazar for
the supply of the troops."— JViorn^oii.- Gazetteer of
India (1857), p. 579.
2. In England :
(a) An establishment for selling various
kinds of fancy goods for personal profit.
(b) A sale for some benevolent object.
baz'~at,baz'-a,s. [In Ger. &aca7j. Apparently
from Ai'ab. f busr = cotton. ]
bSil. b6^; po^t, jS^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f„
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del„ °
454
baze— beach
Comm. : A long fine-spun cotton, often called
Jerusalem cotton, as being brought from that
city.
t>aze« base, v.f. [Dut rerbazen = to astonish,
tu amaze. ] To conf use,to y tupefy, to daze (q. v.)-
" Into his face she gioiu' il and gazed,
And wist not well, she was no biizcd,
To what hand for to turn her "
\y<ili,u-n : CoU 1 -il.
" ba'-zen (Old Enp.), bas'-sin {Scotch), a.
[Bass (l).] Of or belonging to rushes.
" Under the feit of this ilk hysnyng jaip ;
About the nek knyt mony bansin riup."
Doug.: Virgil, 46, 38. (Janiieson.)
B.C. Initials and abbreviations of Before Christ.
(Used in chronology and ordinary language.)
bdel'-li-dse, s. 21I [From Gr. ^SiWa. (bdeIJa)
= a leech ; jSSaAAw (hdallo) = to milk cows, to
suclc.]
Zoology: A family of Arachnida (Spiders), of
the order Acarina. They have a rostrum, and
palpi of extreme length, have their bodies
divided by a constriction, and live among
damp moss.
bdel'-li-iim (& silent), s. [In Ger. and Fr.
hdellium ; Port, bdellio ; Lat. bdellium and
bedella ; Gr. pSiWiov (bdelliou). Apparently
akin also to Heb. n^13 (bedholachh), from "^TB
(fiadhdl) — to separate, to select.]
I. Scripture. The "bdellium" of Scripture
is in Heb. nVin (bedJwlachh) (see etym.), ren-
dered in the Septuagint of Gen. ii. 12 du6pa$
(anthrax) (literally, burning coal) = . . . the
carbuncle, ruby, and garnet (Llddell and Scott),
the red sapphire (Dana); whilst in Numb. xi. 7
it is ti'anslated Kpva-raWos (krustallos) = . . .
rock crystal. Some modem writers, followui,^-
the Septuagint translation, make it a mineral,
as are the "gold "and the " onyx stone " with
which it is associated in Gen. ii. 12. Other^^
think that it was the gum desuribed under II
and III. 2; while the Rabbins, Bochart, and
Gesenius consider that it was a pearl or pearls.
" And the gold of that land ia good: there is bdellium
and the onyx -atone." — Gen. ii. 12.
"And the manna was as coriander^seed, and the
colour thereof as the colour of b(lelliurn."~^u.mb. xi. 7.
II. Class. Nat. Hist The bdellium of Pliny
was once supposed to have been the gum of
the Palmyra Palm, Boraasus Jlabelliformis, but
was more probably a Balsamodendron, appa-
rently B. Mulcul (III. 2).
III. Modern Botany, Old Pharmacy, and
Commerce :
1. Indian hdellium oi False Myrrh: A gum
resin produced by Balsannodendron Roxbttrghii
or Amyris Bdellium. It appears in light-
coloured pellicles in the bark of the tree,
which peel off from time to time ; they diffuse
for some distance round a fragrance of a de-
lightful kind, but not equal to that of myrrh.
It was formerly used in plasters.
2. The bdellium of the Persian Gulf: A gum
resin derived from Balsamodendron Mukul.
3. African bdellium: Two gmn resins, the
one from Balsamodendron Africanum, which
grows in Abyssinia and Western Africa ; the
other from a composite plant, Ceradia furcata.
yi'reas. ofBot.)
4.. Sicilian bdellium : A gum resin produced
by a species of carrot, Daucus Hispanicns (De
C'and.), D. gummifer (Lamarck), or by D. gin-
giditnn (Linn.).
bdel-lom'-et-er, s. [From Gr. /35eA.Xa (bdella)
= a leech, and fj-erpop (m£troii) = a measure.]
Surgery : A cupping-glass, to which are
attached an exhausting syiinge and a scarifi-
cator. It was introduced as a substitute for
leeches, and shows the amount of blood
drawn.
be, * bi, * ben (pr. par. heang, * beeinq, * be-
ynge (Eng.); * beand (O. Scotch) (pa. par. been,
* ben, * be), v.i. [A.S. hcon, beonne = tQ be,
to exist, to become. It is thus declined : ic
heo = I am ; thu beod, best, byst = thou art ; he
byth, bith, we heoth, beo, &c, Gael, bi = to be ;
Ger. ich bin = I am ; O. H. Ger. bvn, bin =
to be; Goth, banan; Slav, byti ; Lith. buti ;
Sansc. hhu — to be. Compare also Lat. fni =
I was ; Gr. (puio (phuO) = to bring forth, to
produce.] The substantive verb. It is used —
I. -As a copula connecting the siibject and
its pTi'divate : in which case it denotes exist-
ence in relation to that predicate ; existence,
the character of which is to be explained by
the word with which the substantive verb is
connected ; to be ; to continue, to remain ; to
be present in a place ; to happen in a par-
ticular way ; to happen according to ordina-
tion or appointment ; to become ; to aim ;
with various other shades of meaning. Rank-
ing as a copula or apposition verb, now
technically viewed as one of incomplete pre-
dication (see Bain's Higher Eng. Gram.), it is
followed by a nominative in apxiosition with
it, and not with an objective as would be the
case were it a transitive verb. Thus in the
example from Acts xii. 15, given below, " It is
his angel," the noun angel is in the nominative
and not in the objective case.
^ Be is defective, the omissions being sup-
plied by parts from other verbs not in the
least resembling it in sound, as am, art, are
(from A.S. eo7n, = to be), v^ere, was (from A.S.
wesan = to be). [Beand, Is.]
1. In a general sense, in which case it may
be joined with an adjective, an adverb, a sub-
stantive, a pronoun, &c.
". . , I was envious at the foolish."— /"s. Ixxiii. a.
"... lo, he is there . . ."—Mark xiii. 21,
"... itw his angel."— .ttcifixii. 15.
"... Lord, is it I ?" — Matt. xxvi. 22.
2. Specially : As au auxiliary verb, used
(a) Before a past (properly a perfect) parti-
ciple, so as to constitute the passive voice.
"Bleaaed shall &e thy basket and thy store." — Deut.
xxviii. 5.
(p) Before the present (properly the im-
perfect) jjarticiple, so as to constitute a form
of the active, implying that an action has
commenced to be performed, that the doing
of it is in progress, but is not yet completed.
II. In an oJ)stract sense denoting simple
existence. This is the reason why it is called
the substantive verb. If the being existent
be a living one, then the substantive verb
denotes to live.
" To be or not to be, that ia the question."
Shukesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
IIL Special phrases :
1. *Be als m-ekil = forasmuch.
" AUe so it is ordeyned, he on assent of the brethren,
be als tneckil as the lyght fornaeide ne may nout be
meyntened ui the tyme for to come." — English Gilds
(Ear. Eng. Text Soc.), pp. •!!>. 50.
2. Be it so = let it be so. A phrase used (a)
by one giving authority to do anj-thing whicli
he has the power to permit or refuse to have
done, or (b) by one conceding what an oppo-
nent in argument has demanded.
" My graciods duke.
Be 't so she will not here, before your grace,
Consent to marry with Demetrius,"
Shakesp. ; Mids. Wight's Dream, iL 1.
3. Let be = let alone, leave unmeddled with.
"Let be, said he, my prey." — Dryden,
^ The following examples illustrate how
interchangeably be, bi, and ben were once used :
(a) Be, used where been would now be em-
ployed.
" Fenyeand ane oblatione, as it had be
For prosper returnyug hamg in thare euntri,"
Doug. : V'ngil, 39, 10.
('j) Ben (= beon) for be.
" A manly man, to ben an abbot able."
Cliaucer: C. T., Prol. icr.
Be was also used where we now employ are.
" Be they better than these kingdomn ? "~A jnos vi. 2.
It was also used in O. Scotch for ht or let be =
not to mention, not to speak oi'„ to except.
(Jamieson.)
^ (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to be, to exist, and to subsist: — "To he is
applicable either to the accidents of things, or
to the substances themselves ; to exist only to
substances or things that stand or exist of
themselves. We say of qualities, of forms,
of actions, of arrangement, of movement, and
of every different relation, whether real, ideal,
or qualificative, that they are ; we say of
matter, of spirit, of body, and of all sub-
stances, that they exist. M;ui is man, and
will be man under all circumstances ; he
exists under every known climate, &c. Of
being and existence as nouns, the former not
only designates the abstract action of being,
but is metaphorically employed for the sen-
sible object that is ; the latter is confined
altogether to the abstract sense. Hence,
human beings ; beings animate and inanimate ;
the supreme Being: but the existence of a
God, of innumerable worlds, of evil. Being
may in some cases be indifferently employed
for existence, particularly in the grave style ;
when speaking of animate objects, as the
being of a God; our frail being; and when
qualified in a compound form is preferable, as
our well-being. Subsist is properly a species
of existing; it denotes temporary or paitial
existejice. Every thing exists by the creative
and preservative power of the Almighty ;
that which subsists depends for its existence
upon the chances and changes of this mortal
life. To exist therefore designates simply the
event of being or existing ; to subsist conveys
the accessory ideas of the mode and duration
of existing. Man exists while the vital or
spiritual part of him remains ; he subsists by
what he obtains to support life."
(p) To he, to become, to grovj, are thus dis-
criminated : — "Be is jjositive ; become is rela-
tive : a person is what he is without regard
to \vhat he was ; he becomes that which he was
not before. We judge of a man by what he
is, but we cannot judge of him by what he
will become. To become includes no idea of
the mode or circumstance of its becoming ; to
grow is to become by a gradual process : a man
may become a good man from a vicious one, in
consequence of a sudden action on his mind ;
but he grows in wisdom and virtue by means
of an increase in knowledge and experience."
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
be, "prep. [Be as a prefix = by.] Bj', to,
towards. (Scotch.)
be-east, adv. Towards the east. (Scotch.)
be-than, adv. By that time.
" Sternys, be-than, began for till apper."
Wallace, v. 135, MS.
be 03 aprefix. [A.S. he, bi, big ; O.S. be, hi ;
Sw., Dan., & Dut. be ; N. H. Ger. he, bei ; M.
H. Ger. be, hi; 0. H. Ger. bi, pi, p> ; Goth. hi.'[
1. Denoting nearness to ; as beside.
■[ Originally it was the same as by, and
beside in Old English is often written biside or
by side.
2. Denoting a surrounding of any person or
thing, as beset = to set on one all round ; or a
doing of anything all over a person or thing,
as beslaver — to slaver all over.
3. Denoting priority ; as bespeak = to speak
beforehand for anything. /
4. Denoting causation or generation, as heget
compared with get; or converting a simple
verb generally intransitive into a transitive
one, as to moan, to bemoan one's hard lot.
5. Adding intensity to a simple verb, thougli
in some cases the meaning seems scarcely
altered. It is diflficult to say how much or
how little intensity is added in the case of
each of the words hedeufen, bedraggl-e, begrudge,
and beccdm, as compared with deafen, draggle,
grudge, and calm. Prof. Craik, Eng. of Shakes-
peare, considers that in most cases he is the
relic of the prefix ge, which was the favourite
and most distinguishing peculiarity of the
language in what is called "the Anglo-Saxon
period."
Be. In Chemistry, the initial letters and
symbol for the element Beryllium.
bea9h, s. [Of unknown etymology. Xot in
A.S., Sw., Dan., Dut., or Ger., in which the
word for what we call a beach is strand ; nor
is it in the Celtic nor in the Italic languages.
Compare with Dan. hakk-e., Sw. hacke = ascent,
acclivity, rising ground, hill, hillock.] A
sandy or pebbly sea-shore, the strand on which
the waves break. (Used also for the shore of
a lake or of a large river.)
" Hail to the welcome shout !— the friendly speech 1
When baud grasps hand imiting on the beach."
Byron: The Corsair, t 4.
beach-head, s The beach at the head
of a creek.
"... their detritus on the beach-heads ot long
narrow arms oi the sea, first high up the valleys, then
lower and lower down aa the land slowly rose."—
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xv.
beach-line, s. The line marked out by
the waves on a beach.
". . . auch deposits, consequently, would have a
good chance of resisting the wear and tear of successive
beach-lines, and of lasting to a future ev)Och."—Dar-
vnn : Voyage round tlie World, ch. xvi.
bea^h, v.t. [From heach, s. (q.v.).] To run,
drive, or drag upon a beach. (Used specially
of boats, or of leaky and sinking vessels, or
of vessels which have sunk in a river and
are impeding navigation. Thus the ill-fated
Princess Alice steamboat, sunk in the Thames
in a collision with the Bywell Castle, on the
3rd of September, 1S7S, was said to be
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot
or, wore, wolf, work. wh6, son; mute, ciib. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = 'kw, '
beached— beading
455
•'beached " when her broken hull was hauled
or driven ashore.
bea9he'-d, pa. par. & a. [Beach, v.]
As participial adjectu''e. Spec. : Exposed to
the action of the waves on a beach.
" Upou the beached verge of the salt flood."
Shakesp. ■ Timon, v. 1.
Ijea9h'-ing, jj>'. par., a., & s. [Beach, v.]
A. & B. As participle & paTtlclpiol oOicdive ;
In a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
C. As substantive: The act or operation of
running a leaky vessel on the beach, or of
hauling a ship or boat up upon the beach to
repair her, or to afford her shelter till the
time aiTives for her again putting to sea.
he'siqh-f, *l)e'a5h-ie, u. [Eng. beach; -y.]
Having a beach or beaches.
" The bc.achy girdle of the ocean
Too wide for Neptune's hips."
Shakesp. : 2 /Ten. /f., iii. 1.
^ Beachy Head, the loftiest headland on the
southern coast of England, does not take its
name from the above, but from a corruption of
beau c/ie/ (see Isaac Taylor's Words and Places).
bea'-con (or o silent, as if be'cn), *bea'-
kon. *be'-k6n, *bekne (ne = en), s.
[A.S. beacen, becun, becen, been = a beacon, a
sign, a token ; connected with beacnian, bic-
nian, bycnian = {l) to beckon, (2) to nod, to
show, signify form. (Beckon.) InO.S). bokan;
Fries, hakeii, &e7:e7t =slgn, signal; Dut. baak
^ a beacon. Compare with Eng, beck and
beckon (q.v.).]
A. As sitbstantive :
I. Literally :
1, Ignited combustible materials placed in
an iron cage, ele-
vated upon a pole
or any other natu-
ral elevation, so as
to be seen from a
distance. Beacons
were used to guide
travellers across
unfrequented parts
of the country, and
to alarm the in-
habitants on the
occurrence of an
invasion or a re-
bellion. The "cres-
sets " formerly used
in London and
other cities to light
the streets were
beacons of the type beacon.
first described.
" As less niid less the distance grows,
High ivnd more high the beaco7i rose."
Scott : Lord qf the Isles, v. 13,
2. A signal, specially by means of fire, to
warn mariners of danger.
II. Fig. : Anything calculated to give light
to those who are in darkness, perplexity, and
danger, re-animating their courage, while
warning them of the perils they should avoid.
" He that in mountain-holds hath sought
A refuge for uiiconquer'd thought,
A chai-ter'd home ivhere Freedom's child
Might rear her altiire in the wild,
And fix lier quenchless torch on high,
A beacon for eternity."
Ilemans : A Tale of the Secret THbunal.
"B^ Attributively : Constituting a beacon;
supporting a beacon ; proceeding from or
otherwise pertaining to a beacon. (See the
exami)les which follow.)
beacon-blaze, s. The blaze made by a
beacon. (Used literally or figuratively.)
" l3 yon red glare the western star? —
Oh, 'tis the beacon-btazo of war 1 "
Scoti : Lay of the Last MiiistreJ, iii. 25.
beacon-fire, s. The fire of a beacon.
" With ine must die the beacon-fires
That stream 'd atmidnight from the mountain-hold."
Hemam : The Chieftain's Son.
beacon-flame, s. The flame of a beacon.
" Cuthbert hrid seen that beacon-Jlatnc,
Unwitting from what source it came."
ScotC : Lord of the Isles, v. 15.
beacon-light, ». The light of a beacon.
(a) Literally:
" By thee, as by the beaconrligh'.
Our pilots had kept course aright."
Scott : Marmion, Introd. to c. I.
(6) Figuratively :
" By the bright lamp of thought thy care had fed
From the far beacon-lights of ages fled."
Itemans: TJie Sceptic.
beacon-tower, s. A tower on or from
which a beacon is displayed.
" And iu the fortress of bis power
The owl usurps the beacun-.ower."
Byron : The Giaour.
bea-con, v.t. [From beacon, s.] To light up
with beacoii fires.
" As up the vale of Tees they wind,
Whure far the luaosion of her sires
beaconed the dale with midnight flres."
Scott: Rokeby, v. Zi.
bea'-con-age (age = ig), s. [From Eng.
hmcon ; -age.l Money paid for the raainteu-
aace of a beacon ; a system of beacons.
" . . , a suit for oeacoaage of a beaci^n standing on a
rock in the sea."— Sfacftiiane ; Com/»6Jif., bk. iii., ch. 7,
bea'-coned, pa. par. & a. [Beacon, f.]
As participial adjective : Having a beacon.
" The foss Uiat skirts the beacon'd hill."
T. WarCon : Ode x.
bea'-con-less, a. [Eng, heacon; -less.] With-
out a beacon. {Dr. Allen.)
bead, * beade, * bede, " bed, s. [A.S. ied,
gched = a, prayer. In Dut. bede; Ger. bitte ;
Low Ger. bede, bete, bethe, all meaning, not a
bead, but a prayer. From the Roman Catholic
practice of counting off a bead upon a rosary
when one of a series of iirayers has been
offered, the word has obtained its modern
meaning of a perforated ball.]
A. Ordinal-^ Language;
* I. Prayer.
"And also it is ordeynede, yat yis bade and preyer
shal bene reherside and seyde at euery tyme yat ye
alderman and ye bretheren bene togedere. "— .ffHffi/sfo
Gilds {Ear. Eng. Text Soc), p. 23.
II. One of a number of small globular
bodies of glass, coral, metal, or other material,
perforated so as to be hung on a string.
Specially —
1. Those for keeping count of prayers
offered. [See etym.] Those are strung thirty
or sixty together. Every tenth one is larger
and more embellished than the rest ; it is
called a gaude. The gaudes are used for count-
ing paternosters, and the ordinary beads for
Ave Marias. [G.vi'DE.]
" Ere yet, in scorn of Peter's pence,
And uumber'd bead, and ahrift."
Tennuson : The Talking Oak.
To hid one's beads: To say one's prayers,
specially when use is made of beads to keep
count ui' them. [Bid.]
" Bidding his beades all day for his treapaa."
Spenser : E. Q., L i. SO.
"■ . . as will ap[)ear by the form of bidding tlte
beads in King Henry the Seventh's time. The way
was first for the preacher to name and open his text,
and then to call ou the people to go to their prjij era,
and to tell them what they were to pray for ; after
which all the peoi>le said their beads in a general
silence, and the minister kneeled down also and said
his." — Burnet : Hist. Refonnat., bk. 1., pt ii., an. 1547.
To tell one's heads: To number one's beads
for the purpose of numbering one's prayers ;
(less specijically) to be at prayer.
" The wits of modem time had told their heads.
And monkish legends been their only atiiiins."
Thomson: Castle qf iTidotenci; ii. 52.
2. Those worn round the necks of children,
of women, and iu the East of men, for orna-
ment.
" With scarfs and fans, and double change of braVry,
With amber bracelets, beads, and all such knav'rj'."
Sluikesp.: Taming of Shrew, iv. 3.
III. Anything artificial or natural resem-
bling a bead in its globularity, even if it differ
in being imperforate ; as, 'for instance, those
glass globules which, before the abolition of
the slave trade, were used in bartering with
the natives of Africa.
1. Artificial. [See B., 1, and Bead-proof,]
2. Natural. [See the examples.]
" Thy spirit within thee hath been so at war,
And thus hath so bestirr'd thee in thy sleep.
That beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow."
Shakesp. : 1 Ifen. I\'., ii. 3.
" Several yellow lumps of amber, almost like beads,
with one side flat, had fastened themselves to the
bottom. "—Boyle.
B. Technically :
1. Distillation. JVilson or Lovis's Beads.
[Bead-phoof.]
2. G-un-tnaking : A small piece of metal on
a gun-barrel, used for taking a sight before
firing.
3. Bookbinding : A roll on the head-band of
a book.
J:, Architecture:
(a) A round moulding, cut or carved in
short embossments, like beads in necklaces,
occurring chiefly in the Corinthian and Roman
orders of architecture. It is called also As-
tragal (q.v.). ,
(b) The strip on a sash-frame which forms
bailt's beads.
a <?uide fur the sash. There ai'e inside, outside,
and parting beads.
t Bead and batt (Carp.) : Framing in which
the pearls are flush, having beads stuck or
run upon the two edges.
Bead and quirk: A bead stuck upon the
edge of a piece ut" stutf flush with its surface.
5. Astronomy. Baily's Beads. [Named after
Francis Baily, an Englishman, who discovered
them during the i
solar eclipse of |
183(3. (iMem. As-
(ro'/t. Soc, vol.x.).]
Certain luminous
bfad-li.-e pronii- [
nences arranged
in a curved line
round the margin
of the moon's disk
upon that of the
sun towards the
commencement
and towards the
close of complete
obsciu-ation in a total or annular eehpse of the
latter luminary. Once attributed to the pro-
jection of a range of lunar mountains on the
face of the snn, they are now supposed to
proceed from irradiation.
bead-butt, s.
Carpentry: Formed with bead and butt.
[Butt.] Doors have a combination of bead-
butt and square-work.
bead-furnace, s. A furnace in which
beads, first cut into short cylinders, are
rounded.
bead-like, a. Like a bead.
". , . the spaces bead-like, . . ."—Todd & Boioman :
Physiol. Anat., i. 152.
bead-loom, s. A gauze loom in which
there are beads strung at the spots where the
threads intersect each other.
bead-maker, s. A maker of beads.
bead-mould, s. a fungus of low organi-
sation, the stems of which consist of cells
loosely joined together so as to resemble a
string of beads. [Penicillium.]
bead-plane, s.
Carpentry : A semi-circular moulding plane.
bead-proof, a. A term formerly used
among distillers to mean that the spirit was
of a certain density, as ascertained by throw-
ing into it Wilson's or Lovis's beads, which
were all of different densities, and ascertainfng
which bead remained suspended instead of
floating or sinking.
bead-snake, s. A beautiful little snake
(EUtps fulvius), variegated with yellow, car-
mine, and jet black. It belongs to the family
Elapidse of the Colubrine sub-order of Snakes.
Tliough venomous, it rarely uses its fangs. It
is about two feet long. Its chosen habitat is
in the sweet-potato fields of America. [See
Batatas. ]
bead-tool, s. A tool for turning convex
mouldings.
bead-tree, s. The English name of the
Melia, a genus of plants constituting the type
of the order Meliaceee (Mehads). Mclia azeda-
rach has compound leaves ; flowers not very
unlike those of the orange-tree, but smaller
and bluish in colour ; and yellow berries with
poisonous pulp. It is indigenous to the
countries bordering on the JVIediteiranean,
and has been introduced into India and other
warm countries as an ornamental tree. The
Indian Neem-tree, or Ash-leaved Bead-tree, is
sometimes called Melia azedirachta, but more
frequently Azodiracta Indica. [Neem.]
bead -work, s. Ornamental work in
beads.
t bead, v.t. [From Eng. bead, s.] To orna-
ment or distinguish with beads or beading,
bead'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bead, (-■.]
" 'Tia beaded with bubbles,"
IT. Smith. (Goodrich & Porter.)
beaded w^ire.
Mdol-vm-kinq : Wire with bead-like protu-
berani-es plaet_'d upon it at intervals for the
purpose of ornament.
t bead'-house, s. [Bedehouse.]
bead'-ing, 'pr. par. k a. [Bead, -u,]
boil, b^; po^t, j<$^l; cat, 9ell, ckorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; tbin, this; Sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -mg.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c, = bel, del.
456
beadle— beaker
l)ea'-dle, be'-del, be'-dell, * be'-dele,
'^ bed'-del, "" "bed'-delle, s. [A.S. hydd
= a beadle, crier, oflleer, messenger, herald,
or preacher ; from beodan = to command,
order, hid (Bid). S\v. & Ger. peddl ; Dan.
pedel; Dut. liode, pedel ; Ft. hcdeau; O. Fr.
hcuM, hedel, hcdecix; Pro v., Sp., & Vovt.hedd;
Ital, hiddlo; Low Lat. heddlus, pedellus.}
1. Ill Law Courts : An apparitor, a sum-
moner ; one who carries citations to the per-
sons who are required to present themselves
in the court.
2. In Parochial Economy : A petty officer,
now in most cases maintained as much for
show as use, hut who in former times had the
substantial duty of flogging offenders.
" Mai/. Sirrah, go fetch the beadle hither straight."
(Euter a Beadla with whips.)
Shakesp. : 2 lien. 17., li. 1.
3. 1)1 Universities (with the spelling bedel
or bedells) : An officer who carries a mace
before the vice-chancellor and the university
jn-eachers. They are of two grades— esquire
bedels, who are graduates of the university,
and yeoinen bedels, of a lower social grade.
"He procured an addition of £20 per annum to each
of the inferiour beadles; he restored the practice of
the vice-chancellor's court ; and added several other
improvements in the academical economy." — Warton :
Life of Bathurst, p. 89.
" If the miiversity would bring in some bachelors of
art to be i/eomcn-bedcls, which are well grounded, and
towardly to serve that press as composers :— they,
which thrived well and did good service, uught after
be preferred to be esquire-bedels; and so tlie press
would ever train up able men for itself." — Abp. Laud :
Hiet. of his Clian. at Oxford, p, 132.
4. 1)1 old Guilds : A similar functionary,
used as a messenger or to keep up the dignity
of the body employing him.
"... and he ssal sende forthe the dedel to alle the
bretheren and the aysteren, that they bien at the
derge of the body, . . ."—English Gilds (Ear. £nff. Tex:
Soc). p. 35.
"And to the beddelle of the seid Gilde, ij d " —
Ibid., p. 145.
bea'-dle-ry, s. [Eng. beadle; -ry.'\ The
office or jurisdictiou of a beadle. (Bloiint.)
bea'-dle-Sbip, s. [Eng. beadle, and suffix
•ship.] The office or functions of a beadle.
"There was convocation for the election of his suc-
cessor in the iearf^esfeip," — A. Wood: Atken. Oxon.
be'ad-let, s. [Eng. head, and dimin. suff. 'let.]
1. Gb)i. : A little bead.
2. Zool. : A name for the most common
Sea-anemone on tlie British fihores {Actiiiia
i)iesembrya)ithe))uiy)i}. [Actinia.]
bead-roll, * be'de-roll, s.
Among Boma)i Catholics :
1. Lit. : A catalogue of those for the repose
of whose souls a certain number of prayers
are to be offered, the count being kept by the
telling of beads.
". . . prayng for the saules of the seid John Tanfield
and Agnes hys wj^ff yerely vppon Sondays by hys bedc-
roUe in the pulpitt, . . ."—English i-fiUis {Earl g Eng.
Text Soc), p. 145.
2. Figuratively :
(a) A catalogue of men worthy of enduring
fame.
" Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled
On fame's eternall beadrolt worthy to be fyled."
Spenser: F. Q.. IV. ii. 32.
(&) A catalogue of those who are execrated,
instead of being prayed for.
" The king, for the better credit of hia espials abroad,
did use to have them cursed by name amongst the
fcead-roZi of the king's enemies." — Bacon-. Henry VII.
t be'ad^-bid~ding, * bedes * byd'-dyng,
8. [Eng. bead (q.v.).] The act of saying
*' bedes," i.e. prayers, specially when the
memory is assisted by the use of material
beads. [Bead, Bid.]
" God of hus goodnesse, sech hua grete wil
With oute mo bedei bi/ddf/ng."
Piers I'lovmian, p. 205. (Ricliard&on.)
beads-man, be'de-man, be'de^-man,
■'■" bed'-man. s. [Eng. bead, s. (q.v.), and
inan.] A man who prays for another person.
Specially —
* 1. A priest, whose duty it was to pray for
the souls of the dead.
"... and the bedeman shall pray for the soxil of
the dead, and for the souls of all Christians, at the
cost of ^e sild."— English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc),
p. 230.
* 2. A man who resided in a hospital or
almshouse, who was supposed to be praying
for the soul of the " pious founder."
" Commend thy grievance to my holy prayers ;
For I will be thy beadmnan, Valentine.'
Sfuikesp. : Two Gent, of Verona, i. 1.
3. Now : One who resides in an almshouse,
formerly called a hede-house, or is supported
from the funds left for the purpose of main-
taining poor or decayed persoiis. (Jamieson.)
"... think on your poor bedesman the day." —
Scott: Auli-jiiavy, en, xxiii.
King's bedesf)ien : What were sometimes
called " blue-gowns." [Blue-gown.]
be'ad^-wom-an, ^ bede^i wom'-an, s.
[From plural of Eng. bead (q.v.), and woman.^
A woman similarly engaged, and still more
frequently than in the case of the opposite
sex, living in an almshouse.
"And honour done to your poor bcdes-woman."
Ben JonsoH : Had tihephcrd, ii. 6, (Richardson.)
bead'-y, ». [Eng. head; -y.]
1. Like a bead, small and glittering. (Used
of eyes.)
2. Covered with drops or beads (as of per-
spiration).
3. Frothy.
bea'-gle (gle as gel), *be'-gele, *. [Etym.
unknown. The Fr. bigle, as adj. = squint-
eyed ; as a. = a beagle, from the English
word.]
1. Lit. : A small viiriety of the liound,
foi'ineiiy much used for hunting hares ; now
generally replaced by the Harrier (q.v.).
There are several sub-varieties : (1) the
Southern, stnaller and slmrter, but at the
same time thicker than the deep-mouthed
hound ; (2) the Northern or Cat Beagle,
smaller and riner in form,' and a more untiring
runnei' ; (:■!) a crobs between tliese two ; ami
(4) a dwarf variety u.'sed fitr hunting rabbits
or young liares. Queen Elizabeth had little
"sniging beagles" so small that they could
be placed in a man's glove.
"About her feet were little beagles seen.
That watch'd witli upward eyes the nintions of theii"
queen." Urgden: Fables.
2. Fig. : A spy, an informer.
beak. * beake, * becke (E)igUsh), beik
(iScotch), s. [Ir., Gael., Fr., &, Prov. bee = a
l)oint, a beak ; Arm. & Dut. bek ; Ital. becco ;
Port, bico; Sp. pico ; Wei. piq. Compare also
A.S. becca = a beck, a pickaxe, a mattock ;
■pile, a little needle or pin ; and pic = a poiut,
a tnp, a head.] [Peak.]
A. Ordi)ia)'y La)iguage :
1. The bill of a bird.
" Headed like owles with beckes uncomely bent,"
Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. o.
" Their smoke aasail'd his startled beak.
And made him higher soar and shriek."
Byron : Siege of Corinth, S3.
2. Anything pointed like the bill of a bird,
as the prow of an aneieut war-vessel, a pro-
montory of land, &c.
" With boilint; pitch, another near at hand,
From friendly Sweden brought, the seams instops,
Which well laid o'er, the salt sea waves withstjind.
And shakes them from the rising beak in drops."
Dryden: Annas Jlirubilis, cxlvil,
B. Technically:
1. Zoology :
(a) The bill of a bird. [A. 2.]
(b) Anything in another animal similar.
Thus, in describing a genus (Chelys) of tor-
toises, Gray says, " The beak very broad."
(c) The snout or the elongated termination
of the head in the Curculionidie, or Weevil
family of beetles. (The term more frequently
used for this is rostrum.)
(d) The part of some univalve shell which
runs into a point and contains a canal.
(c) The umbo or apex of a bivalve shell.
(S. P. Woodward.)
2. Botany: Any projection resembling the
beak of a bird ; any short and hard-pointed
projection, as the apex of the fruit in the
genus Anthriscus. [Beaked Parsley.]
3. Nmit. Arch. : A
piece of brass shaped
like a beak, terminat-
ing the prow of an
ancient galley ; it was
designed to pierce a
hostile vessel, like the
similar weapon of
offence in a modern
"ram." Nowthebeak
or beak-head is the
external part of a ship
before the forecastle,
which is fastened to
the stem and supported by the main-knee.
BEAK OF A SHIP.
4. Carpentry : The crooked end of the hold-
fast of a carpenter's bench.
5. Forging : The point of an anvil. [Beak-
iron, Bickirou.]
6. Farriery : A little shoe, at the toe about
an inch long, turned uji and fastened in ui>on
the fore-part of the hoof.
7. Clmm. ; The rostrum of an alembic by
which the vajiuur is transferred to the worm.
8. Gas-fitting : A gas-burner with a circular
hole ^g of an inch in diameter.
beak-head, s. & a.
A. As substantive :
1. The same as Beak, B. 3.
"By shooting a piece out of our forecastle, beini;
close by her, we fired a mat on her beak-7iead, which
more and more kindled, and ran from thence to the-
mat on the bowsprit."— i/aetiw^Cs Voyages, vol. ii.,
p. 200.
2. Arch. : An architectural ornament, espe-
cially of the Norman and Early English style^
resembling the head of a beast united to the
beak of a bird.
B. As adjective :
Bedk-lmid beam : The largest beam in a ship,
beak-rush, s. The English name of
Rhynchospora, a genus of plants belonging
to the order CyperaceLc (Sedges). It is called
I'rom the beaked ti].is of the " seed," or rather
the fruit. There are two British species, the
White Beak-rush {Rhyndiospura alba), and the
brown one {R. Jusca). The former is common,.
the latter principally contined to the south-
west ot England and to Ireland.
beak (1), v.t. [From Beak, s. (q.v.).]
In Codcfighting : To seize with the beak.
(Vidgar.)
beak (2), * beek, * beyke (Old Eng. £
Scotch), v.t. & 1 [Bake.]
A. Trans. : To bask, to warm.
" I made the fire and beked me aboute."
Chaucer : Creseidcs Testament, 36.
" And beeking my cauld limbs afore the Bin."
Allan Ramsay : Gentle Shepherd, ii. 3,
B. Inirans. : To warm one's self, to bask.
" To shun the storm thei drove they carefu' steeke
And niang the auld fowk round the ingle beek."
Marion: A Pastoral. Sawick Collectio-n. (S. in Boucher, ji
beaked, pa. par. & a. [Beak (1), v.]
A, As participial adjective :
I. Ordinary Lcuiguage :
1. Having a beak. (Used of birds or other
animals.)
", . .he feeds a long and a short-beaked pigeon on
the same food." — Darwin: Origin of Specics\ea. 1859),
chap, iv., p. 83.
2. Having a sharx^-pointed x-tow. (Used of
ships.)
"... the floating vessel swum
Uplifted, and secure, with beafied prow,
Eude tilting o'er the waves."
Milton: P. L., bk. xi.
3. Running to a point or tip.
" And Question'd every gust, of rugged wings,
That blcwt: from off each beaked promontory :
They Itnew not of his story." Milton: Lycidas.
B. Technically :
1. Heraldry: Having the beak and legs of a
bird of a different tincture from the body. In
such a case the bird is said to be beaked and
membered of that tincture.
- 2. Botany (applied to fruits): Having a long
hard terminal, straight, horn-like projection,
beaked-parsley, s.
Lot. : The English name of the umbelliferon.'^
genus Anthriscus. It is so called from its
fruit terminating in a beak. There are twn
wild British species, the Wild Beaked Parsley
(A nthriscus syhest') is), which has smooth fruit,
and the Common Beaked Parsley (A. vulgaris),
of which the fruit is muricated. Both are
common. Besides these the Garden Beake(i
Pareley, or Cheiwil (A. ceri folium), has escaped
from cultivation.
be'ak-er, .f. [From O.S. Ukeri. In Sw. Ui-
gare; Dan. hanger; K-el. bikarr ; Dut. beker;
Ger. becher; 0. H. Ger. bcchar, pecJiar, pecha)'e ;
Ital. bUMere ; Lat. 6i'.'a?-ium = a wine-vessel,
a wine-glass.]
1. A large drinking-vessel, a tumbler.
" He lives, and o'er his brimming beaker boasts."
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
2. A vessel used for experiments in natural
philosophy, chemistry, or any other science.
It has an open mouth, and a lip for pouring.
■' Various quantities of distilled water were weighert
mto beak>^-s.-— Proceedings qf the Physical Society of
London, pt. il, p. 56.
f^te, fat, fUre, amidst, what, fall, father ; wg, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work. who. son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian, se. oe = e. ey = a. au = kw.
beaking— beaming
457
beak-ihg, a. [Eng. leak; -ing,]
beaking-joint, s.
Carpiintnj d^ jrAiiery : A joint fonned by
the iiioeting, in a tlnor or door, of several
headiiifj joi]its in a liiie.
be'alc-ir-on, 6. [The same as Bickern (q.v.).]
beal, s. [Ill A.S. bijl, bil = a boil, blotch, sore ;
Sw. hnliwA, hllmma = a swelling, a morbid
tumour, from hiUna = to swell, to become
filled witli matter; Dan. hyld, hlegn ; Fries.
heil; Dut. hen! ; Ger. beuk=a. swelling' or
protuberance; Ital. 6o??a. = a bubble, bh,->ter,
pimple.] A pimple, an inflammatory tuniuur.
{Scotch and North of England dialect.)
t beal, v.L [From the substantive. In Sw.
bulna = to swell, to become filled with matter ;
Dan. buMne.] To gather matter or pus. (Scotch
and North of England dialed.)
Beale light (gh silent), 5. [From tlic inventor.]
A form of Argand burner in which a column
of air nnder pressure jiroinotes combustion.
t be'al-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Beal, v.]
A, & B. Asjiresi'.iit participle £ partiripial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As snbst. : An inflammatory swelling
contairdng matter or pus.
be-all, s. [Eng. be; oil] All that is to be.
"Tbftt but tliis blow
Might be the be-aU iiiid the eii.l.;ill Ijere "
aiiakesp.: Jluuiteth, i. ",
beam (1\ * beazne, * becin» * beme,
• bem, '^ bealme, s. [A. 8. beam = (i) a
tree; (2) a beiiin-pust, a stock of a tree, a
splint; (3) anything piotteediiig in a straight
line, a sunbeam ; (4) a wind instinmenh, a
horn, a trumpet {Buaworth, djc). O. Sax. bom,
bam; O. Fries, bam ; Sw A; Dan. bom = a bar,
a boom ; Ger. baum = a true, a beam, a bar, a
boom ; O. H. Ger. banni, bourn, ponm ; O. L.
Ger. b6m ; O. Icel. badkmr = a beam ; Goth.
bagms —. a tree.] [Boom.]
1. Ord i nil ry Language :
* 1. Of trees : A tree, i.e., one living, and not
dead and cut np. Tlie same as tlie Ger. bainn.
(Seeetym.) This sense of the wnnl isobsolea',
except ill a few cases, as Hornbeam, Whitcheam.
2. Of wood from trees, or anything similar :
(1) A large, long pieceof timber " squared,"
or ]-ather made rectangular, on its .s(j\'e]-al
sides ; specially one used to aid in supporting
tlie ordinary rafters in a building. It is dis-
tinguished from a block by being longer tlian
broad.
" A beam is the liirpest piece of wood in a bnikliug
■which always lies cross the huildim; or tliu wiUls
seiviug to support the prinoiiml ijitters of tlie ruof,
iiiul into which the feet vi the prmci|wl raftura me
fmined. No building Inw less than two be-im.'< one
at each liead. Into these tlie girders of the ujiriet
floor are also framed ; and if tliebnildiiig be of timber,
the teazel-tenous of the posts are framed. 'I'lie pru[jor-
tions of beaim. in ur near Loudon, aie fixed by Act of
Parlitimeut. A beam tifti-eii feet long must be seven
inches on one side its square, and five on the other;
- if it besixteenfeet loiig.onesideinustbeeightiiudies.
the other six, and hu pioportiouable to tlieli lengths.'
—BuUder'a Dictionary.
"For many ft bney Inind toiled there,
Stroug pales to shape nnd beamx to square."
Scott ; Lay of the list Minstrel, v. 9.
In Matt. vii. 3-5 the word is used in this sense.
(2) A similar support to rafters, though
made of iron and not of wood.
(3) The pole of a carriage which passes be-
tween the horses.
*' Juturna heard, and, seiz'd with inoital fear,
lorc'd from the benm her brother's charioteer."
Uryden : Virgil; ^neid xii. 6Sr, 6.>e.
(4) The transverse iron rod or bar in a
balance, from the extremities of which the
scales are suspended.
" If thus th" iin)inrt*iiit cause is to be tried.
Suppose the b.-<fu should dip ou the wrong side."
Cowper: Hope.
(5) The rood-tree, the cross.
" His bodi bledde on the beem."
Leg. Holy Rood, 146.
11 To kick the beam : To be outweigi.e 1, sur-
passed.
(5) A cylindrical piece of wood belonging to
a weaver's loom, on which the web is gradu-
ally rolled as it is woven. This is called the
cloth-beam, or breast-beam-. A similar one, on
which the yarn is wound, is called the yarn-
beam.
"... and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a
weaver's bcain.."—! Chron. xi. 2U,
(6) The main part of a plough, that to which
the handles are attached, and to which also
the animals designed to draw it are yoked.
3. Of iHwt is branched : The third and fourth
antlers of a stag's horns. (The metaphor seems
to be that of a branching tree.) (Sec No. 1.)
"And taught the woods to echo to the stream
His dreadful challenge, and iiis clashing beam."
Benftam.
4. Ofioliat radiates or is radiated :
(1) Lit. : A ray of light, or, more strictly,
a collection of parallel rays of light, emitted
from a luminous body ; anything resembling
such a ray or collection of rays.
(a) Emitted fruin the sun.
" To iiiiike the sun a bauble without us?,
S .Vd fyr the fruits his heavenly beams produce."
Cowper: Jlope.
{b) Of an electric spark or flash of light.
" The ettccts, uioreover, obtained with the electriu
beam ure also in-otluced by the beams of the suu. —
Tj/ndali : Fraff. of Hcieiice (3ld ed.), X. 2G0.
(c) A radiating line.
(2) Fig.: Anythini,' imparting rntellectn.il,
moral, or spiritual light; a ray or emanation
of splendour.
" ^'heie fancy's fire. afTection's mental beam.
Thought, geuius. iiassiun. rtinn in turn supreme."
I/vmaiiS: T<j the Eye.
II. Tcchnicallij :
1. Arch. There are many kinds of architec-
tural beams, such as a tie-beam, a collar-beam,
a dragon-beam, »fcc. itiee these words.]
2. Naval Arch, dyoat. Language:
(1) The beams of a ship are the great main
cross-timbers which prevent tlie sides of tlie
.'ihip from falling together, and which also
sui^port the deck and orlojis.
Brooxl in the beam : Broad from the bulwarks
on one side to those on the other.
" Broad in the bcavi. that the stress oi the blaat,
Pressing down r.pon sail and mast,
Might not the sharp bows overwhelm."
Longfellow: nuildiiir/ 0/ tfie Ship
*1[ Lrcm is 'also used technically for the
width uf a ship.
Tlie beam nearest the mainmast is called
the mainhmm, the next to it the second beam,
the next again the third beam; and so on with
the rest.
The midship beam is the one, as its name
indicates, situated in midships. It is the
gi-eatest one in tlie vessel.
Ahaft the beam: In an arc of the horizon
subtended by the angle of which one side is
constituted by a line crossing the ship trans-
versely from beam to beam at right angles,
and the other by a line running from tlie stem
to the stern of the vessel.
Before the beam: In an arc of the horizon
intervening:,' between that now described and
the bow of the vessel.
(■2) The beam of an anrhur: The straight part
or shank of an anchor, to which the hooks are
fastened.
3. Mach. : A hea^y iron lever in a stejtni-
engine, one end of which is eonneete<l with the
liiston, and the other with the crank of the
wheel-shaft. It transmits motion Irom the
piston to the wheel-shaft.
4. Math. .- An axial line, a radius.
5. Ciirriery : The board on which skins are
laid to be shaved.
III. Beam is used attributively in compounds
like the following : —
beam-bird. s. A bird so called from
often building its nest on a beam or rafter bo-
longing to a house. It is better known as the
Spotted Flycatcher (il/)(scicr!jif! grisola).
beam-board, a. The platform of a steel-
yard or balance.
beam-centre, s. The pin on which the
working beam in a steam-engine vibrates.
beam-compass, 5. An instrument used
in describing larger circles than can conve-
niently be done by means of common com-
jiasses. It consists of a beam of wood or
brass, with sliding sockets bearing steel or
pencil points. It is called also a travimel.
beam-ends, .':. pL
Naiit. : The ends of the beams of a ship,
A ship is on her beam-ends when she is so
far driven over on her side that the ends of
the beams, horizontal when the vessel is at
rest, are thrust nicrs or less nearly into a
vertical position.
beam-engine, *.
Mech. : A steam-engine, in which power Is
transmitted by a worJving beam, in contra-
distinction to one in which the piston-rod is
attached directly to the crank of the wdieel-
shaft. Xewcomen's atmospheric engine is an
example of this form of engine.
beam-feather, 5. One of the long fea-
thers in the wing of a hawk, (Booth.)
beam-filling, s.
Buihling : The tilling-in of mason-work be-
tween beams or joists.
beam-gudgeons, s. pi. The bearings on
the centre of the beam, or the central pivot
upon which it vibrates,
beam-luilfe, s.
L'nrricnj: A two-handled knife used to
shave hides stretched upon a beam,
beam-line, 6.
Ship-carpentry : The line showing where tlie
tops of the beams and the frames meet.
beam-trawl, .s\ a trawl-net having its
mouth kept open by a beam.
beam-tree, ■'*. A species of wild Service,
so called probably from tlie beam-like aspects
of its corymbiferous fl(twers. Its full name is
the White Beam-tree. It is Fyrus aria. It has
downy Jea^■es and red fruit, larger than that.
of its near ally, P. an<-apariu, the Mountain
Ash, or Kowan-tree. The wood is extremely
hard.
*^beam(2),s. [Etym. doubtful.] Only in the
phrase bote of beam-= lemcdy, improvement,
" Duukaii sauh his erne h.id his heritage,
Tiier he wist bote of beam."
Jiob. de lirunne. (5. in Boucher.)
beam, v.t. & i. [From beam (1), s, (q.v.). A,S-
beamian = to shine, to emit beams.]
A. Transitive: To emit, to send. (Chiefly
used of mental, moral, or spiritual sight.)
" Eyes bcaining courtesy and mild regard."
Wordsworth : Excursion, hk. v.
B. Intransitive :
1, Lit.: To send forth rays of light ; to show
forth, (Used of the sun, or other luminous,
body, or of the morning.)
"But slowly fade the stars— The night is o'er—
Mom beams ou those whu hail her liglit no more."
J/einaits ; 'J'he Abenccrragc.
2. Fig. : To shine forth. (Used of intel-
lectual, moral, or spiritual light ; the light of
hapiiiness, the radiance of beauty, or anything
similar.)
". . . the interest high
Which genius beams from beauty's eye."
Scott : liokeby, ii. 3.
" To paint those charms which varied as they beam'd."
Byron : To lantlie,
" His speech, his form, his action full of grace,
And all his country beaming in his face."
Cowper : Table Talk.
beamed, pa. par. k a. [Beam, u]
"Like crested leader proud and high,
Tossed his beamed frontlet to the sky."
Scott : Lady qf the Lake, i. 2.
be'am-ful, a. [Eng. beam; full] Full of
beams, beaming.
"And beautify'd with bramful lamps above."
Drayton: Noah's Flood, iv. 526. (Boucher.)
be'am-ing, jyr. par., „., & s. [Beam, v.]
A, & B. As pr. par. <£• participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
"Where ruddy fire and beaming takers join
To cheer the gloonL "
Tlwm&on: The Seasons ; Winter.
" And ruhed the Holy One's benignant mien
In beaming mercy, majesty serene."
JJcmans: Itest&ration qf Works qf Art to ftahj.
" Come, to the bcavn-ing God your heart unfold !"
Thomson: Castle of indolence, li. 43.
C, As substantive:
I, Ordinary Language :
1. JJt. : The state or quality of emitting
light, in a literal or figurative sense.
2. Fig. : The emission of intellectual, moral,
or sjuritual light.
" The donbtfiU beamings of his prince's sonl."
TJiomson: Liberty, pt. v.
II. Technical})! :
1. Weaving : The operation of winding yarn
upon the beam of a loom,
2. Onrriery: The operation of working hiJes
with a slicker over a beam.
beaming-machine, s. A machine for
currying hides on a carriage, and thus effecting
b^l, bo^; p^t, jtf^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist ph = f
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious, -ciius = shus. ' ^ble, -die, L. ^ bel. del.
458
beamlsss— bear
the operation more usually performed during
the time that they are stretched upon a beam.
'jbe'atn-less, a. [Eng. hm»i; -less.] Without
a Leain. {lliomson : Seasons; SumTner.)
beam'-Ster, s. [Eng. beam (l) ; -ster.] A
currier who works hides with a slicker over a
beam.
be'am-y, a. [Eng. beam; -y,]
1. Having the massiveness or weight of a
toeam.
" His double-biting axe, aud beamy spear;
Bach asking a gigantic force to rear."
£>ri/den: Palamon £ Arcite, iii. 480, 481.
2. Having horns or antlers.
" Hoiiae from their desert dens the bristled rage
Of boai'S, and beamy stags in toils engage."
Ih-yden : Virgil.
3. Emitting beams ; sliining, radiant, biil-
liaut.
(1) Literally :
" All-seeing sun !
Hide, hide in shameful night thy beamy liead."
Sinlth.
(2) Figuratively :
" So I with animated hopes behold,
And many an aching wish, your beamy fives."
Cowper : Task, bk. v.
i. Broad in the beam.
bean, * beane, '^ beene, * bene, s. [A.S.
bean, bien = a bean, all sorts of pulse ; O.
Icel. bauni Sw. bona; D;in. bonne; Dut.
boon; N. H. Ger. hokne; M. H. Ger. bone;
O. H. Ger. pdnd.]
A. As substantive :
I. BfAamj and Horticulture :
1. A well-known cultivated plant, Vicia
faba of LinnEens, now called Faha vulgaris.
It belongs to the order Leguniinospe. Thfe
stem is quadrangular and hollow ; the leaves
are altex'nate ; they are pinnate with two
to four leaflets. The flowers, which are
fragrant, . are papilionaceous, white, wltli
violet-coloured veins and blotches looking
almost black. The seeds are partly kidney-
shaped. Tlie native country of Faba vulgaris
is believed to be the regions near the Caspian
Sea, the Levant, and Egypt. The word bean
occurs twice in Scripture (in 2 Sam. xvii. 28,
and Ezek. iv. 9). The Hebrew term is "j^q
dntJ), Septuagint Greek Kv'a|U.os (kiiamos) (see
etymology), and seems correctly translated.
Pythagoras and his followers would not eat
it, and the flamen Dialis, or priest of Jupiter at
Rome, was forbidden to touch it. Faba vul-
garis may be primarily divided into the Garden
Bean and the Field Bean. Of the fonner
there are numerous sub-varieties. The earliest
is the Mazagan, which is small-seeded ; whilst
the largest is the Windsor. The Field Bean
runs into two leading sub-varieties, a larger
and a smaller one ; the latter is called Ticks.
The horse-bean is the variety equina.
2. {Popularly.') Any leguminous plant resem-
bling a bean, though not of the genuine genus
Faba. (See French or Haricot bea.i\, under
No. II.)
3. (Popularly.) Any plant with some vague
resemblance to a bean in fruit, even though
it be not even leguminous. Thus the Buck
Bean, Menyanthes tri/oliata, is properly qf the
Gentian order, and has no real affinity to Faba.
[BlTCK-BEAN.]
11. Commerce, £c. : The name given to the
seeds r.f certain plants belonging to the natural
order Leguminos*. The Common Field Bean
is the seed of the Faba vulgaris, the Broad or
Windsor Bean, being a cultivated variety of
the same plant. The
French or Haricot
Bean is the seed of
Phaseolus viultijlo-
rus, and the Scarlet
Runner (which is
closely akin to the
former) is Phaseolus
vulgaris.
Beans are used
for feeding horses,
as also for fattening
hogs. When fresh
they also sometimes
appi-'ar at table as a
culinary A'egetable
but dried beans are
seldom used in this country as an article of
food, partly owing to their strong flavour, and
GRANULES OF BEAN-
STARCH.
Magnified about 120 diameters.
partly to the difficulty with which they are
digested. Scarlet-runners and French beans
are used in the pod, in the green state, and
eaten as a vegetable. Bean-meal, which is more
er.sily digested tlian whole beans, contains
twite as much nitrogenous matter as wheat-
flour, and is more nutritious. It is sometimes
used to adulterate flour and bread : this can be
readily detected by the microscope. The cells
of the bean are larger, and the eell-walls much
thicker, than those of the wheat. The starch
granules are also different, being oval or
kidney-shaped, and having an irregular, deeji
uleft down the centre. Roasted beans were
formerly used to adulterate coffee.
B. Attributively : Pertaining to the bean;
consisting of plants allied to the bean.
"Order CX : "LeguiuinoBie or Fabacete, the Heart
TTihe."~Lindlei/ : .Vwf. Si/st. Bot., ind ed. (18.36), p. 148.
bean- caper, bean caper, s. [Eng.
bean, and caper (q.v.).J The English name of
the genus Zygophyllum, the typical one of the
botanical order ZygophyllaccEe. The species,
which are not particularly ornamental, have
fleshy leaves and yellow or whitish-yellow
flowers. They come from the Cape of Good
Hope and other places.
In the Plural {Bean Capers) : The name given
by Lindley to the order Zygophyllaceffi (q.v.).
bean-cod, bean cod, 6-. The legume of
a bean. [Cod.]
"Ai'gent, thme bean-cods . . ."—GIosb. (jf Heraldry.
bean-crake, s. A local name for a bird,
the Corncrake {Crex pratensis).
bean-feast, s. A dinner in the country
given by an employer to his workmen. The
name may be held to imply that originally
beans were really tlie chief dish on the table ;
but the term " bmii-feast," which comes from
the Northern counties, where the beaii-goose
is common, refers to that bird and not to the
vegetable bean (see Brewer's PAvase ayul Fable).
[Bean-goose, Wayz-goose.]
bean-fed, a. Fed on beans.
"... a fat and bean-fed hoTse, . . ."
Shakesp .Vids. Night's Dream, ii. 1.
bean-fly, s. " a beautiful fly of a pale-
purple colour found on beans, produced from
a maggot called Mida." {Webster.) The term
Mida is from Gr. ^t5as {midas), an insect stilted
by Theophrastus to be destructive to pulse.
bean-goose, s. A kind of goose, the
Aiiser segetum. It is so called from the re-
semblance which the upper mandible of the
bill bears to a horse-bean. It is a nngratory
bird, coming to this country from the North
in autumn, and returning thither again in
spring.
bean-harvester, s. A machine for cut-
ting and heaping together bean-haulm when
ready to be gathered. There are various kinds.
bean-meal, s. [See Bean, II.]
bean-ore, s.
Mining : Brown iron ore, occurring in
ellipsoidal concretions.
bean-sheller, s. A machine for shelling
beans.
bean-shot, s.
Metol-worldag : Copper formed into shot
like gravel by being poured in a melted state
into water.
bean-stalk, ». The stalk of a bean.
"Taking this ground, a man may maintain the
story of "Jack aud the Bean-stalk' m the face of all
the science in the \voTld."—Tyndall : Fraf/, of Science,
3rd ed., xiv. 435.
bean-tree, s.
1. The Swedish bean-tree, Pyrus intermedia.
2. The bean-tree of Australia, Castanosper-
■mum australe, a leguminous species belonging
to the section Sophorefe.
bean-trefoil, s.
1. The English name of AnagjTis, a genus
of plants belonging to the Papilionaceous sub-
order of the LeguminosEe. The species are
small trees with legumes curved inward at
the extremity. They grow in the south of
Europe, North America, and perliapis else-
where.
2. A name sometimes given to Menyanthes
trli'oliata. [Menyanthes.]
3. A name formerly applied to the Labur-
num (Cytisus laburnum). [Cytisus.]
bean (1), bane,<a. [Gael, ban = white ; haine
= whiteness.] White. {Scotch.)
"... with light aaudy-coloured hair, and small,
pale features, from which he derived his agnomen of
Bean, or white . . ." — Scott : fVavcrlei/, ch. xviL
* bean (2), a. [Probably from Fr. bien (aa
subst.) = wealth, property, . . . comfort; (as
adj.) = well.] [Bene.] Comfortable, snug.
{Old Scotch.)
* beand. [Beyond.]
* be'-and, pr. par. [A.S. beand, pr. par. of &eou
= to'be.] Being. {O.Scotch.)
"Bath the partiis beand peraonaly present, — the
lordis auditons decretis," &c. — Acl. Audit., A. 1476, p.
4'^. {Jamieson.)
be'an-shaw.
[Benshaw.] {Scotch.)
*be-ant-ler, * be-an-cler, *be-an-kler,
s. Obsolete forms of Bezantler (q.v.).
beau'-y, a. [Eng. bean, s. ; -y.] Spirited,
fresh ; in good condition (like a horse fed on
beans).
"The hnrees . . , looked fresh and beany."— Daily
yews, July 27, 1870, p. 5. {iV.E.B.)
bear (i), * b^re, * bsere, * beore, * bser'-en,
* ber'-en, * beir'-en, * bueren (pret.
bore, t hare, * bar, * bear, * bcei', *' ber; pa. par.
born, borne) (sere, core, eir, and uer as
ar), v.t. & i. [A.S. beran, beoran (pret. ba'r ;
pa. par. boren) = to bear ; geberan = to bear ;
qebcbran = to behave, to conduct one's self ;
aheran = to bear, carry, suffer; O.S. beran,
giberan ; 0. Fries. & O. Icel. bera ; Sw, bd.ra ;
Dan. bmre ; Dut. baren = to give birth to,
to bring forth ; heuren = to lift ; hceren = to
carry, to bear ; Goth. baira.n = to carry ; Ger.
gebaren = to bring foi'th ; fiikren = to carry ;
O. L. Ger. beran; O. H Ger. beran, peran =
to bear ; cogn. with Lat. fero = to bear or
carry ; pario = to bear ; porto = to carry what
is heavy ; Gr, ^e'pw {phero), if)opeaj (phoreo) —
to bear or carry ; ^apv<; (barus) = heavy, and
^apys [baros) = weight ; Sansc hhur, hhirdmi,
hibluirnii = to carry, to sustain.] [Batrn,
Barinde, Berinde, Bear (2), Bere, Bier,
Birth, Burden.] A word of ^ery various
signili cations. Thus Watts says —
" We say to bear a burden, to bear sorrow or re-
proach, to' bear a name, to bear a [frudge, to bear fruit,
or to bear children. The word bear is used in very
different senses."
A. Transitive :
I. To support or to carry as a burden.
1. Literally :
(1) To support, sustain, or cany any person
or thing possessing a greater or less amount
of material weight.
"... that thou shouldest say unto me. Carry them.
in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking
child, unto the land which thou awarest unto their
fat'horb'i'-Numb. xi. 12.
(2) To cause any person or thing to be sus-
tained or carried, or conveyed, without litpraUy
bearing the burden one's self.
" A guest like him, a Trojan guest before.
In fahew of friendship, sought the Spartan shore.
And ravish'd Helen from her huahand bore."
Garth.
2. Figuratively :
(1) {Of any mental or moral instead of any
physical burdeii): To support, sustain, or
carry.
(a) To sustain, to maintain, to support.
" For he always saw passing events, not in the point
of view in iihich they commonly appear to one who
bears apart in them, . . ." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. ii.
(&) To endure, to suffer to stand, to tolerate,
without giving way under the load, or being
otherwise injured by it.
" I have fed you with milk, and not with meat : for
hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now
are ye able." — 1 Cor. iiL 2.
" . . . he could not bear the eyes of the Imr aud of
the audience." — Macaulay : Hist, Eng., ch, v.
(c) To endure without resentment '; to tole-
rate, to stand.
" Not the gods, nor angry Jove will hear
Thy lawless wand'ring walks in ujiper air,"
Dryden.
(d) To suffer, to undergo ; to be subjected to
as a punishment, sickness, calamity, or loss.
" That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto
thee ; I ban- the loss of it ; of my hand didst thou re-
quire it,"— Gen. XXXI. 39,
(e) To stand the temptation resulting from
anything.
" I was carried on to observe, hnw they did hear
their fortunes, and how they did empluj their times."
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pitt, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; 5e = e. qu -- Uw.
bear
(/) To be responsible for ; to be answerable
for.
"■ . . they shall even beor their iniquity."— £"21;*.
xliv. 10.
"If I bring him not uuto thee, then I shall bear
the blame to my father for ever." — Gen. xliv, a-L
"... that which thou putteat on me will I bear."—
2 Kings xviii. 14.
{g) To carry or convey an immaterial bui'-
den or anything similar.
" My message to the ghost of Priam bear :
Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there."
Dri/dcn: ^Eneid.
(2) (When no idea of iurdeii is implied, hut
in many cases the reverse): To sustain, support,
possess, or carry anytliing. Specially^
(a) To possess a name.
" Hia pio\i3 brother, sure the best
Who ever bore that ns.ine."—Dri/den.
(h) To possess a title or other mark of
honourable distinction, as "to bear arms."
" He may not bear so fair and so noble an image of
the divine glory, as the universe in its full system." —
Eale. ,
" I write the f-alsehood on their crest.
If by the blaze I mark aright,
Thou bear'st the belt and spur of kiiight.
Scott : Lady of tlie Lake, iv. 30.
+ (c) To possess 'in the sense of being the
object of.
"I'll be your father, and your brother too ;
Let me but bear your love, I'll bear yoar cares."
Shakesp. : 2 IJcn. I V., v. 2.
(d) To possess as power. (Used specially
in such phrases as "to hear sway.")
" When vice prevails, and impious meu bear sway.
The post of nouour is a private station."
Addison: Cato.
(e) To carry in the mind, to entertain, to
harbour. (Used of good and of bad and in-
different emotions.)
"That inviolable love I bear to the land of my
nativity, prevailed upon me to engage in so hold an
attem pt."—Sun/(.
"As for this gentleman, who is fond of her, she
beareth liim jlu invincible hatred."— /& id.
(3) Used of things :
(a) To be capable of, to admit, to be suffi-
cient for.
" Had he not been eager to And mistakes, he would
not have strained my works to such a sense as they
will nut bear." — Alterburi/.
(h) To supply.
(c) To tolerate, admit of.
"... than either the judgment of wise men al-
loweth, or the law of God itself -wUl bear."— Hooker.
IL To produce, to bring forth.
1. Lit. : To give birth to, to produce, to
bring forth. Used —
(a) Of the female sex of man or that of the
inferior animals.
"... Isaac, which Sarah shall tear unto thee . . ."
— Gen. xvii. 21
(b) Of plants.
" Nor yet the hawthorn bore her berries red."
Cowper: NeedleiS Alarm.
2. Figiiraiivehj :
(a) To give birth to, as the earth is poetically
said to do to the animals and plants generated
upon it, or as one's natal spot is said to give
him birth.
" Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore."
Dryden.
(6) To bring forth, produce, adduce, give.
"There ia another that beareth witness of me . . ."
—John V. 33.
III. Reflect loely : To act; to behave. (The
radical signification probably is to support
or to carrj' one's self.)
"... some good instruction give.
How I may bear me here."
Shakesp. Temp., i. 2.
"Hath he borne himself penitently in prison T" —
Shakesp. : Jfeas.for Jleas., iv. 2.
II This sense appears to have been derived
from A.S. hceran = to behave, to conduct one's
self. (See etyni.)
rV. To weigh down, press upon, drive, or
urge. (Here the signification points not at
the person sustaining the burden, but at the
burden viewed as weighing down the iiersou.)
1. To press upon, even when motion or
action on the part of the person thus pressed
does not follow.
" Ccesar doth bear me hard ; but he loves Brutus."
Shakesp. : Jul. CcsHar, i. 3.
"These men bear hard upon the suspected party,
pursue her close through all her wmdhies"— Addison.
2. To drive or urge in some direction, as
forward or backward.
(a) Chiefly by i^hysical means. [See C. 3,
4. J
(b) Chiefly or wholly by moral means.
" But confidence then bore thee on ; secure,
Either to meet no dauger, or to find
Matter of glorioua trial."
Jlilton : P. L, bk. ix.
B. Intransitive:
1. To sufl"er.
" 'I'hey bore as heroes, but they felt as men."— Pope.
2. To be patient ; to endure without mur-
muring.
" I cannot, cannot bear : 'tis past, 'tis done ;
Perish this impious, this detested sou!
Dryden.
3. To act upon, or against. [See C. 15.]
'■ Spinola. with his shot, did bear upon those witliin,
who appeared upon the wall." — Hayward.
4. To produce, to bring forth its like ; to be
fruitful.
■' A fruit-tree hath been blown up almost by the
roots, and set up a^aiu, and the next year bear ex-
ceedingly."— Bacon.
5. To succeed, to take effect.
"Havin? pawned a fuU suit •A clothes for a sum of
money, which my oi>erator assured me was the last
he should want to bring all our matters to bear. —
Guardian.
6. To be situated with respect to.
"At noon we perceived a low double land, bearing
■W.S.W., about lien leagues distant . . ." — Walter :
Ansons Voyage, 15th ed. (1780), p. 53.
7. To move in the direction of.
C. In phrases in some of which bear is tran-
sitUr, in others intransitive.
1. To hear against :
(a) To be in contact with ; to press more or
less forcibly against.
" Because the operations to be performed by the teeth
require a considerable strength in the instruments
which move the lower jaw, nature hath provided this
with strung muscles, to make it bear forcibly agaiiust
the upper jaw." — Jiay.
"Upon the tops of mountains, the air which bears
agaitist the restagnant quicksilver is less pressed."—
Boyle.
(b) To move towards, to approach.
2. To bear away :
(a) Trans. : To win, to carry away ; as, for
instance, a prize.
" Because the Greek and Latin have ever borne away
the i>ri'r(,gati\-e from all other tongues, they shall
Serve ;vi touchstones to make our trials by."— Camden
(b) Intrans. . To move one's self off; to
depart, to flee.
" Nuver did meu more Joyfully obey,
Or '4noner understand the sign to fly 1
With such alacrity they boj'e away."
Dryden.
3. To hear hack or backward (^trans.) : To
thrust or drive back or backward by pihysical
force.
" Their broken outs, and floating planks, withstand
Their passage, while they labour to the land ;
And ebbing tides bear back upon th' uncertain sand. "
Dryden.
" Clan -Alpine's best are backward borne."
Scolt : Lady qf the Lake, vi. is,
4. To hear down (trans.) :
(a) Lit. : To thrust down by physical force.
" . . , on land they were at first bortie down by irre-
sistible force." — .Macaulay : /list. Eng., ch. IL
(6) Fifj. : To do so by other means.
"Truth is borne down, attestations neglected, the
testimony of sober persous despised."- Swr^ft.
(c) Najit. : To sail towards. (Followed by
itpon.)
5. To hear hand to : To suppoH, to lend
assistance to. (Scotch.)
". . . to hearc hand to the trueth . . ."—Bruce:
Eleven Serm., F 3, 6.
Tf Bear a hand (without to) is very common
in English in the sense of help : "Bear a hand
here ! "
6. To hear in : To move in.
" Whose navy like a stiff" stretch 'd cord did shew,
Till he bore in, and bent them into flight."
Dryden.
7. To hear i?i hand: To amuse with false
pretences ; to deceive ; to accuse.
" Your daughter, whom she bore in hand to love
With such integrity, she did confess
Was as a scorpion to her sight."
Shakes}^- ■' Cyinb., v. 5.
". . his sickness, age, and impotence.
Was falsely borne in /land."
Stiakesp. : Samlet, it 2.
8. To bear off (trans.) :
(a) Lit. : To carrj' away.
" Grive but the word, we'll snatch this damsel up.
And bear her off." Addiion : Cato.
(6) To bold ; to restrain.
"Do you suppose the state of this realm to he now
so feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow than
this "i "—Hayward.
9. To bear on Imnd ; '^ to bar on hand :
(a) Trans. : To tell, to inform, to apprise.
(Scotch.)
" In till this tyme that TJmphraweill,
As I bar yow on hand er Quhill,
Come till the King of Ingland . . ."
Barbour, xix. 142, J/S. (Jamieson.)
(&) (Intrans.) : To affirm, to relate.
45J
" Syn the BalUol and his folk were
Arywj'd In to Scotland,
As I have herd men bere on hand.
Wyntoum, vill. 33, G-L {Jamteson.)
10. To bear out (trans.) :
(a) To afford a warrant for ; to give legiti-
mate defence, or at least excuse, for.
" I hope your warrant will bear out the deed."
^ Shakesp. : King JJm. iv. 1.
(b) To support ; to sustain by power or any
other way than by legal or moral warrant.
" Quoth Sldrophel, I do not doubt
To find friends that will bear me out
Eudibras.
•• Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing."
-Soutlt.
(c) Intrans. : To stand forth.
"In a c^.uvexmiiTour, we view the figures and all
other thhigs. %vhich bear out with more life and
strength than nature itself."^ Dryden.
11 To hear the bell: To lead. [Bell, A.,
III.. 4.]
12. To bear the cross ; to hear oiie's cross :
(a) Lit. (of Christ): To endure the agonising
physical and mental sufferings of which the
cross was the symbol.
" Submits to death, nay, bears the cross.
In all its shame and woe." Cameron.
(h) Fig. (of His followers): To endure suffer-
ings, especially those to which their devotion
to their Divine Master may expose them.
"And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come
after me. camiot be my disciple."— iztfce xiv. 27.
13. To hear the sword :
(a) Lit. : To carry or bear a sword for a
longer or shorter time as the emblem of
authority.
" I do commit into your hand ^
The imstain'd sword that you have us'd to bear.
S!iake.'<p. : 2 Hen, IV ,v. 2.
(h) Fig. : To be in an office conferring
authority, even when no sword is carried.
"... for he [the magistrate] beareth not the sword
in vain . . ."—Rom. xiii. 4.
li. To hear up (trans. <& intrans.) :
(1) Transitive :
(a) Lit- : To sustain anj-thing by physical
means, so that it cannot fall or sink.
"... the waters increased, and bare up the ark,
and it was lift up above the eiurth. "— Gen. vii. 17.
"And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars
upon which the house stuud, and on which it was
borne up." — fudg. xvL 29.
(h) Fig. : To sustain any immaterial thing
by suitable means.
"A religious hope does not only bear up the mind
under her sufferings, but makes her rejoice in them.."
— Addison.
(■2) Intransitive:
(a) Lit. : To move upwards or onwards.
"The oily droi>s swimming on the spirit of wine,
moved restlessly to and fro, sometimes bearing up to
one another, as if all were to unite into one body ; and
then falling off, and continuing to shift places."—
Doyle.
(b) Fig. : To manifest fortitude, to be un-
moved ; to retain composure under calamity.
" Yet, even against such accumulated disasters and
disgraces, his vigorous and inapiring mind bore up.' —
Macauluy : Hist. Eng.,<i)\. xxv.
15. To hear upon :
(a) Lit. : To carry upon, as a ship upon a
rock.
" We were encounter'd by a mighty rock,
\yhich being violently borne upon,
Oui- helpless ship was splitted lu the midst."
Shakesp. : Com. of Errors, i. 1.
(b) Fig. : To have a certain reference to ; to
restrain one's self.
" And sae for fear he clean sud spoil the sport
Gin aues his shepherdess sud tak the doi t,
He boore upon him, aud ne'er loot her keu.
That he was ony ways about her fain."
Ross : Helenore, p. 33,
16. To hear with: To endure something dis-
tasteful to one.
" If he is willing to hear iidth their scrupulosity . . ."
— ilacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xi.
^ ((') Crabb thus distinguishes between to
hear and to yield: — '* Bear conveys the idea
of creating within itself ; yield, that of giving
from itself. Animals hear their young ; in-
animate objects yield their produce. An
apple-tree hears apples ; the earth yichh fruits.
Bear marks properly the natural power of
bringing forth something of its own kind ;
yield is said of the result or quantum brought
forth. Shrubs hear leaves, flowers, or berries,
according to their natural properties ; flowers
yield seeds plentifully or otherwise as they are
favoured by circumstances."
(b) To bear, to carry, to convey, and to
transport are thus discriminated: — "To heiir
is simply to put the weight of any substance
upon one's self; to carry is to remove it from
the spot where it was ; we always bear in
8)6il, tooj^; po^t, j6^1; cat, ^ell, choxus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-clan, -tian = sh^JU -tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -$ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel, del.
460
bear— bearably
carry' iig, bat in it vice versd. That wliich
(.■aijii'it be easily hi,, i>c must be Imrdeiisoiiie
to carry. 'ti\nco hco.r is coiiliited to personal
service, it may bf used in tlie sense of carnj,
"When t]ie lattei' implies the removal of any-
thing by any other budy. The hearer of a
letter or parcel is he who mrrics it in his
hand ; the carrier uf parcels is he who itwi-
l\\oy^i\.conveyatiir. Concmj and iraiu^port arc
species <d' carnjimj. Carrij in its particular
sense iscmployi-d either for personal exertions
or actions perfurmed by the help nf other
]neans. Coiircy ami transport are employed
for such actions as are performed not by im-
mediate per->onal iiiterx'cntion or cxcrtioii : a
porter rariics goods on his knot; ^'nods are
conveyed in a waggon or i-art ; they are trans-
ported in a \'essel. Convey expresses simply
the mode of removing ; transport annexes the
ideas of place and distance. Merrliants y:rt
conveyed' into their warehouses gnods ^v]lich
have been transported from distant countries."
iCrabh : Eng, Synon.)
bear (2), v.t. [Bear, s., II. 1.]
On the Stock Exchange : A cant phrase mean-
ing to attempt to depress the price of stock.
bear (1), '^beare, * bere, be- ore, s.
[A.8. hera = bear ; Dnt. heer ; Ger. hur ;
Jl. H. Ger. her; O. H. Ger. hero, pero ; Icel.
i: S\v. hiurn, hjorn ; cogn. with Lat. Jem — a
wild beast.]
I. Ordinary Language:
I. Litercdly :
(1) Zool.: The English nnme of the various
spei_ies of Plantigrade mammals belonging to
the Ursus and some neighbouring genera. The
term 'plantigrade, applied to the bears, inti-
mates that they walk on the soles of their feet ;
not, like the digitigradeanimahs, on their toes.
Though having six incisor teeth in each jaw,
and large canines, like the rest nf the Carni-
vora, yet the tubercular crowns uf the molar
teeth sliow that their food is partly vegetable.
They giub up roots, and, when they can ob-
tain it, greedily devour honey. They hiber-
nate in winter. The best-known species is
Ursus arctos, the Brown Bear, of which there
are several varieties. The general length is
about four feet, with a height of some thirty
inches at the shoulder. The colour also varies
considerably. The flesh is used for food, and
the hams and paws are esteemed as delicacies ;
the fat IS made into iioniade, and the skin is
dressed for robes. Tliey are wild on the
continent of Europe, in Asia, and in part uf
America; formerly they were found also in
Britain. Other species arc the Syi'ian Bear
(Ursu^Syriacvs, which is the bear of Scripture);
the American Black Bear ((7. AmcriMuu^) ;
the Grizzly Bear of the same continent {U.
jercx); and the Polar Bear, U. ov Thalassaretos
ma I it I lit at:, &c.
"... they be chafed in their ininds. as a bear robbed
of her whelps in the field."— 2 Sam. xviL 8.
(2) Pakeoniology :
(i.) The Familii Ursidce. The earliest repre-
sentative of the Ursidffi, or Bear family, known
at present, does not belong to the typical
genus Ursus. It is called Aniphieyun, and is
of Miocene age.
(ii.) The Genus Ursus. Of the True Bears
belonging to the Ursus genus none have as
yet been found earlier than the Pliocene.
(a) Pliocene Bears. The best known species
is Ursus arvernensis.
(6) Fost-piioccae Bears. One of these, Ursvf^
priscus, seems the same as U.fcrcx (the Grizzly
Bear). [A., 1. 1. ] ^several bears, Ursus speheiis,
arctos, and others, have been found in caves in
England and elsewhere. Of these, U. spehcus,
from Gr. o-n-yjAatos (spelaios) = a. gi-otto, cave,
cavern, or pit, is the one called specially the
Cave-bear. It is a giant species, occurring in
the later rather than the earlier Post-pliocene
beds. (Nicolson: I'akeont., <S:c.)
2. Figuratively : A jierson brave, fierce, and
rough in his treatment of others, whom one
iiolds in his control.
" rorK: Call liither to the st-nke my two brave heai's,
Tliat with tlie \ery thrtking uf tlieir chiiiiia
Tliey iiiayn9toiii.ili tljese fell Inrkliig ciira ;
Bid Salisbury ;ui(l Warwiuk come to me.
iEnfer the F<n-}<i of \Varwi<:k aud Salhbnr;/.)
C'tif. Are thc'^- thy bears i we'll bait tliy iears tu
deatli.
And ijiHiiacle the bear-ward in their chains,
If thou uareat briuk' them to tlie baititig-ijlace."
ahakeap. : 2 Uen. 17., v. 1.
II. Technically:
1. Oil the Stork Exchange : A caiit jOirase for
one who contracts to sell on a specified day |
certain sto'-k not belonging to him, at the
markrt jirice then prevailing, on receiving
imaginary paymentfor them at the rate wlm-ii
obtains wlieu the prnmise was made. It now
becomes his interest that the stock on which
he lias speculated should fall in price ; and he
is tempted to effect this end by circulating
adverse rumours regarding it ; whilst the pur-
chaser, called a "bull," sees it to his advan-
tage to make the stock rise. The origin of
the term is uncertain. Dr. Warton derives it
from the provej'bial expression of selling the
skin before the bear is caught, but he does
not assign any explanation to the contrary
term hull; others point out that the action of
tlie former is like that of a bear pulling down
something with his paws, while that of the
latter is suggestive of a bull tossing a person
up with his lioi'iis. [Bcjll.]
2. -istro)i. : One or other of two constella-
tions, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, called
respectively the Great Bear and the Little
Bear. [Ursa.] When the word i'ct'/- stands
alone, it signifies Ursa Major.
" E'en then when Troy was by the Greelts o'ei-thrown,
The Bear opiioa'd to bright Orion shone." — Creech.
' 3. Nftiit. : A block, shaggy below with mat-
ting, used to scrub the decks of \'essels.
1[ The word hear is used in an attributive
sense in compounds like the following : —
bear - baiting, * bear - bayting, s.
The sport of baiting bears by dugs set upon
them. [Baiting.]
"But bcar-haiting, then a favourite diversion of
high and low, was the abomination which most
stronjfly stirred the wrath uf the austere sectaiues." —
JIacaulat/ : Jlist. Eng., ch. ii.
bear-berry, s. The English name of the
Aretostaphylos, a genus of plants belonging
to the order Ericaeea; (Heatli worts). Two
species occur in Britain, Aretostaphylos Uva.
ursl and A. n/piiict. They are sometimes
I'anked under the genus Arbutus. The flowers
are rose-coloured, the berry of the Uva orsi is
red, whilst that of the other is black. Tliey
atlbrd food for moor-fowl. The former is used
in nephritic and calculous cases, and some-
times even in pulmonary diseases ; it more-
over dyes an ash colour, and can be used in
tanning leather. It is found on the Continent,
especially in alpine regions, while its chosen
habitat in the British Isles is in the Scottish
Highlands.
bear-bind, s. The English name of the
Calystegia, a genus of jilants belonging to the
(U'der Convolvulaceee, or Bindweeds. It is
called also Hooded Bindweed. The Calystegia
sepinm and C. soldaneUa occur in Britain.
BEAEBIIOD.
1. Calystegia sepiimt. 2. Calyx, witli its leafy
bracts (uatm-al bize).
The former has large showy flowers, pure
white, or sometimes rose-coloured or striped
with pink ; it is found in moist woods and
hedges. The latter, which lias large rose-
coloured flowers, is usually found on sandy
sea-shores.
bear-fly, s. Ah nnidentiried insect.
" There be of flies, caterpillars, canker-files, and bear-
flies . . ." — Bacon: A'atuml Hisfory.
bear-garden, s.
A. As suhstantlve :
1. A garden or other place in which boars
are ki'pt for "sport" or exhibition.
" Hurrying me from tlie play-house, and the scenes
thereto the bi'ar-f/ay-dcii, to the apes, and asaea, and
ty\iars."~S/ illirifi^fl-eet.
" I could not forbear going to a place of renown for
tlie gallantry of Britons, namely, tj the bear-garden."
— Bpeetator.
2. An assembly in which those present
behave with bear-like rudenc--s.
B. Attrihutiv! y : Resembling the manners
of a bear-garden ; rude, turbulent, uproarious.
"... a bear-qicrden .fellow : that is, a man ruds
enough tu Ijt <t imjpur frequenter of the bear-gardi-n.
JJuiu-gurdrn spurt is used lor inelegant eutertaUi-
meut. ' — Johmoii.
bear-oal£, s. Qucrcus ilicfolia.
bear's-breech, s. The English name
of tlie Acanthus, the typical genus of the
botanical order Acanthaccie. [Acanthus.]
bear'S-ear, s. The ordinai-y English name
of the Cortusa, a genus of plants belonging to
the or(U-r Primulaees. Another English ap-
pellation for it is Saniele. C. Mutthioli, the
Common Bear's Ear Saniele, is a handsome
little plant from the Alps.
bear's-foot, .?. The English name of a
lilant(Hellehorus fn-tidm). It is a bushy plant,
two feet liigh, witii evergreen palmate leaves,
globose flowers, fetid smell, and powerfully
cathartic properties. It is wild in Hamp-
shire and elsewhere in Southern England, but
in the Scottish localities where it occurs it
has escaped from gardens.
bear*s-grape, s. A plant, Aretostaphylos
Uva urtil. [Arctostaphylos.]
bear's-grease, s. The grease or fat of
hears, u.sed extensively as a pomade for the
tiair, and in medical preparations.
bear-skin, s.
1. The skin of a bear.
2. A shaggy kind of woollen cloth used, for
overcoats.
3. The tall fur cap worn by the Guards in,
the Britisli army.
bears-Whortleberry, s. A name for
the bear-berry (Arctostapliylos). [See Bear-
berry, Arctostaphylos.]
bear-wbelp, s. The whelp of a bear.
bear-wort, s. An umbelliferous plant,
Meurn athamanticum, called also Men, Bald-
money or Bawdmoney. [See these words.]
bear (2), bere, beir, beer, s. [Bere.]
1. As suh&t. : A cereal, "six-rowed barley"
{Hordenm hexasttchum). [Bere. ]
2. Atfrihutively : Pertaining to the cereal
described under A.
bear-land, 5. Land appropriated for a
crop of barley. (Jarnieson.) (See example
under Bear-seed.)
bear-meal, s. &, a.
1. As suhst. : Z\Ieal composed of bear.
2. ^s adj. : Pertaining to such meal.
. and feed him, as they did me. on bear-meaZ
' ' " ." — Scott ; Jiedgauntletf
bear-mell, s. A mallet for beating the
hulls off barley. (It is called iu Scotch also
knockin mdl.) {Jamieson.)
bear-seed, beer-seed, beir-seed, *.
1. Barley, or big.
"The shower 'U do muckle gruidtothe beer-seed. It's
been a sair drowth this three weeks." — Tennant's
Card, Beaton, p. 113.
2. That portion of agricultural labour whicli
is appropriated to the raising of baidey.
"... vacance to be for the heirseid during the
moneth of Maij." — Acts Ju. VI., 1587 (ed, 1814), p. 447.
3. The season for sowing barley.
"A dry season is not at all desirable for ploughing
and sowme bear-land, because it directly encourages
want of solidity. That defect is much supplied by a
rainy bear-seed."—!iarvei/ of Banffshire, App., p. 49.
iJamieson.)
bear-Stane, s. A hollow stone, anciently
used for removing the husks of bear or barley.
"It is -what wi\s formerly called iu this country a.
henr-.'ifii iit\ hollow like a large mortar ; and was made
use nf til unhusk tlie bear of barley, as a prepaj-atiou
for the pot, with a large wooden mell, long before
barley-mills were known." — &'r«(. ^cc, xix., 561-2.
.Jamieson.)
bear'-a-ble, o. [Eng. Icar ; -a.hlc.'\ Able to
be borne. {Edinburgh Review.)
bear'-a-bly, a/h\ [Eng. hearaolie) -y.] In a
bearable manner ; in a manner to be endured ;
tolerably, endurably. {Westminster Ikciew.)
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey = a» qu = kT7.
bearance— bearer
461
bear'-an9e, s. [Eng. iear; -ance.]. Tolera-
tion. (Scotch.)
" Wlian for your lies you a-sk a bearance.
They aoud, at Jeast, hae truth's fiiJiyearance."
Jiev. J. JVicol's Poems, ii. uti. {Jumieson.)
beard, " beard. " berd. * berde, s. [A.S.
heard; Fries. bi;rcJ ; Dut. haard ; Gtr. hart ■
Fr. borhe ; Sp., Poit., Ital., & Lat. tnr&a;
Wei. &Pr/; Foi. broda ; Huss. boroda ; Lith.
A. Ordinary Language :
L 0/ man :
1. Li^ : Tlie hair nn the lower parts of the
face of man, eonstitutiiij^ one of the most
noticeable marks by which he is distinguislied
from the opposite sex.
" Ere on thy chin the apringing heard began
To spread a doubtful dowu, and promise man."
Prior.
2. Figuratively :
(1) The face (in phrases implying to the
face) ; openly, defiantly.
1[ (ri) To do anything offensive to a iimn's
" beard " : To his face, for 'the sake of affront ;
in open defiance of.
" Eftil'd at their covenant, and jeer'd
Their icv'rend personal to luy beiird."
II udibras.
(6) To tnol-e the beard of: To outwit, to de-
ceive, to overreach,
" He sayd, I trow the clerkes were aferde.
Vet cau a miller make a clerke'a berde."
Chaucer: C. T., 4,093-4,
(c) Maugre one's beard : In spite of one.
(2) Time of life.
IF (rO Withovt a heard: Not yet having
reached manhood ; without virility.
"Some thin remains of chastity appeared
Ev'n under Jove, but Jove without a beard."
Dri/dett.
(b) A grey beard, literally = a beard that is
grey, and tiguratively = an old man {in most
eases conteviptnousJy') ; and a reverend beard is
literally = a beard wliite witli agi-, and tigura-
tively = a very old man (resiicrtjnllii).
"The ancient ruffian, sir, whose life I have apav'd
at suit of his grey bearU."Shakc8p. : Lear, ii. 2.
" We'll overreach tlie greybeard, Gvemio,
The nai-row-prying father, Minola."
Sha?ce8p. ; Tarn, of tlie Shrew, iil. 2.
" Would it not be insufferable for a professor to have
his authority of forty years' standing, confirmed hy
Keneral tradition and a reverend beard, overturned by
an upstart novelist ? " — Locke.
II. Of the inferior animals: Anj-thing bear-
ing a more or less close analogy, or even a
remote similarity, to the hirsute appendage
of the chin in man. [B. 1.]
"... and when he [either a lion or a bear] arose
against me, I caught liiin liy his beard, and smote hiiu
and slew him."— i Sam. xvii. 35.
III. Of plants: The awns in cereal or other
grasses.
"A certain farmer complained that the beards of
his corn cut the reapers and threshers' fingers "—
L' Estrange.
IV. Of things inanimate. Sjiecially—
1. The barb of an arrow. [Bearded, B I
3, /;.] . . ■
2. The tail of a comet, especiallv when it
appears to go before the nucleus. [Bearded
B., I. 3, a.]
3. The foam on the sea.
"The ocean old,
******
And far and wide
With ceaaeless flow,
His fieaj-rf of snow
Heaves with the heavine of his breast "
Longfellow : The liuilding of the Ship.
4. Tlie inferior part of a joint of meat.
5. The coarser part of a fleece.
B, Technically :
I. Anthropology: The hirsute appendage of
the chin in man. [A., I. 1.]
II. Zoology:
1. Among mammah :
(a) The hirsute appendages of the louver
part of the face in some genera and species.
[A., IL, and Bearded'(B., I. 1, example).]
(b) The appendages, though not hirsute, to
the mouth of some Cetacea.
2. Among birds: The small feathers at tlie
base of the bill. [Bearded Tit, Beardy.]
3. Among fishes: The appendages to the
mouth of some fishes. [Beardie.]
4. Among insects : Two small oblon'^ fleshy
bodies placed just above the antlia, or spiral
sucker, in the Lepidoptera, and the corre-
sponding part of the mouth in some Diptera
like the gnat. '
5. Among molbiscs :
(a) The byssus by which some genera nffix
themselves to the rock. Example, the byssus
in the genus Pinna.
(b) The gills in some genera. Example,
Ostrea (the oyster).
III. Botany:
1. The arista, or awn, of grasses ; the bristle
into which the midi-ib of tlie bracts in the
flowers of many grasses is prolonged.
2, Long hairs occurring in tufts.
IV. Farriery : The heard or chuck of a horse
is tliat part which bears the curb of the bridle.
V. Printing: That part of the type above
and below the face which allows fur ascend-
ing and descending letters, such as h and y,
and prevents them from coming in contact
with adjacent letters in the preceding or fol-
lowing line. Many tyjies, mostly capitals,
are cast with very little beard.
VI. Carpentry : The sharp edge of a board.
VII. Mechanics :
1. The hook at the end of a knitting needle
in a knitting machine. It is designed to hold
the yarn.
2. A spring-piece at the back of a lock to
prevent the internal parts from rattling.
beard-grass, s. The English name of
Polypogon, a genus of grasses. Two species—
tlie annual Beard-grass (Polypogon Monospeli-
ensis), and the perennial Beard-grass (P. lit-
t oralis)— occur wild in Britain. Both are rare.
[Polypogon.]
beard-moss, s. A botanical name for
a lichen, Usnea harhata, found in Britain.
This or some other species of Usnea is believed
to be Milton's
"... humble shrub
And bush with frizl'd hair implicit"
beard-tree, a. The hazel-tree. [Filbert.]
beard, v.t. IFrombeard, s. (q.v.).]
I. To provide or furnish with a beard.
(Generally in the pa. jiar., bearded.)
"The youth now bearded, and yet iiert and raw."
C'owper ; Tirocinium.
II. To take or pluck by the beard in con-
temptuous defiance or uncontrollable anger.
1. Lit. : AVith the foregoing meaning.
2. Fig. : To defj% to oppose to the face, to
affront. Used—
(a) Of persons:
SMkesp. : 1 Henry IV., iv. L
('j) Of things:
" The meanest weed the soil there bare
Her breath did so refine,
That it with woodbine durst compare
And beard the eglantine. "
Drayton: Question of Cynthia, p. 624.
III. Carpentry : To chip or plane away
timber, so as to reduce the concavity of a
curve, to modify a straight line, &c.
be'ard-ed, pa. jtar. & a. [Beard, v.]
A. As pa. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. -4s participial adjective :
I. Ordinai^j Language :
1. Of manor the inferior animals: Havino-a
beard.
" The bearded Turk, that i-arely deigns to speak."
Byron : Childe Harold, li. 58.
". . . two large bearded monkeys." — Darwin ■
Voyage round the World, ch. 2.
2. Of plants : Having awns, as barley and
other grain, and some grasses. [See also II. 2.]
"In among the bearded barley."
Tennyson : Lady of Shalott.
" On the chalk-hill the bearded grass
Is dry and dewless."
Tennyson : Tlie Miller's Daughter.
3. Of things inanimate :
(a) Having anything long and hair-like con-
nected with it.
" Some bearded meteor, trailing light "
Tennyson : Lady of Shalott. pt. iii.
(h) Barbed, jagged.
" Thou should'st have puIVd the secret from my breast
Tom out the bearded steel to give me rest "
II. Technically: ■°"^''^"-
1. Zool.: Possessed of a "beard." [A. 1.]
^ r/(? Bearded Tit, Bearded Titmovse, Bearded
Pin nock: A bird, called also ilie Least Butcher-
bird. It is the Calamophihis biarmicus of
Jenjnis. The male has the head a light
gi-eyish-blue— the general colour light red ■
boll, boy; poiit, jowl; cat, cell, chorus,
-«ian, -tian = shan. -gion, -tion, -sion
the wings variegated with black and white ;
niystachial bands and lower tail-coverts black.
The female is lighter, with the head merely
tipped with grt-y, no mystachial bands, and
the lower tail-coverts light red. Young like
the female, but with the head and back black.
Male : length 6} inches ; extent of wings, 7^ ;
female, (5i inches. It lives among reeds and
aquatic plants in the southern counties of
England. Its nest, made of reeds, sedges, &i-.,
and lined with reed-tops, is placed in a tuft
of grass or rushes near the gi-ound. Its eggs
are live or six, white, with a few liglit-red
lines and dots.
2. Botany: Having long hairs occurring in
tufts ; barbate.
bo'ard-ie, s. [Dimin. of Eng. bccurl] A name
given to a tish, tlie Loach (Cobi/is harbatula,
Linn.). [Cobitis, Lo.\ch.]
be'ard-ing, pr. par., a., k s. [Beard, v.t.]
As substantirc (Nautical): The angular fore-
part of the rudder in juxtaposition with the
stern-post; also the corresponding bevel of
the stern-post.
bearding-line, ^.
Ship-building: A curved line made by
beai'ding the dead-wood to the shape of the
ship's body.
beard-less, *be'ard-les, "be'rd-les, a.
[A.S. heardleas ; But. haardloos ; Ger. hartlos.]
1. Without a beard.
"There are some cuius of Ciiiiubelin. king of Essex
and Middlesex, witli a beardU-if, image, inscribed
Cunobelin."~Cajnden.
2. Youthful, immature.
" To scoff at withered age and beardless youth."
Cowper : Hope.
be'ard-less-ness, s. [Eng, beardless ; -ness.]
The quality of being beardless, (.'^mart.)
be'ard-let, s. [Eng. heard, and dimin. -let]
Bot. . A little beard.
be'ard-let-ed,f . IFromETig. heardlet (q.v.).]
Bot. : Furnished with small awns, as China
avnndlnacea.
* beard'-ling-, s. [Eng. beard; -ling.] One
wlio wears a beard ; hence a layman. ^Cf.
Shaveling.]
bear'-dom, s. [Eng. hear, s. ; -dom.] Bearish
nature or iier.-;onality.
be'ard-y, s. [Dimin. of Eng. hmrd.] A name
for a bird, the W]iite-tln-(iatcd Warbler, or
White-throat iSylvia cinerm).
^ beare, «. [Bier.]
bear'-er, s. [Eng. bear; -er. In Sw. bdrarc ;
Dan. b<i-rcr.]
A. Ordinary Lo-ngiiage :
I. Lit. : One who bears or carries anything.
1. One who carries any material thing, as
a body to the grave, a palanquin, a pall, or
a letter. Hence the compounds pall-bearer,
palanquin-bearer, standard-bearer, kc.
(a) In a general sense. [I., 1.]
"... the packet of which he was the bearer "—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
(b) Plural : Those who carry a body to the
grave upon their shoulders. This was once
the universal practice, and is still seen in
many parts of the country. (Boucher.)
(c) In India : A palanquin-bearer ; also a
native servant who carries about a child ; a
nurse.
2. One who bears or carries any intangible
thing, such as a verbal message.
''No gentleman sends a servant ^vith a mess.ace
without endeavouring to put it into terms brou-^ht
down to the capacity of the bearer." Swift.
II. Fig. : One who wears or supports any-
thing, as an office or dignity.
" O majesty!
When thou dost pinch thy bearer, thou dost sit
Like a rich armour worn in heat of day
That scalds with safety."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
III. An animal or plant producing its kind.
"This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some
that are good bearers, will succeed."— Bojf^e,
"Re-prune apricots, saving the young shoots- for
the raw bearers commonly perish."— i'ye^^jz.
B. Technically :
1. Comm., Banking, £-c. : One who bears or
carries, and specially who presents for pav-
ment a draft, cheque, bill, or note, entitlin"-
him to receive a certain sum of money "
Chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
- shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus, -ble, -die, &c. = bel. deL
462
bearherd— beastish
2. Arch.: A post or brick wall raised up
"between the ends of a piece nf timber, to
shorten its bearing, or to previ^nt its bearing
witli the whole weight at tlie ends only.
3. Her. : The supporter of a shield on an
escutclienn. Animals generally figure in such
a case.
4. Turnery : The part of the lathe suitport-
ing tlie puppets.
5. M(tchiiiery :
(a) A bar beneath the ordinary bars of a
furnace, and designed ftir their supjiort.
(h) The housings or standards of a rolling-
mill in which the gudgeons of the rollers
revolve.
6. Priiitbifj : Small pieces of metal, wood,
or cork used to " bear off" the impression
from those parts of the type where it would
otherwise be too heavy.
7. Stereotyping : Borders of metal or wood
placed around a page of type for the purpose
of forming a boundary to receive the mouhl
from which the metal fac-simile cast is to be
taken.
8. Music : One of the thin pieces of hard
wood fastened to the upper side of the sound-
board in an organ. It is designed to form a
guide to the regular slides commanding the
apertures in the top of a wind-chest with
which the pipes forming stops are connected.
9. Horticulture. [A., III.]
bear'-herd, s. [Eng. hear, and JiercL] One
who herds or looks after bears.
" He th.^t is more than a youth, la not for me ; and
he that is less than a man, I am not for him : therefore
I will even take sixpence in earnest of the bearherd,
and lea*.! his apes into hell." Sliakrsp. : Much Ado, ii. l.
Tf In some of the editions it is hearward,
which is the more common form.
bear'-ing (1), * ber'-ing. *ber'-yng,
* ber'-yhge (Eng.), * ber'-inde(er as ar),
* bar'-inde (0. Scotch), pr. par., a., & s. [In
A.S. berende= bearing, fruitful.] [Bear, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As suhstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Capability or possibility of being borne ;
endurance, toleration.
" Well, I protest, 'tis past all beavlng."
Coiopcr . Mutual For bear a7ice,
2. The way in which one bears himself ;
mien, port, manner, conduct, or behaviour.
(Used specially of one's manner or carriage as
seen by beholders.)
■' Another tablet register'd the death,
And praised the gallant bnaring of a knight.
Tried iu the sea-fights of the second Charles."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. v.
" He hath a stately Ji?arinfl, . . ."
Uerttans: The Vespers of Palermo.
3. Relation tn ; connection with.
"... by patiently accumulating aud reflecting on
all sorts of facts which could poasimy have any bearing
on it." — Darwin: Origin of Species (ed. 1859), Introd.,
p.l.
4. The act of producing or giving birth to.
II. Technically :
1. Arch. : The space between the two fixed
extremities of a piece of timber, or between
one of the ' extremities and a post or wall
placed so as to diminish the unsupported
length. Also and commonly used for the
" distance or length which the ends of a piece
of timber lie upon or are inserted into the
walls or piers " (Gwilt).
2. Mrchanics :
(a) The portion of an axle or shaft in contact
with the collar or boxing.
(h) The portion of the support on which a
gudgeon rests and revolves.
(c) One of the pieces resting on the axle and
supporting the framework of a carriage.
(d) One of the chairs supporting the frame-
work of a railway carriage or truck.
3. Shipi-carpcntry (plur.): The widest part
of a vessel below the plank-shear.
4. Her.: A charge; anything included within
the escutcheon. (Generally in the plural, as
armorial bearings.)
5. Nauf., £c. : Observation as to the direc-
tion by tlie compass in which an object lies
from the vessel, or the direction thus ascer-
tained. (Sometimes i]i the plural.)
"C.tptain Fltz Roy being anxious Ihul Borae hearings
shoulcl be tiikeu on the outer coast of Chiloe, ■ . ."—
Darwin: Voyage round the K'oWd, ch. xiv.
bearing-binnacle, s.
Naut. : A small binnacle on the fife-rail on
the forward part of the poop.
bearing-chair, s. A chair in which an
invalid, a lady, a dignitary, or other person is
carried in serai-civilised states of society.
". . Agrippina . . . caused herself to he carried to
Baias in a beai-ing-chair." — (jreenwan : Tucitna, p. 20u.
(Richardsoyi.)
bearing-cloth, * bearing cloath, s.
The cloth or mantle with which a child is
nsually covered when carried to the church tu
be baptized, or shown to the godfather and
godmother by the nurse.
"Here's a sight for thee; look thee, a, bearing-cloth
for a squire's child ! look thee here, take up, take up,
boy ; open 't."—Sliake)tp. : Winter's Tale, iii, ti.
bearing-neck, s.
Mech. : The journal of a shaft, the part of a
shaft which revolves.
bearing-partition, s. A partition sup-
porting a structure above it.
bearing-pier, s. A pier supporting a
structure above it.
bearing-pile, s. A pile driven into the
ground to support a structure.
bearing-rein, s.
Saddlery : A rein attached to the bit, and
looped over the check-hook in carriage-harness
or the hames in waggon-harness.
bearing-wall, «.
Arch. : A wall supporting a beam some-
where between the ends, and tlius rendering
it much more secure than it would otherwise
be. [Beakeb, B. 2.]
bear'-ing (2), pr. 2:)ar., a., & s. [Bear (2), v.]
A. & B. As present participle & pofrticxpUd
adjective : In a sense corresponding to that uf
the verb.
C. As substantive. On the Stock Exchange:
A cant term for the practice of depreciating
the value of certain stocks for one's own pe-
cuniary advantage.
" The stopi)f.ge of the system of ' bulling ' and ' bear-
ing' on the Stock Exchange would be of immense
benefit to the community.' —Times, July 14, 1874.
■ bear'-is be-fo'r, s. pi. [Scotch
from A.S. beran=to bear; and &e/or = be-
fore.] Ancestors. The same as Scotch For-
bears (q. V. ) . (Scotch. )
bear'-ish, a. [Eng. bear; -ish.] Having some
of the qualities of a bear, as, for instance, its
roughness of procedure.
"... we call men, by way of reproach, sheepish,
bearish," &c. — Harris: Three Treatises, Notes, p. 344.
bear'-less, a. [Eng. bear (1), v.t. ; -less.]
Barren, unfruitful.
bear'-like, u.. [Eng. bear, s. ; lUie.} Like a
bear.
" They have tied me to a stake : I cannot fly.
But, bearlike, I must figlit the course."
S}vikesp. : Macbeth, v. 7,
* beam, s. The same as Barne, Bairn (q.v).
bear-ward, * bear'e-ward, * bear'-ard,
s. [Eng. bear; ward.}
1. Lit. : A keeper of a bear or bears ; a pro-
tector of a bear, [See also Bearherd.]
"The bear is led aft«r one manner, the multitude
after another , the bearward leads but one brute, and
the mountebank leads a \AioM&a,\i.ii.."—L' Estrange.
2. Fig. : One who takes charge of a human
bear.
3. The star Arcturus, fancifully supposed to
follow Ursa Major, the Great Bear, and look
after its safety. This notion may be found in
Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, and other languages.
[Arcturus.]
" 'ApKToOpo?, 6 (o6po?, guard): Arcturus, Bear-
ward. . . ."—Liddell & Scott : Or, and Enq. Lex., 5th
ed. (1863). p. 18.i.
beast, "' beeste, ' beste, * best, s. [In Sw.
best; Dsai. hcesi ; Dut.&L.Ger. beest ; H. Ger.
bestie; Fr. bete; Old Fr. best, beeste ; Port.
hesta ; Sp. , Pj'ov. , Ital. , & Lat. bestia = a beast,
an irrational creature opposed to man. It
differs from animal, winch includes man.
Corn, best — a beast ; Gael, blast.]
A. Ordinary Language ;
I. Literally :
1. Any of thr inferior animals as contradis-
tiiiguisljed from man. [See above tlie etym.
of L;it bci^tia.]
2. A quadruped, especially a wild one, and
of a kind usually hunted. [B. 2.]
" The man that once did sell the lion's skin
While tlie beast liv'd, was kill'd with hunting him."
Sliakesp. : HeiL I'., iv. 3.
3, Scriphire: A quadruped, as distinguished
from a bird, a fish, and a creeping thing ; a
quadruped which is wild, in contradistinction
to cattle or other domesticated animals ; a
horse, or ass, or other animal for drawing a
carriage orfor riding on, as distinguished from
animals, like oxen, kept primarily for food or
dairy purjioses, though in fact frequently used
also for draught, or even occasionally for
riding on.
"Eutfij»k now the beasts, and they shall teach thee:
and the fowls of the air, and they snail tell thee : . . ,
the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee."— ./o6 xii.
and his cattle, and all his beasts.
"... and set him on his own 6eas(, . . .'■— Zufte x. 34.
4. Among farmers the term is applied spe-
cially tn cattle as distinguished from other
kinds of live stock.
To put the beast on one's self: To take shame
to one's self. (0. Scotch.)
"... putting the beast upon ourselves, for having
been so base . . ."—M. Ward's Contendings, p. 15.
T[ Beasts of the field : Quadrupeds which
walk as distinguished from birds which fly.
"Upon his ruin shall all the fowls of the heaven
remam, and all the beasts of the field shall be upon his
branches."— £"16*. xxxL 13.
Wild beasts of the field : Those of the foi-mer
class which have remained undomesticated.
" I know all the fowls of the mountains : and the
wild beasts ofthejield are mine."~/'s. 1. 11.
1" In various prophetic passages in the Book
of Revelation the Greek word ^f2ov (zoon),
which is translated " beast," should rather be
rendered " living being " or "living creature."
"And the four beasts said. Amen." — Rev. v. 14.
II. Figuratively :
1. A man destitute of intellect, of brutal
cruelty, of filthy habits, or in any other
respect axiproaching the inferior animals in
mind, conduct, or habits.
" Were not his words delicious, I a beast
To take them as I did."
I'ennyson ■ Edwin Morris.
B. Technically :
* 1. Old Natural Science : A heterogeneous
" genus," or " order " (it would now be called
"class"), comprehending quadruped warm-
blooded mammals, quadruped reptiles, and
even serpents.
"Animate bodies are divided into four great genera
or orders : Beasts, Birds, fishes, and Insects. The
species of Beasts, including also Serpents, are not very-
numerous. " — Ray: Wisdom of God in Creation, 7tn
ed. (1717), p. 2L
2. Law: A wild quadruped, especially one
of a kind usually hunted.
" Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, the
mai-tern, and the roe. Beasts of the forest are the
hart, the hind, the hare, the boar, and the wolf. Beasts
of warren ai-e the hare and cony."'— Cowe^
3. Gaining : A game at cards similar to loo.
^ 1. Mark of the Beast :
(1) Lit. & Script. : A mark impressed on all
tiie followers of the mystical Beast of the
Apocalypse (xiii. 10-18 ; of. 2 Mace. vi. 7).
(2) Fig. : The distinguishing sign of any sect
or party.
2. Number of the Beast :
Script. : A number (666) representing the
name of the mystical Beast (Rev. xiii. 18),
which the early Christians identified with Nero
(Farrar : Early Days, vol. i., bk. i., eh. iv.).
Many commentators consider this number can
only be interpreted of the Papacy.
beast-fly, s. A gadfly.
beast-milk, s. [Beest-milk.]
be'ast-ee, o. [Bheestie.] (Anglo-Tndian.)
*■" be'ast-i-al, a. & s. [Bestial.]
beast-i-al'-i-ty, s. [Bestiality.]
be'ast-ie, s. [Bimin. of Eng. beast] Little
beast. (Generally used as expressive of affec-
tion or sympathy.)
" Wee, Bleeldt, cowrin', tim'rous beastie.
Oh, what a panic's in thy breastie."
Burns . To a Mouse.
* be'ast-ings, s. pi. [Beestings. ]
be'ast-ish, a. [Eng.'&eas(; -ish.] Partaking
of the qualities of a beast. (Webster.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, bere, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute^ cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kWo
beastlihead— beat
463
* be'ast-li-head. * be'ast-ly-head, s.
[Eng. heristly, and surt'. -heed.] An epitlict
designed to be a respectful or flattering appel-
lation for a beast. In tlie subjoined example
the " Foxe " thus addresses the " Kidd."
" Sicke, fiicke, filaa ! aud little lack of dead,
But I be relieved by your beastlyhead."
Spenser: SJiep. Cal., ..
be'ast-like, u. [Eng. beast; like.] Like a
beast.
*■ Her life was bcfi-xt-like, and devoid of pity."
Shakesp. : Titus A ndronicus, v 8.
be'ast-li-ness, * be'ast-ly-ness, ^. [Eng.
beast; -ly, -ness.]
'' 1. Brutal want of intellect. [See example
from North's Plutarch, p. 7(33, in Trench's Sel.
Gloss., pp. 20, 21.]
2. A beast-like act ; an act, practice, or
conduct in any respect resembHng that of
the brutes rather than that of man ; or in
which it is supposed, perhaps erroneously, that
brutes would shamelessly indulge, if they had
the opportunity.
". . . beastUness ot drvLiikenmen."— Norih : Plutarch,
p. 732.
" They held this land, and with their fllthinesB
Polluted this same gentle soil long time,
That their own motlier loath'd their beastliness.
And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime."
Spenser: F. Q., II. x. 9.
be'asfc-li-wije, adv. [Bestlywise.]
be'ast-ly, * be'est-li, * be'ste-ly, a. &
adv. [Eng. beast; -ly.]
A. As adjective :
1. Resembling an animal, or anything pos-
sessed by an animal.
* 2. Like anything possessed by an animal.
"It Ih sown a beestli hodi, it shall rise a spiritu.'il
bodi."— 1 Cor. XV. 44 ( IVictifi. {TrencJi.)
" Beastly divinities, and droves of goda"— Prior.
3. Possessed of animal rather than human
qiialities, or at least supposed to be so ; acting
like the brutes.
"... the herdsman of the 6eaa(Ztf plebeians . . '—
SJ'akesp. : Coriolanita, il. 1.
B. --4s ojlverh : As if a beast had done it ; as
by a beast.
" Who neigh'd so high, that what I would have spoke
Was beastly dumbd by Lim."
Shakesp. : Antony and Cleopatra, L 6.
be'ast-u-al, it. [Bestial.]
beat, * bete Cpret. beat, * beat ; pa. par. beaten,
beat, * beten, ^ beoten), v.t. & i. [A.S. beataii
(pret. beot, pa. par. beaten) ; O, Icel. bauta ;
Sw. bulta ; 0. iSw. beta ; Fr. battre ; Prov.
batie; Sp. batir ; Port, bater ; Ital. battere;
Lat. batuo, battuo ; Fob bic; Russ. bitj ;
Serv. batati. Imitated from tlie sound of a
smart blow.]
A. Transitive:
I. Literally : To inflict blows on a person or
thing.
1. To give to a human or other sentient
being repi^atetl blows with an instrument, or
with the closed or open hand ; in fighting, for
the sake of assault, for punishment, or for any
other objeL't.
"And that servant, which knew his lord's will, and
prepared not himself, neither did according to his
will, shall be beaten with many stripes."— Jl-ute xii. 47.
. make them of no more voice
2. To give successive blows to such an
instrument as a drum, to elicit from it music.
" Or at their chamber-door I'll beat the drum,
Till It cry sleep to death."
Shnkesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
3. To give blows to anything to modify
its form or consistency, or for any similar
purpose . Specially —
(a) To hammer a metal into a required
form, as gold into wire or leaf, or heated iron
on an anvil.
" They did boat the gold into thin plates, and cut it
iiito wires to work it . , ." — Jixod. xxxix. 3.
(b) To pound any substance in a mortar.
" The people gathered manna, and ground it in mills,
or beat it in a mortar, and baked it." — Numb. xi. 8.
(c) To thresh out corn or any other cereal,
or such a plant as hemp, by means of a flail or
a threshing-machine,
" They save the laborious wort of heating of hemp,
by making the axle-tree of the main wheel of their
corn mills longer than ordinary, and placing of pins in
them, to raise large hammei-a liike those used for paper
and fulling mills, with which they beat most of their
hemp." — Afnrdmer.
(d) To give blows to trees or brushwood,
with the view of shaking ■d.o'WH. fruit or starting
game. [Beat Down.]
" When thou healest thine olive-tree, thou shalt not
go over tlie boughs again : it shall be for the stranger.
for the fatherless, and for the widow."— 7)t'«*. xxiv. 20.
" Wlieu fr.)m the cave thou risest with the day
To beat the woods, imd rouse the bounding prey.
Prior.
(e) Gently to strike by means of a spoon, or
to agitate a liquid by means of a tremulous, a
rotatory, or any other motion.
" By long beating the white of an egg with a lump
of alum, you may liring it into white curds."— .flo/yie.
4. To strike with the feet in place of tlie
hands. (Used of walking, dancing, &c, ; or of
treading tlie ground till a path is formed.)
"Come knit hands, and beat the gi'oimd
In a light faiita-stic round."— J/iHon: Comus.
" While I this unexampled task essay.
Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way.
Celestial dove ! divme assistiince bring."
Blackmore.
5. To cause to pulsate or throb.
" I would gladly understand the formation of a soul.
and see it bedt the first uonaclous pulse." — Collier.
6. To strike against by means of wind,
water, or other natural agency.
" I saw a craj, a lofty stone
Aa ever tempest beat."
Wordswortli : The Oak and the Broom,.
II. Figuratively :
1. To overcome by means of a beating ad-
ministered to a person, an army, &c. ; to
overcome in a contest of any kind, physical,
mental, or moral ; to sui'pass, to leave behind.
"Both armies, however, were unsuccessful; and
both, after having been beaten by the enemy, fled." —
Arnold : fTist. Rome, vol. i., ch. xv., p. 303,
" You souls of geese,
That bear the shapes of men, how have you run
From slaves that .ipes would beat."
Sliakesp. : Coriol. i. 4.
" Hence, the more common forms in the race for
life, will tend to beat and supplant the less common
toTuis."— Darwin ,■ Origin of Species (ed. 1859), ch. vi.,
p 177.
2. To stimulate. (See also C. 10.)
B. Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. To strike against anything.
(V) With man for the agent: To strike upon
anything with the hand or with a weapon ; to
knock at a door,
"... the men of the city beset the house round
about, and beat at the do<.ir, aud spake to the master
of the house . . ."—Judg. xix. -22.
(2) With a thing for tM agent: To strike
against, as a storm of wind or rain, the agi-
tated wnves of the ocean, or the rays of the
sun during fierce heat. (Lit. or Jig.)
(a) Literally :
" Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know,
Sees rowling tempests vainly beat below."
"... the sun heat upon the head of Jonah, that he
fainted, and wished in himself to die."— Jonah iv. 8.
(&) Figuratively :
"Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon minis-
ters."—flacoH.
(3) To vibrate, giving a succession of blows,
as a clock striking, or a bell tolling.
" But I heard a heart of iron beating in the ancient
tower." Longfellow: Belfry of Bruges.
1" In (1), though the form of the verb is in-
transitive, the sense is almost transitive ; in
(3) it is almost passive in reality. So we
speak of drums beating, meaning really being
beaten.
2. Of the heart or veins : To pulsate or throb,
especially when one is mentally agitated ;
also of a swelling containing pus. (Literally
and figuratively.)
" No pulse shall keep
His nat'ral progi'ess, but surcease to beat."
Shakesp. ; Romeo and Juliet, iv. 1.
^ There is a different reading in some other
editions.
" Thy heart these two weeks has been beating fast
With many hopes ..."
Wordsworth : Michael.
II. Isaut. : To make way against the wind
by t-acking to and fro.
C. In compound terms or special phrases :
1. To beat a path is, by means of frequent
walking in a particular direction, to beat down
herbage, the mud, or inequalities of surface,
so as to make a path where none existed
before, [Beaten, 4.]
2. To heat about : To search for, like a person
going through bushes and beating them for
game.
" I am always beating aJiont in my thoughts for
something that may turn to the benefit of my dear
oountrynien." — Addison.
% To heat abont the bvsh is to approach a
question in a cautious and roundabout way.
3. To beat back : To draw back by violence,
or to compel by some insurmountable diffi-
culty in the way to return. (Applied to men,
to the ocean beaten back from the shore, &(,-.)
" Twice have I sally'd, and was twice beat back."
Dryden.
" Above the brine, where Caledonia's rocks _
Reat back the surge,— and where Hibemia shoots.
Cowper : To the immortal Memory of tlu- Mahbut.
i. To beat down :
(a) To knock down by literal blows inflicted
on the body of a sentient being, or by engines
of war used to batter forts.
"... and, behold, the multitude melted away, and
they went on beating down one another." — 1 Sam.
xiv. 10.
" And he heat down the tower of Penuel, and slew
the men of the city."— Jadg. viii. 17.
(b) To terminate, or to render powerless by
active effort of an antagonistic kind.
"... the party which had long thwarted him had
been beaten down." — Macaulay: Jfis'. Eng., ch. iv.
(c) To endeavour by stipulation or by hag-
gling to reduce the price asked for an article.
" Sui*veys rich moveables with curious eye,
Reats down the price, and threatens still to buy."
Dryden-
(rf) To lessen price in some other way.
" Usury 6era(s down the m-ice of land; for the em-
ployment of money is chiefly either merchandizing or
purchasing : and usury waylays ^aoi'h."— Bacon.
5. To beat hollow : So completely to beat,
distance, or surpass, that the reputation of the
vanquished person or thing, formerly looked
on as solid, is now seen to be hollow. (Collo-
q7(ial <£■ vulgar.)
6. To beat into:
(a) Literally: To beat till an entrance is
effected.
"And there arose a ^eat storm of wind, aud the
waves beat into the sliip, so that it was now full." —
Mark iv. 37.
(b) Figuratively : To introduce into by con-
stant repetition. (Used specially of the pain-
ful elTort to introduce knowledge into a dull
brain.)
7. To beat off:
(ft) To drive away by blows, or less accu-
rately by threats of blows.
to
threatened . . ."—Levris : Ea7-ly Horn. Jlist., ch. xii.,
pt. iii., § 51.
(b) To drive away by anything unpleasant
for the mind or heart to endure.
"The younger part of mankind might be heat off
from the belief of^the most Important points even of
natural religion, by the impudent Jests of a profane
wit."— Watts.
(c) To separate mechanically. (Used of
things.)
"And it shall come to pass in that day, that the
Lord shall beat off from the channel of the river unto
the stream of Egypt , . ." — Isa. xxvii. 12.
8. To beat out :
(a) To compel one to quit a place by beating
him ; to drive out, to expel. (Lit. and fig.)
"He that proceeds upon other prijiciplea in his in-
quiry does at least pose himself in a party, which he
will not quit till be be beaten out."— Locke.
" He cannot beat it out of his head, but that it was a
cardinal who picked his ix)cket." — Addison.
(b) To overcome with fatigue. [Generally
in the passive, to be beaten out (Colloquial).
Veiy common also in the phrase " dead beat."^
(o) To thresh out, to separate from the husk
by blows. (Used of the threshing of grain.)
" So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out
that she had gleaned."— yiu^ft ii, 17.
(d) To beat something which is malleable — a
metal, for instance, till it takes a more ex-
tended form than that previously possessed.
" And he made two cherubims of gold, beaten out of
one piece . . ." — Exod.xxxvii.i.
(e) Fig. : To count out or mark, as by the
beat of a pendulum or anything by which
time is noted ; hence to define clearly.
" In the dusk of thee the clock
Beats out the little lives of men,"
Tennyson : hi Memoriam.
"Perplexed in faith, but^ure in deeds.
At last he beat liis music out." — Jbid.
9. To beat the air :
(a) Literally : To aim a blow which strikes
only the air. A pugilist might do this in
private exercise, as a preliminary flourish to
serious fighting, or in that serious fighting
itself, by missing his antagonist.
(h) Figuratively : To put forth fruitless aims
in spiritual or other contests. (See also C. 14.)
" I therefore so nm, not as uncertainly ; so fight I,
not as one that beateth the air." — 1 Car. ix. 26,
10. To beat {he brains : To attempt to stimu-
late the brain to exertion beyond what is
natural to it ; to " cudgel" the brains,
"It is no point of wisdom for a man to beat his
brains, and spend his spirits, about things impos-
sible. " — Hakewill.
bSil, boy; po^t, j<J^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian ~ shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shus, -ble, -die, &c. — bel, del.
464
beat— beatified
11. To beat the chest {in the menage) : A term
used of a liorse, when at eacb motioa he tails
to tiike in ground enough with his fore-legs,
or when he makes curvets too precMpitately ur
too low.
12. To heat the liead : The same as to heat
the brabis Cq..v.).
" Wliy any one should waste his time anJ benf Jiii
head about the Liitiu yraimtiar, who dues not intend
to be a critick." — Locke.
13. To heat the hoof: To walk; to go on
foot. (Johnson.)
14. To heat the wiiul : To strike at the air
with a sword. In ancient trials by combat,
when one of the parties did not appear, the
other was simply required to make some
flourishes in the air with his weapon, on
■executing which he was entitled to all the
lionours of victory.
15. To heat t}ie vniig : To strike the air with
the wings.
" Thrice have I beat the wing, and rid with iii^ht
Abuut the World." Dryden.
16. To beat-tim-' : To note time in music by
a movement of the hand or liaton.
17. To beat to arms : To beat a drum with
the view of assembling the soldiers or armed
citizens of a town. (James.)
18. To heat to quarters : To give the signal
on board war-ships for every man to go to his
proper station.
19. To heat tip : To attack suddenly, or to
alarm. (Used specially in the phrase "to heat
ii-p the tiuaiters of an enemy." (See also No.
20.)
" They lay in that quiet postxire, without making
1;he leaat impression upon the enemy by beating up
his quarters, which might easily have been done." —
■Clarendon.
20. To beat up for : To go hither and thither
in quest of. (Used specially in the expres-
sion " to beat up for recruits," to search
through markets or other places for them,
formerly with actual heat of drum.)
^ Beat up is also used in the same sense
•without /or ; as "he is heating up recruits
for the society," &c.
21. To heat upon :
(a) Lit. : To strike upon, as a person may
<lo with his hand or a weapon, or a tempest by
the air which it sets in motion.
(&) Fig. : To revert to repeatedly.
" We are drawn on into a larger speech, by reason of
±heir ao great earnestness, who beat more and more
upon these last alleged words." — Hooker.
"How frequently and fervently doth the Scripture
i^eat upon this cause." — ITakewiU.
22. To beat upon a walk (in the menage):
A term used of a horse when he walks too
.shoit.
^ (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to heat, to strike, and to hit. To heat is
to redouble blows ; to strike is to give one
single blow ; but the bare touching in conse-
•quence of an effort constitutes hitting. We
never beat but with design, nor hit without an
^im, but we may strike by accident. It is the
part of the strong to heed ; of the most vehe-
ment to strike ; of the most sure-sighted to
Mt.
(b) To heat, to defeat, to overpoioer, to ro2<t,
^nd to overthrow are thus discriminated : — " To
heat is an indefinite term expressive of no
particular degree : the being beaten may be
■attended with greater or less damage. To be
■defeated is a specific disadvantage ; it is a
i"ailure in a particular object of more or less
importance. To be overpo^vered is a positive
loss ; it is a loss of the power of acting which
•may be of longer or shorter duration. To be
routed is a temporary disadvantage; a rout
alters the course of proceeding, but does not
disable. To be overthrown is the greatest of
all mischiefs, and is applicable only to great
armies and great concerns : an overthroit' com-
monly decides a contest. Beat is a term
which refleci^ more or less dishonour on the
general or the army, or on both. Defeat is an
indilferent term ; the best generals may some-
times be defeated by circumstances which are
above human control. Ovei-poivering is coupled
with no particular honour to the winner, nor
disgrace to the loser ; superior power is
oftener the result of good fortune than of
skill : the bravest and finest troops may be
overpowered in cases which exceed human
power. A rout is always disgraceful, paiticu-
larly to the army ; it always ari.^es from want
of firmness. An overthrow is f;ital rather than
dishonourable ; it excites pity rather than con-
tempt." (Crahb : Eng. Synon.)
beat, s. [From beat, v, (q.v.). See also Bat.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of beating ; the state of being
IiL-uteu :
1. A stroke with the hand or with a weapon
for the purpose of assault.
2. A stroke with a hammer or similar in-
strument for forcing a metal into the required
shape. (Lit. and fig.)
" He with a careless beat
Struck out the ninte creation at a heat."
Drijdeii : Jiind & Panther, i. 253.
3. A series of strokes on a drum or similar
instrument, to play a tune or make a signal.
". . . the 6e«( of the drum was heard." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., cb. xii.
I. A pulsation of the heart or wrist, or the
throbbing of a swelling produced by inflam-
mation.
(a) Lit. : In the sense here defined.
" When one beat among a cei-tain number of strokes
ia omitted, as iu the intermitting pulse . . ."—Cyclop.
Pract. Med.
(&) ¥ig, : The House of Commons as throb-
bing responsive to the vibrations of the nation's
heart.
" Nobody could mistake the beat of that wonderful
pulse which had recently begun, and has during five
generations continued, to indicate the variations of
the body politic." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
II. That which is beaten, trod over, or per-
ambulated.
1. A certain assigned space, regularly tra-
versed at more or less stated intervals. (Used
specially of the space prescribed to a police-
man to be perambulated in the interests of
the public.)
" Every part of the metropolis ia divided into beats,
and is watched day and niglit. " — Penny Cyclop., xviii.
335, article "Police."
2. The round taken when people beat up for
game.
B. Technically :
I. Music:
1. The rise or fall of the hand or foot in
regulating time.
2. A transient grace-note struck immediately
before the one of which it is designed to
heighten the effect.
3. The pulsation of two notes not completely
in unison.
II. Mil. Beat of drum,: A series of strokes
upon a drum, so varied as to convey different
militaiy orders to the soldiers who have been
previously instructed as to the meaning of
each.
III. Horology. Beat of a clock or watch:
A ticking sound made by the action of the
escapement.
In heat: "With such action at intervals of
equal length.
Out of beat : With the action at intervals of
unequal length.
be'at-en» tbeat, * bet-en, pa. par. & adj.
[Beat, v.t.]
As 2'^articipial adj. : In senses corresponding
to those of the verb. Specially —
1. Subjected to blows. (Used of persons
struck, or of metals hammered out.)
"And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of
beaten work shalt thou make them . . ." — Exod. xxv. 18.
2. Defeated, vanquished.
"... covered the flight of the beaten army," —
Macaulay : Bist. Eng., en. xxL
3. Pressed or squeezed between rollers or in
some similar way.
"... the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil "—
Exod. xxix. 40 ; Numb, xxviii. 5.
4. Eendered smooth by the tramping of
multitudinous feet (lit. OTjig.).
(a) Literally :
" What make you, air, so late abroad
Without a guide, and this no beaten road ?"
Drydim : Wife of Bath, 228, 229.
(b) Figuratively :
" He that will know the truth of things, must leave
the common and beaten tra-ck."— Locke.
'"We are." he said, 'at this moment out of the
bralvn path.' "—AfacauJay : Hist. Eng., ch. xL
5. Prostrated by the wind.
" Her own shall bless her ;
Her foes shake like a field of beaten com,
And hang their heads with sorrow,"
Shakesp. : Hen. VllL, v. 4.
^ Beaten is sometimes used as the latter
part of a compound word, as " weather-&eaie/t."
be'at-er, s. [Eng. heat; -er. A.S'. hcatere = 3.
beater, a fighter, ;( champion ; Fr. battcur ; Sp.
batidor; Port. b<(f:'<lor ; Ital. battltorc.]
1. Of persons :
(a) One who is addicted to the iiractice of
intlicting blows.
" The best schoolmaster of our time wag the greatest
better." — AscJiarn : Hchoohnaster.
(h) One who is employed by sportsmen to
beat up covers for game.
2. Of things: An instrument for beating or
comminuting anything,
" Beat all your mortar with a beater three or foiir
times over before you use it : for thereby you incorpo-
rate the sand and lime well together." — Moxon.
Specially (Machinery) :
(a) The portion of a thrashing-machine
which strikes.
(fc) A beating macliine or scutcher used in
the cotton manufacture. [Beating-machine.]
(c) A blade used for breaking flax and hemp.
(d) The lathe or batten of a loom for driving
the weft into the shed ; the movable bar which
closes up the woolshed ; a beating-bracket.
(e) A hatter's mallet.
(/) The sack in a knitting machine. [See
Sack.] (Knight.)
beater-press, s. A press for beating
bales into smaller bulk, they being packed first
by beating, and then by continued pressure.
thin'3
beater-up, s. A person who or a
which beats up.
^ beath, v.t. [A.S. hadhian = to foment.
(N.E.D.).]
1. To straighten by heating at a fire. (Used
chiefly of green wood.)
" Yokes, forkes, and such other let bailiff spy out,
And gather the same as he walketh about ;
And after at leisure let this be his hire-
To beath them and trim them at home by the fire,"
Tusser : Hitsbandry, p. 60,
2. To foment, to bathe with warm liquid
(N.E.D. ).
"' beathed, pa. par. [Beath.]
be-a-tif'-ic, *be-a-tif '-ick, be-a-tif'-ic-
al, a. [In Fr. beatijlque; Sp., Port., & Ital.
beatifico, beatificns ; from Lat. beatijlco = to
make blessed or happy ; beatus = happy, and
facio = to make.] Having the power of
making one supremely blessed or happy.
Beatific or Beatifical Vision : The over-
poweringly glorious sight which shall break on
those human beings who shall enter heaven,
or which is at all times ^dsible to angels in-
habiting that place of bliss.
"We may contemplate upon the greatness and
strangeness of the beatifick vision ; how a created eye
should be so fortified, as to bear all those glories that
stream from the fountain of uncreated light."— SoitfA.
"... enjoying the beatifical 'vision. . . ." — £row7ie:
Vulgar Erroura.
be-a-tif- ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. beatifical ;- Jy."]
In a beatifical manner ; so as to produce
supreme or unalloyed happiness.
" Beatifically to behold the face of God, in the fulness
of wisdom, righteousness, and peace, is blessedness no
way incident unto the creatures beneath man." —
Hakenrill,
be-at-^if-i-ca'-tion, s. [Eng. beatific, -ation;
Fr. beatification; Sp. heatificacion ; Port, beati-
fica.gao ; Ital. beatifi^iazione ; from. tiSLt. beatifico,
v.] [Beatific]
1. Gen. : The act of rendering supremely
blessed ; the state of being rendered supremely
blessed.
2. Spec, (in the Church of Rome) : An act by
which the Pope declares, on evidence which
he considers himself to possess, that a cer-
tain deceased person is in the en.ioyinent of
supreme felicity in heaven. It is the first step
towards canonization, but is not canonization
itself.
IT Crabb thus distinguishes between beatific-
cation and canonization :— " In the act of beati-
fication the Pope pronounces only as a private
person, and uses his own authority only in
granting to certain persons, or to a religious
order, the privilege of paying a particular
worship to a beatified object. In the act of
canonization, the Pope speaks as a judge after
a judicial examination on the state, and de-
cides the sort of worship which ought to be
paid by the whole church." (Crabb : Eng.
Synon.)
be-at'-i-f led, pa., par. & a. [Beatify.]
" } y'^*l ^r,^^^, *'^® wings of an angel, to have as-
cended into Paradise, and to have beheld the forms of
those beatified spirits, from which I might have copied
my ATc\wag%V'~Dryden^
Sg.te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ;
we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore. wolT, work, who, sou ; mnte, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, S^ian. £«, cb = e ; 5§ = e. qu == kw.
beatify— beautiful
465
be-at'-jt-fy, v.t. [In Fr. Uatifier ; Sp. & Port.
beatifbcar ; Ital. heatijicarc ; Lat. bcritijicn,h'oia
heatiis — iilessed, and J'acio = to make. J
1. Gen. : To render supremely blessed or
happy.
"We ahall know him to be the fullest good, the
nearest to us, and the moat certain ; and conaeyuently
the moat beatifying of all othtiis."— Browne.
2. Spec, (in the Church of Rome) : To declan?,
on the Pope's authority, that a certain de-
ceased person is supremely happy in the un-
seen world. [Beatification, 2.]
"Over against this church stands an hospital,
erected by a ahoeraaker, who haa been beatified, though
never sainted." — Addison.
be'at-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Beat, f.i.]
A. As pr. -par. : In senses corresponding
to those of the v.t. and of the v. i
B. As participial adjective : Chiefly in senses
corresponding to those of the v.i.
"... whom forest trees
Protect from fteafmff sunbeams . . ,'"
Wordsworth: White Doe of Jiylstone.
"... a turn or two I'll walk
To still my beating mind,"
Shakesp. : Tempest, iv. L
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Lang urige :
1. The act of beating.
(1) The act of striking a sensitive being with
the hand closed or open, or with a weapon.
"... heatings of freemen, expulsions from the city,
were the order of the day."— Lewis: Early Rom. Hist.,
ch. xiL, pt, ill., S 54.
(2) The act or operation of striking any-
thing, as part of some manufacturing process.
[II., 1,2.]
2. The state of being beaten.
3. The succession of blows inflicted.
" Playwright, convict of public wrongs to men,
Takes private beatings, and begins again."
£. Jonson.
4. Pulsation, throbbing; the movement of
the heart, the ticking of a clock or watch, &c.
" The beating of so strong a passion
Ai. love dotli give my heart."
Hhakesp. : Twelfth Night, ii. 4.
II. Technically :
1. Boohbinding : Formerly, the act of beat-
ing with a broad heavy-headed hammer a
block placed above tlie folded sheets of a
book to make it more easy to bind them
neatly, and to open the several pages after
they are in use.
2. Flax and Hemp Manufacture : Tlie beating
of rolls of flax ov heniii, placed for the purpo.se
in a trough. This operation renders them
more flexible.
3. Gold- or Silver-working : The operntion of
hammering gold or silver into thin leaves.
i. (Music) Beats : Tlie alternate reinforce-
ment and interference of sound heard when
two sounds are nearly, but not quite, con-
sonant. The wave-lengths of the two notes
being slightly different while the velocity of
propagation is tlie same, the phase will altern-
ately agree and disagree in their course. The
number of beats is equal to the diflerence in
the frequencies of vibration of the two sounds
producing the beats.
5. Nant. : The operation of making way at
sea against the wind by tacking backwards
and forwards.
beating - bracket, s. The same as
Beater, 2 (d) (q.v.).
beating-engine, s.
1. Paper Manuf. : An engine for cutting
rags to pieces that they maybe converted into
pulp. It consists of two concentric cylinders,
the outer one hollow, each armed with knives
to operate as they revolve.
2. Cotton Manuf. : The same as Beating-
machine (q.v.).
beating-machine, s.
Cotton Manuf. : A machine for opening,
loosening, and cleaning cotton from dust or
other rubbish before commencing to operate
upon it. It is called also a scutcher, a wil-
lowerf an opener, a wolf and a devil. (Knight's
Diet, of Mechanics.)
be-at'-i-tude, s. [in Fr. hmtitude; Sp. be-
atitud; Ital. beatitudine ; Lat. heatitudo; from
beaius = happy ; beatum. sup. of beo = to make
happy. Trench says of the Latin bcafitudo
that it was a word coined by Cicero (^Xat.
Dear., i. 34), which scarcely rooted itself in
Latin, but was adopted by the Christian
Church. {Study of Words.).^
1. Ordinary Language: Supreme felicity,
great happiness.
"... then my spirit was entranced
With joy exalted to 6e«?iC"t^L'." _
Wordsworth : Excitrsion, bk. iv.
2. Theology: The nine intimations in the
Sermon on tlie Mount, each of which begins
with the words " Blessed are . . ." (Matt. v.).
"... the beatitudes must not be parallelised with
the blessings which, along with the curses, accoui-
pauied the legislation of Sinai."— rAoZwcft; Hermon on
the Mount, Transl. by Menzies, vol. i., p. 78.
Be~a'-trix, s. [Low Latin, from Classical
Lat. beata, fem. of beatus = happy ; beo = to
bless.] An asteroid, the 83rd found. It was
discovered by De Gasparis, at Naples, on
April 26, 1865.
beau (bo), s. ; plur. beaus, beaux (bos).
[From Fr. adj. beau, bel(m.), &ei?e(f.) = fine.]
[Belle.]
1. A gentleman whose chief occupation in
life is to dress well or fashionably, or in whose
thoughts dress holds an undue place.
"You will become the delight of nine ladies in ten.
and the envy of ninety-nine beaux in a hundred."
—Swift.
2. A gentleman who is escorting a lady.
beau-clerk, or beau-clerc, s. [Fr.
(lit.) = a fine scholar.] A name given to King
Henry I. of England.
beau-esprit, s. [Fr. (Ht.) = a fine spirit ;
a man of fine spirit.] A man of a gay and
witty spirit. [Bel Esprit.]
beau-ideal, s. [Fr. beau ideal.]
1. A faultless ideal ; an ideal of beauty, in
which the excellences of all individuals are
conceived as combined, while their defects
are omitted.
2. The highest conceivable perfection of any-
thing, whether beautiful or not.
" A discussion on the beau-ideal oC the liver, lungs,
kidneys, &c.. aa of the haman face divine, sounds
strange in our ears," — Darwin: The Descent of Man,
vol. i. (1871), pt. i., ch. IV., p. 109.
beau-monde, s. [Fr. beau = fine, and
mondc = world.] The fashionable world.
" She courted the beau-Tnonde to-night."— Pj-f or.
beau (bo), v.t. [From beau s. (q.v.).] To act
as beau to, to escort. (Used of a gentleman
escorting a lady.)
beaufet (bo'-fa), a. [Buffet.]
beau-for'-ti-a (beau as bo), s. [Named
after Mary, Duchess of Beaufort, who died
in 1714, and who, while her husband lived,
had possessed a fine collection of phmts.] A,
genus of plants belonging to the order Myr-
tace* (Myrtleblooms). Tlie species, which are
not numerous, come from Australia. They
are siilendid evergreen shrubs.
Another
: bo), s. A beam or joist.
beau -ft*e3^ (beau =
(JVeale.)
^ beaugle, 5. Old spelling of Bugle.
beau'-ish (beau as bo), a. [Fr. beau, and
Eng. suffix -ish.] After the manner of a beau,
like a beau, foppish.
" He was led into it by a natural, beauisli, trifling
fancy of his own." — Stephejis: Abridg. of Hackett's
Life ofArchbp. Williajns (1715), Pref.
Beaumaris (Bo-mor'-is), s. & u. [Fr.
beau — tine, and 'niarais = marsh.]
A. As substantive: A town, the capital of
Anglesea.
B, As adj. : Pertaining to the town men-
tioned under A. ; as BeuMmaris Bay.
Beaumaris shark. [Named from Beau-
maris Bay, at the northern entrance to the
Menai Straits.] The English name of the
Porbeagle (Lamna cornubica), a shark often
cauglit in the Menai Straits.
beau'-mon-tite (beau as bo), s. [Named
after tlie celebrated Elie de Beaumont, Pro-
fessor of Geology m the School of Mines at
Paris, born 1798.] A mineral, a variety of
Heulandite found near Baltimore, U.S.
* beau-pere * beau-phere (bo-par), s.
[Not from Fr. beaupere, which is = wife's
father, but from Fr. beau = fine, and pair,
O. Fr. peer, per, par =■ peer, equal, companion ;
from Lat. par=: equal, or from A.S. fera =
companion.] A fair companion.
" Xow leading him into a secret shade
Fruiu his beauperes."
Spenser : F. Q., III. L 35.
beau-se-ant (beau as bo),
form of Bauseant.
beau'-sbip (beau as bo), s. [Fr. beau (q.y),
and Eng. suffix -ship.] The procedure or the
qualities of a beau. (Drydeii.)
beaute (bo'-ta or bu'-ta), s. [Fr. beautl]
[Beauty. ]
beau'-te-oiis, * bew'-te-ous (bew as
bu), a. [From Eng. beauty, -ons; or 0. Eng.
beaute &c.] Full of beauty; i'oautifuL
(Chiefly poetic.) (Used either of a living
being, of inanimate nature, or even of any-
thing abstract, as order.)
" He was among the prime in worth,
An object beaitleotis to heboid :
Well bom, well bred ; I sent him forth
Ingenuous, innocent, and bold,"
Wordsworth : Affliction of Margaret.
" Now, would you see this nged Thorn, __
This pond, and beauteous hill of moss.
Wordsworth: Tliom.
" And what ia that, which binds the radiant sky,_^
Where twelve fair signs in beauteous order lie !
Pope : Pastorals ; Spring, 39, 40.
beau'-te-oiis-ly, adv. [Eng. beauteous; -ly.]
In a beauteous manner ; beautifully.
"Looklupon pleasures not upon that side that ia
next the sun, or where they look beaiUeousli/ . . . —
Taylor.
beau'-te-ous-ness, s. [Eng. beauteous;
-fliess.] The quality of being beauteous ; great
beauty.
" From less virtue and less beauteousness.
. The Gentiles fram'd them gods and goddesses."
Donne.
beau'-tied, u,. [Eng. beauty. ] Beautified,
adorn e*l.
" The harlot's cheek, beauiied with plast'ring art,
Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it,_
Than is my deed to my moat painted word."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
beau '-ti-f led, pa. par. & a. [Beautify, v.]
"... a moat pleasant, mountainous country, beattr
tiftcd with woods, vineyards, fruits of all sorts, flowers
also, witli springs and fountains, very delectable to
behold (Isa. xxxiii. 16, 11)."— Banyan : P. P., pt. i.
" And those bright twins were side by side.
And there, by fresh hopes beautified."
Wordsworth : White Doe of Itylstone, il.
beau'-tX-fi-er, s. [Eng. beautif{y) ; -er.]
One who beautifies ; one who renders any-
thing beautiful.
" 0 Time ! the bcautificr of the dead,
Adomer of tlie ruin, comforter
And only healer when tlie heai-t hath bled."
Jigron : ChiMe Harold, iv. 130.
beau'-ti-ful, * bew'-ty-ful (bew as bu),
a. & s. [Eng. beauty ; -Jul.]
A. As adjective: Fullof beautj'. [Beauty.]
Used—
(1) Of the human (and specially of the
female) face or figure, or of both combined.
"Young and beautiful was Wabun,"
Longfellow : The Song of Hiawatha, ii.
(2) Of anything in art or in nature taste-
fully coloured, finely .symmetrical, or both.
"Awake, awake; put on thy strength, O Zion; put
on thy beautiful guriaents, . . ."— /a«. Iii. i-
3. Of anything which finely illustrates a
principle. Thus medical men sometimes allow
themselves to speak of a " beautiful case,"
meaning one specially worth study.
B, As subst.: One who, or that which, is
beautiful.
Her beautiful, her own.
Bi/ron : Don Juan, iv. 58.
The beautiful : Abstract beauty ; the notion
of the assemblage of qualities that constitute
beauty.
T[ Crabb thus distinguishes between the
words beoAitiful, fine, liandsome, and pretty : —
" Of these epithets, which denote what is pleas-
ing to the eye, beautiful conveys the strongest
meaning ; it marks the possession of that in
its fullest extent, of which the other terms
denote the jiossession in part only. Fineness,
handso^neness, and prettiness are to beauty as
parts to a whole. When taken in relation to
persons, a woman is beautiful who in feature
and complexion possesses a grand assemblage
of graces ; a woman is fine who with a striking
figure unites shape and symmetry ; a woman
is liandsome who has good features, and pretty
if with symmetry of feature be united delica(;y.
The beautiful comprehends regularity, pro-
portion, and a due distribution of colour, and
every particular which can engage the atten-
tion ; the^Jie must be coupled with grandeiu',
majesty, and strength of figure ; it is incom-
patible with that which is small : a little
woman can never he, fine. T:\\q handsome \^ o.
general assemblage of what is agreeable ; it is
marked by no particular characteristic but
bSil, b6^; p6^t, j<J^l; cat, cell, choxois, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this: sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian^^shan. -cion, -tion, -sion-shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
466
beautifully— beaver
the absence of all deforniity. Prettiness is
always coupled witli simplicity ; it is incom-
patible with what is large : a tall woman with
masculine features cannot be pretty. Beauty
is peculiarly a female perfection ; in the male
sex it is rather a defect ; but though a male
may not be heauUful or prdty, he may hejiue
or handsofne. When relating to other objects,
hea lit ijul, fine, pretty, have a strong analogy ;
but handsome differs too essentially from the
rest to admit of comparison. With respect
to the objects of nature, the heaiUlful is dis-
played in the works of creation, and wherever
it appears it is marked by elegance, variety-,
harmony, proportion, but above all, that soil"
ness which is peculiar to female ?)et(«£y ; tlni
fine, on the contrary, is associati'd with the
grand, and the pretty with the simple. The
sky jjresents either a he'uitifal aspect, or a
fine aspect ; but not a jiretty aspect. A rural
scene is beautiful when it unites richness and
diversity of natural objects with su)ierior cul-
tivation ; it is ^nc when it presents the bolder
and more impressive features of nature, con-
sisting of rocks and mountains ; it is pretty
when, divested of all that is extraordinary, it
presents a smiling view of nature in the gay
attire of shrubs and many coloured flowers
and verdant meadows and luxuriant fields.
Beantijul sentiments have much in them to
interest the affections, as well as the under-
standing ; they make a vivid impression. Fine
sentiments mark an elevated mind and a lofti-
ness of conception ; they occupy the under-
standing, and afford scope for reflection ; they
make a strong impression. Pretty ideas are
but pleasing associations or combinations that
only amuse for the time being, without pro-
ducing any lasting impression. We may
speak of a heaittiful poem, although not a
heautifiol tragedy ; but a fine tragedy, and a
pretty comedy. Imagery may be heavti/vl
and fine, but seldom pretty." {Crahh : Eng.
Synonyms.)
beautiful-bro'wed, n. Having a beau-
tiful brow or forehead.
" Beautiful-brow' d CEuoue, my own soul."
Tennyson : (Enone.
beau'-ti-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. heautiful; -hj.]
In a beautiful manner.
" Yet pull nut tlow-u my n-iUce towers, that are
So lightly. bcaut/,faU.'/ built."
Tennyson: The Palace of Art.
beau'-ti-iul-ness, ^ beau'-ti-ful-nesse,
* bew'-ty-ful-nes Cbew as bu), s. [Eu.l!.
hmutifnl, -ncss.'\ The quality of being beauti-
ful ; beauty.
"... aud restored theii- armour to the former
beautifultiessa and excelleiicye. " — Bretuie : Qaintns
Curtius, foi. 235. i/ildtardso'i.)
beau'-ti-fy, v.t & i. [Eng. hcauty ; -fy.]
A. Trails. ; To make beautiful.
" Time, which had thus afforded willing help
To beautify with future's fairest growth
This rustic tenement ..."
H'ordswiirth : Excursion, bk. vii.
B, Intrans. : To become beautiful.
"It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to
see His creation for ever beaidifi/nig in His eyes, and
drawing nearer to Him by greater degrees of resem-
blance, —it ddison.
beau'-ti-fy-ing,]"'- P«^' ^ «• [Beautify.]
t beau'-ti-less, ^ beau'-ty-less, a. [Eng.
heanty, aud suH'. -less.] Without beauty.
"The Barabbas, . . . the only unamiable, undesir-
able, formless, beaittileiR reprubatc in the mass," —
Ilammond: Works, vol. iv., Ser. 7. {RidiarcUon.)
beau'-ty, * beau'-tee» " beauts, s. [Fr.
heauti ; 0. Fr. heauJte; from hcan or bel (m.),
belle (f.)= beautiful. In Sp. & Port, belleza =
beauty; &ei^o = beautiful ; I tal.?^e?/a — beauty ;
bello = beautiful ; Lat. hellltcts = beauty ; bell-us
= goodly, handsome; contracted from benn-
lus, dirain. of bemi^, another form of bonus =
good.]
I. In tlie abstracl : That quality or assem-
blage of qualities in an object which gives tlie
eye or the ear ijitense pleasure ; ni' that cha-
racteristic in an object or in an abstractinu
which gratifies the intellect or the moral
feeling.
1. The assemblage of qualities in a person
or thing which greatly pleases the eye.
(1) //( a person :
(a) Manly beauty.
■[ This must be of a. kind to suggest that
the individual i)Ossessim; it is endowed with
the higher qualities of manhood— intellect,
corn-age, strength of will, and capacity fur
ruling other men. Rosy cheeks and faultless
symmetry of feature do not constitute manly
beauty if they ai-e of a kind to suggest that
the person possessing them is effeminate in
character.
" But in all Israel there was none to be ao much
pvautd as Abbalum for hiabeauti/ ; from the aole of his
foot even to the crown of his head there was uo blemish
m him."— ^ Hitin. xiv. 25.
(b) Womanly beauty.
V This must indicate that tlie person pos-
sessing it belongs to a high type of woman,
with no commingling of masculine character-
istics. In this case the excellences to be
looked for are faultless symmetry of foira and
of feature and complexion, varying in hue as
the mind is aft'ected by internal emotion, but
with an expression of purity, gentleness,
sensibility, i-elinement, and intelligence.
"But if that thou wilt i)raysen my beauti."
Chancer : C. T., 5,876.
" This was imt the bcaut'i— Oh. nothing like this.
That to young Nourniahal gave such magic of bliss ;
But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays
Like the light upon autumn's soft shadowy days.
" Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies
From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes;
Now melting in mist, and now breaking iu gleams
Like tlie glimpses a aaint has of heaven in his dreams."
Moore: L. R.; Light of the Uaram.
(c) Similarly, boyish beauty must suggest
that the person possessing it is of the highest
type of boyhood, girlish beauty of girlhood,
and childish beauty of childhood. To ap-
proach perfection each type must be itself
and no other.
(2) In one of tlie inferior animals : This con-
sists of colour, symmetry, form, grace, and
everything else that shows the adaptation of
the structure of the animal to the purposes of
its being.
"... yet both must fail in conveying to the mind
an adeoimte idea of tbeiv aurpassiny beauty [that of
the TrochilidiB, or Humming Birds]. The rainbow
coloiu-s of the must resplendent gems are here super-
added to a living form, which in itself is exnuisitely
graceful aud animated in all its movements ; theflight
of these pigmy birds is so rapid as to elude the eye
. . ." — Swainson: Birds, ii. 147.
(3) In a place or thing: This consists of
colour, synimetiy, and adaptation to the end
for which it was erected or made.
" The uncertain glory of an April day,
V-Hiich now shows all the beauty of the sun,
And by aud by a cloud takes all away."
S!iakes2J. : Two Gent, of Verona, i. 3.
2. The assemblage of qualities in an object
which are fitted to inspire analogous though
not identical pleasure to the ear.
"Recognising the simple jcithetic i^leasure deriv-
able from rhythms .and euphony, . . . the feelings of
beauty yielded by poetry are feelings remotely repre-
sented. "—77CT-ie)'i Spencer : Psychol., p. 642.
3. That characteijistic in an object or in
an abstract conception which gratifies the in-
tellect.
" With incredible ijains have I endeavoured to co()y
the several beauties of the ancient and modern \ns-
torians."— .-Iriitt/tnof.
4. That characteristic in an object, in an
action, or in an abstract conception which
gratifies the moral feeling. This is generally
called moral beauty.
" He hath a daily beauty in his life
That mates me ugly, ..."
Hhakesp. : OCJicllo, v. 1.
II. In tlie concrete : A person or thing" fitted
to iijspire the delight referred to under No. I.
1. A person or persons fitted to do so.
Specially —
(a) A beautiful woman, individually.
" Patroclus now th' miwilliny brantii brought."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, bk. i, 450.
(b) The same, taken collectively.
" And Belgium's capital had gathered then
Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright
The lamps shone o'er fair women and iSrave men."
Byron: Ghilde Harold, iii. 21.
2. A thing or things attractive to the eye,
to the ear, or to the love of order, symmetry,
and grace existing in the mind.
"The beauties of that country arc Indeed too of ten
hidden in the mist and rain . . ."—JIacaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch, xii.
beauty -beaming, u,. Beaming with
beauty.
"... by myriads, forth at once,
Swanniug they pour ; of all the \ aried hues
Theii" beaaty-bcainmo parent can disclose."
Tliomson ■ lieaiiOiis ; Hummer
beauty-breathing, o. Breathing beauty.
" When from hia heanty-brealhing pencil born
(Except that thou bast nothing to repent),
The Magdalen of Guido saw the mom.'*
Byron: To Gciieora.
beauty-spot, 5. A spot placed upon the
face to direct the eye to sometliing else, or to
heighten some beauty; a patch; a foil {lit. &
"The filthinesa of swine makes them the beauty^
spot at the animal creation." — Grew.
beauty-ivaning, 0. Waning in respect
of beauty ; declining in beauty.
" A beauty-waning and distressed widow,
Even in the afternoon of her best days.'*
Shakesp. .' Richard 111., iij. 7.
beauty-wash, s. A wash designed to
increase or preserve beauty ; a cosmetic.
* beau'-ty-less, a. [Beautiless.]
beau'-voir (bov'-'war), s. An old spelling
of Beaver (2).
beaux (bo§), s. j-?. [Beau.] .
beaux esprits, s. pi. [Beau Esprit, Bel
Esprit.]
beaux'-ite, baux'-ite (beaux or baux as
bos), n. [From Beaux or Baux, near Aries in
France, where it occurs.] A mineral placed by-
Dana among his Hydrous Oxides. Its sp. gr.
is 2*551 ; its colour' from whitish or gi-ayish to
ochre yellow, brown and red ; its composition
— alumina 52'0, sesquioxide of iron 27 '6, and
water 20 '4. It occurs at Beaux and some
other parts of France in concretionary grains
or oolitic. An earthy and clay-like variety
from Lalce "Wochein in Styria is called Wach-
enite (q.v.).
be'a-ver (1), * be'-ver, * bie'-ver, s. [A. S.
beofer, befer, befor, beber ; Icel. biofrr ; O-
lcel.bior,biur ; ^w.hufver ; Dan. ScKver; Dut.
bever ; Ger. hiber ; 0. H. Ger. hiber, jdher ;
Fr. hievre ; Sp. hibaro, ibevaro, hefre; Port.
bivaro ; Ital. tu'ttro, be vera ; lia-t.' fiber ; Gael.
heablutr ; Euss. bobr ; Lith. bebni., bebras.
It is an old Aryan name with the meaning,
brown water-aninml. {N.E.D.}']
A. As substantive :
1. The Eiigli.sh name of the well-known
rodent mammal Cctstor fiber, or, more loosely,
of any species belonging to the genus Castor.
[Castor.] The animal so designated has in
each jaw two powerful incisor teeth, coated
with hard enamel, by means of which it Is
enabled to cut across the trunks of the trees
which it requires for its engineering schemes.
[Beaver-daai.] The hind feet are webbed,
and one of the five toes has a double nail.
The tail is flattened horizontally, and covered
with scales. Large glandular pouches secrete
an odoriferous substance called Castoreum,
much prized by the ancients, who regarded it
as of high medical value. [Castoreum.] The
Castor fiber exists through the temperate and
colder parts of North America. A species
generally believed to be the same one (though
this has'been doubted) exists in Europe on the
various European rivers, such as the Rhine,
the Danube, and the Weser, and has attracted
admiring notice since the days of Herodotus.
It formerly existed in historic times in Britain.
Beverley in Yorkshire (in Anglo-Saxon Befor-
leag or Before lagu= Beaver place (Bosicorth),
or Beafarlai = Beaver's lea, or BeverUtc =
Beaver's lake) has still a beaver on its coat of
arms, the tradition being that the animal in-
habited the river Hull in the vicinitj'. In
Wales it existed as late as A.D. 11S8, on the
Teify. In Scotland it was found to or beyond
the fifteenth century on Loch Ness.
T[ For an excellent account of the living
beaver see Tlie American Beaver and his IVorks,
by Lewis H. ilorgan, Philadelphia, 1S6S, Svo.
Remains of the common beaver have been
met with in this country in post-tertiary peat-
beds in Cambridgeshire and Essex. In 1870,
when excavations were being made for the
East London Waterworks Company's new re-
servoirs, a little noi"th of the Lea, between the
stations of Clapton and St. James's Street,
Walthamstow, on the Chingford Branch of
the Great Eastern Railway, abundant remains
of the beaver were discovered, whilst the
accumulations of fallen timber favoured the
conclusion drawn by Dr. H. Woodward that
fonnerly ancient beaver-dams existed on the
Lea, then (as ni^v iu America) causing floods,
which inundated and destroyed much of the
forest. ^See Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1869, ii. 104.)
An allied but much larger species, Trogonthe-
rlum Ciivii'ri (Owen), has been found fossil in
the Norfnlk Forest bed, and another in North
America, the Castoroides Ohioensis (Foster).
2. The fur of the animal just described.
3. A hat made of such fur or hair.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
beaver— bechamel
467
Upon ViiB brow sit jeafouaiea aud caxea."—Ga}/.
4, A heavy-miUsd woollen cloth, sometimes
felted, iised for making overcoats, hats, &c.
(Simmonds, dtc).
B. Attributively in compounds like the fol-
lowing : —
beaver-dam, s. A dam lauilt by a beaver
across a stream likely to run off in summer.
It is generally formed of drift-wood, green
willows, birch, poplars, and similar materials.
The simple method by which a beaver makes
BE AVER -DAMS.
a tree fall in a particular direction across a
stream, is by nibbling it round, not horizon-
tjilly, but so as to slope or dip in the du-ection
in whicli it intends the tree to fall.
" The author expressed hia belief thftt the deposits
indicated, at places, the effects of beaver- worlcs, tracts
of foreat haviiig been, to all appearance, Bubmerged
and destroyed by the action of heaucr-dams." — B.
Woodward, in Brit. Assoc. Hep. for 1B69, pt. ii., p. 104.
beaver-house, s. A "house" built by
a beaver. It is made of wood, mud, and
stones. When a beaver finds that its openly
inhabiting such an edifice in the vicinity of a
human settlement exposes it to unnecessary
risk, it abandons it, burrows in a hole which
it has dug, aud is iu consequence called a
" terrier," iu the broad sense of an varth
animal or burrowing animal. Whilst the
beavers inhabiting "houses" are social, the
terriers are solitary.
"The situation of the beaver-houses is various."—
ffeame.
beaver-rat, s. A name sometimes given
to a small species of beaver, Castor Zibethicits
(Linn.), one of the animals called Musk Rat.
It is only the size of a rabbit, and inhabits
Canada.
beaver-skin, s. The skin of the beaver.
The beaver has been so ruthlessly slaughtered
in British North America to obtain this, that
now it is much rarer than it was a century ago.
beaver-tooth, s. The enamelled tooth of
the beaver, once used by the North American
Indians as a cutting instrument.
"... the beaver-tooth was succeeded by the English
file."— ^ni7. Cycl., Nat. Bist., i. 416.
beaver-tree, s. The English name of
the Magnolia glauca, a fine fragrant and or-
namental tree growing iu swamps in North
America, and so attractive to beavers that
they are caught by means of it. It is called
also the White Laurel aud the Swamp Sas-
safras .
beaver-works, s. pi. Either the engineer-
ing or the architectural works of the beaver.
[See example under Beaver-dam.]
be'a^ver (2), * be'e-vor, * be'-vor, * be-
ver, * ba'-vi-er, "^ beau'-voir (bov-
war), s. [Fr. buviere =t'he bib put before
a slavering infant {Cvigrave) ; bavette = a
slavering-cloth ; baver = to slabber, slaver,
drivel, dribble, foam ; Fr. bave ; Ital. bava ;
8p. and Port. b«6a=:foam; Ital. bavkra:=
the vizor of a head-piece.] The part of a
helmet which, being made movable, can be
raised to sliow the face or be put down to
protect it.
" So beene they both at one, and doen upreare
Their bevers bright each other for to greel"
Speiiser: F. Q... II. i. 29.
"Oh, yes, my lord, he wore his beaver up."
SJtakesp. : Hamlet, i, 2.
be'a-vered, '* be'-vered, a. [Eug. beaver ;
-ed.] Covered or protected by a beaver;
wearing a beaver.
" His &eauer'dhrow a birchen garland bears.
Dropping with infants' blood^ and yiother s tears.
*^^ " Pope.
be'a-ver-teen, a. [From beaver, the animal. ]
Manufactures and Commerce :
1. A cotton twilled cloth in which the warp
is drawn up into loops, forming a pile, thus
distinguishing the fabric from velvet, in
whicli the pile is cut.
2. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled
cotton, shorn after it has been dyed. If shorn
before being dyed it is called Tnole-skin. {Siui-
monds ill Goodrich and Porter's Diet.)
^ be-bal'-l^, a. [Etym. unknown.]
Her. : A word used by some old writers for
party per pale. {Parker: Gloss, of Her.)
* beb'-ber,
[Bibber.]
beb'-ble, v.t. & i. [Apparently from Latin
bibidus = drinking readily ; bibo = to diink.]
(Scotch.)
A. Trans. : To swallow any liquid, whether
intoxicating or not, in small but frequent
draughts. (Javiieson.)
B. Intrans. : To tipple. "He 's ay bebbliiig
and drinking " = he is much given to tippling.
{Jamieson.)
be-be'er-ine, be-bi'r-ine, bi-bir-ine, a.
[From bebeeru (ci-v.).]
1. Chem. An nncrystallisable basic sub-
stance, C19H21NO3, extracted from the bar)c
of the Greenlieart Tree of Guiana, Neetandra
Rodicei. [Bebeeru.]
2. Pharm. The sulphate of bibirine is a
very valuable medicine, being used like qui-
nine as a tonic and febrifuge. It can be given
with advantage to patients who ai'e unable
to take sulphate of quinine. Unfortunately,
owing to the supplies of the bai-k being very
uncertain, this drug is at times scarce and
difficult to obtain.
be-be'er-u, be-be'ar-u, s. [A Guiana
word.] A tree, the Nectandra Rodicei or N.
Inicantha, var. Rodicei, a species belonging to
the Lauraceae (Laurels). It is called also the
Greenheart Tree. It grows to about seventy
feet high, and has strong, durable tunber,
much prized for shipbuilding. The bark is a
tonic and a febrifuge. [Bebeerine, 2.]
* be-ble'ed (pa. par. *bebUd, * bebledde), v.t.
[Eug. pref. be, and bleed. In But. bebloeden ~
to ensanguine, to stain with blood ; beblood
= bloody ; Ger. bcbluten.] To make bloody,
to stain with blood, to " beblood."
" The open war, with wouud'-'s all bobUdde."
Cliauccr: C. T.. 2,004.
" The feast
AU was tourned into bloud :
The dishe forthwith, the cuppe and all,
Belled they weren over all,"
Gower : Can/. Am., bk, ii.
* be-bli'nd, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and blind.]
To make blind, to blind.
" Home courage quailes where love beblindes the sense."
Qascoigne : Works, p. 103.
* be-bl6od', * be-bl6od'-y, v.f. [Eng. fee,
and blood, bloody. In Dut. bebloeden; Ger.
bebluten.] [Bebleed.] To make bloody, to
stain with blood, to " bebleed."
" Ton will not admit, I trow, that he was so be-
blooded with the blood of your sacrament god." —
Sheldon: Mir. qf AiUich., p. 90.
^ be-bl6t'. * be-blot'te, v.t. [Eng. pref. be,
and blot.] To blot.
be-blub'-ber, v. t. [Eng. pref. fee, and blubber.]
To cause to blubber, to make to swell with
weeping.
be-bliib'-bered, pa. pnr. & a. [Beblubber.]
" A very beautiful lady did call him from a certain
window, her eyes all beblubbered with tears." — Shejton :
Tr. of Don Quixote, I. iii 13.
bec-a-fi'-co, bec-ca-fi'-co, a. ital. = fig-
pecker.] [FiCEDULA.]
1. Gen. : Various species of birds belonging
to the genus Sylvia.
" The robin-redbreast, till of late, had rest,
And children sacred held a martin's nest ;
Till becnficos sold so . . . dear,
To one that was, or would have been, a peer," Pope.
2. Spn-. : The Sylvia hortensis of Bechstein.
* be-cair, v.t. [Eng. pref. be-, and call, v.] To
challenge.
be-calm (I sUent), v.t [Eng. be; caZm.] To
render calm or still, to quiet, to tranqmUise
by removing, the cause of agitation- Used-~
1. Literally:
(a) Of the rendering water, as that of the
ocean or of a lake, calm by stilling the wind
which sweeps over its surface. [See example
under the participial adjective Becalmed.]
(b) Of a sailing vessel made to lie nearly
motionless by the stilling of the wind wliich
formerly filled its sails.
" During mauy hours the fleet was becalmed off the
Godwin Sands "—Macauhiij ; Mist. Eng , ch. xvn.
(c) Of a man who cannot proceed on his
voyage through tJie motionless state of the
ship on board of which lie is.
"A man becalmed at sea, out 01 sight of land, in a
fair day, may louk on the sun or sea, or ship, a whole
hour, and perceive no motion." — Locke,
2. Fig. : Of the passions or other emotions
which at times agitate the human soul, which
are quieted by removing their exciting causes.
" Soft whisp'riug air, and the lark's matin song,
Then woo to musing, and becal.u the mind
Perplex'd with irksome thoughts." Philips.
" Banish bis son-ows, and becahn his soul
With easy drenmri *' Addison.
" Perhaps prosperity hecalni'd his breast,
Perhaps the wind just shifted from the east."
Pope.
be-calmed (J- silent), pa. par. k a. [Becalm.]
" The moon shone clear on the becalmed flood."
Drydcn.
be-calm-ing (} silent), pr. par., «., & s.
[Becalm.]
A. & B. As pr. per. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As subst. : Theactor operation of making
calm ; the state of being made calm ; a calm
at sea.
" Thou art a merchant : what tellest thou me of
crosse winds, of Michaelmas flaws, of ill weathers, of
tedious becalmings, of piraticall hazards?"— Seasoji-
able Serm., i). 30.
be-ca'me, pret. of Becojie.
" For Huch an high priest became us .
—Beb. vii. 26,
be-ca'u^e, * be-ca'u^s, * bicause, ^ by-
cause, *biecause, conj. [Eng. by cause.]
A. Ordijiar-y Language:
1. By cause of, liy reason of, on account of,
for.
"God iwrsecuteth vs bucauae we abuse his Holy
Testament, and bi/cause when we kuowe the truth we
folowe it not." — Tyn-dnU: Works, \}. 7. (Hichardmn.)
"... but 6ic(i(i,'-<; she hiith refused it afore."— .Brtile.*
Apolugue, fol. 82. {liidiardson )
" We love him, because he fii-st loved ua." — 1 Jo?in
iv, 19.
It is correlative with therefore. The normal
position of the clause containing because is
before that of the one having therefore in it ;
more rarely the positions of the two are re-
versed.
" BecftiMe sentence against an evil work is not ex-
ecuted speedily, tliemfore the heart of the sons of men
is fully set in them to do evil."— /7c'C'Ze8. viii. 11.
"... tliersfore the Levites shall be mine .' because
all the fli-st-bom are mine. "— iVtimii, iii, 12, 13.
It is often followed by of, and a noun, whicli
because 0/ governs, almost like a preposition.
"... all ye shall be offended because of me this
night."— J/««. xxvi. 3L
* 2. Tliat, in order that.
"And the multitude rebuked them, because they
should liold their peace."— J/<t«. xx. 31.
B. Grammiar. Because is classed as one of
the Conjunctions of Reason and Cause, which
again are placed in the category of Subordi-
nating Conjunctions. {Bain: "Eng. Gram.,
1874, p. 68.)
bec-ca-biiug'-a, s. [From Low Lat. hi:cm-
bunga; Ital. beccabunga, beccabungra ; Sp.
beeeabunga ; H. Gi-r, & Sw. bctckbianji;, bach-
bohne ; L. Ger. beckabunge; Dut. bixkhuiuje ;
from O. & Provinc Eng. beck, Dut. beek, Dan.
bmk, Sw. back, H. Ger. bach, all meaning = a
brook, a rill, a rivulet; and H. Ger. bnnrje,
0. H. Ger. ftunj/o = bulb.] A name for a
plant — tlie Brooklime {Vnronica beccabunga.).
[Beck (2), Brooklime, Veronica.]
* bec'-c6, s. [Ital. bccco =a buck, a ,g(^t ;
a cuckold.] A cuckold. {Marston & Wehsi
The Mid:-ordeiif, 1. 3.)
' ' Duke, thou art a becco, a cornuto.
P. How?
M. Tiiou ai't a cuckold,"
JIarsCon: JfaJcoJiteiit, i
becb'-a-mel, s. [From Fr. bechamdle ; Ger.
bechamel = a kind of broth or sauce (see defi-
nition), called after the IMarquis de Bechamel,
boil, bo^; p6^t, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, exist -mg.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shiin ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
468
beohanee— becoming
steward of Louis XIV., by whom it was first
concocted.]
Coolccry : A kind of fine wMte broth or sauce
thiekfiied with cream. (Cooley, in Goodrich
(& Forte r' 6 Diet.)
'be-5han'9e, v.i. & t. [Eng. he : cluince.]
1. To chance to, to happen to.
"AH happiness hechtmce to thee in Milan."
Shafccsjj. : Two Qcnt. of Verona, i. 1,
2. To befall.
" My sous, God knows what hath bechfinced them."
Shakesp. : U Ilenrn VI., i. 4.
'" lse-9han'9e, o.dv. [O. Eng. he = by, and Eiig.
cliance.] By chance ; jierhaps.
* 'be-chan,'9ed., jia. par. [Bechakce, v.]
^ be-5lian'9-ihg, pr. par. [Brchakoe, u.]
t 'be-9liarm', v.t [Eng. pref. he, andc/iarm.]
To charm, to fascinate ; to attract and subdue
by exciting intensely xdeasurable feeling.
" I am awak'd, and with clear eyes behold
The lethari-'y wherein my reason long
Hath been bn-liann'd."
Jieaiirnont and Fletcher : Laws of Catidy.
l)e-9harm'ed, pa. par. & a. [Becharm.]
beche* s. [Fr. hkcM = a spade ; htclier = to
dig, pierce, or turn up with a spade.]
Well-horing: An instrument for seizing and
recovering a rod used in boring when it has
become broken in the process.
Ibeclie-de-nier, s. [Fr. = a spade of the sea ;
a sea spade.] The Sea-slug or Trepang, a
marine animal, Holothuria eduUs, eaten as a
luxury by the Chinese.
t bech'-ic, a. [In Fr. hecMque ; Port, hecliico ;
j_ Gr. ^TjxiKo? (bcchikos) = suffering from cough ;
^yjxos (bechos), genitive of p-q$ {hex) = a cough ;
^rjo-a-ii} (hesso) = to cough.]
Plianiwcy : Fittnd to relieve a cough. (Used
also substantively.)
bech'-i-lite, s. [From Bechi, an Italian min-
eralogist.] A mineral classed by Dana with
his Borates. It consists of boric acid, 51 '13 ;
lime, 20 '85 ; water, -26-2o ; with 1-75 of silica,
alumina, and magnesia. It was found by
Bechi as an incrustation at the backs of the
boric acid lagoons of Tuscany, being formed
probably by the action of hot vapour on lime.
The South American mineral Hayesite may be
the same species.
bech'-le (le as el) (c/t guttural), s [From
Gr. ^Tjf (hex), genit. 317x69 (bechos) ~ a cough.]
A settled cough. (Scotch.)
■^beck (1), ^becke (1) (Eng.), beck, ^bek.
* baik (Scotch), a. [A contraction of Eng.
heckon. (Mahn.).^ [Beckon, Beacon, Beak.]
1, A bow or cm-tsey. (0. Ejig. & 0. Seotoh).
" Bek OT lowte: Conquiniscio, inclinacio." — Prompt.
Parv.
2. Any nod of the head.
(a) In a general sense.
" Haste thee, nymph, and briDg with thee
Quips and cranks and wanton wiles,
5fods and beclcs and wreathed smiles,"
MUton: L' Allegro.
(b) Spec. : A nod of command.
" Then forthwith to him takes a chosen hand
Of spirits, likest to himself in guile.
To be at hand, and at his beck appear."
Milton : /'. R., bk. IL
^ To he at any one's beck and call: To be
entirely at his service and disposal.
beck (2), s. [Icel. hekkr=s. brook, a rivulet,
a small rapid stream; Sw. hack; Dan. bcek ;
Dut. hcelc; Ger. bach.] A brook, a rivulet.
Used —
f 1. As an ordinai-y word, chiefly in poetry.
" As when a sunbeam, wavers warm
Within the dark and dimpled beck."
Tennyhon : The Miller's Daughter.
2. As entering into the composition of
various geographical names in East Yorkshire
and in the North of England generally, viz.,
Millbeck, Gry^Oah' Beck, Goldsil Beck. &c. (See
Boucher. See also Prof. Phillips' Rivers, &c.,
of Yorkshire, p. 2ii2,)
beck (3), s. [Bac, Back, 5.] The same as hnrk
(2) is used in such compounds as a dye-heck
or a soap-beck. (Knight.)
beck, -^ be eke (i???.;?.), beck, * bek (.Scofc/0,
v.i. & t. [See Beck, ?., also Beckon and
Beacon.]
A. Intransitive :
I. To make obeisance ; to cringe. (Scotch.)
1. Gen. : Of the obeisance made by either
sex indiscriminately.
" Thay lute thy lieges pray to stokkis and stanes,
And paintit paiparis, wattis uocht quhat thay
meine ;
Thay bad thame bek and bynge at deid mennis
banes. "
Biinnatyne Poems, 198, st. 11. {Jamieson.)
2. Spec. ; To curtsey (restricted to the obei-
sance made by a woman, as distinguished from
the bowing practised by a man).
II. To give a nod of the head for command
or other purpose.
B. Trans. : To call or command, as by
means of a nod (lit. £• Jig. ).
"Sell, book, and candle shall not drive me back,
When gold and silver beck me to come on."
Shakesp. : £ing John, ill. S,
'^' becke, s. [Beak.]
" Headed like owles, with beckes uncomely bent."
Spenser: F. Q., II. xi. 8.
beck'-er, s. [See def.] Tlie Cornish dialectal
name of the braize (Pagrus vulgaris), a fish of
the family Sparidte. [See Braize.]
beck'-ern, 5. [Bickern.]
beck'-et, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Naut. : Anything used to confine loose
ropes, tackles, or spars, as a large hook, a
rope with an eye at one end ; a bracket,
pocket, loop, &c. (Generally in the plural,
beckets.)
beck'-et, v.t. [Becket, .<;.] To furnish with,
or fasten and secure by, beckets. (N.E.D.)
beck-ing, pr. par. [Beck, v.]
beck'-ite, be'ek-ite, s. [Named after Dr.
Beeke, Dean of Bristol, by whom it was first
discovered.] A mineral, a variety of pseudo-
morphous quartz. It consists of altered coral
in which a portion of the original carbonate of
lime may yet be detected, though most of it
has been replaced by chalcedony. It occurs
in Devonshire.
beck'-let, baik'~let, s. [Scotch beck, etym.
doubtful ; -;c( = little.] An uuder-waistcoat.
(Scotch.)
beck'-6n, * beck-en, * bec'-ne, bekne
(ne = en), T.i & t. [A.S. heacnan, hecnian,
bycnan, bi/oimji ^ to beckon ; Icel. ftafcria = to
nod ; O. H. Ger. hauhnjan, pauhnen, pauhan.
Comp. also Sw. peka; Dan. pege=^ to point
at with the finger.] [Beck (1), s., Beacon.]
A, Intransitive :
1. To make a signal to one, as by a motion
of the hand or of a finger, or the nodding of
the head.
"Yonder snow-white cloud, that floats in the ether
above me,
Seeina like a hand that is pointing and beckoning
over the ocean."
Longfellow : The Courtship of Miles Statidish, v.
2. With the preposition to.
B. Transitive : To summon or signal to by
means of a motion of the hand, a nod, &c.
(Followed by the objective of the person
signalled to.)
" It beckoTis you to go away with it,
As if it some impartment did desire
To you alone." Shakesp. ; Samlet, L 4.
beck'-6n, s. [From heckon, v.] A signal con-
veyed to one by a movement of the hand, the
head, or in some similar way.
"So she came forth, and entered the river, with a
beckon of farewell to those that followed her."—
Buni/an : P. P., pt. li.
beck'-oned, jja. par. <t a. [Beckon, v.]
beck'-on-ing, pr. par.
[Beckon, v.]
'■ be-clip', * biclip, v.t. [A.S. hedyppan.]
To embrace.
" And he took a child, and sett him in the myddil
of hem, and when he hatlde biclipped him, he sayde
to hem, Whoever reseyveth ootx of siche children in
■ be-clip'ped, * be-clipt'e, ^ biclipped,
^" biclupte, jic. jwr. [Beclip.]
be-cloud', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and cloud, v.]
To cloud ; to cover as with a cloud.
"Storms of tears
Becloud hia eyea, which soon forc'd smiling clears."
P Fletcher : Pise. Eccl. 5, st. 15.
be-cloiid'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Becloud.]
" Stella oft sees the very face of woe
Fainted m my beclouded stormy face."
Sidney : Astrophel and Stella.
be-clo^d'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Becloud.]
be-cdm'e, * be-c6m'me, * bi~c6m'e, bi
come, by come, v.i. & t. [Eng. pref. he,
and covie. The v.i. is from A.S. hecuman (pret.
becom, hecomon ; pa. par. beciimen) = (1) to go
or enter into, to meet with, to come to, to
come together ; (2) to come, to happen, to fall
out, to befall. In Sw. bekomma, Dan. be-
komme, Dut. hekomen, Ger. hekomTnen all
= to get, to receive, to obtain ; the German
verb also being = to have ; 0. H. Ger. pique-
man ; Goth, hikunraan. From A.S. cuman;
O. H. Ger. queman, chueman ; Goth, heqviman.
(Come.) Comp. also Sw. heqvavi = fit, con-
venient, apt, proper, qualified, easy ; Dan.
bequeminelig ; Ger. heem = commodious, easy.]
[Comely.]
A, Intransitive, or more exactly, a Copula or
Avposition Verb like the verb to he. [Directly
from A.S. hecuman. (See etym.).] In a general
sense to pass from one state or condition into
another, more especially to grow into some-
thing more developed, greater, more powerful, I
or in other respects more satisfactory', or to |
recede into something smaller, more degene-
rate, more withered and decaying.
" And unto the Jews I becameas a Jew, that I might
gain the Jews." — 1 Cor. ix. 20.
"... the Campbells, the children of Diarmid, had
become in the Highlands what the Bourbons had
become in Europe." — ilacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xiiL
". . . for all thy blessed youth
Becomes as aged, and doth heg the alms
Of palsied eld."
Shakesp. : Meas.for Meas., iiL I.
1[ To becovie of: To be the final state, con-
dition, or place into or to which any specified
person or thing has as yet passed ; to be the
present fate of, (Used only after the interro-
gation what, which may refer to a person or a
thing.)
" The first hints of the circulation of the blood were
taken from a common person's wondering whatftecame
of all the blood which issued out of the heart." —
Graunt.
H We very frequently find such a phrase as
"where is he become" ^ to our "what has
hecome of him." Thus in Gower's Conf. Amant.
ii. 120, "per wiste non wher he hecam." See
also Joseph of Arimathie, 607, &c.
B, Transitive. [Directly from A.S. &ecuma7t
= to please. (See etym.).]
1. To be suitable for, to befit, to be con-
gruous with, to be proper to or for, to be in
harmony with. Used —
(a) As an ordinary personal verb.
" If I become not a cart as well as another man . , ."
— Shakesji. : 1 Hen. IV., it 4.
"But speak thou the things which become sound
doctrine." — Titus ii. 1.
(&) As an impersonal verb.
"Only let your conversation he as it becomefh the
gospel of Christ . . ."—Phil. i. 27.
2. To be the present fate of, to have become
of. (See v.i.) (In the subjoined example.
Where is become = what has become of.)
" I cannot joy, until I be resolv'd
Where our right valiant father is become."
STtakesp. : Sffen. VI., iL L
1" To hecome o/ (nominally as v.t.) : To be the
present fate of. The expression "What is
become of you ? " is a less proper way of saying
" What lias become of you ? "
be-cdm'e, * be-c6m'ed, * be-c6m'-en,
^ be-com'-in, ' bicomen, pa. par. & a.
[Become, v.'\
A. A-i pa. par. (Of all forms except be-
comed) : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
B, As participial ojJj. (0/^/;e/orm become) :
Becoming, fit, suitable, appropriate.
be-com'-ing, * be-c6m'-ming, pr. par., a.,
& s. [Become, i;.]
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding
to those of the verb, whether intransitive or
transitive.
" This is, sir, a doubt
In such a time nothing becoining you,
Nor satisfying us,"
Shakesp. : Cytnbeline, iv. 4.
B. As participial adj. : Befitting, suitable,
proper ; in harmony or keeping with ; graceful
in conduct, in attire, &c.
"And many a compliment politely penn'd;
But unattired in that becoming vest
Eeli}{ion weaves for her. . . ."
Cowper : Tabl^ Talk.
1 It is sometimes followed by in, for, or o/,
the last being obsolete.
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, potj.
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, oiire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
becomingly— toed
469
" Their discourses are such as be-long to tliPir ape,
their calling, and their breedijig ; such as licebecuming
q^them, ana q/' them only."— Drt/deu.
C. As substantive :
1. In the abstract : That which is befitting,
suitable, proper, in harmony with, or graceful.
" Self-respect and a flue sense of the becoming were
not to be expected from one who had led a life of
mendicancy and adulation."— ^Vocattiay; Hist. -Eng.,
ch. vii.
* 2. In the concrete : Ornament.
" Sir, forgive me.
Since my becomings kill me when they not _
Eye well to you." SJiahesp. : Ant. & C'leop., i. 8.
T[ («) Crabb thus distinguishes the terms
becomin,g, decent, Jit, and suitable: — "What is
becoming respects the manner of being in
society, such as it ought, as to person, time,
and place. Decency regards the manner of
displaying one's self, so as to be approved
and respected. Fitness and suitableness relate
to the disposition, arrangement, and order of
either being or doing, according to persons,
things, or circumstances. The becoming con-
sists of an exterior that is pleasing to the
view : decency involves moral propriety ;
it is regulated by the fixed rules of good
breeding : fitness is regulated by local circum-
stances, and suitableness by the established
customs and usages of society. The dress of
a woman is becoming that renders her person
more agreeable to the eye ; it is decent if it
no wise off'end modesty ; it is^( if it be what
the occasion requires ; it is suitable if it be
according to the rank and character of the
wearer. What is becomi^ig varies for every
individual ; the age, the complexion, the
stature, and the habits of the person must be
consulted in order to obtain the appearance
which is becoming ; what becomes a young
female, or one of fair complexion, may not
become one who is farther advanced iii life, or
who has dark features. Decency is one and the
same for all ; all civilized nations have drawn
the exact line between the decent and liuhcciit,
although fashion may sometimes draw females
aside from this line. Fitness varies with the
seasons, or the circumstances of persons ;
what is Jit for the winter is itnfit for the
summer, or what is fit for dry weather is unfit
for the wet ; what is fit for town is not/( for
the country ; what is Jit for a healthy person
is not^i for one that is infirm. ,'Suitableness
accommodates itself to the external circum-
stances and conditions of persons ; the house,
the furniture, the equipage of a prince, must
be suitable to his rank ; the retinue of an
ambassador must be statable to the character
which he has to maintain, and to the wealth,
dignity, and importance of the nation whose
monarch he represents."
(6) Becoming, comely, and graceful are thus
discriminated : — These epithets ' ' are employed
to mark in general what is agreeable to the
eye. Becoming denotes less than comely, and
this less than graceful : nothing can be comely
or graceful which is tmbecoming ; although
many things are becoming which are neither
coTnely nor graceful. Becoming respects the
decorations of the person, and the exterior
deportment; coviely respects natural embel-
lishments ; graceful natural or artificial ac-
complishments : manner is becoming ; figure
is comely ; air, figure, or attitude is graceful.
Becoming is relative ; it depends on taste and
opinion, on accordance with the prevailing
sentiments or particular circumstances of
society. Comely and graceful are absolute ;
they are qualities felt and acknowledged by
all." {Crahb : Eng. Synon.)
be-c6m'-ing-l^, adv. [Eng. becoming; -hj.]
In a becoming manner ; suitably, properly,
beflttingly.
"... expediently, piously, and prudently, con-
scientiously, and becomingly."— Bp. Taylor : Artif.
Earida, p. 74.
be-com'-mg-ness, s. [Eng. becoming; -ness.'\
The quality of being proper or becoming ;
propriety.
" Nor is the majesty of the divine government
greater in its extent than the becoiningness hereof is
m its manner and form."— Grew.
* be-com'me, v.i. & *. [Become,]
* be-com'-ming, pr. ^ar., a., & s. [Become.]
* bee'- qud (qu as k), a. [Fr. becqiiee,
beqnce.]
Heraldry : Beaked.
be-crip'-ple (pie as pel), v.t. [Eng. pref.
be, and cripple.'] To cripple, to lame.
be-eui'-ba (cu as kw). ». [From the native ,
name.]
Dot. : Myristica Bicuhyba, a Brazilian tree,
allied to the nutmeg.
■^' be-curl', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and curl] To
curl ; to cover or adorn witli curls.
" Is the beau compelled against his will to practise
winning airs before the glass, or emi)loy for whole
hours all the thought withinside bis noddle to be-
powder and bfcu7-l the outside?"— Seorcft .- Freewill,
Foreknowledge, atid Fate, p. 98.
bed (1), * bedde (1), s [A.S. bed, bmd, bedd
= a bed, couch, pallet, tick of a bed, bed in
a garden; O.S., Icel., Dan,, & O. Fries, bed;
Dut. bed, and in compos, bedde; Ger. bett;
M. H. Ger. bette; O. H. Ger. beiti, pe«i = a
bed.]
A. As stibstantice :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Lit. : An article of domestic furaiture to
sleep upon. Originally a bed was the skin of
a beast stretched upon the floor ; then rushes,
heath, and after a time straw were substituted.
A modern bed consists of a large mattress
stuffed with feathers, hair, or other materials,
with bolster, pillow, sheets, blankets, &c. , the
whole raised from the ground on a bedstead.
The tenn bed sometimes excludes and some-
times includes the bedstead. In India, and
other Eastern countries, the bed of a native,
at least on his travels, is simply a mat, a rug,
or a bit of old carpet ; his bed-clothes are his
scarf or plaid. ' ' Bed " and bed-clothes he has
no difficulty in carrjang with him as he goes.
" I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and
go thy way into thine house. And immediately he
arose, took up the bed, and went forth hefore them
all. . . ."—Mark ii. 11, 12.
% To make a bed : To put a bed in order after
it has been used.
"... I keep his house; and 1 wash, wring, brew,
bake, scour, dress meat and drink, make the beds, and
do all myself."— A'/wftcfip. ; Merry Wives, i. 4.
2. Half fig-n rati vd\j :
(a) A sleeping-place, a lodging.
" On my knees I beg
That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food."
Sluikesp. : Lear, ii, 4.
(&) Marriage, or its lawful use.
" George, the eldest son of this second bed, was, after
the death of his father, by the singular care and affec-
tion of his mother, well brought up."— CTarendon.
(c) Child-birth.
^ To be brought to bed : To be delivered of a
child. It is often used with the particle of;
as "she was bro2ight to bed of a. daughter."
" Ton months after Florimel happen'd to wed.
And was brougM in a laudable manner to bed."
Prior.
To pvA. to bed : Either to do so in a general
sense, or, spec, to aid in child-birth, to de-
liver of a child.
3. Quite figuratively :
(a) The grave in which the body reposes in
death. (Used specially of the calm sleep of
death, appropriate to the righteous as distin-
guished from the wicked.)
"... this bed of death."— Sftafces;). : Horn. * Jul, v. 3.
" We thought as we hollowed his narrow bed,
And smoothed down his lonely pillow.
That the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his
head,
And we far away on the bUlow."
}Vo!fe : Burial of Sir John Moore.
(b) In a -more general sense : That in which
anything lies.
" See hoary Albula's infected tide
O'er the wai-m bed of smoaking sulphiir glide."
Addison.
(c) A bank of earth raised slightly above the
ordinary level in a garden, and planted with
flowers or whatever other vegetable produc-
tions it was designed to receive.
" Herbs will be tenderer and fairer, if you take them
out of beds when they are newly come up, and remove
them into pots with better earth."— £acon.
(rf) The channel of a river.
" The great magazine for all kinds of treasure is
supposed to be the bed of the Tiber."— Addison.
(e) A layer. [II. 8.]
(/) Sorrow, pain, afflictisn, judgments.
(Rev. ii. 22.)
II. Technically
1. Lavj. Divorce from bed and board (in
Lat. a mensa et thoro) : Divorce of a husband
and wife, to the extent of separating them for
a time, the wife receiving support, under the
name of alimony, during the severance.
2. Roman Archccol. Dining bed, disc^tbitory
bed: An article of domestic furniture among
the Romans, upon which they reclined at
meals. Three sach "beds were generally
placed around three sides of a table the
attendants having access to the fourth. [IRI '
CLINIUM.]
3. French History. Bed of justice :
(a) Lit ■ The throne on which, before the
revolution of 1789, the king used to sit when
he went to Pariiainentto look after the aflairs
of State, the officers of Parliament attending
him in scarlet robes.
(b) Fig. As this inteiferehce of the king
with the Parliament was not compatible with
free government, sitting on the bed of justice
came to signify the exertion of arbitrary power.
4 Mach. : The foundation-piece or portion
of anything on which the body of it rests, as
the bed-piece of a steam-engine; the lower
stone of a grinding mill ; or the box, body, or
receptacle of a vehicle.
5. Gunnery :
(a) Bed of a mortar: A solid piece of oak,
hollowed in the middle to receive the breech
and half the trunnions.
(b) Bed of a great gun : The thick plank
which lies immediately under the piece, and
constitutes the body of the carriage.
(c) In a rifle : The hollow stock designed for
the reception of the barrel.
6. Printing : The level surface of a printing
press on which the forme of type is laid. In
the old wooden presses, now superseded by
iron, the bed was usually of stone.
7. Ship or oilier Carpentry :
(ft) The cradle of a ship on the stocks.
(ft) Tlie thickest part of a bowsprit,
(c) The surface in a plane-stock on which
the plane-iron is supported. (Knight.)
8. Masonry:
(a) The direction in which the several layers
of stone lie in a quarry ; also a course of stones
or bricks in a wall. In the case of bricks or
tiles in position the side specially called the
bed is the lower one.
(&) The top and bottom surface of stones
when worked for building.
(c) A place on which a brick or tile is laid,
or a place prepared for the rearing upon it of
a wall.
9. Geol. : A stratum, a layer of rock.
"Among the English Pliocene beds the next in
antiquity is the Red Crag. . . ."—Lyell : Student's
Mements of Geol. (1871), p. 170.
10. Billiards : The flat surface of a billiard
table, covered with green cloth. Formerly it
was of wood ; now nearly all billiard tables
have slate beds.
11. Na^Uical: The impression or "form"
made by a ship's bottom on mud after being
left by an ebb-tide. (Smyth: Sailor's Word-
Book.)
B. Attributively in the sense of, pertaining
to, or connected with a bed, as in the follow-
ing compounds : —
* bed-ale, s. An entertainment at a
country wedding among poor people ; chris-
tening ale.
bed-bottom, s. The sacking, iron spring
bars, or anything similar, affixed interiorly to
the framework of a bedstead to support the
bed.
bed-bug, s. The Cimex lectularius, in
some places a too well-known insect. [Bug,
Cimex.]
"... the disgusting animal in question, namely,
the bed-bug or Cimex lectularius." — Griffith's Cavier,
XV. 2a7.
bed-chair, s. A chair with a movable
back, intended to supx>ort a sick person,
sitting up in bed.
bed-chamber, s. & a.
1. As substantive: A chamber containing a
bed or beds.
* ^ (a) Grooms of the Bedchamber : Certain
functionaries in the Lord Chamberlain's de-
partment of the Royal Household. These are
now called Grooms in Waiting. Besides them
there are five "Extra Grooms in "Waiting."
[Geoom.]
(b) Ladies of the Bedchamber : Certain ladies
who render service, under the Mistress of the
Robes, to her Majesty the Queen. There are
eight "Ladies of the Bedchamber," all titled,
two of them being duchesses, one a marchio-
boil. b6y'; pout, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -9ion, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, ~§ion = zhiln. -tlous, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, kc. = bel, del.
470
bed— bedaring
ness, and one a countess ; six " Extra Ladies
of the Bc'lchamber," four countesses and two
viscountesses ; eight " Bedchamber Women,"
one a viscountess, and even the humblest with
" Honourable" prefixed to tlieir names ; and,
finally, three Extra Bedchamber Women, one
designated "Lady" and the other "Honour-
able." These are not to be confounded with
the Maids of Honour, of whom there are at
present eight, all with the official title " Hon."
before their names, Similarly, in the Princess
of Wales's household there are four Ladies of
the Bedchamber, four Bedchamber Women,
and two Extra Bedchamber Women ; in that
of Prince.ss Christian two Honorary Bed-
chamber Women ; and in tliat of tlie Princess
Louise (Marchioness of Lome) one Lady of
the Bedchamber.
t (c) Lords of tlie Bedchamher : Certain officers
belonging to the Royal Household, under the
Groom of the Stole, or, as he is now desig-
nated, the Groom of the Robes. They are now
generally called Lords in Waiting. They are
eight in number, all members of the nobility.
They wait in turn. They are not the same as
Grooms of the Bedchamber. [See A., ^ (a)
above.]
". , . to freciuent the Court, nnd to discharge the
duties of a Lord of the Bedchamber." — Macaulay :
Bist. Eng., ch. xv.
2. As adjective : Pertaining to a bedcham-
ber, attached to a bedchamber, or performing
service in one, as " a bedchamber woman."
bed-clothes» s. pi. " Clothes " or cover-
lets, such as sheets, blankets, and a counter-
pane spread over a bed for warmth's sake.
Shakesp. ; A It's Well, iv. 3.
Bed-clothes clasp : A clasp for keeping the
bed-clothes from being to any extent dis-
placed.
bed-curtains, s. pi. Cui-tains partly or
entirely surrounding a bed to keep the sleeper
from draughts of air.
bed-evil, s. Sickness or indisposition
■which confines a person to bed. (Scotch.)
"Grit ony persoun eseonyiea himself be resaoun of
bodilie seikues. of bed-eoil, . , ." — Balfour: Pract.,
pp. 349-50. [Jamiesoti.)
bed-hangings, s. pi Hangings or cur-
tains for a bed.
"... the atory of the prodigal, or the German hunt-
ing in water-work, ia worth a thousand of theae bed-
hangingt. . . ."Shakesp. : 2 Hen, IV., ii. 1.
bed-head, s. The head of a bed.
t bed-lare, s. & a. [Eng. bed, and 0.
Scotch tare = bed; from A.S. legeT = (X) a
lying down, (2) cause of lying down, a disease,
(3) place of lying down, a bed.] {Scotch.)
1. As substantive : A bed.
^ Cheld bed-lare : Child-bed.
"... and becausa his wifF wea liand in cheld bed-
lav ahidand the will of God-"— ^c(, Dom. Cone, A..
1494, p. 372.
2. As adjective: Bedridden; confined to bed.
"... to pruft that Johne of Kerss wea seke and
bedlare the tyioe of the alienatioun of the aaid land,
and how aone he deit thereftir," &e. — Act. Audit., K.
1474, p. 36.
bed-lathe, s. A lathe of the normal
tjT'e in which the puppets and rest are sup-
ported upon two parallel and horizontal beams
or shears.
bed-linen, s. Linen, i.e., sheets and
pillow-ciises for a bed.
bed-pan, s.
* 1. A warming-pan.
2. A pan or utensil for one confined to bed.
bed-piece, bed-plate, s.
Mcch. : The foimdation piece, plate, or
framing by which the other parts are held in
place. It is called also a sole-iilatc.
bed-post, s. One of the posts of a bed,
supporting the canopy or curtains.
"... her head leaning to a ici^-posf . . ." — Wue-
Tnan • Surg.
* bed-presser, s. A great Itfey person.
"... this sanguine coward, this hcd-presser, this
horseback breaker, this huge hill of flesh."— ^Sftatea^). ;
lUen. jr., li. 4.
bed-quilt, s. A quilt for a bed. [Quilt,]
bed-rid, bed-ridden, a. [Eng. bed ; and
rid, ridden, po. par. of ride. In A.S. bedrida,
heddrida, hcdreda, heddredila.]
1. 0/ persons: Confined to bed by age or
sickness.
" Better at home lie bedrid, not only idle.
Inglorious, unemploy'd, with age outworn."
Milton ; Samson Agonistes.
2. Of things : Characteristic of a person con-
fined to bed by sickness.
" Disturb his hours of re3t with xestlesa trances.
Afflict him in his bed with bedrid groans."
Shakesp. : Targuin arid Lucrece.
bed-rite, s. The rite, ceremony, or privi-
lege of the marriage-bed.
" Whose vows are that no bed-rite shall be paid,
Till Hymen's torch be lighted,"
Shakesp. : Tempest, iv. 1. (Editions consulted- by
Dr. Johnson, Mrs. Cowdeu Clarke, &c.)
1[ Bed-rite gives a more logical meaning to
the passage than bed-right (q.v.).
bed-room, s.
* 1, Room in a bed.
2. A room designed for the accommodation
of a bed, to be occupied during the night.
" The collectors were empowered to examine the
interior of every house in the realm, to disturb families
at meals, to force the doors of ied-roonw . . ." — Macau-
lay: Bist. Eng., ch. xi
bed-screw, s. A screw used to put and
hold together the framework of wooden bed-
steads and bedposts. Also a powerful machine
for lifting large bodies, and placed against the
gripe of a ship to be launched for starting her.
(Smyfh : Sailor's Word-Book.)
bed-sick, * bed-seik, s. Confined to
bed by Indisposition.
"It is enjoined, that if one be prevented from obey-
ing a legiu summons bj] sickness, it be ijroviu be a
enjo
jgal ,. ,
testimonial . , . with twa witnessis, that he ia bed-
seifc, and may not travel, . . ." — Balfour: Pract., p.
361, A. 156S.
bed-side, s. The side of a bed.
" When I waa thus dresaed, I was canied to a bed-
side."—Tatler, No. 15.
bed-sore, s. A sore produced by long
lying in bed. Usually a result of careless
nursing.
* bed-Staff, * bedd-staff, s. A wooden
pin formerly afiixed to the sides of a bed-
stead, to hold the clothes from slipping on
either side.
"Give her a remembrance with a bedd-staff, that
she is forced to wear the Northumberland-arms a week
&i\,e^T."— Twelve Ingenious Characters (1686). {Ealli-
well: Contirib. to Lexioog.)
" Hostess, accommodate us with a bed-staff."
Ben Jonson : Svery Man in his Humour.
bed-steps, s. pi. steps for ascending a
bed.
bed-stocky s. A bedstead.
bed-straw, [Bedstraw.]
* bed-Stre, s. Materials of a bed.
"Y schal moiate my bedstre with my teeris," —
Wyclif: Psalm vil 7.
t bed-swerver, s. One who swerves
from faithfulness with regard to marriage
vows.
" She's a bed-swerver, even as bad a3 those
That vnlgars give the boldest titles to."
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, ii. 1.
bed-tick, s. [In Dut. beddetijk.] Cloth
made into a huge bag to contain the feathers
or other material of a mattress ; a mattress,
without the material used for stuffing it.
(Pennant.)
bed-time, s. The time for retiring to bed.
" Bell I thou soundest merrily ;
Tellest thou at evening,
Bcdrtime draweth nigh."
Longfellow : Translations ; Song of the Bell.
t bed'-w^ard, adv.
As adjective : Towards bed or rest, or the
time of resting.
" Couch'd, and now flll'd with pasture gazing sat.
Or bedrwArd Tu.ininiiiing." — Milton: P. L., iv. 350.
1[ In the examples which follow bedward
looks like a substantive ; but in reality toward
is split into two words, to and ward, and the
substantive is only bed.
" While your poor fool and clown, for fear of jwril.
Sweats hourly for a dry brown crust to bedward."
AlbuTnazar {0. PL], vii. 160.
" As merry as when our nuptial day was done.
And tapers burned to bedward."
Shakesp. : Coriol., i. 6.
bed-winch, s. An implement used to
tighten up or to loosen and extract bedscrews
in wooden bedsteads. (Frequently spelt and
pronounced bed-wrench.)
bed-work, s. Work done in bed without
any great exertion of energy ; work performed
with no toil of the hands.
That do contrive how many hands shall strike
When fitubsa calls them on, and know, by measure
Of their observant toil, the enemy's weight ;
Why, this hath not a Anger's dignity,
They call this bedwork, mappery, closet war."
S/iakesp. : Trail. & Ores., i 3.
* bed (2), s. [Bead, s.]
^ bed-howse, a. [Bedehotjse.]
"• bed-roll, s. [Bead-roll.J
bed, "^bedde, u.(. &i. [From bed, a. (q.v.).
In Ger. betten.']
A. Transitive:
1. Of a literal bed, or of literal bedding, for
man or for beast :
t 1. To place in a bed.
(a) In a general sense :
"She waa publickly contracted, stated as a bride,
and aolemnly bedded.' — Bacon.
t (b) Spec. : To cohabit with.
" They have married me :
I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her."
Shakesp. : All's Well, ii. 3.
2. To make partaker of the bed.
" There was a doubt ripped up, whether Arthur waa
bedded with his lady."— ^acon.
3. Reflectively : To make one's self a bed or
place of rest anywhere.
"A snake bedded himself under the threshold of a
country house." — L'Estrange.
i. To supply a horse or cow with litter.
II. Of a plant-bed in a garden :
1. To lay out plants in rectangular or other
plots.
2. To sow or plant in eart,h.
"Lay the turf with the grass side downward, u^n
which lay some of ^our beat mould to bed your quick
in, and lay your quick upon it." — Mortimer.
III. Of anything hollow and bed-like : To lay
in anything hollow and bed-like.
IV. Of anything which lies flat : To lay in
order ; to stratify ; specially of laying a course
of bricks or stones in mortar or cement.
B. Intransitive : To cohabit.
" If he be married, and bed with his wife, ." —
Wiseman.
* bed (1). pret. of Bid (q.v.).
" Nor leave his stand untill hia Captaine bed."
Spenser :.P. Q., I. ix. 41.
*^bed (2), pret. of Bide (q.v.). [A.S. bad; from
bidan = to abide.] Abode.
" Then sped up to Cabrach sone,
Whair they bed all that night"
Battell of Balrinnes. [Poems 16th Cent., p. 850.)
be-dab'-ble, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dabble.]
To sprinkle over ; to wet.
be-dab'-bled, pa. par. & a. [Bedabble.]
" Bedabbled with the dew, and torn with hriars."
Shakesp. : Mids. Night's Bream, iil 2.
" Idols of gold from heathen temples torn,
Bedabbled all with blood."
Scott: Vision of Don Roderick, SL
be-dab'-bling, pr. par. & a. [Bedabble.]
* be-da£r, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and 0. Eng.
daff— a fool.] To make a fool of.
" Be not bedaffed for your innocence."
Chaucer: C. T., 9,067.
*" be-dafiTed, pa. par. [Bedaff.]
* be-daf'-f ing, pr. par. [Bedaff.]
t be-dag'-gle (gle as gel), v.t. [Eng. prefix
be, 3.n6. daggle.] To soil the clothes by allow-
ing them to touch the mud in walking, or by
bespattering them as one moves forward,
(Now generally spelt bedraggle, q.v.)
"The pure ermine had rather die than be bedaggled
with filth." — Wodroephe: French and Eng. Grammar
(1626), p. 32i
be-dag'-gled (gled as geld), pa. par. & a.
[Bedaggle.]
be-dag'-glmg, pr. par. [Bedaggle.]
* be-da'gh, v.i. [A.S. prefix be,, and dagian =
to dawn, to become day.] To dawn upon.
" Lest the day va bedaghe and our deedes knowen."
Destruction of Troy, MS. (S. in Boucher.)
* be-da're, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dare.]
To dare.
" The eafile . . . ia emboldened
With eyes intentive to bedare the sun."
Peele : David and Bethaahe.
* be-da'red, pa. par. [Bedare.]
* be-da'r-ing, pr. pa^r. [Bedare.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, J^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bedark— be light
471
* be-dark', * be-derk', v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and dark. ] To darken.
" Wlian the blacke winter iiighte,
Without muoue or aterre light,
Bedei-ked hath the water stroude,"
Gower : Conf. Amant., bk. i,
* be-dark'ed, pa. 'po/r. [Bedark.]
be-dark'-en» v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and darken.)
To darken*; to cover with gloom.
"... when this gloomy day of misfortune bedark-
ened him."— 5p. Hackett: Life qf ArcJibp. IViUiams,
pt i., p. 65.
be-dark'-ened, pa. par. & a. [Bedarken.]
be-dark'-en-ing, pr. par. [Bedarken.]
*■ be-dark'-mg, pr. par. [Bedark.]
be-d^sb', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and da^h.} To
dash over ; to wet by dashing a liquid over or
against.
" When thy warlike father, like a child.
Told the sad atory of my father's death,
And twenty times made pause to sob and weep.
That all bhe stauders-by had wet their cbeeka.
Like trees bedash'd with rain . . ." ,
Shakes}}. : Rich. III., i. 2.
be-d^shed; * be-dasbt'e, pa. par. & u.
[Bedash.]
be-dash'-ing, 3?r. par. [Bedash.]
be-da'ub, * be-da'wb, v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and daub.)
1. Lit : To daub over, to besmear. (Fol-
lowed by with, more rarely by in.)
" A piteous corse, a bloody piteous corse.
Pale, pale as ashes, all bedavb'd in blood,
All In gore blood."
Shakesp.: Rom. and Jul., in. 2.
"Here, therefore, they wallowed for a time, being
grievously bedaub'd with the dirt . . ."—£uni/an:
P. P., pt. i
2. Figuratively :
(a) To disfigure by unsuitable vestments.
"Every moderate man is bedaubed with these
goodly habiliments of Armiuianism, Popery, and what
not." — Afountagu's Appeal to Cceaar, p. 139.
(6) To flatter in a coarse manner ; to offer
fulsome compliments to.
"Parasites bedawb us with false encomiums."—
Burton: Anat. of Mel., p. 121.
be-da'ubed, * be-da'wbed, pa. par. & a.
[Bedaub, v.t]
he-d^'VLb-lhgf pr. par. [Bedaxtb, v.t.]
Bed'-a-ween» * Bedwin, s. & a. [Bedouin.]
be-daz'-zle (zle as zel), v.t [Eng. prefix
be, and dazzle.] To dazzle.
" Pardon, old father, my mistaken eves.
That have been so bedazzled with the sun,
That every thine I look on seemeth green :
Now I perceive thou art a reverend father ;
Pardon, I pray thee, for my mad mistaking,"
Shakesp. : Tarn, qf Shrew, iv. 5.
be-daz'-zled (zled as zeld), pa. par. &; a.
[Bedazzle.]
" Full through the niests' bedazzled band
Resistless flashed the levin-brand."
Scott .• Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 26.
be-daz'-zling, pr. par. & a. [Bedazzle.]
be-daz'-zling-ly, adv. [Eng. bedazzling ;
-ly.) In a bedazzling manner ; so as to dazzle.
{Webster.)
bed'-b51t» s. A horizontal bolt passing
through both brackets of a gun-carriage near
their centres, and on which the forward end
of the stool-bed rests. (Smyth : Sailor's Word-
Book.)
bed'-^ham-ber. [Bed-chamber.]
bed'-clothe^. [Bed-clothes.]
bed -cur-tain§. [Bed-curtains. ]
* bed'-dal, * bed -del, * bed-dell, s
[Beadle. ]
bed'-ded, par. par. & a. [Bed, v.t.]
1. Embedded.
" Let coarse bold hands from slimy nest,
The bedded fish in banks outwrest," Bonne.
2. Stratified, deposited in layers.
3. Growing in beds ; transplanted into beds.
bed'~der, s. [From Eng. bed; -er.]
1. One who puts to bed.
2. One who makes mattresses, or beds ; an
upholsterer.
3. The nether stone in an oil-mill.
4. A bedding-plant.
bed'-ding, jw. par., a., & s. [Bed, v.]
A. & B. As present participle and participicl
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive. [From Eng. bed, -ing.
In Dut. bedding = bed, layer, stratum ; Sw.
bdddniiig ; Ger. bettung.]
I, Ordinary Language :
1. A bed with the clothes upon it ; materials
for rendering a bedstead comfortable to a
"The disease had generally spared those who had
warm garments and bedding."— Macaulay : Bist. Eng.,
ch. XV.
2. Litter for the domestic animals to lie
upon.
" First, with assiduous care from winter keep,
Well fother'd in the stall, thy tender sheep ;
Then spread with straw the bedding of thy fold,
11. Technically :
1. Geol. : Stratification, or the line or plane
of stratification.
" The planes of cleavj4;6 stand in most cases at a
high angle to the bedding." — Tyndall: Frag, of
Science, 3rd ed., xiv. 410.
2. Mech. : The seat on which a boiler or any-
thing similar rests.
bedding-mouldings, s pi. [Bed-
mouldings.]
bedding - plants, bedding - out-
plants, 3. pi. Plants intended to be set in
beds in the open air.
bedding-stone, s.
Bricldaying : A level marble slab on which
the rulibed side of a brick is tested to prove
the truth of its face. (Knight.)
* bed'-dy, a. [Etym. doubtful.] Eager to
seize prey. (Used of greyhounds.) (Scotch
& North of England dialect )
" But if my puppies ance were ready,
They'l be baith clever, keen, and beddy.
And ne'er neglect
To clink it like their ancient deddy.
The famous Heck."
Watson's Coll., i. 70,
* bede, * bed, prct. of v. [A.S. bead, pret. of
beodan = to command, to bid, will, offer,
enjoy. 3 Oft'ered.
"I feed hem both londo and lede."
The Kyng of Tars, 124. [S. in BoilcTter.)
*bede (!),». [Bead.]
* bede (2), s. A miner's pickaxe.
* be-dead', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dead.]
To deaden ; to deprive of sensation,
" There are others that are bedeaded and stupefied as
to their morals, and then they lose that natural shame
that belongs to a man," — HallyweU's Melamproncea,
p. 1.
'* be-dead -ed, pa. par. [Bedead. ]
* be-dead'-ing, ^r. par. [Bedead.]
^ be-deaf'-en, ■y.(. [Eng. prefix 6e, and d^a/ew.]
To deafen. '
" Fort,h upon trackless darkness gazed,
The Knight, bedeafened and amazed."
Scott : Bridal qf Triermain, iii. 8.
* be-deaf'-ened, pa. par. & a. [Bedeafen.]
*^ be-deaf-en-ing, pr. par. [Bedeafen. ]
be-deck', v. t. [Eng. prefix &e, and deck. ] To
deck out, to adorn.
"The spoil of nations shall bedeck my bride."
Byron: The Bride of Abydos, ii. 20.
be-deck'ed, * be-deckt', pa. jrar. & a. [Be-
deck, v.t]
" So that I was bedeckt with double praise . . .'—
Mirror for Magistrates, p. 187. (Richardson.)
be-deck'-ing, 2^. pa.r. [Bedeck, v.t]
be-deg'-u-ar, be-deg'-ar, .■:. [Pers. bad-
diuard or bdd-dwardah, a kind of white thorn
or thistle of which camels are fond ; from
bdd = wind, and dward = battle, or dward-ah
= introduced. (Mahn.).'] The gall of the rose,
found especially on the stem of the Eglantine.
It is as large as an apple, and is covered with
long reddish and pinnated filaments. It is
produced by several insects, as the result of
puncture, the deposit of their eggs, and con-
taining their larvse. It was formerly supposed
to possess medicinal properties, and was em-
ployed as a remedy for diarrhcea, dysentery, &c.
bede -hoiise, * be'd-hd^se, s. [Old Eng.
bede, bead = a. prayer; and house.] An alms-
house. [Beadhouse.]
3hal make lodgyngs and bed-Uomea for x. poor
men."— J/.3'. quoted in HalliwelVs Confrib. to i-ng.
Lexicog.
* be'-del, h. Old spelling of Beadle.
* be'-dei-ry, s. [Beadlery.]
* be-del'-vin, * bedeluin, pa. par. [A.S.
bedelfan = to dig iu or around, to bury, to
inter.] Buried ; hid underground. (0. Scotch.)
" I haue ane house richt full of mubillia sere,
Quharin bedduin lyie ane grete talent, _^
Or cliarge of fyne siluer in veschell quent.
Doug. : Virgil, 336, 22. [Jamieson.)
* be'de-man, * be'de§-man, s. [Beads-
man.]
* be'de-roUe, a. [Beadroll.]
■ be-det'-ter, s. [From Eng. bed.] The same
as Bedder (q.v.).
bedevil (be-devl), v.t To treat with
diabolical violence or ribaldry.
"I have been informed, since the present edition
went to the press, that my trusty and well-beloved
cousms, the Edinburgh Reviewers, are preimrmg a
most vehement critique on my poor, gentle, unresiet-
ing Muse, whom they have already bo bedevilled vnth
their ungodly ribaldry."— Sz/ron.- English Bards and
Scotch Reviewers, P.S.
be-dev'-illed, pa. par. & a. [Bedevil.]
be-dev'-il-ling, pr. par. [Bedevil.]
be-dew' (ew as u), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
dew.]
1. To moisten with dew-like drops of any
liquid or viscous substance.
" The countess received a letter from him. whereuuto
all the while she was writing her answer, she bedewed
the paper with her tears." — iVotton.
" Balm, from a silver box distill'd around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the secret ground."
Dryden: Theocritus; Idyll xviiL
"Though Freedom's blood thy plain bedew."
Byron: Ode from tlie French, 1.
2. To moisten with water or other liquid
trickling more continuously than if it simply
fell iu drops. '
" Dark Suli's rocks, and Pindus' inland peak.
Robed half in mist, bedevfd with snowy rills."
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 42.
be-dewed' (ew as u), pa. par. & a. [Bedew,]
be-dew'~er (ewag u), s. [Eng. bedew; -er.}
A person who or that which bedews.
be-dew'-ing (ew as u), pr. par. & a. [Be-
dew.]
t be-dew'-y (ew as u"), a. [Eng. prefix be,
and dewy.] Covered with dew.
" Dark Night, from her bcdewy wings,
Drops silence to the eyes of all."
Brewer : Lingua, v, 16,
bed'-fel-low (Eng.), * bed'-fal-low (0.
Scotch), s. [Eng. bed; fellow.]
I. Literally :
1. Gen. One who sleeps in the same bed
with another is bedfellow to that other, and
vice versd. In mediaeval times it was common
for two men, even of high rank, to occupy
the same bed ; thus Lord Scroop was said to
have been bedfellow to Henry V. Poverty, of
course, has in all ages necessitated the same
arrangement, [Bedmate.]
" Nay, but the man who was his bedfellow,
Whom he hath cloy'd and grac'd with kingly favours."
Shakes/!. : Henry v., ii. 2.
"With consent of our said souerane Lord, his Ma-
iesties darrest bedfallow, . . ." — Acts.Ja. VI., 1612 (ed.
1814), p. 474.
"Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows." —
Shakesp. : Tempest, LL 2.
2. Spec. : One's married spouae. (Scotch.)
II. Fig. : Anything for the time being lying
on. the bed with one.
" Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow,
Being so troublesome a bedfellow'! "
Shakesp. : 2 ffenry IV., iv. 4.
bed-hang'-ings. [Bed-hangings. ]
* be-di'ght (gh silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and dight^= to prepare, to put in order.] To
dress, especially in splendid raiment ; to
equip, to deck, to adorn.
be-di'ght, be-di'gbt-ed (gh silent), pa. par.
&L a. [Bedight, v.]
A. Of tlie form bedight ;
" Four ivory eggs soon pave its floor,
With russet specks bedight."
Uowper : The Bird's A'rsf (1793).
B. Of the form bedighted. (Used chiefly in
composition ; as, iU-bedighted = " ill bedight,"
disfigurecL [Ill-bedight.]
boil, b6^; p^t, jo^l; cat, 9611, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophou, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shg-n. -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. — bel, deL
472
bedighting— bedung
"... whose inner garment hath beeuiujur'd and
ill bedighted."— Milton : Apology far Smectymnaiis.
be-di'gbt-ing {gh silent), pr. :par. [Bedight,
v.]
be-dim', *be-dym'n (n silent), v.t. [Eng.
prefix be, and dim.] To render dim; to ol>-
scnre. tfsed —
1, Of a body nearly hidden from vision "by
something only partially transparent.
"... as stars
That occupy their places,— and, though oft
Hidden by clouds, and oft budimm'd by ha,ze,
Are not to be extinguish'd or impair'd."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. vi,
5 2. Of the eye looking at a body.
" Celestial tears dedimm'd her large blue eye "
Byron : Tlie Curse of Minerva.
be-dim'med, * be~dym'ned {n silent), %>a.
par. & a. [Bedim.]
be-dim'-ming, pr. par. & a. [Bedim.]
" Even as a dragon's eye that feels the stress
Oi & bediTJiTning sleep, . . ."
Wordsworth : Miscellaneous Sonnets.
be-dirt\ "^ be-drit'e, v.t. [Eng. pref. he, and
dirt.] To "befoul with ordure. (Scotch.)
be-dirt'-en, * be-drit'-ten, pa. par. [Be-
DiRT.] (Scotch.)
* be-dirt'-y, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and dirty.]
To make dirty, to daub, to smear. (Lit. &fi(j.)
"... &eciiriierf and bedaubed with abominable and
horrid crimes."— Bp. Taylc/r; Cont. of the State of
Man, bk. i., ch. 9.
'^be-di^'-mal, v.f. [Eng. be; disvud.] To
render dismal. \
"Let US see your next number not only bedism-alled
with broad black lines, death's heads, and cross
marrow-bones, but sewed with black thread ! " —
Student, ii. 259.
be-diz'-en, be-di'-zen, v.t. [Eng. prefix
6e, and dlzen = to dress, to clothe.] To deck
out, with little regard to good taste, in over-
gMidy vestments, or with a supei-abuudance of
tinsel finery.
*' Well, now you're bedtzen'd, I'll swear as ye pass
I can scarcely help laughing— don't look in the glass."
Whitehead: Venus Attiring the Oracei. (Richardson.)
be-diz'-ened, be-dl'-zened, pa. par. [Be-
dizen.]
be-diz'-en-ing, be-di'-zen-ing, pr. par.
[Bedizen.]
Bed-lam, * Bed -law, Beth -lem, Beth-
le-hem, s. & a. [Eng. Bedlam is a contraction
from Bethlelmm, the hospital for lunatics de-
scribed under A., I. 1. It again is from Beth-
lehem, the little town, six miles south of
Jerusalem, everywhere and for ever celebrated
as the birthplace of David and of Jesus Christ.
In Latin of the Vulgate BethWiern ; Sept. &o
New Testament Gr. Btj^Aee/x (BethUem) ; Heb.
Dn^ IT'S (Beth Lecclihem) = House of Bread.]
A. -4s substantive :
I. Of things :
1. The Hospital of St. Mary Bethlehem, of
which Bedlam is a corruption. This was first a
priory, founded in 1247 by an ex-sherifT, Simon
Fitz Mary. Its original site was in Bishops-
gate. The Priory of St. Mary Bethlehem, like
the other English monastic establishments,
was dissolved at the Reformation, Henry VIII.,
in 1547, granting its revenues to the Mayor,
the commonalty, and the citizens of London.
They made it a hospital for lunatics. In 1676
the original buildings were superseded by
those of the "New Hospital of Bethlehem,"
erected near London Wall, the original one
being thenceforward known as " Old Bethle-
hem." Finally, in 1815, the hospital was
transferred to Lambeth.
" . . . an intellect in the most unhappy of all states
that Is to say, too much disordered for liberty, and
not sufficiently disordered for Bedlam." —Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xviL
2. Gen. : Any lunatic asylum.
". . , an Inquisition and a Bedlam." — Tillotson:
Works, vol. i., Serm. I,
3. A place of uproar.
II. Of persons : An inhabitant of Bedlam,
a Bedlamite ; a madman.
" Let's follow the old earl, and get the bedlam
To lead him where he would ; his roguish madness
Allows itself to any thing."— iSfe'.tAes^). ; Lear, iii. 7.
B. As adjective :
1. Belonging to Bedlam or some other mad-
house. [Bedlam-beggar. ]
2. Such as might be supposed to emanate
from a madhouse, and would be in place there.
" Anacreon, Horace play'd in (ireece and Rome
This bedlam part ; and others nearer home."
Cowper: Table Talk.
bedlam-beggar, s. One who, having
formerly been an inmate of Bedlam, was now
allowed to go again at large, as being held to
be convalescent. Unable, or in some cases
perhaps unwilling, to work for a livelihood,
he, as a rule, took up the vocation of a vagrant
beggar ; the fact that he had actually been in
the institution from which he professed to
have emerged being vouched for by an in-
scribed armlet which he wore upon his left
arm. [Abraham- man. ]
" The country gives me proof and precedent
Of bedUnn-beggars. who with roaring voices
Strike in their numb'd and mortify d bare arras
Pins, wooden pricks . . ."—Shakcsp. : Lear, ii. i
Bed'-lam-ite, s. [Eng. Bedlam; -ite.] An
inmate of Bethlehem Hospital for Lunatics,
or one who behaves like a madman.
" III these poor bedl-amltes thyself survey,
Thyself less innocently mad than they."
Fitzgerald.
bed-lin'-en. [Bed-linen.]
bed-ma'-ker, s. [Eng. bed; maker. In Ger.
bett-inaclier. ]
1. Gen. .- One who makes the beds in a
house.
2. Spec. : A person in the universities,
whose office it is to make the beds and clean
the chambers.
"I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon
which I was rusticated for eveT."~Sjiectator.
* bed -man, s. [Beadsman.]
bed'-mate, s. [Eng. bed; umie.] A bed-
fellow, one who occupies the same bed with a
person. [Bedfellow. ]
"... nought but heav'nly business
Should rob my bed-mate of my company."
Sliakesp. : Troil. & Cress., iv. 1.
*bed'-m6n, s. [A.S. beodan = (\) to ask, to
pray, (2) 'to bid, to command.] A beadle ; the
man who bids or summons.
"And that proclamacion be mad at iiij. places as-
signed, ij. tymes a quarter, by the bedmon of the
c^e."— English Qilds\Ear. Eng. Text Soc), p. 395.
bed'-mould-mg|, e. pi
Architecture : The mouldings of a cornice in
Grecian and Roman architecture immediately
below the corona. It is called also Bed-mould
and Bedding Mouldings.
*'" be-do'te, v.t. [Eng. pref. he, and dote.] To
cause to dote.
" To bedote this queene was their intent,"
Chaucer : Leg. of Hips., 180.
Bed'-6u-in, *Bed'-'u-in, *Bed'-a-ween,
* Bed' -win, s. & a. [In Fr. Bedouin. Prop.
jil. of Arab, beddwi = living in the desert ;
hadiu = desert ; badd = to live in tlie desert,
to lead a wandering life.]
A, Assuhst. : A wandering Arab, an Arab of
the nomad type living in a tent in the desert,
as distinguished from one living in a town.
"Bedawnees or Bed-oni>u, the designation given to
the dwellers in the wilderness." — KUto : Cycl., 3rd ed.,
i. ]85.
B. As adj.: Pertaining to the wandering
Arabs, nomad.
"The Bedviin women . .
teer (ed- 1864), p. 54.
—Keith Johnston: Gazet-
* be-doy'f» pa. par. [A.S. bedofen = drowned.]
Besmeared, fouled.
" His face he schew besmottrit for ane bourde,
And all his merabris in mude and dmig bed^yf."
Doug. : Virgil, 139, 31. (Jainieson.)
bed'-post. [Bed-post.]
bed'-quilt, [Bed-quilt. ]
be-drag'-gle (gle as gel), v.t [Eng. pref.
he, and draggle.] To draggle, to soij the
clothes "by allowing them to trail in tlie mire.
" Poor Patty Blount no more be seen,
Bedraggled in my walks bo green, ' — Sufift.
be-drag'-gled (gled as geld), pa. par. k a.
[Bedraggle.]
be-drag'-gling, pr. par. [Bedraggle.]
bed'-ral (1), s. & a. [An altered form of the
English word bedd or beadle.] [Beadle.]
1. A beadle.
" I'll hae her before Presbytery and Synod— I'm half
a minister mysel', now that I'm badral in an inhabited
pariah," — Scott: Bride of Lammermoor ch. xxxiv.
2. A sexton, a grav^digger. (Scotch.)
" Od, I wad putiii auld Elspeth, the bcdraVs widow."
^Scott : Guy Alannering, ch. Iv.
t bed'-ral (2), s. & a. [From bed, and ral, cor-
rupted from rid (?). ]
A. As suhst. : A person who is bedrid.
(■Ta/fiiieson.)
B. As axlj. : Bedrid.
■* be-dreint'e, JJO.. par. [A.S. drencaii,dreiiceara
(pret. drencte), gedreiican (pret. gedrente) = to
give to drink,, to drench, to drown,] Drenched.
be-dren^h', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and drench.]
[Bedreinte.] To drench; thoroughly to wet
"... such crimson tempest should bedrench
The fresh green lap of lalr King Richard's land."
SJtaksp. : Rich. II., iii. 8.
be-dren9h'ed,pa. par. & a. [Bedrench.]
be-drenyh'-ing, pr. 'par. [Bedrench.]
^' bed'-repe, s. [A.S. beodan — to bid, and reo-
pan= to reap.] A day's work performed in
harvest time by tenants at the bidding of
their lords.
bed'-right (gh silent), s. [Eng. bed; right.]
The right appertaining to the marriage-bed.
[Bed-rite.]
" "Whose vows are, that no bedright shall be paid
Till Hymen's torch be lighted. ..."
Shakesp. : Tempest, iv, 1. (Globe ed.>
* be-drit'e, v.t. An older form of Bedirt
(q.v.). (Scotch.)
* be-drit'-ten, pa. par. A corruption from
Bedirten. [Bedrite.] (Scotch.)
bed'-room. [Bed-room.]
be-drop', *be-dr6p'pe, v.t. [Eng. prefix
be, and drop.] To besprinkle or bespattei'
with drops.
"On the window-pane bedropp'd with rain."
Wordsworth : Cottager to her It^avst.
be-drop'ped, be-dropt, pa. par. & a. [Be-
DROP.]
be-drop'-ping, pr. par. [Bedrop.]
bed'-side. [Bed-side. ]
bed'-stead, ^ bed'-stede, s. [Eng. bed;
stead (q.y.). In Dut. bedstede.] The wooden
or iron framework on which a bed is placed.
" Only Og, king of Bashan, remained of the remnant
of giants ; behold, his bedstead was of iron." — Beat,
iiL 11.
bed'-Strsiw, s. [Eng. bed; straw. In Ger.
bettstroh. ]
1. Straw placed beneath the mattress or
clothes on a bed.
2. Bot. and Ord. Lang. : The English name
of Galium, the genus of plants constituting the
type of the order Galiaceie (Stellates). The
corolla is rotate and four-cleft, the stamina
are four, and the fruit is a dry two-lobed
indehiscent pericarp ; whilst the leaves are in
whorls. About fourteen species exist in
Britain ; most have white flowers, though
two, Galium verum (Yellow Bedstraw), a very
common plant, and G. cru<datum (Cross wort
Bedstraw or Mugwort), have them yellow, and
one or two a greenish bloom. Among the
white-flowered species may be enumerated G.
saxatile (Smooth-heath Bedstraw), which is
very common, G. aparine (Goose-grass or
Cleavers), and G. moUugo (Great Hedge Bed-
straw). [Galium.]
bed'-time. [Bed-time. ]
be-diick', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and ducTc, v.]
To duck, to plunge (one) under water, to im-
merse in water.
" How without stop or st-ay he fiersly lept,
And deepe himself beducked in the same."
Speiuer : I". Q., II. vi, 42.
'^beduelen, v. [A.S. dwcellan, dwceUan =
(1) to deceive, (2)(-(.)to mistake.] To deceive.
" Our godea some ells thai him helde.
For he cuthe make tbe men beduelde."
Cursor Mandi, MS. Edln., i. 129.
be-diin'-der. v.t. [From Eng., A.S., Dan., &c.,
be, and Dan. dunder — thunder.] To stupefy,
to confound, to deafen by noise. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.)
be-dung', v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and dimg.] To
apply dung to, as, for instance, with the view
of manuring a plant ; to cover as with dung.
" Leaving all but his [Goliath's] liead to bedung that
earth."— 5^. Hall: Cases of Cons., ii. 2.
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, w^hat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, slire, sir, marine; go, potp
or, wore, w^olf, worU, wh6, son; mute, ciib, ciire^ unite, cur, rule, fiill; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kWo
bedusk— beech
473
■* be-dusk', v.t, [Eng. he ; cZwsA:.] To make
dusky, blackish, lirowii, or swarthy ; to smutch.
iCotgrave: Fr. Diet,, under the word kwajtcr.)
be-dust', v.t. [Eng. -pi-ef. he, and dust] To
sprinkle with dust, or to cover ovt;r with dust.
be-dust'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bedost.3
be-dust'-ihg, pn par. [Bedust.]
be-dwarf, v.t. [Eng. prefix &g, and dwarf.]
To dwarf, to stunt in stature.
" 'Tis shrinking, not close waxving, that hath thus
lu miud and Ijody both bedwar/ed ua." Bonne.
bed'- way, s. [Eng. bed; way.]
Mln.: A cert^iiu false appearance of strati-
fication in granite.
be-dy'e, *be-di'e, u.i. [Eng. prefix 6e ; dye.]
To dye, to tinge or stain with colour.
" And Briton fields with Sarazin blood helnilc."
Spenser: F. Q., I. xi. 7.
be-dy'ed, *be-dy'de, * be-di'de (Eng.),
* be-dy'-lt (O. Scotch), pa. par. & a. [Bedye.]
" Your airis first into the Secil se
BedjjU well and benedit oft mou be."
Doug. : Virgil, 81, a,
be-dy'-ing, pr. par. [Bedye.]
* be-dym'n {n silent), v.t. [Bedim.]
bee (1) [pi. bee§ (0. Eng.), ^beese, *be§
(Wycliffe), * be'-is, "been], s. [A.S. beo,
hi; Sw. bi; Icel. by; Dan. hie; But. bij ;
(N. H.)Ger. hiene ; M. H. Ger. hie, bm ; O. H.
Ger. pia; Gael. & Ir. hmch ; Sp. abeja; Fr.
abeille; Port, abelha ; Ital. ape, peccKia ; Lat.
apis; Lith. hitte; Lett, hette.]
I, Literally:
1. Spec. : The well-known insect half do-
mesticated for honey-making in hives. It is
WiQ, Apis imllifica, Linn., and is still found wild
or escaped from man's control in Russia, in por-
tions of Asia, in Italy, and in France. Bees arc
social insects. Tlieir societies consist of tliree
classes — neuters, females, and males. The first-
named are abortive females, and do all the work
of the society ; they are armed with a sting, and
their larvse, "if treated with specially rich food.
can develop into perfect females. Tlie solitarj'
female in the hi\"e is popularly called a queen ;
she is fecundated in the air, and then depo-
sits her eggs in hexagonal combs which the
workers have prepared for the purpose. The
eggs are hatched into maggot-like larvae, which
are fed on a mixture of wax and honey, are
then shut by the workers into the cell, whicli
they enclose witha lining, and finally emerge as
perfect insects. A single female will produce
in a year from 12,000 to 20,000 bees, of which
all but about 3,000 die at the approach of
winter. The males are called drones. A well-
peopled hive will contain from 200 to SOO of
them. Being destitute of a sting, they have
not the power of defending themselves, and
after their appropriate function has been per-
formed, they are remorselessly put to death
1 ty the workers. When bees become too
numerous in a hive, a fresh queen is nurtui'ed,
under wliose auspices they swarm.
" And hecs in hives as idly wait
The call of early Spring."
Cow/jer: To the Jleo. Mr. JVewton.
2. Gen. .* Any insect of a similar structure
to the hive-bee, as the Humble Bees, the Car-
penter Bees, the Mason Bees, solitary bees in
general. In the same sense the plural bees is
tJie techni(^:U English name for the section
of the Hynieiiopterous order Anthophila (q.v.).
IL Figuratively :
1. A busy person. (Colloquial.)
2. An assemblage of persons for a specific
jiurpose, as to unite their efforts for a charitable
object, or to cari-y on a contest with each other
in spelling or some similar intellectual exer-
cise. (Aimrlcan.)
Spelling Bees crossed the Atlantic, and "be-
c^inio for a time quite the rage in Britain
during the latter part of 1875 and in ISTii.
After a time, however, their popularity ceased.
During the latter part of their sojourn in this
country. Definition Bees were attempted as a
relief to the monotony of perpetual spelling.
^ (a) To Ime a bee, in one's bonnet : To be
harebrained ; (b) to be giddy. [Bee-headit.]
"If ouy body kend o" the chance she bfis of the
estate, there a mony a weel-duing ni;ui would think
little of the bee m tier boimvc'—l^icotc : at. /tonana
n'ell. ch. X.
(6) In the bees : In a state of confusion.
(Jamiesoii.)
bee-bird, s. A local English name for
the Spotted Flycatcher, Jfusctcajrja grlsola.
bee-bread, s.
1. A kind of "bread," composed of the
pollen of flowers collected by bees, and which
after it has been converted by them into a
whitish jelly by being received into their
stomachs, and there perhaps mixed with
honey, is finally used for the feeding of their
larva;. (See Kirby & Spence's Intrud. ix) En-
tomology, Letter 11th.)
2. A plant, Borago ojicinalis, often grown
purposely tor bees.
bee-eater, s.
1. Sing. : The English name of a genus of
birds, Merops, and especially of tlie M. apiabter
[see Merops], more fully called the Yellow-
throated Bee-eater, which is an occasional
visitant to this country from Africa, its native
continent. It has two long tail-feathers pro-
jecting behind the rest. Its general colour
above is brownish-red ; the forehead is pale
blue ; a black band crosses the throat, meeting
a streak of the same colour along the side of
the head, the space thus enclosed being yellow ;
the lower parts, wings, and tail are green.
2. Plur. (Bee-caters) : The English name of
the family of Meropids, of which the genus
Merops is the type. Residents in India have
at times the opportunity of seeing a beautiful
green species, Merops Indiens, darting out
from among trees, and returning again, much
as the fly-catchers do.
bee-feeder, s. a device for feeding bees
in bad weather or protra(;ted winters. It con-
sists of a small perforated piece of board
which floats on the liquid food.
bee-flower, s. The same as the Bec-
ORCHis (q.v.); the name also of the Wall-
flower.
bce-fumigator, s. a blower for driving
smoke into a liive to expel the bees from the
hive, or a portion of it, while the honey is
being taken away.
bee-garden, s. a garden or enclosed
place planted with flowers, and designed for
the accommodation of bee-hives.
bee-glue, s. Propolis, the glue-like or
gummy substance with which bees affix their
combs to the hive and close their cells.
bee-hawk, s. A predatory bird, the Pernis
aplvo'ms. Its full designation is the Brown
Bee-hawk. It is called also the Honey Buz-
zard. It feeds chiefly on wasps and their
larvae. [Pernis, Honey Buzzard.]
bee hawk-moth, s. The name given to
some species of the genus of Sphingidte called
Macroglossa. They have a certain resem-
blance, which, however, is one of analogy and
not of affinity, to bees. The Broad-bordered
Bee Hawk-moth is Macroglossa fucifnrmis, and
Narrow-bordered Bee Ha/wk-moth is Macroglossa
bombyliformis.
bee-headit, a. Harebrained ; unsettled.
In Scottish phrase, "having a bee in one's
bonnet."
" Ye ueedna luind hiin, he's a bee-headit bodie."
Jamieson.
bee-hive, 5. A hive designed for the re-
ception of a swarm of bees or actually inha-
bited by one.
bee-house, s. A building containing a
number of hives for bees ; an apiary.
bee-larkspur, s. A well-known flower-
ing plant, Delpkiniarn g randijiornm.
bee-line, s. The shortest route to any
place, that which a bee is asaunied to take ;
though, in fact, it often does diflereutly in its
flight through the air.
bee-master, s. One who keeps bees.
"They that are bce-mn^fcrx. find have not care enoaeh
of them, must not expect to reap any considerable
advantage by tin:m."—JJorCi"u'r ; Art qf Jlui,bandfi/.
bee-moth, s. A name for the Wax-moth,
Galleria cereana, which lays its eggs in bee-
hi\'es, the lai-vae, when hatched, leeding on
the w^ax. [Wax-moth.]
bee-nettle, s. Galeopsis tetrahit.
bee-orchis, s. The name of a British
Orchis, the Opiirys apifcra. It is so called
because a part of the flower resembles a bee.
It is large, with the sepals purplish or greenish-
white, and the lip brown variegated with
yellow.
bee-parasites, s. pi. A name sometimes
given to the order of insects CiiUed Strepsip-
tera, which are parasitic on bees and was^is.
(Dallas, Ned. Hist., Index.)
liQQSCBiPf s. [Icel. skcppa = a measure, a
basket.] A bee-hive.
" When 1 got home to my lodging I was jiist like n
demented man ; my head was bizzing like a bee-sc(t/),
and I could hear |ofJ nothing but the bir of that
wearyful woman's tongue,"— Steam-£oat, -p. 83. [Jatnie-
son.^
bee-wax, s. The wax formed by bees.
It is not, as some suppose, the farina collected
from flowers, but exudes from between the
segments on the under-side of the bodies of
the beeSj eight scales of it emanating from
each.
bee (2), s. [A.S. beah, hch = a ring, bracelet.]
Naut. : A ring or hoop of metal.
bee-block, s.
Naut. : One of the blocks of hard wood
bolted to the sides of the bowsprit-head, for
reeving the foretopmast stays tlirough.
bee9h, * bee9he, * be9he, s. [A.S. hcce,
heo<:e, boc ; Sw. bok, boktrdd ; Icel. hdk = a
beecli-tree, beyki = a collection of beech-
trees, a beech-wood ; Dan. bog, bogetrce; Dut.
beak, betdceboom; N. H. Ger. buche ; M. H.
^^vr buoche; O. H. Ger. jwtoc/ia ; Russ. buk' ;
Port, fa ia ; Ital. fagglo ; Lat. fagus ; Gr.
<f>*jyos (phegos); Gael. /ai'Wife = beech wood;
Arm. /ao,/ay; Wei. ffawyd. The Anglo-Saxon
bece or boc, meaning beech, seems connected
with bee and boc = a buuk, as if at one period or
other our ancestors had used some jjortion of
the beech-tree, perhaps the smooth bark, as
writing material.] A tree, the Fagus sylvatica,
or the genus Fagus to which it belongs. It is
ranked under the order CorylaceteCMastwoi-ts).
The nuts are triquetrous, and are placed in pairs
within the enlarged prickly involucre. They
are called mast, and are devoured in autumn
by swine and deer. The wood is brittle and
not very lasting, yet it is used by turners,
joiners, and millwrights. The fine thin bark
is employed for making baskets and band-
boxes. The country people in some parts of
France put the leaves under mattresses in-
stead of straw, their elasticity rendering them
well adapted for such a purpose.
% (a) The Australian beech is Tectona Aiis-
trutis, a kind of teak.
(b) The beech of New South Wales : Monotica
elliptica, an Epicrad.
(f) TlieBhieor Water-heech : Carpi mis Ameri-
cana, a kind of hornbeam.
(d) * The Dutch Beech : Populus alba.
(e) The Horn Beech : Carpinces bet^dus.
(/) The Sea-side Beech : A name given in
Jamaica to the Exostemma Caribceum, a Cin-
chonad.
(g) The Water Beech. [Blue-beech.] (Treas.
ofBot.)
beech-coal, ^ bechene-coal, ». Char-
coal made from beech-wood.
" The chanounes bcchene cole."
Chaucer : C. T., 13,12-1.
beech-finch, s. A local name for the
Chdi^\\Q\\(F ring ilia cxkbs, Linn.). (Ogllvie.)
beech-gall, s. A gall on the leaf of the
beech-tree.
beech-green, a. Of a colour like the
lea^'es of the beech-tree ; alniu^t the same as
olive-green.
boil, bo3^; poiit, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d§l
474
beechen— beer
Entom. Beech-green Caiyet Mnth : A British
Geometer Moth {Larentia olivata).
beech-nut, s. The nut of the heech, two
of which lie in the prickly capsule.
beech-oil, s. Oil expressed from beech-
mast. It is used in Picardy and some other
pai-ts of France in lieu of butter, for which it
is a poor substitute.
beech-owl, s. a local name given to the
Tawny Owl ii^yrnium stridula).
beech-tree, s. The same as Beech (q. v.).
t be'e9h-en, «. [A.S. beoen. In Ger. iiLchen,
biichen.] Pertaining or relating to beech.
Specially —
1. Consisting of beech-trees, produced by
beech-trees.
" And Diiti and Fraucini both have made
My name ffiniiliar to the beevhcn shade."
Cowper : Trans, of Milton (Death of Damon).
2. Made of beech-wood.
" In beechen goljleta let their beverage shine,
Cool from the crystal spring, their soher ivine."'
Coivper : Trans, of Milton's Elegy.
% This form is now practically obsolete,
except in poetry ; its place being supplied by
the substantive beech used adjectively.
bee9h'-mast, s. [Eng. beech ; timsi. In Ger.
buchniasi.] The mast or fruit of the beech-tree.
bee^h'-wheat, s. [Eng. beech ; tvheat.'] A
plant, Polygonum fagopyrum. (Nemnich.)
[Buckwheat.]
be'efh-y, a. [Eng. beech; -y.) Full of beech,
consisting of beech.
" Who knows not Melville's beechy grove,
And Roslin's rocky glen." '
Scott : The Gray BrotTier.
beef, s. & a. [From Fr. bceuf= (1) an ox, (2)
beef, (3) (of persons) a beef-eater ; O. Fr.
beef, buef; Sp. buey = an ox ; Prov. bon ;
Port, boi = beef ; Ital. hue = an ox : all from
Lat. bos, accus. bovem; Gr. )3ou? (bovs), genit.
^005 (boos) =■ an ox. Compare in Sw. biffin,
stek, and Dut. biajin, bicf-stuk = Eng. '
A word introduced by the Normans. Trench
directs attention to the fact that while in
English the domestic animals, as long as they
are living, are called by Saxon names, their
flesh, after they are dead, has, as a rule, some
Norman appellation, as if the Saxons had
tended them while living, and the Normans
eaten them when dead. " Thus," he says,
*' ox, steer, cow,, are Saxon, but &ee/ Norman ;
sheep is Saxon, but mutton Norman. So it is
severally with swine and pork, deer and venison,
fowl and pullet. Bacon, the only flesh which
perhaps ever came within his fthe Saxon's)
reach, is the single exception." (Trench: The
Study of Words.).'] (See also Scott's Ivanhoe.)
A. As substantive :
1. An ox, a, cow, or a brdl, regarded as fit
for food.
Tf In this sense it has a plural beeves.
*'AlcinoU3 slew twelve sheep, eight white-tooth'd swuie.
Two crook-haiinched beeves." Chapman.
2. The flesh of the ox or the cow, used either
fresh or salted. It is the most nutritious of
all kinds of meat, and is well adapted to
the most delicate constitutions. It should
be well cooked, as it has been proved that
underdone beef frequently produces tape-
worm. Good beef is known by its having a
clear uniform fat, a firm texture, a fine open
grain, and a rich reddish colour. Meat which
feels damp and clammy should be avoided, as
it is generally unwholesome. Fresh beef loses
in boiling 30 per cent, of its weight ; in roast-
ing it loses about 20 per cent. The amount of
nitrogenous matter found to be present in one
pound of good beef is about four ounces. In
the raw state it contains 50 per cent, of water.
[Ox.]
" The fat of roasted beef falling on birds will baste
theiti.' —Swift.
B, As acljeci i ve : Consisting of the flesh of
the ox, cow, or even the bull.
" If you are employed in marketing, do not accept
of a treat of a becfsten)^ and a pot of ale from the
butcher."— ,5'un/C.
beef- steak, s. A thick slice of beef,
generally cut from the rump, for grilling.
" I like a beef-s^eak. too, as well as any ;
Have no ot»jection to a pot of beer."
Byron : Beppo, 48.
beef-tea, beef tea, s. A kind of " tea "
jr broth for invalids matle from beef.
beef-witted, a. Having a heavy, ox-like
intellect ; dull of understanding, stupid.
beef-wood, s.
1. The Eoglish name of the Casuarina
(q,v.).
2. The name given in New South Wales to
the Stenocarpus salignus, a tree belonging to
the order Proteacese, or Proteads.
3. The name given in Queensland to Banksia
compar, also a Protead. (Treas. of Bot.)
beef'-eat-er, s. [Eng. beef; eater.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1, One who eats beef, a term contemptuously
applied to well-fed servants.
2. Plur. : A name applied to the j'eomen of
the royal guard.
" Some better protection than that of the train-
bands or beef-eaters "—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., cb. iii.
B. Ornith. (PI): The Buphagineag, a sub-
family of African birds, called also Ox-peckers.
They belong to the family of Sturnidse (Star-
lings). Buphaga africana, the species called
by way of pre-eminence the Beefeater, perches
on the back of cattle, jiickiiig from tumours
on their hide the larvffi of Bot-flies (CEstridae),
on which it feeds.
beef'-i-ness, s. [Eng. heefy ; -ness.) Beefy
condition ; tendency to put on flesh.
be'ef SU-et, s. [Eng. beef; suet.] The suet
or kidney fat of beef. [Suet.]
beef suet tree, s. A shrub, Shepherdio,
argentea, belonging to the Elfeagnaeeje (Oleas-
ters). It is called also Buffalo-berry, and
grows in the United States.
beef'-y, a. [Eng. beef; -y.] Abounding in,
resembling, beef; fat, fleshy.
* beek, v.t. & i. To bask, warm. [Beak.]
* beek, s. An old spelling of Beak.
be'ek-ite, a. [Beckite.]
* beel, s. [Boil.] A boil, ulcer.
"The skynne in the whiche a beel ia growun."—
Wycliffe [Levit. xiii. 18).
■^ beeld, * beild, o. [Beild, Bield.]
beele, s. A kind of pickaxe used by miners.
Be-el'-ze-biib, s. [in Gr. BeeXfe^ou'^ (BeeJ-
zeboub); Heb. 1^1) ^V^(Baal zebub), from "j?!
= lord of, and ill! = a fly.]
1. The fly-god, a god worshipped in the
Philistine town of Ekron. (2 Kings i. 3.)
2. An evil spirit. [Beelzebul.]
3. Fig. : Any person of fiendish cruelty, who
is so nicknamed by his adversaries, or in con-
tempt of moral sentiment, appropriates the
appellation to himself and cherishes it as if it
were an honourable title.
" His [Viscount Dundee's] old troopers, the Satans
a-nd Beelzebabs who had sliared his crimes, audwho now
shared his perils, were ready to be the companions of
his flight." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
Be-el'-ze-bul, s. [Gr. BeeA.^e|3ov'A (Beelzeboul),
from Heb. bni b?3 (Baal zebul), ^^.^ (Baal) =
lord of, and ^^y] (zebul), in Old Testament = a
habitation, in the Talmud = dung.] A word
used in the New Testament for the prince of
the demons (Matt. x. 25 ; xii. 24, 27 ; Mark
iii. 22 ; Luke xi. 15, 18, 19). Beelzebul, not
Beelzebub, is the correct reading in those
passages. Probably signifying lord of dung,
the dung-god. A contemptuous appellation
for Beelzebub, the god of Ekron [Beelzebub],
which may, moreover, have been, as Hug
suggests, a dung-rolling scarabseus beetle, like
that worshipped by the Egyptians.
*beeme, .5. [Beam.]
t bee'-mol, s. [Bemol.]
bien, *bene, ^ ben, v. [A.S. &eo7t=to be,
to exist, to become.]
1. Past participle of the verb to be.
* 2. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons plural
indicative of the verb to be.
" Some aren as seneschals and serven other lordes,
And belt in stede of stywardes."
Piers Plowman, p. 5.
"... thay be desceyved that say thay ben not
tempted in here body."— C/taucer .■ The Persones Tale.
^ been, s. pi. [In A.S. beon = bees, pi. of beo =
a bee.] An old plural of Bee (q. v.).
* beenge, * binge, v.i. [Apparently with . , .
the initial sound of bov\ bend, and. the closing
sound of cringe. (N.E.D.)^ To cringe, in
the way of making much obeisance ; to fawn.
"An' ding awa' the vexing thought
0' hourly dwyning into nought.
By beenging to your foppish brithers."
Fergu&son : Poems, ii. 33. {Jamieson )
beer(l), *beere, s. &a. [A.S. &eor = (i)beer,
nourishing or strong drink, (2) metheglin (?)
(Bosworth) ; Icel. biorr; Fries, biar ; Dut. &
Ger. bier; O. H. Ger. bior, pior ; Fr. biere;
Ital. birr a ; Wei. bir ; Arm. byer, bir, ber.]
A. As suhst'i.dlive: A fermented aqueous in-
fusion of malt and hops, or of malt, sugar, and
ho]is. The term is now applied to all malt
liquors prepared by the process of brewing.
Beers are divided into two great classes,
ales and porters, the former being chiefly pre-
pared from pale malt, and having a pale amber
colour, whilst in the preparation of the latter
a certain proportion of roasted or black malt
is used along with the pale malt. This in-
creases the colour, and gives to the jiorter a
somewhat bitter flavour. These two classes
are subdivided into a great many varieties,
depending on the strength of the wort used
and the amount of hops added. Thus we have
pale ale, mild ale, bitter ale, barley wine,
table beer, &c. Stout, brown stout, double
brown stout, &c. , are merely richer and
stronger kinds of porter.
Genuine beer should consist of water, malt
extract (dextrine and glucose), hop extract,
and alcohol. The quantity of alcohol in beer
varies from two per cent, in table beer to ten
or even twelve per cent, in strong'ale, and the
extract from three to fifteen per cent., the
latter giving to the beer its nutritive value.
The alcohol present always bears a relation
to the amount of sugar fennented. A good
sound beer should be perfectly transparent,
and have a brilliant colour and a pleasant
flavour. Sour beers and beers that are thick
are verv unwholesome.
In 1880, with the repeal of the malt-tax,
and the imposition of a beer duty, complete
freedom in the choice of materials was
granted to brewers : they were then given
what has been called a " free mash tun."
Beer may be brewed from any suitable
materials, the only legal restriction being
against the use of ingredients injurious to
health. The old definition of beer, therefore,
no longer holds good ; and this beverage
must now be more correctly described as a
saccharine fluid flavoured with hops, or other
aromatic bitt-ers, which has been rendered
alcoholic by fermentation. In this way un-
malted grain, such as barley, maize, rice, &c.,
is now extensively employed in conjunction
with malt ; in fact, any substance which eon-
tains starch or other constituents capable of
being converted into soluble saccharine ex-
tract, and which is at the same time free
from constituents calculated to injure the
wholesomenesR, flavour, and keeping quali-
ties of the beer brewed with it, may now be
used in brewing. Of late years attempts
have been made to introduce lager beer into
this country ; at first it was imported, but
now lager beer breweries are being established
here ; but its production involves consider-
able changes in the usual plant and system of
brewing English beer, there being a difference
in the system of fermentation, the type of
yeast used, and the manner of storage.
" Flow, Welstcd ! flow, like thine inspirer, beer I
Tho" stale, not ripe ; tho' thin, yet ever clear ;
So sweetly mawkish, and so smoothly dull ;
Heady, not strong ; and foaming, tho' not full."
Pope: Dunciad. hk. iii., 16&-172.
B. As adjective : Intended to contain or
actually containing beer ; designed for the
sale of beer, or in any other way pertaining to
beer. (See the subjoined compounds.)
beer-barrel, d. A barrel used to contain
beer. [Bahrel.]
"... of earth we make loam; and -why of that
loam, whereto he was converted, might they not stop
a beer-barrel y'—Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. l.
beer-<sooler, s. a large shallow vat or
cistern in which beer is exposed to the natural
air to be cooled ; a tub or cistern in which
air artificially cooled is used to reduce the
temperature of beer.
beer-engine, s. [BEER-MACHiNE.i
beer-faucet, s. A machine consisting
ot a piston for ejecting air into flat beer to
make it foam.
/i.e. i^t, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go p6t,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, ciib, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e; 3e = e. qu = kw.
beer— beetroot
475
meer-float, s. An areometer or hydro-
meter floated in graiivwasli to ascfrtaiu its
density and the percentage by volume of
proof spirits which it will probahly yield.
beer-fountain, s. A pump used to draw
beer into a glass for immediate consumption.
[Beer-machine.]
beer-glass, s. A glass to drink beer
from.
beer-hopper, ii. A vat or beck in which
hops are infused before being added to the
wort.
beer-bouse, s. A house where beer is
sold ; a beer-shop.
■■What woinanleven «mong thedrooiikeu Almames)
i« snffred to loUow her husband into the alehouse or
LSui:r-aa,coi!ine: DelioM Diet /or Orunt^rdl
(1576).
beer -machine, beer -engine, s. A
machine or engine in use in public-houses and
other beer-shops of London and most other
cities. It consists of a row of force-pumps in
connection with casks below, each containing
a diflerent quality of liquor. The handles of
the pumps are visible at the bar ; and a sink
below conveys away any liquor which may be
spilt in the process of drawing.
beer-shop, s. A shop licensed for the
sale of beer and other malt liquors only.
beer-vat, s. A vat in which malt is in-
fused in the manufacture of beer.
Beer (2) Bere, s. & a. [A survival as a place-
name of A.S. beam = Mid. Eiig. bere = a grove.]
A. As siiistantive (Geog.): A market-town
and parish about ten miles west of Lyme
Re"is, and seven north-west of Wareham, in
Dorsetshire. Its full name is Beer-^egis or
Bere-Regis (Begis signifying of the king).
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the place
described under A.
Beer-stone, s. A species of freestone
quarried at the place described under A.
*beere, =. [Bier.]
beer'-i-ness. s. [Eng. ieery; -ness.] The
quality or condition of being beery, (iilang.)
beer'-3^, ti. [Eng beer; -j/.] Pertaining to or
abounding in beer ; under the influence of
beer. (Slang.)
beej, s. pi. [Plural of Eng. bee (2).]
ahlp-carpeiitry : Pieces of plank bolted to
the outer end of the Jib-boom to reeve the
fore-topmast stays through. [Beeblock.]
bee'-sha, s. [Native name in parts of Further
India yi.).~\
Eot. : A genns of bamboos differing from
Bambusa in having the seeds enclosed in a
fleshy pericarp. Tiiere are two species, Beeslm
baccifera, from Ohittagong, wliere it is called
Pagu TuUa, and B. fax, from the ilalayan
-Archipelago.
♦beest, *be'est-yng, *bestynge, *best-
nynge, • biest'-ihg, • be'est-in, * beest-
ing, * be'est-ling, • be'es-tin-ing,
• be'est-nyng. * be'est-nynge, s. (sing.)
& a.; ♦ beest - ihgg, * blest -ihg?,
♦ be'est-ins, bes'-lihgf , s. vl- >" fo''"'. "'i'h
sing, meaning, and also used attributively.
[A.S. heost, bysting = the first milk of a cow
after calving (Bosworth) ; Dut. West ; L. Ger.
beest ; (N. H.) Ger. biestmileh.] _
A. As substantive: The first milk taken
from a cow after calving, or from any other
milch beast after having borne offspring.
■' Bestnyvge mylke {bestnyngek) : colluatrum."-
Frampt. Paro.
" So may the first of all our fells be thine.
And both the heeitiiing of our goate and kine.
B. Jonson: Fan's Annh'.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to the first milk
from a cow after calving.
■■ A besUngn imddin' an' Adam's wine."
Tennyson : yoHhern Cobbler.
* beest-mllk, • blest-milk, s. [In Ger.
biestmileh.] The first milk of a cow after
calving. [BEEsr.]
be'e|l-Tvax, s. [Eng. bees ; woa:.] The "wax"
of bees, used by them for constriuting their
cells. It is a secretion elaborated within the
body of the animal from the saccharine matter
of honey, and extruded in plates from beneath
the rin<'S of the abdomen. It is not the same
as the propoUs which bees may be seen carry-
ing on their thighs when returning from then-
daily excursions among flowers. Also, the
same wax melted down and punfied, as an
article of commerce.
bees'-wing, s. [Erg. bees; wing.] A fine,
filmy deposit in old Port wine ; often used for
wine having the deposit.
beet (1) s. & a. [A.S. be(e; Ger. heete ; Dut.
beete; Dan. bede; Wei. betijsen; Fr. be«(e or
betterave; Sji. betarraga,ieteTraga ; Ital.bictaor
lietoln ; Sw. & Lat, be(n ; from the Celtic be(( =
red, or from bywd or Madh = food or n(nirish-
meiit, the plants being used tor that purpose.]
A. As substantive: The English name of
the Beta, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Chenopodiaeeai (Chenopods). Beta rul-
garis, or Common Beet, is indigenous in
England, and at least the south of Scotland,
where it grows on the sea-shores, especially
where the soil is muddy. It is also cultivated
to be used in "the manufacture of sugar, the
gi-een-topped variety being preferred for the
purpose. The small red, the Castelnaudary,
and other varieties are used, either raw or
boiled, as salad. Beet is also used for pickling,
for furntshiiig a varnish, and tor other pui'-
poses. Much of the foreign beetroot sugar is
made not from the Beta vulgaris, but from the
B. cicla, the White Beet, called also the Chard
or Sicilian Beet. (Cicla in the specific name
means Sicilian.)
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the plant
described under A.
t beet (2), beat, s. [O. 8w, bylte = a bundle ;
6ita = tobindup.] A sheaf or bundle. (^Scotch.)
Beat of lint: A sheaf or bundle of flax as
made up for the mill.
■■ The fii-Bt row of the lint is put in slop-ways, with
the crop-end downward, all the rest with the root-end
downward ; the crop of the subsequent beafs or sheaves
still overlapping the band of the iouneT."— Maxwell :
Set. Transact., p. 330.
beet (1), v.t. [From beet (2), s. (q.v.).] To
tie up. (Used of flax in sheaves.) (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.)
beet (2), v.t. [A.S. be(oii = to make better,
improve.] To remedy, improve, mend.
■■Makynge ayein or beetynge her nettis."— IT^rZv;^!;
(.Matt. iv. 31).
To beet a mister : To supply a want. (Scotch.)
" If twa or three hunder pounds cant beet a mister
for you in a strait, ye s.anna want it, come of a' w hat
will."— BlacJcvjood's Mag. (March. 1823), p. 314.
Of fire = to mend, improve, or add fuel to
a fii-e (figuratively).
'■Or noble 'Elgin' 6ee(s the heav'n-ward flame."
£ums; Tlie Cotter's Saturday Night.
beet(3), f.«. [Beit.] To help. (Scotch.)
be'et-ax, s. [From Eng. beet (2), s. , and cere (?).]
An instrunieiit for paring turf
beet'-in-band, s. Anything used to tie
bundles of flax. (Jamieson.)
bee'-tle (1) (tie = tel). s. [A.S. bytel, bytl,
biotul = ii mallet, a staff; from bcataii=to
beat. In L. Ger. betel, bbtel = a clog for a dog ;
N. H. Ger. beutel = a bag, a purse, a beater,
a reaping-chisel ; M. H. Ger boszel = a beater.]
1, A maul, a heavy wooden mallet for driving
stones, stakes, or teut-pegs into the ground.
"If I do, ilUip me with a three-man beetle." —
Skakesp. : a Hen. IV., i. 2.
beetle-bro-w, s. A projecting brow, like
one of the transverse pro,iections on the head
ofamallit. It is the portion just above the
eyes called the superciliary ridge, made by
tiie projection of the frontal sinus. [Beetle
V. (2).]
" He liad a beetle-brow,
A down-look, middle atatui-e, with black hair."
Sir R. Fmtsluiw : Tr. of Ptntor Fido, p. 175.
^ It is sometimes used in tlie pinral.
" His blobber lips and beetJe-hroxos commend."
Dryden : Juv., Sat. iii.
beetle-browed, * bitel-browed, a.
Having a projecting brow.
" EuQuire for the bectle-brow'd critic, &c." — Swift.
"He waa bitdbrowed and baberlipped also."
Piers Plowman (ed. Skeat), bk. v. 190.
beetle-head, «. & s.
A. As adjective : Having a head assumed
to be as destitute of understanding as tlie
head of a wooden maul ; a " wooden head.
B As substantive: The weight generally
called the "monkey " of a pile-driver.
beetle-headed, a. Ha\ing a "wooden "
head ; utterly deficient in inteUect ; stupid
exceediugly.
" . a beetle-headed, flap-ear d knave.
SJtakesp. : Tarn, of bfirew, iv. 1.
beetle-Stock, s. The stock or handle of
" To crouch, to please, to be a beetle-stock
Of thy great master's will." .. ™, ,
Spemei- : M. Euhberd's Tale.
bee'-tle (2) (tie as tel), s. [A.S. hetl hetel
bitel-ma beetle, a coleopterous insect; (2)
a " blaekbeetle," i.e., a cockroach ; from bUan
= to bite.]
1 Entom. : Any member of the enonnously
large order of insects called by naturalists
Coleoptera, meaning Sheathed Wings. [Cole-
OPTEKA.] They have four wings, the inferior
pair, which are membranous, heing protected
by the superior pair, which are horny.
" The poor beetle that we tread upon.
In corporal autt'ranue finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies." ...
Sliakesp.: Meas.forMeas., m. 1.
To he as Uind as a beetle is an expressiou
founded probably upon the habits of some
beetles of the Scarabseus family, which come
droning into houses in the evening, are at-
tracted by the glare of the lamp, fly round it
and through the room, ending by tumbling
backwards on the ground, and finding a diffi-
culty in getting up again. No beetles are
really blind, except a few cave species.
"Others come sharp of sight and too provident for
that which concerned their own iivterest ; but as blind
as betitles in foreseeing this great and common danger.
—Knolles : History of the Tiirtcs.
2. Popularly: A "black heetle," viz., a
cockroach, which, however, is not properly a
beetle at all, but belongs to the order Orthop-
tera, and is akin on one side to the cricket,
on the other to the earwig.
* beetle-stones, s. pi. An old name
given to nodules of clay-ironstone found at
Newhaven, near Edinburgh, and elsewhere.
The appellation was given from the erroneous
notion that the nodules were of insect origin.
[Clay-ironstone.] {Bnckland: Geol. £ Mine-
ralogy, 183t), vol. i., p. 199.)
|,ee'-tle (1) (tie = tel), v.*. [From Eng. leetle,
s. (1) (q.v.).] To beat with a heavy mallet.
"Then lay it [yarp] out to dry in your bleaching-
yard ; but oe sure never to beat or beetle it " — Max-
well: Sel. Tran»., p. 344. [Jamieson.)
bee'-tle (2) (tie as tel), v.i. [A.S. bitel-
biting or sharp.] To jut out or hang over, as
some cliffs do.
"Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff.
That beetles o'er his base into the sea."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. i.
bee-tied (tied as teld), jjct. par. & adj.
[Beetle, v.t.]
be'et-ling, pr. par. & a. [Beetle, v. (1).]
* beetling - machine, s. A machine
formerly in use for beetling or beating cloth
as it was slowly wound on a revolving roller.
be'et-ling, 2^'^- V^f- & «- [Beetle (2), v.t."]
" On beetling cliffs, or pent in ruins deep,
They, till due time snail serve, were bid far hence."
Thomson ; Castle of Indolence, i. 46,
beet'-rad'-ish, s. [Eng. beet ; radish. ] A
plant, the same as Beetrave (q.v.).
be'et-rave, s. [Fr. betterave = beet ; from
&e(te=beet, and rnve = a radish, a root.] A
plant, the Red Beet (Beta vulgaris). [Beet.]
be'et-root, s. [Eng. heet; root] The root of
the Beet (Beta vulgaris). [Beet.] A valuable
food, owing to the large amount of sugar it
contains. Nearly all the sugar used in France
is made from the beet, and in this countiy
many of the sugar refiners use it in their
sugar factories. In Germany a coarse spirit
is manufactured from the beet, a large pro-
portion of which is imported into Britain and
made into methylated spirit. Several attempts
have been made to establish beetroot distil-
leries in this country, but the great difficulty
has been to obtain a clean spirit, the flavour
of the beet being very persistent. Bectrorit
contains ten per cent, of sugar, and ahout two
per cent, of nitrogenous matters. It was for-
merly used to adulterate cofifee.
boil, bo^; p6^t, j6^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-clan, -tlan -Shan, -tion, -sion, -cioun = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, d^i.
476
beeves— beforehand
"beetroot-sugar, .^. Sugar made from
the root of the beet. It seems to have been
first made in the year 1747 ; it was largely
manufactured in France during the wars of
the revolution, wlien English cruisers cut the
French off from access to the West Indian
cane sugar. It has been attempted in America
and in England. " The beetroot is first washed
in a rotatory drum immersed in water, then
rasped into pnlp, and squeezed in woollen
sacks by hydranlic pressure, or in continuous
revolving presses, or the sugar is removed by
diffusion in iron tumblers. The juice is
clarified with hme filtered through animal
charcoal, crystallised In vacuo, and drained by
a centrifugal machine."
beeve^, s. pi [The pku-al of Eng. 6ee/(q.v.).]
Oxen, black cattle.
" They sought the beeves that made their broth,"
ScoCt: La;/ of the Last Minslrel, vi. 10.
* bee'-vor, s. [Beaver (2) (q.v.).]
* be'e-zen, a. [Bison.] {0. Seotch.')
be~fall', ' be-fal', ^ be-falle (pret. &c-
feU, ''■- hefdJe, ' hcfd, " hl/el, -'- hy fd ; pa. par.
hefcdlen), v.t. & i [A. 8. hcfeallaii ; O.S. hi-
fallaii; Ger. hcfaUen.]
A. Transitive (followed by the object with
or without a preposition) :
1. To happen to, to affect one. (Used at
first Indifferently of favourable or of unfavour-
able occurrences in one's career.)
"Bion asked an envious man, that was very sati,
■what Ijarm had befallen unto him, or what good had
b^allen unto another man."— flacon.
2. The tendency being to take more note of
what is unfavourable than favourable in one's
lot, the word now has generally au unfavour-
able sense.
"For the common people, when they hear that
some frightful thing has befallen such a one in such a
place . . ." — Bunyan, P. P., pt ii.
B. Intrans. : To happen, to take place.
" But you at least may make report
Of what biifalla."
Wordsworth : White Doe qf Rylstone, iv.
be-i^l'-len, pa. par. [Befall.]
" 0 teacher, some great mischief hath befallen
To that meek man." Milton : P. L., bk. xL
be-f^l'-ling, pr. par. & s. [Befall.]
A. As present p)articiple: In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As siibst. : That which befalls, an occur-
rence, an incident ; an event especially of an
unfavourable character.
be-f£l'r-i-a, ;.. [Bejaeia.]
be-fell', "^he-fel'fpret. o/ Befall,
^ beff, ^baff, v.t. [Ger. pujfen, t luffen = . .
to cuff, bang, or buffet.] To beat, to strike.
(Scotch.)
" Bot the wrath of the goddis has donn bpft
The cietie of Troy from top vnto the ground."
Doug. : Virgil, 59, 0,
beff, baff, s. [From haff, v. In O. Fr. hiife,
buffe, houffe — a. blow from the fist, a cuff.]
[Buff, Buffet.] A blow, a stroke, a cuff.
The same as Scotch Baff (q.v.).
" bef-fro^, s. [Belfry.] ,
*be-fight (gh silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix 6c,
a.ndjiglit.] To fight, to combat.
be-fit', V. To be suitable to or for ; to be-
come, to be becoming in. Used —
(a) Of persons :
" He was not in the frame of mind which be^s one
who is about to strike a decisive blow."— Macauhiy :
Bist. Eng., ch. v.
(6) Of things:
' "Well do a woman's tears befit the eye
Of hiin who knew not as a man to die."
llemans : Tlie A hencerrage, Ui.
be-fit'-ted, p'ret. 0/ Befit.
*\ Befitted as a pa. par. scarcely exists.
". . . and that it us &i^(ed
To bear our hearts in grief . . .*
SkaJcesp. ; Hamlet, 1. 2.
be-f it'-tihg, pr. par. & a. [Befit.]
"An answer beH'tino the hostile message and menace."
Lomj/elloia : Courtship of Miles Staitdiah, iv.
be-fit'-ting-ly, adv. In a befitting manner.
t be-flag'ged, pci. par. [Eng. prefix &c, and
flagged = deroratrd with flags.] From an
imaginary present, beflag.
"Berlin is gaily brflagged. and the illiuninations
will be unusually briHia.iit."— Daily Telegraph, 2;ird
Blarch, 1877.
" be-fia'ine, pa. par. & a. [Beflay.]
be-flat'-ter, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, B.Yi(\. flatter.]
To load with flattery. {Webster,)
be-flat'-tered, pa. par. & a. [Beflatter.]
be-flat'-ter-ing, pr. par. [Beflatteb.]
■" be-fla'y (pa. par. heflainc), v.t. [Eng. prefix
be, and^ay.] To flay.
" Out of his skin he was bejiaine."
Oower : Conf. Amant., bk. vii. {Richardson.)
be-fl6^'er, v.t. [Eng. prefix &e, and flower.']
To besprinkle, to scatter over with flowers or
with pustules. (Hobbes.)
t be-flum', v.t. [Eng. prefix be ; andflitm, con-
tracted from flumrnery (q.y.).^ To befool by
cajoling language, to cajole, to deceive, to
impose upon ; (in vulgar phrase) to ' ' bam-
boozle."
"... then, on the other hand. I befiiimm'd them wi'
Colonel Talbot,"— XScoU : Waoerley, eh. ixxi.
be-flum'med, pa. ^^ar. [Beflum.]
be-flum'-ming, pr. par. [Beflum.]
be-fd'am, v.t, [Eng. prefix&c, and/oani.] To
bespatter or cover with foam.
" At last the dropping wings, b^loam'd all o'er
With flaggy heaviness, their master bore."
EuAden: Ov. Met., iv.
be-fo'amed, pa. par, &a. [Befoam.]
be-fo'am-ing, "pr. par. [Befoam.]
be-fog', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and fog.] To in-
volve in a fog. (Irving.)
be-fog'ged, pa, par. & a. [Befog.]
be-fogg'-ing, jjr. par. & a. [Befog.]
be-fo'ol, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and fool] To
make a fool of. (Often used reflexively = to
make a fool of one's self ; for in reality no one
can make a fool of another. )
"... and how they came back again, aud befooled
themselves for setting a foot out of doors iu that path
. . ." — Bunyan, P. P., pt. it
be-fo'oled, pa. par. & a, [Befool.]
be-fo'ol-ing, pr. par. & a. [Befool.]
be-fore, * bi-for'e, * by-fbr'e, * bi fore,
by-u6r'e, * bi-fbr'n, * be-fiir'ne, * bi-
fbr'-en, *be-f6r'-en, prep., conf, & adv.
[A.S. and O.S. beforan, biforuii = (1) before,
(2) for; Dut. &etJore?is = before ; (N. H.) Ger.
bevor ; O. H. Ger. bifora, pivora.]
A. As preposition :
I. In£pace:
1. Gen.: In front of, not behind ; situated in
front of the face, not behind the back. Used —
(a) Of persons :
" Their common practice was to look no further
before them than the next line." — Dryden,
Or (b) More loosely (of things) : Situated
nearer a spectator than is another thing with
which it is compared in situation.
2. Spec. : In the presence of, as noting —
(1) When used of persons :
(a) Exposure to the eyes of the person or
persons in whose presence one is.
"And Shallum the son of Jabesh conspired against
him, and smote him before the people." — 2 Kings xv, 10.
\\ Before one, in the expression " Thou shalt
have no other gods before me " (Exod. xx. 3 ;
see also Deut. v. V), practically means any-
where ; for as a false god worshipped anywhere
is worshipped "before," ic, in the presence
of the All-seeing One, the commandment can
be obeyed only by him who forbears to worship
a false god anywhere.
(h) Great respect or even actual adoration
for.
" On kneos heo gon bc/oren him falle."
The Kyng of Tars, 221, {S. in Boucher.)
"... the place where they kill the bumt-oflfering
before the Lord." — Lev. iv. 24.
(c) Submission to the jurisdiction of.
" If a suit be begun before an archdeacon, the ordi-
niiry may license the suit to an higher court."— ^?/;i';^e.
(d) In the power of, as if spread out in front
of them.
" The world was .%11 before them, where 'to choose."
Milton : P. L., bk, xii.
(2) When II sed of places (Spec.) : Encampment
or the construction of military works for the
purpose of besieging a place.
"And all the people, even the people of war that
were with him, went uj), and drew nigh, and came
before the city." — Josh. viii. 11.
(3) When used of things :
(") Proximity to, either for worship or any
other purpose.
"... but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister
before the tabernacle of witness,"— ^Vwm6. xviii. 2.
(6) The impulse of something behind ; as in
the common nautical phrase "to run before
the wind," i.e., moving in the same direction
as the wind and impelled by its full force.
" Her part, jjoor soul ! seeming as burdened
With lesser weight, but not with lesser woe,
• Was carried with more speed before the wind."
Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, i. L
II. In time :
1. Preceding.
" Particular advantages it has before all the books
which have appeared before it in this kind." — Drjden.
2. Prior to.
"The eldest [elder?] son is before the younger in
succession, "—./oA?tso)i,
3. Not yet arrived at ; future.
"The golden age, which a blind tradition has
hitherto placed in the Past, is Before us."—Carlyle:
Hartor Itesartihs, bk. iii., ch, v.
III. In a figurative sense :
1. In x^reference to, rather than.
"We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before
the torments oi covetousness. " — Taylor.
2. Superior to.
" . . . he is before his competitors both in right and
power. "—Johnson.
B. As conjunction :
1. Sooner than, earlier in time.
"Before two months their orb with light adorn.
If heav'n allow me life, I will retui-n." Drydeiu
2. Previously to, in order that something
may be.
" Before this elaborate treatise can become of use to
my country, two points are uecessar;',"— 5M^i/(.
C. As adverb :
I. Of place:
1. Further onward, in advance, in front of.
" Thou'rt so far before.
That swiftest wing of recompense is slow
To overtake thee.'^ Shakesp. ; Macbeth, i. 4.
2. In front ; opposed to in the rear, or to
behind.
II. Of time:
1. Up to this time, hitherto.
" The peaceful cities of tb' Ausonian shore.
Lull d in her ease, and undisturbed before.
Are all on fire." Dryden.
2. In time past:
(a) Gen. . At an indefinite period of bygone
time.
"... and the name of Debir before was Kirjath-
sepher."— ,/oji7t. xv. 15.
(&) Spec. : A short time ago.
"I shall resume somewliat which hath been b<^orc
s.iid, touching the question bef oregoing. " — Sale.
3. Already.
" You tell I
The Phryg]
Dryden.
before-casting, s. Forethought.
■ ' If ony man sleeth his neighebore'bi bif ore-cast yng."
— Wycliffe [Exod. xxi. 14).
before-go, v. t. To precede, go before.
"Merci and treuthe shal be/or-go thi i3.ce."~)VycVffe
(Ps. Ixxxviii. 15),
before-goer, s
You tell me, mother, what I knew before,
"" ' fleet is landed on the shore."
A messenger before.
" Y schal sende thi bifore-gocre an AungeL" — Wycliffe
(Exod. xxxiii. 2).
IT Other MSS. read before-rcnner,
before-set» a. Prefixed. (Prompt, Parv.)
before-sbowiiig, pr. par. A preriouB
disclosure ; a fore-warning.
" Webothesaien adreem inoi\yshtbifore-scheujynge
of thingisto Ci}mynge."—n'ycl/ffe (Gen. xli. 11). *
before-speaker, s. A spokesman.
"Profete that is interpretour ether bifor-spckere"
— Wycliffe (Exod. vii. l).
bef ore- wall, s. An advanced rampart.
"The wal and the bifo7--wal."— Wycliffe (Is. xxvi. 1),
•f Other MSS. read bifor-walling.
be-for'c-9i-ted, a, [Eng. before; cited.]
Cited before. (Dr. Alkn.)
I be-for'e-go-ihg, a. [Eng. before; going.]
Going before. (Now abbreviated into Fohe-
GOiNG.) (Milton.)
be-fbr'e-hand, ^ be-fdr'e-hande, * bi-
fbr'-hand, ■ biuoren-houd, a. & adv,
[A.S. hcforan, and /tojui = hand. In Sw. i
forhand.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, poij,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw„
■beforementioned— beget
477
A. As adjective :
1. Possessed of accumulations or stores
previously acquired.
"Stranger's house is at this time rich, and much
b^forehayid, for it hath laid up revenue these thirty-
seven years." — Bacon.
2. In a state of forwardness ; well prepared,
all but readj'.
"What is man's contending with insuperable diffi-
culties, but the rolling oi" Sisyphua's stone up the hill,
which is 3i>ou beforehand to return upon hiui a^'ain 'i "
— L'Estraiige.
B. As advcrh :
1. Previously, before.
" Heo bhiorenJiand leorneth hore meister." — Ancrcn
Riivle, 1), 212
2. In a state of priority, first in time. (In
this sense often followed by vnth.)
"... they therefore determined to he beforehand
with their accusers." — JIacaulay : Hist. ling., ch. xvi.
3. Previously.
(a) By way of preparation.
"When the lawyers brought extravagant bills, Sir
Eoger used to bargain bpforehund to cut ofl' a quarter
of a yard in any part of the bill." — Arbutlmot.
(b) Without waiting for a certain event ;
antecedently.
" It would be resisted by such as had beforehand
resisted the general proofs of the gospel." — AttSrburj/,
be-for'e-men-tioned (tioned as shund)«
a. [Eng. before; mentiowid.] Mentioned be-
fore, whether by word of mouth, by writing,
or in a printed page. (Foster.)
*be-f6r'-en, prep., conj., & adv. [Before.]
(Chaucer.)
be-fbr'e-time, ndv. [Eng. hefnre; time.']
Formerly ; specially, in the olden time.
" B^foretime in Israel, when a man went to enquire
of God, thus he spake." — 1 Sam. ix. 9.
* be-for'ne, i^'^^^P-^ conj., & adv. [Before.]
be-for'-tune, v.t. [Eng. le; fortune.] To
happen to, to betide.
" Aa much I wish all good befortune you."
Shakesv. : Two Gent, of }'i.-ro>La, iv. 3.
be-for'-tuned, pa. par. & a. [Befortune.]
be-for'-tun-ihg, vr. par, [Befortune.]
* be-fot'e, adv. On foot.
be-foi^i; v.t. [Eng. be; font] To foul, to
render dirty, to soil. (Todd.)
be-foiiled, pa. par. & a. [Befoul.]
be-foiil'-irig, pr. par. [Befoul.]
be-freck'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. he; frecldc]
To spot over with freckles. (Drayton.)
be-friend', v.t. k i. [Eng. be; friend.]
A, Transitive :
1. Lit. : To be a friend to or of, to act with
kindness to. to favour, to countenance, to
sustain by sympathy.
" Be thou the first true merit to befriend ;
His ijiaise is lost who stays till all commend."
Pope : assay on Criticism, 474.
2. Fig. : To favour, to be propitious to.
(Used of things.)
B. Intransitive: To be friendly, favourable.
" But night befriends— th.vo\xsh paths obscure he
pass'd." Ilemans: Thu Abenccrraijc, ii.
be-ftiend'-ed, pa. par. [Befriend,]
be-ft'iend'-ing, pr. par. [Befriend.]
" Hope the befriending.
Does what she can, for she points evermore up to
heaven. "
Longfellow : The Children qf the Lord's Supper.
be-&iend'-ment, s. [Eng. befriend; -ment.]
The act of befriending; the state of being
befriended. (Foster. )
be-fting'e, vj. [Eng. be; fringe. In Ger.
I)efranse7i.] To place fringes upon, to adorn
with fringes.
" When I flatter, let my d.rty leaves
Cloath spice, line trunks, or flutt'ring in a row,
Sefringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho."
Pope : Satires, v. 419,
be-ft:ing'ed, i-a. par. k a. [Befringe.]
be-fring'-ing, pr. par. [Befringe.]
beft, pa. par. [Beff,] (Scotch.)
be~fur', v.t. [Eng. be; fnr.] To cover or
clothe with fur. (F. Butler.)
be-fiirr'ed, pa. par. & a. [Befur.]
be-fur'-ring, pr. par. [Befur.]
^beg, s. [Beigh.]
beg, *-begge. * beg'-gen»r.(, &t. [Of un-
certain origin. Sweet and Skeat agi-ee in
referring it to A.S. bedecian = to beg. Dr.
Murray admits that this has much to recom-
mend it, though tJie phonetic connection be-
tween the Old Eng. beggen and the still older
form bedecian is, in his opinion, by no means
established. He thinks that "the most likely
derivation is from O. Fr. begart = beghard."]
[Beghard.s.]
A, Intransitii^e : To ask for alms, spec, to
ask liabitually ; to be a professional beggar, to
be a mendicant.
'■ I cannot dig ;tobegl am ashamed. "—iufte xvi. a.
B. Transitive:
I. Ordinary Langiio.ge :
1. To ask earnestly ; to ask as a beggar does
for alms.
"... for all thy blessed youth
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alma
Of palsied eld . . ."
Shaketp. : Meas. for Meas., iii. 1.
2. With similar earnestness to request any-
thing, solicitation for which does nut make
one a mendicant.
3. To take for granted. [II. 1.]
*i. To apply for one's guardianship. [II. 2.]
"I fear you will
Be begg'd at court, unless you come oflf thus."
The Wita[0. Pl.),Mvi. 503.
II. Technically :
1. Logic. To beg the quest ion : To perpetrate
the fallacy called Petitio principii : to assume,
if an opponent will permit it, the very thing
to be proved.
*2. Old LavK To beg a person for a fool : To
apply to be his guardian. The petition was
presented in the Court of Wards.
" Leave begginir, Lyniw, for such poor rewards,
Else some will bi;g thee, in the court of wards."
Harrington : Jipigr., i. 10.
•T There is a play upon the words beg you for
in the following passage : —
''And that a great man
Did mean to beg yon for his daughter."
City Match (0. PI.), ai4. {^'^ares.)
^ (a) Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to beg and to desire ;— " To beg marks the
wish ; to desire, the will and determination.
Beg is the act of au inferior ; desire of a
superior. We hcg a thing as a favour, we
desire it as a right."
(b) To beg, beseech, solicit, entreat, snpp>licate,
implore, crave are thus discriminated ;— The
first four of these do not mark such a state of
dependence in the agent as the last tliree : to
beg denotes a state of want ; to beseech, entreni,
and solicit a state of urgent necessity ; suppli-
cate and implore, a state of abject distress ;
crave, the lowest state of physical want. Que
begs with importunity ; beseeches with earnest-
ness ; entreats by the force of reasoning and
strong representation. One solicits by virtue
of one's interest; supplicates by a humble
address ; implores by every mark of dejection
and humiliation. Begging is the act of the
poor when they need assistance ; beseeching
and entreating are resorted to by friends and
equals, when they want to influence or per-
suade ; beseeching is more lu-gent, entreating
more argumentative. Solicitations are used to
obtain favours which have more respect to the
circumstances than the rank of the solicitor •
supplicating and imploring are resorted to by
sufferers for the relief of their misery, and are
addressed to those who have the power of
averting or increasing the calamity. Craving
is the consequence of longing ; it marks an
earnestness of supplication, an abject state of
suffering dependence.
beg, s. [Turkish beg = prince, chief.] [Bey.]
In Turkey, Tartary, &c.: A title for a pro-
vincial governor, or generally for an oflicial of
high rank. In India it is occasionally m^t
with as part of an ordinary proper name
borne by i>ersons presumably oftMogul Tartar
descent, but possessed neither of official rank
nor of aristocratic birth. Beg is essentially
the same word as Bey, used in Tunis and other
parts of Northern Africa.
« '^?'T^'Jr^^^'^°'''^\!^' ^^^ ^°? °^ Michael, the son of
Sedjukoflered himself as a leader and bond ofunionto
the Turks. "-J/iK. Hist. Indiaied. 1848}, vol ii p "51
be'-ga, be'e-gah, • big'-gah,
ratta, Hind., &c., higha.]
s [Mah-
In India : A land measure. That of Bengal
is about 1,000 square vards, or one-third of an
English acre. That of the Mahratta country
contains 3.926 square yards ; consequently li
begas will be = an English acre.
*be-gab', v.t. [BiaABBEN.]
* beg-air'-ies, s [From 0. Eng. "begare =
variegate.] Stripes or slips of cloth sewed
on garments, by way of ornament, such as are
now worn in liveries ; pessments. [Begarie.]
"... use or weare in their cleithing, or apparell, or
lyning thereof, onie claith of gold, or silver, velyot.
satine, damask, tattataes, or ony begairies, frenyies,
pasments, or brodeiie of gold, silver, or silk, . . ." —
ActsJa. 17. (1581), c. 113.
^be-gair, ^be-gal', v.t. [Eng. be; gall.]
To gall, to chafe, to rub till soreness arise.
" And shake your sturdy trunks, ye prouder pines,
WhiAe swelling graines are like begaht alone
With the deex> furrowes of the thunder- stone."
Bp. Hall : Defiance to Envy.
*be-gal'led, ' be-gald', pa. par. [Beg all.]
* be-gal'-lon, v.t. [A.S. aga'hvmi = to stupe-
fy.] To frighten, to terrify. [N.E.D.)
*be-ga'ne, a. [A.S. hegangan = to surround.]
Covered, overlaid. (Scotch.) [Begone.]
" And hous of bricht Apollo gold betnne."
Doug. : Virgil, 1G2, 45.
* be-gar'-eit, * be-gar'-y-it, pn. jMr. [Be-
garie.]
* be-gar'-ie, '^ be-gar'-e, v.t. [Prob. from
Fr. bigarrer — to diversify,] (0. Eng. £ Scotch.)
1. To variegate.
(«) Gen.: To deck with various colours.
" Begareit all in sundry hewis."
Lfindsay : S. P. K., ii. lo:i. {Jamieson.)
(b) Sjyec. : To stripe, to variegate with lines
of various colours, to streak.
" All of gold wrocht was thare riche attyre,
Thar puipoure robbis begaryit scbynaiid brycht."
Douglas: Virgil, 261, 15. lJamicso7i.)
2. To besmear, to bedaub, to bespatter.
" Some Whalley's Bible did begarie.
By letting flee at it canarie."
Colville: Mock Poem, pt. i., 59.
be-gasse\ a. [Bagasse.]
be-gat', prc^ 0/ Beget (q. v.).
Shem . . . begat Ai-phaxad two years after the
be-ga'-vel, s. [Eng. be, and gavel (q.v.).]
[Bagavel.] It is called also Bethugavel, or
Chipping-gavel (q.v.).
^be-gaw', *be-gawd', v.t. [Eng. be; gaw
(q.v.).] [Gewgaw.] To deck out with gew-
gaws.
"... .Bcfi'iM'rfee? with chains of gold and jewels."
A'orth: Plutarcli, p. 127. [Richards<m.)
*be-gaw'ed, ^be-gawd'-ed, v(-^-var.k a.
[Begaw.]
* be-gaw'-ing, * be-gawd'-mg, pr. par.
[Begaw.]
be-ge'ik, s. [Begunk.]
be-gem', v.t. [Eng. be; gem.] To adorn with
precious gems, or anything similarly beautiful
and lustrous.
"The doe f.woke. and to the la^vn
Begemmed v.ith dewdrops, led her fawn."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iii. 2.
be-gem'med, pa. par. & a. [Begem.]
be-gem'-mihg, pr.par. [Begem.]
^beg'-en-ild, ^ beg'-en-eiUe. s. [0. En?
begen = to beg, and yldo, yld, eld = a^e
seniority, a man.] A mendicant. '
" A bastarde, a bouiule on, a begeneldes doubter "
Piers Plowman, p. 15B. (S. in Boucher.)
*^be-ges', ^be-gess', adv. [Eng. pref. be =
by, and (jressc = guess ; I>an. gisse.l By chance
at random. '
" Thou lichtlies all trew uroperties
Of luve express,
And marks quhen neir a styme thou seis,
And hits begess."
^ Scott: Evergreen, i. 113,
' I hapnit in a wilderness,
Quliau- 1 chanat to gang in beges "
JiureVs Pilg. ( Watsoi^s Coll.), ii. 30.
^^-f^\-> ^J)i-get'e, ^by-gy'te (pret,
fbegat^begatte, '- beg-tc ; pa. par. bi
higeten), v.t. [Eng. be ; get = to cause to get ':
^;f^i?f?^I"S' ^■'^^'"'^(Pret. begeatj = to get, to
gytan,gitan
b^, boy ; po^t, jo^l ; cat, cell, chorus,
-cian, -tian = shan. -9ion, -tion, -sion
obtain ; A.S. prefix &e7and
= to get.] [Get.]
, chin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon. exist. ph = f
= shxin ; -tioa, -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, i^. = hel! fieL
478
begetter— begin
1. Lit : To engender, to generate, to pro-
create, to "become the father of. (Used of the
procreation of children.)
2. Fig. : To produce, to engender, to gene-
rate, to cause to come into existence. (Used
of projects, ideas, or anything similar, or
generally of anything ■which man can bring
into being.)
" 'Till carried to excess in esich domain.
This tav rite good bcqrfs peciiliar pain."
aoldsniUh: The Traveller,
be-get'-ter, s. [Eng. leget; -c/\]
1. Lit.: One who begets, one who pro-
creates ; a father.
" For what their prowess gain'd, the law declares
Is to themselves alone, and to their heirs ;
No share of that goes haek to the begetter."
Dryden,
2. Firj. . A producer; as "a hegetter of
disease."
beg'-ga-ble. a. [Eng. lyeg ; -able.] Able to
he obtained if begged for, or at least able to be
begged with a doubtful result.
" He finds it his best way to be always craving, lie-
cause he lights many times upon things that are dis-
posed of, or not beggable." — Butler's Cltaracters.
beg'-gar, *beg'-ger, "* beg'-gere, s. [Eng.
beg, -er ; Dut. bedchtar ; Ger. hettler ; Ital.
piccaro. Cojnp. also Sw. tiggare; Dan. tigger.]
[Beg.]
A> Ordinary Language :
I. Literally :
1. One whose habitual practice is to implore
people for alms, whetlier because he has some
physical or mental defect which wholly or
partially incapacitates him from working ;
or because (if such a thing be conceivable) all
his efforts to obtain work have been uniforndy
abortive ; or finally, in too many cases, because
he is too idle to work and too shameless to
blush at the meanness of casting his support
on others perhaps less strong in body, and
even less rich in purse, than himself.
" And there was a certain hcgaar named Lazarus,
which was laid at his gate, full of sores, and desiring
to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich
man's table . . ." — Lvke xvi. 20, 21.
2. One who is dependent on others for
support, whatever his position in society.
"They [the non-juring clergy] naturally became
"beggars and loungers." — SlacauXay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
3. One who asks a favour, however legiti-
mate ; a petitioner for anything.
"What subjects will precarious kings regard?
A beggar speaks too softly to be heard. ' Dryden.
II. Fig. : One who, in a logical matter,
" begs " the question ; one who assumes the
point in dispute, or, in a more general sense,
who assumes what he does not jffove.
"These shameful beggars of prijiciples, who give
this ijrecarious account of the original of things, as-
sume to themselves to be men of reason." — Tillotson.
B. Old Law andOrd. Lang. Sturdy beggar:
An able-bodied man quite capable, if he liked,
of working, but who will not do it because he
prefers to quarter himself upon the indus-
trious. The Act 14 Eliz., c. 5, passed in 1572,
defined rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars
to be " all persons whole and mighty in body,
able to labour, not having land or mistez', nor
using any lawful merchandise, craft, or mys-
tery." These, and coupled with them, un-
happily, " all common labourers able in body,
loitering and refusing to work for such rea-
sonable wage as is commonly given "—that
is, wliat now would be called all agricultural
or other labourers on strike — were, for the
first offence, to be grievously whipped and be
burned through the gristle of the right ear
with a hot iron an inch round; for the second
should be deemed felons ; and for the third
suffer death, without benefit nf clergy. The
cruel severity of the Act made it fail of effect.
The sturdy beggar continued to flourish ; he
does so still. He may be seen daily almost
anywhere, not to say everywhere, in London ;
and as long as the thoughtless continue to
give him alms in the street, there is no likeli-
hood of his condescending to work.
beggar-brat, s. A contemptuous ap-
pellation for a child engaged in begging. A
beggar's child.
beggar-maid, s. An unmarried female
beggar.
" Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim.
When King Cophetua lov'd the bcggar-inaid."
Sfiakesp. : Jiamco inid Juliet, iL 1.
beggar-man, s. A man who is a beggar.
"Glo. Is it ek beggar-manl
Old Maiu Madman and beggar too."
Shakesp : King Lear, iv. 1,
Bcggar-Tnan's Oatmeal : A plant, Alliaria
officinalis.
Beggar's Basket : A local name for a plant,
Pulmonaria officinalis.
beggar's-brown, s. A light-brown snuff,
which is made of the stem of tobacco ; what
in England is generally denominated Scotch
snuff. (Scotch.) {Jameson.)
beggar* s-lice, s. (l) Galium aparine,
goose-grass, named from its resemblance to
lice; (2) Echino^'permam virginicum, ■ the
hooked prickles of whose nuts or bur-like
fruits adhere to the clothes of passers-by.
beggar's-ticks, s. A similarly vulgar
name for two comjiosite plants, also frtmi
Ameiica — the Bidens frondosa and the B. con-
nata, the fruit of which, having two teeth or
prickles, adhere to the clothes.
beggar-weed, s. [So called by farmers
and others from its growing only in im-
poverished soil, or because of itself it beg-
gars the land.] A name given by farmers iu
different parts of England to various weeds,
specially to Polygonum, aviculare, Ctii.GUia
trifolii, Heracliurn sphondyliuni, Spergula ar-
vensis, and Galiumaparine. {Britten.) [Poly-
gonum, CUSCUTA, &c.]
beggar-woman, s. A woman who is a
beggar.
" The elder of them, being put to nurse,
"Was by a beggar-woman stol'n away."
Sfiakesp. : King Henry (7., iv. 2.
beg'-gar, * beg'-ger, v.i. [From beggar, s.]
I. Lit. : To reduce to beggarj' ; to im-
poverish. (Used of persons.)
"Wives beggar husbands, husbands starve their wives."
Cowper : Task, bk. ii.
II. Figuraiivchj :
1. To impoverish. (Used of an exchequer
or of finances. )
"... her merchants were to l3e undersold, her
customers decoyed away, her exchequer beggared." —
Maeaulau: Eist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
2. To deprive. (Followed by o/.)
" Necessity, of matter beggar'd,
"Will nothing stick our persou to arraign
In ear and ear." Shiikesp. : HamleC, iv. 5.
3. To exhaust ; to tax to the utmost the
power of.
"It beggar'd all description,"
Shakesjj. : Antony & Cleopatra, ii. 2.
beggar-my-neighbour, s. A game at
cards, either the same' with, or very like that
of Catch-honours. {Jamieson, <&c.) {Eng. <£.■
Scotch.)
beg'-gared, pa. par. & a. [Beggar, v.'\
' ' Big Mars seems bankrupt iu their beggared host. "
ShaKesp. : JJen. V., iv, 2.
beg'-gar-mg, * beg'-ger-mg, pr. par. &
a. [Beggar, v.]
beg'-gar-li-ness, * beg'-ger-ly-nesse, s.
[Eng. beggarly; -ness.] The quality of being
beggarly ; meanness.
"They went about to hinder the journey, by railing
on the beggarliness of it, and discrediting of it," —
Lord }Vimbledon to the Duke of Buckingham,. Cabala
(1654), p. 136. (Todd.)
beg'-gar-ly, * beg'-ger-ly, * beg'-ger-
lye, a. & adv. [Eng, beggar ; -ly.l
A. As adjective :
1. Of persons : Like a beggar, poor-looking,
mean.
"Who, that beheld such a bankrupt beggarly fellow
as Cromwell entering the parliament house with a
threailbare, torn cloak, and greasy hat, could have
suspected that he should, by the murder of one king
and the banishment of another, ascend the throne?"—
South.
2. Of things : Suitable for a beggar ; like
that of a beggar ; mean, contemptible.
"As children multiplied and grew, the household
of the priest became more and more beggarly."—
J/acaulay : Ui^f. Eng , ch. iii.
B. ..4s adoerb : In a manner suitable to a
beggar; meanly, indigently. (In a literal or
iua figurative sense.)
" Touching God himself, hath he revealed that it is
his delight to dwell beffgurly t And that he taketh no
pleasure to be woi-shipped, saving only in poor cot-
titgea ? " — Hooker.
beg'-gar-y, * beg'-ger-y, ^ beg'-ger-ye,
s. [Eng. beggar ; -y. ]
1. Of persons : The state or condition of an
habitual beggar ; indigence.
"Gaunt Beggary, and Scorn."
Thmnson ; Castle of Indolence, ii. 76.
2. Of things: Poverty; indigence.
"There's beggar;/ in the love that can be reckon'd,"
tihakesp. : Antony d Cleopatra, i. 1.
begged, * beg'-gede, pa. par. & a. [Beg.]
* beg'-gild, s. [O. Eng. beggen = to beg ; fern.
ending -ild.] A beggar.
" Hit is beggilde rLhte uorte beren bagge on bac."—
Ancren Riwle, p. 168.
beg'-ging, * beg'-gy hge, pr. par., «., & s.
[Beg, v.]
A. <Se B. As present jxtrtlc'rple & pnrtlc-ipial
adjective : In senses correspunding to those of
the verb.
^ Begging Friar {Ch. Hist.): A friar who,
having taken a vow of poverty, supported
himself by begging. [Mexdicaxt Orders.]
"The songs of minstrels and the tales of begging
tr\a.Ts."—Maca.ulay : Illst. Eng., ch. xvi.
C. As substantive:
1. The act of begging for, or soliciting any-
thing. Spec., the act of soliciting alms.
"1 Fish. No, friend, cannot you beg? Here'sthemin
our country of Greece gets more with beggivg timn we
can do with working."— .S'ftatesjo. ; Pericles, li. 1.
2. Logic: The act of assuming wliat is not
conceded, as in the phrase "a begging of Che
question."
beg'-gihg-ly, aelv. [Eng. begging"; -ly.] Like
a beggar ; as a beggar would do.
" Even my bonnet — how beggingly she looks at
that."— J/isi mtford: Our Village, i. 51. {X.E.D.)
"^ beg'-ging-ness, s [Eng. begging; -ness.'\
Xet'dipess, beggary.
" Ther shal come to thee . . . thi beggingnease as a
manarmyd."- (VV/c/i^ti [Prov. xxiv. 3-lJ.
Beg"- hards. Beg'- uards. Bog- ards,
s. pi. [Low Lat. beghardus, begehonln.^ bcgi-
ardus, from Lambert Bkgue, who appears to
have been the founder of some religious lay
brotherhoods in the twelfth century.]
Church History :
1. Certain religious people who associated
themselves into a kind of mona.stic lodging-
house under a chief, whilst they were un-
married, retiring when they pleaserl. As they
often supported themselves by weaving, tliey
were sometimes called " Brrithor Weavers.''
They first attracted notice in the Xetherlands
in the thirteenth century. They were estab-
lished at Antwerp in 1228, and adopted the
third rule of Bi. Francis in 1290. {Mosheim.)
2. The body described under 1 seems to
have lingered in diminishing numbers till the
seventeenth cent., when they were absorbed
by the " tertiaries " of the Frarjciscans. By
t|ie third rule of St. Francis, those might
have a certain loose connection with this
order, who, without forsaking their worldly
business, or forbearing to marry, yet dressed
poorly, were continent, prayerful, and grave
in manners.
3. Used loosely as an abusive epithet for
the Albigenses, Waldenses, &c.
* be-ghost', v.t. [Pref. be-, and Eng. ghost.'l
1. To make a ghost of.
2. To endow with a spirit or soul. {X.E.B.')
be-gilt', a. [Eng. be; gilt] Gilded over.
" Six maids attending on her, attired with buckram
bridelaces begilt, . . ."—D. Jonson : Underwoods.
be-gin', * be-gin'ne, * bi-gyn'ne, v.i. & t.
[A.S. beginnan (pret. began, pa. par. hegunnen),
aginnan, onginnan, ingiagan, onginnan, on-
gynnan; from a, an, in, or on, and gynnan =
to begin; O. S. & 0. H. Ger. hr.jlnnan; Sw.
begynna; Dan. begynde ; But. & Ger. heginnen;
Lat. gigno = to bring forth ; Gr. -yiyi/o/xat
{gignoTimi), and yivm {gem); from the root
gen, Sanse. gan=tQ be born, and gdganwA
= to beget, or to bring forth.]
A. Transiti'oe:
1. To commence action; to pass from in-
action to action.
X "■-^- v y^t'Llleyebretheren and sisterenof visfra-
temite shul kepen and hegynnen her deuociouii on ve
euen ni ye feste of ye Triuitee, . . ."—Eng. Gilds (Ear.
Eng. Text Soc ), p, 25.
2. To trace the first ground, element or
existence of anything.
"The apostle bcgiijs our knowledge in the creatures,
which leads us to the knowledge of Gud,"— iocfce,
B. Intransitive :
1. To come into being, or commence or
enter on any particular state uf existence,
(a) To come into b^-ing. (Used of persons
or things.)
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot»
or. wore. wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, 06 = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
beginne— begrave
479
" E»"e the baae laws of servitude began,
When wild in wuods the noble savage ran." ,
pr//den.
(6) To commence or enter on any particular
state of existence ; to commence, to arise.
"All began.
All ends, in love of God and love of man." — Pope.
2. To commence any action or coixrse of
action ; to take the first step from non-action
to action ; to do the first act, or iiart of an act.
" Then they began at the ancient men which were
before the house. '—£zi-k. ix. 6,
TJ Begin is often followed half-transitively
hy an infinitive.
" Now and then a sigh he stola,
And tciira began to flow." Drijden.
T[ To begin with : To commence with ; to
select any paiticulai' person or tiling as the
first of a series.
" A. lesson which req^iiires so much time to learn, had
need be early began with,"— Go-ycr/(. of Ote Tongue.
t Crahb thus distinguishes the verbs to
'begin, to commence, and to mter ^i-pon :— "Begin
and commence are so strictly allied in signifi-
cation, that it is not easy to discover the
difference in their application, although a
minute difference does exist. Tolyef/ia respects
the order of time ; to cotnimnce, tlie exertion
of setting about a thing. Begin is opposed to
end : co-mmence, to complete : a person begins a
thing with a view to ending it ; he commences
with the view of completing it. To begin is
either transitive or intransitive ; to commence
is mo.stly transitive : a speaker begins by
apologising ; he commences his speech with
an apology. To begin is used either for things
or persons ; to commence, for iiersoiis only ;
all things have their beginning; in order to
effect anything we must make a. cammc nee meni.
Begiyiis more colloquial than commence: thus
we say, to begin the work, to commence opera-
tions. To commence and enter vpon are as
closely allied in sense as the former words ;
they differ principally in application : to covi-
■mence seems rather to denote the making an
experiment ; to enter upon, that of first doing
what has not been tried before ■. we commence
an undei'taking ; we enter -upon an employ-
ment." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* be-gin'ne, s. [From begin, "V. 1 Beginning.
"Let no whit thee dismay
The hard beginno that meets thee in the dore."
Spemcr ■ F. Q., III. iii 21.
be-gin'-ner, s. [Eng. begin; -er. In Dut
beginner; Sw. begynnare ; Dan. begynder.]
1. One who originates anything ; one who is
the first to do anything.
"tSocrates maketh Ignatius, the Bishop of AntioL'h,
2. One whose study of a science or practice
of an art has just commenced ; one inexperi-
enced in what he is doing or professing to do ;
a young learner or practitioner.
" Our choir wc jU'. scarcely be excused.
Even aa a baud of saw beginners."
Byron: Boars of Idleness ; Oranta.
toe-gin'-nmg, pr. par., a., & s. [Begin.]
A. & B. As pr. 2Xtr. & p"rtlcipial wlj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C, As substantive :
I. The act of commencing to do.
" This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of
Galilee." — John ii. 11.
II. The state of commencing to be.
" Youth, what man's age is like to be, doth show ;
We may our end by our beginning know."
Denhain.
III. The commencement or cause of any-
thing.
1. The time or date of the commencement
of anything.
(a) The moment in bygone time in which
the heavens and the earth — i.e. the matericnl
universe— came intu existence at the fiat of the
Creator.
? God created the heaven and the
(6) From everlasting, from eteraitj'.
" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was
with God, and the Word was God." — John i. 1.
2. The first part of anything.
" The causes and designs of an action are the begin-
ning ; the effects of these causes, and the difficulties
that are met with in the execution of these designs,
are tlie middle ; and the unravelling and resolution of
these difficulties are the ei\d."— Broome,
3. That which causes anything.
"Wherever we place the bcr/iiniina of motion,
whether from the head or the heart, the body moves
and acts by a consent of all its parts."— Swf/i.
4. That from which anything grows or de-
" The miderstandine is passive ; and whether or not
it will have these beginnings and materials of kniw-
ledge, is not in its own power,"— iocfte.
be-gin'-ning-less, a. [Eng. beginning; -less.]
Without a beginning.
" Melchisedeck, in a typical or mystical way, was
beginninglets, and endless in his existence."— ^(irroic .-
Serm. ii. 307.
be-gird', f be-girt' (pret. & pa. par. begirt,
bcgirded), v.t. [X.H. hegyrdan, begredan = {V)
to begird, to surround, (2) to clothe, (3) to
defend, to fortify; Ger. begilrten; Goth, be-
gairdan.}
I. Literally : To encircle with a girdle ; to
place a literal girdle round the body or any-
thing eJse.
II. Figuratively : To encii'cle with anything
else than an aerial girdle.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"And, LentuluB, begirt you Pompey's house."
B. Jonson : Catiline, iii. 8.
2, Spec. : To encircle with hostile works
with the view of besieging.
" It was so closely begirt before the king's march
into the west, that the council humbly desii-ed his
majesty that he would relieve it." — Clarendon.
be-gird-ed, be-girt', pa. par. &a. [Begird.]
be-gird'-ing, * be-girt'-ing, pr. par. & a.
[Begird.]
" He describes them as begirting the hair-bulbs." —
Todd and Bowman : Physiol. Anat., vul. i., p. 407.
be-girt' (1), V. [Begird.]
be-girt' (2), pa. par. & a. [Begirded.]
beg'-ler-beg, beg'-U-er-bey, s. [Turk. =
lord of lords.] [Beg.]
In Turkey : A title for a provincial governor,
next in dignity beneath the Grand Vizier. He
has under him several begs, agas, &c.
beg'-ler-beg-lik, s. [Turkish .]
In Turkey : The province ruled over by a
beglerbeg (q.v.).
beg'-li-er-bey, s. [Beglerbeg.]
be-gl6'om, v.t. [Eng. pref. be; gloom.] To
cast gloom over ; to render gloomy.
" I should rather eudeavouf to support your mind,
than bcgloom it with my own melancholy."— flarfcoffc
to Br. White (17B7). Statement of Br. White's Obliga-
tions, &c., p. B2.
be-gna'w (g silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be ;
gnaiv.] To gnaw (lit. £fig.).
" The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul."
Shakesjy. : Richard III., i. 3.
be-gnaw'ed, pa. par. & a. [Begnaw.]
be-gnaw'-ing» pr. par. [Begnaw.]
^ be-gd', v.t. [A.S. hegangan — to go after, to
perform, to dispatch, to attend, to be near, to
surround, to worship.]
1. To perform, to arcomplish. (S. in Bouclier.)
2. To surround. (S. in Boucher.)
1" Occurs only as past participle and parti-
cipial adjective. [Begone.]
t be-god', v.t. [Eng. be, and god.] To make a
god of, to deify.
t be-god'-ded, pa. par. & adj. [Begod.]
" High-flown perfectionists,— what is yet more exe-
crable, when they are come to the heiglit of their
begodded condition, Ac, cannot sin, do what they will."
—More : Myst. of Godliness, p. 510.
t be-god'-ding, pr. par. [Becod.]
* be-gon'e, * be-gon'ne, * be-go', ^ bi-go',
■* by-go', 2^a. par. & a. [A.S. begangan = to
go after, to perform, to dispatch, to lie near,
to surround, to worship.]
1. Gone far, sunk deep, especially in woe or
in weal ; beset with.
"... is with treasoursofull6ei7o?ie." — Gower : Conf.
Amant; bk. v.
"... so deep was her wo 6e(7onne."
Bom. of tlie Rose.
"He is rich and well b^go."— Gower : Conf. Amant.,
bk. iv.
% It still appears in the word woe-begone
(q.v.).
2. Surrounded.
" The bridles were, for the nones,
Bygo with preciouse st-'ues "
Cliron. of Eng. in Ritson's Romances. (S. in Boucher )
be-gon'e,
and past ^.
gone, go, go
" Begone I nor dare the hallowed stream to stain.
She fled, for ever banish 'd from the train.
AaaisoTi.
be-go'-ni-a, s. [Named after Michael Begon,
a Frenchman born in 1638, who promoted
botany.]
Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
the order Begoniacete (Begoniads). [Begonj-
ace^.] Several species are cultivated in
greenhouses, in flower-pots, in houses, and in
similar situations.
be-g6-m-^a'-9e-£e (Latin), be-go '-ni-ad§i
(Eng.), s. pi. [Begonia.]
Bot. : An order of plants, classed by Lindley
under his XXlVth or Cucurbital alliance.
The flowers are unisexual. The sepals supe-
rior, coloured ; in the males four, two being
within the others and smaller tlian them ; in
the females five, two being smaller than the
rest. The stamina are indefinite ; the ovary is
inferior, winged, three-celled, with three double
polyspermous placentae in the axis. The fruit
is membranous, three-celled, with an inde-
finite number of minute seeds. The flowers,
which are in cymes, are pink ; the leaves are
alternate, and toothed with scarious stipules.
Genera, 2; species 15Q(Lindley, 1847). Locali-
ties, the East and "West Indies, &c. [Begonia.]
a. [Bego, v., and
intcrj. [Imperative of verb to br,
participle of go.] Bfi^mie, get yuu
go away, depart, quit my }iresence !
* be-gon'ne, pa. par.
Begone.]
t be-go're, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and goi-e.] Oc-
curs only in past X)ar. begored = besmeared
with gore.
" Besides, ten thousand monsters foule abhor'd
Did wait about it, gapmg griesly, all begor'd "
tipenser : F. Q., IV. xi, 3.
be-got', be-got'-ten, pa. par., «., & s.
[Beget.]
1. Lit. : Generated, produced.
" Found that the issue was not his begot."
Shakesp. : Richard III., iii 5.
"... the only begotten Son of God." — John iii. 18.
2. Script. : To be the Divine cause or the
human instrument in producing regeneration
within a sinful soul.
" We know that whosoever is bom of God sinneth
not ; but he that is begotten of God keepeth himself,
and that wicked one toucheth him not."— 1 Johnv. 16.
"... my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in
my bonds." — Philemon 10.
3. Script. Of God : To stand to the eternal
"Son of God" in such a mysterious relation
as to warrant the latter to be called " the only
begotten Son of God."
" For God so loved the world, that he gave his only
begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should
not perish, hut have everlasting life." — Johti iii. 16.
be-gou'k, be-g^Jwlc, s. [Eng. pref. be, and
Scotch gowk, gawk = a fool.] The act of
jilting or making a fool of.
" If he has gi'en you the begowk, lat him gang, my
woman; ye'll get anither an' a hetter."~-fiaxon and
Gael., ii, 32. (Jamieson.)
be-gou'th, be-gou'de, pret. of verb Begin.
Began. (ScotchJ
" The West Kynryk hegouth to rys,
As the East begovth to fayle."
Wj/ntown, Prol. 27. (Jamieson.)'
* be-gra'9e, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and grace.]
To address by the title of " Your grace."
(Sir T. More : Works.)
*^ be-gra'9ed, pa. par. & a. [Begeace.]
" begrauin, pa. -par. [Begraved.]
*be-gra've (1), v.t. [A.S. begrafan, bigrafan.\
In Dut. begraven ; Ger. begraben = to begrave ;
b6ll, b^; poiit, jtfwl; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b9l, d$l.
480
begrave— behaving
Goth. higral)an = to dig up.] To commit to
the grave, to bury.
*' Thftt he wald auffir to be caryit from thence
Tliay corpia dede, . . .
To suiSr thaiiie besramn for to be."
Doug. ; Virgil, 363, 48.
''' be-gra've (2), v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and grave,
v.t. & pa. par. begrave.] To grave, to engrave.
" I He] stood upon a foote on highte
Of bonied golde ; and with great sleight
Of workmanship it was begnn'c"
Uowcr : Conf. Am., bk. L
* be-gra'ved, be-grav'-en, ^ begrauin,
2ia. 2^0.'^- & <^- [Begrave (1).]
* be-gra'v-inK, pr. par. & a. [Begrave (1).]
be-gre'ase, v.t. [Eng. pref. he, and grease]
To cover with grease. (Minsheu.)
be-gre'ased, pa. par. & a. [Begrease.]
be-gre'as-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Begrease.]
*be-gre'de (pret. be-grad'de), v.t [Eng.
& A.H. pref. be, and A.S. gnedan ; O. Eng. grede
— to say, to cry, to call.] To cry out against.
" The fughelea that the er begradde."
Hale atul JfigfUtngale, 1,132. (S. in BoucJier.)
* be-gret'te, pa. par. [A.S. gretan = (l) to
go. to meet, to approach ; (2) to greet, to
salute ; (3) to touch.] Saluted.
" The teris lete he fall, and tendirly
With hertlie lufe begrette hir thus in hy."
Doug. ; Virgil, 1~9, 44.
be-gri'me, v.t, [Eng. pref. he, and grime.'] To
soil with soot, the black material which ad-
heres to the outside of pots and pans, or anj'-
thing similar.
"... bands of dragoons, spent with running and
riding, and begrimed with dust." — Macaulay : Hist
£ng., ch, xvi.
be-gri'med, pa. par. & a. [Begrime.]
be-gri'm-ing, pr. par. & a. [Begrime.]
be-grudg'e, v.t. [Eng. pref he, and grudge.]
To grudge.
"None will have cause to btgrudge the beauty or
heiglitof corner-atones . ."—Standard of Equality, §25.
be-griidg'ed, pa. par. & a. [Begrudge.]
be-grudg'-iug, pr. par. [Begrudge.]
* be-grut'-ten, «,. [Sw. hegrdta = to weep
for, to deplore.] Having the face disfigured
with weeping. (Jamiesoii.)
be-gui le» ^ be-gi le, * bi-gy le, * by gyle,
v.t. [Eng. be, guile. O. Er. guiler=to de-
ceive.]
1. To deceive by means of guileful conduct
or words.
"^ 1. To cover up with guile ; guilefully to
hide.
"So beguil'd
With outward houesty."
Shakesp. : Rape of Lucrece.
2. To deceive by means of a false state-
ment.
II. To allure or lure to or from any place,
course of conduct, &c.
(n) To anything.
"And the wouiau said, The serjient beguiled me,
and I did eat." — Gen. in. 13.
(&) From anything.
" Perceives not Lara that his anxious page
Beguiles his charger from the combat's rage."
Byron - Lara, ii. IS.
III. To cause to mistake, to cause to com-
mit an error, without reference to the means
by which this has been brought about.
{Scotch.)
" I thank my God he never beguiled me yet."—
Walker : Jiemark. Passages, p. 10.
" I'm saer heguil'd" is = I have fallen into
a great mistake. (Jamieson.)
IV. To thwart ; to disappoint.
1. To thwart or elude by artifice.
T[ In this sense the object of the verb may
be a person or a thhig.
" Is wretchedness depriv'd that benefit.
To end itaelf by death ? 'Tia yet some comfort,
Wheu misery could beguile the tyrant's rage."
Sha/cesp. : Lear, iv. 6.
2. To disappoint.
" The Lord Abojii comes to the road of Aberdeen
etill looking for the coming of his soldiers, hut he was
beguiled."— Spalding, i. 165. {Jamieson.)
V. To remove tedium or weariness ; to
give pleasing amusement to the mind, and
so make time slip pleasantly awaJ^
" Nought, without thee, my weary soul beguiles."
Hemans: Sonnet, 171.
be-g1li'le, s. [From hi-guilc, v. (q.v.).] A
deception, a trick ; "the slip;" a disappoint-
ment
" Ere I came back, and well I wat short while.
Was I a coming, I gets the beguile,
Nae thing I finds, . . ."
Jioss: Helenore, p. 70. [Jainieson.)
te-guiled» * be-guyld, pa. jjar. & a. [Be-
guile.]
bs-guile-ment, s. [Eng. hegniJement.) The
act of beguiling ; the state of being beguiled ;
that which beguiles.
be-guil-er, * be-gil'-er, s. [Eng. beguile,
■er.] One who beguiles ; an allurer, a deceiver,
a cheat.
" To-day a beguiler, to-morrow beguiled."
fVodroephe : Fr. dc £ng. 6r. (162a), p. 476.
be-guil'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Beguile, v.]
A. As present participle & participial adj. :
" 'Tis flown— the vision : and the sense
Of that beguiling influence !"
Wordsworth : White Doe of Eylstone, iv.
"R. As substantive: The act of deceiving
people by living or speaking falsehood.
" For further I could say, 7%is man's nntrue.
And knew the patterns uf hia foul beguiling."
Shakesp. •' Lover's Comulahit.
be-guil'-iiig-ly, adv. [Eng. beguiling, -ly.]
In a manner to beguile. {Webster.)
t be-guU'-tied, pa. par. & a. [Beguilti''.]
t be-guil'-ty, v.t. [Pref. he-, and Eng. guilty
(q.v.).] To render guilty.
" Dost at once beguilty thine own conscience with
sordid bribery."— fl/J. Sanderson: Sermons.
t be-guil'-ty-mg, pr. par. [Beguilty.]
beg'-uin, s. [From Fr. beguin, the masculine
form of beguine.] A Beghard. [Beghards.]
beguinage (as beg'-in-azh, or beg-
in-ig),s. [Eng. beguin{e); -age; Fr, beguinage
= a house for beguines (q.v.).'] A coniinunity
of beguines; a religious house for beguines.
In the Low Countries the name is often used
for the quarter of the town in which such a
house is situated.
" The house at Little Gidding bore no resemblance
whatever to a beguinage."— (inarterly Jieview, xxii. D4.
(lY.S.D.)
be-guine', beg'-uine, s. [Fr. beguine, from
Med. Lat. begui)ia, begina = a follower of
Lambert le Begue, the founder.] [Beg-
hards.]
Church History :
1. A name for a member of one of the as-
sociations of praying women which arose in
the Netlierlands in the thirteenth century,
the first being formed at Nivelles, in Brabant,
in A.D. 1226, and spreading rapidly in the
adjoining countries. They were founded by
Lambert le Begue {i.e., Lambert the Stam-
me^pr), a priest of Liege, in tlie twelfth cen-
tury. They used to weave cloth, live together
under a directress, and leave on being married,
or indeed whenever tliey pleased, for they
were bound by no I'ows. They still exist in
some of the Belgian towns, notably at Ghent,
where they are renowned as makers of lace,
though under different rules from those
formerly observed.
" To write at once to the Superior of the B6guines."
— C. Kingsley : i'east, ch. x.
2. A name given also to those members of
the communities described above wlio in the
seventeenth century joined the tertiaries of
St. Francis.
TI Used also attributively : as, a beguine
convent.
"The Beguine convents which they visited." — ir.
M. 2'hacleray : Pendennis, ii,, ch. xix,
"^ be-giiir, v.t. [Pref. he-, and Eng. gull (q.v.).]
To impose upon ; to gull ; to deceive.
be-gum', v.t. [Eng. he, gum.'] To cover or
smear with gum. {Swift.)
be'-guin» s. [Hindustani begum.] A lady,
princess, or woman uf high rank. (Used chiefly
of Mohammedan queens regnant, as the Be-
gum of Bhopal.)
be-giin' {Eng.), * be-giin'-nyn (0. Scotch),
2'>ret. kpa. par. [Begin.]
A. As preterite of begin :
" Those mysteries, that since the world begun
Lay hid in darkness and eternal night."
Sir J. Davies.
B. As past participle of begin :
"Being confident of this very thing, that lie which
hath begun a good work in you will perform it until
the day of Jesus Christ." — Phil. i. C.
t be-gunk', v.t. [Begusk, v.] To cheat, to
deceive. Sp'.'c, to jilt in love.
" Whose sweetheart has begunked him won his heart,
Tlieii left liim all forloin to dree the sniart?"
Village Fair: Blackw. Mag., Jan. is'll, p. iiiu. [Jamieson.)
be-gunk', be-gixi'k, be-ge'ik, s. [Eng. &
Scotch prefix he, and A.S p'.'ac, gmc^={\) a
cucltoo, a gawk, (2) a simpleton.] [Gawk,
Gowk.]
1. Generally: A trick, or illusion, which
exposes one to ridicule.
" Kow Cromwell's gaue to Nick, and ane ca'd Mouk
Has play'd the Rumple a right slee bi'gunk."
Jlamsay's Poems, ii. 88.
2. Specially : The act of jilting one in love.
(Used either of a male or of a female.)
" Our sex are shy, and wi' your leave they think
Wha yields o'er soon fu' aft gets the hcgink."
Morison's Poems, p. 137. (Jamieson.)
■■ be-gun'-nyn, pr. par. The same as Begin-
ning. (Scotch.)
be-giit'-tse, s. [Low Lat., from 0. L. Ger.
and Dut. begutte.] The same as Beguikes
(q.v.).
* be-guyld, pa. par. & oAj, [Beguiled.]
* beh, pa. pa.r. [A. S. heali, pret. of hugan =
to bow, bend, submit, yield.]
" Hire love me lustnede uch word
Aut beh him to me over >x»rd."
Jtitson : Ancient Songs, i. 61, {S. in Boucher.)
be-ha'd, pref. of v. [Behold.] (Scotch.)
* be-hald, to, v.t. [Behold to.]
be-hal'-den, be-had'-den, pa. par. [Be-
holden. ] (Scotch. )
be-half, *be-haire (l silent), s. [Mid.
Eng. behalve, bihalve, found only in the phrase
in, on, or upon behalve, used for on halve,
from A.S. 071 healfe = on the side or part of.
This has been confused with Mid. Eng. behalve,
behalves = near, by the side of.]
1. Favour, advantage, support, or vindica-
tion. (Noting action for the advantage of.)
"For nnto you it is given in the behalf ot Christ,
not only to beiieve on him, but also to suffer for hia
sake."—' P7u7. i. 29.
2. Lieu, stead (noting substitution for).
(Used specially when one appears instead of
another, as an advocate for a client, &;c.)
be-hap'-pen, v.i. [Eng. be, happen.^ To
happen to.
" This is the gre.'itflst shame, and foulest scorn.
Which unto any knight behappen may.
To lose the badge that should bis deeds display."
Spenser : F. Q., V. xi. 52,
be-hap'-pen-iAg, pr. par. [Behappen.]
be-ha've, v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix he, and have;
A.S. hehahhan, hehcehban = (1) to compass, sur-
round, or contain; (2) to restrain, to detain;
Ger. gehahen = (1) to behave, (2) to fare.]
A. Transitive :
■* 1. Not reflexively : To exercise, to employ,
to discipline.
" With auch sober and unnoted passion
He did behave hia anger ere 'twab spent.
As if he had but prov'd an argument,"
Shakesp. : Tiinon, iii. 5,
2. Reflexively : To conduct (one's self), to
comport (one's self).
" Thou hast worthily 6e7Kii'e£Z thyself . . ."—Bunyan:
P. P., pt. iL
B. Intransitive:
1. Of persons : To conduct one's self ; to
comport one's self. (Used in a good or in a
bad sense.)
"Though severely mortified, he behaved like a man
of sense and spirit."— J/acrti'i«.v.- Hist. £ng., ch, xvL
2. Chem. : Of things : To act or appear when
treated in a certain way.
"... I would ask you to observe how the metal
behaves wheu its molecules are thus successively set
itce."—Ty7idaU: Frag, of Science (3rd ed.), iv. 85.
be-lia'V$d, pia. par. [Behave.]
be-bav'-ing, pr. par. [Behave.]
be-hav'-ing (plur. * be-hav-ung-is), ».
Behaviour, manners, deportment. (Scotch.)
" The Scottis began to rise ylk day in esperance of
better fortoun, seyug thairkyng follow the behauyngis
of hia gudschir Galdus. and reddy to reforme al enor-
myteis of his iGa.lm."—BeUend. : Cron., bk. v., ch. 2.
(Jamieson.)
S^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try.
; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
Syrian. £e. ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
behaviour— behind
481
be-ha'-vi-our, t be-ha'-vi-or, ;*. [Eng.
behave; -imLr, or -our.]
A. Ordinary Langiiage :
L Outward deportment ; such conduct as is
visible to the eye ; carriage.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"Aiid he changed his behaviour before them, aaid
feigned himsdf mad in their hands."—! Ham. xxi. V-i.
" In his hehanlour on a field of battle malice itself
could find little to censure."— J/acautotf.- l/isi. Eng.,
ch. xiv.
Tf Shakespeare has hefiaviours in the plural
just as we say manners. (Jul. Cais. , i. 2 ;
AU's Wdl, i. 3.)
2. Specially:
(1) Such outward deportment as is fitted
favourably to impress.
" The beautiful prove accomplished, but not of great
spirit ; and study, for the most part, — *^— '-'■—'-..-
than virtue.' -.Bactm,
i, rather be7iauiour
(2) Gesture, posture, attitude, specially of a
graceful kind.
"He marked, in Dora's dancing, good grace and
handsome fieAanioiw." — Sidney.
" . the gesture of constancy beoometh us best in
the one, in the other the behaviou,r of humility."—
Sooker.
+ 11. Conduct, including what is within the
heart and unseen, no less than what is visible.
"To him who hath a prospect of the state that at-
tends men after this life, depending on their beha-
viour here, the measures of good and evil are changed."
—Locke.
% (a) To be on otip's beMviour : To be so
situated that one is likely to suffer consider-
ably if, following the natural bent of his in-
clinations, he behave ill.
*' Tyrants themselves are upon tTieir behaviour to a
fluperiour ■po7ieT."—L' Estrange.
(6) To hold an office on one's good behaviour :
To hold an office while one's behaviour con-
tinues good.
B. Technically :
1. Scots Law (of persons). Behaviour as
heir (gestio pro hcerede): Procedure as if one
were the admitted heir of an estate. If on the
death of a landed or other proprietor, the son,
or the person entitled to claim to be his heir,
forbear to do this in any formal way, but at
the same time quietly assume the privileges
of heirship, as, for instance, by drawing rents
from the tenantry, his " behaviour," as if he
were "heir," makes him liable for the obliga-
tions of the previous possessor. Having in-
formally assumed possession of his assets, he
cannot repudiate his debts.
2. Chem. (of things) : Appearance presented
in certain specified circumstances.
" When the behavior of a substance containing a
sulphide or arsenic is to be ascertained b^ heating
with borax." — Plattner : Use qf the Blowpipe (Miis-
pratt's ed., 1850), p. 60.
Tf Crabb thus distinguishes between the
words behavimir, conduct, carriage, deportment,
and demeanour: — " Behaviour respects corpo-
real or mental actions ; conduct, mental ac-
tions ; carriage, deportment, and demeanour are
different species of behaviour." " Behai^iour
respects all actions exposed to the uotice of
others ; conduct, the general line of a person's
moral proceedings : we speak of a person's
behai'iour at table or in company, in a ball-
room, in the street, or in public ; of his
conduct in the management of his jirivat*
concerns, in the direction of his family, or
in his different relations with his fellow-
creatures. Beluiviour applies to the minor
morals of society ; conduct, to those of the
fu-st moment: in our intercourse with others
we may adopt a civil or polite, a rude or bois-
terous, heJiaoiour ; in our serious transactions
we may adopt a peaceable, discreet, or prudent,
a rash, dangerous, or mischievous conduct. A
behaviour is good or bad ; a conduct is wise
Or foolish." "Carriage respects simply the
manner of carrying the body ; deportment in-
cludes both the action and the carriage of the
body in performing tlie action ; demeanour
respects only the moral character or tendency
of the action ; deportment is said only of those
exterior actions that have an immediate refer-
ence to others : dem£anmir, of the general
behaviour as it relates to the circumstances
and situation of the individual : the carriage
is that part of 6e/uzvioi(r which is of the first
importance to attend to in young persons."
(Crabb : Eng. Sytion.)
be-head', u(. [A.S. beheafdian.l
1. JAt. : To deprive of the head, to decapi-
tate, to decollate. (Used of men, rarely of
animals.)
' ■ But when Herod heard thereof, he said. It is John
whom I beheaded."— Mark vi. 16.
"... the heifer that is beheaded in the valley."—
Deut. xxi. 6.
2. Fig. : To destroy.
" . the first that with us made way to repair the
decays thereof by beheading Huperatition, was Kmg
Henry the Eighth-"— footer; Eccl. Pol, bk. iv., ch.
xiv., g 7.
be-head'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Behead.]
be-head'-iilgjpr. par., u.., & s. [Behead.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and participial adj. :
In seuses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As subst. ('A.S. beheafdung): The act of
beheading ; the" state of being belieaded ; a
kind of capital punishment in which the head
is severed from the body by the stroke of some
sharp instrument. The Romans inflicted it,
at an earlier period, by an axe, or subsequently
hy a sword ; the English by an axe, the Scotch
by an instrument called a "maiden," the
French by the guillotine. It has generally
heen regarded as a more honourable method
of death than that by hanging, and in England
was reserved to the nobility.
" His belieading he underwent with all Christian
magnanimity. " — Clarendon.
*be-becht' (ch guttural), v.t [A.S. behatan
= to vow, to promise; &e?ia< = a promise.]
To promise. (Scotch.) [Behight (3).]
" Dido heyrat comouit I you behecht.
For hir departing foUowschip redy made."
Douglas: Virgil, 2i, 25. [JamiesoTu)
* be-hecht' (ch guttural), be-hS'te, s. [From
behecht, v.] Promise, behest. (Scotch.)
" Now ye haue experience how facill the Britonia
bene to moue new tnibill, so full of wyndis and vane
behechti8."—Bellend. : Cron., bk. viii., ch. 6.
* be-bel', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and hel = hell.]
To torture as with the pains of hell.
" Satan, Death, and Hell, were his inveterate foea,
that either drew him to iierdition, or did behel and
wrack him with the expectation of them." — Hewyt:
Serm. (1658), p. 72.
be-beld', pa. par. & pret. [Behold, v.t.]
"And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of
Joses beheld where ne was laid."— Mark xv. 47.
be'-bS-moth, s. [InGer.,&c.,6e7iewM)(A.. From
neb. nion? (heUmoth), (1) the plural of npn;i
{beMmah) = beasts, specially the domestic
quadrupeds, but also wild beasts ; from
obsolete root DHl (baham) = to shut, to be
dumb. In this latter case the plural form is
the ' ' plural of excellence or majesty" (Plural),
unless indeed the opinion of Jablonski be cor-
rect, that there is in the old Coptic (Egyptian)
language a word pehemout = water-ox, which
could easily be transformed into the Heb. be-
hemeth. Compare also Arab, bahaym = beasts,
brutes, wild beasts, bahimat = a quadruped,
an animal wild or tame.] The animal de-
scribed in Job xl. 15 — 24. It is probably the
hippopotamus, which in the time of Job
seems to have been found in the Nile below
the cataracts, though now it is said to occur
only above them. A second opinion enter-
tained is that Joh's behemoth was the ele-
phant ; whilst a few scholars make the less
probable conjecture that it was the rhinoceros.
" Behold uDw beTiemoth, which I made with thee ; he
eateth grass as au ox."~Job xl. 16.
be'-hen, bek'-en, ben, s. [Said to be cor-
rupt Arabic] A name given to several
plants.
3. Site?iei«.^to, formerly called SileneBehen,
and Cucubalus Belien, a cary ophyllaceous plant .
2. Serratula Behen, a composite one., [See
also Behenic Acid.]
be-hen'-ic ag'-id, ben'-i9 a9'-id, s
[From behen (q.v.).] A monatomic fatty
acid, C21.H43.CO.OH, obtained by the saponi-
fication of oil of ben, wliieh is expressed from
the fruits of MoHnga Niix Behen. It is a
white crystalline fat, and melts at 76°.
be-hest', * be-best'e, ^ beheast, 5. [In
A.S. behois = a self-command, a vow, a pro-
mise ; Ger. geheiss = bidding, command. ]
[Hest.]
* 1. A promise.
" As he caused Moiaes to conuayhis whole people oat
of Egypt . . . into the land of beheste." — Sir T. More's
Works, {S. in Boucfier.)
2, A command, a precept, a mandate.
"... let every nation hear
The high behest, and every heart obey."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. ix.
* be-iie'te, v. t. [Behight.]
* be-hete', s. [Behecht.] (Scotch.)
*be-bewe' (hewe as bu), v.t. [Eng. be;
hue. ] To render of a ceitain hue.
"For it was all of golde behewe."
Chaucer: Bouse of Fame.
* be-hi'ght, * be-hi'ghte, * be-hi'te', * be-
h&'te, * by hi'ghte, * by-beet, ^ by-het,
*be-hd'te, *be-hd'-t3rn (pret. *behote,
*behot, '*byliote, pa. par. * behight, *beMghte,
* behighten), v.t. [A.S. behatan = to promise,
vow, bid, or ordw.]
1. To promise, vow.
" And for his paines a whistle him fteftiffW."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. xl- «■
" Theruor ych byhote God that ..."
It. Gloucester, p. 322. {mdhardson.)
2. To give ; to carry out a promise ; to bestow,
(a) To entrust, to commit.
" That most glorious house that glist'reth bright,—
Whereof the keys are to thy hand behight
By wise Fidelia." SpeTuer : F. Q.. I. x. 50.
(&) To adjudge.
" There it was judged, by those worthy wights,
That Satyrane the first day best had donne :—
The second was to Triamond behight."
Spenser: F. Q., IV. v. 7.
3. To inform, to assure.
" In right ill array
She was, with storm and heat, I you behiglit."
Chaucer: Flower and Leaf.
f Promise is still used in this sense (sec
Behecht, v.).
4. To mean, to intend.
" The author's meaning should of right be heard,
He knoweth beat to what end he enditeth :
Wordssometime bear more than the heart behiteth.
Mirror for Magistrates, p. 461.
5. To reckon, to esteem.
" A knight much better than thyself behight."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. i. 44.
6. To call, to name, to denominate, to ad-
dress as. [Hight.]
" Whan soone as he beheld he knew, and thus behight.''
JMd., V. iv. 25.
7. To ordain, to command, to declare the
will of.
" It fortuned (as heavens had behight),
That in this gardin . . ."
Spenser: Muiopotmos.
"be-hi'ght (gh mute), s. [From behight, v.]
A promise.
* be-hi'ght, * be-hi'ghte, * be-hi'gbt-en
(gh silent), pa. par. [Behight, v.]
"At last him turning to his charge behight."
Spenser: F. Q., 11. viii. 9.
be-hind, ^ be-bi'nd'e. * be-hy'nde,
^ bybynde, * bi hynde, prep. & adv.
[A.S. behindan; be, and hindan = behind.]
[Hind.]
A. As preposition :
L Literally:
1. In pkice :
(1) Of persons:
(a) At one's back. (Used whether the person
or thing behind one is quite near or at a
greater distance.)
"... it is a present sent unto my lord Esau : and,
behold, also be [Jacob] is behind us. — Oen. xxxiL 18.
(&) Towards one's back.
"... the Benjamites looked behind them." — Judff.
XX. 40.
(2) Of things: On the other side of some-
thing, as reckoned from the place where the
speaker stands, or from what is the natural
front of that thing.
" From light retir'd, behind his daughter's bed.
He for approaching sleep compoa'd hia head."
Dryden.: Sigismonda & Guiscardo, 207.
2. In time :
(a) Remaining after the death or departure
of the j)ossessor.
" What he gave me to publish was hut a small part
of what he left behind hiiu."~Pope.
(b) Of an effect remaining after the cause is
gone.
" Piety and virtue are not only delightful for the
present, hut they leave peace and contentment behind
them." — TiUotson.
II. Figuratively :
1. In place : Used in one or more phrases.
Behind the back (Scripture) :
(a) Away, in contempt.
". . and cast thy law fteftind their backs."— J^eh.
ii. 26.
(6) In intentional forgetfulness.
2. In dignity : Inferior to in worth, position,
or dignity.
bSil, b6y; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian — Shan, -cion, -tion, -sion ~ shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
31
482
behindback— beien
B, As adverb :
I. Literally (in 2^1(106, and thence, in time) :
1. In 'place : Implying (a) position, or (6)
motion,
(a) At the rear or back of one.
(&) To the rear or back of one, as to " look
'behind."
2. In time :
(a) After one's departure ; at a distance
back ; in time.
"... the brook Beaor, where those that were left
behijid stayed."— 1 Sam. xxx. 9.
(6) Inferior in point of rapidity.
"Such ia the swiftness of your mind,
That, like the earth's, it leaves our sense behind."
Dry den.
(c) Future, remaining to be done or suffered,
also simply remaining.
U.
1. After something else has been taken
away or considered latent, which has not yet
attracted notice.
" We cannot be sure that we have all the particulars
before us ; and that there is no evidence behind, and
yet xrnseen, that may cast the probability on the other
aide."— jtocfte.
2. Deficient in means, behindhand in money
matters, unable to meet one's obligations.
3. Negligent about requiting benefits or
meeting obligations ; behindhand. (Followed
by with or in.) (Scotch.)
" He wag never behind with any that put their trust
in him ; and he will not be in oui common." — Walker:
Life <(/■ Pcden, p. 38, {Jamieson.)
Tf In this and the previous case the word
has apparently an adjectival use equivalent to
b^indhand.
be-hind'-back, be-hind -backs, a. &
adv. [Eng. behind; back.] Literally, at the
back of one ; or Jig., underhand, deceitful.
be-hind'-liand, a. & adv. [Eng. behind;
hand.]
A, As ad,j. : Dilatory, tardy, backward.
" Interpreters
Of my beltindhand slackness 1"
Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, v. 1.
B. As adverb (but in some cases used with
almost adjectival force) :
1. Spec. : Financially in arrears, not able to
make one's payments at the proper time, or,
in colloquial language, to make both ends
meet.
" Your trade would suffer, if your being behindhand
has made the natural use so hign.that your tradesman
cannot live upon his labour," — Locke.
2. Gen. : Not so far advanced in action,
work, development, or anything, as might be
expected from one's promises or admitted
obligations, the progress made in similar
circumstances by others, or from the course
of nature.
". . . and all Joined in the chorus of the seamen's
songs, but the manner in which they were invariably
a little behindhand was quite ludicrous."— i)arwin :
Voyage round the World, ch, x,
TJ In this sense it is sometimes followed by
'loith, and sometimes by in.
" Consider whether it is not better to be a half year
behindhand vnth the fashionable part of the world,
than to strain beyond his circumstances."— Speciafor.
* be-hitG, v.t. [Behight.]
* be-hitb'-er, prep. [Eng. prefix be — by, be-
side, and hither.}
3. On this side.
"The Italian at this day by like arrogance calleth
the Frenchman, Spaniard, Dutch, English, and all
other breed behither their mouutaines Appenines,
Tramontani, as who should say barbarous," — Putten-
ham: Art of Engl. Poesie, p. 210. (Nares.)
2. Excei>t.
" I have not any one thing, behither vice, that hath
occasioned so much contempt of the clergie, aa un-
willingness to take or keep a poor living." — Oley :
Pref. to Uerbert's C. Parson, A. 11 b. {Nares.}
be-bold', * be-hold'e, * be-huld'e, * bi-
hold'e, "^ bihulde (Eng.) be-b^'d^ be-
taald', (Scotch) (pret. belidd, * biheld; pa. par.
beheld, beholden, * biheld), v.t. & i. [A.S. be-
healden = (1) to behold, to see, to look on,
(2) to observe, to consider, to beware, to re-
gard, to mind, to take heed, to mean, to
signify {Bosworth); from be, and healden = to
hold ; Dan. behoMe = to keej), to hold ; Ger.
behalten =. to retain, to keep ; Dut. behonden
= to keep, preserve, save ; gehonden =
obliged, bound. So the Latin -ohservo and
tueor combine the significations of to see, to
observe, and to keejj.]
A. Transitim :
I. Litercdly : To fix the eyes upon, to turn
the sight to, to observe keenly or stedfastly.
"Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself :
handle me and see . . ." — Ziwfce xxiv. 39.
II. Figuratively :
1. Not merely to look at. but to do so with
faith.
" . , , T said, Beliold me, behold me, unto a nation
that was not called by my name." — laa. Ixv, L
2. To permit. (Scotch. )
" They desired him out of love{withoutaiiy warrant)
that he would be pleased to behold them to go on . . ,"
— Spalding, i. 117. (Jamieson.)
3. To take no notice of, (Scotch.)
" The bishop in plain terms gave him the lie. Lome
said this lie was given to the lords, not to him, and
beheldhim." — Spalding, i. 56, (Jamieson.)
4. To view with an eye of watchfulness,
scrutiny, or jealousy. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
B. [From A.S. belmld, belialden = beholden
in the sense of being bound.] To warrant, to
guarantee, to become bound (traiis. £ intrans.).
" I'll behad he'll do it." — Jamieson,
1. To fix the eyes upon an object, to gaze,
or simply to look.
"And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne
. , . stood a Lamb aa it had been slain," — Rev. v. 6.
2. To turn the attention to anything unseen
by the bodily eye but visible to the mind.
"And I beTield, and I heard the voice of many
angels , . ." — Jiev. v li.
3. To have respect to, to view with favoui'
or partiality. (Scotch.)
" Satumus douchter Juno, that full bald is,
Towart the partye aduersare behaldis."
Dong.; Virgil, Sil, 5. (Jamieson.)
4. To wait, to delay ; to look on for awhile.
(Scotch.)
" 'The match is feer for feer,*
'That's true,' quo' she, 'but we'll beliad a wee.
She's but a tangle, tho* shot out she be. ' "
Ross: Helenore, p. 21, (Jamieson.)
If In the imperative behold is used almost
as an interjection, meaning See, lo ! It is used
specially to call attention to an important
announcement immediately to follow it.
"And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee." —
Jer. xxviii. 15.
be-bold'-en (Eng.), be-hald'-en, be-had-
den (Scotch), pa. par. [The past participle of
behold. SpecialiyfromDut, gehouden^ obliged,
bound.] [Behold.] Obliged to, indebted to,
under obligation of gratitude to. (Followed
by to of a person or thing conferring the
benefit.)
" Little are we beholden to your love."
Shakesp. : Jiichard If., iv. l.
* be-hold'-en-ness, o. [Eng. beholden; -ness.\
Obligation. [Beholdingness. ]
"... to acknowledge his beholdenness to them."—
Sidney: Arcadia, bk. iii, (Richardson.)
be-hold'-er, * be-hold'-our, s. [Eng. be-
hold; -er.] One wlio looks upon anything ; a
spectator.
"... their successors, whose wild and squalid
appearance disgusted the beholders. "—Macaulay ; Hist.
Eng., ch. vi.
be-hold'-ing, * be-hold'-yng, ' bi-hold-
ynge,pr. par., pa. par., & s. [Behold.]
A. As present participle :
1. In senses corresponding to those of the
verb.
"^'2. A corruption of Beholden. Obliged,
indebted to, under obligation to.
" We anglers are all beholding to the good man that
made this song."— ira^^oJi .- Angler, p. 87.
B, As substantive :
1. The act of seeing ; the state of being seen.
" . . , a mother should not sell him an hour from
her beholding . . ."—Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 3.
2. Obligation.
"Love to virtue, and not to any particular 6ehof(i-
ings, hath expressed this my testimony," — Carew.
^^ be-hold'-ing-ness, s. [Eng, beholding, a
corruption of beholden (q.v.) ; -noss.] The
state of being under obligation.
" The king invited us to his rnurt, so as I must
acknowledge a belioldingness unto hiaL"Sidn.ey.
be-hon'-ey, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and honey.]
To sweeten with honey. (Sherwood.)
be-h6'of, *be-h6'ofe, ^ be-hd'ufe, *be-
ho'fe, * be-bu'fe, * be-bo'ove, * be-
hough, s. [A.S. behof (as s.) = gain, ad-
vantage, .benefit, behoof (as adj.) = necessary,
behooveful; Sw. behof; Dan. 6e/iO-y = need,
necessary obligation ; Dut. behoef; Ger. behuf.^
[Behoove, Behalf.] That which "behooves,"
that which is advantageous ; advantage, pro-
fit, benefit.
"... no mean recompense it brings
To your belwqf, . . .— Milton : 1'. £., bk. ii.
t be-ho'ov-a-ble, * be-h6'v-a-ble, * be-
ll6've-a-ble» a. [Eng. behoov(e) ; -able.]
Needful ; profitable ; advantageous.
" .... in which it had been chefely of all expedient
and behoveable to give eare vnto John's sayinges." —
Udal: Luke, ch. iii. (Richardson.)
t be-h^'ove, s. [Behoof.]
t be-h6'ove-ful, «. [Behoveful.]
t be-h6'ove-ful-ly, adv, [Behovefully.]
* be-bom'e, v.t To put horns on, to cuckold.
(Taylor: Works, 1630.) (Nares.)
■^ be-hott', * be-ho'te, pret. of v. [Behight.]
Promised.
"... so rude him smott.
That to the earth him drove as stricken dead ;
Ne living wight would have him life behott."
Spenser: F, Q., I. xi. 38,
" be-h6a-ffull, a. [Behooveful.]
* behough, * behouve, s. [Behoof.]
be-bo've, t be-bo'ove, * bi-ho've, * by-
h6've (Eng.), be-hu've, be-hu'fe (Scotch),
v.t. & i. [A.S. behojlan = to behove, to be fit,
to have need of, to need, to require, (impers.)
it behoveth, it concerns, it is needful or neces-
sary ; Dan. behove, behove; Sw. behdfva ; Dut.
behoeven=: to want, to need, to be necessary ;
behooven = to behove, to be fit, suitable ; Ger.
behufen, behuben.] [Behoof.]
A. Tra'}isitive :
t 1. Personally :
t (a) In the active voice : To put under the
necessity, to impose upon one the necessity
(of doing something),
t (b) In tlie passive voice : To be needful for,
to be required, to be fitting, whether as re-
gards necessity, duty, or convenience.
" Jul. No, madam ; we have euU'd such necessaries
.Ab are belioved for our state to-ioori'ow,"
Sliakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, iv. 3. (Some editions.)
2. Impersonally : It is needful ; it is fit ;
fitting, suitable.
" He did so prudenjily temper his passions, as that
none of them made him wanting in trie offices of life,
which it behaved or became him to perform." — Atter-
bury,
B. Intransitive : To require, to need.
" A kynge bclioueth eke to flee
The vice of prodigalitee."
Gower : Conf. Am., bk. viL
be-bo've-ful, * be-ho'ove-ful, * be-hd'o-
full. *be-h6'V-fuU, a. [Eng. behoof, he-
7w)0!'e = behoof ; and fuU.]
1. Needful.
" Ajid that they the same Glide or fratemyte
myght augumente and enlarge, as ofte and when it
shuld seme to theym necessarie and behoufuU, . . ."—
English Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc. ), p. 310.
2. Advantageous ; profitable.
" Jul. No, madam : we have cull'd such necessaries
As are behoveful for our state to-morrow."
Shakesp. : Rom. db Jul., iv. 3. {Globe ed., dtc).
be-ho've-ful-lj^, * be-h6'ove-fiil-ly, adv.
[Eng. behoveful; -ly.] Advantageously; pro-
fitably.
"Tell us of more weighty dislikes than these, and
that may more behoov^fuUy import the reformation."
— Spenser : State of Ireland.
* be-h6^1', V.t. [Eng. prefix be, and howU
To howl at.
" Now the hungry lion roars.
And the wolf beJiowJs the moon,"
Sliakesp. : Mids. JVigTU's Dream, v. 2.
be-bu'fe. be-hu've, w.f. [Behove.] (Scotch.)
* be-hu'fe, s. [Behoof.]
be-hu've, v.t. [Behove.] (Scotch.)
* be-hy'nde, prep. & adv. [Behind.]
* beid'-m3,n, s. [Beadman.]
* beien, a. [A.S. begen= both.] Both.
" Ne beon ghit bute tweien.
.,.J*i*n« aunen ghit beoth beien."
^^^- ^"W-. G"ii9-> A. ix., t 28. (Jamieson.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre ; pine, pit, sire, sir. marine ■ go pot
or. wore, wolf. work. whd. son : mute. cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian. ». ce Je. ey = a. qu = Uw '
beigh— beknit
483
^ beigh, * beighe, '< bie, * bee, beege.
* beygb * byge, s. [a.S. heah, beag, bek,
b(Bli = metal made into circular oniaments
as bracelets, necklaces, crowns, from Imqan^
to bow or bend.]
1. Gen. : Anything,' bent or twisted.
2. Spec, : An nrh;inient for the neck ; a
torque.
" So weneth he be ful aleiyhe.
Til make hir his lemaii
With broche and riche beigJie."
•"iir Trhtrem, iii. 6G. (Jamieson.)
"(He) putte alxtute his uecke .l goldiin beeae"—
Wi/chffe (Gen. \ii.42). '
3. Any ornament.
"Thi ring and thi f.ic uf the nrm "—W?/cliffe (Gen.
xxxviii. 18). "^
bright, 5. [Bight, EuuoHT.] (N. of England
dialect.)
*belk, ^beke, *beek, 'beak. v.t. & (.
(A.S. bacan = tu bake.] [Bakk, Bask.]
A, Transitive :
1. To bask. (Sometimes used reflexively.)
"Ane fltandyng plate, quluir skartis with thare
bekkis,
Forgfliio the sou gladly thaym pruiiyeia and bekis."
Doug. : Virgil, 131, 43.
2. To warm ; to communicate heat to.
" Then fling on coals, and rlije the ribs,
And beck the house b.iith but and ben."
Rammu: Poems, 205. {Jamieson.)
B. Intrans. : To warm ; to flush.
" Her cheek, where roaea free from stain.
In glows of youdith fieeft."
Ramsay : Works, i. 117.
"* bSik, a. [From beik, v.] Warm.
" And sittand at ane fyre, beik and bawld. "
Jiannatyne Poems, p, 215, st, 2. (Jamieson.)
* beik (1), s. [Beak.] (Scotch.)
1. The bill of a bird.
2. Figuratively :
(a) ConUmptuwisln : A man's or a fabulous
monster's mouth. Of the Cyclops it is said —
" An horribil sorte, wyth mony camschul beik.
And hedis seinand to the heuin arreik."
Doug. : Virgil, 91, 18.
(b) As a cunt word : A person ; as, "an auld
beik," " a queer beik," &c. (Javiieson.)
* beik (2), s. [Beach.] (Scotch.) Apparently
the same as Beach. Of the Castle of Dum-
barton it is said —
"Item, on the beik .uie singill falcouii of found
markitwith thearmesof linvtRiiye."— Inventories, A.
1580, p, 300. (Jamieson.)
"^beiBc,*-. [Byke.] (scotch.)
* bei'-kat, s. [Bykat.] (Scotrh.)
*beil, u.l [Beal, T.J (Scotch.)
"beild (Scotch), ^'belde (0. Eng.), v.t. & i.
[O. Sw. bylja = to build ; Icel. baili, byli ~ an
abode.] [Beld, Build.]
A, Trans. : To supply ; to support.
"This land is purd off fud that suld us beild."
Wallace, \i. 43. (Jamieson.)
B. Intrans. : To take refu^^^f.
" Beirdis beildit in blisae, brightest of ble "
Gawan and Qal., i\ rj. (Jamiesoiu)
beild, bield (Scotch), ' beild, * beeld,
*belde (0. £71^.), s. [From heild. v. (q.v.).]
I. The act of sheltering or protecting; the
state of being sheltered or i)rotected.
1. Shelter, refuge ; protection.
" I will or bear, or be myself, thy shield ;
And, to defend thy life, will lose my vvra.-.
This brenat, this bosom soft, ahall be thy beeld
'Grainst storms of arrows."
Fairfax : Tassa, xvl. 49.
" Fock maun bow to the bush that they seek beVd
ixa^"—Hogg : Brownie, ii. 197.
2. Support, stay, means of sustenance.
■" His fader erit and sew ane pece of feild.
That he in hyregang held to be hys beild."
Doug. : Virgil, 429, 7.
II. Tliat which sheltei*s or protects ; a place
of shelter. Specially—
1. A house, a habitation.
" My Jack, you're more than welcome to our beild ■
Beaveu aid jne lang to prove your faithfu' chield."
Morrison : Poe>ns, p. 177.
2. The shelter found by going to leeward.
■" In the 6ei?dof the dike " = on that side of the
wall that is free from the blast. (Jamieson.)
* beild, ((. [A.S. beald.1 Bold.
" Blyth bodeit, and beihl. but barrat or best "
Boulate, ii. 2, MS. (Jamieson.)
be'ild-y,
shelter.
[Scotch beild; -y.] Affording
" The crystal spring, and greenwood schaw.
And beildy holes when tempest blaw."
Ramtay : Poetns, ii. 435.
* beiled, pa. imr. [? Corrupted from Eng. be-
layed, or connected with Scotch beild —
shelter.]
Naut. : Moored, secured by ropes or chains
against danger (?).
"... and the master aueht to see the ship tyit and
beiled, quhairthrow the snip and merchandice may
not be put to ony danger or skaith."— Sftip Lavna.
[Balfour's Pract., p. 618.)
bein, beyne, ». [Bene.] (Scotch.) "Wealthy;
pleasant.
bein-like, bien-like, a. [Scotch bein,
bteii, and like.'] Pleasant, comfortable In ap-
pearance. (Scotch.)
bein, v.t. [Bein, a.]
(Scotch.)
To render comfortable.
be'-ing, * be'e-mg, * be'-ynge, pr, par.,
s., & conj. [Be.]
A. As present participle: Existing; living
as a sentient being, or existing as a thing in-
animate.
'■ [Joshua] died, being an hundred and ten years old."
—Judg. u. 8.
B. As substantive :
I. The state of existence.
1. Lifetime.
"... Claudius, thou
wast follower of his fortunes iu his being "
Webster (1654). (Goodrich & Porter.)
2. Existence, with no direct reference to
its duration ; existence as distinguished from
non-existence.
_ " Merciful and gracious, thou gaveat us being • rais-
ing us from nothmg to be an exceUent creation."—
Taylor : Guide to -Deuotiotz.
II. He or she who, or that which exists.
1. A conscious existence, created or un-
created ; he or she who exists or lives. Used^
(a) Of man or other created existences ; or,
more rarely, of the human mind.
"What a sweet being is an honest mind 1 "—Beou-
m,<mt A Fletcher.
And with them the Being Beauteous,
Who unto my youth was given.
More than all things else to love me.",
Longfellow: Footsteps of Angels.
(h) Of the one uncreated Existence, God.
" That the procession of our fate, howe'er
Sad or disturb'd. is ordev'd by a Seing
Of infinite benevolence ajid power."
Wordmoorth : JL'xcursion, bk. iv.
C, As conjunction : (Contracted from it
being so, this being tlie case, or some similar
expression.) Since ; since this is so.
^ ,..,,. " And fteiii(7 you have
JJeclm d his means, you have increased his malice "
Beaum. & Flct. : Ban. M. Fort., ii.
t ^ing-place, being place, s. a place
or existence ; a place in which existence may
be maintained.
" Before thU world's great frame, in which all things
Are now contaui'd, foynd any being-place."
Spenser : Eymn of Heavenly Love.
be'in-1^, adv. [Benely.] (Scotch.)
be'in-ness, s. [Scotch, i
rate wealth, comfort.
i; -ness.] Mode-
" During the dear years, an honest farmer had been
S'^^'^™"^^'""?** **. poverty."_£di». Mag. (Oct.,
1818), p. J29. (Jamieson.)
heir.v.i. [Birr.] (Scotch.)
beir (1). s. [Birr.] (Scotch.)
beir(2), s. [Beee.] (Scotch.)
beir-seed, s. [Bear-seed.]
beird (eir as ar), s. The same as Bard
(q.v.). A bard, a minstrel. (Scotch.)
"Wyth beirdis as beggaris, thocht byg be thare banys "
jyoug. : Virgil, 288, 25. '
* beire, s. [A.S. beorh = a hill, ... a barrow
a place of burial ; a place of refuge.] A grove*
a shady place. '
. J'<-f f^'^Z ^\ ¥^^^ 9* ^^^^' or »• young spring "—
WillMl:nict.ied.m»),p.9S. (naUiweU.f
* be'-lS, 3rd pers. sing. subj. of v. [A.S. bvst.^
Be, IS. (Scotch.)
" Bot gif sa beis, that vnder thy request.
More hie pardouo lurkis, I wakl thou ceist."
Doug. : Virgil, 340, 55. (Jamieson.)
*beis, s. pi. [Bee.] (Scotch.)
*beist, ^ beis'-tyn, * beist'-ings, s
[Biestings.]
* beit, ^ bete. -"■ beet (0. Eng.), beet (Scotch),
v.t. [A.S. betan, gebetan= to make better.
boil, ho^ ; poiit, jd^l ; eat, 9ell, chorus,
-cian, -tian = shan. -^ion, -tion, -sion
to improve, tu kindle or to mend a fire, to
mend, to restore.] [Beet.]
1. To help, to supply ; to mend by making
addition.
" At luvia law a quhyl^ I think to leit.
And so with birds blythly my hailis to beU."
Benrysone. (BannaTyne Poems, p. 182.)
2. To blow up, to kindle (applied to the fire).
" Quhen he list gant or blaw, the fyre is bet,
And from that iuruis the flanibe doith brist or glide "
Doug. : Virgil, 87, 55.
3. To bring into a better state by removing
calamity or cause of sorrow.
" Allace, quha sail the belt now off thi baill !
Allace, quhen sail off harmys thow be haill I" ■
Wallace, xi. I.IIS, MS. (Jamieson.)
* belt-ing, * bet -ing, s. [Beit.] The act
of helping, improving, mending, supply.
"... all statutes of his hienes buirowis within this
realme, tending to the beiting and reparatioun of thair
wallis, streittis, havyimis, and portis." — ActsJa. VI.,
1594 (ed. 1814), iv. 80. (Jamies(m!\
*be-ja'de, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and jade, v.]
To jade, to tire, to fatigue.
' ' If you have no mercy upon them yet spare yourself,
lest you bejade the good galloway, your own opiniatra
wit," — MUton : Anvn. upon the Rem. D^ence.
be'-jan, ba-jan, s. & a. [Fr. 6ejau7ie = a
young and silly bird ; a silly young man ;
ignorance, rawness.] (Scotch.)
A, As subst. : A student belonging to the
" bejan " class (q.v.).
"The plaffue much relenting, the other classes re-
turned to their wonted fretiuencie, only no Bajant
convened all that year."— Oau/ord ; Bist. Univ. Edin.,
p. 63. (Jam,ieson.)
"B. As adj.: Belonging to the '^ bejan"
class (q. v.).
bejan-class, bejan class, s. A name
given to the first or Greek class in the Uni-
versities of Aberdeen and St. Andrews, as it
formerly was to that in Edinburgh Univer-
sity. (Jamieson.)
*be-ja'pe, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and jape. 1
To laugh at, to ridicule.
" I shall bejaped ben a thousand timtj
More than that foole, of whose folly men rime."
Chaucer .- Tr. and Cr., i, 532.
* be-ja'ped, pa. par. [Bejapk]
be-ja'r-i-a, ^. [Named after Bejar, a Spanish
botanist.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Bricaceaa (Heathworts), and the section
Rhodoreae— that in which the Rhododendron
and Azalea are placed. Bejaria racemosa is
a sweet-scented evergreen shrub, with pink
flowers, growing in Florida on the banks pf
swamps and ponds. The genus is called also
Befaria.
be-jaun'-dl$e, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
jaundice.] To give one the jaundice. (Quar.
Bev.)
be-jes'-u-it, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Jesuit.^
To m'ake a Jesuit of one ; to teach one Jesuit-
ical methods of procedure. (Milton.)
be-jiim'-ble, v.t. To jumble together.
bek, s. [Beck (l), s.] (Scotch.)
b^ke, v.t. [Beik, v.] (Scotch.)
*be-ken'ne (l), v.t. [A.S. prefix U, and een-
nan = to beget, to bring forth, to produce ]
To give birth to. [Akenne.]
n^w7s?-!l!^.'^^'^S^4;. 5^«' ^^ 1"°"^-^ ^^
*^1^1??S (2),/by-ken'ne, *bi-ken,
v.t [O. Fris. bikenna.] To entrust, to com-
mit to,
" 'Ich^fteSemie the Crist,' quath he, ' that on the croice
And ich seide ' the same save you fro meschaunce ' "
Piers Plowman, p. 169. (JamiesoiL)
* To~Wsf*'' ^''" ^^"^' ^^^^^ ^^' ^^^ ^'^^' ^-^
"Shee's sick o' the young shepard that bekiat her "
B. Jonson : Sad Shepherd, i.\
* be-kist', pa. par . [Bekiss. ]
^bekke.v.e.&i. [Beck.] To nod. (Chaucer.)
be-kna've (k silent), v.t. [Eng prefix bp nnH
knave.] TocaUaknave. '^' V^^^^ be, s.n^
" May satire ne'er befool ye or beknave Ye."~Pope.
* bekk'-n^ge. «. [Beckoning.] (Scotch.)
'^^v^^l'-^^ ^i?^^*>' ^■*- [A-S- becynttan =
to knit, bmd, tie, or enclose.] To kiiit.
chin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, ^in^
-shun; -tion,-sion=2hun. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die. &cTbel. del
4S4
beknit— belch.
". , . iier filthy ariuea fieAjii; with snakes about."
Arth. Golding: Ovid's Metaynorplioses, hk. iv.
be-knit' (fc silent), pa. par. & a. [Beknit.]
* be-knoW, * by-know, ' by-kno'we,
^bi-kno'w (fc silent), v.t. & i. [The full
form is to "6*3 aknow." [Aknowe.] A.ti.
o)icnawaii = to acknowledge. In Ger. hclcen-
nen=to acknowledge, to confess, to avow.]
To confess, to acknowledge, to be aware.
A. 'Trans, {followed hy objective) :
"For I dar nought b^^Tiowe myn own name."
Chauce)-: C. T., 1,558.
B. Intrans. (followed by clause of a sentence) :
" This mesaager tormented was, til he
Moste biknowe and telle it plat and playn.
Fro nyght to night in what place he had layn."
Chaucer : C. T., 5,306.
*^ be-know'en, *be-kno'we, *bi-knd'we
(fc silent), pa. par. [Beknow. ]
" Wten meu come to the koke, he was be-knowe soiie
That snm burn a-wei had bore two white beres
skylines."
William and the Werewolf, p. 79. (S. in Boucher.)
* bek'-nyhge, s. [Beckoning.] (Prompt
Parv.)
* bel, a. [Fr. hel, adj., before a Towel or h
•mate.] [Beau, Belle.] Beautiful.
"A fulJeHady, un-like hure of grace."
Piers Ploioman, p. 124. (S. in Boucher.)
'Bel esprit (plur. beaux espi'its) = a. wit; a fine
genius.
*bel(l), s. [Bell.]
8el (2), s. [Heb. /a (Bel), according to Gesenius
contracted from Aram. ^V^ (BeeO=Heb. ^3
(Baal) ; Sept. Gr. BtjA. (Bel), and B^Aos (Belos) ;
Babylonian, Assyrian, and Accadian Bel, Eelu,
i;;u(EL)=Lord.]
Accadian, Assyrian, & Bahylonian Myth. :
A *' god " mentioned in Scripture, in Isa. xlvi.
1 ; Jer. 1. 2 ; li. 44 ; in tlie Septuagint, in
Baruch vi. 40, and in the apocryphal additions
to the Book of Daniel (Bel and the Dragon),
as well as by classical authors. Much new
light has recently been thrown on Bel's
characteristics and position in the heavenly
hierarchy, by the examination of the cuneiform
tablets and seuli^tures. It has been discovered
that, prior to IGOO B.C., the highly interesting
Turanian people called Accadians, the in-
ventors of the cuneiform writing, who wielded
extensive authority in Western Asia before
the Semitic Assyrians and Babylonians had
come into notice, worshipped as their first
triad of gods Anu, ruling over the heaven ;
Elu, Belu, or Bel, over the earth ; and Ea
over the sea. Bel's three children, or three
of his children, were Shamas, the Sun-god ;
Sin, the Moon-god ; and Ishtar, the Accadian
Venus. Sayce shows that some first-born
children were vicariously offered in sacrifice
by fire to the Sun-god. From the Accadians
human sacrifice passed to various Semitic
tribes and nations. Bel's name Elu identifies
him with the Phenician El, who, in a time of
trouble, offered his first-born son, "the be-
loved," on a high place, by fire. It is not
settled whether or not Bel was the same also
as the Phenician Baal. To the wrath of Bel
the deluge was attributed. In Scripture times
he was known exclusively as a Babylonian
divinity, being distingnislied from both Nebo
and Merodach. In the later Babylonian em-
pire, however, Merodach came to be generally
identified with Bel, though sometimes distin-
guished fi'om him, being called "the lesser
Bel." (Sayce, Boscan'm, Fox Talbot, Bosan-
quet, d'c, in Trans. Blh. Archmol. Soc, vols.
i. — vi.)
^ Bel enters as an element into various
Babylonian names, as Belteshiizza.v = the
Prince of Bel (Dan. i. 7 ; iv. 8, 9, 19).
Bel and the Dragon^ s. One of the
books of the Apoci^pha, or, more precisely,
certain apociyphal chapters added to the
canonical Book of Daniel. The Jews consider
them an no part of their Scriptures. They
were penned probably by an Alexandrian
Jew, the language used being not Hebrew,
nor Aramifian, but Greek. The Church of
Rome accepts Bel and the Dragon as part
of the Holy Scripture _; most, if not all,
Protestant chnrches reject it. In Roman
Catholic worshii* it is read on Ash Wed-
nesday, and was so in the old lectionary
of tlie English Church on the 23rd of Novem-
ber. The new lectionary has it not either
on that or any other date. The story of Bel
and tlie Dragon tells how Daniel enlightened
Cyrus, who is represented as having been a
devout worshipper of Bel, by proving that
the innnense supplies of food laid before the
idol were really consumed, not by it or by the
inhabiting divinity, but by the priests and
tlicir families. On Cyrus urging that the
dragon, also worshipped, was at least a living
God, Daniel poisoned it, for which he was
thrown into a lions' den, where the prophet
Habakkuk fed him. Ultimately he was re-
leased, and his persecutors put to death.
Tf The above narrative must not be con-
founded with one called also "Bel and the
Dragon," translated by Mr. Fox Talbot from
the cuneiform tablets.
Mr. Talbot believes that the dragon, seven-
headed like the one in Revelation, would, if
the tablets were complete, prove the same
being that seduced some of the heavenly
" gods," or angels, from their allegiance
(Rev, xii, 4 ; Jude 6), for which he was slain
by Bel. The resemblance is not to the apo-
cryphal book now under consideration, but to
the combat between Michael and the Dragon
in Rev. xii. 7—17. (H. Fox Talbot in Trans.
Bib. Archmol Soc, vol. iv., 1875, p. 349.)
be-la-bour, v.t. [Eng. prefix 6e; laitour.'}
1. To labour upon ; to cultivate with labour.
" If the earth ia belaboured with culture it yieldeth
com. "—fiarrow, vol. iii., Serm. 18.
2. To beat ; to give a sound drubbing with
a cudgel or similar weapon.
"... but they so belaboured him, being sturdy
meu at arms, that the^ made him mjike a retreat . . ."
— Banyan: P. P., pt. \i.
* bel-ac-coy-le, *bel-a-c6il, *bi-3l-a-
coil, s. [Fr. "bel = beautiful, fine, good
(Bel), and accueil = reception, accueillir = to
receive kindly.] A kind reception, a hearty
welcome.
"And her salewyd with eeemely bel-accoyle
Joyous to see her safe after long toyle."
Spemer : F. Q., TV. tL 25.
^ In the "Romaunt of the Rose" the
cpiality is personified under the name of
Bialacoil.
" a lusty bachelere.
Of good stature and of good hight.
And Bialacoil forsothe be bight."
b3-la'5e, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and lace. In
Sw. beldyga,]
1. To lace, to fasten with lace.
"To belace a. Tope."— Johnson.
2. To adorn with lace.
(a) 1,(7. : In the foregoing sense.
(b) Fig. (of poetic nunibers): To describe in
soft and graceful rather than bold and martial
strains.
" How to helace and fringe soft love I knew ;
Fur all my ink was now Castalian dew."
Beaumont : Psyche, ii. 48.
be-la'^ed^ pa. par. & a. [Belace, v.t.]
Adorned with lace.
" Wbeii thou in thy bra-vest
And most belaced servitude dost strut,
Some newer fashion doth usurp : and thou
I7uto its antick yoke durst not hut bow."
Beaumont : Psyche, xvi. 10.
be-la'-^ing, jyr. par. [Belace, v.W]
^ be-la'm, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and 0. Eng.
lam = to beat.] To beat.
" Batre: to beat, thwack, bump, swindge, cudgel;
behim, also to batter." — Cotgrave.
' bel'-a-mour, * bell'-a-mdur, s [From
Fr. belle= beautiful, and amour = love,]
A. Of persous (of the forru Belamour) : A
fair lover, a fair friend.
B. Of tilings (of the form bellamour) : An
obsolete name for a particular flower. Mason
thinks it was Venus's Looking-glass. (Spen-
ser: Sonnet, 64.)
' bel'-a-my, * bel a-my', * bel'-a-mye,
' bel'-ar-mi, s. [Fr. bel = beautiful (Bel), and
ami =1 friend, well-wisher, sweetheart, coin-
}ianion.] A fair friend, a companion, an asso-
ciate. (Used of a man's friend of the same
sex.)
1. In ordinary narrative :
" Wise Sociates ; who, thereof, quaffiug glad,
Pour'd out hifl life and last Philosophy
To the fayre Critias, his dearest Belamy."
Spenser: F. Q., II. vii. 52.
2. In salutations :
" To him I spak ful hardily.
And said, 'What ertow, belamyf "
I'waine & Oawin, i. 2"8. (S. in Boucher.)
E>e-lan'-der, s. [Bilander.]
b3l-an'-ger-a, s. [Named after the French
traveller Charles Belangere.]
Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
the tribe Belangerese (q.v.). The species are
Brazilian trees with a six-parted calyx, no
corolla, many stamens^ and opposed-stalked
compound leaves.
bel-an-ger'-e-SB, s. pi. [Belangera.]
Bot. : A tribe or family of plants belonging
to the order GunoniaceaB (CmKmiads). Type,
Belangera (q.v.).
*be-la'te, v.t. [Eng. be; late.] To cause to
be late. (Generally in pa. par. or the corre-
sponding adjective. ) [Belated. ]
" The action cannot waste.
Caution retard, nor promptitude deceive.
Slowness belate, nor hope drive on too fast."
Davenant : Qondibert, iL 2.
be-la't-ed, pa. par. & a. [Relate.]
1. Too late, behind time.
" But when were these proofs offer^ ? . . . Who con-
tested this belated account ? " — Burke on tlie Nabob of
Arcot's Debts. (JticTiardson.)
2. Out late at night.
" Whose midnight revels, by a forest side
Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,
Or dreams he sees." Milton: P. X.., bk- i.
be-la't-ed-ness, s. [Eng. belated ; -ness.'X
The state of being belated.
" That you may see I am sometimes supicious of
myself, and do take notice of a certain belateil/ness ui
me, I am the bolder to send you some* of my night-
ward thoughts."— Jfi7/on.- Letters.
be-la'ud, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and laud.]
Greatly to praise.
t be-la've, v.t. [Eng. be; lave.] To lave, to
wash. (Gockeram.)
* be~law'-give, v.t. [Eng. prefix be; law;
and give.] To give law to. (Spec, coinage.)
" The Holy One of Israel hath belawgiven his own
people with this very allowance."— jtfiZCon; Doct. and
Bis. of Divorce.
*^ be-law'-giv-en, pa. par. [Belawgive. ]
t be-lay* (1), v.t. [In A.S. beUcgan^to sur-
round ; Sw. bekiyga ; Ger. belegen = to cover,
to overlay, to beset, to encompass.] [Be-
leaguer.]
1, To block up, to stop up ; to beleaguer,
to besiege.
" Gayiist sue
Then those small forts which ye were wont belay."
8x>eneer : Sonnet, xiv.
2. To waylay.
" He was by certain Spaniards . . , belaid upon the
river Padus , . . and sl8i,me."—Knotle8 : JJist of the
TurheS, (Nares.)
be-lay' (2), v.t. [Dnt. beleggen = to cover,
overlay, cognate with A.S. belecgan = to lay
upon, cover.]
1 . To adorn ; to ornament.
" All in a woodman's jacket he was clad
Of Lincoln greene, belai/ed with silver laxie."
Spenser: F. Q., VI. it, 5.
2. Naut. : To fasten a rope securely by
■winding it round a kevel, cleat, or belaying-
pin.
"Get up the pick-axe, make a step for the mast—
make the chair fast with the rattlin— haul taught and
belay." — Scott: Antiquary, ch. viii
be-la'yed, *be-la'yd, j)a. par. &acy. [Be-
lay.]
be-lay'-ing, 3w. par. [Belay.]
belaying-bitt, s. A frame of wood fixed
perpendicularly in the fore-part of a ship to
fasten ropes to.
belaying-cleat, s. A cleat for the pur-
pose of belaying the running rigging to^
[Cleat.]
belaying-pin, s.
Naut. : A stout pin in the side of a vessel
or round the masts to which ropes may be
"belayed," i.e., fastened, or around which
the/ may be wound.
belch, * belk, ^bolk, v.t. or i. [A.S. bcal-
can, bealcettan, belcettan = to belch.]
A. Tra)isitive :
I. Lit. : To eructate ; to expel from the
mouth with violence wind from the stomach,
commingled sometimes "with portions of food.
" Rougli as their savage lords who rang'd the \i'ood.
And fat with acoms balch'd their windy food."*
TT TP ■ 1 . T Dryden : Juvenal, sat. vi.
IL Figuratively :
1. To eject from the heart.
" . . the bitterness of it I now belch from my
heart . . . '—Sfiakesj}. : Cymbeline, iii. 5.
2. Of things : To eject from an aperture with
violent suddenness and noise.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
belch— belemnitidse
485
•• . vitbiu tliR gates, that now
Stood open wldn, belching outrageous flame
Far into Chaos. . . ." iltUm: P. L., BK. i.
B. lTlirans~\Xivt :
1 Lit. : To eject wind with spasmodic force
by the mouth from the stomach ; to eructate.
(Lit. & fig.) _,
"Behold, they heldh out with their mmjth:|j;o^
are in their lips : for who, say they, doth hear? -rs.
lis, 7.
2 FiQ ■ To issue from the mouth of any-
thing, as eructed matter doe.s from the human
mouth.
" The waters boil, and, ieUhing Irom below^ „
Black sands as Iron, a foreeful engine th'^^iden.
bel«ll, ♦ bolke, ^. [From ielch, v.]
1. The act of ejecting wind by the mouth
Irorn tlie stomach.
•■Beoedlcite he bygan wit a iolk,, »»d hu. brest
knoked." Piers Plotirmaji. iRtctiaraton.]
•2. A cant term for a windy kind of malt
liquor.
"Whilst my mates are drinking the belch. —A.
Mayhfno: Paved with Oofd. ill. 26.-..
3 That which ejects or throws out or up
with violence : as the sea, hell, artillery, a
volcano, &c.
" And Pluto eik the fader of hellis se
Eeputtis that Wsming belch hatefull to se.
bel?h'-er, s. & a. (From Belcher, a noted
Bristol pugilist, once champion of England.]
A. As subst. : A silk handkerchief or scarf,
properly of Belcher's colours. (Dic/cens :
Sketches by Boz ; Miss Evans.)
B. As adj. ; Resembling the handkerchief
or scarf described under A.
bel«Ii'-mg, *l)elk'-ing, pr. par., u,., & s.
[Belch, Belk, v.]
A. & B. As present participle <t participial
oAjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
•' A triple pile ef plumes his crest adom'd.
On which with belching flames ChimiBra bum d.
Dryden : Virgil ; ^neid Yli. 1,074.
C. As sulstantive : The act of ejecting wind
by the mouth from the stomach.
"Often belkinga [are] a token of ill digestion."—
Baret; Alvearie.
beld. a. The same as Bald (q.v.). Bald.
(^Scotch.) {Burns; John Anderson, mj/ Jo.)
ItelAtii.t. [Beild.] To protect. The same as
Scotch Beild.
" Tile abliesse her gan teche and beld."
Lay le Freine, 231.
' beld (1), * beild, s. [Beild. ]
* beld (2), s (Beelde ] Pattern, model of
perfection. {Jamiesoa.)
ber-dS.m, t bel'-dame, s. & a. [Fr. idle
dame = fine lady ; from belU (f.) = handsome,
fine, and dame = lady. A term of respectful
address, used in all good faith to old ladies.]
A. As substantive :
* I. Respectfnlly :
I. Gen. : A fine Lady; a good lady.
" Beldame, your words doe worke me little ease. "
Spemer : F. Q.. III. li. 43.
* 2. Spec. : A grandmother.
"The beldam and the girl, the grandsire and the boy.
Jirayum : Folg-Olbion, s. 8.
II. Disrespectfully:
1. An old woman, wrinkled and destitute of
beauty.
2. A hag.
" Have I not reason, beldames, as you are,
Saucy and overbold f" ...
Shakeep. : MacbetJi. in. 5.
^ B. As adjective : Pertaining to n grand-
mother or to anything old.
" Then sing of secret things tliat came to pass
When beldame Nature in her cradle was."
Milton : College Exercue.
* belde (pa. par. beldit), v.t. [Sw. bilda, Ger.
Ulden, both = to form, to model, to fashion.]
[Build.] To image, to form. (Scotch.)
" Off all ooloure maist clere beldit ahone.
The fairest foull of the firth, and heudest of hewis."
Boalate, iii. 20, JIS. {Jamieaon.^
bel'-dit,p£t.par. [Belde (2), d.] (Scotch.)
vi. [From !)e!e, s. (q.v.).] To bum to
Possibly = bellow or perhaps = Doil
> bele,
blaze
in rage ; compare—
beald = bold, brave. ]
* belde (1), s. [a.s.
Courage, valour.
"When he bluschen therto, his belde never p-iyred."
Sir Gawayne (ed. Morris), 650.
» belde (2), s. [Build.]
" That WHS so stronge of belde."
Syr Oowghter, 81.
"MybresteinbalebotbolneandMc."
' AllU. Poems, A. 18.
" All bremehe6e;.'/rf into berth." ,
Wyntowti, viii. 11, 48. (Jamieson.)
•bele, •bale,*bail,s. [A.S. M = a funeral
pile ; a burning.] A fire, a blaze. [Bale.]
(Jamiesoii.)
be-le'a-guer (u mute), be-le'ague (ae
mute), t«. (Kng. be : leagncr. In tiw.bela-
om; Dan. beleivc; BtA. helegereii ; Ger. bela-
gerti ; from he, and lagem = to lie down, to
rest, to encamp.] [Laagek.]
1. Lit. : To besiege, to lay siege to a place
with the view of capturing it.
" That a midnight host of spectres jiale
Beleaguered the walls of ri-igue.
Longfellow : The Delerrgitered City.
2. Fig. : To make efforts to capture and
destroy. ^ ,
" That an army of phantoms vast and wan.
5e^eai7«CT- the human soul." ,/■,....
Longfellow: The Beleaguered City.
be-le'a-guered, jia. par. & a. [Beleaguer.]
"A camp and a belenguar'd town "
Wordsworth: White Doc of Itylstone, iv.
l>e-le'a-giier-er, s. [Eng. bcleagmr ; -er.l
One who beleaguers or besieges.
" . . while his fierce bcleagncrers pour
Engines of havoc in, uuknowu before,
And horrible as new." ., , „ ,. ,
Moore: Lallaltookh; The reded Prophet.
be-le'ar-guer-iig, pr. par. &, a. [Beleaguer.]
* be-le'ave, v.t. [A.S. leliefan, belifan = to
remain, be left.] To leave.
" Wondering at Fortune's turns, and scarce is he,
ileiS'e, relating his own misery."
^ May : Lncan, bk. vhl.
t be-lec'-ture (ture = tyur). v.t. [Eng.
be; lecture.'] To lecture. (Coleridge.)
be-lec'-tured (ture = tjrur), pa. par. & a.
[Belecture.]
be-lec'-tur-ing (ture = tyur), pr. par. &
a. [Belecture.]
be-le'c, r.t [Eug.be; Ice.]
Naut. : To place on the lee, to place to
leeward, to shelter. (Shakesp. : Otliello, i. 1.)
•be-lefe, *be-leve, s. [Belief.] Hope.
(Scotch.)
" Ne iieuer chyld cuinmyii of Troyaiie blude,
In sic belefe and glorie and grete glide
Sal rayis his lorbearis Italiaiiis."
Duaglas: Virgil, 197, se.
" They become desparit of oiiy belene."
Bellenden : T. Liv., p. 74. IJamieson.)
* be-left, pa. par. [Beleif (2).]
•be-leif (1), 'be-lewle (pa. par. *lelemjt),
v.t. & i. [A.S. beltefaii = to leave, relinquish.]
A. Trans. : To deliver up.
" Unto thy parentis haiidis and sepultre
I the beleif to be enterit, quod he."
Doug. : Virgil, 349, 43.
B. Intrant. : To remain. (Skeat.)
" That he helewyt of hys duelling."
Barbour, xiii. 544, MS. ^Jamieson.)
* be-leif (2), (preterite ielcfl), v.t. [A.S.
!)eice/a7!. = to leave.] To leave.
" Quhom now . . .
Roddy to mischevus deith beleft have I."
Doug. : Virgil, 343, 5. [Jamiesmt.)
bel'-em-nite (Eng.), be-lem-ni'-tes (Mod.
Lat'), s. [In Ger. beiemiiit; Fr. belemnite;
Sp. belemnita; Ital. belcnnite ; Mod. Lat. bc-
lemnites; Gr. ^eAe^I/l■n]? (Belemnitcs) (Liddell
& Scott), from Gr. ^eXeiuiov (a word used only
in poetry and in the plural), the same as
^e'Aos (&eZos) — a dart, a javelin, from jSaAAu
(hallo) = to throw, and suff. -itcs, from AiSos
(lithos) = a stone.]
Paleont. (Of the form Belemnites', rendered
ill English Belemnite) ; A genus of fossil cham-
bered shells, the typical one of the family Be-
lemnitidse. The slow progress of the human
mind towards scientific truth, and the circuit-
ous route which the limitation of its powers
compel it to take in reaching that goal, are
beautifully exemplified by the successive hypo-
theses broached as to the nature of the belem-
nite. The first was that it was a product of the
mammal called by the Eomans lynx, and by
the Greeks MyS (lungkx), probably the Caracal
(Felis caracal). It was therefore called Lapis
lipids, and hjncurion or lyncurium, AuYKou'ptoi'
(lungkourion), though some think that by these
words were meant reddish f^J-^'j"; *»■,!; ™?;
ral tounnaline or the hyacinth, the Sciiptural
iaeinth The puzzling fossils figured next as
fZdactyli, t'hat i^. " <^^S<''%'Zeifnlfl
Ida," freely translated or transformed m the
Middle Ages into "devil's flnsers. Then
electricity was called in to account &/ them,
ami they were named Thundcrstones (Ia,«to
fulm,inantes) and Picks, or, less hyrotheti-
cally, " Arrow Stones." At a more advanced
period they were looked upon as stalactites oi
^ crystals which never had pertained toliv ng
bein4 At length the true view struggled
intolixistence that they were organic remains_
Held by Von Tressau, Klein, Breynius, Da
Costa, Brander, and
Plott to be shells, the
proper position of
which they could not
determine, Cuvier
and Lamarck made a
great step forward
in ranking them as
cephalopods with an
internal shell, a con-
clusion confirmed by
Buckland, Owen, and
others. The last-
named palseontolo-
gist placed the be-
lemnite in the Di-
branchiate order of
Cephalopods.
One essential part „^
of the shell is a belemnite restored.
phragmocone [see a 5*;^'«„»„r.--Sd™-
BelemNITID.^] or ^ Tentacle. /. AriiiB.
chambered cone, that
is, a portion conical in form and divided trans-
versely by septa or partitions, like a pile of
watch-glasses, into shallow chambers, con-
nected with each other by a siphuncle or small
pipe or siphon near the margin of the cone.
The entire cone is enveloped in a sheath,
which rises above the chambers and gives
support to the soft body of the animal (called
the jiro-ostramnn), and this again in a conical
cavity or alveolns excavated in the base of a
long tapering body resembling the head of
a javelin, and called the guard. It is from
this fact that the name Belemnite has arisen.
Dr. Buckland and Agassiz discovered in
specimens from Lyme Regis, collected by
Miss Anning, a fossil ink-bag and duct.
There have been found also traces of the con-
tour of the large sessile eyes, the funnel, a
great proportion of the muscular parts of the
mantle, the remains of two lateral fins, eight
cephalic arms, each apparently provided with
twelve to twenty pairs of slender elongated
horny hooks. Owen considers that the be-
ienm'ite combined characters at present divided
among the three cephalopodous genera Sepia,
Onychoteuthis, and Sepiola.
These animals seem to have been gregarious,
living in shallow water with a muddy bottom
rather than one studded with projecting corals.
Owen thinks that they preserved a tolerably
vertical position when swimming, at times
rising swiftly and stealthily towards the surface
infixing their claws in the abdomen of a super-
natant fish, and dragging it down to the depths
to be devoured. Belemnites are found all
over Europe, and also in India. The known
species are estimated at more than 100,
ranging from the Lias to the Clialk.
bel-em-nit'-ic, a. [Eng. heleinnit(e) ; -ic. ]
1. Pertaining to the belemnite shell ; con-
stituting the fleshy portion of the belemnite.
" The belemnilic animal, .1 dil)raiichiate eight-armetl
Cuttle . . ."—Eng. Cyclop., i. 486.
2. Pertaining to the animal enveloping the
shell called belemnite.
"... a specimen of aBelemuite in which not only
the ink-hag but the rauscular mantle, the bead and its
crown of anna, are all preserved in connexion with
the belemnilic shell."— 0 weft ; Invertebrata (1813).
■bel-em-nit'-i-dSB, s. [Belemnite.]
Pakront. : A family of molluscs belonging to
the class Cephalopoda, the order Dibran-
chiata, and the section Decapoda. The shell
consists of a "pen" terminating posteriorly in
a chambered cone, technically called a phrag-
mocone, from »^payiu,09 (phragmos) = a hedge,
fence, paling, fortification, or enclosure, and
KUivo^ (kunos) = the mathematical figure termed
a cone. The phragmocone is sometimes in-
vested with a fibrous guard, and it has air-cells
connected by a siphuncle piercing the several
chambers close to the ventral side. Dr. S. 0.
Woodward arranges the BelemnitidEe between
hSU^ 1)6^; po^t, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan, -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
486
belene— believe
the TeuthidiJB, or Calamaries and Squids, on the
one hand, and the Sepiadee or Sepias on the
other. In geological time they extend from
the Lias to the Chalk. The genera are Be-
lemnites, Belemnitella, Xlphoteuthis, Acan-
thoteuthis, Belemnoteuthis, and Conoteuthis.
The following Belemnitid^e characterise the
Lower Lias : B. acutus, £. 'pencillatus, B,
clavahis.
Middle Lias : B. compressus, B. breviformis,
B. paxillosiis.
Upper Lias : B. acuininatus, B. lojvis, B.
Ilminsterensis.
Midford Sands : B. irregularis.
Inferior Oolite : B. caiialiculatns, B. Gin-
genis, B. ellipticus.
Stonesfield Slate : B. Bessin.us.
Oxford Clay : B. liastatus, B. Oiueni.
Coralline Oolite : B. ahbrevitdits.
Kimmeridge Clay : B. explanatus.
Neocoinian : B. jaculum.
Ganlt : B. minimus, B. ultimus.
Lower Chalk : Belemnitella plena.
Upper Chalk : Belemnitella mucronata.
belene, v.i. [Possihly a misreading of the
MSS. for beUued(A.S. 'belaifan = to remain).]
To tarry, or perhaps to recline, to rest.
. Schir Gawayn, gayest of all,
Belenes with Daine Gaynour in greiies bo greue."
Sir Oawaii & Sir Gat., i. 6, (Ji
)
t be-lene, s. [From A.S. bella = a bell ; bel-
Idn, gen. So called from the bell-shaped cap-
sules.] A plant, Hyoscyamus niger, [Hen-
bane.]
tbe-lep'-er, v.i. [Eng. be; leper.} To infect
with leprosy.
" ImiJarity, and church-revenue, rushing in, cor-
rupted and belepered all the clergy with a worse
infection than Gehazi's," — MUton : Eiconod., ch. xiv,
bel es-pri't (t mute), s. [O. Fr. bel = fine ;
esprit = spirit.] A fine spirit, a man of wit.
^ be-le've, s. [Belief, Belefe.]
* be-lew'yt, pa. par. [Beleif (1), v.] Re-
mained. (Jamieson. )
■'= bel-fl,6\lr'-er, s. [Bell-flower.]
^ bel-fou'n-der, s Old spelling of Bell-
founder.]
bel'-fry, * bef-fr^, s. [Fr. leffroi = a
watch-tower, a belfry, a bell-ehaniber ; O. Fr.
beffroit, befreit, berfroit, berfreit, berefreit, bele-
froi=: a watch-tower ; Low Lat. belfredns, bal-
fredus, berfredus, verfrediis. From M. H. Ger.
iercvrit, bervrit = a tower for defence, from
Ger. berc = protection, and O. H. Ger. fridu =
a tower; (N. H.) Ger. /riede = peace ; Sw. &
Dan. /red ; Dut. vrede. Thus at first there
was no connection between bel of the word
belfry and the English word bell.']
*1. Mil. {In the Middle Ages): A tower
erected by besiegers to overlook a place be-
sieged. Sentinels were placed on it to watch
the avenues and to prevent surprise, or to give
notice of fires by ringing a bell.
2. That part of a steeple in which a bell is
hung, the campanile ; a room in a tower, a
cupola or turret lu which a bell is, or may be,
hung.
" Distant and soft on her ear fell the chimes from the
belfry of Christ Church."
Longfellow: Euangcline, iL 5.
3. The framing on which a bell is suspended.
{Eng. Cycl)
t bel'-gard, * bell'-gard, s. [O. Fr. bel =
fine, gard. Mod. Fr. regard = a look, a gaze,
a glance, attention.] A kind, affectionate, or
amorous look.
" Under the shadow of her even browes,
"Working belgards, and amorous retrate,"
Spenser : F. Q., II. iii. 25.
* belghe, ■* belgh, s. [Belch.] A belch, an
eructation {lit. Icjig.). (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
"This age is defiled with filthie bclgltes of blas-
phemy. . . His custom was to defile the aire with most
nlthie belgJis of blaaphemie."— Z. Boy^s Last Battel,
pp. 1,002, 1,180. (Jamieson.)
Bel'-gl-an, a. & s. [In Ger. Belgien; from
Lat. Belgium, a part of Gallia Belgica (Coisar).'}
[Belgic]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to the ancient
Belgffi, to the modern Belgians, or to Belgium.
B. As subst : A native of Belgium.
". . . he must hBa.Bc7ffian hy birth or naturalisa-
tion."—J/arri/i; Statesman's I'cur-Uook (lS7b}, p. Si.
Bel'-gic, a. [Fr. Belgiguc ; Lat. Belgicus —
pertaining to the BelgiB. (Sec No. 1 def.).]
1. Pertaining to the ancient Belgee, esteemed
by Csesar to be the most warlike of the Ger-
manic tribes whom he encountered. They
occupied the country between the Marne, the
Rhine, the Seine, and the English Channel.
" Dull as their lakes that slumber in the storm.
Heaveus ! how inilike their Belgic sires of old !
Rough, poor, content, ungovernably bold."
Goldsmith : The Traveller.
2. Pertaining to the modern Belgians, to
Belgium, or to the Belgian language or dialect.
Be'-li-al, s. [In Ger., &c., Belial; Gr. BeAt'ap
(Beliar), r being substituted for I (2 Cor. vi.
15) ; Heb. b'py>^ (belial) = not a proper name ;
but from (1) ^bzi (beli) ~ without, and (2) pro-
bably 7?.^ (yaal) = usefulness ; meaning a
person without usefulness, a worthless fellow,
a good for nothing. ]
1. In tlie Old Testament (Authorised Version):
Mistranslated as if it were a being, probably
Satan or one of his angels.
2. In ike New Testament: Satan.
"And what concord hath Christ with Belial? . . "
—2 Cor. vi. 15.
3. Tn Milton : A particular fallen angel.
(See P. i., bk. i.)
be-li'-bel, v.t. [Eng. prefix &c, and libel.] To
libel ; to calumniate.
" The pope, hearing thereof, belibelled him [the
emperour] more foully than ever before." — Fuller :
Sist. of the Boly War, p. 163.
bel'-IC, s. [Fr. belie, belif, belli/.] A red colour.
Her. : A term sometimes used for gules.
be-lick', v.i. [Eng. be; iicfc (?).] To lick.
* be--liCk'-it, jsa. prir. [Belick.]
" They were ey sae resuly to come in ahint the haun,
that naebody, hand aff themsels, cou'd get feeu't
belickU o" ony guid that was ga\vu."~St. Patrick, L 74.
{Jamieson.)
be-li'e, *be-ly', -^ be-ly'e, u.i. [Eng. &e;
lie. A.S.beleogan (pret. beleag) = tQ impose,
falsify, belie, accuse falsely, forge or counter-
feit ; be, and Icogan = to lie. In Dut. beliegen ;
Ger. belugcn ; Sw. beljuga = to belie.] To
tell lies. Specially —
1. To tell a lie against a person or thing ;
to calumniate, to slander,
"If Armstrong was not-belied, he ivas deep in the
worst secrets of the Rye House Plot, . . ."—Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
2. To fill with lies.
" 'Tis slander, whose breath
Kiiles on the posting winds, and doth belie
All comers of the world."
Shahasp. : Cytribeline, iii. 4.
3. To give the lie : To prove to be hollow
or deceptive. (Used specially when actions
prove previous words hollow and untrue. As
a rule, it is not used offensively.)
" The first a nymi)h of lively Gaul,
Whose easy step and laughing eye
Her borrowed air of awe belie. "
Scott : The Bridal qf Triermain.
4. To mimic, to imitate, to ape.
" Which durat. with horses' hoofs that l)eat the gromid,
And martial brass, belie the thunder's somid."
^ _ Dryden.
be-ll'ed, pa. par. & a. [Belie.]
be-lle'f, be-le've, ^ bi-le've, *by-le've,
* by lyve, s. [A.S. geleafa= consent, assent,
confidence, belief, faith ; leafa = belief (com-
pare also geleaf= leaf, leave, license, permis-
sion) ; Dut. geloof= faith, creed, belief, credit,
trust ; Ger. glauhe, glauben = faith, good
faith.] [Believe.]
I. The mental act or operation of accepting
as true any real or alleged fact or opinion on
the evidence of testimony, or any proposition
on the proof afforded by reasoning. It is
opposed to the conviction produced by per-
sonal obseiTation or experience, which is
stronger than that resting on testimony or
reasoning. The term belief may be used for
full and unwavering acceptance of anything
as true, for an acceptance weak and fluctuat-
ing, or for anything intenuediate between the
two.
t IL The state of being accepted as true on
the e\ddencc of reasoning or testimony.
III. That which is accepted as true on the
evidence of testimony or reasoning.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"... render it necessary for even the wisest of
mt?n to take a large portion of their beliefs from
others."— rimes, Mov. 13, 1876.
"Belief is great, \\i^-]i\\\tv^."—Carlylc: Heroes and
Jlero-tDorship, Lett. ii.
2. Sp^ecioMy :
(a) Religions bcliri', -j, creed, the system of
doctrines held by the professors of any faith ;
yet more specially, Christianity.
" In the heat of general ijersecution, whereunto
Ohiistian belief wa.s subject upon the first promulga-
tion, it much ooufirjned the weaker minds, when rela-
tion was made how God had been glorified through the
Bufferings of martyrs." — Uooker.
(b) The statement of such system of doc-
trine. (Used specially of the Apostles' Creed.)
3. Christian Theol. : The implicit accept-
ance, by the aid of the Holy Spirit, of every
.-tatemeut whidi there is reason to believe
comes from God. Spec., the acceptance of all
that He has rcvfaled regarding the divinity
and sonship of Jesus Cln-ist, His mission to
the earth. His life, His death, His resun-ec-
tion and ascension. For this faith is used
more frequently titan belief. [Faith.]
" Faith is a firm belief of the whole word of God, of
his gospel, commands, threats, and promises." — Wake.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes between the
terms belief, credit, trust, and faith : — "Belief
is generic, the others are specific tenns ; we
believe when we credit and trust, but not
always vice versa. Belief rests on no particu-
lar person or thing ; but credit and trust rest
nn the authority of one or more individuals.
Everything is tlie subject of beZie/ which i)ro-
duces one's assent : the events of human life
are credited upon the authoi'ity of the narrator;
tlie words, jiromises, or the integrity of in-
dividuals arc trusted ; the power of persons
and the virtue of things ai-e objects of faith.
Belief and credit are particular actions or
sentiments : trust and faith are permanent
dispositions of the mind. Things are entitled
to our belief, per.sons to our credit; but jjeople
rejiose trust or have faith in others. . . ."
"Belief, trust, and faith have a religious appli-
cation, which credit has not. Belief is simply
an act of the understanding ; trust and faith
are active moving principles of the mind in
whicli the heart is concerned. Belief does not
extend beyond an assent of the mind to any
given proposition ; trnst and faith are lively
sentiments which impel to action. Belief is
to trust and faith as cause to effect : there
may be hcHef without eitlier truat or faith;
but there can be no tnist or faitli without
belief. We believe that there is a God, who ]s
the creator and preserver of all His creatures ;
we therefore t)"iist in Him for His protection
of ourselves. AVe believe that Jesus Christ
died for the sins of men ; we liave tlierefore
faith in His redeeming grace to save us fi'om
our sins." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
^ Professor Bain considere that &eZic/largely
depends upon the will. He says, " It will be
readily admitted that the state of mind called
belief is. In many cases, a concomitant of our
activity. But I mean to go farther than this,
and to affirm that belief has no meaning, ex-
cept in reference to our actions ; the essence
or import of it is such as to place it under the
region of the will. We shall soon see that an
intellectual notion or conception is likewise
indispensable to the act of believing : but no
mere conception that does not directly or in-
directly implicate our voluntary exertions,
ran ever amount to the state in question."
(Bain : The Emotions and the Will, chap.
"Belief," p. 524.)
*be-Uef'-tull, a. [Eng. belief; -full] Full
of belief; disposed to believe.
"It is for thee sufficient to shewe a mind beliefutl
and readie to obeic . . ."—CUal: iwfte, ch. i. {liichard-
son.)
* be-lief -fiil-nesse, s. [Eng. belieffnl;
-nesse.] The quality of being disposed to
believe.
"Thei diadcyne to have the godly belief ulnease of
the heathen to he jiraised, and yet do they not all the
while ameudt' their owne wicked vuhelinf—Cdal:
Luke, ch. IV. {/iicJutrdson.)
be-liev'-a-ble, a. [Eug. belieiic) ; -able.]
Able to be believed ; tredible. (Shenvood.)
"Thewitueasingisbcn niciad beleeuabte iul myclie."
— WycliffelPs. xcii. 5).
be-lie'v-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. believable;
-ness.'] The state of being believable.
''. . . the credibility and helienableness, as. laiW it.
of those promises and particular mercies. "—Goodwin ;
Worlcs, vol. iv., jjt. i., p. 83. {/iicliardson.)
be-lie've, ^ be-le've, * bi-le've, ^ by
leve, * byleyve, '' bylyve, v. t. & i. [A.S.
gelefan, gelyfan = to believe. Compare also
fate, ^t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ss, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
believed— bell
'487
But gelooven; Ger. glauhen ; M. H. Ger. glou-
6eji, gelouben; O. H. Ger. galauwan; O.S.
giUhian; Goth. gaXauhjan, laubjan. Compare
also A.S. laef= permission.]
A- Trans. : To accept as true, not on one's
personal knowledge, but on the testimony of
others, or on reasonings which appear more
or less conclusive. It is used when the
assent to the statement or proposition is of a
very firm character, and also wlien it is weak
and wavering. (It may he followed by the
objective of the person whose word is accepted
as true, or by tlie objective of the statement
made.)
" That Caaaioloves her, I do well beHeveit.''—i^n7ccsp.:
Othello, ii. 1.
"Ten thousand things there ave, which we helieoe
merely upon the authority or credit of those who have
spoken or written of them."~}Vatts : Logia.
B, Intransitive ;
I. Ordinary Language :
1, Gen. : To accept a. statement or proposi-
tion as true on the evidence afforded by the
testimony of another person, or on reasonings
of one's own.
2. Specially :
(a) Collo(/uial : To accept with some degree
of doubt.
(&) To exercise the grace of Christian faith.
rSee II.]
II. TJieology:
1. To assent to the claim which Jesus Christ
put forth to he the Messiah, the Son of God,
and the Saviour, and place confidence in the
efficacy of his sacrifice for sin.
"ff In Rom. X. 10 this belief is attributed to
the heart. The opposition in that verse is not,
however, so much between the heart and the
intellect as between what is secret and personal
and what is openly professed by the lips.
"Foi'with the heart man belieoeCh unto righteous-
ness ; , . ." — Jiom. X. 10.
It is followed (ft) by in or on placed before the
person or Beiiiy who is tlie object of faith.
"... ye believe in God, beJieve also in me." — John
xiv. 1.
"And they snid,. Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ,
and thou shalt he saved, and thy house. " — A eta xvi, 31,
Or (IS) by the clause of a sentence expressive
of the tenet or proposition to which one
publicly or tacitly assents.
" And Philii) said. If thou bellevcat with all thine
heart, thou inayeat. And he answered and said, I
belieoe that Jeaua Clirist is the Son of God."— Acts
viii. 37.
2. To express such faith by the public enun-
ciation of a creed. Thus the "Apostles'
Creed, to be sung or said by the minister and
the people," in the Liturgic worship of the
Church of England, commences thus :— " I
believe in God, the Father Almighty, . . ."
be-Iie'ved, pa. par. & a. [Believe.]
be-lie'v-er, ^beTle'ev-er, ■•'■. [Eng. believ(e);
-er.]
A. Ordinary Languaije :
L Gen. : One who believes or who gives
credit to anything.
"Uisciiiliiie heean to enter into conflict with
churchea, which, m extremity, had heen believers of
it." — IlooJcer.
XL Spec. : One who holds a definite religious
belief.
1. A Christian.
". . . have been maintained hy the universal body
of true believers, from the days of the apostles, and
will he to the resun-ection."— S«)t/^(.
2. A professor of some other faith,
"... the soul of one believer outweighs all earthly
kingships ; all men, according to Islam too, are equal. '
— Carlyle: Heroes, Lect ii.
B. Ch. Hist, (pliir.): There are three British
religious sects at present thus named —
(a) Believers in Christ.
(b) Believers meeting in the name of the
Lord Jesus Clirist.
(c) Believers in the divine visitation of
Joanna Southcott, prophetess of Exeter.
% The second of these, that named (6),
appears for the first time in the Registrar-
General's List for 1878.
be-lie'V-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Believe.]
A, & B. -4s pr. participle & adjective: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
" Now God he prais'd, that to belieuinti souls
Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair."
Sluikesp. : 2 Henri/ VI., ii 1.
C. As substantive: The act or operation of
accepting as true. (Rom. xv. 13.)
be-lie'V-i&g-ly, (^v- [Eng. believing; -ly.]
In a believnig manner, as a believer would do.
(■Johnson.)
^ be-li'fe, ^ be-liff, adv. [Belive.] (Scotch.)
*be-light' (gJi silent), v.U [Eng. &e, and light.}
To illumine, to shine on.
"Godes brihtnesse, bcUhte hem."— 0. Ung. Homilies
{ed. Morris), ii. SI.
be-ll'ke, ^be-lylce, mh-. [Eng. &e;JiA:c.]
Perhaps ; there is a likelihood that ; probably.
^ It is becoming rare in Enghsh, and is not
very common in Scotch.
"Belike, hoy, then you are in love." —Shakesp. : Two
Gent, of Verona, ii. 1.
" Things that I know not of belike to thee are dear."
Wordsworth: Pet Lamb.
* be-lilie-ly, adv. [Eng. belike; -ly.~\ Pro-
bably ; there is a likelihood that.
"Having belikely heard some better words of me
than I could deserve."— J?j;». Ball: Specialties of his
Life.
be-li'me, v.t. [Eng. be; lime.'] To besmear
with bird-lime.
" Ye. whose foul hands are belimed with bribe^,
and besmeared with tlie price of blood."— fip. Hall:
Works, vol. ii., p. 301 (ert. 1661).
be-ll'med, pa. par. & a. [Belime.]
b^-ll'm-ing, pr.par. [Belime.]
Bel-i~sa'-na, o. [A female name. Etymology
doubtful.]
Astron. : An assteroid, the 178th found. It
was discovered by Palisa on November 6, 1877.
be-lit'-tle (tie as tel), v.t. [Eng. be; littU.']
To make little ; to dwarf. (Jeferson.)
be-Ut'-tled (tied as teld), pa. par. [Be-
little. ]
be-lit'-tUng, ^. par. [Belittle.]
be-li've, * bee-live, *^be-li'vc, ^be-lyue,
^ bi-li've, ^ by-live. " blive, * blyve,
adv. [Eng. prefix be, and live. ]
1. By-and-by, speedily, quickly. (Obsolete
in English, but still used in Scotch.)
"But Habby of Cefeford will be here belive . , ."
Scott : Waverlc}/. [Append, to Qen. Preface.)
2. At length.
"... gyf that thus belyue,
Troianis has socnt tyll Italy, tyll upset
New Troyis wallys, to be agane douu let?"
Douglas: Virffil, 314, 36. (JamlesoTu)
* belk, * belke, v. t. [Belch.] To belch.
"... this being done, it was not half an hour hut
he 1>egan to faint ; and turning aljout on his left side
hee belkeil twiae." — TTie Report of Martin's Death.
From Martin's Month's Mind\\bsa), p. 2L {Boucher.)
bell (1), * belle, -^ bel, s. [A.S. bella = a bell,
a word imitated from the sound. In Dut.
bel; Old Dut. belle. Connected with A.S.
bellan =to bellow (Bellow), and with peal
(Peal).]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally :
1. An instrument of a particular form and
material for producing sounds. It consists
of a reversed cup, bearing at its apex an ear
or canon, by which it is suspended from a
beam or other fixed body above, and having
hung internally a clapper or hammer, by the
percussion of which on the reversed cup the
required sound is generated. It is generally
formed of bell-metal (q.v.). Golden bells are
mentioned in connection with religious wor-
ship in Exod. xxviii. 33, 34. They alternated
with pomegranate-lilce knobs on the lower
part of the Jewish high-priest's blue robe of
the ephod. Bells were found by Layard at
Nimroud, near the site of old Nineveh, the
alloy of which they were formed being ten
parts of copper to one of tin. The Greeks
and Romans used bells in camps, markets,
and baths, as well as in religious observances.
The introduction of large bells into churches
is attributed to Paidinus, Bishop of Nola in
Campania, about the year 400. Bede men-
tions their use in England towards the end
of the seventh century. They were first cast
in this country about A.D. 940. The great
bell of St. Paul's Cathedral, in London,
cast in 1709, is (j'7 feet in diameter ; it weighs
11,470 lbs.; and Big Ben, of Westminster,
cast in 1858, 30,324: lbs. These dimensions
are, however, dwarfed by some Russian bells.
That of the Kremlin, the greatest ever con-
structed, when re-cast in 1733, was enlarged
till it weighed 432,000 lbs. It is said, though
some deny it, that this enormoils mass was
actually suspended for four years. In 1737,
however, a fire caused it to fall. In 1837 a
chapel was excavated below it, of which it
was made to constitute the dome. Next, it is
said in size to tlie Russian bells are one at
Aniarapoora inBui-mah, 260,000 lbs. ; and one
at Pekiu, 130,000 ; both, of course, are for
Booddhist worship. Bells are often affixed,
both in England and elsewhere, to cattle,
sheep, &c., when turned loose to feed, and
are useful, especially in forests, to indicate
where the animals are feeding. Sheep-bells of
bronze, used in ancient Italy, are still to be
seen in the museum at Naples.
2. A small hollow globe of metal, perforated
and having within it a solid ball. This type
of bell occurs in the hawk's bell. It is affixed
to the animal, striking against its sides during
flight, with the eflect of emitting a sound.
"As the ox hath his bow, the horse his curb, and
the faulcon his bells, so hath Inan his desires. —
Shakesp. : As I'oii Like It, iii. 3.
n. Figuratively:
'" 1. A clock.
"At six of the bellswe gynue our play."— £f(ru« .*
Eorda Angel-Cynnan, iii. 137. (Boucher.)
2, Anything shaped like an ordinary bell, or
at least like the cup-shaped portion of it.
Specially—
(a) The bell-like monopetalous corolla of
various heaths, of the Campanula, &c. [See
the compounds which follow.] So, in Scotch,
Lint in the. bell means "flax in flower."
(Jamieson. )
" WTiere the bee sucks there such I,
In a cowslip's bell I lie."
Stiakesp. : Tempest, vi. 1. {Song.)
" The hutnining-bees, that hunt the golden dew.
In auuiiner'H heat on tops of lihes feed.
And creep within their bells to suck the balmy seed.
Dryden.
(b) The mouth of a funnel or trumpet ; also
of several wood wind instruments.
ni. In special phrases :
1. Bell of the brae : The highest part of the
slope of a hill. (Scotch.)
^ Jamieson thinks this may be, perhaps,
connected with bell (2) (q.v.).
2. For " curfew bell," " passing bell,"
" saints' or Sanctus bell," &c., see " curfew,"
"passing," &c., with which bell is in conneo-
tion.
3. To bear away the bell : To win the prize at
a race, where a bell was the usual prize.
"Among the Romans it [a horse race] was an
Olympic exercise, and the prize was a garland, but now
tbey tcare tJie bell away."Saltonshall : Char., 23.
(Nares. )
4. To bear tlie bell :
(a) Lit. : To be the bellwether of a flock,
that is, the sheep which carries a bell ; or to be
the hoi-seto which a bell is affixed, and which
is made to go first in a drove of horses.
(6) Fig. : To be the first ; to be superior to
all others.
5. To carry a%vay the bell : To cany off the
prize in a race or other contest in wliich that
prize is a bell. [Nearly the same as 3 (q.v.).]
(Lit. £Jig.)
"The Italians have carried away the bell from all
other nations, as may appear both hy their books
and works." — Hakewlll.
6. To gain the bell : To win the prize at a
race. [5.]
" Here lyes the man whose horse did gaine
The bell, in race on Salisbury plain."
Camdeit: Remains, p. 348. (Nares.)
7. To lose the bell : To be worsted in a con-
test, so that the antagonist gains the bell or
other prize.
" But when in single fight he lost the bell."
Fairfax: Tasso, xvii. 69.
8. To <ynrse by bell, book, and candle {in the
Roman Catliolic Church): To excommunicate ;
a bell being tolled, the book of offices for the
purpose used to be read from, and a candle
(or, according to Nares, three candles) extin-
guished with certain ceremonies. A form of
excommunication, ending, "Doe to the book,
quench the candle, ring the bell. Amen,
Amen," was extracted from the Canterbury
Book by Sir Thomas Ridley or his annotator,
J. Gregory. (Nares.)
" Bell, book, and catulle shall not drive me hack.
When gold and silver becks rae to come on."
Sluikesp. ; King John, iii, 3.
9. To ring a bell backwards : To do so in the
way described, as was formerly the practice.
(a) Spec, ; That warning might be given oi
fire.
boil, bo^; poUt, j<$^l; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -iug.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^l.
488
bell
"Tlioii, air, iu time
You may be remembered iit the quenching of
Fir'd houses, tolieii. the hells ring backward, by
Your name upon the buckets."
Cltu Mutcfi (Old Play), ix. 297.
Or (6) Gen.: On the rise of any sadden
danger in a city or town.
" Dundee he is mounted, he rides up the street :
The bellx am rung backward, the drums they are
beat" Scott: Bonnie Dundee.
(c) As a mark of sorrow.
"Not concluded with any epithalamiums or songs
o£ joy, but contrary — his belU ring backward." —
Gayton : Feat. Notes, p. 258.
10. To sliake. the hells : A figurative phrase
taken from the shaking of bells tied to a hawk
or falcon, which takes place when the bird
flies. [B. 1.]
"Neither the king, nor he that loves him best,
The proudest he that holds up Lancaster,
Dares stir a wing, if Wanvick shakes his bells."
Skakesp. : 3 Henry VI., i. l,
B. Technically :
L Her.: Chnrch bells are used as an heraldic
«nblem ; so also are hawk's bells.
11. Nant. : At sea the sub-divisions of a
" watch " of four hours' duration are noted by
a half-hourly striking of a bell with a clapper.
Thus the phrase, " it is two bells," means an
hour of the watch has elapsed ; three bells,
an hour and a half ; and eight bells, the whole
four hours, after which a new watch is set
and the process is repeated. (Admiral Smyth :
Sail(yr's Word-Book, 1867.)
ni. Architecture:
1. The body of a Corinthian or Composite
capital, with the foliage stripped off. (Glos-
sary of Architecture.)
2. The similar body of a capital in the Early
English and other forms of Gothic architec-
ture. (Ibid.)
bell-animalcules, or bell-animals,
s. The English name for the family of Infu-
sorial animalcules, called Vorticellidse (q.v.).
The species of the type-genus Vorticella con-
sist of a fixed simple contractile stalk or
A BELL-ANIMALCULE (vORTICELLA) MAGNIFIED.
stem, terminated at its upper extremity by a
body in the form of a bell. Cilia draw to the
mouth the creatuies still smaller than them-
selves on which the bell-animalcules feed.
bell-bird, s. A bird, called also the Ara-
punga (Arapiinga alba), belonging to the
family Ampelidae and the sub-family Gymno-
derinae (Fruit Crows). It is pure white in
colour, about a foot in length, and has a voice
like the tolling of a bell. It inhabits Guiana.
" At this season the beak and naked skin about the
bead frequently change colour, as witli some herons,
ibises, gulls, one of the bell-Mrds ]\ist noticeid, &c." —
SaTwin: Descent of Man, pt ii-, ch. xiii,
bell-buoy, s.
Naut. : A buoy to wliich a bell is attached
in such a way as to be rung by the motion of
the waves.
bell-cage, s. A timber frame, also called
a belfry, carrying one or more large bells.
bell-canopy, i
bell in harness.
A canopy containing
bell-chamber, s. The room containing
one or more large bells in harness,
bell-cot, s. A structure presenting the
appearance of a steeple.
bell-crank, s.
Mech. : Such a crank as is used at the upper
angles of rooms to give the bell-wires that
alteration in direction which they there re-
quire. It is a rectangular lever, having its
fulcrum at the apex of the angle. The direc-
tion of a motion is changed by it 90°.
bell-fashioned, u. Fashioned in the
form of a bell.
bell-flower, ' belflower, s.
1, The English name of the great genus Cam-
panula. It is so called because the corollas
have a close resemblance to a bell. About
ten species are found in Britain, the most
common being Campamila rotundifolia, the
Round-leaved Bell-flower or Harebell ; and
after it C. trachelium, or Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower ; and C. hederacea, or Ivy-leaved Bell-
flower. The finest species is the Giant Bell-
flower (Campamda latifolia). [Campanula.]
Tf The form belflower is the only one given
in Johnson's Dictionary.
2. An endogenous plant (Narcissus Psetido-
imrcissus).
Autumn Bell -flower: A plant, Gentiana
PneumonantJie.
bell-founder, * bel-founder, a. Onp
who founds or casts bells.
bell -foundry, bell
foundry, s. A foundry
in which bells are east.
bell-gable or bell-
turret, s. A gable or
turret in which a bell or
bells are suspended that
they may be rung.
bell-glass, s. A glass
vessel shaped like a bell,
open on the lower side, and
having on its top a knob
placed tliere for conveni-
ence of handling. Such
a glass is used (a) to con-
stitute the receiver of an
air-pump, or (p) to con-
tain gaaes for purposes of
experiment, or (c) as a cover bell-gable.
for delicate plants.
bell-hanger, s. One who hangs bells.
bell-hanging, s. The act or process of
hanging a bell or bells.
bell-heather, s. Cross-leaved heath
(Erica tetraliw). (Jamieson.)
bell-less, a. Without a bell.
bell-like, a. Like a bell.
*' "With many a deep-hued bell-like flower
Of fragrant trailers." Tennyson : Elednore, a.
bell-man, ♦ bel-man, s. A crier, a
man who goes round a town to make some
intimation, and prefaces his statement by
ringing a bell.
"The belmanot each parish, aa he goes his circuit,
cries out every night, ' Past twelve o'clock ! ' "Swi/t.
bell-metal, * bel-metal, s. An alloy
of copper and tin, constituting a kind of
bronze : 75 parts of copper to 25 of tin, or 78
of copper to 22 of tin, are proportions fre-
quently employed, while sometimes the alloy
is made of copper, tin, zinc, and lead.
Bell-m-etal Ore : A mineral, called also Stan-
nite or Staunine (q.v.).
bell-mouthed,
mouth of a bell.
bell-pepper, s.
pepper (Capsicum grossum).
Fashioned like the
A plant, a species of
* bell-polype, s. Any species of Vorti-
cella. [Bell-Animalcule.]
bell-pull, s. That by which a bell is
pulled ; the rope or handle connectingthe hand
of the operator with a bell-wire, and enabling
him or her to ring the bell.
bell-punch, s. An instrument contain-
ing a signal bell, used for marking tickets.
"When the handle is compressed the bell is
rung, and the piece punched out of the ticket
serves as a check on the number of fares paid.
bell-ringer, * bell - rynger, s. One
who rings a bell. (Used specially of those
who ring church bells.)
A roof shaped like a bell.
A rope for ringing or toU-
A plant, Narcissus Pseudo-
bell-roof; ;
bell-rope,
ing a bell.
bell-rose,
narcissus.
bell-shaped, a.
1. In a general sense : Shaped like a bell.
2. In Botany ; A term applied to a corolla,
a calyx, or either organ in which the tube is
inflated and gradually enlarged into a limb so
as to resemble a bell ; campanulate. Example,
the corolla of Campanula. (Lindley : Introd,
to Bot., p. 452.)
Bell-the-cat, s. A nickname given to
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, in the reign
of James IU. of Scotland. The noblemen
under this monarch having no sympathy with
the king's love of the fine arts, and being
specially irritated that he had made an archi-
tect—or as they irreverently said a mason— by
name Cochrane, Earl of Mar, plotted forcibly
to remove the plebeian whom they disliked
from the royal presence. At their secret con-
clave, which was held in Lauder Church in
1482, Lord Gray, who was fearful about the
result of the enterprise, told the apologue of
the mice failing to "bell the cat." [See -Be//
tJie cat, under Bell, v.t.] To which the daring
Angus replied, " I understand the moral, and.
that what we propose may not lack execution,
I will bell the cat."
"And from a loophole while I peep,
Old Bellrthe-Cat came from the keep."
Scott : J/armion, vl. 16,
bell-trap, 5. A trap like a bell oi- an in-
verted cup, to prevent the reflux of foul air
from drains,
bell-turret, s. [Bell-gable.]
bell-ware, s. [So called from the sea-
weed of which kelp is made.] A i^lant, Zuste-ra
nuxriita.
bell-waver, v.i.
1. To fluctuate ; to be inconstant.
2. To tell a story incoherently. (Jamieson.)
bell-wavering, pr. par. & s [Bell-
wavee.] (Scotch.)
A, As present participle : In a sense corre-
sponding to that of the verb.
B. As substantive : The act of straggling.
bell-wether, * bel wether. * beU
weather, belweather, * bel veddir
(Scotch), s. [Eng. bell, and wether ((i.v.).'] A
sheep on whose neck a bell is placed that the
animal may lead the flock.
" The flock of sheep and belwether thinking to break
into auother'a pasture, and being to pass over another
bridge, jostled till both fell into the ditch,"— //owe/,
bell-wheel, s. The wheel by which »
church bell is swung.
bell-yeter, s. A bell-founder. (Prompt
Parv.)
bell (2), * bel, s. [Dut. bel — a bell, a bubble ;
Lat. &w/?a = a bubble.] A bubble. (Scotch.)
[Beller.]
bell (3), s. [Compare Gael, ball = a spot or
mark ; Bret, hal = a white mark on the face
of an animal.] [Bald.] A white mark on a
horse, or on any other animal.
* bell, a. [Corrupted from &e/d = bald.] Bald.
(0. Scotch.)
* bell-kite, s. The Bald Coot. (Jamiemr...)
bell (1), v.t. & i. [From Bell (1), s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitively :
1. Lit. : To put a beU upon.
2. Fig. : At great personal risk to attempt
to render the assault or hostiUty of an adver-
sary futile. The signification is derived from
the following apologue. A colony of mice,
losing some of their number through the de-
predations of a cat, held a conference to try to
devise measures for their preservation. When
all were perplexed, a young mouse stood up,
and in a florid speech proposed that a bell
should be affixed to the tail of the cat. This,
of course, would ring whenever she moved,
and thus give warning of her approach. The
young mouse sat down amid loud applause,
on which an old and experienced mouse asked
if their young friend would now be kind
enough to inform them who would bell the
cat. The orator had never thought of this,
and was speechless. [Bell the cat, under
Bell, s.]
B. Intrans. : To develop into the form of a
bell. (Used specially of plants with campanu-
late corollas, sometimes, however, also of
flower-buds.)
■ beU (2) v.i. [Prom Bell (2), s.] To bubble
up, to throw up or bear bubbles.
" When the scum turns lilue
And the blood bells through."
Bei-ils of Man, ii. 44. {Jamvison. )
fate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine- go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, oiib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, se, 09 = e, ey=a. au = kWa '
bell— bellon
489
*beU(3), "^belle.v.l [A.S.&ei^au = to bellow,
to roar, to bark.] [Bellow.]
1. Lit. (of animals): To roar, to bellow.
Used—
(1) Gen. : Of the cry of various animals.
"Bellyn or roryn as nette : Mugio."— Prompt. Parv.
(2) Spec. ; Of the roar or bellow of the sta^
In rutting time.
"An iuscriptlon on a rock at WhamcHffe stfttes that
the lodge there waa erected by Sir Thomas Wortley
•for his plesur to her the herta hen'"—UaUamihir6
Oloasary, p. 11.
2. Of anything inanimate capable of making
a bellowuii; sound.
" He gau to blaseu out a soun,
As loud as belleth wiude in Hell."
Chaucer .- Hous of Fame, iii. 713.
bel-la-don'-na, s. [In Fr. helladonne. From
Ital." hella — beautiful, fine ; and donna =
lady, the same as Lat. domina = the mistress
of a family, a lady.] Possibly because used as
an aid to beauty.
A. Properly :
1. A name for the Deadly Nightshade or
Common Dwale (Atropa belladonna). [Atropa,
Nightshade.] The " beauty " implied by the
name is in the hemes, which are shining black,
but are poisonous. The best known antidote
to them is vinegar.
2. Pharm. : The leaves of the plant defined
under No. 1. They are useful as a medicine,
being given in intermittent fevers, palsy, per-
tussis, amaurosis, cachexia, epilepsy, and tic-
douloureux. A remedy much used in homceo-
pathic pharmacy.
B. Less -properly : A sub-division of the
genus Amaryllis, containing the species of lily
mentioned below.
belladonna-lily. s. The English name
of a plant, the AmaryllU helkulonna, a fine lily
brought from the West Indies.
* bel'-l^n, s. [An obsolete form of haleen
(q.v.).] Whalebone.
" The stem Eryx was wount
To fecht ane bargaiie, and gif mony dount,
In that hard beltan hie brawnis to embrace."
Doug. : Virgil, 141, 4. {Jumif^mi.)
bel'-lan-dine. s. [Bellan.] A broil, a
squabble. (S'cotc/i.)
"There are the chans alraidy watching to hae a
beUandine wl' thee— air thou tak nao giiou calre, lad,
thou'a in cwotty WoUie'a hand."— fl'offf? ; Wint. Tales,
i. 267. (Jamieeon.)
Bel'-l^-trix, s. [Lat. hellatrix = a female war-
rior, such as Minerva, from bellum, = war. So
called from the nature of the astrological in-
fluence which it was supposed to exert.]
Astron. : A star of the second magnitude, the
smaller of the two bright ones in the shoulder
of Orion. It is called also y Ononis.
bell'bind'-er, bell-wind'-er, s. A local
name of a jjlant, Convolvnlus sepmiin.
belle (1), *bele, a. & s. [Fr. helle (as s.)=:a
beautiful female, fern, of heau or hel ; (adi.) =
pleasnig to the eye. beautiful, handsome, fine.]
A. As adjective : Fine.
"That ben enblaunched with 6e?e paroles and with
bele clothes."— P /era Plowman, p. 278. (liichardson.)
B. As substantive (of the form belle [1]) : A
beautiful young lady ; a fine or fashionable
young lady, even though not distinguished for
beauty.
" Your prudent gi-andinammaa. ye modern beUes.
Content with Bristol, Bath, and Tunbridge Wells."
Cowper: Retirement.
* belle-cheer, * bele-chere, s.
1. Good cheer.
2. Good company.
"And enbelyse his burg with hia bele-chere."
Gawayn and the Green Knight.
beUe (2), o. [Bell.3
* belle, v.i. [Bell (2), v.]
belled, pa. ^ar. & a. [Bell (1), v.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Furnished with a bell or
bells.
2. Her. Of a liawk or falcon : Having bells
' affixed to his legs.
Bell'e-isle (s silent), s. & a. [Fr. lyelle = fine,
andO. Fr. isle. Mod. Fr. i^e = an island. ] [Isle.]
A, As substantU'e :
1. An island on the coast of France, eight
miles south of Quiberon Point.
2. An island at the entrance of the Straits
of BcUeisle, between Newfoundland and Lab-
rador.
3. Tlie straits tlieniselves.
B. As adjerMa: : Pertaining to any of those
Belleislcs.
Belleisle-cress or American-cress,
s. [From the American island or strait, A. 2
and 3.] A cruciferous plant, Barbarea prcucox,
now frequently cultivated in Britain.
bel'-ler, v.i. [Bell (2), s.] To bubble up.
(Scotch.)
Bel-ler'-6-ph6n. s. [In Lat. Bellerophon;
Gr. BeAA.epo(|)wc (bellerophon).']
1. Class. MytJiology : A virtuous hero fabled
to have killed the Chimera, vanquished the
Amazons, and achieved other successes.
" Then mighty Pi-jetus Argoa' sceptre sway'd, _^
Whose hard commands Bcllifrffj^hfin obeyd.
Pope: Bomer's Iliad, bk. iv.. 197, 198.
2. Palawit. : A genus of gasteroiiodous mol-
luscs belonging to the family Atlantida-. The
species have symmetrically convoluted glo-
bular or discoidal shells, some of them whorled,
and with a deeply-notched aperture. In 1875,
Tate estimated the known species at 128,
ranging from the Lower Silurian to the Car-
boniferous rocks.
belles-lettres (es mute), s. pi [Fr. (lit.)
= fine letters.] A term borrowed from the
French, and signifying polite literature, what
were of old called "the humanities." It
has been held to include such kinds of litera-
ture as require for their production imagi-
nation and taste, rather than study and re-
flection. Littr6, without doubt, giving the
actual usage of the termbelles-leitres in France,
makes it include grammar, eloquence, and
poetry. In England, poetry, fiction, rhetoric,
philology, and even history, are generally
included within its limits ; but whatever may
have been the case in a more backward state
of thought than that which at present exists,
it is a^ satire on philology, history, and grammar
to regard thom as studies in which imagina-
tion is predominant.
"The exactness of the other, is to admit of some-
thing like discourse, especially in what regards the
beUes-l^!ttre8."—Tatlcr.
* bell'-gard, s. [Belgard.]
■* Toel'-li-bdne, s. [Fr. belle = fair, beautiful,
and bonne, feni. of bon = good, or the corre-
sponding words in Lat. bellus and bonus.] A
beautiful and good woman ; a bonny lass.
" Pan may be proud that ever he begot ,
Such a. bellibone."
Spenser: Sheph. Cal., iv.
t bel'-lic, ''" bel'-U-caU, * bel'-Uck, a.
[From Lat. bellicus = warlike ; helluin = war.]
Warlike. (Used of persons or things.)
bel'-li-cose, a. [Lat. bellicosus, fond of war,
martial; from helium = wslt.] Warlike, dis-
posed to fight on slender provocation, adapted
for war.
* bel'-li-COUS, a. [Lat. bellicus = pertaining
to war. luFr. belliqueux.] Warlike, martial.
(Now Bellicose is used instead of it.)
"... sum border men, quiials myndia at na tyme
are aither martiall, or bellicous, but only given to rieflf
and spuilyie, . . ."—Hist. Ja/mes the Sext, p. 148.
(Jamieson.)
bel-Ud'-e-se, s. pi [Bellis.]
Bot. : A family of composite plants belong-
ing to the tribe Asteroide^i. Type, Bellis.
bel'-li-e-se, s. pi [Bellium.]
Bot. : A family of plants belonging to the
tribe Asteroidea. Type, Bellium (q.v.).
bel'-lied, pa. par. & a. [Be^.^y, v.t]
A., As a simple word chiefly in Bot. : Swel-
ling at the middle, veutricose. (Martyn.)
B. In compos. : Having a belly of a cha-
racter described by the word which precedes
it ; as " white-&eZZied swift " (i.e., the swift of
which the belly is white), Cypselus alpinus.
* bel-lig'-er-ate, v.i. [Lat. belligeratum, sup.
of belligero, from bellum — war, and gero = to
carry on.] To carry on war. (Cockeram.)
bel-lig'-er-en^e, s. [From Lat. belli, genit.
of helium — war, and gereii(tis)y gen. of gerens
= carrying on, and sufT. -ce.] The state of
being.at war. (If. Taylor.)
bel-Ug'-er-en-9y, s. [Eng. henigerenc(e)y.]
Warfare ; the state of being at war.
"Macaalay ever . . . steeps ni in :in atmosphere of
belligerency." — Morley : Critical Essans.
bel-lig-er-ent, f bel-lig'-er-ant, «. &s.
rin Fr. belli geraiit ; Port, helligerante ; h&t.
belligerans, pr. par. of belligero = to make or
carrv on war ; Lat. belhm = war, and gerens,
pr. piir. of gero = to carry, to carry on.]
A. As adj. : Carrying ou war.
■■ Ptre Bougeanfa third volume will give yon the
best idla of the treaty of Munster. and open to you
E several views of the belligerent and contracting
parties."— /.ord Cheaterfield.
B. As substantive :
1 Literally (Ord. Lang, and Law): A nation
or a large section of a nation engaged in
(^rrving on war.
IT Vhen a revolted party of great numerical
strength are able to form a regular govern-
ment and rule over the whole or part of the
territory which tliey claim, humanity dictates
that they should not be treated as rebels
guilty of treason, but should, if captured, be
regarded as prisoners of war. To attain this
result it is ueedfid for those who have risen
in arnis against the government to make every
effort to obtain for their party the position
of belligerents. In the contest between the
Federals and Confederates in the war of 1861
— ISiJj, the latter section of tlie American
people, at the very commencement of the
struggle, claimed the privileges of belligerents.
Tlieir demand was promptly acceded to by
the British Government, on which the Federal
authorities took umbrage, contending that
the recognition had been premature, whilst
the British maintained that it could not have
been refused or delayed.
"Soon arose vexatious questions of maritime right,
questions such as, in almost every extensive war of
iiiodeni times, have arisen between belligerents anU
neutrals."— J/dmalnj!/; ffUt. £ng., ch. xix.
t2. i*'ii7. (Ord. Lang, only): A political,
rehgious, or any sunilar party carrying on a
wordy contest with another one to which it is
opposed.
" but out of Parliament the war was fitrcer
than ever; juid the belligerents were by no means
scrupulous about the means which they eiliployed. —
Macaulay : HUt. Eng., ch. xviiL
* bel-lig'-er-OUS, a. [in Ital. belligero =
warlike, martial, vahant ; Lat. helliger =
waging war, warlike ; bellnm = war, and gero
= to carry on.] Carrying on war. (Now super-
seded by Belligerent, q.v.) (Bailey.)
bel'-ling, pr. par. & a. [Bell, v.]
t A. Trans. : Putting a bell upon.
B, Intrans. : Taking the form of a bell.
bel-ling, * bel'-linge, s. [A.S. bellan = to
bellow.] A bellowing. (Used specially of a
stag making a noise in rutting time.)
"Bellinge of uette : ilugUus."—Pro^npt. Parv.
f bel-lip'-6-tent, o. [Lat. helli]->otens, from
bellum = war,' and potens = powerful ; from
possum = to be able.] Powerful in war, mighty
in war. (Johnson.)
* bel'-lique (aue as k)^ «. [A quasi Fi.
form.] [Bellic] Warlike.
"The betliffue Cesar, as Suetonius tells us. was noted
lor singularity in his apiiarel." — Felthaiu's Kesolves,
ii. 52.
bel'-lis, s. [Lat. bellis, perhaps cognate with
fteiZ'ifs = handsome, pretty.] A genus of Aste-
racese (Composites) which contains the well-
known daisy, Bellis perennis; the latter term,
meaning perennial, being applied to it to dis-
criminate it from the B. annua, or Annual
Daisy, which is found in Southern Europe, and
has been introduced into England, as has also
the B. sylvestris, or Large Portugal Daisy. B.
perennis has run into several varieties, of
which the chief known here are the B.
Jiortensis, or Large Double Daisy ; B. jistulosa,
or Double-quilled Daisy ; and B. prolifera, or
the Hen and Chicken Daisy.
* bel'-li-tude, s. [Lat. bellitudo = beauty ;
hellus = goodly, handsome.] Handsomeness ;
beauty. (Cockeram.)
bel'-li-um, s. [Bellis.] A genus of Compo-
site plants diff'ering from Bellis chiefly in the
pappus of the seeds. Two species are culti-
vated in Britain, B. hellidioides, or Small, and
B. minutum, or Dwarf Bellium. They come,
the former from Italy, and the latter from the
Levant.
bel'-lon, b-. [Etyni. doubtful.]
Med. : A kind of colic produced by lead-
poisoning— lead colic. It is attended by
severe griping of the intestines.
boil, boy-; po^t, j<Rtrl; cat, cell, chorus, cbin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = sliuxi ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -bio, -die, &c. = bel, dpi.
490
Bellona— belly
Bel-16'-na, s. [Lat. Bellona, formerly Dnelloiia,
from bellv'm, formerly duelhim, = war.]
1. Roman Miith. : The goddess of war, sister
and wife of Mars ; sometimes used for war
personified.
" Nor was his ear less peaVd
With noises loncl and ruinous (to comijaie
Gieat thinya with small) thaii wlieii Jiullonn stomis."
Milton: P. L., bk. ii.
2. Asiroih : An asteroid, the 2Stli found.
It was discovered by the astronomer Lutlier,
on the 1st of March, 1854, the same date th3,t
Amphitrite was lirst seen by Marth and
Pogson.
bel'-low, *bel'-ow, v.l. & t. [A.S. hylgean
= to bellow, from bellaii. — to bellow, to roar,
to bark; Dut bulken.} [Bell (3), v.]
A- Intransitive :
1. Of t}ie inferior animals : To emit a loud
hollow sound. Used —
(a) Of a bull, or of cattle in general.
", . . Jupiter
Became a bull, and belloweil ; the green Neptune
A ram, and bleated ..."
Shakeap. : Winter's Tale, iv, 4,
(h) Of any other animal making a similar
sound.
"... male allitratora have been described as fight-
ing, bellovrinff, and whirling round, like Indians m a
war-dance."— Darwin : Origin of Species, ch. iv.
2. Of man (contemptuously) : To raise an out-
cry or clamour, to bawl, to vociferate.
"This gentleman ia accustomed to roar and bellow
so terribly loud, that he frightens \13."—Tatler.
3. Of things in animate : To emit such a
loud hollow sound as the sea does in a storm,
or the wind when high.
" Rocks the bellowing voice of boiling seas rebound. "
Drjidii^.
B. Trans. : To utter with a loud hollow
voice.
"The dull fat captain, with a hound's deep throat.
Would bellow out a laugh in a base note. '—Dryden.
bel'-low, s. [From hcUow, v.~\ The roar of a
bull or any similar sound. (ToddS)
toel'-ldw-er, s. [Eng. hellow ; -er.'] One who,
or that which emits a sound like the roaring
of a ball.
" Whilst staying in the town I beard an account
from several of the inhabitants of a hill in the neigh-
bourhood which they called ' El Braniadov,' the roarer
or bellower." — Darwin: Voyage round tlic World, ch,
XVI.
bel'-low-lhg, jyr. par., a., & s. [Bellow, v.i.]
A. & B. As present participhi <f: participial
adjrrMve: In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
"Or the loud bellowing herds of buffaloes rush to the
river." Loiigfeltow : Eoangelinc, i. 5.
" From all his deep the bellowing river roars."
Pope: Ilomer'a Iliad, bk. xxi. 258.
C. As suhstantive: The roar of a bull or
any similar sound, whether proceeding from
another animal, from man, or from anything
ill animate.
"Dart follows diirt ; lance, lance; loud bellowlngs
siieak his woes."
Byron : Childe Harold, i. J6.
bel'-low;^, "^ bel'-lowes, ' bel'-ous, ^.
[A.S. Ua'M-helg, biast-belg = a, blast-bag, a
bellows ; from blcest — a blast of a wind or
burning, and bcelg, bcelig, hylig, bilig, beJg, byig—
a bulge, budget, bag, purse, belly; Sw. bias-
hcllg ; Dan. blasebadg ; Dut. blaasbalg ; Ger.
hiasebalg, from hkijie = a bladder, blasen = to
blow ; O. H. Ger. batch, pale ~ skin, bellows.
In Goth, haigs, bylg, hylga— a mail, a budget;
Ir, hui.lg, bo/j/ — a bellows ; Gael, bfulg-sn.didh
=.&. bellows ; Lat. follis=a. leatliern sat',k,
hence (2) a bellows ; cognate with jicJhs, the
hide of an animal. Wedgwood considers it
akin also to Lat. vulva, t &H^f7Ct = the womb,
and Gr. poX^rj (bolhe) [^6A(Sa (bolba), Liddell &
Scott\ = tlie womb ; but considers the word
most nearly the jirimary one, Gael, balgan —
a water iMiiable.] [Bag, Belly.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : An instrument for blowing the fire
in manufactories, forges, or private houses.
Its sidts are so formed and worked that the
upper one alternately rises and falls, with the
effect of compelling the Chester bladder-like
instrument first to expand ;ind then to coii-
ti'.ict ; tlie former jirocess causing the air to
enter tlie interior, and the latter one to leave
it by means of a pijie or tube designed to con-
duct it t'l the jiortion of a fire which it is
to blow. In a l)and-l)ellows there arc liandles
to be grasped ; in a larger instrument de-
.signed for a manufactory, and called a blowing-
machine, the propulsive power is obtained by
machinery.
" Week in, week out, from morn till night,
You can hear liis bellows blow."
Longfellow: Tlw Village Blacksmith.
1[ Bellows may be singular with the article
a before it, or may enter into the phrase " a
pair of bellows," in which case it is plural.
" Thou neither, like a bellows, sweU'st thy face.
As if thou wert to blow the burlnug mass
Of meltin^^ ore." Dryden,
2. Fig. : It is used—
(1) Of the lungs.
"The lungs, as bellows, supply a force of breath;
and the (isperu urteria id as the nose of bellows, to
collect and convey the breath," — /folder.
(2) Of sighs or other manifestations of
emotion.
II. Technically :
1. Mechanics, Pneumatics, &c. ;
(1) The simple instrument described under
A., 1. 1, for blowing fires in houses. A pair of
bellows, worked chiefly by the feet, is figured
on an Egyptian monument attributed to the
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BELLOWS.
time of Thothmes III., B.C. about 1490, and
one is mentioned in Jer. vi. 29 ; both of these
were used for smelting metals [No. (2)]. The
representation of a bellows for the haiid, and
Iiresumably for domestic use, is found on an
old Roman lamp ; it is exactly of the modern
type.
(2) An instrument or machine worked by
machinery, and designed to blow the fire of a
furnace used in smelting metals. The name
more commonly applied to such a machine is
Blower (q.v.).
(3) The bellows of an organ, harTnoniunn, con-
certina, or any similar instrument : An instru-
ment for supplying wind to the pipes, tongues,
and reeds. (Stainer d- Barrett.)
" Twelve pair of bellows, ranged in stated row,
Are joined above, and fourteen more below.
These the full force of seventy men require.
Who ceaseless toil, and plenteously perspire ;
Each aiding each, till all the wind be prest
In the close oonftnes of th' incumbent chest.
On which four hundred pipes in order rise,
To bellow forth that Mast the chest supplies."
Afason ■ Essay oti Church JfuHc. { Transl. from the
Monk Wolstan, 10th cent.)
2. Hydrostatics, &c. Hydrostatic Bellows :
An instrument designed as a toy rather than
for use. It is, however, of some utility as
illustrating what is called the hydrostatic
paradox. Two horizontal flat boards, united
by leather folded at the sides so as to be
capable of expansion, constitute a chamber,
into which water is introduced from a long
narrow pipe rising vertically. By hydrostati-
cal law this water will act with such pressure
on the interior of the chamber that it will
force the upper board to rise as far as the
leather will permit, even if heavy weights be
put upon it to keep it down,
IT /ji coviposition : Emitted by, or in any
other way pertaining to, a bellows, as iu the
following compounds ; —
bellows-camera, o.
Phot. : .\ form of expanding camera in
whicli the front and after bodies are connected
by an expansible partition, like the sides of a
bellows or accordion. Its chief value consists
in the small space it occupies when closed uji,
as well as the ease with which its length may
be increased or varied at pleasure.
bellows-engine, s. A contemptuous
name for an organ.
"... the smi'k^ .and ashes thereof |h) these Judg-
ment-Halls and Cbiu'chyards}, and its bpllowe.—''i'givs
(in these Churches), thou still seest " — Carlylc . Hurtor
Resartiis, l>k. il., ch. viii.
bellows-fish, s. The Cornish name of
the Trumpet-fish or Sea-snipe {Ccntriscus scolo-
2}ax of Linnaeus).
bellows-maker, s. A maker of bellows.
bellows-pump, s.
Hydraul. : A form of atmospheric pump in
which the part of the piston is played by the
upper leaf of the bellows.
bellows-sound, ^,
Pathol.: An abnormal heart-sound lesem-
bling that of a small bellows.
■ bell'-ragges, s. [Prov. Eng. beller, biller —
a water-cress.] A plant. A species of water-
cress, probably Nasturtlii-m amphibium {R.
Brown) or N. palustre {Be CandaUe). {Britten
& Holla/id.) LBlLDER, BlLLER.]
" Laver, or Sion, is called of some Englishmen Bell-
ragqes, of others some yealowe watercresses."— rtir/ter ;
Naine8{lbA%).
bel'-lu-se, s. pi. [Lat. pi. of bellua or I
a beast, especially a large one, a monster.]
In the system of Linmeus, the fifth of the
six orders of the class Mammalia, containing
hoofed animals with incisors in both jaws.
He includes under it the genera Equus, Hip-
popotamus, Sus, and Rhinoceros. {Linnceus :
Syst. Naturae.)
bel'-lu-ine, a. [Lat. belUdnus, beluinus,'\
1. Bestial, beastly, brutal, animal.
2. Of, or belonging to, the Belluae (q.v,).
bell'-wort, s. [Eng. bell, and sufiix -wort.'\
1. In America : The English name for any
plant of the genus Uvularia.
2. In thePlur., BeUworts. Spec. : Lindley's
English name for the order of plants called
CampauulaceKe,
bel'-ly, * bel'-y, * belu, '^ belov?, " baly,
^ ball, s. [A.S. bailg, boilig, bylig, hclg=a.
bulge, budget, bag, purse, or belly; O. Icel.
helgr—nn inflated skin, a leathern sack, a
bellows, the belly ; Ger. balg = a akin, an
urchin, a paunch, the belly, a bellows ;''0.
H. Ger. halg ; Goth, balgs ; Gael, holg — a
pair of bellows, the womb ; Ir. bolg = the
belly, a bag, pouch, budget, blister, or bellows;
Lat. bnlga, an adopted Gallic word = (l) a
leathern knapsack, (2) the womb. Essential
meaning, anything swelled out.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally:
(1) That part of the human body situated
in front which extends from the breast to the
Insertion of the lower limbs ; also the corre-
sponding part in the inferior animals, and
especially those of high organisation. It con-
tains the stomach, tlie intestines, and other
organs.
". , .if man were but a patent digester, and the
belly with its adjuncts the grand reality ?" — Garlyle:
Sartor Jiesartu^, bk. iii., ch. i.
TJ In the case of such an animal as a ser-
pent, the belly means the whole under-part
of the body.
" And the Lord said unto the serijeut, . . . Upon thy
fic/Zi/ Shalt thou go, . . ."— Ge/t, iii. 14.
(2) In a more lim.ited sense, a part being put
for the wlwle :
(a) The stomach.
"... the body's memlwrs
Rebell'd against the belly ; thus accus'd it :—
That only like a gulf it did remain,
r,^..-,-, ^ ■■_.__ ^-^^ viand, never b
lie rest."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, i. 1.
(/)) The womb. [U.sed in Scripture (Ps.
xxii. 10) with all solemnity ; later, more
liglitly ; now, only vulgarly. {Slwkesp. . Mer.
of Veil , in. 5.).]
2. Figuratively :
(1) That ]iart of man which demands food,
in opposition to the back, or that which re-
quires clotlies ; hence the craving of the
stomach for food, appetite.
"They were content with a licentious life, wherebi
they might fill their bellies by spoil, rather than by
labour. " — Ifayward.
"... whose god is their fteZ?^, . . ."— Pft«. iii. 19.
(See also Rom. xvi. 18.)
(2) The front or lower surface of an object.
(3) Anything swelling out or protuberant.
"Tu those muscles which have a bulging centre or
belly, as the biceps of the 3.\\n."-—Todd & Bowman:
Phyxiol. Anat.,\i}\.. i., p. 1*6.
"An Irish hari» hath the concave or belly^ not along
the strings, but at the end of the strings." — Bacon.
nite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute,, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, je, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
belly— beloved
491
(4) Anything enclosing another within its
cavity.
"Out of the hcUif of hell cried I. and thou heardst
ray voice." — Jonah li. '1.
n. Technically :
1. Music : The upper part of instruments of
the violin family. The sound-board of a
pianoforte.
2. Engraving : The lower edge of a graver.
3. Saddlery : A piece of leather attached to
the back of the cantle, and forming a jtoint of
attachment in some saddles for valise-straps.
i. Mach. : A swell on the bottom surface of
anything ; as a depending rib beneath a
grate-bar, iron beam, or girder, to strengthen
it from downward defliH-tion between sup-
ports. The central portion of a blast-furnace.
5. Metal. ; The upper rounded part of the
boshes.
6. LocksmithiiKj : Tlie lower edge of a
tumbler against which the bit of the Icey
plays.
7. Railway Enginmriiig : The belly of a
railway rail ; a descending flange between
bearings.
8. Wheelwrighting : The wooden covering of
an iron ajfle.
9. Shipwright ing : The hollow of a compass
timber ; the convexity of the yame is the back.
10. Arch. : The batter of a wall.
11. Naut. : The swell of a sail.
12. Mitieralogy. Belly of ore : An unusual
swelling out of the vein of ore.
B. Attributively in the following compounds
in the sense of pertaining to the belly.
belly-aclie, s^ Ache or pain in the belly.
(Vulgar.)
beUyache-bush, bellyache-weed,
s. A Euphorbiaceous plant of the genus
Jatropha.
belly-band, s. A band passing round
the belly of a liorse, and keeping the saddle in
its proper place ; a girth.
belly-beast, s. A glutton. (Coverdak.)
belly-bound, a. Confined in the region
of the abd(jmen ; very (^(jstive.
belly-brace, s.
Mach. : A cross-brace stayed to the boiler
between the frames of a locomotive.
belly -cheer, s. Good cheer for the
stomach ; food grateful to the appetite or
nutritious in its character.
"Senseless of divine doctrine, and capable only of
loaves and belly-do:i:r."— Milton: Animatlv. Jiem. De-
fence.
belly-fretting, s.
1. The chafing of a horse's belly with tlie
foregirth. (Johnson .)
2. A great pain in a horsts's belly, caused by
worms. (Johnson.)
belly-god, s.
1. One who.se chief objet^t of thought seems
to be his "belly," or stonmch, and who there-
fore may be supposed to worship it.
" What infinite wnste they made this way, the only
story of ApiciuE, a famous belly-god, may suffice to
show," — Ilakewill.
2. In India: The idol Gunputtec, which
has a very pi-otuberant stomach. The "god "
so named is held to be the patron of wisdom.
belly-piece, s. The peritoneum.
" The muscles of the belly-piece."
Fletcher : Purple Island, c. 2.
belly-pinched, a. Pinched in matters
relating to the stomach ; starved.
" The lion and the belly-pinched wolf."
Shakesp. : Lear, iii. 1.
belly-rail, s.
Railway Engineering : A rail with a fin or
web descending between the portions which
rest on the ties. It is seen in the improved
Penrhyn rail, introduced in 1805, and in Ste-
phenson and Losh's patent of date 1816.
belly-roll, s.
AijrU:. Mach. : A roller, of whifih the central
part is protuberant. It is used to roll laud
betweiiu ridges or in hollows.
belly-slave, s. One who cannot resist
his or her ai)j>etites ; a glutton, a drunkard,
especially the foi-mer.
belly-timber, ». A cant designation for
food. (Vulgar.)
belly-worm, s. Any worm that breeds
in the belly, i.e., in the intestines. [Entozoa.]
ber-l3^, v.i. & L [From belly, v. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive: To cause to swell out, to
I'ender protuberant.
" Your bieath of full consent beJly'd his sails."
S}iakesp. . Troil. ami Cress., ii. 2.
B. I ntr alls Hive :
1. To swell or bulge out, to become protu-
berant.
"Heav'n bellies downwards, and descends in rain."
Dryden: Virgil; .Ene-idvi. D13.
1 2. To strut.
bel-l3^-ful, s. [Eng. belly ; full.]
1. As much as fills the belly, as much fnud
as satisfies the appetite.
2. 1)1 coarse hnmoitr : As much of anything
as satisi'cs one's desires. (Vulgar.)
"... thus King James told his son that he would
have his bellyful uf parliamentary inii>eachinents "—
Johnson.
bel-l^-ing, pr. par. & a. [Belly, v.]
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B, As adjective :
1. Ord. Lang. : Swelling, protuberant, bulg-
ing out,
" 'Midst these disiiorta forget they not to drench
Themselves witn bellying goblets " Philips.
2. Bot. : Swelling unequally on one side, as
the corollas of many labiate and personated
plants.
be-lock', v.t. [A.S. helucan = to lock up, pa.
par. bdoc&n.] To enlock, to fasten firmly as
with a lock.
be-lock'ed, ija. par. & a. [Belock.]
" This is the hand which, with a vow'd contract,
Was fast belock'd in thine,"
Shakesp. : Mcas. for Meai., v. 1.
be-lock'-ing, pr. par. &, a. [Belock.]
bel'-6-man-9y, s. [From Gr. jSeAo/xafTta (bel-
omantla) = divination by drawing arrows out
of the quiver ; from fie\o<; (belos) = a missile,
as an arrow, a dart, and ^ai'Tct'a (manteia) =
prophesying, power of divination ; ixavTevofiai
(manteuomai) = to divine, to jirophesy, from
ju.ai'TW (mantis) = one who divines, a seer, a
prophet] Divination by means of arrows
or other missiles. It is alluded to in Scrip-
ture in Ezek. xxi. 21 (in Heb. ver. 20),
where Nebuchadnezzar, standing at the diver-
gence of two roads, in uncertainty as to
whether he should first go against Kabbah
or Jerusalem, had recourse to divination, and,
according to onr version, *' made his arrows
bright." Gesenius renders the words "moved
about his arrows" or "shook together his
arrows." Perhaps, as some think, lie inscribed
the name of a city on each arrow, shook
them all together, and then drew one out at
random, resolved to attack the city whose
name came first forth.
" Bclomancy, or divination by arrows, hath been in
reqviest with Scythians, Alans, Germans, with the
Africans and Turlcs of Algier." — Browne : Vulgar
Eri'ours.
t bel'-o-mant, s. [Gr. ^e'Aos (be/os) = an arrow,
and jLLaiTis (-mantis) = a diviner.] One who
divines by means of arrows. [Belomancy.]
bel'-6-ne, s. [Lat. belone = a fish, the Sea
Adder, SyngnatMis acus; Gr, jSeAoi/rj (belone) =
(1) any sharp pohit, a needle ; (2) a sharp-nosed
fish, the garfish, from ^e'Xos (belos) = a missile,
an arrow, a dart ; jSaAAw (ballo) = to throw.]
Ichthy. : A genus of fishes of the order
]yialacopterygii Abdominales, and the family
Esocidiie (Pikes). It contains one British spe-
cies, Belone v^tlgaris, found, though not abun-
dantly, in Britain. It is known as the Gar-
fish, the Sea-pike, the Mackerel-guide, the
Green-bone, the Horn-fish, the Long-nose, the
Gore-bill, and the Sea-needle, names mostly
founded on peculiarities in its structure. It
is two feet in length. It is occasionally sold
and eaten in London.
be-long', v.i- [Eng. jirefix he, and O. Eng.
long = to belong, to belong to ; A S. gelang =
along, owing to, in consequence of belonging
to, proper ; Dut. belangen = to concern ; be-
lang = importance, concern, interest ; be, and
langen = to reach, to fetcli ; Ger. gelangen =
to arrive at, to come to, to attain, to obtain.]
I. To be the ijroperty of, to be under the
control of.
I. Of things: To be the property of.
■'. . . and her hap was to light, upon a part of the
field belonging unto Boi\z."—Iiuth ii. 3.
2 Of persons: To be under the control of.
(Used specially of a child, a ward, a servant,
or a slave.)
"And David said unto him,Tov/^\ombelongesT thou? -
and whence art thou ? And he said. I am a young man
of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite, —1 Ham. xxx. lu.
II. To appertain to, to be connected with.
1. Of things:
(1) To be appendant to, to be attached to,
to be a dependency of, or to be a portion of,
though now detached.
"Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah. but
Tappuah on the border of Manitsseh belonged to the
chilaren of Ephraim. "— ^osft. xvii. 8.
(2) To be the proper business of, to appertain
to one as a duty to be discharged or a work to
be executed.
" . . and unto whom the execution of that law
bclongcth."— Booker : EccL Pol., bk. ii., ch. i., § 1.
(3) To be the quality or attribute of.
" The faculties belonging to the supreme spirit, are
unlimited and boundless, fitted and designed for
infinite objects."— C7ie(/7ie.
(4) To have a certain fixed relation to, to
relate to, to have an essential connectiow with.
" He that i'l unmarried careth for tlie things that
belong to the Lord . . ."—1 Cor. viL 32.
(5) To be suitable for, to he appropriate to,
to be the concomitant of.
" Your tributary tlrops fceloiiff to woe."
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., lu. 2.
2. Of persons :
(1) To be connected with a place by birth or
residence.
"... R C , said to belong to Edinburgh, . . ."
— Weekly Scotsman, Jan. 3, 1680.
be-long'-ing, w- 7"^^- & s. [Belong.]
A, As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. As subst. : Anything belonging to one ;
a quality or endowment. (Usually in the
plural.)
" Thyself and thy belongings
Are not thine own so proper . . ."
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., i. L
Also in the sense of human belongings, rela-
tions.
" Decreases his welfare, and perhaps injures his be-
longings."— //. Spencer: Data of Ethics, 6,102.
bel'-on-ite, s. [In Ger. bclonit; from Gr.
^f\6irrj (belone) = any sharp point, a needle ;
^e'Aos = a missile ; ^aXAio (ballo) = to throw.]
1. A mineral, called also Aikinite (q.v.).
2. An undetermined mineral, consisting of
colourless and transparent microscopic aci-
cular crystals, found by Zirkel in some semi-
glassy volcanic rocks.
be-look', v.i. [A.S. bihcian =■ to look at.] To
look to, consider.
" Eithennkenn and bilokenn
Off all thatt tatt he wile don."
Ortnulwm, 2,917.
bel-6p'-ter-a, s. [Gr. ^eXo^ (belos) = a missile,
such as an arrow, a dart, from ^dK^oy {ballf))-=
to throw ; Trr^pov (pteron) = a feather, a wing ;
TTTeVSat (ptesthai), 2 aor. inf. of irtTOjuat
(jpetomai)= to lly.]
Paheont. : A genus of fossil shells belonging
to the family Sepiadae. The name is given
because the shell is externally winged. In
1875 two species were known ; both of them
from the Eocene ,of France and England.
(Tate.)
be-lord', v.i. [Eng. prefix be, and lord.] To
act the lord over, to domineer over. (CalTmt.)
+ be-lov'C, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and love.] To
love greatly. (Used now only in the past par-
ticiple [Beloved], and more rarely in the
present one [Beloving].)
"If beauty were a string of silke, I would wear it
about my neck for a certain testimony that I belove it
mnt:\i,"—Wodrocplte : Ft. & Eng. Or. (1623), p. 322.
be-loved', pa. par., u..,&s. [Belove.] Loved
greatly.
A. As past participle <& adj. : Used —
(1) Of a lover to his mistress, and vice versd ;
or members of one family to each other.
"Pardon, fietorerf Constance . . ."
Ilemans : The Vespers of Palermo.
(2) Of a person in society manifesting spe-
cially amiable qualities
" He was beloved by all, and most of all by the children,"
Long fallow: Evangeline, i. 3.
(3) Of persons constituting one political or
religious brotlierhood.
boil, boy; pout, j6\^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sia, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -clous, -tlous, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, &c. = bel, deL
492
beloving— Beltane
(a) In a general seiibe :
"One hour of their beloved Oliver might even now
TCBtore the glory which hiid departed.'— J/acati-toy;
J/i^it. Eiig., ch- i.
(6) Spec. : Used of members of the Christian
Church with warm feelings of affection to each
other.
"... our fieiowerf Barnabas and Paul"— /Ic^s XV. 25.
*\ Hence the apostolic phrase "dearly be-
loved" has been introduced from the New
Testament (Philemon i. , &c. ) into liturgic
worship.
"Dearly beloved brethren, the Scripture moveth
113 . . ." — Liturgy: Morning Prayer ; Ibid., Eiiening
Prayer.
(4) Of a pious man loved by God, or yet
more, of the Eternal Son of God viewed as an
object of infinite affection on the part of the
Eternal Father.
"... Solomon . . . who was beloved of his God." —
Neh. xiii. 26.
"And lo, a voice from heaven, saying, This is my
beloved Son." — Matt. iii. 17.
B. As suhstantive :
1. Of earthly heings : One greatly loved.
" Not for Bohemia . . ,
. , . will I break my oath
To this my fair beloved."
Shakesp. : Winter's Title, iv, 4.
2. Of Jiectve)ily beings : The Son of God, the
second person of the Trinity.
" Of all on earth whom God so much doth grace.
And lets hia owiie Beloved to behold."
Spemer: Hyinne of Heavenly Beautie.
t be-lov'-ing, pr. par. [Belove. ]
be-lo'W, pre'p. & adv. [Eng. prefix he, and low. ]
A, As preposition :
I. Literally:
1. Under a place ; beneath ; not so liigh as
another object, with the sense of motion to,
or position in.
"... for all 6e?rtw the moou
I would not leap upright."
Shakesp. : Lear, iv. 6.
.^ Some editions have beneath instead of
below.
2. Nearer the sea than anything else situated
at a certain spot on a river.
". . . beloio that junction [of the riversj," — Keith
Johnston : Gazetc. {ed. 1864), p. 837.
II. FigiLratively :
1. Inferior in rank, dignity, splendour, or
excellence.
"The noble Venetians think themselves equal at
least to the electors of the empire, and but one degree
below kings." — Addisoti.
2. Unworthy of, unbefitting, unsuitable to ;
beneath what might be expected of one's
character, status, or profession.
" 'Tis much below me on his throne to ait ;
But when 1 do, you shall petition it."
JJryden,
B. As adverb:
I, Literally : Really or apparently in a lower
place as contradistinguished from an object
in a higher one, the spectator being supposed
to look from a certain portion of the earth's
surface. Specially —
On or near the surface of the ground, as
distinguished from up in the air, up a hill, on
a housetop, &c.
" Thin said, he led them up the mountain's brow,
And show'd them all the sbiniiig flelds below."
Dry den.
n. Figuratively :
1. On earth, as opposed to in heaven.
" For one that's bless'd above, immortaliz'd beJoie "
timith .
2. In hades, in the state of the dead, as dis-
tinguished from on earth.
" The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend ;
Delight to hover near, and long to know
What bua'ness brought him to the realms hel^w."
Dry den.
3. In hell.
*' When aufTring saints aloft in beams shall glow.
And prosp'rous traitors gnash their teeth below."
Tickell.
4. Inferior in dignity, as "the court below,"
meaning the court inferior in dignity, and
subordinate to the other.
* be-ltjftrt', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and lowt.']
To use abusive language to ; to call bad names.
"... returning home, rated and beloioted his cook
as an ignorant scullion , . ." — Camden,
* belS9h, v.t. [0. Fr. heU, bea? = handsome,
fair.] To adorn.
" BeUchyd or made fayre : Venustm decoraius." —
Pro^npt. Parv.
" bel'-sire, * bel'-syre (yr as ir),
bel = line, and sire = lord, sir.]
1. A celebrated ancestor.
[Fr.
2. A grandfatlier.
■^ bel-SWag'-ger, s. [Eng. bell, and swagger.]
A cant word fur a whoremaster.
"You are a charitable behwagger ; my wife cried
out Are, and you cried out lor engines." — Dryden.
* bel'-syre (yr as ir), a. [Belsire.]
belt (I), *belte, s. [A.S. &d^ = a belt, a
girdle; O. Icel. belli; Dan. belte, bcelt; Sw.
bcilt ; 0. H. Ger. balz ; Lat. &a?ieus (sing.) and
baltea (neut. pi.) = a girdle, a belt, such as a
sword-belt ; Gael, halt = the welt of a shoe,
border, belt; Wei. gwald, gwaldas = t\i& welt
of a shoe, a border. ]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : A girdle ; a band around the body ;
a cincture. Specially —
(a) A girdle, generally of leather, from
which a sword or other weapon is hung.
" Brave Gael, my pass, in danger tried.
Hangs in my belt, and by my side."
Scoti : Lady of the Lake, v. 4.
(b) A girdle round the waist as an article
of attire or ornament.
(c) A bandage used by surgeons for sup-
porting injured limbs, or for any other pur-
pose.
2. Fig. : Anything natural or artificial
shaped like a sword or other belt.
(1) Geii. : In the foregoing sense. [See also
II. 4.]
"... we came to a broad belt of sand-dunes . . ."
— Darwin : Voyage round the World, cli. iv.
(2) Spec. : A long narrow natural wood or
artificial plantation of trees.
" A gleaming crag with hells of pines "
Tennyson: The Two Voices.
(3) Restraint of any kind.
" He cannot buckle his distemjwr'd cause
Within the belt of rule."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 2.
II. Technically :
1. Her. , £c. : A badge or token of knighthood.
" If by the blaze I mark aright,
Thou bear'st the belt and spur of knight."
fjcott : Lady of the Lake, iv. 30.
% Pugilistic belt : A belt won by the cham-
pion pugilist or athlete of England ; but
which he must give up to any one who chal-
lenges and vanquishes hiin.
2. Mach. : A strap or flexible band to com-
municate motion from one wheel, drum, or
roller to another one.
3. Masonry : A range or course of plain or
fluted stones or bricks projecting from the
rest.
4. Phys. Geog. : Anything shaped like a
sword or other belt. [I. 2.] Specially (pi.):
Two passages or straits connecting the Baltic
with the German Ocean, viz. (a) the Great
Belt, between the islands of Seeland and La-
land on the north, and Fiihnen and Lange-
laud on the west, (fi) The Little Belt, between
tiie mainland of Denmark on the west, and
the island of Fiiluien on tlie east.
" It [the Baltic] is often partially frozen. Charles X.
of Sweden, witli an army, crossed the Belts iu 1658." —
Jlaydn : Diet. Dates (ed. 1378), p. 71.
5. Asiron. : A varying number of dusky
belt-like bands or zones
encircling tlif planet
Jupiter parallel to his
equator, as if the clouds
of his atmosphere had
been forced into a series
of parallels tlirough the
rapidity of his rotation,
and the dark body of
the i)lanet was seen
through the compara-
tively clear spaces be-
tween,
6. Veterinary Science : A disease among
sheep treated by cutting off tlie tail, laying
the sore bare, casting mould on it, and apply-
ing tar and goose-grease.-
B. Attributively in compounds like tlie fol-
lowing in the sense of pertaining to a cincture
for the body or any of the other kinds of belt
described above.
belt-clasp, s. A device for attaching
belts to each otlier by the ends, so as to make
a continuous band.
belt-coupling, s.
Mach. : A device for joining together the
ends of one or more belts or bands. One
JUPITER S BELTS.
way of doing this is to make holes near the
extremities of the bands, and couple thein by
thongs of lacing leather or calf-skin.
belt-cutter, s. A machine or tool for
slitting tanned hides into strips for belting,
for harness, or for any similar purpose.
belt-lacing^, s. Leather thongs for lacing
together the adjacent ends of a belt to make
it continuous.
belt-pipe, t>.
Mach. : A steam-pipe which surrounds the
cylinder of a steam-engine.
belt-punch, s. A punch for boring holea
in a belt.
belt-saw, s. An endless serrated steel
belt running over wheels and caused to re-
volve continuously. It is called also a Band-
saw,
belt-shifter, s.
Mach. : A device for shifting a belt from
one pulley to another.
belt-Speeder, s.
Mach. : A pair of cone-pulleys carrying a
belt, which by shifting become the media of
transmitting varying rates of motion.
belt-Splicing, s. A method of fasten-
ing the ends of belts together by splitting one
and cementing the tapering end of the other
between the portions of the first thus sepa-
rated.
belt-stretcher, s. A device for drawing
together the ends of a belt that they may be
sewed or riveted together so as to make the
belt itself continuous.
belt-tightener, s. A device for tighten-
ing a belt.
belt-weaving loom, s. A loom for
weaving heavy narrow stuff suitable for
making belts for machinery.
*belt (2), o. [Etym. doubtful.] An axe.
belt, v.t. [From belt, s. (q.v.).]
1. To gird or invest with a belt.
2. To fasten with a belt.
3. To encircle, to surround.
4. To beat or chastise with, or as with, a
belt.
Bel'-tane, Bel'-tein, s. [Gael, bealltainn,
bealtuinn = the name for May 1, when
summer was considered to begin. Ultimate
etym. unknown.]
1. Celtic Myth. : A superstitious observance
now or formerly practised among the Scottish
and Irish Celts, as well as in Cumberland and
Lancashire. The Scotch observed the Beltane
festival chiefly on the 1st of May (old style),
though in the west of that counti-y SI". Peter's
Day, June 29, was preferred. In Ireland there
were two Belteins, one on the 1st of May, and
the other on the 21st of June. The ceremonies
varied in different places, but one essential
part of them everywhere was to light a fire.
At Callander, iu Perthshire, the boys went to
the moors, cut a table out of sods, sat round
it, lit a fire, cooked and ate a custard, baked
an oatmeal cake, divided it into equal seg-
ments, blackened one of these, drew lots, and
then comxjelled the boy who drew out the
blackened piece to leap three times through
the fire, with the view of obtaining for the
district a year of prosperity. In Ireland
cattle were driven through the fire. Origin-
ally human sacrifices may have been offered,
and then, as primitive society began to dis-
cern the cruelty of this practice, it may have
been deemed enough for the victim to pass
through the fire in place of being burnt to
death. Then, cattle would be substituted for
human lieings, and, last of all, cakes, meal,
and fruit would be offered in the natural
cmirse of transition from bloody to unbloody
-sacrilices. [Sacrifice, s., II. i.j Merry-
makings came at length to attend the Beltane
festival. [See the examples under the coin-
pound words.]
" At Beltane, quhen ilk bodie bownis
To Peblia to the Play,
To heir the aingiii and the soundis,
The solace, suth to say."
Peblis to the Play, st. 1.
Beltane-fire. s. The fire lit on occasion
of the BelUuie festival.
Beltane-game, i. The game played at
the festival.
f&te. fat, fare, amidst, what. f^U. father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, au = kw.
belted— bemitred
493
" That kindled when at beltane-gavM
Thuu ledfit the (LLUce with Malcolm Gneme. "
Htiott : Lady of the Lake, ii. 15.
Beltane-tree, s. The tree, branch, or
faggot burnt by the Celts at tlie festival.
" But o'er hie hills, on festal day.
How blazed Lord Ronald's Beltane-tree."
Scott : Glenfinlag.
belt'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Belt, v.t] Encircled.
A- As past participle : In senses con'e-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As adjective. Specially —
1. Wearing a belt.
" Where wit'- puffd cheek the fiei^t'd hunter blew. "
Tennyson: Palace of Art.
2. Affixed by a belt.
*' With belted sword and spur on heel."
Scott ■ Lay of the Last Minstrel, i. 4,
3. Surrounded as with a belt.
*' , , . park-like meadow land . . . belted and inter-
epersed with oriiainental woods . . ."—Times, Oct. 30,
1B75. Advt.
belted-plaid, belted plaid* s. The
species of mantle worn by Highlanders in full
military dress.
" The unilonn was a scarlet jacket, &c., tartan plaid
of twelve yards plaited round the middle of the body,
the upiHjr part being fixed on the left shoulder ready
to be throwu loose aud wrayiwd over Iwth shouldere
and fli-elocks in rainy weather. At night the plaid
served the x>urpoSB of a blanket, ajid was a sumcient
coveriuir for the Highlander. These were called belted
plaids, from being Kept tight to the body by a telt
. . ."—CoL Stewart's Sketches, i. 246-7. (Jamieson.)
Bel'-teiUf s. [Beltane.]
belt'-er, s. [Prob, from belt (1), s.] A suc-
cession of blows; a pelting.
"I'll stand ahint a dike, and gie them a belter wi'
stnnea."— GaH ; The Entail, il. 160.
belt-mg, s. [Belt.] A flexible band, or
system of flexible bands, employed to com-
municate motion to wheels, drums, and rollers.
bSlt'-less, a. [Eng. belt; -Uss.] Having no
belt.
* belU, s. [A.S. Icelig.] [Bellows.]
•' The belli failide, leed is waastid in the fier."—
Wycliffe Ucr. vi. 29).
bel-u'-ga, s. [Buss.]
L A species of fish— the Great or Hansen
Sturgeon, the Acipenser huso. It is some-
times 12 to 15 feet in length, aud weighs 1,200
lbs., or in rare cases even 3,000. The best
isinglass is made from its swimming-bladder.
Its flesh, though sometimes eaten, is occasion-
ally unwholesome. It is found in the Caspian
and Black Seas and the large rivers which flow
into them.
2. A cetacean, DelphiiiapteriLs hucas. It is
called also the White Whale. It belongs to
the family Delphinida;. It is from 18 to 21
feet in length, and inliabits Davis Straits and
tlie other portions of the Northern Seas, and
sometimes ascends rivers.
Be'-lus, s. [Bel.] The Roman name of the
Assyrian and Babylonian divinity called Bel
in Isa. xlvi. 1. [Bel.]
bsl'-ve-dere, bel'-vi-dere, s. [In Ger.
belvedere ; Fr. belvedere, belvider ; Port, belve-
der ; Ital. belvedere = (lit.) a line view, from
Lat. bellus = fine, and videre = to see.]
1. Arch. : A room built above the roof of an
edifice, for the purpose of viewing the sur-
rounding country.
T[ In France the terra belvedere is used
occasionally for a summer-house in a parlc or
garden.
2. Bot. : A plant, Kochia scoparia. It be-
longs to the order Chenopodiace£e(Chenopods).
bel-vis'-i-a, s. [Named after ite discoverer,
Palisot de Beauvois. Originally called Napo-
leona, after tlie first Napoleon, but altered
from political reasons toBelvisia.] A genus
of plants constituting the typical one of the
order Belvisiacese (q.v.).
bel-vi§-i-a'-9e-sB (Lindley), bel-vig'-i-
e-SB {R. Brown), s. pi. [Belvisia.]
Bot. : A small order of plants, called by
Lindley, in English, Napoleonworts. They
are allied to the Myrtaceai, whicli they re-
semble in their inferior several- eel led ovary,
their numerous stamina turned inwards in the
bud, &c.; but differ in their plaited petals,
twisted into a rotate lobed corolla, and other
cliaraeters. They are shrubs or trees, from
Africa, and, it is believed, from Brazil. In
1S46 four species were known, in two genera.
*be-ly' (1), * be-ly'c. [Belie, v.t.]
'■ be'-ly (2), v.t. [Compare Eng. beleaguer; Sw.
beldgra; Dan. beleire ; Ger. belagerer.] To be-
siege.
" In the south the Lairda of Feniherst and Bacleugh
did assail Jedbm-gh. a little town, but very constant
ill maintaining the Knigs autlionty. Lord Uaucl
Hamilton belyed Pti8la.y."—Spotswoml, p. 259.
* bel-yng, s. [An old spelling of the word
Bealikg (q.v.).] Suppuration.
" Insauies : Belyng.'—MS. Reg., 17, B. xvii., i 64 6.
* be-lyve, adv. The same as Belive. {Scotch.)
* Bel'-ze-btib, ;«. [Beelzebub.]
* bem (1), s. [Beam, s.]
Heuene bem : The sun (?). (Morris.)
" And Blej) and sag, an so the drem
Fro the erthe up til lieuene bem,
A leddre stondeu, and thor-on."
Story of Genesis ami Exodus (ed. Morris., 1605-7.
•bem (2),*. [Beme.]
be'-ma, s. [Gr. iS^/xa (heina) (1) = a step, pace,
or strille,(2) a rostrum, a raised platform from
which to speak ; ^atVio (paino) = to step, (2)
to stand, (3) to go.]
Arch. : The sanctuary, presbytery, or chan-
cel of a church. [CHA^XEL, Sanctuary.]
" The bema or chancel waa with thrones for the
bishops and presbytera."— Sir G. Wheler: Account of
Churches, p. 7'J.
* be-xnad', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mad.} To
make mad.
* be-xn^d'-ding, pr. par. & a. [Bemad.]
". . . . making Jiistreiwrt
Of how unnatural and betnadding sorrow
The king hath cause to plain."
Shakesp. ; Lear, in. 1.
t be-mS-ng'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. prefix
he, and ttiangle.] To mangle (lit. or Jig.).
" Those bemanffled limbs, which scattered be
About the picture, the sad ruins are
Of sev'u sweet but unhappy baljes."
Leaumont: Psyche, ix.. G4.
* be-mar'-tyr (yr as ir), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and martyr.] To make a martyr of, to put to
death for one's faith.
" See here how he bemartyre'.h such who as yet do
Burvive."— Fuller : Oeneral Worthies, vol, L
t be-mask', v.t. t^ng. prefix be, and mask.]
To mask, to hide, to conceal.
"... which have thus bemasked your singular
beauty under so unworthy an army. "—SAeWon ; Tr. qf
D. Quixote, I. iv. 1.
t be-mat'-ter, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mxit-
ter.] To daub or be.spatter with matter.
(Swift.)
lie-1xi3L'MlfV.t. [Eng. prefix &e, and maul.] To
maul, to beat severely.
"... was just going to snatch the cudgels out of
Didius's hauds, in order lo bemaul Yorick.' — Sterne.
be-ma'ze, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and maze.'} To
cause to be in a maze. [Maze.]
be-ma'zed, pa. par. & a. [Bemaze.]
1. Lit.: Bewildered with regard to the pro-
per road to choose.
"Stock-still there he stands like a traveller ftemaseii."
Wordsworth : Written in Qermany.
2. Fig. : Bewildered with regard to other
matters.
" Thy lamp, mysterious word !
Wliich whoso sees, no longer wanders lost.
With intellects bemazed in endless doubt,"
Cowper : The Task, bk. v,
bem'-beXy s. [Gr, ^e>JSL^ (bevibix) = (1) a
top, (2) a whirlpool, (3) a buzzing insect]
Entom. : A gtiius of Hymenopterous in-
sects, the typical one of the family Bem-
bicidie. The species, which have a certain
resemblance to wasjjs, are solitary burrowers ;
they store up flies for the support of their
larva?, Tliey occur in hot countries. None
are British.
bsm-bi9'-i-d8e, s. pi. [Bembex.] a family
of insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera,
the tribe Aculeata, and the sub-tribe Fossoria,
Type, Bembex (q.v.).
bem-bi-di'-i-dse, s. pi. [Bembidium,] a
family of beetles belonging to the tribe Geode-
phaga (feeders on land). It consists of minute
predatory beetles, generally bright blueor green,
with yellow spots and a metallic lustre. They
frequent damp places. Typical genus, Bem-
bidium. Various other genera, as Notaphus,
Lojiha, Tachypus, Ocys, &c,, occur in Britain.
bem'-bid'-i-um. s. [a diminutive formed
froniGr. ^iti^t^ (bembix) = a. buzzing inscct.J
[Bembex.] ,
Entom.: A genus of foreign beetles the typi-
cal one of the family Bembidiid^. They have
large eyes and an ovate body. [Bembidiid^.J
Bem'-bridge (d silent), s. & a. [Eng. proper
name of place— £e7?i ; bridge.]
A. As subst. (Geog.): A village and water-
ing place in the parish of Brading in the Isle
of Wight.
B. As adj. : Pertaining in any way or relat-
ing to the village described under A,
Bembridge series.
Geology : A series of beds of Upper Eocene
age, about 120 ft. thick, consisting of—
(a) Upper marls, containing abundance of
Melania turritissvma.
(b) Lower marls, containing Cerithmm muta-
bile, Cyrena jmlchra, and remains of Trionyx.
(c) Green marls, full of oysters.
(d) Bembridge limestone, a compact, cream-
coloured limestone, alternating with shells
and marls, containing land shells, Bulimus
ellipti<nis. Helix occlvsa, and fresh-water shells,
as Lymiiea longiscata and Planorbis discus ; it
also contains Vhara tuber<yula. Seveml mam-
malia have been found, as Palaiotherinm and
A noplotlierium.
* beme, "^ bem (2) (pi. * bemes, * bumes,
* be-men, 0. Eng. ; * be-mys, 0. Scotch), s.
[A.S. heme, hymx. = a trumpet.] A trumpet.
" Than sal be herd the blast of bem."
Cursor Mundi, JUS. Edin., f 7, 6,
" Tromiwrs gunne heire bemes blowe "
Kyng qf Tars, 499.
" Anon he doth his bemen blowe."
Alisaunder, 1,850.
* beme, v.t &i. [From bevie, s. (ci-v.); A.S.
bymian—to sound or play on a trumpet.
Imitated from the sound.] [Bemvng.]
1. Trans. : To call forth by sound of trumpet.
(Scotch.)
•' Furth faris the folk, but fenyeing or fabill,
That bemyt war be the lord, luffsum of lait."
Gawan and Qah, iii. 8. iJamie&on.)
2. IntraTisitive :
(1) To sound clearly and loudly like a
trumpet.
" Ase ye rfilleth thet ower beoden bemen an dreamen
ine Drihtenes earen." — Ancren Riwle, p. 430,
(2) To resound, to make a noise. (Scotch.)
" The skry aud clamours foUowis the oist within,
Quhil all the heuinuls bemyt of the dyn."
Hoag. : Virgil, 2D5,2. (Jatnieson.)
be-me'ne, v.t. [A.S. hemmnan = to bemoan.]
[Bemoan, ] To lament for.
" The kyng of Tars out of his sadel fel,
The blod out of his wouude wel,
Mony inon hit bemeiit."
Kyng qf Tars, 1,088,
* be-m.er'-5y, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mercy.']
To treat with mercy. (Only in pa. par.)
" I was bemercied of the way so speak, misericordia
donatus . . ." — Goodimn : Of Justifying Faith, pt. L,
blc iii., c. Z,
* be-me'te, v. t. [Eng. prefix he, and 'tnete ; A. S.
hemietan = to measure by, to find out, per-
.ceive, esteem, consider. In Ger. bcTnaseer.]
To mete, to measure all over. Fig. as in the
following : —
" Or shall I so bemete thee with thy yard.
As thou Shalt think on prating while thou liv'st ? "
Sliakesp. : 2'aming of tlie Shrew, iv. 3.
t be-ming'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and mingle.] To mingle.
t be-min'g-led (led as eld), pa. part & a.
[Bemingle.]
" This blade, in bloody hand which I do l>ear,
Aud all his gore bemingled with this glew,"
Mir. for Mag., p. 106. (Todd.)
be-mi're, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mire.'} To
soil by means of luire.
, be-mi'red, 2ja. par. & a. [Bemire.]
" . . . or if they be, men. through the dizziness of
their heads, step beside, and then they are beniired to
purpose . , "—Banyan: P. P., pt. L
be-mist', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mist.] To
envelop or involve in mist.
be-mist'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bemist.]
" How can that judge walk right, that is bemistcd in
his way ? "—Feltham'K Resolves, ii. 4.
be-mi'-tred (tred as terd), u. Wearing a
miti-e.
"... bediademed. becoronetted, bemitred."
Carlyle: Fr. Rev., vol. iL, pt. iii., bk. v., c. 1.
bSil, b6^; poiit, j^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 911121, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§t; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = sha.n. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -^on = zhun. -tlous, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L
494
bemoan— loencli
be-moan, ''be-mone, v.t. & 1 [Eng.
prefix be, and moan, v. ; A.S. 'bamoi nan = to
bemoan, to lament.]
A. Trans. : To moan over, to deplore, to
bewail, to lament.
"... Enter not into the house of mournitiLr.
neither go to lament nor bemuan them." — Jer. xvi. J
If It is sometimes used reflectively.
"... bcjnoaned himself piteoualy: . . ."—Jfacau-
tay : //w'. £ng., ch. xvL
B. Intrans. : To moan, to lament.
" . . .'ind w;is bemoaning of the liardneas of my
heart." — Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
*■ be-md'an-a-ble, u. [Eng. bemoan; -able.']
That may be bemoaned, lamentable.
be-mo'aned, pa. par. & a. fBEMOAN.]
be-mo'an-er, ?. [Eng. bemoan ; -er.] One
who bemoans, laments, bewails. (Johnson.)
be-mo an-mg, pr. par. & s. [Bemoan.]
A. As pr. par. : In the same senses as the
verb.
B, As s^ibst. : The act of lamenting, bewail-
ing, or deploring ; the words uttered under the
influence of grief.
"How didst thou spend that restless night in mu-
tual expostulations and bemoanings of your loss." —
Bp. Hall : Works, ii. 30.
be-xndck'» v.t. & i. [Eng. be, and ■JTWcfc.]
A. Trans. : To mock.
" Bmnock the modest moon." — Shakeap. : CorioT., i. L
B. Intrans. : To mock, to practise mocking.
be-mdck'ed, ;7a. par. & a. [Bemock.]
be-xnock'-ing, pr. par. [Bemock. ]
* be-moil'', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and T^wil ;
from Fr. mouilhr =. to wet.] [Moil.] To
moil, to bedraggle, to bemire ; to cause to be
soiled with mud or something similar.
* be-moil'ed, pa. par. &, a. [Bemoil.]
"Thou should'st have heard in how miry a pliice,
how she was bemalUd, how he left her with the norae
upon hei."—Shakesp. : Tain, o/ Shrew, iv. 1.
* be-m^l'-ing, pr. par. [Bemoil.]
be-moist'-en (t silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be;
tnoisten.] To cover with moisture ; to moisten.
(Dr. Allen.)
be-xuoist'-ened, pa. par. & a. [Bemoisten.]
be-moist'-en-ing, pr. par. [Bemoisten.]
t be-mol', t be-moll', s. [Fr, beinol. In Ital.
beinolk. From Fr. b, and the adj. mol, the
same as mou (m.), molle (f.) = soft ; Lat. mollis
= soft.]
In France : A musical sign, b, formed like a
small b, placed before a note to indicate that
it should be lowered half a tone.
In England: A half note.
"Now there be intervenient hi the rise of eight, in
tones, two bemolls, or ha If-notes."— /fa con .■ JVat. Hist.,
Cent. iL, § 104.
be-xnon'-Ster, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and mon-
ster. ] To make a monster of, to render
monstrous.
"Thou chaug'd and self-covered thing ! for shanle,
BeinoTister not thy feature. " Shakesp. : Lear, iv. 2.
* be-mdu'm, * bi-mo'rne, * by-mo'me,
v't. [Eng. prefix he, and mourn ; A.S. be-
meornan = to mourn for. ] To mourn for or over.
" Wyramen that weiliden and bamorncden him," —
Wyctiffe {St. Luke xxiii. 27).
*be-inow, v.t [Eng. be; mow (?>), v.] To
mock at.
"The Lord shal iei«ou'e them." — WycliffeiPs. ii. 4}.
be-xnud'-dle, v.t. [Eng, pref. be, and vmddle.]
To make a muddle of ; to put in confusion.
[Muddle.]
be-mur-fle (fle as fel), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and muffie.^ To muffle (lit. &Jig.).
be-muT-fled, pa. par. [Bemuffled.]
"... and is if»T>nw^e(I with the externals of religion."
— Sterne: Ser., 17.
be-miirce, v.t. [Lat. mulcere = to soothe,
pacify.) To pacify, appease.
"Satume was eftsoones bemulced and apimysed." —
Sir T. Elyot, Governour, p, 64.
bS-mu'^e, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and muse.]
Generally in pa. par. (q.v.).
be-mu'sed, pa. par. & «. [Bemuse.]
1. Under the influence of the Pluses ; en-
chanted.
"... so when those incoiTigible things, Poets, are
once irrecoverably be-nbused, the best way both to
uuiet them, ... is to feed their vanity. . ." — Pope:
Letter to If. Cromwell, June 23, 1705.
2, Having the senses confused or dazed, as
e.g. in drinking.
"Is there a i>arson much bemua'd in heer? "
Pope : Prol to Satires.
be-mu's-ing, pr.par. & a. [Bemuse.]
" bem'-yng, po. par. & ?. [Bumhjng.] (Scotch.)
'^ ben, portions of a verb. [Be, Been.] Various
portions of the verb to be.
A. 2'he 1, 2, (£■ 3 persons pi. pres. indie. : Are.
"These ben the poyiitz and the articles ordeyned
of the bretheren of Seint Katerine in the cite of
'Lon(3iOne."—£7iglia?t Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc.}, p. 6.
B. The injinitive : To be.
"To ben a tre we knight,
In al Tristrenies nede."
Sir Tristrem, iii. 59.
" And now thou woldest falsly ben aboute
To love my hidy, whom I love and serve."
Chtiucer : C. T., 1,144-5.
C. The perfect participle : Been.
ben, fbenn, prep., adv., & (l) s. [Eng. be;
in, A.S. be = by, near to, to, at, in, upon,
above, with ; and in = in, into. The Scotch
ben (Eng. be, in) as distinguished from Scotch
but ; Eng. be-out ; A.S. Imtan, bxitun (be, utan)
= without.] [But. ]
A. -^s prep, (of the form ben) : Inside ; to-
wards or into the interior (of a house).
". . . that she might run ben the house . . ." —
Scott: Guy Mannerin'j, ch. xxiii.
B. As adverb (of the form ben) ;
1. Lit. : Inside.
"Nowhuttun' ben the change-house fills."
Bums : The Holy Fair.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Towards intimacy, in familiarity.
" There is a pei-son well I ken,
Might wi' the heat gane right far ben,"
Itainsay : Poems, i. 335. (Jamieaon.)
(b) Into intimacy with the enemy's forces
in battle, that is, into the midst of them.
"... though I admit I could not be so far Jen as
you lads, seeing that it was my i>oint of duty to keej*
together our handful of horse." — Scott: Wuverley,
ch. xlviii,
C. As subst. (of the forms ben and benn) :
The interior apartment of a two-roomed cot-
tage. (It is opposed to Scotcli bnt or butt,
the outer one.) [But, s.]
" A tolerable hut is divided into three parts— a butt,
which ia the kitchen; a benn, an inner room; and a.
byiu-, where the cattle are housed." — Sir J. Varr :
Caledonian Sketches, p. 405. (Jamieaon.)
IF Byre is the ordinary spelling of the name
for a Scottish cow-house.
ben-end, s. Inner part of a cottage.
" He pu'd up his bit shalihle of a aword an' dang aff
my liounet, when I wa.s a free man i' my ain ben-end."
—Broumie of Badsbeck, 11. 18. (JuTnieaon.)
ben-bouse, s. The inner or principal
apartment of a two-roomed cottage.
ben (2), s. [Gael, beinn, bheinn = a mountain,
a hill, a pinnacle.] [Pen.]
A. In covipos. (Geog. & Ord. Lang.) :
1. In Scotland : The common appellation of
thc'higher Scottish mountains, as Ben Nevis,
Ben Mac Dhui, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, Ben
Cruachan, Ben Hope.
t 2. In Ireland : (a) A hill, as Benhaun, Ben-
gower ; (&) a rocky promontory, as Bengore
Head.
fR, As a distinct word: A mountain.
(Scotch.)
" And the river that flow'd from the Ben."
Jacobite Relics, ii, 421. (Jamieaon.)
ben (3), s, [A contraction for behen; from
Pers. & Arab, bahman, behmen = (1) a herb,
the leaves of which resemble ears of corn
saffron ; (2) a medicine, of which there were
two kinds, one red and the other white ; (3)
the dog-rose (Rosa canina), from Pers. & Arab.
baihan = the dog-rose. (Mahn. ).]
1. Chiejljj in compos.: The Horse-radish Tree
(Moringa pterijgosperma). [Moringa.] The
flowers, leaves, and tender seed-vessels are
e;iten by the natives of India in their curries.
The winged seeds are the Ben-nuts mentioned
below.
2. As an independent word: Ben, or White
Ben, a British plant (Silene injlata, Linn.).
Formerly it was designated Cucubalus behen,
whence came the abbreviation Ben.
ben-nuts, s. pi [Eng. ben ; nuts. In Ger.
Behennuss.] [Ben.] The seeds of the Horse-
radish Tree (Moringa pterygosperma). From
these the Oil of Ben was extracted.
ben-oil, oil of ben, s. [Eng. ben; oil.
In Ger. Dehenbl.'] Oil expressed from the Ben-
nuts described above. It is used by manu-
facturers of perfumei7, and by watchmakers.
Ben, s., prefix. [Heb. "[l (pen). A frequent
prefix to Hebrew proper names = sou of, as
.fienjainin = son of the right hand.]
* be-name', v t. [A.S. bencemnan.]
1. To promise with an oath.
2. To mention by name.
3. To call, to name.
bengb, ^ben^he, 'benk, s. & a. [AS.
bejic = a bench, a table ; banc = a bench, bank,
or hillock; O. Sax. bank, benlci; Sw. bdvk ;
Dan. boink; O. Icel. bekkr ; But., Ger., & "Wei.
bank; O. Fries., O, L. Ger., & Com. benk ; It.
binse; Gael, binnse; Fr. ha.nc; Sp. & Port.
banco ; Ital. panca = a bench or stool. Bench
and Bank were originally the same word.]
[Bank. ]
A, As substantive :
1, Ordinary Language :
1. Of things :
(a) Gen. : A long seat made of wood or other
material. It differs from a stool in its gi'eater
length.
"Indeed, if the lecture-room could hold 2,000 in-
stead of GOO ... I do not doubt that every one of its
bevclies would be occupied on these occasions." — Ti/n-
dttll: Frag, of Science (3rd ed.), iv. 71.
(6) Spec. : In the same sense as II. 1 (a).
2. Of persons : In the same sense as II. 1 (6).
IL Technically:
1. Law :
(a) The seat which judges or magistrates
occupy officially in a court of justice.
(b) The judges or magistrates sitting to-
gether to try cases.
*% TJie Court of King's Bench (named when
a female sovereign is on the throne The Court
of Queen's Bench): What foi-merly was one of
the three cliief courts in England. It giew up
rather than was created in the early Norman
times. The judicial business of the Great
Council of the nation coming to be transacted
in the king's palace, the court which attended
to it was called that of the ^■uZaiie^is, viz., of
the king's palace. It gradually separated into
three— the Courts of King's Bench, of Common
Pleas, and of the Exchequer. The first of
these exercised control over the inferior courts,
and took special cognizance of trespasses
against the king's peace. [See Ac Etiam.]
From its verj' outset it was a Court of Record.
Its separate existence was abolished by the
Judicature Act of 1873, and now it is the
Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of
Judicature.
"... became Chief Justice of the King's Bench." —
Macaulai/ : Uiar.. Eng., ch. xi.
2. Carp., Joinery, £c. : A support for tools
and work in various mechanical operations,
as carpentry, metal and leather work, &c.
3. Engineering : A horizontal ledge on the
side of a cutting ; an embankment or parapet,
a berme, a banquette.
B, As adj. : In anything pertaining or re-
lating to a bench.
bench-Clamp, s. A jaw-tool attached to
a work-bench, for holding au article to be
operated on in place.
bench-drill, s. A drill adapted to bj
used on a machinist's or carpenter's bench.
bench-hammer, s.
Metallurgy: A finisher's or blacksmith's
hammer.
bench-hole, s. The hole of a bench.
"We'll beat 'em into bench-holes."
Shakesp. : Ant. and Cleop., iv. 7.
bench-hook, ;..
Carp. & Joinery : A stop or abutment which
occupies a vertical mortise in a carpenter's
bench. It is designed to prevent the wood in
process of being operated on from getting dis-
placed. °
bench-lathe, s.
Carpenti^: A small lathe such as may be
mounted on a post which stands in a socket
in a bench.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw
bench— bend
495
bench-mark, s.
Surveying : A mark showing the starting-
point in levelling along a line ; also one of a
series of similar marks affixed at convenient
distances to substantial or permanent objects,
to show the exact points upon which the
levelling-staffs were yilaced when the various
levels were read, thus facilitating reference
and correction.
bench-plane, s.
Joinery : A joiner's plane for working a flat
surface. Tliere are various types of it, muiicd
in tlie order of their fineness, jctc/i, loiiy, ti-ying-
panel, smooth, and jointer planes.
bench-reel, s.
Sail-maldiig : A spinning-wheel, on the pirn
of "Which the sailmaker winds the yam.
bench-screw, ;>.
Carjyentry : The wooden screw which works
tlie movable jaw of the joiner's bench-vice.
bench-shears, s.
Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Tin-plate Working :
Hand-shears, the end of whose lower limb is
turned at right angles, and is received in a
socket in the bench of a workman.
bench-strip, s.
Carpentry : A batten or strip on a carpenter's
bench, which may be fixed at a given distiuice
firom the edge to assist in steadying the work.
bench-table, s.
Arch. : A low stone seat on tlie inside of
tlie walls, and sometimes round the bases pf
the pillars in churches, porches, cloisters, &c.
bench-vice, a.
Carp., Metal!., £'c. : A vice ]irovided with
means for attachment to a wood or metal-
worker's bench.
bench-ivarrant, s.
Law : A process issued against a person by
a coui't of law.
bengh, * benghe, ' y-benghe, v.t. & i.
_ [From bench, s. ((i-v.).]
A. 'fransitive :
1. To seat upon a bench.
" Hia cupbearer, whom I from meaner form
Have beiich'U, ivud rear'd to worBhlp,"
Shakeap. : H'intei'a Tale, i. 2.
2. To furnish with benches.
3. To bank up.
4. To place ou the shitw-bench for exhibition.
B. Intrans. : To sit on a bench or in a
court of justice.
bengh'-ed, pa. par. &. a. [Bench, v.]
bengh'-er, ;,. [Eng. bench ; -er.]
A, Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : Any one who sits upon a bench.
" If the pillows be of silver ami the l>euche3 of goK!,
and though the 6e«cAerji l>e kings , . ."—Qolden JJuke,
let. 7. (S. in Boucher.)
2. Specially:
(a) One who sits npon the bench within or
in front of a tavern, an idler.
(&) A judge, a magistrate, a senator.
" You are well uuderatood to l)e a perfecter giber for
the table, thau auecesBavy bencher m the CaititoL"—
Shaheap. : Coriol., ii. 1.
B. Technically:
*1. Municipal arrangevients : A councilman.
"This Conionvtiou (New WiiuLior] consists of m
mayor, two bailiffs, and tweuty-eiglit other persons,
who are to l)e chosen out of the inhabitants of the
borough, thirteen of which are calleil feUows, and ten
of them aldertueu or chief benchers." — AshJTUtle :
Berkshire, iii. 58,
2. Law (Inns of Court), PI iir. SencJtcrs: The
senior meinbers of the legal societies known
as the Inns of Court. Formerly they were
called andents. They were admitted within
the bar, and were therefore also denominated
inner barristers as distinguished from vtlrr
(outer) ha}-risters, whose appropriate place was
outside tlie bar. [Barrister.] They govern
the Inns of Court, and are themselves practi-
cally the Inns, notwithstanding which tliey
exercise the national function of deciding
who shall be admitted to the bar with the
privilege of practising in the law courts, and
who shall be prevented from obtaining this
pi-ivilcge. Tliey can also disbeuch or disbar
a barrister ; an appeal, however, lying from
them to the judges.
" He [SeldenI seldom or never apiwared publicly at
the bar (tho' a bencher), but gave Bometimea chamber-
counsel." — Wooil: Athen. Oxon.
bencher-ship, 5. The dignity or office
»of a bencher. {Lamb : Essays of Ella.)
bench'-ing, * bennkinnge, ;.. A row of
benches.
" Th«r wins an bennkin7ige lah."
Ormulum, 15,2.12.
ben-^hu'-ca, s. [A South American word.]
Entom. : Ablackbugof the genus Reduvius,
found on the South American Pampas.
bend (1), ' bende (pret. bent, "^bended; pa.
Ijar. bent, '^ bended, '^ ihent), v.t. & i. [A.S.
bendan = (l) to bend, incline, or lean, (2) to
stretch, to extend ; O. leel. boida ; Fr. bander
= to bind, stretch, bend, xised in the sense of
bend, chiefly of a bow. Originally (beiul is
derived from hand) band and bond were but
ditterent methods of writing the same word.
(Trench: Eng. Past di' Present, p. 65).]
A, Transitli^e :
I. Ordinary Language. :
1. JAt. Of thiiig<f material: To employ the
appropriate means to render anything tem-
porarily or permanently curved or crooked ;
to incline. Used specially —
(1) Of a boiv : To make it temporarily curved
by pulling the string, the design being that by
suddenly returning again to a more nearly
rectilinear form it may impel an arrow.
"They bend their bowfi, they whirl the slings aromid."
Drj/den.
(2) Of portions of the human body : To render
them arched or curved, or angular, or turn
them in a particular direction.
(ft) Of tlie hack : To make it for the time
being arched or curved.
" But bends his stni-dy back to any toy
That youth takes pleasure in, to please his hoy."
C'ow/jer: Tirociniurii
(b) Of Vie knees : To make them take La
angular form by more or less decidedly adojjt-
ing a kneeling attitude.
" Unto my luother'H prayers I bend my knee."
Shakeep. : Richard //., v. 3.
(c) Of the brow: To knit it ; that is, to throw
the muscular part of it into a series of curves
or wavy furrows.
"Some have been seen to bite their iwu, scmtch
their head, bend their brows, bite their lips, beat the
board, and tear their paiwr. "—Camderj,
(d) Of the eyes, one of the ears, or of tlie foot-
steps : To turn towards or in a particular
direction.
" Why doflt thou bend thine eyes uiwu the earth,
And start bo often when thou sitt at alone J "
Shakesp. : 1 Uen. lY.. iL 3.
2. Fig. Of things immaterial : To incline
them, to turn them in a particular direction.
(1) To put in order for use. (The metaphor
is taken trom bending a bow.)
" As a fowler was hfuding his net, a blackbird asked
him what be was doing." — L' Estrange.
(2) To conquer a person or people ; to subdue
by force ; to humble.
" What cared he for the freedom of the crowd ?
He raised the humble but to bentl the proud."
Byron: Lara, iL 9,
(3) To influence by gentler methods ; to rule
by means of the affections.
" As unto the bow the cord is,
So unto the man is woman,
Though she bends hiiu, she obeys him."
Longfellow : The Song of Jfiawatha. x.
(4) To cause one's own mind or self to be
concentrated upon any object of thought or
aim. To apply (one's self) closely to. [Bent.]
" Men will not bend their wits to examine whether
things, wherewith they have been accustomed, be good
or evil," — Hooker.
(5) To direct to a certain point.
"Octavius and Mark Antony
Came do^vn ni>ou us with a mighty power.
Bending their exi>edition tow'rd Philii)pi."
Sliakesp. : Jul. Ccesar, iv. 3.
IF To bend up: To bolden up. {Scotch.)
(Used in pa. par. bendit w^j.) (Pitscottie.)
II. Ill Cant Language: To drink hard.
(Scotch. )
" To draw tipiwny bid adieu.
Which we with greed
Bended as fast as she could brew."
Ramsay : Poems, i. 215. (Jamie&on.)
B. Intransitive :
I. Literally :
1, To assume the form of a curve ; to be
incurvated.
" Their front now deepening, now extending ;
Theii- flank inclining, wheeling, bending.
Now drawing back, and now descending."
Scott : Marmion, yL 18.
2. To jut over, to beetle over, as a cliff.
[Benpino, a.]
" There is a clifT, whose high and bending head
Looks feai-fuily on the confined deei)."
Shakesp. : Lear, iv. 1,
3. To incline, to turn.
II. Fig. : To be submissive ; to yield one's
will to that of another.
"Uuua'd to bend, impatient of control."
Thomson : Liberty, i»t. iv.
III. In special compounds or phrases :
To be bent on or ujjon : To be resolved or
determined upon, to have a lixed purpose or
an irresistible propensity to do some particu-
lar thing. In this sense generally in pa. par.
" Not so. for once, indulg'd they sweep the main.
Deaf to tlie call, or, hearing, liear in vain ;
But bent ou miaohief, beai- the wave.s before."
J)ri/den.
bend (2), v.i. [Probably from Fr. bondir =
to bound, jump, or frisk ; bond = a bound, u
leap, jump, or spring.] To spring, to bound.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bend (1), ^ bende, s. [From Eng. bend, v. In
A.S. hend = that which ties, binds, or bends ;
s^jec, (1) a band, bond, or ribbon, (2) a chaplet,
crown, or ornament; from bindaii=^ to bind.
In Dan. band ■= a band, a company, a bend ;
Sp. banda = a scarf, a side, a bend, a band.]
[Bend, v.. Band.]
A. Ordinary Langxiage :
I. Tliat which is bent :
1. Lit. : A bending, u. curve, a. flexure ; an
incurvation.
" One, however, which was less regular than the
othei-s. deviated from a right line, at the most con-
aidera])le hend, to the amount of thirty-three degi-ees,"
— Darwin: Voyage rouiul tJie IVorUl, oil. iii.
* 2. Fig. : Purpose, end, turn. [Bent.]
" Farewell, iKwr swain, thou art not for my bend."
Fletcher.
'" II. TJutt which hinds :
ribbon, a fillet. (0.
1. A band, a bond,
Eng. £• Scotch.)
" This is the bend of this blame
i here [inj my nek."
Gawayn aiid the Green Knyght, 2,306.
2. A mufHer, a kerchief, a cowl. (Scotch.)
IT It is used in O. Scotch (Jamieson thinks
improperly) for a fleece.
" Of hir first husband, was aue teniiiill bet
Of marbill, and held in fnl grete reuerence,
With snaw quhite bendis, cari)ettis and euBeuce."
Doug. : Virgil, 116, 4.
B. In Cant Language : A pull of liquor.
" We'll nae mair o't — come gi's the other betid.
We'll drink their healths, whatever way it end."
Ratnsay : Poems, ii. 110. {Jamieson.)
% Originally band and bond were tlie saint
woi-d. y
C. Technically :
1. Shipbuilding :
(a) PL : The crooked timbers which make
the ribs or sides of a ship. They are num-
bered from the water up, as the first, the
second, or the third bend, &c. The beams,
knees, and futtocks are bolted to them. They
are more generally called wales (q.v.).
(6) The cross section of a building-draft.
A bend represents the moulding edge of a
frame.
2. Naut. : A knot by which one rope is
fastened to another, or to an object, such as
a ring, spar, or post.
3. Her. : An ordinai-y of two kinds, the
Bend Dexter and the Bend Sinister. Said to be
derived from bend = a. border of a woman's
cap. (A^ of Eng. dialect.)
(a) An ordinai-y fonned by two lines drawn
across from the dexter chief to the sinister
base point of the escut-
cheon. Formerly it occu-
pied one-thh'd of the field
when chai-ged, and one-fifth
■when plain ; now the latter
dimension is almost always
adopted. It may possibly
have been originally de-
signed to represent a baldric
[Baldric], or, in the opinion
of some, a scaling-ladder.
At first it was a mark of ca-
dence; but afterwards it be-
came an ordinary charge of an honoui-able kind.
" The diminutives of the bend are the bendlet, garter
or gartier, whicli is half its width ; the cost or cottice
'^' , *;V }^ one-foni-tli ; and the riband, which ia one-
eighth. —Gloss, of Her.
(b) Bend Sinister : An ordinary resembling
the bend in form, but extending from the
sinister chief to the dexter base. Its diminu-
tives are the scai-pe, which is half its width •
and the baton, which is half as wide as the
scarpt:, and couped.
In heiul: A term used when bearings aie
placed bendwise.
BEND,
boil, bo^; pout, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, cbin, bench;
,. ^ ^, SO, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist.
-Clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -' - "
-sious = shus. -ble, -die.
mg.
&c. — bel, deL
496
bend — Benedictine
l^er bend. [Party.]
4. Mining : An indurated argillaceous sub-
stance.
1 Crabb thus distinguishes between the
terms bend and &en-( ;— " Both are abstract
nouns from the verb to heiuJ, the one to ex-
press its proper, and the other its moral appli-
cation ; a stick has a bend; the mind lias a
hent. A lend in anytliing that should be
straight is a defect ; a bent of the inclination
that is not sanctioned by religion is detri-
mental to a person's moral cliaracter and
jieace of mind." (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
bend-leather, s. Leather thickened by
tanning for the soles of boots and shoes ; a
superior quality of shoe-leather. It is some-
times called simply Bend.
" If auy tanner have raisied with aiiy mixtxires any
hide to bee couverted to Itackea, bend-lenther, clowt-
iug leather." — Lambarde : Justice of Peace, iv. 464.
bend (2), s. [Fr. bond = a bound, a rebound,
a leap.] [Bound, s.] A spring, a leap, a
bound.
" Scho Lip iipon me with ane bend."
Lyndaay.
bend'-a-ble, a. [Eng. heM, v., and suffix
-aUe.]' That may be bent; that may be in-
clined or curved. {Sl\£.rwood,)
bend'-ed, bend'-it (Scotch & 0. Eng.), pa.
par. & a. [Bend, v.] Chiefly as participial
adjective. The most common form of the
past participle is bent (q.v.).
"Bonnets aiid e])earfl, and bended bowa."
Scott : Lad!/ qf t?ie Luke, v. 9.
",. . . delivered to the blBhop onbended knee, . . ."
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng. ch. xviii.
Benditup: Boldened up. {Scotch.)
bend'-el, s. [From O. Fr. bandel.'] A bend-
let. (Scotch.")
" With three gi-yffoiinB depaynted wel,
And, off asur, a fayr bendel."
Richard, 2,964.
bSnd'-er, s, [Eng. bend ; -er.]
I. He or she who bends any person or thing.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
" The eugh, obedient to the bender's will."
Spemer: F. Q.,!. 1.9.
2. A c^nt phrase for a hard drinker. (Scotch. )
(From Bend, v., A. II.)
" Now lend your lugs, ye benders fine,
Wha ken the Ijeneftt of wine."
Itamsay: Poems, ii. 520. (Jamieson.)
IL That which bends any person or thing.
Spec, an instrument for bending anything.
"These liows, being Bomewhat like the long Iwws
in use amongat tir, were bent only by a man's imme-
diate strength, without the help of any bender, or
rackthatare uaedto others."— iVilkitis : Math. Maffick
^ Goodrich and Porter give, on the authority
of Bartlett, the signification "A spree, a
frolic, a jollification," calling it American and
vulgar.
bend'-ing, pr. par., a., Ac s. [Bend, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
" To shape the circle of the bending wheel."
Pope: Eomer's Iliad, iv. 555.
C, As sribstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of crooking, curving, flexing, or
inflecting anything ; the state of being so
crooked, curved, flexed, or inflected.
2. A bend.
"... minute zigzag be}idmgB . . ."—Todd Ji Bow-
man: Physiol. Anat., i. 153,
II. Technically :
1. Metal. : A process applied to plates to
form them into cylindrical or angular shapes
for boilers, angle-iron, &c.
2. HeraJdnj : The same as Bendy (q.v.).
(Chaucer.)
bending-strake» s.
Ship-carpent)-y (pi): Two strakes wrought
near the coverings of the deck, worked all
fore and aft a little thicker than the rest of
the deck, and let down between the beams
and ledges, so that the upper side is even
with the rest.
bend'-let, s. [Fr. bandelette = a little band.]
Her. : A diminutive of the bend, nominally
half the width of that ordinary, thongh often
much narrower.
^ A bendlet azure over a coat was of old
frequently used as a mark of cadency.
" Peiidlets are occasionally enhanced or XJlaced in
chl^ sinister."— Qloss. of Her.
* bend-role, 'band'-roll, ' bed -roll, s.
[Bandrole.] The rest fonnerly used for a
heavy juusket. (Scotch.)
"... ane muscat with forcat bedroll, . . . l>e
furnist with ane compleit licht corslet .... ane
mnscat with forcat berulrole and heidi^ce "— .4c'«8
Jas. Vl., 1598 (ed. 1814), p. 169.
bend§(, s. pi. [Bend, o., C, I. (a).]
bend'-y, «.. [Eng. be-nd; -y.'] [Bend, s.,
C. 8.]
Her. Of an escutcheon : Having bends which
divide it diagonally into four, six, or more
parts. When of the normal type, lines con-
stituting the bend are drawn in the direction
described under bend dexter; when in the
contrary direction, they are said to be bendy
sinist^er. [Barry, Bending, C. XL, 2.]
Bendy barry. [Barry Bendy.]
BeMij lozengy : Having each lozenge placed
in bend.
Bendy pity: Divided into an equal number
of pieces by piles placed bendwise across the
escutcheon. It is called also Pzly bendy.
* bene, v. [A.S. beon, beonm = to be, 1st pers.
plur. subj. indef. we beon = "we be.] Various
parts of the substantive verb to be.
1. (1st, 2nd, & 3rd pi. pres. indie.) : Are.
" To whom the Palmer fearlesse answered :
' Certea, Sii- knight, ye bene too much to blame.
Spenser: i: Q., II. viii. IS.
2. (Infinitive): To be.
" His doubter with the quene was for hir warisoun.
And so felle it to bene, hir fader iene the coroun."
Chron. of Rob. de Brunne, p. 198. {Baucher.)
3. (Past participle) : Been.
"Then to ha.ve bene mUlikedt "Spenser : Present
State of Ireland.
^bene(l), «. [Bean.]
^bene(2),s. [A.S.6cfeft,&e«e.] Prayer, petition.
ben'-e(3),s. [Etym. doubtful.] The American
name of Sesamum orientale.
bene, bein, * beyne, * bi -en, w. [Bein.]
be'-ne (Lat.), bene (Scotch), adv. [Ital. &
Lat. =well.] Well.
A. (Of the Latin form).
^ Nota bene: Mark well. (Generally ab-
breviated into N.B.)
B. (Of the Italian form.) [See Bene-placito.]
C. (Of tlw Scotch form).
t Full bene : Full well.
"He . . . full bene
Taucht thame to grub the wynes, and al the art
To ere, and saw the conies and yoik the cart."
Doug. ; Virffil, 475, 25. {Jamieson.)
bene-placito, adv. [Ital. bene = well,
and placito = will, pleasure.]
Music : At pleasure ; ad libitum.
tbe-ne'aped, a. [Eng. prefix be, and neaped.]
Of ships : In the position that a ship is when
the water does not flow high enough to bring
her off" the ground, over a bar, or out of a
dock. (Johnson, Crohb, &c.) [Neap.]
be-neath, * beneth, ""benethe, * by
nethe, * blnethe, * byneothe, prep. &
cuLv. [AS. beneoth, bcneothan, benytlian ■=
beneath, from prefix be, and neothan, nythan
= beneath. Com)i. also neoi?i = down ; Dut.
beneden, from be and ucd«r = below. In Sw.
nedan ; Icel. tiedhan ; Dan. neden; (N. H.)
Ger. nieden ; O. H. Ger. nidanan, nidana.]
[Nether.]
A. As preposition :
I. Literrdly: Below, under, in point of place.
(Used of the position of one carrying a load,
of the base of a hill, &c.)
" And he [Moses] cast the tables out of hia hands, and
brake tbem beneath the mount. "—£j:od. xxxii. 19.
IL Figuratively :
1. Under the pressure of some burden.
"I think our country sinks beneath the yoke"
lihakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
2. Sustaining the responsibility of ; bearing,
as a name.
"They envied even the faithless fame
He eavn'd beneath a Hu«lem name."
Byron : Siege qf Corinth, 12.
3. Below or inferior to in rank, dignity,
ability, or some other desirable thing.
" We have reason to he perflna<led, that there are far
more species of creaturea above ua, than there are
beneath." — Locke.
\. Unworthy or unbecoming of one.
" He will do nothing that is feeneoffthis hieh atation,
nor omit doing anything which becomes u,."— Alter- \
bury.
B. As adverb :
1. Lower in jdace than some person or
thing.
2. Below ; on the earth, in hades or in hell,
as opposed to in heaven.
"Trembling I view the dread abyea beneath.
Hell's horrid mansions, and the realms of death."
yalden.
"... the liOrd he is God in heaven alwve, and
uiJon the earth beneath."— Deut. iv. 39.
3. Low as opposed to high in social or
political position.
"And the Lord shall make tliee the head, and not
the tall ; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt
not })e beneath . . ."—J)eut. xxviii. U.
^ In a sort of substantival use: Earth a&
contradistinguislied from heaven.
"... ye are from beneath; I am from above . , ."—
Joltn viii. 2:i
* bene-day, s. [Properly a day for prayer,
from A.S. bene = of a prayer, and dteg = day.]
Glossed by precare in Prompt. Paw., but ac-
cording to Way's note probably = Rogation-
day (q.v.).
ben-e-di9-i-tS, ben-e-di'-pi-te, s. [Lat.
benedicite, 2 pers. plur. imper. of benedico = to
speak well of, to praise, to bless. It is com-
mon in the Vulgate translation of the Book
of Psalms, and occurs in Roman Catholic
liturgic worship.
"5ene:iiciiK dominum, omneselecti ejus . . ." — Ordo
Adininistrandl Sacramentw . . . in Missione Angli-
cana (1846), p. 112.
A* As 2 person plural imper. of v. : Bless ye.
(Used with reference to the occurrence of the
word in Roman Catholic worship.) (See def )
" Christ bring ns at last to his felicity I
Pax vohiBcuin ! et Benedicite I "
Longfello-w : Golden Legend, ii.
B. -^s substantive :
(a) The utterance of the word Benedicite =
Bless ye.
" Up sprung the apeara through bush and tree.
No tune for benedicite ! "
Scott : Lord qf the Isles, v. 4.
(b) In Christian woo'ship : The name given
to the song of the Three Holy Children, one
of the Canticles In the morning service, also
a musical setting to the same.
ben'-e-dict, u. & s. [From Lat. benedictus =
spoken well of; pa. par. of benedico = to
speak well of ; bene = well, and dico = to say.]
* A. ^s adjective :
0. Med. : Having mild and salubrious quali-
ties.
T[ This use of the word comes from the old
Romans, who called a certain pla.i:it(TrifoUum
arvense) Benedict-a Herba. In modem botany
there is a thistle called Carduus benedictus,
[B.]
" It is not a small thing won in physick, if you can
make rhubarb, and other medicines tnat are benedict,
as strong ptu^ers as those that are not without some
malignity." — Bacon: Nat. Hist., §19.
B. As substantive (sportively): A married
man.
^ In this sense taken from Shakespeare's
use of the proper name Benedick, either origin-
ally or at second hand. (Shakesp. : Much Ado
about Nothing, i. 1, &c.) In the same play
reference is "made to the thistle called Car-
duus benedictus (Ibid. iii. 4.)
Ben-e-diC'-tine, «. & s. [Eng. Benedictine,
a. & s. ; Sw., Dan., and Ger. Benediktiner, s. ;
Fr. Benedictin(m.X Benedictine(f.) ; Ital. Bene-
dettini (s. pi.).]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to St. Benedict of
Nursia [B.], or to the Benedictine monks.
" Black was her garb, her rigid rule
Reformed on Benedictine school."
Scott ■ Marmion, ii. 4.
B. As substantive :
1. Church Hist. (pi. Beiuditt ines) : The fol-
lowers of yt. Benedict, of Nuihia in Italy. He
wa.s born iu A.I). 480, and was educated in part
at Rome. At the age ot fuuiteen he left that
city fin- Sublacum, now Subiaco, a place about
forty miles distant, where he spent thirty- five
years, at one time as a solitary recluse, at
another as head of a monastic establishment.
In 529 he removed to Monte Cassino, fifty
miles further south, wliere, converting some
pagan worshippers of Apollo, he transformed
their temple into a monastery and became
its abbot. He couiposed rules for its
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, maHne ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = Itw.
benediction— beneficent
4S7
management, making every monk pledge him-
self to perfect chastity, absolute poverty, and
impli<3it obedienee in fill respects to his supe-
riors. He was to live in the monastery
subject to his abbot. Tliese vows were irre-
vocable, wliereas up to that time the monks
had been allowed to alter the regulations
of their founder at their pleasure. The date
of St. Benedict's death is generally placed in
543, though anotlicr account makes it 047.
The rule he instituted was adojited at an
early period by various otlier inonastio com-
munities; it was eonlinned, about fifty-two
years after the death of its founder, by Poitc
Gregory the Great, and was ultimately av.-
cepted with more or less enthusiasm by nearly
all the monkish communities of tlie West,
though its pristine severity became moditinl
with the lapse of time.
As Ion*' as the Benedictines remained poor
they were a blessing to the countries in
which they lived, and especially to Germany,
spending as they did several hours a diiy ui
gardening, agriculture, and mechanical labour,
and another portion of their time in reading,
besides keeping school outside the walls >)t
their convents. Science and literature are also
indebted to them for having copied many of
the classical authors and preserved such know-
ledge as existed in their age. But when at
length their merits had drawn much wealth to
their order {indiuiditally they were not allowed
to retain property), luxury and indolence
sapped their virtues and diminished their in-
fluence for good. Afterwards becoming re-
formed, especially in France in the seventeenth
rentury, the Benedictines again rendered ser-
vice by the issue of an excellent edition of the
Fathers.
The Benedictine habit seems to liave been
introduced after the age of St. Benedict. It
consisted of a loose black coat or a gown
reaching to their feet, and having large wide
sleeves. Under it was a flannel habit white
in colour and of the same size, whilst over all
was a scapular. The head-dress was a hood
or cowl pointed at the tip, and boots were
worn upon the feet. From the predominantly
black colour of their attire they were some-
times called Black Monks. They must not
be confounded with the Black Friars, who
were Dominicans. [Black Friars,]
There were Benedictine nuns as well as
monks. When they originated is uncertain.
There were first and last many branches of
Benedictines, as the Cistercians, Celestines,
Grandmontensians, Pnemonstratensians, &c.
The rule of St. Benedict was little known in
England during the early Saxon period, and,
though it received an impulse in the time of
Edgar, yet it was not largely accepted till the
period of William the Conqueror. At last,
however, it rooted itself thoroughly, and at
the dissolution there were 113 abbeys, priories,
and cells for monks, and 73 for nuns, with a
total revenue of £65,877.
*2. A cordial or liqueur, resembling char-
treuse. It was originally prepared by the
Benedictine monks.
ben-e-dic'-tin-l^m, s. [Eng. henedicti-nie);
-ism.] The rule of the Benedictine order;
the order itself.
ben-e-^C'-tion, 5. [In Fr, Uncdiction ; Sp.
benedicioii ; Ital. henedizione ; from Lat. heae-
dktio — (1) an extolhng, praising ; (2) a bless-
ing; (3) a consecrated or saered object;
6e;iedico = to speak well of, to bless; hmc =
well, and dico = to say.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Specially: The act of blessing God ; more
rarely of thanking man, or any other being, or
of conferring advantages upon.
^ II. The state of being blessed.
"Prosiierity is the blessing of the Old Testament:
adversity is che blessing of tne New: which carrieth
the greater benediction. — Bacon.
III. That which constitutes the blessing.
1. The advantages conferred by one's being
the object of blessing. ,
" Speaking of life and of death, and imploring divine'
benediction." '
Longfelloio: Courtship of Miles StandisU, ix.
2. Thanks ; acknowledgment of favours re-
ceived.
" Coiikl he less expect
Than glory and beiieUiction. that is, thanks?"
JUUon: P. H., iii. 126.
B. Eccles. (ill Christian, imrship):
1. The form of ]n'ayer for blessing pro-
nounced by the minister at the end of Divine
service, usually either that taken from 2 Cor.
xiii. 14, or that given at the end of the Com-
munion Service of the Church of England.
" Then came the eplatle, prayers, antiuhonies, and
n h>-npdicti<jn."—Macaida,y: Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
2. In the Roman Catholic CMtreh :
(1) A solemn function, in which, after the
Host has been exposed in a monstrance for
the adoration of the faithful, the priest gives
the soleinn blessing tliei'ewith.
(2) The form of instituting an abbot.
" Wluit consecration is to a bishop, that benediction
ib to an a.hbot."— Ay liffe,
t ben-e-dic'-tion-ar-y, s. [Eng. hevedic-
tiiiii; -fry.] A book containing benedictions.
". . . in the Sfnefi'Mj^Mmrtrtf of Bishop Athelwold."—
Oiiinnwr Garton's JVeedle, Note to A, iv. S. 1.
ben-e-dic'-tive, a, [From Lat. beuedictum,
supine nf benedico = to speak well of, to com-
mend (Benediction), and Eng. sutf. -'t>.]
Containing a blessing, expressing a blessing,
imparting a blessing.
" His paternal prayers and benedictive compreca-
tiuna." — Gp. Gauden : Mem. of Bp. Browning (1660).
be-ne-dic'-tor-y, a. [From Lat. henedictwn ,
sup. of benedico (Benediction), and Eng. suffix
-ory.] Imparting a blessing.
ben-e-dic'-tus, s. [Lat. = blessed.]
Eccles. (in Christian xoorship) :
1. The name given to the hymn of Zacha-
rias (Luke i. (38), used as a Canticle in the
Morning Service of the Clmrch of England
to follow the Lessons. Tliis position it has
occupied from very ancient times. It is also
used in the Church of Rtmie.
2. A portion of the Mass Service in the
Cliurrh of Rome commencing " Benedictus
ipii venit," following tJic Sanctus.
3. A musical setting of either of the above,
but more generally of (2).
ben-e-feic'-tion, s. [From Lat. hevofoi-tio^
beneficence ; a benefaction.]
1 1, The act of conferring a benefit.
II. A benefit conferred.
1 1. In a general sense.
" Two ways the rivers
Leap do«^l to difl'erent seas, and as they roll
fjvuw deep and still, and their majestic presence
Beconiea n. benefaction to the towns
They visit, . , ." Longfellow: Oalden /.egc>n?,v.
2. A charitable donation, money or land
given for a charitable purpose.
% Crabb tlnis distinguishes between benefac-
tloii and donatiun : — Botll these terms denote
an act of charity, but the former comprehends
more than the latter. A benefaction compre-
licnds acts of personal service in general
towards the indigent ; donation respects
simply the act of giving and the thing given,
Denefactions are for i)rivate use ; donations are
for piiblie service. A benefactor to the pooi-
does not confine himself to the distribution of
money : he enters into all their necessities,
consults their individual cases, and suits las
benefactions to their exigencies ; his donations
form the smallest part of the good he will do.
ben-e -fac'-tor, ben-e-fac'-tour, s.
[From Lat. benefactor = one who confers a
benefit ; from benefacio = to do good to ; bene
= well, and /((cio = to do. In Fr. bienfoiteitr :
Ital. benefattore.]
1. Generally: One wlio confers favours upon
another.
"The public voice loudly accused many non-jurors
of requiting the hospitality of their benefactorx with
villany as black as that of the hypocrite depicted in
the masterpiece of Moli6re."— J/acat(?((^ : Biit. Eng.,
ch. xiv.
^ In the authorised version of the Bible
(Luke xxii. 25)tliewordis given as the transla-
tion of the Gr. Euepytrat (E'{{ergetai),t\\Q pi. of
eu6pye'TT]5 (energetes) = a well-doer, a benefactor ;
from efi (e^O ^ well, and epyov (ergon) = a work,
a deed. This is described as an ^honorary
title among certain of "the Gentiles " for men
in authority.
2. Spec. : One who gives a charitable dona-
ti(m or subscription.
ben-e-fac '-tress, s. [Fem. form of Eng.
benefactor. In Fr. bieiifai trice.] A woman
who confers benefits.
" But if he play the glutton and exceed,
His benefactress blushes at the deed,"
Corvper ■ Progress of Error.
^ ben'-e-feit, a. [Low Lat. benefacio = to en-
dow wiili a benefice ; Fr. bienfait, O. Fr. bien-
frt = a benefit.] Beneficed. [Benefit.]
t be-nef'-ic, a. [Lat. benejicus = kind, bene-
ficent, from tone = well, and facio = to do.]
Kind, beneficent.
" What outside was iioou
Pales, through thy lozenged blue, to meek benefic
iiioon. ' Browning : Fifine, st. 30.
'ben.'-e-fi9e, s. [lu Dan. ^benefice; Fr. benefice ;
Sp., Port., & Ital. benejicio ; from Lat. bene-
jiiAum = (1) well-doing ; (2) a distinction, a
favour, a grant ; (3) a privilege, a right ; from
benejlciis, ad.j. = well-doing ; bene = well, and
facio = to do. Benefice and benefit were ori-
ginally the same word. (Trench: On the SfnJy
of Words, p. 157.).]
t A. Ord. Language: Benefit or advantage
conferred upon another.
"... parceneris of benefice." — Wi/cliffe (Purvey):
1 Tiia. vi. 2.
B. Technically :
1 1. Feudal system : An estate held by feudal
teniu'e, the name being given because it was
assumed that such ]iossessions were origin-
ally gratuitous donations, " ex mero beneficio "
of the donor. At first they were for life only,
but afterwards they became hereditaiy, re-
ceiving the name o( fends, and giving that of
benefix^es over to church livings. (No. 2.)
2. Eccles. Law, On?. Linnj., £c. : Formerly,
and even sometimes yet, an ecclesiastical
living of any kind, any church endowed with
a revenue, whether a dignity or not. More
generally, however, the term is resei'ved for
parsonages, vicarages, and donatives, whilst
bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and jn-e-
bendaries are called dignities. In the ojiinion
of Blackstone a close parallel existed between
the procedure of the popes when they were in
the plenitude of their power and that of the
contemporary feudal lords. The former (;opied
from the latter, even to the adoption of the
feudal word &e7(e/?ce for an ecclesiastical living.
(See No. 1.) Blackstone says ; —
"The pope became a feodal lord; and all ordinary
patrons were to hold their right of patronage under
this universal superior. Eatatts lield by feodal
tenure, being originally givituitous donations, were
at that time denominated beneficia : their very name
as well as constitution was borrowed, .and tlie uare of
the souls of a parish thence eaine to be denominated
a benefice. Lay fees were conferred by investiture
or delivery of corporal possession ; and spiritual Atmi:'.
fices. which at first were nuivursaUy donative, now
received in like manner a spiritual investiture, by
institution from the bishop, and induction under his
authority. As lands escheated to the lord, in defect
of a legal tenant, ho bettefices lapsed to the bishop
upon non-presentation Ijy the patron, in the nature
of a spiritual escheat. The annual tenths collected
from the clergy were equivalent to the feodivl render,
urreut reserved upon a grant; the oath of canonical
obedience was copied from the oath of fealty requiri'd
from the vassal by his superior; and the primer
seisins oi our military tenures, whereby the first pro-
fits of an heir's estate were cniclly extorted by his
lord, gave birth to as cruel an exaction of flrat-fruits
irom the beneficed clergy. And the occasional aids
and talliages, levied by the prince on hih vassals, gave
a handle to the poi)e to levy, liy the means of hi«
legates a latere, peter-pence, am! other taxations."
ben'-e-fi9ed, a. [From bnnficc, a. (q.v.).]
Possessed of a benefice.
"... all fipne^eti clergymen and all pei'S'ins hold-
ing academical offices."'— J/<tC'(if?((.//; Hist. Eng., ch.
xiv.
t ben'-e-f 15e-less, a. [From Eng. benefi'r,
and suffix -less = without.] Dpstitute of a
benefice.
"That competency of means wlncli our bcneficeJeM
precisians prate at. "Sheldon : Mir. -./ Ant ,\>. 190.
ben-ef -1-561196, * ben-e f-y-gen^c, s. [In
Ft. bienfaisa.nce ; Ital. benefirenz" ; from Lat.
ben-eflcentia = kindness, beneficence ; from
bene = well ; and facieus = making, doing, pr.
par. o( facio = to make, to do.] The habitual
practice of doing good ; active kindness, bene-
volence in operation, charity.
" Love and charity extends our bcthrficence to the
miseries of our brethren, "—llogers.
beil-ef'-i-9ent, a. [In Fi". bienfo isant ; Ital.
beneflco; from Lat. (1) hrve, and (2)faciens =
well-doing.]
1. Of a per. <on or other being : Kind, generous,
doing good.
" God, beneficenf in ■■ill bis wnys."
Vowpfr : lietirempnr.
" Beneficent Nntare Rends the mistH to tccA them."
Lini'ifi'lUno : Golden Legend, v.
2. Of an act: :\r:trked nv dietate<l by bene-
^■olence; kind.
•| Crabb thus distinguishes between the
terms beneficent, bou ntif id, or bounteon.s, nuini-
ficent, generovs, and lih'ral: — " Benefamt re-
spects everything done for the good of others :
bounty, munificence, and gevmsiti/ are sjiet^ies
of benpficcnce : liberality is a iiualiliration ol
bSil, bo^; po^t. jiS^l; cat. 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. Dh = f.
-dan. -tian==shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -?ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious^shiis. -blc. -die, A:< - bel, deL
32
498
taenefLcently — benely
all. The first two denote modes of action ; the
latter three either modes of action or modes
of sentiment. The sincere well-wislier to his
fellow- creatures is ben^^Jicent according to his
means ; he is bountiful in providing for the
comfort and happiness of others ; he is muni-
ficent in dispensing favours ; he is generous
in imparting his property; he is liberal in
all he does. Beneficsnce and hovnty are the
peculiar characteristics of the Deity : with
him the will and the act of doing good
axe commensurate only with the power : he
was beneficent to us as onr Creator, and con-
tinues his beneficence to us hy his daily pre-
servation and x'l'otectiou ; to some, however,
he has been more bouatiful tliau to others, by
providing them with an unequal share of the
good things of this life. The heiiefioeiivc of
man is regulated by the bounty of Providence :
to whom much is given, from him much will
be required Good men are ready to believe
that they are but stewards of all God's gifts,
for the use of such as are less bountifully x>ro-
vided. Princes are munificeiit, friends are
generous, patrons liberal. Munificence is mea-
sured by the quality and quantity of the thing
bestowed ; generosity by the extent of the
sacrifice made ; liberality by the warmth of
the spirit discovered. Munificence may spring
either from ostentation or a becoming sense
of dignity ; generosity from a generous temper,
or an easy imconcern about i^roperty;. JiM-
rality of conduct i.s dictated by nothing but a
warm heart and an expanded mind."
ben-ef'-i-^ent-ly, nih: [Eug. beneficent ; -ly.]
In a beneficent manner, kindly, generouylj ,
charitiibly.
"All mortals once hi'iieficenihi gie.'tt "
P<irnnll : Q/ift-n Anne's Pmrr.
ben-e-fi'-gial (9ial as shal). benefi-
ciall, "' benyfycyall, a. & s. [Lut. hme-
ficium = (1) well-doing, (2) a distinction, a
favour, a grant, (3) a privilege; ?jeue = weU,
and facio = to do.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordihai'ii Lungiioge :
1. Advantageous, X'l'ofitabL-, Helpful, fitted
to confer benefits upon, or actually doing sn.
(Used with to of the person benefited, cr
standing alone.)
" The wiir, wliicli would have heeii most benrfir/nl
to us and destructive to the euemy, was neglected. ' —
Swifl.
2. Kind, generous.
"... A beneficial toe." — a. Jongon.
3. Medicinal, remedial.
"Ill the first accest. ol such a disease, any deob-
Btrueut without much aerluiouy is beneficial." —
Arbut?iiiot.
II. Old Lou.- : Of or belonging to a benefice.
" . . ,| the dirtctiouii of lettrez of horning in benr-
fidall liiateris geuerallie agania all and smdrie,
quhairby it occuiTiw dalle that the beueficit luim his
takisinen aiie or ma, . . ." — AcleJa. VJ., iy.>2{e(l.lSli),
p. 57^.
" B. As siibstatitlce: A bene rice.
" For that the groundwork ih, and end of all.
Huw to obtain a beneficial."
SjJL-ifser : M. Hubb Tale.
ben-e-f i£ -9ial-ly (9ial as shal), odr. [Eug.
beneficial; -ly.'\
1. Gen. : In a l)eiiefii ial manner, advan-
tageously, profitably, helpfully, usefully.
■' There is no literary or^jierhaps no practical useful
point ijf knowledge to which his literary researches
could be moTebunefinuUn directed,"— /"OJtirta/i ; On the
Stridu of Antiquities. \\ 66.
t 2. Spec. Friiddllav or custom: In sucli a
manner as one acts who holds a "benefice,"
and is consequently in subordination to an-
other.
ben-e-f i'-9ial-ness (9ial as shal), s. LEng.
beneficial ; ■ness.'] The quality of being bene-
ficial ; usefulness, profit, advantageousness,
advantiige.
"Though the knowledge of these oijjects be cmi-
niendaJile for their contentation and curiosity, yet
they do not coinineiid their knowledge to us upon tin;
account of their usefulness and hcneficialriess."—Uale :
(Jri'j of .tin n kind.
t ben-e-f i-9iar-y (9iar --r. sbar), s. k a.
[In Fr. haiifiricr (s.) ; Sp. & Ital. bemfiriorio
(s.). From'Lat. In-nefidurins (as adj.) = per-
taining to a favour, (as subst.) = a soldier who
had received some honour ui some special
exemption from service.]
A. As adj. : Holding something in subordi-
nation to another ; having a dependent and
secondary po^isessiuii. without s(i\'ereign au-
thority.
" The Duke of Pariua was tempted by no less jjvo-
iMise than to Ije made a feutlatory, or bi.-^irficiari/ king
of England, under the aeignory in chief of the pope,''—
fjaco7t.
B. As substantive :
1. In the feudal sense : One who is pos,se,s.5ed
of ;( benefice. [Benefice.]
2. In tlir cfdesiastical seitsc. [Benefici^.]
"A benefice is either said to be a benefice with the
f ore of souls, or otherwise. lu the first case, if it be
annexed to another benefice, the beneficiary Is obliged
til serie the parish church in his own projier iJersou."
--Anliffe.
3. Gi'ii. : One who receives a favour of any
kind from another.
" His beneficiaries frequently made it their wonder,
how the doctor should either know of them or their
distress."- /'<;;; ; Life of Hammond, §2.
t be-ne-fi'-9ien-9y (9ien as shen), s.
[From Lat, heueficentla, in some MSS. henefi-
cienti" = kindness, beneficence.] [Benefi-
cence.] Kindness, beneficence.
"They [the ungratefull discourage the inclinations
of noble minds, and make beneficienc/f cool unto acts
of obligation, wijereby the grateful world should sub-
sist and have their coiisoltitiou, " — Brown: Chr. Mar.,
ii. 17.
^ be-ne-f i -picnt (9ient as shent), a.
[From Lat. ^e)te = well, and /ccit'^ts = doing.]
Doing good.
T] Now Beneficent has taken its pla<.-u.
"As its tendency la necessarily benefit^eiU, it is the
proper object of gratitude and reward."— yl. Umitli:
Theo. of Ham. Sent.
ben'-e-fit, * benefet, ' benefite, ^ byn-
fet, s. [Fr. bienfait; O. Fr. bienfet ,- Lat.
licncfactiini = a. benefit, kindness, and henefi-
ci.u)n.= (l) well doing, (2) a favour; beiufncio
— to do good to : (1) bene = well, and (li) funu
=: to do. Benefit and benefice were origuially'
the same word (Trench).^ [Benefice.]
A. Ordinary LangiKiiju :
1. The act of conferrhig fii\'our or advantage'
upon.
2. The state of RMA-iviii;,- favour or advauta,L;e
" Liir. When expect Vuu theinr
Cup With the next benefi! i.f the "lad '
,Shnke-j' : C'linihdun . IV. 2.
"... yet have I the benefit of my senses as well as'
your ladyship." — ibid. : Twelft7i Alight, v. 1. '
3. The favour or advantage itself.
(1) In a general sense : '
"And in this confidence I was minded to come unto
ynti before, that ye might have a second benefit."—'
•1 Cor. i. 1j.
(2) In thmtrcs, music Mils, dtc. : The iiro-
ceeds uf a particular evening given to an
actor or singer as part of the remuneration of
his servii^es. Similarly, the proceeds of a X'ai--
ticular performance given for some charitable
object or for some i^erson.
B. L"ir_ Benefit of clenpi Wnvikqivvh
<!,ua'!e): The advantage deriv<-il froni the
]ii'efeuiR-ut of the plea "lain a clergyman."
When, in mediaival times, a clergyman was
arraigned on certain eharges he was permitted'
tu put forth the plea that, with respect to tlie
oft'ence of which he was accuseil, he wa.-^ not
under the jurisdiction of the civil courts, but,
being a clergyman, was entitled to be tried by
his spiritual superiors. [Clergy, Clerk.] lii
such cases the bisliop or ordinary was wont to
demand that his clerks should be remitted to
him out of the king's courts as soon as thev,
were indicted ; though at length the custom,
became increasingly prevalent of deferring the'
plea of being a clergyman till after conviction,
when it was brought forward in arrest of
judgment. The cases iu which the benefit
of clergy might be urged were such as afterted'
the life or limbs of the offender, high treason
however excepted. In these i.-ircuiustancc>
laymen often attempted to pas.s themsehes otl"
as clergymen, when the pnietn'e was to bring
a book and ask the accused person to read a'
passage. If lie could do so, his plea of being
a clergyman was admitted ; if he failed, it was
rejected. The iiraetical effect of this wa6 to
give the bishop the power, if he felt so dis-
posed, of removing every rcjtder from the
jurisdiction of the ordinary courts
In 14S'.i, Henry Vll. restricted the privilege.
A layman able to read wh'.> pleaded his'
" clergy " could hencefortli do su only once ;
and in order that he might be identified if
he attempted it again, he was burnt in the
hand. Henry VIII. , in 1512, abolished benefit,
of clergy witli regard to murderers and other
great criminals. The practice of requiring
the accused person to read w;).s put an end
to in irO(i; but it was jiot till 1S2T that the
T and S Geo. IV., c. 'ZS, known as Peel's Acts,
swept the benefit of clergy itself away.
((') Crabb thus distinguishes between fli.-
words benefit, favowr, kindness, and civility :~
" Benefits and favours are granted by sn-
XJeriors ; kindneases and civllitie-, pa.s.s between
equals. Benefits serve to relieve actual want ;
favours tend to ijromote the interest or con -
venience. Kind/nesses and civilities serve Ic
aflfbrd mutual accommodation by a reciprocit.\
of kind offices. Kindnesses are more eudear-
ing than civij.ities, and pass mostly between
those known to each other ; civilities may pjir,-.
between strangers. Dependence aflords an
ojiportunity for conferring benefits; partiality
gives rise to favours; Jdndnesses are the result
of personal regard, civiliti^ of general bene-
■ volence. Benefits tend to draw those closer t^
each other who by station of life are set at the
greatest distance from each other: affection
is engendered in hiin who benefits, and de-
voted attachment in him who is benefited.
FavQurs increase obligation beyond its due
limits ; if they are not asked and granted witli
discretion, they may jiroduce servility on the
one hand, and hauglitiness on the other.
Kindnesses are the offspring and parent of
affection ; thej' convert our multiplied wants
into so many enjoyments : civilities are tlie
sweets which we gather in the way as we pass
along the journey of life. "
(h) Benefit, service, and good ofii.ce are thus
discriminated : — " These terms, like the
former (v. Benefit, favour), agree in denoting
some action performed for the good of another,
but tliey differ in the principle on which the
action Is performed. A benefit is jjerfectly
gratuitous, it produces an obligation ; a service
is not altogether gratuitous ; it is that at
least which may be expected, though it c^in-
not be demanded : a good office is between tlte
two ; it is in part gratuitous, and in part snch
as one may reasonably expect. Benefits flow
from superioi-s, and services from inferiors or
equals ; but good offices are peiformed by
ecpials only. Princes confer benefits on their
subjects ; subjects perform services for their
princes : neighbom-s do good o^ccs for eacli
other. Benefits consist of such things as ser\t
to relieve the difficulties, or advance the in-
terests, of the receiver : services cousist in
those acts which teud to lessen the trouble,
or increase the ease and convenience, of tlie
per.son Served : good offices consist iu the use
of one's credit, influence, and mediation for
the advantage of another ; it is a species of
voluntary service. Humanity leads to benefits;
the zeal of devotion or friendship renders
service ; general good will dictates good
offices." {Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
benefit-nigbt, s. The night on which a
benefit is given to an actor.
benefit-play, s. The play acted on the
occasion of a benefit.
benefit-society, s. A society in which,
in consideration of the imyment of a certain
sum weekly, monthly, or annually, certain
advantages are given on occasion of sickness
or death ; a friendly society. [Friendly
Society.]
ben'-e-fit, v.t. &. i. [From benefit, s. (q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To do good to, to confer a
favour or an advantage upon.
" He was so far from benefiting trade, that he did it
a great injury, and brought Eome in danger of a
fiunine."—Arbut7inot.
B. Intrans. : To derive adA'antage from.
" To teU you therefore wh.at I have benefited herein
■imoug old renowned authors, I shall spare."— J/iHon.
ben'-e-fit-ed, 2>«- i'"'"- --^ «- [Benefit, v.t ]
ben'-e-fit-Sag, pr. jia;-. & a. [Benefit, v.t.
& v.l]
t be-ne'-gr6e» v.t. [Eug. pre! be, and negro.]
To make black as a negro.
" . . ttie sun shall he benegroed in dnxkness. ..."
—ll'jjpift ■ Sermons (IC58). p. 79.
bene-ly, bein-ly, bein-lie, bi-en-l^,
''" bi-en-lie, adv. [Scotch bene, bein (Bein),
and Eng. suH'. -??/.] (Scotch.)
1. Iu the possession of fulness.
" Yone carle (quod scho) my ioy, dois beinly dwell.
And ail prouisiomi lies within himBell."
L. Scotland's Laineid, fol. 5, 6.
2. Well, abundantly.
" She's the lady o" a yai'd.
An" her house is bienlie thaoket."
Ricken : Poems (1788), p. 155.
3. Exhibiting the appearance of wealth.
"The children were likewise bt-inlu apparelled . . ."
—/{. GdJiaize. lii. lOi.
4. Happily.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, wbat, fall, father; we, -wet, here, camel, ber, there | pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pdt»
or, wore, wolf. work, who, son; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
taeneme— Bengalee
490
" Poor liiuiy-footeil tliiiiK ! uiuli-eaniiiig thou
Of this Ill-fated hour, aust bienly lie.
And chew thy cud amousj the wheaten store."
Davidson: timsoas, y. 27. (Jam'mson.)
" be-ne'me (1), * be-nemp-ne (yret. & pa.
jiar. "-'heimiiiit, '' heuempte, ^hyueuijjt), v.t.
[Eng. & A.S. prefix he, hi; O. Eng. nc-i\qme;
and A.S. m)nimii = h> name, to call, to oali
upon, to entreat.] [Xempne.] To name; to
<-all; to promise.
" He to hiui called a fiery-footed hoy
JieiiumvC Dispatch."
Tiwm.-'Oa: Ca-it, of Ind., ii. 32.
" Much greater gvfta for guerdon thou shalt gayue
Theu Kidde or Cos-set, which I thee bynempC.
Spenser: Sliep. Cat., xl
*be-neine (2), v.t. [A.S. hciimnaii = to de-
prive, to rob.] To take from.
"ThoCi-ysteuemen, ofCl>-ff and leme,
Loke uo godea he hem beneme."
Richard, 1,404.
-'^ lie-ne-iiie'r-ent, '(. [Lat. bene = well, and
tmreus, gen. tnemitis = deserving, pr. par. of
mereo =to earn, to deserve.] "Well-deaerviug.
{Hyde Clarke.)
" be-nemp-ne, v.t [Beneme.]
* be-nempt, ' be-nempte, ■ bynempt,
pa. par. [Benehe, Benempne.]
be-ne-pla9'-it, * be-ne-pia9'-it-y, s.
[See definition.] The same as Beneplaciture
(q.v.)-
"^ be-ne-pla9'-i-ture, s. [From Lat. bene =
well, and p/c(cUimts = about to please, fut,
par. of placeo = to please.] Good pleasure,
will, ehoiee.
"Hatli he hy his holy jienineu tokl us, that either
of the other w.iys w;li uiore HUitalile to his beiie-
placUiire f"-~Glai/r'lle : Pre-exist, of Souls, ch. 4.
^ ben'-e-s6un, ^ ben'e-son, ^- [Benibqn.]
•f be-net', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and net, v.] To
enclose us in a net, to surround with toils ;
to ensnare. {Lit. orjiy.)
" Being thus henetted round with villaiiiee."
SUakesp. : J/amlct-, \. 2.
* be-nethe, * be-neth, jh'cjj. & adv. [Be-
neath.]
^ be-neth-forth, adv. [From O. Eng. hoieth
= beneath, iiiui forth.] Beneath.
" Item, tliat no citezeu lie initte in couiyn pri.soii,
Init iu ou of the uhiinil'uva henethforth."
Gilds (Ear. Eng. Text Soc), p. 37;i.
- Engltsk
Ben'-et-nasch, s. [Arab. Bandt = daughters,
and 'naasch = bier. Corresponds with Heb.
\!T'S TT'pZL (bt(ja7(aaisf/i)=sonsof theBier,nus-
tmnslated sons of " Arcturus" in Job xxxviii.
32. To the Semitie imagination, the tour
stars constituting tlie hind quarter of Uisa
.Major (but much likcr the body of a plough) ;
a, ^, 7, and 6 Ursa; Majoris, resemble a bier;
and the three stai-s, e, ^, y\ (Alioth, Mizar, and
Benetnasch), which constitute the tail of the
Great Bear, or tlie handle of tlie Plough, are
like mourners following the Bier. [Arcturus,
1. 2, and the aLCOmpanying figure.] {Richard
A. Proctor: Ilondbook of the Stars, ISliU, eh. i.,
p. 4, &e.)
Astron. : A fixed star, of magnitude 2.^,
called also Alkaid and r} Ursie Majoris.
"^ ben'-ett, s. [O. Fr. hein'it. from Lat. hrue-
*7tri'«s= blessed.] The third of the minor
ordeis in the Roman Chiircli, corresponding
to what is now called "exorcist." {Prompt.
Parv., p. 30, note 4.)
t be-net'-ted, v-'- 2'"^'- ^ <-'■ [Benet.]
t be-net'~ting, pr. par. [Beket.]
be-nev'-6-lcn9e, s. [0. Fi-. heneohnre ;
Mod. Fr. hieiiveillaiice : S[k heiitvuleitcia; Prov.
hmoolensa; Ital. bencroJcnz-a, henevoglieiiza; all
from Lat. fici(ei'o/e)t(ict = good-will, kindness,
{iu laiu) indulgence, grace ; henevolens = well
wishing : bene = well, and volentia = will, in-
clination ; volo = to will, to wish.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. The disposition to look with kind feeling
(111 man and other living beings, and to do
them good. U^icd—
(a) Of God, as the Being entertaining sm-li
kind feeling.
" Gnuii> the whole worlds of rcH-'iou, life, and sense,
In one close system of benurolencf."
J'opc • E)>iia:/ onMu't, iv. .i.iS.
{h) Of man, as doing su.
" Benevolence is uiiid; nor horrows help,
Save at worbt need, from hold iuipetuous force."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. \M.
2. An act prompted by kind feeling towards
its object.
B. Technically :
1. Phren. : The organ of hmcvuknce is fixed
by phrenologists on the middle of the anterior
liart of the head, behind the spot where the
forehead and the hairy scalp meet. [Phreno-
logy.]
2. Laio £ Eng. Hist. {pi. Benevolences) : The
attractive name formerly given to compulsory
loans to disguise their real character. Every
one, however, saw through the transparent
device. It is believed that benevolences were
levied as early as the Anglo-Saxon thues.
They were inconsistent with the pro^sions of
Magna Charta, gained in 1215, yet they con-
tinued to be exacted. One notable benevolence
wiis that raised by Edward IV. in 1473. In 1484,
Richard III. gained popularity by procuring a
parliamentary condemnation of the system,
and the next year imposed a benevolence, as if
nothing had happened. Henry VII. in 1492,
and James I. in 10l:i, raised money in a similar
way ; and in the reign of Charles I. the exac-
tion of benevolences was one of the popular
grievances which produced the civil war,
though less potent in the effects which it pro-
duced than the celebrated "ship-money."
[Ship-money.] The Bill of Rights, passed in
February, 1689, once more declared them
illegal, and this time with effect. "Benevo-
lences," "aids," and "free gifts," ha^'c now
given place to taxes, Ijoldly called by their
proper name.
" After the terrible lesson given hy the Long Parlia-
ment, eveu the Cjibal did not veuture to recomiueud
beneiiotcnces or shiji-moiiL'y." — Macaulay : Bist Eng.,
ch. li.
(a) Crabb thus distinguishes l)etween ?)e))e-
volence and beneficence ;— " Benevolence is liter-
ally well willing ; beneficence is literally well
doing. The former consists of intention, the
latter of action ; the former is the cause, the
latter tlie result. Bnuconleiirr may exist with-
out beucjicence ; but hcn'fictiirr always suppose.s
beneuolcnce : a man is not said to be beneficent
who does good from sinister views. The bens-
volent man enjoys but half his happiness if he
cannot be beneficent ; yet there will still re-
main to hiin an ample store of enjoyment in
the contemplation of others' happiness. He
who is gratified only with that hai)piness
^vhich himself has been instrumental in produc-
ing, is not entitled to the uiinie of benevolent."
{b) The following is the distinction between
benevolence, benignity, humanity, kindness, and
tenderness: — Benevolence and benignity lie in
the will ; humanity lies in the heart ; kindness
and tenderness in the affectioii>. Beiicvulcua:
inilicates a general good will to all mankind ;
benignity a particular good will, flowing oui;
of certain relations. Humanity is a general
tone of feeling ; kindness and (cndemesb are
particular modes of feeling. Bencvoloice con-
sists in the wish or intention to do good ; it
is confined to no station or object ; the bene-
volent man may be ri(;h or poor, and his
benevolence will be exerted wherever there is
an opportunity of doing good. Benignity is
always associated with power, and accom-
panied with condesceusion. Benevolence in
its fullest sense is the sum of moi-al excel-
lence, and comprehends e\ery other virtue;
when taken in this acce]itation, benignity,
humanity, kindness, and tendi'rnrss are but
modes of benevolence. Benevolence and benig-
nity tend to the communicating of happiness ;
humanity is concerned in the removal of
evil. Benevolen.ce is common to the Ci-eator
and His creatures ; it differs only in degree ;
the former has the knowledge and power as
well as the will to do good ; man often has
the will to do good without ha\ing the power
to carry it into effect. Benignity is ascribed
to the stars, to heaven, or to princes ; ignorant
and suiierstitious x't^ople are apt to ascribe
their good fortune to the benign influence of
the stars rather than to the gracious dispen-
sations of Providence. Humanity belongs to
man only ; it is his peculiar chai-acteristic,
and is as universal in its application as hene-
vnhnce ; wherever there is distress, humanity
flies to its relief. Kindnessinidtsnderne.'<s am
jiartial modes of affection, confined to those
who know or are related to each other : we
are kind to friends and acquaintances, tendi'r
towards those who ai'e near and dear.
* be-nev'-6-len-9y, >. [Direct from the Lat.
henevolcntia.] A benevolence.
be-nev'-6-lent, ^ be-nev-o-lente, a. [in
Fr. bienveillant ; Lat. henevolens (adj.) = well-
wishing, kind-hearted; from bene = well ami
ro/ejis = wishing, i.r par. of roio = to wisli.J
1 Of persons: Wishing well to the human
race ; kind, loving, generous, and disposed by
pecuniary contributions or in other ways to
gi\-e practical effect to the feelings entertained.
" Beloved old man ! benevoleiit as wise " Pope.
2. Of things: Characterised by kindness aud
generosity ; manifesting kindness and gene-
rosity.
■' Come, iiromnt me with beaevoh-nt desires.
Cuu-per : Chanty.
be-nev'-6-lent-ly, odr. [Eng. benevolent;
-ly.] In a benevolent ntannei' ; kindly, gener-
ously.
hi howe nmche he shall perneiueyou the more
pi-oite and beneuolently minded towmd his elecuiou. —
Sir T. More: H'orfci, r- G4. (RichariUon.)
t be-nev'-6-lent-ness, s. [Eng. benevolent ;
-ness.] The cpiality of being benevolent ; kind-
ness, love. {Johnson.)
^ Benevolence is verj' much the more
common word.
^ be-nev'-6-lous, o. [in Sp., Poit., & Ital.
benevolo. From Lat. bene — well, ralu — h*
^\■ish, with Eng. suH'. -ous.] Benevolent.
■' A bencvoloHs inclination is iuiplrmtcd into the very
frame aud temper of our churchh oonstitution. —
Puller : ModeraiiiMi of the Ch. of England, p. 5013.
^ bene-with, s. [Sw ;jce;iim/ = woodbine :
Jcel. heiuwid (lit. = bone-wood> = a kuid i»t
woody honeysuckle ; or simply Eng. bindwith
(q.v.).] For definition see Bene\uth-tree.
benewith-tree (/^'"7. & .Scotch Booh:,-.-).
' benewitb tre, "^ benwyttre, ^
1. An old name of the "Woodbine (/.".'/ ar/v
perichimenam.) (Notes to Prompt. Pen:, &e.)
2. The Ivv {Hcdcra Helix) [?J. {Britten .V
Holland.)
"■■ben-ewr-OUS, ('. [Fr. bienhenren.'.] Happy,
blessed.
"He took tlie iighte benuiorons reste of ilutli" —
Caxlon : Golden Legeiidr. 4-Jo.
Ben-gal', > [Li Sw., Dut . & Ger. Beagahn ;
Fr. Bengule; Wp., Port., i" Ital. Brmjala ;
Sanse. Bangga, Vang'ja. Mahnenni]'ares witii
Sansc. vangg — to go, to liniii ; nnigko = bend
of a stream ; vangk = to go cronked.]
I. Geography:
1. The Indian province on the Lower
Ganges, uihabited by the race speakhig Ben-
^ gali.
2. That ])roviuce, witli IJehar and Orissa,
ruled under the Go\ernor-Gencral by the
" Lieut. -Governor of Bengal."
3. The Bengal Presidenc> . including the
North-Western Provinces.
II. Commerce :
1. A thill stuff for women's apparel made
of silk and liair, brought at first from Bengal.
2. An imitation of striped muslin. [Beng.vl
Stripes.]
Bengal light, Bengola light, .^
I^yrolerh. : A kind of firework, giving ;t vivjd
aud sustained blue light. It is used for signals
at sea. It is composed of six jiartsof nitre, tw*.
ot sulphur, anil one of antimony tersuljihide.
These are finely pulverised and incorporated
together, and the composition is luv.ssed into
earthen bowls or similar shallow vessels.
Bengal quince, s. The English name
of the jiEgle, a genus of plants belniju'ing to tlie
order Anrantiaeeie (Citnjnworts). The timrny
Bengal Quince is tliu JujU munneh^. [;Egle.]
Bengal stripes, s. id.
Comm. £ Man nf. : A BeOL'alec striped cotton
chitli.
Bengal tiger, s. Tlie Cummon Tiger
{Felistigris), which lives in the luarshy jungles
of the Soonderbunds iv Lower Bengal.
Behg'-a-lee, Beng'-a-li, ". & ^ [In Ger.
Bengalisclte{a.), Bengalen{>:) : Fr Jkngali.']
A. As adjecfice :
1. Gen.: Pertaining tu Benuid ;iiniost ex-
clusively in the first of the senses -ivcu abo\'e,'
i.e., pertaining to Lower Bengal.
2. Spec: Pertainiugto the language of Lower
Bengal, or to the race speaking that tongue. ^
B. As substantive:
1. A native of Lower Bcii,u'al. --['I'eiiilly ,
of Hindoo asdistiiiguishi-d from Aloliamimdan
descent.
boiUb^; po^t, jo^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-clan, -tian = sh^Ji. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &i . - beL deL
500
Bengalese—bent
2. The language of Lower Bengal. It is of
the Aryan type, with the great mass of its
words of Sanscrit origin. In its present form
it is modern, no literatnre in it being known
to exist earlier than the sixteenth century,
and even then it was not differentiated from
Sanscrit nearly to the same extent as it is now.
t Beng-a-le'se, a. & s. [Eng. Bengal, and siiff.
-ese; as in Malta, Maltese.]
1. A native or natives of Bengal.
2. The language of Bengal. [Bengalee.]
' ben-ger, '' bengge, " byng-ger,
"** byngge, s. [A,S. bin, hinn = a manger, a
crib, a bin. a hutch.] A chest, chiefly such
as is used for containing corn. (See also
Prompt. Pan.)
Ben-go'-la, a. [Corrupted from Bengal or
BPAigalce.]
Bengola-lights, k. -pi. The same a.s
Bengal-lights (q. v.).
be-ni'ght {gli silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and
night.]
X, Literally:
1. To cover with night, to involve or shroud
in darkness ; to obscure.
"Those bright stiirs that did adorn our hemiBpliei'e,
as those dark ahailea that did benigJU it, vauinh."—
Bot/le.
" A storm hegiiis, the r/igiiig waves run high,
The i-louds look heavy, ana beniglit the sky."
iiiirth.
2. To overtake with night. (Not much used
except in tlie pa. par. & particip. adj.)
"... yea, also, now I am like to Ite heniglit ed, for
the day is almost spent." — Banyan : P, P. , pt. i.
II. Fig. : To debar from intellectual, moral,
or sjiiritual light.
" But he that hides a davk soul and foul thonghts,
Benighted walks under the mid-day ami ;
Himself ia his own dungeon." Milton .- Comus.
be-ni'ght-ed (gh silent), jra. par. & a. [Be-
night, I. 2']
be-ni'gn (g silent), ^ be-nigne. ^ be-nygne,
* be-ningne, a. [InSw. hendgen; Fr. benin
(adj.) (m.), Unigne (f.) ; Prov. henigne ; Sp.,
Port., & Ital. henigno ; all from Lat. henlgnvs
= (1) kind-hearted, (2) beneficent (applied to
action), (3) abxmdant, fertile ; from ben, the
root of honits — good, and gen, the root of
gigno = to beget.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I. Of persons :
1. Kind-hearted, gracious, mild ; full of
good feeling.
" And she is gone !— the royal and the young.
In soul cominaudiug, and in heart benign/"
Jlemans : Death qf the Pritu^esK Cfuirlottc, 4,
2. Carrying that good feeling into action,
generous, liberal in beetowing gifts.
" As thy kind hand has founded many citie.".
Or dealt benign thy various gifts to men."— Prior.
II. Of things :
1. Favourable.
" Bo shall the world go on,
To good malignant, to biul men benign."
miton: P. X., bk. xii.
2. Exerting a salutary influence ; salutary.
" And they iierh.ips eiT least, the lowly class
Whom a benign necessity compels
To follow reiiaon's lejist ambitious course.''
Wordsioorth : Excursion, bk. v
B. Technically :
1. Pharm. Of medicines, £c. : Wholesome,
not deleterious.
" These salts are of a benign mild nature in healthy
l>erHons ; but, in others, retain their original »iuitlitieh,
which they discover in ci\,chexie8."—Arbuth not.
2. Med. Of lUseases: Mild in charnctf-r ;
running their course favourably and without
any irregularities. (Qitincy.)
3. Astrol. : Favourable ; opposed to malign.
be-nig'-nant, ". [Eng. benign; -ant. From
Lat. bcnig'niis ] [Benign.]
A. Ord. Lang. : Gracious, kind, benevolent.
Used—
(«) Of persons.
", . . yonr benignant sovereign . . ."—BurTce:
Letter to a Mfinber of the national Aascmbly
Qj) Of things.
" And he lookecl at Hiawatha
With a wise look .ind benignant."
LoJigfcUow : The Song of Hiawatha, iv.
B. Exerting a favourable as opposed to a
malignant influence.
"... that my song
With star-like virtue in its jilace may shine ;
Shedding ipJi(ffHfi»^ mflneiicc, . . ."
Wordsworth : The Recluse.
be-nig'-nant-ly,w7)-. [Eng. ^joj/f/jjauf ; -^;,j
In a benign or benignant manner ; favourably,
kindly, graciously. {BosvxU.)
be-nig'-ni-ty, be-nig-ni-tee, b^-
nyngnete, '-<. fin Fr. Ih')iignite; O. Fr. he-
nignetc ; Prov. ben igii Uot ; Sp, benignidatl ;
Port, benignii/nilr : Itnl. hniiqaAia, \ Lat. hr-
nifjii ill's; from hniignns.] [Benign.]
A. OrdUia.rn Language :
1. Kind-heai-tcdness, good feeling, ln\ing-
kindncs.-i, temlcrness of feeling.
" All these are not half that I owe
Tn One, from our earliest youth
To me ever ready to shew
lii-aignit>i, friendship, and truth."
Cowjjer : Uratitiidc
2. The feeling carried into action ; .i kind
deed or deeds.
"Thfcking was desirous ti> establish peace mthcr by
benignity than h\ooi\.'' —Hanwnrd.
B. O.Med, (t- Pharm.: Salubrity; whole-
snmeness.
"Bones receive a yuickcv agglutination in sanguine
than in cholerick bodies, by reason of the benignity of
the serum, which sendeth out better matter for -i
oalluH. " — Wiseman.
be-ni'gn~ly {g silent), " be-ning-en-li,
be-nygn-y-li, " bc-nyngue-li, * be-
nygne-liche,arfL'. {Ex\%. benign ; -ly = A.>i
sutl. -Hce (adv.), -lie (a.) = like.] In a benign
manner, kindly, graciously, favourably. V>-ri}~-
(p) Of persons or heing'^ :
". . wherefore io(/»';''ii;i he called ."Matabrun hi.-i
mothnv." —I/elyas, Ep. 2o(Thoni's ed.). (Boucher.)
(h) Of things (comvi-tP(\, however, witli per-
sons).
" H HI" gentle accents thus benignly s;i\' '
Hemans: Peinirrh.
be-ni'm, be-ni'me, be-noo'me, '.'.
[A.S. 7je».vj/!'^f(. = to t;iki-away.] To take jiu-mv,
to deprive.
" Wherewith he pierced eft
Hife body gord, which he of life beinHnne-t."
.Mirr.for Mag., p. 4;m;.
ben-in-ca-sa, .'^. [Named after an Italian
nolileman. Count Beuincasa.] A genus of
jtlaiits belonging to the order Cucurbitacea;
(Cucurbits). Beuincasa ccrifera is the AVhite
Gom-d which grows in the East Indies. The
fruit is presented at native marriage feasts,
being supposed to have the power of procuring
felicity to the newly-married coui^le.
* be-nin'-gne-li,
[Benignly .]
ben'-i-s6n, + ben'-i-zon, ben-ni-zon,
^ ben-i-soun, ^ bcn-e-son, ben-e-
SOUn, '* ben-y-SOn, s. [Contracted form
of Fr. benediction. Compare also binis^nuf ^
blessing, pr. par. of ftfjjur = to bless. In S]i
boidicion; Poi-t, heni^ao; Ital. henedizioiic;
Lat. benedictin.] A lilessing. a beucdictinn.
[Benediction. ]
1. Used chiefly in poetry.
" Without onr graci'. our love, our heniznti."
Shakesp. : Lear, i, 1
" The bounty and the benizon of heav'n,"
Ibid., iv, 6.
2. IMore rarely in prose.
"... a bennizon frae soiiif i. the auld dead abbola."
— S'joft : AiUiqiiary. ch. \.\i.
be-nit-l-er, « [Fi-. bhiiti^r.] A vessel for
holy water placid ;it the door of Roman
Catholic chui'diL's.
Ben'-ja-min. s. [In Gcr.. &c.. Bevimmn.
Corrupted from Benzoin. [Benzoin, ] The
proper name Beiyamin is quite another word,
being the Heb. '[''P^Dil (Bivydmin) — son of tlp^
right hand.]
1. The same as Benjamin-trer (q.v.).
'2. A gum. Benzoin (q.v.).
Bcnjaxnin-bush, ■•^. A bush— the Ben-
70i)i odnriferii'in. (American.)
Benjamin-tree, .^ The name given tn
several .species of trrvs.
1. The name of a twi', ,s7i/;yd- hcmoln, found
in Sumatra, Java, and ether islamls in thi-
Malay Archipelago. It yields the resin rnlli'd
benzoin.
2. The English name of a deciduous shrub,
Bcnziiin odorifcrnm, railed by LimiFeus Jjovms
henzoin. It is found iu North America.
3. The English name of a fig-tree, Fini.<i
iudsaminc, with shining polished leaves, tt
grows in India, and is called by the Mahrattiis
Xandrook.
be-nyn'-gy-li, adv.
benk, bink, s. [Dan, benk; A.S. bene = a
bencli, a table.] [Bench.] (Scotch.) A bench,
a seat ; spec., a seat of honour.
" For fault of wise meu fools sit on benks. (A Scotch
provei'b. ) Siwken when we see unworthy per^ns in
authority. "—yCuii//, p. 105. {Jamieson.)
ben'-most, o. [Superlative of bm, n. (q.v.).]
Innermost. (Scotch.)
"The benmost pai-t o' my kist nook
I'll ripe for tliee."
Fe)''jasson: Poems, li. 44. {.famSevm.)
benn, s. [Corrni)ted from Tjevd, s. (q.v.).]
(Scotch.) A sash or ornamental belt placed
around the body. (Statist. Ace. of Sotland,
xi. 173.) [Bend.]
ben'-net (1), s. [Corrupted from hmt (2). s.
(([.V.).] The name sometimes given tn any of
the plants called bents.
Way Benvet: A kind of barley, llordr.vm
murinuni, (Gerard.)
ben'-net (2), s. [In Ger. benediMenlzravt ;
Fr. benoite ; from Mnit — l)lessed, holy, sacred ;
l)hiir = to bless. rrdni/ferbct?)citerfic(a(Blesseil
Herbs), the old name of the Herb-benuet
mentioned below. Britten and Holland quote
this as the reason why the name was given,
"When the root is in the house, the devil
ran do nothing, and flcps fi'om it, wherefore it
is blessed above all other herbs." (Ort. San.
ell. clxxix,).] That wliich is blessed and itself
rommunicates blessing. (Only in eompouud
terms as Herb-benvet and Bennet-fish, q.v.)
^ Herh-bemiet : A name given for the reason
just stated to various plant.s.
(") ,Sjiec. ; tyenm urbanum, the Common;
A^■l■us. (Prior.)
(b) Coninvi mrlc^llc^tnm, the Common Hem-
lurk, ((krard.)
((■) Vtderiana officinalis, the Great AViUl
Valerian.
bennet-fish, s. An unidentified fish
ha\ing scales of a deep purple colour, streaked
with gold. It reaches two feet in length, and
is found in the African seas.
" ben'-ni-s6n, -=■- [Benison.] (Chiefly Scntch.y
^' ben-o'me, pa. par. [Benim.]
' ben-o'ome, v.t. [Bknim.]
be-nor'th, prep. [Eng. i)refix be = by, and
nDi-tJi.'] To the northward of, as o]iposed t(v
l>r.'«,nth — to the southward of. (Scotch.)
"This present act shall begin only, and take effect
for those iJeaonth the water of Die upon the tenth day
of Februar next ; .anil for those bennrth the same, upoiij
the twenty-first day of Febrnar next to emu. "— .rl cr
Seder., 10 Jan., 1650, p. 64.
be-no'te, r.t. [Eng. prefix he, and note] To-
make notes upon, to annotate.
ben-sell, ben'-sell, bent-sail, s. [Appa-
rently from Eng. bent-sail = a sail bent and
driven forward by the forcie of the wind.]
1. Force, violence of whatever kind.
"j\ll the sey ^^)sto^lris with an ijnhidder,
Ouerweltit with the bennelf of tlie aris."
Pong. : Virgit. 268, ns.
2. A severe stroke ; pro]ieily that which oni"-
rciT'ives from a push or slio\e.
;^. A severe rebuke. (Shirrrff: Glossary.)
ben-shaw, bean-shaw, 5. [Bonschawe.J
(Scotch .)
ben'-shie, ben'-shi, ban'-shee, s. [Irish
Gael, ben, bean — a woman, and sighe = a fairy
or hobgoblin.] A spirit supposed to be at-
tached to certain families and to foretell the
death of an inmate of the house by wailing
under the window at night. The superstition
is Celtic.
•'In certain places the death of people ii sup^wised i-<*
bL- foretold by the cries and shrieks of iieimhi, or the
Fairies wife, uttered ali.nc the very path where the
funeral is to piiss."— /'c/uiinit; Tour in Scotland, ITfin,
p. 205, (Jamiesan.)
ben'-sil, s. [Bensell.] (Smtch.)
bent, 2'"- per., Li., & s. [Bend, v.t]
A, & B. As pia. par. and part in p. adj. : \\\'
senses corresponding to those of tlie verb.
Bent on: Having n fixed determination,
resolved on, determined on or upon.
" We hatl not proceeiled far before we were ioined lt\
a woman :uid two boys, who were hent tux this sjun".-
journey."— /)f(riP(K.- Voyagf roaiuithe World, ch. xi\
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot*
or, woi e, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bent— Benthamite
501
C. As siLhstantiw, :
I. Ordinary Langiio/je :
1. Lite rail !i (of thill 'j.-^ nwUrkil):
(1) The state of being curved ; flexure, cLir-
v.itLirt'.
(■2) The amount or degree of the curvature,
tlie degree of flexure.
" There are clivers snT)tle inauiriea concerning the
strength required to the beudfny cf lfu\ss, the fince
they have in the dischnrge. nccurding tu the seveml
bents, and the Btiength required tu be in tlic string uf
t\ie\ii.."—\VUki>u.
(-,) The declivity of a hill.
"A mountain htui^Kl.
Threftfniug from bigh, and overlook'd thi.' w uod :
Beneath the low'ring brow, and mi a hr„i.
The temple Btood of fliars annipotent.'
Dryden ■ Fahiman if- A- cite. li. Mi-la,
I. Figuratively (nf irhct la iuniii'krii'l. ,iu>rr
frr>i)iniUy than of mhat is viaterial) :
(1) Tendency. Used—
((') Of matter under the operation of uatnnil
law.
"If, for example, he wishes to know how a nm-ss of
liquid would shape itself, if at liberty to follow the
li,;,/. of its own molecular toTcea."—Ts/ndull : Fray, vf
Sr!viice, Srd ed., xiv. 40.1.
(I>) Of the mind or of the heart: Tnclinatioji,
dis]io.sition, proclivity, whether slight or irre-
sistibly powerful.
•i In this sense it may lie followed by lo,
(imuirds, or for.
'■ He knew the strong bent of the country towards
the house of Yoik."— Bacon.
" Let there be propensity and heiit of will to religion,
anil there will be the ssiL-ie sedulity ami iudefatt'^able
iudua try. " — Soatli.
{•!) Full stretch, utmost power of the mind,
the heart, or the will. Tlie metaphor is tliat
of a bow drawn back to the utmost.
"They fool me to the top of my b<!nt."—SJiakeiip.:
Hamlet, iii. 2.
(:() A turning point ; a change of subject, or
of anything else.
"The exercising the understanding in the several
wiiys of reasoning, teaclieth the mind snpplenesH, tu
apply itself more dexterously to heiits and turns of the
matter, in all its researches. ' — Jbuuke.
II. Tediiiiccdlit :
1, Arch. (0 Carp. : One section of the frame
of a building, which is put together on tlie
ground or foundation, and then raised by
holding the feet of the posts and elevating
the upper portion. A bent consists of pn.sts
united by the beams which pass transversely
across the building. When raised it is secnn-d
by the beams of the side to the other bents.
(ktiiglit.)
{<() Orabb thus distinguishes between bent,
rnrcril, crooked, and awry :—" Bent is here tlir
gcnerii- term, all the rest are but modes of
the liciit ; what is bent is opposed to that
whicli is straight; things may therefore be
bent to any degree, but wlieu curved they are
brut only to a small degree; when crooked
tlifv are bent to a great dt-gree : a stick is be.iit
,uiy way; it is curved Ity being bent one
ypecific way ; it is crooked by being bent
dilFerent ways. Things may be bent by acci-
dent or design ; they are cin'ved by design, or
according to some rule ; they ai-e crooked by
accident or in violation of some rule : a stick
is bent by the force of the hand; a line is
curved so as to make a mathematical figure ;
it is crooked so as to lose all figure. Au^rji
raarlis a species of crookedness, but crooked is
applied as an epitln't, and awry is employed
to characterise tlie action ; hence we s)ieak of
a cronled tiling, and of sitting or standing
aiory."
(h) Bent, bias, incUnaVwn, and prepossession
are thus discriminated ;—" All the.sc terms
denote a preponderating influeiice on tlie mind.
Bent is applied to the wills, aff"ections, and
powers in general ; inns solely to the .judg-
ment ; inclination and {irei'i'sscssiun to the
state of the feelings. The hrnt includes the
general state of the niiiid. and tlic object on
which it fixes a regard ; /;/>■>, tlie particular
influential power which swayS the judging
faculty : the one is absolutely considered with
regard to itself ; the other relatively to its
results and the object it acta upon. Bent is
sometimes with regard to Inns as wiuse is to
effect ; we may frequently trjice in tlie par-
ticular hent of a jierson's likes and dislikes
the ])rincipal bia^ which determines his
opinions, [nclinatlon is a faint kind of hent ;
prcjios.-,esslon is a weak s]iecies of bicts: an
Inciiiuitloii is a state of something, namely, a
state of the feelings ; prejjoasessw^i is an actual
sonietbing, namely, the thing tliat j^re-
possesscs." (Crahb : Eng. .'^iinon.)
2. Mining: The term used when the ore
suddenly deviates from its usual course in the
mine.
bent-gauge, -s.
IVood-working, duC. : A gauge whose blade
furms an angle with the handle. (U^ed by
wood-workers and sculptors.)
bent-gouge, ^.
IVood-^working : A gouge bent towards the
basil, and used for scooping or hollowing out
concave surfaces ; a bent-neck gniip.
bent-graver. ■■.
1. Jewelry : A sc-urpcr.
2. Eiigravinfi : A graver with a lilade so
bent as tn reach a surface whose plane is
low(,'r than a marginal rim. (Used in chasing
and in engraving JiicuLograins in sunken
taljlrts.)
bent-lever, s. A lever the two arms of
which tbrm an angle at whose apex is tlie
fuli.'rnni, as a bell-crank lever
iUiit-lpvrr hohi.nce: A weighing-se;ile in
which the scale-pan w is attached to tlic
sliort end a of the bcnt-lcvcr, which is
pivot<-Hl on tlie summit ">f a pO",t n, and whose
D Jf
BENT-LEVER BALVSiK.
weighted end c traveiscs a gradn;ited arc to a
distance proportioned t" the weight in the
pan w. As the weight c ascends, its leverage
becomes greater, and it balances a corre-
spondingly greater weight in the pan w. Its
leverage in the position shown is indicated by
the vertical dotted line dropped fiuni j>.
(Knight.)
bent-pipe, a. A pipe witli a cnr^e or
angli- ill it.
BENT-PIPB FILTEU.
Bent-iuite filter: A tube whose bcjid forms
a receptacle for a certain quantity of sand
tlirough which water passes, entering at one
leg and bt-ing discharged at the other.
bent-rasp, s. a rasp having a curved
blade. (Used by gunstockers and sculptors.)
bent (2), s. [A.S. heonct (Mahu: not in Bos-
iiK'rth) : r).S. hiurt ; Ger. Jnnsr = arush ; M. H.
Ger. hinnz, hinz —nhent, agrass; O. U. Ger.
pinuz.]
I. In England:
1. Of the plants so caili.d . Bent (sing.), bents
(pi.) : A general form meaning usually —
(1) The old stalks of various grasses. Thus
near London the word is applied chiefly to
the Reed Canary-Grass (P/taZa7-isa?nMi(?i»acea);
in South Bucliinghamshire and Cumberland
]irincipally to the Crested Dog's-tail Grass
(Cynosurus cristatus) ; in the north of York-
shire to the Fine Bent-gi-ass (Agrostis ind-
iinri^); in Suffolk to the Rushy Sea Wheat-
grass (Triticwni jimceiwa); and in the East of
England generally, as in Scotland, tu the
Sea Reed, Psamma arcnaria, called also Ammo-
phila arundinncca.
(2) Various stiff-stalked endogenous plants
not admitted by botanists to belong to the
GraminaceEe, or order of Grasses proper.
Thus Bailey applies the term hent to the Lake
Clubrush, or Bull-rush (Scirpiis lacustris). In
Yorkshire and the north of England generally it
is used of the Heath Rush (Juncus sqitanvsus),
one of the Juncacea (Rushes).
(3) Various dry or stiff-stalked plants not even
belonging to the Endogenous sub-kingdom.
Thus in Wilts and East Yorkshire the name is
applied to the Greater Plantain (Plantago
major), and the Ribwort Plantain (P. lanceo-
lata) ; in Wilts to the first of these two plants ;
in Cheshire to two Heaths, the Fine-leaved
Heath (Erica cinerea), and the Common Ling
(Call-Una vulgaris).
2. Of tlie place where they grow : A place
overspread with bents. [11. 2.J
3. Generally: Any field or meadow.
" On felde they faght as they were wode,
Ovyr the benlys raiine the blode."
Bone Florence, l.OBM.
" As burue upon bent hia bugle he blowez."
Gawayne, 1,405,
11. In Scotland :
1. Of the plant so called :
(1) The Sea Reed, Psamma arenaria, called
also Ammophila amndinacea,
(2) The Rushy Sea-wheat grass (Tritimwi
juttceuin).
2. Of tlie place where they grotv : A place
overspread with any of the plants now de-
scribed, and especially with the Sea-reed
mentioned under I., 1, and 11. (1).
To gae to the bent (Scotch) : To go to the bent.
Tlie same as to tak the bent (q-v.).
To tak the bent (Scotch): To take to the bent ;
tu attempt to hide one's self among the bents
when fleeing from battle.
Black Bent: A grass (Alopecurus agrcstis,
Linn.).
Broa,d Bent : A grass (Psamma arenaria,
Beauv.) (Scotl., Edmonston's MS.).
Hendon Bent : A grass (Cynosur^is cristatus,
Linn.,— Midd.) " The hay of Middlesex is
often of good quality. Hendon, perhaps, pro-
duces the hay which has the best name in the
market. (Journal Royal Agric. Society, 18i59,
p. 25.)
Mutlier of Bent: Elymus arenariiis, Linn.,
Outer Hebrides. (Macglllivray : Journ. Nut.
and Geogr. Science, ii. 93.)
Narrow Bent: Elymus arenarlus, Linn. (Ed-
monston's MS.)
Way Bent : Hordewnimurinuin, Linn. ; Cyno-
spurns cristatus, Linn. (Martyn's Flora Iiuf<tica,
1793.) (Britten & Holland, <&c.)
bent-grass, s. The English name for
Agrostis, a genus of grasses. [Agrostis.]
Six species occur in Britain. Two — the Fine
Bent-grass (Agrostis vulgaris) and Marsh Bent-
grass (A. alba) — are awnless ; both are common.
The only common awnod species is the Brown
Bent-grass (A. canina).
White Bent Grass : Agrostis alba, Linn.
ben-tba'-mi-a, s. [Front Mr. George Ben-
tham, F.R.S., an eminent English botanist,
born about 1800, and in 1880 still living.]
A genus of plants belonging to the order
Gornacese (Cornels). Benthamia fragifera is a
X'lant, sometimes seen in English gardens,
with four flaky petals and a red, cherry-like
fruit.
Ben'-tham-i^m, s. [From Eng. proper name
Bentham (see def.), and suffix -ism,] Tlie
philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, a celebrated
jurist and writer on law and other cognate
subjects, who was born in London 15th Feb.,
1747-8, and died on tith June, 1832. The
essential principles of Benthamism were that
the aim or end of all human life is happiness
—of the kind derived from the absence of
pain and the presence of enjoyment. To put
forth efforts, then, for the greatest happiness
of the greatest number should be the supreme
aim of governments and of private individuals,
and is Itself the highest morality.
"Yes. hollow Formulism, gross Benthamism, and
other UDberoic atheistic Insincerity, is visibly and
even rapidly decliuing."—CaWj/ie.- Heroes, Lect v.
Ben'-tham-ite, n. A follower of the phil-
osophy of Jeremy Bentham.
" A faithful Benthamite traversing an age still
dimmed by the mists of transcendental ism." — Jf.
Arnold: Essays in Crit., p. xiii.
b^, bo^; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shun; rtlon, -sion = zhun. -tlous, -sious, -cious=shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dfl.
502
bentinek— benzoin
ben'-tihck, ben'-tick, a. & rr. reamed aftiT
Capt. Bentinek. J
A. As substantive (}}'. Biutlm-ls):
Nant. Bentincks : Triangular enui'ses iiscil
as try-sails in America, but super-seded here
by Sturm stay-sails.
B. AsadjGc/ioc: Invented "by Capt. Bentinek.
bentick or bentinck-boom,
NmiL: A boom streteldng the foot of the
foresail in small square-rigged merehant-nien.
bentick or bentinek shrouds,
Naut. : 8hrnuds extending frnnitlie'wi-encher
buttock staves tn the oi>iiosite le:. eiiannels.
(Admiral Smyth,.)
ben'-ti-ness, s. [Eng. hcutu; -ness.l The
state of being covered with bent. (Scotch.)
(Jc.mieson.) [Bent (li).]
bent'-mg, s. [Eng. hoit (2), and -iwi.]
1. The gathering of bents (cf. nnttlng).
2. Bent-grass.
BantinQ time: The time wlieii (il, is said)
pigeons feed on bents, before peas are j'ipe.
" Bare bentirig times and nionltiut; mouths uijiy cume "
Dryden : Uiml A ranVnn: iii. 1.28^.
ben-tiv'-i, ben-tiv'-e-6. s. [Brazilian.]
The Brazilian name of a bird (Tyrannud
sulphuratus, Vieillot).
bent' -wood, s. [Bindwood.I A name t:ivfii
in the border counties of England and Scot-
land to the Common Ivy (Hedera lielix),
bent'-y, t bent' ey, * bent'-ie, a. [Eng.
heiit ; -)/.]
1, Abounding in bents ; overgrown wilh
bents.
"... Tie the Erishe ; it is very guide for store, beiiijj
hentuy." — Monroe: 11^^, i*. 22. (Jatnieson.)
2. Ecsembling bent.
"The stMike is very small and hcntie."~Gerardc:
Herbali, p. 80.
be-numb', * be-num'be (h silent), be-
nome, ^be-num', r.t. & i: [Eng. x^efix he,
and nnrnJ} ; A.S. henumen, pa. par. of heniman
= to deprive, to take away. From prefix he,
and nimati = to take away; Ger. henehmen^
to take away.]
A. Transitive :
1. Literally :
(1) To render toi-pid ; to deprive a portion
of the body of sensation by the application of
cold, by impeding the free circulation of the
blood, or in any other way.
*(2) To cause to look as iftorpidity of circu-
lation existed ; to render pallid.
" Her heart doe9 quake, and deadly pallied hew
B&nuw^es her cneekes. "
Spenser: F. Q., VI. vlii 4i.
2. Figuratively: To deaden, to render torpid
tlie intellect, the emotions, or the will.
" There are some feeliui^s time cannot bi'.nwmb."
Byron: CJiilde Harold, iv. 10,
B. Intransitive : To make numb.
T[ If the objective, which is implied, were
expressed, it would become transitive.
"... if the sleepy dreuch
Of that forgetful lake benumb not still "
MiUoii: P. L., bk. ii.
be-numbed' (b silent), ' be-no'me, pet. im,-.
[Benumb.]
be-numbed'-ness ('» silent), * be-num-
mednesse, s. (Eng. lit'iiumhed ; O. Eng. be-
nurriDied, and suffix -ness.] The state of being
benumbed ; torpidity of the sensations, the
intellect, the emotions, or the will. Spec. —
1. The state of being physically benumbed.
" Preternatural sleep is a committing a rape uiwn
the body and mind, whereby the offensive sii]>erfluitie3,
by their violent assaults, force the brain to a, bvnumbed-
•nefis for its destruction." — SmiCh: Old Age, p. Vii.
2. Torpidity of spiritual feeling.
" Wlien there is a benumbedness, or searedness, upon
the grand principle of spiritual sense, we come ' to )>e
past feeling. ' " — South .■ Sermmis, ix. 55.
be-numb'-er (f> silent), s. [Eng. henumb ; -cr.]
One who or that which benumbs.
bS-numli-ing (h silent), * be-numm'-ing,
pr. par., a. & s. [Benumb.]
A, & B. As pr. par. <% parttcip. ad}. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verl).
". . , dea-tWa bcnujnbing OTphun . . ."
jV/Iton : fiamson AgontRtex.
C. As suhst. : The act of benumbing or ren-
dering torpid ; the state of being benumbed.
"a. . . ftenMniminj? and congelation of the body." —
HolUmd: Plutarch, \\ 814. {Richardson.)
be-num'b-ment (b sdent), s. [Eng. benmab ;
-vwnf.] The act of benumbing; the state of
being benumbed. (Kirhy.)
ben'-wart, odr. [Si.-utch &e)i = the interior,
and wrfVi = Eng. u-nnL} Inward, toward tlu^
interior of a house. [Bi:n.J
" Than benwarf thay yeid quliair brandis was bincbt."
RiiuJ C'o'luear; A. iij. b. {Jamieson.)
ben'-weed, s. [Scotch lien, of doubtful etym.,
and Eng. vmed.'\ Ragwort (Senedo Jamboio).
* benwyttre, s. [Benewith.] (Prompt. Parv.)
" ben-yng', <"'. (Srotch.) The same as Eng.
Benign (q.v.).
ben'-y-son.
[Ben I SON.]
ben-za-mid-a-^et'-iCjf. [Eng. henz«mid,' ;
acL'th:.]
benzamidacetic acid, s.
CsH-NHtCijIIsCO). „ ,
Chem. ; I Also called
COOH
Hippurie Acid. It occurs in large quantities
in the urine of graminivorous animals in the
form of alkalifte salts. It crystallises in long,
slender, white, square jirisms ; it dissolves in
400 parts of cold water, also in hot alcohol.
When mixed with putrid matter, it forms ben-
zoic acid. Hii)puric acid is monobasic ; hip-
purates of the alkalies are very soluble. It can
be formed by the action of benzoyl chloride
on silver amidacetatr It is decomposed by
alkalies into amidacetic acid and benzoic acid.
ben'-Z1-mide, s. [Eng. benz(oiii); amide]
Cheni. : X-, H Obtained by heating
[ CfiHsCO.
ammonium benzoate ; also by oxidising hip-
purie acid witii lead dioxide. Benzamide is a
crystalline substance, nearly insoluble in cold
but easily soluble in boiling water, also in
alcohol and ether. It melts at 115°, and vola-
tilises at 290°.
ben'-zene, s. [Eng. benx(iun), and suffix -eve ]
Chem. : CgHg. An aromatic hydrocarbon, also
called benzol or phenyl hydride, discovered in
1S25 by Faraday in the liquid condensed during
the compression of oil gas ; it was called by
him bicarburet of hydrogen. In 1849, it was
found in coal tar by C. B. Mansfield, who lost
his life while experimenting with it on the 25th
of February, 1855. Aniline is produced from
it, which again is the source of the celebrated
modern dyes, mauve, magenta, &c. It is ob-
tained from the more volatile portion of coal-
tar oil. It is also formed by distilling benzoii^
acid with lime. Benzene is a thin, colourless,
strongly refracting liquid ; it boils at 82°. It
dissolves fats, resins, iodine, sulphur, and phos-
phorus ; sp. gr., 0885. Benzene is formed when
acetylene is passed through a tube heated to
dull redness. Many substitution products of
benzene have been formed. The atoms of C
and H are arranged as H H
shown in the figure. \ /
The numbers placed C=C
against the C denote the / 1 2 \
position of the H atoms H~C e s C— H
with regard to each "^5 4 ^■'
other. Benzene can, C— C
when two atoms of H / \
are replaced by chlo- H H
rine, &c., or mimatomic radicals, form three
modifications, according as the replaced H is
in the position 1-2, or 1—3, or 1—4. Benzene
unites with chlorine or bromine iu direct sun-
light, forming additive compounds, CoHgCle.
ben'-zile, s. [Eng. l)enz(oin), and suflix -ilC]
Chem. : Ci4Hk,02. A crystalline substance
obtained by the action of chlorine on benzoin ;
it melts at 90°. It is isomeric with dibeiizoyl.
ben-zil'-ic, a. [Eng. henzil(>:); -ir.] Of or
belonging to benzile.
benzUic acid, -<.
Chem.. : C14H12O3. It is called also diphenyl-
glycollic odd. It is obtained by the action
of alcoholic potash on benzoin. On saturating
the alkaline solution wilh hydrochloric acid,
the benzilic arid separates in small, colour-
less, transparent crystals, which melt at 120°.
ben'-zine, b. [Benzoline.]
ben-ZO'-ate, s. [Eng. haiy>{iii); suff. -gIk \
[Blnzoic Auii).]
ben-ZO-gly-COl'-lic, a. [Eng. hcui»{in) ghj-
(•■>:rUi) (al)cohul.]
benzoglycollic acid, &-.
Chem.: C9Ha04. Formed by treating liip-
puric acid with nitrous acid ; then nitrogen
is liberated. Benzoglycollic acid contains the
elements of benzoic and glycollic (oxyacetic)
acid, minus one molecule of water. It crys-
tallises in colourless prisms.
ben-z6~hel'-i-9m, s. [Eng. hcnzo(in);kdU:iu
(q.v.).]
Chnn : CinHi5(C7H50)07. Produced by the
action of dilute nitric acid on benZo-salicin.
It is resolved by boiling with alkalies or acid
into benzoic acid, salicylol, and glucose.
ben-z6'-ic, a. [Eng. benzo(i)i); -/<■.] Pertain-
ing to benzoin, existing in benzoin.
benzoic acid, 5.
ChemAst-ry: CyHgOg or CgHg.CO.OH. It is
called also pkeiiylformic acid. It Is obtained
by oxidation of benzylic alcohol by aqueous
ciiromicacid ; by oxidation of benzoic aldehyde,
methyl-benzene, &c, ; from benzene by acting
on its vapour by carbonyl chloride, which con-
verts it into benzoyl chloride, and decompoh,ing-
this substance by water ; by boiling hippurie*
acid witli HCl ; or by lieating the calcium salt
otphthalic acid with lime. Benzoic acid exists
in a large quantity in gum-benzoin, from
which it is obtained by sublimation. Benzoic
acid is a monobasic aromatic acid ; its salts arc
called benzoates, and are soluble, except the
basic ferric salt. Calcium benzoate by di-y
distillation is resolved into calcium carbonate
and benzophenone. But dry benzoic acid
distilled with excess of quicklime is decom-
]>osed into carbonic dioxide and benzene.
Benzoic acid has a slight smell when warmed ;
it molts at 121°, boils at 250°. It dissolves in
200 parts of cold and in 25 parts of boilings
water, and also in alcohol. It forms light,
feathery, colourless crystals.
benzoic alcohol, j,. [Benzyl Alcohol. J
benzoic aldehyde, ».
Chemistry : Bitter- almond oil, C/HgO or
CsHs.CO.H. It i;; the aldehyde of benzyl
alcohol, and is obtained by the oxidation of
amygdalin with nitric acid ; by digesting
bitter almonds and water foi' six hours at 30°
to 40° ; by the action of nascent hydrogen on
chloride of benzoyl ; or by distilling a mixture
of calcium benzoate and formate. Pure
benzoic aldehyde is a thin colourless liquid
with a peculiar odour, sp. gr. 1043, and boils
at 189° ; dissolves in thirty parts of water, and
mixes with alcohol and ether. Exposed to
the air, it absorbs oxygen, and is converted
into benzoic acid. It forms ciystalline com-
pounds with alkaline bisulphites. Ammonia
convei-ts it into hydrobenzamide, a white
crystalline body, which, when boiled witli
aqueous potash, is converted into amarine.
benzoic chloride, s. [Benzoyl Chlo-
ride.]
benzoic oxide, s. ^ w pn
Chem.: benzoic anhydride, (j^'-Hr CO I '^'
It is obtained by the action of benzoyl chloride
and potassium benzoate. It ciystallises in
oblique rhombic prisms, which melt at 42%'ind
distil at 310".
benzoil, a-. [Benzoin, 1.]
ben-z6'-in, ben-zo'-me, * bel-zo' in,
* ben-zoil, ben-ja-min. s. [In Sw. &eii-
zoe; Ger. benznebaum, the tree, and benznc,
hcnznin, the gum; Fr. benjoin ; Sp. bmjiii ;
Port, beijoim ; Ital. belzuino. Mahii suggests-
<'omparison (1) with Pers. bandst, bino^dt, ban-
dsah, bandsib = terebinth resin, from ban vmv^
= terebinth grain, asn!* = an excrescence on
the body ; and (2) with wunizad = tui-pentine
of the pistachio-tree. Benjamin is a corruption
of benzoin, and not benzoin a corruiitiou of
hciijaniifi. All the chemical words beginning-
with /«'?!2 are dewved from this word, as ben-
zoic acid was first obtained from the gum.]
1. (Oenerally of the corrupted form benjamin.)
Botany, Comm., <Bc. : A kind of resin ob-
tained from a tree, the Styro^ benzoin, which
belongs to the order Ebenace* (Ebenads).
It grows in Sumatra, Borneo, and the ad-
.iacent islands. Incisions are made in the
tree from which the resin exndes, the latter
when it comes being left to dry, and then
being removed by a knife. E.ich tree vields
fate, ^t, fare, amidst, what. ^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit. sire, sir. marine ; go. pot
or, wore, wplf. work. wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; ey = a, qu = *kw. '
benzol— beulastered
503
anmially about three pounds of resin. It is
used as a medicine in chronic diseases of the
lunjjs, as an ingredient in perfumery, and in
the incense of Roman Catholic and Ritualist
chuD'hes. ■ [Styrax.]
*' Belzoin or benzoin ia the rosin of a tree." — Turner :
Ilerbal, pt. ii.
2. (O/i/ie/orm benzoin, iiever benjamin.)
(1) Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Lauraeeae (Laurels). The speeies are
found in North America and in Nepanl. The
berries of Benzoin odorifcrum yield an aro-
matic stimulant oil. They are said to have
been used during one of the American wars as
a substitute for allspice. (Trens. of Bot.)
(2)Pliar.: Asa dtdcis as opposed to .4.
foitida. [Asa.]
(3) Chem. : C14H12O2. A polymeric modifi-
cation of benzoic aldehyde, which remains in
the retoi-t when the crude oil is distilled with
lime or iron oxide to free it from hydrocyanic
acid.
benzoin-tree, benjamin- tree, a.
Botany: A tree, Styrax henzohi, described
under Benzoin (1) and Styrax (q.v.).
ben'-zol, s. [Benzene.]
ben'-zole, ben'-zol, -. «fc "■ [From Eng.
hemo{in), and Lat. ole{nm), ol{eum) = oil. J
A. As sitbstantive :
1. Chem, (of the form henzol) : [Benzene.]
2. Min. (oftheforTn benzole) : A fluid mineral
detected in 1856, both in Rangoon tar and in
the naphtha of Boroslaw in Galicia. (Dana.)
B. As adjective (of tJie form benzole) : Con-
sisting of, containing, or allied to, benzole.
Min. Benzole Grov/p or Series : A group of
minerals, placed by Dana under his simple
Hydrocarbons. He includes under it benzole,
toluole, xylole, camole, and cymole. All are
fluid at ordinary temperatures.
ben'-z6-line, s. &a. [Eng. benzol; -ine.]
A. As suhstantive :
1. Chem. : Amarine, an organic base obtained
from hydro-benzamide by boiling it with
aqueous potash. Insoluble in water, but
dissolves in alcohol, forming an alkaline solu-
tion which deposits small colourless pris-
matic crystals. It forms sparingly soluble
salts. Its formula is CjiHigN^.
2. Comm. : Benzine, a name given to any
volatile inflammable liquid hydrocarbon which
burns with a luminous flame, chiefly to the
following :— (1) Coal-tar naphtlia, consisting
principally of benzene and its homologues.
It is used for removing grease from fabrics
and as a solvent. Our lady readers should,
however, be warned that if they wash kid
gloves in benzoline with the view of removing
stains of grease, they must not afterwards put
the gloves on their hands, and hold them to
the tire to dry. If they do, the vapour of
the benzoline will ignite the gloves, which
will flame fiercely. Within the last few years
at least three cases of most fearful injury have
arisen in this precise manner, one of them with
fatal results. (2) Petroleum spir!t, consisting
of heptane, C7H14, and other pjrafllus. It is
used as a solvent and also to burn in lamps.
These diflferent liquids are often sold mixed
together ; their vapour is explosive when mixed
with air. [Petroleum.] On the 2nd of October,
1874, at 4-5.5 a.m., a loud explosion was heard
over all London and far into the country
around. It was found that a barge called the
Tilhury, proceeding along the Regent's Canal,
freighted with about five tons of gimpowder,
and carrying in addition a quantity of benzo-
line, had blown up, killing three men on
board, destroying itself, demolishing a bridge
over the canal, and damaging many houses.
Investigation was held which showed that the
vapour of the benzoline escaping was ignited
by a fire or light in the cabin, and at once
exploded the gunpowder. It is not now per-
missible to carry gunpowder and benzoline
ttjgether in the same boat.
JB. As niljcriive: Composed of benzoline;
fed by benzoline, sui>plied with benzoline, in
which benzoline is burnt.
ben'-zdne, s. [Eng. hen:(<->l)i), and (kct)o)ie.]
[Benzophenone. ]
ben-zo-m't-rile, s. [Eng. l}eiizo(in) ; nitrlh
(q.v.).]
Cherii. : Phenyl cyanide, CgHg-CN. Formed
by the action of phosphorite oxide on ammo-
nium benzoate. It is an oily liquid, boiling
at I'JO-ti^
ben,- zo'-phe- none, s. [Eng. henzo(in) ;
j);t€/iO/'r(<|.V.).]
Ckeiiiistnj : Diphenjd ketone = benzone,
Ci;{IiioO or CO"-j ^^^^. The ketone of ben-
zoic acid. Prepared by dry distillation of
potassium benzoate. A crystalline substance ;
melts at 48°, distils at 306°. Hot fuming
nitric acid converts it into dinitro-benzone,
Ci3H8(N02)20. An isomeric modification,
melting at "26°, is obtained by acting on di-
phenyl methane with chromic acid mixture.
ben'-z^l, a. [Eng. henzo(ni); and Gr. uAij
(hull) = . . matter.]
Ghem. : An organic monad aromatic radical,
having the formula (CqR^.CC))'. [Dibenzoyl.J
benzoyl-benzoic acid, b.
fhPm. : CsHg.CO.CeHH.CO.OH. An organic
monatomic ketone acid, obtained when benzyl-
benzene, benzyltoluene, or benzylcthylbenzene,
is oxidised by chromic acid. It crystallises
in white silky needles, which melt at 194°,
and by reducing agents is converted into
benzylbenzoic acid.
benzoyl chloride, s.
Chf-mistry : Benzoic chloride, CjjHg-CO.Cl.
Formed by the action .'f phosphorus penta-
chloride on benzoic acid. It is a colourless
liquid with a disagreeable pungent odour ;
sp. gr. 1 '106. Its vapour burns with a greenish
flame. It is decomposed by water into ben-
zoic and hydrochloric acids. It boils at 196.
ben'-zyl, s. [Eng. he)iz(oiii); and Gr. vAtj
(hule) = . . . matter.]
Chem. : An organic monad aromatic r^-dical,
having the formula (C6H5.CH2)'.
benzyl acetate, s.
CJiemistry : CeHs.CHo.O.OC.CHs. A liquid
having the odour of pears, boiling at '210". It
is an ether formed by distilling acetic acid,
benzyl- alcohol, and strong sulphuric acid to-
gether.
benzyl alcohol, $.
Chem. : Benzylic alcohol, benzoic alcohol,
Cj5H5.CH2.OH = C^HgO. A monatomic aro-
matic alcohol, obtained along with benzoic
acid by the action of alcoholic potash on
benzoic aldehyde ; also by distilling benzyl
chloride with caustic potash. Benzyl alcohol
is a colourless, strongly refracting, oily liquid,
boiling at 207°; sp. gr. at 14" is 1051. It is
insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol,
ether. It is converted by platinum black into
benzoic aldehyde ; by aqueous chromic acid
into benzoic acid. Strong HCl converts it
into benzyl chloride.
benzyl-benzene, s.
Chemistry : Diphenylmethan, benzylbenzol,
C6H5.CH2.C6H5. An aromatic hydrocarbon,
obtained by boiling a mixture of benzene ami
benzyl chloride with zinc dust. It is a
colourless liquid, boiling at 201°.
benzyl benzoic acid, ».
Chem. : CfiHg. CH^. CO. OH. An organic mon-
atomic acid obtained by the action of j-educing
agents on benzoyl benzoic acid, into which it
is re-converted by the action of oxidising
agents. It crystallises in white needles,
melting at 154°.
benzyl chloride, t..
Oki'm. : C6H5.CH2CI. A <'olourless liqiiid,
boiling at 176°, obtained by the action of
chlorine on boiling toluene. If chlorine be
passed through toluene in the cold, the princi-
pal product is monochlortoluene, CeH4CI.CH3,
benzyl-ethyl-benzene, ».
Cliemistry : Benzylethylbenzol, C15H16 —
C6Hg.CS2.C6H4.C.2H5. An ai-omatic hydro-
carbon, obtained by the action of zinc dust on a
mixture of benzyl chloride and ethyl benzene.
It is a colourless aromatic liquid, which dis-
solves in alcohol, ether, and benzene. It boils
at 295", and is oxidised by chromic acid into
benzoyl-benzoic acid, CgHg.CO.CfiHs.CO.OH.
benzyl-toluene, s.
Chem. : Ben zylmethyl benzene, benzyltoluol,
tolylphenylmethan, C6H5.CH2.C6H4.CH3. An
aromatic hydrocarbon, fonned when a mix-
ture of toluene and benzyl chloride is boiled
with zinc dust. It is a colourless liquid,
boihng at 279°.
ben'-zyl-a-mine, s. [Eng. henzyl ; amive.]
Chem. : 'CjHs- CH^CNHs). An aromatic base
metanieric witli toluidine. It is obtained by
the action of alcoholic ammonia on benzyl
chloride. It is a colourless liquid, boiling at
183" ; it dissolves in water, and unites with
acids, forming crystalline compounds.
ben-zyl'-ic, a. [Eng. licnzyl ; -ic] Of or
belonging to benzyl (q.v.).
■^ beo, v.i. [A.S. heo = I am or shall be ; from
hcon = to be.] [Be.]
'^ beo, p/'ejj. [By.] By.
" The (ioughter dude overcome hem bothe,
Beo riht reaon ajid evene."
Kyng 0/ Tai-% 27*!. {Boucher.)
" beode, v.t. [A.S. hcodan— to command,
order, bid, will, ofier, enjoy.] [Bid.]
1. To summon.
•' Therfore, lordynges, out-rilit,
Duik, erl, baroun, and kiiiht,
Let yor folk out beode."
Kl/ng of Tars, 947. (Boucher.)
2. To proffer.
" Fyf kynges were of heigh parayle,
Uppon the soudan thei beode Imtaile."
Ki/nfi of Tars, 1,017-18.
■ beod, s. [A.S. led = a prayer.] [Bead,
Bede.] a prayer.
"^ beon, V. i. [Be.] To be.
"^ beor-yng (1), s. [O. Eng. for Burying.]
Interment.
" Of his hcorynQ no thing no dredith,
Into Egipte'his body ledith."
jiJlsaander, 8,090, (Boucher:)
^ beor-yng (2), s (O. Eng. for Beabing.]
Birth.
" In bis beoryng, so feci a cas,
Theo eorthe flchok, the aeo bycani grene ;
Theo sunne withdrough achyiiyng schene."
Alisauiider, 637.
t be-paint', •".(. [Eng. preiix &e, and poAnt.'\
To paint over.
" Thou know'st the mask of night is on my face.
Else would a maiden bluah bepaint iny cheeks. '
tihakesp. : Ito^n. & Jul., ii. 2.
^ be-pale', v.t. [Eng. prefix 6e, and pa?e.] To
render pale.
* be-paled, pa. par. & a. [Bepale. ]
',*... those perjur'd lips of thine,
Bepal'd with blasting sighs."
Carew: Poems, p. 7C.
*" be-pal-ing, pr. jwr. [Bepale.]
* be-part', nt. [Eng. prefix ?)e, and j;aW. ] To
divide, share.
"Hiero oouusailed him to beparte his importable
labours."— i.7yoe .- The Governour, p. 7.
*be-pea9li', ^bi-peche, v.t. [A.S. bejjcecan.]
To deceive, betray.
" Ne saltu nevere knewen, wanne he the wole bi-
pcchen." — Relig. Antiq., i. 180.
t be-pearred, a. [Eng. pref. he, and pearled.]
■ Covered with pearl-like lustrous spots,
"This primrose all bepeart'd with.dew."
I Oarew : The Primrose.
t be-pep'-per, v.t; [Eng. pref. he, andjie^er.]
To pelt with anything, as if one had thrown
pepper at a persoii ; to pepper over.
"... l>epowdering their rihs, bepeppering their
noses, . . ."—Sterne: Trigtr am, Shandy, viiL 5,
t be-pep'-pered, pa. par. & a. [Bepepper,]
t be-pep'-per-i&g, pr. par. [Bepepper.]
t be -per-i-wigged, a. [Eng. prefix he, and
periwlqqp.d.] Equipped with a. periwig.
(Nntiall, H/jde GlarU, &c.)
be-pin^h', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and pinch.]
To pinch all over ; to mark with pinches.
be-pin^h'ed, t be-pincht,! pa. par. & a.
[Bepinch.]
" In their sides, arms, shoulders, aJl bepincJU,
Ran thick the weals, red with blood, ready to start
out." Chapinaiu
be-pm^h'-iiig, pr. par. [Bepinch.]
be-pla'it-ed, be-plalt'-ed, a. [Eng. prefix
he, and platted.] Plaited ; covered with plaits.
(Mrs. Bittlfr.)
be-plas'-ter, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and plaster.]
To plaster ; to plaster over.
" Like an all-judging beauty, his colours he spread,
And beplaster'd with rouge his own natural red."
Goldsmith : Retaliation.
be-plas'-tered, /"'. jwr. k n. [Beplaster.]
b^l, boj^; po^t, j^^l; cat, 96!!, chorus, chin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Kenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel del
504
beplastering— bercel
be-plas'-ter-ing, jrr. par. [Eepla&ter.]
* be-plot-mele, adv. [Pref. he = by, and
plotDUiie.] Bit by bit; iu bits. {Prompt.
Pan.)
be-plu'med, a. [Eng. prefix he, and 'plumed.]
Possessed of a plume ; decked out in. a plume.
"The young in armour bright which shone like gold,
heplumed with each gay feather of the East . . ." —
Sterne : Sentimental Journey.
be-pow'-der, r.l. [Eng. in-ef. he, Eudpowdcr.]
To cover with powder.
1 See example uuder Beourl.
be-piJw'-dered, pn. par. & a. [Bepowder.]
be-p6\*r'-der-iiig, jrr. par. [Befowder.]
be-prai|t'e, v.f. [Eng. prefix be, and praise.]
To praise greatly ; to praise.
"Generals, who once had crowds hallooing after
them, wherever they went ; who were bepraised by
newspapers and magazines — have long sunk into
merited ob8cui'ity."—ffo/(iam(«7i..' JSss. 8.
be-prai^'ed, pa. par. & a. [Bepraise. ]
be-praii^'-ing, jjt. par. [Bepraise.]
■*be-pro'§e, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, andyn-ose.]
To convert into prose.
" Such was his doom impos'd by Heaven's decree,
With ears that hear not, eyes that shall not see,
The low to swell, to levell the sublime.
To blast all beauty and bepmse all rhyme,"
Mallet : Verbal Criticism. (Richardson.)
i be-puck'-ered, a. [Eng. prefix he, and
puclcered.'] Puckered. QVehster.)
* be-pud'-dled (died as deld), a. [Eng.
prefix he, and pvddled.] Bemired by the
muddy feet of those passing over it. (Lit. &
fig-)
"... while their tradition was clear and evident,
and not so be-piiddled as it since hath been with the
mixture of heretiuks striving to sj^Mjil that which did
so much mischief to their causes,"— ^iw. Taylor : Spis-
copacu Asserted, s. 18.
be-puffed, «. [Eng. prefix he, and puffed.]
(Webster.)
* be-pur'-ple, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and purple.]
To render purple in colour ; to dye or tinge
with purple.
" Like to beauty, when the laiivn,
With rosy cheeks hiparpled o'er, is drawn
To boast the loveliness it seems to hide."
Dadlei/ Digger : Verses prefixed to Saiidi/s Paahns.
* be-piiz'-zle, v.t. [Eng. pref. be, and puzzle. \
To puzzle greatly.
" A matter that egregiously bepuzled and eutranced
my apprehension." — /fashe: Lenten Stiiffe, p. 6.
"^ be-qual'-i-fy, ^ be-qual'-i-fie, v. t. [Eng.
prefix he, and qualify.] To attribute or assign
high qualities to ; to characterise as.
" Amo. I doe vaile to
both your thanks and kisse
them, but primarily to
youra, most ingenious,
acute, and polite ladie.
" P/ii Gods my life, how
he does all to beqnalific
ber I ingenious, acute, and
polite ! asif there were not
others in place as ingeni-
ous, acute, and polite as
ahee." — B Jonsoii : Cyn-
thia's Revels, iv, 3.
be'-Q.ue, ft. [Fr. bec-
q%iee, heguee = a beak-
ful, a mouthful ; a eequ#,.
beak.]
Her. : Beaked. The term is used specially
of a bird which has its bill enamelled differ-
ently from the rest of its body.
be-que'ath, * be-queathe» '^ be-quethe,
* by-q.uethe, v. t. [A.S. hecwetJm)) , bic-
'loethaii = to bequeath, to give by will ; be,
and cioetlian = to say, speak, to call (bequests
originally being made by word of mouth,
scarcely any layman being able to write). In
O.S. quetlian; O. H. Ger. quetlmn, quedan;
Goth, qvithan; Ice\. qveda; Sw. qvcida ; Dan.
Quvcede = to chant, to sing ; identical with
Eng. Quoth (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : To leave by will or testament.
"And dying, mention it within their wills,
Bequeathinp it, as a rich legacy,
Unto their issue."
Shakesp. : Julius C<mar, iii, 2.
2. Fig. : To transmit by death, without the
formality of a will, to one's children, to a
successor, a sympathising friend, or a political
or religious party, or to jiosterity generally.
(a) To children.
"... had beqii-eathed to his children, nothing but
hiti name and liis rights." — Macaalay J/is'. Jilng.,
ch. xvL
(h) To a political party.
" Fur Freedom's battle once begun,
lieqiieathed by bleeding sire to son.
Though baffled oft is ever won,"
ItyroTb : The Giaour.
(c) To posterity generally.
"... but the best works which he has &€?wea;7ic(i
to posterity are liis catches." — Macaulay : Hist. Enfj.,
ch. xiv.
be-que'athed, be-quethid, pa. poyr.
[Bequeath.]
be-que'ath-er, ^ be-queth-er, o. [Eng.
bequeath; -er.] One who bequeaths pro^ierty
of any kind to another. {Lit. & jig.)
"If the bequether or maker of any wilt . ."—
Wil&oti: Arte of Logike, p, 48. (Richardson.)
be-que'ath-mg, pr. par. & a. [Bequeath.]
be-que'ath-ment, s. [Eng. bequeath ; -ment.]
The act of bequeathing ; the state of being
bequeathed ; that which is bequeathed ; a
legacy. {Johnson.)
be-quest', "^ be-quest'e, * biqueste, ^ by
quyste, * by-qtlide« s. [From Bequeath.]
1. The act of bequeathing ; the state of
being bequeathed.
" He claimed the crown to himself, preteuding an
atloijtion or brquest of the kingdom unto him by the
Confessor " — //ah:
2. That which is bequeathed.
(a) Literally. Law & Ord. Lang. : A legacy.
" Not coiiteutyd with such bequeste as his fader to
hym gaue," — Fabyan, vol. L, ch. 48.
\h) Figuratively: Anything bestowed.
" Than those resplendent lights, his rich hequ-est,
A dispensiition of his evening power."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv.
" be-questV v.t. [From Bequest, s.] To givi_'
as a legacy.
" So hur 18 all I have to beqvest.
And this is all I of the world request."
Gascoigne: A JiemeTnbo'anco.
be-quo'te, r.t. [Bug. prefix he, and quote.]
To quote often. (Ecl-ectic Pcl-Icuk)
be-qud'-ted» ):>q. par. & a. [Bequote.]
be-quo't-mg, 2')-. par. [Bequote.]
ber (pret. ' her), v. The same as Bear (q.v.).
' ber (1) (pi. ber-ren), s. [Berk v.]
ber(2), o. [Bier.]
■ber(3), s. [Bere.] Aery. {S. in Luachcr.)
be-rag'-ged, a. [Eng. pref. be, and ragged.]
Very ragged.
" II ewt tout chipoult.
He is all to be-7-aggcd." Coigrave.
be-raln', * be-rein, berayn, byryne,
v.t. [Eng. prefix be, andrai».] To rain upon,
to wet with rain.
"And with his teirea salt her brest bcrained."
Chaucer: 2'roilus, bk. iv.
be-ralned» pa. piar. & a. [Berain.]
be-ra'in-ing, pr. par. [Beraik.]
*be-ram-pire, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and ra?n-
pire = rampart.] To protect with a ramxjart ;
to fortify.
"OTroy wals strouglye beramp.>/rcd."—Slanyhurst:
Virgil, bk. ii.
be-ra'te, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and rate.]
1. With a person for tlie object : To rate
much, to scold.
" . . he fell into a furious fit of choler and all-to
berated the foresaid Toranius," — Holland : Plinie, bk.
viii., ch, 12.
2. With a thing for ilie object :
" So is the veritie of the gospetl berated and laughed
to skorne of the miscreantes, " — Udall : Mark, cli. xv.
be-ra'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Berate.]
be-ra't-lhg, j/r. par. [Berate.]
be-r&t'-tle, V. *. [Eng. prefix ?'(', and rattle]
To make a rattling sound, to rattle.
"These are now the fashion: and so bcmttlr the
OMUunon stages (so they call them), that many.wciiring
rapiers, ar.> afraid of goose quills, and dare scarce coine
hither."— ,6fAaA;esju. ; Jiamlct, ii. 2.
be-rat'-tled, 2^f . par. & a. [Berattle.]
be-rat'-tlmg,jir. par. [Beuattle.]
ber-aun'-ite, s'. [From JJeruAm, in Bohemia,
whert' it occurs.] A mineral, a variety of
Viviauite (q.v.). It i.s a hydrous- phosphate of
sesquioxide of iron, occurring not merely at
Berauii, in Bohemia (see etym.), but at Wheal
Jane, m-ar Truro, in Cornwall.
be-ray, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and O. Fr.
ray = dirt (q.v.).] To defile.
"linraying the font and water, while the bishop w,as
b.'Viitizing him." — Milion: Of E^-bHrcd, Hist, of Eng.,
bk. vl.
be-ra'yed, 71a. par. & a. [Ber;ay.]
be-ra'y-ing, pr. par. [Beray.)
ber'-ber, *. [Barberry.] {Scotch.)
" of box, and of bcrber, bigged ful bene,"
Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., i. 0, (Jamieson.)
ber'-ber-al, >-i. [Fcn-med by analogy as if from
a Lat. herbcralis, from Lut. berberis.] Peitain-
ing or allied to, or associated with the genus
Berberis (q.v,).
Bat.: Berber al All ia.mc. [Berberales.}
ber-ber-a'-les, s. pL [Bot. Lat. herberaJes,
from berberis (q.v.).] The Berberal Alliance.
Bot. : Lindley's 33rd Alliance of Plants. He
jilaees it under his 2nd Exogenous sub-class —
Hypogenous Exogens, and includes under it
tlie orders Droseraceffi, Fumariaceai, Berbcri-
daeeie, Vitaoese, Pittosporacete, Olac^ceie, and
Cyrilliiceu.' (q.v.).
ber-ber-i-da'~9e-ae(Li;wZ/e?/),ber-ber-id'-
e-SB {Veiitcnat, Lat.), ber-ber-id^ (£"i/-).
s. pi. [Berberis.]
Bot. : An order of plants, the typical one of
the Alliance Berberales. The sepals are three,
four, or six in a double row, and surrounded
by x>etaloid scales. The petals are equal in
number to the sepals, or there are twice as
many. The stamens are equal in number to
tlie petals, and opposite to tiiem ; the antlier
valves are recurved. There is a solitary free
one-celled carpel, with sutural iilaceutfe.
Seeds, many or two. Fruit, berried or cap-
sular. Leaves alternate. Compound shrubs
or perennial hei'bs found in Europe, America,
and India. Species known in lS4(i = 110
(Lindky). Their itvevailing quality is astrin-
geney or slight ar-idity. [For details see
Berberis, EpiMEDiuai, Bungardia, and Leon-
tice.] The order is divided into two sections,
(1) Berberideai, and {'2) Kandiuea^ (Q-v.).
ber-ber-id'-e-£e, c [Berberis.]
Botany :
1. A term used by Ventenat as a synonym
of Berberacea;.
2, A section of Berberacea' (q.v.). Tyjie,
Berberis.
ber'-ber-ine, i. [Lat. berber(is), and Eng.
suffix -iui'.]
Chem. : C^iHigNOg. A feeble base, slightly
soluble in water, extracted from the root of
Berberis vulgaris.' It crystallises in yello^v
needles. It is a bitter x'owder, and has been
used in India, in the treatment of fevers, as a
substitute for quinine. It is, however, infe-
rior to quinine in its ett'eots.
ber'-ber-is, ». [Barberry.]
Botany: A genus of plants, the typical one
of the order Berberidacese (Berberids). The
sepals, petals, and stamina are eaoh six in
number, and the berry is 2-3 seeded. Berberis
vulgaris is the common barberry. [Bar-
berry.] It is the only species indigenous in
Britain. B. aristata, ilicifoHa, emarginata, and
fascicularis are culti\'ated species more or less
ornamental in their aspect. Of foreign species,
an extract of the root, stem, and branches of
the Indian or Ophthalmic Barberry, B. lycium
of Royle, Kvkiov 'IvhiKov (Lukion Indicon) of
Dioscorides, is of use in ophthalmia. The
fruits of ZJ. asiotica are dried in the sun like
raisins. [Barberry, Berberry.]
ber'-ber-ry, s. [From Lat. berberis.] The
same as Barberry (q.v.). [See also Ber-
beris.]
" Some never ripen to he sweet, as tamarinds, ber-
berrifs, crabs, sloes, &c."— Bacon ; Satnral History.
berberry - blight, .s. [Barberry-
blight. ]
^ ber'-cel, s. [Berseel,]
f^te, f^-t. fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, ignite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee. oe — e. ey = a. q.u = Uw.
bercelet— berg
50o
" ber-cel-et, * ber-cel-lett, s. [CoiT.from
<) Fr. ber^eret - Imiitiug doij.] A small
hound or beagle.
"Aud every diuy for hia aerviuit and Lis hfrccle't
duritiK the Biiyd time twelve peiiue," — J'/ot : A'ut. Hut.
of titafforUshirc, p. 444.
* berd, -'?. [Beaed.]
1. Mcii'jgre oiie'h herd : In .-.pite ot om-.
" Her sril tliuu be mdwjn- thutr bej-ii."
liiiwaLite i: Gtiwiii, r-i'i.
2. 2'o nt II in one's herd : To i ttter 0{f puyi tiun to.
" The cujitre suiie he fuud hi Ji/s berd rt-dy r.nt,"
Chron. Hob. dis Bruiitie. (S. i.i hoitvlier.)
t ber'-dash, t bur'-dash, o\ [Etym. duubt-
t'ld.] A kind of neckcloth ; applied also to a
fringed sash worn round the wuist by men in
the reign of George I. [Haberdasher.]
" I have prepared a treatise against the cravat and
berdaiih, widch I am told is nut ill 6.oue."~Steele:
(iuardian. No. x.
berde (1), s. [Beard, Berd.] (Chaticcr.)
■ berde (2), s. [Etymology doubtful.] The
margin of a vessel
" nerdi! or hrynke of a wesselle or other lyke : Margn. "
— Prompt. Piiro.
' berde (3), s. [Bird.]
' bere (1), v.t. [Beak, v.] To bear. nVycUffc,
dr..)
To here tipoii: To charge with.
" An ich am giltles of that dede
That he ojiou the bere."
Amis and Aynifoini, 1,121-2.
*bere-bag, s. One who bears a bag. A
term of contempt ajiplied liy Minot to the
Sentr^h, who were said to carry a bag of o.it-
meid when they went on a campaign or
plundering foray.
" He brought meni brve-ba;}
"With bow redy bent."
Minot : Poems, p 41. {S. in Bonclier.)
v.i. [Bere, s (5).] To cry out,
^ ber(2), o. [Bier.]
[PiLLOWBERK.] A pillow
* bere (2),
clamour.
"The people heryt lyk wyld bestlB."
n'ii!liirr, vii. 4,-,:.
bere (3), v.i. [Birr.] To birr. (Scotch.)
bere (1), s. [Birr.] (Scofr.k.)
*bere (2), s. [Boar, Bear.] {Old Eiig. d-
Scotch.)
' bere (3),
^ bere (i), s.
cushion-cover.
" Many a pelowe and every bere
Of clothe of Kaynea to elope aofte."
Chaucer: Boke oftJus fiwcftess,t54.
* bere (5), s. [A.S. gebmre.] A noih,e, clamour.
" Who inakia sicb a bere." —Tow nley Masteries, p. lo;i
bere (6). bear (2), beir (2), beer (1), s-. [A.S.
here = barley ; O. Icel. harr ; Meso-Golh. hari-
zeiu (adi.) = of barley, as if from hurh = barley ;
Lat farina= com, far — spelt, a kind of graiii ;
Heb. 1? (bar) = corn or grain, especially when
separated from the husk. [Barley, Barn,
Farinaceous.] The name given in Scotland,
and to a certain extent through tlie Empire, to
Hordeitm JiexaMlchvm, a cereal with six rows
of seeds on its spike, hence called six-rowet'
barley. It is cultivated in the north of Scot-
land and Ireland, being valued for its hardy
properties, and is used in malting, and for the
manufacture of spirits. Bere is a coarser and
less nutritious grain than barley, but thrives
in the poorest soil. It is also called bigg.
As bere-malt paid a less duty than' barley-
malt, maltsters sometimes attempted to de-
fraud the revenue by malting a ndxture of
bere and barley, and presenting it as bere-
niHlt. The malt-duty was abolished Sept. 30,
" Of all corne thare la copy gret,
Pese, and atys, bere, and qwhet"
Wyntowtu i. 13, 6. (JamiesoJi.)
Be-re'-an, a. &s. [From Eng. £erea,- Lat.
Berau fGv. Bepora(.Beroia), and Eng. suff. -an.}
A, As adjective: Pertaining to Beroea, a
town in ancient Macedonia (Acts xvii. 10, 12 ;
XX. 4), now called Verria or Kara Verria.
B. As siihsta iitive :
1. Gcog. & Hist, (sing.) : A native of tlie fore-
going town.
2. i'h. Hi-^i. (pi): A Scottish religions sect
founded by the Rev, J. Barclay iu 1773, on
which account they were called also Bar-
<-layans. Their aim was to become entitled to
the commendation bestowed by St. Luke on
the inhabitants of Bercea (Acts xvii. 11, 12).
The Bereans do not figure now, by that name
at least, in the Registrar-General's list of
Scottish or English sects.
be-re'ave (jiret. & jia par. bereaved, '^bereved,
'hp.roued, h>:reft, '^bereftc, hcrajt), v.t. &, i.
[From Eng, he, and reave. A.S. bereafian =to
bereave, seize, rob, or spoil : be, and reafian
■= to seize, to rob. In Sw. bero/va ; Dan. he-
rove; 1)1x1. he rouven ; G&i:.herauhen.\ [Reavc,
Rob.]
A. Traiisitiue :
1. With a person or an anlniol for the objec-
t 1. Gen. : To deprive, rob, or spoil of anv-
thing.
If The general sense of the word, though
not yet extinct, was formerly much more
common than it is now.
" There wils uever a prince bereavp.d of his dependen-
cies by bis comicil, except there hath been an over-
greatness in one counsellor." — Bacon : A'ssai/s.
2. Sper. : To deprive of relatives, as a person
does who causL'^ the death or dei)arturc of
any one, or as is done by Death itself per-
snuified.
" And Jacob their father said uiitu them, Mc have
ye bvreaeed of my children." — Gtu. xlii. ys.
fi (a) Bereave in this sense is followed by
the objective of the ijerson deprived of any-
thing, while the thing itself has befcre ii'of
(see examples under 1 and 2) ; or (h) in poetry
the of may be omitted :
" Who this high gift of strength committed tome.
In what part ludged, how Ciisily bereft me "
Mtltun: Hamson Agoniates.
II. WUh a thing Jar the objective: To take
away, to remove. In this case that wJuch is
reft is put in the objective, and the person or
thing losing it is preceded by from, or thence
is n.sed, or some similar word.
' That no new loves impreseion ever conkl
Bereiiue it thence." Spenser.- F. Q.. \. vi 2
B. iHtransllirr:
" , , . abroad the sword berea veiJt, at home there is
;us death."— /,(((", i. 2.i.
•] Crabb thus distinguishes between tlie
verbs to berearv, in dcprirr, and to strlji: —
Tn lirrrarr expresses more than deju-irr^ but
less than strip, which in this sense is figura-
tive, and denotes a total hereoveuient : one is
herrnved of children, deprived of pleasures,
iiiid Urippit'd of property : we are bereaved of
that on which we set most value. The act of
hcrrciving docs \iolence to our inclination ; we
are depriml of tlie ordinary comforts and con-
veniences of life ; they cease to be ours : we
are stripjird of the things which we most
want ; we are thereby rendered as it were
naked. Deprirutions are preparatory to he-
rearetiicnts ; if we cannot bear the one pa-
tiently, we may expect to sink nuder the
other. Connnon prudence should tench us to
look with unconcern on our deprivation,^:
Christian faith should enable us to consider
every berexiveiueiU as a step to perfection ;
that when stripped of all worldly goods we
may be invested with those more exalted and
lasting honours whidi await the, faithful dis-
ciple of Christ.
be-re'aved, pa. par. & a. [Bereave.]
be-re'ave-ment, s. [Eng. bereave; -meiil ]
The state of being deprived of. (Specially
used of the loss of rehitives by death.)
be-re'av-er, s. [Eng. hereav(e); -er.] One
who or that which bereaves. '
" Yet hast thou lost at ouce all these, and he thine
only beri'a per. "Speed: Hist, of Ot. Jiritaine ■ The
Danes, an. 787.
be-re'av-ing, pr
par
[Bereave.]
be-reft', p". par. [Bereave.]
'• For to my care a charee is left,
Dangerous to one of aid bereft."
Scott: Jtokeby, jv. 4.
Ber-en-gar'-i-an, a. & s. [Lat., &c-., }:erc i-
gariiis, and Eng. suff. -an.\
A. As odjectirc: Pertaining or relating t<.
Berengarius or his vie -vs.
" In this historj' of the Berenguri in controversy
—Mosheim : C/i. Hist. Note by Reid.
B, As sid^st. Ch . Hist. (j,Ih, .) .■ Berengarians.
The followers of Berengarius or those who
shared his views regarding the Sacred Com-
munion. Some Berengarians held consubstau-
tiation, but others anticipated the Zwinglian
doctrine that the conununion elements were
only symbols and signs of the body and blood
of Christ, and not that body and blood them-
selves. [BekENlJARI \MSM.]
Ber~en-gar'-i-an-i§m, ■■>. [Eng. ikre-iign-
rian ; -ism.]
Ch. Hist. £ TheoL: The syst.-ni of belief
held by Berengarius, or Berenger, canon and
master' of the school at Touis, iifterwards
Archdeacon of Angers, who about the yeai
104.:t, or by other accounts 1047 or 104!',
rejected the doctrine of the leal presence,
teaching, according to IVInsheim, doctrine
identical with that afterwards propounded b\
Zwinglius and Calvin; but documents since
discovered have shown that wliat he held was
consnbstantiation. the doctiine afterwards put
forth by Luther, and still maintained by the
Lutherans. [Con.sitbstantiation.] Though
the Chuich had not strictly defined its belief,
yet the great majority of its menibei's held tlie
doctrine of the real presence [Tran-substan-
tiation], and the views of Berengarius were
condemned in councils in 1060, 1055, 10i;2,
1063, 107:;. 107t). and lOSO. Un;lerthe influence
of fear he mystified, and even recanted, his
conscientious belief, but. like Galileo, always
retuiTied to it again when the immediate
danger was over.
ber-en'-gel-ite, s. [Named from Si. Juan
de Berengela, in Peru, where if occurs.] A
mineral closely akin to, if not even a variety
of, asphalt, said to form a piteli lake in the
locidities where it is found.
Ber-e-ni'-^e, Ber-ni'-5e, .-.. [Lat. iwreuicr,
Bernice : IVIacedonian Gr. Bepei-tKij (U'-renile),
Bepi'LKT) (Bcrnike); Class Gr. ^epti'iKij (Phe-
leiiilr); from (/)epeVi.KOs (j'herenilvs) = carj-ying
nff victuTy, victorious ; <f»e'pt<) (}<heru)= to bear
or carry, vikj] (nike) = victory.]
A. Of the f>nn Berenice : The name <if
various Egyptian queens of tlie Jbicedonian
dynasty of the Lagid;e.
B. Ofthcfonn Berniee : The eldest daughter
of Herod A^^rippa I., and the sister of Agripjia
IL (Acts xxv. 13, 23 ; xxvi. 30.)
Berenice's Hair. [Called after Berenice
(the third of the name), wife, about B.C. 24S
of Ptolemy Euergetes. king of Egypt. Whilst
her husband was figliting in Asia slie vowed
her hair to Venus, in who.se temple it was
consequently phieed. It was stolen, or else
the priests flung it away, and then Coimn of
Samos at once allayed tlte annoyance of tlie
king at its disaitpearance, and made religious
capital for the temple, by procilaiming that it
had been taken up to the sky and placed
among the seven stars in tin- tail of Leo.]
Astrou. : The English lendering of the words
Corao Berenices, one of the nine constellations
introduced by Hevelius. It is in thenoi-tliern
hemisphere, and consists of indistinct stars
between Bootes and tlie tail of Leo.
* ber-ere, s. [Bearer.] A bearer or carrier.
"Barris on the schuldria of the bercris."—\V'irhtl.-
[ynmb. IV. 6). "^ ■"
^ bere'-skyn, i. A bear's skin.
"He had a bervsk/jn colebhik for did "
C/i'O'rrr - <■ T.. ■J,I44.
" bere-warde, ^ [Bkauward.] (I'nmvt
Parv.)
^^'■;;*^®y* ber-fray. bew-fray, s.
[O. Ir. berfroit, berfreit, hdefreit.] [Belfhv.]
1. A movable tower, generally of wood
employed in sieges.
" Alisaundre and his folk alle
Fate assailed heore wallis
Myd hi-rfrenes, with alle gyn
Gef they myghte the cite wynue "
AUsaunder, 2,T77-Mn
2. A tower built nf stone. It was so ap-
I)lied to a stone prison at Berwick, (s in
Boucher.)
% From this came the word Bki.fry (ij.v.).
berg. s. [A.S. henj. beory, heorh, qrlirnrl, =
(1) a hill, a mountaht. (2) a lampart' a fmtili-
cation, (3) a heap ov barrow; 8w. Dnt \
Ger. berg; Dan. ''(('/'(/ = a mountain, 'a hill.'|
t I. As thchaJf of a runipoinid vord :
1. A mountain, a hill ; as ice-^^r/y/ ;i moiin-
tam or hill of ice.
2. (Altccd in Berk): A barrow, :, heap of
stones a burial mound; as Bei-khamj.stea<l
(A.S. Leor-hnntsti'd,:). (Buswortk.)
IL As an independent word, mnsi frrniient!,/
Of ice : ■ 1 J
1. A mountain, a hill, a higli l,^J|^^.
"... gliltt'riny brrif^ of ice "
bSil, boj^^; poiit, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus,
-ciau, -tlan — shg-n. -tion, -sion = shun
chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect, Xenophon. exist ph^f
; -tion. -sion = zhun. -cious. -tious, -sious = shus. ble. -die, 6.U bel, del "
90fi
bergamo— berra
2. Fig.: A Being, a pei-Hon, f>v a thing
wliiL'h protects ; a protector, a defeniM^
" After this spac god to abram :
Thill O'trff an tin werger lo liam."
Story of Gen. * Exoil. fed. Morris, 1865}, 925- 2r..
lierg-butter, s. A mineral, a variety of
Halotvichite. It is an eftloroyi.'encp of a con-
sistence like that of hutter, consisting of an
impure alum or coppei'as. It occurs in Con-
tinental Europe and Asia, but is nt)t known
as a Britisli mineral.
^ On the Continent the designation Berg-
rnjstal (analogous to our word rock-criistnl) has
sometimes been given lo quartz.
ber'-ga-mo, >. [Bkroamot, iv,]
ber'-ga-mot, s. & a. [In Sw. hcrgamott
{pdro)i), hergamot (pare) = \)GTga]not (pear);
l")ut. bergamot; Ger. bergamottr; Fr.hergamote;
Sp. hergameto, the tree, and hergamota, the
pear; Port, hergamota; Ital. hcrgamotto, tlie
tree; herganmtta, the pear. From Bi'rganiri,
in Italy.]
A, As siih-ifnnilve :
I. Of odoriferous phuiU or tlicir bmnrAlo.tQ
'piiiduct-s:
1. A kind of orange, the Bergamot Orange
{t'itrus Bergamla). It is very ft'agrant. Botli
the flowers and fi'uit furnish an essential oil of
a delicious odour, much prized as a perfume.
The term is used —
(a) Of the tree now described.
(h) Of its fruit.
(<■) Of tlie essential oil or perfume dciived
fi ijm it.
" The better hand more busy gives the nose
Ita bergmnot." C'owper: y^jft, bk. ii.
2. A garden plant, Monarda Jistulosa, of
the Mint order, the smell of which is exactly
that of oil of bergamot. (Britten ft HoUaiid.)
3. A kind of mint, the Bergamot Jlint
(MeiitJut cifrata). (Britten & Holland.)
II. Of the fruit of plants luscious to the taste :
A kind of pear luscious to the taste.
III. Of substances scented with bergamot : A
kind of snuff prepared with bergamot.
IV. Of other products of Bergamo, in Italy :
A coarse tapestry with flocks of wool, silk,
cotton, hemp, and ox or goat's hair, said to
have been lirst manufactured at Bergamo ;
also spelled bergamo.
B. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to
tlie bergamot in any of the senses given above ;
as bergamot oil, the bergamot pear.
ber-gau'-der, s. [Mid. Eng., &C., berg =
shelter, and gander. In Ger. bergent.] One
of the names given to the Common Sheldrake,
^fhieldrake, or Burrow-duck, Anus t'ldorna
of Linnjeus, now called Ttulorim vidpanser.
It occurs in Britain. [Sheldrake, Burrow-
duck, Tadorna.]
" ber'-gane, v.t. [Bargaix, v.t.^
* ber'-gane, «. [Bar(; mn, s.]
^ berge, '" ber-gen, v.t. [A.S. benrgan = to
protect, to fortify. J To protect.
" And he so dedeii als he hem bead,
He wisteii him be^'gen fro the dead. "
Stori/ of Gen. A Kxod. (ed. Moriia). 1,059-60.
* ber'-ger-et, s. [in Fr. bergerie = a sheep-
fold, (pi. ) pastoral poetry ; bergercttn — a young
shepherdess; feer(;er=: a shepherd.] A pastoral
song.
"There began anon
A lady for to sing right womanly
A bergeret in pi-aiaing the daisie."
Floio. & Leaf.
* berg'-les, a. [Eng. hcrg = a shelter (BERfi),
and O. Eng. suft'. -lea = less.] Shelterless, un-
protected.
berg'-man-nite, «. [Named after Torbernus
Bergmann, a mineralogist who flourished in
the latter half of the eighteenth century.]
Milt.: A variety of Natrolite, white or red
in colour, occurring fibrous, massive, or in
long prisms. It is found in Norway.
berg'-mas-tere s. [A.s. bcorg =a hill, and
Eng. master. In Dut. bergmeester ; Ger. berg-
vieister — a surveyor of mines : berg = a moun-
tain ; bergme^h ^ a. mirm ; j?icis(er = a master.]
The baili'tf or chief ofl'.crr among the Derby-
shire miners.
berg'-meal, s. [In Ger. hrrgm-hh:.']
Mill.: [Rock-meal,]
berg'-mote, s. [A.S. hforg — hill, and Hint,
grmot=E mft'iufj;, an assembly; from •nrlmi,
= to meet.] A court held in Derbyshire for
settling contri)V(;r.>ies among miners.
Ber'-gO-mask, c & s. [From Ital, V.frgn-
■iiuf%'o = an olil province in the .•ilatc of
VenuT,]
A. As o'ljcrtivr : Pertaining 1n Bergamasco.
(Used of the i>eople of that nhl province, who
were ridiculed as being more clownish in
manners and dialect than any other people in
Italy. The Italian burt'onns used to imitate
their peculiarities.,)
"l" Bergomask Dniire : A rustic ilance as jier-
formed by the people now di-si-riVjcd.
"Will it please yon to see tlie epilogue, or hear a
bnrgomask danw, between two of our t:ompanyV" —
Ahnke.ip.: M'lds. Night's Dream, v. 1.
B. As substantive : The dance nov/ described.
"But, come, your Bergonvisk: let your epilogue
.■done." — SlutkesfJ. : Afids. iVight's Dreiim, v. i. (JVares.)
^ ber-g^ylt, s. The Shetland name of a lish,
the Black Goby. (Edmonstone : Zetland.)
ber'-gylt, ber'-gil, ber'-gle, ber'-gell, .5,
[Etymology doubtful. (Tlie form bergylt is in
Yarrell ; bergle and bergell in Jamieson.)]
1. The name given in Shetland, and adopted
by Yarrell, for a fish (the Srhii>^t>'s Norvegicus
of Cuv., the Pcrca marina of Linn.), belonging
to the order Acanthopterygii and the family
"With hard cheeks." It is called also the
Norway Haddock, but has no real affinity to
the haddock ]u-oper. It is an arctic fish, but
occurs occasionally on the coasts of Scotland.
2. A lish, the Ballan Wrasse (Labrus hergylta
(Ascanius) LaJ)i-ns tinaa (Linn.), found in
Orkney, &c. (Barnj : Orkney.)
'■'' ber-hed' (plur. * ber-hedis), s. [O. Scotch
bere^ boar, and 7(crfc^ Eng. head.] A boar's
head. (Scotch.)
" Thre bcrhedis he Ijair."
Gatoain aiut Gol , ii. l-l. f./amieson.)
be-rhy'me (h silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
rhyme, v. In Ger. bereimen ; Dut. berigmen.]
To rhyme about, to introduce into rhyme.
(Used in contempt.)
"... marry, slie had a better love to berhipne her."
— Shiikcsp.: Rom. <fr Jul., ii. 4.
be-rhy'med (h silent), pu. par. &, a. [Be-
rhyme.]
be-rhy'in-ing(/t silent), pr. par. [Berhyme.]
* ber'-i-all (1), s. [Beryl.] The same as
Beryl (q.v.). iScotck.)
" Tlie new collour aliehting all the l.iiidis,
t'lirgane the stanryis seliene and beria/l sti iuidis."
Doug.: Virgil. Proh 400, 10. {Jaim. s'u/.)
* ber'-i-all (2), ^. [Burial.] (Scotch.)
ber'-i-ber-i, ber-i-ber'-i-a, ber'-ri-ber-
ri, bar-bi-ers, s. [From Cingalese beri
blixtyree = weakness, inability ; the redupli-
cation beriberi ov bhayree bhayree implying
that this weakness or mability is present in
double measure or in a very large degree.
But it has been denied that .such a word exists
in Cingalese. Dr. Herklots derives it fj-om
blwrbari ~ paralysis with anasarca, and Dr.
Carter from Ai-ab. bahr = asthma, and bahrt
=■ inarine.]
Mrxl. : An acute disease characterised by
oppression of breathing, by general cedema,
by paralytic weakness, and by numbness of
the lower extremities. It is generally fatal.
It occurs m Ceylon among the ('.oloured'troojis,
and on some ))ortions of the Indian coast.
Earlier authorities consider beriberi and hiu-
biers distinct, but more recent medical ob-
servers regard them as identical, {Dr. Carter :
Trans. Med. Soc. Bombay, 1847. Lkrha. mhri' ■
Cycl, (&c.)
"ber'-ie, s. [A.s. bporo — a high or hilly place,
a grove, a wm.d. a bill (.'ovcre.l with ^\ood.]
A grove or garden. ,
'■ The cell a ehappell had on tli" .■■■isterne side.
Upon the wester side a ein\ h or herie."
Sir J. llarriHuion: Orl. Far. xli. hi.
ber'-i-*eilg, ^'r. par. [BuirviNn.]
■ ber'-i-is,s. (Scotch.) [A.s. &,/r/ry.'/s= a sepul-
chre.] A sepulchre ; sepulture. [Biriel.]
" The body of the quene (beciius scho slew hir self)
wes inhibit to lye m cilstin dcriis.''—Bell<:nd. : Cron.,
bk. ix,, ch. 29. {Jamieson.)
be-ril'-li-um, >. [Beryllium.]
*" ber-inde, y". par. [Bear. ".]
ber-ing, .y. [Bearing.]
-" ber-inge lepe, -•>■. [A.S. here — bai-ley, k«f>
= a basket.] A basket wherein tn cAuy
barley or other grain .
" Beringe lepe : Canistra." — Prom/jt. I'nn'.
ber'-is, s^ [From Gr. pijpo? (beros) — a gar-
ment. (Agasslz. Not in Liddell & Sc^t.)~\
Entom. : A genus of Dipiera (two-^v^nged
flies) belonging to the family Xylophagida:
(Wood-eaters). They are small inet-aliic-
coloured insects, the larvae of which feed on
decaying wood.
" ber'-isch, v.i. [Bery, Bury.]
'"^ ber'-kar, ». [Barker.] (Prompt. Parr.)
-" ber'-keu, * ber-kyn, v.i. & t. To bark.
[Bark.] (Prompt. Paro.)
Berk'-ley-a, s. [Named after the ~Rev. 'M. J.
Berkeley, aix eminent cryptogamic botanist.]
Bot. : A genus of Diatomacefe, of the sub-
order Naviculese. Berkeleya fragilis is para-
sitic on Zostero. marina and on some Algai.
' ber-kyng, * ber-kynge, s [Barking.]
(Prompt. Pa/rv.)
t ber-le, s. [Beryl.] (Houlaf^.)
' ber-lep, s. [Beringe-lepe.] a basket.
" Thei gediiden seven berlr-pis «f relif that was Uft.
— Wi/eliffc: Works (ed. Ari\ .d), i. 17.
ber'-lik, u. [Barley.] :\lade of liarlcy.
(Snjtdl.)
^ berlik-malt, s. Malt made of barh y.
■ . . . fifty qnarteriR of berlik-vialt."—Act A'tdi' ,
A., 1438, p 147. {Jamieson.)
ber'-lin (1), '^ bler'-lin. ^ bier-ling, ^'.
[Prom Gael. biTtinn = a. galley.] A sort <'T
galley. (Scotch.)
" There's a place where their berlhu and gallies, ;is
tbey ca'd thein, used to lie in lang syne." — Scott: tin:/
Maimering, ch. xl.
Ber-lin' (2) (occasionally as in example under
II. ber'-lin), s. & a. [For etymology see A ,
I., II., andB. below.]
A, As substantive :
I. Geog. : [Sw., Dan., Ger., &c., Berlin ; Dut
Bcrtija. From Vendic berle = uncultivated
land.] The capital of Prussia and of the
modern German empire.
II. Coachmaking: [In Sw. Bcrlivcr-xngn =
Berlin-waggon ; Dan.Berlinst-bogn; Dut.&Gri,
Berime; iSp. & Ital. Berlvna; Port. Berlinda.A,
A species of four-wheeled carriage havin.i, a
sheltered seat behind the body and separati^
from it. It was introduced previous to l(j7;)
by Philip de Chiese, of Piedmont, who was in
the service of William, Elector of Brandenburg.
" Beware of Latin, authors all !
Nor think your verses sterling,
Thongh with a golden pen you scrawl.
And scribble m a berlln." Swift.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or in any
way connected with Berlin city.
Berlin or Prussian blue, 5. [Prv^^i^n
Blue.]
*ber-ling, s. [Eng. bear, and dim. sutl". -Ihig.}
A young bear.
"All the 6eWijij7ta brast out at ones."
Uepos. of Rich. 11., p. 16.
ber'-lin-ite, s. [Named after Prof. N. H.
Berlin, of the University of Lund.]
Min. : A massive and compact quartzy-
looking mineral, colourless or grayish or iialc
rose-red. Its hardness is 6, its sp. gr. 2'ti4.
Comjjos. : Phosphoric acid, -OS'i) ; alumiiLi,
40'o ; water, yti = 100. It ocinirs in Scani.L.
" ber-ly (1), «. [Burly.] (Scotch.)
"- ber-ly (2), u. [Corrupted from barry (?).]
Her. : An old term for barry.
berm, berme (1), s. [In Fr. bcr,d>:; Ger.
berme, brame, brdme — the border of a Held.]
1. Fortification: A narrow, level space at
the foot of the exterior slope of a ))aiapet, t<>
keep the crumbling materials of the iiarapr-i,
from falling into tlie ditch. [Abattis.]
2. Engineering : A ledge or bench on tin-
side or at the foot of a bank, parapet. .)]■ cut-
ting, to catch earth that may rull down the
slope or to strengthen the bank. In canals, it
is a ledge on the opposite side to the tow-path,
at the foot of a talus or slope, to keep earth
which may roll down the' bank from fallin-
f^te, f3.t, f^e, amidst, mrhat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine* go pot
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e. ey=a, qu = kw.
berman— berry
507
into the water. Slopes in successive beinjlies
have a herme at each notch, or, when a change'
of slope occurs, ou reaching a (litt'erent soil.
* ber-man, s. [A.S. bcerviau = a man who
hears, a porter, hcur = bare, pret. of beraii =
to bear.] A porter.
" Bermen, bermen, hider swithe."
Savelok the Dane, 885. [S. in Donchi-r.)
* berme (2), 5. [Barm.] {rronipi. Paw.)
* ber-men, a. [From Berme (2).] To foam.
••Bermen or apui-gyu as ale ur other lyke : Spumo."—
ProiiiiiC. Paro.
ber-mil'-li-an|i, s. i>l. [Etym. doubtful.]
7/t Commerce : The name of linen and fustian \
materials.
Ber-mu'-da (pi. Ber-mu'-da§f, ^ Ber-
mootbes, * Bar-moo-da^), ^■. -^ <^.
[Named after Juan Berniudez, a Spaniard wlm
is said to have touched at the islands in 1522 ;
or, as May thinks, from a Spanish vessel called
Bermudas being cast away there.]
A. ^Is sulistantive :
1. Geng. : A group of islands in the Atlantic-
Ocean, between lat. 32' and y:;" N., about 5S0
miles from Cape Hatteras in North Carolina,
on the American continent, and 645 miles
from Atwood's Keys, the nearest point of tlic
West Indian Islands.
" Thou call'dflt me un at midnight to fetch ilew
Froui the still vext Bennootlms."
filtaktisp. : Tuiiipest, i. 2
^ If Ben Jonson may be trusted, when the
Bermudas were first discovered, a practice
seems to have prevailed for fraudulent debtors
to elude their ciedltors by embarking for these
beautiful coral islands.
'■ There's an old debt of forty, I ga' my word
For one is i-uu away to the BeDnudiia."
Ben Jonson: Devil an Ass, ill 3.
Hence arose the second meaning of the word.
[2.] (Nares.)
2. Topography (plur.): A place in London,
called also the Straights = f^tr aits. The term
is supposed to have referred to the narrow
passages north of the Striind, near Covcnt
Garden, which were admirably adapted to tlie
necessities of fraudulent debtors [IJ, and yet
more to those of educated literary men and
others who had to keep up a good appeanniee
on slender resources.
" Turn pyr.ites here at land,
Ila' their Bemiuilan and their aticighta i' th" Strand."
B. Jo-nson : Epist. to Sir Ed/w. Dorset, voL vi., :!61.
3. A kind of tobacco probably brought from
Bermuda, where the tobacco-plant flourishes.
" Where being furnished with tinder, match, and n
portion of decayed Bamioodas, they sinoake it mo-t
terribly." — Clitiis : Whimz, p. 1^5.
B. As 'fJjective : Pertaining to the Btr-
muihis.
BcnMidasrrihtry BerrnudiauceiJar: Junijicnis
Bermndiana, a species of cedar which covers
the Bermuda islands. The timber is made
into ships, boats, and pencils. The wood of
Ju}iipertis Barbadcnsis, the Barbadoes Cethu',
is sometimes imported with it under the same,
name.
Ber-mu'-di-an, Ber-mu'-di-an, «. & ,>.
[Eng. Bcrmiid(a) ; -i-aii.]
A, As adj. : Pertaining to Bermuda or the
Bcrniudians ; growing in the Bermudas.
B. As subst. : A native of the Bermudas.
". . . the /Je>-7ni'f/ia».s areamoiigthemostdexteroiw
of fishermen, especially with the harpoon. "—/'c<; »//
Cyclop., IV. 301.
Tf JJerimiditin Crdar. [Bermudas Cedar.]
Ber-mu-di-an'-a, Ber-miid-i-a'-na, s.
[From Berniudiaii (q.\".), and suffix a'\ A
beautiful plant of the Flag order— the N/.^;/-
rynchium Bermudianum, called also in tlio
Bermudas, where it grows wild, the Blue-eyed
Grass.
* ber'-myn, r.i. The same as Bermen (q.v.).
(^Prompit. Farv.)
* bem (1), * berne (1), s. [Barn.]
" He shal gedre his come in to hia berne "—Wifcliffe
[Matt, lit 12).
''bem (2), berne (2), ^^ [A.S. &cani. = a
child, a man.]
1. A waiTior.
" The Erie of Kent, that cruel hrmc and bauld. "
Wallace, vi. 641t, .1/^'.
2. A man of rank or authority.
" The renk raikit to the Roj% with his riche rout ;
Salust the bauld berne, with ano blith wuut."
Giiwain& GoL, iv. 2-2.
3. Any man.
■' F'T iVie of hoimdis, and that awfull bmie. '
Doug. : Virgil, i-i% 22. {J<i»deson.)
ber'-na-cle, ^ ber'-nack, " ber'-nak(l), s.
[Barnacle (1), Bernacle.] (Prow.pt. Parv.)
' bcr'-nak (2), ber'-na-kill, ber'-na-
kyll, s. [Bernacle (2), Bernicle, Barna-
<. LE {•1).~\ {i-'ioiKi't. Pare.)
Ber'-nar-dine, Ber'-nar-din, a. & s. [In
Sw., Dan., & Gcr. Bernliardiner (s.); Fr. Bn--
nardiii; Sp. & Port. Bernardo (s.) ; Ital.
Bernardinl (s. pi.). From Bernard (B.).]
A. As odjfyiive : Pertaining to the monks of
the order of St. Bernard.
" Hard by, in ho9i)itjible shade,
A reverend i)ilgrim dwella, ^
Well worth the whole Benutrdine brood.'
Hmtt: Marmion, vi. is.
B. As substantive {pi. Bernardiiis):
ChnrrJi History : The name given to the ■
Cistercian monks, a branch of tJie old Bene- ]
•lictines, from the very eminent St. Bernard,
who, entering the order, gave it such an i
impulse that he was considered its second ,
founder. St. Bernard was born at Fontaine, '
near Dijon, in A.D 1091; in 1115 became
abbot of a Cistercian monastery at Clairval or ;
Clairvaux, in the territory of Langres ; in ■
1127, before the Council of Troyes, advocated
the establishment of the Knights Templars ; .
and in 1140 carried out his most notable
achievement, inducing the kings of France and
Germany to enter on a crusade (the second of ■
the scries), which ended, contrary to his ex- '
}jectatiou.s, in gi-eat disaster. He died in ll.o::, ;
His order was revived in 1664 by Annand ]
Jean Bouthelier de Ranee, and long flourished .
under the name of the Reformed Bernardines ,
nf L;i, Trappe. {M'>-^l<cim: Ch. Hist. Cent, xii.,
xvii.)
■ berne (1). o. [Bern (1).] (Chanm'.)
berne-yard, s. [Barn-yard.]
berne (2), .s {scotch.) [Bern (2).]
* ber'-net, a. The crime of arson.
ber'-ni-cle, ber'-na-cle, bar -na-cle (cle
;is eel), bar'-na-kylle, "ber'-nack,
■ ber'-nak, s. [In Lnw Lat. barvacitSy bar-
nitc. baniites {Prompt Pan:.).^ [Barnacle,]
1. The cirriped c;dled a Barn \cle (q.v,).
:*. The bernicle-goose.
bernicle -goose, bernacle - goose,
barnacle-goose, s. A si)ecies of goose,
Anser leucopsis, smiietimes called iilso Ansr,r
hr,-)n.r}ii. Tlie connection in name with the
cirrijied called a barnacle was that the bird
w;is siii>]i()seil to be developed from tlie cirri-
ped. 'I'iic iSiihm (ioosc was also said to be so
BERNICLE OOOSE.
developed. [See examples under Barnacle.]
Gerard, in his Herbal, wrote in 163(3 as if he
had seen the growtli of the bird from tlic
cirriped ; but the celebrated Ray, in his edition
of WiUnghby, publislied in 1(578, rejected the
myth, as the French naturalist Belon had done
more than a century before. The Bernicle
Goose has the upper part of the head, neck,
and shoulders black ; the rest of the upper
]jai-ts mai'bled with blue, gray, black, and
white ; the sides ashy-gray ; the lower parts
white ; the head and tail black. It spends the
Slimmer in the Northern latitudes, appearing
in autumn abundantly in Ireland and on the
noi'th-west shores of Britain. On the eastern
and southern coasts it is rarer, the Brent or
Brant Goose (Anser tnrqnatvs) there taking its
jdace. The food of the bernicle-goose consists
chiefly of algfe and the Zostera marina.
ber-nouse', ■>. [Burnous.]
^ bern'-ston, .^-. [BRm.^TdNr:.]
"Thou sselt yuinde ver and beriiston."
Ayeiibite, ]' l'*'*-
^ bern-team, s. [A.S. birtrx-tram = posterity ;
from beam = a child, and tcarnian — to gene-
rate.] Posterity.
" Oswas vas moyses earn
And chore wjia la berntcam."
Story uf Oen. & Exod. (ed. Moms), 3.747. i,74S
* be-rob', v.t. [Eng. prelix?»% and mh. In rSw.
hcrojva; Dan. herove ; Ger. beravben.] To mb.
[Bereave.]
* be-rob'bed, jm. par. & r<. [Berob.]
" She said, ' Ah dearest Lord ! what evill st.in e
Ou yon hath frowud and pourd his iiifiuiurr
That of your selfe ye thus berobbed arre ' '
Upenser: F. Q.. T. \iii. -.
-■ be-rob'-biiig, pn par. [Bpuob.]
Ber'-6-e, s [From Lat. Bcrvc ; *'i'. Bepori
(LVm?).j
1. ac.'^s. Myth. & History: A daughter of
Oceauus. Also the name of several women
connected with Thrace, Illyria, &c.
2. Zool : A genus of animals, the tj'pictl
one of the family Beroidpe (q.v.). The Bero. -
are oval or globular-ribbed animals. Iran--
piirent and gelatinous, with cim from pole !■•
pole, and two long tentacles fringed with
I'irri, which aid them in breathing and in
locomotion. They have a mouth, a stomach,
and an anal aperture. They are free swun-
ining organisms inhabiting the sea, sometimes
rotating, and at night phosphorescent.
ber-O'-i-dse, &. pi. [Lat. Bcro(e); -ida:]
Zool. : A family of animals placed by Cnvicr,
Owen, and others in the class Acalejihie, by
Carpenter and Dallas in that of Diseophoi;i
(the equivalent of Acalephse), and byHnxlc\-
in tlie Coelenterata and the order Ctenophova.
[Beroe.]
ber-d'-siis, s. [From Lat. Berosus ; Gr. B17-
ptoo-ds (Berosos), Brjpocro-o? (Berossss) = a ccli -
orated historian, a priest of Belus, in Babylon,
in the 3rd century B.C.]
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to
the family Hydrophilidse. They have pro-
minent eyes, a narrow thorax, a dusky-yellow
hue, with dark metallic bronze markings.
They swim in ponds, often in an inverted posi-
tion. Several species occur in Biitaiu.
" ber-6we, ^ ber-we. ". [From A.S. bearo
= a grove, beravc = to a grove.] A shadow.
[Berie.]
"Berowe or shadowe."— /"rnjii;./. Pm-/'.
" Berwe or shadowe."— Ibid.
ber'-ried, a. [Eng. bcrr(y); -i-cd.^
1. Bearing berries.
2. Of the shape or nature nf a berry.
3. In spawn (as a lobster).
ber'-ry (1), ber'-y, ber'-ie, ' ber (pi.
ber'-rtes, "ber'-ies, *ber'-ren), s. &o.
[A.S. hcDi:, herige^a. berrv, a grape; led.
her; Sw. her; Dan. hirr; (N. H.) Ger. hrn<-;
M. H. Ger. ber; O. H. Ger. >^: O S, heri ; L.
Ger. besuig ; Dut. bes, bo'sic ; Goth, hasi
Compare Lat. bacca, and 8;in,-,e. hhaksliya =
food ; hJtaksh = to eat.]
A, As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Any fleshy fruit.
" Nor, creeiiiug throiiirh the woods, the gelid raL-e
Oi berries." Thonmon : Seasons; Siinmrvt:
^ Locally used for a gooseberry (q.v.).
2. One of the eggs in the roe of a lish or of a
lobster, which, wlien in spawn, are said to be
in berry.
II. Bota n y :
'" 1. Formerly: Any fleshy fruit.
2. Noio : A " bacca," a many-celled and
seeded inferior, indehiscent, pulpy fruit, the
seeds of which becoming detached, when they
are mature, from their placentiv, are loosely
scattered through the pulp of tlie fruit.
B. As adjective : Bearing berries, composed
of berries, or in any other way pertaining to
berries.
berry-bearing, a. Bearing a ben-y or
berries.
'. . . and Iierj'.'/-6'"r(riH,'7 thorns. "
Cowptir : I'kc Task, ^". ^-,
berry-brown (Eng.), ^bery-browne
(0. .Scotch), (f. & 6'.
boil, bo^^; poiit, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem;
-dan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin.
thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble. -cle. &e. -bel. eel.
bi}i
berry— beryl
A. As luljcrtivii : Brou'ii as a berry.
B. ^-1^* substantive : A shade uf ljro\\'ii ;l[j-
l)roai.-hing red.
berry-coffee, s. The cotfee shrub ; i I'tlbe
nnyi'ouud.
"Cert:iinly thib berrii-coffrf, the root and leaf litetif,
the leaf toluiceu, . . . 'do all coudeuae the sijirits."—
Jtctvoii: J^at JJ/sC , Ceut. vlii., § 73a.
Of tlie fonii of
berry-formed, a.
berry.
■■ ber-ry (2), ^^ [Corrupted from harrow ((( v.).]
A barrow.
ber'-ry (1), v.i. & t. [From hemj, s.]
A. Intrnnsitin: : To bear a berry or l.>crrifs.
B. TraiisUivc : To impregnate with spawn .
"' ber'-ry (2), u/. [From O. Sw. baeria; Iccl
heria = to beat, to fight.]
"To berry a bairn; to beat a chi]d."—Jamieson.
If In the south of Scotland it is used chiefly
for threshing corn.
bar'-ry-a, v [Xamed after Dr. Andrew Berry,
a Madras botanist.]
Hot. : A genus of trees behingiiig to the
order Tiliaeea-. (Lindeublooins). The only
known species, Berrya o.nimonilla, grows in
the Philippine Islands and Ceylon. The wood
is called Trincomalee wood, and is used in the
construction of the Madras massoola boats.
" ber-seel, ber'-sell, ^ ber -tel, * ty-
selle, "■ ber'-^el, s. [Compare Gaelic hur-
alUe = a butt.] A marlc to shoot at, a butt.
"Berseel: Metii."—Pj-om2Jt. Parv.
ber'-sel-et, "* bar'-sel-ette, s. [FromGei'.
berse)i = tv shoot (?).] A species of bow ('.')
{Boucher); an engine employed for shooting,*
possibly the cross-bow (StJivenson).
" With bow and with barseleite
Under the bowes."
Qawain & Gol., i. 3. {Boucher.)
ber'-serk, ber'-ser-kar, ber'-ser-ker, s.
[Scand. hersrrkr. Remote'etymologyuncertain,
but prob. = bear-sark, or bear-coat. See ex-
ample.] A name given to the Norse warriors,
.said to have been posses.'ied of preternatuial
strength and ferocity ; hence a pirate, abi;t\ u.
"Tlie sagas of the Scalds are full of deecriptions of
these chanipiuiis, and do not permit us to douht tliat
the Berserkars, so called from Hfrhtiiig without
annoiit."— ,S"i)' WaUer Scotf : Pirate, note h.
^ Used also attributively, especially in the
expression, berserker rage — frenzied fui-y.
ber-sim'-li-chl, s. [Mod. Gr.] A sort of
silk used for embroideiy,
"■■ ber'-sis, ■•'. [O. Fr. bara-, berche.] A kind of
cannon formerly used at sea, resembling the
faucon, but shorter and of a larger calibre.
"Mak reddy your eannona . . . pasuolans, bf,rsis.
doKgls, douhil bersin, haghuti.s' of croche, half haggis,
culuerenls aude hail schot." — Coinplaiiu of Scot., p. Cl.
ber'-stel, -
' ber's-ten.
[Bristle.]
/. &- i. [Burst.]
-bert, t's' (' tiTinuiKtidii in the names of moi.
[A.S. ;yeo/7((= bright.] Bright, in the meiise
of illustritms or famous; as Egbert = etrv-
iially famous, from txe = eternal ; Sigbert =■
famous conqueror; from slije, sege, siyor=.
victoiy.
ber-ter-6'-a, ■'•. [Named after Charles Joseph
Bertero, a friend of De CandoUe's.]
Boi.: A genus of cruciferous plants. B. in-
nina, or Hoary Berteroa, has lipen found in
one or two places in the soutli of England,
but is certainly not indigenous.
berth (1), t birth (2). s. [Etym. doubtful.
Wedgwood considers it the same word with
the iirovincial berth = a shelter for cattle, and
derives it from A.S. beorgaii:= to defend
(Barrow. Burrow); Mahn, Skeat, &c., de-
duce it from Eng. birth.] [Birth.]
A. Techiiicnlly :
I. Nai'tico! :
1. A proper distance between ships lying
at anchor or under sail. (Harris.)
To (jli-r ft. vnde berth to: To keep far away
from. {Lit. A: fig.)
2. A convenient place to moor a ship in.
3. The berth of a mc-^s : The proper place on
lio;n'd for tlie mess to put their chests in.
(Harris.)
4. A sleciiing-placi- of limited dimcnsiims
oil board sliip. It consists oi a bu\ or siidl',
usually permanent, occupying a space against
the wall of a state-room or cabin.
11. PmUipu 11 travelling: A sleeping- place,
like that dcicrilied under A., 4, in a Pullman's
or other raihviiy sleeping-car.
1[ In railway cars beitlis are usually made
at two elevations ; the lower one is made up
by bridging tlie space between two adjacent
seats, the upper berth by letting down a shelf
from above, [.Sleeping-cah.]
B. Orel. Lang. : A situation, an appoint-
ment. (Used specially in the phrase, "A
comfortable beilh," by wliich is meant an
official situation in which the pay is handsome
and the duties liglit.)
berth and space.
Ship-building : The distance l^etween the
moulding-edge of one bent or frame of a ship
and the moulding of another bent or frame.
The same as Rriu_M and space.
" berth (2), «. [Icel. & O. Sw. hroidii = rage ;
!S\v. bri'd = hot, eager, keen.] Rage (?) {H'yn,-
toiin.) (Scotch.)
" Than past thni fra tin- Kyng in werth,
And 31W, and heryid in ttiare berth."
WyniOiiii, vii., 0, 47. [Jamicson.)
berth, birth, v.t [From bath, s.] To allot
each seaman a place for his hammock. (Tottni .)
Ber'-tha, ■■>. [Teutonic female name. A.S.
heurht = biiglit. The Greeks substituted
EvSo^Ca (Eii(loi'h') — good name, good report,
fame, for the Teutmiic Bcrtlut.]
A.'^tron. : An asteroid, tlie 154th found. It
was discovered by Prosper Henry on the 4th
of November, lS7i).
berthed, tblrthed, pu. 'i>ar. & u. [Berth, v.]
ber-thel'-la, >. A sperie.s of marine moUusks,
* ber -thene, * bir'-thun, s. [Burdek.j
" As au heuy bii-rhn n. tho bea maad heuy on me "—
iViiciiffi}(Ps. xxxvii. 5j
ber'-thi-er-ine, s. [Named after Berthier. a
French chemist and mineralogist, with suffix
-Ine.] A mineral, called also Chanioisite
(q.v.).
ber'-thi-er-ite, *■. [From Bei-thier, a French
chemist ami mineralogist.] A mineral occur-
ring in elongated prisms, or massn'e, fibrous
massive, plumose, or granular. It has a
metallit^ lustre and a dark steel-gray colour,
often with iridescent sjints ; the hardness is
2—3, the si) gr. 4—4:.;. Compos.: Sulphur,
29 !> ; antimony, 57*0; and iron 13-1 =: 100.
It occurs ill Cornwall ; in France, Saxony,
Hungary, New Bruiih^wn-k, and California.
berth'-ing, + birth'-ihg, 7>7-. ].a/-., «., & ^.
[Berth, v.\
A. & B. A^: jjres. iKir. &'par. adj. : In senses
corresponding tti those of the verb.
C. As snh;^tinitive (Nautical):
1. The act of giving an anchorage to.
2. Tlie act of furnishing with a bei'th.
'' berth-in-sek, ^ bird-in-sek, ^ burd-
in-seck, s. [A.S. gehvrthyn in aaeca: = a
burden in a sack ; or from gebeora = to carry.]
Lau' of Berthinsek : A law, according to
which no man was to be punished capitally
for stealing a calf, sheep, or as much meat as
he could carry on his back in a sack. (Scotch.)
"Be the law of Blrdinsek na man suld die, or be
hanged for the tliieft of aiie suheepe. ane weale, ur fur
uameikle ineate as he may beare vpuii his backe m
aiieseuk; but all aik thieiies suld pay aue schiepe or
ane cow to him in quhais land he is taken, and matr-
on er suld be sc urged. ^'—iSttvie. (Jamieson.)
ber-thoHet'-i-a, s. [Named after BerthoUet,
a celebrated French chemist, who was born
on the 9th of December, 1748, and died on the
6th November, 182-^.]
Bot. : A genus of ])lants belonging to the
order Leeytliidaeeiv. The only s]>ecies is a
large tree, growing 100 feet high, with a dia-
meter of two feet, found in the forests which
fringe the <.)iiiioco. It has yellowish-white
flowers, witli six nni-qual petals, and a fleshy
ring consisting of inany white stamina. The
fruit is the size of a man's head, with foui-
cells and six or eight nuts. These are called
Brazil or, from the jilace where they are
sliiptped, Para nnt>.. ;ire an article of com-
merce, being eatable, besides furnishing a
bland oil used by watchmakers and artists.
^^i?^
LEAF AND FRUIT OF EERTHOLETIA.
At Para the fibrous bark of the tree is u.scd in
place of oakum for caulking ships.
* ber-ti-sene, s. [Bartizan.] (0. Srotch.)
ber'-tram, s. [In Ger. bcrtram ; corrupted
from Lat. ■pyrethruni (4. v.).] Tlie name of
two iilants.
1. According to Lyte, the name of a Compo-
site jilant, Pyrethrmn 'parthcniuin.
2. According to Parkinson, a name of .^)ia-
cijriiiti lyyrethrnnL, also one of the Composita^.
"■^"ber-tyn, v.t. [From A.S. bryt.aii.= to break.]
[Brii-tyn.] To strike ; to batter. (Scotch.)
* ber-u-ham, a, [Berwham.]
Ber'-vie, .s'. [Contracted from Inverf>eyf«-.
(Seedef.).]
1, (rcog. : Inverbervie, u village and parish
in Kincardineshire.
2, A haddock cured there.
bervie-haddock, a. A haddock split
and half-diied with the smoke of a fire of
wood. These haddocks receive no more heat
than is necessary for preserving them pro-
lierly.
^"ber-ward,s. [Bearward.] (0. Eng. & scotch.)
* ber-we, * ber-owe, s. [A.S. bearo, beai-u
= a grove.] A grove, a shady place.
" fierwe or scbadewe [berowe or shadowc), u^ribrn-
cnlnin, umbra." — Prompt. Parv.
* berwen, v.t. [Bqrwen.]
* ber -wham, * ber-u-ham, *barg-
heame (Old Eng.), bark-ha-am, bark-
ham, brau-chin (iV. of Eng. dUUn-t), bre-
chaxn, brech-ame (ch guttural) (Scotch), s,
[Etymology doubtful. Dr. Murray suggests
that the first element may l)e from A.S.
beorgan = to protect. The second is prob-
ably 1io,me (q.v.) J The collar of a draught-
horse.
" Berwham, horsys coleie [bvruham for hors , . .)"—
Prninpt. Paro.
* ber'-y, *■ ber'-ye, a. [Berrv.]
' ber'-y, v.t. [Bury.] (Scotcli.)
ber'-y, *ber'-yss, * ber-isch, i-. ?. |Borv.]
(Sa>lch.)
* be-ry-chen, v.t, [Burwkn.]
^beryd, ?w. i>ar.ka. [A.S. herian = to strike,
beat.] Trodden.
"Bi the beryd woye we shulen QOQa."—yyycliffe
(Numbers xx. liij
* be-rye, s. [Berry.]
■^ ber-y-el, ber-y-els, .■.. [Biriel.]
' ber-y-en, v.t. [Burwen.]
ber-y-ihge, .-. [Bukving.]
ber'-yl, *■ ber-ile, s. ..s; a. [in ^w. in Dan.
hiryl; GuT.beryll; Gael, t ''it(7 ; Vv.J^nii}; O.
Fr. berll, bcricic ; Prov. berille, hrrnlr; Sp.
hernia; Port. & Ital. berille; Lat. bcrlllvs =
the lieryl, and various other gems ; Gr. /3^puA-
Aos (bernllos)— a. jewfil of sea-green colour,
the beryl. Compare Arab, hallilr — crystal
('■"tafago), ballawr, hilai'-r = beryl, crystal
(Mahn); Pers. Inillur, huU'u = crystal.]
fate, fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; v/e, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, mainne ; go, p6t,
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey — a. qu = kw.
bery Ilia— be seecher
509
A. -fl'* sv^staiitire :
I. Mineralogy :
1, ,1s a genus: A mineral genus, compre-
hending both the emerald and the herj-l iiro-
perly so called, the foiTQer bright emerald-
green, from the presence of chromium, and
the latter of other colours, from having iron
instead of chromium. [Emerald.] The com-
position is silica, 66-8; alumina, 19'1 ; gluciua,
141 = 100. The hardness is T'o— 8; the sp.
gr.. 2'63— 2'76. It is in lustre vitreous, more
rarely resinous. It is brittle, transparent or
translucent, and with feeble double refraction.
The genus is always crystalline, never in any
circumstances massive. Its crystals belong to
the rhombohedral system, and are hexagonal
prisniK, eitlier of regular form 6r variously
nioditied.
2 ^s a species: A mineral species consisting
of those varieties of the beryl genus which
are transparent and colourless, or yellowish-
blue, pale green, or rose-red, as distinguished
from those which are bright green. The
varieties are distinguished by their colours.
Phny recognises four or five of the following
varieties :— (1) Coloui-less. (2) Bluish-green.
[Aquamarine.] (3) Apple-green. (4) Greenisli-
yellow to iron-yellow and honey-yellow. It
is the ancient chrysoberyllv.s, but not the
modern chrysoheryl. [Chrysoberyl.] David-
sonite falls under this variety. (5) Pale yel-
lowish-green, the ancient chTysoprasvs, but
not tlie modern clvrysoprase. [Chrysoprase.]
(0) Clear .sapphire blue, the hyacinthoznntes of
Pliny. (7) Pale sky blue, the aeroUes of Pliny.
(8) Pale violet or reddish. (y) Opaque
brownish yellow, of waxy or greasy lustre. (lOj
Colourless or white. [Goshenite.] {Dana.)
Transparent beryls are found in Siberia,
India, and Brazil. The best Aquamarine is
from Brazil; Davidsonite is from Rubislaw
and other quarries near Aberdeen. Other
varieties of beryl occur in Cornwall, near
Dublin, and abroad. The beryl is a lapidary's
gem.
II. The beryl of Scripture :
1. A gem, the Heb. HJ^unn (Tarshish), so
calleil presumably as having been brought
from one of the two plaices, perhaps Tartessus
in Spain, denominated in Scripture Tarshish.
It was probably the chrysobte or topaz, though
some, with less likelihood, think it was unibi-i-.
It constituted the fourth row of stones in the
high-priest's breastplate. (Exod. xxviii. 20 ;
xxxix. 13. See also Song v. 14 ; Ezek. i. 16 ;
X. 9 ; xxviii. 13 ; Dan. x. 0.)
2. A gem, the rendering of the Sept. jSrjpvA-
Ai.oi' (herulllon) in the Se]ituagint Greek of Job
xxviii. 16 and Ezek. xxviii. 13. The Hebrew
word is DHUJ (shohani), translated "onyx" in
those passages, and "onyx-stone" in Gen. ii.
1*2 ; Exod. xxviii. 9 ; xxxv. 9, 27. The species
has not been properly identified.
3. The rendering of the Gr. ^iqpvWos (be-
rullos) = the beryl (Rev. xxi. 20). It is made
to constitute the foundation of the New Jeru-
salem.
", . . theflrstfoundation was jasper . . . the fourth
an emerald . . . the eighth beryl."— Rev. xxi. 19, 20.
B. Asadjective : Of or belonging to the beryl
in any of the foregoing senses,
"... and the appearance of the wheels was as the
colour of a beryl stone."— Ezek. x. 9.
* beryl-crystal, s. An old name for the
bei-yl, ]iresumably derived from the fact that
it is always crystalline. [Beryl.]
beryl-lite, a. Like a beryl.
" It 19 scarcely possible to imagine anything more
beautiful than the beryl-Uke hlwe of these glaciei-s."—
Darwin: Voyage rouiid the World, ch. x.
ber-yl'-li-a, s. [From beryllium, (q.v.), BeO.]
Oxide of beryllium = glucina. A light, taste-
less, colourless powder, separated from alu-
mina by its solubility in a cold concentrated
solution of ammonium carbonate. It is soluble
in caustic alkalies. It forms soluble colourkss
salts, which do not form alums nor give a blue
colour with cobalt nitrate when tested by the
blow-pipe. These salts have a sweet taste,
hence the name ghicina. Beryllium salts are
precipitated as beryllia hydrate by (^1^4)28 ;
the pre<'ipitate is dissolved by long boiling
with NH4CI.
ber'-yl-line, «• [Eng. her))J(J)ine.2 Pertain-
ing to a berj'l, resembling a beryl. (Webster.)
ber-yl'-li-um, ber-il'-li-um, s. [Latin-
ised from Gr. ^^puAAtoiv (bcruUiou), dimin. of
pijpvWos Qxrvlln^) = a. sea-green mineral, the
&er)// (q.v.).] Beryllium: symb. Be; at. wt.
9-3! A rare white malleable metal, the same
as Glucinum ; sp. gr., 21. It does not decom-
)>ose water. Its melting-point is below that
of silver. It is dissolved by caustic potash
and dilute acids with the solution nf hydro-
gen. It occurs as a silicate in Phenacite,
also in the mineral Berj'l along witli alumi-
nium silicate. [Glucinum.]
" ber-yn, 'o.t. [Bear, r.j
* ber-yne, v. t. [Bury.]
■" ber-y-nes, ■• ber-y-niss, ». [A :^.byrirj,n:-i,
hyrigednes = burial.] Burial.
" And he ileyt thareftir soiie';
And ayiiu wea hrucht till berynes."
Barbour, iv. :j,i4, J/*', (.lamiesotu)
' ber-yng, ■" ber-ynge. /"-. I'xr. & s. [Bear-
IXU.] {VIW/IUXT, &G.)
A, AspT.'par.: The ^.■lmf; as Bearing, jjy.
'par.
B, -is substantive :
1. The act of carrying.
"Herynge: Portagium, latum."— /•>■')l)'/J^ l'''-rt:
2. The act of behaving, behaviour.
". . . thei schul be of good loos, condiuinns, and
beryng."—Eng. Gild {.Ear. Eng. Text Soc). i). 3.
3. The lap.
ighte a go
J ni3 bcry
" Him thoughte a goshauk Mith gi-et flyght
Setlith ou hi3 bcryng." Alivaunder, 484.
ber'-yx,s. [Gr. p-npv^ {h(:ru-j) (Besclierdle, not
in Liddell & Scott, &•:.) = im unknown fish.]
A genus of fishes of the order Acanthopterj'gii,
and the family Percidas. They have no repre-
sentative lu Britain.
ber-zel'-i-an-ite, s. | in Gcr. BencUit.
Named after the great chemist and mineralo-
gist tlie Baron Jacob von Berzelius.] A
mineral placed by Dana in his Galena group.
It consists of .'selenium, 38-4 to 40 ; copper,
61-6 to 64 = 100. It is a selenide of copper.
It is a silvery-white species with a metallic
lustre, occurring in Sweden and in the Harz.
ber-zel'-i-ite, s. & a. [In Ger. benrlUt, hcrze-
Ilt. Named after Berzelius.] [Berzelianite.]
A. As suhstavtive : A mineral, called also
Kuhnite(q.v.), but Dana prefers the name Ber-
zi'liite. It is nuissive, cleaving in one direction,
is brittle, witli a waxy lustre, and a dirty-white
or honey-yellow colour. Hardness, 5—6 ; sp.
gr., 2'52. Compos. : Arsenic acid, 56"4G to
58'51 ; lime, 2U'J6to2:V22; oxide of magnesia,
1561 to 15-68; o\ide of manganese, 2-13 to
4'20. It occurs in Sweden.
B, As adjective : Of or belonging to Berze-
liite. Dana has a Berzeliito group of minerals.
ber'-ze-l£ne, s. [Also named after Berzelius.]
[Berzelianite.] A mineral, called also Ber-
zelianite (q.v.).
ber'-zel-ite, s. [Also named aftir Berzelius.]
A mineral, caUed also Minidipite (q.v.).
be-saint', v.t. [Eng. prefix hr, and saint.] To
make a saint of.
"... and hcAfiint
' be-§aunt (0. Eng.), ^ bes-and, ' bei-
^and (p. Scotdi), s. [Bezant 1
* bes-ayl'e, s. [From Norm. Fr. be-^^ayJc (O. Fr.
beseel; Mod. Fr. bisaieul) = a great grand-
father; Fr. & Lat. bis — twice, and Fr. aieiil
= grandfather ; Lat. ovoh'S, dimin. oi'.'cns=.
a grandfather.]
0. Lavj : A writ issued when one claims
redress of an abatement, which he alleges tonk
place on the deatli of his great-grandfather or
great-grandmother. It is called also a writ de
<ivo, Lat. = concerning one's grandfather. It
differs from an assize of'-mo-rt de ancestor, and
from writs of cyk, of 1rrsoiih.\ and ofcosinage
(see these terms).
'^ be-scat'-ter, v.t. \y.\v^ prefix be, k f^'-atter.]
To scatter over,
" Her goodly lnokes adowne hci lucke ili<l ilow
Untu her waste, with flowre-, hrsr^ut.-rvl '
SprtK^.-r F ii , IV. xi. 46.
^ be-sc3,t'-tered, -po. pnr. [Bescatter.]
* be-scat'-ter-lng, j"-. par [Bksi:'vtter.]
•be-scorn', y.i. [Eng. prefix he, and ^oom.]
To scorn, to tivat with scorn, to contemn.
"Then was he bescomed, that <>nc]y should hnra
beeuh'iuoui-^diuall thint!3."~C'/ta('-.T: i^ars. Tiiln
*■ be- scorned, p«. par. [Bescorn.]
^ be-scorn-ing, pr. pa.r. [Bescijkn.]
« be-scram'-ble. v. t. [Pref. he, and Eng ,5cntm-
bre,v.] To scratch, to tear. (Sylvester in N.K I >.)
* be-SCratch, v.t. [Eng. prefix 7)e, andsct/rVi.]
To scratch.
be-scrat'cht, * bescracht,/"^. par. [Bi:-
siRATf-H.]
" For sore tie swat, and, rouniiig through that same
Thick fou'bt. WU3 hrscracht Jiud hoth his feet nigli
liuiie." Spenser: F.Q., 111. v, u.
be-scra'wl, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and srrairl.]
To s.-rawl over ; to cover with scrawls.
" The.se wretched projectors of o\irs, that bescraw'
their painiihlets every day with new forms of govern-
ment for om- churcii."~.V(«oii.- Reason of Clmrvh
uov.. i. L
be-scra'wled, pa. par. [Bescrawl.]
be-scra'wl-ing, 3?r. par. [Bescrawl.]
be-SCreen', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and screen.}
1. Lit. : To screen, to cover with a srreon.
2. ¥>'J. : To conceal, to hide from "^iew.
■■ What man ait thou, that thus hf^creen'd in night.
So stviinblest on ray counsel?" n,7,w ii ••
Hhakesp. : Romeo A" Jtnu-t, u. '■-
be-screen'ed, pa. par. & «. [Bescreen. ]
be-screen'-ing, i^r. par. & n. [Bescreen. ]
be-scrib'-ble, v. t. [Eng. pref. h.-. and ^vrihbk. |
To scribble over.
" . . bescribblcd, with a thousand trifling inii>er-
tinenccH . . ."—Milton : Doct. and JJis. of Divorce, ii. I'i.
be-scrib'-bled, pa. par. & a. [Bescribble. j
be-scrib'-blihg, ]<r. par. [Bescribble.]
* be-sciini'-ber, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and O.
Eng. sc'iim&er(q.v.).] ■ To besmear, to befonl.
" Did Block bescumber
Statutes' white suit, wi' the parchment lace there ? '
livii Jonson : Staple of News, v. 3.
•^ be-scum'-bered, 35a. par. k. a. [Be-
scumber.]
* be-scum'-ber-ing, ^r. par. [Bescumber.]
» Ije-gciitQii'-eon, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
scutc}ieon.] To adorn as with an esctitchetm.
" In a superh feather'd hearse,
Descutcheoii'ci and Ijetagyed with verse."
ChurciiiU : The irhost, hk. iv.
* be-se'e, * be-seye, * be-se. ^ bi-se, ' by-
se, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and see.] To see, to
(•onteniplate. (Sometimes used with a reflexive
pronoun.)
" Au'l thei seiden, What to vs 1 besc thee."— Wyclijf,:
(Piiriiey), Matt, xxvii, 4.
beseech', '*■ be-seche, bi-seche, by-
seche, by seche, be-seke, bi-seue,
■^ be sege (pret. besoucht, besought, hysoughtc,
be-biKh I- ( ; pa. par. hesough t , beseeched), v. t.
[From Eng. prefix be, and seek ; sechen, selen ;
A.S. seca?i. In Ger. trsitc/ieji ; Dut. verzoel'en.]
[Seek.] To entreat, to supplicate, to imploi'c,
to pray earnestly, to beg. It is followed by —
(«) A simple objective of the person im-
plored.
" But WB heseke you of mercie and socour."
Vhaucer: V. T., 917.
Or (b) by an objective and a clause of a
s'lntence introduced by that.
"Bysechyvg him of gi'ace, er that thay wentyn.
That he wold graunten hem a certeyu day."
Chaucer: C. T., 8,054-.=i.
Or (c) by an objective of the person and an
infinitive.
"And he beseech'd me to entreat your majesties."
Sfuikenp. : Hamlet, iii. 1.
Or (d) by an objective of the thing earnestly
begged for.
" Before I come to them, I beneech your patience,
whilst I speak something."— AjijT-tti.
^ be~see9li, s. [From Beseech, v.] A suppli-
cjition.
" <-;ood madam, hear the suit that Editli urges
With Huch suhmiss beseeclies."
Beaum. it Fl. : Bloody BrotJier.
be-see9li-er, *■. [Eng. hc^^rh; -n-.l One
who bf.'.srcL'heS.
" Let no unkind, no fair beseecJiers kill ;
Think all hut one, and me in that one ' Will.' "
Shakesp.: Sonnets, 135.
bSil. boy; poiit, jor^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f.
-cian., -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, T^ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &i;. = bel. d^L
510
beseeched— besiege
[Now Besouoht.]
[BliSEECH. v.t.i
be-see9h'-mg, P7-. -par. & s. [Bkseech, v.t]
A. & B. As pr. par. and ■jnu-tiriji. adj.: In
M'lises (.■LUTespondiiig to those ot the verb.
C. As substantlcti : The act of supplicathig,
Miplilication.
be-see9h'-ihg-ly, '' biseKatidlik, udr.
LEiig. beseeching; -ly.] In a beseeching nian-
nei', impioringly. (Nmle.)
be-see9h'~ment, i. [Eng. bcsceck; -moU.]
r^iippHcation, an entreaty.
" W'liile beaeechment denotes . , . — Goodwin : ]Vork
iifthi: Holy Ghost, bk. iii., ch. i.
be-seek', ^ be-seeke, c.t. [Beseech.] Tu
l.rseech.
". . . imd there with lU'-'iyers meeke
Ami mylcl entreaty lodyiii^' diil fur her beseekc"
:ipcnscr: F. (L, VI, iii. :i7.
be seem , be-seem e, be-seme, v.t. & i.
[Kiig, prefix be, and i;et;/u. J
A. Trans.: To beeonie: tu l>e lit, tsuitabh',
proper for, or lieconiing to.
" A" man what could l>e/,ee)n him better." — Uuoki:r :
/Jv.l. Pol., bk. v., ch. xlviu., § 5.
B. Intransitive :
1. To be tit, suitable, or proper.
■' But with faire cuuuteimiiiioe, its besec7ned best,
Her eiitertayud.'" iSpi-nser : J-', y., III. iv. 6b.
* 2. To seem ; to appear. '
loe-seem'-ing, pr. pur., <i., ^ s. [Beseem.]
A. A^ '[ir. par. : In .senses corresponding to
those of tlie verb.
B. A !< participial adj.: Befitting.
• Ami made Verona's ancient citizens
C.iat by their yrave beseeming ornariieiits.
Hhalwsp. : ItoTtieo and Juliet, i. 1.
C. As siibst. : Comeliness. {Baret.)
be-seem'-ing-ly, adv. [En.u. Iiesecminij ; -ly.]
In a bt'si'eiiiiiig nianneii, becnnini,!;ly, fitly, siiit-
ablv, prciperly. (/. 11. Keivntan: Dream of
(^froiidiis, V. 40.)
'be-seexn'-ing-ness, s. [Bug. bcsteinLnfi ;
-iii'ss.] The quality of being beseennng ; ht-
uei^s, suitableness. (Wcbstrr.)
[Eiig. br.i-nn ; -ly.] Lilte
fitting, buitablf, "becoming,
be-seem'-ly, f
what buseenis ;
■■ See to their seats they liye with nierrj'- glee.
And 111 tieseeinly order sitten there "
ahciistiiiiv : HflwohiiistrcKS
be-seen, be-seene, be-seine./'f'. ?»'/'.
I IlKNEE.l In senses i.-urresponding to thuse ul
tlie \ erb, Specially —
1. Of persons: Having well seen to anything ;
■well acquainted or conversant witli ; skilled.
(Lienerally with v:dl preceding it.)
'■. . . Weill iesei^c ill histories >K.th new and old, "—
I'irsi-ntrir : Cron., p. S9.
2. "/ tlilnij-i or of jn.'rM>is : Whn or wliic.h
ha\"f been well seen tu ; iirovidt-d, furnislieii,
litr^'d out
■" Hi'^ lord set forth of his lodging with all his at-
tendauta in very good order .and richly ifset-;/."—/';/-
!<ct.illii-: C'roii.iit. aOo. {Jainicson.)
U'rll h<'.^,:can : Of guod appearance ; ctmiclj .
"And tjul habiliments light "•t'll h(:,i;-iu' "'
SpL'iii,rr : F (^ , I. xii. -i
be-seik', %i.t. [Eug. prefix be, ami ac//,-.]
[liiosEEcn, Beseek.]
"'be-sein ('"'. En(j.). be-seine (". >'"irh),
I'ti. iK'i: LBt:st:E, Be->i:i;n.J
beseke, r.t. [Beseech.]
be-set', be-sette', ' be-sete, by-sette,
by-set-ten, *by set (piet. beset, --bi-
siiii'lr, bij sH ; pa. par. bvsd), v.t. [Eng,
]iielix /'(■, and set; A.S. bisettan-=. to set near,
to plai-e (from he, and se?to?fc = to cover, tu
.■*it. til set; Sw. his'jtta; Dan. bescette ; Dut.
hf.i'ltrn =t(i occupy, to t;tke, to invest, garri-
son, border, or edge; N. H. Ger. hifSi-tzmi ;
(t U. (Jcr. bi6i-zi".n.] [Sicr,]
I. 'In NL't, to set on, or to.
1. More Jit. : To jtlacc, to put, to station, to
fix, to appoint, to employ, to bestow.
"Therefore the love of everything tliat ia not beseC
in Ct(k1." — Chancer : 'Die Parson's Title.
'J. Morefiii. (chiefly fiom U H. GtiV.bisa:ji.'ii
= . . .to serve a table) : -
(I) To cause to serve ; to serve (as a table).
(' 'Innicvr.)
(•I) To sci-yi- for ; to l^cconie ; to be suitable
to. (>ia>frh ) [Be-sit.]
" . . , if thou be the childe of God, doe as besets thy
estate— sleep not, hut w.ike."— A'o^focA on 1 Tiivse.,
p. i!,iy. [Jamieson.)
II. To set upon ; to fall upon.
"At once upon liim ran, and him beset
With strokes of mortal steel."
Hfjenser : Faery <iucen.
III. To set around.
1. More Uterallij :
(1) Geii. : To set around, as jewels around a
crown, or anything similar.
"A robe of aznre bf^vl with drops of gold."— ,iirf((i-
son : Upectator, No. -I2ri
(■1) To surround with hostile intent ; to l>r-
siege ; t(j set upon ; to iiifebt, as a l»and ni
robbers do, a road.
"Follow him that\ fled ;
The thicket is lieti-!. he caiiinot 'scape."
tShukes/J. . Two Vent, of Ver'iiia. v, :;
" Thout^h with his Ijoldebt at his back.
Even Roderick Dim beset the trfu;k."
Hcott : 2'he Lady of the Lake, u. 3,i.
2. More fig.: To surround (used of things,
of dangers, mobs, or other obstructions); to
perplex, to embarrass, to entangle with sn.ires
or diffieidties.
" Poor Engbuid I thou art a devoted deer,
Beset with e\ ry ill but that of fear."
Cowper: Tubtv Toll.-
be-set', ~be-sett'e, i«'.par. [Xu A S. he.^<\'ru,
bcscttCH.] [Beskt.]
be-set'-ting, ^' beseting, j-r, par., u., & .-.
[Beset, v.t.\
A,&'B. As pr par d; j>arth'ij,in/ adj. . In
senses corresponding tn those of tlie ■\'erb.
A hc-iettiifri sin: The sin ever present with
one ; tlie special sin to which, from eon^titu-
tioual proclivities or other causes, one in in
constant danger of yielding. The expi'c'-.hii.'u
is founded on Heb. xii. 1, "Let us lay aside
every weight, and the sin which doth so easily
beset us." The metaphor seems to be that of
a long flowing garment which tends to eni-
liarrass the movements of a runner, if not
even to trip and ovrrthi'ow him
" A dispoiition to triumph o\er the fallen h;t.> ueve.-
beeii one of the bescttiiuj sins ol Englishmen. " —
J/iu-uii/:i,'/: Hist. Eng., ch, xlv.
C. Ai. subst. : The act of surronudiii:;.
"be-sew, v.t. lEug. prefi.\. l^t-, and •:eir.]
"The dead bodie w,Lb besewud
III clothe of golde, and leide thei in."
Oower : Conf. Antanf . bk, ^ iii.
be-seye', besey, i>a 2J<^^'f- [Bc-i:en ]
Evil hesey : III beseeu; of a mean a['ptMi-
ance. {Chaucer.)
Richly heseye: Of a rich apjiearaiice : well
dressed.
be-Sba'de, v t. [Eng he ,- shade.] To shade ;
to hide. in shadow.
" For he is with the trround bexh"''e'l
Ho that the inoune i-- ^nmdele taded."
a;>rrr: Coiif. A'-nna . l.k M.
be-sha'n, s. [Arab.]
Bntanji : The Balm of Mecca {BaUa>nudi-ndrun
I'pohcdso/inuin).
be-shed. ■ bi-sched, v.t. [Eng. hr, iind
shed.'l To bes]irinktc, wet,
" Azael took the clotli uii the bed, and hi^rk''d,h-
with \f!v\.ii:."—WycliJfe {1 y. Kings v iii. 15),
~ be-shet', "be-shette, ^"-' par. [BEsurr ]
What up. (Chancer.)
"be-sbi'ne, v.t. [Eo^ prehx be, and shn.r.
In Oer. hcsclteinen.] 't'n shine upon; to gi\-r
liglit or brightness to; to enlighten, to il-
luminate.
"When the sun is set. it brshinrth not the world "—
GoUk'n Bote, ch. ;J6. [lUdiurdson.)
besh'-xnet, -y. [Native name.] Grapes made
into a consistence resembling honey, a staple
article of connnerce in Asia Minor.
be-shrew', be-shrewe, - be-schrew,
" bi-schrewen, be-schrow (ew as u),
v.t. Eug. preUx be, iuwX^hrriv ]
1. To impi-ecate a mild curse uiKin ; tn \s'ish
that a trifling amount of evil may liapi>cn to
(with a being, a person, or a thing bu' the
object)
" Drx. It is tuy \i retched fortmie.
lagn. /Jc,s///-c^/f him tor it !
How comes thia trick ujwu him?"
tihakcs}}. ■ Othello, n 2
2. Under the guise of uttering an iiuiireci-
tinii ;igainst one, really to utter an exclamation
of ]o\'e, tenderness, or eoaxiuLj;
' /;('-;/;/■.■«; your heart, fair daughter."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry ! \'., n.. J.
3. To deprave, make evil.
"Who Koth simpleli, goth trostli: who forsothe ie-
•^hrewidt nia weles, shal be maad opene." — Wycliffe
(Pruv. X. 0).
^, Generally in the imperative, signifying
" wo,.' be to" (see examples above). Ouce in
Shakespeare in the pr. indicative with /.
" I hesphrew all shrowa." ,
Uliakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, v. -j
Be^'-lirew me, beschrew my Jteart : A form of
:issp\-eratiou ; indeed. {Schmidt, Shakespeare
Lexic, d-<.)
be-shroud', v.t. [Eug, i^reftx he, and shroud.]
To shroud.
be-shroud'-edf -pa. par. [Beshroud.]
be-shroud -ihg. pr. par. [Beshroud.]
be-shiit, * be-shet', ^ be-shette, v.t.
[Eug. prefix he, ands/tet.] To shut up.
"Sith BialAcoil they have beshet.
Fro me iu prison wickedly. "
Uom. of till- Rose, 4,488.
be-si de, be-si'de^, " bi-si-dis, ^ by-
syde. "'by syde. ^bi syde, prep. & adt. .
[PvUg. pretix he, and si/le; A.S. beuilan-^hy
the side ; he and hi = by, near, and sidaii, dat.
o£ sid =0. side.]
A. As 'prep, (originally of old form akin to
both beside unil besides ; now chiefly, and in-
deed ail but exclusively, of the form beside) :
I. Lit. : By the side of ; hence, near, iu im-
mediate proximity to.
■'Iu that dal Jhesus yede out of the ho us aud sar
bi^alis tin; !ieii."—l\'-ycliffe : Jfa//. xiii. 1,
" . . he leiideth me beside the still waters." — Psalm
xxiii 2.
II, Figuratively :
1. Over and above ; in addition to.
"Thus we find in South Americji three birds which
use their wings for other ijurposes besides flight." —
Voyage round the World, ch. ix.
to.
<.)utside of : apart from, but nut contraiy
"It is beside my present business to enhirge upon
this speculation " — Locke.
3. <_)ut of : in a state deviating from and
often contrary to.
((') Without a reflexive proiiuun :
"Of vagabonds -we say,
That they ai-e ue er beside their waj'."
Htullbras,
(li) With a reflexive pronoun : (Used iu tlie
pluase, *' To be beside one's self," meaning to
be out of one's senses, to be mad.)
"... Festiis •viid with a loud voitc, P.aul, thou art
beb/i'r thyself." — -4c(s xxvi. 24.
B. ^Is adverb {chiefly, though by no vieans
eirlnsieelii, of the fo'nii besides) : Moreover,
over and above ; iu addition to this, more than
that ; not of the luuuber, class, or category
previously mentioned.
"And the men said unto Lot^ Hast thou here any
besides.' . . ." — Oen. xix. 12.
•, lir^ide the mark: Away from the point
aimed at ; hence irrelevantly.
■'A deaf man . . . who argues beside thr mark."—
Maeuuluy: CiiUtarian Theory of Government.
((() Crabb thus distinguishes between besideJi
and niureueer -.^Besides marks simply the con-
nection winch subsists between what goes
before and what follows ; moreover marks the
addition of soniethiug paiiicular to what has
already been said. Thus, iu enumerating the
good qualities of an individual, we may sa\ ,
•' he is. besides,, of a peiiceabledispositum." On
euiicludiug any subject, we may intrndiiee a
farther clause by a moreoi-er : "rnureoirr, we
must not forget the claims of those who will
suffer Ity such a change."
{b) Besides and except are thus discriminated :
Besides exjiresses the idea of addition ; except
that of exclusion. '"There were many there
besides ourselves;" " Xo one ciTt'yi^ ourselvet-
will be admitted." {Crabb: Eng. .^^ynon.)
be-siege, " besege, ''bi sege, r.t. [Prom
Eng. prefix he, and siege. In Fr. assieger :
from ,s/i'f;pr =to set; siege = a. seat, ,^
siege,] [Siege.]
1. Lit. : To sit down before a place with the
view uf capturing it; to invest a place with
liostile armaments; to open trenches against
it, and when suitable preparations have been
made, to assault it, with the view of capturing
it by force or compelling its surrender.
" . yhalmaneser king of Assyria c:ime up against
^,uiiai],i, and besieged it." — 2 Kings xviii 'J,
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, miirine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who. sou ; mute, ciib, oiire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = 1ew=
besiege— besottedly
511
2. i''i<i. ■■ To beset, to surround a person or
iil.trr with numbers of }ieople, as, for instance,
ivith a multitude of beggare clamouring for
relief.
♦ bc-siege'. s. [From h<:^i>^oc, v. (q-V J ] Biege ;
liLsiegemeut.
"... sufBaed him lur the be^U'cje of Sagitta',"—
I/ackluyt: Voj/affes, ii. 15.
be-sieged, beseged, pa. par. & a. [Be-
yiJCGE, t'.]
be-sie'ge-ment, .s. [Eng. besiege ; -mnit.]
The act of "tiesiegiug ; the stiite of being be-
sieged.
"Eche person setting l>efore their eies besieacment,
Inmgar. and the arrogant enemy, . . ." — Goldytiff
Justice, p. 31- (Richardson.)
be-sie'-gei^, s. [Eng. l^esiegie) ; -er.] One
who besieges a place. (Generally used in the
plural.)
"Their spirits rii';i,', unit tlu' besiegers began to lose
hCiart." — Macaulay : Hint. Eii(i , ch. xvi.
be-sieg'-ing, pr. -par. &a. [Besiege, vX]
tbe-sieg'-ing-ly, f"'r. [Eng. Usieging: -ly.]
After the manner of an army prosecuting a
siege. (JVebster.)
be-sil'-ver, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and silver.^
To cnver with, or array in silver. {Lit. &fig.)
"Though many streams his banks ba'dlucred."
u. Fletcher : CiirUfs Triiinijih on Earth. {/iichurdson.Y
be-sU'-vered, pa. jmr. [Besilver.]
*be-singe, "^be-zenge, v.t. [Eng. be, and
singe.] To singe.
'* The prive cat bezmigth ofte his s,Qh\."—Aye}ib., p. 23n.
I be-sTr-en, v.t. [Eng. prefix (/l% and sireu.]
Tn ai-t the siren to ; to lure as the sirens
■\vcre fabled to do. {Quarterly Review.)
i be-s'ir'-ened, pf-. 'I'or. [Besiren.]
+ be-sir'-en-ihg, i-r. par. [Besiren.]
be-sit', r.t [Eng. prdix: he, and .^/7.1 To sit
well upon, to suit, to betit. [Beset, I. 2.J
" Me ill besitK, that in der-doing armew
And houonr's suit my vowed daiea do si^eiid."
Speum-r: F. Q , II. vii. 10.
" be-sit'-tihg, y>r. yur. [Besit.] Befitting.
" And that which Is Cur ladies most besitfhifi.
To stint all strife, and foster friendly peace."
Hpenaer: F. Q.. IV. ii. 19.
■ be-slab'-ber, ?'.^ [Beslobber.]
" Thjump come sleuthe al binlnbered, with two «lviiiy
eiyeu." /*. Ploiinnun, bk. v,, xu
be-sla've, 1'.?. [Eng. prefix 6c, and s/(kt.] To
fii.-iline ; to make a slave of. (In general
ii-uiatLvely.)
"... and hath hi-slnvi-i} himself to a bewitching
beauty. . . ."—Dp. Hall: Works, ii. 116.
■' It [cuvetousnessi . . . beslavcn the affections, . . ."
—Quarles : Judgment and Mercy.
be-Sla'ved, pa. par. & a. [Bumlave.]
be-slav'-er, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and sJavev.]
To sla\er ; to defile with slaver.
" . . one of your rhemnatick poets that bei^lavcru
all tlie ijaper he comes by, . . ."—Return from Par-
.in-iiifs, i. ;!.
be-slav'-ered, p".. per. & a. [Beslavek.]
be-Slav'-er-iilg, ;"-. I'or. [Beslaver.]
be-Sla-viug, pr. par. [Bi:t>LAvi:.J
bes-le'r-i-a, s. [Named after Basil Besler, an
apothecary at Nuremberg, .ioint editor of "
.simiptuous botanical work.]
Bnt. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Kciophulariacea:' (Figworts). The species
aiv ornamental. Several have been introduced
from the West Indies and South America.
be-Sli'me, r.^ [Eng. prefix &c, and sZi'mc] To
d.iub with slime.
" Our fry of writers may beslime his fame,
And give his action that adulterate name."
B. Jonson ; Poetaster Prol.
be-sli'med, pa. par. & a. [Beslime.]
be-sli'-mihg, pr. par. [Beslime.]
be-sl6b'-ber, * be-sliib'-ber, *by slob-
er, v.t. [Eng. prefix 6e, and slobber, slubber.]
To beslobber, to besmear.
"... bleed : and then beslubber our garments with
it and sweai- it was the blood of true men."— Shakesp. :
//(<». /r„ii. 4.
be-slob'-bered, * be-slub'-bered, * by
slob-bered, pa. 2X"\ &: a. [Beslobber,
Beslobber.]
be-slob -ber ing. * be-sliib'-ber-ing, pr.
2)ar. [Be,-slobber, Beslubber.]
be-slur'-ried, 2^^- P^^f- ^ "• [Be'^lurry.]
be-sliir-ry, v.t. [From Eng prelix he, and N.
(lijilrct of Eng. slurry — to dirtv, tu smeai' ; E.
dialeets/wr = thin washy nuidC/). Compare Dut.
slyk = dirt, mud.] To smear, tn .-^oil, to delile.
" And being in this piteous case.
And all beslarried head and face. '
Dviiyton . XiniiphkUa.
besme, * beesme, blsme, s. [Besom.]
"be cunmiynge. fyndeth it v..iile. clenhid with
bisines, and maud faire," — VVyctiffe (Mutt. xii. 44).
be-sxne'ar, '■ be-smeare, v.t. [Eng. jirefix
be, and .•-III nir. A.S besmirfil.bi':<iiiiircd = \)e-
smeared ; he and sinyrian, .■>iinirt<i".ii, suieriaii,
smirlaik^^io smear, to anoint: ,s(;a'/~" = fat,
grease, butter. Tn Ban. hi:--,ui>n , Dut. hc-
b'tiiereyi ; Ger. he&chrniefen — U>'\niM\i>.r.\v.]
1. Literally:
\. To cover over witli sonictliing unctuous,
which adlieres to what it toiu-heti.
(a) The vAictuoiis snhi^tunrc 'iwt heiiig iieees-
.^11 r ill! fitted to dejile :
" But lay, as in A dream of deep delight,
IS cxmv.ar'd with precious balm, whuie ^ irtiiou'! might
Did heal his wounds." Speitsi-r .■ /' Q . I. xi .sn,
(li)The unctuous substa uvc he i nii fitted to defile :
" First, Moloch, horrid king, hrmnear'd with bloud
Of human sacrifice, and parents' t>-!ir.-. "
Milton: P. /...bk. i
2. To cover with something not unctuous.
II. Fig. : To soil ; to defile in a moral beui
" My honour would not let ingiMtitude
So much besmear it,"
HhakesjJ. : Mm: of I'ck., v. :
be-smear'ed, pa. I'ar. [Bi^mear.]
be-smear'-er,
(Jer, beschmierer.
[En-, hr^me.n
Oik; who besnii.
" Our gayness and ■>
With niiny mii-ul
be-smear'-ihg, )jj-. 2^1"'. [Besmear.]
be-smir9h', be-sxnir9he, be-sinyr9h,
*■ be-smer9h, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and
smirch, cognate with smc(f7-.] [Smirch, Smear.]
1. Lit.: To besnifjar, sii as tn defile, with
mud, filth, or anything similar. (Used with a
material thing for the object,)
gntnvc-.ai />'■■< mirrJrd
igin tlie ]i;uriful fieM."
S/ia/.r.'i,,. - //.-a l'.,iv. 3.
2. -/■''';/.." To defile, to soi!, tn put ;i rnn-
spictiiHis blot upon. (Used cliii'My with what
is immaterial or abstract for tiic nlijert.)
" Perhaps, he loves \ on now :
And now no soil, nor cautel, dntli bes^nirch
The virtue of his will."— Wh(/.v.s/. ; Hum., i. 3.
be-smir9h'ed, * besmyr9ht, pa. pnr.
[UllSMIRCIT.]
be-sinir9h'-ing, yr. par. [Be.smirch.]
*be-smit, ^ be-smette, bi-smit, v.t.
[Pref. be, and A.a. !<.milen = to finite.] To
infect, to contaminate.
" That is a nice hiierof al the "oulie is b';.->inet. ' —
Ayeubite, p. '■■•^
be-smoke', v.t. [Eim. inciix he, ;ind smolce.]
1. To api)ly smoke lu ; to iiaiden or dry in
smoke. (Johnson.)
2. To soil with smok.'. {Johu>.un.)
be-smok'ed, j>f'. par. (t n. |[Jes.\i(»ke.]
be-smo'-king, pr. par. [Besmokc.]
be-smoo'th, ~ be - smoothe, v.t. [Eng.
prefix be, and sj)iooth.] Tu make smooth.
" And with immorbil balm besmooth her skin."
Chapiiuni: Uoin. Odyss., bk. \\n,
* be-smot'-tered, * be-smot'-trit (p. 6c.),
particip. a. [Apparently from a verb besmot-
ter, which is not found, nor is the simple verb
smotter. But for the fact that smnt does nut
occur till much later, hesmotter might be taken
for a dim. or frequent, from hes-miit or sm-ut.
Skeat compares smoterlich (q.v.).] Bespat-
tered or befouled with, or as with, mud oi-
dirt.
" Of fustian he wi.ie .i giimii
All besinotrvd with bis b;iljfr^'euii,"
ChfiHLer V. T.. 75.
be-smiit', /■.''. [Pref. he, and Eng. smut, v.]
To cover or blacken with smut. {Lit. &,
fig.)
be-smut'-ted, pa. par. J^ a. fl^ESMUT.l
Covered or blackened with smut; allccted
with smut. (Said of wheat.)
tbe-snoW, -^be-snew. r.t. [From E.ig.
iu-efix/;c, and Sftow (q.v.> In A.S. he^uiwoil —
snowed; Dan. ;;cs/(a=to suow upon; Dut
/»v^,i^x(ny6(Z= covered with snow; Ger. he-
belnieieii = to cover with snow.]
1. To cover with snow, to cover with any-
thing thick as snow-flakes.
"The presents every day ben newed,
He was with giftes al besnewed.
Gower : Conf. Am , bk. vi.
2. To render white like snow,
"Another shall
Impearl thy teeth, a third thy white and small
Hand shall besnow." Careiv : Poems, p. 9j.
be-snow ed (1), be-snewed, by-suy we,
}>a. par. & a. [Besnow.] {Todd.)
be-sniifi", v.t. [From Eng. prefix he, an«I
snvff.] To besmear, soil, or defile with snutf.
" Unwash'd her hands, and much besnnff'd her face."
Yoitng : katirr ''<.
be-sniiff 'ed, 3^0.. par. & a. [Besnuff.]
be-snuf'-f xng. v^- pctJ"- [Besnuff.]
■ be-soil, v.t. [Eng. he, and soil.] To defile,
soil
" His swerde, all besoyled with blode. '—Merlin. 1. ■!-
1G5.
be'-som, be-some, bee-some, * be-
sym, ^ be-sowme, bes-me, s. [A.s
hesiiin, hescma = a besom, a broom, rods, twigs ;
Dut. hczeui : (N.H.) Ger. he sen ; M. 11. Ger.
hv^enie, ttc^me ; O.H. Ger. hesamo.] A broom
made of twigs tied together.
I, Lit.: A handy domestic implement for
sweeping with,
II. Figurotirehi :
1. Anything wliich sweeps awiiy wli.it
is ninr;i!ly wortliless or offensive from tin-
human liL';ii t.
2. Anvtliing which cnnipleldy sweept-
aw; y or otiierwisc destroys the habitations
or works of man. destruction
"... I will sweep it fBabylon] with the besom of
destruction, saith the Lord of hosts." — fsa. xiv. 2i(,
3. A contemptuous designation for a low
woman ; a prostitute. {Scotch.)
"Ill-ta-ard. orazy, cmck- brained gowk, that she in,
— to set up ti> bo sae muckle better than itiierfolk,
the auld )ir>iorn, . . ."—Hcotl: Tales of my l,niidlurd.
U. 2i)G. (.famtcBon.)
besom-clean, a. As clean as a besoni
can make a floor without its h;i\jng Iineii
WMshcd. {Scotch.) (Javiieson.)
t be'-som, v t. [Prom besom, s. (q.v.)] To
•su'ci'ii with a besom.
"Rolls back all Greece and besoyns wide the plinii."
Jinrloi"
t be'-§6m-er, s. [Eng. besom, and -er | One
who uses a besom. {M'ebster.)
"■ be-SOrt' , v.t. [Eng. prefix he. and sort.]
To befit, to become, to suit, to be suitaiili- to,
to be congruous with.
" Such men as may besort ijour aire.
Shaki'Sp. : Km;/ /.nir, i. 4
"^ be-SOrt', s. [From besort, v. (q v.) j Com-
pany, attendance, train.
" Dne reference of place, and exhibitntn.
With such accommodation, and besort.
As levels with ber breeding. "
tihakesp. : Othello, i, 3.
be-s6t', v.t. [Eug. prefix he, and sot (q.v,).]
1. Ti I make sottish, to stupefy, to take away
the power of thinking, to dull the intellect,
the senses, or both.
" Or fools besotted with their crimes.
That know nut how to shift betimes."
Uudibras
2. To cause to dote upon. Witli on followed
by that of which one is cnamuiirf*!,
" Which he, besotted on that face and eyes,
Would rend from ua, " Dryden.
or without on —
" Conscious of impotence, they soon grow drunk
With gazing, when they see an able man
Step forth to notice ; and, besotted thiis.
Build him a pedestal" C'owper : The Task, bk > .
be-sot'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Besot.]
"... with Acjoi^ed base ingratitude.
Crams, and blasphemes hia feeder. "
Milton: Cwnus.
be-s6t'-ted-ly, adv. [Eng. besotted, and -ly.]
In a besotted manner, after the manner oi
a sot. Spec. —
boil, boy-; pout, j6wl; cat, geU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem: thin, this; sin. as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion=:shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c =be'L deL '
512
besottedness— best
1. stupidly sriiM-|c.-,s
2. "With fuoiisli .Intiii';.
" After ten or twuhe y^'m.-i' )n*oi]ierous wnv and con-
testjvtioii with tyniiiiiy,' ln^ely iiinl hrS'iHedlu Xk> nm
their necks again iHt(. thu yuku, which they hnvL-
bruken." — Milton: Jicudi/ iVn/j to cslablish a Free
C'omvionwealth,
tbe-sot'-ted-ness,-?. [Eng. hesntt&l ; -ness.]
TJie state or (luality of being V)esotted.
1. Stupidity, senselessness.
". . . hardneae, fcijfiofCfjrfjicKfi of heart, . , ."•- MiUint:
Of True IteJiijioii, A-c, ad lin.
2. Fooliali doting, infatuation.
be-sot'-tmg, 2'^. ]mr. & a. [Bksot.J
be-sot'-tihg-ly, cidt\ (Eng. he < ott iiuj ; -hj.]
In a besotting manner, so as to besot.
(Webster )
[Be-
be-sought' (sought as sat), po. jw.
SEECH. 1
1. Va.'if -pni-th-iple of bcspt'ch.
" Delights like these, ye sensual and profane,
Ye are bid, begg'd, besought to enteitain."
Coivpcr : Progress of Error.
2. Preterite of beseech.
"... when he bcsfmr/hf us and we would not hear."
— Or,), xlii. 21.
be-sour', be-sowre. >' t. [Eng. prefix
he, and AQ((r.] To ri^ndev sour (/('(. and fig.).
" How should we abhor and loath, and detest, this
old leaven that so bc-owres alt our actions ; thia
heathenism of nnregeiieiate f.unal nature, which
niakPH our best works so unchristian. "—//ammo>K( .■
\t'ork-x, vol. iv., 3iiV. 15.
be-s6utll', prep. &, nilv. [Eng. prefix &e, and
!>outh.] To the youth of. (Scotch.)
t be-spa'ke, a preterite of Bespeak (q.v.).
"... but her house
Bespako .i slvepv liaiul of negligence."
WortLtworth : Thu £.zi:arsion, bk. i.
be-spang'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. prefix he,
and spangle.] To powder nver with spangles,
to besprinkle over with anything glittering, as
with starlight or with dew.
" Not Berenice's locks first rose so bright.
The heav'na bexpainjliiii/ with dishevell'd light."
Popif : Rape of the Lock, v. ISO.
be-spang'-led (led as eld), pa. par. & c
[Bespangle.]
"In one grand bespmigt^d expanse."— flarwirt; De-
scent of Man, pt. ii., ch. 13,
bc-spSihg-ling, pr. par. [Bespangle.]
■ be-spar'-age, v.t. [\ wrong formation for
disparage (q.v,), -sparogi- being talien, instead
of -parage, as the stem.] To disparage.
be-spat'-ter, 1'. ^ [Eng. prefix &e, and spaiier.]
1. 7/it.: To defile or soil by flinging mud,
(day, watiM\ or imything similar at a person or
thing.
" His weapons are the same which women and
children use, a pin to scratch, and a syuirt to be-
tpaUe7:"— Swift.
2. Fig. : To asperse with reproaches or
riiluniJiies, to fling caUnnnies against.
"... with many other such like vilifying terms,
with which he hath bespattered most of the gentry
of oui- town."— Buni/an : P. P., pt. i.
be-spat'-tered, pa. par. & a. [Bespatter.]
be-spat'-ter-l6g,2"- par. [Bespati'er. ]
' be-spat-tle, ~ be-spatle (le as el), v.t.
I Eng. prefix he, and spattle = spittle.]
"They bexpn/jfd hyin and byspitted him." — B'lJe -
JCngliHh Voturie/; pt. li.
^ be-spat'-tled, be-sp^t'-led (led as eld),
■prt. par. [Bespaiti.e.]
' be-spawl, be-spaul, '''' be-spaule,
v.t. [Eng. prefix be; and span'! = to disperse
s]tittle in a nareless and filthy manner.] To
bespatter with spittle (lit. and fig.).
"See how this remonstrant would invest himself
conditionally with all the rheum of the town, that he
might have sufficient to hespmiJ his brethren."—
Milton: An'imad. upon Jieinuns.
'"' be-spawled, ^ be-spauled, pa. par. [Be-
HPAWL, BeSPAUL.]
"And in their sight to spungo his t€u\,Tn-bespawled
beard." Drayton: Pol"ulbio/i, ac. ".
be-speak', ^ be-speake, be-spe-kin,
' bi-speke, * bes'peke (preterite he-spoke,
f he-spake), n.t. & v. [From Eng. prefix he,
and speak; A.S. hf^pn-nni =.to speak to, tn
tull, pretend, cnuipliiin, accuse, impeach ;
from A y. prefix be, and sprecnn =tit sp(.'ak ;
sprcec, s/f/x'c = a siieeeh, a woi'd ; in Diit.
besprekoi; Ger. bespreclien. = iohes]ir:t'k.\
A. Transitive:
* 1. To speak to, to address. (Porlir.)
" The carnage Juno from the skies survey'd ;
And, touuh'd with grier. be-spoke the blne-ey'd maid."
Pope : Jlomer's Iliad, bk. v,, 874, 875.
2. To speak for or on behalf of, belorehand.
><pecialhi—
(«) To solicit anything, or to arrange be-
forehand for the purchase of an article befni'c
anyone else can engage it, to pre-engage.
" Here is the cap your woi-ship did bespeak."
fi}wkesp. : Tain, of Hhrew. iv. ;!.
(b) To apologise for beforeliand.
" My preface looks as if I were afraid of my reader,
by so tedious a bespeakinff of linn " — Dryden.
3. To forebode, to anticijiate the coming of
a tuture event.
" They started fears, bespoke dangers, and fonned
ominous proguosticks, in order to scare the allies."-
i^wift.
i. To betoken by means of words, sounds,
or even by soinetliing visible to tlie eye or
cognisable by the reason instead of .mdible to
the ear.
" What did that sudden sound bespeak/"
li,i)r;n : iiieffeof Coriiitli, l;»,
* B. Intransitive :
1. To speak. (Poetic.)
" And, in her modest manner, thus bejipake,
Bearkniglit ■ . ." I'ipeimer : /■', '/.
2. To consult, debate.
be-speak'-er, -s. [Eng. bespeak, and -'-/■.]
One wlio bespeaks.
" They mean not with love to the bi'upr'il'cr of tlir
work, Ijut delight in the wovk itself."- Wo/foir.
be-speak'-mg, pr. par. & s. [Bespeak.]
A. As present participh' : In sensrs I'nj-j'c-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As svhstantive : A speaking beforehand,
to make an engagement, obtain favour, or
remove cause of oHence.
be-speck'-le (le as el), v.t. [Eng. ]m'ti\ he,
and -speckle.] To speckle over, to scatter ov!--!-
with specks or spots (lit. an(\ fig.).
" And as a flaring tire bespeckl'd her with all the
gaudy alliu'ements . . ." — Milton: Ib'f. in. Jing.,
bk. i. ch. 9.
t be-spend', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and .s/.r^j/r/.i
To weigh out, to give out, to bestow.
t be-spent', pa, par. [Brspend.]
"... All his ci-.ift bcspei)^
About the bed."
Chiii'iiiiiii ■ Homer; Odysseij, bk, viii.
"'■ be-Spet', V. f. [Bespit.] Also pa. par. of ?)«jj)7.
be-spew' (ew as u), uf. [Fioiu En- prefix
he, and spew. In Sw. hespy ; Dan. h' '^pi/tli' ]
To soil or daub with spue. (Ogilor )
be-spi'5e, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and sj,in'.\ To
impregnate or season with spice or spices [
" Thou miqht'st bcspicr a cu]i
To give mine enemy a histing wink."
Shakesp. : fVinier's Tule, i. "2,
be-spirt', V.t. [Bespctkt.]
be-spit', be-spet, " by-speete, bi-
spitte, *' by-spit (pret. bespat, hr^in/, he-
spet), v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and spit; (,). Eng.
spet = a spittle.] To daub with spittle.
" Then was his visage, that ought to l>e desired to be
seen of all mankind, vjlainsly bespet."—Ckaiirrr:
Parson's Tale.
"Thei Eclmlen scoriie him, and hiisj^ccte him."—
Wydiffe (Mark x. ;U).
be-spit'-ting, yi>'. 7?or. [Bespit, c]
be-spd'ke,be-sp6k'-en,;ia. par. [Bespcvk,]
be-sp6t', v.t. [Prom Eng. prefix be, and .'^7)"^
In Dut. hespatten = to mock at, tu deride ]
To spot over, to mark with s]tots.
" A mightier river winds from realm to realm :
And, like a serpent, sliows his glittering back
Beapotted with innumei-able iaiea."
Wordsworth: iVeiir.toi'. bk. vii.
be-Spot'-ted, J)«. par. & a. [Bespot.]
be-Spot'-ting, pr. par. & a. [Bespot.]
be-spread' (pret. bespread ; jia. ]tar. bexpn't'd,
bespredd), v.t To spread (>-\-cr, or in ditlVivnt
directions ; to adorn.
"His nuptial bed
With curious needles wrought, and jjainted rtowera
bespread " Lryden : TheoeritiM ; Idyll, xviii.
be-spread'-ihg, pyr. par. [Bespread.]
* be-spren't« * be-spiHtncte, * be-sprin't^
' be - sprent', ^ be - spreynt, * be -
sprelnt, pa. par, [Besprinkj.,kd.j Be-
sprinkled ; sprinkled over.
" The savoury herb
Of knot^^rass dew besprent."
Mllt&n: Com,., oAi.
be-sprink'-le, * be-spiinck'-le (le as
el), ■y.t (iia. jiar. besprinkled, ^ besprent, dtc).
[From Eng. prefix be, and sprinkle. In Dan.
besproinge ; I)ut. hesp/renkelen ; Ger. bespren-
krln, besprengeti.] To sprinkleor scatter ovei',
to bedew (lit. (&Jig.).
" .She saw the dews of eve besprinkling
The pastures green beneath her eye. "
Byron: The Giaour.
" Herodotus, imitating the father poet, whose life
he had written, hath besprtnkl-ed his work with manj
f abulusi ties. "— BroiOiie.
be-sprink'-ler, s. [Eng. besprinkl(e)ir.] One
who besprinkles. (Sherwood.)
be~sprihk'-ling, pr. par. & a. [Be-
sprinkle.]
A. & B. As pr. pur. and partidp, adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C As stihstaiUive:
1, The act or operation of sprinkling water
or any other liquid over a person or tiling.
2. That which is used for the sprinkling.
' be-sprint, pa. par. [Besprent.]
be-spurt, be-spirt, v.t. [Eng. prefix h,\ and
^l)nrt, spirt.] To spirt or squiit over.
"... and to send home his haughtiness well 6*r-
spiirled witli his own holy-water." — MUton: Ani^niidr
licm. Defence.
be-spur'-ted, be-spir'-ted, pa. par. & a.
[Bespl'RT, Bespirt.]
be-spurt'-iAg, be-spirt'-mg.iw. j?ar. [Be
spurt, Bespirt.]
be-spiit'-ter, v.t. [From Eng. prefix he, and
.spidter. Ill Dan. hes2>ytte.] To sputter or ca.st
spittle over a person or thing. (Johnson.)
* besqulte, s. [Biscuit.]
" Aiinour thei had plente, and god besguite to mete."
— LangtofC: Chron., p. 171.
Bes'-sem-er, s. & as a. [See definition.]
As odj. : Named after its inventor, riir H,
Bessemer (lS13-ia98)-
Bessemer process.
^(etaU. : A metallurgic process which serves
as a substitute for paddling with certain de-
scriptions of cast iron, and for the manufac-
ture of iron or steely-iron for many purposes.
It consists in the forcing of atmospheric air
into melted cast iron. It was first announced
at the meeting of the British Assoc, in 1856.
best, *■ beste, a., s., & adv. [A.S. hetst, hetest
= the best. It stands in a close relation to
tlie conipar. betera, hetra, hetere, hetre = better
[Better], but has no real affinity to the posi-
tive god = good [Good]. In Icel. heztr, bezt :
^\v. hast; Dan. best, heste; Dut. best; Ger.
iwste ■ (> H. Ger. j'e:istu; Goth, betizo, ha-
(htu.]
A. As adjective : Excelling in the moral or
intellectual qualities which render a person
more distinguished, «n- the physical qualities
wliieli make a thing more valuable than all
others of its class. Thus, the best boy in a
school is the one whose conduct, diligence,
and attainments surpass those of all the other
pupils; the &C5( road is that most adapted to
one's purpose ; the best field, the most fertile
field or the field in other respects more valu-
able than others.
"... I'll speak it before the best lord."—Shakesp. :
Merry WLiie^, iii. ;j.
"... take of the best fruits in the land."— ft<-/(.
B. As suhstantii?e (throvgh omission of the
real substantive) : The persons who or tlie
thing which surpasses all others of them or
its class, ill the de.sirable quality or qualities
with respect to which (comparison is niaile.
Used—
(a) (Plur.) Ofj^ersons:
"... the best sometimes foi-get."
."•ihakesp. : 0th., li. a.
(h) (Sing.) Of things:
"The belt, alas, is far from ub." — Carlylc: Heroi'A
and Hero Worship, sect. v.
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, fatner ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, ce = e r ey — a. qu — kw.
best— bestowed
513
C As adverb :
1. Ill the highest degree beyond all others
"With 'Whom or whicli coiuparisou may be made.
"... he, I thiok. best loves you."
Sliakesp. : Two dent, of Ver., i. 2.
2. To the most advantage, with most profit
or success.
"... but she 13 best married that dies . . ."
ShakesiJ. ; Rom. J: Jul., iv. a.
3. With the most ease.
", , ■ how 'tia fte?; to hear it."
SliaJcesp. : AJt's Well. iii. 7.
4. Most intimately, most i)articularly, most
correctly, In the highest degree.
"... thou best kiiow'at what . . ."
Shakesp. : Temp., i. 2,
D. In sjjecial phrases: Best is often used in
special phrases, generally as a substantive.
1. At best or at tlis best : When the most
favourable view is taken, when all advantages
are properly esthnated.
2. Best to do or to be done is elliptical, mean-
ing the best thing to do or to be done.
3. One's best: The best which one can do ;
the utmost effort which one can put forth.
" The duke did his best to coiue dovm."— Bacon.
i. The best may stand for the best persons
or things. [B. (h).]
5. To hare tJie best of it : To have the advan-
tage over, to get the better of.
6. To make the best of anijthtng : To succeed
in deriving from it the maximum of advantai,'^
which it is capable of rendering, or, if no ad-
vantage be derivable from it, then to reduce
its disadvantages to a minimum.
" Let there lie freedom to carry their commotlities
where they may make the best of them, exi;ept there be
some special cause of cautiou." — Bacon.
7. To make the best of one's way .- To proceed
as quickly as possible on one's way.
" We set sail, and viade the best of our way, till we
were forced by contrary winds . . ."—Addison.
TI" Best occurs also in an infinite number of
compounds, such as best-beloved, too obvious
in their construction and meaning to reiiuire
insertion.
best aucht, best-aucht, s. The most
valuable article of a particular description
that any man possessed, commonly the best
horse or ox used in labour, claimed by a land-
lord on the death of his tenant. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.) [Copyhold, Heriot.]
best-beloved,
otliers.
Beloved above all
9 best-beloved Benjamin."
; T/te Hind and Panther, il.
"And in their crew hi
Ji7'f/den
best-man, best man, s.
1. A man who vanquishes another in anv
kind of battle. (Eng.)
"... he proved best man i'the 6.el±"— Shakesp. .'
Coriol., il. 2.
2, A bridesman or attendant upon the bride-
groom.
"Presently after the two bridegrooms entered, ac-
«omijanied each by his friend or best-man."— dt. John-
stoun, iii. 90.
best-work, s.
Mining : A miner's term used of the best or
richest class of ore.
best, v.t [Best, a.] To get the better of, to
cheat, to outwit. (Vulgar.)
* best, pa. par. [Baste.]
1. Struck, beaten. (Scotch.)
2. Fluttering, shaken (?). (Barbour.)
_ " Sum best, sum wouudyt, sum als slaj-ue."— ^nriaKr-
'IV. 94, JfS. (Jamieson.)
* best, ^ beste, a. [Beast.] (Chmirer : C. T.,
1,311.)
* be-stad', * be-stadd'e, pa. par. [Be-
stead. ]
* be-Stain', v. t. [Eng. pref. be, and slau\ .] To
stain, to mark with stains ; to spot. (Lit. d-fi-g.)
* be-Stain'ed, pa. par. & a. [Bestain.]
" We will not line his thin bestained cloke
With our pure honours."
Shakesp. : King John, iv. 2.
* be-stain'-ing, pr. par. [Be-^tain.]
be-stead', * be-sted', '^ be-stad', * be-
Stadde, * bi-Sted, v.t. [Eng. pref. he, and
stead. A.S. stede, stoide,styde — a.^\fxc&,si-Ai\oi\,
stead.] Essential meaning, to place or dispose,
so as to produce certain results. Specially—
1. So to place as to be to the profit or ad-
vantage of, or simply to profit ; to produce
advantage to.
" Hence, vain deluding joys.
The brood of Folly, without father bred I
How little you bested.
Or fill the tixed mind with all your toys ! "
Milton : 11 Peiueroso.
2. So to place as to entertain, to receive, or
accnmiiKHlate, or simply entertain ; to receive,
to accommodate.
" They shall pass through it hardly bestead and
liuiigry."— yjfct. viii, 21.
3. So to place as to beset, surround, en-
tangle, overwhelm, or overpower ; or simply
to beset, surround, entangle, overwhelm, or
u\'erpower.
"... ye have come at a time when he's sair fiesfeti."
Scott: iiuy Mannering. ch. xi.
" Thus ill bestedd, and fearefull more of shame
Then uf the certeiue perill he sttjud in."
Spenser: F. Q., I. i. 21.
be-stead', tbe-sted, be-stedd, be-
sted'ded, ^ be-stad, ""be-stadde, *bi-
Sted', 2'ri. pnr. [BesTEAD.]
"And there the ladie. ill of friends bestedded."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. i. 3.
^ be -Steal, * be -stele, *bi- stele, r.i.
[Steal.] To steal away.
" Ou of hem . . . ys bi/stole awaye. "
Sir Seiiimbras, ii.aTC, (.V E.D.)
bes'-ti-al, * bes'-ti-all, a. & s. [In Fr.,
Prov., Sp., & Port, bestial ; Ital. bestiale ; from
Lat. hestialis = like a beast, bestial ; from
bestia = a beast, an irrational creature as
opposed to man.]
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to the inferior animals, and
especially those which are the most savage
and repulsive.
" Part human, part bextial."—Tatler, Xu. 49.
2. In qualities resembling a beast ; brutal,
beneath tlie dignity of reason or humanity,
suitable for a beast.
" Moreover, urge his hateful hixury,
And bestial appetite in change of lust."
shakesp. : Richard III,, iii. a.
* B. As substantive : Bestiality.
" Bestial among reasonable^ ia forhoden in euery
lawe and euery sect, both in Christen and others."—
2'est. of Lone, bk. ii,
1[ All the cattle, horses, sheep, &c., on a.
farm, taken collectively.
" And besides all other kindes of bestiall, fruteful of
males, fur breeding of horse. "—fiescn of the King-
dome of Scotiande. [Jamies'in.)
t bes'-ti-al, s. [Fr. bastille. The form bestial
probably aiose from a miswriting of bestaille.]
[Bastille.] An engine for a siege.
" Ramsay gert bye; Strang bestials off tre
Be gild urychtis, the beat lit that cuntri^."
Wallace, vii, 976, ilS. (Jamieson.)
* bes-ti-Kl'-i-te, s. [From Old Fr. bestial.']
[BE.STEAL, s.] Cattle.
" There he ante his felicite on the manuring of the
corne laud, and in the kepmg of bestial tte."— Com-
plaint of Scot., p. 68. (Jamieson.)
bes'-ti-al-ism, s. [En^^. bestial ; -ism.} The
condition of a beast ; irrationality.
{. [From Fr. besiialite. In
Sp. bestialidad; Port, besti-
bes-tx-al'-i-ty,
Dan. bestialetet ;
alidade.]
1. The quality of being a beast or acting
like one.
"What can be a gieater alwurdity, than to affirm
h.-sftnli/'/ to lie the essence of humanity, and darkness
the centre of light? —Arbuthnot & Pope: Mart. Scrib.
2. Spec. : Unnatural connection with a beast.
"TliuB foraicationa, incest, rape, and even bestiality
were sanctified by the amours of Jupiter. Pan, Mare"
\ eiius, and AiioMo."— Goldsmith ; Bssai/ xiv.
bes-ti-al-i'ze, v.t [From bestial, and suffix
■ize.] To render bestial, to make a beast of •
to reduce, as far as it can be done, to the
level of a beast.
". . . humanity is debased and bestialized where it
13 otherwise."— /'Ai7. Letters on Physiog. (irsi), p. 87.
bes'-tl-al-llche, a.
taken collectively.
Beastly ; beast-like.
[Eng. bestial =
and A.S. lie = like.]
These hues be thorow names departed in three
nianer of kinds as bestiaUiche, maulyche, and reason
abliche, . . ."—Test, of Lone, bk. ii.
bes'-ti-al-ly, atZv. [Eng. bestial; -ly.] After
the manner of a beast, in a beastly way
brutally. (Johnson.) '
"^ bes'-ti-ate, v.t. [Lat. Sestia = a beast, ami
suffix -utr = to make.] To bestialize.
" Drunkenness bestiates the heart, , . "—Junius •
Sin Stigmatized (1639), i). 235. "
be-stick',
1. Lit. .
v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and stick.']
To stick over with.
2. Fig. : To scatter over with missiles which
iuhx themselves.
"... truth shall retire
Bestuck with slanderous darts, . . ."
Milton: P. L.. bk. xiL
be-stiir, v.t. [Eng. prefix 6e, and still.] To
make still or silent.
" Commerce bestiZl'd her mauy-nationed tongue."
Cunningham: Elegiac Ode,
be-stiU'ed, pa. par. [Bestill. ]
be-stil'-ling, jjr. par. [Bestill.]
bestyous, a. [L. Lat. bestius,"]
^ bestious, '
Monstrous.
" Then came fro the Yrishe see,
A bestyoiis fyshe."
Harding: Chron., ch. xxvi.
be-stir', * be-stirre', ^ be-stere', * be-
sturre, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and stir.]
I. 0/ things :
1. Lit. : To stir or agitate anything material.
" I watched it as it sank : methought
Some motion from the current caught
Bestirr'd it more." Byron : The Giaour.
2. Fig. : To stir anything not material.
"Kent. No marvel, you have so bestirred your %'aloiir,
j'oii cowardly rascal ! ' — Shakesji, : Lear, ii. 2.
II. 0/ persons (generally with a rcjlexive
pronoun): To bestir one's self, i.e., to stir
one's self up to activity with regard to any-
thing.
" Lord 1 how he gan for to bestirre him tho."
Spenser ■ The Fate of the Butterjlie.
" It was indeed necessary that he should bestir him'
seU."—Macaulay: Hist. Fng., ch. xvii.
be-stir'red, pa. par. [Bestir.]
be-stir '-ring, pr. par. [Bestir.]
t best'-ness, s. [Eng. best ; -ness.] The state
or quality of being the best.
"Generally the bestness of a thing (that we may so
call it) ia best discerned by the necessary use." — lip.
Morton: Episcopacy Asserted, § 4.
\t. &
[Eng. prefix he, and
To involve in storm ; to carry
^' be-storm'ed, pet. par.
' be-storm'-iflg, pi: par.
'• be-storm',
stonn. ]
A. Trans. :
by storm.
" . . . so, when all la calm ami aereiie within, he may
shelter himself there from tlie pei'seeutious of the
world : but when both are bestonned, he hath no -
refuge to fly to."— Dr. Scott.- (Coj-Aa, vol. ii. 255.
B. lutrans. : To storm ; to rage.
,,. , , " All is sea besides,
Sinlig under us, bestorms. ami then devours."
i'ouii^: ^'Ight Thoughts. im<:ltards(m.}
[Bestorm.]
[Bestorm.]
be-sto'w, * be-sto'we, ' be-sto'w-en,
* bl-sto'W-en, v.t. [A.S. prefix 6«, antl
stowm = to place, to put. In Sw. besta ; Dut.
oesteden.] [yTOw.]
1. To stow, to put in a place, to lay np-
"And when he came to the tower, he took them
from their hand, and leatowed them in the house."—
2 icings v. 24.
2. To use or apply in a particular place.
" The aea was not the Duke of Marlborough's element
otherwise the whole force of the war would infallibly
have been bestowed theiti."~Sivi/t.
3. To lay out upon ; to expend upon.
"And thou shalt bestow that raouey for whatsoever
thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for
wme, . . .••—Heut. xiv. 26. '^
i. To give.
(a) Gen. : To give as a charitable gift or
gratuit5', or as a present ; to confer, to impart.
''Honours were, as usual, liberally bestowed at this
festive season,-— J/ucauioi/ ; Hist. ling., ch. xi.
(p) Spec. : To give in marriage.
''I could hKve bestowed her upon a fine gentleman
who extremely admired her."— rWen s""""""'",
1 Formerly bestoiv was sometimes followed
by to prefixed to the object. Now on or umn
IS employed.
(a) With to.
" Sir Julius Coesar had in his ofHce the disposition of
the SIX clerks' places, which he had bestcniedtomeh
persons as he thought &t."-Ctarendon
(b) With on or upon. See ex. under 4 (b).
» bes-to'w-age (age = ig), s. [Eng.
stow;-age.2 Stowage. (Bp. Hall.)
bes-to'w-al.
U-
bSa, boy^; p^t, jo^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, fhin, benph; go, gem; thin, this;
[Eng. bestow ; -al.]
1. Bestowmeiit; theactofbestowin"
laying out upon or up in store.
./■',; ■ i,^iX *^® bestorml of money or time
Mdl: Polit. Econ., bk. i., ch. xi.f § 2. ' '
2. The state of being bestowed.
bes-td''wed, pa. par. k a. [Bestow.]
giiing,
-Clan. -tlan = sh.n. -tlon. -sion = sh.n; -tion. -,ion = ^n. -^^^^^'^L^:^.^^^:;^::^;^^
33 '~ ■~" ^ ■
514
bestower— betake
bes-to W-er, s. [Eng. bestow ; -e?-.] One who
bestuws.
■'. . . some as the J'tJfirou'eri of throues, , , .'—Sfil-
Ihinfl-ect.
bes-to 'w-iAg, jjr. par. &s. [Bestow.]
A. --Is preaeat participle : In senses eorre-
siiui)di]ig to those of the verb.
B. As substantii'e : Power or right to be-
stiiw ; bestowmeut.
" Fnir maid, send furth thine eye ; thia youthful iiarcel
Of noble bachelors stauil !it my beilowlng."
Sliakesp. : All's Well that Eruls Well, iii. ;i.
bes-to 'w-ment, s. [Eng. liestow ; -ment. ]
Tlie same as BEyTOWAL, which is the more
common word.
1. The act of bestowing ; the state of being
bestowed.
"If we consider this bestowmeitt of gifts in this
view, . . ." — CJiauncey.
2. That which is bestowed.
" They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to
God'b own bestowinents."—!. Titylor.
be-s trad '-die, v t. [Eng. prefix he, and
straddle.] To bestride. (Todd.)
t bes-traught' (gh silent), * bes-traf,
* be-Stract', a. [Eug. prefix be, and
''stniught, obsolete pa. pur. of sti-etch.] Dis-
tracted in mind; "distraught," from whicli
tlie signification of bcdniiujht is borrowed.
Acfoniiug to Dr. Murray this was also
assumed as the present of a verb, and the
partic. adj. be^tnuajhtnl, and vei'bal subs.
bestraaghtiny !orme>_l therefrom.
" Ask Mill laii, the fat alewife of VViijcot, if she know
roe nut. . . . What I 1 am nut bvstTaught." — liltii/ceep.
Tarn, of .ih>-i:w. Induct, ii.
be-Streak'f v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and htrea};.]
To streak.
" Two beauteous kids I keep, bntrenk'd with white."
lieatlte: Viryil, pt. li.
?l>e-stre-nr' (ew as u), t be-strow', * bi-
Strew-en, o.t. [Eng. prefix be, and strew.
A.S. be-<treowi".ii — to b'.-strew.]
1. To strew over ; to strew.
" That from the witherins branches cast,
Bestrew'tl the ground with every blast."
A'co(( : Jiokeby, ii. 9.
2. To lie scattered over.
" Where fern the floor bestrews."
Wordsworth: Qa'dt & Sorrow.
be-strew'ed (ewed as ud), be-strow ed,
t be-strow 'n, pa. par. & a. [Bestrow.]
be-stride, * be-stryd'e, " by stryde
{pret. bestrid, bestrode ; pa. par. bestridden,
t bestrode [poetic]), v.t. [Eng. jirefix tjr, and
.'•ti ale. A.H. bestridaii{L\je) ; Dut. besehryden.]
I. Of persons:
1. To iilace the legs acros.'^.
(1) Lit.: To place the legs across a person
or thing, remaining for a time stationary in
that attitude. Spzc, to jilace the legs across—
(a) a horse.
" The wealthy, tlie luxurious, by the stress
Of liusiuess roused, or pleasure, ere their time.
May roll in chariots, or provoke the hoofs
Of the fleet coursers they bestride."
Wordsworth ; Excursion, bk. ii.
(b) a fallen friend in battle, to defend him ;
"If you see me down iu the battle, and bestride me,
ao; 'tis a point of friendship."— SZiitfresju. ; 1 Hen. IV.,
V. 1.
(c) a fallen enemy in battle, to triumph over
him.
" Th' insulting victor with disdain bestrode
The pro3tra^ prince, and on his bosom trod,"
Pope: Momer's Iliad, bk. xvi. 619, 620.
(2) Fig. .* To exert dominant power over.
" Cleo. His legs bestrid the ocean."
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, v. 2.
2. To step momentarily over, as in walking.
" Thau when I fii-st my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold," SJiakesp. : Corio. iv. 5.
" Strives through the surge, bestrides the beach, and
high
Asceuus the path familiar to his eye."
Byron: Corsair, iii. 19.
II. Of things : To span. (Used of a bridge,
a rainbow, &c.)
" Meantime, refracted from yon eastern cloud.
Bestriding eartli, the grand ethereal bow
yhoots up immenbe, and ev'ry hue unfolds,"
Thomson : Spring, 202-1,
be-strid'-den, t be-stro'de, pa. par. [Be-
stride.] (Poetic.) Ridden, as a horse.
" The giant steed, to be beslrod^e by Death,
As told in the Apocalypse."
Byron : Manfred, ii. 2.
be-stri'd-ing, pr. par. [Bestride.]
t be-stro'w, v. t. [Bestrew.]
^ be-stro'wed, t be-strow'n, pa. par. [Be-
STROW.]
" But the bare ground with hoarie m-j^-si,- heslrowed
Must be their bed." S/jen.s'jr .- J^. <l , VI. iv. H.
" Nur spares to stoop her head, and tii-ate
The dewy turf with flowers bestroiun."
Wordsworth : White Doc of Rylstone, i,
be-stiick', v"-- P^r. [Bestick.]
be-Stud', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Und.] To
stud over; to ornament by placing in any-
thing shining studs or similar ornaments.
be-stiid'-ded, jir/. par. & a. [Bestud.]
"... and iia many rich coates embroidered and be-
studded with pun'^^-"— Hollaiui: Livius, p. 752.
{ Richardson.)
be-stud'-dingf pr. par. [Bestud.]
* be-stur'-ted, a. [Ger. bcsturzea =. . . to
startle.] Startled, alarmed, aifrighted. (Scotch.)
(Jamieson.)
be-sure (sure as shur), adv. [Eng. be, and
sure.'] Certainly. (Ntitfcdl.)
* bes'-tyl-nesse, s. [O. Eng. bestyl = beastly.
Mod. Eng. beastly, and sulT. -ue^u- = ness.]
The same as Beastliness (q.v.). (Prom'pt.
Purv.)
"^ b6s'-t^l-wy§e, «. or adv. [O. Eng. bestyl =
beastly, and sufi". -wyi^e = wise.] Beastly ; in
a beastly manner. (Prompt. Parr.)
be-swak', v.t. [Pref. be, and ^ swaTc (q.v.).]
To dash, to strike.
"And aft besmake with ao owre hie tyde.
i)u)tbur Evergreu", 18. {Jamivson.)
* be-sweat', ^ bi-sweat, v.t. [Prff. he, and
Eng. sweat, s.] To cover witli swejt.
"All his burne wes bi-stwet." — Layamon, 9,315.
^be~swike, ''be-sweik, *be-swyke, f.i.
[A.S. besn'ica)i = to deceive, weaken, escape,
offend ; Icel. svikia ; Sw. svika = to disap-
point.] To deceive, to lure to ruin.
Whereof the hhipx>es they beswikc,
That passen by the costes there."
Gower ; Conf. Am., bk. i.
* be-fy, a. [Busy.]
"^ be-S5rm, s. [Besom.] (Wydiffe.)
be§-y-nes, s. [Business.] (Scotch.)
bet, s. [Etymology doubtful. According to
Webster, Mahn, and others, from A.S. had =
a pledge, a stake ; lued = a pledge, earnest, or
promise. If so, then cognate with Sw. vad ;
Ger. wette = a bet. But AVedgwood and Skeat
both consider bet as simply a contraction for
abet, in the sense of backing, encouraging, or
supporting the side on whicli the pei'son lays
his wager.] [Bet, v.]
1. Lit. : A wager, a sura staked U]ion the
event of a horse-race or some other conthi-
gency. It is generally placed against the
wager of some otlier man whose views are
adverse to those of the first Whoever is
proved right in his vaticination regains his
own stake, and with it takes that of his op-
ponent.
" I heard of a gentlemen laying a bet with another,
that one of his men should rob him before his face."—
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xvl
2. Fig. : Rash confidence.
" The hoaiy fool, who many days
Hiis struggled with continued sorrow,
Renews hia hope, and blindly lays
The desp'rate bet upon to-monow." Prior.
bet (1), v.t. & i. [Fi-om het, s. (q.v.). Ac-
cording to Webster, Malm, &c., from A.S.
badUm =^ to pledge, or to seize as a pledge ;
Dut. weeden — to wager ; Ger. wetieii = to
bet ; Goth, vidan = to bind. But Wedgwood
and Skeat reject this etymology.]
A. Transitive : To wager ; to stake upon a
contingency.
"John of Gaunt loved him well, and brtte'l much
money upon his head. "—5h(tfccsp. : 2 Sen. IV., iii. 2.
B. I litratiHitlvc :
1. Lit. : To lay a wager ; to stake money
upon a contingency.
2. Fig. : To trust something highly valuable
to a contingency.
" He began to think, as he would himself have ex-
prebsed it, that he hiul belted too deei^ on the Revolu-
tion, and that it was time to hedge." — Macaulay
Bist. Eng., ch. xvii,
bet (2), •y.^ [Beit.] To abate; to mitigate.
(Scotch.) (Jaiiiiesoii.)
bet(3), v.(. [Beat.] (Scotch.)
1. To " beat," to strike.
2. To defeat.
"... did bet their enterprise. "—C^rau/wrd.' Hist.
Univ. Edin., y. 19. {Jamieson )
* bet, pa. par. & prct. [Beat.] (0. Eng. &
Scotch.) Beaten, beat.
"Quben thay waj' cumyn to Incheeuthill, thay fand
the brig but down." — Bellcnd.: Cron., iv. 19,
"He etaid for a better hour, till the bammei- had
wrought and bet the party more pliant."— fiaeon.
'^ bet, * bett, pa. par. [Beit.] (Scotch.)
1. Hcljied ; supplied.
2. Built ; erected.
"... within hir palice yet,
Of hir first husband, was ane tempill bet
Of marbill, . . ."
Doug. • Virgil, 116, 2. [Jivmieson.]
* bet, * bette, compar. of a. [A.S. het, bett =
better.] Better.
" For thef is no cloth sittith bet
On damyselle, than doth ruket."
The /tojnaunt of the Rose.
" The dapiier ditties, that I wont devise
To feede yuuthes f.ancie and the flocking fiy,
Deligliteii much ; what I the belt for-thyr"
Spemer: Shep. Cat., 10.
be'ta (1), s. [Beet.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Chenopodiaeea? (Clieuopod-s). A species
grows in Britain, the Beta vulgaris, or Com-
mon Beet, nndei' which tlie B. taarltinia is
])laeed as a variety. It lias a large, thick, and
fieshy root, succulent sub-ovate root-leaves,
and cauline ones oblong. There are numerous
spikes of flowers. It grows on muddy sea-
shores in England and the South of Scotland.
[Beet.]
be'-ta, be'-ta, p. [Lat. heia; from Gr. ^ijra
(beta), the second letter of the Greek alphabet,
corresponding to B in English, Latin, &c. ;
beth in Hebrew, ba in Arabic, and vida in
Co])tic, &c. Its sound in the words into
wliich it enter.s is that of our h.]
beta-orcin, s. [From tlie Gr. letter j3
(beta), and orcin.]
Chem. : C8Hg(OH)2. A diatomic phenol ob-
tained by the dry distillation of nsnic acid,
and of other acids whicli occur in lichens.
It crystallises iu colourless jirisms, melting at
109°, which are soluble in water and in alcohol.
Its amnioniacal solution turns red on. expo-
sure to the air.
beta-orsellic acid. [From the Greek
letter jS, and-orc/)!.] [Orchil.]
Cliem. : €341132015. An organic acid found
in Rnci.eUa tincioria, grown at the Cape.
It forms colourless crystals ; boiled with
baryta- water, it yields orsellinic acid,
C6H2(CH3)(OH)-2.CO.bH, and roccellinin,
CigHifiOV, which forms hair-like silvery crys-
tals.
+ be-tag', v.t. [Eng. prefix ]
tag or tack.
, and tag.'] To
t be-tag'ged, pa. par. [Betag.]
t be-ta'iled, a. [Eng. prefix he, and tailed.]
Furnished with a tail.
"Thus betailed and bepowdered, the man of taste
fancies he imijroves in beauty, . , ."—Goldsm-ifh :
Citizen of tlte World, Let. a.
be -ta-ine, s. [From Lat. beta = beet.] [Beet,
Beta.] ^CHy
Chem. : CgHnNOo, or H2C<^() ^^gs- It is
called also tnmethylglycocinc. Betaine oc-
curs as a natural alkaloid in beetroot ; it has
the constitution trimethyl-glycocine. It can
be obtained by the oxidation of choline hydro-
chloride. Choline occurs in the bile and
liraiu of animals ; also iu the white of eggs.
Betaine can be obtained as a hydrochloride syn-
thetically by heating trimethylamine, (CH3)3N,
with monochloracetic acid, CH2CI.CO.OH.
Betaine crystallises from aluohol in shining
deliquescent needles containing one molecule
of water. It is neutral, has a sweet taste, and
is decomposed by boiling alkalies, giving oft'
trimethylamine.
be-ta'ke, *bi-take', * by-take (pret. * be-
took, *betolce; pa. par. betaken, '^betaught), v.t.
& /.. [Eng. prefix be, and take. A.S. 6c-
taican = (1) to show, (2) to betake, impart,
deliver to, (:i) to send, to follow, to pursue.]
A. Transitive:
* 1. To take, to take to, to deliver, to en-
trust. [Betech. ]
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wQlf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
betaken— betide
515
To be upbrouglit in perieet Maydewhed.
Sijemer : F. Q., 111. vi 2S.
* 2. To give, to recommend. {Chaucer, £c.)
" Ich bitnke mill soiile God."
Robert of Oioucester, p. 475.
3. With the rejiexive pronoun :
(1) Lit. : To take one's self to a place ; to
repair to, to remove to, to go to.
"... ill betaki-ng himself with hiB books to a small
lodging in an attic."— -l/cicauZay ; Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
(2) Fig. : To have recoiuse Jo ; to adopt a
course of action ; to apply one's self to.
"... that the adverse pai-t . . . betaking itself to
such practices . . ."—Huoker: Eccl. Pol., bk. iv., ch.
adv., 5 6.
"... therefore Jeiafte thee
To nothing but deBpair."
Shakesp. : Wint. Tale, iii. 2.
B. IntransitU'e (hy suppression of the pro-
noxm) .• To go, resort.
" But here ly dowiie, and to thy rest betake."
Spenser: P. Q., I. ix. 44.
be-talc-en, pa. -par. [Betake.]
be-tall-ing, 3jr. par. &s. [Betake.]
A. As present part'idph : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. ^s suhsUnitive : The act of taking or of
repairing, or having recourse to.
t be-talk (i silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and
talk.] To talk.
" For their ao vallantflght, that every free man's song,
Can tell you of the same, quoth she, he-talh'd on
long." Drayton: Polyollxion, Song 26.
t be-tal'-low, v.t. To cover with tallow.
"I will slice out thy towels with thine own razor,
betallow thy tweezes, , ."—Ford: T7ie Fanoies,
Chaste and Noble, L 2.
* be-tane, pa. par. [Betake.] Pursued.
(Scotch.)
" Sekyrly now may ye se
Betane the starkest pundelayu,"
Barbour, iii. 159, MS. [Jamieson.)
* be-taucht (ch guttural), * be-tuk, i^c par.
[Betech.] Delivered, committed iu trust;
delivered up. (JamAeson). (Scotch.)
* bet-ayne, s. [Betony. ]
*bete (1), v.t. [Beat, v.'\ To beat. (Chaucer.)
* bete (2), v.t. & i. [Bate, v.]
bete (3), o.t. [Beet, v.^ (0. Eng., 0. <& Mod.
Scotch.) .
be-tear'ed, a. [Eng. 6e; /cared] Bedewed
with tears.
"'Alas, madam,' answered Philoclea, 'I know not
whether my tears become my eyes, but I am sure my
eyes thus betearcd become my fortune.'" — SUiney :
Arcadia, bk. ill.
* be-te9li', * be-te9h'e (pret. & pa. par. he.-
tavght), v.t. [A.S. beteecan = (1) to show, (2)
to betake, imjiart, deliver to, (3) to send, to
follow.] [Betake.J
1. To show ; to teach.
" So as the philosophre teeheth
To Alisaunder and him betecheth
The lore." Gower ; Cortf. Am.., bk. vli.
2. To deliver up, to consign. (Scotch.) The
same as Betake (q.v.).
" Thai wald, rycht with an angry face,
Betech thein to the blak DougliLs."
Barbour, xv. 538. MS. [Jamieson.)
* b6-ted', pa. par. [Betide.]
"be-teem', * be-tee-me', v.t. [Eng. prefix
he, and teem. A.S. tynian= to teem, to beget,
to propagate.]
1. To deliver, to give, to commit, to entrust.
" ' So would I,' eaid the euchaunter, ' glad and faine
Beteeme to you tbiB sword, you to defend,' "
Spenser: F. Q., II. viii 19.
2. To allow, to permit, to suffer.
"... ao loving to my mother
That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
Visit her face too roughly."
Shakes^. : Earn., l 2.
be'-tel, -t- be'-tle, s. [Prob. from a Port,
forni of the native name.]
1. The English name of the Piper hetle, a
shrubby plant with evergreen leaves belonging
to the typical genus of the order Piperacete
(Pepperworts). It is extensively cultivated
in the East Indies.
2. Its leaf, used as a wrapper to enclose a
few slices of the areca palm mit [Areca,
Betel Nut-tree] with a little shell lime.
The Southern Asiatics are perpetually chew-
ing it to sweeten the breath, to strengthen
the stomach, and, if hunger be present, to
deaden its cravings. It is called pan, or pan
sooparee. It is offered by natives of the East
to their European visitors, and is often all
that is laid before one accepting an invitation
to their houses.
" Opium, coffee, the root of be'el, tears of poppy, and
tobacco, condense the spirits." — Sir T. Ui:rberl :
Travels, p. 312.
betel-carrier, :?.
In the East : One who carries betel, to have
it ready when his master calls for it.
"... had given to him, Fadl.'uleeu, the very profit-
able poets of Betel-carrier and Tastei of Sherbet, . . ."
— JJoore: L. It. ; Tlie Fire Worshippers
betel nut-tree, s Au English name of
the Areca catechu, an exceedingly handsome
und graceful palm-tree, cultivated in India
"and' elsewhere. It is sometimes called also
the Medicinal Cabbage-tree. The nut is cut
in slices, wrapped in the aromatic leaves of
the betel-pepper, and chewed by the natives
of the East. [Betel.]
Bet'-el-geux, Bet'~el-geu§ie, Bet-el-
gue^e, s. [Corrupted Arabic]
Astron. : A bright star of the first magni-
tude situated near the right shoulder of Orion,
the one occupying a nearly corre.sponding
position of the left shoulder being Bellatrix
(q.v.). Betelgeux is called also a, and Bella-
trix y Orionis.
"^ be-ten,pa. par. & a. [Beatek.]
'' beth, * beetb, v.i. [A.B. 6eo(7t = are;
heoth = be ye.]
1. Be, be ye. (Chaucer.)
2. Is, are.
"Than he for sinne iu BOrwe leth."
Story of Oen. and Exud., 182.
3. Shall be.
" Till Ihesus beth on rude dead."
Story of (Jen. und Exod., 388.
be-thank', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and than'k.']
To thank. [For example see past participle.]
be-thanlt'-it, 7J«. par. [Bethank.] (Scotch.)
1. Gen. : Thanked.
2. Spec. ; A "grace after meat," uttered
by one constrained by his conscience or by
regard to public opinion to retm-ii thanks for
what he has received ; but who, having no
heart in the duty, hurries through it, simply
uttering the word " Bethankit," " Be be-
thanked," or " Be thanked," without indicating
to whom he considers the thanks to be due.
Beth'-el, s. [In Gr. Ba-iB-^K (Baiihel), Btj^jjA
(Bcthvl), B-(}eYi\-r}(Bethele); Heb. bw n'-^ (Beth eJ),
TVJ^ (Beth) - house of, and btk (El) = God, the
construct state of r''3(&ati/i) = l^'^i^ise. (See
def. 1.).]
1. Scrip, Geog. : A village or small Canaanite
town, originally called n'? (Luz) = Alraond-
tree ; but altered by Jacob to Bethel = the
House of God, in consequence of a divine
vision granted him in its vicinity (Gen. xxviii.
19). the name being given it anew at a subse-
quent period (Gen. xxxv. 15). It became
forthwith a sacred place. It was specially-
celebrated during the period of the old Jewish
monarchy, one of Jeroboam's calves being
placed there (1 Kings xii. 29). It is now called
Beitin.
"And the bouse of Joseph sent to descry Betli-el.
(Now the name of the city before was Luz)."— t/uri^. i.
23.
2. Ordinary Language :
(1) A church, a chapel, a place of worship,
"the House of God." In this country the
name has been almost entirely surrendered
to Dissenters, and "Little Bethel" is a term
often used by High Chui'chmen with a certain
contempt.
(2) A church or chapel for seamen. (Good-
rich and Porter consider this an American use
of the word, but it exists also in this country.)
* beth -er-el, * beth -ral, ;>. [Bedral (i),
Beadle.] (Scotch.)
be-thifik', * by thenk, ^ by thenche
(pret. bethought), v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix he,
and think. A.S. bethenain = to consider, be-
think, remember (pret. hethoht, bethohte); Sw.
betdnka; Ban. betcenke ; But. &,GeT.bedenken.]
A. Trans, (with a reflexive pronoun): To
summon the thoughts ; to consider any matter ;
to reflect.
" Yet of another plea betkougluhita soon."
Milton : P. H , bk. ni.
" At last he bethougJU himself that he liad slept in
the arbour that is on the side of the hi).l."— Banyan:
F. P., pt. 1.
B. hitrans. : To think, consider, reflect.
" What we possess we offer ; it is thine :
Bethink ere thou dismiss us ; ask again." _
Byron : Manfred, 1. 1.
be-think -ifLg» ^. par. [Bethink.]
Beth'-le-hem, s. [Ger., &c., Bethlehem; Gr.
Bv]0Xee^L (Bethlehem) ; Heb. crji^n? (Beth Le-
hem) = the house of Bread.]
1. S(yrip. Geog.: The well-known village in
Judsea (six miles south by west of Jerusalem)
celebrated as the birth-place of King David
and of the Divine Redeemer. It stiU exists,
with the Arabic name of Beit-lahm.
2. Ord. Lang.: [Named after the above.]
A London religious house converted into a
hospital for lunatics. It is generally cor-
rupted into Bedlam (q.v.).
Beth'-le-mite, Beth -le-hem-Tte, *. [In
Ger. (Ch. Hist.) BethWiemit, Bethlehemiterb-
binder.]
1. Scrip. Geog. <& Hist.: An inhabitant of
Bethlehem in Judaea.
"... Jease the Beth-lehemite."—l Sam. xvl. 1.
2. Ord. Lang. : An inmate of Bethlehem or
" Bedlam " Hospital for lunatics.
3. Ch, Hist. : An order of monks which
arose in the thirteenth centurj', and was in-
troduced into England in A.D. 1257. They
dressed like the Dominicans, except that they
wore on their breast a tive-i-ayed star iu
memory of the star which guided the Magi
from the East to the hoube in Bethlehem
where the infant Saviour lay.
'^ beth'-ler-is, s. pi. [Corrupted from hech-
?e/^-ts = bachelors.] [Bachelor.] (0. Scotch.)
(Hoalate.)
be-thought' (thought as that), pret. of v.
[Bethink.]
"... at length I bethought me, and sent him."
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 3.
Ibe-thrall', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, a.nd thrall.]
To enthrall, to enslave, to bring into subjec-
tion. Now enthrall has taken its place.
" For she it is that did my lord bathrall.
My dearest lord, and deepe in dongeon lay."
Spenser : F. (I , I. viii. 28.
t be-thralled', pa. par. & a. [Bethrall.]
** be-throw', v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and throw.)
To twist, to torture. (N.E.D.)
Uower. Conf. Am., bk. vi,
t be-thump', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and thump.]
To thump, to beat all uver (lit. or Jig.).
" I waa never so betJium/jt with wurd-i,
Since when I call'd my biotlier's father dad."
Shakviip : A Ing John, li. 2.
beth'-y-liis, s. [Prom Gr. ^rievKo^ (bethidos)
= the name of an unidentified fish.]
1. The name given by Fabricius and
Latreille to a genus of small hymenopterous
insfcts belonging to the family Proctotru-
pidee. There are several in Britain. They
have large depressed heads, and look like
ants, but are more akin to ichneumons.
"^2. A name for a genus of passerine birds, for
which the older name Cissopis should be used.
*be-tid', "^be-tyd, * be-ty ded, * be-
tidd'e. * bi-tid, * by-tyde, ^ beted.
* be-tydde, * by-tyde, * be-ticht, j^ret
& pa. par. [Betide.]
"... and let them tell thee tales
Of woeful ages, long ago betid."
Shakesp. : RicJtard II., v. l.
be-tide', * be-tyde'. * bitide (pret. ^ betid,
tbetided ; pa, par. ■ betid, &c.) (q.v.), v.t. & i.
[Eng. pref. be, and tide; A.S. tidah = to be-
tide, to happen.]
A, Transitive:
1. To befall, to happen to. (Used of favou^^
able or unfavoui'able occurrences.)
H (a) It is often followed by to.
"To yield me often tidings ; neither know I
What is betid to Cloten ; but remain . . ."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 3.
boJl. b^; po^t, j^T^rl; cat, 9ell, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
Bin, Of; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble. -tie, &c. - bei tel.
516
b etight— be troth
(h) More rarity by of. To hetlde of is = to
"become of.
" If he were deiitl, what would betide of Jiie?"
Shiikesp. : Rich. III., i. 3
2. To betoken, to nineii, to foreshadow, to
signify.
"Awaking, how cmild I but muse
At what such a <lvi;)iiu shoiiJd hetidP '"
Cowper : The J/orinii;/ Dream.
"B. Intransitive : To happen, to come to
pass.
"And all my aolaiie ia to know.
Whate'er he'idi-s, I've known the woi-at."
£j/roiL : Childe HaroU. i, ai {To Inez).
*l)e-tight, po. 'par. [Betid.]
tbe-ti'me, be-times, ^by-times, bi-
tyme, * by-tyme, odv. [Eng. preHx he,
and time, tmh'-- J
1. Early in the day.
" To hnsineis that we love we rise betlme.
And go to it with delisht."
^h-ikcfj).: A)it and Cleop.. IV 4
"Anil they rose up heti7nijs in the morning . . ." —
Gen. XXVI. ai.
2. In good time, in time ; before it is too
late.
" That we fire bound to cast the minds of youth
B<itnncs into tlie mould of heavenly truth."
Cowper : Ttrocinium.
3. Soon, speedily.
"There he some have Jin over-eai'ly ripeness in their
yeais whiuh fadeth betivies ; these are lir.st such a*
have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soou turned."—
Jiucon.
4. By and by ; in a little. {Scotch.)
0. At times ; occasionally. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
son.)
* bet'-iiig, s. [Bete, Beit.] Rcpax'ation.
be'-tle, s. [Betel.]
^ be-toghe, pa. par. [Perhaps from A.S. toll
= tough.] Strongly clad.
" Ae for thnt strok had he nou hoghe
For he was thanne to be-tof/he body and heued y-
same."
Sir Fcrumbras (ed. Herrtaye), 4.540-11,
* be-toke', 2j)'c(. of v. [Betake.] (Clutucer.)
be-toTji-en. * be-tokn, "^ be-to-kin, ' bi-
token-en, ^ bi-tocn-en, * bi-tacn-en,
v.t. [From Eng. prefix he, aiultolcen. In A S.
(letaoiia.n = to token, to show ; Sw. ^jc^cc/i-j'rt ;
i)an. hetcgne ; Dut. hcteekenen.']
1. To be a token of; to be a pledge of; to
signify ; to afford evidence of ; to show forth ;
to symbolise.
"A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow
(.'inisiiiLUOUs with three listed coloura gay,
/JctukfLitiir peace from God "
Jfit-on ■ P. L., XI 807.
2. To foreshow ; to omen ; to x^redict.
" Like a red mom. that ever yet betohun'd
Wreck to the seaiuau, tempest tu the field."
:^!<n/.fsp. : Vamis * Adoi/is, 4o:t.
"The kindling azure, and the mountain's brow.
Illum'd witli flmd gold, hia near approacli
Betoken glad." Thoinson : Summer, 8J.
be-to'-kened, pa.piar. [Betoken.]
be-tok'-en-ing, * be-tok-ninge, * bi-
tok-niiige» i»'- vo.^'-, "■■, & s- [Betoken.]
be'-ton, s. [Fr. hitijn = the concrete descrilied
below,]
Mo>oii nj : A eonr-rete, the invention of
]\[. CV.iignet, i-omposiid usually of saud, 5;
lime, 1 ; and hydraulic cement, 25.
be-ton -i-ca {Loi.), bet'-6n-y, ^ be-taine,
* be-tayne, * bet-on, ^ be-ton-ye,
* ba-tan-y, '^" by-ten {Eng.), s. [In A.s. hc-
toce, hetoiiicc ; Sw. hdoiiegrfh ; T)a.n. Imtonie ;
'Diii.'betoti.ic ; Ger. hctoiilkch, hetonie; Fr. hHoine;
Ital. hetonico ; Sp., Port., & Low Lat. hetoiiica.
According to Pliny i^'o.t. Hist., xxv. 4G) first
called )'dtomca, which he says was the name
of the plant in Gaul, from the fact that it was
discovered by tlie Vettunes, a people of biuun.
A. Of the Mod. Lat. form Betonica :
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Lamiacece (Labiates). The calyx is teu-
ribbed. -with five awned teeth, and the lower
lip of the corolla is tritid. Betonica o§icui.<dis,
or Wood Betnny, occurs in Britain. It is
called by Beutham and others Stnchys
hctoiiivd..
B. Of the forms Betony, Betaiae, Bctayiie,
and Butoij : The English name of the genus
Betonica (q.v.). and specially of the B. offici-
nalis, or Wood Betony. It is common in
England, but not so in Scotland. Wlieu fresh
it has an intoxicating cllcct ; the dried leaves
excite sneezing. The runts are bitter and
very nauseous, and the plant is used to dye
wool a hue dark yellow.
'^ Brook Betony: A plaut {Scrophiduria
aquafica, Linn.).
Paul's Bctomj: A plant (Veronico. officinalis,
Linn.).
Water Betony : The same as Brook Betony
(Scrophu laria a q nntt ca).
be-to 'ok, ' be -took e, pret. of v. [Betake.]
be-tb'rn, po. par. & o. [Eng. prefix he, and
tor]i.'\ Torn.
" Wliose heart bctom out of his panting breast
With thine own hand . . ."
Sackville -' Trag. of Gorboduc.
t be-tos5', V.t. [Eng, prefix 5e, and toss.'\ To
agitate; to put into violent motion. Totos.-j
{lit. ovjig.).
" What said my niau, when my be'osied soul
Did not attend iiim aa we rude V
Shakesp. : Jiomei) and Juliet, v. 3.
be-toss'ed, pa. jw^r. & a. [Betoss, v.t.]
be-tos'-sing, j'J". par. [Betoss, t\t.]
' betowre, ^ bitowre, ^ bittore, " bitture,
s. [Bittern.]
" Bustard, betowre, and shovelere."
Babeos Book {ed. Furnivall}, i\ 153.
'* be-traised, 2M. par. [Betrayed.] (Chaucer.)
be-trap', v.f-. [Eng. prefix he, and traj). In
A.S betraypan.] To entrap, to trip, to en-
snare.
" And othir mo. that coudiii full wel preche,
Betrapped were, for aught that they could reche."
Ocvieva : Letter of Cupide, vei. 252.
~ be-trashed, pa. ^w.r. [Betrayed.]
"And he thereof wa.s all abashed
Hia owiio shadow had him betrashed."
Rom. of the Rose.
be-tra'y, "* bi-trai-en, ' bi-trai-in, ^ be-
tray-yn, bi-traie (Eng.), * be-trey-
ess, * be-tra'se ('''. Scotch), v.t. &i. [From
Eiig. prefix he. and O, Eng. troAe =■ to betray.
In Fr. tra]i.ir ; O. Fr. tra'ir, trahir ; Pru\'.
trayr, tm'ir, trahir, tradar, trachar ; Port.
traJiir ; Ital. trudlir; Lat traclo = to deliver,
to betray; (ra)is=over, beyond; and du =
to give.]
A. Trajisitive:
I. To give up.
1, To deliver up a person or thing unfaith-
fully or treacherously. (Used of the surrender
of a person to his enemies, or an army, or a
military post to the foe.)
2. To injure by revealing a secret entrusted
to one in confidence ; or make known faults
which one was bound in honour to conceal.
(1) Lit : In the foregoing sense.
"Jones, who was perfectly willing to sen-e or to
betray any government for hire."— J/ocdu/ny.' lUst.
Eng . ch, xvi.
{•!) Fig. (of thTn<h): To reveal, to make
known. Sjic-., tu ix'veal or make known any-
tliing not intended to be communicated.
" And seemed iinpatieut and afraid
Tliatour t-uidy flisrht should hebetrayed
By the aound ourhoraes' hoof-beats made."
Longfellow : The Golden Legend, iv.
II. To act treacherously, even when there is
no giving up of any person or thing.
1. Cen.: To violate the trust reposed in one.
2. Spec. : To violate a promise made in
Courting a female, esjiecially to seduce Jier
undL'r promise of marriage, and then abandon
her to her fate.
" Far, far lieneath the shallow maid
He left believing and betray d."
Byron : The Giaoiir.
III. To mislead ; to lead incautiously into
more or less grave error, fault, sin, or crime.
"The bright genius ia ready to l>e so forward, as
often betrays itself ..into errours in j udgment. "— Waifg.
IV. Fig. {of things) : To disappoint expecta-
tion.
B. Intransitive (forvied hy the omission of
the objective) : To act treacherously ; to dis-
appoint expectation.
" Who tells whate'er you think, whate'er you .lay,
And if he lie not, mu.st at leiist bcirnii "
Pope : Prologue to Sattrci. 293.
be-tra'y-al, .. [Eng. h.tr.,y; -al.] The act
of betraying ; the state of being betrayed.
^prritdly—
1. The act of handing o\'er an individual,
a military post, or tlie supreme interests of
one's country to the enemy.
". . to add the betrayal of his country hereafter
to his multiplied crimes."— ./Ir/iofri.- Hist, of Rome.
vol. iii.. ch. xlv., p. 28^.
2. The act of violating a trnst
"But that is what no popular aaaembly could do
without a gross betrayal of ttuat."— Times, Nov. 16,
1S77.
3. The act of revealing anything which it
was one's interest or desire to conceal; or
simply the act of revealing what was before
hidden ; also the state of being so revealed.
"This, if it be sinii>le. true, hannouious. life-like
it seems impossible for after ages to counterfeit, with-
out mucli treacherous betrayal of a later hand." —
Jililman : Hist, of Jews, Urd ed . vol. i., p. 44.
be-tra'yed, *'• be-traied, "^ bi-trayde,
'pa. par. & a. [Betray, v.t.]
be-tra'y-er, s. [Eng. betray; -er.]
I. Lit. (of persons) : A person who betrays ;
a traitor.
1. Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"They are only a few betrayers of their country:
tliev are to ]mi-ohase coin, pei'hap.'j at half-price, and
vend it amony ud, to the rum of tlie i>ublick. "— ^i^;,
2. Spec. : One who seduces and abandons a
female wiio confided in his good faith.
II. Fig. (of persons or things): Any person
who or thing whidi, apparently acting for
one's benefit, is real*ly injuring one seriously.
" Youth at the A'ery best is biit a betrayer of human
life 111 a gentler and smoother manner than age."—
Pope : Letter to Uteele { 1712).
be-tra'y-iAg, * be-trai-ynge, 2)r. par. & a.
[Betray.]
"Till a betraying sickliness waa seen
To tinge his cheek."
Wordsworth: Excursion, hk. vi.
t be-tra'y-ment, * be-trai-ment, s. [Eng.
betray; -ment.] The act of betraying; the
state of being betrayed.
1[ Betrayal is the more common word.
"... confessing them to he innocent whose hctrai-
ment they had bought, "— 6'rfai! ■ Matt., ch. xxvii
* be-trende', v.t. [Trend,] To surround, to
encircle.
" Sorwe hym gau bctrende."—Sir Fcrmnbras (ed.
Hcrrtjige), 4,0UG.
* be-trifie, ' be-trufle, r.t. [0. Fr. tmfier
= to trifle.] To mock or deceive with trifles.
"Theos and othre^trufles thet he bitrujteth monie
men mlde."'— -dncrcn Hlwtc, p. lOG.
t be-trim', v.t. [Eng. pref. he, and trini.l To
render trim, to declv, to dress, to grace, to
adorn, to embellish, to beautify, to decorate.
"Thy banks with pioiied and twilled brims.
Which siKingy April at thy best betrinis "
ti/take'ip : 7'etnpest, iv. 1.
tbe-trim'med, pa. ii^r. & a. [Betrim.]
t be-trim'-mmg, ^jr. jjr/r. & o. [Betrim.]
be-troth', be-troth, ' betrouth, v.t. [Eng.
prefix ?jc, and 0. Eng. (ro(/t = truth.]
I. Lit. : To affiance, to form an engagement.
1. To promise to gi^e a woman in marriage
to a certain pereou.
" Fayre Una to the Redcro=;se Knight
Bctrouthed is with joj"."
Spenser: F. Q,., I, xit.
2. To promise to take a certain woman as
one's wife.
" And what man ia there that hath betrothed a wife,
and hath not taken her ! ' '—OetU. xx. 7.
3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order that
consecration may take place.
"If any iieraon he consecrated a bishop in that
church whereunto he was not before betrothed, he
shall not receive the habit of consecration, as not
being cauonically promoted." — Ayliffc.
£ate, fat, fare, amidst, Tvliat, fall, fatlier; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule. fiiU; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pdt»
Syrian, se, ce = e, ey = a. au = kw.
betrothal— betula
i;i7
n. Figuratively :
1. Divinely to select a people to st;ind in a
special relation to God with respect to worship
and privilege.
" Ami I will befroth thee unto- me for ever ; yea, I
will betroth thee uuto me iii riyhteuiisuess, ami in
juilgmeiit, iind in lovinjj'-kindiieHs, and in mercies. I
will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness . , ."—
Bos. ii. 19, 20.
2. To promise to a tiling rather than a person.
" By Saul's public promise she
Was sold thua and he'roth'd to victory."
Cowie/i : The Dav'ulcis, hk. iii.
be-troth'-al, s. [Eng. Utroth ; -al.] The act
of betrothiiig ; the state of being betrotjied ;
affiance.
"Undertheopenskyin the04lotou3airof theorchard,
BendiiiB with golden fruit, was spread the f (.■;i-~t or
betrothal." Loiififtillow : Eoangeline, iiX. n.
be-troth'ed, * be-trouthed, ixx. -par., a., &
s. [Betroth.]
A. & B. As pa. par. d pariiclplal adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. ^s si'.lst. : A person betrothed to one.
" My Ariphilia, this my dear betroth'd."
Olovcr : Athenaid, bk. u.
be-trotb'-ing, -pres. par. & a. [Betroth.]
"For this is your bcd-othhiff (\n,y."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. ;;c,
be-trotll'-ment, s [Eng. hetroth; -vient.]
The act of betrothing ; the state of being be-
trothed ; betrothal,
"Sometimes setting out the tjieechei that pass be-
tween them, making as it were theiehy the betroth-
tnent." — ExiJOsUion of the Canticles (1585), p. 5.
*be-trum'pe, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and Fr.
truiii/xr = to deceive.] To deceive.
"... till ane wanyngour sti-auugere
Me anrt my realme brt mm/if! on thes inauere ?"
/Joiuj.: riryfi, 120, 49. {licoteh.) {JamtesuiK)
tbe-trust', vJ. [Eng. prefix he and trust.]
To entrust, to give in trust. Used —
1. Of trusting anything to a person
" Betritst him with all the good which our capacity
■will allow MS.'— drew.
2. Of trusting anything to the memory.
" Whatsoever you would betritst to your memory,
let it he disiJiised in a proper method," — Watts.
t be-trust'-ed, ixt. ^xtr. & a. [Betrust.]
t be-trust'-ing, pr. par. [Betrust.]
t be-triist'-ment, 5. [Eng. hetmst; -mmt.]
The act of entrusting ; the thing eiitrusteil.
(Worcester.)
* bet'-sa, *bet'-s6, s. [lUl. bez:n } The
smallest coin current in Vi.iiice ; wojth about
a fartliing.
" And what must I give you? /ira. Atawnrd thirty
livres, I'll not bate you a bvtso."—Mariinoii : Anti-
qiiary, iii, l,
*bett', a. [Better.] (Spenser.)
bet'-ted, ?J«. par. & 'I. [Bet, v.]
*bet-ten, r.^ [A,S. beta}i = to make better.]
To amend.
■■ Detten niLsdede'9, and dene lif leden . , . "
*'(of(/ of Gen. and Exoil., S.COT.
bet'-ter, * bet-tyr, ' bet-ere, * bet-er,
*bet, ^bette, a., s., & ad-:. [A.S. het, hett
(adv. )= better ; hthra, heii a ii\.(i]. in.); hdcir,
betre (f.)= better. In Sw. buttre : Icel. betri,
bctr; Dan. bedre ; Dut. hdir ; O. b^el. and U.
Fiis. bet; 0. L. Ger. bet, hat; N. H. Ger.
besser; U. H. Ger. hrzzcr ; O. H. Ger. hezin',
peziro, haz ; Gotli. batim, from ba^s = gond.
Compare Sansc. hhadra = glad, happy. Betta-
is generally called the comparative of good, ;is
Bosworth terms the A.S. betera, hetra, the com-
liarative of god. This arrangement is only
conventional ; good, A.S. go^l, is from one root,
and better and best (A. 8. betst, betcst), from
another, of wliicli tlie real positive is O. Eng.
and A.S. het.} [Best, Good.]
A. As adj. : In signification the compara-
tive of good.
I. Of persons :
1. Having good qualities in larger measure
than those possessed by some person or per-
sons with whom a comparison is made or a
contrast is drawn. The shades of meaning
are infinite. The following are only some
leading ones.
(1) Superior in physical, mental, moral, or
spiritual qualities ; or in skill, knowledge, or
anything similar ; or in two of those qualities
combined.
" TroilUB is the better man of the two."
S'takesp. : Trail, and Cress. , i. 2.
"He is a better scholar than I."
Jbid.: Merry ]\"tvc8. iv. i.
(2) Having these good qualities- in actual
exercise ; discharging one's public or private
duties in an excellent manner.
" You Bay you are a better soldier . . . '
Shakesfj. : Jul. Cces., iv. 3.
2. Improved in health.
"I rejoice, I greatly rejoice to hear that you are
bettf.r." — young to Hidiardson (1756).
3, Improved in circumstances ; specially in
the phrase hiUi:r off.
II. Of things:
1. Concomitant to nrevmL-inghigh physical,
meuti\l, or other qualities.
" I have seen better faces in my time,
Thau stand on any shonldei-s th;i.t I see "
Shtikes/j. : Lfur, ii. 2.
2. Produced by more intellectual knowledge,
good taste, or anything similar.
" Aiid taught his Romans in much better metre "
Pope: E/jil. to Satires.
3. More advantageous ; more to be preferred ;
preferable.
i, More acceptable.
"Behold to obey is better than sncrilice."— 1 ,S'nni.
XV. 22.
5. More prosperous, as in the i)lirase, to
Imve seen, or to have knovjn beitcr dai/b.
" We have eeen 6e«e»- days , . ."
fihakesp. : Tiinon iv. 2.
"Far from those scenes; which knew tlieir better
days." TJioiason; 'Jlie Seasons ; Autumn.
6. Greater, larger.
". . . a candle, the ie((?r p-ii-t burnt out."
Shuke/ip : 'Z lien. 1 1'., i. 2
•[ Better cheap, better cheapc (Eng.), better
schape (Scotch), used a.s adv. nr t(((/. =: mure :
A better bargain, cheajier.
" Thou shalt have it back again bettrr rhvape
By a hundred markes than 1 had it ot tliee, '
J^eliijiies, li. 134.
B. As substantive :
I. Of2>ersons: Superiors; j'crsons nf higher
rank or ipialities than the one with wlioiu
comparison is made ; rarely in singular.
" If our betters play at that game . . ."
Sliakesjj. : Tbnon, i. 1
"The courtesy of nations allows you my bettei; m
that you are the tii-si-horn."—SfHikesp. : As i'ou Like
It, i. 1.
IL Of things:
1. Superiority, advantage. (U^^rd siti_'i.-iiilly
in the phrase to have or get tlic l^ttir of;
nnianing to have ur gain the advant;ige of, tv
have or gain the superiority ovlt.)
' ' The voyage of Drake and Hawkins wim unfortunate :
yet, in such tan-t aa doth not hit-.ik our I'tt'sunption, to
have had the batter of the Spaniards."— A'noovi.
"You think tit
Tu gL-t Ihv better of me." Suuthrrne.
2. Iiiipi'oveiJiriit, (Used specially in the
'jihrase fur the betttr = ^o as to jiroduce im-
provement.)
" If I have altered him any where for the belter, I
must at the same time acknowledge that I could ha\ e
done nothing witliout \nM\."—Dryden.
3. A larger number than ; as " i)etttr than a
dozen "= more tlian twelve. (Scuteh.) (Jatme-
son.)
■i. A liigher price than; as "paid better
than a shilling," i.e., more than a shilling.
(Scotch.) (Javileso)i.)
C. As cdcerh: In a superior manner ; to a
degree gi'eater than in tlie case of the person
with whom or the thing with which compari-
son is made or contrast is drawn. (The word
is used whatever the nature of the superiority.)
1. In a superior manner to ; in a more ex-
cellent way ; more advantageously, more
successfully, preferably. ■
"... 6(;((cr be with the dead . . ."
Shakesp, : Maebcth. iii 2.
"He that would know the idea of infinity, cannot
do better than by considering te what infinity is at-
tributed. "—Locke.
2. In a superior degree ; to a greater extent.
" Never was monarch better feared."
Shakesp. : Jlen V., ii. 2.
bet'-ter, v.t. &■ l [From Utltr, a., s., & adv.
(q.v.). InA.S. hetrian, (/c/.t'/'/fr(i = to be better,
to excel, to make lietter ; Sw. biittra; Icel.
hetra; Dan. hedre ; Dut. bdeten; (N. H.) Ger.
besserii; M. H. Ger. bezztrn ; 0. H. Ger,
heziron, pcziron.]
A. Transitive :
* 1. To excel, to exceed, to smijass-
" What you do
Still betters what is done."
Shakesp : yVint. Tale. iv. 3.
^ 2. To give superiority to, to give advan-
tage to ; to advance, to support.
"The king thought his houour would suffer, during
a treaty, to bcUer a party." — Bacon.
3. To ameliorate, to improve ; to reform.
(a) fien.: Of anything which has defects or
is in itself evil.
" In this small hope of bettering future ill."
Bijron: The Vision of J adgmeiit. 12.
(h) Spec. : Of one's financial or other re-
sources, one's situation in society, or anything
similar.
" Heir to all his lands and good.^.
Which I have bettcr'd, r.ither than decreas'd.'
bhukesp. . Taut, of Shrew, It. 1.
^ In tlie latter sense it is ofteu used re-
flexively.
"No ordinary misfoi-tunes of ordinary misgovern-
ment, would do so much to make a nation wi etched,
as the constant progress, uf physical knowledge and
the constant etfurt of every man to better himself will
do to make a nation yruaperous."— ,l/((ca«?«.(/.- Jiist.
£ng., cli. iii.
t (c) To make better in health ; to improve
the health.
"... and was iiuthmg bettered, but rather grew
worse . . ." — J/(t?"A; V. 2t'.
B. Intransitive: To become better.
bet'-tered. pa., picn: k a. [Better, v.t.]
bet'-ter-ing, * bet'-ter-yng, pr. po.r.
[BE-rrER.]
A. .^s present participle: In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As sidistantivc : Improvement.
"The Romans took pains to hew out a passage for
these lakt^s to dibchai^ge tliemsehct, for the bettering
of the air." — Addison.
t bettering-house, s. A house for the
ix-formation ot utfenders. (Amcrieo.n.) (Web-
stcr.)
bet'-ter-ment, s. [Eng. letter; -mcnt.]
1. (-'en. ■ Tlie iu-t or operation of making
better ; amendment.
"Xor oiu sickness li iblo t'> the despair of betterment
and melioration." — \V Montaj/ne . Ass., pt. li.
"2. Laiv : An impriivi'iin-nt npnn an estate,
winch increases its value. The principle of
bettiirifient is that, where jiroperty has been
raised in rateable value by municipal improve-
ments it should bear ^diiie purt of the expense
of such improvements, e.g. in the form of
increased rates.
t bet'-ter-most, a. [Eng. better; most.] Best.
tbct'-ter-ness, (En<j.), * bet-tir-ness (0.
■<>"trli), .■,-. [Eng. better; -ness.]
1. The quality of being superior to ; supe-
riority.
"That the thrid pnrte of the half of the landis of
Medop are bettir than the thrid parte of the landia of
JUanistonii. And becaunc the modificatioune of the
bettirnes of the said teicis . . ."—Act Bom. Cone.
A, H92, pp. 2^7-8.
2. Amelioration; emendation, (Scotch.)
bet'-ting, pi-, par., a., & s. [Bet.]
A. & B. -4s present pm-ticijilc & particlpiid
I'tljeitice: In senses curruf>puiidiug to those of
t]ie VI b.
C. As suhsiantive : The act of laying a
wager.
"Sharp laws were passed against iieHJji^," — Macaio-
lay : Hist. Eng., ch. ii.
betti3ig-book, s. A book in which a
betting-man enters his bets.
betting-house, s. A house where bet-
ting is habitually carried '.m,
betting-man, s. One who habitually
bets ; one who make^: his living by betting
against others less astute than himself
bet'-tor, s. [Eng. bet{t) ; sufhx -or.] One
who bets ; one who lays wagers.
"... but, notwithstanding he was a very fair 6<;«or,
nobody wuuld take him up." — Addison.
bst'-ty, s. [From Eng, Ldtg, a familiar name
for Elizabeth.]
1, A contemptuous nuuie for a man who
busies himself witli domestic attairs.
2. A "jemmy," a short i;rowbar. (Slang.)
" The atratageins, the arduoua exploits, and the
nocturnal ncaliide^ of needy lieroes, describing the
powerful belty, ur the artful picklock."— .-tj-fiia/uiot ■
hist, of John Uull.
bet'-u-la, s. [In Ital. betnlla ; from Lat.
betula, sometimes hetidla; from Celt, betu;
Gael. iieU/ie = the birch,]
boil, bo^; po^t, j6^1; cat, ^ell, chorus, chin, bench; ^o, gem; thin, this; sizi, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -$lon — zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious ~ shus. -ble, -die. &c. =r b?!, del.
518
betulacese— bevel
Bot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
the order Betulaceee (Birchworts). Tliere are
two British species, the Betula alhn, or Coin-
mon Birch [Birch] ; and the B. nana, or
Dwarf Birch. There are, besides, a number
of foreign species. [Birch. ]
bet'-u-la-5e-8e {Bartling, Lindky), bet-u-
li'-ne-SB (L. C. Richard), s. pi [Betula.]
Bot. : An order of plants ranked liy Liiidley
under his Araeiital alliance, and called by him
in English Birchworts. They have moui'ec-eous
flowers, with amentaceous inflorescence ;
calyx of small scales ; corolla, none. Tliere is
no cupulein the female. The ovary issiipLM-ini-
and two-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovult-
in each. The leaves are alternate, simple,
with the primary veins often running straight
from the midrib to the margin. The stipules
are deciduous. There are but two genera,
Betula (Birch) and Alnus (Alder), both con-
taining trees or shrubs belonging to temperate
climates. Known species, sixty-five.
bet'-U-Iine, s. [From Lat. betula (q.v ), and
suff. -ine.] A resinous substance obtained
from the bark of the Black Birch (Brtulu
nigra). It is called also Birch Camphor.
bet-u-lin'-e-se, s. pi [Betulaceye.]
be-tumb'-led (led as eld), a. [Eng. prefix
6e, and tumbled.] Tumbled about ; put in dis-
order.
" This said, from her betu.mhUd couch slie starteth,
To flucl some desperutts instrument of death."
tihahesp. : Rape of Lucrece. 1,037, 1,033.
*be-turn, * bi-torn, ^ bi-turn, v.t. & i.
[A.S. hetyrnan.} To turn back, return.
" Revertere ad me . . . biturn the and cum ayUn."
—Ancren Riwle, p. 394.
be-tu'-tor, v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and tutor.]
To tutor thoroughly ; to act the tutor to, to
instruct. (Coleridge. )
be-tu'-tored, jact. par. & a. [Betutor.]
be-tu'-tor-ing, pr. par. [Betutor.]
t be-twat'-tled (tied ~ teld), a. [Eng. pref.
&e, and twattle^^ to prate, 'to chatter.] Con-
founded, overpowered, stupefied.
^ Still used in the north of England.
(Todd.)
be-twe'en, * be-tweue, ^ by-twene,
*'by-twyne, * by twene, prep., ndi\, & s.
[From Eng. &e = by, and twain = two. l\x
A.S. heiiueonum, bctweonaii, hetioyncni = be-
tween, among ; from prefix he, and tur/jru =
two.]
A. As 23repQsition :
1. Of spacs : In the space intermediate be-
tween two persons, places, or things.
"... and the vail shall divide unto you between
the holy place and the most holy."—Exod. xxvi. aa.
2. D aring the interval between two dates or
portions of time, more or less intermediate
between two quantities, qualities, or degrees.
"... and the whole assemWy shall kill it [the
paschal lamb] between the two evenings."— £'xorf. xii
6. {Jfarr/in.)
3. More Jig. : In an indefinite number of
senses. SpecUdhj —
(1) Standing in a certain intermediate rela-
tion to two parties or beings.
"... one mediator between God and men , . ."—
1 Tim. ii. 5.
(2) Shared or mutually held by two beings
or persons.
"... Castor aad Pollux, with only one aoul between
them, . . ."—Locke.
(3) Mutually affecting parties or beings in a
certain relation to each other.
"... I will put enmity between thee and the ■wo-
man, and between, thy seed and her aeed . . ."—Oeu
iii. 15.
(4) From one to another.
" He should think himself ujihappy. if things should
go so between them, as he should not be able to ftcc[uit
himself of ingratitude towards them hoth."—lt(icon.
(5) As noting persons who or things which
differ.
". , . How long halt ye between two opinions? . . . '
— 1 Kings xviii. 21.
TT In strict accuracy hetvjeen is used only of
two. When there are more than two, 'the
proper term to use is among; but this distinc-
tion is not always observed.
B. As adoerb (produced by the omiffsion nf
the substantive after tlie pi'eposition between):
In the same senses as betweev-, prep, (q.v.)
"... in the Sabbath between" — Acts xiii. 42 (mur-
gin).
C* As sul'slantivc :
Needle Ml in uf, pi. (Befweens) : Needles inter-
mediate between sharps and blunts. (Knight.)
between-decks, twixt-decks, s.
Na.ut. : The space between any two decks of
a vessel.
* between-put, * bitwene-putte, v.t.
To iitseit iir ]ilace between.
" Y soughte of hem a man that shulde bHwene-puttc
an hegge, and stoude sette eueu ajjens me fro the
\oo\\A.~\Vycliffe (Ezech x.\:ii. 30).
be-twixt', ' be-twix, ^ be-twixe, "= be-
twix-en, ^ bi-twixe, ^ bi-tuex (Eng.),
" be-tweesb (0. Scotch), prep. & adv. [From
Eng. prefix he, and iv^ixt. In, A.S. betivyxt,
betwyx, hetumxt, bctu'ux, hetweox, hetuu'oJis, be-
tweoh, betwyh, hetwih, betu'ij = hetwixt ; from
prefix be, and twy = two.]
A. As prepositwii :
1. Lit. : In the si)ace intermediate between
two persons, phices, ov things.
". . by the gate betwixt the twn v-n\ls."—Jer.
xxxix. 4.
2. Intermediate between two times, quanti-
ties, qualities, or degrees.
3. More fg. : In relation of intercourse or
partnership with ; in distinction from ; from
one to ariotiier. With the same variations of
signification as Between (q.v.).
"... see, Grod is witness betioixt me and thee." —
Gen. xxxi. 50.
" Five years since there was some speech of marriage
Betwixt myself and her."
:^/takesp. . .V'-iis.for ileai.. v. 1.
B. As advcrh (jiroducrd h)/ tlic omission of
the substantive after tlie preposition betwixt):
In the sense between.
* be-ty'-den, v t. & i. [Betide ] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* be'-tylle, s. [Beetle.] A mallet. (Prompt.
Parv.)
* be-tyne. ' bi-tyne, ^ bitune, v.t. [A S.
betynf'u ; from tn\i = an enclosure, a tuwn
(q.v.).] To hedge in, tu enclose.
"The liOUtvA bitunde Inm wlthiunen the meldenes
wombe Itfarie.' — Ancren h'lwh-, p. 70.
'" be'-tynge, ju'. par., a., & s. [Beating.]
As sitbst. : An instrument for inflicting
stripes or other beating with.
" Betyngp (instrument P.): Instnimryitinn I'erbera-
Culu-m."—l*ro-ir>)tf Parv.
■■ be'-tys, s. [Beet ] Beet.
" fi(.'(Z/s lierbe : Beta '•rl b7eta.' —Promijf. Parv.
beuch (ch guttural), s. [Botoh.] (Scotch.)
beu-Chel (ch guttural), v.t. [From Dut bo-
cheh}i = to plod.] To walk with short steps,
or in a constrained or halting manner ; to
stumble. (Scotch.) (Jainieson.)
beu-Chel (ch guttural). &. [From Dut. hochel
= a hump back. Cmnp. also Dut. hnigcl ;
Sw. bygel — a ring, a stirrup, and Ger. biigel =
a haqi, a bow.] A little feeble crooked crea-
ture. (Sc-otcJi . ) (Jamie-io » . )
beu'-chit (c silent), jia. }"'''' [-^-S. bugan —
to bow, to bend, to stoop ] Bowed, crooked.
" Kest down thare bmcJii' ankeria ferme of grip."
Vo'ig ■ rirgir.liJ2,2^. (Jamieson.)
beu'-dan-tite, t beu'-dan-tine, s. [Named
after "f. S. Beudant. who fiublished a work on
mineralogv at Paris, the first e<iition in lS2-i.
the second in 1S;;2, Suffixes -(7'' and -ine ]
1. Min. (of ///'.■ /oriJtbeudantite.) A mineral,
having it.-, crystals mnditied acnte rhombohe-
drous. It.s hardness is :V'i to 4'0 ; its sp. gr.
i^A'3 ; its lustre viti'eous, sub-adamantine, or
resinous ; its colonr, various lines of green,
black, or brown. C<iiiip(isition : Phosphoric
acid, 1'46 to 13'22 ; arsenu- acid, from a tmce
to 13-60; sesquioxide of iron, o7'(35— 4P't)9 ;
oxide of lead, 23-4:j— 26 '.'2 ; oxide of copper, a
trace to 2-45; water. S-4H— 12-20. It occnrs
at the Glendone iron nu'm's near Cork; it is
fdund also on the Continent at Nassau. There
are two varieties of it, the one containing
phosphoric acid with little or no arsenic, and
the other arsenic acid with little phosphoric
acid. (Dana.)
2. (0/ the fornix beudantite a?i':?beudantine.)
BciKhintitp of.Coveili: A mineral, a variety of
Nepheline (q.v.). (Brit Mns. C"t £ Dana.)
beugh (gh guttural), s. [Lsl. bog : Ger. bvg =
a bend, a bow, a flexure.] A limb, a leg.
(Scotch.)
" aym lap ou horse-back lyke ^ rae.
And ran him till a heuch :
Says WiHiaiii, cum ryde down this brae ;
Thocht ye snld brek a bi-ngh
Scott: Evergreen, li. isa, st. ic [Jamieson.)
'*■' beu-gle, a. [A.S. bugan — to bow ; Ger.
biigel =a hoop, a bow,] Crooked,
beugle -backed, o. Crook - backed ;
shaped like the body of a beetle (Wo.tson:
Coll., ii. 54.) (Jamieson.)
beuk, s. [Book.] (Scotch )
" My grannie she bought me a beuk.
And I held aw a tu the achoi-il."
D,iriii: Jolly Deggan.
*beuke, 2ia. par. [A.S boc, pret. of baron =
to bake.] Baked
" For skant of vittale, the cornen in querni.'j of atane
Thay grand, and syne beuki- at the tyre ilk aue "
Ooiig. : Virgil, 18. Zl. {Jaimam.)
beurr^ (as bur'-re), s. [Fi . beurre = buttered,
like butter ; bpnrre = butter ] A name for a
very mellow kind of pear. (Used also ad]ec-
tively, as a bevrre jmir.)
beiis'-tite, s. (in Ger. beustlt. Named after
Freiherr von Beust.] A mineral, called also
Epidote (q.v.).
* be-vap'-id, pa. par. [See def.] An old
form of Bewhaped (q.v.)
" For thai buth negh bc-napid."
Sir FeTt'mbr(rs{ed. Herrtagel, 3.007.
* be-var, * be-vir, * be-vis, s. [Of doubt-
ful origin and meaning; perliap*^ connected
with L. Ger. hevern = to tremble, shake
(N.E.D.).^ One who is worn out witli age.
"The bevar hoir said to this lierly heme "
Eenrysonc : Bannatym: Poems, p. W3. (Jamieson.)
bev'-el, tbev'-n,5. & a. [Fr. biveam, hureav ;
O. Fr. beveau, beauvean ; Sp. bayvel, baivel.]
A. As sidjstantivc :
I. Lit. & Tech. (in Masonry, Joinery, ttc.) .-
1. An obtuse or an acute angle ; any angle
except one of 99°.
" The brethren of the mystic level,
May hing their hend in woefu' bet'cl '
Barns: Tarn Sainsan's EUgy.
2. An instrument for setting off any angle
or bevel from a straight line or surface, much
used by artificers of all descriptions for ad-
justing the abutting surfaces of work to the
same inclination. It is composed of two
jointed arms, one of which is brought up
square against the line or surface from which
the angle is to be set off, and the other then
adjusted to the desired bevel or inclination.
(Knight.) [Bevel-square.]
3. Stereotyping : A slug cast nearly type-
high, and with chamfered edges.
i. The obliquity of the edge of a saw-tooth
across the face of the blade.
II. Fig. : A violent push with the elbow ;
a stroke." (Scotch.)
" With that Truth took hira by the neck,
And guve him their, as siMiie suiujoue,
Three benels till he gard him lieck."
Pennecuik. {Jatnieson.)
B, As adjective : Having an angle not of 90°,
oblique ; pertaining to a bevel. [A.]
bevel -angle, s An oblique angle.
[Bevel, A. 1.]
bevel-edge, bevil-edge, a. (Chiefy
Scotch.)
Among Tnasojis: The edge of a sharp tool
sloping towards the point. (Jamieso7i.)
bevel-gearing, s.
Gear: Cogged wheels whose axes form ail
angle with each other, the faces of the cogs
being oblique with their shafts, the sum of
the angles of the teeth with their respective
shafts being equal to 90°.
bevel plumb-rule, a.
Engineering : A surveyor's instrument for
adjusting the slnjie of embankments.
bevel scroll-saw, -s. A machine for
sawing ship-timber to the proper curve and
bevel. The saw is mounted on a circular
frame, and reciprocated by means of a rod
and eccentric. By inclining the saw in its
frame any required bevel may be cut, the
curve being given by moving the carriage on
its circular track, so as to vary the presenta-
tion of the timber.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wglf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. <5v = a. au = kw.
bevel— be waile
.319
bevel-Sfluare, s. a square, the blade of
whidi is adjustable to any angle iu the stock,
And retained at auy "set" by a claiuping-
ficrew ; a bevel.
BEVEL SQUARES.
Tievel-tool, s.
Turning : A turner's tool for forming grooves
and tapers in wood. Right-hand or left-hawl
heads are used, according as the work tapers
to the right or left of the workman.
bevel-wheel, s.
Machinery :
1. Propprly : A wheel, the angle of whose
working-face is more or less, than 45".
2. More loosely: A cog-wheel, the working-
face of which is oblique with the axis. Its
use is usually in connection with another
bevel-wheel on a shaft at right angles to that
BEVEL -WHEELS.
of the former, but not always so. When the
wheels are of the same size and their shafts
have a rectangular relation, the working-faces
of the wheels are at an angle of 45° with the
respective shafts. When the shafts are ar-
ranged obliquely to each other, a certain ob-
liquity of the cogs of the wheels becomes
necessary. (K)tight.)
bev'-el, t bev'-il, v.t Sc i. [From hcvU, s
(q.V.).]
A, Tnnisitive :
1. Of ohjertu of human manufacture : To cut
to a bevel angle.
"These rabbets Jir
on the groundsel ;irc
may tlie freelier f^iU
?r.>u,ul
bewll.-d
ff. ■■ - 1/-'.
sNn:ire . bii
iluwuw.in
t the rabbets
•.. that rain
2. Of objects Ui nntinr :
a b«vel.
To caa.sc
to possess
B. l)itrans. . To defter
dicular.
"Their houses jire very ill
without one right angle iu any
t from tl
built, thei
apartment
e perpen-
r walls bcvil,
"Swiff.
bev'-elled, t bev'-eled, t bev-iUed, ya.
pur. '& 0. [Bevel, v.']
A. ^en. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
B. Technically:
1. Min. (of the form bevilled) : The term
used when the edges of a
crystal are replaced by two
planes, separated only by
an edge, (Philips.) Slight
bevelments do not, as a rule,
alter the form uf a crystal ;
larger ones change It com-
pletely.
2. Heraldry (of tJie form
bevelled.) Of ordinaries:
Having the outward lines
turned in a sloping direction.
bevelled-wheel, s. The same as Bevel-
wheel (q.V.).
bev'-el-lin^, t bev'-el-ihg, pr. jja?-., a., &s.
[Bevel, r.]
A. As present participle : Forming to a bevel
angle.
B. As a'lji'ctive: Slanting towards a bevel
angle ; not in a .straight line.
C. ^s substantive :
I. Technically :
1. Carp. : Thp sloping of an arris, removing
the square edge.
BEVELLED.
2. Shijnorightiiig :
(a) The opening and closing of angle-iron
frames in order to meet the plates which form
the skin of the ship, so that the faying
surfar'e of the side-aftn of the angle-iron may
exactly correspond to tlie shape of the plating.
The bevelling is performed by smiths while
the iron is lying hot upon the levelling-block.
(b) The angles which the sides and edges of
each piece of the frame make with eai;h other.
If A. standing bevelling is made on the out-
side ; an vnder heveViiig is one on the inner
bLirface of a frame of tiinher.
II. Ordinary Lan(j'i'<g,', Of objects in nature :
The same as BEVEL^rE^•T (q.v.).
". . . whenthereiaalonjwiththedentated margins
a (legree of bcvcUing of one, so that one boue rests on
another."— Tiydd & Bowman ■ Physiol. A't'ir , i. 13a.
bevelling-board, 'i
Shipbuil'ling : A flat piece of wood on whirh
the bevellings of the sm'cral pieces of a ship's
structure are marked.
bevelling-edge, s.
ShipbnUdinq : One edge of a shiji's frame
which i.s in r'uutuct with the skin, and which
iri worked from the moulding-edge or that
which is represented in the draft.
bevelling-machine, ^.
Bookbindivg : A machine in which the edge
of a board or book-c(»ver is bevelled The
table on which the material is laid is hinged
tn the bed-piece, and may be supported at any
desired angle by the pawl-brace and a rack,
so as tn present the material at auy inclination
to the knife. (Knight.)
bev'-el-ment» s. [Eug. bevel, and sutf. -nient.']
Min. A- Crystal log : The replaecment of the
edge of a ciystnl by two sintilar planes equally
inclined to' the including face^ ui adjacent
l)lanes.
' be'-ver (1), ' be-uer. s & a. [Bea\-er (i).]
A. As ^iihsfiiiitivc : A beaver.
" Besyde Lochuea— ar uiouy martrikiii, 'i^itfrs, quhi-
tredis, and toddia "— flef/rnd . Zlescr., ch ».
B. As iiilipvtii-p : Made of beaver.
" be'-ver (2). s. [Beaver (2).]
" Which yeelded, they their bcmrs up did ivare '
Si,enser. F. y,. IV vi 2.->
be'V-er, • be'-uer (3). S. [O Fi hevre,hen:re.
ba ivre-, boivrr ; Frov. bnirn , Itnl bei'rre ; from
Lat. blbo — to drink.]
1. A drinking time ; drinking.
"Ar. Wliat, at yuur fic/'T, gallants?
Afor. Wiirt please your hidyshiii to drink?" — B.
Jonson : C//nfhlii's lieoi'lu.
2. A ^.niall collation, lunch, or repa&t be-
tween meals.
"The French, as well men as women, besides dinner
iuid supper, use breakfasts aud bevcrs " — Muryson :
Itinerary
" bev'-er (1), ».'. [From bevcr (3), .-,. (q.v.).]
To take a Iiuieheon between meals.
" Your gallants never Mup, breakfast, or bcver with-
out me (api)etitel. —Oreiwr : Lingua, ii. i.
■ bev'-er (li), vJ. [L. Ger. bevem.] To shake,
tremble.
" Maui knightes ahoke and bevi-n-ii "
Jlorte d'Artliur, i. 15, {■Sfra''m'i)in.)
bsv'-er-age (age as ig), * bev-er-ege,
' beu-er-eche, " beu-er-iche, s. [In
O. Fr. bp.vraige, bovraigc ; Mod. Fr. breuvogr
— drink, beverage; Prov. benrage, hcuriigry:- ;
Ital beveraggio ; Low Lat. hcvcragunn.] [Be-
VEE (.'i), 5. & V. Bibber.]
L Ofliipiors them^elvi's :
1. Geii. : Anv liquid used for drinking,
" He knew no beveraf/e but the flowing stream."
Thomson ■ Ctis'le of Indolence, ii. 1.
2. Spec. : Water-cyder. {Mortimrr.)
* II. Oftrrnf-iofli'iuoror their eguivolnit in
nionni dfniainlpd in certain circHiai.t<inces, or
anything similar :
1. A treat formerly demanded by one'.s
fellow workmen ujion one's putting on a new
suit of clothes (.Injinson.)
2. A treat of old demanded from a prisoner
on first being incarcerated It was called
also a "garnish." (Johnson.)
3. A salute given by a man tn a woman on
the former putting on a new article of dress ;
as, "She gat the bevera^ge o' his braw new
coat." (Jamieso7i.)
bev'-er-en, bev'-er-and, /"■'. }""-■ '-•'■ p^''-
adj. [Bever, r.i. C^).] Trembling. (Scotch)
"He glissed up with his eighen, that grey wer aud
Wit^lii3'6eceren berde. on that burde bright,"
,Sfr Gaw. and iiir OaL. n. 1. {Jamieson.]
* be'-ver-hued, a. [Eny;.*hevcr(l), andhued.]
Coloured like a beaver; reddish-brown,
" Erode bryght watz his berile, and al lieaerhioed.' —
Sir Gawayne, £H5,
* be'-ver-yne, «. [Eng. hever (l;.] Reddish-
brown.
■• Alle barebevede for besye with bevt;ryne lokkes."—
Morte Artlmri:, a,6ao.
bev'-ie (IJ, s [Bevel.] A jog; a push.
(Scotch.)
bev'-ie (2,', *. [Bew.j
*bev'-ne, ^ bev'-il, •>. [Bevel.)
"Ii The iorin htvil i^ spec, in Herahlry.
f beV-illed, I'a. par. & a. [BhVELLED.]
«[ The form bevilled is spec, in Heraldfy.
bev'-il-ways, adv. lEng. bevU, aud suffix
-icuj/d — -wise.^
Her. : At a bevel. (Used ut tharges or any-
thing similar.)
* be'-vis, ^. [Bevar.] {Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
beV-6r, .V [Bea\ er (2).^
bev'-y, * beV-ie, s. [Etym. doubtful,] Aii-
pareiitlv from O. Ital. beva = a be\-y, as of
pheasant;. (Florio) ; Motl. Ital. beva = a drink-
ing : from bevere (in which case bevy would
be properlv a drinking party) = to drink.
Skinner, Johnson, Wedgwood, and Skent are
of opinion that this is the most probal)le
etvmoh)gv. But Mahn prefers toderi\e hruy
from Anil, bew = life, to live; fei' = living ;
in which case the la-i'per meaning would be
lively beings.]
1. A flock of birds, specially of quails.
2. A company, an assemblage of iieople.
Most frequently' applied to females.
"... the whole be"}/ of renegadea, Duver, Peter-
borough, Murray, Smiderland, and Mulyrave, . . ."—
Afacan-lay ■ Hist. Eng., ch. viii.
^ A I'ontenipiirjiry of Spenser's, who wrote
a glossary to the pueVs "Shejdierd's Calendar."
includes /»''''*/ in his li.st of opl words, but
since then it has completely revived. (Trviu-h:
English Past and Present, p 55.)
* be'-v^r, s. [Beaver (1).] (Prom2'>t. Parv)
"^ bew, ". [Fr. ^ji.'O!/ = beautiful, flne, good.]
Good, honourable.
\ Bew schyris, bew schirris ; Good sirs.
" S:i fans with me, bew schyrls, wil ye herk,
Ciu not persaif an f.ilt in al my werk."
Doug. : Vtrjil. 'JT'J, 31. (Jamieson.)
be-wall', ' be-waile, '' be-wayle» ^ by-
weyle, v.t. & i. [Elng. prefix be, and %oail/\
A. Transitive :
1. To cause to wail for ; or siniidy tu cause,
to compass (?).
" As when a ship that flyes fayre under sayle
An hidden rocke escaped hath unawares
That lay in waite her wrack for to beivaile. "
t^penser : F. Q., I. vi. L
2. To wail, to lament for ; to bemoan.
" No more her sorrows I bewail."
Byron : The Giaour.
^ It is sometimes used reflexively.
'", . the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth her-
self, . . ." — Jer. iv. ai.
B. Intrans. : To express grief, to make la-
mentation.
" My heart is. bewailing."
Longfellow : Afternoon in February.
^ Crabb thus distniguisln-s between the
I'erbs to bewail, to bemoan, and to lament:
"All these terms mark an expression of pain by
some external sign. Bewail is not so strong as
bemoan , but stronger than lament ; bcvoil and
bemoan are expressions of unrestrained grief
or anguish : a wretched mother bewails the
loss of her child ; a person in deep distre.ss
bemoans his hard fnte. Loinent''tiiin ma>' arise
from simple sorrow i>r even imaginary griev
ances : a sensualist latnents the disajipoint-
ment of some expected ^ratification." (CraM:
Eng. Synon.)
be-'wair-a-ble,i. ['Eng. hcvail ; -able .] Ihat
may be lamented. (Sherwood.)
^ be-waile', v.t. [Bewail.] (Si>enser.)
boil, bo^; po^t, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian , -tian = sh9,n. -tion, -sicn = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiizi. -cious, -tious, -slous = shus. -ble, -die, &o. = bel, del.
620
bewailed— bewrap
be-wail'ed, pa. par. & a. [Bewail. ]
be-wail'-er, s. [Eng. bewail; -en] One
who bewails.
"He wii3 ii great hcu-ailer of the late trmiblesonie
and calamitous timea" — Ward: Ltfn of Dr. Ben.
Moore flTlO), p. 186.
be-wail'-mg, * be-way-lyng, pr. par., a.,
& s. [Bewail.] The act of expressing grief
for ; bemoaning, lamentation.
"As if he hatl also heard the sorrowings and be-
■wailings of every surviving soul," — Raleigh: Hist, of
the World-
be-wail'-ing-ly, «f?i'. [Eng. bewailing; -ly.]
Mournfully, with lamentation. (IVebstttr.)
t Tje-wail'-ment, s. [Eng. bewail; -omnt.]
The act of bewailing. {Bladaoood.)
*be-wa'ke, *bi-wake, v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and luake.}
1. To awaken thoroughly ; to keep awake ;
to watch.
" I wote that night was well bewaked."
Qower: C'oiif. Ain., bk, v,
2. To " wake " a corpse.
"He was biwaked richeliche."
fieiujn Sages, 2,578,
be-wated, pa. 'par. & a. [Bewake. ]
be-wa'k-ihg, pr. par. [Bewake.]
be-wa're, * be ware, ' be war, v.i. & t.
[Eng. verb be, and ware = be wary; A.S.
wariaii — to be on one's guard, wcer = (1)
wary, cautious, provident, (2) prepared, ready.
Compare also A.S. bewarian, bewcerian, be-
toerian-=to defend; bewarnian ^ to beware,
to warn ; werian, wmrian ■=. to wear, to fox'tify,
to defend ; Sw. bevara; Dan. bevare =■ to x^re-
serve ; Dut. beivaren =■ to beware, to pre-
serve, to guard ; Ger. bewahrcn = to protect,
to save.] [Ware, Waby,]
A. Intransitive:
1. To be waiy regarding ; to be on one's
guard against ; to take care of.
^ Formerly it was used, though perhaps
only "by poets, in the pres. indie, and in the
pa. par.
" Looks after honours and bewares to act
"What straightway he must labour to retract."
li.Joiison: Transl. of Horace.
Now it is only found in the infinitive and
in the imperative. In both these eases be is
the part of the substantive verb I'equired by
the inflexion ; wliere been and not he is re-
quired, bexoarey which really consists of the
two words he and ware, is not employed,
(a) The infinitive. ,
" Every one ought to be very careful to beware what
he admita for a i>rinciple." — Locke.
(h) The imperative.
" Beware of all, but most beware of man. "
Popti ; Rape of the Lock, i. 114.
^ It may be followed by of, lest, or the
clause of a sentence introduced by -what. [II a
and &.]
B. Trans. : Formed from the intransitive
verb by omitting of. (Used only in poetry when
the necessities of the verse require it.) To be
on one's guard against.
" Beware the pine-tree's withei'ed branch,
Beware the awful avalanche ! "
Longfellow ; Excelsior.
le, and ^vaste.] To
* be-waste', v.t. [Eng
waste utterly.
"My oil-dried lamp and tivae-bewasted light." —
SJtakesp. : Rich. II., i. ■'-.
be-TFa've (1), * be-waue, v.t. & i. [A.S.
wajian = to toss, knock about.] To waver.
A. Transitive : To cause to waver.
B. Intransitive : To toss.
" G-yf ony schyp tharon mucht be ]>ersauit,
Quhilk late before the windis had bewauit."
Doug. : Virgil, 18, 41-
be-wa've (2), * be-waue, v.t. [A.S. 5c-
wcefan=:to befold, to cover round.] To cloak,
to shield, to hide. (Jamieson.)
* be- wed', v.t. [Eng. he, and tyed] To marry,
wed.
"Art thou or na to Pirrus ylt bewed?"
Douglas : Virgil, 78, ST.
bc-we'ep, * be~w^p'e, * by-weop, ^ be-
weep-en (pret. heioept, * bewepte, * hewopje),
v.t. & i. [Eng. prefix be, and weep.'\
A. Trans. : To weep over.
"Old fond eyes,
Beweep this cause again . .
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 4.
B. Intrans. : To weep.
"I do beweep to many simple gulls."
Shakeyj. : K. Rich. III., 1. 3.
be-weep'-ing, pr. par. [Beweep.]
be-wept', * be-wope» ^xt. par. & a. [Beweep.]
" Which bewept to the grave did go.
Hhakesp. : Buialei, iv. 5.
be-west', 'prep. A; adv. [Scotch be (prep.) =
by ; towaids.J Towartls the west.
be-wet', v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and we^] To
wet over, to moisten over, to bedew, to water.
■' His napkin, with his true tears all beWet,
Can do no service on her sorrowful cheeks."
Shakesp. : 2'itas Andronlcus, iii. 1.
bew'-et (ew as u), «. [Bewit.]
' be-w^eve, * bi-weve, '^ by-v.reve» v.t.
[A-.'S. bewnfaii = to befold, to cover, to clotlie ;
be/en = to beweave, to clothe.] To clothe.
" Hyre ryche clothes were of ydo, bote that heo was
bf/ we lied,
Hyre body wyth a mantel, a wympel aboute her
heued." Jiob. Gloucester, [: li3B.
*be-weved, * bi-w^eved, * by-weved, j-a.
par. [Beweve.]
'^ be-whape', v.t. [Another form of auype
(q.v.).] To bewilder, to confound. lOnly in
pa. par.)
".And thus bewhaped in my thought,
Whan all was touriied iiitn nought,
I stood amased fur awhile "
Gower: Co/if. Am., bk. viii.
t be- whore' (w silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be,
and irhore.] Generally in pa. par,
1. To render unchaste; to prostitute.
" Had you a daughter, [and] perhaps bewhor'd."
Beaiim. it- Flet. : Maid in the Mill.
2. Tu apply the epithet " whore " to.
" Smif. Alas, lago, my lord hath so bewhored her,
Throwji such despite and heavy terms upon her,
As true hearts cannot bear. "
Hhakesp. : Othello, iv. 2.
^ be-wield, * be-weld, v.t. [Eng. prefix
be, and Vjield.']
1. Litcralhj: To wield.
" I could sijeak of Gerard's staffe or lance, yet to be
seene in Gerard's Hall at London, m Ba&ing Lane,
which is so great and long that no man can bewcld it."
—Harrison: Description of Brlfaine, ch. 5.
2. Fig. : To rule over, to govern.
". . . was of lawful age to hewelde his lande when
his father dyed."— /"aiiaH : Chron., p. 124.
be-wil'-der, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and Prov.
Eng, wildern^A wilderness Qikeat.) In Sw.
Jorvilda ; Dan. forvilde = to bewilder; Dut.
ue/'(fiWereji = to grow wild, to bewilder; Ger.
verivildern = to render wild.] [AVilderness.]
To make one feel as if he were lost in a wilder-
ness. Used—
(1) Lit. : Of a person who has lost his way
and does not know in what direction to pro-
ceed .
" Drear is the state of the benighted wretch,
Who then, bewilder'd, wanders through the dark "
TJiamson : Seasons; Autuinn.
(2) Fig. : Of one who is perplexed, eon-
fomided, or stupefied.
(a) With some stupendous intellectual dis-
covery which tlie mind is too feeble com-
pletely to grasp.
". . . the magnitudes with which we have hereto
do bewilder us eijually ni the opposite directioiL" —
Tijndall : Frag, of Science, ;frd ed., vii. isi.
(b) With some misfortune with regard to
which one does not know the best course of
action to adopt.
"The evil tidings which teriified and bewiUlcred
James." — Jfacaulai/ : Bist. £ng., ch. xiv.
T[ It is sometimes used reflexively.
" It is good sometimes to lose and bewilder ourselves
in such studies."— Watts.
be-wil'-dered, pa. jxcr. & a. [Bewilder.]
Confused, ill-assorted.
" . . .a bewildered heap of stones and rubbish, . . .
— Carlyle : Heroes and Hero-worship, § iii.
be-wil'-dered-ness, s. [Eng. beiviUJercd ;
-ness.] The state of being bewildered, (Ben-
tham.)
be-wrir-der-ing, pr.par. & a. [Bewilder.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & part. adj. . In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
" And dim remembrances, that still draw birth
From the bewildering music of the earth."
Hcinniis: Blysiiim,.
C. As svhstaiitive : The act of leading into
perplexity ; the state of being in i>erplexity.
" Can this he the bird, to man so good.
That, after their bewildering,
I>id cover with leaves the little children,
So painfully in the wood ': "
Wordswortli : Redbreast and the Bwtterflij.
be-wil'-der-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. bewildering ;
-h/.] In a bewildering manner ; so as to con-
fuse, confound, or perplex. (Webster.)
be-wir-der-ment,.s. [Eng. bewilder; -■tnent.]
The state of being perplexed ; jierplexity.
"... the most highly-trained intellect, the most
refined and disciijlined imagination, retires in be-
wilderment from the contemitlation of the problem."—
Tyiulall: Frag, of Hcience/iiil ed., vii., 157.
be-win'-ter, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and winter.'\
To render wintry.
"Tears that bewinter all my y em. "—Cowley.
"' bew-is (1), s. pi. [Bough ] Boughs. {Se:)
"And crounys about wyth funei'al bewys grene."
Doug. : Virgil, 117, 47. Uamieson.)
* bew-is (2), s. pi. [0. Fr. ?)ea?c= beauty.]
Beauties. (Scotch.)
" Of ladyes bewtie to declair
r do lejois t.i tell :
Sueit. sueit jk thair bewis."
Maitta-nd: I'oeiiis, p. 187. (Jamieson.)
bew'-it, bew'-et (ew ns u), .s. [O. P. heue
= a collar.] Tlie leather to which a hawk's
bells are fastened.
be-witph', ^- by-witche, v.t. [Eng. prefix
be, and witch.']
1. To practise witchcraft against a person
or thing.
" Look how I am bemfch'd ; behold, mine arm
Is like a blasted sajiling wither'd up."
Shakesp. : Rlcli. HI., iii. 4.
7,. To practise deceit u]ion.
3. To please to such a degree as to deprive
of all power of resistance to tlie enchanter's
will ; to charm, to fascinate, to allure.
" And every tongue more moving than your own,
Bewitching like the wanton mennaid's songs,"
ShakeKp. : t'eiiins and Adonis,
be-witched', ■ be-witchd, *by-witQhd»
pa. 'par. & a. [Bewitch.]
'^ be-witch -ed-ness, .s. [Eng. beunt-cJml;
-ness.] The quality of being bewitched, de-
ceived, or fascinated. (Gauden.)
be-witch'-er, s. [Eng. bewitch; -er.] On&
who bewitches.
"... those betrntcJiers oi beautie, . . ," — Stafford:
Niobe dtssoleed into a Julius, p. 117,
* be-witgh'-er-y, s. [Eng. bewitch; -ery.]
The act of fasciiiating, fascination ; the state
of being fascinated.
"There is a certain bcwifchery or fascination in.
words, which makes them operate with a foixie beyond
what we can give an account oV —South.
' be- w^itQh -ful, ^ be-witcb'-full, a. [Eng.
bewitch ; fidl] Full ol witchery ; bewitching,
fascinating, alluring.
"There is, on the other side, ill more bewitcJifiil to
ejitice away " — Milton : Letters.
be-witcb'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Bewitch.]
A. As present 'participle: In senses coiTe-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As participicd adjective : Fitted to fasci-
nate, allure, or charm ; fascinating, alluring,
channing.
be-witgh'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. bewitching;
-I'll.] In a bewitching manner; charmingly,
fascinatingly.
t be-witob'-ing-ness, s. [Eng. bewitching;
-ness.] The quality of being bewitching.
(Bro'ivnc.)
t be-witch'-ment, s. [Eng. bewitch; -ment.}
Power of fascinating ; fascination.
". . .1 will counterfeit the bewifchment of some
popular man, . . ."Shakesp. : Coriot., ii, a.
be'-with, s. [Eng, verb to be, and jirep. i(ji(/i.}
A thing which is employed as a substitute for
another, although it should not answer the
end so well. (Scotch.)
" This bewith, when cmiyie is scanty.
Will keep them li-ae making din."
Ramsay: Works, \i.2i,^. (Jamieson.)
* be-w6n'-der, v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
'ioonder.] To fill with wonder. (Generally in
the imst participle.)
" The other seeing bis astonishment.
How he bcwondereX was," — Fairfax: Tasso.
'"' be-won'-der-ing, pr. par. [Bewonder.]
* be-w6'pe, pa. 'piar. [Beweep, Bewept.]
be-wrap' (w silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix be, and
torap.] To wrap up or round.
" His sword, that m.any a pagan stout had shent,
Bewrapt with flowers hung idly by his side."
Fairfax : Tasao.
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
Syrian, ae, oe = e ; ey = a, qu -- liw.
bewrapped— bezel
.521
be-wrS,p'ped, be-wrS,pt' (vj silent), pa.
yvr. Si, a. [Bewrap.]
lie-WT^p'-ping (w silent), pr. par. [Bewrap.]
t be-wray' (i), * be-wrey', ^ be-wrey',
' be-wrie, " be-wrye (lo silent), v.t.
[From A.S. prefix hp, and wrcgcui, vu-egeo.ii=i
(l)to accuse, (1^) to put oti', to drive; O.S.
■wrOgaii; Dut. wroeaeit ; Icel. rocgja; (N. H.)
Ger. rdgen; O. H. Gei\ ruogjan; Goth, vroh-
Jan. Thus hewray is not a eorruption of be-
tray, but a wholly independent word.]
1 1. To accuse.
"I do not s.ay yt thou shouklest beiora// thyKelf
publickly, neither that thou shouldest atcuae thyaelf
to others, . . ."—Barnes : Epitome of his Works. \>. mi.
2. To betray ; to discover perfidiously.
"... and whoso heivrcysy counsell of ye gilde, . ■ ."
— English ijilds(Ear. Eng. Text. Soc), p. 58.
3. To reveal, withoiit any perfidy implied.
"... thy speech bewrayeth thee." — Matt. xxvi. 7'i.
i. To signify, to mean, to imply.
"... Folke-inotes. the which were built by the
Saxons, as thewoorde bewraielh, . . ." — Sjyenser : State
of Ireland.
•[ BpAvray is obsolescent, "betray having taken
its place.
"^ be-wray' (2) {w silent), v.t. [Beray.]
t be-wray'ed {w silent), -pa. par. k a. [Be-
wray (1).]
tbe-wray'-er {w silent), s. [Eng. heinrnv ;
-cr.] One who betrays, discovers, or divulges.
" Wlien a friend is turned into an enemy, and a /;<--
wrayer of secrets, the woild is just enongh to iictuse
the perfldionsnesB of the friend."— ^rfdiswi.
i be-wray'-ing (w silent), 2:'r.par. [Bewray
t be-wray'-mg-ly (w silent), adv. [En;;. Im-
'irraymg ; -ly.] In a manner to betray. (ire&-
ster.)
be-wray '-ment (lo silent), s. [Eng. hewmy ,•
-vieiLt.] The act uf betraying ; betrayal. (Dr
Allen.) ^ ^
be-wreck', * bewreke (w silent), v.t. [Eng.
prefix be, and wreck.] To wreck.
be -wrecked, * be-wrelted, * be-
wreckt (w silent), pa. par. & a. [Bewreck.]
" Yet was I, or I parted thence, hewreckt."
Mir. for Magistrates, p. 120.
be-wreck'-ing (w silent), jjr. par. [Be-
wreck.]
^ be-wreke' (w silent), v.t. [Bewreck.]
^be-wrey', *be-wreye, * be-wrie (w
silent), v.t. [Bewray.] (Chaucer.)
*be-wrought (pron. be-rat'), pa. t'<-"'-
[Eng. prefix he, and wrought.] Worked idl
over.
" And their smocks all bewroi>q7u
With his thread which they bought "
Ben Jonson ■ MasQuct
* bew'-ter (ew = u), s. [Bittern.] The
bittern.
"Ther is great store of capercalegs, hiackwaks,
iinire-fowla, heth-hejis, swaiies. bewters, tiirtte-doves,
herons, dowes, steares or stirlings," &c.~Slr It. Gordon ■
Sutherl., p. 3. (Jamicaoii.)
* be-wry' (w silent), v.t. [Eng. prefix he, and
wry.] To pervert ; to distort. (Scotch.)
" Than wahl I knaw the cause and resoun quhy.
That oijy uiycht i>eruert or yit bewry
Thy conimanndenientia?"
J}oiig. : Virgil, 313, 41.
* bew'-te, s. [Beauty.]
* be-wjrm'-pled, a. [Eng. prefix he, and
Dut. wimpe^ = streamer, pendant] Veiled;
covered with a veil. [Wimple.]
" And sought ftboiit with his honde
That other bedde tyll that he fonde,
"Where laie betoi/mpJed a visage :
That was he glad in his courage."
Oower : Con. Am., bk. v.
* bey, a. [Beye.]
* bey, s. [Boy.] a boy ; specially one who
plays the buftoon. (Prmnpt. Parv^)
bey, 5. [Turkish hey — a governor ; the same
word as heg — a lord, a prince.] [Beg.]
Among the Turks:
1. A governor.
"... Government [of Tunis] exercised by an here-
ditary 6e.S/ , . ."—Keith Johnston : Qazett.
2. Any nottlenian or other person of rank,
though not a governor.
"be-yaf, tyret. ofv. [Beget.]
" Yif haluendel the child were thvn,
* * -t T " *
^"i8 hit not myn that ich bei/af ' '
Kjii-/of Tars. 7S6.
"beye, 1".^ [Buv.] To buy.
■' If Love hath caught hym in his lace.
You for to beye in every caas."
The Boinaunt "f the Roxc.
''beye, ^bey, a. [A.S. begen= bnth.] Both.
" Seve ycome uiit yrlond, wyt ^'et power bey
Of Scottes ,ind ot Picars, of Deueniarch, of Noi-wei."
Chron. of Rob. of (Jloucest., p. 107,
"^ beye, s. [Bee.]
"... and for the beypf: in the Assirians londe "
CnvcrdaJe : Bible; istr^/ (Isaiah), vii.
■"be-yen, a. [Beyn ]
be'-yete, pa. par. [Beget.] Begotten.
(Chaucer.)
be-yete, s. [From heyete, pa. par. (q.v.).] A
thing gotten ; possession, advantage.
" So that thei lost the bvyetc
Of worship and of worldes pees."
Gower : Con. Atn., Prol.
besr-lic, bey -lik, * beg-lic, . [Turkish ;
from bey, and llL = jurisaictioii. In Fr , &c.,
heylik.]
" Tuni*, a beylik, or regency of the Ottunian "Ein-
lih-e."—Jieith Johnston : t.'uzetfetr (eil. l!-t,4), p. l,.jyj.
besr-lic-al, 0. [Eijg. Uulir; -at.] Of or per-
taining tu a Ijeylic. {.\\P:.D.)
bey'-lic-al, 6. [Bevlic] a beylic (q.v.).
"^beyn, *be-yen, a. [Conipurc Yorkshire
and Woniersetshire dialprt 6a)(c = near, con-
venient.] Pliant, flexible. {Prompt. Parv.)
'■'beyne, ^'. [From A.S. ^ye^eji^ both.] Both.
"Ther wa^ no reste betwene hein tu, hot Jauie mi
yerne ba//ne."Sir Fcnnnbras, CCl (ed, Herrtage),
be-yond', *be-y6n'de, ^bi-gon'd, *bi-
gon'de, ' bi-yende, - bi-yen-dis(t"i7.),
be-yont (scotch), ] -rep. & mlr. [A rS. hrijroud,
begeoiidan Qu'ep. &adv.) = bL'^nnd, fnjiii jirefix
he, and geoiid, glond. gcondan (preii.) = a^
prep. : through, over, as I'ar as, aftei'. beyond ;
asadv. : yonder, thither, beyond.] [Yonder.]
A. As preposition, :
I, In place, at rest or i)i motimi :
1. Situated on the further side of, witiiout
its being stated whether it be in a pl.ice nenv
or more remote.
2. To the further side of, to a greater dis-
tance tli.an.
" He that sees a dark and shatly gruve,
Stays iiot, but looks beyond it ou the sky.'
Herbert.
til. hi time:
1. Farther back than.
2. Farther forward than.
III. More fig.: Above. Specially—
1. In a greater degree, or of a greatei
amount than.
"To his expenses bei/oiul his income, add del3auchery,
idleness, and quarrels amongst his servants."— iocic.
2. Further than.
3. Surpassing; above in excellence.
"His satires are incomparably beyond Juvenals." —
Drydeu.
Jr. Out of the reach of.
" Buyond the infinite and boundless reach
Of mercy, if thon did'st this deed ol death,
Art thpn dainii'd, Hubert."
miiakesp. : K. John, iv. 3.
5. Out of the sphere of.
" With equal mind, what hajjiieiis, let us bear ;
Nor joy, nor grieve, too niucli for tilings beyond our
care," Dryden: Palamou .t Arcite, iii., 88ti,
B. As adverb: At a greater distance than
something specified ; further.
" Lo I where beyond he lyeth languishing "
_ ^ . , Spejiser : E. Q . ni. i. ifi.
C. In special phrases.
(1) Back-o' -hcyant, adv. At a greatdistance.
(Scotch.)
(2) To go beyond. To overreach, to deceive,
to circumvent.
"... that no man ffo &e7/(i?uZ and defraud his brother
in any matter . . ."— l Thes),. iv. 0
bey'-ra-ghee, s. [Byraghee.]
t beyrd, a. [From bier, and sufiix -ed.] Laid
on a bier. (Scotch.)
BEZANT.
" Welcmn, as ever God will,
Quhill I be beyrd, welcmn be weird.
JIaidand; Poems, p 211. {Jamieaon.)
bey-rich'-i-a, s. [From M. Beyrich.} A
genus of minute fo.ssil crustaceans, bivalved,.
and found attached to other crustaceans as
parasites. (StormontJi.)
"bey-tinge, *bey-tynge, pr. par. & 5.
[Baiting.]
''bey-ton, v.t. [Bait, v.] To bait. (Prompts
Pan:)
be'-zan, .^. [Bengalee.]
Cloth Manuf. : A Bengalee white or striped
rotton cloth.
be-zant', * be-sa'nt, - be-saunt, ^ be-
saunte, ^by-zant (id. be-zants, be-
sauntis), s. [In Ger. Ixzant, byzantiiier;
Sp. bezant e ; Low Lat. hcsans, bixantius, he-
zaittus, hyzantius, byzanteus, byzantinvs. From-
Byzantium, the L;itm name of an old Greek
city (Bu^ai'Ttoi', lUizanlion), the site uf which
IS occupied by purt of modern Constantin-
njac.]
L Kiiviisnmtology :
1. Properly a gold coin struck at Constanti-
nople liy the By-
zantine emperors,
and which, between
the ninth and the
fouTteenth century,
was the chief gold
piece of money
known in Europe.
It varied in price,
but was generally
worth about 9s.
otlier bezants were
conied by thcMoors
of Spain, and others
still at Malines, in Flanders. Bezants, chiefly
from Constantinople, were circulated in Eng-
hind from the teiitli century to the time of
Edward III., when they were gradually super-
sedeil by the English noble. [Noble.] The
t.'niistantinople bezant was generally in the
torm of an umbo, or (}f a dish, having on it a.
representation of the Waviour.
2. A white bezant, made of silver, and not
of gold, worth, it is be]ie\'ed, about 2s. This,
is the bezant mentioned by Wyeliffe and Pur-
^■ey Tliat it was '•irenlated in England ap-
pe;irs from the extract from tlie " English
Odds" (about lyyti) given below, though the
woi'd was sometimes used in a more general
>.ense for any [similar ])iece of money. [Bv^
ZANT.]
"... and Y dredyuge wente, and hidde thi besauut
m the erthe . . ."—Wydijfe {Purve//] : Matt. xxv. 25.
"Or what womnian hauynu'e ten besauntis, and if
sche hath lost oo be&annt . . ." — Ibid. : Lake xv. 8.
"... in mercy of one hexami*. to the profit of the
Citee of eche ty me '—Engl ink Gilds (Ear. Eng. TexL
Soc), p. -Mil
II. Her. : A gold
roundlet i-epresent-
ing the coin describ-
ed under I., 1. It
was introduced into
English heraldry
probably by the cru-
saders, Avho had re-
ceived the coin w hi ch
it represented in i-ay
while on military
service in the East.
^ A Cross Bezant:
A cross composed of bezants.
bezants .joined to-
gether. (Gloss, of Heraldry.)
be-zan'-te, u. [Fr.]
Heraldry: Seme of bezants, studded with
bezants.
bez ant'~ler, s. [From Lat. bis = twice,.
and Eng. aailer.] The second antler of a
stag.
bez'-el, bez'-il, bas'-il, s. [In Fr. biseau ;
O. Fr. biscl — a. sloping edge (Skeat); Sp. biscl
= the edge of a looking glass or of a crystal
plate ; Low Lat. hisalns = a two-angled stone.
Skeat thinks the remote etymology may be
Lat. his = twice, and ala = a wing.]
Watchmaking £ Jewelry : A term applied by
watchmakers and .iewellers to the groove and
l^rojecting flange or lip by which the crystal
of a watch or the stone of a jewel is retained
in its setting ; an ouch.
bSn, 1)6^ ; pout, j<S^l; cat, feU, chorus, chin, hench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a?; expect, Xanophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -We, -pled, &c! = l)el, p^ld'
d'Z-2
bezoar— biasness
boz'-bar, be-zo -ar, s. [In Sw. hezoarsten ;
Dan. bezoarsteeii. ' Ger. bezoo.r ; Fr. b'izoard ;
Sp. bezar, hc-onr ; Ital. hczziiarro. From Pers.
pad^zahr = tl'.e bezoar stone ; jicnZ = expelling ;
zahr = poison.]
* Old Pkarvmcy :
I. Lit. . A name formerly given to
(1) A morbid secretion sometimes fonnd in
the intestines of tlie wild goat of Persia (Caprn
^gngrus), or any other Eastern ruminant. It
consisted of a portion of the undigested fooil
of the animal agglutinated into a ball. Its full
name w;is Lapis bezoar oritiitnJc = Oriental
Bezoar stone. Not often met with, and having
had attributed to it, without a ])article of evi-
dence, the power of acting as an antidote to
all poisons, as well as curing many diseases,
it sometimes fetched in the market ten times
its weight in gold. Need it be added th:it
it has disappeared from the modern pharma-
copceia of Europe and America, though faith in
it still lingers in the East.
(2) A similar concretion from the intes-
tines of the American lamas {Anchenia llavic
and A. vicugRo). This was known as the 7,apis
bezoar occidentale (Occidental or Western
bezoar stone). It had never quite the reputa-
tion of its Eastern compeer, but has shared
its fall in being at last contemptuously dis-
missed from the pharmacopoeia of all civilised
lands.
* II. Fig. : Any antidote to poison or medi-
cine of high reputation in the cure of disease,
wherever found or however manufactured.
The name was specially given to certain
metallic preparations prescribed for the cure
of disease.
bezoar-goat, s. a kind of gazelle which
produces the bezoar.
bez-o-ar'-dic, "^ bez-6-ar'-dick, a. & s.
[Fr. bhoardiqve, bezoartiqne ; Sp. bezoardico ;
Port, bezoartico.]
A. As adj. (0. Med.): Pertaining to bezoar,
compounded of bezoar.
"... bezoardictc vines^i " — Student, ii. 344.
B. As sid)st. (0, Med,): A medicine com-
pounded with bezoar.
"The bezoardicJis are neoeasarj- to promote awcit,
and drive forth the putrified particles."— ^Zo.v't.
bez-6~ar'-ti-cal, ra. [Bng. bezoar; tic; -ah]
1. The same as Bezoardic, adj. (<i.v.).
2. Fig. : Healing like the bezoar.
"The healing bezoarticctl virtue of grace."
ChUUngioorth : Worlis, ed. 1704, p. 378.
be-z6'-ni-an, s. [From Fr. besoin ; Ital.
bisogno = want ] A f)erson in want, a beggar,
a low fellow, a scoundrel.
" Pist. Under which king, Bezonlan f speak or die,"
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. I V Y. 3.
" Great men oft die by vile bezonian.t "
Ibid. : 2 Neii. VI., iv. 1,
* bez'-zle, * biz'-zle (zle = zel), v.t. k i.
[Mid. Eng. besil, from O. Fr. besiler = to lay
waste, to lavage.] [Embezzle.]
A. Transitive :
1. To i)lunder, to spoil ; to embezzle.
" I have laid up alittle for my younger sou, Michael,
and tiioa tlimkat to bezle that.' — Beuumont & Flet-
cher . Kniyht of the Burniiiff festte, t. 1.
2. To consume (as drink) ; to squander.
B. Iiitrans. : To drink hard, to tipple, to
stuiiefy the senses with liquor.
" A/a'li. Yes: I wonder how the insule of a t'lvern
looks now. Ob, when shall 1 bizzle, btzzte? '—/Jekkar.
" bez -zle» ^ bez'-ell (zle = zel), s. [From
bezzle, v. (q.v.).] A bezzler, a hard drinker,
a drunkard,
" 0 mee ! what odds there seemeth 'twixt their chere
And the sw olue bezell at an alehouse ti i e
That tonnes in gallons to hia bursteu [munch. "
Sp. Ball : Sat. bk. v.. Sat. 2.
^bez'-zled, ^bez-eled, *biz'-zled (zled
= zeld), pa. par. & c. [Bezzle.]
"Time will come,
When wonder of thy errour will strike dumb
Thy iezerrf sense." Marxton ■ Malcontent.
*bez'-zler, ■^ bez'-el-er, s. [0. Eng. bezzle;
-er.] One who drinks hard, a drunkard.
(Marston.)
*bez'-zling» "* bez'-el-ing, pr. par., c, & s.
[Bezzle.]
A. & B. As pr. po-r. and participial adj. :
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As s^ibst. : The act of drinking hard, or
tippling.
"That divine part is soak'd away iu sin,
In sensual lii&t. and midnight hfzelntg "
Marston: Svuurge of VMainy
" They that spend their youth in loitering, bezzlinff,
and harloting " — Milton : A nimadv. Rem. Def.
bha'g-a-vat gita, bhag-a-vad gita* s
[Sans. Bhagavad = a name of Krishna ; giAa =
song. ]
Sans. Liter.: A song relating a discourse
between Krishna and his pupil Arjuu in the
midst of a battle. Schlegel considers it the
most beautiful and ])erhaps tlie only truly
philosophical poem in the whole range of
known literature. Its teaching is pantheistic.
It consists of eighteen lectures. It has been
translated into many languages.
bhang, s. [Mahratta, &c. bhang ] An in-
to.Kicating or stupefying liquor or drug made
from the dried leaves of liemii (Cannahi-.
sativa). It is used with deleterioius eifects
in India. It is what is called in Turkey
IlaschiscJi .
bhel. bale, bil'-wa, s. [Mahratta, &r.] An
Indian name for the Bengal Quince {^E^jif
marmelos), a thorny tree with ternate leaves.
belonging to the order Aurantiacese (Citron-
worts). The astringent rind i.s used for dyeing
yellow. The pulp is taken by the Hindoo in
cases of chronic diarrhosa.
bhu-cam'-pac, s. [Maliratta, bhooi champa,
bhom champa, bhoomi rliawpofu , From biwomi,
bhtimi = the eartli, tlie ground ; and chainpa/;o,
the name of the plant defined below.] The
Heart- leaved Snapdragon, or Round-rooted
Galangale {Koimpferea rotunda), a plant of the
order Zingiberaceae (Gingerworts). It is a
fragrant herb, with flowers of variidis shades
of purple and white. It grows in Indian
gardens .
* bi, as an independent word, prep. [By.] OM
Eng. for by.
"That inyk wole aelle hir bi bir !yf."
Jtoinnnrt of the Rnse.
'^ bi netlie, prep. & o.dv. [Beneath.]
bi, OS a prefix.
I. Ordinary Lmiguagp:
(a) Of Anglo-Saxon origin : A prefix in many
old or. more precisely, Middle English words,
which afterwards came to be si)elled with he ;
as bicome for become, or bifore, bi/orn, bi/oreii,
for before.
(b) Of Latin origin: A prefix of which the
oldest form was did; as duidens for hiAhn'^.
This brings it into close union with Lat. dvo.
Gr. SuD, Su'w (c?Ko) = tvvo. and other cognatr
words. [Two ] Similarly the oldest form of
Lat. bis — twice, was diii^^ ; as, bellinn of old
was spelled duelluvi. Bi in composition signi-
fies two or twice. It ciirresponds to 6t (di) iu
Gr^ek, and dvi in S;uiscnt.
II. Chem.: A prefix before words beginning
with a consonant, tlie form before those com-
mencing with a vowel being bin.
(1) Bi or bin is sometimes used to denote
that two atoms of chlorine, sulphur, oi- oxygen,
&c., are united to. an element, as bichloride
of mercury, HgCl- ; ?i(sulphide of iron, FeS- ;
hinoxide of tm, ftuO^. Instead of bi, the
sufl?ix di is now generallv used ; as carbon di~
oxide, CO.j.
(2) Bi has also been used to denote an acid
salt ; that is. a salt in which only \mvt of the
liydrogen of the dibasic acid is replaced by a
metal; as, bicarbonate of sodium, NaHCO->
(properly called liydric-sndic carbonate) : bi'-
sulphate of pot;issium, KHS( )_, (hydric potas.sic
sulphate). These terms are now" only used iu
commerce and pharmacy.
III. Comm. d- Plinr. [Br, as a prefix. Chem.]
Bi.as initial letters, an abbreviate}), £ a symbol,
stand for the metallic element bi'^i^i utli
bi'-a, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
Commerce : A money cowry shell, CHi>rcpa
moneta, brought from the Pacific and Indian
Oceans.
* bi-af-ten, ^ bi-ef-ten, ^ba'f-ten, "^ bi-
se'f-ten, ^"bseS-ten, i>rvj, [a.S. be-o-ftan
= aftc^r.] Behind. [Abaft. |
" Bi-aften bak as he nam kep "
Story of Gen. * Exod (ed. Morris). 1,333.
* bi-agt', pret. of v. [Old Eng. pret. of owe
(q.v.).] Ought, should.
'"Quo-so his alt him hi-agf."
Start/ of Gen. & Exod.'{eA. Murnt), M4
* bi'-g>l-ar-c6il, s. [Belaccotle.J
bl-ang'-u-lar, 0. [From Lat. hi, in rompos.
= two, and angulari.^ = angular ; ongvlns^
an angle, a corner. 1 Having two au^.les ; two-
angled ; biangulate. (Ogilvie.)
bi-ang'-u-late, bi-ang'-u-la~ted, a.
[From Lat. an g nlatv s = nuQlud; angiilus — aa
angle.] Having two angles; two-angled ; bi-
angular. (Wehhter : Johnson.)
bi-aug'-U-loiis, a. [Prom Lat. anguloms —
full uf co'rners ; angular = an angle, a corner.]
Having two angles; two-angled; biaiigular ;
biangulate. {Martin, 1754.)
bi-ar-tic'-u-late, a. [Lat. (i) U (in compos.)
= two, and (2) artindatus = .ioiiited; from
a.rtic'dus =ii little joint, a joint.] Having
two joints; two-jointed.
bi'-as, "^ bi'-ass, by-ass, ' bi -ase, " bi-
az, * bi'-ais, s., a, \ adv. fFnnn Fr..
Prov., & O Catalan huns-{l) obliiiuity, (2)
bias = Mod. (.'atidaii biax, hioir ; Walloon
biaiz ; Sardinian biascin ; Ital. sbiescio ; Keapol.
sbiaso ; V\ed\n. sbias {Littre, &g.) ; Ann.bihois,
bihays.]
A. As svhffaiitive :
L Of things material :
^" 1. Obliquity,; deflection from a straight
line ; inclination to. [See examples suggest-
ing the meaning under B. and C.]
t 2. A weight on the side of a bowl which
tarns it from a .straight line.
" Bladam, we'll play at bowls —
— "Twill make me think the world is full of rubs,
And that my foituue rims .-tganist the bias."
S'taken}}. : Kich. II.. iii. 4.
" Bemc ignorant that there i.s a concealed bias
within the spheroid which will in .ill probability
swerve away . . ."—W Scoir. (Goodrich &- Porter.)
t 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken
out of the waist of a dress to diminish its cir-
cumference. (Goodrich d. Porter.)
II. Fig. Of things not material : The state
of mentally or morally inclining to one side;
inclination of the mind, heart, or will ; that
whi'^h causes such an inclination, leanmg, or
tendency.
'■. . . their influence will be regulated by . . . the
bias of the individual cbavauter to which they ara
zvidrefcsed."— J/'i7m.'t;i; Hist, of Jews. Ord ed., bk. L,
vol. i., II. 4:1.
If Crabb thus distinguishes between &ias,
prepossession, a.nd prejudice : ".Bms marks the
^tate of the mind ; j^'^posse^sion applies eitlier
to the general or particular state of tlie feel-
ings ; 'prejudice is employed only for opinions.
Children may receive an early bias that influ-
eiices their future character and destiny.
Prepossessions spring from casualties ; they do
not exist in ynung minds. Prejndi-c^s are tlie
fruits of a contracted education. A bi-as may
be overpowered, a prepossession overcmie. and
a prejudice corrected or removed. AAV may
be biassed for or against ; we are always jwe-
possessed in favour, and mostly prejudiced
against." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
* B. As adjective:
1. Slanting.
" We cannot allege her oblique and b^ass declina-
tioiL " — Holland : Plinie, p. H53.
2. Swelled like a "Bowl on the biassed side.
" , , till thy sphered bias cheek."
Shakes}?. : Trail. <t Cress , iv. 5.
C. As adverb : In an oblique direction ;
obliquely, slantingly.
"... by the oblifiuity of the zodiack circle thorow
which the sun piisses bia^e.'— Holland : Plutarch,
p. 953.
bias-drawing, s. A turn awry ; par-
tiality.
" In this extimt moment, faith and trotli.
Strain'd purely from all hollow biux-draicing.
Bids thee, witli luost divine inte.iinty.
From heart of very heart, great Hector, welcome ! "
Shakesp. : Trail. & Cress., iv. 5,
bi'-as, * bi'-ass, v.t [From bins, s. (q.v.).
In Fr. &taise/--to slniif, to cut aslant, to
decline, to eqnivociitc ] To incline in a par-
ticular direi-tiou. (U.sed figuratively of a
person, or of his mind, heart, or will ; of
his views, &c,)
" Oaths, used as playthings or convenient tools,
As Interest biassed knavea, or f.'\shion fools.'
Cowper : Exjio&tiiJation.
" So completely 6jft.«sp(? were the views of this illus-
tnouH man, by his exagger-ated notions respecting the
nature .and proi)ertiesof the h\oQA."~rodd& Bour.iian ■
Physiol. Anat., vol. i., Introd., p. 16.
^ bi'-as-ness, ?. [Eng bias ,■ -ncss ] Inclina-
tion to one side ; bias. (Shcrh-ooJ.)
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
biassed— bible
62;^
bi'-assed, 'bi'-ased, jw. par. & a,
" Or seeking with a biass'd miud."
Comper : Friendship.
bi'-ass-ing, bi'-as-ing, pr. -par. [Bias, r.]
bi-au-ric'-u-late, a. [Lat. prefix H = two,
and oMricuhi = the external ear; from auris
= the ear, ]
Biol. : Having two auricles. [Axtricle.]
bl-S,x'-i-al, t bi'-ax-al, a. [Lat. prefix bi ~
two, and f(j:;ii- = an axle, an axis.]
[Axis.] Having two axes.
" . . the coloured rings of uniaxal nud biaxal
CTystii.\a.'' — Proceeili.)gii of the Physical Society of
London, pt ii., p. '■'•■
'-- bib, * bibbe, ' bybbe, v.t. & i. [From Lat.
bibo =to drink.]
A. Trans. : To drink.
"This miller has 80 wisely bibbed ale."
C-hancer: C. T., 4,160.
B. Iiiiro.ns.: To tipple, to drink a small
amount of liquor at brief intervals, constitut-
ing in the aggregate a large consumption with-
out excess at any one time.
" To appease a fr^iward child, they gave him diuik
as often as he cried; so that he was eoUHtaiitlv bib-
bing, and drank more lii twenty-four hours than I
did."— iocAfl.
bib, s. [In Sp. hrihadnr, halmdera ; Port, haba-
douro; Ital. havaglio. From Lat. hibo=\,o
drink.]
1, A piece of linen put over the front of
the clothes of children to preserve them from
being wet or dirtied whilst they are eating or
drinking.
" Even misses, at whose age their mothers wore
The backstnug and the bib. assume the dress
Of womanhood." Cnwper : Task. bk. iv.
2. A fish, the Morrlma hma of Flem. It
is called also the Pout and Wliiting Pout. It
belongs to the family Gadidte. It is found m
Britain.
bib-cravat, s, A cra^-at resembling a
child's bib.
" But only foitls, and they of r.ist estate.
The extveniity uf modes will imitate,
Tlie rtaiigliiiu kiifo-fringe and the bib-cravat."
Dr!i<l:'ii : Prol. on Opening the New House.
bib-cock, V A cock or faucet having a
bent down nozzU; ; a bib.
bib-valve, f^-. A valve in a bib-cock.
bi-ba'-ciOUS, a. [From Lat. hlbox, genit.
bihacis = given to drinking ; from biho = to
drink.] [Bib.] Addicted to drinking. {John-
SO)l.)
* bi-ba9'-i-ty, s. [From Lat. bibax, genit.
bibach.] [Bib.acious,] The quality of drinking
much. (Johnson.)
bi-ba'-sic, n. (in Fr. hibaslque: from Lat.
prefix bi, = two, and fjosic = pertaining to a
chemical base.] [Base, Chem.]
Chem. : An acid is said to be bibasic when
it contains two atoms of hydrogen which can
be replaced by other metals ; as H2SO4, sul-
phuric acid, tiie H can be replaced atom for
atom by a monad metal, as KHSO4 (hydric
potassium) and K2SO4 (dipotassium sulphate),
or by a dyad metal, as Ba"S04 (barium sul-
phate). Organic acids are said to be bibasic
when they contain the monad radical carboxyl
(CO. OH)'" twite, as (C0.0H)'2 (oxalic acid), or
C.>H4(C0.0H)'o (succinic acid). An acid can bi'
trlatomic and dibasic, as C2H3(OHXCO.OH):2
(malic acid), or tetratomic and dibasic, as
C2H:.(OH)a(CO.OH)2 (tartaric acid).
bi-ba'-tion, ^^ [Bib, u.] A drink, draught.
" He of the frequent I
Present, p. 127 (ed. 1858).
biblied, r-a. pnr. [Bib, c]
* bib'-bel-er, o. [Bibler.]
bib'-ber, s. [From Eng. bib. In Fr, biberon
(m.), biberonne (f); Sp. bebeflor ; Port, be-
hm-rao ; Ital. bevitorc : Lat. bibitor.] One
who drinks a little at a time but frequently ;
a tippler. Used —
(ri) As an indejycndent word .
"And other abhorreth his brother because be is a
gTea.t bibber. "—U'llal: Matt., cb. vii.
Or (b) in roi)ij>nsit!»n, as mne-hi]>b>:r (ci.y.).
"Behold a mau gluttonous and a wine-bibber." —
Matt. XL 10.
bib'-bing, pr. par. & a. [Bib, r.]
"He playeth with bibbing mother Meroe. as though
80 named because she would driuk mere w iue without
•v,-.\tnT."—Ca>nden.
He of the frequent bibations."—Carlyte : Past and
bib'-ble-bab-ble, 5 [A redaplication with
a variation to avoid identity of .sound. In Fr.
babil, babillage.] [Babble.] Idle talk.
"JIalvolio. Malvolio, thy wits the heavens restore !
endeavour thyself to sleep, and leave thy vain bibble-
babble."—S)iakesp. : Twelfth Night, iv. 4.
bib'-ble-press, s. [Etymology of Uhble
doubtful, and Eng. press.] A press for rolling
rocket- cases.
* bib'-bler, s. [Bibler.]
bibbs, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
Naui. : Brackets made of elm plank, and
bolted to the hounds of the masts, for the
purpose of supporting the trestle-trees. {Fal-
coner. )
^" bi-ber-yen, '■ t. [A.S. bebeorgan = to defend,
to take care of.] To ward off. {Layavwn.)
bib'-i-6, s. [Lat. bihio = a small insect said
to be generated in wine.
Entom. : A genus of dipterous insects lie-
longing to the family Tipulidse. Many species
occur in Britain.
t bib'-i-tor-y, a. [From Lat. bibitor = a
drinker, a toper; bibo = to drink.] [Bib, v.]
Pertaining to drinking or tippling. (Ogilvie.)
bi'-ble, * by-ble (Eng.), * by-bill (0. Scotch),
s. & o. [Sw. hibelii; Dan. & Ger. bibel ;
Dut. bijbel; Gael. biobuU ; Russ. biblij-ts; Fr.
bible; Prov. blbla; Sp. & Fo\-t. bibJicc; Ital.
bibhia; Eccl. Lat. blblia; Eccl. Gr. ^i^Kia
(biblia), plur. of ^t^XCou (biblion), and ^v^kCov
(bublion) = (1) a paper, a letter ; (2) a book.
It is a dimin. of Class. Gr. ^ipAos (biblos) = (1)
the inner bark of the paiiyrus ; (2) tlie paper
made of this bark first in Egypt ; a paper, ;i
book, (SiijSAos (btihlos) = the Egyptian papyrus
(Cypervs papyrus, sometimes called Papyrvs
aiitiquomm) ; (3) its coats or fibi>.'S. Thus " a
bible " was originally any book made of paper
derived from the papyrus or paper-reed.]
A. ^s substantive :
* 1. Gen.: Any book.
" To tellen al, wold [jassen euy bible
That o wher is . . ."
Cliaucer: C. T., 12,r85.
" Alle these arraes that ther weren.
That they tlius ou her cotes beren,
For hyt to me were Impusslble ;
Men niygbte make of hem a bible.
Twenty foote thykke I trowe."
Chaucer: House of Fame, bk. lii.
2. Sjier. : Pre-eminently "the book,"in rnm-
paris()n with which other literary productions
are not worthy to be dignified with the name
of books ; or, if they be called books, it then
becomes " the Book of books." The idea just
exj>ressed is founded on the etymolugy derived
originally from the Christian Greeks, but now
rooted in the languages of all the nations of
Christendom. Tlie first to use the term ^t^A/a
{bibli") in tliis sense is said to have been
Clirysostom, who flourished in the fifth cen-
tury. The word scripture or scriptures,
from the Latin scrijitum = writing, scrtj>-
^"( )'(/_' = writings, conveys the analogous idea
that the "Scriptures" are alone worthy of
being called writings. This use of the word
came originalty from the Latin fathers, but
it has been adopted not merelv liy the English,
but Ity the other Cliristian nations of Europe.
The high appreciation of the 13ilde implied in
the use of these words ari;>es from the fact
tliat it is believed liy the vast majority of
Christians to be (with allowances for minute
diversities of reading and errors of transla-
tion) the actual Word of God, and therefore
infallilily true. Tliis l^ implied, though not
ex])resslv stated, in the sixth of the Thirtv-nine
Artii-les'
" Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to
salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein nor
may be proved thereby is not to be required of any
man that it should be believed as au article of
the faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to
salvation ..."
The JVestminster Confession of Faith is more
specific.
" The authority of the Holy Scriiiture, for which it
ought to be believed or obeyed, dependeth not upon
the testiroouy of any man or church but wholly upon
Criid (who is truth itself), the author thereof, and
therefore it is to be received because it is the Word of
God."— tVestminster Coiif. of Faith, ch.l., § 4.
Tlie Church of Rome does not differ from the
several Protestant denominations respecting
tlie divine authority of the >)ooks which the
latter accept as canonical ; it combines, how-
ever, with them the apocrypha and church
traditions regarding faith and morals which
Prr.test;mts reject
Articles of Faith and symbolical books do
not always express the real belief of all who
nominally assent to them ; and scattered,
througli the several churches are a very large
number of persons who hold that the Bible
contains a revelation from God, instead of
beiu" of itself "the Word of God ; " wlnlst a
small number deny the Scriptures all special
inspiration, and deal with tliem as tVeely as
they would with the Mohammedan Ivtiran, tlie
Hindoo Vedas and Puranas, the Sikh Grunth,
or tlie Persian Zend Avcsta.
The Bible consists of sixty-six books, con-
stituting an organic whole.
In the Authorised English Version the Bible
is divided into the Old and New Testaments,
the former contiining thii-ty-niiif, and the
latter twentv-seven books. These designations
are taken from ohtiqmim testamoitvm, in the
Vul^-at-^ rcnderiii'; of 2 Cor. iii. 14 and oiovum
trstuhumtiim in verse 6. The Greek word is
StaflriKV) iflkUMke), the Sept. name of the Old
Testament being 'H iraXaia SiaerjKf} (He jMlaia
diatheke = the Old DiatheVe), and the Greek
New Testament being termed "H Kaiv^ StaOiJ^ri
(He htinr diatheke = the Nev^ Dialhake). Aia-
erjKr) (DinthckP) in Class. Greek, and in Heb.
ix. l(i. 17, signifies a testament or will, but
generally, throughout tlie Septuagint, the
Greek Testament, and the Greek ecclesiastical
writeis, it means a covenant HcU'-e the two
primary divisions of the Bible had better have
been called the Old and New Covenants rather
than the Old and New Testaments. The old
covenant is the one made with Adam or that
entered into with Abraham and subsequently
developed at Sinai ; the new one that formed
in connection with the advent and death of
Christ.
Tlie Old Testament was originally written,
in Hebrew, except Jer. x. 11 ; Ezra iv. 8 to vl.
IS ; vii. 12 to 26 ; and Dan. ii. from middle of
verse 4 to vii. 2S, wliich are East AraniEean
(Chaldee). The New Test;iment was originally
wiittcn in Greek, with the exception perhaps
of St. Matthew's Gospel, which the Christian
fatliers Papias, Ireiueus. Pant-.enus, Origen,
Jerome, &c., state to have been published
originally in Aramiean.
The order of the books in the Hebrew Bible
i-> ditfereut from that which obtaius in the
Eii^lisli Scriptures, which in this respect
follow the Greek Septuagint and tlie Latin
Viilg;itc. The Jews divided the Old Testament
primarily into tliree portions, called tlie Law,
the Prophets, and the Ketliubim or in Greelc
the H;igiographa Tht; Divine Redeemer
alludes to this classification in Luke xxiv. 44,
"... that all things might be fulfilled which
are written in tlie Law, and in the Prophets,'
and in the Psalms." The Psalms are the first
book in the Hagiograpliii, and agreeably to the
Jewish method of quotitiL;, stand for the whole
division. Such words as Geiiesi.s, Exodus, Deu-
teronomy, &c. , are Greek, and taken from the
Septuagint ; the Hebrew generally names these
and some other books by their initial word.
Thus Genesis is called rT'TUt^"ll (Bereshith) =
In the beginning. The following list exhibits
the order and classification of the books in
the Hebrew Bible :—
L rnip (Torah), the Lair : Genesis, Exodus,
Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
II. D'H'^3 (Nebnm), the Prophets:
(1) The foniicr prophet:,: Joshua, Judges,
Samuel, Kings.
(2) The later prophets, :
(a) The great prophets : Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Ezekiel.
(b) The small or minor prophets : Hosca, Joel,
Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micali, Nahum,
Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariali,
Malachi.
III. cnriD (/vef/in'jl.iu) = books ; m Greek
Hagiograph" = Holy Writings :
(1) Truth : Psalms, Proverb^,,
(2) The Jive rolls: Job. Song of Solomon,
Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther,
Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles.
It is startling to find that in tliis arrangement
Daniel does not figure among the projihets,
but is relegated to the Hagingi-apha. It is
remarkable also that Joshua, Judges, Samuel.,
and Kings are classified not as historic, but as
prosthetic writings.
A convenient ehujsificatiou for modern use
divides the Old Testament Itooks into three
classes : —
(1) The Historical Books: Genesis— Ezrs..
bSil, b^; pout, j<f^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, ^hin, benpli; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; esEpect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian, -tian = 3han. -tion, -siou = shun; -tion, -$ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -hie, -die, &(. = bel, deL
rrli
bible d— biblically
(2) Tke roetical BooLb : Job— Son-; of Solo-
inuii.
(3) The Prophetical Books : Isaiah — Malachi.
(TJie weak puint about tliirf division i-s that
niDst of the i>ruphetical liooks falling under
the third i;ateyojy were written not in Hebrew
prose but in pnetry.)
A similar divisiun for the New Testament is
into —
0) J-llslarliCd Bools: .M.ilthew— The Acts of
the Aiinstlcs.
(2) Ejjthik^: Romans— Jude.
(:i) The Prophetical Boole : Revelation. [For a
description of tlie several books, see Genesis,
Exodus. k'\\
Tlie Bible has given rise to several sciences
of its own, and specially to the following : —
(1) Apologetics, not a good name, for it is
liable to be misunderstood, as it was even by-
George III., who, on being told that Bishoi)
Watson hull published " an apology for the
Bible," remarked that he did not before know
that the Bible required an apology. The word
is used in the Greek sense of defence, the
Christian apologist does not admit the exist-
ence of error in the Bible which he defends.
[Apologetics, Apology.]
(2) Biblical Criticis-in, which seeks to ascer-
tain precisely what books are inspired, and
bring the text of these to the most perfect
state of purity. [Biblical Criticism.]
(3) Hcriiieiieutics, fi'oni the Gr. ep^aiji/euTi^os
(Jiennzneutikos)^ ot OT fnr inter] ireting : its
aim is to ascertain the principles which should
be followed in biblical interpretation. [Her-
MENEUTICS.]
For the several versions of the Bible see
Versions and Authorised. Altogether apart
from the claims put forth by the Bible to be a,
orratherthe, Divine Revelation, the Authorised
version is the first Englisli classic ; and the
history of Europe and the world would be a
hopeless enigma to any one who knew nothing
of the Bible.
Just knows and kuows no innre her Hible true :
A tnith the brilliant Fveiichnjan never knew ;
Ajid in that charter reads, with simi-khnij eyes,
Her title to a treasure in the skies,"
Cowper : Truth.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to, or in any
■way connected with, the Bible. See the
compounds which follow.
Bible -Christians, s.
Ecclesiology : A Chvistian sect, called also
Brj-anites. It was founded by Mr. William O.
Bryan, a Wesleyan local preacher in Cornwall,
who, .separating in 1815 from the main body of
tlie Wesleyans, began to form separate societies.
In 1829 he left the body he had formed. In
the religious census of 1851 (the only one
hithei-to taken) they are credited with 482
places of worship, attended, on the census
Sunday (with allowances for imperfect returns)
by 14,90:3 in the forenoon, 24^,345 m the after-
noon, and 34,012 in the evening. The strength
of the Bible Cliristians is in the south-west
counties of England. (Mann : Relig. Census.)
Bible Defence Association.
Ecclesiology: A Christian sect tiguring in
the English Registrar-General's returns.
Bible-oatb^ s. An oath sworn upon the
Bible.
Bible Society. Ajiy society constituted
for multiplying copies of the Bible and, as fai-
as the financial resources at its disposal will
permit, diffusing them abroad. Of these so-
cieties the following may be enumerated : —
1. The British and Foreign Bihle Society : As
there were brave jnen before Agamemnon, so
the Word of God was cn-culated before this
great Society came into existence. The fol-
lowing aseoeiations made the circulation of
the S'Tiptures one of the objects at wliich they
aimed — The Society for the Profiagation of the
Gnsiicl in New England, incorporated in 1649,
and again in 1661 ; the So(;iety for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, established in 1098 ; the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,
established in 1701 ; the Society in Scotland
for Piopagating Christian Knowledge, incor-
porated in 1709 ; the Society at Halle, founded
in 1712 ; the Sunety for Piomoting Religious
Knowledge among tiie Poor, established 1750 ;
and finally, the S'T'iety for the Su]ipoi-t and
Encouragement of Sunday Sl-IiooIs, established
in 1785 Two societies made it their i>riinary
aim, viz. : — The Bible Society for Soldiers and
Sailors, established in 1780 and the Fj'cik.-Ii
Bible Society, commenced in London in 179J,
its object being the circulating of the Scrip-
tures in France. But with all that wa.s done
by these organisations, Bibles were both
costly and difficult to otit-un. Nowhere was
this spiritual dearth felt more keenly than in
Wales, which after having bought up an eili-
tion of 10,000 Wel-sh Bibles and 2,000 Testa-
ments, issued in 1790, still felt its wants but
partially supplied. The Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, which 'had published
the edition which had gone off so well, had
not enterprise enough to follow it up with
another, though strongly urged to inciu- the
not very formidable risk.
On 7th December, 1802, Mr. Joseph Tarn
introduced the subject of the scarcity of Bibles
in Wales, at a small gathering of Christian
friends in London. On this a celebrated Evan-
gelical clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Charles, of
Bala, in the Princijiality, wdio was present, and
had been impressed by hearing shortly befnre
from a Welsh girl that she was in the habit
of journeying over the hills seven mile.-, eveiy
week to obtain a sight of the sacred volume,
proposed that a subscription should be set on
loot for printing the Bible for circulation in
Wales. The Rev. Joseph Hughes, a Baptist
minister, suggested as an amendment that the
intended effort should be not for Wales simply
but for all the world. From this small germ
the great Bible Society sprang. It came into
existence in 180:J, under the name of "The
Society for Promoting a more extensive Circu-
lation of the Scriptures both at Home and
Abroad." Next year, on the 7th of March,
1804, it was more formally constituted at a
meeting held in the Londoii Tavern, Bishops-
gate, its too lengthened designation being ex-
changed for the briefer and more telling one
which it still retains. The British and Foreign.
Bible Society. Its rise to power was rajnd.
On the 28th March, 1S09, an auxiliary Bible
Society was established at Reading, and many
similar auxiliaries or blanches soon followed
in other places. The only serious check wliich
the great parent institution ever sustained was
in connection with the Apocryphal Contro-
versy, which raged between 1821 and 182(1.
[Apocryphal Controversy]. This being at
length happily settled, the Society's prospects
became again uncdouded, and the sphere uf its
operations rapidly extended year by year.
In its report for 1902, it is mentioned that
there were then connected with the Bible
Society in Gi'eat Bi-ilain and Ireland o\'er
5,859 auxiliaries, branches, and associations.
In other pai'ts of the world its auxiliaries,
branches, and associations numbeicd about
2,000. Up to March 31st, 1808, when the first
summary was made, it had circulated from
London 10,544 Bibles, 63,113 New Testaments,
and l,.5O0 portions; total, 81,157. Up to
March IJlst, 1902, it had circulated during the
preceding year 939,706 Bibles, 1,364,116 New
Testaments, and 2,703,599 portions (including
those copies circulated on the Continent and
else^vhere), making a total issued since the
Society's foundation of 175,038,905 copies.
^. The German Bible Societi/, formed at Nu-
remberg in 1804, and afterwards transferred
to Basle.
3. The Prussian Bible Society, so named in
1814, developed out of the Berlin Society
lorin.'_LL iu 1804 or 1805.
4. The Hlhemian Bible Society, foTTd^A in 1800.
5. The Philadelphia Bible Socidi/, the lir.•^t m
the United States, founded in 1808.
6. The City of Loitdoii Bible Society, founded
in 1812.
7. The Russian Bible Society, established
under the auspices of the Einjieror Alexander
in 1813, but suppressed in 1826 by his successor
Nicliolas, the antagonist of the Allies in the
noted Crimean war.
8. r/"? ^liiterican Bible Society, founded in
1816. It has now many auxiliaries in connec-
tion with it.
9. The Trinitarian Bible Society, founded in
1831.
10. The National Bible Society of Scotland,
founded in 1860, with which the Edinburgh
Bible Society (1809), and the Glasgow one
(1812), are now mciu'porated.
Bible societies, though wide in their (con-
stitution, are practically Protestant institu-
tions ; and on June 29, 1816, abnll denouncing
them was launched by Pc^ie Pius VII.
bible-woman, .". A woman enijiloyed to
read the Bible to the poor and sick of her
own sex in connexion with liome or foreign
missions.
" bi-bled, a. [Eng. and A .S. pref. bi and bled.}
Covered with blood. [The same as Bebleu
(q.v.).] {Chaucer.)
bib'-ler, ^bib-bel-er, *bib-bler (Eng.),
'"■ beb-ble {Scotch), s. [Dan. dial, bible = to
trickle ; Dan. jiihlc =■ to pmL] (IVedgvjood.)
[Bib, Bibber.] A tippler.
" I perceive you are no great byhlcr (i.c. reader of the
Eiblej, Pasiphilo.
"Pas. Yes, bir, an excellent pood bibhulcr, 'specially
in a hutt\e."—(i(iin:oigne : H'orkn. aigii. C. 1. {Jfares.}
bib'-less, a. [Eng. bib, and -less.] Without a
bib.
"Bibless and apronlefis." — Dickens : Our Mat. Friend,
ch. iv., p. 27.
bib'-ll-cal, a. [Eng, bibl(e); -iced. In Fr.
bibliqne; Sp., Port , & Ital. biblico.] [Bible.]
Pertaining to the Bible.
" To m;ike a biblical version faithful and exact, . . ."
— AbiJ. j\ cwronus : £ss. on the TruJusL of the Bible.
biblical archeeology. Biblical anti-
quities; antiquities illustrative of the Bible.
U" Society of Biblical Archceology : A society
founded in London on 9th December, 1870,
" for the investigation of the Archieology,
History, Arts, ami Chronology of Ancient ami
Modern Assyria, Palestine, Egyjit, Arabia,
and other Biblical Lands ; the promotion of
the study of the Antiquities of those countries,
and the Record of Discoveries hereafter to be
made in connection therewith." The associa-
tion has already risen into great ])ower and
reputation. It was before this society that
Mr. George Smith, on the 3rd December, 1872,
read his paper on "The Assyrian Account of
the Deluge," translating the celebrated
" Deluge Tablet." That evening the attend-
ance at the meeting, then ordinarily about
hfty, rose to about 800.
biblical criticism. The science which
has for its objects (1) to decide ■which books
are entitled to have a place in the Scripture
canon [Canon] ; and (2) to bring the text of
these canonical books to the utmost possible
degree of ])urity.
In prosecuting the first of these aims, the
Biblical critic must not be confounded with
the Christian apologist : the function of the
former is a strictly judicial one, whilst the
office of the latter is that of an advocate.
One important subject of investigation is
as to what Old Testament books were re-
cognised as divine by the ancient Jewish
Church or synagogue ; as also what New
Testament books were at once and universally
welcomed by the early Christian Church
[Homologoumena] ; and what others were
for a time partially rejected, though they ulti-
mately found acceptance everywhere. [Anti-
LEGOMENA.]
In seeking to purify the text the biblical
critic must do much toilsome work in the
collation of " codices " or manuscripts.
[CoDEx.] He does not put the whole of these
on one level and admit whatever reading has a
majority of MSS. in its favour ; but attempts
to test the value of each one apart, forming an
hypothesis if he can as to when, where, and
from whom it emanated, and from what other
MSS. it was copied at first, or, in technical
language, to what "recension" it belonged.
[Recension.] Those which he values most
for New Testament criticism are the Codez
.'^inaiticus, written probably about the middle
of the fourth century ; and the Codex Alexan-
dfiaus and Codec Vatieanus, dating, it is be-
lieved, from about the middle of the fifth cen-
tury.
Subjoined is a list of a few of the chief
passages m the New Testament on which
bibli(;al critics have thrown doubt : Mark xvi.
9—26; John v. 4; viii. 1—11; Acts viii. 37;
1 John v. 7, and jierhaps the doxology ap-
pended to the Lnrd's Prayer, "For thine is
the kingdom," &c. (Matt. vi. 13). These omis-
sions will not overthrow any theological doc-
trine held by the Churches.
bib'-li-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. biblical ; -ly.] In
a biblical manner, by process derived from
the Bible or according to biblical nrinciiiles
(Webster.)
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, sa, oe = e. ey^a. qu = kw.
biblicist— bicalcarate
bib-li-5ist, 5. [Eng. hihUc{vl) ; -ist ] One
whose special study is the Biblf;. and who is
well acquainted with lU contents. (Edin.
Rev.)
l)ib'-li-6-gndste (a silent), s. [From Gr. )3i/3-
Ai'oi/ (biblioii) = a l)00k, and yi/worrj? (f/i'o.^^es)
= one who knows.] One wlio knows the
history of books and the method of their
production (see ex.).
" A.biblioqnoste is one knowing in title-pages anil
Colophons, and in editions; the place a-iid year when
printed ; the presaes whence issued ; and all_ the
mhiutiseof abook."— /Jisz-fii;//; Curius. of Lit., Hi. ■■H3.
blto'-li-O-gnos-tic (q silent), p. [Eng. biblio-
<!in».t{e); -ic] Pertaining to the studies of a
bibliognosts, acquainted with books. [Bib-
LiOGNOSTE.] (Saturday Revhau.)
bib-ll-6g'-ra-pher, s. [Eng. biUlograph(ij) :
-cr. In Ger. hibliograph ; Fr. bibliograjihr ;
Hp. & Ital. bibllografo; Port, bibliographo :
fromGv.^i^\{.oypai}o';(bibUographos)=\\'vit\Ui;
books; from pL3Aioypa(/)ea) (bibliographcu) =
to write books : ^t^A.lo^' (6tWiou) = abook, and
yp(i(/)w (qraqjho) = to grave, to write.] One
wlio writes about books and their history, or
at least catalogues and describes books.
bib-li-6-graph'-ic, ^ bib-li-o-grapli-
ick» bib-li-6-graph -i-cal, l. . [Eng.
bibUograp}i(y); -ic, -iced. In Fr. bibUogrc-
phique ; Fort, bibliographico ; from Gr. (3t^A.io-
ypa^os (bibliogro.phos) ^ writing books.] [Bib-
LEOGBAPHER.] Pertaining to literary lustory,
or tlie cataloguing and descrilting of bonks.
"The most numerous class oi bibHoijraphical worlca
are lists or catalogues of hooka."— /■«« Cj/cL, iv. liHO.
bib-li-o-gra,ph'-i-cal-ly. rn/y. [Eng. bib-
liogrnphic; -ally.] As is done by a biblio-
grapher or in bibliography
bib-li-6g'-raph-y, s. [in Ger. & Fr. hi!)Jin-
grnplne : Si\i'. & lta.Y. biblioqrajin ; Port, bihllo-
ijiVi'liJa ; Gr. ^i^Kioypa^Ca {hU>Uu<iraphiti) =
the writing of books. [Biblio(;rapher.] The
scieneeorknowledge of books, their authorship,
the dates of their first publication, and of the
several editions they havr gone through, with
all other points requisite for literary history.
This, it will be perceived, is not the meaning
of the word in Greek. (See etym. of bihlio-
graphy and bibliographer.) The Greek term
generated tlie French bibliographe, with tlie
meaning (identical with neither the Greek
nor the English one) of acquaintance witli
ancient writings and skill in deciphering
them. About A.D. 1752 the modern sense of
the word was arising, though the old one still
held its ground. FinaUv, in 17i}.3, the publica-
tion of De Bure's Bihliniirnphie Instructive
established the new meaning, and gave the
death-blow to the old one. It was not the
first book wliich had appeared on literary
lustory, Conrad Gesner's Blbliotheca Uiiiver-
sali:^. containing a catalogue of all the Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin books he knew, had long
preceded it. having appeared in 1545. Among
the stamlard works on Bibliography which
liavc been published in Britain may be men-
tioned Watt's Blbliotheca Bntimnica, in 1N-J4 :
and Lowndes' BViliogrnj'her's Mounal in 1S34.
The Catalogue of the'BntisliMuseuniorof any
other library is a bibliographical production ;
so, also, is every publisher's circular.
" Biblio(jra pit;/ 13 n.iYi^.tteT of hu'^mess. and must he
left to private enterprise."— i(.'i/c/- uf J. H''hUaki!r in
Times, Feb. 27, 1874.
"t bib-li-6l'-a-trist, .v. [Eng. bibUolatr(y) ;
1. Gen. : One who idolises books.
2. Sjiec. : One who idoli.ses the Bible. (Used
of believers in its verbal inspiration.) (De
Quincey.)
bib-li-ol'-a-try, s. [FromGr. (Si./3A.toi'('>(7/^'o)0
= (1) a paper, a letter, {•!) a book, dimin. nf
^t'^Aos (biblns) [Bible] ; and Aarpeuo) (latrenn)
= (1) to work for hire or jiay, (-2) to be subject
to, (3) to serve tlie gods with prayer and sacri-
fices, to wor.ship ; Aarpiy (latris) = a hired
servant ; Xdrpov (latron) = pay, hire.]
1, Fervent admiration, carried to the verge
of idolatry, fnr books.
" If to ."ulore an image he idolatry.
To deify a hook iabUiUolatr!/."
Burom : Th-' Bishop of Gloucester's Doctrine of Grac?.
[/iivhardson.)
•2. A similar feeling towards the Bible.
"" bib-li-o-iite, s. [In Ger. bibliolit ; Fr.
bibli-iiW--- , U'\m Gr. ^tpAioc (bihlion)= . .
book, and A-t'^os (lithos) ^ztone.] An obsolete
name for a schistose rock exhibiting between
its laniinffi dendritic markings, mechanically
proi lulled by the in filtration of iron manganese,
&i\, and not really consisting of the leaves or
other organic remains tn whieli they have been
compared. They were called al.so Bookstones,
PavLLOBiBLtA, and Lithobirlia (q.v.).
bib-li-6-l6g'-i-cal, a. [Eng. bibliolog(y) ;
■io'L] Pertaining to bibliology. (Pen. Cyd.)
bib-li-6l'-0-gy, s. [From Gr. ^i^kiov (biblion)
= ix book, and Aoyos (logos) = ... a discoiu'sc]
1. A discourse or treatise about books ;
the science or knowledge of books, now
generally termed Bibliography (q.v.).
"There ia a sort of title page and colophon know-
ledge, in one word, bibliology, iu which he is my
superior. " — Sou they.
2. A discourse about the books of the Bible,
or about Bible doctrine, historv, and precept;,.
(Pen Cycl.)
bib'-lx-6-man-9y» s- [In Fr. bihUomoncie ;
from Gr. (St/SAioi/ (biblion) = a. book (Bible),
and ju.ai'Teta (mcuife/a) = prophesying, . . .di-
vination ; from fi.avTevofj.aL (manteuomai) — to
divine; from fidi/n^ (vimtti •i) = oi}e who di-
vines, a seer, a prophet] Divination by
means of the Bible ; as. for instance, opening
i'^ and applying the first passage on which the
eye falls to the matter of anxiety Ijy which
one is perple,\,ed. (Southry )
bib-li-6-ma -ni-a, t bib-li-o-ma'-ny, s.
[In Ger & Fr. hihliomanv! ; Port. & Ital. bib-
liumaitia; from Gr. (l) ^l^Kiov (biblion) =a
book (Bible), and (2) fLavCa (mai>iri) = nm<\-
ness, frenzy; fiaCvofxat (maiii,omai)= to rage,
to be furious.] A mania for books, book-
madness ; a passionate desire to ]iossess or be
occupied with bnoks. (Dibdi>t : Bibliomania.)
bib-li-6-ma'-ni-ac, ~ bib-li-o-ma-ni-
ack, ■■•'. [Ill Fi liihliDinniiiaqiie ; from Gr.
(1) ^L^kCov (hi!ilin„) = a buok (Bible) ; (2) juai't-
Kos (>iK'j'ifcos) = belonging t(.> madness; fxavCa
(;,(.( »,ia)= madness, frenzy.] One who has a
mania for books, and esjiecially for books of a
rare and curious character. (Todd.)
bib-li-6-ma-ni'-a-cal, a. [Eng. bihVumn-
ninc ; -oL] Pertaining tu bibliomania ; having
a passion for books. (Quart. Rev.) (Dibdin.)
t bib-li-o-ma'-ni-an-ism, s [From Eng.
bibllom/niia, n euphonic, and suff. -ism.] Tlie
same as Bibliomania (q.v.). (Dr. K. DrrAr.)
t bib--li-6m'-a-nist, s. [Eng., &c., biUlo-
viaiiiii. and sutt'. -ist.] One wiiu has a mania
for books. (C. Lamb.)
t bib-li-6-peg'-ic,n. [Eng. bihlinpeg(y) ; -ic]
[BiBLioPEr.v.] Relating to the art of binding
books. (Webster.)
t bib-li-6-pe-gis'-tic, a [Eng. bihhv]icg{y) ;
-it'ti.i-.] The same as Bibliopegic (q.^^).
t bib-li-6p'-e-gy, s. [From Gr. jSl^a^oc
('»//;/toiO = . . . a book (Bible), and wriyvvfj.L
(pnjnumi) = to make fa.st.] The art of binding
bunks. (Daily Telegraph, Dec. io, 1SS2.)
bib'-li-6-phile» ^' [in Fr. hiWiopldU; Port.
bibliophilo ; from Gr. j3i/3Atoi' (biblion) — a
book (Bible), and <^iAog (philos) = a. friend;
from (^lAos (ji/u/<»s)= loved.] A lover of books.
"I fail to recognise in him either the grip or coun-
tersign ol" a gouuine bibliophile." — J. Whitaker, in the
Times, Fob- 27. 1874.
t bib-li-6ph'-il-ism, s. [From Gr. /St^Aioc
(biblion) = A book (Beble), tf)tAo? (philos) = !\
friend, and -ism.] Love of books. (Dibdin.)
t bib-li-6ph'-i-list, 5. [From Gr. ^i^kCov
{lnh}n.ii)= a. book (Bible), i^t'Ao? (;)/u/os)=a
friend, and sutf. -ist.] One who loves books ;
a I'lblK.phile. (Gent. Mag.)
t bib-li-o-pho'-bi-a, s. [From Gr. ^l^xCov
(biblion) = a book, and (/)o/3o? (phobos) = fear ;
trom (jjd^ofjLat (phehomad) = to fear, to be
afraid.] Fear of books. (Dibdin.)
bib-ll-0-p61e, s. [Fr. bibliopole ; Port. &
Lat. bibliopola ; from Gr. )3ij3At07rwAijs (bihlio-
pdl(is) = a bookseller: ^ifiKiov (biblion) = ii
book, and TrwAe'w ( j^olco) =■ to exchange or
barter goods, to sell.] A bookseller. (Edce
Rev.)
bib-li-6-p6l -ic, bib-li-o-pol-i-cal, a.
[Eng. bibliopnI('i) ; -iml.] Pertaining to a
bookseller or to bookselling.
\ The form bibliopolical occurs in C. Lamb.
bib-li-6p'-6l-ism, s [Eug. bibUopol(c) ;
-ism.] The occupation of a bibliopole ; book-
selling. (Dibdin.)
bib-li-6p'-6l-ist, s. [Eng. biblio2}ol(<:) ; -i.^t.]
A bookseller ; a bibliopole. (Todd.)
blb-li-6-p6l-is'-tic, o. [Eng. bibUopoUst ;
-ic] Pertaining to a bookseller or to book-
selling. (Dibdin.)
bib'-ll-o-taphe, s. [From Gr. ^t^xiov (bih-
liou) = a book, and ra^o? (taphos) = a burial,
a tomb.] One who sliuts up his books as* if
in a sepulchre.
'• AbihUotaphe buries his hooks, by keeping them
under lock, or framing them in glass chahs.' —Disraeli:
Curios, of Lit., iiL 'ii'd.
^■bib'-li-o-thec, a. [Bibliotheke.] (Scotch.)
bib-li-O-the'-cal, a. [From Lat. hibliothe-
caU-i.] [Bibliotheke.] Pertaining to a biblio-
theke or library. (Johnson.)
t bib-li-6-the-car-i-an, s. [From Lat.
bibliothecci.ri(us), and sutf. -an.] The same as
BiBLIOTHECARY (q.V.).
t bib-li-oth'-ec-a-ry (English), ''bib-H-o-
thec-ar (Scotdi), s. [In Sw. bihliotkemrie ;
Ger. bibl iothelcar ; Fr. bibliothecaire ; Ital.
hibliott'i-firiii ; from Lat. hibluitbccarius = a
librarian.] [Bibliotheke.] A librarian.
" Master Doctor James, the incomparably indus-
trious and learned biblimheo'-rii of Oxford."— Z(;j. Hall :
Honour of the Married C'lergi', i. ib.
t bib-li-o-theke', " bib-li-o-thequ'e,
^ bib-ly-6-theke, bib-li-o-the -ca
(Eng.), bib-li-6-thec(0. Scotch), s. [InGer.
bibliothel. ; Yv.bibliothrqve : Sp. & lt;il. Inhlio-
teca : Port. & Lat. bibllothevn ; Dut. biblio-
theclc ; Gr. fii^KioO-^K-q (bibliotheke) = (1) a book-
case, ('J) a library; from ^t^AL'oI' (l>ihllon) = a.
bnok, and Lat. thecv, Gr. e^K-g (ihPhi') = that in
whicli anything is enelo.sed, a case, a box, a
chest; from TiQ-gixi (tithBrni) = to place.] A
place for boi_iks.
"^'. . . the 'king asking him tiow many thousand
voluiuea he had gotten together in his bibliotheke t " —
Donne: Hist, of t/te Si'pl'i-i.fjint {imZ), p. l».
bib '-list, s. [In Ger. bibl ist; Fr. bibliste.
From bible.]
1. Among Roman CathoUcs : One who re-
gards the Bible as the .^nle authority in matters
of religion.
2. One who is convei-sant with the Bible.
blb'-liis. s. [Latin ; from Gr. ySu^Ao? (bnblos)
= the Egyptian Papyrus (Papyrus (nitUpio-
nun). [Bible.] [Papyrus,] The Papyrus.
"^bi-bod, s. [A-S. bibod = a, command.] A
'.■omniand. (0. Eng. Horn., i. 25.)
bl'-bbr-ate, s. [Eng., &c.. bi ; borate (q.v.).]
Chem. [Borax.]
bi-brac'-te-ate, 0. [(l) From Eng., &c., hi
= twice or two, and (2) bracteate (q.v. ) ]
Bot. : Having two bracts or bracteas.
bib'-U-lous, a. [Lat. bibulus — (1) drinking
readily or freely, (2) ready to absorb moisture,
(3) listening readily ; bibo = to drink.]
1. Of things: Readily absorbing moisture.
2. Of persons : Having proclivities to the
imbibing of liquor.
bib'-U-lous-ly, adv. [Eng. bibulous ; -/;/.]
In a" bibulous manner, so as to absorb liquid.
(De Quincey.)
' bi-bur'-ien(pa.par. hebered; pret. biburiede),
V t [A IS hibvriyed = buried.] To bury.
(Legend cf St- K"therine, 2,'J27-) (Stratmann.)
*bi-bu-yen (pa. par. biboyen), v.i. To avoid,
to flee.
*■ bi-cach-en. "* bi-kache (pa. par. * bicauqi t,
hecaught, bikaht). r f. [Eng. ju'ehx he, and O.
Fr. cache = catch.] T;' catch, to deceive
(Rdig. Aniiq., i. 183.) (Siratnunin.)
bi-cal '-car-ate, f. [From Lat. prefix &i =
two, and Eug cnlcarate — spurred ; from Lat.
calcar = a spur.] [Calcab.\te.]
Bot. ; Ha\iDg two spurs ; doubly spurred.
boil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph — f.
-cian , -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion, -sicn = zhun. -cious, -tiouc;, -sious == shiis, -ble, -eile, &c. - bel, del.
o26
bic alle— bicke
■* toi-calle, "^ "be-calle, r.r. LFcom Eng. and
A.S. prelix hi, aud call.] To call after ; to
accuse.
" And bi-callcili of hatioe and scathe."
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,314.
bi'-cS,l-16§e, bi-
cal-loiis, a. [Lai
prefix 6i= two, and
callosus = tliii^k-
skinned ; from cal-
lu'iih ~ hardened
skill ]
Bot. : Having two
callotjities. (Used
of the lips of some
Oreliids.) (Gray.)
Such callosities may
be seen below the
middle of the lip in
the genus Spiran-
thes, of wliich three
representatives have
a place in the British
flora.
* bi-cam, prd. of c. [Become.] Became.
(lioiii. of Rose, dc.)
bi - cap- i -ta-ted,
ft. [Lat. prefix hi
= two, and Eng.
capitaud ; from
Latin capitatus =
having a head ; ca-
put = head.]
Her. : Having
two heads. The
arms of Austria
consist of a two-
headed eagle ; so
also do those of
Russia.
bi-cap'-SU-lar, a. [In Fr. llcopsulaire ; from
Lat. pref &i = two, and Eng. capsular, having a
capsule ; fromcapsitia = a small box or chest,]
BICALLOSE.
EICAPITATED.
BICAPSULAB.
Bot. : Having two capsiiles. [Capsule.]
(Used chiefly of pericarps.) {Johnson, &g.)
bi-car'-bon-ate, s. [In. Fr. hicarbonate ;
Ger. hikarbonat. From Lat. prefix hi = two,
and Eng. carbonate.]
Chem. & PJiar. : A name given to the acid
carbonates of potassium, sodium, &c., or to
hydric sodium carbonate (NaHCOg), hydric
potassium carbonate (KHCO3), &c. Also to a
carbonate dissolved in water containing car-
bonic acid gas, as carbonate of calcium thus
dissolved, reprecipitated on boiling. Bicar-
bonate of potassium, KHCO3, is obtained by
passing CC>:i gas through a saturated aqueous
solution of K2CO3 (potassiunj carbonate). It
crystallises in colourless rhombic non-deli-
quescent crystals, which are soluble in four
times their weight of water. It does not give
a i>recipitate with BaClg in the cold. Bicar-
bonate of potassium is a direct antacid, and
is employed in the treatment of acute rheu-
matism, and for removing uric acid from the
system.
bicarbonate of sodium. NaHCO.-!,
hydrogen sodium carbonate, obtained by ex-
posing (^aibonate of sodium to the action of
00-2, 'Carbonic acid gas, whicli is libt^rated
from limestone by hydroclilorie acid ; the gas is
absorbed by the ciVstals of the Na-^COn-ioHsO,
which lose their -water of crystallisation and
become opaque. Bicarbonate of sodium is
used as an antacid ; it is supposed to influ-
ence the secretions of the liver, and not to
produce nausea like the potassium salt. It is
BICARINATE.
used in the manufacture of effervescing pow-
ders and drinks, which are usually a mixture
of this salt with tartaric acid, and also enters
into the composition of baking-powders.
bi-ca-ri'-nate, bi-
car'-i-nate, a.
[From Lat. pref. bi
= two, and carina-
tiis — keel-formed ;
carina = a keel.]
Botany : Two-
keeled ; having two
ribs or keels on the
under side. (Used
specially of the
paleaa of some
grasses.) (Gray.)
Tlius in the genus
Holcus, of which
there are two
British representa-
tives— Holcus mollis
and //. lanaUis —
the upper palea is bicarinate.
'* bi-cas, * by-cas, adv. [O. Eng. and A.S.
bi =by, and ras= chan(;e, hazard ; from Lat.
castLS = that wliich happens, chance.] [Cask.]
By chance.
"... the r forth com Mean."
Roh. of Glou., \>. 140.
" bi~caste, bi-casten, v.t. [Eng. prefix hi,
and cast.^ To cast round, to clothe, cover.
(St. Brandan.) (Stratmaii)i.)
'' bi~ca'use, adv. [Because,]
^ bicch'id, * bicch-ed, * bych-ed, "
[A dirt'erent spelling of Eng. picked, or j'o.la!
(Slceat). In Dut. bikkel ; Ger. bickel is^u
die, but the English forms biccliel and blckcl
were simply invented by Tyrwhitt.] Pecked,
jiitted, or notched, in allusion to the spots
marked on dice. (Man of Lawes Tale (ed.
Skeat), p. 159.) Dr. Mairray says that the
origin and jfreci-se meaning are unknown ;
liut that tliH sense curbed, execrable, tilireml,
suit-^ the context.
* bicchid - bones, bicched - bones,
' byched, bicchel-bones, pi Dice.
■' This fruyt coiueth of the LU'chid booties tuo,
Fi-ir^wenng, ire, falaues, homicide."
Chatwer: C. T., 14,0Vl-2.
H In the " Towneley Mystery," called the
Processus Talentoruin, the 'executioners of our
Lord are representfd as casting dice for his
garments, and one of them, who had lost, ex-
claims—
"I was falsly begylyd withe tbise byched bones,
Ther cursyd thay he ! "
* bi^e (1), s. [Compare Sw. byssja — a bed of
boards.] A small temporary bed made up in
a cottage kitchen. (HalUwell : Contrih. to
Lexicofj. )
bi9e (2), bise, s. [From Fr. bis {m.), Use (f.)
= gray, grayish-blue; Port, bis; S[i. iaro =
brown ; Ital. hlgio = russet-grey, brown ; Low
Lat. bisus. In Sw. hetsning ; Ger, blassblar
and blussgriin. Tlie ultimate origin is un-
known.] A paint, of which there are two
leading colours. (Also used attributn cly.)
1. Bice, or Blue Bice : A paint of a pale blue
colour prepared from the native blue carbonate
of copper or from smalt.
2. G'reen Bice : A paint prepared from blue
bice by adding yellow orpiment or by grinding
down the green carbonate of copper.
"Take green bice, aud order it as you do your blue
bice : you may diaper upun it with the water of deep
green. " — Peacham.
bi-9el'-lu-li, 6. pi. [Lat. prefix bi, and cellula
= a small store-room ; eella = a store-room, a
cell.]
Entom, : A subsection of bugs of the section
Geocores or Aurocorisa. The name bicelluli is
given because the membranous portion of the
hemelytra has two basal cells. The bugs
ranked under this subsection are generally
small red insects with black spots ; they feed
on plants.
bi-geph'-al-oiis, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two ; Gr. KetJiaA^ (kephale) = head ; and sutf.
-ous.] Having two heads: two-headed.
(Webster.)
bi'-9eps, '-'.. [Lat. biceps = two-headed ; from
bi = twice, or two, and caput = head.]
1. Gen. : Two-headed.
2. Specially :
(a) Anat. Of muscles: Having two heads
or origins. Three muscdes of the human body
have this name applied to them. Om- i.s the
Biceps humeri, or Bia'ps intermis humeri, and
a second the Biceps extensor, both of which
are in the arm, and the Biceps fc^noris, which
is tlie straight muscle of the thigh.
", . the bleeps, inserted into the tuhercle of the
radius . , ." — Todd &■ Binoman.: J'hyuol. Anat., L 170.
(b) Bot. Of papilionaceous corollas: Having
the claws of the two petals composing the
keel distinct instead of united.
bi'Charme, bi-char-men, v.t. [The same
as Becharm (q.v.).]
* bi-cherre, * bi-cher-ren, bi-char-
reUf v.t. [From A.S. hecerran, h<:riirian = to
turn to, to give up, to betray.] To tteceive.
(Morris: 0. Eng. Miscellany, 4i:i.) (Stratmann.)
'^ bicb-man, s. [Corrupted from 0. Scotch
biithman = Eu};. hoothman (?),] A man who
keeps a booth.
" I gar the bichman obey ; thar was na bute ellis."
Dunbar: JIaitland J'oefns, p. 50. {Jamieson.)
bi-chl6r'-ide, 6. [Lat. prefix bi = two, and
chloride (q.v.).]
Chem. : A tenn used in chemistiy to denote
a compound containing two atoms of chlorine,
which are united to an atom of an element, as
Hg"Cl2 (bichloride of mercury), or to an
organic radical, as (CjH4)"Cl2 (ethylene bi-
chloride). These are usually called dichlorides,
as ethylene diehloride.
bichloride of mercury.
Phar. : Hg"Clo, also called perchloride of
mercury, or coirosive sublimate. It is pre-
pared by heating a mixture of mercuric sul-
phate, HgSo^, with dry chloride of sodium,
NaCl, and black oxide of manganese, MnO.j ;
the coiTosive sublimate sublimes ; hence its
name. Bichloride of mercury occurs in
heavy white masses of prismatic crystals ; it
is soluble in twenty parts of cold water, also
in alcohol and ether. (For tests see Mer-
curic) It is a very powerful irritant — when
taken in large doses it causes vomiting and
purging. It is very poisonous ; the best
antidote is white of egg. It corrodes the
skin ; it is employed in very small doses as an
alterative in skin diseases, externally as a
lotion, injection, or gargle in chronic skin
diseases, ulcerated sore throats, and chronic
discharge from the mucous membranes.
HgClo is a powerful antiseptic ; it is used to
preserve anatomical ijreparations. Ammonia
added to HgCl2 throws down white jirecipitide,
NHoHgCl, which is used in pharmacy in the
form of ointment.
bi'-Chord (h silent), «. [Eng. prefix bi, and
chord.]
Music : Having two strings to each note.
(Stainer & Barrett.)
bichord pianoforte^
Music: A piano possessing two strings to
each note.
bi-chro'-mate, ^■. [Lat. &c., pref. bi — two, and
Eng. chromdte (q.v.).] [Chromic, Chromium.]
bi9b,'-y, s. [A West African negro word (?).]
One of the names tor a tree (Cola acuminata),
a native of western tropical Africa, but intro-
duced into the hotter parts of America. It
furnishes the Cola-nuts of commerce. [Cola.]
bl-cip'-i-tal, a. [In Fr. bicipital; from Lat.
biceps, genit. 6icipitis = two-headed (Biceps),
and suff. -a?,] Two-headed. The same as
BiciPiTous (q.v.). (Used especially of one of
the muscles belonging to the arm.)
"A piece of flesh is exchanged from the bicipital
muBcle of either pai-ty's arm." — Browne : Vulgar £rr.
bi-yip'-i-toiis, a. [From Lat. biceps, genit.
bicipitis = two-headed, and sufi". -oits.] [Bi-
ceps.]
1. Zool. : Two-headed ; bicipital.
" Bicipitous serjients, . . ." — Browne.
2. Anat. Of muscles: Having two "heads"
or origins.
3. Bot. : DiWding into two parts, at the top
or bottom.
"biclt, i>. [Bitch.] (Scotch.)
* bicke, £i. [Bttch.] (Prompt. Parr.)
fate, f^t, fare, aw^idst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot.
or, wore, woif, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw«
bicker— bicuspidate
527
bick'-er, * b^k'-ere, * bik-ere, ^ bek-er
{Eno ), *byk'-kyr(a. ,Sco(c:;i), v.L [Probably
iroiii Eiig. pick; -ei\ referring to the sound of
a series uf blows given with a picli, (Wedg-
wood.) Compare Dut. bikhamer= a pick.
Again pick = to pick, is akin to the verb to
peek. (Compare Ital. beccare = to peck.)
Cognate with Wei. hlkra = to iiglit, to bicker ;
bicre = conflict, skirmis;h.] [Bcak, Peck,
Pike.]
I. 0/pcr:ioas:
1. To make the noise whicli is produced by
successive strokes, by throwing stones, or in
any similar way.
(1) Specially :
(a) To tight by throwing stones. (Scotch.)
[See Bicker (s.), 1.]
(b) To fight by sending forth flights of
arrows, or in any similar way. (Scotch.)
" Yiigliss archaris, that hardy war and wicht,
Amang the Scottia bykkerit with all their mycht.
Wallace, iv, 556. (M.S.)
(c) To carry on petty warfare ; to skirmish,
without reference to the weapons employed.
" Nor ia it to be coQsidered to the hreaches of con-
federsLte iiationa . . . though their merchants bickvr
in the Eaat Indies."— J/<Moii .■ lief. In Eng., bk. ii.
t i'l) hi a general sense : Tu fight.
"And at the fleJd fought before Bebriaeum, ere the
battiiiles joined, two eftgles hjid a conflict, and bickered
together in all their aishteB."—llaUunU : Suetonius,
p. 243.
2. To move quickly, with the clatter of
feet.
" Three lusty fellows gat of him a clank.
And round about lum Oicker'd a" at iukm "
lioss: Ueleitare, p. 47.
3. To engage in altercation, esjjecially of a
petty liiiicl, by word of mouth. [Bickering.]
II. Of things : To move rapidly forward, or
to play to and fro with a certain ainount of
noise ; to quiver, to be tremulous.
"Meantime uunumber'a glittering streamleta play'd
And hurled everywhere tlieir waters' aheen.
That, as they bickered through the sunjiy glade,
Tho" restless still themselves, a lulling murmur
made." Thomson. Castle of Indolence, i. •^.
bick'-er (1), *bik-er, « bik-yr, " byk-er,
* by-kere, b. [From bicker, v. (q.v ) ]
1. Gcii.: A quarrel, couteution, strife, fight-
ing.'
"Betwene the castel of Gloucester and Brinefleld al so
Ther was oft bicker grit, aud niueh hann ido "
Ii. Olouceatcr. p. 538. (liichardson.)
2. Spue. : X light carried on with stones.
(Scvtdi.) A term used among schoolboys.
^ Bickers were formerly held on the Calton-
hill, Edinburgh, everj' evening a little before
dark. In these encounters idle boys, chiefly
apprentices, simply tlirew stones at each
other. (C'tiiiphdl: Joumeij)
3. A short race. (Scotch. Used chiefly in
Ayrshire.)
" Tho' leeward whylea. against mv will,
I took a bicke-r."
Burns: Beach and Hoctor JJonibook.
bick'-er (2), + bi-quour, s. [Gael. hic<nr = a
small wooden dish.j A wooden vessel made
by a cooper for holding liquor, brose, &c.
(Scotch.)
" . . and tell Peggy to gi ye a bicker o' broth ..."
— ticott: Heart of Midlothian, ch. v.
bick'-er-er, s. [Eng. bicker; -cr ] A skir-
misher. (Sherwood.)
biclc-er-fu', 5. [Scotch bicker, and fit' = Eng.
full.] As much of any thing, whether dry or
liquid, as tills a bicker.
" It's just one degree better than a hand-ciuern— it
cauna grind a bicbvrju' of meal in a iiuarter of an
hour.' —Scott : J'irate, izh xi.
bick'-er-ing^, *bik-er-ing, '^bik'-ker-
inge, * by'-ker-ynge, pr. par., a., & s.
A. As pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. As participial adj. (chiefly of things):
Moving rapidly, with or without a certain
amount of noise. Used —
(a) Of a quivering flame, or of a faggot, or
anything else burning.
" Of smoke and bickering flame, and sparkles dire."
MiUon. P. L.. bk. vi.
(h) Of wiituT in motion in a river or streamlet.
"... an' the once iicftVirtO stream,
Imprison d by tho ice . . ."
Davidson : Seasons, p. 156. (Jamiesan.)
(c) Of a sword rapidly whirled round in
battle.
" Or whirl around the bickrrinfl blade."
Jiuron: Siege of CoHntU, 3.
C, As sitbstatitive :
^1. The act of giving resounding blows in
batUei fighting.
" Iji this so terrible a b/'-ckcring, the Prince of Wales
. . . showed his wonderful towardnesae." — Siowe :
JSdward 111 , an. ia-16. (Jiicliardson.)
2. A Skirmish ; a petty fight.
"... the feeble bickerimi-' rather than wars of the
decayed States of Greece." —Arnold : Hist, of Itonie, cIl
xlv., vol. iii., p. 260,
3. Altcrcjjtion, stiife, or contention by word
of mouth.
"... bickerings between the WTiigs and the Tories,
and sometimes by bickerings between the Lords and
the Commons.-— J/tican^ay.- Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
t bick'-er-ment, s. [Eng. bicker; -me?t(.]
The same as Bickering, s. (q.v.).
" Did stay awhile their greedy bickerment,
TiU he had questioned the cause of their dissent. "
S/.e-uer : F. Q., V. iv. 6
bick'-em, s. [Corrupted from bealdron.']
Metal-workiag : A small anvil, with a tang,
which stands in a hole of a work-bench.
"A blacksmith's anvil is sometimes made with a
pike, or bickern, or beakiron at one end, "— J/ojrort.
^ bi-clar'te, be-clart'. bi-clar -ten, v t.
[Eng. ])retix hi, and O. Eng. '-!n,t (q.v.).] To
daub, to smear, to dirty (in Fnro. Eng. and
Scotch, to dart). (Old Eng. Horn., i. LIT'.).)
{Strut w I, n.)
^ bi-clipe, bi-cli-pe-an, bi-clu-pi-en,
bi-cleop-i-en, v.t. [A.a. hi-cicojn<'u = to
call, name, accuse.] To appeal, to accuse.
(Morris: 0. Eiaj. Mi-iC-cH ) (Strainmnn.)
*bi-cUppe, bi-cluppe, bi-clup-pen, t). ^
[A.8. bidyppun, Ouhjj'pan.] The same as
Beclip (q.v.).
" biclipped, bi-clupte, -pa. par. [Be-
CLirPED.J
^bit-clu'se, bi-clu'-sen, v.t. [A.S. bedysan
= to ciicliise.] /o enclose.
* bi-clused, bi-<Va'-set, j'(( par. [Biclu.se]
" bi-clu'te, I'. [A.y bi<lutian.] To patch up.
" He bicluie thu hit nowiht."
Ancrcn liiwle, p. 31C.
'' bi-cna'-'wen (c silent), v. t. [The same as
Beknow (q.v.).]
bi-col'-lig-ate. a. [Fnmi Lut. prefix W=two,
and coUigutn^, pa. par. of coUigo = io bind or
lastcn together; con = together, and it^o — to
tie, to bind.] [Colligate ]
Ornith. : Having the anterior toes connected
by a web. (Braitdc.)
* bi-c6l'-men. v.f. [From A.S. prefix bi, and
>ul, coll = coal t?).] To blacken with soot.
(Honi., ed. Lumby, 1,01J4.) (Stratmanii.)
bi'-col-6ur, a. [Lat. &ico/or = two-coloured ;
bl = two, aud i,vloT — colour.} Of two colours.
bi'-col-dured, a. [Eng. and Lat. bicolor ;
with Eng. suffix -ed.] Of two colours.
' bi-come (i:)ret. ^ bi-cam), v.L [Become.]
(Chaucer.)
* bi-com-en, pa. par. [Become.]
bi-c6n'-cave, o. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
concavus — hollowed out, concave.] [Con-
cave.] (CarpenteT .)
tbi-COn'-gre-gate,a. [From Lat prefix &t =
two, and congregatus, pa. par, of congrego = to
ciiUect into a flock.] [Congregate.]
Bot. : Arranged in two pairs ; bigeminate,
bicon jugate.
bi-con'-ju-gate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
conjiigatus, pa, par. of coTyjtg-o = to join to-
gether.] [Conjugate.]
Botany: A term
used when each
of two secondary
petioles bears a
pair of leaflets. It
is called also bi-
geminate. Example
— the leaves of Mi-
mosa unguis Cati.
[Biconqregate.]
Bicon'iugute pin-
note, biconjugate-
pinnc.te : A term biconjugate pinnate.
used of a leaf when
the secondary petioles, on the sides of which
the leaflets are arranged, proceed in twos from
. the apex of a common petiole. It is called also
Twin-digitaU pinnate, and Bidigitate pinnate.
t bi'-corn, * bi'-corne, t bi'-corned, a.
[Bicornjs.]
Lit. & Fig.: Two-liorned.
"Our bicomcd government."
Brome : To a Potting Priest.
bi-cor'-nis, a. & s. [Lat. bieomis = two-
horned : pref. bi- = two, and cormi, = a horn. J
A. As adjective :
1. Anatomy :
(a) Gen. : A term applied to a muscle when
it has two terminations.
(b) Spec, (a) : A term applied to the flexor
carpi radiaiis, and the extensor carpi radialis.
2. Bot. : Having
two horns ; termin-
ating in processes
like two horns. Ex-
ample — Trapa bi-
eomis, tlie fruit of
which is like the bicornis,
face of an ox with-
out the eyes, nose, and moi.th, but with two
horns attached. [Bicornous, a. ; Bicokn, a ]
S. As siibstantive :
Bot. (pi bicornes): Linuceus's twenty-fourth
N;itui;il oi'der of phmts. He includetl under
it the genera Azalea, Myrsine, Memeclyon,
Santalum, &c.
bi-corn-O'US, a. [From Eng. bicorn (q.v.),
or Lat. bicorn(i^), and Eng. suffix -oms.] Two-
horned.
' ' Wc should be too critical, to question the letter Y,
or bicornous element of Pythagoras ; that is, the
making of the horns etiual." — Browne: Vulg. Err ,
bk. v., ch. 19.
bi-cor-nute, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
cornalu!, = horned.] The same as Bicorn and
Bicornous (q.v.).
bi-cor'-p6r-al, a. [From Lat. bicor or bicorpor
(cu.s), and prefix &;=two, and corpus, genit.
corporis = a body, and suffix -al.] Having two
bodies, bicorporate, bicorporated. (Johnson.)
bi-cor'-p6r-ate, bi-cor-
p6r-a-ted, a. [From Lat.
prefix bi, aud Eng. corpor-
ate, derived from corpus =
the body. ] Having two
bodies ; bicorporal ; having
the hinder parts in dupli-
cate whilstthere is only one
pair of fore paws and a
single head, as in the ac-
companying figure.
* bi-cra-uen, v.t. [Eng. and A.S. prefix bi,
and crave] To ask, to crave.
" And to min louerdes bofte bi-craucn."
Story of Gen. and Exod., :,388.
bi-cre'-nate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
Eng. crcnu.ie = having convex teeth.]
Bot. : Twice crenatetl, that is, crenated and
having the cienations again cut into by more
minute crenatures. <^Lindley.)
bi-cru'r-al, u. [From Lat. pref. &i = two, and
cms, genit. cruris = the leg, the shank the
shin.] Having two legs. (Hooker.)
* bi-cii'm-el-ic, adv. [From A.S. prefix Bl-
and cumlie= comely.] Becomingly. (Relio
Antiq., i. 131.) <= ^ \ y
* bi-cu'm-en, v.i. & t. [A.S. bicuman, becu-
man] [Become.] (Story of Gen. and Exod.
960.) '
bl-CUS'-pid, a. & s. [From Lat.
prefix hi = two, and cuspidatus,
pa. par. of cuspido = to make
pointed ; cuspis = a point, a
SI like.]
A. ..4s adjective :
1. Anat. : Having two points or
tubercles. (Dnuglison.)
2. Botany: Twice pointed, as
the fruit of Carex lagopodioides.
B. As snbst. : The name given bicuspid
to the two teeth situated between
the canines and the molars. (Ellis • Anat
1878, p. 133.) ^ '
bi-cus'-pid-ate, a. [Bicuspid.] The same
as Bicuspid, adj. (q.v.).
bicorporate.
boil, boy; pmit, j<J^l; cat, yeU, chorus, ^hin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-oian, -tiann^shan. -tion, -sion^^shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious." -tious, -
, as; expect. Xenophon, e^ist. -ing,
slous = shiis. -ble, -cle. &c. ^ bel, ceL
528
Dicuspis— bide
bl-cus-pis, s. [From Lat. pieti:: bi, and
ciLSpis =-a point, a spike.]
Avfit. : At>H>thwith tvvu points. (BranAe.)
* bi-cwe'-then, v.t. [A.S h>-cwetlw.>i. The
bimiL' as Bequeath (((.v ).]
bi'-^y-cle, s. & a. [Fniin Lat. picti-x: /)/, and
Gr. kvkAos (kiiUos) = a l■in,L,^ a civcIl*, a round.]
A, ^-<' suhst. : A two-wheeled velocipede.
The rider wits on a saildle, and propels the
machine by means of pedals.
B, As adj. : Pertaining to, or connected
witli, a two-wheeled velocipede. [A.]
toi'-^y-cle^r.i. [BicvcLK, S.J To ride a bicycle.
"bi'-cy-cling, o. & s. rFrom Eng. bicycl(e);
-ing.]
A. As 0'h<-'''f!''C : Pei'taining to, connected
with, or derived from perfonnanees ou a
bicycle.
"The hunrtreil miles hic.ncling champion ship . . . ' —
Times, March ao, 18.S;).
B. As siibstant iv& : The act or operation of
propelling a bicycle.
"Another noteworthy fe^t of bicycling was per-
formed . . ."—Times, April a, 1880.
bi'-^y-clist, s. [From Eng. hicyd(v), and suffix
-ist.] One who rides a bicycle.
bid (1) "" bidde (1), ' bid'-den, " bed-den,
* bede, *byd'-dyn, v.t. [A.S. hiddan,
imp. bide, pa. par. bcden^{l) to ask, pray,
intreat, or beseech ; (2) to bid, declare, com-
mand, demand, require, enforce, compel.
(Bosivorth.) A.B. and O.S. biddian = to pray ;
O. Icel. b id j a, beitha, = to pray; But. bidden
= to pray;' (N.H.) Ger. bitten =(1) to re-
quest, to ask ; (2) to ask, to invite ; O.H.
Ger. bltjcui ; Goth, hidjan, bidan. Compare
Lat. peio = . . . to beg, beseech, ask. Though
Bosworth gives command as one of the
secondary significations of A.S. biddan, yet
as the common A. 8. word for command u
beoda)i, and there are similar duplicate terms
in the other Teutonic languages, we follow
"Wedgwood and Skeat in separating this bid
from tbe one which follows.] [Bid (2).]
1. To pray, to ask, to entreat.
" Alle he fellen him thor to fot
To betheu methe and bedden oc."
Stori/ of Gen. and Ezod., 2407-8.
"... Lord, undigne and unworthy
I am to thilk houour tliat ye me bcde."
Vhaucer: C. T., 8235-6.
*^ To bid heads or bedes :
1. Originally : To pray prayers with or
without a rosary to count them upon.
2. Suhseqiiently : To count the beads of a
rosary, eacli bead dropped ijassing for a
prayer. (Nnres.) [Bead, Bede, Bidding.]
" Fitz- Eustace, you with Lady Clare
May oid your beads and patter prayer."
Scott : Marrnion, vi 27.
2. To care for, to value. (Scotch.)
" As to the first place, now bid I not to craif it,
Althoch it 1)6 Mnestheus wont to have it ;
Nor I dirf not to atriffe and wyn the gre,"
Doug.: Virgil, 134, 2i. [Jamieson.)
bid-prayer, s. [Bidding-praver.]
bid (2), ^ bidde (2), *byd', *bide. *bede
(pret. badp, hid, * bad, "^badde; pa. par. biil,
hldde)i, ^^byddet'.), v.t. [A.S. beodaii, pret. head.
pa. par. &od!e7i = to command, order, bid, will,
offer, enjoy. (Bosioorth.) In Iccl.hioda ; Sw.
lijvda =- to bid, to command ; Dan. byde,
5'oi/i= to offer, to invite ; But. hicdcn, gebieden
= to offer, to tender; (icr. Jn'etni — to offer,
tender, present; gebirfr a —to command, to
order ; O.H. Ger. h: }'tan, hiotan ; Goth.
biudan.]
1. To command, to order, to enjnin.
(a) Literally :
". . sLack not thy riding for ni? exeunt I 6id thee."
—2K,ng^iv. 24.
(6) Figuratively:
" For his was not that open artless soul
That feels relief by bkldinij sorrow flow."
Baron: C'hilde Harold, i. 8.
2. To invite, to ask, tn request to come to
a feast, a p:irty, or anything similar.
"... as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage."
—Matt. xxii. 9.
3. To announce, to declare.
(1) Puhlichj :
Spec. : To proclaim, to announce by means
of a public functionary, or at Ipayt publicly.
(a) III a. favourable sense: To announce to
friends and the public.
"l To bid one's banns: To aunounee one's
ll.IllllS..
" ( tiir bans thrice bill ! and for our wedding day
ily kerchief bought ! then press'd, then lorc'u away."
Hay.
(h) In 0)'. nnfavoiu-abh- sense : To denounce ;
to I'roclaim publicly with hostile feeling or
intent.
" Thyself and Oxford, with five thousand men,
yiiall crosi the aeas, and bid false Ed waul battle."
Skakesp : JJen. I'/., iii. 3,
■j Thus it is often Ubed in the phrase to
hid dejiance to, meaning to defy openly.
' ' Of nature fierce, uutameable, and proud,
He bills de&auce to the gaping crowd."
Oranville.
(2) Privately: To declare, to pronounce in
the domestic circle.
" . . pray you, bid
These unknown friends to 'a welcome."
SItahesp. : iVinC. Tale. iv. 3.
•[ Probably su''^ phrases as "to bid one
Godspeed" (2 John 10), and *' to bid one fare-
well" (Acts xviii. 21), are a modification of
this meaning, though the opinion of Johnson
is worth consideration that they may mean to
jiray God that one may speed well, to pray that
one may fare well, ir which case the verb hid
is No. 1, and not No. 2.
4. To offer, to make a tender; to announce
what price one is prepared to give for a speci-
fied article. (Used especially in connection
with auctions.) (Lit. dsfig.)
"Tu pive interest a share in friendship, is to sell it
by iiiL-h uf candle : he that bids most shall have it."—
C'jilifr, Frieiulslup.
■[ (a) Tq hid fair (fig.) : To offer a fair pro-
spect ; to afford a probability of; to have a
well-grounded hope.
" And Jupiter bids fair to rule again."
Cawper : Conversation
(b) To bid high: To offer a liigh price for
anything at a real or imaginary auction.
bid, bid -den, jm. par. [Did.]
^ Bidden is used also a.^ a participial ad-
jective. [Bidden.]
bid, s. [From hid, v. (2).] That which is
" bidden" at an auction; an offer at an auc-
tion.
* bi-daf -fen, v.t. [The same as Bedaff
(q,v.)] {Chaucer: C. 2'., 9,067.)
" bi-dag'ged, pa. par. [Bidaggen.]
"■ bi-dag'-gen, r.^ [From A.S. bi, and d.ea-
gean= to dye, to colour (?).] To splash.
(AUaaunder, 5,485.) (Stratmann.)
Md'-ale, s. [Eng. bid, and ale.] An invitation
of friends to drink at a poor man's house, and
there to contribute charity.
bid'-da-ble, a. [Eng. bid, v. (2) : -aUe.]
That can be bidden ; obedient ; pliable in
temper. (Scotch.)
" A biidnble bairn, a child that cheerfully does what
is desired or enjoined." — Jamieson.
bid'-da-ble-ness» s. [Scotch biddable ; -uess.]
Disposition to obey ; compliant temper.
(Jamieson.)
bid -da-bly, "^ bid'-da-blie, adv. [Eng.
biddah(le) ; -bj.] Obediently. (Jamieson.)
bid-den, * byd'-den, "* be-den, pa. par.
& u. '[Bid.]
"... where they were bidden to sit down."—
Bunyan: P. P., pt. ii.
* bid'-der (1), " bid'-dere, " byd -der (1). o.
[Eng. bid(\), v., and suff. -en] A beggar.
" Of beggeres and of 6?/drfe)*s . . ."
Piers Plowman, i). 139. (Richardson.)
bid'-der (2), s [From Eng. bid (2), v., and
suft'. -(■/-. In But. bieder ; Ger. bicter.] One
who makes an offer at an auction.
"... being torn from you and sold like beasts to
the first bidder."— Vanvin ■ Voyage round the Wo^-ld,
ell. X-ti.
Bid'-der-y, s. [Cormpted from Bnkr, Bi-der,
Bl-dar, a town in the Nizam's country in
India, about sixty miles from Hyderabad.]
biddery-ware, s.
C'liitm. : An alloy made at Biddery or Bidar.
Dr. Heyne st;itca its proportions as — Copper,
S: lead, 4; tin, 1. To three ounces of this
alloy sixteen ounces of zinc are added wdien
the alloy is melted for use. It is coloured by
dipping into a solution of sal-ammoniac, salt-
petre, common salt, and sulphate of copper.
This colours it, and the colour forms a ground
for the silver and gold inlaynig. Chisels and
gravers are em]doyed, and after the inlaying
is complete, the wai'e is polished and stained.
Another formula gives, zinc 12S. coiiper Id,
lead 4, tin 2. (Knight, djc )
bid -ding (1), • bid-diiige, ■ byd'-dynge,
^ byd'-dyn (1), pr. par. & s. [Bid (1), v.]
A. -.4s present port iri pie : In sens'.-a corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As substantive : The act of praying, spe-
cially with a rosary of beads.
" Bf/ddynge 01- praynge : Oracio . . ." — Pt-ompt.Parv.
^ Bidding prayer :
Eccles. : An expression used in jtre-Reforma-
tion times in the sense of " praying prayers,"
i.e., praying. In the medieval church tlie
priest was accustomed to I'ead out a list of
persons and tlnngs for wliicli the prayers of
the faithful were reque.sti'd. In England, in
the sixteenth century, this list was rei'luced
by a form setting forth the subjects to be
remembered by the people when bitlibng their
beads (that is, saying the rosary, in otiier
word.=, saying their prayers, or prayingl.
When the two verbs [Bid(1), Bid (2)] were
popularly confounded the original me;ining of
the phrase was lost sight of, and bidding was
taken as an adjective = that enjoins or com-
mands. Bidding prayer then came to mean
"an exhortation to interce.'^.'^ory piayer," and
is so used by some Roman writers (cf. Rock:
C'lairch of Our Fathers, ii. 354). In the Eng-
lish Cliurch the bidding prayer is an invita-
tion to the people to pr;iy for the Royal
Family, Parliament, ifcc. It is said before the
sermon at visitatirtns, assizes, and ordinations,
and before the university sermons, and is fol-
lowed by the Loid's Prayer.
bid'-ding (2), "■ bid-dunge, ^ bid'-dyng,
" byd- dyhg, ^ byd- dynge, * bid -
diunge, pr. par., a., & s. [Bid (2), v.]
A. &B. As present participle and jiarticijnal
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantirc :
1. The act of commanding or ordering ; tlie
state of being commanded or ordered ; com-
mand, order.
(a) Literally :
" So sore I dradde his nianasynp.
I duist not breke Ins biddyng."
The JioniaiDic of the Hose.
(b) Figurativchj :
"As the branch at the bidding of Nature,
Adds fragrance and fruit to the tree."
Byron ; Transl. of a Ro'inaic Love Song.
2. An invitation to a feast or party.
"... the particulars of the feast, the invitation, ita
rejection, and the consequenfc 6iiidj«3 of other tjuesta,
. . ."—Strauss: Life of Jesas. Ist ed. (1346). vol. ii., § 78,
p. 130.
3. A bid or order made at an auction.
(Sometimes in the plural.)
"... a crowd of buyers,' whose spiiited biddings
brought the sale to a very satiafat;tory conclusiuii.' —
Daily Telegraph, Oct. 25. 1877.
bld'-dy (1), s. [Of unknown origin.] A
domestic fowl, specially a chicken. (Col-
lognial.)
" Ay, Biddn come with me."
Shakesp. : Twelfth Xt^yht. iii. 4.
bid'-dy (2), s. [A familiar dimin. of Bridget.]
An Irish servant-girl ; a maid-servant. (Chiefly
Amer.)
^ bide (1), 'V.t. [Bid (2).] (Spenser.)
bide (2), * bi-den (Eng ), bide, "" byde
(Scotch), v.t. & i. '[A.S. & O. L. Ger. bidan =
to bide, abide, wait, remain, tarry, enjoy,
expect; Sw. and O. Icel. hida ; O. H. Ger.
pitan ; Goth, beidau.] [Abide.]
A. Tra.nsitive :
1. To await ; to wait for.
" The wary Dutch this gathering storm foresaw.
And durst not bide it on the English coast "
Dryden: Annus Mirabitis, 179.
2. To abide, to endure, to suffer.
*(a) Obsolete in English.
" Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm ! "
Shakes^'. .' Lear, iiL t
(b) Still used commonly in Scotch,
"Piove we our fate— the brunt we'll bi'li' !"
Scott : Lord of the UU-s, vi. 16.
B. Intransitive :
1. To abide, to dwell, to stay, to reside, to
live in a i>lace.
ff5.te. fat, fare» amidst, what, tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciab, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
bidel— bier
529
(a) Obsolete in English.
" Pis. If not at cowrt.
Then not iu Britiiiu must you bide '
aitukenp. : Cymb., iii. 4.
[b) Still common in Scotcli.
" 'But. mygonil fritucl. Woodboume ia not burned,*
said Bertram. ' W'eel. tlie better for them that buiijs
ii\'t:"— Scott: Gni/ .\[inni>-rhig. ch. xlv.
2. To continue ; to remain.
(1) In a place.
" Safe iu a ditch he bides.
With twenty trenched Hashes ou his hea^I."
Sliaketp.: Macbeth, iii. 4.
^2) In a state.
"Hai)py, whoae stre'Vigth iiithee doth bide.'
MiUmi: Traml. of Psalm Ixxxiv.
"C. In s'pecial phrases :
(1) To hide at, to hyde at.
(a) To persist.
". . . gif he will 3aye and bji'l att that the mess i.s
ydolatrie." — Corvaguell to Willok, in Keith's Hist,
App., p. 196. {Jiiiniesoii.)
(6) To adhere to ; to abide hy. [Abide.]
". . . botyewalihftif A''/(/c(» rt« the judgement of
the ancient ^,octo^xv\s."—C'>rsrl'lJ^leU to }VUlok, in
Keith's Hist., App,, p. 193- \Jnmi<-wn.)
(2) To hyde he., to huh. by : To stiind to ; to
adhere to. (Jamieson.)
* bid'-el, s. [The same as Beadle (q.v.).]
'* bi-d^-le, *bi-de'-len,i'.f. [A.S. hedmJan. =
entirely to divide, to deprive.] To deprive.
(Oi'mulum 4,677.) (Stratma nn. )
■* bi-de'-Ud, bi-de'-led, pa. par. [Btdele.]
^ bi-del've, * bi-del'-ven, bi-del-uen,
v.t. [A.S. hedelfan = to dig in or around, to
bury.] To dig in, to Ijury. [Bedelvin.] (Relig.
Aiitiq., i. 116.) (Stratma a u.)
"* bi-den'e, adv. [From A.S. pref. hi, and ene (?).
(Stratviann).^ Together. {Orm^dnm, 4,793. )
bl'-den^, s. [In Fr. bidenf ; Sp. & Ital. hideute.
From Lat. hidens = having two teeth ; hi,
prefix = two, and den-'^, genit. dmti.'i = a toi^th.
So called from the two awns or teeth crown-
ing the fruit.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Asteracea; (Conip<isites), and the sub-
order Tubuliflorje. Two species occur in
Britain, the Bidens cernn" or Nodding Bur,
and tbe B. tripartitu or Trifid Bur-marigold.
[Bur-marigold.]
'bl'-dent, s. [From Lat. hiilcnf: = having two
teeth or prongs; prefix ^t = two, and dc^is,
genit. dentis = a tooth.] A kind of spear
having two prongs.
bi-dent'-al, f bi-den-tial, a. [From hi =
doubly, and deiitali't, from dens = a tooth.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Ha\'ing two prongs more or
less like teeth.
2. Zool. (t PoJrrnnt. ; Having two teeth; or
two teeth or tusks so conspicuous as to cause
the others to be passed over witliout notice.
bidental reptiles, $.
Pakeont. : The name given by Mr. Andrew
Oeddes Bain, surveyor of military roads in
South Africa, to certain nntiible reptiles found
there about 500 miles east of Capetown. The
name was given because of their possessing
two long curved and sharp-]»ointed tusks.
Professor Owen founded for them the genus
Dicynodon, and considered them to belong to
a new tribe or order of Saurians. {Q. J. Geol.
Sac, vol. ]., pp. 317, 318, &c.) [Dicynodon.]
bi-dent'-ate, bi-den-ta'-ted, a. [Lat.
prefix hi = two, and dentafua = toothed ; from
dens, genit. deiitis = a tooth J
1. Zool. .- Having two teeth or tooth-like
processes.
2. Bot. : Two-toothed ; having two projec-
tions like teeth. Do ahly -toothed has a quite
distinct meaning, viz., that the teeth are them-
selves again toothed . or tlie serrations them-
selves serrate, as nmy be seen in many leaves.
l)i-dent'-ed, «. [In Fr. hidente. From Lat.
hideii^ = liaving two tpcth or prongs.] The
same as Bidentate ('[.v.).
'toi-den-tid'-e-£e, a. pi [Bidens.] A family
of Composite plants belonging to the tribe
1 Senecionideis. Tj-pe Bxdens (q.v.).
bi-det' (pron. bid-et' and bi-da'), .<.■. [Fr.
hidet ; Ital. hidetto ; Gael. hi(lm<:h=(a.ii adj.)
very little, (as s.) little creature ; Welsh hidait
= a feeble man.]
1 1, A small horse.
" I will rotuni t« myself, mount my !j)'lc' in dance,
and curvet upon iny curtal." — B. J orison : Jfasques.
2. A form of sitting-bath used for washing
the body, the administration of injections, and
treatment of hEemorrhoids.
bid'-hook, a. [Etvm. of bid doubtful, and
Eng. fwok.]
Naut. : A small boat-hook.
* bl-did'-ren, v.t. [A.S. bedydrian = to de-
ceive, to charm.] To delude, (firirhidmn,
15,391.)
bi-dig'-i-tate, a. [From Lat. prefix hi =
two, and df^i^afi's = having fingers or toes;
from (iifiri(iis = a finger.] [Digit.] Having
two fingers or two toes.
Bot. Bidigitate pinnate, Bi'Ugitoto-pinnat^ :
Twin digitate pinnate. [Biconjug.\te pin-
nate.]
bi'-ding, * by-ding, pr. par., a., &. s.
[Bide (2).]
A. & B. -^s j)rese)i( pnrfn-tplc £ adjective:
In senses coriesponding tu those of tlie verb.
C. As suhstonlii'i: :
1. Phirol : Sufferings. (Scotch..)
" Or forc'd to byde the bi/dingn that I baid "
2. A residence,
/lelenori
ji habitation.
{Jatnieson.)
"... they Ijrought us into their 6i'?;»5'^, about two
miles from Harborougli, . . ."—Hackluijt: Voyages.
iii. 81J9
"At Antwerp has ray constant biding been."
_^ Itoioe.
bi'-don, s. [Fr. hidon.]
Weights & Men^vres : A mea.sure of liquids
of about five quaits, used by seamen.
par. [Bedrable.]
[L. Ger. bedrahbelu.]
' bi-drab'-eled, jia.
" bi-drab-len, v.t.
drabble.
'" bi-dri've, v t. [A.S. hidrifan = to drive
otf, to ('oii,str;nii, to follow.] To drive about.
{Layamoii, iJ.'JOO ) (Strut niann.)
Xjid-ri ware, a. [See Biddery-ware, under
Biddery.]
* bi-drop'pe, v i. [The same as Bkdrop
(q.v.).] To drop. (I'krs Plowman, X'assus
xiii. 321.)
bid'-U-Olis, 'T. [Lat. hiduvs =^ continuing two
day.s"; from '-Tfix hij=Uvo, and dies =day.]
Lasting for only two days. (Treas. of Bot.)
*bi-dwel'-i-en.r.^ [A.S. pref. hi, & dwelian,
dxmdgan = (1) to err, ti^ mistake ; (2) to ob-
scure, mislead.] To lead astray, to confound.
(Legend of St. Katherine, 1,258.) (Stratvuxnn.)
' bie» * bye, v.t. [Abv.] To sutTer, to " aby."
(Chaucer.)
^" bic, " bee. * bighe, 5. [A.S. heah, heh, boih
=ia circular ornuuient of metal, as a bracelet,
a nerkung or necklace, a garland or a crown ;
Icel. b"<jii>i : Dut. bigge ; Fr. hagne ; ItaL ha-
gua.] A gem or ornament of jewelry. [Beighe.]
" Bies of gold or crowns of laurere."
Bochas, iv. 102.
" With a round bye that did about gone
Of golde, and perre, and stunea that were fine."
Bochas, viiL 184,
•[ In the eastern counties females' ornaments
are still called highes. (J. S. in. Boucher.)
bie'-ber-ite, s. [From Bieher, a place near
Hanau in Hesse Cassel ; suffix -ite.]
Min. : A subtrans parent or translucent
mineral usually stalactitie or investing other
minerals. Its sp. gr. is 1-024; its lustre
vitreous ; its colour flesh and rose-red ; its
composition: sulphuric acid, 19-74 to 30 -2;
oxide of cobalt, 16'50 to 3S-71 ; water, 38-13 to
46 "83, with traces of other ingredients. Found
at Bieber in Germany (see etymO, in Austria,
and in South America. It is called also Rho-
dalose (q.v.). (Dana.)
bie-ber-stei'n-i-a, s. [Named after ]tfar-
shall von Bieberstein. a Russian naturalist.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Rutaceae (Rueworts), and the tribe
RuteLe. The species are herbaceous plants
having pinnate leaves and racemose flowers,
with five sepals, five petals, and five ovaries!
They occur in Central Asia,
bie-ber-stei'n-e-se,
STEINIA. ]
s. pi. [Bieber-
Bof. : An order of Endlicher's not now re-
cognised. Type Biebersteinia (q.v.).
*bieche,*. [Bitch.]
bield* beild, s. [Beild, s.]
bield. beild, v.t. [Beild. v t.] (Scotch.)
bield'-3^. biel-y, beild-y, a. [Beildy.1
(Scotch.)
* bien» 3?!'es. indie, of v. [Be.] Are. (English
Gilds: Ear. Eng. Text Soc, p. 27.)
■^ bien, bein, ^ beyne, a. & adv. [Bein.]
A. ^s adjective: Wealthy; well provided.
(Scotch.)
B. As advsrh : In a state of comfort.
"What is the taue but a w.iefu" buuch o" cauldrife
professors and ministers, that sate bien and warm
M-hen the pei'secuted remnant were w-ii-sthng wi
hunger, and cauld, and fear of death . . ."—Hcott:
Heart qf Midlothian, ch. xii.
^ bien-fait, ;*. [Benefit.]
bi-en'-ni-al, a. [in Fr. biennul, hisannuel;
Sp. bieiiid : Port, hiennal ; Ital. hiennio.
From Lat. biennis, hicn ual is =: lasting two
years ; bi (prefix) = two, and annus = a year.]
A. As adjective :
Bot. cC Ord. Lang. : Requiring two seasons
to reach maturity and ripen its seeds, and
then dying.
"Then why should some be very long lived, others
only iiiumn,] ov biinniaU"—Kag : T/ie iVisdoni Cff God
in Creation.
B. As substantive :
Bot. & Ord. Lang. : A plant which requires
two sea.sons to reach maturity and ripen its
seeds and then dies. Botanists sometimes
mark such a plant with S, which is the symbol
of Mars, because that planet is two years in
making a revolution round the sun.
" Biennials are plants living for the space of two
years only : that is, if growing in their natural
habitats, and left entirely to themselves. The c;irra-
way, carrot, and celery are examples." — Keith: Hot.
Lexic. (18a7). p. T^.
bi-en'-m-al-ly, adv. [Eng. biennial; -ly.]
Once in two years ; every two years. (Todd.)
'* bi-e-ode, pret. of v. AVent around. (Laya-
mon, 1,188.) (Stratvmnn.)
bier (1). * bi-ere, ^ be-are, * be-ere.
'■ bere, f. [A.S. beer, here =(1) a. bier, (2) a
poitable bed ; from beran = to bear. Sw.
Iilc-bdr = a bier (Uk=a corpse); Dan. baare
= a hand-barrow, a bier; Dut. baar ; (N.H.)
Ger. bahre = a hand-barrow, a bier ; O.H.
Ger. bara ; Fr. hiere ; Frov. bera; Ital. bara;
Lat. ferctrum; Gr.' ^eperpov (pheretron) ^ a,
bier, a litter.] [Bear, v.]
1. Literally :
* 1. A person or thing borne ; a biu-den ; a
corpse on a bier.
" The dolefulst beare tliat ever man did see,
Wag Aatrophel, but dearest unto mee."
Upenscr: Astrophet
2. Spec. : A hand-barrow adapted to carry a
corpse, or coffin, or botli. The only difterenee
between a bier and a stretcher, litter, or even
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BIER.
a hand-barrow, arises froTii tne sacred purpose
for which it was employed. Anciently, the
wealthier classes were carried to the grave ou
funeral couches.
" And he came and touched the bier, and they tliat
bare hiin stood still." — Cuke viL 14.
II. Figuratively :
1. A coffin. (Poetic.)
"And the fair wreath, by Hope entwined.
Lies withered on thy bier."
Hemans : To the Memory of General Sir £—d p—n—m.
2. A grave in which a deceased person has
been laid. (Poetic.)
" Drop upon Fox's grave the tear,
'Twill trickle to his rival's bier."
Scott : Marmion ; Introd. to Canto i.
H To bring to (one's) bier: To bring to the
^^rave, to put to death ; to cause the death
boil, boy; pout, j<5^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin. as; expect. Xenophon, exist. ph = t
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious. -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = bel. deL
34
530
bier— big
t bier-balk, s. Tlie church road along
■whii.-h I'uni^rals pa.^^s. It was popularly be-
lieved, ami still is in many places, that the
X'assa^e uf a corpse ever afterwards gave a
riglit of way.
" Where their ancestors left, of their laud, a broad
and lufficient blvr-OaUc to carry the corps to the
Christian aepulture ; how men pinch at such bier
balks, which Iw long use and custom, ought to he in-
violably kept for that \mr^o^e."—0Q'>nlUesi B. ii. 237
bier-right, s. An ordeal by which a
person, accused of murder, was required to
approach the corpse upon the bier, when it
was alleged that if he was the murderer the
wounds would gape afresh and shed tears of
blood.
", . the grant of a proof by ordeal of hlcr-right,
unless any of them should prefer that of cumbat."—
ticott : Fair Maid of Perth, eh. xxi.
*bier(0. Scotrh), -beer (_0. Eng.), i [Ety-
mology ddiibtful.]
Ji'fv.viny : A count of forty threads in the
warp or chain of woollen cloth. The number
of warp-threads is counted by biers; the
threads are tenni.'d cuds.
" Also another coar.se-colo iired thread through every
two hvnidred threads, so as to (listinguiah the number
of (flers or scores of threads in the breadth of the said
cloth."— J/(U;(cc;i ■ Sfl. Trans-, p. 398. [Jamicsoii-)
*bierd-ly, "bier-ly, a. [Bfrdly.] Large
asd well-made. (0. Scntch.)
" Then out and spake the bicrdly bride,
Was a goiu! to the chin."
Jam'fson: Popular Ball. , \\. 133.
* bier-ly, a. [Burly, s. (0. Scotch.).']
* bies, * bijs, s. [Contracted from O. Eng.
hissyn (q.v ).] Fine linen.
"... and of peerl and of bles and of purpur . . . '—
Wycliffe (ed. Purvey) : Apoc. xviii. 12.
"... clothid with bijs and purpur . . .' —Ibid, 16,
bies'-ljng, bees'-ting (generally in the
plural biest-ings), s. [A.S. hyailng =
beestings, the first milk of a cow after calving.]
[Be EST. ]
t biett-le, beet-le (le as el), v. [Dimin.
from A.fS. butaii = to Jiiake bet£er, to improve.]
[Beet.] (Scotch.)
1. Of pcrs6)is: To grow better in health.
(Jamieson )
2. Of plants (si If (\ ofcrnpi): To look better ;
To recover from injury. {Jamieson.)
bi-fa'-ci-al (ci ns sby), a, [Lat, prefix M,
and farih = a t■:(C(^] Having two faces.
{Dana: Zoophyte;, p. 285.)
^ bi-fal-den. i\t. [Bifold.]
*bi-falle, - bi-fallen. v.t. & i. [Befall]
(RonuiuiU of the Uosr ; Ckaiiccr, C. T., (570, tt'O.)
* bi-fang-en (pret. hifeng, blvonge), v t. [A.S.
bifo)i (prep, hl-fahgpii, hi-Joiigeii) = to encom-
pass.] Tu take about. {Lnyamoii,S29.) (Strat-
tnann )
bi-fa'r-i-OUS, a. [Lat. hifarius = two-fold,
double ; from prefix hi = two, and fari — to
speak.]
*■ A. Ord. Lang. : Capable of a two-fold in-
terpretation, {Johnson ).
B. Bot. : Ranged in two rows, the one op-
posite to the other, as the florets of many
grasses. Called also Distichous.
bi-far'-i-oiis-ly, ado. [Eng. bifario\is; -ly.]
In a bifarious manner.
^ A stem or twig is bifariously hairy when
between two ji tints the hairs are on tlie ante-
rior andj^ostcrior parts, whilst in the next one
they are on its two sides. (.^lartyn.)
"'* bi-fel, pret. of " [Befall.] (Story of Gen.
and E.xod., 903.)
*bi-fer-len, - bi-ve'ol-len, v.t. [A.S. he-
fyUan=: to f<-ll, slay.] To fell. (Luyamon,
329.) (St > I' t maun.)
bi'-fer-ous, bif'-er-oiis, c [Lat. bifer,
from prefix hi = two, and /cro=to bear.]
Double bearing ; producing anytliini', as fruit,
&c., twice in one season. (Johnson.)
"Some [trees] are bifcroun and triferous."— ,vir 7'
Browne : Tracts, p. 70.
bif-f in, t beau-fin(eau as 6). \ bee-fin, 5.
[Thongh the spelling beanfin seems to suggest
a French etymnlogv, yet according to Wright,
Mahn, &c , tfie word is derived from Eng.
beef, to which, in a raw state, the pulp has
been compared.]
1. A kind of apple cultivated in Norfolk.
2. A baked ajtple crushed into a flat cake.
bi'-iid, «. [In Fr. bijide ; Lat. bifidiis = cleft in
two; prefix &i = two, and fid, the root of
findo = to cleave, to split.]
Bot. : Split partly into two ; half divided
into two ; two-cleft. (Johnson.)
t bl'-fid-a-ted, a. [Froiu Lat. bifidatiis.']
The same as Bifid (q v.), (Johnson.)
* bi-fille. pret. of v. [A S. befeol] [Befall.]
(Chancer.)
* bi-fin-den (pret, hii-ond ; pa, par. blfunden),
v.t. To find. (Boh. ofGlouc, 267.) (Siratmann )
* bi-fle-an, v.t. [A.S. befiean — to flay, to
skin. The same as Beflay (q.v.).]
* bi-fle-den, v.t. [Ger. befluten.] To flood.
{Layamon, 25,738.)
* bi-fle-on, v.t. [A.S. beflengan, hefleon = to
flee, to escape.] To flee, to escape. (0. Eng.
Horn., i. 109.) (Stratmann.)
bi-flbr'-ate, a. [in Fr. hlflore; from Lat.
prefix bi, and flora.' —to bloom, to blossom ;
fio"^, genit. fl'irk: — a flower ; suffix -ate.]
Bot : Bearing two flowers, biflorous.
bi'-flor-OUS, a. [From Fr. hiflor{e); Eng.
suffix -oK.s, or Lat. prefix bi ; jios, '^cmi. flon.-i
= a flower, and suffix -ous.l [Biflorate. j
Bot. : Bearing two flowers, biflorate. (Crahb.)
bi'-foil, s. [In Fl■.'bifol^e = i^\<>-\^'il\ed■, from
Lat. prefix bi = t^vo, and /oZuihi— leaf.] A
British orchid (Listera ovata), tlie common
Tway blade. [Listera.]
bi'-fold. a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two, and
Eng. fold ] Twofold, double.
"That cause sets up with and against thyself I
Bi/altl authority. '
Shakesp. : TroiL and Cress., v 2
* bi-fold'e, bi-fal-den, v.t. [A.S. hifiaidan
= to enfold.] To enfold, to tn\'th>p. {AyeH'
bite, S.)
"^ bi-fo-len, pa. par. [A S. bl r:>\rn — to com-
mit, deliver.] To commit. pKice.
"Helle the we wereir in h'if.d. n. '—U. Eiig lluiu., \
123.
bi-fo'-ll-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and foliatiis = le;iiy ; from foHum—a leaf.]
Having two leaves. (JFcbster.)
bi-fo'-li-6l-ate, a. [Fi-om Lat. prefix bl =
two; and dimin. of yu/( (n/i _ ,i leaf.]
Bot. : Having the common petiole of its leaf
terminated by two leaflets, springing from the
same point.
* bi-fon, * bivon, r.t. [.\.S. bifon = to en-
comjiass.] To comi)rise, to en<-umpass. (Old
Eng. Hovi., i. 9.) (Stratmann.)
bi'-for-ate, a. [From Lat. biforus =. having
two doors; prefix &i=two, and /oris = a
door.] Having two perforations. (Braude.)
* bi-for-en, z<rep. & adv. [BiFORN, Before.]
bi'-f6r-ine|, s. [From Lat. bifonis = having
two doors ; bi = two, and forls = a door.]
Bot. : The name given by Turpin to cells in
cert-ain plants of the order Araceae, which
have an opening at each end, through which
the raphides generated inside them ai'C after a
time expelled, (Lindley : Introd. to Botany.)
bi'-form, ". [From Lat. hifrmds and bifvrma-
ins = two-formed ; pi-eflx bl = two, and forma
= form, figure, shape.] Having two forms ;
excelling in two forms, figures, ur shapes.
" From whose mons^ter-teemmg wonili the Earth
Receiv'd, what much it inourn'd, a biform liirth."
Croxall: Traiml of Ovid. Jlc.atn. 8.
bl'-formed. n. [Eng. biform ; -cd ; from Lat.
Informis = two-formed.] [Biform.] Com-
pounded of two forms. {.Johnson.)
bi-form'-i-ty, s. [Eng. biform; -ity ; from
Lat. bifoTmis= two-foi'med,] [Biform.] The
state of existing in two distinct forms or
shapes.
■' strange things he spake of the bifonnify
Of the DizoTims ; what mongrel sort
Of living wighta ; how monstrous-shap'd they be ;
And how that man and beast in one consort."
More : Song of the Soul, P. 1, C. 3, at. 70.
' bi'-fora, ^ biforen, prejj. &. adv. [Befoke. ]
A, As prep. : Before.
"Whaune sich oou thou neest thee biform."
Th<: liomaunt of the Rose.
B. --1.5 adv. : Before-hand.
bl-iton'-ted, a. [From Lat. bifrons, genit.
bifrontis = with two foreheads or faces ; prefix
/;i=two, and frontis, genit. of frons = the
forehead.] Having two fronts,
"Put a ca.se of vizards o'er hia head,
That he may look bifronied as he speaks. "
B. Jonson : Poetaster, v. S.
* bifulen, v.t. [A.S. befulan = to befouL The-
same as Befoul (q.v.).] (Ayenb., 178.)
bi-fur'-cate, bi-ffir'-ca-ted, pa. par. & a.
[Bifurcate, y.i] Two-forked.
"A small white piece, bifurcated, or branching into
two, and finely reticulated all oyer."— Woodward.
bl-fur'-cate, v.i. [in Fr. bifurque. From
Low Lat hifurcatus ; pa. par. of bifurcor = to-
part m. two directions ; Class. Lat. biftircus =
two-pronged; prefix bi, and fnrca=^a fork.].
To divide into two branches, (Crabb.)
bl-fur-ca'-tion, s. [in Fr, bifurcation ; from
Lat. bifiircns.] [Bifurc'^.te.] Division into
two prongs or parts.
", . . in a Mfurcation. or division of the root into-
two parts." — Brovme: Vulgar Erroars.
t bi-fur'-coiis, a. [From Lat. bifnrcns; prefix
/)?=two, and fiirGa = a. two-pronged fork,]
[Fork ] Two-forked. [Bifurcate.] {Coles.}
big, * bigg, * big:ge, a. k adv. [Etymology
somewhat tloubtful. Malm considers it a
contraction from Wei. beichiog, beichiaiug^
burdened, loaded, pregnant with child ; from
&aic/i = burden ; Arm. beach. Wedgwood de-
rives it from 0. Icel. boega= a swelling, which
would connect it with Eng. bvlge, belly, bag,,
kc Skeat essentially agrees with Wedgwood.
(BAf;, Beli.v, Bui.oe.]
A. As adjrdlrc :
I, Distended.
1, Lit.: Distended, .swelling, protuberant;;
with special reference to female pregnancy.
(1) Of the females of iru.i>n or tlie inferior
animals :
* (a).Fonnerly followed by of.
■'His gentle lady,
Big of this gentleman, our theme, deceaii'd
As he wjis bom." Sliakesp. : Cgmbeline, 1 L
(b) Now ii^itli is used instead.
" A bear big with young hath seldom been seen." —
Bacon.
(2) Of plants:
" Lately on yonder swelling bush
Big ivith many a cummon rose,
This early bud began to blush." Waller.
2. Figuratwehj :
(1) Of persoub:
(a) Swelling with joy, grief, anger, or other
emotion, making the heait feel as if it would
burst.
" Tliy heart is btg ; get thee apart and weep."
ahakcsp. : Julius Ccesar. ill. 1,
(b) Swelling with pomp or vainglory, tumid,.
proud.
" . , to the meaner man, or unknown in the courts
seem somewhat soleum, coy, big, and dangerous of
look, talk, and answer."— jlscftam; Schoolmaster.
(c) Swollen with consciousness of knowing
some portentous event approaching.
" Now big with knowledge of approaching woes.
The prince of augurs, Halithreses, rose. '
Pope : Odyst. ii. 185-6,
(2) Of things:
(((.) In the abstract, standing for persons, in
senses 2 (I), (a), (b), or (i).
" Biff passions strutting on a petty stage."
Wordswor/h : Hxcurnon, bk. iii.
(b) Of events : Pregnant with something to
which immediate or more remote futurity will
give birth.
" The great, th' important day.
Big with the fate uf Cato and of Rome."
Addison.
II. Rer[uiring no distention to make thein
great, they being so naturally and truly.
1. Of material things: Literally gi-eat ia
space or in bull?.
" \ troubled ocean, to a man who sails in it, is, I
think, the biggest object that he can see in motion." —
(Spectator.
2. Of menta' conceptions : Great, sublime.
". , , when the idea under the consideration be-
comes very bit/, oi very small." — Locke.
3. Of persons: Without i.iretence ; mentally
or morally great, brave or magnanimous ; or
admittedly of higli social standing.
" What art thou? have not I
An aril] :u^ Jutj as thine ? a heart as big ?
Thy wiiiili. 1 t.'r.int are bigger .
Shakespeare ■ Cgmbeline, iv, 2.
f^te^ f3.t, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; ^ve, wet, here, camel, her, there ;
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
Syrian. 0e, ce = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
big— bigging
531
B, -(4s adverb: In a pompous manner;
pompously, tumitlly, witli swelling words.
"■My gooil ally talks big,' he Baid."— .VAffdi^'y :
Hitt. Bug., ch. iv.
big-bellied, u,. (Vulgar.)
I. Ofperso)is :
1. In an advanced state of pregnancy.
(a) Literally:
"Children aud big-beUie(l womeu require antid-jtes
Bomewhat more grateful to the palate."— tfariJCi/.
(b) Figuratively :
" When we had laught to see the swiils conceive.
And crow big-bellied with the wanton wind."
Shakesp. : Mid. Night's Dream, ii. 2,
2. Witli a protuljerant stomach, fat.
" He [William Rufus] was iu statxire aomewhat below
the uBual biz*>. and big-belUed.''—Sivift: BUl. of Eng.,
Reign of Wdl 11.
II. Of things: Protuberant,
" Now Bhalt thou never see the salt lieset
With a big-bellied gaJlon flagonet."
Bp. Hall: Satires, hk. vi., s. L
big-coat, s. A gi'eatcoat ; an overcoat.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
big-corned, a. Having large grains.
■' ITie strength of big-corned powder loves to tiy."
Dri/den : Annus Mirabilis, 149.
big-game, •^. A collective name for the
larger wild animals of a district.
t big-named, ti. Having an illustrious
Cr lofty name.
" gome big-nam'd composition."
Crashaw Poems, p. 108.
big-sea-water, s. The rendering of a
North American Indian word meaning sea.
■' Built a wigwam in the forest.
By the BhinliiB liig-Sea-Water."
Longfellow: Song of lliuwaOui, v.
big-sounding, «. Loud sounding, sound-
ing pompously.
•' Big-sounding sentences, and worda of state."— /?p.
Hall: Satires, bk. i„ a. 3.
big-swoln, big swoln, «. Swollen to a
great extent. Used —
(a) Of the waves of the sea.
■' The big-swoln waves iu the Iheiian stream."
Drayton: Polyolbion, s. 1.
{&) Of the heart under the influence of
emotion.
" Might my big-swoln heart
Vent all its griefs, aud give a loose to sorrow."
Addison.
big-wig, s. An official of high standing ;
a person of note or importance. (Tlie term
refers to the large wigs formerly worn by
persons of rank and position.)
1 Otlier obvious compounds are : Big-boned or
htg boned (Sir T. Herbert: Travels, p. 180;
Dryden : Pal. and Arcite); big~uddered (Pope :
Odyss., bk. ix. 282).
big, *. [Bigg. ] (Chiejlij Scotch.)
* bi-gab'-ben, o.t. [A.S. prefix bi, and gnhban
= to scoff, to delude.] To deceive. (Rob. of
Gkntc, 458. 15.) (Strattnann.)
* bi-ga-len, o.t. [A.S. prefix bi, and galati =
to sing, to enchant.] To enchant. (Layamou,
19, 256. ) (Slratmann. )
*big'-am, "big -am-us (pi. big'am^i, big -
am-i), s. [In Fr. bigame; Sp., Port., & Ital.
biganw; Eccl. Lat. bigamus = married to two
women. From Lat. bi, and Gr. ya/io? (gamos),
(1) a wedding, (2) marriage.] A bigamist.
(a) Of the Latin form bigamus, pi. bigami :
" And therefore was it alleged ^^;ain8t thia goldsinyth
that he was bigamus."— Hall : Hen. VIII., aiL 35.
"No bigami, that is, uoiie that had been twice
married, or such as married widows, were capable of
it, [the Ijeneflt of clergy,] beca\ise such could not receive
oraers."— B«rne* ; Hitt. Hqform., ii, 323,
(b) Ofilie English form bigain, pi. biganis :
"... as the law of bigamy, or St, Paul's ordaining
%h&t a, bigam should not be a deacon or prieat"- flp.
Peacock, in tJic Life of him by Lewis, p. 28ti,
" big'-am-a, s. [A fern, form, not classical, of
bigamist.] [Bigamist, B.]
"Greater is the wonder of yourstrickt chastitie, than
it would l>eanouell to see yom.bigama."— Warner :
Addit. to Albion's England, bk. ii. {Richardson.)
big'-am-ist, s. [O. Eng. bigam ; -ist ; or Eng,
bigo/iM.y) ; -ist; or Lat. bigam(ns); with Eng.
suffix -ist.]
A, Of a man : One who commits bigamy,
one who marries a second wife before the
death of the first.
" By the i».pal canona, a clergym.in that has a wife
caimot have an ecclesiastical . benefice; much less con
a bigamist have such a benefice according to that law."
~A yliffe.
B. Of a woman : A woman who marries a
second husband wliile tlie first one lives.
big'-am-OUS, a. [From Latin bigaTnus.]
[Big'am.] Pei-taining to bigamy; involving
the commission of bigamy, as "a bigamous
mamage."
* big'-am-us, s. [Bigam.]
big'-am-jr, * big-am-ie, s, [Fr. bigamie; Sp. .
Port., Ital., & Low Lat. bigamia.] [Bigam.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Formerly. (Generally). In the etym. sense :
The wedding of two women in succession,
marrying twice. [B. I.]
" Which is a plain proofe yt concerning ye pi-ohibi-
cion of any uio wines then one and the lorbiddiug of
bigamy by ye wedding of one wife after another, was
the speci-il ordinance of God and not of Saint PouJe."
—.■iir T. More : Workes. p. 229.
2. Now. (Specialhj) : The marrying of
another woman while the first wife is still
living, or of a man while tlie first husband
still lives. [B. II.]
■■ He settled iu a third parish, aiid was taken up for
bigamy "—Macauhvy . Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
B. Law :
L Canon Law :
1. The marrying of two virgins, one after
the other, the sin or crime being held to be
committed even if the first had died before
the second was wedded.
2. The marrying of a widcf^v.
3. The maiTying of a woman who, though
not ceremonially wedded, has still allowed
some one to have intercourse with her. If
bigamy of any of these kinds were committed,
the offender could not take holy orders.
II. English Law: The act of nian-ying a
second time, while the first husband or wife is
still known to be living. By 5 Edward I.,
passed in 1270, it was punished with death.
In 1603, during the reign of James I., it was
made felony, witliout benefit of clergy. By
35 Geo. Ill,, passed in 1794, the capital penalty
was modified into imprisonment or transpoi-tii-
tion. If a person many a third wife, while
the first two are still living, poverty of language
in this portion of the law makes the offence
still be called only bigamy ; polygamy woxdd be
a more accurate designation.
T[ Digamy signifies simply a second mar-
riage, bigamy implies that such a marriage
takes place whilst the first mfe is still ah\<'.
[Digamy.]
^ bi-gS-n', pret. of V. [Begin.] Began.
" He sette foot on erthe, aud fast blgan to flee."
Chaucer: C. T., 2.6.
* bi-gSA'g-en, v.t. [A.S. begangan, bigangan
= (1) to go over, to perambulate ; (2) to follow
after.] To comitass, to surround. {Loyamon,
23,702.)
* bi-ga'-pen, v.t. [A.S. prefix bi, aud geapan
= to gape.] [Begape.] To gape at. (Legend
of St. Katherine, 1,262.) (Stratmann.)
|)ig_a-r6on', s. [Fr. bigarreau (?).] The large
white-heart variety of cherry.
* bi-gS.S'-ter, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and gaster ; Gr. vao-TTjp (gaster) = the belly.]
Anatomy: A name given to muscles which
have two " bellies" or protuberant portions.
* bi-gat, pret. of V. [Beget.] (Story of Gen.
and Exod., 70S.)
bi-gem'-in-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and geniinatus (pa. par. of geminu) = to
double, from gcminus ■= born as a twin, gemUii
= twins.]
Botany: The term applied when each of two
secondary petioles in a plant beai-s a pair of
leaflets. '(Lindky: Intrud. to Bot., 3rd ed,,
p. 465.)
"^ bi-gen, v.t. [A.S. hygan, bycgan.] [Buy.]
(Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,166.)
bi'-gen-er (pL bi'-gen-ers), s. [Lat. adj.
bigener, descended from two different races,
hybrid ; bi = two, and genus — birth, descent. ]
Biol. : A hybrid between organisms belonging
to difl'erent genera. Plants which are bigeners
are short-lived and sickly ; it is only those which
arise between closely allied specie.? which
manifest any considerable amount of strengtn.
bigeners, that is to say, mules between
different genera."— ii")"ifc</ ; Introd. to Hot, Jrd ed.
(18a9), p. 349.
^bi-get'e, *biyete, bi-gsete, s. [From
bigeten, v. (q.v.).] Winnings, spoil, accLUisi-
tion.
■■ Hibram gaf him thetigthe del
Of alle is begcCe ..." , ,, j one c
Sto7-y qf Gen. and Exod., 895-6.
■'bi-gete, v.t [Beget.]
^bi-ge't-el, a. [From O. Eng. blget ; and
sulf. -d.] Advantageous.
"He maden swithe bigetel forward."
Sio7-y of Gen. and Exod., 1,992.
V |ji_ggt'-en, V.t. [A.S. begitan—to get.]
[Beget,]
1. To acquire; to obtain. (Story of Gen.
and Exod., 911.)
2. To beget. (Story of Gen. and E.cod.,2,\%Q.)
3. To require.
'■ ' Jacob,' wath he. ' quat wiltu bi-geten.' "
Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,666.
4. To prevail.
" for scrith ne tbvet, ue mai ghe bi-geten
for to don him chasthed for-geteii."
Story of Gen. and Exod., 2,021-3,
bigg, big, * byg (Scotch), ^ bigge (0. Eng.),
v.t. ii' i. [Icel. byggia; Sw. bygio.\ To build.
A. Tranb.itlve:
(a) Old English :
" Kirkes and houses brent uouht than wild he spare,
Ther the Inglis hatl bigged, he made it waat and bare."
R. Brune, p. 62.
^ Still used in the north of England.
(b) Scotch :
" I'm sure when ye come to your alu, Captjvin, ye'll
no forget to bigg a bit cot-houae there!" — Scott: Quy
Mannering, ch. Iv.
B. Intransitive :
llov _.^ .
R. Nltlisdale: Song. [JamiesoTi.)
bigg, t big, s. [Icel. bygg = bai'ley ; Dan. byg
= barley ; O. Sw. biugg.] Another name for
bere (Hordeum hexasticlium) . [Bere, Bear.]
" Bear or bigg (a kind of crain with four rows ou
each head) is sown from the beginning to the 20th of
May." — Pur. Durisdeer, Damfr., Statist. Ace. qf Scot-
land, iv. 460. {Jamieson. )
big'-gar, s. [Scotch bigg = to build, and suffix
-ar.] A builder, one who carries on a building.
" Item, to .advise gif the chaplaine hes the annuell
mider reversion, and cuntribatis with the biggar." —
Acts Mary lobl. c, 10. [Murray.) [Jamieson.)
^ big-gen, v.t. [Buggen.]
bi^'-gin (1), s. [Biggi ng . ] (Scotch. )
*bi'g-gin(2),^big'-gen(0, Eng.), *big'-g6n
(0. Scotch). [In Fr. hrgnin = a cap or hood,
woi-n by Beguines.] [Beguine.] A cap or
hood, worn —
L By Beguines or other women. [Biggo-
NET.]
" . . . an old woman biggin for a nightcaiJ." —
Mavsinger : The Picture, iv. 2,
2. By children.
^ From ilie biggin to the nightcap: From
infancy to old age.
" , , . being a courtier from the biggin to the night-
cap."— B. Jonson: SUent Woman, Hl 6.
3. By men.
(a) A night-cap.
" A biggen he had got about his brayue,
For iu his headpeaoe he felt a sore payue."
Spc^iser: SJiep. Cat., i.
(b) See also Shakespeare, 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
A i)art of the dress of a barrister, perhaps the
coif of a serjeant-at-law.
" One whom the good
Old man, his uncle, kept to th' inns of court,
And would iu time ha' made him barrister.
And i-ais'd him to his aattin cap autl biggen."
CUy Match (O. PI.), ix. a62. {If ares.)
big'-gln (3), s. [Corrupted from piggin (q.v.).]
1. A small wooden vessel, more accui'ately
called a piggin.
2. A small bag or metallic vessel perforated
below with small holes to hold coffee-grounds
while boiling water is poured upon them.
(Wright.)
big'-ging, * big-gin, * byg-gynge,
" byg-gyn, l)r. par., a., ^s. [Big, v.} [In
led. bigging = building.] A building ; a house,
properly of a larger size as opposed to a cottage.
A. &- B. As present participle & participi^al
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
boil, bo^; pout, j6^1; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9liin, bencb; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, eislst. -ing.
-clan, -tian = sb9>n. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -cle, &e. = bel, eel.
532
biginne— bigotically
C. As substanti i-r :
1. The act or operation of building.
" I mind the bigging o't"—>Scorr ■ Antiqitaru, cli. iv.
" Fyre blesis in his hie higginfria awakkit."
/Jong. ; Virgil, liG", 1. (Jamieson.)
2. Sojourn, altudL\ dwelling.
" long biggii'ig is here nogt god."
."itory of Ocn. and Exod., "17
3. A "building; a luiuse.
" Tho was noil higing of a.1 egiiite
lichle^, so manige tleM thor Kipte."
atory of Oeii. luul KxoA., -'5,lit3-4.
"And frae his theckit higgin taka her way."
Hob. Gallawai/: Poeins, a2. (Jatnteson.)
[The same as Begin
* bi-gin'ne, v.t.
(q.v.).J
* bi-gin'-ning, bi-gin'-mnge, pr. imr. & s.
[Begin.] {Chavccr.)
toig'-git (1), jxf. far. & a. [Bigo.] (Scotch.)
biggit-land, s. Land on which there
are houses or buildings, as opposed to land
with no shelter upon it for a person in a
storm. (Barbour.)
"And quhen they com iu higgit-lniul,
Wittail iind mete yneuoh tliai land "
Barbour, xiv, asy, MS. {Jamieson.)
biggit-wa's, 5. [Scotch hiogit — Eng.
built, and ivos = Eng. walls.] Builduig.s,
houses.
" Woe's me ! the time has been, that I would h.ive
liked ill to have sate in biggit-wa's waiting for the
news of a skinnish fought within ten miles of me ! " —
Scott: out Mortality, cli, xix,
"* big'-git (2), pn. par. & a. [A.S. higan, bvgav,
hygan = to bow, to bend.] Bent, inclined (?).
(Scotch.) (King Hart.)
" Bot fra thai saw thair sute, and thair semblie.
It culd tbame bre, and biggit thame to byde "
Kiiin Bart, i. 24. (Jamieson )
big'-gon-et, t big-on-et, s. [Dimin. of
Eng. biggin (q.v.) = a coif or cap, a biggin.]
[Biggin.] (Scotch.) A linen cap or coif, of
the fashion worn by the Beguine sisterliood.
" Good humour and white bigonets shall be
Guards to my face, to keei> his love for me."
Jiamsay : Poe^ns, il. 8t (Jamie&on )
*' The young gude-wife, strong in the charms of her
Sunday gown and biggonet, t\\rev herself iu the w.iy
of receiving the first attack, while her mother . . ." —
Scott: Bride of Lamtnermoor, ch. xiii.
* bighe, S. [BlE, S.]
big-horn, s. [Eng. big ; -Iwrn.] An American
sheep (Oris montana), found in the Rocky
Mountains.
bight (gh silent), s. [A.S. bige, byge = (I) a
turning, cnrner, bending, angle, bosom ; from
tigan, bigcan, bugan — to bend. In Sw.,
Dan., & 6, Icel. hugt = a flexure, a bay, a gulf,
a bight ; Dut. bogt ; Ger. bucht.] fBow.]
1. Geog. : A bend in the sea-coast, fonning
an open bay ; as the Bight of Benin.
2. Nautical: The loop of a bent rope, a
round of rope or cable when coiled, any round
bend or coil except the end ones.
3. Farriery: The inward bent of a horse's
chambrel, and the bent of the fore-knees.
(Bailey.)
^ t The hight of the crm : The hollow of the
elbow-joint. (/. H. in Boucher: Article Bic.)
* bi-gile, v.t. [Beguile.] (Romaunt of the
Ease.)
*bi-gir-dle, ^ bi-gur-del, s. [A. 8. big-
gyrdel, bi-gyrdcl ; M. H. Ger. bigiirtel.] A
girdle, a purse. (Piers Floivman.)
* bi-girt, jJrt. 2"^'''- [The same as Begirt.]
bi-glan'-du-lar, «.. [From Lat. prefix bi,
and Eng. glandular = iaxmshed witli glands.]
[Gland.]
Bot. : Furnished with double glands, double
glanded. (Webster.)
hig'-ly, " b^g-ly, «. [Etym. doubtful.]
1. Commodious, habitable.
" Scho wyunit in a bigly hour ;
Ou fold was none so fair."
Bludy Serk, st. 2. {Jamii;':'>n.)
2. Pleasant, delightful. (Border Minstrelsy.)
big'-ly, ""big-li, adv. [Eng. hig ; -hj.] Bluster-
ingly, jiompously, concfitudly.
" To be the inay'r of some jwor ijaltry town ;
Bigly to look, and harb'rously to aiieak. " .
Dri/don.
t big'-ness, s. [Eng. hig ; -ness.]
1. Large size.
th
The Imiin of man, in resiiect of his body, in much
?er than any other aninial's ; exceeLling in bigness
ee oxen's brains."— A'h// .- On thti Creation.
2. Size, wliether great or small.
" Several sorts of rays make vibrations of .several
bignesses, which, .iccordiiig to their bignesses, excite
■seu-jiitions of several colours ; and the air, according to
tlieiv bignesses, excites seiiaationa of several sounds." —
A'ewCon ; Opticks.
3, Pomposity, swagc;er. A puffed and un-
easy pomp, a bigness instea'l of greatness.
{Leigh Hunt : Men, ]\''ovien, and Books, ii. 15.)
5[ Bigness is now obsolescent, size taking its
place.
big-nd'~ni-a, s. [In Fr. bignone; Dut., Sp.,
Port., & Itiil. bignonia. Named after Abbe
Bignon, librarian to Louis XIY., and patron
of tlie botanist Tournefort.]
Bot. : A genus of plants, that of the trumpet
flowers, constituting the typical one of the
order Bignoniacepe or Bignoniads. It has four
perfect stamens, two long and two short. The
species, which are numerous, are nearly all
BIGNONIA.
of an ornamental character, owing to their
line large trumpet-like monopetalous corollas,
coloured red, blue, yellow, or white. They
are trees or shrubs, in the latter case often
climbing ; found in or sometimes even beyond
the tropics of both hemispheres, and con-
stituting a feature in the flora of the regions
^vhich they inhabit. Many are from the
warmer parts of America ; India also has
various species. One of the latter, the Bigno-
nia Indica, called in the Bombay presidency
Taetoo, has supra-dee omfiound leaves, from
four to six feet long, panicles of flowers about
five to six feet long, and legume-like capsules
more than two feet long by three and a half
inches broad. Several bignonias have been
introduced into the hot-houses and green-
houses of this country, and one — the Bigiionia
radicans —yvili grow in tlie open air. It is a
beautiful climber with rootiug-joints, which
enable it to adhere- to walls.
big-n5-ni-a'-9e-£e (R. Broum, Lindley, £c.X
bignonise (Jussieu) (both Latin), big-no'-
ni-ad§i (Eng.). s. [Bignonia.]
Bot. : An order of plants, ranked by Dr.
Lindley as the type of his Bignonial Alliance.
The stamens are five, but always one and
sometimes three are abortive, so as to make the
species tetradynamous or diandrous plants.
The ovary is two or spuriously four-celled
and polyspermous. The capsule is two-celled,
and sometimes so long as to appear like a
legume. The inflorescence, which is terminal,
is generally somewhat panicled. The leaves
are mostly compound. The bignoniads are
trees or shrubs, as a rule climbing. They are
highly ornamental plants from the tropics of
both liemispheres. In lS47the known spe(;ie.s
were 450. (Lindley.)
big-n6'-ni-al,a. [From Low Lat. bignonialcs
= pertaining to the Bignonia (q. v ) ]
Bot. : Pertaining to the Bignonia genus.
Bi g II on i((l Alliance: An alliance of plants.
[BiGNONIALES.]
big-no-ni-a'-les, s. pi. [Plural of Low Lat.
hi.gnonia.lcs = pertaining to the Bignonia
(q V.).]
Botany. The Bignonial Alliance : Lindley's
forty-ninth alliance of plants. It is ranged
under his sub-class Perigynous Exogens, and
includes the orders Pedaliacetip, Gesneracca',
Crescentiaeeae, Bignoniac^-e, Acanthacere,
Siniphiilaruiceae, and Lentibulariacea? (q.v.).
^ bi-gold, s. [From A.S. hi= . . . near to (?) ;
and Eng. gold, referring to the yellow hue of
the corolla.] [Marigold.] An obsolete name
for a plant ChrysaiUhemuvi segetnm, the Corn
Marigold or Yellow Ox-eye. (Gcrardr.)
*bl-gon, 2?c(.par. [Bego.] (Laynmiu, 2i,rj9>i.)
(Stratniann.)
tbig'-6n-et, s. [Biggonet.]
* bi-goon', pa. par. [Begone.] (Chaucer.)
big'-6t, s. & a. [In Dan. t bigot (s.) ; Ger.
bigott (a,); Fr. bigot (the modern sense nf
the word not arising till the fifteenth cen-
tury) ; Low Lat. bigoti, pi A word for whicli
a superfluity of etymologies have been given.
It is deeply rooted only iu the English and
French tongues. Barbazan, Malone, and
Mic-liel consider it a corruption of the word
Visigoth, which might become ViAigot, Bi-
sigot, Bigot, a \iew whicli Littre tliinivs pro-
bable. According to an old chronicle quoted
by Du Cange, RoUo. the first Duke of Nor-
mandy, being required to kiss tlu^ foot of
King Charley, as haA'ing received Neustria in
fief, contemptuously rejdied, " Ne se Bigot " =
Not so, by God. Hence the king and court
nicknamed him Bigoth. Littre, however,
thinks it probable that this story was invented
to explain the word. Wace, as quoted by Du
Cange, says that the French called tlie Nor-
mans bigoz or bigos. Cotgrave atfirnis that
bigot is an old Norman word = for God's sake.
Bullokar (ed. 1656) thus defines it : ''Bigot,
an hypocrite ; also a scrupulous or supersti-
tious person. The word came into England
out of Normandy, where it continues to this
day in that sense." Trench derives the word
from Sp. bigot-e = a mustachio, and supposes
that the people of that nation, wcarmg on
their lips the hirsute appendages now spoken
of, while the other nations of Europe had
smooth faces, came to be called bigots, that is,
men of the mustachio. Standing afterwards
as the type of religious intolerance, they so
degraded the ■word bigot that it came to have
its present meaning. (Trench, on the Stvdy of
H'ords, 2nd ed., pp. 80—82.) A number of
authors derive bigot from the Franciscan ter-
tiaries called Bcguttm, Bigufta:, Beguince, Be-
guins, or in Ital. Bizochi, the latter-named word
being from bigio = russet-grey, brown, which
was the colour of the habit they wore. To this
■view Wedgwood assents, while Skeat con-
siders that Wace's statement given above in-
dicates the correct etymology. He believes
bigoz or bigos to be of Scandinavian origin,.
though i^ts modern signification has come from
its application to the Beguius or Begutta:.]
[Beglun, Begutta.]
A. As substantive :
1. A person unreasonably wedded to his
own opinions on religious or other mattei's,
and disposed to think liardly of, and, if op-
portunity arise, to persecute those whose
views differ from his own.
" His theoloLncal writings, though too moilei-ate to
be i)lejisius to the bigots of any itarty, hiul an unmeu.se
re]}nta.tioii."~Afacaitlay: Uist. Eng. ch. iv.
2. A Venetian liquid measure containing
the fourth part of an aniphor or half a boot.
t B, As adjective :
1. Of 2^^'''Sons or natimis : Unreasouably
wedded to one's opinion.
" . . . iu a countrj
Llmbcrtinm, Epist 1
2. Of things : Expressing disappro^\'aI of a
pei-son or persons for holding opinions in
which one does not concur.
"... contracts with bigot frown her sullen brow."
JIason : Elegy on the Death of a Lady.
"■ bi-got'e, j)a. jwr. [The same as Begotten
(q.v.).] (Story ofGeii- and Exod., 2,618.)
big'-o-ted, t big'-6t-ted a. [Eng. bigot;
-ed.] Obstinately wedded to one's opinions,
and intolerant to tlio.se who hold other views.
"... Tlie extreme section of one class consiste of
bigoted dotards . . ." — Macaiilay : Hist. Eng., ch. i.
big'-6t-ed-l3^, adv. [Eng. bigotM ; -ly.] In a
bigoted manner ; with obstinate prejudice and
relentless intolerance. (Todd.)
" big-6t'-i-cal, a. [Eng bigot ; -ical] Bi-
goted.
"... an upataii; and uew-f.angled invention of some
bigufical religionists."— C^frdworf A ; Intel. Syst., y. 18.
" big-6t'-l-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. Ugoticcd; -ly.]
In a bigoted hianner ; bigotedly.
" . . suverstitioualy or bigotically zealous for the
wor.slup uf the ^ty\B."~Cu4lworth : hitvl. Syst., p. 274.
fate, fat» fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, as, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
^f^''"^ #r
BIGNONIACE/E.
I. Bignonia capreolata : la, Seed pod ; i6, seed with transparent wings 2. Crescentia cujete, with flowers, fruit and
immature fruit. 3. Catalpa bigmnioides : 3a, Seed case with immature seeds ; 36, seed showing wings transparent. 4 Flowers and
foliage of Jacatanda ovalifolia
9
bigotict — bilander
533
* big-Ot'-ick, a. [Eng. hiyot; -ick.'] Bigoted.
". . . abigotick polytheiat, . . ."—Cudworth: Intnl.
SysL, p. C86- '
big'-6-try, ^ big-6t-try, &. [In S^v. & Ger.
higotterie ; Fr. hiyoterle.}
1. Uureasonable, blind, and obstinate ad-
lierence to one's own religious or other
oiidnions, with intolenuiL-e to tliose who hold
other views.
"... the stern ami earnest fc(i70(ry of his brothei-."
— i/acauUiu : JJist. Eiiy., ch. iv.
^ It is sometimes, tliough rarely, followed
by to.
2. Tlie opinions thus tenaciously held, or
the intolerant actions to which they have led.
"Our silence makes our fwlversaries think we jiei'siKt
in those bifiotries, which all good and seiiaiWe men
deajjise "—Pope.
" bi-grse'-den, v.t.
(4.V.)] •
[The same as Beg rede
^ bi-gra'-ven, pa. par. [Begrave. ]
* bi-gri'-pen, '^ be-gripe' (pret. Ugrap), v.t.
[A.H. hegripan = to gripe, to chide.] To com-
prehend, to reprehend. {Gower.) iJStratmanii.)
* bi-gripte, pret. of v. [M. H. Ger. hegrijyfen.]
Took, caught. (Gmvalne and the Green Kniaht,
214.)
*bi-grO'We, pa. par. [Eng. pref. hi, and
prowe = grown.] Grown around. (Goiocr.)
(Stratviann.)
* blg'-SOme,a. [Eng. hig ; satf. -soim.] Some-
what big. {Trpich.)
* bi-gyl'e, V. t.
13,097.)
* bx-gyred,73a.jx[
the Rose.)
[Beguile.] (Chaucer: C. T.,
[Beguile.] [Romaunt of
[Begin.] (Chancer :
^^ bi-gyn'ne, v.t. & ,
Tale of Meliboius, dc.)
" bi-gyn'-n^ng, pr. par. & s. [Beginning.]
(Rom. of the Rose.)
^bx-hal-ven, ''bihaluen, v.t [O. H. Ger.
behidbon = to surround.] To surround.
" Harde he bihaliicn ther inoyseB." — Hton/ qf Ocu.
and Exud., a,355.
* bi-ha'ng-en, * bi-han-gi-en, v.t. [A.s,
bihangien — hung round.] To liang round.
bi-har'-ite, s. [In Ger. Uharit ; from Bihar-
berg, near Retzbanya in Hungary, where it
occurs.]
Min. : A mineral coloured yellowish to
green, brownish, or dull yellow. The hard-
ness is 2 6 ; the sp. gr. 2 737 ; the composition
silica, 4174 ; alumina, 13'47 ; magnesia, 28 ii^ ;
lime, 4-27 ; potassa, 486 ; water, 4 40, witli
traces of sesquioxide of iron and soda. The
lustre and the feel are greasy ; the mineral is
doubly refracting.
^ bi-ha'-ten, v.t. [BmEET.] To promise.
* bl-ha'-wen, v.t. [A.S. blhawian = to see
dearly.] To look at. (Manning: Hist. Enq.,
ed. Fui'nivall.) (Stratinann.)
* bi-hedde, * bi-hede, * bi-he'd-en, v. t.
[A.S. beh&lan = to watch, heed, or guard;
O. H. Ger. behuoten.] To heed, to guard.
(Heliq. Antiq.) (Stratinann.)
' bi-hede, *bi-heede, * bi-heaf-di-en, v. t.
[The same as Behead (q.v.).] To behead.
(IVycliffe (ed. Purvey), Matt. xxiv. 10; Luke
ix. 9.)
&pa. par. of v. [Beheld.]
Where thou bilieelde her fleshly face."
Tlie Jiomauitt qf the Rose.
* bl-heelde,
" Whev
* bi-heest, s. [Behest. ]
" And youre biheest take .itgre."
Chaucer: The Humuaitt of the Rase.
* bi-beet, "^ bi-heete, * bi-hoote, ^ bi-ho-
ten, * bi-haten, v.t. [Behight.]
" For to holde myii avow, as I tlie bUieot. "
Chaucer: C. T., 374.
* bi-bee-tere, s. [A.S. 'behataii = to vow, to
promise; .suflix -ece.j One \yho promises.
"... Jliesiis is niaad btheetere of the hetere i^f^in-
xa&\\t."—\VycliJfe {Purveff), Ileb. vii. 22,
* bi-hee-tinge, />*'. yirt/-. [Biheet.] (Wycliffe
(ed. Purvey), 1 Tim. ii. 10.)
" bi-hef-dunge, pr. ipar. & s. [A S. lihcuf-
dvnij.] [BiHEDE.] Beheading.
-^ bi-hen-gen, ^ bi-bon, v.t. [A.S. bihangen,
hUwngen, pa. par. of bilion = to hang round.]
To hang round. (Ormidum.) (Stratvutnn.)
bi-heol-den, bi-hcl-den, u.(. [AS. M-
heldan, 6i/iv/Zticiu = to pour over.] Topourover.
[The same as
* bi-heste; * bi-hoste', s.
Behest (cpv.).]
"' bi-heve, ' bi-heeve, a. & s. [A.S bikoflie.]
A. As adj. (Of the form hihevc): Profitable.
(0. Eng. Horn.) (Stratrnann.)
B. As suhst. (Of the form biheve, biheeve):
Protit. [Behoof.]
* hlhloTl, pret. of V. [A.S. bihlyhhan = to
laugli at.] Laughed at. (Shoreham, 1U2.)
■ bibof, s. [A.S. behof(?).^ Behoof.
bi-holde, '■ bibulde, ^ bibalde, ' bi-
healden, v.t. [Tlie same as Bkhold (q-v.) ]
" How he iB aeiuely blholde and see."
TIte Romaunl of Oie Rose.
bihon, v.^ [Bihengen.]
' bi-bo'-ten, pa. par. [Behight.]
■^ bi-ho've (pret. UliofteX v.t. [Behovj..!
" And if such cause thou have, that thte
liilioveth to gone oat of contree."
The Romaunt of Vie Rose.
- bi-hove-li, * bi-hof-lich, ^ bi-Iiul-fi-
lik, «r. [A.S. bihoflic.] Needful, necessary;
l)rotitiible.
-Story <if Qen. and
' bi-ho-ven, ^ bi-bo'-fi-en, v.t.
as Behove (^.v.).]
[The same
Profit-
" bi-hove-sum, * bi-hof-sam, «
able. (Ayenbite.) (Stratnuiiin'.)
"■bi-hu-den, v.t. [A.S. iehydan.] To hide,
to conceal. (0. Eng. Horn.)
^ bi-hyn'de, prep., «., & adv. [Behind.]
' bi-jap'e, v.t. [The same as Bejape (({.v.).]
bl'-jou (jou as zhu), s. [Ft. Ujou ; prob,
from Arm. bizoii, bezou, bezeu = a riii.ii;, a ciixlc,
an ornament worn on the fingers ; liuin hiz —
a linger.]
1. Lit. : A jewel, a trinket.
2. Any small object of great beauty;
a "gem." (Used also adjectively.)
"The biioM hou-se in Park Lane,' — .l/iss BjkiWoh ■
Dead Sea Fruit, ii. 3.
bi-joute'-rie, bi-jout'-rir (j as zb), . [Fr.
bijonferie = jewelry; hijo^dier = a jeweller.]
[Bijou.] Jewellery, trinkets, for jiersunal
adornment ; articles
of vertu.
bijs.
[BlES.]
BIJUGATE LEAF.
bi'-ju-gate, a. [Lnt.
bijugis, bijiigiis ~
yol<ed two together ;
hi = two, and jugnni
= a yoke (Yoke);
suflf. -ate.]
Bot. : The term ap-
plied when a pinnate
leaf has two pairs of
leaflets.
bi'-jii-gous,a. [From
Lat. bljvgis, hijugtts,
and suflf. -o^ts.] [Bi-
JUGATE.] The same
as BiJUGATE.
bik, bikb, bikh-'ma. visb, vish-a, or
at-i-vish-a. [in Mahratta vish = poison.]
Jn India :
1. Gen.: Any poison.
2. Spec. : The root of the Indian aconite.
"^ bi-kache, v.t. [Bicachen.]
bike, byke, * byeik ^ beik, ^. [Icel. Mkar
= hive.]
I. Literally :
1. A building ; a liabitation.
"Mony hurgh, mouy hour, uioiiy big bike."
Gawaine and Got., ii. 8.
2. A hive, nest, or habitation of bees, wasps,
or ants.
" As bees bizz out wi' angry fyke
When ijliiudenug heids assfiit their bf/ke."
Rarius: Tarn 0' Shanter.
II. Figuratively :
1. An association or collective body.
"... that endured pit, prison-house, and transport-
ation beyond swis ! A Ijuuny bike there's, o' them!"
— Scott : Heart of Mid-LuChian, ch. xii.
1[ To skail the byke : To disperse an assembly
of any kind.
2. A valuable collection of any kind when
acquired without labour or beyond one's ex-
pectation. (Jamieson.)
'• bi'-ken (I), v.t. [Bekexne (1).]
"■" bi-ken (2), (pret. bikenede), v.t. [The same
as Beckon (q.v.),] (Wycliffe (Purccy), Acts
xxi. 40.)
* bi-ker (1), s. [Beakee.]
^bik'-er(2), 'bik'-yr. s. [Bicker.] (Prompt.
i\no.)
"' bi-ker-ven, "' bi-cor-ven, v.t. [A.S. }>ecor-
JeiL — cut off, belieaded ; iia. i^ar of beicoijoii.]
To cut otf. (Scint Marhcictc.) (Stn'tmann.)
* bi-know, '* biknowen, v.t. & /. [Beknow.]
^ bil (1), c. [Bill (1).]
' bil (2), s. [Bill (2).]
bi-la'-bi-ate, a. [In Fr. hilahie; from Lat.
prefix l*i=: two, and labia — lips; plur. of
labiuvi = a lip.]
Liot. : Having two lips.
bi-la-^in'-i-ate, u. [From Lat. prefix bl =
two, and hfriiLiu = the lappet or flap of a
garment.] [Lacin'iate.]
But. : Doubly laciuiate.
* bi-lac-Cben (pa. par. bilagt), v.t. [A.S.
ijdicccan (pret. gelwhte).^ To take, to catch,
to Meize, to take away.
'' bi-la-den, v.t. [A.S. bekedan — to bring, lead
by, inisleiul.] To lead. (StnUmann.)
' bi-lakke, v.t. [Bilk.]
bx-la'-16, s. [A local Philippine word.]
Nant. : A two-masted passenger bodt of a
peculiar type in use in the Bay of Manilla, in
the Pliilippine Islands, called also guilalo.
bi-lam'-el-late, bi-lam- el-la- ted, a.
[In Fr. bilanelte; from Lat. }a-efix ^i'= two,
and lanu'lla ■-:= a. small plate of metal ; dimin.
of lamina = a thin plate of metal.]
Bot., (C'c. : Formed of two lamelln^ or plates.
Example, the stigma of Mimulus.
bi-lam'-in-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and lamina = a thin jilate of metal.]
Phys. .'Science: Formed of two lamina; or
thin plates.
*• A tmnsverse hilumiitatp partition . . ."—Todd &
Bowman: Physiol. Anat , i. 256.
' bi'-land, s. [From Lat. prefix hi, and Eng.
tond.] A peninsula.
^ Trencli says it was used before the word
peninsula was introduced into English.
"From hence a great way between is that liitaud or
demy isle which the Sindiinha))it,"—y' Holland- im-
niianu^ Jlarcelliniis, bk. xxii., ch. viii.
bil'-an-der, bel'-an-der, s. [Eng. by =
near; land, and sutf. -er. In But. hylander ;
Ger. binninldndcr ; from hinncn = within.
?a)irf= land, and sufF. -er ; Fr. Ulandrc ; Sp. &
Port, balandra.] A small two-masted vessel
boil, bosr; po^t. i6^l; cat, ceU. chorus. 9hin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist ph = f
-cxan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shiin ; -tion. -§ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. *-ble, -die] &c. = bel. del.
534
bilappen— bilge
fitted, as its name imports, for coasting near
tlie land, or for internal river or eanal naviga-
tion. Bilanders are in use on the canals of
Holland and elsewhere. They are in general
about eighty tons burden, and are used for
the caiTiage of goods. They are rigged like
hoys, to which type of vessel they belong,
and are managed by four or five nirtiu.
" Like bil4$nder8 to creep
Along the coast, and land in view to keep."
Dryden: Hind & Panther, i. 128.
* bi-l^p'-pen (pa. par. Mlapyed), v.t. [A.S.
prefix hi, and lapian, lappan = to lap.] To
lap or wrap aboiit. (Ormulum.)
bi-lat'-er-al, a. [In Fr. bilateral; from Lat.
prefix hi = two, and lahis, genit. lateris = a
side or flank.] Having two sides. Spec, in
BioL, having the two sides symmetrical.
bilateral symmetry, a.
Zool. : Symmetry on the two opposite sides,
as is the case with most animals, excepting
the Radiata.
bi-lat'-er-S,l-ism, o. [Eng. Ulateral; -ism.]
Bilaterality.
bi-lat-er-al'-i-ty, s. [Eng. Ulateral; -ity.]
Bilateral condition ; bilateral symmetry.
bi-lat'-er-al-ly, adv. [Eng. bilateral; -ly.]
On both sides.
* bx-lay', * bi-lai, * bilayen (pa. par. bi-
lain), v.t. [A.S. Mleegaii = to lie or extend by
or about, to surround, encompass, destroy.]
To lie by, about, or with. [Bilegoe.] (Richard
Cceur de Lion, in Weber's Metrical Romavices.)
bil'-ber-ry, s. & a. [Of uncertain origin. Dr.
Murray thinks that it is Norse, and suggests
comparison with Dan. bollebcer = the bilberry,
for which the first element bblle is also used
as an independent word.]
A. As substantive :
1. The name given to one or two species of
Yacciniuni, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Vacciniacese (Cranberries). It is espe-
cially used of the Vaccinitnn Myrtillus, called
also the Whortleberry, It has angular stems
drooping, urceolate, almost waxy flowers,
greenish with a red tinge, and black berries
very pleasant to the taste. It grows in woods
and heathy places. The Great Bilberry or
Bog Whortleberry is an allied species with
rounded stems, smaller flowers, and less agree-
ably-tasted fruit. It grows in mountain bogs.
It is called also the Bleaberrj' or Blaeberry.
2. The fruit of the species described under
No. 1. That of the Bilberry properly so
called is eaten in the places where it grows,
either as it is or with milk. It is made also
into jellies and tarts. It is astringent, and
may be used in diarrhoea and dysentery. The
fmit of the V. uliginosiim is acid, and pro-
duces giddiness and headache when eaten in
too large quantity.
"... as blue as fiiifterrj/."— Sftaftefijj. .- Merry Wives,
V. 5.
^ (I) Bear Bilberry : Arcto stapliylos Uva-ursi.
(Linn.) [Beakbbrry.]
(2) Whortle Bilberry : Vaccinium Myrtillus.
(Linn.)
S. As adjective : Composed of, or othei-wise
pertaining to, the whortleberry or its fruit.
bil-bo' (pi. bir-boe^), s. & a. [From Bilboa
in Spain, where it was formerly believed that
the best weapons were made.]
A. As substantive :
1. (Sing.) : A flexible-bladed cutlass from
Bilboa.
"To be compassed like a good bilbo, iu the circum-
feience of a pock, hilt to point, heel to head."—
Shakesp. : Mer. Wives, lii. 5.
2. (Plur.) Bilboes, * bil-hows : A kind of
fetters for prisoners, also from Bilboa, where
they were manufactured in large quantities,
to be shipped on board the Spanish Armada
for use upon the English sailors after these
should be vanquished and captured. They
would be available also against insubordinate
members of the Spanish crews. They con-
sisted of a long bar of iron bolted and locked
to the deck ; on this bar a shackle slipped
loosely, and was secured to the ankle of the
prisoner.
". . . metliouglit I lay
Worse than the mutines iu the biO)oes."
Shafcesp. : BibtnlM, v. 2.
£. As adjective (of the form bilbo) : Per-
taining to the cutlass described under A. 1,
or to Bilboa, whence it came.
" Nor Bili}o steel, nor brasse from Corinth fet."
Complaints, Capel ^ich. Sh. j>. 220.
bil-bo-quet (quet = ket or ke) (l^ng.),
bil-bo'-catch (Provincial Eiig.), s. [From
Fr. bilboquRt ; from bil for bille = ball, and
bocquet (Her.) = the iron of a lance. (Littre.).!
The toy called a cup and a ball. (Todd, c&c.)
It was in use at least as early as the time of
Henry III. of France.
biloh (ch gutturalX s. [Belch (2), s.] A lusty
person. (Scotch.)
* blld, * bil'-der (pret. & pa. par. bilded, bilt),
v.t. [Build.]
* bll-dere, ». [Builder.] (C/iaucer, &c.)
'-' bil-ders, a. [Billers.]
bild'-Stein, s. [In Ger. bildstein ; from bild
= image, figure, picture, portrait, and stein =
a stone.]
Min. : A mineral called also Agalmatolite.
bile (1), s. [A.S. bil, bill =a.ny instrument or
weapon made of steel.] [Bill (1).]
1. A bill, a beak.
2. The iron handle of a bucket.
"" bile (2), 5. [Boil.] (SlmUsp., dto.)
bile, s. & a. [In Dan. byld ; Fr. & Port. biU ;
Sp. & Lat. bilis — bile ; Lat. fel = the gall
bladder, gall, bile. ]
A. As substantive :
1. Physiol. (& Ord. Lang. : An animal fluid
secreted l)y the liver. It is made from venous
and not from arterial blood. It is a viscid trans-
I>arent liquid of a very deep yellow or greenish
colour, darkening by exposure to the air. Its
odour is disagreeable ; its taste nauseous and
bitter. It has an alkaline reaction. Strecker
has shown that it is essentially a mixture of
two acids, the glycoholic and the taujocholic
acid, the first containing nitrogen without sul-
phur, and the latter having both. The principal
colouring matter of the bile is called bilirubin
or cholepyrrhin. In 1,000 parts it contains—
Water from 823 to 908 parts.
Solid matter ... ,, 177 to 92
Bile-acids with
alkali ... ,, lOS to 56
Fat and chole-
sterin ... ,, 47 to 40 ,,
MuQus and co-
louring matter ,, 24 to 15 ,,
Ash „ 11 to 6 „
When the bile is elaborated in the liver, it is
received from the secreting vessels by very
minute tubes, which uniting form the hepatic
duct. The bile is conveyed into the gall-
bladder by means of the cystic, or into the
duodenum by the choledoch duct ; that which
makes its way into the former receptacle is
called the cystic bile, and that which enters
the latter the Iiepatic bile. Cystic bileis deeper
in colour and more viscid, pungent, and bitter
than hepatic biU. One main use of bile is to
convert chyme into chyle as one step in tlie
process of digestion.
" In its progresaiou, soon the labour'd chyle
Eeceivea the coiiflneiit rills of bitter bile;
Which, by the liver sever'd from the blood,
And striving through the gall pii>6, here unload
Their yellow streams. " Blachmore.
2. Fig. : Anger ; choler.
B. As adjective : Containing bile ; in any
way pertsinhig to bile.
bile-duct, s. [Eng. bUe ; duct. Or from
Lat. bilis = bile, and ductus = a leading, a
conducting ; dujio — to lead, to conduct.]
Physiol.: A duct, passage, or vessel for the
conveyance of bile.
bile pigment, bile -pigment, s.
Physiol. : Colouring matter existing in the
bile. This consists cTiiefly of Bilirubin (q.v.).
On heating an alkaline solution containing
bile with nitric acid a green colour is formed,
which changes into blue, violet, red, and lastly
to yellow. It is called also Cholepyrrhine.
Another bile pigment is Biliverdin.
bile-stone, s. A gall-atone ; a biliary
calculus. (Tiie elder Darwin.)
* bi-l^'af, * bi-le'f, * bi-le'ph, pret of v.
[A.S. belcefan (pret. belaf) — to remain.] [Bi-
LivE.] (Story of Gen. and Exod., 1,332, 671,
2,662.]
"^ bi-leaue, * bi-le'ave, * be-le'ave, «.
[The same as Belief (q.v,).] (Ayenbite, (fee.)
t bi-lec-tion» s. [Balbction.]
bilection moulding.
Arch. : The same as Ba^lection moulding.
''' bile'-dame, s. [Beldame.] (Scotch.) A
great-grandmother.
" As iny biledame old Quiguuimld told me,
I allege nou vthir auctoritd."
Cothelbie : Sow., 902. (Jamieson.)
^bi-left, pret. of v. [Bileven.] Remained;
abode.
" With other werkineu mo.
He bile/e al night.''
Sir Ti-isCrem, i>. 36. 8t. B4.
*bi-leg'ge, *bi-leg'-gen,v.(. [Belav.] To
belay, to cover with.
"... bii-eyd vith bjetenn gold."— Ormalum, 3,167.
* bi-len'ge, a. [Belong.] Belonging to. (Or-
mulum, 2,230.)
* bi-leo-vi-en, v.t [The same as Belove
(q.v.).] (Layavwn : Brv.t., about 1205 ; ed.
Madden.)
* biles, * bilis, * bylis, ?. [Prob. from Fr,
bilk = a billiard ball.] A sort of game of
bowls for four persons,
"I had the honour, said Randolph to Cecil, to ylay
at a game called the Mlis, u\y niistress Beton and I
against the Queen aud my lord Daniley, the women
to have the winnings." — Chalin. : Life of Mary, L 133.
(Jamieson.)
* bi-leve (1), v.t. & i. [Believe.]
"... and on Crist made him Mieae."
Chmicer: C. T.,i,99i.
* bi-leve (2), * bi-le-uen, * bi-le-wen,
^ bi-lie-ven, *bi-lee-fen, v.t. [A.S. be-
Icefan =^ to leave.] To leave, to relinquish.
*bi-le-ven, pa. par., used as s. [From A.S,
belo'fan = to remain over, be left.] That
which is left ; remainder, remains.
" The bileven breimeu he head." — Story of Oen, and
bilf, s. [Belch (2).]
BiLCH. A monster.
The same as Belch or
(Scotch.)
". . . an' nnrsiu' thae muckle bi^s o' kyteso'
yoMia^"— Saint Patrick, iiL 265. {Ja->nieso7i,)
bilge, s. & a. [A different way of spelling
Bulge (q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
1. The bottom of a ship's floor ; the breadth
of that part of her on which she rests when
aground.
" To ply the pmnp, and no means slack.
May clear her bUffe, aud keep from wrack."
Olia Sacra (1648), p. 162.
2. The protuberant middle of a cask con-
stituting its greatest -circumference.
B. .4s adjective : Pertaining to or collected
in the bilge of a vessel, as bilge-board, bilge-
water (q.v.).
bilge-board, s.
Shipbuilding : The board covering the lim-
bers where the bilge-water collects.
bilge-beels, s. The same as Bilge-pieces
(q.v.).
bilge-keel, ».
Shipbuilding : A longitudiual beam or plate
on the bilge of a vessel, for protectioa from
a. A.. BILGB-KEEiL.
rubbing ; or, in the ease of iron vessels with-
out true keels, to prevent rolling. Osed in
describing vessels having flat bottoms and
light draught. The Warrior and some other
British ii-ouclads have bilge-keels. (Knight.)
bilge-piece, ».
An angle-iron or wooden
stringer placed at intervals along the bilge of
an iron ship to stay aud stiffen the frame.
15.te, fat, fare, amidst, what, tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, oiire, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian, ae, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
bilge-bfll
535
bllge-planks, s.
Shvpwrlgliting : Streiigtliening planks of the
inner or outer skin, at the bilge.
bilge-pump or burr-pump, s.
1. A pump designed to carry off a ship's
bilge-water.
2. A pump to witlidraw water when tlie
ship is lying over so that the water cannot
reach the limbers to which access is had by
the main pumps.
bilge-water, s. The water which tends
to lodge on that portion of the floor of a shiji
which is beneath the level of the well of her
pump. It is derived from leakage oi' conden-
sation.
"... b.irrel3 of beei- which Biiielt worse than 6i;<7c-
ujater^—ilacaalay : HUt. Eng., ch. xiv.
bilge-water alarm.
Naut. : An alarm for calling attention when
there is an abnormal amount of water in the
bilge of a vessel. It ordinarily consists of a
well in the hold and a float whose rise is made
to free an escapement and sound an ordinary
<!lock-alarm mechanism. (Knight.)
bilge-water discharge.
Naut. : A device to secure automatic dis-
charge for the bilge-water. A tube extending
from the limber through the outer skin has
A rear opening through which a current is
induced a.s the vessel pas.ses through the
water. (Knight )
bilge-water gauge.
Naut. : A device for showing the depth of
Wlge-water in the hold. A graduated stem
extending upward from a float in the well
where the bilge-water collects. As the float
rises, the graduations are read by the officers
of the watch. (Knight.)
bilge-way, ^V^geway, s.
Shipbuilding : The foundation of the cradle
supporting a ship upon the sliding-ways during
building and launching. The sliding-ways
consist of planks three or four inches wide
supported on blocks, and the bilgeways of the
cradle shp thereon. The bilgeways are about
five-sixths the length of the ship, and aie
about two feet six inches square. The cradle
is the carriage which bears tlie ship into the
water, and separates from the ship by the act
of floating. (Knight.)
bilge, T.i.&(. [Fromi)i(je, s. (q.v.).] [Bulge.]
(Naul.)
A. Intrans. : To spring a leak ; to let in
water. (Skinner.)
B. Trans. : To cause a ship to hiive her
bilge broken in, so that she springs a leak.
(Skimier.)
bilged, pa. imr. & a. (Bilge, v.t.]
*bil'-get, u. [Bulge.] Bulged, jutting out.
(Scotch.)
" lu Uii^e, or bilifet bjilUuger, oner ae '"
Doug.: Virgil, 44. :(». [Jamieson )
bil-g'ing, pr. par. [Bilge, v.]
bll'-i-a-rjr, a. [In Fr. iiliaire ; Port. & Ital.
miario.) Pertaining to the bile.
"lu this way, also, urea, lithic acid, and biliary
matters are excreted.""— rorfd & Bowman : Physiol.
Anat.y vol. L (lutrod.), p. 12.
biliary duct, s. The same as iile-dvct
(q.v.).
" Voi'aciouB animals, aud such aa do uot chew, have a
great quantity of gall ; and some of them h;Lve the
biliarp duct iiiserted iuto the ]}ylotus."~Arbuthnot.
* bil-i-a'-tion, s [Eng. bUe; -ation.] The
excretion of bile. (Dunglison.)
* bi-li-bre (i->I- bi-li-bris), s. [FromLat. hili-
6ra= two pounds, prefix /n=two, and libra
= a pound 1 A weight of two pounds.
" A bilib , e of wheete for a iieiiy, and thre bilibj^ of
barh for a peny."— (Ktfcliife [Ptiroej/]. Rev. vi. 6.
* bi-lie', * bileoyen (im. par. bilowen). [The
same as Belie (q..v.).j (Piers PIowvudl, bk.
v., 414.) (Stratmami.)
bil-i-ftiS'-jili, s. [From Lat. bills — bile, and
fosciii.]
Chem: Bilifuscin C16H20N2O4. It is a dark-
green mass, dissolving in alkalies and in
alcohol, with a brown colour. It is insoluble
in water and in chloroform ; it occiu's iu
biliaiy calculi.
" bi-ligh'te, v.t. [From A.S. pref. ge, & Jeohtan.
I /jhta)i -to enlighten.] To light, tu illu-
mine. (0. Eitg. Horn,)
bi-lim-bi. bi-lim'-biAg. s. [The Malay
name of a plant.] The fruit of the Averrhoa
bilimbi, a Molucca and Ceylonese tree, be-
longing to the order Oxalidacece (Oxalids).
The fruit is of oblong form, and obtusely
angled. It possesses an agreeable acid flavour,
aud is sold in Indian bazaars. The .tree is a
small one, witbitinnate leaves. [Averrhoa.]
* bi-lime, ' bi-Um'-ien, v.t. [A.S. pref. bi,
andit7Ji = a limb.] To dismember. (Arthur
and- Merlin, S.VVx) (Stratmann.)
*■" bl-lim'-pen (pret. hUomp ; pr. i^nr. biluin-
pen), V. i. [A, S. belimpan = to concern, regard,
. . . happen ; bilinip, gellmp = an event.]
To happen. {Or.ihn.him.) (Stratmami.)
bi-lin, s. [In Fr. biline ; from Lat. bills =bile.]
Chcm. : C2(jH45NS07. It is also called
Tanrocholic "Acid. It is obfeiined from ox-
bile, the glyrocholicaeid, mucus and colouring
matters being first precipitated by neutral
lead acetftte ; the basic lead acetate is added,
which precipitates lead taurocholate, which
is decomposed by HgS, and tlie free acid
separates iu needle crystals, which, when
heated with water, are resolved into cholic
ac'.d and taurine
bi-lin'-e-ar. 0. [Pref. &i = two, and Eug.
linear (q.\.y] Composed of or relating to
two lines.
*bil' ^ng§-gate, .?. [Billingsgate.]
bi-ling'-ual (U as w), a. [In Fr. bilinguc
= in two " languages ; Ital. bilingue = two-
toDgued ; from Lat. bilinguis = two-tongued,
prefix bi = two, and liiigiia = the tongue,
speech, language ; suffix -cU.]
1. 0/ persons: Speaking two languages.
(Gent. Mag.)
2. Of things : Written in two languages.
"A bilingual tablet."— 7*ranj. Bib. Arch. Soc, iii. Wfl.
t bi-ling'-uar (U as w), a. [From Lat. bi-
llngii(is), and Eng. suffix -ar.] [Bilingual.]
Iu two languages.
bl-ling'-uist (u as w), 5. [From Lat. hi-
lingn{is), and Eng. suffix -ist.] [Bflikgual.]
One who speaks two languages. (Hamilton.)
bi-ling'-uoiis (U as w)» a. [From Lat. hi-
Unguals), and Eug. sufl'. -ous.] [Bilingual.]
Speaking two languages. (Johnson.)
bil'-i-OUS, a. [In Ft. Hlieux; Sp., Port., &
Ital. bilioso; from Lat. biliosus = full of bile ;
Lat. bilus = gall, bile.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to bile, consisting of or
containing bile ; produced to a greater or less
extent by bile ; affected by bile.
" Why bilious juice a golden light puta on,
And floods or chyle in silver currents run,"
Qarth : Dispensary, i. iO.
2. Fig. : Choleric in temper for the moment
or permanently ; passionate.
bil'-i-oiis-ness, s. [Eng. bilious; -ness.] The
quality of being affected by bile.
"... cure coativeness, headache, aud bitioiistiess." —
Advt. in Times, llth Nov., 1875.
• bi-lirten, v. t. To deprive of by fraud.
"Suleuadam hilirten of hise lif."
Storii of Gen. and Exod., 316.
bl-li-ru'-bin, s. [From Lat. 6tiis=bile;
ruber = red ; and suffix -in.'\
CJiem : Bilirubin, CieHigNgO^j, forms the
chief part of the colouring matter of the bile.
It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in
alcohol and ether, but readily soluble in chlo-
roform and carbon disulphide. It dissolves
in alkalies, forming an orange solution, which,
on exposure to the air, turns green ; on the
addition of an acid it gives a green precipitate
of biliverdin, CigH^oNoOs, which crystallises
out of glacial aceticacid iu green rhombic plates.
bi-lit'-er-al, a. [Fi-om Lat. prefix bi = two,
and literalh = peilaining to letters or writing ;
litera = a letter.]
Philol., £c. : Consisting of two letters.
" § 155. Biliteral roots : From some appearances iu
the Hebrew language, it is probjUile that originally it
coutalned a gi'eater number of biliteral ruots than at
yteheiit."— Moses Stuart : Beb. Gram. (eil. 1838), p. 77.
'' bi-live, * bi-liven (pret. * biUf, * bilief), v.i.
[A.S. belifan = to remain.] To remain. (Relig.
Antiq.) [Beleave.]
♦ bi-live, * bi-leve, ^ bi-leave, s. [A.S.
bigleo/a = food; 0. B.. Gqv. bilibi.] I'lvmg-
sustenance. (Piers Plowman, bk. xix., 4^0.)
(Stratviann.)
•'- bi-live, * bi-le ve, "" by-live, ^ blive,
oxh: [Belive.]
" And down to Philoe's house are come bilive."
3peiiSer: F.Q,l.v 32.
bi-li-ver'-din, d. [From Eug. bile, verd(ant).
and suffix -tu.] [Bilirvbin.]
bilk,r.L [Of uncertain origin. Thisformprob
arose from a mincing pronunciation of bull:^ a
technical term at eribbage, with which bilk
was afterwards interchanged. (N.E.D.)]
1, n'i!7/; a person for the obje-ct :
(1) To cheat a person, to "make a fool" of
him by swindling him or in some similar way
" They never bilk'd the iK)et of his pay."
Churchill. Independence
(2) To leave in the lurch, to abandon deceit-
fully,
"... auiuiknowii couiitry-eirl Wds delivered -f Uiai
mider a tree, where she bilkt nini ; he w.-i-s found by *
sexton priest of the church."— 5/JfiHce.- Traml of t)it
Sec. Hist, o/the House of Medici (1696), i>. 249.
2. With a thing for the object :
(1) Of a debt : Fraudulently to evade pay-
ment of.
" He cannot drink five bottles, bitk the score, _
Then kill a constable, aud drink five more.
Cowper : Progress of Error.
(2) Of hope : To disappoint. [See Bilked,
2 ex.]
bilk, • bUke, s. [Bilk, v.]
1. A cheat, a fraud, a swindle.
" A|fallHnt bilk . . ."
BalUweU{Contr. to Lexicog.) ■ Ballad.
2. Nothing.
" Tab. Hee will ha' the last word, though he take
ftiVle for it.
Hugh. Bilkc f what'a that?
Titb. Why, nothing ; a word signifying nothing, au.J
borrowed heie to express uotbing."
Ben Jouaon : Tale of a Tub, i. u
bilk'ed, pa. par. & a. [Bilk, r,] VscJ—
(1) Of a person cheated.
"Bilk'd stationers for yeomeu stood prepared. ""
J)i-!/den.
(2) Of hope: Disappointed.
" What comedy, what farce can more delight.
Than grinning hmiger, aud the pleasing sight
Of your bilk'd hoi>e3 ?' Dryderu
bilk'-ing, pr. par. [Bilk, v.]
biU (1), *bme. ^b^lle, *bil, * bile, s.
[A.S. bil, bill = (I) any instrument or weapon
made of steel, as an axe, hoe, bill, faulchion,
sword ; (2) a bill, beak, or nib of a bird, a pro-
boscis, horn, fore-part of a ship (Bosworth).
In O. S. = a sword ; Sw. bila — an axe, bill =
a ploughshare; Icel. bildr, bilda =a.n axe;
Dut. bijl = an axe, hatchet, a bill ; (N.H.)
Ger. heil= an axe, a hatchet, a bill ; M. H.
Ger. bil, bile, bihel; O. H. Ger. bilk, bial,
biliel. Compare Sans. bMl = to split.]
A. 0/Wi*/o7*nisbill, *bille, and *bile :
1. The beak of a bu-d, or other animal
consisting of two
mandibles. /
(a) Of a bird:
". . . BO that when
they are ruffled or dis-
composed, the bird,
with her bill, can ■
easily preen them " —
Ray : iVisdoTn of God
in Creation (ed. 1717),
p. 148.
IF In the figure (a) is the upper mandible,
(6) the lower one, (0, d) the commissure foi-med
by the meeting of the mandibles, (d) the tip,
point, or apex of the bill, (a, e) the ridge (cul-
men) of the upper mandible, (f) a nostril,
(b, g) the keel (gonyx) of the lower mandible ;
(a, /, e, g, c), the fleshy sheath enveloping the
base of the bill, is called a cere.
(&) Of a sipecies of turtle :
"... is the Hawk'S'&iW Tviitle [Chelonia imbricata)
... 80 called from the curved and iH)inted form of
the upper jaw, which cei'taiuly presents no veiy distant
resemblaiice to the hooked bUi of a predaceous bird."
Dallas: Jfat. Hist., p. 409.
(c) Of a ceplialopod : More generally, how-
ever, this is called not the bill, but the beak.
It is sometimes found fossil. [Ehyncholite. ]
2. The front as opposed to the back ; or
(adverbially) in front, not in the rear.
% Bok and bil : Back and front.
"... aud to hewe the Sarasyns bothe bok and bil :
here herte blod mad they swete."— Sir Ferumb. (ed.
Eerrtiige), 2,654.
BILL OF A BIRD.
boil, boy; po&t, jo^l; cat, 9611, chorus, 911111, bencb; go, gem; tliin, this; Bin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing.
-eian, -tian = shan. -tioii« -sion = shim ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -clous, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -bre, &c. — bel, ber.
636
bill
]. BLACK BILL.
2. HALBERD.
3. The "boom" or hollow booming noise
maUo by the bittern.
" The bittern's hollow bill was heard."
H'ordswortJt.
B. 0/ the forms Ul\, *bil, and ^bylle: This
second use of the word is so rooted in the
Teutonic languages as compared with the
limited extent tliat the signification A. ob-
tiins among them, that it may be the primary
one. On the other hand, it is diffl<;ult to
resist the belief that such an instrument as a
pick-axe was imitated from a bird's beak, in
whicli ease the relative arrangement of A. and
B. would be as it is here made.
1. Mechanics :
(1) A pick-axe, a mattock.
(2) The point of a hook.
2. Military :
(1) A species of halberd, consisting of a
"broad blade, with the cutting part hooked
like a woodman's bilMiook, and with a spike
both at the back and at
the top. It was mounted
on a staff about six feet
long. It was known as
a " Black Bill " from the
colour of the varnish
used to protect it from
rust, and was largely
used by infantry soldiers. -<
Out of a levy of 200
men, in 1584, for the
Irish wars, one-fourth,
were ordered to be fur-
nished with "good Black
Bills. " The armament
of the Mary Rose con-
tained as many hills as
arquebuses. They were
afterwards carried by
sheriff's officers attend-
ing execution, and finally
by watchmen. Dr. John-
son states that as late as 177S they were used
by the watchmen of Litchfield.
"But France had no infantry that dared to face the
English bows and bills." — Macaalay : Mist. Jitig.,
ch. i.
(2) A person whose weapon is a war-bill.
" Lo, with a band of bowmen and of pikes.
Brown bills, and tavgiteers four hundred strong,
I come." Edward !J. (0. PI.), ii. 3GC.
3. Agric. : An iron instrument with an in-
curvated edge, and furnislied with a handle.
It is used by woodmen for the purpose of
lopping trees ; plumbers and basket-makers
also employ it in their respective vocations.
When short it is called a hand-hill, and when
long a hedge-hill. Both forms are sometimes
termed wood-hills or forest-hills.
" standing troops are servants armed, who use the
lance and sword, as other servants do the sickle or the
bill, at the command of those who entertain them." —
Temple.
4. Na^U. : The point on the end of the arm
of an anchor beyond the fluke or palm ; the
pee. It is the first part to penetrate the
ground, and is made slightly hooked.
5. Shiiiwrighting : The end of a compass or
knee timber.
6. Jier. : Stone-hill = A wedge.
bill-board, s.
Ship-huilding : An iron-covered board or
double planking, which projects from the side
of the ship and serves to support the inner
fluke of the anchor.
bill-cock, 5. One of the English names
for a bird— the Water-rail (Ralliis aquaticics).
bill-fish, s.
Ichthy. : A fish (Belone trimcata) found on
the coast of North America.
bill-head, s.
Her. : The head of a bill, whether a wood-
bill or a war-bill. It is more frequently borne
on a charge than the entire instrument.
bill-hook, ».
Agric. Imjjlevi. : A thick, heavy knife with
a hooked end, useful for cliopping off small
branches of trees or cutting apart entangled
vines, roots, &c. When a short liandle only
is attached, this implement is sometimes
called a hand-hill.
Tl A long-handled bill (a in the Fig.) is some-
times called a scimitar ; it has a handle about
four feet long.
A short-handled, liglit-tool hill (b in the
Fig.), is called a dress-hook, and is used for
trimming off twigs, pruning or cutting back
the smaller limbs to preserve the shape of a
hfd^e, shrub, or ornamental tree.
OthL-r forms of the implement are c and d.
EILL-HOOKS.
bill (2), *. A bull. (Scotch.)
"As yeld's the bill."
Bums-' Address to tJie Zieil.
bill (3), ■' bille, ' bil, ^ byl, «. & a. [In Ger.
bill = only a parhamentary bill, evidently
borrowed from Eng. In Fr. and Port, hill ;
O. Fr. hillc = a label, noting the value of
anything ; Low Lat. hilla = a seal, stamji,
edict, or roll. Some writers bring the Eng.
hill from the Low Lat. hilla. Littre reverses
the process, and derives Low Lat. hilla, from
Eng. hill; Prov. hnlla, holla = a round piece
of metal marked with a seal ; Ital. holla = a
seal, a stamp ; holla = (1) a bubble, a blister,
a pimple ; (2) a stamp, a seal, a Pope's bull ;
Class. Lat. bulla = {l) a bubble, (2) a bcss,
knob, or stud upon a door, girdle, &c. ; (3) a
boss worn upon the neck of free-born children.]
[Billet, Bull (2), Bulletin.]
A. As siihstantive :
1. Ordinary Language :
1. Originally : A sealed instrument. (Wedg-
wood.) A formal, solemn, and ])ublic docu-
ment, presumably sealed ; or, specially —
(1) A document formally drawn out and
presumably sealed, in wliich complaint is
made against a person in a law-court or else-
where. [Law: Bill of Indictment.']
" As doth me right uiion this pitous bill.
In wliich I 'plaiue uiKin Virginius.
And if that he woll sayn it is not thus.
I wol it prove, and fiiiden good witnesse.
That sotli is that my bille wol expres^e."
Chaucer: C.T., 12,100—4. {liichardson.)
^ (2) A petition.
"This bil pntteth he fourth in ye pore beggai's
iLinie."— 5ir Thos. More : Worke&, p. Sui. [Ri-jhurdson. )
(3) A bond or contract under which vne lias
come to pay a certain sum of money or other
property.
" So he [the unjust steward] called every one of his
lord's debtors mito him, and said unto the tlrst. How
iimch owest thou unto my lord? And he said, An
hundred measures of oil. And he said unto him,
Take thy bill, and sit down quickly, and write fifty."—
Ziike xv'l 5, C (see also ver. 7).
(4) A Jewish letter of divorce. [B. I. 1.]
"... let him write her a 6iII of divorcement . . ." —
Beat. xxiv. 1.
* 2. A small billet, written or printed, as,
for instance,' a fragment of paper, card, or
other material, inscribed with a name, to be
used as a lottery ticket.
" . . in writing of those billc-i or names for the
lottKiy."— Holland : Plutarch, p. lo". iJiichardsoii )
3. A written or printed document issued for
the X'ublic information.
(1) A printed broadslieet given away by
hand or affixed to some public place, to 'serve
for an advertisement. Now, the best-known
form of such a document is a theatric play-
bill.
" And in despair, their empty pit to fill,
Set up some foreign monster m a bill." firt/den.
(2) A hill of fare: A written or printed
paper, enumerating the several dishes at a
dinner-table ; or, in the case of hotels and
public eating-houses, enumerating the prices
of the several articles which maybe ordered
for meals. (lAt. & fig.)
"It may seem somewhat difficult to make out the
billn of fare for some of the foreinentioued supjieis." —
Arbaihnot.
4. The draft of an Act of Parliament sub-
mitted to the legislature for discussion, or an
Act which has been passed into a law.
[B., IIL]
(a) The draft.
" The bill went smoothly 1hruiit;h the first stages."—
jllacaulay : Hist. Eng , uh. xi.
(h) The Act of Parliament itself.
" There wiU be no way left for me to tell yon that I
rememl>er yon, and that I love yon, but that one,
which needs no open warrant, or secret conveyance ;
which no bills can preclude, uor no kings prevent."—
Atlerburi/.
5. A weekly record of mortality. [B. V.]
" So liv'd our sires, ere doctora learn'd to kill,
And multiiJlyd with theirs the weekly bill,"
Dryden.
6. A iihysician's prescription.
■' Like him that took the doctor's bill.
And swallow'd it instead o' the pill."
Jiudlbrag.
7. An account specifying the items which
the reciiiient owes, witli the prices of each,
and summing up tlie whole.
" Anticipated rents and bilh unpaid,
Fuite many a shining youth into the shade."
Cowper : lielirement.
8. A document for the transfer of money.
[B. IV.]
^ Bill of exchange :
(1) Lit. [B. IV.]
" AH that a bill of exchange, can do, is to direct to
whom money is due, or taken up upon credit, m x
foreign country, shall be i)aid." — Locka.
(2) Fig.: Exchangeof anxiety for composure
througli resting on tlie divine promise.
"The comfortable sentences are bills uf exchange,
upon the credit of which we lay our cares down, itmi
lective lU'ovisioiih."— Tdj/ior.
E= Technically :
I. Law:
1. Jcicish Law. Bill of divorce or divorce-
ment : A paper gi-\'en by a husband to Ids
wife when he had found hej- michaste. TIio
handing of this document entitled liim to turn
her out of his house. (Deut. xxiv, 1 ; Jer. iii.
S; Mark X. 4.)
2. Eng. Law: In various senses, which will
be understood from the details which follow.
(1) Bill of Attainder : A bill declaring that
the person named in it is attainted and his
property confiscated.
*(2) Bill in Chanccrij : A bill filed in Chan-
cery. The same as a hill in Equity (q.v.).
(3) Bill of Conformity : [CoxFORMrrv.]
(4) Bill of Costs: A bill of the charges and
expenditure of an attorney's solicitor iucuiTed
in the conducting of his client's case.
'" (5) Bill ill Equity : Formerly a petition to
the Lord Cliancellor fur relief from some in-
justice or grievance for which the Common
Law afforded no redress. (Blackstone : Corii-
'iiitnt., bk. iii., ch. 27.) Now that law and
equity have been fused together this procedure
no longer obtains.
(6) Bill of Exceptions : A bill of the natm'C
of an appeal from a judge who is held to
have misstated the law, whether by ignomnce,
by inadvertence, or by design. This the
Judge is bound to seal if he be requested by
the counsel on either side so to do. Now few
hills of exceptions are given in, the practice of
asking for a new trial having become very
prevalent. (Blackstone : Comment. : bk. iii.
ch. 23.)
(7) Bill of Indemnity : An Act of Parliament
passed each session to grant indemnity to
those who have not taken the oaths requisite
on entering certain situations.
(8) Bill of Indictment : A written accusa-
tion made against one or more persons of
luiving committed a specified crime or misde-
meanour. It is preferred to and piesented on
oath by a grand jmy. If the grand jui-y find
the allegations unproved, they ignore the bill,
giving as their verdict " Not a true bill," or
" Not found a true bill ;" if, on the conti-aiy,
they consider the indictment proved, their
verdict is a "True bill," in barbarous legal
Latin " billa vera." (Blackstone: Comment,
bk. iv., ch. 23.)
(9) Bill of Middlesex (from the county of
Middlesex, where the Court of King's or Queen's
Bench sits) : A kind of capias directed by the
Court of Queen's Bench to the sheriff of a
county directing liimto bring thence a certain
defendant and deliver him at Westminster to
answer to a plea of trespass. The words ac
ctiavi then brought him into the jurisdiction
of the court on some other charge. [Ac
etiajl] (Blackstone: CommenL^hk. iii., ch. 19.)
The fictitious chai-ge of trespass was swept
away by 2 Will. IV. c. 39, and personal actions
in the several divisions of the High Court of
Justice are now commenced by summons.
(10) Bill of Fains and Penalties : A bill in-
flicting pains and penalties (short however of
capital punishment) on persons supposed to
be guilty of treason or felony, even though
not judicially convicted of these crimes.
(U) Bill of Particulars: A paper stating
a idaintiff's case, or the set-off on defendant's
side.
tate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian* se, oe = e. ey = a. qu - kw.
bill
(12) Bill of Privilege : A liill tlesigned to sue
those who are privileged against arretit. [Ar-
rest.] (iilackstone : Comment , bk. iii., cli. 19.)
(13) *BUlofl'crlcw: A hill or petition for
the review of a decree in Chancery, erroneou.s
in law or ol)taiiied in ignorance of new facts
afterwards brought to light.
(14) Bill of Rights. [II. Hist.}
3. Scots Law: Every si^mnmry application
by way of petition to the Court of Seasiun.
Hjjec. —
(1) Bill of advocation to Covrt of Justiciary :
An application to the Conimissionei's of
Justiciary praying that the ]iroceediiigs of
an inferior court in a criminal case may be
advocated or brought for review to the Court
of Session.
(2) Bills of Signet Utters: Warrants authoris-
ing the keeper of the king's signet to affix it
to certain writs.
(3) Bills of s^ispension of Court of Justiciary :
An application to the Lords of Justiciaiy
praying them to suspend or stay the execu-
tion of a sentence i^assed in an inferior coui't
in a criminal case.
n. History and Law. BillofRigJUs: A bill
which gave legal validity to the " claim of
riglits," i.e., tlie declaration presented by the
Lords and Commons to the Prince and Princess
of Oi-ange on the 13th Februaiy, 16SS, and
afterwards enacted in Parliament when they
became king and queen. It declared it illegal,
without the sanction of Parliament, to suspend
or dispense with laws, to ei'cct commission
coiirts, to levy money for the use of the crown,
on pretence of jirerogative, and to raise and
maintain a standing army in the time of peace.
It also declared that subjects liave a right to
petition the king, and, if Protestants, to caiTy
arms for defence ; also that members of Par-
liament ought to be freely elected, and that
their proceedings ought not to be impeached
or questioned in any place out of Parliament.
It further enacted that excessive bail ought
not to be required, or excessive tines im-
posed, or imusunl punishment inflicted ; that
juries should be ciiosen without partiality ;
that all grants and ]iromises of fines or for-
feitures before conviction are illegal ; and that,
for redress of grievances and preserving of the
laws, Parliament ought to be held frequently.
Finally, it i)rovided for the settlement of the
crown.
UL Pailiamentary Prorrdure & Imw : A
d^^ft of a jiroposed Act of Parliament, which,
if it successfully ]iass the Houses of Commons
ami of Lords, uiid obtain the royal assent,
will bfconie law, but which will almost cer-
tainly undeigo some modifications in its pas-
sage through the House, and may ultimately
prove abortive. The classification of such
bills is into private and public. If the relief
sought be of a private nature, then the House
must be approached by petition ; this is gene-
lally referred to a conimittee to report on the
facts. Only in the event of this report being
favourable is leave given to introduce a bill.
A private bill is not printed or published
among the other laws of the session. Relief
has been granted against it when it has been
obtained by a fi-audulent statement of facts.
No judge or jury is bound to take notice of it,
unless it be specially set forth and pleaded
before them. It remains, however, enrolled
among the public records of the nation.
(Blackstone : Comment, bk. ii., ch. 21.)
Formerly, public bills also were drawn in
the form of petitions, but since the reign of
Henry VI. they have been sl<eletons of bills
in Act of Parliament forin, with blanks for
modifications. To pass into law, a bill must
be read three times in each House of Parlia-
ment, with intervals between each reading.
After the second reading, which is supposed
to settle the general principle, it is referred to
a committee, which, if the matter is to be
discussed, may be of the whole house. [Cosi-
MiTTEE. ] Then the third reading of it takes
place. Ifithas commenced, as most bills now do,
in the Commons, it is then sent up to the House
of liOrds to undergo the same processes there.
If it began in the House of Lords it is simi-
larly sent down to the Connuons. If when a
bill has gone from the Lower to the Upper
House, amendments are proposed upon it by
the Lords, these are sent back to the Commons
fur reconsideration. If the Commons assent
to tliese amendments, the bill is sent haclc to
tlie Lords to pass. In important 1)1113, when
the two houses cannot come to an agreement
about the amendment-^, a conference may
take jilacebctweLU them. Money bills cannot
be altered by the House of Lords. If a bill
fail at any of tire, stages of its progress it
cannot be reintroduced again the same session.
When a bill has passed through both Houses
of Parliament it then, almost as a matter of
course, receives the royal assent [Assent],
after which it is no longer called a bill, but is
an Act of Parliament. (Blackstone: Comment.,
hk. i., ch. ii., and other authorities.)
rV. Covim. & Law : A writing in which one
man is bound to another to pay a sum of
money on a future day or jirescTitly on de-
mand, according to the agreement of the
parties at the time when it is drawn ; and un
wliich, in the event of failure, execution may
be sunnnarily done to enforce payment.
(1) Bank hill. [Bank-bill.]
", . . oil the forging, altering, or \itteiiiiif as triTC
wlieii lorgeJ, of any bank-bill^ or notes, or other secu-
nties." — lilackslone : Comment., bk. iv., cti, 17.
(2) Bill of Adventtire : A writing signed by
a merchant, in which be states that certain
goods shipped in his name re:dly belong to
another person, at v.'hose risk tlie adventiue
is made.
(3) Bill of Credit :
(a) Among merchants: A letter sent by an
agent or other person to a merchant, desiring
him to give the bearer credit for goods or
money. It is frequently given to one about
to travel abroad, and emjiowers him to take
uv) money from the foreign correspondents of
the person from whom the bill or letter of
credit was received.
(h) Among governments : A paper issued by
a government on its credit, and designed to
circulate as money.
", , . of bUl)i of credit issued from tlie Exchequer."
— Dluvkstuiie : Comment., !)k. iv., cli 17.
^ By the constitution of the United States
it is jnovided that no state shall issue bills of
credit.
(4) Bill of debt: A bill acknowledging a
debt, and promising to meet it at a specified
time. It is called also a bill obligatory.
(5) Bill of Entry : A written account of
goods entered at the cu.stoui- house, whether
imported or designed for exportation.
((3) Bill of Exchange : A bill or security
originally introduced for enabling a merchant
in one country to remit money to a corre-
spondent in the other. It is an o]ien letter of
request from one man ti) another desiring him
to pay to a third i)arty a specified sum and
put it to account of tlie first. If A in London
owe £500 to B in Melbourne (Australia), and
C be about to ti-avel from Melbourne to Lon-
don, then C may pay tlie JE500 to B before
de]iarture, and carry a bill of exchange on A
in London for the aiiiount. If the last-named
gentleuLan be honest, and if he be solvent, he
will repay the money to C on reaclnng London,
and C will have reaped an advantage in
liaving the cash in the form of a bill, which it
was safer for hiin to cany in this form on the
passage than if he had had it in notes or gold.
In such a transaction, B, the person who writes
the bill of exchange, is called the drawer ; A,
to whom it is written, is termed up to the
time that he accepts it, the (^rniwe, and after he
has done so the acceptor ; and C, his order, or
the bearer— in short, whoever is entitled to
receive the money—the payee. The bill may be
assigned to another by simple endorsement ;
the person who thus transfers it is named the
endorser, and the one to whom it is assigned
the endorsee or holder. Every one whose
name is on the hack of a bill is responsible
if the person on whom piiyment should legi-
timately fall fail to meet his engagement.
The first bills known in England were about
A.D. 1328. Bills of exchange are sometimes
called drafts. Formerly it was deemed im-
portant to divide them into foreign, when
tliey were drawn by a merchant residing
abroad or his correspondent in England, and
inland when both the drawer and the drawee
reside within tlie kingdom. Now, the dis-
tinction is little attended to, there being no
legal difference between the two classes of
bills.
(7) Bill of Lading: A document by which
the master of a shiit acknowledges to have
received on board his vessel in good order and
: condition ceitain specified goods consigned to
him by some particular sliiiijicr, and binds
himself to deliver thein in similarly good order
637
and eondition— unless the dangers of thn sea,
fire, or enemies prevent him— to the assignees
of the shipper at the i)oint of destination, on
their paying Inmthe stipulated freiglit. Usu-
ally two or three copies of a bill of lading are
made, worded thus: "One of which bills
being accompli-shed, the other stands void.""
A bill of lading may he transferred by endor-
sation like a bill of exchange.
(8) Bill of Purccls : An account given by a
seller to a buyer, giving a list of tlie several
aiticles which lie has pui-chased and their
lirices.
(9) Bill of Sale:
(a) In England : A deed or writing under
seal designed to fLirnish evideni'e of the sale
of personal projierty. It is necessaiy to have
such an instrument when the sale of property
is not to be immediately followed by its trans-
ference to the purchaser. Jt is used in the
transfer of pi-operty in ships, in that of stock
in trade, or the goodwill of a business. It is
employed also in the sale of furniture, the
removal of which from the house would call
attention to the embarrassed circumstances.
of its owner; hence the .statistics of the bills
of sale act as an index to measure the amount,
of seci-et distress existing in times of commer-
cial dejiression. In not a few cases hills of
sale are used to defeat just claims against the
nominal or real vendor of the goods trans-
ferred.
(b) 1)1 the United states : A writing given by
the seller of ]iersonal projierty to the pur-
chaser, answering to a deed of real estate, but
without seal.
(10) Bill of Sight: A form of entry at the
custom-house by which one can land for in-
spection, in presence of the officers, such
goods as he has not liad tlie opportunity of
previously examining, and wliicli, conse-
quently, he cannot accurately describe.
(11) Bill of Stores : A license granted at the
custom-house to merchants to carry <!ucli
stores as are necessary for a voyage, without,
paying customs duty upon them.
V. Statistics. Bill of Mortality : AstatisticaU
report of the number of deaths within a cer-
tain locality in a year or other siiecified period
of time. To make the figures as useful as.
jiossihle for scientific ])uri)oses, the causes- ■
of death are now specified. Bills of mortality
for London were fir-st issued during tlie-
ravages of a plague in 1592. After an interval
they were resumed during another visitation
cif plague in 1G03, and have been publishedi
weekly from tliat time till now.
VI. yantical. Bill of Health : A certificate-
given to the master of a shi]! clearing out of a
port in which contagious disease is eiiidemic,,
or is suspected to be so, certifying to the state-
of health of the crew and passengers on board.
bill-book, s. A hook in which a mec-
chant keei)s an account of the notes, bills of
exchange, &c., which he issues or receives in
the course of business.
bill-broker, s. A broker of bills ; one-
who negotiates the discount of bills.
bill-chamber, s.
Scots Lai'-: A department of the Court of
Session to whicli suitors may repair at all
times, vacations included, in emergencies.,
which require summary procedure. It is
here that interdicts are applied for and se-
questrations in bankruptcy obtained.
bill-head, s.
Printing : The jirinted or lithographed'
forms used by tradesmen and others at the,-
head of their bills or memoranda.
bill-holder, s.
1. A person who holds a bill.
2. An instrument by means of which bills;
memorandums, or other slips of paper are
secured from being lost, and retained in order.
There are various forms of it. TLe bills (u-
other papers may be put between an upper and
a lower plate of metal, which can be kept to the
requisite degree of tightness by screws ; or
tliere may lie a spring clasp, or a wire on.
^Vhich the bills are impaled.
bill-sticker, s. One whose occupation
is to stick up bills on walls, hoai'dings, &c.,
for advertising jjurposes.
bill (1), v.i. [Fi'om hill, s. (1), in the sense of
the beak of a l)ir(l. Referring 1o the practice
of du^■es to manifest afiectioii for each other
boil, b6y; pout, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f^
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -fion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble. -die, &e. =belf d^L
538
bill— billion
by placing their bills in conjunction. J To
tai'ess, to fondle, to show special affection for.
(1) OJ doves :
" Doves, they say, will bill, :ifter their pecking and
their murmuiing.' — Ben Jonson : Ca/iline.
(2) Of hurruni beings.
" still !i>morou3, and fond, and billiiig.
Like Philip and Maiy on a shilling."
Hiidibriis.
t bill (2), v,t [From Bill (3), s.]
* 1, To register, to record. (Scotch.)
" Tn Booke of Lyfe, there shall
I nee Hie billed."
Author's Meditation in Forbcs's Enhulus, p. 166.
■* 2. To give a legal information against ; to
indict. {Scotch.)
"... and thai bill the personia offendouris in that
behalf aganiy the treateia," iScc. — Actt, Ja. VI., 1587
(ed. 1814), p. 405.
3. To advertise by means of bills ; {of n
biilUling) to cover with advertising bills.
I masterpiece was a composition that he billed
bil'-lage (age as ig), s. [Bilge.] The same
as Bilge, v. (Naiit.) (q.v.).
bil'-lard, s. [Etyni. doubtful.]
1. A bastard or imperfect capon.
2. The coal-fish (q.v.).
bD-lar-di-e'-ra, s. [Named after Jacques
Julien Lab1llard"ifere, a French botanist.]
Bot. . A genus of plants belonging to the
order Pittosporacece (Pittosporads). The
English name of the genus is Apple-berrv
(q.v.).
billed, a. [Bill.] Having a bill. Generally
in composition as shoTt-bilkd, tooth-hilled, &c.
* bil'-ler^. " bil-liire, t bU-der§, s. [Etym.
doubtful. Probably bilders is the oldest
form.] A plant not yet properly identified.
It is called also bellragges ((^.y.). T. Cooper
(ed. of Elyots, A.D. 15.59) says that some name
it Yellow Watercresses. The name Bilders is
still applied in Devonshire to Helosciadium
nodijiorwri, which, however, is white Instead
of yellow^ (Britten and Holland.)
bil-let (1), * byl-et. s. [in Sw. biljett ; But.
biljet ; Sp. boletta ; Port. Hlhete ; Ital. bulUtt-a ;
Dari., Ger,, & Fr. MlUt, dimin. of O. & Norm.
Fr. biUeJ] [Bill, Bullet.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. A small paper, a note.
" This billet was intercepted m its way to the POtt,
and sent up to Whitehall."— J/wcazt^ay .■ Hist. Eng ,
ch. xxii.
2. A ticket, directing soldiers at what house
fliey are to lodge ; also the soldiers' quarters
in the house.
^ In the proverjj " Every bullet has its
iillet," tlie sense of billet = appointed end
and desthtation, probably
comes from A. 2.
B. Heraldry :
1, A small oblong figure,
generally supposed to re-
]»re3ent a sheet of paper
folded in the form of a
letter. Its proportion is
two squafes. (Gloss, of
Her.)
2. A staff as a billet,
raguled and tricked,
meaning a ragged staff in billet.
pale. (Gloss, of Her.)
billet-doux, s. [Fr. ; from billet, and
doux = sweet . . . soft.] Love-letter.
^ In the subjoined examples observe the
different words with which Pope makes billet-
•doux rhyme in the singular and in the plural.
" Twaa then, Belinda, if report .say true.
Thy eyes first opeu'd ou a biUet-dousc."
Poije ■ Rape uf the Lock, i. 11M8.
" Here files of piaa extend their shining rows,
Fuffe, powders, patchea. Bibles, billet-doux "
Ibid.. 137-8.
billet-note, s. A folded writing paper
six by eight inches.
bil'-let, * byl-et, .s. [From Fr. billette = a
faggot of wood cut ;iud di-y for firing ; billet =
a block, a clog ; Pi-ov. bilhu. Billot is dimin.
j}£Fr.hille, . . . a piece of wood.]
A. Ordinary Linigimge:
1, A small log or faggot of wood for firing.
■" Their billet at the fire waa io\iu6."— Prior.
2_ A bar,-or wedge, or ingot of gold, or any-
thing .similar. (Actofl'ii.rhnment, -27 Edm. III.,
c. 27.)
B. Technically :
1. Arch. [Billet-moulding.]
2. Saddlery :
(1) A strap which enters a buckle.
(2) A pocket or loop which receives the end
of a buckled strap
billet-head, s
Naut. : A piece of wood at tlie in.iw of a
whale-boat around which the hariioon-liiie
runs ; a loggerhead.
billet-moulding, s.
At-cIi. : An ornament used in string courM^h.
and the archivolts of windows and doors, it
BILLET MOULDIN
consists of cylindrical blocks with intervals,
the blocks lying lengthwise of the cornice,
sometimes in two rows, breaking joint.
(Knight.)
bil'-let, v.t. [From Billet (1), y. (q.v.).]
I. Military :
1, To direct a soldier by a billet, note, or
ticket where he is to lodge.
" Retire thee ; gr\ where thou art billeted :
Away, I say." Shukesp. : Othello, ii, 3,
2. To quarter soldiers upon householders
or others.
"The counties throughout the kingdom were so in-
censed, and their afl'ectiona poisoned, tliat they refused
to suffer the soldiers to be billeted upon thein." —
Clarendon.
n. Fig. (of people in general): To send to
quarters or temporary residence in any place.
bil'-let-ed, pa. par. & «:■ [Billet, v.]
billeted-cable, s.
Arch. : Cabled moulding with cinctures.
bil'-let-iftg, s. [Billet, v.] The act or
operation of directing a soldier where to lodge
or quartering him on a specified house.
billeting -roll, s. A set of rollers for
red Licing iron to shape, to merchantable bar.
bil'-lets, s. pi. [Etym. doubtful.] One of
the English names for the Coal-fish, Merlangus
carbonaHus.
bil'-let-t3^, bil-let-6, o. [Fr. billetL]
Her. : Sem6 of billpts.
Billetty counter blUetty : Bariy and paly, the
divisions of the former being as wide again as
tliose of the latter.
^ biU'-iard (pron. bil'-yard) 0)1. bill-
iard^, *bal-liard§),s. &a. [InSw. Uljard,
biljo.rdspel (s. pi.); Dan. hilliard-.-iinl (s. pi.);
Dut. biljartspel (s. pi.) ; Ger. billard, billard-
spiel; Poi-t. bilhard ; ItaL higliardo ; Fr.
billard = the game of billiards, a cue; Bur-
guudian billard = a cripple, because he walks
with a crutch, also called billard. From Fr.
bille = a piece of wood, a stick.]
A, As substantive :
* 1. Sing, (of tlie form billiard) : The same
as plural Billiards (q.v.).
" With aching heart, and discontented looks,
Returns at uoon to billiard or to hooks."
Cowper : Retirement.
2. Plur (o/f/te/orms billiards, balliards) : A
game of skill, said to have been invented in 1371
by Henrique Devigne, a French artist, though
claims have been put forth ou behalf of Italy
rnther than France. It is played on a level
and smooth rectangular table with ivory balls,
which are driven by a tapering stick called
the cue, according to the rules established for
the particular game played. (For these games,
and the terms used in describing them, sec
Bricole, Cabambole, Hazards, Pool, Pyra-
mids, "Winning-game, LosiNg-game, and Four
GAME.)
■ " Wtth dice, with cards, with balUards farre unfit."
Spenser: Mother Uab. Tale.
"Let it alone; let's to b/U-iards."~Shakesp. : Ant.£
Cleo/J., li. D.
B. As adjective (of tlie form billiard) . Of or
pertaining to billiards, or in any way con-
nected with billiards.
billiard-ball, .<;. An ivory ball used in
the game of billiards.
" Even nose and cliee'f withal.
Smootli a.s ia the billiard-ball. '
Ben Jonson.
billiard-cloth, =;. The fine green cloth
covering a billiard-table.
billiard-cue, s A cue or stick, dim-
inishing gradually to a point of half an inch
or less in diameter, with which billiard-balls
are driven along the table.
billiard-mace, s. A long straight stick
with a head at the point formerly used for
playing billiards.
billiard-marker, s.
1. A person, generally a boy or young man,
who marks the points and games at billiards.
2. A counting apparatus for automatically
registering these.
t billiard-Stick, s. The stick, whether
mace or cue, with which billiards are played.
" When the ball o;>eys the stroke of a billiard-stick,
it iH not any action of the ball, but hare passion."—
Locke.
billiard-table, s. An oblong table on
which billiards are played. It is generally
about twelve feet long and six feet wide,
covered with fine green cloth, surrounded
with cushions, and containing six holes or
" pockets."
" Some are forced to bound or fly upwards, almost
like ivory Ijalls meeting on a billiard-table." — Boyle.
^ Obvious compounds : BilUard-room, bilr
liard-player, &c,
bU'-ling, pr. par., «,., & s. [Bill (1), v.]
A. & B. As pi\ par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
" The strong i>ouuc d eagle, and the billing dove "
Dry den.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of joining bills as doves do in
token of affection.
2. The act of caressing or fondling.
" I never much valued youi- billings and cooiugs."—
Leigh Bu7it.
Bil'-ling^'gate, * Bii-mgs-gate, s. & a.
[Said to have been so called from Belinus
Magnus, a mythic British prince, father
of King Lud, about B.C. 400. More pro-
bably from some unknown person called
Billing.]
A, As S2ibstantive :
1. Topog. & Ord. Lang. : The celebrated
London fish-market existent at least as early
as A.D. 979, made a free maiket in 1699, ex-
tended in 1S49, rebuilt in 1852, and finally
exposed to the rivalry of another mai-ket
begun 1874, completed 1S76. (Haydn: Diet.
Dates.)
2. Foul abusive language, such as is popu-
larly supposed to be mutually employed by
those who are unable to come to an amicable
understanding as to the proper price of the
fish about which they are negotiating. Lan-
guage of the khid described, however, can
come into existence without the presence of a
fish- woman to aid in its production, and it is
called Billingsgate by whatsoever lips it may
be uttered.
(a) In a quarrel about fish.
" Much billingsgate was exchanged between the boats
tof tlie trawlers Jind those who objected to trawling],
)ut there was no actual viuleuce," — Scotsman.
(h) Fish not being the subject of conten-
tion.
" Let Bawdry. Billinsgate, my daughters dear,
Supt>ort his front, and oaths briug up the rear "
rope: Da-ndad, i. 307-S.
B. As adjective : Characteristic of Billings-
gate.
"... but that Rome, Venice, Paris, and all very
large cities have their Billingsgate \a.i\guj{.gs." — Fuller,
IVorthies, pt. ii., y. 197.
* bil'-lihg§-ga-try, s. [Eng. Billingsgat(e);
-ry.] Abusive language. [Billingsgate.]
"After a great deal of Billingsgatry against i>oet3."
—Remarks upon Remarques (1673), p. 5B. {J. If. in
Boucher.)
bill'-i-on. s. [In Dut. biljoen; Ger. & Fr.
biUioii ; Port. bWiao. From Lat. prefix M =
two, and (miyiion. Trillion is on the same
model.] A million times a million. It is
written 1,000,000,000,000, that is, 1 with twelve
ciphers after it, or just twice as many as a
fate, fat, fare, amidst, w^hat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or. wore, w^lf, work, who. son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. », ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
billit— bimestrial
539
million has. Tlie notation of tlie French is
different. They apply the term billion to
what we call 1,000 millions, and use the word
triUivii fur what we should call a hlllion.
*'bil'-lit, n. [From A.S. hil, hill — any instru-
ment or weapon made of steel.] Shod with
iron. {Rudd.) (Scotch.)
" With tlie wele stetit and Inaid bUlit ax."
Doug. : I'irgil, 386, 1. {Jamieson.)
bill'-man, ^ bil'-man* s. [Eng. hill (l) ; and
mail.] A man furnished with, or ai-med with,
or who iy in the habit of using, a " bill."
" .Advancing from the wood are seeu,
To back and guard the archer baud
liord Diiore's billmen were at haud."
Hfoit : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv, 14.
bil'-ldn, s. [Fr. tillon = {A) copper coin,
(2) debased coiu.]
Numi^. : A German coin-alloy of copper and
silver, the former predominating.
bil'-lot. 5. [Fr. &tZZo( = (l)a block. (2) a clog ;
Prov. bUho.} [Billet.] Gold or silver in the
bar or mass.
bil'-low, "bil'-lowe, s. [In loel. hylgja;
Sw. biiljn ; Dan. holge ; Low Ger. biilgB ;
(M. H.) Ger. bulge. Cognate with Eng. bulge
(([.v.).] A great swelling or crested wave of
the sea or large lake, or less accurately of a
river.
" Ale \ aiii as blUows iii a toesiug sea."
Wordsworth: Excursion, Mk.ii.
billow-beaten, a. [Eng. (l) hlllow, and
(2) hmtea.] Beaten by the billows. {Lit. &•
Jig-)
"... Mti^billow-heateniAX^
Of towering atatiats."
Jordan : Divinity and Morality in Poetry, S, b.
bil'-low, v.i. [From billow, s. (q.v.).] To
swell into surges ; to surge ; to become hollow
and crested. {Johnson. )
t bil'-lowed, <-'. [Eng. billow ; -e'/.] Swelled
like a billow. {W&bstcr.)
bll'-lOW-iAg, 2""- 2™^' & a. [Billow.]
" 1h.e billowing iiaov/ . . ."—Prior.
bil'-16w-y, "* bil'-low-ie, n. [Eng billow;
1. Of the sea : Swelling into billows.
"... PontuB, the liarreii and billowy aea."— ^rofe :
HUt. Greece, pt. i., ch I.
2. Of f'lam : Tossed from the surface of
billows.
" D-isceuds the billowy fonjti, . . ."
Tliomson : Seasons : Spring, 379.
3. Of the roar or mui'mvr of the sea : Pro-
duced by the billows.
" But thou art swolling on, th«ii deep !
Through inaiiy an olden cllnie,
Thy billowy autheui ne'er to sleep
Until the close of time."
ncrnans: Tfie Sound Cff the Sea.
i. Of a grave: Among the billows.
" But just escaped from ehipwreclt's billowy grave,
Trembles to hear its horrora named again."
Ilemans: Sonnet, 80,
% The expression now common is a watery
grave.
Bil'-ly (1) s. [Dimin. of Bill = William. Such
a name might be expected to bn given to a
bird, as -Ro&i*i Red-breast, Tovi'tit, &c.]
billy-biter, s. A name for a bird, the
Blue Tit (Parus cceruleus). [Blue Tit.J
billy-button, s.
Hort : The double-flowered variety of Soj;i-
fraga granulala.
If Other plants are also locally designated
by tlie same name.
billy white-throat, s. A name for a
bird, the Garden Warbler or Pettychaps
{Sylvia hortensis).
ba-ly (2), bil'-lie. s. [Not a dimin. of Bill
=■ William. It may be one who bills, caresses,
or fondles another (?).] {Scotch.)
I, In a good sense, as a term expressive of
o.ffection and familiarity :
1. A companion, a comrade.
iK*d the Tweed,
nper'd "
' Twas then the billies c. _
Aud by Traq^uair-house si
Vicol : Poems, ii. 7.
2. A brothel'.
" I'scome to 'plain o" your man fair Johnie Armstrong,
Aud syne o hia billy Willie, quo' he."
Baiuick: Collect., p. 26.
3. A lover.
" Be not owre bowstrouH to youi' billy."
Ct4:rk : Evergreen, ii. ID.
II. Ill an indifferent or in a slightly had
sense :
1. A boy ; a young fellow ; a hearty good
fellow bent on pleasure.
" And there I met wi' Tain o' Todsiiaw, and a wheen
o' the rest o' the billies on the water side ; they're a'
for a fox hunt this momuig. '— Sco« . Gii;/ Mannering,
ch. xw.
2. A fellow. (Ut-ed possibly rather con-
temptuously.)
" Ye cheer my heart— how was the billy pleas'd?
Nae well, I wad, to l)e aae snelly ua'd."
Shirref : Potnns, i< 35.
billy-bentie, s. [Etymology doubtful,]
A smart, roguish boy. {Jamieson.)
billy-blinde, biUy-blin, s [yi etch
blinde = Eng. blind.]
1. A name for the Brownie, or lubber fiend.
{S. of Scot.)
2. Blind-man's buff ; he who sustained the
principal character of the game being formerly
clad in the skin of an animal, making him
look like a " brownie." [I.]
billy-blinder, billyblinder, s.
1. Lit. : One who blindfolds another at
blind-man's buff.
2. A blind or imposition. (Jamieson.)
bil'-ly (3), s. [Etym. doubtful. Dr. Murray
considers this word the same as Billy (1). Of.
Betty, Jenuy.]
1. A policeman's baton.
2. Wool-7)ianufacture : A slubhing-mar-hine
in which the partially compacted sliders of
wool, in the condition of cardiiigs or rolls, are
joined end ti> end and receive a slight twist.
[Slubbino-Machine.]
3. A kettle, a pan, a teapot. (Australian.)
billy-gate, s. The moving carriage in a
slubbing-machine.
bil'-ly-c6ck, s. [Apparently a corr. of bully-
cocked, a term used early in the eighteenth
century, prob. = cocked after the fa.=5hion of
the bullies of the period. {^'.E.D.)] A billy-
cock hat. (Used also adjectively.)
billycock hat, s. a vulgar term for the
stiff felt hat, al.su called a deer-stalker. It is
not to be confounded with the soft felt hats
technically named Kossutlis, &c.
* bil'-man, s. [Billman.]
t bi'-ld'b-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix hi = two,
and Gr. Ao^d? (lobos) = (1) the lobe or lower
part of the ear, (2) the lobe of the liver, (3) a
legume. (Lobe.) In Fr. bilob6.] Two-lobed ;
partly, but not completely divided into two
segments. Bilobed is the more commou word
for the same thing.
bi'-lobed. a. [From Lat. prefix hi, Gr. Xo/Sd?
{lobos) (Bilobate), and suff. -ed.] Bilobate
(q.v.).
*bi'-l6c, -pa. par. [Biluken.] Surrounded.
" He biloc heiu and sniette among,"
Story of Geii. i £xod., 2684.
bl-loc'-U-lar, «. [In Fr. bilocidaire. From
Lat. prefix &i = two, and Uculus^a. little
place ; a ooflin, a bier, also a compartment ;
a small receptacle with compartments ; dimin.
of locus = a place.]
Bot. : Having two cells or compartments.
(Specially used of the interior of ovaries and
ripe pericarps.)
bi-loc-u-li'-na. s. [From Lat. prefix hi =
two, aud locidi.] [Bilocular.] D'Orbiguy's
name for a genus of Foraininifera.
'^ bi-lo'-ken (pa. par. belolccd), v.t. [From A.S.
peZociaji = behold, see.] To look about. (Or-
mulum, 2,917.)
*bi-l6n'g, prep. [Eng. prefix bi, and long.]
Alongside of.
"The rechiug wurth ou God bilong."
Story of Gen. i Exod., 2.058.
* bi-loi^ed, pa. par. or a. [Tlie same as Be-
loved (q.v.).] (Chancer: C. T., 1,429.)
■^ bi-lu'-ken, jja. par. [A.S. helucan (pret. be-
Uac, pa. par. belocen) = to lock up, to enclose,
to shut up.] Enclosed ; shut up. [Belock,
BlLOC]
" Al is bUakcn in podes hand."
Story of Gen. & Exod. , 104.
* bi-liim -pen, pa. pai . [Bilimpen.]
bil'-wa, bale, i. The name given in the
Maliratta country and some other parts of
India, to a tree of the Orange family— the
Bengal Quince (CEgle Munnelos), a thorny tree
with ternate leaves and a smooth yellow fruit
with a hard rind. [(Ec;le, Quince.]
bi-mac'-u-late, bi-mac'-ii-la-ted, c .
[From Lat. prefix hi = two, and macidatus,
pa. par. of maado, to make spotted ; wacida,
a spot, suff. -erf; iu Fr. bimacnU.]
Biol. : Having two spots.
" bi-ma'-len, v.t [From A.S. prefix hi, and
mal = a sitot, a mole] To spot. (Piers Plow-
man, B. xiv. 4.)
bi'-ma-na, s. pi. [From Lat. prefix Di^two,
and manus = a hand.]
Zool. : Cuvier's name for the first and highest
order of JWaiumalia. Its characteristic is that
the two anterior extremities are formed into
hands, whilst the two hinder ones are real
feet. Tliis differeuoe does not obtain even in
the highest member of the Monkey or Qnad-
rumanous order, C'uvier includes under the
Bimana only a single genus— /fomo, or Man.
t bi'-maAe, a. [Fr. btmnne. From Lat. prefix
hi = two, and menus = a hand.] Having two
hands.
bi'-ma-nous, o. [Lat. bi = doubly, a'ud
manus = a hand. J Two-h;)udcd.
"A sleek bimaiions annual."— (V Eliot: Scenes of
Clerical Life, p. 2u8.
bi-niar'-|^n-ate, o. [From Lat, jirefix bi=.
twu, and marginatns, pa, par. of margino —
to furnish witli a margin or border ; margo,
genit. marginis = an edge, a border, margin.
In Fr. bltnargint'.]
Biol. : Double-bordered.
^ bi'-m^t-ter. s. [O. Eng. hi = by, ;ind bye,
and mcUter.] Unim2'0rtant matters.
" I eschewe to vae simulation m bimatterg. ' — Fox:
Martyrs, p, 748.
* bi-ma'ze, * bi-ma'-sen, r t. [The same as
Bemaze (q.v.).] {Chr^h'r Mysteries.) (Strafe
mann.)
bi-me'-di-al, a. [in Ger. himedial. From
Lat. prefix bi = two, and medius = middle. ]
Geom. : Made up of the sum of two medial
lines.
Bim^dial line, First Himedial Line : A line
produced by adding together two medial lines,
commensurable only in power ; it is incom-
mensurable with either of these taken singly.
Thus, if two straight lines, a and >/2aJ^, stand
to each other the one as.a side and the other
as a diagonal of the same square, they are
incommensurable, though a^ and 2a^ are uot.
Their sum (the bimedial line) is a -f VSa^,
which is incommensurable with both a and
' bi-mel'-den, v. t. [In Ger. bemelden. ] To de-
nounce. {Wright: Anecdota Liter aria.) (Strat-
inann.)
t bi-mem'-bral, a. [From Lat. &i = two,
membrum = niembers, and Eng. suffix -at.]
Having two members, (Used chiefly of sen-
tences.)
* bi-men', s. [From A.S. hemoinen, v.]
[BiMENE.] Complaint, cry.
" And [hej to god niaile hise bimen."
Story of Gen. S: Exod., 2.89-L
*bi-mene, *by-mene (pret. *himeiit, *bi-
mente), v.t. [A.S. hemcenan (xiret. bimmnde)
= to bemoan.] [Bemoan.J
1. To bemoan, to weep for, to wail for.
*'::xx daiyes wep israel
For his dead , . . and bim-e)ii it wel,"
_ Story of Gen. & Exod., 4149-50.
2. Iteji€j:ive'
to complain.
" Ghe bimente hire to ahralmin.""
Story of Gen. & Exod., 1,2X7-
* bi-men'-mg, pr. par. [Bimene.]
t bi-men'-sal, o. [Lat. prefix &i = two. and
meiisis, a month.] Occurring once in two
months. [Bimonthly.]
t bi-mest'-ri-al, a. [From Lat. hime.^tri(-i),
and Eng. suffix ~cd. In Fr., Sp., Poi-t.. and
Ital. himestre,] Continuing for two months.
To make one's complaint;
boil, b6^: po^t, j<Rirl; cat. 9ell, chorus, 9hin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ing
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. ^ble. -die. &c.'=bel, d^L
540
bimetallic— bind
bi-me-tal'-lic, «. [Metallic]
bi-met'-al-lism, s. [Metal.]
bi-met'-al-list, s. [Metal.]
bim'-molle, s. [It^u.]
Music : A tkit, b. [Bbmol.]
bi'-month-ly, u. [From Lat. prefix hi-, and
Eng. monthly.]
1. Lasting or continuing for two months;
occurring or appearing every two nioutlis.
2. Occurring or appearing twice in a month.
* bi-mbr'ne, *bi-mar'-uen, v.t, [Tlie same
as Bemourn (q.v.).] (0. Eng. Horn., i. -lU.)
*bi-inowe, *by-mowe, v.t. [0. Fr. moue
= a grin, a laugh ; Eng. mow, with the same
meaning.] To mock, laugh at.
"The Lord ecbal biTuowe hem."— Il'i/c^t/fc (Purvey),
P6. ii. 4.
bi-miis'-CU-lar, a. [Prom Lat. prefix bi =
two, and Eng. musctilar = pertaining to the
muscles.] [Muscle.]
Conihol. : Having two muscle'?, and conse-
quently two muscular impressions on the
shell. (Kirhy.)
* bin, portions of verb. [A.S. beonde, par. of
heoii, beoRjie = to be ; we bean — v/e a.ve.] Por-
tions of the verb to be. [Be, Ben.]
1. Been. (Halliwell: Torrent of. Portugal.)
2. Are.
" If thoa hast formed right true vertues face herein,
Vertue her selfe can best disceme to whom they
written 6i;i."' lipeitser : Versi^s.
3. Were. (Nares.)
4. Is.
% It occurs in this sense in some editions of
Shakespeare, but in a song which he may
liave intended to be archaic.
" With every thing that pretty bin."
Shahesp. : C'yynbeline, ii, li.
In the Globe edition of Shakespeare bin is
altered to is in this quotation.
bin, s. [A.S. bin, biniie = a manger, crib, bin,
hutch, or trough. In Dan. bing ; Diit. ben =
a basket, a hamper; Lat. ben)ia (originally a
Gael, word) = a kind of carriage; Wei. hen,
tneii = 3. wain, a cart] A box, or other en-
closed place, where corn, bread, wine, or any-
thing similar is kept. Hence such compounds
as corn-bin, coal-bin, &c.
"The most convenient way of picking hops Ib into
a long, square frame of wood called a bin."— Mortimer.
bin, interj. [Corrupted from ban, v., in the
sense of curse, anathema upon.] A cui'se, an
imprecation. {Javiieson. )
" Bin tliae bitiijg c\egB."—Jamieson.
bl-na', vi-na', s. [In Hindust. bin; Hindi
bina ; Mahratta, vina.] An Indian guitar,
with a long finger-board, and a gourd attached
to each end. Seven strings or wires wound
round pegs in the usual way are attached to
the finger-board — four on the surface, and
three at the sides. The instrument has about
twenty frets. In the performance one gourd
is rested on the left shoulder, and the other
on the riglit hip. (Stabler & Barrett.)
+ bin-a-cle, s. [Binnacle.]
tbi'-nal, a. [From Lat. bin(i)= two, and
Eng. suffix -al] [Binary.] Double, two-
fold.
" Binnl revencre nil this."
Ford: Witch of EdmoiUoii, ili. 2, (Richardson.)
^bi-nam, -prct. of v. [Benim, Blnjmen.]
'bi-name, *. [Byname.] (Chancer: Boeth.
2,333.)
bi'-nar-y, * bi'-nar-ie, o. & 5. [In Fr. bi-
iiaire ; Sp., Fort., & Ital. binario. From Lat.
binarlus = consisting of two ; bini =two by
two, two apiece ; from bi, with the distribu-
tive term mes.]
A. As adj. : Consisting of two, double, dual.
*B. As snbst. : That which constitutes two.
"TomaketwoiiraZiiM^ry, which is the first number,
add but one unto one." — FoCherbj/ : Atheomastix,
p. HO".
^ Binary was of old used as an antithesis to
unity ; now in such a case duality is the word
employed.
" In nature are two supreme principles,
Am nanielv. unity and binary."
navies: Wittcs Pilgrimage, G. 4. b.
Binary arithmetic : A method of notation in-
vented by Leibnitz, but whicli appears to have
been in use in China about 4,000 years ago. As
the term binary implies, there are only two
cliaracters in this notation, these are 1 and 0.
Bv it, our 1 IS noted by 1, our 2 by 10, 3 by 11,
4 by 100, b by 101, 6 by 110, 7 by 111, S by
1000, 11 by lOOi, 10 by 1010, &c. The principle
is that 0 multiplies by 2 iu place of by 10,
as on the common system. Some properties
uf numbers may be more simply presented
on this plan than on the common one ; but
the number of places of figures required to
exjiress a sum of any magnitude is a fatal
objection to its use. Indeed, Leibnitz himself
dill not recommend it for practical adoption.
Binary compound :
Chan. : A compound of two elements, or of
an element, and a compound performing the
function of an element, or of two compounds
performing the functions of elements.
" Among the secondary organic products of the veget-
able class we meet a few instances of binary ckiw-
pounds of simple elements. "—y"0£Witflo«;m««: Physiol.
Antit., Vol. I. (Introd.), p. 8.
Binary engine: Usually an engine having
one cylinder, the piston being impelled by
steau), which, having done its wurk there, is
exhausted into another part of the apparatus,
where it is allowed to communicate its un-
utilised heat to some liquid volatile at a lower
temperature ; the vapour of this second liquid,
by its expansion in a second cylinder, yields
additional useful force. Ether, chloroform,
and liisulphide of carbon, have all been tried.
(Knight.)
Binary form :
Music: The form of a movement which is
founded on two principal themes or subjects.
[Sonata form.] (Stainer & Barrett.)
Binary logarithms: A system of logarithms
devised by Euler for facilitating musical
caIculation.s. Instead of having, like the
coiiinion system of logarithms, 1 as the
logaritlnn of 10, and 43,429,448 as the modulus,
it had 1 as the logarithm of 2, and the modulus
1,442,G!)5.
Binari) measure : Common time, that is, in
which the time of rising is equal to that of
falling. [Tonic Sol-fa.]
Binary number : A number composed of
two units.
Binary scale :
Arith. : A imiform scale of notation, the
ratio of which is two.
Binary star : A star which, closely examined
by the telescope, is found to consist of two
stars revolving around their connnon centre of
gravity. In some cases they are coloured
differently from each other. In 1803 Sir Wil-
liam Herschel discovered that y Leonis, e
Bootis, ^Herculis, S Serpentis, and y Virginis
are revolving double stars, and others, in-
cluding Castor, have since been added to tlie
list. The period of revolution in various cases
has been determined. It is found to vary
from 43 to 1,200 years.
Binary system:
Zool., &c. : A system of classification by
which each sub-kiugdoin, class, order, &c., is
perpetually divided into two, the one with a
positive and tlie other with a negative
character, till genera are reached. For in-
stance, on this system, the animal sub-kingdom
is divided into Vertebrata and Invertebrata,
that is, aniinals which have, and animals
which have not, vertebrn:*. The first is a
natural combination ; the second is not so,
for several of its more or less subordinate
sections, such as Articulata. MoUusca, &c.,
are as distinct from each other as the Verte-
brata are from the Invertebrata in general.
The Rev. Prof. Fleming was the great ad\'ocate
of the Binary or Dichotomous system, wlii^'h
he carried out in his " Philosophy of /oology "
and his " British Animals," whilst Swainson,
one of the great apostles of tlie rival Quinary
system, was its determined foe.
" Ci)?nrj!/or(lichotoiuou8syBteins, altho\ii;hrestnlated
by a princinle. are amongst the most artificial arrange-
Jiients that have been ever iiiveuted.'—Sivaimon:
Geog. C'hiss. of AniniuU, §250.
Binary theory :
Cliem. : A hypothesis proposed by Davy to
reduce the haloid salts (as NaCl) and the
nxygen salts (as NaNO;j) to the same ty]ie, the
monad CI' being replaced by tlie 7nonad radical
containing oxygen (NO3)'. Acids are hy-
drogen salts, as HCl, or H(N03)'. A radical
is only part of a molecule whicli can unite with
or replace an element or another radicjil,
atomicity for atomicity. Thus the dyad
radical (SO4)" can replace two monad radicals,
(NO^)'n, as in the equation Pb'XNOgYi +
Mg'XSOj)" = Pb"(S04)" + Mg"(N03)'2. " A
radical cannot exist in a separate state. [See
Radical.]
bl-nate, a. [From Lat. bini = two by two,
and Eng. .suflRx -ate.]
Bot. : Growing two together. Having two
einate leaf.
leaflets growing from the same point at the
apex of the cojumon pt-tiole. The same as
bifoliolate.
bind, ^ bynde, * bm-den, *byn'-dyn,
(pret. boiind, ^ bownd, "^ bond ; pa. par. bound,
boiiiiden, ^ bownd, * bond), v.t. & i. [A.S,
bindan, pret. band, hundr, pa. par. bxnidcn —
(1) to bind, tie, cajiture, (2) to pretend ; gebin-
dan (same meaning) ; Sw, & Icel. binda; Dan.
binde; 'Dnt.bir,.dei',inblnden,verbinden; Gei'.
binden; Goth, bindan, gabindan; Pers. ban-
dan, bandidan = to bind, to sliut ; Hindust.
bdndkna = to bind; Mahratta bandhaiie;
Sansc. bandh.]
A. Transitloe :
I. Literally :
1. To tie or fasten artificially.
(1) I'o tie a person or thing by means of
cords, ropes, chains, or anything similar. In
the i-ase of persons tliis may lie to prevent
one from becoming free, to bandage a bleeding
wound ; to serve for utility or ornament, or
for any other purpose.
"... i>i)irftrtj7 and delivering into pnaons both men
and women " — Ads xxii. 4.
"Thou shalt bind this line of scarlet thread in the
window, which -thou didst let u& down hy."— Josh. iL
18.
(2) To keep in shape and strengi:hen by
means of an artificial band or border, boards,
backs, or anything similar. Used —
(a) Of the border sewed on a carpet, or any-
thing similar.
(b) Of the fastening a wheel by means of
a line.
('_■) Of the stitching, pressing, and' cutting a
book, and of placing covers upon it. [Book-
BINDINO.]
" Was ever book, containing such vile matter,
dofixh-ly bound f"
SJiakcsp- : Rom. lE- Jul., lii. 2.
" Those who could never read the gi'ammar.
When my de.ir volumes touch the lianinier.
May think books best, as richest bound ? "
Prior.
2. To confine or restrain by physical action.
(Used of the operations of Wture under the
divine control )
(1) Operating upon persons: To restrain by
morbid action from movement. Specially—
(a) In the case of one beut double by disease.
-And, behold, there was a woman -which had a
spint of lufirnnty eighteen veiu!>, and was bowed to-
gether, and could lu no wise lift up herself. . . . And
oughtiiot this woman, being a daughtei of Abmham,
whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eiuhteen year-.. !*■
looseil from this bond on the Sabbath dnyi'—LuK':
xiii. 11, 16.
(b) Any hindering the flux of the bowels, or
making them costive.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot
or. wore. wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
bind— bindheimite
541
"Rhubftrb hftth mauifeatly in it parts of coutnii-y
operations ; pai-ta that imrge, ami pavts that biiiU the
body." — Bacon.
(2) Operating vpon Viings : To restrain by
the opei-atiou of the law of gravitation.
" He bindeth the flouiU from overflowing."— /oft
xxviii. IL
II. Figurativehj :
1. To exercise restraint or moral compulsion
upon the human iniuil, heart, conscience, or
will, or upon the will of any of the inferior
animals.
(ft) Upon Tiian : By natural or liy human
law, by an oath, a contract, a promise, a vow,
considerations of duty, kindness shown tu
one, an overmastering moral impulse, or some
other influence or neces.--ity to do some act or
abstain from doing it.
" The law. by which all creatures else are boioul.
Binds mail, the lord of all."
Cow per : Tlie Tusk, bk. i.
"... traitors whn were ready to take any oath, ami
whom no oath could bind." — Macuiila;/ ■ Hist. Enr/.,
■vol. iv., ch. xxii.
(fj) L'jwit one of the iiif^irior aiiimnls.
"You will sooner, by iniaguiation, bind a bird from
singing, than from e.iting or flyiu? "—Bacon.
2. To establisli by a judicial decision ; to
confirm; to ratify.
"... whatsoever thou 9h,ilt bind on earth shall he
bound m heaven."— J/a«, x.vi. 19.
B. Intransitive :
1. To contract its own parts together ; to
grow stiff and hard.
2. To make costive.
3. To be obligatory.
" The i)romiae3 and hiir^ains for truck, between a
Swiss and an Indian, in "the woods o£ America., are
binding to thein, . . ." — Locke.
C, III special phrases : (In tliose which
follow, hind is uniformly transitive.)
(1) Bound in the spirit: SeSe^eVos toJ Tri/eu-
^art (dedemenos to piicmnati), lit., bound to
the spirit = bound to my own spirit, the
ardent spirit leading forward the captive body
1= under a resistless impulse.
"And now, behold. I ro bound in the spirit unto
Jerusalem, not knowing the things that shall befall
ane there."— .4 0(3 xx. 2i
(2) To bind an apprentice. [Bind out ]
(3) To bind down. To restrain one from
perfect freedom on any matter by iuduciiig
him to come under formal written stipulations
with regard to it.
(4) To bind iti,: To shut in, so as to make
one feel like a prisoner. Used —
(a) Of a physical restraint aro^ind one.
" In such a dismal place,
Where joy ne'er entera, which the sun ne'er cheers,
Bound in with darkness, overspread with dampn.'
JiryUen.
(b) Of a moral restraint.
" Now I'm cabin'd. cribb'd, confin'd, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears. '
Sfiakesp. : .U^ir'iffh, Lii. 4.
(5) To Mud ont, or simply to bind an ap-
prentice, to draw out indentures, guaranteeing
liis services to a i)arti<-nlar master, on certain
conditions, for a hpei^ilied time.
(6) Laiv. To bivd over: To oblige to make
appearance in a court of law under penalties
for failing to do so.
"Sir Roger was staggered with the reports concern-
ing this woman, and would have bound her over to the
county seaoions." — Addison.
(7) To bind to :
(i.) To place under indentures or contract,
or any other obligation to a person.
" Art thou bound to a wife, seek not to be loosed.' —
1 Cor. vii. 27.
(ii.) To impel to a coiu-se of action.
(a) By considerations of duty.
" Though I am bound to every act of duty,
I am not bound to that all slnve'j are free to."
Shakesp. : Othello, iii- 3.
(h) By the lower propensities of one's nature.
" If still thou dost retain
The same ill habiti, the same follies too,
'Still thou art bo-iTid to vice, and still a slave "
Dri/den.
(5) To bind vp :
(i.) Lit. : To tie up with bandages or any-
thing similar. Used—
(a) Of a wound tied up with bandages.
"... and when he saw him, he had compassion on
him. And went to him, and bound up his wounds,"—
Luke X. 33, 34.
(6) Of anything else.
"Bind vp the testimony, seal the law among my
disciples."— /^(linfc viii. 16.
(ii.) Fig. : To confine, to restrain.
"... yet it is not the only cause that bin(U up the
uiulerstatiding, and confines it for the time to one
object, from which it will not be tiLken off." — Locke.
1[ (a) Crabb thus distinguishes the \-erbs to
bind and to tie :—" Binding is performed by
circumvolution round a body ; tying, by in-
volution within itself. Some bodies are
bound without being tied ; others are tied
■without being bound ; a wounded leg is hound
butnot(icd; a string is tied but not bound;
a riband may sometimes be bo^ind round the
head, and tied under the chiu. Binding there-
fore serves to keep several things in a coin-
pact form together ; tying may serve to prevent
one single body separating from another ; a
criminal is hound hand and foot ; he is (tec? to
a stake." " Binding and tying likewise differ
in degree ; binding serves to produce adhesion
in all the parts of a body ; tying only to pro-
duce contact in a single y^art. " Similarly, in
the figurative use of the terms, a "bond of
union is applicable to a large body with many
component parts ; a tie of affection marks an
adhesion between individual minds."
(h) To hind, to oblige, and to engage are thus
discriminated :—" 5t7t)i is more forcible and
coercive than oblige ; oblige than engage. We
are bound by an oath, obliged by circum-
stances, and engaged by promises. Conscience
hinds, prudence or necessity oblige, honour
and principle engage. A parent is bound no
less by the law of his conscience, than by
tixose of the community to which he belongs,
to provide for his helpless offspring. Polite-
ness obliges men of the world to jjreserve a
friendly exterior towards those for "whom they
have no regard. When we are engaged in the
service of our king and country, we cannot
shrink from our duty without exposing oui'-
selves to the infamy of all the world." "A
debtor is bound to pay by virtue of a written
instrument in law ; he is obliged to pay in
consequence of the importunate demands of
the creditor ; he is engaged to pay in conse-
quence of a promise given. A bond is the
strictest deed in law ; an obligation binds
under pain of a pecuniary loss ; an engagement
is mostly verbal, and rests entirely on the
rectitude of the parties." (Crabb: English
Synon.)
bind, ^ bynde (Engli.^h), bind, * binde
{.Scotch), s. [From hind, v. (q.\'.).]
A. Ordinary Language :
*" 1. A tendril; a flexible shoot ; a twining
or climbing stem.
" IJ'/ndi'. a twyste of a wyne (vyne. P.): Capriolus,
C. F. —/'rouipt. Parv.
' 2. A name formerly given to the common
Honeysuckle or Woodbine (Lonicera jwricly-
mcmnn, Lin.)
" Byndc, or wode bynde : Corrigiola, vitella, Cith.
(edern volubilis, K.)."— Prompt. Pari'
1[ Common bind : Probably both Convolvidus
arvensis and C. sepiuni. [Bindweed.]
*^ 3. Dimension, size. (Scotch.)
(1) Literally :
(a) Size, specially with reference to the cir-
cumference of anything. Thus a barrel of a
certain bind is one of certain dimensions.
" It is statute- that the Iiarrell bind of Salmound
Hould keip .and contein the assyse and mesour of four-
t«ne gallonis, . . ."—Ads Ja. III., 1487, c. 131 {ed. 1566),
c. 118.
(b) Size or dimension in general.
" The wylde geese of the greit bind, . . ."—Acts Mar.
1551. c. 11 (ed. 1566).
(2) Fig. : Power, ability.
^ Aboon my hind : Bej'ond my power.
{■Tamieson .)
B. Technically :
L Hop-growing : A stalk of hops, so called
from its winding round a pole or tree, or being
tied to it.
" The two best sorts are the white and the grey bind;
the latter is a large square hop, and the more hardy."
— Mortimer: Art of ilusb.
IL Music :
1. A curved line, -- — ^, a sign which, when
placed over two notes of the same name or
same pitch, enhannonically changed, directs
that the two are to be sustained as one. It is
of frequent occurrence at points of sjTicopa-
tion and suspension. It is not tlic same as a
slur (q.v.).
2. A brace (Fr. accolade) which binds toge-
ther the separate parts of a score. (Stainer &
Barrett.)
III. Metal -work ing^ : Indurated clay when
mixed with oxide of iron .
IV. Fishing. A bind of eels : A quantity
consisting of ten strikes, each containing
twenty-five eels, or 250 in all.
* bind-pock. * bind-poke. s. One
who binds up ins poke or sack, or pocket,
instead of opening it for charitable purposes ;
a niggard. (Scotch.)
"The Scots call a niggardly man a bind-poke."—
Kelly, p- -219 (Jamieson.j
bind-rail, r.
Hydraulic Engineering: A piece to whicli
the heads of piles are secured by mortising
or otherwise, serving to tie several of them
together and as a foundation for the flooring-
joists or stringers. A cap.
bind'-COrn, s. [Eng. bind ; corn. So colled
from its twining around the steins of corn.]
A plant, Polygonum convolcutns. (Scotch.)
bind'-er, * bin-dere, s. [From Eng. bind,
v., and suff. -er. In Dan., Dut., & Ger. binder ;
Sw., in compos., hindure, binder.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. One who binds.
(a) Sheaves, or anything like them literally
tied njj.
" Three binders stood, and took the handfuls reapt.
From boys that gatherd quickly up."—Chap7nan.
(h) Books. (In this sense generally in com-
position, as bookbinder.)
2. That which binds.
(1) A fillet, a band.
" A double cloth of such length and hveadth as might
serve to encompass the fractured member, I cut from
each end to the middle, into three binders "— Wiseman.
(2) An astringent.
" Ale is their eating and their drinking surely,
which keeps their bodies clear and soluble. Bread is a
binder; and, for that, abolisht even in their ale." —
Beaumont & Fletcher : Scorn/ul Lady.
B. Technically :
1. Ca-rp. : A tie-beam, a binding-joist sup-
I)orting transversely the bridging-joists above
and the ceiling-joists below, to shorten the
Tiearings. (Knight.)
2. Shipbuilding : A principal part of a ship's
frame, such as keel, transom, beam, knee, &c.
(Knight.)
3. Timber trade (pi. binders): The long
pliant shoots of hazel, ash, willows, and
similar trees which have elasticity and
strength eiiougli to make them useful in
fastening down newly- plucked sedges, in
making close fences round rabbit-warrens,
sheep-folds, &c. ; in forming hurdles, and in
tying up f;igg(^ts and brooms. In various
parts of tlie country they are called also
Withers, Weef.s, Edders, or Roders. (Tim-
ber Trade Jonrnal.)
4. Agricnlture :
(1) An attachment to a reaping-machine
which binds the gavels into sheaves.
(2) A wisp of straw, a cord, wire, or other
band for binding a sheaf of grain.
5. IfgauiJig : A lever applied in a shuttle-
box to arrest the shuttle and prevent its re-
bounding.
6. Sewing-machine : A device for folding a
binding about the edge of a fabric and sewing
it thereto.
7. Bookbinding : A cover for music, maga-
zines, or papers, forming a temporary binder
to keep them in order for convenient reference.
binder-frame, s. A hanger with ad-
justable bearings by which the angular position
of the shafting may be regulated to Suit the
plane of motion of the beltiug.
blnder's-board, s.
Bookbinding: Athick sheet of hard, smooth,
calendered pasteboard, between which printed
sheets are pressed to give them a smooth sur-
face. Also the stiff pasteboards which form
the basis of the sides of book covers.
t bind'-er-y, s. [Eng. hind ; -ery. In Ger.
buchbinderei ; Dnt. binderij.] A iilace where
binding is carried on. Specially a place
where books are bound. (Fen. Cych) Said to
be recent in its origin, and to have come at
tnst from America, where it is very common.
bind-hei'-mite, s. [Named after Bindheiin,
who analysed and described it. Eng., &c.,
suft". -ite. (Min.) (q.v.).] A mineral, called
also bleinierite, the British Museum Catti-
logiie having the latter name, whilst Dana
prefers the former one. It occurs amorphous,
renifonn, spheroidal, encircling, or in other
forms or ways. The hardness is 4 ; the sp.
gf. 4'6U— 5'0.5 ; the lustre resinous, dull, or
earthy ; the colour white, gray, brownish, or
boll, b6y*; poiit, j^^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, ph = £
-cian^ -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -^ion. -sion — zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -cle, &c. — bel, eel.
642
binding— binn
yellowish. Contposition : Antiiuonic acid,
32-71— 47-3(j ; oxide of lead, 40-73— 61*38 ;
watei', -J 43— 11 '98, with other ingredieuts. It
is produced by the decomposition of various
antiiaonial orrs.
bind'-ihg, *byn-dinge, ^byn-dynge,
■pr. :par., a., &, s. [Bind, r.]
A. As presoii participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those ol the verb.
B. As participial adjective. SpeclaVy—
1. Astringent.
2. Stiff and hiird.
" If the liiiid is a binding land, you must make it
fine by harrowiui; of it."—Morti>7ivr.
3. Hindering ; restraining.
" Even adverae navies bleas'd the biiuUng gale."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iv.
C. As substaiUive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of l)inding, tying, fastening, or
otherwise restraining; the state of being so
tied, fastened, or otherwise restrained.
2. That which binds, tics, fastens, or other-
■wise restrains.
IL TechniaOhj:
1. Book-binding. Spec. : Tlie art of putting
covers on a book. [Book-binding.]
2. Fencing: A method of securing or cross-
ing an opponent's sword by means of pressure
accompanied with a spring of the wrist.
3. Naut., Shipbuilding, t&c. (pi. bindings):
(a) The timbers of a shi]) which hold the
frames together. Such are the beams, knees,
clamps, water-ways, &e.
(6) The iron wrought around the dead-eyes.
binding-cloth, s.
Cloth mattuf. : Dyed and stamped muslin for
covering books. The dyed cloth is passed
between engraved rollers, or is worked after
being cut into patterns of the required size.
The engraved cylinders of hard steel confer
the im]iress characteristic of the back and
sides along with embossed designs over the
surface in sharp relief. It is a cheap and
good substitute for leather, which it has
nearly superseded for general use. (Knight.)
binding-guide, s.
In Sewing-machines : A device adapted to
receive a binding and fold it about the edge of
a piece of material to be bound. Two methods
have been tried. I. A flattened tube folded
'gradually on itself longitudinally from near its
receiving to its delivering end, but with a
si)ace left for the edge of tlie material. 2. Ad-
justable hooks projecting through the face of
a guide and facing each other ; the binding is
directed by the guide and hooks, the material
to be bound rests between the hooks, and the
latter are adjustable, to lap the binding more
or less on either side. Some binders turn in
or hem the edges of a bias strip of cloth as
it is applied for a binding. (Knight.)
binding-joist, s.
Carp. : A binder, a joist whose ends rest
npon the wall-plates, and which support the
bridging or floor joists above and the (;eiling
joists below. The binding-joist is employed
to caiTy common joists when the area of the
floor or ceiling is so large that it is thrown
into Mys. With large floors the binding-
joists are supported by girders. [Girder.}
Binding-joists should have the following di-
mensions : —
Length of Bearing. Depth. Width,
Feet. Inches. Inches.
6 6 4
8 7 44
10 8 5
12 9 5^
14 10 6
■ 16 11 Ha-
ls 12 7
20 13 7-k
binding-piece, s. The same as Stbain-
ING-BEAM (q.V.).
binding-plate, s. One of the side plates
of a puddhng or boiling furnace, which are
tied together by bolts across the furnace, and
by flanges, and serve to bind the parts of the
furnace together and prevent the spreading of
the arched roofs of the furnace and iron cham-
ber. [PfDDLiNG-FURNACE.j (Knight.)
binding- rafter, s.
Carp. : A longitudinal timber in a roof,
snpporting the rafters itt a point between the
comb and eave. (Knight.)
binding-screw, s. A set-screw which
binds or clamps two parts together. The
term is applied especially, in instruments of
graduation and nieasiu'einent, to a screw which
clamps a part in a given position of adjust-
ment. For instance, the screw by which the
wire of a galvanic battery is held in close
contact with other metallic portions in the
circuit is regarded as a binding-screw.
(Knight.)
binding-screw clamp, s.
Galvanism : A device used with voltaic
batteries ; the lower portion is a clamp for
the zinc or copper element, which is susjjended
in the bath ; the upper has a hole for the con-
ductor-wire, and a screw which comes forcibly
down upon it to ensure conl^act. (Knight.)
binding-strakes, >. pi.
Shipbuilding: Thick strakes, planking, or
wales, at points where they may be bolted to
knees, shelf-pieces, &c. (Knight.)
binding-wire, s. The wrapping-wire
for attaching pieces which are to be soldered
together, or to hold in intimate contact the
parts concerned in a voltaic circuit. (Knight.)
bind'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. binding; -ly.] In
a binding manner ; so as to bind. {]Vebster.)
bind'-ing-ness, 5. [Eng. binding; -ness.]
The quality of being binding; that is, of
having force to bind. (Coleridge.)
bind'-ingfi, s. pi. [Binding.]
Ship-building. [Binding, C. II. 3.]
bin'-dle, s. [A.S. bindeJc = a. binding, tying,
or fastening with bands. In Sw. bindel =
bandage, a tillet ; Dan. & Dut. bindzel. From
Sw. binda ; Dan. binde; Dut. & Ger. binden
= to bind.] The cord or rope that binds any-
thing, whether made of hemp or straw.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bind'-'weed, s. [Eng. bind.; weed = the weed
that binds, so called from its long, slender,
twining stem.]
1. The English name of the plants belonging
to the extensive genus Convolvulus.
^ Bindweeds (pi.) is the English designation
given by Lindley to the order Convolvulacese.
2. Smilo^ aspera., a climbing shrul), a native
of the south of France, of Italy, &c.
1[ Bindweed is the local name of several
other species of plants. In Ayrshire it is
applied to the Common Ragwort (Seuecio
Jacobcea), but in this case it is really a cor-
ruption of Bnnweed (q.v.).
Black Bindweed : Polygonum convolvulus, L.
Blue Bindweed : Solanam dulcamara, L.
(Ben Jonson : Vision of Delight.)
Hooded Bindweeds: Plants uf the family
Convolvulacete and the genus Calystegia. It
is only a book name.
Ivy Bindweed : Polygonum convolvulus, L.
Nightshade Bindweed : Circaxi liitetiana, L.
Sea Bindweed : Convolcalus soklanclla, L.
Small Bind vjeed : Convolvulus arvensis, L.
bxnd'-with, s. [Eng. bind, and with, s. So
called because it is used in place of " withs,"
or withies, for binding up other plants.
(Prior.)'] Tlie Clematis vitalba, or Travellers'
Joy.
bind-wood (d of bind mute), s. [Eng
bind; -wood = the wood that binds.] A
Scotch name for Ivy (Hedcra helix.) (Jamie-
son.)
+ bine, * byne, s. [From bind.] The run-
ning or climbing stem of a plant. (Used
especially of the hop plant.) [Bind, 5., B. I.]
(Gardner.)
1 Great Bines : A plant, Convolvulus sepium,
L. [BiNEWEED.]
* bin-e-othe, *^ bi-ne-then, prep. & adv.
The same as Beneath (q.v.).
bi-ner'-vate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and Eng. *ieruate = pertaining to a nerve.]
[Nerve.]
Bot. : Two-nerved. Applied to leaves which
have two raised "nerves" or "veins" along
their leaf.
* bi-nethe, ^ bi-ne-then, prep. & adv. [Be-
neath. ]
l)ine'-weed, s. [Bine = hind, and weed.] A
name sometinics given to a plant, Convolvuhts
scpiiim, more commonly called Bindweed (q.v.).
(Britten & Holland.)
bing (1), (^'c"(o/; t& 0. Eng.), s. [Sw. binge = si
heaii ; Icel. bingr. Binge in Dan. means not a
heap, but a bin.]
1, Gen. : A lieap.
" Quhen thay depulye the mekil biiig of quhete."
Doug. : Virgil, 113, 49.
" Vntito-btngs are snu^g^d up frac skaith
<J L-unilng winter's biting, fi-o>jty breath."
Bunu: The Brigs uf Ayr.
2. Spec. : A i)ile of wood, inimediately de-
signed as a funeral pile.
" The jjrete bing w.os \pl>eildit wele.
Of aik treiw, and fyrren schydis dry,
Wythm the secret cloy.s, \^lder the sky,"
Dong ; Virgil, 117, 43.
^ Bing in the last example is the rendering
of Lat. pyru.
bing (2), bynge, s. [Dan. bing = a. binn, a
bin ; A.S. bin = a bin, a trough.] A trough.
The same as Bin, Binne (q.v.).
Mining : A jdace for receiving ore ready for
smelting.
bing-hole, s. The opening through which
ore ready for smelting is thrown.
bing-ore, s. The largest and best of the
ore.
bing-stead, s. The place where the best
of the ore {bing-ore) ia thruwii when ready for
the merchant.
bing, v.t. [Fi'om bing, s. (q.v.).] To put into
a heap. Used—
(a) Gen. : Of anything.
" The hairst was ower, the hamyavd fiU'd,
The tatoes bing'cl, the mart was kill'd," &c
Blackwood's Jlrtg., Dec. 1822,
(b) SjKc. : Of the accumulation of money,
" sjiigm upo' the verdant plain,
Yt'Jl 6ijJ£f up ailltro' yiraiu."
Tarras : Pvenis, p 46. (Jamieion.)
* bi-nime, * be-nome, '^ bi-ni-men, * bi-
no-men (jjrct. binam, pa. piar. benxnmn), v.t.
[A-.^.beniman, pret. ftejutwi, pa. par. benmnen =
(I) to deprive, to tiike away, (2) to stupefy, to
benumb ; he, and niman = to take away.]
1. To take away.
" Fro me thine doutres bi-iiimen."
titory qf Gen. tt £xod., 1,7
2. To rescue.
" Tc ware al that thu was bimimen."
Story 0/ Gen. & £xod., 2,876.
3. To place.
" HiB hened under fote bi-numru. "
Story qf Gen. & £xod., 3H.
4. To use.
" Sichem, sithen, hire ille binam."
Stury of Gen. S:£xQd., 1,706.
binlc» v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] To press down,
so as to deprive anything of its proper shape.
(Used principally of shoes when, by careless
wearing, they are allowed to fall down in the
heels.) (Jamieson.)
bmk (1), s. [In Dut. bank = a. bench, a pew,
a bank, or a .yhelf.] [Bank, Bench, Benk.]
(Scotch.)
1. A bench.
(a) In a general bbnse : Any bench or seat.
(b) S}3ec. : The long seat before the fire in a
country-house.
2. A bank ; an acclivity.
■f Sink of a peat-moss : The perpendicular
part of a peat-moss from which the labourer
who stands opposite to it cuts his x^eats.
(Statist. Ace. of Scotland.)
3. A plate-rack, consisting of shelves on
which plates are kept.
"... while she contemplated a very handsome and
?uod'humoured face in a broken mirror, raised upon
he bink (the shelves on which the nhites are disposed)
for her special accommodation. — iScott : Bride qf
Lainmermoor, ch. xii.
bink-side, s. The side of the long seat
before the fire. (Tarras, Pocmb.)
blAk (2), s. [From English bin, or Scotch
bunker (?) (q.v.).]
Cotton Muaiif. : A sack of eottuu in a bin or
on the flour, consisting of successive layers of
cotton from different bales laid in alternating
strata, in urder to blend them. The supply
of cotton for the machinery is taken by raking
down the take so as to mix the cotton of the
successive layers at each take.
*bmn(l), s. [Bin.]
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, i^ll, father ; Tve, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
binn— biographer
643
• bxnn (2), s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamieson
suggests Wei. hyddin = a troop, a comiiany ]
The whole of the reapers employed on tlie
harvest-field. (Jamieson.)
1)ill'-XlSl, pres. indie. <£■ 'Jnd per. Iniper. of v.
[Be, and na = not. ] Be not. (Scotch and Pm-
vincial Eng.)
"I ken naebody but my brother, Monkbanis him-
8ell, wiui gae through the like o't, if, iiideeci, it bmna
yow, Mr. Lovel." — bcott Antiquar
<iry, c'h. xi.
bin'-na-cle, t bin-a^cle, "^ bit-ta-cle, s.
[In Sp. Mtacora = a hinnacle ; Port, hitmola
:= a binnacle ; Fr. habiUich — a habitation,
a binnacle ; Lat. liabiticidum = a dwelling-
place, a habitation ; liabito = to dwell, to in-
habit ; frequent of habeo = to have.]
]>[autical :
1. (Of tJie older and more correct fo)'m bittacle):
Same meaning as 2 (q.v.).
" Bittacle, a timber fiaitie, where the compaas
stands before the steersman."— O'Zosaoj; .\'oi: 2nd ed.
(1719.)
U The same form is in Martin's Old English
Dict.(1754)andJohnson'sDift (VIZ). Inthese
and others of similar dates, bittack alone
occurs. Sheridan's Diet., 4tli ed. (1797), has
botli biiiacle and bitta-.-h-', and under the latter
these words occur ; " now usually called
binacle." Thus apparently the transition from
bittacle to binnacle was made between the years
1773 and 1797. Todd (2ud ed.. 1827) oinits
binnacle and goes back to bittacle. Webster
(ed. 1848) has both binnacle and bittacle, giving
the full explanation of the word under the
former spelling.
2. (Of the modern ami •■vrnii>t spelling bin-
nacle, probably from its tieing erroneously
supposed to mean a little binn or bin) : A
wooden case or box in which the compass on
board a ship is kept to protect it from injury.
BINNACLE.
A light is placed within it at night to i-nsure
that its indications are seen. It is placed im-
mediately in front of the wheel or steering-
apparatus, and secured to the deck, usually
by metal stays. The after portion has glass
windows, so thut the compass is at all times
visible to the helmsman, who stands at the
wheel.
'^binne, s. [A.S. hinne = a bin, a trough.] A
temporary enclosure for preserving grain.
[Bin.] (Scotch.)
* bin-nen, prep. & adv. [A.S. binnan = with-
in.] Within.
"And it wuxth soth blnnen swilc sel."
fitory of Gen. & fixotl.. l,i>02,
/bin'-ner, v.i. [Perhaps from Wei. hiianacor
= swift ; buanrcd = rapid.]
Of wheels: To move roun^ rapidly with a
whirring sound. (Jamieson.)
bin'-nite, s. [From the valley of Binn or
Binnenthal in Switzerland, where it oreurs ;
suff. -ite (min.)(q.v.).]
Mineralogy ;
1. A brittle mineral with isometric crystals ;
hardness, 4*5 ; sp. gr., 4-477 ; lustre, metallic ;
colour, brownish, greenish, or on a fresh frac-
ture black ; streak, cherry-red. Composition ;
Sulphur, 27-55 to 32-73 ; arsenic, IS'OS— 30-00 ;
copper, 37-74-46*24; lead, 0— 2-7.^i ; silver,
1-23— 1-91 ; iron, 0— 0-S2. It occurs in dolo-
mite at Binn (see etym.). It is called also
Dufrenoysite. (Dana.)
2. (In Ger. binnit.) The same as Sartorite
(q.v,).
t bm'-o-cle, 5. [From Fr. binocle; Ital. hino-
c'ldo ; Lat. biiil=^ two by two, and oculus ~
eye.] A binocular telescope (qA'.).
bl-noc'-u-lar, ". [In Fr. binoculaire; from
bint = two by two, and oculus — an eye.]
1. Having two eyes.
" Most animals are binocular, spiders for the most
part octonociilar, and aome senocuiar."— /JeWfam.
2. Pertaining to both eyes; as, "binocular
vision."
3. Having two tubes, each furnished above
with an eye-glass, so as to enable one to see
with both eyes at once. Many opera -glasses,
telescopes, and microscopes ate now binocu-
lar. (See compound words.)
binocular eye-piece, ;:>.
Optics: An eye-piece so constructed and
applied to tlie object-glass as to divide the
optical pencil transmitted to the latter, and
fonn, as to each part of the divided pencil, a
real or virtual image of the object beyond the
place of division.
binocular-glass, &.
Ojjtics : An eye-glass or telescope to which
both eyes may be applied.
binocular microscope, o.
Optics : A microscope with two eye-glasses,
so that both eyes may use it simultaneously.
When the in\ention of the stereoscope by
Professor Wheatstone had called attention to
the value of binocular vision, attempts were
made to render microscopes also binocular.
Professor Riddel of New Orleans, Mr. Wenham
of London, and Professor Naeliet experi-
mented all more or less successfully in this
direction.
binocular telescope, s.
Optics : A pair of telescopes mounted in a
.st;.nd, and having; a }iarallel adjustment for
the width between the eyes. The tubes liave
a coincident horizontal and vertical adjust-
ment for altitude and azimuth. The inventor
iif this instrument is said tp have been a
Capuchin monk, Schyrleus de Rheita. Galileo
also made a binocular telescope in 1017.
bi-noc'-U-late, a. [From Lat. bini — two by
two, oridns= an eye, and suff. -o.te.] Having
two eyes. [Binocular.]
bi-noc'-u-lus, s. [From Lat. bini = two by
two, and ocidas = an eye.]
Zool: The name given by Geoffrey, Leach,
&c., to agenus of Entomostracous Crustaceans,
now more generally called Apus (q.v.).
bi-no'-dal, ft. [From Lat. prefix &i = two,
and Eng. ;iO(?(U = pertaining to a node ; from
Latin nodus = a knot. ]
Bot. : Having two nodes. It is used speci-
ally ')f tlie inflorescence called the cyiae, as
existing in some jnonocotyledonous plants.
bi-no'-mi-al, a. & s. [Lat. prefix bi = two ;
nom(en) = a name; i connective; and Eng.
suff. -al. In Fr. binomf ; Port, biaomn.]
A. -4s adjective ;
1. Phij<:. Science : Having two distinct
names. [Binomial .System.]
2. Algebra: Pertaining to a quantity con-
sistiTig of two terms united together by the
signs + or — . If x joins them, they are only
a monomial. A binomial is ranked under the
general term polynomial. [Binoml\l The-
ORE.M.]
B, As substantive : A quantity consist-
ing of two terms united liy the signs +
or -.
binomial system.
yomeuclatnre of Animals, Plants, £c. : A
system (that whicli now obtains), which gives
to an animal, a ]ilant, or other natural object,
two names, the first to indicate the genus' and
the second the sjiecies to which it belongs,
as Cani-s famiUaris (the dog), Bellis perennis
(the daisy).
"This system [of zoological nomenclature] is called
the bi)wmi(il aysiem from the ciroumstauce that, ac-
cording to this method, every animal receives two
in common with .-ill the other sijecies of the geuus in
which it is included.'— iJai^us ; Jiat. Hist.; Anim.
King., ]}. 11.
binomial theorem.
Algebra: A theorem, or it may be called a
law, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, by
which a binomiitl quantity can be raised to any
power without the trouble of a series of actual
multiplications. Actual multiplication shows
that the 7th power of x + « is x? 4- 7 / % -t- 21
a^ a2 -I- 35 X* «3 4- 35 x^ a* 4- 21 a?^ a^ -F 7 x 0*= -I-
(f. It is evident that the several i)Owers of
the two letters x and a and the co-efllcients
stand so related to each other that study of
them might enable one to educe a law from
them. In its most abstract fonn it is this : —
If {x -I- a) be raised to the nt\\ power, tliat is,
(x + a)n, \i = xn + nxn-^ a -f- '^ ' ^^ ~ ^^
1.2.3
t bi-nom'-in-oiis, a. [From Lat. binomin,
the root of binomen, genit. binomin is =
having two names; from j)refix bi= two,
and nomen, gen. nominis = name ; suH'. -uits.]'
Having two names.
" Expect not I should reckon ujj their scTcral names,
because daily increasing, and many of them are bino-
Tninous."— Fuller : Worthies ; NorwicJi.
bi-not' (t silent), s. [Fr.]
Agric. : A kind of double-mould board-
plough.
bi-not'-on-oiis, a. [From Lat. prefix bi =
two; Eng. not(e), and sutf. -onotis.] Consist-
ing of two noteSj as the song of some birds.
(Montague.)
bi'-nous, a. [From Lat. bini = two by two ;
sutf. -Otis.] Double.
bi-nox'-ide, s. [From Lat. hint ~ two by
two, and Eng. oxide (q.v.).]
Cliem. : A combination of two atoms of
oxygen with an element. [B. I , Chem.]
bi-69'-el-late, a. [From Lat. pref. bi = two,
and Eng. ocellate (q.v.).]
Entovi. : Having two ocelli on its wings.
bi-o-dy-nam'-ics, s. [From Gr. ^tos (bios)
_ — life, and Eng. dynamics (q.v.).] The dyna-
mics of life, the doctrine of vital foices or
activity. (Dungliso n.)
bi'-6-gen, s. [Gr. /St'o? (bios) = life, and yev
(gen-) rootof yeci'aw (gennao)= to beget] ^See
extiact.)
"The substance of the soul, to which I apply the
name biogen.''—£ Coins liiogen, p. 83.
bi-o-gen'-e-sis, .". [Gr. /Sios {bios) = life,
•yeVeo-ts (genesis) = generation.]
Biol. : A scientific word invented by Prof.
Huxley, and first used by him in his address,
as President of the British Association at
Liverpool, 1870, to indicate tlie view tlmt
li\'iiig matter can be produced only from that
wliich is itself living. [Abiogenesis and
Parthenocknesis.] Prof. Huxley, after sum-
ming up the arguments for and against
Redi's great doctrine of biogenesis, adds the
words, "Which appears to me, with the
limitations I liave expressed, to be victori-
ous along the whole line at the present
day." (Hvxley : British Association Report,
1870, pp. Ixxvi.)
bi-o-gen'-e-sist, s. [Eng. biogenes(is) ; -ist.\
One who accepts the doctrine of biogenesis.
bi-6-ge-net'-ic, a. [Gr. ^io>; (bios) = life,
and. Eng. genetic] Pertaining to biogeny.
bi-og'-en-ist, 5. [Eng. biooen(y); -ist.] One
skilled in biogeny.
bi-og'-en-y, s. [Gr. ^lo? (Uos) = life, and
yevvaw (gennao) = to beget, to engender.]
1. The history of organic evolution. (Hdc-
kd: Evohition of Man (Eng. ed.), i. 6.)
2. Biogenesis (q.v.).
" If the doctrine of biogeny is tme, the air must he
thick with gerias."~Btixlei/ : /'residential Address
Brit. Assoc, 1870, p. Ixxxi.
bi'-o-graph, ■i. [Biography.] A biography ;
a biographical article or notice.
bi'-6-graph, v.t. [Biograph, s.] To write a
biographical notice of.
bi-6g-ra-phee', s. [Biography.] The sub-
ject of a biograiiliy.
bi-og'-raph-er, s. [From Eng. biograph(y);
-cr. In Sw. bingraf; Dan. & Ger. biograph;
Fr. biographe; Port, biographo; Ital. biografo ;
bSil, b6y^; poTit, j6^1; cat, cell, cborus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; espect, ^enophon, exist,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tlous, -sious — shus. -cle, -die, &c,
mg.
eel, deU
544
biographia— bi-patent
all from Gr. ^105 (foios) = the time or course of
life, life, and ypd^^w (grapho) - to write. ] [Bio-
ORAPiiY.] One whc writes the lives or
memoirs of persons aeceased.
% It is used —
(1) As a simjjle word :
". . . that luduati-ious and exiict autiiiii-iry and
biographer, Mr. Autliouy a Wood, . . ," — Wood:
jlt/icnix Oxon. ; Bookseller to On' Header.
(2) In comjjos.: In the term aiitnh log rajt^'ev
-= one who is a biographer of himself, '' c ,
who writes his own life or memoirs. [Ai'to-
BIOGRAPHER.]
* bi-6-graph'-i-a, s. [Biogra-phy.]
t bi-o-graph'-ic, bi-o-graph'-i-cal, a.
[In Fr. hiographiqne : Port hlographico ; from
Gr. pt'o? (bios) = course of life, and ypa4>LK6<;
(grnphikos)= capable of drawing, pjiiuting, or
writing ] Pertaining to biography. [Biogra-
phy.]
"The short bingrapliicfiT 1 oticea which were iii-
«CTil)ed uiuler the auL-tistorial images were doubtless in
many cases derived from an early date." — Lewis : Ear
Hum Hist., ch. vi , § 2, vol. i , p. 18.
bi-O-grapll-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. liogra pia-
cdl; -ly.] After the manner of biography or
of a biographer. (Ec. Rev.)
Jjl-og'-ra-phase, v.t {Biograph{y), term, -i-c]
To write the life of a person.
I 'hiiQ.."—SQuthei/ :
l>i-6g'-ra-phy» * bi-o-graph-i-a, s [In
, Ger. & Fr. biographic; Port, biographia; Ital.
& Sp. hiograjia. From G r. ^Coe; (bios) = course of
life such as man leads, as opposed to ^1017 (zoe),
that led by the inferior animals. Bt'o? (Bios)
is used also to mean biography. Graphy is from
Gr 7pa(|)ij (graphe) —a delincntion, a writing,
a description ; 7p(ii|)w (grapho) = to grave, to
write.] The written life of an eminent person.
It is supposed to be fuller than memoirs,
which sim])ly record the more memorable
scenes in his history. The word biography is
■quite recent. As Trench shows, it came into
the language first as hiograpliia. This latter
term, though it looks Greek, or Latin borrowed 1
from Greek, is really in neither tongue, though
it occurs in Portuguese, and analogous words
•exist in French, Italian, and Spanish. [Sec
etym.] Though the term biography is modern,
the kind of literature which it describes is
ancient. In the book of Genesis there are
biographies, or at least memoirs, of Adam.
"Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and
others. Homer's "Odyssey" may be con-
sidered to be an extended biography of
Ulysses, limited, however, to tlie most in-
teresting period of his life— that of his wan-
derings. Though the " Iliail" may be loosely
called a history of the Trojan war, yet, more
.accurately, it is a cbajiter from the biography
of Achilles, describing calamities brought
upon the Greeks by the revenge which he
took on Agamemnon for carrying off his
female captive Briseis. The most elaborate
ancient Greek biography was Plutarch's
Paralld Lives, B(.'ot Ylap6.kki\X.0L (Bioi Paral-
laloi), consisting of forty-six memoirs of Greek,
Roman, and other celebrities ; it was pub-
lished about A.D. 80. In B.C. 44. Cornelius
Nepos had sent forth a biograpliical work,
his Vitce Imperatorum,, Lives of Commanders.
In more modern times very extended bio-
graphies have been attempted. Thus France
Iia.s its Biographic UnivurseUe in hfty-two
volumes, published between 1310 and 1828,
and England, among other works, possesses
its Biographia Britannica, five volumes
(1747-1766), its English General Biographical
Dictionary, eleven volumes (170'2). Chal-
mers's Biographical Diet i unary, thirty-two
volumes (1812-1817), and its Dictionary of
National Biography, sixty - three volumes
(1885-1900).
Among works of more l-niited aim may be
noted various Lives of tlic baints, J'ore's Bool
of Martyrs, \ anouH Lives of the Poets, Boswell's
Life of Johnson, and finally Men of the Time,
in which last work are memoirs of living in-
stead of dead heroes.
One branch of biography is autobiography,
in which a person gives his own life or me-
m.oirs. Ccesar's Commentaries is a most valu-
■able exam-pie of this kmd of writing.
Biography is properly a department of
history which, as Macaul'ay shows, should be a
history not solely of kings or similar person-
ages, but of the people also over whom they
rule. The more prominent a person has been,
the more nearly does his biography become
identical with history in the ordinary sense. A
life or memoir of Martin Luther, Napoleon I.,
or the first Duke of Wellington, is in all
essential particulars history, and that not of a
solitary nation, but of Europe, nay, even of
the world.
^ Biography i.s used —
(1) As a simple word.
" /iioffraphia, or the histttry of r-irticular meu's
Uvea, cijines next to be considered ' — Dnjden.
"... u» species of writing seems more worthy of
cultivation than biofiraphij, smee Jione can more cer-
tainly eucliain the ne.trt by irresiatible interest, or
more widely diffuse instruction tn every diversity of
condition." — Johnson; Jiambler, No 60.
(2) As a compound, in the term autobio-
graphy (q.v.).
bi-6-l6g'-i-cal, a. [In Fr. iiiologi'jne ; from
Gr. /Slo? {lin<.^) = course of life, and KoyiKo^
(/of;z7L-o.s') = pertaining to speet^i or reason ; Aoyo?
(logos) ~ a word, ... a discourse ; sutf. -al.]
Phys. Sricme : Pertaining or relating to the
science of luology.
" The state of biologlcl science."— ZT. Alien Tlioin-
sou: Brit. Assoc. Hep. (1971). pt, ii 114.
bi-o-log'-ic-al-lSr, a<h: [Eng. hiological ;
• ly.] In a biologictd manner.
bi-ol'-o-gist, s. [Gr. ^los (bios) = course m
life, and Xoyia-r-n^ (logistP^) = a. calculatnr. ;■
leiisoner; Aoyt'^Oiuai (logizomai) = to count.
reckon.]
Phys Science: One who cultivates the science
of biology.
"... the problems and argumentations familiar to
the professed biologist, . . .^ProJ. liolleston : Brit.
Ai,SOC. Hep. (1870), pt. ii., 92.
bi-6r-6-gy, s. [in Fr. hiologie ; from Gr.
)3(.'os ('Jins) — course of life (Biography), and
Koyos (logos) = . . . discourse.]
1. Phys. Science: A term, first introduced
by Treviranus of Bremen, recently adopted by
the leading British naturalists, and now ob-
taining universal currency. It is njsed in two
senses —
(1) (In a more restHcted sense) : Physiology.
"... the word Biology is at present used in two
senses, the one wider, the other more restricted. In
this latter sense the word becomes eiiuivalent to the
older and still more currently used word ' Physiology.' '
—Prof. Holleston: Brit. Assoc. Hep. (1870). i)t ii., 96.
(2) (In a wider sense) : The science of life in
its widest acceptation. It specially addresses
itself to scientific inquiries into the first
origin of life and the changes it has under-
gone from the earliest traceable period until
now, and seeks to classiry and generalise the
vast and varied multitude of phenomena pre-
sented by, and peculiar to, the living world.
"It is in the wider sense that the word is used when
speaking of this as being the section of Biology ; and
this wider sense is a very i^ide one, for it comprehends
first animal and vegetable physiology and anatomy ;
secondly, ethnology and anthropology; and, thirdly.
acientilic zoology and classiticatory botany, inclusively
of the distrilmtion of species."— /'ro/. Holleston : lirit.
Assoc. Hep. (1370), pt. ii., 96.
2. The life-history of an animal. (Especi-
ally employed in Entomology.)
* 3. The study of human life and character.
* 1. Animal magnetism.
bi-d-phy'-tiim, s. [Gr. pi'o? (hios) = life, and
(^uToi' (phvion) = a jjlant, ^vtn (phuo) = to
bring forth.]
Bot. : A genns of plants belonging to the
order Oxalidaceai (Oxalids). The Biophytnm
scn.sitivum (Sensitive Biophytum) has pin-
nated leaves, irritable or sensitive. It is a
very pretty annual.
bi'-o-pla§tin, s. [Gr. /St'o? (bios) = life, course
of life, and ■tr\a.(rixa (pjasma) = that which is
capable of being fashioned, an image ; from
TrAacro-to (^jJassd) = to form, mould, or shape.]
Biol. -■ A term introduced by Prof. Lionel S.
Beale, M,B., F.R.S., to designate forming,
living, or germinal matter ; the living matter
of living beings. The term X'rotoplasm had
been previously used in an analogous sense,
but Dr. Beale felt precluded from adopting it
by the fact that it was nsed by most writers,
and notably by Professor Huxley, m a widely
extended sense, so as to require tlie introduc-
tiim of a word more limited in signification.
It is distinguished from formed matter ; in-
deed, the extension of the one and that of the
other occur under different and often opposite
conditions. All the organs of the body come
from bioplasm. (Dcale: Bioplasm, iy7'2.)
bi'-6-plast, s. [Gr. /Si'o? (bios) = course of life,
iiud TrAao-To? (ploMos) = formed, moulded;
from n\a.cTa-ui (plasso) = to form, to mould.]
Biol. : A little nucleus of germinal matter,
many of which are scattered through the
tissues of the body. It is from these that the
growth of new matter proceeds. In the pro-
cess of healing of a wound near the surface of
the body, "lymph" is poured out, in which
may be iound bioplasts which have descended
from whitf.' blood corpuscles. Of these, some
]»roduce epithelium, others fibrous connective
tissue, unless they be too freely nourished, in
which case they grow and multiply rapidly,
and no kind of tissue whatever results, but
pus is alone formed. (Beale: Biojilasiii,^ 4;i,
133.)
lji'_o-tine, bi-6-ti'-na, s. [Ital. Uotina.
From Biot, a French naturalist.] A mineral,
called also Anorthite (q.v.).
bl'-6-tite» s. [Named after Biot, a French
naturalist ; suffix -ite.]
Min. : A hexagonal and an optically nnaxiaf
mineral, formerly called Magnesia Mica,
Hexagonal Mica, and Uniaxial Mica. It
exists in tabular prisms, in disseminated
scales, or in massive aggregations of cleavable
scales. Colour: silvery-white, rarely bottle-
green, and by transmitted light, often fiery-red.
Composition a good deal varies. One specimen
had sUica, 40*00; alumina, lt316; sesquioxide
of iron, 7'50 ; oxide of manganese, 21-54;
potassa, 10-83; Avater, 30; iron, 0'50 ; and
titanic acid, 02. Rubellan is an altered biotite
and Eukamptite one of a hydrous type.
(Dana.)
"" bi-o-vac, o. [BivoUAr.] (Glossog. Nov.)
bip'-ar-ous, a. [Lat. prefix bi = two, and
pario = to bring forth, to bear.] Bringing
forth two at a birth. (.lohnson.)
bi-par'-ted, t by-par-ted, a. That, prefix
&i = two, and Eng. jmried (q.v.).] Divided
into two.
" By our by-parted crowne, of which
The moyetie is mine."
IVaruer : Albion's England, bk. iv,
Her. : The same as parted (q.v.).
bi-par'-ti-ble, a. [In Fr. Mpartible. From
Lat. bipartio = to divide into two parts.
Lat. pref. bi = two. and jMrtibilis = divisible ;
partio = to share, to part ; pxrs = a part.]
Bot. : Capable of being parted in two. Ex-
ample ; the Calyx of Protea.
bi-par'-ti-ent, a. & s [Lat. bipartiens, * pr.
pur, of bipartio.'] [See Bipartible.]
A. As adjective : Dividing into two parts
without leaving a remainder, ((riossog. Nov.)
% A bipartient number: The same as B.
substantive (q.v.).
B. As substantive : A number which divides
another into two equal ])arts without leaving
a fraction. Thus 4 is a bipartient of 8, and 23
of 50.
bi-par'-tile, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, part, &
suffix -He.] Bipartible, which may be di^idtd
into two. (Martyn.)
bi-par'-tite, a. [In Ital. bipartito ; from Lat.
bipartitns, pa. par. of bipartio := to divide into
two parts ; prefix bi = two, and jxirtio = to
share, to part ; ^^ars = a part. In Ft. biparti.]
Divided into two, biparted. Used—
1. Spec. : Of things material.
" His [Alexander's! empire was bipartite into Asia
and Syria." — Gregory/': Posthuma, p. 159.
2. Fig. : Of things not material.
"The divine fate is also bipartite; some theists
supposing God both to decree and to doe all things in
lis (evil as well as good), or by his immediate influence
to determine all actions, and so make them alike
necessary to vs." — Cudworth: hitellectiuil Hystetn,
Pref., p. 1.
Bot. : Parted in two from the apex almost
but not quite to the base. Ai'plied to leaves,
&c.
t bi-par-ti'-tion, s. [In Fr. bipartition; from
Lat. bipartitum, supine of bipartio = to divide
into two parts ; prefix hi = two, and partio =
to share, to part ; pars-= a part.] The act or
operation of dividing into two parts. The
state of being so divided. (Glossog. Nov., 2nd
edition, 1719.)
t bi-pa'-tent, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and Eng, patent. ] Open on both sides.
(Glossog. Nov.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore. wQlf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey — a. qu = kw.
bipeche— birch
545
"bi-peche, bi-pe-chen(pa. par. bipehte), v.t.
[A.8. be-poicaii ; pa. par. hepcekt=:to deceive,
or seduce.] To deceive. (0. Eiig. Horn., i. 91.)
"bi-pec'-tin-ate, a. [From Lat. prefix &i =
two, and pectinatns = sloped two opposite
ways, like a comb ; pecten -- a comb ; 2:)ecto =
to comb.]
Bot., (&c.: Having two margins each pecti-
nate, i.e., toothed like a comb. (IVebstei:)
bi'-ped, a. & s. [In Fr. bipede ; Port, bipede.
From Lat. prefix bi = two, and pes, genit.
jyedis =■ foot.]
A, As adjective : Having two feet.
" By which the mau, when heavenly life was ceased,
Bccauie !i helpleia, uaked, Oi/jeU beaat."
Byron : An Epiatle. (lUchitrdson.)
B. .^5 siCbstantive : A man or other heing
walking on two feet as contradistinguished
froni a quadruped walking on four.
" No serpent or fiaheB oviiiaroiis, have any stones at
all, n&Mmi biped iior quadruped uvitiiivoos have any
exterlourly. " — Browne: Vulgar £r roars.
bi'-ped-al, bip'-ed-al, a. [In Fr. bipedal;
from Lat. hipes, genit. bipedis = two-footed.]
[Biped.] Having two feet ; walking on two feet.
"... ill this ease it would have become either more
strictly (Hiftdrui>ed or bipedal."— Darwin : Hescciit of
Man, Ft. I., ch. iv.
bi'-pel-ta-ta, s. pi. [Prom Lat. prefix bl =
two, and pelta; Gr. TrtA-nj ijitUe) = a small,
light shield of leather, without a rim. It
was generally crescent-shaped.]
Zool : Cuvier's name for a family of Crus-
taceans, one of two, making up the order
Stomapoda. It was so called because tlie
testa is divided into two bucklers, whereas in
the other family, the Unipeltata, there is but
one. The former is now generally calltid
Phyllosomidie, and the latter SquilUdse, whilst
a tiiird family, the Mysidie, has l)een placed
with them under tlie Stomapoda. (See these
terms.)
bi-pel'-tate, a. [Bipeltata.]
Zool. : Having a covering like two small
shields, or like a double shield.
bl-pen'-nate, bi-pen-na'-ted, a. [From
Latin prefix bi, and peniiatus = feathered,
winged. Compare also bipeimis = having two
wings; &i = two, and penna = a. feather, a
wing.]
1, Zool. : Having two wings.
"All bi/iennated insects liave x^uises Joiued to the
'bot}y."—Oe7-hani.
*2. Bot. : The same as Uipinnated (q.v.).
bi-pen-nat-i-par'-ted, a. [From Latin
prefix bi = two, and Eng. pennati-parted
(q-v.).]
Bot. : Twice pennati-parted, doubly divided
/nto partings or partitions — applied to tlie
venation of a leaf and its lobings. (LimUey :
Itttrod. to Bot.)
bi-pen-nat-i-sec'-ted, a. [From Lat. pref.
bi. — two, and Eng. 'peimatisected (ci.v.).] The
name as bipennati-iiarted, except that the
double divisions are into segments instead of
into partitions. (Lindhy: Ihirod, to Bot.)
bi-pen'-nis, s. [Lat. bipennis, as adj. = having
two edges ; as snbst. = an axe with two edges,
a battle-axe; from prefix bi, and peuna = a
feather ; another form oipiniia = a feather, a
wing.] A two-edged axe, a battle-axe.
bi'-pes, s. [Lat. bipes = two-footed ; from
prefix hi = two, and pes = foot.]
1. Ord. Lung. : A name given to a lizard
from the Cape of Good Hope—the Angiiis
bipes of Linnaius, the Scelotes bipes of Gray.
2. Zool. : A genus of reptiles, belonging to
the order Sauria, and the family Gymnoph-
thalmidf^u. The hinder legs are imperfect, and
thus tlic first step is taken towards their dis-
appearance in the Ophidia (Serpents), to which
these lizards are closely altin. Some species
are now transferred to the genus Pygojius
(q.v.). Example: Bipeslepidopodus, Lacei^ede,
now Pygopits lepldopodus. It is from Australia.
bi-pet'-al-oiis, «. [From prefix bi = two,
and Lat. pctalum = a metal plate. From Gr.
TreraAoi' (-petaloii) := a. leaf, a petal, a plate of
metal.] [Petal.]
Bot. : Having two petals in the flower.
bi'-phor-a, bi'-pbor-es, s. pi. [Prom Lat.
prefix hi, and Gr. qbe'po) {pliero); the same as
Lat. fero = to bear.]
bifinn'ate leap.
Zool.: Agroupof Ascidians, consistingof free-
swimming animals, transparent on glass, and
having an aperture at each end of their tubular
body, the one for the ingress and the other for
the exit of water. The typical genus is Salpa.
Tiie members of this group have the sexes com-
plete. The term is sometimes used as the name
of an order of the class Tunicata or Ascidia.
bi - pin' - nate» bi -
pin - na' - ted, a.
[From Lat. xjrelix hi,
and Eng. pinnatL-d.
Lat. prefix hi =■ two,
and pimiatus = fea-
thered ; pinna -
feather.]
Bot. : The term used
when the leaflets of i
liinnate leaf are them-
selves pinnate. A
great many of the
Acacias which consti-
tute so marked a fea-
ture in tropical jungles
have beautifully bi-
piunate leaves ; so
also have their near allies, the Mimosas.
bi-pin-nat'-i-f id, * bi-pen-nat'-i-f id, a.
[From Lat. prefix bi = two ; ami Eng. pinna-
tifid, pennatijid (q.v.).]
Bot. : Twice pinnatifid. The term used
when the lobes or sinuations of a pinnatifid
leaf are themselves pinnatifid.
bi-pli'-cate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and plicatus = folded ; pa. par. plica = tn
fold.]
Bot. : Twice folded together. (Henslow.)
t bi-pli9'-i-ty, s. [Prom Lat. biplex, genit.
I^ijjiici'-' = double, and Eng. suffix -ity.] The
state of being twice folded, reduplication.
(Roget.)
bi-po'-lar, «. [From prefix bi = two, and
polar (q.v.).] Doubly polar. (Coleridge.)
Bi'--pdnt, Bi-p6n'-tine, a. [From Lat. bi-
pontimis = pertaining to Bipontium, now
Zweibriickeii, in Bavaria.]
Biblio. : Relating to books published at
Bipontium. (See etym.)
* biprene, bipreone, v.t. [A.S. pref. hi,
and preon = a clasp, a bodkin.] To pin, to
tag ; to fasten down. (N.E.jD.)
bi-pu'Ac-tate, a. [From Lat. prefix hi =
two, and pwjictofxs ^ pnnctns = a punctiu'e,
with suffix -aie.] [Punctate.]
Entom., dtc. : Having two punctures.
bi-piinc'-tu-al, a. [Fi-om Lat. prefix bi =
two, a.iul punchis ■= a, pimcture, . . . a point,
with suffix -nl.] [Punctubk.] Having two
points. {Maunder.)
bi-pu'-pil-late, a, [From Lat. prefix bi =
two, and pupilla = (1) an orphan girl ; (2) the
pupil of the eye.]
Entom. : Having two pupil-like markings,
ditfering in colour in the ocellus of a butter-
fly's wing.
bi-C[Uad'-rate, s. [in Ger. biquadrat. Lat.
prefix bi = two, and quadratus = squared,
square ; quadro = to make square ; quadrum
= a square ; qnatuor = four.] The fourth
power of a number or quantity. [Biqdad-
ratic]
" Bimtadrate, the fourth power in algebra, arising
from the inuUiplitiationof a square number or quan-
tity by itself "—Olosnog. Nov.
bi-q.uad-rat'-ic, a. & s. [In Fr. biquadra-
tifj^ie ; Port, biquadrado.] [Biquadbate.]
A. As adjective (Arlth., Alg., £c.): Twice
squared, i.e., squared, and then sqnared
again ; raised to the fourth power ; containnig
such a fourth power, or pertaining to that
which does so. [See the compound terms
which follow.]
"B, As substantii-'e (Arith., Alg., c&c): The
fourth power ; that is, the square multiplied
by the square. Thus ar* is the biquadratic of
X, and a* 4- 4 f(3 & -h 6 a2 &2 -I- 4 a &3 -f ij4 is the
biquadratic of a + b.
biquadratic equation. An equation
containing the fourth power of the unknown
quantity in it, wliether with or without the
power.s less than the fourth. Thus a;* + Sx
+ i = 2^:- - x^ is a biquadratic equafciou.
biquadratic parabola, a curve of
tlie third order, having two infinite legs tend-
ing in the same direction.
biquadratic root. The square root of
a square root ; the square root of a number,
and then its square root again extracted.
Thus 2 is the biquadratic root of 16, becixuse
Vie is = 4, and V^ = -■
* bi-quash, v.i. [Quash.] To be rent in
pieces.
"And al biquaashed the roche."— i*. Plotoman, 12,571-
" bi-que'st, s. [Bequest.]
^ bi-que-then, v.t. [From A.S. be, and cv!i-
than = to speak or moan in grief, to mouru, to
lament.] To bewail.
" And smeren, and windeii and biquetheti.
And wakeu is aithen xl iiigt."
Stor>/ of Gen. & Exod., 2,448-9.
bi-quin'-tile, s. [Lat. bi = iwo, and quin-
^7/s — pertaining to the fifth month of the
old Roman year, afterwards July ; quintus =
the fifth ; qidnquc = five.]
Astrol. : An aspect of the planets, first
noted by Kepler, when their distance from
each other is I of a circle, i.e., 144°. (Glossog.
Nov.)
*" bi-quua'd» pret. of v. [From pref. hi, and
A.S. cwethan = to say, tell.] [Bequeath,]
Ordered, appointed.
" God bi-quuad watrea here atede."
Stor^ qf Gen. & Exod., 117.
* bir, * bur, s. [O. Icel. byrr.] Rage, fury.
"To him he stiii. with blr fiU prim."
Iwaiiie and Oawuhie, 1,661.
bi-ra'-di-ate, bi-ra'-di-a-ted, a. [From
Lat. 6i = two, and radiatus, pa. par. of radio
= to furnish with spokes or rays ; radius =
. . a sx>oke, a ray.] Having two rays.
bir9h, * bir9he, * ber9he, * bur9he,
* birke (Eng.), birk (Scotch), s. & a. [A.S.
beorc, birce, byrce ; O. Icel. hiorlc ; Sw. bjorlc ;
Dan. Uric, hirke-trcn ; Dut. berk; (N. H.) Ger.
hirke; M. H. Ger. birche, birke; O. H. Ger.
blrcha, piricUa; Russ. bereza ; Pol. brzoza;
Serv. breza; Lith. 6ercas, all = birch. Skeat
quotes from Benfey Sansc. bliurja = a kind of
birch, the leaves or bark of which were used
for writnig on.] [Bvbche.]
A. As S2ihstantive :
1. The English name of the trees and shrubs
belonging to the botanical genus Betula (q.v.).
Two species occur wild in Britain, the Common
Bircli {Betula alba) and the Dwarf Birch {B.
nana). The Connnon Birch has ovate -deltoid,
acute, doubly serrate leaves. Its flowers are
in catkins, which come forth in April and
May. It grows best in heathy soils and in
alpine districts. The Drooping or Weeping
Birch {B. pendula) is a variety of this tree.
It grows wild on the European continent and
in Asia. The wood of the birch is tough and
white. It is used for making brooms ; it is
often burned into charcoal ; twigs are by
many employed for purposes of castigation.
The oil obtained from the wli ite rind is used
in tanning Russia leather. [Bihch-oil.] The
Russians tiun it to account also as a vermifuge
and as a balsam in the cure of wounds. In
some countries tlie bark of the birch is made
into hats and drinking-cups. The Betvla
nana, or Dwarf Birch, grows in the Highlands
of Scotland, in Lapland, &e. It is a small
shrub, oue or two feet high. The Laplander
uses the wood for fuel, and the leaves, spread
over with a reindeer's skin, for a bed. B.
lenta is the Mahogany Birch, Mountain Ma-
hogany, Sweet Birch, or Cherry Bircli of North
America. Its leaves are fragrant, and hai'e
been used as a substitute for tea. The Canoe
Bircli, of which the North American Indians
construct their portable canoes, is the B.
papyracea.
2. A rod of birch used for castigation.
" WTiy not go to Wesitminater or Etou at once, man,
and take to Lilly's Grammar and Accidence, and to
the bircJi, too, if you like it V " — Scott : Itob Jtoti, ch. ii.
B. As adjective or in composition : Of oj- be-
longing to the tree described under A. (8i_-f
the compounds which follow.)
TI Lady Birch : A name for Betula alba, Lin.
[Birch.] {Lyte, Prior, dtc.)
Silver Birch: Betula alba, Lia. (Lyte, Prior.)
West Indian Birch : A terebiuthaceous tree,
Bursera gummifera. {Treas. of Bot.)
birch -besprinkled, a. Besprinkled
with birch. (Used poetically of cliffs.)
boil, bop^; poiit, jowl; cat, cell, chorus. 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon. exist. ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
35
546
birch— bird
birch-camphor, birch camphor, s.
A resinous substance obtained from the bark
of tlie Black Birch (Betula nigra).
birch-oil, s. An oil extracted from the
bark of the birch-tree. It is used in the pre-
paration of Russia leather, to which it im-
pai-ts a ceitain fragrance, whilst at the same
time protecting it from becoming mouldy or
being attacked by insects.
birch-wine, birchen-wine, s. Wine
made from the vernal juice of the Ijireh.
" She toasts no charms divine.
Yet she eau carve and make birch wine."
T. Warton : Progr. of Liscantent.
% OtJier obvious corn-pounds are : Birch-hroom,
Birch-canoe (Longfellow : Song of Hiawatha,
xiii.), hirch-grove, hirch-leaf (Ibid., iii.), birch-
rod, birch-tree, &c.
bir9h, v.t. [From Mrch, s.] To chastise with
a birch rod ; to flog.
birched, pa. par. & a. [Birch, v.]
t bir'-9hen (Eng.), hir-'^en (Scotch), u. [A,S.
heorcen, bircen, byrcen ; Dut. berken ; Ger.
birken.} Pertaining to birch ; composed of
birch ; made of birch. (Gradually becoming
obsolete, its place being supplied by the sub-
stantive birch used adjectively.) [Bieken.]
" She sate beneath the birchen tree."
Scott : Tlie Lady of the Lake, iv. 27.
* bir-9hin, a. The same as Birchen (q.v.).
Birchin Lane, * Birchen Lane,
* Burchen Lane, ^ Birching Lane, s.
1. (Oftlie three first forms): A lane or street
in the City of London in which second-hand
or ready-made clothes were formerly sold.
It is one of the lanes connecting Cornhill
and Lombard Street, and is much more aristo-
cratic in its character than in the olden time.
Stow says the name is a corruption from
Eirchover, the first builder and owner thereof.
"His discourse makes not his Ijehaviour, Ijut he
buyes it at court, as countreyraen their clothes in
Bir chin-lane." — Ooerbury's Char., 17, of a fine Gent.
(Nares.)
* 2. Of the for-ni Birching Lane : A cant term
for a place where one is to receive a whipping.
(Asclmm.) [Birch, ■y.t]
% To send one to Birching Lane : To send
one to be whipped. (Nares.)
bir9h-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Birch, v.}
A. & B. As jyr. par. & participial adj. : In
a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
C. As subst. : The act of chastising with a
birch twig.
bir9h'-wood» s. & a. [Eng. Mrch; wood.]
A. As substantive :
1. A wood consisting of birches.
" Foyers came headlong down through thebirchwood
with the same leajj and the same roar."— J/acffiwitty ;
jffist. £ng., ch. xiii.
2. The wood of the birch-tree.
B. As adjective :
1. Pertaining to a wood or forest of birch.
" strewn o'er it thick as the birch-wood leaves."
Bemans: Battle of Morgarl en.
2. Made of, or in any way pertaining to, the
wood of the birch-tree.
bir9h'-WOrtS, s. [Eng. birch, and -worts, pi.
suffix.] [Wort.]
Bot. : The name given by Lindley to his
order Betulacese (q.v.).
bird (1), * byrde, * berde, ^ bridde, * bryd
(Eng.), bird, *beird. ' burd. *brid
(Scotch), s. & a. [Mid. Eng. brid, rarely byrde
(by letter change from the first form) ; A.S.
brid = a bird, especially the young of birds.
There is no evidence as to its remote ety-
mology. Skeat connects it with A.S. bredan
= to- breed ; from which Murray dissents.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
t(l) In the Anglo-Saxon sense of the term:
The young of any animal ; a brood.
* («) The young of any feathered flying
biped ; a chicken.
"As that ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird,
Useth the sparrow . . ."
Shakesp. : Hen. /T'., v. 1.
* (b) The young of any other animal.
* (c) A child.
"With my brestes my brid T fed,"
Uoly Rood (ed. Morris), v. 133.
(2) A feathered flying biped.
(a) Gen. : Any feathered flying biped, great
or small, old or young.
"... and all the birds of the heavens were fled."—
Jer, iv. 2o.
(&) Spjec. : A small feathered flying biped, as
distinguished from a large one, the latter being
called a fowl. Also especially applied in
sporting phraseology to Qsmie — e.g., par-
tridges. (Colloquial.)
2. Fig. : As a term of endearment or other-
wise.
(1) A lady. Sjoec, a young lady, a girl, so
called probably, not only from her youth
[A. 1. (1)], biit also from her beauty, her
lightness of movement, her ability to sing
sweetly, and her liveliness of demeanour.
(Chiefly Scotch. )
" Lord John stood in his stable door,
Said he was bouii to ride ;
Burd Ellen stood in her bower door.
Said she'd rin by hia side."
Jamieson : Popular Ball., i. 117,
(2) An appellation for a man from a woman
who loves him. [C. Bird of Arabia.]
(3) An appellation given to a man by one
who believes him too soaring in his ambition.
[C. Bird of the Mountain.]
II. Technically :
1. Zool. : The English designation of the
Aves, the second class of the sub-kingdom
Vertebrata, standing between the Mammalia
(Mammals) above, and the ReptiUa (Reptiles)
below. Whilst in their warm blood they are
more closely akin to the former than to the
latter, they approach the latter rather than
the former in various points of anatomical
structure, especially in their lower limbs.
[Ornithoscelida.] They agree also with
Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fishes in being ovipa-
rous, whilst the Mammaha bring forth their
young alive and suckle them for a time.
Birds are feathered bipeds, with wings used
by all but a few aberrant species for flight.
To facilitate this, air cells communicating
with the lungs permeate the larger bones, and
even the huge bills of the hornbill, toucan,
&c., the efTect being greatly to diminish their
weight. The circulation is rapid, the blood
wanner than in other vertebrates, and the
energy, consequently, great. A bird consists
of a head, a body, and limbs, the latter term
including the legs, tail, and wings. In the
subjoined figure—
[ is the bill,
> „ the front {/rods).
: ,, the crown or summit
{vertex),
I „ the ear.
I ,, the nape of the neck
{nucha).
■ ,, the back or intersca-
pular region.
r ,, the lower'back (ter-
gmn).
ft is the rump {urojyy-
gium), the part
where the tail fea-
thers are inserted.
i „ the tail.
k ,, the legs,
I ,, the wings.
■m,, the belly (abdomen).
n ,, the breast.
o „ the throat.
p „ the chiu.
^ For more minute details see Bill, Leg,
"Wing, Tail, &e.
Linneeus divided Birds into six orders, Acci-
pitres, Picae, Anseres, Gralla?, Gallinte, and
Passeres. All of these, except Picie, are still
retained under diff'erent names. Cuvier, in
1817, recognised six orders, Accipitres, Pas-
seres, Scansores, Gallinje, Grails, and Palmi-
pedes. Vigors, in 1825, adopted the quinary
arrangement into Raptores, Insessores, Ra-
sores, Grallatores, and Natatores. Owen, in
1866, made seven orders : Natatores, Gralla-
tores, Rasores, Cantatores, Volitores, and
Raptoi'es ; and Huxley, in 1864, separated
Birds into SaurururEe, containing only the
Archeeopteryx ; the Ratitas, including the
Ostrich and its allies ; and the Carinatse, com-
prehending all ordinary birds. Dallas (fol-
lowing Vdgt's arrangement of 1851) divided
Birds into two seetions, the Autophagi, in
which the young birds arc capable of feeding
thenisflves from the moment of leavingthe egg,
and the Insessores, in which the young remain
in the nest till they are completely fledged,
being fed meanwhile by the parents. The
former section contains four orders, the Na-
tatores (Swimmers), the Grallatores (Wading
Birds), the Cursores (Runners), and the
Rasores (Gallinaceous Birds). The Insessorial
section also contains four orders, the ColumbEe
(Pigeons), the Scansores (Climbing Birds), the
Passeres (Perchers), and the Raptores (Birds
of Prey). In A.D. 1711, Ray estimated the
birds "known and described at " near 500."
In 1835, Mr. Swainson conjectured that the
species, known and unknown, might be about
6,800. The late Mr. YaiTell stated the number
of known British birds at 354. Of these only
140 remain with us all the year round, 63
more visit this country in summer, 48 in
winter, and 103 occasionally.
2. Palcmnt. : In cei'tain triassic strata in
Connecticut there are " ornithichnites," or
fossil footprints like those which birds would
leave upon the mud or fine sand over which
they walked. [Footprints, Ornithichnite.]
The number of joints in each of the three toes
is precisely the same as in modern birds, not-
withstanding which some think the imprints
may be those of Deinosaurian reptiles, of which
remains have been found in the same stratum.
The oldest bird, of which the actual feathered
skeleton has been obtained, comes from the
lithographic slate of upper oolitic age, quar-
ried at Solenhofen in Bavaria : it is the
Archceopteryx of Owen (q.v.). Three specimens
of it are known at present : one in Bavaria, the
second in the British Museum of Natural
History, South Kensington, whilst the third
is in the Berlin University Museum, for
which it was purchased from Herr Haberlein
for 80,000 marks, or about £4,000. This last
specimen of Archseopteryx has been examined
by Professor Carl Vogt, who considers that
it is neither bird nor reptile, but some-
tliing intermediate between the two ; or, to
be more specific, that while a bird in its in-
tegument and hinder limbs, it is a reptUe
in all the res-t of its organisation. Bones like
those of birds exist in the "Wealden ; opinion
has much wa^'ered as to whether they were
true birds or flying reptiles [Pterodactyl] ;
there is, however, what appears to be a
genuine bird in the Greensand. Prof. Marsh
found in the Cretaceous rocks of America
two remarkable genera of birds : the Hesper-
ornis and the Ichthyornis, the former fur-
nished with true teeth in a groove, and the
latter having them lodged in sockets. In
these respects they approach reptiles, besides
which the Ichthyornis, like reptiles, has its
vertebnfi concave at each end. Of tertiary
birds Owen, in 1846, established four species
from the London clay, described from four
or five fragments of bones and skulls found in
that eocene deposit. These include a vulture,
a kingfisher, and an ostrich. Bones of birds
have been met with somewhat plentifully
in the Paris gypsum and the lacustrine lime-
stone of the Liinagne dAuvergne, both fresh-
water strata of eocene age. From the mio-
cene beds of France have been obtained about
seventy species, among others, parrots, trogons,
flamingoes, secretary birds, and marabout
storks, suggesting the present fauna of South
Africa. There are birds in the miocene of the
Sewalik hiUs in India. Of post-tertiary species
the finest, and also the best known, are the
gigantic Moas-from New Zealand, which seem
to have been contemporary with man, though
now they are extinct. The yet more massive
jEpyornis, the eggs of which are more than
thirteen inches in diameter, and equal in capa-
city to 148 hens' eggs, is found in surface
deposits in Madagascar. Thus few fossil birds
are kno\vn, and those few are mostly from the
tertiary or post-tertiary rocks.
3, Her. : Birds are regarded, some as em-
blems of the more active, and others of the
contemplative life. Among the terms applied
to them are Membei^ed, Armed, and Close
(q.v.). When birds are mentioned in blazon,
without expressing their species, they should
be drawn in the form of the blackbird.
(Ghss. of Her.)
B. As adjective : Of, belonging to, or for a
bird. (See the coinpounds which follow.)
C. In special phrases.
1. A'tlie birds in tlic air (Eng. : All tlie birds
ill the air) : A play among children. (Scotch.)
" A' the birds in tjie air, and a" the days o' the week,
are also common gnmes, as well as the skipping-rope
and honey-pots."— ^lacAMiood; J/aj)'., Aug., 1B21, p. 36.
iJamieso7i.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore. wqU, work, whd, s6n ; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e, ey = a. qu = kw«
bird
547
2. Arabian Bird :
(a) Lit. : Tlie fabled Plioenix.
(ft) One whose reputation or wliose power
is so genuine, that, even if destroyed, it "will
ris3 iigain.
" Agr, 0 Anttiuy ! 0 tliou Arabian bird I"
Sluikeijj. : Ant, & Cltop., iii. 2
3. BLrdandJoe(u.setlRticulv.): Aphraseused
to denote intimacy or familiarity, (Scotch.)
Sitting "Bird and Joe," sitting '*elieek
"by jowl," like Darby and Joan. (Ja/nleson.)
4. Bird of Jove: The eagle.
" I saw Jove'i) bird, the Roman eagle."
Shakeap : Cymbeliue, \\. 2,
5. Bird of Juno :
(a) The peacock.
(/;) The hawk.
"See the bird af Juno stoopiug."
Pupe : Miscel. Poems.
6. Bird of Night: The owl.
" Aiul yesterdfty the Idrd qf night did Bit,
Even at iiuuiKliiy, upuii the market place,
Hootiug aud sbi'jekini;."
Sluikesp: Julius CcBsar, i. 3.
7. Bird of Peace : The dove, so called be-
cause, on the subsidence of the deluge, itboj-e
to Noah in its bill an olive leaf, tlie symbol
of peace (Gen. viii. 11).
" The rod, aud bird of peace, aud all suoh emblems.
Laid richly ou her." STiakxsp. : Ben. Mil., iv. 1.
8. Bird of the Mountain, :
((() Lit. : The eagle.
(h) Fig. : A man of soaring ambition.
"Proud &irdo/(Acmoitn£ainthy plume shall he torn."
Campbell : Locluel,
9. Bird of tlie wilderness : Tlie skylark.
" Bird of the vrtlderness, bly thesome and cuiuhevless ''
James Hogg : Ode to the Skylark.
10. Birds of a feather; Birds of self- same
feather : Men of similar tastes or iiroelivities ;
hence the phrase.
"For both of you are birds of self -same feather."
SJiakesp. ; 3 ffen. VI., jii. 3.
11. Birds of a feather fiocTc together : A preva-
lent phrase signifying that persons of similar
tastes draw together and are generally seen in
each other's company— scientists with scieu-
tibts, religious men with religious men, play-
actors with play-actors, thieves with thieves.
bird-bolt (1), s.
1. Lit.: A short arrow
witii a broad flat end,
xised to kill birds without
jiiercingtheni. {Lit. & fig.)
-It is sometimes j'epre-
sented in heraldry.
2. Fig. : That which
smites one's heart or re-
l)utation without deeply
penetrating either.
"To he generous, guiltless,
and of free dispositiou iu to
tiike those thinsa for bird-bolts
that you deem canuuu bullets
Twelfth Night, L 6.
" Ignui-nuce should shoot
His grosB-knubb'd bird-bolt."
Marston : What you will.
* bird-b3lt (2), s. A eorrup(i.*ii of one of
tlie English names for the Burbot (u-\.)-
bird-cage, s. A cage for birds. It is
generally made with wooden bottom and posts,
aud with wire, or, if large, sometimes with
wicker-work bars on the sides and top.
"At the door he hung the bird-cage."
Longfe'low : The tiong of Hiawatha, xii.
bird-call, s.
1. A little stick, cleft at one end, on which
is ])ut a leaf of some plant, for imitatiug the
cry of birds. (Goodrich £ Porter.)
2. A shoit metallic cylinder, with a circular
]ierf orated plate at each end ; used to make a
trilling noise, as a decoy for birds.
bird-catcher, a. One whose occupation
it is t:) catch birds.
"', . . aud indeed,' concluded the critic, 'from his
fuuduiiaa for flowers aud for birds, I would venture to
8Uj,'ge3t that a florist or a bird-catcher is a much more
suitable calling for him than a poet.' — Moore: L. It
{LiglU qf the ilarem).
bird-catcliing, s. & a.
1, As subst. : The art, operation, or occupa-
tio'n of catching birds. Tiiis was formerly
one of the regular callings of the poor in
some large towns, especially in London, and
was carried on to such an extent that many
kin Is of birds, as tlie linnet, bullfinch, gold-
finch, chaffinch, greenfinch, lark, &c., became
comparatively scarce. Mr. Henry Mayliew
calculated that one man, who followed the
BIRD- BOLT.
—ShakesiJ.
occupation for sixty years, must have caught
about 312,000 birds. To prevent this wholesale
cai)ture, and the ultimate destruction of many
kinds of wild birds, special powers were given
t< I the County Councils, and the strJTigent mea-
sures adopted by some of them have resulted
in a considerable increase of wild bird life.
2. As adj. : Pertaining to the catchilig of
birds ; a bird-catching apparatus.
bird-cherry, s. A small tree (the Pratius
padus, &.C.), wild in Britain, especially in its
northern parts. It has pendnlons racemes
of white flowers, which apiiear iu May, and
are succeeded by small black drupaceous
cheny-hke fruits. (Hooker and Arnott.)
bird-class, s. A class for teaching birds
to imitate the notes of an instrument. There
are generally about seven birds iu a class.
The ijrinciple is to shut the class up in a dark
ruum, half-starving the performers till they
imitate tlie instrument, and gradually let in
light upon them aud partially feed them as a
reward for singing. Learning to associate
the singing with the gradual appearance of
light and tlie exhibition of food, they sing to
obtain these necessaries. (Mayhew.)
bird-conjurer, * brydd-coniuerer,
s A diviner by means of birds, an augur.
"Thesgeutils . . , bry Idconiurers aud dyuynours.'
— Wydiffe{Deut. xviii. 14).
bird-divlner, * brid-deuyner, s. The
same as Bird-con.jurer.
" Deuyuourea aud ,
(Jer. xxvii, 9),
briddeuyneres."— WycUffe
bird-duffer, s. A vulgar name for one
who sells a briglitly-coloured and expensive
bird, which is found to be a common one of
dull hue painted lor sale. The species com-
monly operated U]ion is the female greenfinch,
its light-coloured plumage adapting it for such
a pui'pose, (Mayliew.)
bird-eye, a. [Bird's-eye.]
bird-eyed, a. Having eyes like those of
a bird, that is, possessed of piercing sight.
'"Slud, 'tis the horse-start out o' the browu study-
Rather the bird-ey'd stroke, sir."
B. Jonson: Cynthia's /levels,
bird-fancier, s. One who fancies birds.
(Used either of an amateur, or of one who
makes a livelihood by trapping, keeping, and
selling birds.)
bird-grass, s. The name given by seeds-
men and others to a grass— the Poa trivialis, L.
bird-house, *■. An open box for birds,
set up on a long pole, to keep it out of the way
of cats. It is erected by those who, liking
birds, wish to minister to their convenience.
bird-lice, s. pi. The English name given
to the small parasites so frequently seen in-
l(.'i-ting liirds. Naturalists place them in the
insect order Malloj^haga, in immediate jiroxi-
mity to the Anoplura, which contains the
human pediculi. [Mallophaga.]
bird-like, a. Like a bird. (Used specially
or a life too much conflned.)
"For when t ■^cp, how they do mount ou high,
Wavmytiieii n.it sLivt.-hed wings .^t liberty ;
Then do I think how h.r.^-Hk.' iu a cage
My life I lesul. and grief can never bim^'e."
Niccols: Mir. for Magistrates, ^. 653.
bird-lime, s.
1. Lit. : A substance whitish and hiny in
appearance. (Used, as its name imports, for
capturing birds.) It is ingeneral manufactured
from the bark of the holly, though the berries
of the mistletoe, and also the bark, boiled in
water, beaten in a m.ortar, and tlien mashed,
may also be employed for the purpose.
"Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make WrdZimc
of the hark of it." — Bacon : Natural History.
2. Fig. : Anything fittc'd to ensnare one, or
restrain his departure from a place.
" Heav'u's birdiim,e wraps me round aud glues my
wings." Hryden.
bird-limed, u. Smeared with bird-lime.
(Lit. d-fig.)
" I love not those ' viflcosa Ijeneftcia,' those birdlimed
kindnesses which Pliuy speaks of." — Howell: Letters
i. V, IS.
bird-loops, s.pZ. The bars in a bird's
cage.
" Tfi keep the inhabitants of the air close captive
That were created to sky freedom : surely
The merciless creditor took his fir.^t light.
And prisons their flrst models, from such bird-laopx."
Sliirley : TJte Bird in a Cage, iv, l.
blrd-mouthed, a. Mealy-mouthed; not
liking to say anything unpleasant, even when
it should be done.
" Yere o'er bird-mouth' d."
Hainsay: S. Prov., p. 8(i. [Jamieson )
bird-net, s. a net used for catching
birds. It is about twelve yards square, and
laid flat on the ground, to whicli it is affixed
by four iron pins, its sides remaining loose.
Upon it is put a cage with a decoy-bird in it,
given to singing cheerfully. "When other birds
congregate around it, the man, who has been
lying flat on his face twenty or thirty yards ofi",
liuUs a string, which makes the loose sides of
the net collapse and fly together, imjirisoning
the birds around the cage. (Mayhew.)
bird-organ, s. A small organ used in
teaching birds to sing.
bird-pepper, s. The fruit of a plant,
the Capsicum baccatum. When i'i})e it is
gathered, dried in the sun, pounded, and mixed
with salt. Afterwards it is itreserved in
bottles with stoppers, and is called Cayenne
pepper.
bird-seed, s. A name sometimes given
to heads of Plantjiiu, Plantago major (Liun.),
and to Canary Grass, Phalaris canariensis
(Linn.), from their being given to birds for
food. (Prior, p. 22.)
bird-spider, s. A genus of spiders — the
Mygale, and specially the jV. uvicularia, a
large species inhabiting Surinam, which, as
both its English and its scientific names im-
I)ort, was formerly believed to catch birds.
[MVGALE.j
t bird-swindler, a. [Bird-duffer.]
bird-trap, s. A two-winged flap-net
sprung by hand, or a box-trap sujtported on a
figure-of-four, with a trigger to be touched by
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BIRD-TRAP.
{From " WtlkiTigons Andent Egyptians:')
the bird, or sprung by a person on watch.
The netting of birds by the former method is
well i>ictured in the ancient Egyptian painthigs.
(Knight.) The trap was generally made of
net-work, strained over a frame. It consisted
of two semi-circular sides or flaps of equal
sizes, one or botli moving on the common bar
or axis upon whicli they rested. When the
trap was set, the two flaps were kept open by
means of strings, ])robably of catgut, whicli
the moment the bait tliat stood in tlie centre
of the bar was touched, slipped aside, and
allowed the two sides to collapse, aud thus
secured the bird. The Egyptian nets were
■\'ery similar to those used in Europe at the
present day, but probably hirger, and requir-
ing a greater number of persons to manage,
wliich may be attributed to an imperfection
in their contrivance for closing them.
bird-wltted, a. Tending to roam from
subject to subject ; destitute of conceutrative-
ness ; without fixity of attention.
bird's-bill, s.
rhyiichus).
A plant (Trigonella ornitlio-
bird's-bread, s. A name for a jdant —
Scdum acre, whiL-h the French call by tlie cor-
respouding term Pain d'oiscau. It i^ not
known whj'^ the name is given.
bird's-eye, bird's-eyes, bird-eye,
bird-een (Scotch ecn is = Eng. eyes), s. &a.
A. As substantive :
1. Zool. & Ord. Lang, (lit.) : The eye or eyes
of a bird.
2. Lot. : The name of several plants with
small bright, usually blue flowers.
(1) A widely-diflused name for Veronica
"harncedrya.
(2) A name for a plant, called more fully
the Bird's-eye Primrose. It is the Primula
farinosa. It has pale lilac flowers witli a
yellow eye. The whole plant is powdered with
a substance smelling like musk. It grows in
the north of England, or rarely in Scotland.
(3) A name sometimes given to the Adonis
aufumnalis, and indeed to the whole genus
Adonis, more commonly designated " Phea-
sant's eye."
boil, bo^; poiit, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, e^lst. -ing.
-cian, -tian-shan. -tion« -slon = shun; -tion. -slon = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &;. = beL deL
548
bird — ^birk
1[ J^iiicrican Bird's-eye: A plant — PrURitla
inf^iUa (Treas. of Bot.)
3. A variety of manufactuved tuViacco, in
wliiclt tlie ribs of the leaves are cut along
with the fibre.
B. As adjective :
1. Resembling a bird's-cyp, as "Bird's-eye
prinu'ose " (q.v.).
2. Seen as a landscajie inij,']it be liy a bird
flying over a country — i.e., seen from abo^e,
A Bird's-eye view (q..v.).
Bird's-eye maple : A North American tree —
Acer sacchariuum, called also the Sugar-maple.
[Acer, Sugar-maplr.]
Bird's-eye Privirose : The same as Bird's-
eye, A, 2 (2).
Bird's-eye view. Bird-eye view : A view such
as must present itself to a bird flying over a
country, and consequently looking at the
landscape from above. Though a country
.represented in this way on a map has its
prominent features exaggerated, yet to tlie
uniniaginative it gives a more lively and even
a more correct view of the country than or-
dinary representations or maps of the normal
type could do. (Lit. ^jig.)
"Viewiug from the Piagiih of his pulpit the free,
inofal, liapyy, flourishing, and glorious atate of France,
;ls in a bird-eye landscape of a promised land." — Burke
(Ml the French Itevolution.
" Tliat government being so situated, as to have a
large range of prospeot. and aa it were a bird's-eye view
of e\ erytlimg, '—Burke : Letter to Thomas Burgh, Es<i.
bird's-foot, s.
1. In Zool. (Lit.): The foot of a bird.
Bird's-foot Star, Bird's-foot Sea-star :
Zool. : Palmipes nievibranaceuSf a British
echiuoderm.
2. Ill Botany :
(1) The English name of the Ornithopns, a
genus of papilionaceous plants. There is a
British sx>ecies — the Ornitliopus peiyusilhis, or
Common Bird's-foot. It is so called from its
long seed-pods, wliich resemble bird's feet.
It has pinnate leaves with 6—9 pairs of ter-
minal leaflets. The flowei's are white, witli
red lines. It is fonnd in Scotland. 0. saiivvs,
or the Serradilla Bird's-foot, introduced from
Poi'tugal about ISIS, has proved a most valu-
able fodder-plant.
(2) A i)la.nt—Evphorl)ia ornithopu-s. iTreas.
of Bot.)
Bird's-foot clover : Withering's name for the
Bird's-foot Trefoil (q.v.).
Bird's-foot Trefoil : The English name of
the Lotus— a genus of papilionaceous plants,
with trifoliolate leaves, umbellate flowers, and
legumes with a tendency to be divided intu
many cells. Three species— the X. eornicnUitus,
or Common, the L. major, or Narrow-leaveil.
and the L. a.ngvstissimt(s, or Slender bird's-foot,
Trefoil— occur in Britain. The first-named
plant is very common, enlivening pastures all
through the country and the sea-coast every-
where with its yellow flowers.
bird's-knotgrass, s. A book-name for
a plant, Polygonum aviculare (Linn.).
bird's-mouth, s.
1. Lit.: The mouth of a bird,
2. C'orjj. ; The notch at the foot of a rafter
where it rests upon and against the plate.
bird's-nest, s. &a.
A. As suhstantim :
I, Lit. : The nest of a bird. Those of the
several species vary in their minor details sn
as to be in most cases quite distingui:.hable
from each other. One of the street-trades of
London is the selling of bird's-nests.
"Of the street sellers of bird's-nests." — Mayhew
Lond'iif Labour, li. 82.
•([ Edible bird's-nesis are nests built by tlie
CnSlornj'ni, esciileiito., aud certain other specie.s
of swallows inhabiting Sumatra, Java, Cliina,
and some other parts of the East. The nests,
which are deemed a luxury by the Chinese,
are fonned of a mucilaginous subhitancp,
secreted by the birds themselves front their
^■;ilivary glands.
IL Figuratively and technically :
1. Either the popular or book-names of
several plants.
t (1) The Wild Carrot, Daucns Carnta (Linn.)
'■ The whole tuft [of flowerslia di-awu ti>!fffclier when
tlie sef;d iaripe, reseuibliutf ahirde's-nent T wliereiipnu
it li;itli beeuo named of aoiue bird's-^m^t "—Ui-rard :
Herbal, 87.'i.
(2) The Common Parsnip, Pastinaca sclwa,
L. (Ger. Appendix.)
(.3) The modem book-name of the genus
Monotropa. (Hooker and Arnott.)
^ Yellow Bird' s- ui:^t : Jlonotropahypopitys.
(4) A fern: Aspleniuni (r/ittm)topterij)) nidus.
If Bird's-ncbf Pezizii: The common name for
the species of Cyathus and Nidularia, two
genera of fungi.
2. Naut. : A look-out station at a mast-head
for a seaman sent up thither to watch for
whales. [Crow's-ke.st.]
B. As adjective : Resembling a bird's nest ;
in any way pertaining to a bird's nest. [A.,
IL (5).]
Bird's-nest OrcMs: One of the orchidete,
Neottia or LiUera Nidus-a,vis, L. The English
designation is a translation of the Latin Nidns-
avis. The plant is so called from having its
root composed of numerous fleshy fibres aggre-
gated in a bird's-nest fashion. Gerard indi-
cates the kind of nest which in his view it
resembles, saying that it "hath many tang-
ling rootes platted or crossed one over another
verie intricately, which resembleth a crowe's
nest made of stickes." It has dingy brown
flowers growing in spikes, and is found in the
northern parts of Britain.
birds-of-paradise, s. The English de-
signation of a family of Conirostral birds- the
Paradiseidge. They are closely allied to the
Coi'vidffi (Crows), with which, indeed, they are
united "by some writers. They have magni-
ficent plumage, especially the males, who can
moreover elevate quite a canopy of plumes
behind their necks. When first discovered
they were the subject of many myths. They
were supposed to be perpetually on the wing,
having no feet, a fable perpetuated by Lin-
naeus in the name apoda or footless, given to
the best-known and finest species. The fact
was that the inhabitants of New Guinea, their
native region, cut off the feet before selling
them to Europeans. The fable of the Phcenix
is believed to have been framed from myths
current aboutthe Birds of Paradise. [Phcenix.]
bird's-tare, o. A name given to a plant,
genus Arachis.
bird's-tongue^ «. A name given to
various plants : —
1. Stellaria liolostea. (Linn. : Ger. Apex.)
Britten and Holland consider the name to
have been founded on the shape of the leaves.
2. The fruit of the Ash-tree (Frazhms ex-
celsior), so called from the forni thereof being
like to a bird's-tongue. (Coles.)
3. A tree, Acer campestre, the common
Maple. (Evelyn.)
4t. Senecio paradoxus, the Great Fen Rag-
wort, a composite plant.
5. Anagallis arvensis, the Scarlet Pimper-
nel.
6. The book-name for a plant genus, Ornitho-
glossum, belonging to the order Melanthacete
(Melanths.)
^ Otlier obvious compounds are : ■ Bird-eon-
noisseur (Mayhevj : London Labovr and the
London Poor); bird-lover (Ibid.); bird-note
(Remans : Siege of Valentia) ; &ird-stuff'er,
&i7'rf-stuffing ; ^trd-trade (Mayhew), &c.
bird (2), s. [Birth.] (Story of Gen. and
Eroil.. 2,.')91.)
bird, v.t [From bird, s. (q.v.)] To catch
birds. (Generally in the present participle.)
[Birding.]
" I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house to
breakfast ; after we'll a birding together. "—;SAaJfceifj:>. ;
Merry Wives, iii. 3.
bird'-er, byr'-der, s. [Eng
bird-catcher.
bird; -er.] A
"... wherewith they be caught like as the byrdrr
beguyleth the byrdes."— I'iwes." Instruct, of Christian
Women, bk, i,, cli. xiv.
bir'-die, bir'-dy. bur-die.s. &a. [Dimin.
of bird.]
A. -4s sidistantive :
1. Lit. : A little bird.
"A' the liir'/i-i lilt in tunefu" meed."
Tiirrif, ■ Por)"s, p. 2, {.famieson.)
2. Fig.: A name of endearment for a little
girl or for a young woman.
"Forae blink o" the bonnie bnrdlcs!"
Burns: Tain O'Shaiitcr.
B. .4s adj. . Pertaining to the feathered
cliiss.
" An" our guidwife's wee birdy cooks."
Burns : £legy on the Year 1783.
bir'-diAg (1), pa. par., a., & s. [Bird, d.]
A, tfc B. As present participle : In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As subsUxntive : The act of seeking to
shoot or snare birds.
birding-piece, s. A gun to shoot birds
with, a fowling-piece.
" Mrs. Ford. There they always use to discharge
their birding-ineces ; creep into the kiln hole."
SJiakesj). : Merry Wives, iv. 2.
"" bir '-ding (2), s. [Burden.] (Scotch. )
bird'-man, s. [Eng. bird; -man.]
1. A bird-catcher, a fowler.
" Aa a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked
him what he was doing ; why, saya he, I am laving the
foundation of a city, and so the birdntan drew out of
sight." — L' Estrange.
2. An ornithologist.
3. A bird-stufTer, a taxidermist.
bird '-nest, -y.i [Eng. bird; nest.'] To seel:
after the nests of birds.
bird-nest'-idlg, a. & s [Eng. bird; nest;
-iiig.]
A. -4s adjective : Going after birds' nests.
B, As substantive: The act or pi-actice of
going after birds' nests.
• bi-reave, " bireavien, v.t. The same as
Bereave (q.v.). (Layamon, 301,311.)
^ bir-ede, * bir-re'-den (pret. * biredd^, bi-
radde, bireadde, biradden), v.t. [From A.S,
beroidan = to counsel.] To counsel; to ad-
vise. (Layamon, 21,072.) (Stratmaun.)
bi-re'me, i'. [Lat. biremis = (1) a two-oared
boat ; (2) a galley with two banks of oars.
Bi, ia comp., two, and remus = an oar.] A
Roman ship of war with tw() banks ot oars.
It was inferior in magnitude and strength to
the trireme.
bi-ret'-ta, ;;. [Ital. berrefta ; Sp. birreta; from
Late Lat. birretum = a cap.]
Eccles. : The square cap worn l)y Roman and
by some Anglican clerics. Priests wear black
birettas, bishops and monsiguori purple, and
cardinals red.
bir-gan'-der, s. [Beroander.]
bir'-gus, s. [Mod. Lat birgus (Leach).] A
genus of Ci-ustacea, belonging to the Paguridse
(Hermit Crabs). B. latro is the Thief-Ciab,
so called because it is said to climb up cocoa-
nut trees and pandanuses to feed upon their
fruit. It is found in the Isles Amboyna and
Fi'auce, living in holes at the roots of trees
not far from the shore. It is sometimes
called also the Purse-crab.
bi-rhom-boi'-dal, a. [From Lat. prefix bi
= two, and rhomboides=a. rhomboid (q.v.).]
Geom. t& Crystallog. : Having a surface com-
posed of twelve rhombic faces, which being
taken six and bix, and prolonged in idea till
they intercept each other, would form two
rUtlerent rliombs.
* bir'-i, s. [A.S. burh, pi. burga = (\) a town,
a city, (2) a fort, a castle, (3) a court, a palace,
a house.] A citj'.
" He led hem alle to Tosepes biri."
Story of Gen. & JCxod., 2,257.
**" bi-ri'-den, v.t. [A.S. beridan = to ride
around.] To ride around. (Layamon, 10,739.)
■^ bir-ie, s. [O. But. bcrce {^) = a. hier.] The
same as Bier (q.v.). (Ayenbite, 25S.)
"■ bir'-ied, p"- 1">^- [Buried.] (Story of Gen.
d: Kxud., 2oO, &e.)
* bir-i-el, * bir-iell, ' bir-i-gell, * ber'-i-
ele, * ber'-y-el, ^ byr'-y-ele, s. [A.S.
byrigels = a. sepulchre.] A burying-place ; a
tomb.
*bir'-i-en, p.t. [Bury.]
* bi-rin-nen (pret. Hcom), v.t. [Eng. preiix
hi, and O. Eng. rin — to run.] To run around.
(Layamon, -0,0(34.) (StraAnuuin.)
birk, u. ;. (A.S. beorean= to Imvk; byrcth =■
barks [Bark]; or from Icel. berkia — tu
boast.] To give a tart answer, to converse in
a sharp and cutting way. (Jamieson.)
fate, fat, lare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, w^et, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. £e, oe -e, ey = a. qu = kw.
birk— birth
549
birkr s. [Birch.] A hirch.
(a) Scotch:
" Let fragrant birJcs in woodbines drest,
My craggy cliffs adorn."
£urns: ilumlile Petition of Br iiar Water.
(b) As an English dialectic word. (Used in
East Yorkshire.— Pro/. Fhillips.)
t (c) As a poetic word in ordinary English :
" Shadows of the silver birk
Sweei) the green that folds thy gnive."
Tenn/json : A fHrge, v. 1
birk-kuowe, s. A knoll covered witli
bii'ches. {Scotch.)
"... -wrappetl in her plaid upon the . . . sunny
side of the birk-knowe." — Lights and HhiKlows, p. 38,
* birk'-en, v.t. [From birlc = Urch, and
verbal sutfix-e/t.] To birch, to beat with a
birch twig or rod.
tlirk'-exi, t bir-kin, a. [From A.S. Urcen
= bii'chen.] Of or belonging to birch. (Scotch.)
" On Yai'vow Ijanks the birken ahaw,"
Burns : Blythe was she.
bir'-kie (1), a. [From Scotch 6irt =:abirc]i,
and suffix -ie = i/.] Abounding witli birchey.
birk'-ie (2), bir'-ky, a. & ,s. [Etym. doubt-
liil. From A.S. heoroan = to bark, or Icel.
berkia = to boast.]
A. As adjective (of the form birkie) :
1. Tart in speech. (Jamieson.)
2. Lively-spirited, mettlesome, (fjalt.)
B, As substantive (of the form birkie and
birky) :
1. A lively young fellow, a person of mettle.
(Scotch.)
"I ken how to gie the birkies tak short fees,"—
Scott: Heart of MitUothian, ch. xii,
2. A childish game at cards, in which the
players throw down a card alternately. Only
two play ; and the person who throws down
the highest takes up the trick. It is the same
as the English game of "Beggar my neigh-
bour."
" But Bncklaw cared no more ubout riding tBe first
horse and that sort of thing, thau he, Craigengelt, did
about a game at birkie"— SgoU: Bride of Lammer-
moor, ch. xxli.
^ Auld birku: Old boy. (Scotch.) (Collo-
q^dal.)
" Spoke like ye'resell nnld birk//."
Jiatnaa]/ ; I'oems, ii. 92.
birl (1), * birle. * bir-len, v.t. & i. [From
A.S. byrUaiL = to give to diiuk ; to serve as
a butler ; O. Icel. uyrla.}
A, Transitive:
1. To administer liquor to, to pour out
liquor for guests.
" The wine thjir with m veachell grete and small,
Quhilk to him gaif Acestcs his ri.-il hoist,
To thame he birlls . . ." Doug. : Virgil, 19, 9.
2. To ply witli drink.
" She birlcil him with the ale and wine."
Minstruliy, BorUer, ii. 45.
3. To drink plentifully.
" They birle the wiue in honoui- of Backus."
Doug. : Virgil, 79, 46.
4. To club money for the }tui'pose of pro-
curing drink. " I'll hirle my bawbie." I will
contribute my sliure of the expense. (Jamie-
son.)
B. Intransitive :
1. To drink in company with others.
"And then ganginij majoring to the piper's Howff,
wi' a' the idle loons m the country, ana sitting there
birlinp at your uncle's cost," ii,c.— Talcs of my Land-
lord, il, 104. (Jamieson.)
2. To contribute money to purchase liquor.
" Now settled gosaies sat, and keen
Did for fresh bickers birle."
Jtaimay: Poems, i. 2C2. {Jamieson.)
birl (2), v.l. [Dimin. from hirr (q.v.). Both
are unitated from the sound.]
1. To make a noise like a cart driving over
stones, or mill-stones at work. It denotes a
constant drilling sound.
" The temper-pin she gi'ea a tirl.
An' spins but slow, yet seems to birl."
J/ori-ison : Poems, p. 6.
2. To move rapidly,
"Now through the air theauld boy ftirfd."
Daaiilson : Seasons, p. 39. {JamiesoiL )
* bir-law, ^ bir-ley, * bur-law. * byr -
law, "*•" byr-lay, s. [A corruption of 600/- ;
tjL'r. baiter =.0. countryman, rustic ; and En g.
lau}.'\ Rustic law, local law or regulations.
* birlaw court, ^ byrlaw court,
* barley court, &c. Looal courts chosen
by neiglibours tu decide disputes between
neighbour and neighbour.
" Birlaw courts, the quhilks are rewled be consent of
r.eighhoui-3."— Me/ie ; Reg. J/ujest., p. 74.
"* toirle, 5. [A.S. byrle, byrele ; 0. Icel.byrli.]
A cup-bearer. (Onnulwm, 14,02;i.)
birled, pa. par. & a. [Birl, v.t.]
birley, s. [Corrupted from barley (?).] (Scotch.)
birley-oats, barley-oats, ;>. A species
of oats.
"... by sowing their bear immediately after their
oats . . , and by using a species of oats called birley.
This grain (which is also white), is distinguished from
the common white oats, in its appearauce, chiefly hy
its ahortuess. It dues not produue quite so good meal,
nor so good fodder."— P. Strathdun, Aberd. Statist.
Ace. xiii. 17a (Jamics(m )
bir'-lie-xnan, bir'-ly-man, s. [Birlaw and
man. Conip. A.S. birighinan — a city oiEcer.]
The petty officer connected with a bui'gh of
barony. (Scotch.)
"... wha's a Whig and a Hanoverian, and be
managed by hia doer, -Taniie Howie, wha's no fit to be
a birlieman, let be a bailie . . ."Scott: Waverley,
ch. xlil
bir'-lin, s. [From Gael. hliairHn.] A long-
oared boat of the largest size, often with six,
sometimes with eight oars ; generally used by
the chieftains in the Western Islands. It
seldom had sails.
"... the Stewart's &irZ/rt or galley."— J/arein; S(.
Hilda, p. 12. (Jamiesoiu)
* birl-lftg (1), pr. par., a., & s. [Birl (1).]
A. & B. As present participle and 'participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
C. As siihstatitive: A meeting for diinking,
a drinking bout, a drinking match, properly
including the idea that the drink is clubbed.
" Na. ua, chap! we are no L-augmg to the Laird's,
but to a little birling at the BioKeiilnuii-fuot, where
there wOl be inony a braw lad and lass. "— 5co« ; Med-
gauntlet. Letter XI,
bir'-li&g (2), pr. par., «., & s. [Birl (2).]
A. & B. As present participle and participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those
of tlie verb.
C. As substantive : A noise, as of a revolving
wheel.
" Mrlijig—mti\(.hig a grumbling noise like an old-
fashioned spinning-wheel or hand-mill in motion." —
Oloss. to Scott's Antiquary. (Jamieson.)
birn, v.t. [Burn, v.] (Scotch.)
birn (1), birne, s. [Burn.] (Scotch.)
birn (2), s. [Ger. hirn, iirne = a pear, which
the portion of a musical instrmnent defined
below resembles in shape.]
jMiis. : The portion of ,a clarionet or any
similar instrument into whicli the mouth-piece
is inserted. (Stainer £ Barrett.)
^bir'-nie, *byr'-nie, s. [A.S. byme — a.
corslet, cuirass.] A corslet ; a brigandine
(Douglas : Virgil, 280, 44.)
bir'-ny, a. [Scotch Mm; -y.) Covered with
the scorched stems of heatli which has been
set on Are. (Scotch.) (Davidson : Leisons.)
bi-ros-trate, bi-ros'-tra-ted, a. [From
Latin prefix bi = two, rostratus = beaked ;
rvbtmm = a beak.]
Bot., £c. : Two-beaked, having two projec-
tions like beaks. Used especially of friiits.
Example— Tra/jct bicornis, the Lmg of the
Chijiese, which
has fruit like a
bull's head. The
seeds fonn a con-
siderable article uf
food. Tlie genus
belongs to the Ona- ^^
graces. There are birostrate fruit (Traixi
two or three bicornis).
species known,
natives of central and southern Europe, India,
China, and Japan. All are floiting plants^
with long, jomted root-stalks. The seeds of
all abound in stai-ch.
bi-ros -tri-tes, o. [From Lat. pref. U = two,
rostrum = beak, and suffix -ites (Jieol.) (q.v.).]
Pakeont. : A fussil genus founded by La-
njarck. It was formerly believed to be a shell,
but is now known to be a mould left loose
in the centre of the shell radiolites. [Radio-
lites.] (S. p. Woodivard.)
*bi-r6w-en, v.t. [Proin A.S. heroioan = to
row.] To row around. (Layarnon, 20,128.)
(Stratmann.)
birr, " birre, " bire, -'' byre, * ber {Eng.\
birr, * bir, * beir, * bere (Scotch), s. [imi-
tated from the sound of a revolving wheel,]
1, Noise, cry, roar.
" I herd the rumour of rammnsche foulis ande ot
beyatis that made grite beir." — Complaint S., p. 59.
2. Force, impetuosity.
(a) In a general sense.
" . . . in a greet bire al the drone wente heedlyng
in to the see . . :'—WycUffa(Puroey): Matt. viii. 32.
(b) Spec. : Of the wind.
" King Eolus set heich apoun his chare,
Temperis thare yre, les thai sudd at thare will
Bere with thar Sir the skyis . . ,"
Doug. ; Virgil, 14, 54.
birr, beir, bere, v.i. (Scotch.) To make a
wliimng sound like that of a spinning-wheel
in motion.
birred,ixi. par. & a. [Birr.]
bir'-ring, pr. par., a., & s. [Birr, v.]
A. & B. As present participle and participial
(idjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
" Rejoice ye birring paitricks a'."
Burns : Tain Samson's Elegy.
C. As substantive : The noise of pai-tridges,
&c., when they spring. (Jamieson.)
''^ bir'-riis, s. [Lat. birrus — a cloak for rainy
weather.] A coarse woollen cloth, worn by
tlie common people in the 13th century. It
was called also burreau. (Planclis.)
^ bir'-sall, s. [Brasell.] (Scotch.)
birse(l), tbirs, *byrss (pi. *byrssis%s.
[A.S. byrst ; Sw. borst; Dan. borste j Dut.
borstel ; Ger. borste = a bristle. ]
1. Lit. : A bristle or bristles ; the beai'd.
(Evergreen, i. 110.) (Knox, 51.)
2. Fig. : Anger, passion.
". . . he wad eetupthe tother's6ir«e,and may be do
mair ill thau glide." — Scott : Antiyuary, ch. xxi,
blrse, birze (Scotch), brize (0. Eng.), v.t.
[A.S. brysan = to bruise, to break small.] To
bruise (Wa.tso7i) ; to push or drive (Shirref:
Poems); to press ; to squeeze.
birse (2), birze, s. [From birse, V. (q.v.).]
1. A bruise. (Gait.)
2. The act of pressing ; a squeeze.
* birsillit, i-ia. par. & a. [Birsle.] Burnt,
scorched.
"The birsilUt banea, "— iJoit?. : Virg-il, 368, 27.
birsle, birstle, bnssle, v.t. [A.S. brislUan
= to crackle, to bum.]
1. To bui-n slightly, to broil, or to birsle
peas. (Douglas : Virgil, 226, 3.)
2. To warm ; to scorch. (Jamieson.)
* birsle, * brissle. s. [Birsle, v.] A hasty
toasting or scorching ; that which is burnt;
scorched or toasted surface. (St. Patrick
ii. 191.)
'■ birs'-sy, a. [From Scotch hirse, and suff". -y.]
1. Lit. : Having bnstles. (Douglas : Virgil,
322, 4.)
2. Fiy. : Hot tempered, easily irritated.
birt, * byrte, s. [Etym. doubtful. Compare
Fr. bertonneau (Mahn).^ A name for a fish,
the Turbot, Rhombus inaximits.
birth (1), * birthe, ^ birhehe, ^ birthhe,
^ bjrrth, s. & a. [A.S. beorth, berth, hyrd,
gebyrd ; from he, an, beoran = to bear, produce,
bring forth. In Sw. bond; Dut. gehoorie;
(N. H.) Ger. geburt; O. H. Ger. kapurt ; Goth,
gabaurths; Gael, brclth.]
A, ^s substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) The state of being brought forth,
(a) In a general sense: With the foregoing
meaning.
(b) The time of being brought forth.
" But thou art fair, and at thy birth, dear boy.
Nature and fortime join'd to make thee gieat.
Shakesp. : King John, iiL 1.
(c) Extraction, lineage. Spec, high extrac-
tion, high lineage.
". . . aman raised by 6<r(^ft and fortune high above
his fellows."— J/acuitZdy : Hist. £ng.. ch. xiv.
(d) Condition of things resulting from one's
boil. b63r; pout, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, ghin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon exist ph = f
-ciaji. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -ciius = shus. ' -ble, -die. L. == bel, det '
550
birth— biscuit
having been born. Consequiiuees of birth in
certain eircamstances,
" High ill Ilia chariot tlieii Hale3us came,
A foe by birth to Troy's imliappy mtiuL',"
Dryden: Virgil; ^'neidvn. 1,1)00,1,001.
(2) The act of bringing forth.
" Ajifl at her next birth, much like thee,
Through paugs fled to felicity." Afilton.
(3) He, she, or that which is brought forth.
Vsetl—
(a) Of the Imman race :
" That poets are far i-arer birtlis than kings.
Your noblest father prov'd." Ben Jonsoii
(b) Of the inferior animals :
" others hatch their eggs, and tend the birth, till it
is able to shift for itself, —Add-ko-n,
(c) Of plants :
" The vallies smile, and -with their flow'ry face,
And wealthy birtlis, confess the flood's embrace."
Blackmore.
2. Figuratively : U.sed —
(1) Of anything in nature coming into ej:ist-
ence :
" No kindly showers fall on our barren earth,
To hatch the seasons in a timely birth."
Dryden.
(2) III a spiritual sense. [See II.]
11. Tlicology. Neivhirth: Regeneration.
B. As culjccfive : Of, belonging to, arising
from, or in any way connected with the time
when or the circumstances in which one has
been bom. [See the compounds which follow. ]
birth-hour, s. & a.
A. Assiihst.: Thehour in which one is born,
B. As adj. : Pertaining to that hour.
1 A hirth-lwvr blot. A blot or blemish on
the body at birth.
" The blemish that will never be forgot ;
Worse than a slavish wipe, or birth-hour's blot."
Shakesp. : Kap'- of Lucrece, 536, 537.
birth-mark, s. A mark or blemish
formed on the body at bii-th.
" It reamiears once more.
As a birth-Tnark on the forehead."
Loiigfellow : Oolden Legend, M.
birth-pang:, -s. The pains of child-birth.
(Carlyle : Sartor lies., bk. ii., c. viii.)
birth-sin, s.
Theol.: Original sin. [Original J
birth-song, s. A song sung at one's
birtli. Spec, that sung by the heavenly choir
at the birth of the Saviour. (Luke ii. 13, 14.)
"An host of heavenly quiristers do sing
A joyful birth-song to heaven's late-bom king,"
Fitzr-geffry : Jilessed Birthday (1634), p. 45.
birth-Strangled, a. Strangled at birth.
" Finger of birtlt-strangled babe "
S!iakesp. : Macbeth, iv. I.
* birth (2), s. [Berth.]
" birth (3), * byrth, s. [Burden.] (Scotch.)
* birth, v.t. [Berth.]
birth'-day, 5. & p. [Eng. iirth; day.]
A. As substantive :
1. More literally :
(1) The day on which one was born.
(2) Its anniversary.
" This is my birthday ; as this very day
Was Cassius bom."
tihakesp. : Julius Ccesnr, v. 1.
2. More jig. : Origin, commencement.
" Tliose barbarous ages paat, succeeded next
The birthday of Invention "
Voivper : The Tiuk, bk. i.
B. As oxljcciive : Pertaining to the day on
which one was born, or to its anniversary,
" Your country dames,
Whose cloaths returning birthday claims "
rrior.
* birth'-dom, s. [Eng. hirth, and suffix -ilnm.
= dominion, Jordship ; as in kingdom, Christ-
endom.] Privileges or advantages of birth.
"... like good men,
Bestride our downfaln hirtlidom."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
* bir'th-ol, o. [0. E. hirthel = fruit-bearing,
from A.S. beorth = birth.] That brings forth
fruit ; fruit-bearing.
" Ilk gres, ilc wurt, ilc hirthheltre."
Story o/Ge-ri. & Exod., 119.
* bir'-then, v.i. [Birth, s.] To be born, to
come into the world.
" Qiiether here sulde hirih'-ii M-foren."
Htoru cf Geti. & Exod., 1471.
"^" bir'-then, s, [Burden.] (Rom. of the Rose.)
* birth'-ie, rt. [Eng. birth; sufT. --ir.] Produc-
tive ; prolific. (Scok-h.) (Lav.' of Merchants.)
* bir'-thin, s. Tlie same as Burden, ^. (q.v.).
(Wycliffe, ed. Purvey, 2 Cor. iv. 17.)
'* birth'-iilg, pr. par. & s. [Berth, v.]
A. As pr. -par. : In a sense corresponding to
that of the verb.
B» As subst. Nautical: Anything added to
raise the sides of a ship. (BoAley.)
birth'-less, a. [From Eng. hirth, and .suffix
'less = without.] Without birth, (Scott.)
birth '-night (gh silent), s. & a. [Eng. birth;
night. In Ger. geburtsnacht.]
A. -4s substantive :
1. The night on which one was born.
" And of the angelic song in Bethlehem fteld.
On thy birth-night, that sung Thee Saviour born."
Jlilron : P. fl., iv. 505. 506.
2. The anniversary of that night in future
years, or the evening or night kept in honour
of tlie birthday.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the evening
or night Icept as the anniversary of one's birth.
"A youth more glitt'ring than a birthnigkt beau."
Pope : Rape of the Lock, i. 2"
birth-place, s. [Eng. birth ; place. In Dut.
gcboorte-plaatz.'\ The place at which one was
born.
"... the mother-city of Rome, and birthplace of
hia parent Ilia." — Lenns: Astron of the Ancients.
If It is sometimes used of plants.
" How gracefully that tender shruh looks forth
From its fantastic birthplace "
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iii.
birth'-rSght, s. [Eng. 'birth ; right. In Dut.
geboorterecht ; Ger. geburtrrecht.'] The riglits
or privileges which one acquires in ■\'irtue of
his or her birth. Used —
1. Specially: Of the privileges thus acquired
by a first-born son.
"In bonds retained his birthright liberty."
Dryden : To .fohn Driden, Esq.
2. In a more general sense : Anything ac-
quired by birth, even though it is often hard-
ship rathep than ease and privilege.
" Who to yoar dull society are lH>rn,
And with their humble birthright rest content."
Wordsworth ■ Excursion, Ijk. v.
* birth'-tide, s. [Eng. birth, and tide = time,
season, death.] The time or season of one's
birth.
" No ominous star did .it thy birth-tide shine."
Drayton : Dudley to Lady Jane Grey.
birth '-wort, s. [From Eng. hirth, and woii
= A.S, uyyrt = a vegetable, a plant. See def.]
Botany :
1. Singular: The English name of the plant-
genus Aristolochia, Botji the scientific and
the English names arose from the belief tliat
the species are of use as a medicine in child-
birth. [Aristolochia.]
2. Phiml. Birthu'orts: The English name
of the order of plants called Aristolochiacea:
(q.v.).
^' bis, a. [Ft. &is = brown, tawny, swarthy.]
A pale, blackish colour. [Bice, Bistre.]
" In Westmynstere he lis toumbed richely
In a marble bis of him is mad story."
Langloft, p. 230. (Boucher.)
bis, adv., and in compos.
A. As an Independent word :
Music : Twice.
1. A direction that the passage 6ver whicli
it is placed, the extent of which is generally
marked by a slur, is to be performed twice.
The insertion of the word his is generally limi-
ted to short passages ; in the case of longer ones
marks of repeat are substituted, [Repeat.]
2. Again ; an encore, a calling for a repeti-
tion of the performance. (Stainer £ Barrett.)
B. In compos. [Lat. bis=iwice, for diiis (as
helium stands for duelluvi) ; from d,%io = two ;
Gr. 5t5 (dis) = twice ; Svo (duo) = two ; Sanse.
dris —twice; dvi — Uvo, The English word
(i/jice is cognate with &is. (Twice.) Bis occms
in composition in a few words, as &issextile.
In the form bi. contracted from his, it is a
prefix in many English words, and especially
in scientific terms, as ?M'dentate, ?npinnate, &i:.
bis coctus. [Latin.] Twice cooked.
bis iinca, s. [Lat. 67s = twice; unco.
Low Lat., in place of Class, Lat. lincus = a
hook.] A semiquaver ( ^), or note with two
hooks.
"" bis, s. [The same as Bissyn (q.v.).] {Sjwn-
mens of Lyric Poetry , ed. Wright^ (Stratmann.)
bi'-^a, bi'-za, s. [Pegu language.]
1. Numis. : A coin of Pegu, value half a
ducat.
2. Weights & Meas. : A weight used in Pegu.
bl-s3.c'- cate, a. [From Lat. hisaccum = a
double bag, saddle-bags ; hi (prefix) = two,
and saccus ; Gr. (tolkkos (sakkos) = a sack, a
bag.] [Sack.]
Bot. : Having two little sacks, bags, or
pouches. Example, the c^lyx of Matthiola, a
genus of Cruciferous jilants.
bis-ca'-cha, s. [Sp.] The same as Viscacha
(q.v.).
Bis-Cay'-an, a.. [From Biscay. See def.]
PertJiining to Biscay, one of three Basque pro-
vinces in the north of Spain.
Biscayan forge, s. A furnace in which
malleable iron is obtained directly from the
ore. It is called also a Catalan fm-nace.
[Catalan.]
* bi-SCha-dwe, v.t. The same as Beshade
(q.v.). (Seven Sages.)
^ bl-SChe'd-en, v.t. [From A.S. (fii)sceadan =
tosprinkle.] Toshedon. (Wycliffe: 4 Kings.
viii.)
* bi-schi'ne, ^ bi-schi'-nen, v.t. & i. The
same as Beshine (q.v.) (OrmuL, 18,851.)
bi'-SQhof-ite, s. [Named after the celebrated
geological chemist. Dr. Gustav Bischof.] A
mineral, called also Plumboresinite (q.v.).
(BHt. Mus. Cat.)
" bis'ch-op.
[Bishop.]
* bi-schrewe, * bi-schrew-en, v.t. The
.same as Beshrew (q.v.). (Chaucer: C. T.,
U,427.)
bi-schut-en, * bi-schut-ten (pret. U-
i^chet : pa. par. bischet), v.t. [The same as
Bf.shut.] To shut up. (Piers Flo wm., ii. 189.)
' bis'-COCt, s. [Biscuit.]
bis'-c6t-in, s. [Fr. biscotin =a small biscuit
easily broken ; from Ital. biscotino, dimin. of
biscotto.] [Biscuit.] Sweet biscuit ; a con-
fection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and
eggs.
bis'-cuit, ' bis'-ket, ^ bjrs'-cute, * bys-
quyte, * bis-coct', s. & 0. [From Fr.
biscuit; bis = twice, and cnit ■= cooked,
baked, pa. par. of cuire^=-tQ cook. In Sw.
hisqvif ; Dut. beschuit ; Ger. biskvit ; Prov.
bescveg, hescueit ; Catalan hescui/t; Sp. hiz-
cocho ; Port, biscouto, biseoito ; ital. biscotto;
from Lat. his = twice, and coctus = cooked,
baked, pa. par. of co^ito = to cook, to bake.]
A, As siibstanticc :
I. Ordinary La.nguage :
1. Gen. : Thin flour-cake which has been
baked in the oven until it is highly dried.
There are many kinds of biscuits, but the
basis of all is flour mixed with water or milk.
In fancy biscuits sugar, butter, and flavouring
ingredients are used. Plain biscuits are more
nutritious than an equal weight of bread, but
owing to their hardness and dryness, they
should be more thoroughly masticated to en-
sure their easy digestion. When exposed to
moisture, biscuits are apt to lose their brittle-
ness and become mouldy, hence it is necessary
to keop them in a drj' atmosphere. Digestive
biscuits consist almost entirely of bran. Char-
coal biscuits contain about ten per cent, of
powdered vegetable charcoal. Meat biscuits,
which are said to be A-eiy nutritious, contain
either exti'ait of meat, or lean meat which has
been dried and ground to a fine powder.
Ground roasted biscuits are sometimes used
to adulterate coff'ee.
"In Greece there is no hiscoct . . ." — Lodge : Illustr.
Brit. Ifisl-.i 169. {Richardson.}
2. Sjxc. : A kind of hard dry bread made to
be used at sea. When designed for long
voyages it is baked four times. The word
biscuit is generally used in the singular as a
noun of multitude.
" All the bakers of Rottei-dam toiled day and night
to make biscuit." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
II. Teclin-lcally :
1. Porcel ail} -making : Articles of pottery
moulded and baJced in an oven, preiwratory to
the glazing and burning. In the biscuit form,
pottery is bibulous, but the glaze sinks into
f&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, iall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot.
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, bb, oe = e ; ey = a. qu := kw.
biscutate—bishop
551
the pores and fuses in the kihi, forming a
vitreous coating to the ware.
2. Sculp. : The unglazed material described
under No. 1. (Used for making statuettes
flnd ornaments, for which it is well adapted
from its soft tone and from the absence of glaze
upon its surface.)
B. As <idjective:
1. Pertaining to the article of food described
under No. 1, or to the porcelain mentioned in
No. 2.
2. Of the colour of a biscuit ; very light
brown ; as, biscuit satin.
bisciut-inaking, s. The art or opera-
tion of making biscuits.
Bi^mit-making Machine : A machine for
making biscuits. In suoli a machine, in use
at the Portsmouth Navy Victualling Esta-
blishment, flour and water are mixed by the
revolution of two sets of knives. The dough
is then operated upon first by a breaking roller
and then by a traversing roller, and cut nearly
through by a cutting- frame, after which a
workman transfers the whole mass to an oven.
bi-scu'-tate» «. [From Lat. prefix bi — two,
and Eng. scutate; or Lat. sciitaius = armed
with a scutum or oblong shield.] [Scutate.]
Bot. : Resembling two bucklers placed side
by side. Example, the silicula (short fruit)
of biscutella (q.v.).
bi-SCU-tel'-la, s. [From Lat. pref. bi = two,
and Low Lat. scutella, dimin. of scutum — a
buf'.kler or shield. The allusion is to the form
of the seed-vessel.]
Bot. Buckler Mustard : A genus of Cruci-
ferous plants. The species, which are from
Southern Europe, have small bright yellow
flowers.
bis'-dl-ai-pa-^on, s. [Lat. bis, and diapason
(q.v.).] The interval of a double octave, or
fifteenth. (Stainer & Barrett.)
* bi-s6, * bi-sen, * bl-se-on (pret. bisay), vA.
[A.S. hiseon = to look about, see, behold.]
[Besee.]
1. To see, to look. {WycUffe, ed. Purvey,
Matt, xxvii. 5.)
2. To provide.
" Quiit abraham, god sal bi-scn
Quor — of the ofreude sal beii."
atori/ ofGeiu & Mxod., 1,313-4.
3. To ordain.
" Quail god hauetb it so bi-sen."
Storii of Oeii. it i'xorf. , 1,411.
i. To govern ; to direct.
"And bad him al V'>* 'mid bi-sett."
ii.«r.i OT\i.- • <t i'xorf., 2,141.
bise (1), s. [Bice.] (JDaco.i : Xj;. Hist., Cent,
iii., § 291.)
bi§te (2), s. [Fr. bise: Prov. bisa, biza; Swiss
bise, beise ; H. Ger. bisa, pisa ; Bas-bretou
biz.\ A cold north wind prevailing on tlie
northern shore of the Mediterranean. It is
nearly identical with the mistral (q.v.) (Lait-
dor.)
" When on thia sunervenes the fierce north wind,
known as the biac, Likke Leiuau becomes a mimic mcu."
—Times, May 18, 18S0.
*bi-se9lie, * bi-se'-5hen, v.t. [Beseech.]
(Chaucer: C. T., 12,507.)
bi-sect', v.t. [From Lat. bi = two, and sectum,
supine of seco= to cut.] To divide into two
parts.
1. Gen. Phys. Science, &C. : To divide into
two parts, it not being necessarily indicated
that these are equal to eacli otiier.
"... the production uf two distinct creatures by
bisecting a single one with a knife, or where Nature
herself performs the task of bisection." — Daritriii:
Voyage routul the WorH, ch. ix,
2. Spec. Geom., McdhcDiatical Geog., <&c. : To
divide into two equal parts.
"The rational horisun b'txecteth the globe into two
equal parts." — Browne: Vtiigar Errours.
bi-sect'-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Bisect.]
bisecting-dividers, s. pi. Proportional
dividers wliuse legs are permanently pivoted at
one-third of their length from the shorter end,
su tliat the distance hetween the two points
at that end, wlieu thy divideis are opened, is
just one-half that measured by the longer legs.
bisecting-gauge» s. a gauge for mark-
ing a median line along a bar. The liar has
two cheeks, one adjusttible. The ends of the
toggle-bar connect to the respective checks,
and at the pivot of the toggle is a pencil or
scribe-awl which marks a median line between
the facing sides of the two cheeks.
bl-sec'-tion, s. [In Fr. bissection. From Lat
prefix bi = two, and sectio = a cutting.]
1. Gen. Phys. Science, dtc. : The division of
anything into two parts, whether equal or un-
equal. (See example under Bisect.]
2. Spec. Geom., £c. : The division of a ma-
thematical line, sui'face, solid, or angle, into
two equal parts.
bi-sec'-tor, s. [Lat. bi = two, and Eng.
sector (q.v.).] The line which divides a mathe-
matical line, angle, surface, or solid into two
equal parts.
bi-sec'-tnx, s. [From Lat. p^refix bi — two,
and sectrix, used to mean that which cuts, but
in Class. Lat. it signifies one who jjurchases
confiscated goods.]
Min., Cnjstallog., Optics, &c. : The line which,
in biaxial polarisation, bisects the angle be-
tween the two axes of polarisation.
* bi-seg'e, v.t. The same as Besiege.
bi-seg'-inent> s. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and seginentum = a cutting, a piece cut off", a
zone of the earth ; seco = to cut.] One of the
two segments of a bisected line.
'^ bi-se'ke, * bi-s^'-ken, v.t. [Beseech.]
(Rom. of tlie Rose.) (Story of Gen. £ Exod.,
2,492.)
^ bi-seme, v. t. & t. The same as Beseem (q.v.).
* bis'-en, v.t. [Bise, u]
* bis'-en, *bis-ene, «. [Bisson.]
''bis'-en, *bis'-ne, 5. [A.S. bysen; O. Icel.
bysii.} An example.
*' bi-sen'de, bi-sen'-den (pret. bisende),
v.t. [A.S. bise udan=. to send.] To send to.
(Rob. Glouc, 491, 5.)
* bi-se'n-gen, hG~zen'ge,v.t. [From A.S.
besengau, besencan = to singe, to burn.] To
singe. (Ayenb., 230.)
* bi-sen -ken, ^ bi-seh'-chen, v.i. [From
A.S. biseiican = to sink.] To dip, to plunge.
bi-se'r-i-al, a. [Lat. biserialis; from prefix
6i = two, andsert(.'S=arow, succession, series;
from sero, pret. serui = to put in a row, to
connect.]
Bot. : Consisting of, or arranged in, two rows.
bi-ser'-rate, a. [From Lat. prefix bi- = two,
and serratus = saw-shaped ; se7T0 = to saw.]
1. Bot. : Doubly serrate (said of leaves, the
serratures of which are themselves serrate).
2. Entom. : Serrated on both sides, as some
antenna;.
"^ bi-se't, y.(. [Beset.] (Cha,ucer: CT., 3,014.)
bi-se-tose', a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and setosHS = bristly ; from seta — a. bristle.]
Having two bristles ; bisetous.
t bi-se'-toiis, a. [Lat. prefix bi, and Eng.
setous ; from Lat. seta =- a bristle. Comp.
biseta = a sow whose bristles frouk the neck
backwards are disposed in two folds or rows.]
Having two bristles. (Brandc.)
t bi-sett'e, v.t. [Beset.] (Chaucer: C. T.,
281.)
t bi-sex'-oiis, a. [Lat, prefix bi = two, and
sexzis = sex.] Of two sexes.
TT The more common word is bisexual (q.v.).
bi-sex'-u-al» a. [Lat. prefix bi = two, and sex-
ualis = pertaining to sex (q.v.).] Of two sexes;
having both sexes in the same iiidi\'idual.
bish'-op, * bissh-op, * bissch-ope,
■■" bisch-op, s. tfe a. [A.S. bisceop, biscop ■
leel. & Pol. biskup; Sw. biskof; Dan. biskop
bisp ; Dut. bischop ; (N. H.) Ger. bischof]
O. H. Ger. piscof; Goth, aipiskai/jnis ; Russ.
episcopy ; Wei. asgob ; Fr. eveque ; Prov.
hisbe, vesquc, eves'jue ; Sp. obisxio; Port, bispo;
Ital. vescovo; Lat. I'ljiscop^is; Gr. eTrio-KOTros
(episkopos), as s. =(l)an overseer, a guardian,
(a) (ill Education) a tutor, a watcher, (h) an
Athenian intendant, (c) an ecclesiastical super-
intendent, in the apostolic age = TrpeCT-^uVepos
(presbuteros) (N. T.), but afterwards a bishop •
(2) a scout, a watch ; as ad,j. eirCa-Koiro^ (episkopos)
= watching over : eiri (epi) = upon, . . . over ;
a-KOTTo^ (skopos) = one who watches ; a-Kiirroti.ai
(skeptovuii) = to look about, to look carefully.]
(Liddell (£; Scott.)
A. As substantive :
I, Of persons :
1. New Testament :
"^ (1) A chief priest among the Jews.
" For he wiste that the hiyeate prestis hadden takun
hym by enuye. But the bischopis stireden the puple
that be schulde rather leeue to hem Barabas ... —
Wycliffe (ed. Purvey) : Mark xv. 10, IL
(2) An ecclesiastical functionary in the
apostolical churches. There was a plurality
of such officers in that at Philippi, their
associates in government being deacons, while
the " saints," or ordinary Christian members,
are mentioned before both (Phil. i. 1). The
same officers in the church at Miletus,
termed in our version of the N. T. "over-
seers," are identical with the "elders" of
the same ecclesiastical community. [See
etymology.] " And from Miletus he sent
to Ephesus and called the eldei-s [Trpeo-jSu-
Te'pous (presbuterous)] of the Church, and . . .
said, . . . Take heed, therefore, unto your-
selves, and to all the flock over the which the
Holy Ghost hath made you [en-to-Kon-ous (epis-
kopousy] overseers." Or the word might have
been rendered, as in other places, "bishops."
The term 7^peo■^uTepos (presbuteros) was bor-
rowed from the synagogue [Elder, Presby-
ter] ; etymologically it implied that, as a
rule, the person so designated was pretty
well advanced in life, whilst eiria-Koiros (episko-
pos), borrowed from the polity of the Grecian
States, pointed to the duty incumbent on him
of overseeing the church. The qualifications
of a New Testament bishop are given at length
by St. Paul (1 Tim. iii. 1—7 ; Titus i. 7—9),
the only other Christian functionaiy men-
tioned with him being still the deacon (1 Tim.
iii. 8—13.)
2. Fig. : Christ viewed as the overseer or
spiritual director of the souls of Christians,
and as guiding them as a shepherd does his
flock.
" For ye were as sheep Koiu^ ftatray; but are now
returned unto the shepherd and bishop of your souls, "'
—1 J'et. IL 25.
IL Church History :
1. Post-apostolic period : A church function-
ary superior to, and ruling over, the elders or
presbyters. Parity among a body of men
may exist theoretically, but it cannot in
practice be realised. At the deliberations
held by the presbyters of Philippi, of Miletus,
or other Christian churches, in all probability
one of their number was voted into the
chair. Times of persecution bring the strongest
to the front, and that strong man would, at
nearly every crisis, preside over his fellows.
He would become their natural leader, and
after a time their actual ruler. A distinctive
appellation was required to discriminate him
from his colleagues, and gradually he mono-
polised the term eTri'o-KOTro^ (episkopos) = o^'er-
seer or bishop, leaving the humbler desig-
nation of Trpeo-(3uT6pot (presbuteroi) = presbyters
or elders, to his former equals. Such evan-
gelists as Timothy and Titus also exercised
functions in many respects identical with
those of an episcopate (1 Tim. i. 3 ; iii 1 • v
17, 19, 20, 22 ; 2 Tim. i. 6 ; ii. 2, 14 ; iv. 2,
5 ; Titus i. 5—13 ; ii. 15.) Finally, the pastor
of a church which had a series of village
churches to which it had given birth around
it, would naturally become overseer of those
in charge of these smaller congregations. AH
these influences tended in favour of episcopacy,
which Dr. Lightfoot, late Bishop of Durham,
believes to have arisen first in the Jewish
Churches, whence between 70 and 100 A.D. it
spread to those of Gentile origin, while an
inquirer of a totally different school of thought
dates the change between 120 and 130. In
the writings of Clement, one of the "Apostolic
Fathers," the presbyter and bishop are still
the same. Polycarp and Hernias speak less
decidedly. Ignatius was once studded with
passages extolling the episcopate. Most of
these have since been discovered to be inter-
polations, and even the few that remain are
not free from suspicion. Omitting various
Christian fathers, and proceeding at once to
the middle of the third century, the writings
of Cyprian, who filled the see of Carthage from
A.D. 248 to 258, are full of passages exalting
the bishop high over the presbyter, the posi-
tion claimed for the former being that of
successor of the apostles. The views of
boll, b^; po^t. jo^l; cat. ceU. chorus, chin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon exist.
-cian,-tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhiin. -cious. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, Ic ~bel dTi
mg*
oo2
toishop— bismare
Cyitrian became those of the church in general.
[For further developments see Archbishop,
Cardinal, Pope.]
2. More modern times, specially in England^
A spiritual ovei-seer ranking beneath an arch-
bishop, and above the priests or presbyters
and deacons of his diocese, but his jurisdiction
is territorial, not personal. Before a bishop
can be consecrated he must be thu-ty years of
age. The Established Cliurch of England is
episcopal, and nf its bishops twenty-four sit
ill the House of Lords. They are technically
called "lords spiritual," but are not con-
sidered "peer.s of the realm ; " they are only
"lords of ])arliamcnt," nor is their dignity
hereditary. Tliey ranlc in precedence below
viscounts and above barons. Their style is
the Riglit Rev. the Lord Bishop of ,
and they are addressed as My Lord. Among
the spiritual duties which they discharge are
the confirmation of young peoiile prior to their
partaking of the communion, the ordination
of priests and deacons, the consecration of
churches and of burial-grounds, the institu-
tion or collation to vacant cliurclies, with a
general superintendence of morals and doc-
trine of the clergy belonging to their respec-
tive dioceses, besides taking part with their
brethren in the consecration of other bishops.
For the method of episcopal election see conge
cVellre. The Church of Rome, the Greek
Church, and the Eastern Churches generally,
are under bishops. An immense majority
of Christians throughout the world regard
diocesan episcopacy as of divine institu-
tion ; and many, attaching high importance
to what is termed ajiostoUc succession (q.v.),
unchurch any Christian community which re-
fuses to place itself under episcopal supervi-
sion, and deny that the orders of any minister
are valid who has not been ordained by a
bishop. [Bishopric. ]
" It is a fact now generally recognised by theologians
of all shades of opinion that in the language of the
New TcHtament the aaine officer in the church is called
indifferently 'li^h-jp,' eTTiO'KOTTOs {episkopos) and
'elder' or 'in-esbyter' (vrpecr^uTepo?)."— iiff^tyoo? .-
Uitlsean Prof, of Bivinity, Trin. Col., Cambridge, late
Bishop of Darham(St. Paul's Epis. to the Philippians,
1868), 1>. 93.
1" Suffragan Bishop. [Suffragan-.]
III. 0/ things:
1. A name for any of the small beetles
popularly called Lady-birds, and by entomolo-
gists placed in the genus Coccinella. [Cocci-
NELLA, LADV-BIRD.]
2. A cant word for a mixture of wine,
oranges and sugar.
" Fine oranges
Well roasted, with Bugar and \yine in a cup.
They'll inake a.aweetbislLop, ^yhen gentlefolks sup,"
Swift.
3. A pad or cushion which used to be worn
by ladies upon their waist behind ; it wa.s
placed beneath the skirts, to which it was
designed to give prominence ; a bustle, a
tournure.
i. One of the pieces in the game of chess.
[Chess.]
B. As adject ive : Pertaining to the Christian
functionary described under A.
bishop-bird, s. A loose name for some of
the African weaver birds.
bishop-leaves, bishop's leaves, s.
[So called either because some bishop first
pointed out the medical use of the plant so
liesignated or because the highest flowers were
thought to resemble an episcopal mitre.] The
Water Figvvort (Scroj'^hularia aquatica).
bishop-weed, bishop's weed, 6. A
name given to two plants.
1. The Gout-weed {JEgopoiliimi Podagrarla,
L.)
2. An umbelliferous plant (Ammi inajus, L.)
found wild on the continent of Europe, but
not in Britain,
bishop's cap, s. The English name of a
}<\aut genus, Mitrella.
bishop's court, s.
Law : An ecclesiastical court held in the
catln^dral of each diocese, the bishop's chan-
(■Mlliir acting as judge. If the diocese be large,
commissaries act for him in its remoter parts
for the settlement of such cases as may be
delegated to them.
bishop's elder, ■?. A plant. Same as
BisHOP-WEED (1) (q.v.).
bishop's foot, s. The foot of a bishop.
(Lit. & fig.)
Tf TJie bishop's foot has been in the hroth : The
broth is singed. (Tyndale.) (Scotch.) Simi-
larly in the north of England when milk is
" burnt-to " in boiling it, tlio people say,
*' The hishop has set his foot in it." (Jamiesoii.)
The exact origin of the phrase is doubtful.
bishop's leaves, ». [Bishop-leaves.]
bishop's length, s.
Painting : Canvas measuring 58 inches by
94. (Ogllvie.)
Half Bishop's length: Half bishop canvas,
measuring 45 inches by 56. (Ogilvie.)
bishop's weed, s. [Bishop-weed.]
bish'-6p, v.t. [From bishop, s. (q.v.) ]
1. Ord. Lang. : To admit into the Church
by the rite of conftrmation administered by a
bishop.
" They are prophane, imperfect, oh ! too bad,
Except conflrin'd and bishoped by thee." — Donne.
% Farriery & Horse-dealing: To use "arts
to make an old horse look like a young
one, or an inferior horse one of a superior
type.
" bish -dp-dom, s. [From Eng. hishojy, and
suff. -dorn = the jurisdiction.] The jurisdic-
tion of a bishop ; a bishopric.
"See the frowardness of this niaJi, he would per-
suade us that the succession and divine right of
blshopdojn hath bin unquestionab' e through all ages."
— Milton : A nimad. upon Rem. I>^.
bish'-oped, pa. par. & a. [Bishop, v.]
bish'-6p-iiig, * bish-op-ping, w- i^ar. &
s. [Bisiiop, -y.]
A. As -praent participle : In a sense corre-
sponding to that of the verb.
B. As substantive : Confirmation.
" That they call conftrmaciou ye i)eople call bishop-
ping."— Sir T. More: Work-i, p. 378.
■ bish'-6p-ly, a. & adv. [Eng. bishop; -ly.]
A. As adjective : Like a bishop ; in any way
jiertaining to a bishop.
"... and according to bis iis/ioju?;/ office, . . ." — M.
JIardinge : Jewell, p. 507. {Richardson.)
Tf is^'ow Episcopal has taken its place.
B. As adverb : After the manner of a bishop.
bish'-op-ric, ^ bish'-op-rick, * bish'-op-
riche, * bysch'-6p-ryche, ■ bissh'-op-
ricke (Eng.), >^ bish'-6p-r^, * byssh-
Ope'-rike (0. Scotch), s. [A.S. hisceoprice ;
from bisceojJ, and rice = (1) power, domain,
(2) region, country, kingdom.]
1. .Tlie office of an apostle ; an apostolate.
"For it ia written in the book of Psalms, Let bis
habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein :
and his bishojjrick let another take."— ^icis i. 20.
^ The word in Gr. is eiria-Koiriji' (cpiskopen).
The quotation is from Psalm cix. 8, wliere in
the Septuagint exactly the same Gi'eek word
is used, correctly rendered in our version
of the Psalms "office."
2. The diocese or see of a bishop, the terri-
tory over which the jurisdiction of a bishop
extends. Many of the English bishoprics date
back to Auglo-ISaxon times. Besides the two
Archbishoprics of Canterbuiy and York, the
following thirteen English sees were in exist-
ence iirior to the Norman Conquest : London,
Winchester, Chichester, Rochester, Salisbury,
Bath and Wells, Exeter, Worcester, Hereford,
Coventry and Lichfield, Lincoln, Norwich and
Durham. So were the Bishopric of Man (com-
bined with that of Sodor, from Sndoreys =
the Soutliern l.sles, tlie Scand. name for the
Hebrides, about 1113) and the Welsh sees of fet
Davids (once an archbishoi>ric), Bangor, 8t.
Asaph, and Llandatf. Since then the following
English sees liave been created :Elv(A,D. 1109 1,
Carlisle (1133), Oxford (1541), Peterborough
(1541), Gloucester (1541), Bristol (1541) (the
two last since united), Chester (1541), Ripon
(1836), Manchester (J838), St. Albans and
Truro (1877), Liverpool (1880), Newcastle
(1882), Southwell (1884), and Wakefield (1888).
or all the English sees London, Durham, and
Winchester are held to i-ank highest, and
their occupants liave always seats in the
House of Lords. The Bishop of Sodor and
Man, the lowest in point of dignity, never
has this privilege; nor do the bishops who
are juniors in point of standing possess it,
only twenty-four bishops being entitled to
sit at one time in the Ui)i)er House, amy
there being in Englaml thirty -three English
and Welsh sees. In the Church of Ireland,.
b.-sides two archbishoprics, there are ten
bishoprics. In the Scottish Episcopal Church
there are seven. Connected with the Church
of England there are ninety colonial andi
missionary bishoprics, the first being that of
Nova Scotia in 1787. Within the British
Islands, besides a certain number of arch-
bishoprics, the Roman Catholic Church counts
fifteen bishoprics in Eii land, four in Scot-
land, and twenty-three i.i Ireland. In the
British Empire there are now 105 Roman.
Catholic bishoprics.
^Crabbthus distinguishes between bishopric
and dioce-^c : — " Both these words describe tlie
extent of an episcopal .jurisdiction ; the first
with relation to tlie person who officiates, tlie
second with relation to the cliarge. There
may, therefore, be a bishojrric, either where
there are many dioceses or no diocese ; but
according to the import of the term, there is
pro]ierly no diocese where there is not a
bishopric. When the jurisdiction is merely
titular, as in countries where the catholic
religion is not recognised, it is a bishopric, but
not a diocese. On the other hand, the bishopric
of Rome or tliat of an archbishop, compre-
hends all the dioceses of the subordinate
bishops." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
bish'-6ps-w6rt, s. [Eng. bishop's ; wort.}
The name of two plants.
1. The Betony (Stachys Betonicn, Bentham).
2. A ranunculaceous plant, Nigella dcuTias-
cena, perhaps because the carpels look like a
luitre. (Britten and Holland.)
•■■ bi-Si'-dis, prep. & adv. The same as Beside
(q.v.). (Wycliffe, ed. Purvey, Matt. xiii. 1.)
[Busy.] (Rom. of the
* bis'-ie, * bis'-i.
Rose.)
^bis'-i-l^, '^ bis'-i-li, arZy. [Busily,] (Rom.
of, the Rose.) (Wycliffe, ed. Purvey, 1 Pet. i. 22.)
^ bi-sin'-ken, t'. ^ [A.S. besincan, besencan =
to sink.] To sink. (Cockayne. Hall: Mer-
denhad, A.D. about 1200.)
^ hi-sit'te, * bi-sit'-ten, v.i. [A.S. hesittan
= to sit round, to besiege.] To sit. (Langland,
ii. 110.)
bi-sil'-i-quoiis (qu as kw), a. [From Lat.
prefix bi = two, and siliqua (q.v.), with suffix
-ous.]
Bot. : Having two siliquas.
" bisk, v.t. [Etymology' doubtful.] To rub
over with an inky biusli. (0. Scotch.)
'• ... to be bt^lr'd, m I think the word is, that is, to
be rnb'd over with <in inky brush. "—idiri. Calamy:
Ministers, &c. Ejected, p 5SL {J. H. inilouchcr.)
* bisk (1), s. LI" Fi'- bisque = crayfish soup.
Little considers the remote etym. unknown.]
[Biscuit.] Soup made by boiling together
several kinds of flesh ; crayfish soup.
" A prince, who in a forest rides astray,
And, weary, to some cottage hnds the way
Talks of no pyramids, ur fowls, or btsks ol tish.
But hungry sups his cream, serv d up ni earthen
dish.^ Anns/.
bisk (2), bisDtue (que as k), s. [Fr. bisque,
of unknown origin.]
Tennis-playing, Croqvpt,&<\: A stroke allowed
to the weaker party to equalise the players.
* bisk'-et (1), *. [Brisket.] (0. Scotch.)
* bisk'-et (2), s. [Biscuit.]
* bi-slab -er-ed, * bi-slob -red, pa. par.
[BiSLABBEN.]
* bi-slab'-ren, v.t. [In L. Ger. beslabern.']
The same as Beslobber (q.^'.).
* bi^m, * bisme, * bysyme, ^ bisne»
* bisine, s. [Contracted from Eng. abysm
(q.v.). J An abyss, a gulf. {0. Scotch.)
" Depe viito hellis flude of Acheron,
With hoU bisme, and hiddnous swelth niirude."
Doug. : Virgii, 173, 3". {Jamieson.)
* bis-mare, * bis-mer, * bis-mar, * bis-
mere, * bise-mare, * bus -mare,
* blsse - marre, s. [A.S. bismer, bisnwry
hysmer, hysmor = filthiness, reproach, con-
tumely ; from bi, and svier, prob. conn, with
M. H. G. smier = a smile.]
I. Of things: Abusive speech.
" She was as digue as water in a diche.
And as full of liokir and of bismnre."
Chauerr: V. T., 855, 850.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, £e, oe = e. ey = a. qu =^ kw.
Disme "bisoi'ed
553
n. Of 'persons:
1. A bawd.
*' Douchter, for thy luf this man has grete diaeis.
Quod the bismerc with the alekit si>eche."
jjoug. : Virgil, Prol. 97, L
2. A lewd -woman, in general.
" Get ane bismare ane bame, than al hyr blys gane is."
Doug. : Virgil, 2a8, b. 27. {Jamieson.]
* bisme, a. [The same as Bisson (q.v.).] Blind.
" It cost thee nought, they say it comes by kind.
As thou art bUme, so are thy actions blind. "
Mirror for Magvit., p 4.78.
* liis-mer-i-en, v,t. [From A.S. hismsrian =
to mock, to deride.] To moclt, to insult.
[BisMAKE.] [AyenK, 22.]
Ws-metll'-yl, s. [Bng. Ksm(uthX and ethyl.]
Chem. : Bi (CaHsJs the same as Triethylbis-
muthine. Bismethyl is obtained by the action
of etliyl iodide on an alloy of bismuth and
potassium. It is a yellow, stinking liquid,
sp. gr., 1"82 ; it gives off vapours which tako
Are in the air.
Ms-mil'-lali, blZ-mel'-Iah, interj. [Arab.]
In the name of God ! a very common Moham-
medan exclamation or adjuration.
" aismiHa/i— ' in the name of God;' the eominence-
ment of all the chapters of the Koran but one. and of
prayer and thanksgiving."— B^ron: Giaour [tiole).
-< bis-mlng, * by-is-ming, *■ by-is-ning,
* byse-nlng, * bys-ynt, a. [See Bism, s.]
Abysmal (?).
"And Pluto elk the fader of that se,
Keputtis that bisming belch hatefull to se."
Doug. : Virgil, 217, 45.
biS'-mite, s. [From Eng., &c. bismuth, and
suttix -ite (Min.) (q.v.)]
Min. : The same as Bismuth-ochre. It has
been called also oxide of bismuth. It occurs
massive and disseminated, pulverulent eartliy,
or approaching to a foliated straoture. The
sp. gr. is 4"36 ; the lustre from adamantine to
earthy and duU ; the colour greenish-yellow,
straw-yellow, or greyish-white. Composition,
oxygen, 10-35 ; bismuth, 89 -65. It occurs in
Cornwall and abroad. {Dana.)
* bi-smi'-ten, * bi-snut'-ten, v.t. [From
A.S. besniitan. In O. Dutch besmettan ; O. H.
Ger. bismiszen, ]nsmizan ~ to contaminate.] To
stain, to infect, to contaminate, &c. (N.E.D.)
* bi-smit'-ted, pa. par. [Bismiten.]
* bi-sxno'ke, * bi-smo'-ken, v.t. The same
as Bes-MOKe (q.v.). (Chaucer: Boethius, 49.)
* bi-smo'-ter-en, v.t. The same as Besmut
(q.v.). {ChauAxr: C. T., A. 76.)
* bl-smud'-det, pa. par. A form occurring
in the Ancren Riwle, p. 214, where other MSS.
read bismitted, from bismiten (q.v.).
blf'-muth, s. [In Dan., Fr., & Port, bismuth ;
Sw. & Ifcal. bismutte ; Mod. Lat. bismutMrni,
viffrautliuvi ; Ger. wissttiuth. Ultimate etym.
unknown.]
1. Chem. : A triad metallic element, rarely
pentad At.Wt.210.Symb. Bi"'. Bismuth ocoura
native along with quartz, and is sepai-ated by
fusion ; it is dissolved in nitric acid, and a
large quantity of water added, which precipi-
tates basic bismuth nitrate ; this is fused with
pure charcoal, which reduces it to the me-
tallic state. Bismuth is a crystalline, hard,
brittle, diamagnetic, reddish-white metal, sp
gr. 9-9, melting at 264"C., and expanding on
solidifying. It is permanent in the air, but
oxidises into Bi"'202, at red-heat burning
witli a blue flame. Powdered bismuth takes
fire in chlorine gas foimingBiCla. Bismuth is
easily dissolved by nitric acid ; hydrochloric
acid 'has little action on it. Boiling sulphuric
acid oxidises it with liberation of SOo. Bis-
muth is used to make fusible metal, an alloy
of two parts bismuth, one of lead, and one of
tin ; it melts at 9S°C. Bismuth forms a di-
oxide Bi"'.202, a trioxide Bi'^iOj, and a pent-
oxide Bi.ids. The so-called tetroxide Bi204 is
said to be a compound of the last two oxides.
Bismuth forms one chloride Bi"'Cl,-i bismuthous
chloridelq.v.). Bismuth salts are precipitated
by H^S from an acid solution (see Analysis).
They may be separated from the other metals of
that group thus : the precipitate of sulphides is
wa.shed, and then treated with (XH4)HS ammo-
nium sulphide, -which dissolves the sulphides
of arsenic, antimony and tin: the residue is
washed, and then boiled with nitric acid,
which dissolves all the sulphides except mer-
curic .mlphide HgS. The solutiou is then
evaporated with sulphuric acid, the lectd, if
any, separates out as PbS04, then ammonia
NHs.H.iO is added in excess, which precipi-
tates the bismuth as Bi " (OH);j ; the copper and
cadmium are in the solution. Tlie salts of
bismuth give a white precipitate with water if
NHgHCl ammonia chloride is first added to
convert them into bismuth chloride, and they
give a vfllow j.recipitate with KoCrOj, whicl
is insoluble in KHO, but soluble in nitric acid.
They are reduced on charcoal by the blowpipe-
flame, yielding a brittle metallic bead, and
give a slight yellow incrustation of oxide.
2. Min. Bismuth, Native Bismuth: A sectile
ifnd brittle mineral occurring in hexagonal
crystals, or reticulated, arborescent, foliated,
or granular. The hardness is 2-25 ; the sp.
gr., 9-727 ; the lustre metaUic, the streak and
colour of a specimen silvery-white with a
reddish tinge. Composition, bismuth 99-914,
with traces of tellurium and iron. It occurs,
with other metals, in veins in gneiss, clay-slate,
and other metamorphic rocks. It has been
found in Britain in Cornwall, Devonshire,
Cumberland, and Stirlingshire. Abroad it
occurs in the silver and cobalt mines of
Saxony, in Bohemia, in Norway, Sweden, and
other places.
3. Pliarm. : Subnitrate of Bismuth, Carbon-
ate of Bismuth, and Oxide of Bismuth taken
internally act as sedatives on the stomach in
dyspepsia and chronic vomiting. They have
been also used in epilepsy and in the diar-
riicea attending phthisis. Preparations of
bismuth are sometimes emijloyed externally
as cosmetics, but when a sulphuretted gas
acts upon thein they blacken the face.
1[ Acicular Bismuth is = Aikinite ; Carbon-
ate of Bismuth = Bismuth Carbonate ; Cupre-
ous Bismuth = («) Aikinite, (6) Wittichenite ;
Oxide of BisiTMil/i = Bismite ; Silicate of Bis-
muth = Eulytite ; Sulphuret of Bismuth = Bis-
muthinite ; Telluric Bismuth = Tetradymitc.
bismuth-blende, s. [In Ger. wissmuth-
blende.] Min.: Bulytiue, or Eulytite (q.v.).
bismuth-carbonate, ^. Min. : Bisinu-
tite (q.v.).
bismuth-glance, i. Min. : A mineral,
called in the British Museum Catalogue
Bismuthite, and by Dana Bismutliinitc (q.v.).
blsmuth-nlckel, ». Min. .- Griinauite
(q.v.).
blsmuth-ochre,s. Min. : Bisinite(q.v,).
bismuth-silicate, s Min. .- Eulytine
(q.v.),
bismuth-silver, s. Min. .- Chilenite
(q.v.).
bismuth-sulphide, s. ilf in. .■ Bismuth-
ite (q.v.).
bismuth-tellurium, s. Min.: Teti-a-
dymite (q.v.).
bis'-muth-al, a. [Eng. bismuth; -ah] Of or
belonging to bismuth.
bis-muth'-aur-itc, s. [From Eng., &c. bis-
muth : Lat. auruin = gold ; and suffix -i(e
(Min.) (q.v.).] A mineral called also Bis-
inuthic gold, produced in furnaces. (Dana.)
bis-mu'-thic, a. [Eng. bismuth ; -ic.] Of or
belonging to bismuth.
blsmuthlc-acld, s.
Chem, : Bismuthic Oxide.
bismuthic-cobalt. s.
Min. : A variety of Smaltine (q.v.). (Brit.
Mus. Catal.)
blsmuthlc-gold, s.
Min. : Bisrauthaurite.
bismuthic-oxlde, s.
Chem. . Bismuthic Oxide, called also Bis-
muthic Anhydride, Bismuth Pentoxide
Bi.205. It is prepared by passing chlorine
through a solutiou of potash holding Bi-'^iOg
in susx^ension ; the red precipitate is digested
with strong nitric acid to remove any BioO:}.
The bright red powder is bismuthic acid
IIBiOg : this when heated to 120°C is con-
verted into Bi.^Os, which is a dull red powder :
-when strongly heated it gives off oxygen, and
forms bismuth tetroxide or bismuthous bis-
muthite BLiOsBiaOs.
snir. -id.] A mineral having bismuth as one
of tiie leading elements. (Dana, 3rd. ed., p. 26.)
bis'-muth-ine, s. [Eng. bismuth; -inc.]
' Min. : Bismuthinite (q.v.).
bis'-miith-in-ite, s. [Eng, bismuthin(e) ; -ite
(JlM.)(q.v.).]
Mitt. : An opaque orthorhombic mineral, in
acicular crystals or massive foliated or fibrous.
The hardness is 2 ; the sp. gr., 6-4— 7-2 ; the
lustre metallic, with a lead-grey streak and
colour. Composition: sulphur, 18-19— 19-61 ;
bismuth, 74 -S.")— 80-96 or more. It occurs m
Cornwall and elsewhere. It is called also
Bismuthine, Bismutholamprite, Bismuth-
glance, and Sulphuret of Bismuth.
bis-muth-6-lamp'-rite, s [From Bng.,
&c. bismuth ; Gr. AafiTrpds (lampros) = bright,
brilliant, radiant ; Eng. sutf. -i(e(jlfi7l,)(q. v.)]
A mineral, called also Bismuthinite and Bis-
muthite (q.v.).
bis'-muth-OUS, a. [Eng. bismuth, and sufF.
•ous.] Belonging to bismuth.
bismuthous chloride.
Cliem. : Bi"'Cl3, also called Trichloride of
Bismuth. It is obtained by heating bismuth
in chlorine gas, or by distilling the metal -with
twice its weight of mercuric chloride (HgOla)-
It is a white hygroscopic substance, melting
at 230^ and distilling at a higher temperature.
It is soluble in dilute HCl, and by the addition
of water becomes turbid, Bi"'OCl, a white
powder being formed, which is used as a pig-
ment called "pearl white."
bismuthous nitrate.
Chem. : Bi"'(NO3)3.0H.,O. It is obtained by
dissolving the metal in nitric acid. It crystal-
lises in large transparent prisms. By pouring
a solution of this salt into a large quantity of
water a white basic nitrate is precipitated.
This is used in medicine under the name of
Bismuthi siibnitras ; it acts as a direct seda-
tive on the mucous membrane of the stomach
and intestines. It is given in irrit.nnt forms of
dyspepsia and chronic vomiting, also to check
diarrhaa. It is also largely used as a cosmetic,
but it is blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen.
bismuthous oxide.
Chem. : Bi2'"03. , also called Bismuth Tri-
oxide. Obtained by heating the basic nitrate
(if bismuth to low redness. It is a yellow
insoluble powder. The white hydrate is ob-
tained by precipitating a salt of bismuth by
an excess of ammonia.
bis'-mut-ite, bis'-miith-ite, s. [In Ger.
bissmutit ; from Ger., Eng., &c., bismuth, and
-ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Mill. : An opaque or subtranslucent mineral,
occurring in minute acicular crystals or in-
crusting, or amorphous. The hardness varies
from 1-5 in earthy specimens to 4' or 4*5 in
those which are more compact ; sp. gr. 6-9 to
7-7 : lustre vitreous to dull. It varies in hue,
being white, green, yellow, and yellowish-
grey. Composition ; Carbonic acid, 6'56 to
7-30 ; oxide of bismuth, 87-67 to 90 ; water,
3 44 to 5 03. It occurs on the continent of
Europe and in America.
* bi§'-ne, a. [Bison, a.]
*bisne, s. [Bisen, s.]
' bi-sne-wed, pa. par. [Besnow (q.v.).]
(Piers Plow., B. xv. 110.)
^ bis'-ni-en, v.t. [A.S. bysnian ; O. Icel. bysna.)
To tyi^ify. (Metrical Homilies, ed. .Small.)
* bi-socgt, * bi-SOgte, pa. par. The same
as Besought (q.v.). (Story of Geii. & Exod.,
308, 8,693.)
* bl-soc-ne, * bi-sok-ne, s. [A.S. prefix bi-
and socn = the searching of a matter, an in-
quiry.] Petition, request.
" Ac thorn besokjie of the king delaied it -was yute."
— Rob G^oitc, p. 495.
* bi-s6g'-ni-6, • be-s6'g-ui-6 (sr silent), s.
[From Ital. bisoijno ^ want, necessity. ] A
beggarly rascal. [Bezonian.]
". . . spurn'd by grooms like a base i-i.'o,f7-/j;o .' thrust
out by til" bead and shoulders."— UW PI., vi. 14B.
^Boucher.)
* bi-soil, * bl-su-11-en, v.t. [From A.S.
bisoliatt, bi-sylian =^ to soil, stain.] To soil.
bis'-muth-id, s. [Eng., &c., bismuth, and ' bi-soiled, ^ bl-suiled, pa. })Br. [Bisoil.]
boil, boy; pout, itfvtrl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -slon = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, d^L
654
bison— bistre
* bi-'s6n, * by'-§dn, * bif -ne, * bee'-^en,
* bee'-zen, a. [From A.S. bisene = hhu.d.]
Short-sighted; half blind. [Bisson.]
" A dai thu art blind, other bisrie."—ffule <fc Mglitin-
gale, i, 243.
bi'-son, bi§('-on (pi. bi'-s6n^» bi^'-dns»
* bl-s6ll-te§(), s. [In Ft. hlson ; Prov. bison,
bizon; Port, hisao ; Sp. & Ital. bisonte ; Lat.
bison, genii. ^hisont Is ; Gr. ^tVcoi/ (bison), gen.
pia-itivos (bisd)ios) = the Aurochs or = the Urus.
[Aurochs.] Cf. A.S. 106861^ = 3, butl'alo, a
wild ox; urus bubalus (Bosworth) ; Icel.visun-
d%i,r ; O. L. Ger. bisundr ; N. H. Ger. wisent ;
O. H. Ger. wisent, wisant, wisunt.]
I. Ord. Lang. : The name given* to two
species of ruminating animals belonging to
the Ox family.
1. The European Bison {Bison Europceus).
2. Wrongly applied to the Aurochs (Bos
primigenius).
" Neither had the Greeks any expeiience of those
neat or bufflea, oilled m-i or bisontes."— Holland :
J'liny, pt. ii., p. 32J.
H It will be observed that the word bison at
first brought with it into the English lan-
guage its Lat, pi. bisontes. On becoming
naturalised, however, it exchanged this for
bisons. [See the example imder I., 1.]
2. An analogous species roaming over a
great part of North America. [II. 2.J
" Worn with the lung day's march aud the chase o£
the deer and the bison."
Lone/fellow : Evangeline, ii, 4.
II. Zool. & Palceont. : A genus of ruminants
belonging to the family Bovidte (Oxen). Tliey
have proportionately a larger head than oxen,
with a conical hump between the ahouldera,
due to excessive development of the spinal
processes of the dorsal vertebra?, and a shaggj
mane. Two species are known,
1. Bison Europceus, sometimes called Bomtsus
Bison, the European Bison. It is the ySovao-o-os
(Bonassos) or ^oracro? (Bonasos) of Aristotle,
ilie Biaoiu (Bison) of Oppian, the Bison jiiba-
tus, and the Bonasus of Phiiy, and the Boa
bison of Linnaius. It is often wrongly called
the Aurochs, which is etyniologically the
same word as Ctesar's Urus [Auroch.s]. This
animal has been known from classic times,
and Pliny contrasts it with the Aurochs, as
does Martial, who tells us that these beasts
were trained to draw chariots in the Roman
amphitheatre. It was formerly abundant
over Mid and Eastern Europe, and is the
largest living European quadruped, standing
some six feet higli at the slioulder, and mea-
suring about ten feet from the muzzle to tlie
root of the tail, which is nearly three feet
more, and the streugtli is proportional to tlie
size. The general colour is dusky brown ;
there is a thick mane, and the hair on tlie
forehead is long and wavy. The cows are
smaller than the bulls, and the mane is
thinner. The European Bison is now le-
stricted to some part of the Caucasus, and
to Lithuania, where it is strictly protected
by the Czar of Russia. Some specimens have
been exhibited in the gardens of the Zoological
Society,
2. Bison Atnencamis or Bonasits Americanus,
the American Bison, popularly but erron-
eously called the Buffalo. It has fifteen ribs
on each side, whilst the European bison has but
fourteen, and the domestic ox thirteen. These
animals roam in herds in the western part of
British America and in the United States.
They are large and powerful animals, with
great humped shoulders and a shaggy mane.
Their horns are short and taper raiiidly. Tliey
can resist a moderate number of wuh-es, but
fall a prey to the grizzly bear. They are ex-
tensively hunted by man, on whom, however,
they are accustomed to turn liercely, if he
wound without despatching them. Their
numbers are rapidly diminishing, am I it is very
probable that in a few years the species will
be extinct. [L, 1, ex.]
*bi-spe'ke. * bi-spe'-ken (pret. ijhpw:),
v.t. [A.S. Imprman = to sjicak, . to com-
plain, to accuse.]
* I, Gm. : Tu speak to. [Be.speak.]
2. Specially :
(1) To gainsay: to contradict.
'* He luuede hire ou-like and wl-I,
Aud Hve lie bi-epar: bim iieiifie n. del.
Stuniofiicn & Exoa.,lM^-
(2) To blame ; to condemn.
" Symeoii and leiii it bi-n/jrheii."
Slori/ of >■'". 'l' ExoiX , 1,855.
[Bisegment.] (Glossog.
* bi-spel, s. [A.S. bigspell, hespelL — a parable,
proverb, example ; big = of, by, or near, and
spell, spei = history, relation, . . . tidings. In
Ger. bcispiel.] An example. (0. Eng. Horn,, 12
& 13 cent., ed. Morris.)
^ bi-sper'-ren, v.t. [A.S. bisparrian = to
bespar, to shut.] To lock up.
bi-spin-o^e, bi-spin-ous, a. [Prom Lat.
prefix bi- = two, aud Eng. spinose, spinous.]
Having two spines.
^ bi-spitte, *" be-spSte (pret. bispat, bi-
spatte), v.t. The same as Bespit (q.v.), (Wy-
cliffe. Purvey, Mark x. 34; xiv. (55.) To spit
ux^on.
^' bi-spot -ten, v.t. The same as Bespot (q..v.).
(Chaucer, Boethius.) (Stratmann.)
^ bi-spre'inde, * bi-spreinl. pa. par. [Bi-
spRENGE.] The same as Besprinkled (q.v.).
(Wycliffe, Purvey, Heb. ix. 19, &c.)
* bi-spren'ge, v.t. [A.S. blsprengan = to be-
sprinkle.] The same as Besprinkle (q.v.).
bisque (que as k), s. [Contr. and altered
from biscuit (q,v,),]
Porcelain Manufacture: The baked ceramic
articles which are subsequently glazed and
burned to form porcelain.
* bis'-sarte, a. [Buzz-^rd.] (Scotch.)
* bisse, s, [Bizz.] (Scotch.)
^ "bissecf , v.t. [Bisect.] (Glossog. Nova.)
* bis-sec'-tion, ^ [Bisection.] (Glossog.
Nova.)
*" bis-seg'-ment.
Nova.)
* bisse'- marre, s. [Bismare.] Abusive
speech. {Chaucer.)
* bis-set'» s. [Pr. blset — ... a coarse, brown
woollen stuff ; bisette = coarse narrow lace ;
plate of gold, silver, or copper with which
some stnffs were striped (Cotgrave).] Binding,
lace. (Chalmers: Queen Mary.)
^ bis'-sette, s. [Buzzard.] (Scotch.) (Acts
Jas. IL, 1457.)
bis-sex', s. [Prom Lat. bis = twice, and sex =
six. Twice six = 12.]
Music : A kind of guitar with twelve strings,
invented by Vanhecke in 1770. (Stainer and
Barrett.)
bis-sex'-tile, a. & s. [lu A.S. Ussexte, Uses =
a leap year ; Fr. bissextU, feni. bissextile (a.),
bissexte (s.) ; Sp. bisextet, bisexto, bisiesto (a.) ;
Port, bissextil, bissexto (a.); Ital. bisestik, bi-
sesto. From Lat. bisextllis = containing an
intercalary day ; 6ta-ea=(us = an intercalary day;
bis =. twice, and sextus =sixth (B. 1.).]
A. -4s adjective : Containing two sixth days
in the kalends of the same nmnth ; containing
an intercalary day in whatever way numbered ;
pertaining to leap year. [B.]
"Towards the latter end of February is the blssextUe
or intercularday : called bwsextilt!. becauae the sixth
of the caleuds of Maorch is twice repeated."— i/oWe?- on
Time.
B, As substantive :
1. Roman Year: An Intercalary day intro-
duced into the Roman month of February
once in four years. The name bissextile =
twice a sixth, was given because during leap
year two days of February in succession were
e;ich called Sexta (dies) Kalendas Martii or
Martias = the sixth of the kalends of March.
TliP.-ie two days corresponded to the 2-lth and
2oth of February in our reckoning. [Calen-
dar, Leap Year.]
_ " The year of the sun conaiateth of three hundred and
sixty-flve days and aix hours, wanting eleveu minutes ;
which six houi-s oiuitted, will, in time, deijuave the
compute ; aud this was the occasion of bissexCile, or
leap year," — Urovme.
2. Our ovm Year : The term bissextile is still
retained for leap year, though there is no
reckoning of two sixth days anywhere in it.
"When it occurs, twenty-nine days" are assigned
to February instead of the twenty- eigli't, a
much more natural method of reckoning than
that adopted by the Romans.
" Bissextile, Lea]3 Ylmt, which happens every fourth
year, . . ."—Olossog. Sou.
bis'-some, o. [Bv.ssvm.] (Scotch.)
t bis -son, * bis-en, * bis-enCs, * bee-sen.
*bee-some, * by-some, * bis'-me, * bis-
ne, a, [Of doubtful origin and meaning.]
I. Literally :
1. 0/ persons: Half-blind (?).
" Quo made bisne and quo lockeude?"
Stori/ of Gen. & Exod., 2,822.
2. Of things : Blinding (?).
" But who, oh 1 who hath seen the mobled queen
Run baiefoot up and down, threat'ning the flames
With bissan rheum?' Shakesp. ; Hamlet, ii. 2.
II. Figuratively :
1. Of persons: Destitute of foresight.
"What harm can your bUson consfiectuities glean
out of this character Y'—Shakesp. : Coriola/nus, ii. i.
*bis-syn, 'v.t [Byssyn.] (Prompt. Parv.)
'^bifs'-Syn, s. [Lat. byssinus; from byssus; Gr.
^uo-tros (bussos) = a fine yellow flax brought
from Egypt and India, or the linen made from
it ; Heb. y^a (buts) = same meaning (1 ChroiL
XV. 27).] Fine linen (lit. & fig.)
"... that sche kyuere her with white bissyn schy-
nynge; for whi bissyn is iustifyugis of seyntlis," —
Wycliffe, Purvey : Aix)c. xix. 8.
* bi-stadde, pa. par. [Bestead.] (Rom. of
the, Rose.)
*bi-star-en.'y.^. [A.S. bi, and starlan— to
stare.] To stare at.
"The keiser bistarede hire."
Legend St. Katli~ (1200), (ed. JMlortou). [Stratmann).
"bi-Stay (pret, bistode), v.t. [A.S. bested, pa,
of bestanditn = to stand by, to occupy.]
1. To stand by.
2. To stay ; as one is said to be storm-staid (?).
" Tristrem to Mark it seyd.
How stormes hem btntayd.
Til anker hem braat aud are."
Sir Tristrem, p. 40, st. 02. {JamiesoTLJ
* bi-Sted', pa. x^ar. [Bestead. J
*bi-Stere', v.t. The same as Bestir (q..v.).
(King AUsaunder.)
bi-stip'-uled, bi-stip'-u-late, a. [Lat.
prefix bi' = two, and Eng.' stijmled, stipulate.]
Botany : Having two stipules.
' bistod, pret. ofv. [A.S. bestandan = to stand
by.] Lamented, bewailed, wept for.
" Aud after wune faire hire bistod.
With teres, rem and frigti mod."
Story of den. & Exod., 3,857-3.
bis'-tort, 5. [In Fr. bistorte; from Lat. bis =
twice, and tortus — twi^tad; so named from
the twisted roots. ]
Bot. : The English name given to a sub-
genus or sub-division of the genus Polygonum.
Two British species fall under it— the Poly-
gonum Bistorta (Common Bistoii; or Snake-
weed), and the P. viviparttm, or Viviparous
Alpine-Bistort. Each has a simple stem, and
a single terminal raceme of flowers. The
former has flesh-coloured flowers, and Is
common ; the latter has jialer flowers, and is
an alpine plant. It is sometimes called Alpine
Bistort.
% Dock Bistort : Polygonum Bistorta.
bis'-tour-y, bis'-tour-i, s. [In Ger. bisturl ;
Fr. bistouri; from Pistoja, anciently Ciilled
PistoHa, a city in Italy, twenty miles north-
west of Florence, where these knives were
made at an early period,] A surgical instru-
BISTOURIES.
ment used for making incisions. It has vari-
ous forms— one like a lancet, a second c-alled
the straight bistoury, with the blade straight
and fixed on a handle ; and a third the crooked
bistoury, shaped like a half-moon, with the
cutting edge on the inside,
"Sir Henry Thomson has shown that the time of a
brilliant man 'may be divided between the bistouri and
the imlette-kuife."— /Joiiy J/ews, Feb. 2a, 1880.
bis'-tre (tre = ter), bis'-ter, s. & u. [lu
Fr. &; Port, bistre; Sw. bister; Ger. biestcr,
bister. Compare also Sw. & Dan. bister ~
fierce, angry, furious, bitter.]
A. As subst. : A pigment of a transparent
brown colour. To prepare it the soot left
after beech-wood has been burnt is boiled for
fate, fS-t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, wplf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey=a, q.u = kw.
bistride— bitch
5oo
half an, hour, two pounds of the soot to each
gallon of the water. Before it has cooled, but
after it has been allowed time to settle, the
clearer part is poured off and then evaporated
to dryness, when the residuum left behind is
found to be bistre.
B. As adj.: Of the colour described under A.
^Ill-Stride, v.t. The same as Bestride (q. v.).
bi-siil'-cate, a. [From Lat. hisulcus — two-
furrowed, two-cloveu ; prefix hi = two, and
sulcus = a. furrow; suffix -ate. In Fr. Msulce,
bisulque.]
X. Gen. : Having two furrows, bisulcous.
2. Zool. : Cloven, as a cloven hoof ; bisulcous.
t>i-SUl'-COUS, a. [From Lat. hisulcus. ] Hav-
ing two hoofs ; cloven-hoofed. The same as
BiSULCATE, 2(q.v.).
"For the swine, although iiiultiparoua. yet being
bisulcous, and only cloveDfooted, are farrowed with
open eyes Jia other bisulcous auioiala." — Browne-
Vulgar Errours.
* bi-sul-i-en, v.t. [Bisoil.]
bi-siil'-phide, s. [From Lat. prefix hi, and
Bng. s?iZp7iide (q.v.).] A chemical compound
formed by the union of two atoms of sulphur
with another element.
Iiisulphide of carbon, s.
Chem. : Carbon disulphide, CS2. It is pre-
pared by passing the vapour- of sulphur over
red-hot charcoal. Carbon disulphide is a
transparent, colourless, inflammable, stinking
liquid; sp. gr. 1*272; it boils at 46^ C. It
has great refractive and dispersive power ; it
burns with a blue flame, forming CO2 and SO-j.
It is insoluble in water, but it dissolves sul-
phur, gums caoutchouc, phosphorus and
iodine, and alkaloids. Its vapour is veiy
poisonous, and is very explosive when mixed
with the air or with oxygen gas. Carbon di-
sulphide unites with metallic sulphides, form-
ing salts called Sulphocarbonates, having the
■composition of carbonates with the oxygen re-
placed by sulphur, as calcium-sulphocarbou-
ate CaCSs. A uiixtui'e of the vapour of Ctij
and H2S passed over copper heated to redness
yields a copper sulphide CwaS and marsh gas
CH4. Carbon, disulphide is used to kill
insects, but no light must be near as its
vapour is explosive.
Bisulphide 0/ Carbon Engine : A compound
engine in which the vapour from bisulphide
of carbon is employed in the second cylinder
instead of steam as amotivt-power. A binary
engine.
bi-sul'-phu-ret, s. [Eng. prefix hi, and sul-
phuret (q.v.).] Also caUed Bisulphide (q. v.).
*bi-swi'ke, v.t. The same as Beswike (q.v.).
* bi-SVirin-ken* v.t. [From A.S. heswiucan =
to labour.] To procure by labour.
"... that moweii her bred biawiitke."— Piers Plow-
man, 6, 21G. (Hiratmann.)
*bi§'-3r, '*. [Busy.] {Rovi. of the Rose, <£c.)
bi-sym-met -ri-cal, a. [Prefix bi, and Eng.
syvimetrical.} Possessing bisymmetry.
bi-S^m'-me-try, s. [Prefix bi, and Eng.
symmetry.] Bilateral synnnetry ; correspond-
ence of the right and left parts or sides.
* bis'-y-nesse, 5. [Business.] (Wycliffe, ed.
Fui'vey, 1 Pet. v. 7.)
*bit(l\ *byt. [A.S. hit, a contracted form
o£ biddeth.] 3rd pers. sing. pres. indie, uf
A.S. biddan = bids.
" lacol) elt bit hem faieu ogon "
iitori/ uf (Jen. & Exod., 2,236.
bit (2), pret. & pa. par. of Bite (q.v.).
" There was lately a young gentleman bit to the bone,
who has now indeed recovered." — Tatler.
bit (1), * byte, * bitte (I), -^ bytt (1), s. k a.
[A.S. hita, hit, the latter in composition as bit-
mcBhtm = piecemeal, by bits, from 6ito)t=to
bite. In bw. bit; Dau. hid, hiden, from hide
= to bite ; Dut. heet = bite, bit, morsel,
mouthful ; Ger. bissen, hissch-oi, hischeii, from
beisseii — to bite. Thus hit is contracted from
hite, and is = a mouthful.]
A. As substantice :
I. Ordinary Ln II 'juage :
1. Literally :
* (1) A bite ; the act of biting.
" Defended from foule Envies poisonous bit."
Spenser: F.Q. [ \'erses.)
(2) As much as one might be expected to
bite off" at one operation ; a bite.
" How many prodigal bUa have slaves and peasants
This night englutted 1" Hihakesp. : Timon, ii. 2.
(3) Food. (Scotch.) (Vulgar.)
* T}ie bit and the brat: Food and raiment.
[Brat.] (Scotch.) (Presb. Elog.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) Gen. . A fragment ; a small portion.
Used —
(a) Of a magnituile, or material body.
" His majesty has power to grant a patent fur
8tam)[)ing round bits of copper, to everj- subject he
hath. ' — Htvift.
(h) A short space of time. (Scotck.}
" 0 an he could hae handen aff the smugglgrs 2, oi: "
[(.e.. for a bit, for a little.]— Scott : Gv,'^ Martn(xririg,
ch. xi.
(2) Scotch : A piece of groxmd, a T)lac3p or
particular spot.
"Weel, just as I was coming up the bit, 5 saw a m-n
afore me that I keut was uaue o' our hard?, ^tj.^- '^' a
wild bit to meet ony other body. . ,' — bcott : Guy
Mannering, ch. xL
(3) It is sometimes used of anything not ac-
tually very small, but described as being so
by one who is proud of it or who likes it.
" ' There waa never a prettier bit o' horseflesh in the
stable o' the Gordon Arms,' said the man . . ."Scott:
Guy JUannering, ch. xi.
3. Numis. (& Ord. Lang. :
(a) The popular English name for a small
Spanish coin, a half pistareen circulating in
the "West Indies. Its value is now about 5d.
sterling. In Johnson's time it was estimated
at T-jd.
(&) A silver coin circulating in the Southern
States of America, in value an eighth of a
dollar = 0\d.
Jr. Metal-working, Carpentry, tC'c. .
(a) A boring-tool used by wood-worners. It
is attached to a brace, by which it is rotated.
An auger has many points of resemblance to
a bit, but has a cross-handle whereby it is
rotated, whereas a bit is stocked jn the socket
of a brace, and is rotated thereby. It runs
into many varieties of form, such as the centre
hit, the sperm bit, the gimlet bit, &c. [For
these see the word preceding bit in the several
compounds.] (Knight.)
(h) The cutting-iron of a plane. [Plane
Bit.]
(c) The cutting-iron inserted in the revolving
head of a machine for planing, grooving, &c-.
(d) The cutting-blade of an axe, hatchet, or
any similar tool. It is distinguished from the
pole, which forms a hammer iu some tools.
5. Metal-working :
(a) A boring-tool for metal. There are
various kinds of it, smdi as the half-round
hit, the rose bit, the cylinder bit, &c.
(6) The copper piece of a soblering-tool
riveted to an irou shank ; a copper bit.
T[ See also I, 2, and 3, under II. of Bit (2).
B. As an adjective : Diminutive.
(a) Without contempt :
" I heard ye were here, f rae the bit callant ye sent to
meet your carriage."— iSco» : Aiiiiquari/, ch, viL
(b) Contemptuoushj :
"Some of you will grieve aud greet more for the
di'owniug of a, bit citlf or stirk, than ever ye did for all
the tyrauny and defections of Scotland." — Walker:
Peden, ]}. 62. [Jamleson.)
C. ..-Is adverb. A hit : In the least ; in the
smallest degree.
bit-holder, ;.. That which holds a boring-
bit.
bit-Stock, s. Tlie handle by which a bit
is held and rotated. It is called also a hrace.
bit (2), * bitte (2), * bytt (2), s. [A.S. hmte,
gebcete = a bit of a bridle, a bridle, trappings,
harness (Bosworth) ; hitol = a bridle. Sw.
hctsel = a bridle ; Dan. hedsel =■ a bit, a curb ;
Dut. gebit . . . = a bit.] [Bit, v.}
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Chiefly in tlie sense II. 1.
"Behold, we put bits in the horses' raoutlis, that
they may obey us; aud we tnru about their whole
body."— James iiL 3,
2. Fig. : A curb ; a restraint of any kind.
II. Technically :
1. Iron-working, Saddlery, £c : The iron
part of a bridle which is inserted in the mouth
of a horse, and having rings by which the
cheek-straps and reins are attached. [See
Bridle-bit.]
2. Iron-working, Lock.wiithing,(&c.: The part
of a key which enters the lock and acts upon
the bolt and tumblers. The bit of a key con-
sists of the web and the wards. The web is
the portion left after the wards are notchetl,
sawn, or filed out. In the permutation locks,
each separate piece composing the acting part
of the key is termed a bit. These fit upon tlie
stem of the key, from which they are remov-
able, and are interchangeable among them-
selves, so as to allow the key to be set np
with various combinations agi-eeing with the
set of the tumblers.
3. Iron-working, &c. :
(a) The jaw of a tongs, pincers, or other
. /a(-bi( tongs.
:uD
's
\
COItNET BIT.
similar grasping tool,
(b) The metiiUic con-
necting joint for the
ribs and stretcliers of {
umbrellas.
Music : A small piece
of tube, generally fur-
nished with two raised
ears. It is used to
supplement the crook
of a trumpet, a cornet-
a-pistou, or any similar
instrument, with the
view of adapting it to
a slight difference of
pitch. (Sta i ner and
Barrett.)
% Obvious compound, hit-maker. (Ogilvie.)
bit-key, s. A key adapted for the pennu-
tation lock, the steps being formed by movable
bits, as in the Hobbs lock.
bit-pincers, 5. pi.
Locksmithing : Pincers having curved or
recessed jaws.
bit-strap, s. A short strap connecting
the bit to a short check-bridle or to a halter.
bit (1), v.t. [A.S. h(etan = to bridle, rein in,
curb, bit.] To put the bit in the mouth of a
horse ; to bridle a horse. (Johnson.)
bit (2), v.t. [BiTT, v.]
^ bi-ta'ak, * bi-ta'ke ' bi-ta-ken (pret.
hitok, bitoc ; pa. par. bitakun). (Wycliffe, cd.
Purvey, Mutt. xxiv. 9 ; xxvi. 2.) The same as
Betake (q.v.).
* bi-tac-nen, v.t. The same as Betoken
(q.v.) (Stratiminn.)
* bi-tee-chen, v.t. [Biteche.]
"■bi-tagt, pa. par. of v. [A.S. bitoM, bitavght,
pa. par. of hetaican — to give, to deliver to.]
The same as Betake. Delivered, given over ;
assigned.
" Sone him w.is sarray bi-lagt
Aud pharaon the kiuge bitagt."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 773.
*bi-tale, s. [.\.S. hi, and tale, cf. bispcl.'] A
pai'able. (Stratman n.)
bi-tar'-tar-ate, s. [Lat. prefix bi = two,
and Eng.'tortorate (q.v.).]
Chem. : A name given to salts, as KHC4H40f;,
acid tartarate of potassium, or hydric-potassic
tartarate. This salt is also called Cream of
Tartar. It is prepared from argol or tartar,
an impure acid potassium tartarate, which is
deposited from grape-juice during the process
of fermentation ; the colouring matter is re-
moved by animal charcoal, and then it is
purified by crj'stallisation. It forms groups
of bmall, translucent, oblique, rhombic crys-
tals, which are slightly soluble in cold water,
but insoluble in spirit. When heated in a
close vessel, it is decomposed, leaving a residue
of charcoal and pure potassium carbonate. It
is frequently used in medicine in small doses
as a refrigerant and diuretic ; and iu large
doses, mixed with jalap, as a powerful hydra-
gogue purgati\'e.
*" bi-taughte, 3)re(. [A.S. hitauUe, bitavghte,
pret. of betoicon = deliver to, connuend.]
Commended. [Betake. ]
" He wold they hiu.1 leiiger abide, and they seyde nay,
But bitaughte Gamelyn God, aud .'ood day."
ClMucer: C. T., Cook's Tale, 3;!V-S.
bitcb (Eng.), ^ bick (0. Scotch), s. & a. [A.S.
hicce, bice, bycge ; Icel. bikkja ; Ger. hulze,
betze, jictze ; Basque potzoa. ]
1. The female generally of the dog. but iu
some cases also of the allied species, the fox,
the wolf. &c.
boil, b^; pout, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -tre, &e. = bel, ter.
556
bitched— "t)itrappe
2. Highly v^Ugar and offensive : An oppro-
brious epithet for a womau.
" Him you'll call a. dog, and her a bitch."
Pope : Horace ; Satire ii.
bitch-fo3E, 5. A female fox.
" Where oft the bitch-fox hides her hapless brood."
Cowper : The Needless Alarm.
bitch-wolf, ' bitch wolfe, s. A female
wolf.
" And at his feete a bitch wolfe suck did yeeld
Tu two youug habes."
apemer : Tlie Visions <^ Bellay, ix.
* bitched, a. [BiccHiD.]
bite, * byte. * bight, ' bi-ten, ^by'-tyn
(pret. hit ; \)^. par. bitten, hit), v.t. & i. [A.S
titan (pret. bat, hot, boot, pa. par. biteyi) = to
tite ; Icel. & Sw. bito ; Dan. hide ; Dut. bijteu ;
Goth, beitan; (N. H.)Ger. heissen ; O. H.Ger.
pizan.]
A. Transitive :
I. Lit. : To infix the teeth in anything,
either for the purpose of detaching a portion
of it and swallowing it for food, to inflict a
wound, or for other purjioses ; to break or
crush with the teeth.
" My very enemy's dog.
Though he had bit me, should have stood that night
Against my fire." SliaJcesp. : Lear, iv. 7.
IL Figuratively :
1. Of 'persons :
(1) To inflict sharp pain on the body. Spec. —
(a) To cut, to wound. Cliiefly in participial
adjective biting, as hltiiig falchion. [Biting.]
(&) To inflict such toi-ture as intense cold
does.
" Here feel we . . . the icy phaug
And churlish cliiding of the wiuter'a wiiid,
Which when it bites and blows upon my body,
Eveu till I shrink with cold, I smile."
Shakebp. : As }'oii Like It, li. 1,
(c) To make the ntouth smart by applying
an acrid substance to it. (Chiefly in the jir.
par.)
"It may he, the first water will have more of the
scent, as more fragrant, and the second more of the
taste, as more bitter, or biting." — Bacon.
(2) To inflict sharp pain upon the mind.
(a) To engage in angry contention with ;
sharply to reproach ; to use language fitted to
wound.
" But if ye hite and devour one another, take heed
that ye be not consumed of one another.' — Qal. v. 15.
(&) To trick, to cheat. (Vidgar.)
" Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,
An honest factor stole a uem away ;
He pledg'd it to the kiiignt, the knight had wit,
So keiit the diamond, and the J'ogue was bit."
Pojx: Mor. JSssays, Ep. iii. a64,
2. Of things : To take hold of the ground
or other surface firmly, as a skate upon ice.
[C. Bite in.]
B. Intrans. : Fonned by drojjping the ob-
jective of tlie verb transitive to which it cor-
responds in meaning.
" Let dogs delight
To bark and bite," Watts : Hymns.
C. In special phrases. (In these bite is gene-
rally transitive.)
1. To bite in: To corrode copper or steel
jjlates as nitric acid does in the process of
etching.
2. To bite the ear : To do so after a fashion
without hurting it ; this was intended as au
expression of endearment.
" Slave, I could bite thine ear.
Away, thou doat not care for me !"
Men Joniton : Alch., ii. 3.
% Sometimes hite is used alone in a similar
sense
" Rare rogue in buckram, let me bite thee "
UubUiis, O. PI., X. 147. [Nures).
3. To hita tlie thumb at; to hite the nail of the
thwrnh at : To show contempt for, this being
one of the methods fonnerly ado])ted of indi-
cating contempt. Nares says that the tlmmb
in such a case represented a fig, and the
action of biting it was tantamount to saying,
" A tig for you," or, "The fico 1 " He cites in
proof the following lines : —
" Behold next I see Contempt marching forth,
gluing me the Jlco, with his thombc in his mouth." —
Lodge : Wit's Mlserie, 1596.
" I will bite my thumb at them ; which ia a disgi-ace
to them, if they bear iV—Shakenp. : Jiont. & Jul., i. 1.
'"Tis 110 less disreapeetful to bite the nail of . '/our
thtmi'j, by way of sconi atid disdain, and drawing your
nail from between your teeth, to tell them you value
not this what they can do."— Hales of Civility (transl.
from French, 1678), p. 44.
* 4. To hite -iqx'ii the bridle: To become a
servant to others (?).
" The labouring hand grows rich, but who are idle
In winter time must bite upon the bridle."
Poor Hobin. 17.34. [HalUwell : Contr. to Lexicog.)
bite, " byte, s. [From hite, v. (q.v.). In Sw.
belt; Ban. hid, hUUn. Eng. hit is a contrac-
tion of 6Ue.] [Bit.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of biting.
(1) Ucn. ; The act of inflicting a wound with
the teeth or of detaching a morsel of that
which is subjected to their action.
"The disease came on between twelve and ninety
days after the bite." — Darwin: Voyage round the
World, ch. xvi.
(2) Sjyec. : The act of a fish in snapping with
its teeth at bait.
" I have known a very good fisher angle diligently
four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite.
— yVatlon.
2. The wound inflicted.
(1) Lit. : The wound produced by the teeth
of a man or animal.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) Of things: A cheat, a trick, a fraud.
" Let a man be ne'er so wise,
He Jiiay be caught with sober lies,
Por, take it in its iiroper light,
•Tis just what coxcombs call a bite."— Swift.
Q)) Of persons : A trickster, a sharper; one
wlio clieats.
3. Tlie fragment or mouthful of bread or
anything simitar ; a small quantity of bread.
(1) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
If Bite and soup : Meat and drink ; tlie mere
necessaries of lite. (Scotch.)
"... removed me and a' tbe puir creatures that had
bite and soup in the ca-stle, and a, bole to put our hesida
in, . . ." — Scott • liridc (^ Lam-merinoor, ch. xxiv.
(2) Fig. : A small portion.
"There is never a bite of all Clirist's time with His
people stieiit in \aiii, for He is ay giving them "eason-
ablc instructions." — W. Guthrie: Scrm.., p. a. (Jamie-
son.)
II. Printing : An imperfect portion of an
impression, owing to the frisket overlapping
a portion of the form and keeping the ink
from so much of the paper.
bite in, s.
Engraving : The effect produced by the
action of nitric acid on the parts of the plate
from which the etching ground has been re-
moved.
t bite'-a-ble, t bit'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bite, v.;
-able.] ' That may be bitten. {Cathol. Ang.)
* bi-teg', j)rct. of V. [A.S. heteon (pret. teah,
sing, hetugon, pi., pa. jiar. betogen) = to tug,
tow, pull, go.] j»_ecomplished.
" Get lut vnseue hu ic M'bi-teg? "
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,878.
* bi-tel, *" bi-tele, a. [From Eng. bite.]
Sharp. {Layamon, 20,967.) {Stratniann.)
' bi-tel-den (pa. par. hetild), v.t. [A.S.betel-
dau = to cover, enclose.] To cover. {Lifiade
of S. Jidiana. Siratm-ann.)
^ bi-telle, * bi-tel-len <pa. par. hitold), v.t.
[A.iS. betelkai = to speak about.]
1. To answer for ; to win ; to rescue.
2. To decla^-e, to narrate.
" Quau abram him hi-tohl."
Story of Hen. £ Exod., 920.
^bi'-ten, v.t. [A.S. beteon=i(i tug, go, &c.]
[BiTEG.] To accomplish.
"And here swiiic wel he bi-ten."
Story of Gen. & Exod., a,626.
^ bi-te'-6n (pa. par. bitogen), v.t. [From A.S.
hcicon.] [BiTEO, Biten.] To employ, (p. Fug.
Ilvtnllies, i. ijl.)
^ bit'-er, a. [Bitter.]
bi'-ter, * bi'-tere, s. [Eng. hit(e) ; ~er. In Sw.
biiare ; Dan. hidcr ; Dut. bijter; Ger. heisser.]
1. A person who or an animal which bites.
Used specially —
(a) Of a dog.
'■ Great barkers are no biters."— Camden.
(h) Of a fish that takes the bait.
" He IS 80 bold, that lie will invade one of his own
kind, and you may therefore easily believe him to be
a bold biler." — Walton.
2. Fig. Of persons : A mocking deceiver ;
a trickster, a cheat. (For special signification
see the example.)
" A bih-r is one who tells you a thing you have no
reason tu disbelieve in it-ielf, and pcrbaiit^ has guen
you, befoie lie hit you, no reason to disbelieve it fur
his saying it; tmii, if you L:ive him credit, laughs iu
your face, and trimnphs that be Iws deceived you, He
IS one wlio thinks you a fool, because you do not think
him a 'k.na.vc."— Spectator.
% In composition, specially in tlie word
hack-bitcr (q.v.).
bi-ter'-nate, a. [From Mod. Botanical Lat.
hiternatus.] Twice over divided into three,
Bot. : The term applied when from the com-
mon petiole there proceed three secondary
petioles, each bearing three leaflets. (Lindley.)
■■- bite'-sheep (0. Eng.), * bytescheip (0.
-svoic/t), s. [Eng. hite; sheep. Cf. Ger. be-isz-
f^rha/.] A contemptuous term for a bishop,
intended as a play upon his official designa-
tion, as if he were a bad shepherd who bit the
sheep he was bound to feed.
* hi-thsehtf pa. imr. of v. [A.S. hitlieccan =
to cover, to cloak. J Covered.
"... ink\ i>osUebit?toeht."— Layamon : Brut. {ed.
Madden), 10,216. (Stratinann.)
* bi-tbenke, * bi-tbenche (pret. * hithoitght,
* bitJihogte, *' hithogt, * bithohte, * hithowte),
v.t.,&c. [A.H. het]ieiica7i.] [Bethink.] The
same as Bethink (q.v.).
"... whether he sitteth not first and bithenkith
if he may . . ."—Wycliffe (ed. Purvey), Luke xiv. 31.
^ bi - tben - kynge, jjr . par. [Bithenke. ]
i}Vycliffe, Purvey, Lidie xii. 25).
"bi-tbri'n-gen,"bi-thTu'ii-gen, ; .(. [From
A.S. prefix 6i, and thri)igan = to press, to
crowd, to throng.] To oppress. (Onnuluvi,
14,820. Stratmann.)
'■ bi-ti'de (pret. hitid, hitidde), v.t. & i. [The
same as Betide (q.v.).] (Sir Feminhros, 679,
lloin. of the Rose, cC'c.)
^ bi-time, adv. [The same as Betimes (q.v.).]
* bi-time, v.i. [Betimes.] To happen, occur.
"Gif suune bitiined bi nihte." — Ancren /iiwle, p. 321.
bi -tiiig, "^ by'-tiiig, * by'-tyhg, ^ by-
tynge, pr. 'par., a., & s. [Bite, v.]
A. -45 pr. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. As'pctrticip. adj. Spec.:
1 1. Sharp, cutting ; used of an instrument^
or of cold.
" I've seen the day with my good biting faulcliion
1 would have made them skip."
Shakesp. : Lear, v. 3.
2. Sharp, cutting, severe, caustic. (Used of
words.)
" This would have been a biting jest."
Shakesp. : Itieh. III., iL A.
C. As suhst. : The act of biting, the state of
being bitten.
biting-in, s. [Bite in. ]
bi'-tihg-lsr, adv. [Eng. biting; -ly.] In a
biting manner, jeeringly, sarcastically, acri-
moniously.
"Some mora bitin^ly coiled it the impress or emblem
of his entry into his fii-st bishoprick, viz., not at the
dooi', but the window." — Harrington : Br. View of the
Church, p. 28.
bit'-less, a. [Eng. bit, and sufllx -less = with-
out] Without a bit.
" Here, a tierce people, the Getulians lie,
Bltless Numidian horse, and iiuicksauds dire."
Sir H. Pansluiw: Tr. of Vlrg. ..En. 4.
■^ bit'-ling, s. [Eng. hit, and dimin. suffix
-li\ig.] A little bit, a fragment.
"The cleavesom bitlings of body."— J'a(>/aa:.- BuXk,
of the World, p. 50.
"^ blt'-mo^tb, s. [Eng. hit ; mouth. ] The same
iis bit = the jiart of a bridle put in a horse's
mouth. (Bailey.)
'■ bi-to-gen, /«-'. par. [A.S. teon ■=. to ]mll, go,
lead, entice, to allm-e.] [Biteg, Biten, Biteon. ]
1. Bestowed, applied.
2. Guided, directed.
. thou h[aueth] a skie hem wel bitogen." — Story
of Gen. and Exod., 3,796.
" bi-tOld, pet. par. [BiTELLEN.]
~ bi-tok, ?Ji'c(. of V. [A.S. betmcan = (1) to
show ; (2) to betake, impart, deliver, commit,
or assign.] Ga\i_', committed. [Betake.]
"... and bitok hem that mayde bright and sdiene."
Sir Eerunibrui, 6,075.
^ bi-toc'-nunge, * bi-tok -ninge. yr. par.
The same as Betokening (q.v.). (Black : Life
of Thorn. Bckct. ) (Stratmann.)
* bit -ore, * bit -our, * bit -tor, ^. [Bit-
tern. ] (Cha^icer.)
" bi-tra'ppe, v.t.
(q-v.).]
[Tlie same as Eetrap
3&te, fat, fare, axmdst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wglf. work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, clu = kw,
toitraie— bitterisnness
557
* bi-traie, * bi-traien, '^ bitrain, v.t.
[Betray. J
* bi-trende, * bi-tren'-den (pa. par. * hi-
treiU), v.t. [From A.S. treiiclil, trend! = a.
sphere, an orb, a circle ; treiuUian — to roll.]
To wind around, to surround.
" And as aboute a tre with many a twiste
Bitrent and writhen la the aweet woodbyiide."
CJiaucer ; Troylus & CryscyUc. 4,030.
* bi-treow-then, v.t. [The same as Be-
troth (q.v.).] (Stratmann.)
bi-tri-cre'-nate, a. [From Lat. preiix hi =
two, iri = three, and Eng. crenate (i-i-v.).]
Bot. : Crenate twice or thrice over.
bi-tri-pin-nat'-i-fid, a. [From Lat. i)rt;fix
bi = two, tri = three, aud Eng. pinnatiful
(a-v.)]
JBot. : Pinnatifid twice or thrice over.
bi-tri'ter'-nate, a. [From Lat. prefix hi =
two, tri= three, and Eng. (eruafe(q.v.).]
Bot. : Ternate, that is, growing in threes,
twice or thrice over.
* bi-tru'-xnen, v.t. The same as Betrim
(q.v.)-] (Stratmann.)
bltt, t bit, s. [Dan. hitic, hidcUufj ; Fr. hltte.
Cognate with Eng. bite (q.v.).]
1, Nautical. PriviaHly : A post secured to
several decks, and
serving to fasten
the cable as tl c
ship rides at n
chor.
2. Gen. PI
Bitts, ''hits: Per
pendicular pieces
of timber in the
deck of a ship for
fastening ropes
to, as also for
securing wind-
lasses, aud the
heel of the bow-
sprit.
^ Hence there are jmwl-hitts, carrick or
windlass hitts, winch-bitts, and belaying-bitts.
(See these words.)
bitt-heads, s. pi.
Shipbuilding : The upright timbers bolted
to several decks, and serving as posts to wliich
the cable is secured. They eorresx)ond to
bollards on a wharf or quay. (Knight-heads.)
bitt-stopper, s.
Naut. : A rope rove through a knee of the
liding-bitt, and used to clinch a cable.
bitt, t bit, v.t. [From bitt, s. (q.v.). In Fr.
bitter.] To put around a bitt.
T[ To bit the cable is to put it round the bits,
in order to fasten it or slacken it gradually,
whicli last is called veering away. {Falconer.)
t bit'-ta-cle, s. [Binnacle.]
bit'-ted, jjft. par. & udj. [Bit, v.t.]
bit'-ten, JJ«. par. & culj. [Bite, v.t.]
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
"... ii a. serpent had Aij^eii any U1.1M, . . ." — Namb.
xxL 9.
"... and fight for ii('«e)iai)i)Ies,'" — Sliiikesp. : JTeii.
rilf., V. ,J.
2. Bot. : Premorse, applied to a root or
sometimes to a leaf terminating so abruptly
and with so ragged an edge, as to suggest the
idea, of course an erroneous one, that a piece
has been bitten oft". Example, the root of
iScaMosa succisa.
bit'-ter, ^ bit-tere, ^ bit'-tir, '^ bit-tre
(tre aster), byt'-ter,*byt'-tyr, ^bit'-ir,
«., adv., & s. [A..S. hiter, bitter ; Icel, bitr; Sw.,
Dan., Dut., & Ger. bitter ; O. Sax. bittar ; Goth.
baitrs. From A.S. hita/n = to bite.]
A. As adjective. Essential meaning : Biting.
" Bitter is an equivocal woixl ; there is bitter worm-
wood, there are bitter words, tliere are bitter enemies,
and H. bitter cold mornuig," — Watts : togicfc
I. Objectively :
X. Literally :
(1) Having qualities fitted to impart to the
taste a sensation as if the tongue had Tieen
bitten, or subjected to the action of something
sharp, acrid, or hot.
" . . bitter as quinine, morphine, strychnine, gen-
tian, quassia, soot, &c." — Bain : Mental and JJural
/Science, hk. 1, chap. IL, y. 30.
(2) Having qualities fitted to impart a simi-
lar sensation to another part of the body than
tlie tongue ; keen, sharp, piercing, making the
skin smart.
" The fowl the borders fly.
And shun the bitter bbist, anil wheel about the sky."
/}r;/iien.
2. Fig. : Having qualities fitted to lacerate
the mental feelings. S-pec. —
(1) Sharj), severe, stinging, i eproachfnl,
sarcastic. (Used of words, or of visible
gestures.)
"Go with me,
And. in the breath of bitter words, let's smother
My danmed sou " f^hafcesjj. : Rich. III., iv, 4.
(2) Miserable, calamitous, mournful, dis-
tressing. (Used of events, &c.)
" Those men, those wretched men ! who will be slaves,
Must drink a bitter wratliful cup of woe ! "
Thofnson : Castle of Indolence, it 34.
(3) Fitted to produce acrimonious feelings
against one. (Used of conduct.)
"... it is au evil and a bitter thing that thou hast
forsaken the Lord thy Go±"—Jer. ii. 10.
II. Subjectively :
1. Of temporary states of feeling :
(1) Keenly hostile in feeling. (Used of per-
sonal foes.)
". . . the bitterest foes, as Aristotle long ago re-
marked, are drawn together by a coiuuiou fear," —
Lewis: Earhj Horn. Uist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. iii., § 54.
vol. ii., p. 2:i4.
(2) Mournful, sad, melancholy. Used—
(0) Of feelings.
" Nor can I utter all our bitter grief,"
Shakesp. : Tilas Andron , v. 3.
" Her head upon her lap, concealing
In Eolitudelier bitter feeling,"
Wordsworth . n'Jiite Dae qf liylstone, ii.
(&) Of the outward symbols.
" Though earth haa many a deeper woe.
Though teai-a more bitter far must flow,"
JJe^naiis : Tale of the Fourteenth Century.
" Caermarthen liateued with a bitter &miltf."— J/m-
cuulay ; /Ii£t. Eng. . ch. xvi.
H. Of permanent character :
(1) Disposed to use keen, sarcastic words in
quarrels or controversies, or even at other
times ; acrimonious. Used —
(u) In a general sense.
" Yet not even that astounding explosion could awe
the bitte?' and intrepid sjjirit of the solicitor."— J/«-
cniday : Hist. Eng., ch. viii.
(h) Of a religious or political partisan.
" In youth a bitter Nnzarene.
They did not know how jjride can stoop
When Imffled feelings withering droop. '
Byron : Siege of (Corinth, 1'2.
(2) Mournful, melauclioly, afflicted, habitu-
ally depressed in spirits.
Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery,
and life unto the bitter in BouV—Job, iii. 20.
B. As adverb :
Poet. : The same as Bitterly (q.v.).
" For this relief, much thanks ; "tia bitten- cold,
Aud I aiu sick at heart."
ShaMsp. : Hamlet, t L
H If in the example cold be regarded as a
substantive, then bitter will be an adjective,
and the category B. will disappear.
C. As S2ibstantive :
I. Sing. Ill the nhstract : Any substance
which has the qu.-lity of bitterness, acridity,
sharpness.
" Not more in the sweet
Thau the bitter I meet
My tender and merciful Lord."
Cowper : Trans, from Guion. Simple Trust.
II. Phir. In the concrete : Bitters.
1. Gen.: Anything bitter. [A.]
" I have tjisted the sweets and the bitters of love."
Byron : Lines Addressed to the Rev. J. T. Beccher.
2. Spee. : A compound said to improve the
appetite and assist digestion, originally pre-
jiared by infusing bitter herbs in water.
Bitters are now prepared by steeping a mix-
ture of bitter and aromatic herbs in spirits of
wine for ten or twelve days, straining tlie
liquor, and reducing it with water to the
strength of gin. The herbs generally used are
gentian, quassia, wormwood, cascarilla, and
orange-peel.
bitter-almond, s. One of the two Icad-
iug varieties 'of the commou almond, the sweet
one being the other. [Almond.]
bitter-apple, s. The same as Bitter-
cucumber and BirrER-GOURD (q.v.),
bitter-ash, s. A name given in the West
Indies to >'>imnrHba excdsa, a tree of the order
Himarubaccie (Quassiads).
bitter-blain, s.
Aviong the Dud-h Creoles in Guinea: Vaii-
dellia diffusa, a plant of the order Scrophu-
lariaceae (Figworts).
bitter-cress, s. A book-name for the
several species of the genus Cardamine, and
especially for Cardamine amara.
bitter - cucumber, s.' The same as
Bitter-gourd (q.v.).
t bitter-cup, s.
Pharm. : A cup made of some bitter wood
which imparts its taste and medicinal pro-
Iterties to hot water poured into it and allowed
to stand till it cools. Bitter-cups, once com-
mon, are now rarely seen.
bitter-dam.son, s. A tree, Simaruha
amara, belonging to the order Simarubaceai
(Quassiads).
bitter-gourd, s. TheColocynth (CitrvJhis
colocynthis), a X'lant of the order Cucurbitaceai
(Cucurbits). It is called also the Bitter-
cucumber and the Bitter-apilz.
bitter-berb, s. A plant, Erythrcea cen-
taurium, L., of the order Gentianacete (Gen-
tianworts).
bitter-king, s. Soulamea amara, a plant
of the order Polygalacese (Milkworts).
bitter-oak, s. A species of oak, the
Quercus cerris, called also the Turkey Oak.
The wood is prized by cabinet-makers.
bitter-salt, s. An old name 'for Epsom
salt (sulphate of magnesiuin).
bitter-spar, s A mineral, called also
Dolomite (ii. v.).
bitter-vetch, s.
1. In Hooker and Arnott : The English name
of the old papilionaceous genus Orobus. Two
species occur in Britain, the Tnberuus Bitter-
vetch (Orohus taberosus), now generally called
Lathyrus macrorrhizus, and tlie Black Bitter-
vetch (0. niger). The former is a common
plant with pinnate leaves, consisting of 2—4
pairs of leaflets. The tuberous roots are eaten
by the Highlanders. The Celtic name for
them is Cairvuil, supposed to be the Chara of
Cajsar (De Belln Civili, iii. 48.) The Black
Bitter-vetch turns of the colour just named
ill drying. It has 3—6 pairs of leaflets. It is
found in Scotland, but is somewhat rare.
2. A modern book-name for Vicia Orobus.
bitter-weed, -.
1. A nainu for any one of the species of
Poplars. It is given because their bark is
very bitter. {Bot., E. Bord.) Britten aud
Holland quote in connection with the so-called
bitter-weed the following popular rhyme :
" Oak, ash, and elm tree.
The laird may hang for a' the three :
But for BiiugU and bitter-weed
The laird luay flyte, but make naething he'et."
2, A North American species of wormwood.
bitter- wood, 5.
1. Gen. : A name for the genus Xylopia,
plants of the order Anonaceaj (Anonads).
2. Spec. : Xylopia glabra, a West Indian tree,
the wood of which is intensely bitter.
bit'-ter, s. [From bitt (q.v.).]
N'<nt. : A turn of the cable which is round
the bitts.
bitter-end, i.
1. Nmtt. : The part of the cable abaft the
bitts ; the last end of a cable in veehng out ;
the cliuching end.
2. Fig. (Of c. .iiu:rrel): The utmost ex-
tremity.
* bit'-ter, I'.i [A.S. biterian.] To make bitter.
"A lutel ater bitteret muchel swete." Old. Enn
Horn. (ed. Moms), i. 23. (Stratmann.)
^ bit'-ter-ful, * bit-ter-full,
bitter ; fall.} Full of bitterncbs.
t bit'-ter-ing, s. [From Eng. Utter;
The same as Bittern (1), 2 (q.v.).
bit'-ter-ish, a. [From Eng. Utter;
Somewhat bitter.
.". . . only when they tasted of the water
river over which they were to go, they thought
tasted a litUe bitterish to Wi*iiyA\a.tb."~Bunyan .
pt, 11.
[Eng.
-ing.]
-isli. 1
of the
tl)at it
; I'.i'.,
*it'-ter-ish-ness, s. [Eng. huterish ; -new.]
ihe quality of being somewhat Litter. Ol'cb-
ster.)
b6il, bojK; pout, J<5^1; cat, oeU, chorus, chin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shua; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious=shus. -ble, -cle, &c. = bel, ceL
558
bitterly — bitume
bit'-ter-ly, * bit-tir-ly, ^ byt-ter-lye,
"^ bit-ter-like, adv. [Eng. bitter; -ly.] Zu
a bitter maimer.
L Objectively :
1. So as to cause a bitter taste in the mouth,
or keenlj' to affect the body.
"... the north-east wiiid
Wliich tlieu blew hitterlij .^giiiiiat our face6."
Shakvsjj. : Jiiduird 11., i, 4.
2. So as to make the mind feel sharp pain.
(h) Of biting language : Sharply, severely.
" Thorfore hem cum wrim-kiii anions
That hem wel bUterli/ce stoug. "
atari/ o/Qen. & Exod., 3,895-G.
(&) 0/ naiuroX calamities: Affectively, ca-
lamitously.
"... iny iiiiiid misgives,
Some con sequence, yet hnugins in tlie stars,
Shiill bitterJi/ becin hia feaihil date
With this night^ revels."
Shakcsp. : Horn. & Jul., i. 4.
3. So as to stir the mind up to angei".
II. Subjectively :
1. With angry or other feelings manifested,
or at least entertained.
" Ghe god him bitterlikc a-gen "
Story of Geii. & £xod., 2,030.
"William had complained bitterly to the Spauish
Goveniinent . . ." — Macattlai/ : Hist, Eng., ch, xix.
2. With deep sorrow ; soiTowfully.
" Aiid he fPeter] went out and wept bitterly." — Matt.
xxi'L 75.
bit'-tem (1), s. [From Eng. hitter, this taste
being due to magnesium s^lts.]
1. Coinm. : A name given to the mother
liquid obtained wlien sea-water is evaporated
to extract the salt (NaCl). Bittern contains
suljihates of magnesium, ])otassium, and so-
dium, also bromides. It is used as a source
of bromine. Under the name of Oil of Salt, it
is sometimes used to rub imrts of the body
affected with rheumatism.
* 2. An old trade name for a mixture of
quassia, cocculus iudicus, &g., used many years
ago by fraudulent Tirewere to give an appear-
ance of strengtli to their beer. [Bittering.]
bit -tern (2), ^ bit-tor, * bit-tour, * bit^
ore, s. [In Fr. hutor ; Dut. bxdoor ; Lat. huiio ;
Low. Lat. butor, butorius ; Mod. Lat. boiaurus,
contr. from bostaur-us, i.e. bos taurus = the bull ;
Class. Lat. taurus = a bull, bullock, or steer,
... a small bird that imitates the lowing
of oxen, perhaps the bittern.]
1. Ornith. & Ord. Lang. : The Englisli name
for the birds of the genus Botaurus [Bo-
TAURus], and especially for the common one,
liotaurus stellaris. The Bitterns are distin-
guished from the Herons proper, besides other
characteristics, by having the feathers of the
neck loose and divided, which makes it appear
tliicker than in reality it is. They are usually
spotted or striped. Three species occur in
Britain — the Hoiaurus stellaHs, or Common
Bittern; the B. m-inutus, or Little Bittern;
and the B. lentigiiiosus, or Amerlwiu Bittern.
The first-named species is locally named the
" Mire-drum," the " Bull of the Bog," &,c., in
allusion to its bellowing or drunmiing noise
about February or Mai-ch during the breeding
season. It is about two and a half feet long.
The general colour of its plumage is dull pale-
yellow, variegated with spots and bars of
bhu'k. The feathers of the head are black,
shot with green ; the bill and the legs are pale-
green ; the middle claw is serrated on the
inner edge. It is nocturnal. It frequents
wooded swamps and reedy marshes, but is
rare in Bi'itain ; it is only a siinimer visitant.
!>'. mliiuptis, which also visits Britain in sum-
]iiL-r, is much smaller. B. lentiginosiis is com-
mon in the United States, but is only an
occasional straggler here. [Botaurus.]
" And as a bitore bumbleth in the nine.''
Chaucer : 0. T., C,r,ii.
" And as a bittour bumps within a reed."
Drf/den.
" That a bittor maketh that mugient uoyse, or, as we
term it, bumping, by putting its bill into a reed as
most believe, or aa Bellonins and Androvandus con-
ceive, by putting the same in wat«r or mud, and after
a while redlining the ayr by suddenly excluding it
again, is not su easily made out." — Browne: Vulgar
Erruiirx, iii. 2V.
" Alike when first the vales the bitfern fills."
Wordswjrt/L : The Evening iValk.
2. The Bittern of Scripttire : niEJ? (Qipodh)
has not been certainly identified. The Septu-
agint renders it exlvoi (echinos) — a hedgehog,
an opinion with which Gesenius agi'ees. But
the Scriptural animal seems to have been a
bird frequenting pools of water and possessed
of a voice, and the rendering of the authorised
version bittern may be, and x^robably is, cor-
rect.
" But the cormorant and the bittern shall possess it ;
the owl also and the raven shall dwell in it: . . ." —
Isa. xxxiv. 11.
". , . both the cormorant and the bittern shall
lodge in the upiier lintels of it: their voices shall sing
in the windows ; . . ." — Zephan. ii 14.
bitjter-ness, ^ bit'-ter-nesse, * b^t-
ter-ness, * byt'-er-nesse, * byt'-tyr-
nesse, s. [Eng. bitter ; -ncss.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I, Objectively : The act or quality of impart-
ing the sensation that something is bitter in
the literal or figurative sense of the term.
1. The quality of being bitter to the taste,
or sharp or acrid to the surface of the body.
"... which [leaves of the endive] being blanched to
diminish their bitterness . . ." — Treas. of Bot., L 283,
2. The act or quality of being fitted to hurt
the feelings.
" Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not
that it will be bitterness in the latter end ? "—2 Sam.
ii. 26.
"... having druuk to the dregs all the bUtemesa of
servitude, . . ■ — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii.
3. The act or quality of being fitted to pro-
duce needless contention, or sin and scandal
of any other kind.
"... lest any root of ftiMerness springing up trouble
you, and thereby mauy be defiled." — Heb. xii. 15.
II. The state of feeling bitter.
1. The state of feeling irritated or angry,
with the effect of showing such irritation by
looks or words ; or the state of being habitu-
ally in a bad temper ; acrimony, harshness or
severity of temper.
(d) Temporarily,
" 'And must she rule?'
Thus was the dying woman heard to say
In bitterness, ' and must she rule and reign,
Sole mistress of this house, when I am gone ? ' "
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. vi.
(6) Habitually.
" Save that distemper'd imssions lent their force
In bitterness that banish'd all remorse."
Byron : Lara, ii 10.
2. The state of being sorrowful ; sorrow,
grief, vexation of spirit arising from outward
calamity, unkind treatment, or internal re-
morse.
3. The state of being under the influence of
sin, as repulsive to the moral sense as gall is
to the taste.
"For I ijerceive that thou art in the gall of bitter-
ness, and iu the bond of iniquity."— ./lc(s viii, 23.
B. Mental Phil. : Tlie quality of bitterness
is really a mental feeling produced by certain
objects, but not inherent in those objects
themselves.
"The idea of whiteness, or bitterness, is, in the mind,
exactly answering that power which is in any body to
produce it there.' —iwc^e.
bit'-ter§[, s. pi. [Bitter, B., XI. 2.]
bit'-ter§-gall, s. [Eug. Utter; as; gaU.]
The fruit of the Crab, Pyrus malv^, L.
"It is often said of a soft, silly person, ' He was bom
where tb" bittersgalls da grow, and one o'm liall'd on
his head and niadea2aate(soft)i)lacetherB."~jPit?m([ji.
(BrUten& Holland.)
bit ~ter-sweet, ^ bit -ter swete, * bit-
ter-sweet-ing, a. & s. [Eng. biltcr ; sweet ;
-ing.]
A. As adjective : In rapid succession bitter
and sweet.
" Do but remember these cross capers then, you bitter
swppt one.
IF. Till then adieu ynn bittcr-swecr one."
Match al Midn.. 0 PL, vii. J73. (Nares.)
*\ If there is an allusion to the fj-uit de-
scribed under B. 1, then B. should precede A.
B, As s\il}st<intivc :
1. Literally :
* 1. {Of the forms bittersweet and bitter
sweeting) : A kind of apple.
^ This is the only sense of the word given
in Johnson's Diet.
"Aud leftine such a bitter-sweet to gnaw upon?"
Fair Em., 1631. (Jfares.)
"Thy wit is a very bitter sweeting ; it is a most sharp
sauce." — Sluikesp. ' Jioin. & Jul., ii. 4.
2. (Oftliefonns bittersweet ajirf *bitter swete);
Apparently coined by Tui-ner as a translation
uf the Lat. Amara dulcis, or, as it is now
written, Dulatmara. The reason of the name
is when the fruit is first tasted it is hitter, and
afterwards sweet, there being an " after-taste."
[AlTER-TASTE.]
(a) A name for the Woody Nightshade,
Solanvm Dulcamara. It is of the same genus
as the potato. It has large yellow anthers
collectively resembling a cone, purple flowers
with gi-een tubercles at the base of each seg-
ment, and a shrubby, fiexuose, thornless stem
with cordate leaves, the upper ones nearly
hastate. The inflorescence consists of droop-
ing corymbs insei'ted opposite to the leaves.
The berries are red, and are used by the com-
mon people for medicinal purposes. The plant
grows wild in Britain.
(&) A name given in America to the Cdo^trus
scimdois, a plant of the order Celastraceae
(Spindle-trees).
IL Figuratively : Anything which is in suc-
cession bitter and sweet, or sweet and then
bitter.
" It is but a bittersweet at best, and the fine eoloura
of the serpent do by no means make amends for the
smart aud poison of nis sting." — Soutfi.
bit'-ter-wort, * by-ter-wort, s. [Eng.
bitter, and sufi'. -wort. ]
1. Various species of Gentians, specially
Gentiana amarclla, G. acmpestris, G. lutea, and
G. cruciata. (Gerard, Prior, dtc.)
2. The Dandelion (Leontodon taraxacum).
(Cockayne: Gloss.)
'^ bit'-till, $. [BiTTLE, s. (q.v.).] (Scotch)
bit'-ting, pr. par. [Bitt, Bit, v.]
hitting'Tiggingt s.
Saddlery : A bridle, surcingle, "back-stjap,
and crupper. The bridge has a gag-rein and
side-reins, the latter buckling to the surcingle.
The rigging is placed on young horses to give
them a good carriage, but must be released
occasionally, as the bent position of the neck
and elevation of the head is unnatuial, and
takes time to acquire. (Knight.)
bit'-tle (tie as tel), bit'-til, s. [Eng. beetle
(1) (q.v.).] A heavy wooden club or mallet,
especially one for beating clothes when at the
wash. (Scotch.)
" Mak a gx"ay gus a gold garland,
A laug spere of a bUtill foi a heme bald
Noblis et uutachellis, and silver of saud."
Houlate, iii. 12, MS- (Jamieson.)
bit'-tle (tie as tel), v.t. [From bittle, s. (q.v.).
See also Beetle (1), v.^ To beat clothes wth
a flat-club in lieu of smoothing them by
machinei-y. (Scotch.)
"... the sheets matle good the uourteoua vaunt of
the hostess, ' that they would be as plea^iant as he
could find ony gate, for they weie washed wi' the
fairy-well water, aud bleached on the bonny white
gowaua, aud bittled by Nelly .and heriell.'"— iScoW,-
Guy Mannering, ch. xxiv.
bit'-tled, pa. par. [Bittle.]
bit-tling, pr. par, [Bittle.]
blt'-tock, s. [Eng. bit, and dim. suffix -ocfc.
A diminutive of bit.] A small bit.
T[ A mile and a bittock : A mile and some-
what more.
"The three miles diminished into like a mile aud a
bittock."—Guy Mannering, cb. i., i 6.
* bit -tor, ^ bit'-tour, s. [Bittern.] (Dry-
den, £&C.)
bitts, s. [Bitt.]
* bit'-tiir, s. [Bi-rrKRN.]
bi-tu-ber'-cu-late, a. [Pref. bi, and tuber-
culate.] Having two tubercles.
"The medial region minutely bi-tuberculute."—
Dana. Crustacea. \}. ViQ.
t bi-tu'me, s. [Bitumen.]
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. le, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
bitumed— bivouac
559
*bi-tu'med, a. [From Eng. &c., hiiuTMfi);
-ed.] Impregnated with bitumen.
"2Saa. Sir. we have a eh&st beneath the hatches,
caiilked nivlbaumed leKdyr—ishakesp. : Pericles, lii. L
l)i-tu'-inen, bit'-u-men, t bi-tu'me,
* by-tU'-men, s. [in Fr. & Ital. bituvm ;
Sp. hetun ; Prov. Uhim; Port, betume, hl-
tvme ; Lat. l)itumc)i ; from the root hit, per-
liaps the same a.spi(; in Gr. jriVo-a (^jissa),
or TTfTTa (pi((a), meaning pitch (Pitch). Suffix
-limiiii probably means stuff, as alb-uvieii =
white stuff. Hence bltumeii would mean pitch
stuff. Its ordinary name in Greek, however,
is not a word derived froinirCa-a-a (pissa), but
is a<T<f)a\T09 iasphaltos). This Liddell & Scott
consider a word of foreign origin introduced
into the Greek.]
A. Ord. Lang. : In the mineralogical sense.
[B.]
1. Of the form bitume. (Poetic.) (Sec etvm.
Fr., Ital., & Port.)
"Mix with these
Idiean pitch, quick sulphur, silver's spume,
Sea omuii. hellebore, aiid black biturae." Afcuj.
2. Of all the fonns given above. (Prose &
Poetry.)
" The fabrick seem'd a work of rising ground.
With aulphur auU bitumen cast between."
•r. m 1 ■ T7 Dryden.
B. lechmcally:
I. Min. : The same as Asphalt oi Asphal-
tuin (q.v.).
"BUumeti: Mineral pitch, of which the tar-like
substance which is often seen to ooze out of the New-
eiiatle coal when oJi fire, aud which makes it cake, is a
good example. "—Z-j/eK ; Princip. of Geol., Gloss.
IF Elastic Bitumen: A mineral, the same as
Elaterite (q.v.). Some varieties may have
arisen from the action of subterranean heat
upon coal or lignite,
II. Geol. (For the geological origin of bitti.-
mens see Asphalt, A., II. 2, Geol.)
* bi-tu'-min-ate, u (. [Fiom Lat. hitumina-
i«s(a.) = impregnated with bitumen. In Fr.
bituminer ; Sp. betunar, embet2inar ; Port, be-
tiiTtiar.] [Bitumen.] To impregnate with
bitumen.
bi-tu'-min-a-ted, pa. :?jar. & a. [From jat.
bituminatus .] [Bituminate.]
"... the iirwmi»a/ed walls of Babylon," — FeltJiam,
pt i., He8olve4C. (Jtichardsuii.)
bi-tu-min-i'-fer-ous, a. [Lat. bitumen, and
fero = to bear. ] Bearing bitumen. (Kirwan.)
bi-tu-min-iz-a'-tion, s. [Eng. bituminiz(e),
and suff. -ation.] The art or process of eon-
verting into bitumen, or at least of impregnat-
ing with it ; the state of being so changed or
impregnated. {Mantell.)
bi-tu'-min-ize, v.t [Lat. bitum£n, and Eng.
suff. -ize; from Gr. suff. t^w (izo) = to make,]
To impregnate with or convert into bitumen.
(Lit. Magazine. Webster.)
bi-tum-in-i'zed, jxi. par. & a. [Bitominize,
v.t.]
bi-tum-in-i'-zing, pr. par. & a. [Bitu-
MINIZE, v.t.}
bi-tU -min-OUS, a. [In Fr. bitumineux (m.),
bititmineuse (f.) ; Ger. bituminos; Port, betu-
minoso; Sp. and Ital. bltuminoso ; from Lat.
bitvminosus = abounding in bitumen (there is
also bitumineits = consisting of bitumen).]
[Bitumen.] Consisting in whole or in part of
bitumen ; having the qualities of bitumen ;
formed of, impregnated with, or in any other
way pertaining to bitumen .
" Marching from Eden towards the west, shall find
The plain wherein a black bituminous gurge
Boils outfi'om uuder ground, the moutl> of hell."
Milton : P. £., bk. lii.
bituminous cement. A cement made
from natural asphalt. [Asphalt (Art and
C'oTftm.).] It is sometimes called also bitu-
miiious mastic. The imre kind of it consists
simply of mineral asphalt ; the impure one has
carbonate of lime in its composition, which
prevents it from melting, as the pure variety
does when the sun's rays are powerful.
bituminous coals.
Mill. : Coals which bum with a yellow,
smoky flame, and on distillation give out
hydrocarbon or tar. They contain from five
to fifteen, or even sixteen or seventeen per
cent, of oxygen. Among bituminous coals are
reckoned Caking-coal, Non-caking Coal, Cannel
or Parrot-coal, Torhanite, Brmon-coal or Lig-
n itc, Earthy-brown Coal, and Mineral CJiarcoal.
(See these words.)
bituminous limestone.
Geol. : Limestone impregnated with bitu-
men. Its colour is brown or black ; in struc-
ture it is sometimes lamellar, but more
frequently compact, in which ease it is
susceptible of a fine polish. When rubbed or
heated it gives out an unpleasant bituminous
odour. Occurs near Bristol, in Flintshire,
and in Ireland in Gal way. Abroad it is found
in Dalmatia so bituminous that it may be cut
like soap. The walls of houses are constructed
of it, and after being erected are set on fire,
when the bitumen burns out and the stone
becomes white ; the roof is then put on, and
the house afterwards completed. (Phillips.)
Bituminous limestone is of different geologi-
cal ages.
bituminous mastic. Mastic formed of
bitumen. The same as Bituminous Cement
(q-v.).
bituminous schist.
Geol. : Schist impregnated with bitumen.
Bituminous schist occurs in the Lower Silurian
rocks of Russia. SirR, Murchison considered
that it arose fro.n the decomposition of tlie
fucoids imbedded in these rocks.
bituminous shale.
1. Geol. : Any shale impregnated with bitu-
men.
2. Spec. : An argillaceous shale so impreg-
nated, which is very common in the coal
measures. (Lyell: Princ. of Geol, Gloss.)
bituminous springs. Springs more
or less impregnated with bitumen.
bi-tu'-nen (pret. bitunden, pa. par. bituned),
v.t. [A.S. betynan.] To enclose. (Legend of
St. Katherine, ed. Morton, ltio9.) (Stratmaniu)
bi-turn', bi-tur'-nen (prct. biturnde), v.t.
&i. [A.S. pref. be, and tyraan = to turn.]
To turn about. (Seinte Marlierete, ed. Coc-
kayne, xii. 33.) (Stratmann.)
* bi'twe'ne, * bi-twen', * bi-tvene'. * bi-
twune,^ * bi-twe'-nen, *bi-twi-nen,
* bi-twe'-nen, * bi-twih, * bi-twige,
"" bi-tu-hen, prep, d- adv. The same as Be-
tween (q.v.). (Story of Gen. & Exod., 8,251,
&c.)
^ bi-twix'te» *bx-twix'te, * bi-twix,
* bit-wexe, * bi-twix'-en, '' bi-twu'x
* bi-tux'e, * bi-tiix'-en, * bit-thiix'-en,*
prep. £ adv. The same as Betwixt (q.v.).
* bit'-yl, * b^'-ylle, s. [From A.S. bitel,
bciel, bitela = a beetle, a coleopterous insect.]
[Beetle.]
"... bt/tjille worme (bityl wyrme, lL)."—Buboscus.
Prompt. Pari).
bi'-ur-et, s. [From Lat. pi-efix bi = two, and
Eng., &c., urea.']
Chem. : C2O2N3H5. Biuret is formed by
heating urea, C0"(NH>2, to 150° to 160°, thus—
H2N H.N
>C0" >C0"
= hn: -h
H2N
HoN^.
H2N
^CO"
NH3
^>C0"
NH2
The residue is heated with water ; on cooling,
biuret separates out in long white needle
crystals which, wlien heated to 170°, decompose
into ammonia and cyanuric acid (C3H3N3O3).
Heated under current of dry hydrochloric
acid gas (HCl), it yields grianidine (CH5N3)
with other products. Biuret is detected by
adding to its solution in water a few drops
of CWSO4 (eupric sulphate), and then excess
of NaOH (caustic soda). The liqiud turns
red violet.
* bi-uv-en, prep. & adv. [A.S. 6u/a7i = above.]
(Stratmann. )
bi'-valve, a. & s. [In Fr. bivalve (a. & s.) ; from
Lat. bi = two, and valvai (pi.) = the leaves,
folds, or valves of a folding-door ; from volvo
— to roll.]
A. As adjective (Cmichol., Zool., Bot., d:c.):
Having two valves. [B.]
"Three-fourths of the raoUusca are uui valve, or have
hut one shell ; the others are mostly bivalve or have
two sheila, . . ."— IToodward ; J/oiZiwca (ed. 1851), p.
B. As substantive :
I. Zoology :
1. Gen. : A mollusc which has its shell in
two opposite portions. This definition em-
braces both the Conchifera (Ordinary Bi-
valves), and the Brachiopoda, which are
bivalves of a now abnormal character, though
in early geological ages theirs was the pre-
valent type. [1.]
" The Brachiopoda are Mvalveg, having one shell
placed on the back of the animal and the other la
front " — Woodward: Mollusca, p. ".
"The Couohifera, or ordinary bivalves (like the
oyster) breathe by two pairs of gills, in the form of
flat luemhramiceous plat«s attached to the inautle ;
one valve is applied to the right, the other to the left
side of the body." — Ibid., p. 1.
2. Spec. : A two-valved shell borne by a
mollusc of the class Conchifera, sometimes
called Lamellibranchiata, as distinguished
from a Brachiopod. [See No. 1. Conchifera,
Lamellibranchiata, Bhachiopod.]
"Fossil bivalves are of constant occurrence in all
sedimentary rocks; they are somewhat rare in the
oldest formations, but increase steadily in uumber
and variety through the secondary and tertiary strata.
and attain a maximum of development in existing
seaa." — Woodward : Manual of the AloUitsca, p. 25L
RIGHT VALVE OF ARTEMIS EXOLETA.
a 1 The point of attachment of the anterior ad-
ductor muscle.
a 2 Do. of the posterior one.
c The cardinal tooth.
1 1 The Literal teeth.
p The pallial impression maikiug where the border
01 the mantle was attached.
s The sinus.
IL Geol. : Shells are the most useful of all
fossils for ascertaining the geological age of
strata ; but bivalves are not so useful as uni-
valves, being, with a few exceptions, marine,
whilst some imivalves are terrestrial, some
fluviatile, lacustrine, or both, and yet others
marine. Still bivalves will often enable a
geologist approximately to sound the depths
of a sea which has passed away untold ages
before man was on the earth. [Shells.]
t III. Bot. : A pericarp which opens or
splits into two valves or portions. Example—
the legume of the common pea. [Bivalved.]
bi'-valved, a. [Bivalve.]
1. Gen. : The same as Bivalve, a. (q.v.).
2. Spec. Bot. : The indusium in the fructi-
fication of some ferns.
bi-valv'-ous, a. [Eng. bivalv(e); -ous.} The
same as Bivalve, a. (q.v.).
bi-valv'-u-lar, a. [From Lat. prefix bi, and
Mod. Lat. valviilaris.] [Valvular.] Havius
two small valves. (Martin, c. 1754.)
bi-vault'-ed. a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two
and Eng. vaidted.] Two-vaulted ; having two
vaults or arched roofs. (Barlow.) ■
bi-ven'-tral, a. [From Lat. prefix bi = two,
and ventralis = pei-taining to the belly ; venter
= the belly.]
A-nat. : Having two bellies ; as " a biventral
muscle." (Glossog. Nov.)
biV-i-aLl, a. [Mod. Lat. Mm(um); Eng suff
-al.] Pertaining to the biviuiu (q.v.).
"The bivial ambulacra."— ^«^Ze» ; ,^„(,( /„„„-,
Animals, e. ix., p. 570. --"lac. inverL
blV'-i-ous, a. [Lat. bivius = having two ways
or passages ; prefix bi = two, and via = way ]
Having two ways ; ofi'ering two courses."
"In bivioiis theorems, and Janus-faced doctrines Ipt
virtuous considerations state the determination "—
Brown : Chnst. Mor., li. 3.
blV'-i-iim, s. [Lat. = a place where two wavs
meet] ^
■Biol.: The two posterior ambulacra of
Echnioderms, the tliree anterior ones beine
known as the trivi^tm. ^
biv'-ou-ac, ^bi-ho-vac. * bi'-6-vac, s
bSU, b6y; p^t, j6^1; oat, 9eU. chorus, 9liin. bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist -ing
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -?ion = zhiin. -cious. -tious. -sio'us = shus. -ble, -tie, &cXb^l, tel.
660
bivouac— blabber
[lu Fr. hivouac, hi cat- ; Sp. hivac, vinir, vl-
vaque ; Dan. bivouac; Ger. fhioouak, hciicarJit- ;
from ()ci = near, aud wachcn ^=- to be awake,
towatt;h; wac/te^a watch, aguard.] [Watch,
Wake.]
1. Lit. (Mil. (& Ord. Lang.): The reiuainiiig
out without tents or other than extemporized
shelter in a state of watchfulness ready for
sudden attack,
" /ii-^iiitc, bilioi'tir. bivouac, s. fFr.. from wtu/ wucJi,
a double suat-d, Genuaii. | A ^uaril iit night iierfoniied
by the wliole Jirmy, which either at a sieye, ur lying
Ijefore aii enemy, eveiy evening ilriiw8 out fium it:i
tents or huts, and cuutnmes all night iu anus. Nut
ill use." — Treiioar. Harris.
2. /''((/. : Exposure aud other discomfort
incident to human life.
" Iu the world's broad field of battle,
Iu the bioouac of \\U.
Longfellow : A Psalm uf Life.
^ Johnson, it will "be observed, says that
this word iu his time was "not iu use" (as
under No, 1), Since his time it lias thoroughly
revived.
biv'-OU-ac, v.i. [From /uyoitac, s. (q.v,). In
Ger. behvacheiL, blvouakireii ; jd'r. bi-conaquer,
bivaquer.] To spend the night on the ground
without tents or other effective protection.
" We had not long bivouached, before the Imi-efooted
sou of the governor eaiue down to reconnoitre us," —
Danvin : Voyage round the World, th. xiii.
biv-OU-ack-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Bivouac, v.]
"As winter drew near, th's bivouacking aysteni
became too dangeroua to aLuemyt." — Da Quiiicei/ :
Works {2iid ed.), i. 132.
* bi-wake, * bl- waken, v. t [The same as
bewakc (q.v.), A.S. wcKCCe = a watching, a
wake.] To keep a wake or vigil for the dead.
"And egipte folc him bi-waken
xl. nigtes and xl. tlaiges "
Utory of Gen. ami £xod., S.H-l-o.
* bi-wal'-ewe, * bi-wal'-wi-en, v.t. [A,s.
hcAoealwian = to wallow.] To wallow about.
(Layamoii, 27,7-1-1.) (Stratmann.)
■* bi-wed'-den (pa. ]iar. hiwedded), v.t. [A.S.
bewcddlan = to wed ; beweodded = wedded.]
To wed. {Layamoii, 4,500.) (titratinann.)
bi-week'-ly, u,. [From Lat. prefix hi-, aud
Eug. weekly.]
1. Lasting or continuing for two weeks ; uc-
jiurring or a]ipearing once in every two weeks.
2. Occurring or appearing twice in a week.
(Tiie ambiguous usage leads to confusion, aud
miglit be avoided by the use of serni-, as semi-
weekly).
* bi'-weile, * bi -weil-en, * bi'-wail-en
(pret, bhoeiledi;.) The same as BBWAiL(q.i'.).
"And alle wepteu. aud biweilede/t hir." — Wt/clifft;
(Purvey) : Luke viii. 52.
* bi-wen'-den (pret, biwende, biwente), v.i.
[A.S. beweiidan = to tiu-n ; BIceso-Goth, bi-
vjandjaii.] To wend about; to turn round.
(0. Eiig. MiscelL, ed. Morris, 45.) (Stratmanu.)
*bi-'wepe (pret. hiwepte, biweoj) ; pa, par. bi-
wope; pr. jiar. "^biwepynge), v.t. The same as
Bewekp (q.v.). (Chaucer: Troilus, 5,585.)
". . . Rachel iiJoep^Hj/e hir Bones , . ." — Wycliffe
{Purvey): Matt. ii. 18.
* bi-we-vexi (pret. biioefde ; pa. par. bl-
weavcd, biweved), v.t. To involve, to cover.
The same as Bewave (2) (Scotch) (ci,v.) (Layu-
i)io}i, •JS,474.) (Stratmanu.)
bewUaii — (1) too\'erlouk, to watch over, (2) to
keep, preserve,] To guard, to keep. (Laya-
moii, 207, 13,028, &c.) (Strat'iiuiiin.)
-' bi-wope, pa. par. [Biwepe.]
' bi'-word, o. [Bvwoed.]
* bi-wrey'e, * bi-wrey'-en, * bi-wrigh-
Gtit'O.t. Theaameas Beweay (q.v,). (Chaucer:
C. T., 2,229,) (Stratnutuu.)
*" bi-wri-hen, r,f. [A. 8. heiorUian = h>
clothe,] To cover. (Layamou, 5,300.) (Strat-
maiiit.)
bix'-a, s. [In Dae. & Sw. bUa ; from the name
given to the plant by the Indians of the
Isthmus of Darieii.J
Bot. : A genus of jilants belonging to the
order Flacourtiaceke (Bixads), The sepals are
five, the petals five, the stamina many ; the
style one long like the stamina, aud a two-
lobed stigma. The fruit, which is covered
with a dry prickly husk, separates into twn
pieces, each with numerous seeds attached to
a parietal placenta. The flowers are in bunches,
the leaves entire, marked with ]iellacid dots.
Four species are known, all from trojiical
America, Ii. orellana is the Ai'notto-tree.
[ARNOaTC]
"■ bix-a'-9e-S& (Lindley, 1st, ed,, 1336, and
EiidUcher), * bix-in-e-SB (Kumth), s. pi.
[B[XA,] An order of plants now more com-
monly called Flacourtiaceai. [Bixa, Bixads,
FLAcbuftTiACE-^t:.]
bix'-ad^, s.pl. [Bixa.]
Bot. ; The name :;iven by Lindley to the
order Flacourtiacete (q.v.).
bix'-e-se, s. x>l- [Bixa.]
Bot. : The first tribe or family of the order
Flacourtiaceai (Bixads). Type, Bixa.
bix'-in, s. [From Eng., &c., bix(a) ; suffix -tit
(Ckcni.) (q.vT).]
Chem. : CX5H18O4. It occurs along with a
yellow ordliii in annatto, forming its colour-
ing matter. It is an amorphous, resinous, red
substance, nearly insoluble in water, but
soluble in alcohol or iu alkalies, forming a
yellow solution. Annatto contains about
twenty per cent, of colouring matter.
^ bix'-"wdrt, ■•^. [Etym. doubtful.] Aa un-
identilied plant.
" BixworC . . . auherb." — Johnson.
'•' bi-yende * bi-yen-dis, prep. & adv. The
same as Beyond (q.v.).
"... tlie thiugis that beu bii/endis you . . —
IbUl., 2 Cor. X. 10.
t bi-zSdi'-tme, i. [Bezant, Byzantine.]
bi-zar're, o. & s. [From Fr. bizarre = odd,
whimsical, fantastical, iu bad taste. In Sw.
bizarr ; Ital. /h^^c/to = whimsical, smart ; Sp,
& Port, bizarru = courageous, generous, mag-
nificent. From Basque bizarra= a beard;
according to Larramendi, from bin arra =
which becomes a man; or Arab, hdshdret = (as
s.) beauty, elegance, (as adj,) chivalrous, ex-
travagant. (LitirL).']
A. As adjective : Odd, whimsical, fantastic,
eccentric, extravagant, out of the ordinary
routine, in bad taste.
B, As S7d)st(iiitivi'. Hortlc. : CMie of the sub-
divisiiins of the Carnation (Dianthus caryo-
phjiUas). There are several hundred varieties
of this well-known nnd beautiful )ilant. which
are ranged by iimdern horticulturists in three
divisions : Flakes, Bizarrcs, and Picntees. Bi-
zari'cs possess not less tlian three colours,
which are moreover dili'used iu irregular
spots and stripes.
biz-ca'-9ha, s. [ Vis<.' a ci-i a. ]
"We asL-eud the lofty peaks of tlie Uordilk'ra aud we
il|uue snei.'ie.s of bizcucha. . . ." — Darwin:
* bi-wey, a. [By way.]
^bi-wic-chen (pret. biwicched), v.t. Tlie same
as Bewitch (q.v,). (PiersFlow., bk. xix., 151,)
* bi-wi'-len, * bi-wiye-li-en (pa. par.
blwiU'd), v.t. [From A.S. prefix bi, and unle =
a wile, (-niftiness.] To wile, delude, or de-
ceive. (Rel. Aiitiq., i. 182.) (Stratiiuuin.)
* bi-win'-den, v.t. [A.S, bewindan =. to en-
fold, to wrap or wind about ; Mceso-Goth,
hi a-'iiidaii = to wind round, enwraii, swathe,]
To wind round, (0. Eng. Hovl, i, 47.) (Strat-
mcuin.)
* bi-win', *bi-win'-nen (pret. blimn, hi-
UJOJt). i'-i- [A.S, gewiniLaio = to win.] To win.
(Layamoii, 29.) (Stratvuuiii.)
* bi-wis'te, "^ be-wis'te, * be-oiis'te, ^.
[From A.S. bigv)ist, biwist^=tooi\, jionrish-
ment.] Being; living, (Rel. Antiq., i. 131.)
* bi-ivi'-teon, ""bi-vri-ten, *^bi-wi'-ti-en
(]iret. blioitede, biwat, biioiste), v.t. [A.S.
fltte» fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her. there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, poti
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e ; ey — a. qu — kw.
find .lu iil(uue siiei.'ie.s of blzoiu-hn, . .
Urisfin o/,^/yctv<;i (ed ISJDf, l-Ii. .\.i., p. rAH.
of bizcitcha,
.. . . ■)). L-h. xl, 1). ;; .
"'■■" biz-end, ^ beez-en, a. [Bisson.]
bi'-zet, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Lai'ldtirii-imrk : Tlie ui)i)er faceted portion
of a brihiaut-fut diamond which ]>ro,iects from
the setting. It has one third of the whole
depth of the gem, being cut iu thirty-two
facets, which occupy the zone between the
girdle and the table. (Knight.) [Brilliant, s.]
bizz, v.i. [Imitated from the sound. Compare
Norm. Fr. &i256 = a female snake. (Kelham.).^
(Scotch.)
1. To buzz, to make a hissing sound.
" As Ijees bizz out wi* angry fyke
erusa " "
Ba
2. To be iu constant motion ; to bustle.
^ (1) To bizz about : The same as to buzz (2).
(2) To taJce the bizz. Of cattle : To rush
madly about wheu stung by the gadfly.
(Jawiiesuii.)
bizz, bl^se, s. [Fi-om the verb bizz, or imi-
tated, like the verb, from the sound.]
1. Lit. ; A hissing noise.
" Alack-a-day !
Au' iiUige wi' hair-devoui-iug b'izz.
Its curLs away,"
Forgasson : Poems, iL 16.
2. Fig.: A bustle. (Scotch.)
" D'ye luiud that day, wheu iu a bizz.
Wi' reekit duds, aud reeatit gizz."
Burns : Address to the Deil.
biz'-zy', a. [Busy.] (Scotch.)
bl, cts an abhrevLatioii.
Her. : Blue, often found in sketches of arms
instead of azure. B alone is preferable.
B.L., as an abbreviation.
lit Universities: Bachelor of Law.
bla, a. [Blae.] (0. Eng. & Scotch.) [See also
Blamakinc. ]
blab, * blabbe, v.t. & i. [in Ger. pktppern =-
to blab, babble, prate, or chat.]
A. Transitive :
*■" 1. To utter, to tell, to communicate ; not
necessarily with imprudence or breach of
confidence.
" That delightful eugme of her thoughts,
That blabb'd them with sueh i)Ieasiug eloquence.
Is torn fiom forth that lu'etty iiolhiw cage."
Shakesp. : I'itus Andron., iii. 1.
2. To utter, tell, or communicate by word
of mouth whatever is in one's mind, regard-
less whether imprudence is committed aud
friendly confidence violated,
" Nature has made maus breast no windores.
To xjublish what he does within doors ;
Nor what dark secrets there iuhahit,
Uiileas his own rash folly blab it." ihulibras.
3. To reveal a secret iu any other way than
by the lips.
" Sorrow nor joy cau be disguis'd by art,
Our foreheads blab the secrets of our heart."
Dry den.
B, Intransitive : To tell secrets of one's self
or another imprudently ; to tattle,
" Yoxu' mute I'll be :
Wheu my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes uot see."
Sluikesp. : Twelfth A'<ght, 1. 2.
t blab (1), ^ blabbe, o.-. [From bUtb, v. (q. v. ). ]
1, A person who by imprudent or trea-
cherous speech reveals secrets,
" lilabbe or labbe wreyare of cownselle (bewreyal
H. P.) . . ."-Prompt. Pari).
" To have revealed
Secrets of men, the secrets of a friend,
How heinous had the fact been, how deserving
t'outeiupt aud sconi uf nil. to be excluded
All frieudsbu), and avoided as a blab."
Milton: tiamson Agonistea.
2. An utterance of the lips which does so,
" still ye duke hful not made so ujauy blabbi-s of his
cuunaiLll . . ."—Hall: Hich. IIL (;in. o.).
blab (2), s. [Another form of Eng. blob, so
called from its globular form.] [Blob.] The
gooseberry. (Ribes Glossidarla, dc.) (Scotch.)
blabljed, jjfl. par. & a. [Blab, v.]
blab-ber, s. [From O. Eng. blabb(e); aud
sutfi.v -cr. h\ Ger. jj/n/i^iercr.] One who tells
secrets, a tell-tale, a tattler.
blab'-ber, a. in compos. [Blobber.]
blabber-lipped, a. [Blobber-lipped.]
blab'-ber, * blab'-er, * bleb'-er (Scotch),
* blab'-er-in, *bla-ber-yn (0. Eng.), v.i.
[Mid. Eng. ; cf. Blab, r.]
1. (0/ the 0. Eng. form blaberyn) : To speak
foolishly.
" m<iberi/n or syeke wythe-owte resoue ."—
Proinjjt. Parv.
2. (Of the Scotch form 'l)labber, blaber, or
bleber) : To babble, to speak indistinctly.
"Gif the heart be gonil, suppose we bhibber with
wordes, yit it is acceiit:ible to Kim."— Brace: Eleven
Serrnoiis, L. 2, h. (Jamicson.)
blabbering— black
561
Wab -ber-iiig, blab'-er-iAg (Eng.), bla-
ber-and (Scotch), pr. par., a., & s. [Blab-
ber.] °
A, & B. -^5 3?r. jjtxr. a?irf particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
" . . ■ that blaberand echo . . ■" — Complaynte of
Scotl., p. 59. {Boucher.}
C. Assitbst.: Babbling.
" My mynd ini8ty, ther may not mys fine fall ;
Stra for thys ignoiuiit blabering imperflte,
Beside thy poliat termes redymyte,
Doug. : Virgil, 3, 36. {Jamieaon.]
blab'-bing, pr. par. & a. In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb, tell-tale, re-
vealing secrets. ^[Blab, v.]
" The gaudy, hlabbing, and remorseful day
Ib crept into the bosom of the sea,"
Shakesp. ; 2 Jlen. VI., iv. 1.
* blab'-blSta, a. [Eng. &Za6 ; -is/t.] Of the
nature of a blab, given to blabbing. (N.E.D.)
* blab'-er, s. [From Fr. Mafard = pale, wan,
dim, faded (?). (Jamieson.)] A kind of clotli
imported from France. (Scotch.)
"Als luekle Fraiich blabcr as will be every ane of
thaine ane coit."—Regist. Counc. Edin., Keith's Hist.,
p. 189. {Jamie&OTi.)
* blac, a. [Bleak.]
bla'ck, * bl^cke. * blake, * blak, * blek,
* bleke, "* blecke, * blac, a., adv., & s.
[A.!t^. hlfnc, blac = black, cog. with Icel. JilaUcr,
used of the colour uf wolves ; Dan. hla-k, s. =
ink ; Sw. hlack, s. = ink ; hlacka = tu smear
with ink ; Sw. dial, hiaga = to smear with
smnt. Cf. Dut. Uaketi = to burn, to scorch ;
Ger. hlaken = to bnin with much smoke ;
Nakig, MakeHq = burning, smoking. Origin
obscure, not the same word as Neak, which
has properly a different vowel (Skeat), though
blac and hide were sometimes confounded.]
A. As adjective :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) Intensely dark in colour ; of the darkest
possible hue.
"Blali was his herd, and manly was his face."
Ch'Jbucer: C. T., 2,132.
" But ever lyve as wydow in clothes bloke."
Chaucer: C. T., 9,953.
(2) Of a less intense darkness,
" The heaven was black with clouds and wind, and
there was a great rain."— 1 Kings xviii. 44.
" Thence the loud Baltic passing, blacJc with storm
To wintry Scandinavia's utmost hound."
Thomson: Libei-ty. pt. iv,
2. Figuratively :
(1) Atrociously cruel, or otherwise exces-
sively wicked.
"... the blackest crimes recorded in history ..."
— Macaulay: HUt. Eng., cb. xviii.
(2) Having a clouded countenance, s'::llen.
[B. 2.]
(3) Disastrous, unfavourable, dismal,
mournful.
" A dire induction am I witness to ;
And will to France, hoping the consequence
Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical,"
Shakesp. : Iticlu IlL, iv. 4.
II. Technically:
1. Optics : Of the colour which a body is
which absorbs all the rays of light ; opposed
to white, which arises when all the rays are
rejected.
2. Physic. Science, Spec. Bot. : A genus of
colours consisting of the following species : —
(1) Pure black [Lat. ntcr ; Gr. jue'Aa? (melas),
genit. fi4\avo<; {mdanos), in compcs. mela and
Tfidano.l Black without the admixture of any
other colour.
(2) Bla^k [Lat. nigerl : Black a little tinged
with grey.
(3) Coal-black [Lat. antliracinus]: Black a
little verging upon blue.
(4) Raven-black [Lat. coracimis, pvllus] :
Black with a strong lustre.
(5) Pitch-black [Lat. picevs] : Black chang-
ing ix> brown. It is scarcely distinguishable
from brown-black (Lat. memnonius). (Liiodley :
Introd, to Bot.)
3. Painting: For painters' colours see C, II.
4. Her. : Black is generally called sa5?e(q. v.).
"... sable arms, black as his purpose."
ShaJccsp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
B. As adverb :
1. So as to produce a black colour. [D. 2.]
2. Sullenly, menacingly.
" She hath abated me of half my train ;
Look'd dJacA; upon me ..."
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 9. |
C. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language :
1. Of things :
(1) The colour defined under A, I. 1 and
II. 1.
"Black is the badge of hell,
The hue of dungeons, and the scowl of night."
Shakesp. : Love's Lab. Lost, iv. 3.
(2) Certain objects of an intensely dark hue,
as —
(a) The pupil of the eye.
" It suffices that it be in every part ofi,he air, which
is as big as the Mack or sight of the eye." — Digbij.
(&) A mourning dress, or vestments of the
ordinary salile hue ; or a black dress even
when it is not worn for mourning.
"And why that ye ben clad thus al in blak }"
Chaucer: C. T., 913.
t In this sense it was often used in the
plural for black-stuffs, or clothes worn as
mourning.
" But were they false
As o'er-dy'd blacks."
Sliakesp. : Winter's Tale, i. 2,
(c) Plur. : Little pieces of soot, &c., floating
in the air are very commonly called blacks.
2. Of persons :
(1) A negro. »
" But, while they get riches by purchasing blacks.
Pray tell me, why we may not also go snacks ? "
Cowper: Pity for poor A/ricans.
(2) A scoundrel, a blackguard. {Scotch.)
II. Technically :
Painting and Comni. : The black colours
used in painting and commerce are made
from a variety of sources. Chemically viewed,
carbon is in general the substance which im-
parts the dark hue. For details see Bone-black,
Frankfort-black, German-black, Ivory-black,
Lamp-black, Pearl-black, Spanish-black, Viiu--
bloxk. See also Indian-ink, &c.
D, In special phrases :
\. A black day (formerly a blacke day) is a
mournful day, a day of misfortune and suffer-
ing.
" Never was seen so black a day aa this :
O woful day, 0 woful day! ..."
Shakesp. : Jiom. & Jul., iv. 6.
2. Bla.clc and blue, * Black, and blew, * Black
and bloe, a. &. adv.
(a) As adjective. Of tlie varied colours pro-
duced by a bruise.
"... but the miller's men did so baste his bones,
and so soundly bethwack'd htm that they made him
both black and blue yfith their strokes, "—^afieiuis, i.
294. (Boucher.)
(b) As adverb :
(i.) So as to produce the varied colours at-
tendant on a bruise.
"... hent Tae black and blew..." — MotTicr Bombie,
V. 3.
(ii.) To the utmost.
"... we will foul him black and blue . . ."—Sliakesp.:
Twelflh Night, ii. 5.
3. Black and white: Writing, the black re-
ferring to the ink, and the white to the paper.
" Careful 1 let nothing iiasse without good black and
while . . ." — Jacke Drum's Entertainment, a I.
(Boucher.)
^[ To put anything in black and v:hite : To
put it on paper ; to commit it to ^vriting.
"... that J would Yt\it it in black and white, tha.t he
might shew it to his Majestie."— ie«., Seaforth, Cullo-
den. Pap., p. 105. (Jamieson.)
^ Shakespeare has white and hlack in the
same sense. (Much Ado, v. 1.)
4. Black's your eye (black is your eye) : You
have done wrong, are blameworthy.
" I can say black's your eye, though it be grey ;
I have couniv'd at this your friend, and you "
Beau, .t Flet. : Love's Cure, iii. 1.
■■ T[ Blacke is their eye is similarly used.
" And then no man say blacke is tTieir eye, but all is
well, and tliey as good christians, as those that suffer
them unpunished.' —,'i?«6&« ; Anatomic of Abuses, p. 65.
5. Edward the Black Prince: The "Black
Prince of Wales," eldest son of Edward III.,
was so called from the colour of his armour.
(Shakesp. : Hen. V., ii. 4.)
^ Obvious compounds : Black-bearded (Tenny-
son : Dream uf Fair Women); black-liooded
(Tennyson: Morte d'Arthxir); black-knee (ren-
dering of proper name— Scott : Bob Roy,
Introd.); Nack-robe (Longfellow : Song ofHia-
wiithn, xxii.) ; black-sioled (Tennyson: Morte
d' Arthur).
black-act« 5. An act so called because
the outrages wliieh caused it to be passed
were committed by persons with blackened
faces 01' otherwise disguised. It was sometimes
more fully termed the Waltham black-aet,
because the locality of the crimes committed
was Waltham Abbey in Essex. Epinng Forest
was in immediate i>roximity to Waltliain. The
act was it Geo. I., c. 22, whicli made a number
of offences felony. Of tliese may be men-
tioned the setting fire to farm buildings, hay-
stacks, &c.,the breaking down of the heads rif
fish-ponds, killing or maiming c;ittlc, hunting,
wounding, or killing deer, robbing warrens
with blackened faces or disguised, shooting at
any one, or forcing people to aid in such un-
lawful acts. The Black Act was repealed by
the 7 & 8 Geo. IV., c. 27. (Blackstone: Com-
ment, iv. 11, 15, 17, and other authorities.)
Plur. (Scotch) Black Acts : The acts of the
Scottish Parliament written in the Saxon
character. They included those passed in the
reigns of Jas. I. to Jas. V., Mary, and James
VI. to the year 1586 or 15S7.
black-airn, s. [Eng. & Scotch black, and
Scotch (■fir7i = iron.] ^Malleable iron, as dis-
tinguished from whifc-alrv, i.e., that which is
tinned. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
black-alder, black-aller, s. A shrub,
Rhamnus frangula, the leaves of which are
like those of alder, but blacker. One of the
old names was Alnus nigra, of which Black-
alder is a translation. There is, however, no
real botanical affinity between the two plants.
black-amber, s. The name given by
Prussian amber-diggers to jet. (Stormonth.)
black archangel, s. A labiate plant,
Ballotanigra, L., called also Black Horchound.
black art, s. Exorcism, the alleged
ability to expel evil spirits from haunted
houses or from persons bewitched ; necro-
mancy, or anything similar.
1" The reason why it was called black was
that proficients in it were supposed to be in
league with the jiowers of darkness. A more
scientific explanation would be that such an
art is called black because it flourishes best
amid physical and intellectual darkness.
" He [Arise Evans the conjuror] was a deep student
in the black art, and Lilly assures ua that he had a
most piercing judgment, naturally upon a figure of
theft, was well versed in the nature of spirits, and
ha<l many times used the circular way of invocating."
Pennant: Tour in Wales,ii. 108. (Boucher.)
black ash, black-ash, s.
Cham, manuf. : A mixture of twenty-five per
cent, of caustic soda with calcium sulphide,
quicklime, and unburnt coal, obtained in the
process of making sodium carbonate, The
mixture of sodium sulphate, chalk, and pow-
dered coal is fused in a furnace, gases escape,
and the residue is the black ash, which is
lixiviated with warm water, and the solution
evaporated to dryness, yields soda-ash, an
impure sodium carbonate.
black assize, d.
Hist. : An assize held at Oxford in 1557,
when the High Sheriff and 300 other persons
died of infectious disease caiight from the
prisoners. It was called also i\\i^ fatal assize.
black-backed, a. Having a black back.
^ Black-hacked gall : A gull, Larus marmus.
black-band, s.
Among Scotch viiners : The ironstone of the
coal-measures which contains coaly matter
sufficient for calcining the ore without the
addition of coal.
black-bar, s.
A. Ord. Lang. (Lit.) : A bar which is black.
*B. Lavj: An obsolete name for what is
more properly termed blank-bar (q.v.). (Ash.)
black-beaded, c Resembling black
beads. (Used of eyes.)
" From beneath her gather'd wimple
Glancing with black-bended eyeb."
Tennyson : Lilian.
black-beer, s. A kind nf beer, called
also Dantzic, from its being manufactured in
and largely exported from the Prussian town
of that name.
black-bent, s. [Bent.]
black-bindweed, s. [Bindweed.]
black-birch, s. [Bi rch. ]
black-blue, a. Of the colour produced
by the combination of black and blue, the
latter predominating.
" The clear moon, and the glory of the heavens.
There, in a black-blue vault she sails along."
WordswortJi : Night-Pieco.
black-board, s. [Blackboard.]
b^, boy; poiit, j6wl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shiin ; -Uon, -slon = zhiin, -tious, -sious. -clous — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
36
562
black
black-bonnet, s. The Scotch name for
a bird, the Reed Bunting (Emberiza schceni-
chis.)
black book, £.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A book on the black art.
2. A name given to the histories \vi'itten ^>y
the monks in their several monasteries. Hn
. called, perhaps, becau.sc jienned with black
ink, in contradistinction to rubrics lu whirli
the ink used was red. (Jamieson.)
3. PI. (Black Ijoolcs). Fig. : The numerous
persons, things, inoidentH, &c., retained by
the memory being imaginatively assumed to
be x>i'eserved in a series of books, "black
books " ai'e those in whicli the reminiscences
are unpleasant.
\\ To put a person in one's hlacTc hooks : To
think very unfavourably of him, at least for
the time being. (Colloquial.)
11, History : A book composed by the
visitors to the monasteries under Henry VIII.,
who were sent to lind proof of such immo-
ralities among the celibate monks and nuns
as might justify the government in suppress-
ing those institutions and confiscating their
large i>roperty.
black-briar» s. A plant, apparently the
Bramble, Rnbus fruticosus, Linn. (Mascal
Gov. of Cattdy 1662, pp. 188, 233.) '(Britten &
Holland.)
black-browed, a.
1. Lit. : Having black eyebrows.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Dark, gloomy.
" They wilfully tlieinselveB exile from light,
Aiid luuat for aye consort with black-brow'd iii^ht."
Hhakeap. : Mid. liight'e Bream, iii. 2.
(2) Threatening, forbidding.
" Thus when a black-brow'd gust begins to rise.
White foam at first on the curl'd ocean fries."
Brffden.
black-bryony, s. The English name of
the Tamus, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Smilaceae (Sarsaparillas), The Coni-
mon Black-bryony (Tanvits communis) grows
apparently wild in England. Ithasdicecious,
greenish- white flowers, the males with six
stamens and the females with a three-celled
ovary, succeeded by a berry of three cells.
The leaves are cordate and acute, the stems
very long and twining in hedges, and the roots
fleshy and exceedingly large. It is so aciid that
it has been used as a stimulating plaster, but
the young shoots are eaten like asparagus by
the Moors, who boil them with oil and salt.
black -burning, a. Used of shame,
when it is so great as to produce deep blush-
ing, or to crimson the countenance.
black canker, s. A disease in turnips
and other crops produced by a kind of catei'-
pillar. Dr. Willich recommended that a num-
ber of ducks should be turned into the ttelds
infected by these insects.
black-cap, blackcap, black cap,
s & a.
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. (of the form black cap) :
(1) Gen. : Any cap of a black colour.
(2) Sjjcc. : A cap of a black colour put on by
a judge when about to pronounce sentence of
death on a criminal. It is popularly believed
that the black colour is designed to symbolise
the fatal eff'ect the sentence is about to pro-
duce, but in reality the black cap is a part of
a judge's full dress, and is worn on state occa-
sions, even though no fatal sentences have to
be pronounced.
2. Fig. (fj/f/ie/orms blackcap a??rf black-cap):
Various birds having the upper part of the
heads— that in the case of man often covered
by a cap— black ; or cap may in this case be
from A.S. cop = the top or summit of any-
thing. Specially—
(1) A name for the Black-cap Warbler, Ciir-
Tuca airicnpilla It is so called from the
black colour which exists on the crown of the
head in tlie male, tlie corresponding part in
the female being an umber or rusty colour.
In the former sex the back of the neck is
ashy-brown, tlie upper parts of the body grey
with a greenish tinge, the quills and tail
dusky edged with dull-green, the under parts
light-ash colour. The female is darker
and more greenish. The Black-cap is about
six inches in length. It occurs in Britain
from April to October, builds a nest in haw-
thorn bushes or similar places, deposits four,
hve, or six reddish-brown mottled eggs, and
is a sweet songster.
(2) A name for the Marsh Titmouse (Parus
pahtstris).
(3) A name for tJie Great Tit (Parus rnajor).
(-i) A name for the Black-headed Gull (Larus
ridlbundus).
B. As adjective : Black on the crown of the
head. (See the compound word which fol-
lows.)
H Black-cap Warbler. [Blackcap, A., 2(1).]
black-capped, a.
Of birds : Having the upper j^art of the head
black.
Black-capiptd Tomtit: The same as the .B^ac/c-
cap Titmouse (q.v.).
Black-capped Warbler. [Blackcap, 2 (1).]
black-cattle, s.
Grazing : All the larger domestic animals,
including oxen, cows, hoi'ses, &e., without re-
ference to their actual colour.
" The other part of the graziei-'a business is what we
call black-cattle, ijrocluces hides, tallow, and beef, for
exportation, "—if itfi/f.
^ black-chalk, s. The old name of a
greyish or bluish-black mineral, or rather of a
schistose rock, containing carbon aluiii-:na,
eleven parts of carbon and small iiroportions
of iron and water. It occurs near Pwlllielli,
Carnarvonshire, and in Isla, one of the He-
brides. It is properly a rnetamorphic rock,
and has no connection with chalk properly so
called. It is used in drawing and painting,
its streak being quite black.
black-character, .-. [Black-letter.]
black-choler, s. [Cholek.]
black coal, s. An old name for common
coal. (PMllips.)
black-coat, s. A depreciative name for
a clergyman, [Cloth.]
" The affronts of women and hlackcoats are to be
looked on with the same alight." — S/celton: Bon
(fixate, i>. 442.
black cobalt, s. Wad (q.v.).
black-cock, s. [Blackcock.]
black copper, s. [Named from its being
a copper ore of a bluish or brownish-black
or black colour.] A mineral, called also Me-
laconite (q.v.).
black corn, s.
Bot. : A book-name for Melampyrmn, of
which it is a translation.
black couch, s. The name of a jilant
Alopecurits agrestis, L.
black cow, a.
1. Lit. : A cow which is black.
2. Fig. : An imaginary cow of such a colour,
said to tread on one when calamity comes.
[Black Ox.] (Scotch.)
" The black cow on your foot ne'er trod.
Which gars you sing alang the road."
Herd: Coll., ii. 120. [Jamieson.)
black-crop, s. [Eng. black; crop.} A
crop of peas or beans. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
black crottles, ^^ The name of a plant,
Parmelia. saxatilis.
black-currant, s. The fruit of a well-
known garden bush, liibes nigrum ; also tlie
bush itself.
black-death, s.
1. A dreadful malady, called also the Black
Plague or the Black Disease, which ravaged
Europe during the fourteentli century, falling
terribly on Italy in 1340, and killing in London
alone in 1349 about ,50,000 people. Perhaps,
however, the Italian disease and the English
may not have been identical.
"Many also believe that the Black Beath of five
centui'iea ago liaa diaai)iieaved as inysterioualy as it
c-d.\n%."—Tyndan : Fray o/,Scif»cc (.ird edit,), xi, :iH.
2. A deadly epidemic which broke out in
Dublin in Slarch, ISOU. The name black was
given from the dark blotches whidi came out
upon the skin of the sutferers. (Haydn.)
black-disease, s. The same as Black-
death (q.v.).
black-diver, s. X name for a bird, the
Black Scoter (CFdcmia nigra).
black dog, d\
1. A dog of a black colour.
2. A fiend still dreaded in many country
places.
If A black dog lias walked over him: Used
of a sullen person.
TI Like butter in the black dog's house: A
proverbial phrase signifying utterly gone.
(Scott: Ajitiquary, ch. xxxviii.)
black-draught, s. A name for a purga-
tive medicine in common use. It is made of
an infusion of senna with sulphate of mag-
nesia.
black-drink, s. A decoction of Ilex
vomitoria in use among the Creek Indians
when they assemble for a council. [Ilex.]
black-duck, s. A duck in which black
is a prominent colour.
Great Black-duck : One of the names of a
duck, the Velvet Scoter (CEdemia fusca).
(Fleming.)
black-dye, s. Any dye of a lilack hue.
One of the commonest is made of oxide of
iron with gallic and tannin.
black-eagle, s. a name for the Golden
Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus.)
black-earth, s. Vegetable soil, garden
or other mould.
black-extract, s. An extract or a pre-
paration made fi'om Cocculus Indicus, which
gives an intoxicating quality to beer.
black-eye, s. A bmise upon the parts
immediately surrounding the eye.
black-eyed, a. Having black, or at least
dark-coloured eyes, i.e., having eyes with the
iris dark brown.
" When flrat Spain's queen beheld the black-eyed boy."
Byron : Ch'tlde Harold, t 48.
black-faced, blackfaced, a.
1. Literally : Having a black face,
If Several breeds of sheep are known as
blackfaced.
2. Figuratively:
" But wheu a black-faced cloud the world doth threflt"
Shakesp. : 2'arquiH and Lucrece.
black-fasting, a. A tenn used of one
who has been long without any kind of food.
" If they diiiiiii bring him something to eat, the puir
demented body has never the heart to cry for aught,
and he has been kemi'd to sit for ten hours thither,
black-f asting." —Scott : Si. lionan's Well, ch. xvi
black-fish, s.
1. Lit. : Ccntrolophus pompilus, a British fish
of the Fam. Scomberida; — the Mackerel family.
[Centrolophus.] It is of a black colour, es-
pecially on the fins, the under parts of the
body being lighter. It has been known to
reach two feet eight inches in length. It is
rare on the British coasts.
2. Fig. : Fish recently spawned. (Scotch.)
black-fisher, s. One who fishes under
night illegally.
"Ye took me aihhns for a black-fisher it was gami
tae gillie the ehonks o' ye, whan I liarl t ye out tae the
steuners. "— Stiini Patrick, iii. 42, iJamieeon.)
black-fishing, s. Fishing for salmon
under night by means of torches. [Leister,]
"The pi-aetice of black-fishing is so called because it
is uerfornied in the ni^ht time, or perhaps because thj
flah are then black or fuul."— /' Ruthven: Forfars-
Statist. Ace, xii. 29-1. (.latnieson.)
black-flea, s. A name sometimes given
to a small leaping coleopterous insect, Haltica
■jiemorwm, the larva; of which are highly in-
.iurious to turnips. It has not a close affinity
to the ordinary fiea.
black-flux, s.
Metal. : A material used to assist in the
melting of various metallic substances. It is
made liy mixing equal parts of nitre and tar-
tar, and defiagratiiig them together. The
black substance whicli remains is a compound
of charcoal and the carbonate of potassa.
black-foot, blackfoot, s. A soi-t of
match-maker ; one who goes between a lover
and his mistress, endeavouring to bring the
fair one to compliance.
" ■ I could never have expected this intervention of
a pi-oxenetiv. which the vuls^ar translate blackfoot, of
such eminent dignity.' said Dnlgarno, scarce concealing
a sneer, '—Sco^,- Fort, of A'igel, ch. xxxii.
Black-f'orest, s. A great forest, part of
the Herctjit ia Silva of the Roman jteriod. It is
situated in Baden and Wurtemberg, near the
source of the Danube.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ss, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
blacfc
563
Black-friars^ s. [Blackfriars.]
Black-Friday, s. The 6th December,
1745, when the uew.s reached Loudon that the
Pretender had come to Derby.
black-frost, black frost, s. Frost in
which there is no snow or hoar-frost on the
ground. Opposed to white or hoar-froat,
black-game, s. a name for tlie Black-
cock (Tetrao tetrlx) (q.v.).
black-ground, a. Having an opaque
surface beliind an object.
black-ground illuminator, s.
optics: An optical instrument in which an
opaque surface is introduced beliind the ob-
ject, while illuminating rays are directed
around and upon it. (Knight.)
black gooseberry, s. A well-known
garden fruit, Eibcs nifjrum, L.
black-grass, s. The name for several
gi'asses : (V) Aloijecwrusogrestis, L. (2) ,4. geni-
culatus, L. (3) Bromus sterilis, L.
black-guard, s. [Blackguard.]
black-gum, s. A tree, called also Sour-
gum, Popper-ridge, and Tupelo-tree. It is
Nyssa villosa. It is from forty to iifty feet
high. Its wood is made into naves for carriage-
wheels and blocks for hatters. It grows in
the United States.
black-haired, «. Having black, or at
least very dark hair.
black -headed, u. Having the head
black.
Black-hmded Eagle : An eagle from South
America, the Falco otrkajnllus.
Black-headed Tomtit: A name for a bird, the
Marsh Tit (Purus palustrin).
Great Blaclc-lieadcd Tomtit : A bird, the Ox-
eye Tit {Pai^is fungillugo, Margillivray), (P.
major, Lin.).
black-hearted, a. Having a morally
black heart ; secretly, if not even openly,
wicked.
black hellebore, s. A plant, Astrantia
major, L.
black hematite, s. A mineral, the same
as Psilomelane (q.v.). Xt is called also Black-
iron Ore.
black-hole, s. A dungeon.
IT The " black hole " nf Calcutta was not a
dungeon but an unveutihiti'il room about IS
feet square. Of the 140 prisoners put into it
on June 20, 1756. only ^3 came forth alive
next morning, the deficiency of oxygen in
the air being fatal to the rest.
black horehound, ^. A plant, Ballola
nigra, L. ,
black-iron, s. Malleable iron. [BLArit-
AiRN,] It is contradistinguislied from white-
iron, which is iron timied.
black-iron ore, s. An old name for a
mineral, running into three varieties : (1) Fi-
brous, (2) Compact. (3) Ochrey Black-iron ore.
The first is called also Black Hematite.
black-jack, s.
1. Commerce, £c. :
t 1, A large leatliern vessel in which small
beer was generally kept in former times.
Such receptacles for liquor were made in the
form of a jack-boot, whence it is by most
people supposed that they derived their name.
They still exist here and there, though passing
into disuse.
"There's a Dead-Sea of drink i' tli' cellar, in wliich
goodly vessels lie wreck'd ; ;iiid iu tlis middle of tins
aelnge appear tlie tops of Havoiis and black-jacks, like
clmri'hes drowu'd i' th' iitni-ahns."—JJeau'm. & Fletcher,
i. :!28. (Boucher.)
2. A trade-name for ground caramel or
burnt sl^ga^, whifli is used to adulterate cofTee.
It acts simply as a colouring agent, and gives
to the coffee infusion an appearance of gi'eat
strength.
IL Mining and Miii.: The name given by
miners to a mineral, a variety of zinc suljihide
(ZnS). It is called by mineralogists Spha-
lerite and Blende (q.v.).
III. Bot. : The Anu'rican name for a kind of
oak, the Querent nigra.
black lac, s. A lac of a Iilack colour
with which the Burmese lacquer various
kinds of ware. It comes probably from some
tree of the order Anacardiaceai (Anacards or
Trebinths).
black-lead, s. A name given to a mineral,
Graphite or Plumbago (q.v.), which is a car-
bon containing abuut li\ e percent, of quartz
with oxides of iron and lu, ingane.se as impuri-
ties. It contains no lead, but is so i'<illed
from its metallic appearance. It is used in
the manufacture of pencils and for other pur-
poses.
black-leading, s. The act or operation
of coating with black-lead.
Black-leading Machine : A machine for coat-
ing the surfaces of electrotype moulds with
plumbago. The carriage which supports the
mould is moveiL gradually along the bed be-
neath the bmsli, wliich has a quick, vibratory
movement in the same direction. The gra-
phite, being sprinkled on the mould, is caused
to penetrate the recesses of the letters in the
matrix by the points of the bristles.
black-leg, s.
1. A notorious gambler and cheat.
2. A term of opprobrium for a workman
who is willing to work for a master whose
men are on strike, or for a workman who is
willing to take less than union wages.
3. Generallij in the pi. : A disease among
calves and sheep in which the leg.s, and some-
times the neck, become affected by a morbid
deposit of gelatinous matter.
black-letter, blackletter, s. & a.
A. .4s sxibstantive : The Old English or
Gothic character, which was conspicuous
from its blackness, whence came its name of
hlaclc-letter. It was derived from the Old
German or Gothic cliaracter. The first books
printed in Em-ope were in this Gothic type,
which was superseded in 1467 or 1469 by the
letters now in use, which are called Roman.
B. As culjectlve : Written or printed in the
Old English character ; out of date.
"He scornfully thrust aside as frivolous and out of
place all that blavklefler leaniiii^, which some men,
tar less versed iii such mattere tlmn himself, had in-
troduced Into ihtidiacuiiiiiou."—Jfacuulay: Iii»t. Eng.,
ch. XI.
f Black-letter day : Unlucky day.
blaok-lidded, a. Having black lids.
" From whence he vewes, with his black-lidded eye."
H/jenser .- Mother Ilubberds Tale.
black-mail, s. [Blackma.il.]
black-manganese, s.
Min. : Hausmannite (q.v.).
black-martin, s. A bird, the Swift—
Cypselus apus.
black-match, s. a pyrotechnic match
or sponge. (Ogilvie.)
Black -Monday, s. Easter Monday,
specially Easter Monday of the year laoo,
when the cold was so gi-eat as to prove fatal
to many of Edward III.'s soldiers who at the
time were besieghig Paris. (Stone.)
IF Used by schoolboys to signify the first
day after the return to school. ,
black-money, ^ blac mone, s. A
name for the copper currency of Scotland in
the reign of James III.
" That tharbe na deueria [denlera] of Fransa, niailyia,
cortia, mytia, uor naiu vthir conterfetia of blac mono
tane iu payment iu this realme hot our suueiune lordis
owne blac mone strikkiu and i)rentit be his cun-
youria."— ^c(s, Ja. HI,, 1469 (ed. 1814), p. 97. (Jamie-
sun.)
black-monks, s. A name given to the
Benedictine monks from the colour of the
habit which they wore.
black-mouthed, a.
1. Lit. : Having a black mouth.
2. Fig. : Giving foith utterances of an intel-
lectually or morally dark character.
". . . the most i;«cft-iiiO(((7i'(Z atheists . . . ■ — K'tllina-
beck: Serm., p. 118.
black-neb, s. [Eng. black, and neb =^
bill.]
1. One of the English names for the Carrion
Crow.
2. One viewed as disaffected to government.
"Take care, Monkbarua ; sve shall set you down
among the black-nebs by and hy."~ficott ; AiUigiiari/,
ch. vL
■ black-nebbed, * blak-nebbit, u.
Having a black bill.
black-necked, -.t. Having a black neck.
"We saw also a pair of the beautiful black-necked
swans, . , ." — Darwiii: Voyage round, the World, ch.
xiii.
black nonesuch, s. [Nonesuch.] A
plant, Medicugo lupulina.
black ore-of-nickel, s. An old name
for a mineral found at Kiegelsdorf.
black ox, s. An ox which is black. (Lit.
&fig) t
^ The black ox is said to tramp on one who
has lost a near relation by death, or met with
some severe calamity. [Black Cow.]
" I'm fain to see you looking sae weel, cummer, the
inair that the black ox has tramped on ye since I >vas
aneath your roof-tree. "—Scorf : Antiquary, ch. xl.
black-pepper, s. Pepper of a black
colon]', the Piper nigriiia.
black-peopled, a. Peopled ^\ith negro
or otlier races of dark hue.
black-pigment, s. A fine light carbon-
aceous substance, essentially the same iu
composition as lamp-black. It may be pro-
duced by the burning of coal-tar, or in othei
ways. It is used chiefly in the manufacture
of printer's-ink.
black-pitch, a. Black as pitch.
" Homeward then he sailed exultiug.
Homeward through the black-jntch water."
Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, ix.
black-plate, s. A sheet-iron plate before
it is tinned.
black-poplar, a. Eng. name of a tree,
Populus nigra.
black-pudding, s.
1. Sing.: Apudding made with theblood ofa
cow or sheep, inclosed in one of the intestines.
2. PI. (Black Puddings): A plant, Typha
latifolia, L., so called from the shape and
colour of the flower-heads.
black-quarter, s. A disease of cattle,
apparently the same with Black Sx>aul.
"Iu former times, superstition pointed out the fol-
lowing singular mode of preventing the apreading uf
thia distemper: When a beiLst was seized with the
black-quarter, it waa taken to a house where no cattle
were ever after to enter, and there the animal's heart
was taken out while alive, to be hung up in the house
or byre where the farmer keiit his cattle." — Agr. Sure.
Cai'.hn., p. 203. (Jamieson.)
black-quitch, s. The name of two plants.
(X) Agrostls mdgarls, L.
(2) Alopccurus agrestis.
Black Rod, black rod, s.
1. Of things: A rod which is black.
2. Of persons: A functionary connected with
the House of Lords. His full designation is
Usher of the Black Rod, so called because
tlie symbol of his office is a black rod, on the
top of which reposes a golden lion.
"In one debate he lost his temper, forgot the de-
corum which in general he strictly observed, and
narrowly escai>ed being committed to the custody of
the Black Rod." — Macaula}/ : Bist, Eng., ch. xv.
Tf Sometimes tlie article, before the words
Black Rod, is dropped.
" In the evening, when the Houses had aasembltd.
Black Rod knocked."— i/acMMJ«3f: llist. £ng., ch. xxv.
black-root, s. A. plant, Symphytum offi-
cinale, L.
black-row grains, s.
Mining: A name sometimes given to a kind
of ironstone occurring in Derbyshire.
black-rust, s. A disease which attacks
wheat, causing the atfected pai-t to assume a
black hue. This is a small fungus, Trichobasls
Rubigo vera.
black-salts, s. Wood ashes after they
have been lixiviated and evaporated, leaving a
black residuum behind. (Amerimn.) (Ogilvie.)
black-saltwort, s. One of the English
names given to a plant, Glaitx maritima, called
also tlie Sea-milkwort. [Glaux.] [Sea-milk-
WORT.]
black-sceptered, a. Having a sceptre
or sceptres swayed in oppression.
" That Britfxnnia, reuowu'd o'er the waves
For the hatred she ever h.is shown
To the black-sccptercd rulers oi slaves.
Resolves to have' none of her ow n."
Cow per : The Morning Dream.
Black Sea, s. a sea, called also the
Euxine, from the old Roman name Pontus
Euxinus. It is about 700 miles long by ;jSo
broad, and separates Paissia on the noi-tli from
Turkey in Asia on the south.
bffll, boy; pout, j<5^1; cat, ceU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-Cian. -tiau = shg,n« -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -slous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. i bel del
564
black— blackberry
blacU-seed, s. A plant, MedLcago lu^^u-
llllM. L.
black sheep, o.
1. Lit. : A sheep of a black colour, especi-
ally uiie occurring in a flock of a different hue.
2. Fig. : A person of immoral or vicious pro-
clivities, especially one arising in a well-ordered
household. Also a term of reproach for one
against whom his fellows owe a grudge.
"In the breeding of domestic animals, the elimina-
tion of those individualB, though few in number,
wliich itre in any marked manner inferior, in by uo
memia an miinn>ort.iut element towards succesa This
especially holds good with injurious characters which
tend to appear thi'ough reversion, such as blackness
in sheep, and with mankind some of the worst dispo-
sitions, Which occasionally, without any assiguatjle
cause, make their appearance in families, may perhaps
be revei"sious to a savage sbite from which we are not
removed by very many generations. This view seems
indeed recognised in the common expression that such
men are the tilack sheep of the family,"— Z)a.7itfi)t .■ The
Descent of Man, vol, i., pt. i., ch, v., p, 173.
black-shoe, s. A shoeblack.
"A rebuke given by a hlack-shoe boy to another,'' —
Fielding: Vov. Garden JourmU (Works 1840), p. 713.
A mineral, called also
black-Silver.
Stephanite (q.v.).
black snake, s. The name long ago
given by Catesby to an American snake found
in Carolina and elsewhere. It is the Coluber
Constrictor, which must not be confounded
witlj the Boa Constrictor of Linnwus. It is
said to be able to strangle the rattlesnake.
Its bite is not dangerous,
black snake-root, s.
1. A ranunculaceous plant, Botrophis actce-
oides.
2. An umbelliferous plant, Sanicula marl-
landlca.
black spaul, s. a disease of cattle.
(Scotch.) [Black-quarter.]
" The bladk spaul is a species of pleui-isj;, incident to
young cattle, especially calves, which gives a bl.ick
hue to the flesh of the side affected.,' — Prize £ssays,
Highland Society, s. ii. 207. {Jamie&on. )
black squltch-grass, s. A grass, Alo-
pecurus agrestis, L, [Black-quitch.]
black-strake, 5. [Eng. black; and strake
~ a continuous line of planking on a ship's
side, reaching from stem to stern.]
BLACK-bTRAKE.
' Shi-p-building : The strake upon a ship's
side, next below the luwer or gun-deck ports,
marked a in tlie figure.
" black-strap, c.
Naiit. : A contemptuous appellation given
by sailors in the British navy to a kind cf
Z^tr(Iiteirini''au wine served out to them amnug
th^jir rations, nu passing the Straits of Gib-
raltar to the eastward. (Falconer.)
^' black-strapped, a. Nanticcd :
1. Served with blaek-str;ip (q.v.).
2. Driven into the Mediterranean Sea. (Fed-
coner.)
' black sulphuretted silver, s.
MUi. : An obsolete name for Argeutitr
(q.v.). (PhillijK )
black-swift, s. A bird, the Common
Swift, Cypsdus apus.
black-tall, s.
1. Gen. : A tail which is black.
2. .S>cc. ,■ A name sometimes given to a fish
of the perch family, the Ruffe or Pope.
(Acerina vuJgaHs.)
black-tang, s. A sea-weed, Fucus vest-
culosus, L. (Scotch.) (■/innirf'cni.)
black tellurium, .';.
Mill. : Nagyagite (q.v.).
black-thorn, o. [Blackthorn.]
black - throated, u. Having a black
throat.
Ulack-throated ivaxioing : A name for a bird,
the Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrula).
black-tin, s. Tin ore when beaten into a
black powder and washed ready for smelting.
black-top, s.
1, A composite plant, Centaurea Scdblosa, L.
2. The Stonechat, [Blackvtop.]
black-tressed, a. Having black tresses
or ringlets.
black - tufted, a. Tufted with black.
The black-tufted eagle of Africa, Falco Sene-
black varnish, s. & a.
A. ^s suhst. : A varnish of a black colour.
"... the black varnish which it yields." — Treas. of
Bot. (ed. 1866), ii. 729.
B. As Objective: Yielding black varnish.
[Black- VARNISH Tree.]
black-varnlsh tree, s. A very large
tree, Melanorrhcea usitatissivui, belonging to
the order Anacardiaceai (Anacards or Tere-
binths). It grows in the Eastern xieninsula.
It is sometimes known as the Ligmtm vitos of
Pegu, being so called from its hardness and
weight, which are so great that the natives
make anchors of its wood. The black varnish
is obtained from it by tapping its trunk.
black - visaged, a. Having a black
visage ; having a countenance of negro-like
hue.
" Hurry amain from our black-eisag'd shows ;
We shall aftVight their eyes."
Marston : Antonio and Mellida, Prol.
black-vomit, s. A black liquid vomited
in severe cases of yellow fever,
black-wad, black wadd, s.
Min. : A term used chiefly for Earthy Ochre
of Manganese. [AVad. ]
black wall, black-wall, s. & a.
A, -4s subst. : A wall which is black.
B. As a/Xj. : Pei-taiuing to such a wall.
Black-ivall hitch (Naut): Abend to the back
of a tackle-hook or to a rope, made by passuig
the bight round the object and jamming it by
its own standmg part. [HrrcH.]
black-walnut, s. An American tree,
Jtiglaiis nigra, the wood of which— dark as its
name imports— -is much used on the Western
continent for cabinet work.
black-ward, black ward, s. & u.
(Scotch. )
A. As substantive : A state of servitude to a
servant.
B, As adjective : Pertaining to such a state.
'■ So that you see, sir, I hold in a sort of black ward
tenure, aa we call it in our couutry, beiu(j the ser-
vant of a servant."— i'co« ; Fortunes of Mgel, ch, li.
black-wash, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Any wash of a black colour, as
distinguished from whitewash.
2. Fig. : Untruthful aspersions which hide
the real character of tlie jierson blackened.
" To remove as far as he can the modern layei-s of
hldck-wush, and let the man liimself, fair or foul, be
seen." — Kingsley. (Goodrich & Portci:)
II. Pliarvutnj : A mixture of lime-water and
calomel. Its dark colour is due to mercurous
oxide. It is called Lotto Hydrargyri Nigra.
Black Watch, s. [So called from the
blar'k colour of the tartan which they wore,]
The designation gi-nerally given to the com-
])auies of loyal Highkinclers. raised after the
rebellion in 1715, for preserving peace in the
Highland districts. They constituted the
nucleus of the 4:^nd Regiment, to which the
name of Black "\^'ateh still attaches.
black-water, s.
1. Vet. : A disease of cattle characterised
by the passage of dark or black mine, the
col'iuring matb.-r being derived from the blood
and caused by scanty and unhealthy food.
[Red- WATER.]
2. Mcil. : A name sometimes given to a
disease generally known as Pyrosis or Water-
brash (q.v.),
black-wheat, ^ blacke wheate, s
Melampyritm sylvaticum.
" Home ^ov/re ox blacke wheaie . . , iahoate."— tye*;
Bodoens, p. iti-t.
black whort, whortle, or whortle-
berry, s. A plant, Vaccinium Myrtillus, L.,
and its fruit.
* black-whytlof, s, [Eng. black, o.
Eng. why t = white, and to/ = loaf.] Bread
intermediate in colour and fineness between,
white and brown, called also Ravel-bread.
black-wood, s.
1. The wood of an Indian Papilionaceous
tree, Dalbergia latifolia. It is used for making
furniture.
2. That oSMelJiarica melanoxylon, one of the
Byttnenads, from New South Wales.
3. The Acacia vielaiioxylon.
black-work, s. The work of the black-
smith in contradistinction to bright-work, i.e.,
the work of the silversmith.
t black, * blake, * block, v.t. [Prom
black, a. (q.v.), or contracted from blacken
(q.v.).] To make black, to blacken. (Gliiejly
'poetic.)
" Then in his fury black'd the raven o'er,
And bid bun prate iu his white plumes uu more."
Addison,
black ~a-ni6or, ^'. [Eng. black; moor— the a
euplionic. ]
1. Lit. : A black man, specially a negi'o,
though the Moors and the negroes belong to
different races of mankind, the former having
straight black hair, and the latter hair or
rather wool quite curly.
2. Fig. : A name for a plant, Typha latifolia,
the Great Reed-mace.
black-a-vi^ed, black'-a-vi9ed, a. [Nor.
Fr. vis, vise = the face, the visage.] Dark-
complexioned. (Scotch.)
"... looking mair like an angel tliau a man, if he
hadna been sae black-a-vised." — Scott : Old Mortality,
ch. xi.
black-ball, s. [Eng. black; and ball.}
1. (Jen.. A ball of a black colour.
2. Spec. : Used for the purpose of balloting.
A black ball cast for one implies a vote
against him, and, on the contrary, a white
ball is one in his favour. (Webster.)
3. A composition of tallow and other ingre-
dients used for blacking shoes.
blaek'-ba''ll, v.t. [From Eng. blackball, s.
(q.v.).]
1. Lit. : To vote against one by means of a
black ball. (Webster.)
2. Fig. : In any other way to take means to
exclude a person from the society to which he
belongs.
black-balled, 3x1. par. [Blackball, v.]
black-bal'-ling, pr. par., «., & s. [Black-
ball, '0. ]
black-beet'-le (le as el), s. [Eng. black ;
beetle.] A popular name tor the cockroach,
which however does not belong to the insect
order of beetles proper (Coleoptera), but to
the Orthoptera. The hedgehog devours the
" blackbeetle," and it in tui-n greedily feasts
on the bug. [Cockroach.]
black-ber'-ried, «. [Eng. black; berried.]
Producing berries of a black colour, as Blaek-
lierried lie;itb, an old name for the Black
Orowberry (Enipetrum nigrum). (Todd, £-c.)
black'-ber-ry, 5. & a. [Eng. black, berry;
A.S. bkec-berie, blcec-berige.]
A. As substanttrc :
1. A popular name of the fruit of the common
Bramble, Rubvs frtiticos-us or discolor, and
some other allied species ; also of the shrub on
which it grows. Blackberries ripen in the
south of England in the latter part of August
and the early portion of September ; and in the
north of Scotland they are sometimes so late
in approaching maturity that in unfavourable
seasons they are nipped by frost without pro-
perly ripening at all.
2. The sloe, Pt-iimis spinosa. (Bailey, duc.)
B. As culj. : Consisting of blackberries, as
blaekbeny jam.
fate, f^t, fare, amidst, w^hat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or^ wore, wglf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
blackbird— blackguardism
565
bl^ck'-bird, s. [Eng. blades bird.] A ■well-
known British bird, the Tardus Tneniln.
Other English names sonietluies given to
it are the Merle, the Garden Ousel, or sim-
ply the Ousel. A book -name is also the
Black Thrush. The male is black, with the
bill yellow ; the female is deep brown above,
lighter beneath, the throat and foreneck pale
brown with darker streaks ; the young dusky
brown above with dull yellowish streaks,
whilst beneath they have dusky spots.
Length, including tail, ten inches ; expansion
of wings, fifteen inches. There are several
varieties, one of them white. The blackbird
is a permanent resident in Britain. It feeds
in winter on snails, breaking their shells by
dashing them against a stone, and also on
earthworms and berries. It pairs in February
or March. Its nest is bulky, and is composed
externally of stalks of grasses, twigs, &,c. In-
ternally there is a lining of mud, and inside
of this again fibrous roots, stalks of grasses,
and decayed leaves. It lays four, five, or six
(generally five) eggs, larger than those of the
thrush. They are pale bluish-green with
darker markings. The song of the blackbird
is much admired.
" The blackbird strong, the liutwhite clear."
Burns: JI amble Petit ion of limiiir Water.
^ 1. MicliaelTiuis Blackhird : One of the names
for the Ringed Thrush {J'urdvs torquatus).
2. Moor Blackbird: An English name for
the Ringed Thrush (Turdus tOTqnatus).
3. JVhite-hreasted Blackbird : An English
name for the Ringed Thrush (Turdus tor-
quatus).
bl^Ck'-board, s. [Eng. Uach ; hoard.] A
board used for teaching purposes in schools
and colleges, mathematical or other figures
being drawn upon it with chalk. A blackboard
is, genei-ally made of different pieces of well-
seasoned wood cnnijiletely united, and having
the ujiper surface planed smooth. As the
name imports, it is painted black. Several
successive coatings ot the colour are laid on,
mixed with pumicestone or similar material
so that a certain roughness may be imiiarted
to the surface of the board. This makes it
easier to write upon it with chalk, and easier
also to rub out what has been, written.
Bl^ck'-brook, s. &a. [Eng. black; brook.]
A. As subst. : A place in Charn wood Forest.
B, As adj. : Pertaining or in any way re-
lating to the place described under A.
Blackhrook Series. Geol. : A series of rocks,
probably the lowest visible in Charnwood
Forest. They contain much fine detrital vol-
canic material. The name was given by Rev.
E. Hill and Professor T. Bonney in 1880. Dr.
Hicks thinks the wjiole Charnwood Series, to
which the Blackbrook rocks belong, pre-
Cambrian. (Proceed. Geol. Sac, London, No.
3SS, Session 1879-80, pp. 1, 2.)
black'-cap, s. [Black-cap.]
bl^ck'-cock, s. [Eng. black, and cock.]
1, A name for the male of the Black Grouse
or Black Game, called also the Heathcock
(Tetrao teirix). The female is called the Grey
Hen, and the young are Poults. The Blackcock,
as its name imports, is black, having, how-
ever, white on the wing coverts and under the
tail, the two forks of whiih are directed out-
ward. It is about as large as a domestic fowl.
It is found in some abundance in Scotland
and less plentifully in England. The eggs are
from six to ten in number, of a yellowish-grey
colour, blotched with reddish-brown. The
close-time is from the 10th of December to the
20th of August, except in the New Forest,
Somerset, and Devonshire, where it is from
the 10th of December to the 1st of September.
" The deer to distaut covert drew,
The black-cock deem'd -b day, and crew."
Scott . iMid of the Mm, V. 13.
^ To make a blackcock of one : To shoot one.
(Scotch. ) { Waverley. )
2. A name for the Swift (Cypselus apiis).
Bl^ck'-dd^u, s. & a. [Eng. black; down.]
A. As substantive. Geog. : A down in Devon-
shire.
B, As adjective: Existing at or pertaining
to the place mentioned imder A.
Blackdown beds, s.
Geol. : A series of sandstones resembling in
mineral character the Upper Greeusands of
Wiltshire, but their fossils are a mixture of
Upper and Lower Greensand species. They
are supposed to represent the littoral beds of
the sea in which the Gault was deposited.
They contain Ammonites varicosns, Turritella
granulata, Rostella/ria calcaratv, Cardivm pro-
boscideum, Cytiierea coj/erata, Corbula elegans,
Trigonia caudata, &c.
blacked, pa. par. & a. [Black, v.]
* black'e-ly» oAv. [Blackly.]
black-en, *blak'-en, *blak'-yn,i'.^ &i.
[Eng. black, and sufT. -en.] To make black.
A. Transitive :
I. Literally :
1. Of things material : To make of a black
colour.
" When metal8 are to lie burned, it ia necessary to
blacken ur otherivise tariiisli theiu, so ns tu diminish
their reflective ijower." — Tyndall: /•Yiifj. of Hcieitce
(3rd ed ). viii., 7, p. laL
" Wliile the long fun'rals blacJcen all the way."
Pope: Elegi/ on an Unfortunate Lady.
2. To make of a colour moderately dark
rather than actually black ; to cloud, to place
in a dark shadow. (Lit. Jjfig.)
"And the broad shadow of her wing
Jilackened each cataract and spring "
Hcott : liokubif, iv. 1.
II. Figuratively :
1. To render the character or condnrt mo^
rally black by the perpetration of crime or
by indulgence in flagrant vice.
". . . a life, not indeed it^rtctencd by any atrocious
crime, . . ." — Sfacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, v,
2. To defame the character.
"... who had done their worst to blacken his repu-
tation."— MncatiJai/ : Hist. Eng,, ch. xiv.
f Sometimes with the object omitted.
"There's nothing blackens like the hik of fools." —
Pope: Epist. II., 411.
B. Intransitive: To become blafk.
"The hollow sound
Sung in the leaves, the forest shook around,
AXTblacken'd, roll'd the thuudei. groau'd the ground."
Dryden.
black'-ened, pa. par. & a. [BLACKEt?, v.t.]
"Slacken^ zinc-foil." — Tyndall: Frag, of Science
(3rd ed.), viii., 7, p. 191.
" The precipice abrupt
. . . the blwkeii'd flood."
Thomson: iStii^sons ; SumTner.
black'-en-er, ' black'-ner, s. [English
blo.ckcn ; -er.] One who blackens any person
or thing ; or that which does so. (Slierwood.)
blS-ck'-en-lAg, pr. par., a., & s. [Blacken,]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjectii'c: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb,
". , . a 67(icSen?«/r train
Of clamorous rooks thiuk ui^e their weary flight."
Thomson : Seasons ; Winter.
C. As substantii^e :
I. Ord. Lang. : The act or process of ren-
dering black ; the state of being blackened ;
the black colour so produced. {Lit. & fig.)
"... the blackening of silver . . .'' — Todd and
Bowman : PhyHol. Anat., voLi., Introd., p. 36.
" But feel the shock reuew'd. nor can efface
The blight and bluckemng which it leaves behind."
Byron : Childe Harold's Pilgrinuige, iv. 24.
II. Technically:
1. Founding: An impalpable powder, usually
charcoal, employed by moulders to dust the
partings of the mould.
2. Leather mavufarture: A solution of sul-
phate of iron applied to the grain side of the
skin while wet ; it unites with the gallic acid
of the tan, and produces a black dye.
^ black'-et, pa. par. & a. [Blacked.] (Scotch.)
black'-ey. black'-y-, s. [Eng. black, and
suffix -ey.]
1. A familiar term for a negro.
" He swore he would demolish bl ackey's Mgly face,"
— ir. J/. Thackirray : Jfeiocomes, cli, iu
2. Afamiliar term for a black cat, a rook, &c.
black'-fa9ed, u... [See Black-faced.]
Black -fri'-ar (plural Black -fri'-ar§.
* Bl^ck-fri -er§, * Black-fry'-er§), s.
& a. [Eng. black; friar.]
A. -4s substantive :
1. Sing, and plur., and often as cmivounds
and sfpnrate words: Monks of the Dominican
order. The name was given from the colour
of the habit which tbey wore. [Domixkan.J
"lu Ejiglaud they [the Dominicans] were c.ilkd
Black Friars, from the colour of their habit ; and the
part uf London where they firat dwelt is still called by
that name. '— J/wrdocft .■ jVo(e in A/usheim's Ch. Hist.,
cent, xiii., pt. ii., ch. ii.
2. FJur. : The region in London first in-
habited by the Dominican friars. [A., 1.]
" When not a Puritan in Black-Friers will trust
So much as for a feather."
B. Jonson: Alchym., i. 1. (Nares.)
B. As adjective : Pertaining to the Domini-
can monks called Blackfriars ; situated in the
region of London which they inhabited ; moi-e
frequently of the bridge or the theatre formerly
in that locality.
1" The theatre there was attended by more
respectable people than any other on the side
of the Thames.
" But you that can contract yourselves, and sit
As vuu were now in the /Hack- Fryers pit,
And will not deaf us with lend noise and tongues."
Shirley : Six Sew Playes (1053). (Nares.)
black-guard , (ck and u silent), * black
guard (u silent), s, & a. [Eng. black ; guard.]
A. As svbstantii'c :
* I. With the two words wholly separate :
* 1. Originally. (In a literal sense) : The
humbler servants in a wealthy household who,
when journeys were in progress, rode among
the pots, pans, and other household utensils
to protect or guard them. No moral imputa-
tion was conveyed in calling them, as was
done, the bl<iek guard. All that was implied
was that they were apt to become begrimed
on a journey by the vessels in proximity to
which they sat.
" A . , . slave that within these twenty years rode
with the black guard iu the Duke's carriage, niongst
spits and stripiJing-iJ.LU3."—H'ei8ie)"; The White Devil.
{Trench: Select 0/</'<-sary.)
2. Next. (Fignratively) : Persons morally
black or begrimed ; persons of bad character.
"Thieves and murderers took upon them the cross
to escape the gallowa. adulterers did penance in their
armour. A lamentable case that the Devil's black
guard should be God's soldiers." — Fuller: Tlie Holy
War, L 12. (Trench: Select Glossary.)
II. Having tlif two words combined, first with
a hyphen and then altogether : With the same
meaning as No. 2. Specially used of a low
fellow with a scurrilous tongue. (Rather
vulgar.)
B. As adjective :
*1. Of persons: Serving.
" Let a black-guard boy be always about the house
to send on your errands, and go to market for you on
r<iiiiy days."— Sm»/f.
2. Of language : Scurrilous, abusive ; as,
" blackguard language."
bl&ck'-guard (ck silent; u silent), v.t. & i.
[From blackguard, s. & a. (q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To call one a blackguard or to
use such scurrilous language to one as only a
blackguard would employ.
B. Intrans. : To act the part of a black-
guard ; to behave in a riotous or Indecent
manner,
" An' there a batch of wabster lads
B<acl'giiiirdin' frat- KiliiiHrnock
For fun this day."
Burns : Holy Fair.
black'-guard-ed, pa. par. & a. [Black-
guard, i'.(.]
"I have been . , . blackguarded quite sufficiently for
one sitting."— W. M. Thackeray : A'ewcomes, ch. xxix.
black'-guard-ihg (Eng.), black-guar-
din (Scutch {ck silent; u silent), pr. par.
[Blaokouakd, v.t.]
black'-guard-ly (ck silent; u silent), a.
['Eng. blackguard; dy.] Pertaining to, or
characteristic of, a. blackguard ; villainous,
rascally.
black'-guard-ism (ck silent; u silent), s.
b^, bo^; po^t, 36^1 1 cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
clan, -tian =-- shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -§ion = zbun. -clous, -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -tie, &c, = bel, tel.
566
talackguardry— bladder
[Eng. 'blackguard ; -ism.] The language or
action of a blackguard. (Southey.)
" Iginjiiiinious disaoluteuess, or rather, if we may
venture to designate it by the only proper word,
black ffuai-dism." — JIacaulai/ : Essay on Mallams
Const. Hist.
blS-ck'-guard-ry (c/j silent ; u silent), s. [Eng.
blackguard; -ry.] Blackguards collectively.
black'-lieads, 5. ^^Z. Ap\aTit,Typhalaii/olia,lj.
black'-heart, o. A cultivated variety of
cherry.
" The umietted black-hearts ripen dark.
All thine, agaiust tlie gardeu wall,"
Tennyson ■ The Blackbird.
bl^ck'-ing, pr. par. , a., & s. [Black. ]
A. & B. As present jiartlciple and piartlcipial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive : Any black colouring
matter made artiftcially, such as shoe-black
or lamp-black. Blacking for shoes may be
made by mixing ivory-black, sour beer or
porter, Florence oil, molasses, and a little sul-
l)liate of iron. Common oil blacking is a
mixture of ivory-black or lamp-black with
linseed-oil, or else with small beer or water,
with a little sugar and gum-arabic.
blacking-case, s. A case for holding
blacking and brushes. (Knight.)
1" Obvious co'inpmmd : Blacking -brush.
{Knight.)
black'-ish, a. [Eng. blade; -ish.} Somewhat
black.
"Part of it all the year coiitiuues iuthe form of a
blackisJi oil." — Boyle.
bla'C-kit, 2ia. jMr. &a. [Black, v.] (Scotch.)
" The dress, the light, the confusion, and maybe a
touch o" a blackit cork , . .''—Scott: Heart of Mid-
lothian, c\\. xvii.
black'-lead, s. [Black-lead.]
black-let'-ter, s. [Black-letter.]
black'-l3^, * blacke'-ly, (Ldv. [Eng. lUclc ;
-ly.] Darkly, in a moral sense ; cruelly, or
otherwise, with aggravated wickedness.
" Lastly stood War, in glitteriu? arms yclad,
With visage grim, stern looks, and blackly hued."
Sach-ville, hiduct. Mir. for Magistrates.
bl^ck-lna'il, s. [Eng. blade, and A.S. inal =
tribute, toll-dues ; or from Norm. Fr. rtiail,
Tiiayile, nnael = a half-xienny.]
1. Law : Quit-rents reserved in work, grain,
&c. ; in contradistinction to payments reserved
in "white money," that is, in silver. (Black-
stone : Coninient., ii. 3.)
2. Ord. Lang. & Law: Money paid from
motives of prudence, not from legal obligation,
by owners of property to freebooters and
similar worthies, or their confederates or
chiefs, as the price of protection from being
plundered, or worse. The system of paying
blackmail, which once flourished in the Korth
of England and the South of Scotland, was
declared illegal in the former country by the
43 Elizabeth, c. 13, but it flourished in the
Highlands of Scotland till after the battle of
CuUoden, in 1745.
" ' . . . but the ixildest of them [the thieves'] will
never steal a hoof from any oue that pays black-mail to
yi'.-hlan Vohr.'
" 'And what is blackmail f
"'A sort of protection-money that Low-comitry
gentlemen and herttors lying near the Highlands pay
to some Highland chief, that he may neither do them
harm himself, nor suffer it to l>e done to them by
othere ; and then if your cattle are stolen, you have
only to send him word and he will recover them ; or.
it may be, he will drive away cows from some distant
place where he has a quarrel, and give them to you to
make up yom- loss." "Scott : Waverly, ch. xv.
3. Extortion of money under threat of
(false) accusatiouj exposure, or adverse criti-
cism.
^bl^ck'-mdor, i. [Blackamoor.] (Broione.)
black'-ness, *blak'~nes, *blake'-nesse,
s. [Eng. blacken; suft. -ess.]
1. Lit. : The quality of being black.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Gloominess produced by calamity, misery.
"... wandering stars, to whom is reserved the
blackness of darkness for ever." — Jicde 13.
(2) Atrocious wickedness ; depravity.
black'-smith* s. [Eng. black; smith. So
named because the nature of his occupation
tends to begrime him.] A smith who works
in iron.
" Then, with a smile of content, thus answered Ba-sil
the biacktmitJi."
Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 2.
black-Stone, black'-stane, s. & a. [Eng.
blade; stone (iicotch stane).^
A* As siibstantive :
1. Gen. : A stone of a black colour.
* 2. Specially :
(1) The designation formerly given to a
dark-coloured stone, used in some of the
Scottish universities as the seat on which a
student sat when being publicly examined as
to the progress he had made in his studies
during the preceding year.
" It is thought fit that, when students are examined
publicly on the Black-stane, before Lammas, and after
their return at Michaelina.s. they Ix! examined in
some questions of the catechism." — Acts C'ommisx. of
the Four Universities, A. 1617. {Bower: HUt. Univ.
Edin., 1. 222.)
(2) The examination itself.
"... our vicces and blackstons. and had at Pace our
promotion and finishing of our course." — Melville's
Diary : Life of A. Melville, i. 231. (Jamieson.)
B. As adj. : Connected with the blackstone
examination— e.g., blackstone medal.
black'-thom, *-. & a. [Eng. blade, and thorn.']
A. As subst. : A name for the Sloe, Prunus
spinosa or P. commiinis, var. Spinosa. [Sloe.]
" Blake thorne (Prunus, P.)." —Prompt. Paro.
" The blossom on the blacluTwrn, the leaf upon the
tree." Tennyson : New Year's Eoe.
B. As adj. : Made of blackthorn.
" Mukhtiu- Pasba threw himself among the crowd,
armed with a fonuiditble blackthorn stick." — Daily
Telegraph, Nov. 20, 1877. {Erzeroatn Correspoiulence.i
blackthorn may, o. The foregoing
plant, Priinus sjjinosa, L. The term Tnay in-
dicates its resemblance in its white blossoms
to the May or Hawthorn, which, however, it
precedes in flower by about a mouth.
blSiCk-wel'-li-a» s. [Named after Elizabeth
Blackwell, authoress of an old herbal.]
Bot : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Homaliaceae (Hoinaliads). B. padijtOTu,
a greenhouse shrub with flowers, as its name
imports, like those of the Prunus padus, or
Bird-cherry, was introduced from Chili in 1827.
black'-wort, s. [Eng. black ; wort.] A local
name for a plant, Symphytum officinale, -L.,
the Comfrey.
black'-y-top, s. [Eng. blacky, and top.] A
name for a bird, the Stonechat (Saxicola rubi-
cola.). The appellation is given because the
male has the head and throat black, and the
female has also some brownish black on tlie
head. [Black-top. ]
blad, o. [Blaud.] (Scotch.)
* blad'-ap-ple (pie as pel), s. [From O.
Eng. blad; A.S. 6^recZ= abla'de, a leaf (?) ; and
appei = apple. J An old name for the Cactus
(q.v.),
* blad'-a-rie, s. [A. S. ilceddre = a bladder (?). ]
Moral lioUowness.
" Bot allace it is festered securitie, the inward heart
is full of bladarie, <|uhilk bladarie shal bring sik
terrors in the end with it, that it shal multiply thy
torments." — Bruce: Eleven Serm. (eiL lb^\). (Jamieson.)
" bladde, s. [Blade.] (CJmucer : C. T., 620.)
blad -der, * blad-er, ^ bled-der, ^^ bled-
dere, * bled-dir, * bled-dyr, ■ blose,
* bled-dre, * blad-re, s. & a. [A.S. bhed-
dre, blcedre = a bladder, a pustule, a blist ;
Icel. bladra ; Sw. blo.ddra; Dan. blcere; Dut.
'blaar ; X. H. Ger. blatter = a wheal, a pimjjlc ;
O. H. Ger. platra = Sk bladder. From A.S.
Z)icetZ = a blowing, a blast ; blawan, blaiivan =
to blow. Icel. bUer = a breeze ; Wei. pledren ;
Lat. f.atus=ii blowing. Compare also Dut.
hJaas ; Ger. Hase = a bladder ; Sw. blasa ; Icel.
hlasa; Dan. blcese; Dut. blasen ; Moeso-Goth.
blcsan = to blow.] [Blow, Blast.]
A. As substantive :
1. Literally :
1. Ord. Lang. & Animal Physiol,
(1) A membranous bag in man and the
higlier animals, designed for the retention of
the urine. This being the most important
structure of the kind in the frame is called,
by way of prominence, the bladder ; any other
one is distinguished from it by a word pre-
fixed, as tlie gall-bladder (q.v .).
" The bladder should be made of a membranous
substance, and extremely dilatable for receiving and
containing the urine, till an opportuuity of emptying
% The bladder of an ox, a sheep, &c., when
dried may be inflated with air, and used as a
float for nets, or for other purj'oses. Some-
times its buoyancy is taken advantage of to
keep those learning to swim from sinking,
while as yet they are unable to support them-
selves unaided in the water.
" Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders."
Shakes]}. : Hen. VIJI., iii. 2.
At other times a bladder may be used as part
of a rude wind instrument.
"... and with dance.
And music of the bladder and the bag.
Beguile their woes . . ."
C'owjjer: Task.h'k. i.
(2) A vesicle, a pustule, a blister, especially
if filled with air instead of pus.
"... bladders full of imposthume."
Shakesp. : Troil. & Cress., v. 1,
2. Bot. : A structure of a membranous tex-
ture bulged out or inflated, t/sed—
(1) Of a calyx or pericarp.
(2) Of the little crested vesicles on the bases
of Utricularia. [Bladder-wort.]
B, As adj. : Resembling a bladder. Often
as the first word in a compound.
bladder-angling', s. Angling by means
of a baited hook fixed to an inflated bladder.
bladder-campion, s. A name given to
a plant, the Silene injlata, which has an in-
flated calyx. The flowers are pure white, and
arranged in panicles. It is common in
Britain.
bladder-catcbfly, s [Tlie same as
Bladder-campiok (q.v.).]
bladder-fern, s. The English name of
the fern genus Cystoptcris. The veins are
forked, the sori roundish ^vith in\'olucres fixed
BLADDER-FERN (FERTILE PINNA AND SPORE).
at their base, and opening by a free extremity
generally lengthened. There are two British
species, the Brittle and the Mountain Bladder-
ferns (Cystoptcris fragilis and montmia). A
third, the Laciniate Bladder-fern (C. alpina),
has not been found recently.
bladder-green, s. \ gi-een colour ob-
tained from the berries of a shrub, llhamniis
catharticus.
bladder-berb, s. A plant of the Night-
shade family, Physalis Alkdeengi, L. The
name is given from its inflated calyx, whence
strangely it was supposed to be useful in dis-
eases of the bladder. (Prior, £c.)
t bladder-kelp, s. A seaweed, Fucus
vesiculosus, found on the coasts of Britain and
elsewhere. It is called also Bladder- wrack.
bladder-nut, &.
1- Sing. : The English name of Staphylea,
the typical genus of the order of plants called
Staphylf,ace» (Bladder-nuts). The name is
derived from the inflated capsules. They have
five stamens and two styles. "Hie common
Bladder-nut, StaphyUa pinnata, is indigenous
in Eastern Europe. It has esraped from
gardens at one or two places in England, but
is not entitled to a place in the flora. The
three-leaved Bladder-nut, .'<tnj-}iylea trifolia, is
American.
2. Plural. Bladder-nuts : Lindley's English
name for an order of plants, the Staphy-
LEACE^ (q-v.).
bladder-pod, s. The English name of a
papilionaceous plant genus, Physolobium.
bladder-seed, s. The English name of
Physospermum, a genus of umbelliferous
plants.
bladder-senna, s. The English name
of Colntea, a genus of plants lielouging to tin;
papilionaceous sub-order of the Leguminosic.
fjite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, vinite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kWo
bladder— blaids
ofa?
Tlie term bladder in their name refers to tlie
inflation of the nK^mbranaceous legumes, and
senna to the fact that the leaves of CohUea
arhoresceus, which grows on Mount Vesuvius,
ai-e said to be a substitute for that medicinal
drug.
bladd'er-snout^ s. The Bladder-wort
{UtriculaHa vulgaris).
bladder-tree, s. a name sometimes
given to an American shrub or small tree,
Staphylea trifolia. It is called also the Three-
leaved Bladder-nut, [Bladder-nut.]
bladder-wort, s. The English name of
Utricularia, a genus of Scrophulariaceous
plants. Both the English and the scientific
appellations refer to the fact that the leaves
bear at their margins small bladders. There
are three British species, the Greater, the
Intermediate, and the Lesser Bladder-woi-ts
{Utricularia vulgaris, inierimdia, and minor.)
[Utricularia.]
bladder-wrack, s. A name sometimes
given to a sea-weed, Fitcits vesiculosus, L., found
on our shores. [Bladder-kelp.]
* blad-der, v.i. [Blether, v.] {Scotch.')
* blad'-der-and, * blad'-drand, pr. -par.
[Blether.] {Scotch.)
blad'-dered, ^ bledderyd, u.. [Eng. blad-
der; -cd.}
1. Lit.: Fui'nished with bladders.
2. Fig.: Inflated, puffed up, of imposing
magnitude, but light, hollow, and certain, if
punctured, suddenly to collapse.
" They afl'ect gi-eatneas in all they wi-ite. "but it is a
bladdered greiituess, like tluit of the vain man -wlioiii
Sernica ileacribes ; an ill habit uf body, full of humoui-s,
antl Rwelled ■with dropsy." — Ih-yden : JJedic. of the
* blad'-der-et, s. [Eng. bladder, s. ; diniin.
sutl". -et.] A little bladder.
" The many vesicles or bladderetg," — Crooke: Bodj
of Man, p. 200.
blad'-der-y, a. [Eng. bladder; -3/.]
1. Like a bladder, hollow and inflated.
2. Having bladders or vesicles.
" The bladdery wave-worked yeaat."
Browning : Pan & Luna, 60.
■" blad'-drie, ;>. [Blaidry.]
blad'-dy, a. [From Scotch blad = a squall of
wind and rain (?).] Inconstant, unsettled.
Used of the weather. {Scotch.)
blade, ♦ blad, * blayd, s. [A.S. blaid, Ned
= a blade, a leaf, a branch, a twig. O. Icel.
bladh=3. leaf; Sw. & Dan. blad; Dut. (in
compos.) blad, as sdionderblad = shoulder-
blade ; (N. H.) Ger. Uatt ; O. H. Ger. blat. It
is jirobably cog. with Eng. blow, in the sense
of bloom ; Lat. Jloreo = to flourish, flos, gen.
Jtoris = a flower.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) A leaf of any plant.
" For the earth briiigeth forth fiult of herself ; fli-st
the blade, then the ear, after that the full com in the
ejir." — Mark iv. 28.
"... and the ereeu
Ami tender blade, that fear'd the chilling blast,
Eacaiies unhurt beneath so warm a veil."
Cowper : Task, bk. iv.
(2) The whole culm and leaves of a cereal
or other grass, or of any similar plant. Also
the whole of a herbaceous plant not in flower
visible above the ground.
" For the earth bringeth forth fiuit of herself'; iii'st
the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the
ear," — Markiv. 28.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of things material : Anji:hing flat or ex-
panded with a sharp edge. Spec. : —
(a) The broad, expanded, metallic portion
of a sword, a knife, or othei- cutting instru-
ment [II. cij ; the sword or other instrument
itself.
(&) The flat or expanded portion of an oar.
(c) The shoulder-blade. [II. 2.]
" Alcides' lance did gore
Pylemeu's shoulder ni the blade."
Chapman : Homer's Iliad, bk. v.
(2) Of pcrsans : A contemptuous appellation
for a self- confident, forward, reckless fellow
of doubtful morals.
" Flush 'd with his wealth, the thoughtless blade,
Despia'd frugality and trade."
Cotton : Death and the Rake,
II. Technically :
1. Bot. : Blade or lami)ia of a leaf: The ex-
panded surface of the leaf, in distinction to
the petiole from which it springs.
2. Anat.: [Blade-bone, Shoulder-blade.]
3. Cutlery :
(1) The expanded portion of a knife, sword,
bayonet, axe, adze, &:c. Less frequently used
of some instruments, as the chisel and gouge,
which are di-iveu endwise.
(2) The web of a saw.
4. Agric: The share of a shovel-plough,
cultivator, or horse-hoe.
5. Nautical :
(1) The part of the anchor-arm which re-
ceii'es the palm, forming a ridge behind the
latter.
(2) The wash of an oar ; that part which is
dipped in rowing.
(.3) The float or vane of a paddle-wheel or
propeller.
B. As adj. : E.xpanded into a flat portion :
pertaining to the shoulder-blade, as blade-bone.
[II. 2.]
blade-bone, bladebone, s. A popular
name for the slioulder-blade, what anatomists
call the scapular-bone or scapula.
" He fell most furiously on the broiled relicks of a
shoulder of mutton, commonly called a, bladebone." —
rope.
blade-fish, s. A name sometimes given
to a fish, Trichiums lepturus, one of the family
Cepolidie (Ribbon-fishes), more commonly
called the Silvery Hair-tail. [Trichiurus.]
blade-metal, s. The metal used for
making swords or other blades.
t blade -smith, ^bladsmjrthe, s. A
sword-cutler ; or one who sharpens swords
or.similar weapons. The appellation is not a
common one.
" Dladsmythe : Scinilifaber."— P?-om/?( Parv.
"As when an arming sword of proofe is made,
Both Steele and iron must be teiupied well :
(For iron gives the strength unto the blitde.
And Steele, m edge doth cause it to exoell)
As each good blnde-smUh by his art can tell."
Mir. for Mag. Hewton to the Reader.
t blade, * bla-din, * bla-dyn, v.t. & i.
[From blade, s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
1, To nip the blades off ; Spec. , to do so from
colewort or any similar plant.
" When she had gane out to blade some kail for the
pat." — £din. Mag., Sept 1818, p. 155. {Jamieson.)
2. To furnish or fit with a cutting blade.
B. Intransitive : To have a blade ; to put
fortli blades or leaves ; to sprout.
"As sweet a plant, as fair a flower is faded,
As ever in the Muses' garden bladed."
Fletcher.
bla'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Blade.]
A. As pa. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of tlie verb.
B. As participial adjective :
I. Ordinary Language : Having a blade or
blades. Used —
1. Of grass or any similar plant, or of a
grass-covered field.
" Decking with liquid i>earl the bladed grass,"
SItakesp. : Mids. Nig. D., i, 1.
2. Of the expanded and generally metallic
portion of a cutting instrument.
II. Technically :
1. Her. : A term used when the stalk of any
grain is of a colour different from the ear.
2. Min. : A term applied to minerals, which
on being broken x'^i'esent long flat portions
longitudinally aggregated, and shaped some-
what like the blade of a knife. {Phillips :
Min. Gloss.)
3. Carp. {PL Blades): The principal rafters
or breaks of a roof.
^ blad-fard, ». [Blaffere.]
bla'-die, blau'-die, a. [Eng. blade; and
suffix -ie = y.] Having large broad leaves
growing out of the main stem, as "blaudie
kail," "blaudie beam." {Scotch.) {Jamieson.)
bla'-ding, pr. par. & s. [Blade, v.]
As subst. : Fighting.
" He niaketh blading his dailie breakefast" — Holin-
shed: Chronicles, i. 17.
^ bla'd-ry,
Scotch.)
[Bladarie, Blaidry.] (0.
■^blad'-y. a. [Eng. hlad{e), s., and suff". -y.]
Full of blades, hence luxurious.
"With curling moss and blady grass o'ergrown."
Dyer: To Aaron BUI,
blae, bla, a. & adv. [From Dan. blaa ; A.S.
blae,bleoh,bleoo,bleo = h\\x(i.'\ [Blue.] {Scotch.)
A. As adjective :
\. Livid. (Used of the skin, when dls-
coloiured by a severe stroke or contusion.)
" His eyes are drowsy, and his lips are blae."
Ramsay : Poems, i 96.
2. Bleak, lurid. (Used of the atmosphere.)
" It was in a cauld blae hairst day that I cade to
milk the kye."~Edin. Mag., Dec 1818, p. SOU. (Jamie-
son.)
B. As adverb : Of a livid colour.
Black aiid blae : Black and blue.
" And baith the Shawa,
That aft hae made us black and blae,
Wi' vengefu' paws."
Bums : The Twa Berds.
^ To look blae : To look livid or cadaverous,
as if depressed by disappointment.
C. As siibstaniive : A bluish-coloured shale
or fire-clay, such as is often found interstrati-
fied with sandstone in the coal-measures.
" The mettals I discovered were a coarse free stone
and blaes (dipping, to the best of my thought, towards
a moss), and that little coal crop which B. Troop saw
dug."— State, Fraser of Fraserfield, &c., Lett. A., 1724,
p. 345. {Jamieson.)
blae-ber'-ry, s. [B&n. bladbcer; &w.blabdr=:
whortlebeny, bilberry ; blaa = blue ; Sw. bla
— blue-black ; and Dan. bo&r ; S w. bar = berry.
So called from the blue-black colour of its
fruit.] {Scotch.)
1. The fruit of the bilberry or whortleberry.
2. The plant Vaccininm MjirtiHiis on which
it grows. [Bilberry, Vaccinium.]
*■ blsedh, s. [A. S. bleed = a blast, breath, from
blaivan = to blow.l Inspii'ation. (0. Eng.
Horn., i. 97.) {Stratmann?)
"^ blse'dh-faest, u. [A,S. bMd = prosperity,
and suffix fast. Eug. suffix fast, as in sted-
fast.] Prosperous, glorious. {N.E.D.)
blae'-ness, s. [Scotch blae, and Eng. suffix
-ness.] Lividness. {Jamaeson.)
'■' blees, "^ bles, s. [A.S, Uks = a blast ; M. H.
Ger. bids.] A blast. {Layamon, 27,818.)
{Stratmann.)
^ blsest, 5. [Blast, s.]
'' blses'-ten, v.t. [Blast, v.]
* blse'-ten, v.i. [Bleat, v.]
''blafi', v.i. [Frob. from Dut. blaffen = to
stutter, to stammer.] To bark (as a dog).
* bla'f~f ere. ^ blaf-foorde, * blad-fard, s
[O. Dut. blaffaud.] A stammerer. {Prompt.
Parv.) [Warlare, "Wlaffere.]
bla'-flum, s. [Etym. unknown.] Deception,
imposition, hoax.
bla-flum', ble-phum', ble-flum', v.«.
[Etym. unknown.] To deceive, to hoax, to
impose on.
" 'Which hears him to blaflum the fair."
Ramsay : Poems, i. 132. (Ja^nieson.)
t blague {ue silent), i blag, s. [Fr. blague
= hoax.] Nonsense, humbug.
" The largest, most inspiring peace of blague manu-
factured for some uenturiea." —Carlisle : Fr. Reval., bk.
V , eh. vi., p. 813.
blague {lie silent), v.i. [Blague, s.] To lie,
to brag.
" She laughed and said I hlagued."— Century Mag.,
1883. (X.E.D.)
blaid'-ry, blad'-drie, blethrie, o. [Con-
nected with Scotcli blether (q.v.).]
1. Phlegm. {Scotch.)
2. Flummery, syllabub ; unsubstantial food.
{21. Bruce: Letters.)
3. Nonsense.
i. Unmerited commendation.
" Is there ought better than the stage
To mend the follies of the age,
If managed aa it ought to be,
Frae ilka vice and blaidry free."
Ramsay: Poems. (Jamieson.)
* blalds, s. [Compare A.S. blceddre, bloidre =
a bladder, pustule, or pimple.] An unidenti-
fled disease.
"The blaids and the belly thra^— "
Watson : Coll., iii. 13. (Jamieson.)
bSily bo^; po^t, j6wl; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this: sin, as; expect, Xenophon, es:ist. -mg.
-cian, -tian = sban. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, ~sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. ~ble, -pie, &c. = bel9 p$L
06^
blain— blameless
blain, * Maine, * tolein, ■'" hleyn (Eug.),
blain, blane (Scotch), s. [A,«. Uege}i =
aboil; Dan. blegn ; Dut. bleiii.]
1. Orel. Lang. :
(1) An eruption on the skin of one or
more large thin vesicles, filled with a serous
or seroiinraleut fluid. [Bull.-e.]
" Itches, blaiiis.
Sow all th' Atlienin.li bosuitia, and the crop
Be general leijvoay !" S!ui/<-e.-.p. : Ttmoii. iv. 1.
(2) A mark If-ft by a wound ; the discolour-
ing of the skin after a sore. (Lit. & fig.)
(Scot'^h.)
" The shields of the \\ i)rhl think our muster cumber-
some warei>,— iind that his coi-ds mid yokes make
blams and deeji wcnres, in their nec\i."—Jiuther/ord:
Lett., Kii. IC. (J ail lo' son.)
2. Scripiiire: One of the ten plagues of
Egypt. The rendering of the Heb. ni?:ii?5N
(dbliahiiotli) ; Sept. Gr. <^\vKTLSe<; (flihiktUks),
^kuKTaivat (phlit}ctai)iai). Considered to be
the black leprosy, a kind of elephantiasis.
[Leprcsy, Elephantiasis.] But whether this
could attack cattle as well as men is uneei-tain.
"And it shall become small duafc in all the land of
Egypt, and ah.all be a boil breakniy forth with blaiiis
upou man, and upon beaat, throughout all the land of
Egypt."— -ffarod. ix. 'j.
'^blain, v.t. [Eng. hkdn, s.] To raise or cause
a blaiu or sore.
"For blc^inynge of her helea." — Pierce the Plough-
man's Crede, 299.
blainch, v.t. [Blanch.] (Scotch.)
'^ blalr, "^ blare (pr. par. * hiairand), v.i. [0.
Dut. hldsoi; M. H. Ger. Ueren=to weep, to
cry, to cry aloud, to shriek.] To bleat as a
sheep or goat. (Scotch.)
blair, s. [Dan. hlaar =■ hards, Ijlaar yaarn =
yarn of hards ] Flax steeped and laid out to
dry.
blais'-ter, v.i. [Bluster, i?.] (Scotch.)
blait (1), a. [Sw. Uott ; Dan. Uot ; Dut. Uoot
= bare, naked.] Naked, bare.
" In sae far as the annW is forthy
Far worthier than the blaii body.
Many biahops in ilk realnie wee see."
Pnescs of Peblis, S. P. P., i. 29.
blait (2), blate, a. [Icel. Ueydha = a craven,
coward ; Meydhi = cowai'dice.]
1. Bashful, sheepish.
" What can be more disagreeable than to see one,
with a stupid impudence, saying and acting things
the most shocking among the polite, or othera (lu
plain Scots) bhUe, and not knowing how to behave," —
Jimitsaij : Works, i. 111.
2. Blunt, unfeeling. (Douglas.)
" We Phinicianis nane sa blaU breistis has,
Nor aa frenimytlye the son list not addres
His cours thi-awart Cart;ige ciete alway."
Doug. : Virgil, 30, 50. [Jamieson.)
3. Stupid, simple, easily deceived.
4. O/amarket: DulL (liosa.)
5. Of grain: Backward iu growth. (Jamie-
soil.)
blait - mouit, a. Bashful, sheepish ;
ashamed to open one's mouth. (Jamieson.)
blaitie-bum.
fellow.
A simpleton, stupid
bla'it-lie, culv. [Scotch hlalt, and suff. -lie ~
Eng. -ly.] Bashfully. (Jamieson.)
^ blak, ■■■ blake (1), a. & s. [Black.] (Chaucer :
G. T., G29, iiOO.)
* blake (2), a. [Bleak.]
bla'-ke-a, s. [Named after Mr. Martin Blake
of Antigua.]
Bot. : A genu.s of plants belonging to the
order I^Ielastomaceee (Melastomads). Blakea
trinervic, or three-ribbed Blakea, when full-
grown has a number of slightly-pendant
branches covered with rosy flowers. It is
one of the most beautiful plants in the West
Indies.
bla'ke-ite, s. [Named after Mr. J. H. Blake ;
with suffix -ite (Mia.) (q.v.).]
Min. : An iron sulphate from Coquimbo,
but differing from Coqninibite in possessing
regular octahedral crystals. Dana considers
that it requires further investigation.
* bla'-ken. * bla-ki~en, '■ blo-ken, v.i.
[A.S. hlacian; 0. Icel. hleikja; O. H. Ger.
hleicheii.] [Bleak.] To become pale.
"... his neb bigon to 67a7cie/i."
Lamvnon: 19,799. (Stratmann )
blakin, v.t. [Black, v.~\
■ blak'-nen, v.t. [Blacken, -u.]
' blak-wak, s. [Etymology doubtful.] The
bittern. (See example under Bittern.)
bla'm-a-ble, bla'me-a-ble, a. [Eng. blame;
able ; Fr. hldmable.'\ Deserving to be blamed,
faulty, culpable, reprehensible.
" Such feelings, though blamable, were natural and
not wholly inexcusable. —Macaulay. J/ist.Jing.,ch.ii.
"... some there are who will read a &Za7nea&^e care-
lessness in the author." — J)e Quiacey : Works (2nd
ed.), i. (Preface.)
blana-a-ble-ness, bla'ine-a-ble-ness, ».
[Eng. hlanmble ; -ness.] The quality of being
blamable or culpable ; faultiness, reprehcu-
sibleness.
" Scripture— mentioneth its sometimes freer u.ie,
than at other, M'ithout the least blumeubleiivss." —
WliiCloek ; Mannnrn of the Englisli, p. 505.
"... no such thing as acceptableness to God when
he did well, nor blit.mable^ti'SK when he did otherwise."
— Oooihiiuu: Willi. £v. C'ojifcrence, p. iii.
bla'm-a-bly, bla'me-ar-bly, adv. [Eng.
hlamah(le) ; -ly.'] In a manner to merit blame
or censure, censurably, reprehensibly.
"A process maybe carried on against a person that
is maliciously or blamtibly absent, even to a definitive
sentence." — Ayliffe.
■^ bla'-mak-ing, s. [From Scotch Mae, bla =
livid ; and Eng. makiug.] The act of making
livid, or discolouring by means of a stroke.
(Scotch.)
"Conwict for the blnd-drawiug, blamaking, and
str\ibltinb."—Aberdt!eii Rigist. (1538). [Jamieion.)
* blame (1), v.t. [In Dut. blaavi = to blame,
to blemish.]
1. To blemish.
" Ne blame your honor with so ahamefull vaunt
Of vile revenge." Sjjenstr : F. <l., II. viii. 16,
2. To injure.
" To Daunger came I alle ashamed.
The which aforn me hadde blained."
The Jiomaunt of the Rose.
blame (2), * blame, * bla^men, v. t. & i. [In
'Fv.blCuner; Norm. Fr. Uasmer ; Prov. & O.
Up. blasmar ; Ital. biasimare ; Jjat. hlasphemo ;
Gr. ^Aao-iftvj^efa) (blasphemed), (1) to speak pro-
fanely of God or anything sacred ; (2) to speak
injuriously or slanderously of a man.] [Blas-
pheme.]
A. Transitive: To find fault with, to cen-
sure, to express disapproval of. Formerly, it
sometimes had the preposition of before the
fault.
" Tomorens he blamed of inconsidei'ate rashness. " —
Knolles : History of the Turlcs.
Now such expressions are used as for, he-
cause of, on account of.
" He blained Bryden for sneering at the Hiero-
phanta of Apia." — Macaulay : IJist. Hug., ch. xiv.
B. Intransitive : Only in the expression to
blame = to be blamed.
^ Johnson hesitated whether to call blame
in such a phrase as " you are to blame," an
infinitive of a verb or a noun with such a
construction as in the French a tort = by
wrong, wrongfully. He inclines to consider it
the latter one ; with more reason Professor
Bain and otliers regard it as the former.
" He could not but feel tha.t, though others might
have beeu to blame, he was not liimaelf blameless. —
Macaulay: Mist. Jing., ch, xvii.
^ Crabb thus distiiigui.shes between the
verbs to blame, to reprove, to reproach, to up-
braid, to censure, and to condemn: — "The ex-
pression of one's disapprobation of a person,
or of that which he has done, is the common
idea in the signiftcation of these terms ; but
to blame expresses less than to reprove. We
simply charge with a fault in blaming ; but in
reproving severity is mixed with the charge.
Reproach expresses more than either ; it is to
blaim acrimoniously. ... To blame and
reprove are the acts of a superior ; to reproach,
upbraid, that of an equal ; to censure and eoji-
demn leave the relative condition of the agent
and the sufferer undefined. jVIasters blame or
reprove their servants ; parents, their children ;
friends and acquaintances reproach and up-
braid each other; persons of all conditions
may censure or be censured, condemn or be
condemned, according to circumstances. . .
Blo,me and reproof are dealt out on every ordi-
nary occasion; rejwoach and upbraid respect
personal matters, and alwjiys that which attects
the moral character ; censure and condemnation
are provoked by faults and misconduct of dif-
ferent descriptions." Blame, reproach, upbraid,
and condemn may be applied to ourselves ;
reproof and censure are applied tu others : we
bUvne our.selvcs for acts of imprudence ; our
consciences reproach us for our weaknesses,
and ujibraid or condemn us for our sins.
(Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
' blame (1), s. [From O. Eng. blame (I), v.
(q.v.).] Injury, hurt.
" His toward perill, and untoward blam.e.
Which by that new rencounter he whould reai'e,"
Spemer: F. Q., III., i. 9.
blame (2), s. [Fr. bUhne ; Prov, bldsvie ; 0. Sp.
blasmo; Ital. biasimo ; Lat. blasphemia ; Gr.
p\aa-tf>r}fj,La (blasphemio.) = (1) profanity, (2)
slander,] [Blame, v. Blasphemy.]
1. The act of censuring any one ; the ex-
pression of censure for some fault or crime.
The act of imputing demerit to any one on
account of a fault ; the state of beiug censured
or found fault with.
"They were insensible to praise and ftjame, to pro-
mises and threats." — Macaulay : Hist, Eng., ch. xv.
2. Anything for which censure is exp'_-essed ;
anything blamewortliy ; demerit, ,a fault, a
misdemeanour, a crime.
1 Often used in the phrase " To lay the blame
upon " — i.e., to assign or attribute tlie fault tu
the person named as believing that he com-
mitted it. (In this sense it once had a plural.)
"They lay the 6 Zai/ie on the poor little ones, some-
times iJiissioi lately enough, to divert it from them-
selves.' —Locke.
t To charge tlie blame upon : The same as to
lay the blame on (q.v.).
"Iu anns, the praise of success is shared among
many; yet thei^umeof misadventures is cliarged upon
one." — Haywurd.
bla'me-a-ble, a. [Blamable.]
bla'me-a-ble-ness, 5. [Blamableness.]
bla'me-a-bly, adv. [Blamably.]
blamed* pa. par. & a. [Blame, u.]
blame -fill, t blame'-fuU, a. [Eng. blame,
and full.~\ Full of material for censure;
blameworthy. Used —
(1) Of persons,
" Is not the causer of these timeless deaths
A3 blam,eful aa the executioner."
Shukcep. : Rich. III., i. 2.
(2) Of things.
"Thy mother took into her blam.eful bed."
Shakesp. : 2 I/eru IV., iiL 2.
blame '-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. blameful, and -ly
= like.] In a blameful manner; so as to
merit heavy censm-e. (Wth-itcr.)
blame'-ful-ness, s. [From blameful.'] The
state or quality of being blameful ; the state or
quality of meriting severe censui'C. (Webster.)
blame -less, * blame'-lesse, ' blame-
les, a. [From Eng. blame, and sufF. -less =
without.] Without meriting blame. Used —
(1) Of a person.
"... that ye maybe found of him iu peace, without
spot, and blameless." — 2 Pet. iii, 14.
(2) Of conduct or life.
" But they were, for the most part, men of blameless
life, and of high religioua profession," — Macaulay:
Jlist. Eng., ch. v.
^ 1. Grammatical usage :
t (1) It is sometimes, but rarely, followed
by of placed before tliat witli regard to which
censure has or might have ai'isen. Such ex-
pressions as "with regard to," "regarding,"
or " resx'cctiug" have now all but superseded
of
"We will be blameless of this thine oath." — Josli.
ii. 17.
(2) It is sometimes followed by to placed
before the person or Being who has no ground
for pronouncing censure.
Tl 2. Frecise signification :
Crabb thus distinguishes between blame-
less, irreproachable, unblemished, unspotted, or
spotless: — "Blameless is less than irreproach-
able; what is hh'.,ne}css is simply free from
blame, but that which is irreproacliable cannot
be blamed, or have any reproach attached to
it. It is good to say of a man that he leads a
blameless life, but it is a liigh encomium to
say, that he leads an irreproachable life : the
former is but the negative praise of one who
is known only for his haruUessness ; the latter
is the p()siti\-e connnendation of a man who Is
well known for his integrity in the different
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir. marine; go, pot»
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur; rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey — a. qu = kw.
blameless ly— bland
569
relations of society. Unblp-viished and iiu-
spotted are applifabk' to many objetds, besides
that of personal conduct ; and when ajiplied
to this, their original meaning sufficiently
points out their use in distinction from the
two former. We may say of a man that he
has an in-eproaduihlc or an ■un^j/cmis/ted repu-
tation, and unspotted or spothas purity of life."
{Grabb : Eng. Syiwn.)
blame '-less-ly, adv. [Eng. blameless; -ly.]
In a blameless manner, innocently ; without
being worthy of censure,
". . . with that conviction ngaiuat which he cauuot
hlamelessly, without peitiiiacy, hold out, . ■ ." — Uam-
mond.
blame '-less-ness» s. [Eng.blatneless; -ness.]
The quality or state of heing blameless ; inno-
cence.
bla'-mer, ^''blar--m.erG(pl.blainers, '^■blamerU),
s. [Eng. blavi(e); -cr.] One who blames or
censui'es ; a censnrer.
"... who mistaiiqht
By blamers of tlie times they marr'd, hath sought
Vii-tues iu coruei-a. ' J3ouiie.
blame'-'Wor-thi-nSss, s. [Eng. blmnewortliy.
and -Jtess.] The quality or state of meriting
blame ; culpability.
"Praise and blame express what actually are,
praise worthiness and blamcwoj-thiiiess, what naturally
ought to be the sentiments of other people with regard
to our character and conduct." — A. StnUh: Theory of
Mor. Sejit. , P. 3, ch. 3.
blame'-wor-thy, a. [Eng. blai)ie; worthy.']
Worthy or deserving of blame ; censurable,
culpable.
"Althoiigh the same should be hlaineworthy, yet
this age hath forborne to incur the danger of any s\ich
blame." — Hooker.
bla'-ming, * bla-myng, * blam.-yiige»
pr. par. [Blame, v. ]
'^blan, pret. of v. [Blin.] {Sir Ferumbras
(ed. Herrtage), 1,025.) (Gawain & Gol., iv. 17.)
* blan, s. [Probably a corruption of blanc]
[Blank, B., II. 2.] A coin.
" King Henry [the 6th] caiised a piece to be stamped
called a salus . . . and dlaiis of eight iiencea piece." —
Stowe: Chronicle, 8. a. 1,423.
* blanc, a. [Blank.]
blaiL'-card {Eng ), blanch'-ard (Scotch), s.
[In Ger. blankard ; Fr. blanchard ; from blanc
= white. The name is given because the
thread of which it is woven is half bleached
before being used.] A kind of linen cloth
manufactured in Normandy. It is made of
half-bleached thread.
blanch, blanQhe, a. & s. [Prom Pr. blanc
(m.), blancJie (f.) = white.] [Blakk.]
A. As adjective ;
Her. : White.
" Nor who, in field or foray slack,
Saw the bUinche lion e'er fall black?"
Saott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 27.
B. As substantive :
Scots Law : The mode of tenure by what is
denominated blanch form, or by the payment
of a small duty iu money or otherwise.
"To be halden of wa and oure successouris in fre
barony and fre blanche nochtwithstaudiiig ony oure
actis or statutis maul or to be maid coutrare the rati-
ficatioun of charteris of blanchia or t.illie3," &c. — Acts
Jok. I'., 1540 (ed. 1814), p. 379. (Jamieson.)
blancb-farm, blanch-ferm, s.
Laio : " AVhite rent " (in Lat. reditus albi^s) ;
rent anciently paid in white money, that is,
in silver, as contradistinguished from rents
reserved in work, graiii, &c. , one of these last
being called black maile (in Lat. reditus niger).
{Blackstone : Comment., bk. ii. 3.)
* blanch-firm, (pi. blanch firmes), s.
Law : An arrangement formerly ^'cry com-
mon, by which the imrchaser of crown rents
had " decdbare Jirmavi" (lit. = to wliitewash
or whiten the fee or purcliase-money), tliat is,
have any base coin which he tendered, or any-
one worn below the proper weight, melted
down and valued according to the amount of
standard silver wliich it contained ; or if he
desired to escape such an ordeal, he had to
pay twelve ijeuce per pound beyond the no-
minal purchase-money.
blanch-holding, ».
Laiu : A tenure by which the occupier is
bound to pay no more than a nominal yearly
duty — a i)epi)ercorn for example — to his supe-
rior, as the ackuowledgnieut of the latter's
right.
blanch (1), ^ blan'-chin, blan -chyn,
'^ blaun'-chyn, v.t. & i [Pr. blancJdr ;
from blanc = white ; Prov. blancMr, blan-
qulr ; yp. hlaiiqiiair ; Port, branquear ; Ital.
iiiibiancare = to wliiten.]
A. 'fransitive:
L Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) To take nut the colour from anything
and leave it white ; to whiten, as the hair or
cheeks by fear or sorrow.
" For deadly fear can time outgo.
And blancfi. at once the hair."
Scott : Mannion, 1. 28.
" But thinking on an absent wife
Will blanch a faithful cheek."
Byron: Childe Harold, i. 13.
(2) To strip or peel. (Used of fruits pos-
sessed of husks, specially of almonds, walnuts,
&c., the inside of which is white.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) To cause to lose its original appearance
of dark turjiitude and look morally white or
pure.
"And sin's blsick dye seems hlanch'd by age to virtue."
Dryden.
(2) To represent things more favourably
than truth will warrant ; to wliitewash ; to
flatter.
"... nor fits it, or in warre.
Or in affaires of court, a man imploid in publick
Kise,
To blanch things further than their ti-uth, or flatter
anyx)owre.' Chapman: II. ix.
II. Gardening : To whiten by excluding the
light, the green colour of plants not being ac-
quired unless light fall upon them during the
period of their growth. The stalks or leaves
of plants may be blanched by earthing them
ux) or tying them together.
B, Intrans. : To lose coloui" ; to become
white.
% To whiten projierly signifies to put a coat
of white paint over something previously of
another colour, while the verb to blanch is
used when without such external appliance
white is produced by the gradual or sudden
removal of the original darker or brightjr
coloui".
* blangh (2), v.t. & i. [Blench (2).1
A. Transitive:
1. To blink, to slur over, to shirk, to evade,
to avoid, to turn aside from, to pass by.
[Blench (2).] Used—
(a) Of a place or anything similar.
"I suppose you will not blanch P.uia on your way "
—Reliquice Wottoniana, p. 343.
(b) Of danger or anything similar.
" The judges of that time thought it was a dangerous
thing to admit ]fs and.^«cdsto iiualilie the words uf
treason, whereby every mun might expresse his malice
and blanch his danger." — Bacon : Henry VII., p. 134,
2. To shirk the discussion of, to take for
granted.
" You are not transported in an action that -warms
the blood and is aiipeanng holy, to blanch or take for
admitted the pohit of lawfulness." — Bacon.
B, Intrans. : To practise reticence, pur-
posely to avoid taking notice.
blanch'-ard, *. [Blancard.] {Scotch.)
* blangh'-art, a. [O. Eng. blanclie (q.v.), and
suflix -art.] White.
" Aue faire feild can thai fang.
On stedis stalwart and Strang,
Baith bl4inchart and bay."
Gawain and Gol., ii 19. (Jamieson.)
blanche, a. [Blanch.]
blanche fevere, s. [Norm. Fr. fievres
blanches.] The green sickness. {Chaucer.)
blanched, jra. par. & a. [Blanch (1).J
As x^articipial adjective: "Whitened, white.
Used—
(1) Lit. : Of material things.
" Albeit the blanched locks below
Were white as Dinliy's spotless snow."
Hcott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 9,
(2) Fig. : Of things not material.
" The laws of luan'iti^je chamcter'd in gold
Upon the blanched tablets of her heart."
Tennyson: Isabel.
blanched almonds, s. pi. Almonds
made wliite by having the external coloured
epidermis of the fruit jieeled off. [Blanch,
A., I. 2.]
"Their suppers may be In.sket. nusiiis of the sun,
and a few blanched almonds."— Wuriiui.n.
blanched copper, s.
MeUd. : An alloy comjiosed of copper, 8 oz.,
anil -^- oz. of neutral arsenical salt, fused to-
gether under a flux of calcined borax, charcoal-
dust, and tine powdered glass. Tin or zinc is
added iu the whit" tombac of the East Indies
— mock silver. {Knight.)
blanph'-er (1), s [From blanch (1), v.
(([.v.).] A person who or a thing which
blanches or whitens.
blanch'-er (2), s. [From blanch (2), v.
(q.v.).] One who frightens any person or any
animal.
"... and Gjiiecia, a blancJier, which kept the
dearest deer from hei:"Siditey : Arcadia, bk. i.
*blanchet, s. [O. Fr. blanchet] White
powder for tlie face.
" Heo smui-ied heommid blanchet." —Old Eng. Ham.,
i. 53.
blanch-im'-e-ter, a. [From Eng. blanch (1),
v., and Gr. fiirpov (metron) — a measure.] An
instrument for measuring the bleaching iiower
of a chloride. [Chloeiheter.]
blan^h'-ihg (1), ^blanchynge, pr. par.,
a., £ s. [Blanch (1).]
A. & B. As present participle and participial
adjective: In senses corresiJonding to those of
the verb.
C, As substantive :
I. Ord. Lang. : The act of making white ;
the state of being made white.
" Dlanchynge of almondys or other lyke : Lealbacio,
decorticaclo," — Protn/jt. Paro. ,
II. Technically:
1. Coininrj : An operation performed on
planchets or pieces of silver to give them the
requisite lustre.
2. Metal. : The tinning of copper or iron.
3. Hortic. : The act or process of making a
plant white by growing it in a dark place.
blanching-liquor, s. A solution of
chloride of lime used for bleaching xmrposes.
It is called by workmen chemic.
"•' blanch '-ing (2), pr. par., a., &c s. [Blanch
(2), v.]
* blan'-9lS, s. p^. [From Fr. blanc ~ white (?).]
Ornaments worn by tliose who represented
Moors at a pageant exhibited in Ediuburgh iu
ISUO. {Jamieson.)
" Thair heids wer garnisht gallandli^
"With costly crancis maid of gold :
Braid b lands hung aboue thali* eis.
With jewels of all histories."
Watson: Coll., ii. 10. (Jamisson.)
*■ blanck, v.t. [Blanch.] To put out of comi-
tenance. [For example see Blanched.]
"^ blanch-ed, * blanckt, * blanch, pa.
par. [Blanch, v., I.]
"Th" old woman wox half blanch those wordes to
heare." Sjjenser : F. Q., III., iii. 17.
IT In the glossary to the Globe edition of
Spenser the word given is blanckt with a refer-
ence to the passage quoted.
blanc-niange(pron.bla-mange), t blanc-
man -ger, blanh - man - ger, 6. [Fr
blanc- nianger ; howiblanc^ white, and majifirer
= fuud ; manger =■ to eat.]
Cookery :
''^ 1. Of the forins blank-manger and blanc-
manger : A dish composed of fowl, &c. (Tyr-
whit : Gloss, to Chaucer). Some compound of
capon minced witli cream, sugar, and flour
(Gloss, to Chaucer (ed, iVlorris), ItiTiJ).
"For blankinunger thi^t made he with the beste." —
Chaucei-: C. 'J'-. Trol. U87.
2. A i)rcparation of dissolved isinglass or
sea-moss with sugar, cinnamon, &cg., boiled
into a gelatinous mass.
^ bland (1), v.t. [Blend, v.]' To mix, to
blend. {Scotch.)
" Blude blandit with wine."
Dong.: Vir g d, &<}, ii. [Jamieson.)
^~ bland (2) (pa. par. blandit), v.t. [From Fr.
hlandir ; Lat. blandlor = to flatter or soothe ;
blandus = smooth-tongued.] [Bland.] To
flatter, to soothe, caress, or coax.
How suld I leif that is uocht laudit?
Nor jet with benefice dm I blandit."
Dunbar: Uaniiatyne I'oerns, p. 07. (Ja)nieso7i.)
bland, a. [In Sp. & Ital. blando ; from Lat.
bhuidus = (l) smooth, smootli-tongued, Ilat-
teriug, caressing, C^) {of things) aUiiviu^.]
boil, boy; poiit, j6wl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = s^un ; -tion, sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious — shiis. -ble, -die, i:c. = bel del.
570
bland. — blank
A. Ord. Lang. : Mild, soft, gentle. Used —
(1) 01' a iK-Tsi)ii or his tempe]'.
" His deiiieiLiiuur wna singularly pleasing, his iwrsou
hiwidwome, hia temperiiftHti." — Macaulay : !li«t. Eng.,
ch. xii.
(2) Of words or deeds, espcciidly the former.
" In her face excuse
Came prolOHiie and apology too prompt ;
Which, with iiZtiJiti woi'da at will, she thus address'd,"
muon: P. L.. hk. ix.
(3) Of the soft gentle action of air or other
things inanijiuLtt'.
"All even calm
Perpetual reign'd, mve wliat the ZBphyrB hlaitd
Breath'd o'er tlie blue expanse," Thoiimoit.
B. Bot. : Fair, beautiful, as Mesemhryan-
t}t£vmim blandum. [Blonde.]
"* Mand, s. [A.S. bland, Uond=3. mixture;
O. Ice), bland.] A mixture.
" Til bland together." — Allit Rom. of Alexander (ed,
Stevenson), 2,786. (Stratmunn.)
* blan-da'-tion, s. [From Lat. hlandior = to
flatter, to soothe ; blaadus — bland.] [Bland.]
1. Flattery.
" One who flattered Lougcharap, Bishop of Ely, with
tins blandatioH." —Camden : Jiemains.
2. Deception ; illusion.
"A mere biandation, a Ueceptio visits." — Chapman :
WidotVH Tears, \ .
*bland'-ed, a. [Blended.]
" Ulauded liear, ov rainmel, as the country people
lieie call it, is tlie produce of hailey and common hear
sown iuamixed state. TlieseHredistiiiguishedchicfly
by the structure o£ the ear ; the barley haviug only
two rows of cram, and the common bear six,"— 7-*,
J/arkmch: Fife, statist. Ace, xii. 531. {Jamieson.}
* blan-den (1), v.t. [Bland (1), Blend.]
* blan-den (2), v.t. [Fr. blamlir.'] To bland-
ish. (Shoreh., 73.) (Stratmann.)
" bland'-er, s. [Bland (2), v.t.; -er.] A flat-
torer.
blan'-der, v.t. [From Dan. blande; Icel.
hlaiula = to mix, to mingle.]
1. Lit.: To diffuse, disperse by scattering
thinly over a certain area. (Now only in
Fife.) (Jamiesoit.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) To circulate a report, especially one in-
jurious to others. (Jamiesoih.)
(2) To introduce an element of untruth into
such scandalous report. (Javdcson.)
bland - for'- dx - a, s. [Nained after George,
Miirquis of Blaudford, son of the second Duke
of Marlborough, a lover of plants.]
Botany : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Liliacete and ttie section Hemerocal-
lidn;. The species B. nobiiis, or Xoble, and
B. grandifiora, or Large-tlowered Blandfordia,
are tine liliaceous jjlants fi'om Australia.
blan-dil'-o-quence, s. [Lat. blandiloquen-
tia; from blandiloii'ueas (atlj.) — speaking
flatteringly or soothingly ; hlandus (Bland),
and loqtior = to speak.] Soft, mild, flattering,
suotliing speecjh.
" He swallows a great quantity »i blandiloquence."
—Pati Mall Ouzetlc, May u, ISUd. (y.E.JJ.)
[Blandishment.] Blaii-
^ blan'-dl-ment,
dishment.
"That they entice nor allure no man with saasious
and bhiiidhnaiiti to take the religion uijou hini." —
InjuncdMis to the JfonasC. temp. Ben. fill. Burnet,
vol, i. App.
blan'-dish, ^ blan'-dise, ^ blan'~dis-en,
'V t. [From O. Fr. blaudtssant, pr. par.' of
hiaiidu: In Prov. & O. Sp. bhndir ; Ital.
blaiidlre; from Lat. blcuulior ^io Hatter, to
soothe ; ?;Za7iti»s = bland.] [Bland.]
1. With ft j)erson for the novuiiutive : To
speak softly and lovingly to any one, to
caress ; to flatter or soothe one by soft affec-
tionate words or deeds.
"If lie flater or b/iini/i\e more than liimoughtfor
any necessitee ; (in certain lie doth siune.j" — Cliuacer :
The Pmones Tale.
2. WlUb a thing for th-e nominative : To
soothe, to tramiuillise through the opei-atiuu
of natural causes.
" 111 former days a country life,
Fur KG tnuednjiiour'd poets sing,
Free fruui anxiety and strife,
Was hliin'lii.l,'<l liy purpetual spring.
Cooti'Ji- : Tlie Ketrcat of Arlstippus, Ep. 1.
blan'-dislied, pa. par. & «. [Blandish, v.]
" Muat'ringftll Ijer wili;8,
With blaiuli.sh'd iiarleys, feniinine a-shanlts."
Jlillon: l^uinson Agoiiistes.
blan'-dish-er, s. [Eng. blandish; -er.] One
who blandishes ; one who addresses another
with soft, loving si)eeclies. (Cotgrave, Sher-
idood, cCc.)
blan'-dish-iAg, iir. par., u.., ^
[Blandish,
A. & B, As present participle & 'participial
adjtctlve : In senses cori-esponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive : A blandishment.
" But double-hearted friends, whose blandishinga
Tickle our ears but etiug our bosoms, are
Those dangerous Syiens, whose sweet maiden face
IS only luoi'tal treason's Irarnish'd glass."
Beaum^ont : Psyche, vi. 3.
bl^n'-dish-ment, s. [Eng. blandish ; -ment.
In Ital. blandiniento ; Lat. blandiinentmn and
hlanditia; ixom bland lor.] [Blandish.]
1. The act of expressing fondness for any
one by soft words or gestures.
"He was hotli well and fair spoken, and would use
strange sweetness aud blandishment of words, where
he desired to effect or persuade anything that he took.
to heart." — Bacon.
2. Generally in plur, : Words or gestures
designed as the expression of real fondness or
insincerely offered with some personal object
in view. Such an object may be —
(a) To gain the heart of some one belonging
to the opposite sex.
"But now, attacked by royal smiles, by female
blandishments, . . ." — Macaulut/ : Hist. Eng., ch. iv,
(6) To gain one's support in x^olitical or
other important matters,
" Neither royal blandishments nor promises of
valuable preferment had heeu spared." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch, "vii.
" blan'-dit, pa. par. & a. [Bland (2), v.]
bland'-ly, adv. [Eng. bland ; ~ly.]
Of speech : Gently, politely, placidly, with-
out visible excitement.
bland-ness, s. [Eng. bland; -ness.] The
quality or state of being bland. (Chahners.)
^ blane, a. [Blain.] (Scotch.)
blank, * bla'nke, "^ blanck, ' bl^ncke,
""blo'nke, t blanc» a. & s. [A.S., Fr., &
Prov. blanc. Compare also A.S. hlanca, bluiica
= a grey horse; Sp. ftMiico; Port, branco; Ital.
bianco. In Sw. hhtiikett = a blank bond ; Dan.
blank ^ liTigiit, shining, polished, white as a
naked sword ; blanket = a blank ; Dut. blank,
as adj. = white, fair, clean, blank ; as subsi. =
a blank; (N. H.) Ger. blank, blanche = (1)
white, (2) lustrous, bright ; Hinken =■ to
gleam, siiarkle, or glisten.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Langiiage :
1. Literally : Void of colour or empty in
other resxiects.
(1) White, iiale, as if with its colour ex-
tracted. Used —
(a) Of things wholly ma-tcrlal:
". . . of columby blank and blew."— Gaw;, Doug. :
.,£neid, xii. 118. {Skeat : Eng. Liter.)
" To the blank moon
Her office they prescribed , . . ."
Jldton : P. L . bk. x.
(fi) Of the human countenance: Pale with
anxiety or fear, remorse, or intense anger.
(2) Empty, void, vacant. Used —
(a) Of paper : Without writing, either be-
cause all marks of ink or, other writing
material have been effaced, or because they
have never been present.
"Upon the debtor side I find Innumerable articles ;
but, upon the creditor side, little more than blank
liaper. "—Addison.
Qj) Of a space of any kind: With no person
or thing in it.
" Not one eftsoons in view was to he found,
But every man stroll'd off his own glad way ;
Wide o'er this aniijle court's bUtnk area."
Thiirimn: Castle of Indolence, i. 29,
(e) Of a cartridge: Having no ball in it.
[Blank-cartridge.]
{d) Of a. season: Void of leaves and vegeta-
tion generally ; waste, drciiry.
"And, with this change, sharp air and falling leaves,
Foretelllug tutiil winter, blank and cold."
Wordsworth: E.ceitrsion, bk. v.
(e) Of poetry : Void of rhyme, without
rliyine. [Blank Verse.]
(/) Of the liunuuh mind : Ignorant, vacant of
knowledge or uf thought.
" Wide, sluggish, blank, and ignorant, and strange ;
Fruchiiming boldly tliat thu-y never drew."
Wordsioortli : Jixenrsion, hk. viii.
2. Figuratively : In senses corresponding to
I. 1. (l)and(2).
(1) Corresponding to I. 1. (1). Of persons:
Perplexed, distressed, disijirited, confused,
depressed, crushed in spirit.
" There, without sign of hoast, or sign of Joy,
Solicitous and blank, be thus began."
Jfilton: P. y?.,bk. ii.
(2) Corresponding to I. 1. (2). Of things:
Unrelieved, complete, thorough, entire, per-
fect.
" But now no ffice divine contentment wears,
'Tis all blank siiLlness or continual fears."
Pope: Eloisato Abelard, 148.
B. As substant ive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of things material :
(1) A certain portion of a paper wliich re-
mains white, eitlier because it has never been
written upon or because the writing on it has
been erased. Used —
(a) Gen. : Of any written or printed docu-
ment.
"I cannot write a paper full, as I used to do, and
yet I will not forgive a blank of half au inch from
you. " — Swift.
(6) Spec. : Of a map on which, few places are
marked.
" The map of the world ceases to he a blank." —
Darwin : Voyage round the World, ch. xxi.
(2) The white mark in the centre of a butt
at which archers aimed ; a mark at which
cannons are discharged.
" Slander,
Whose whisper o'er the world's diameter,
As level .as the cauuou to his blank.
Transports itb poison'd shot."
Shakesp. ; Hum. iv. 1.
(3) Anything void, empty, without reference
to its colour.
(4) That wliich has proved ineffective for its
jjriniary purpose, Spec, a lottery- ticket which
has not succeeded in drawing a |u-ize.
"... it'&\o^ to blanks.
My name hath touch'd yom- eai-s . . ."
Shakesp. : Cor. v. 2,
2. Of things not material :
(1) Of a person : One called a man but with-
out manly qualities, or for the moment un-
manned.
"She has left him
The blank of what he was ;
1 tell thee, eunuch, she has quite uumaim'd him."
Bryden.
(2) Of the thoughts, the mind, the life, or any-
thing similar : A thing or things unoccuxjied.
" For him, I think not on him ; for his thoughts.
Would tliey were blanks, rather than fiU'd with me."
Shakesp. : Twelfth A'ight, ilL 1.
" Life may be one great blank, which, though not
blotted witU sin, it yet without any characters of
griice or vii-t\xe."—Jiogers.
(3) The range of a projectile ; spec, the
X^oint-blauc range. [Point Blank.]
" I have spoken for you all my hest,
And stood within the blank of his displeasure.
For my free speech," Sltakesp, : 0th. iii. 4,
(4) The same as Blank VERSE(q.v.). (Poetic.)
" Sir, you've in such neat poetry gather'd a kiss.
That if I hiul but five lines of that uuml)er
Such pretty begging blanks, I should commend
Your foreheiw. or your cheeks, and kiss you too."
B. & FL : PhUaster, iL 1
II. Technically :
1. Law £ Eng. Hist. Plur. Blanks: An un-
written piL'CL' of paper given to the agents of
the Crown in the leigu of Richard II., with
liberty to till it up as tliey pleased ; their own
conscience being thus the measure of the
exactions they were iiermitted to make from
the unliappy people. Blanks were called also
Blank-chaute-rs (q.v.).
" And daily new exactions are devised ;
As blanks, benevolences, and I wot not what.""
Shakesp. : Richard U . ii. 1,
2. Namismatics :
(1) A kind of white or silver money of base
alloy, coined by Henry V. in the jiarts of
France tempontrily subject to England. It
was in value about Sd. steiling, or, according
to Otford, about a French livre.
"Have you any money ? he answered, not a bJanck."
(iayton's Fest. A'., p. 9.
(2) A small copper coin formerly current in
France, value five deniers Tunrnois.
" The Mind' of Paris in Fraunce.
.') torne.s is a blancki;.
;f btanvkes is a shilling.
2d shilling is a pounde."
The Post of the World (1576}, p. 86.
3. Metal-worliiig : A piece of metal brought
to the required shape and ready for the tinish-
ing operation, whatever it may be. Specially—
(a) A plauchet of metal, weighed, tested,
and milled, is a blank ready for the die-press,
which converts it into a coin.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; miite, cuh, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe:=e. ey = a. qu = kw.
blank— blasfemyn
571
(6) A strip of softened steel made into the
required shape is a blank, which uutting and
tempering transforiu into a file.
(c) A iiiece of iron \vith a flaring head, and
otherwise properly shai)ed ready for nicking
and threading, is a screw-blank, which with
the final operations becomes a screw.
4. Architect: Blank-doors or blank -windows
are imitations, and used for ornamentation or
to secure uniformity in the design.
blank-acceptance, s. An acceptance
written on paper before the amount to be paid
is filled in.
blank-bar, s.
Laiv : A plea in bar, resorted to in an action
of trespass, and designed to compel the
plaintiff to state at what place the oifence
was committed. It is called also common
bar.
^blank-bonds, s.
Comm. : Bonds in which the creditor's name
was a blank. The document then passed from
hand to liand in the ordinaiy course of com-
merce, any one into whose legal possession it
came having the right to put in his name and
sue for payment. Blank-bonds were abolished
in 1696.
blank-cartridge, s. A cartridge con-
taining powder but no ball. It is used for
firing salutes, for giving warning of danger,
or in sham tights.
blank-Charters, blank charters,
i. pi,
1. Laio & Eng. Hist. : The same as Blanks,
II. 1. (q.v.).
'■ Which to maintaine my iieople were sore pol'd
With Huts. Iiftet;ii9, aiui luaiis by way ui prest,
Blank cluirten, on.th.s, ami shifts nut kiiowu ot old,
For which the cuniiiiouB did me noru deteat."
Leg, of /itch. II.. \>. 294.
2. Fig.: Authorisation to do what one likes.
" Men do not stand
In so ill case, that God hath with hia hand
Sigii'd V.\\i)i\ibla I ik-duirters, to kill whuni they hate,"
Donne, Sat. 'i.
blank-cutting, «. The cutting out of
pieces of metal.
Blank-aitting Machine. Metal-working: A
machine for cutting out pieces of metal for
fabrication into articles, such as keys, files,
buttons, &c.
blank-door« s.
Arch. : An imitation door in the side of a
wall or building. Of course it cannot be
opened.
blank-indorsement, s. A bill or simi-
lar instrument in which the indorsee's name
is omitted.
blank-tire, ^.
Wheelwright big : A tire without a flange.
blank verse, s. A kind of verse destitute
of rhyme, but possessed of a musical rhythm.
It usually has five feet, each of two syllables.
Milton's Paradise Lost is in blank verse, so
also is Cowper's Task.
"Oarblanlc verse, where there is no rhyme to support
the expression, is extremely diflflL-ult to such iis are
not uiastei-s in the tongue." — Addison.
blank-window, s.
Arch. : An imitation window in a building,
with no frame or gtass, but designed simply
for symmetry.
''blank, v.t. [From blank, n. & s. (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : To render white, pale, or wan : to
blanch, by exciting fear, anxiety, jealousy, or
other depressing emotion.
" An anchor's cheer in prison lie my sco]3e !
£ach opposite that blariTcs the face of joy."
iiliAikaijf- : Hamlet, iii. 2.
2. Fig. : To extinguish, to efface, to annul.
'All former puriiosea were blanked, the governour
■ ., •, aU tt ' -• - ' -" "-' "-' "
lipenser.
: a bay, and i
that charge lost and cancelled. "-
'^ blanke, a. [Blank,] "WTiite.
^ blanke plumbe, ». White-lead.
(Prompt. Parv.)
* blanked, pa. par. [Blank, v.]
blah'-ket (1), ' blan'-kett, * blan'-kette,
*blan'-quet, s. & a. [O. Fr. blanket; Mod.
Fr. hlaii'hrt — a kind of bombasin fabric; a
diniin. of &?ftjic = white. In Gael. plaiicaUl,
plo ngaUl ; apparently a corruption of Eng. Ua it-
Let; Port, hlanqxieta; onlyinthesenseA.il.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language ;
1. Litercdlij :
(1) A coarse, heavy, loosely-woven, woollen
stuff, usually napped and sometimes twilled,
used for covering one when in bed. Being a
bad conductor of lieat it prevents the warmth
generated by the body from passing off, and
thus becoming lost.
"Blankett: rollon clothe. Lodix."— Prompt. Parv.
" The abilities of man must fall s-hort on one side or
other, like too scanty a blanket whun you are a-bed ; if
you pull it upon your shoulders, you leave your feet
bare, if you thrust it down upou your feet, your
shoulders are uncovered." — Temple.
(2) Any coarse woollen robe used for wrap-
ping purposes.
"Blankett, lauugelle, Langellas "—Prompt. Parv.
^ "Way says, "... the distinction here
made is not very clear, but lodix appears to
have been a bed-covering, as we now use tlie
word blanket ; langelhis, blanket-cloth gene-
rally." (Note to Prompt. Parv., Articles
Blankett, vol. i. 38.)
*(3) Soldiers' colours (?). {Jamiesmi.)
" Thereafter they go to horse shortly, and comes
back throutfh the Oidtown about ten hours in thf
morning, with their four capLlves, and but 60 to their
blanket. ' — Sjjalciing, il, 154. {Jainiasoti.)
2, Fig.: Anything fitted to intercept vision,
the allusion being to the fact that a blanket
was formerly used as a curtain in front of
the stage : it was so in Shakespeare's time.
iCibber, Nares, £c.)
" Nor heiw'n peep tliro' the blanket of the dark,
To cry hold, hold ! ' Shakesp. : Macbeih, i. 5.
II. Printing : A piece of woollen, felt, or
prepared rubber, placed between the inner
and outer tympans, to form an elastic inter-
posit between the face of the type and the
descending platen.
B. As adj. : Made of a blanket, as Blanket-
bag (q.v.).
blanket-bag, o. A blanket formed into
a bag.
"... but when lying on our blmtket-bags, on .i
good l)ed of aniiioth pebbles, we paased most comf ort-
ableuigUts."— /Jurufi;*: Voyage Itoiind the WorW.ch.x,
blanket-washer, s A machine for
washing printers' blankets. Ordinarily it
consists of a vat and rollers, the blanket being
alternately soaked and squeezed. A similar
machine is used for calicoes ami other fabrics.
bl3,n'-ket (2), s. [In Ger. bhinkcttc] The same
as Blanquettk (q.v.).
t blah'-ket, r l. [From bhniket (1), a. (q.v.).]
1. To tie round with a blanket, to envelop
in a blanket.
" My face I'll gi-iuie with fllth ;
Blanket my loins ; tie all my hair in kuots."
aiuikesp. : Lear, ii. 3.
2. To toss in a blanket for some delin-
quency, or as an expression of contempt.
[Blanketing.]
t blah'-ket-ed, pa. par. & a. [Blanket.]
I blah'-ket-eer, s. [Eng. blanket ; and suffix
-eer.] One who uses a blanket.
" Let us leave this place, and endeavour to get ft
night's lodging iu some house or other, whei^e God
grant there may be neither blankets nor hlaiHteteers,
nor phantoms, nor enchanted Moors," — Smollet : Don
Quixote, ijt. i., bk. iii., c. 4.
t blah'-ket-ihg, pr. par. & s. [Blanket.]
A, As jjresent participle : Iu senses con'e-
sponding to those of the verb.
B, As s^ibstantive :
1. The act of tossing one in a blanket, the
state of being so tossed, or the operation itself.
"Ah, oh ! he cry'd ; what street, what lane, bvit knows
Our ijurgiuga, pumi>ii^s, blankethigx, and blowt,?"
Pope: Dtinviad, ii. 154.
2. Stuff or materials from which blankets
may be n)ade.
blank'-ly, adv. [Eng. blank; -ly.] In a blank
jnanner, with such confusion, fright, or abash-
ment as to produce paleness of countenance,
* blank - manger, s. [Blanc - manger.]
(Chaucer: C. T., 389.)
blaiik'-ness, s. [Eng, blank ; -n€ss.^ The
quality of being blank ; the quality of being
empty, or that of being white.
blanks, s. pi. [Blank, s.]
blan-quet'te (qu as k), blan-ket (3), s.
[Fr. blanqiiettc = (1) a kind of pear, (2) a ttsh
=the whitebait, from Uaiic = white. In Ger.
blankette.] A kind of pear. (Johnson, d-c.)
blaps, s. [From Gr. ^Aa^t? (blapsis) = injury,
damage ; |8A.ai|/to (hlapso) — fut. of pAaTTTw
(blapto), (1) to disable, to hinder, (2) to
damage.]
Entom. : A genus of
beetles, the typical one
of the family Blapsidfe
(q.v.). Blapp mucronuta
is common in kitchens ;
Blaps tnortisaga (the
Death -presaging Beetle),
called also the Church-
yard Beetle and the
Darkling Beetle, is a
much rarer variety. It
need scai-cely be added
that it does not forebode
death.
BLAPS MORTISAGA.
blap'-si-dse, s. pi [Blaps,]
Kntom. : A family of Coleoptera (Beetles)
belongir.g to the section Heteroinera and the
sub-section Atrachelia. They are of dull, ob-
scure colours, with the elytra connate and
inflexed over the sides of the abdomen. Of
the genera two are British, viz,, Blaps and
Misolampus. [Blaps. ]
blare (1), *bl6rin, v.i. [In Gei\ plrnren;
O. H. Ger. blarren, blarren, blaren ; O. Dut.
blaren = to bleat, to cry, to weep. Imitated
from the sound (?).]
1. (0/ the form blorin) : To weep. (Prompt.
Parv.)
2. To sound loudly, as a trumpet does ; to
roar, to bellow.
" The trumpet blared." Tennyson,
* blare (2), v.i. lEtym. doubtful.] To melt,
as a candle does.
blare (3), ai.i. [Blair.] (J^cotch.)
blare (1), s. [From bUire (I), v. (q.v.).]
Sound, as of a trumpet ; roar, noise, bellowing.
"... and sigh for battle's ijurc." Barlow.
blare (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Naut. : A paste of hair and tar for calking
the seams of boats.
blare (3), s. [Swiss-German.] A small copper
current in Berne. It is nearly of the same
value as the batz.
blar'-ney, s. [See def. 1.]
1. Geog. : A village or hamlet in the parish
of Garrycloyne, four miles north-west of Cork,
hi Ireland. " [Blarnev-stone.]
2, Ord. Lang. Smooth, meaningless, flatter-
ing Irish speech, de.signed to put the person or
audience addressed in gooil humour, and thus
further any ulterior object which the orator
may have in view.
blarney-Stone, blarney stone, s. A
stone with an inscription built into the wall
of an old castle in the village of Blarney
[1. Geog.]. The kissing of this stone is sup-
posed to confer the ability to use the peculiar
kind of speech to which it gives name.
t blar'-ney, v.t. & ;. [From blarney, s. (q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To operate upon by blarney ; to
persuade or beguile with flattery.
" Blarnei/ed the landlord."— irwiTij?.
B, Jnirans. : To use flattery.
blar'-ney-er, s. [Eng. blarney, v. ; -er.] One
who uses blarney ; a flatterer.
t blar'-ney-ing, jar. par. [Blarney, v.]
^' bias, s. [A.S. bices = a. blast] [Blast, s.]
Sound, blast.
" Wel aore the sarysyns affmid were wan thay herde
that bias." — Sir Ferinnb. (ed. Hcrrtage), 2,648,
bla-se', «. [A naturalised French word. It
is the Fr. blase, pa, par. of bkiser = to dull or
blunt the senses through over-indulgence.]
Dulled in sense or in emotion ; woiti out
through over-indulgence ; incapable of being
greatly excited.
". . . M. Belot conaidei-s the Parisian public in
general, and that of tlie Ambi^'u in paiticular, as the
most blasi, the It-ast erusy tu scandalise or shock, tliat
cau be iinaijined."— rimes, Xov, 5th, ISTS.
* bias-feme, blas-fe-mere, s. [Blas-
phemer.] A blasphemer. (IVycliffe, ed. Pur-
vey, 1 Tim. i. 13 ; 2 Tim. iii. 2.)
*^^ blas-fe-myn, v.t. & i. [Blaspheme.]
(Prompt. Pari\)
boil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, cbln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; ern, as; expect
cian^ -tian^shan. -tion, -sion = shua; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious '— shus.
Acnophon, exist, -mg,
-ble, -die, ^o , =bel, del.
572
blasfemynge — blast
* blas-fe-mynge, jir. par., n., & s. [Blas-
pheming.] (Prompt. Fare.)
blash, v.t. [Designed, like plash and splash,
to imitate the sound produced "by dabbling
ill water.] To soak, to drench.
% To hlash one's stomach: To soak, drench,
or deluge one's stomach by drinking too co-
piously of any weak and diluting liquor.
{jamiesoi.)
blash, .'.■. [From hlash, v., or vice versd.'\
1. A heavy fall of rain, more extrento than a
" dash " of rain.
" Where snaws and i-aiua wi' aleety blash,
Bcsoak'd tlje yird wi' dfish ou dash."
A. Scott: Poems, y 3G ; Harvest. (Jamieson.)
2. A gi-eat quantity of water or weak liquid
poured into a vessel.
blash'iiig, * blash'-an» pr. par. & a.
[Bla.sh, v. (q.v.).] {Scotch.)
" Whau a' the fiel's are clad iu snaw,
An' blashan rains, or cvaiireiig^ha fa.
Thy bomiy leaves thou disna shaw."
Picken : Poeitis (17S6), p. 91 ; To a Cowslip. {JaTnieson.)
blash'-y, «. [Eng. Hash; -y.]
1. Deluging ; sweeping away by an inunda-
tion.
" The thick-blawn wreaths of snaw or blasliy thows
May smoor your wethei's, and may rot your ews."
liainsay : Foems, ii. 82.
2. Of meat or drink : Thin, weak, flatulent ;
debilitating the stomach.
"Ah, airs, thae 6;as7^.v vegetaljlea are a bad thing to
have atween ane's ribs m a rimy night, under the bare
bougei-s o' a laiiely haxiL"—Mackw. Mag., Nov, 1820,
p. 154. [Jamiesmt.)
bla'-si-a, s. [Named after Blasio Biagi, an
Italian monk.]
Bot. : An old genus of Jangermanniaceaj
(Scale mosses). The chief species is now
called JangermanniH Blasia.
*bla§'-nit, a. [From Ger. &ioss = bare (?).]
Bare, bald ; without hair.
" Ane treiie trunuheour, ane ramehome spoue,
Twa buttis of barkit bUisnit ledder.
All graith that gains to liobbill schone."
Jiamuitync Poems, p. 160, st. 9. [Jamieaon.)
* blasome (Eng.), "* bla-sowne (Scotch), s.
[Blazon, s.]
tbla'-s6n, v.t. [Blazon, v.]
^ blas-phe-ma'-tlon, s. [Blaspheme.]
Blaspheming.
" The bias phetnatio Jte of the name of god corruptia
tbe ayr." — Compl. of Scotland, p. 155.
* blas-phe-ma'-tour, s. [Blaspheme] A
blasphemer.
"Ordeyned and made for the swerars nad blasplie-
matours." — Caxton ; Golden Legeiule, fo. 431.
blas-phe'me, * bias-feme, * blas-fe-
myu, v.t. & i. [In Fr. hlaspJicmer ; Prov. &
Sp. blasfemdr ; Bort. Masphemor = to blas-
pheme ; Ital. hiasimare = to find fault with ;
Lat. hlasphetno = to blasiihenie ; from Gr.
PAacr(/)T)jLLta> (blaspMmeo) = (I) to speak pro-
fanely, (2) to slander ; ^Aatr^vj/xoy (blasphemes)
= s])eaking ill-omened, slanderous, or profane
words ; jSAafLs (blapsis) = harming, damage ;
^KartTiti (hlapio)=-io disable, to hinder, . . .
to damage, to hurt. Pkeme is from Gr. <^7)ju.l
(phevii)=to say, to speak.] [Blame, Blaps.]
A. Transitive:
I. Ord iiiary Language :
1. To utter profane language against God or
against anything sacred ; by word of mouth
to arrogate his jirerogatives ; or grossly to dis-
obey liis commands.
"And lie opened his mouth in hla.sx>li eniy against
God, to bliu'ijjhcrnc his name, and hia t;ibeniacle, and
them that dwell iu heaven." — licv. xiii. G.
"... that the word of God be uot blasphemed."—
Titus ii 5.
2. To utter injurious, highly insulting,
calumnious, or slanderous language against a
person in high authoiity, especially against a
king, who may be looked on as, in certain
respects, the vicegerent of God.
" Tho.se who from our labours heaii their board,
Jilaspheme their feeder, and forget their lord."
Pope.
II. Law : To deny the being or providence
of God ; to utter contumelious reproaches
against Christ ; to scoff" at the Holy Scriptures,
or attempt to turn them into contempt and
ridicule. [Blasphemy.] (Blaclcstune : Com-
ment., bk. iv., eh. 4.)
B. liUrans. : To utter profane language
against God, or to arrogate any of his pre-
rogatives.
" AdUTn. Oh : my son,
Masp7ieme not : these are seiiients words."
Byron : Cain, i. i.
"Say ye of him, whom the Father hath aanctified,
and sent into the world, Thou blasphcyiiest ; because i
said, I am the Sou of Gud'!"— John x. as.
blas-phe'med, ' blas-fe'medjija.ijav. &a.
[Blaspheme,]
blas-phe'-mer, ^ blas-fe'-mere, s. [Eng.
blasphem(e); -er. In Fr. blasphcmateur ; Sx).
blasfenio, blasfemaddr ; Port, blas'pliemador.]
One who blasphemes.
"Who was before a blasphemer, and a persecutor
and injurioxia."— 1 Tim. i. la,
" Should each blaspJtemer quite escape the rod
Because the insult 'a not to man, but God ? "
Pope: Ep. to Satires, ii. 195.
"" blas-phe'-mer-esse, s. [Eng. blasphemer,
and -esse, suffix, making a feminine form.] A
female blasphemer.
". . . the same Jone, asupersticious sorceresse.anda
diabolical blasphejneresse of God, and of his saiuctes."
—Ball: 1/cn. I'/., an. 9.
blas-pbe'm-ing, * blas-fe-mynge, pr.
'par., a., & s. [Blaspheme.]
A, & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
", . . blasplieming Jew."—Shakcsp. : lifacb. iv. 1.
C, Assidjst.: The act of blaspheming ; blas-
phemy.
"Those desperate atheisms, those Spanish renoun-
cings, and Italian iZosjjftuJftinffS, . . ."—Sir E. Sandys :
State of Jieligion.
blas-phem-oiis, * blas-phe'-mous, a.
[Lat. bliisphemus ; Gr. ^Kaa^-<)p.o<; (plaspheiiws).']
Containing blasphemy ; grossly irreverent to-
wards God or man, but specially the former.
1[ The old pronunciation of hlaspliemous
still lingers among the uneducated.
" Then they suborned men, which said. We have
heard him speak blaspTiemoits words against Moses,
and against God." — Acts vi. IL
blas'-phem-ous-ljr, adv. [Eng. hlasphe-
vwus ; -ty.] In a blasphemous manner ; irre-
verently, profanely.
"Where is the right use of his reason, while he
would blasphemoiisly set up to controul the commands
of the Almighty t " — Swift.
blas'-i>hem-y, * blas-phe-mie, *blas-
fe-mie, s. [In Fr. blaspheme ; Sp. hlasfemia ;
Port, blasphemia ; Lat. blasphcmia, rarely
blaspheminm; Gr. ^Aao-i^vj/xia (blasphemia)^
(1) a speech of evil omen, a profane speech,
. . . blasphemy, (2) slander.] [Blaspheme.]
A. Ordinary Language :
1. Of things :
* 1. Slander, or even well-merited blame,
applied to a i)erson or in condemnation of a
thing.
2. Profane language towards God ; highly
irreverent, contemptuous, abusive, or re-
proachful words, addressed to, or spoken or
written regarding God ; or an arrogating of his
prerogatives.
" The luoana of the sick were d:■o^\^led by the blas-
j}hemy and ribaldry of their comrades." — Jlacaulay :
Hist, Eng., ch, xiv.
* IL Of persons (the concrete being put for the
abstract) : A person habitually irreverent to
God or man.
" Now, blasphemy.
That swear'st grace o'er board, not an oath on shore ?"
Shukesp. : Tempest, v. 1,
B. Technically :
I. TheoL Blasphemy against the Holy Ghost :
The sin of attributing to Satanic agency the
]iiiracles which were obviously from God.
"And whosoever shall apeak a word against the Son
of juan, it shall be forgiven him : but unto him that
blasphemcth against tlie Holy Ghost it shall uot be
Joi-given." — Luke ^ii. 10.
II. Lav:. : The legal crime of blasphemy
is held to be committed when one denies the
being or providence of God, utters contume-
lious reproaches against the Saviour, profanely
scoff's at Scripture, or exposes it to contempt
and ridicule. It being held that Christianity
is part of the laws of England, blasphemy ex-
poses him who utters it to line and imprison-
ment, or even to corporal punishment. (Black-
stone: Conimcnt., T)k. iv., ch. 4.) If in a trial
before a magistrate scandalous, blasphemous,
and indecent statements api)ear in evidence,
it is not legal to print them in any ne\vsi)aper
report given of the trial.
blast, ^' blaste, s. & a. [A.S. nicest = a blast
of wind, a burning (Somner) ; Dan. bloist ; Sw.
blo-st ; Icel. bladr ; 0. H. Ger. blast = a blow-
ing ; from A.S. blmsan = to blow (Lye); Goth,
blesan — to blow.] [Blast, Blaze, Blow,
Bladder.]
A. As substantive ;
I. Ordinary Language
1. Literally:
(1) Of air in motion :
(a) A sudden gust of wind, especially if
violent.
" The tallest pines feel most the power
Of wintry blasts. "
Cowper : Translation of Horace, bk, ii., odex.
(&) A stream of air from the mouth, the pipe
of a bellows, or other aperture.
If 7*/te blast of a pipe; The act of smoking.
(Jamieson.)
(2) Of an explosion affecting tJie air :
(a) Sudden compression of the air produced
by the discharge of a cannon.
(b) The explosion of gunpowder in a bore,
in rocks, iu a quariy ; or that of " fire-damp "
in a mine.
(3) Of sounds liroduced by air in motion : The
sound produced by the blowing of a horn, a
trumpet, or any simiktr wind-instrument.
". . . and the solemn notes of the organ were
mingled with the clash of the cymbal and the blast of
the ti-umi)et." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Pestilential effects produced on animals
or plants ; blight.
(2) Judgment from God, specially the
simoon (?). If so, then it should be transferred
to A. I. 1. (1).
"By the 6Zasi of God they perish, and by the breath
of bis nostrils are they cou&miied."—Job iv. 9.
" Behold I will send a blast upon him [SeuuacheiibJ,
. . ." — 2 Kings xix. 7 ; Isa. xxxviL 7.
(3) Calamity.
" And deem thou not my feeble heart shall fail
When the clouds gather and the blasts assail.
Hemaits : The Abencerrage, c. 2,
(4) Resistless impulse, lilte that produced
by air in violent motion.
" Blown by the blast of fate like a dead leaf over tUe
desert." Longfellow : Evangeline, ii. 3.
(5) A brag, a vain boast.
"To say that hee had faith is but a vaine blast;
what hath his life bene but a web of vices?" — Boyd:
Bast Battell, \>. 1,197.
II. Technically:
1. Lron-worJcing : The whole blowing of a
forge necessary to melt one supply of ore.
(American.) (Webster.)
% Hot-blast: A current of heated air.
2. Veter. Med. : A flatulent disease in sheep.
B. As adj. (in comjws.) : Pertaining to a
blast of air ; acted ou by air in motion ; de-
signed to operate upon air, &c.
blast-engine, a.
Pneumatics:
1. A ventilating machine on ship-board
to di'aw foul air from below and induce a
current of fresh air.
2. A machine for stimulating the fire of a
furnace. [Blower. ]
blast-furnace, s.
Metal. : A furnace into which a current of
air is artificially introduced, to assist the
FIG. 1. — SEcriuN OF /, blast-furnace.
natural draught or to supply an increased
amount of oxygen to a mineral under treat-
ment. Some of these are now made on a very
large scale, upwards of 100 ft. high. In Fig.
2 the hot-blast appai-atus is seen at the left.
f&te, i^t, fare, amidst^ what, f^Il, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; miite, ciib, cUre, ignite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian^ se, oe = e ; ey — a, qu = kw.
tolast— blastochyle
573
Tn front is the san 1 1 ed into wl ich tlie metal
Hows to lorn i •»
'^ ^
FIG. 2. — EXTERIOR Ut' A BLABT-FURNACE.
In Fig. 1, A the «7((^/^, fire-room, tunnel: Is the in-
ternal cavity,
B BfiUi/ : The widest ^jart of the shaft.
c Lining, shirt ; The inner coat of fire-bricks
D Second lining, casing: An outer cfising of brick
with an interval' between it luicl tlie former.
E StMffing ; The tilling of Band or coke-dubt between
the lining and casing.
F Mantle, outer-stack, building: The outer wall of
masonry.
<; Jloiith, furnnce-top : The opening at toy for the
ore, coal, and limestone.
H Landing, platform : The stage or bank at the fur-
iLice moutli.
1 Wall, crown, tlome : The wall around the funiace-
top.
K Boshes : The lower iMirt of the furnace descending
from the belly.
L I/earth: The pit under the boshes, by which the
melted nietiil deacends.
M Crucible: The heartli in whic \ the cast-iron
collects. The lowest part ia the sole.
s 7)a^n : A stone at the end of the flre-V,eai-th.
Tap-hole: An opening cut away in the hardened loam
of the daiii.
o T!imp-arch,W}rlcing-nri:li. folds, faulds: The arch
of the mn-iUle which luiniitH ti) the firc-hearlh.
p T'luere-arcti, twger-araU.- Arch of the mantle
which leads to the t}i!/eres.
q Tayerc, iwyer, twcre : The cast-iron pipe which
forms the nozzle for the blast.
R, s Arches for ventilation.
T Channels in the iniLsoury for the escaiJe of uioiat-
ure. (Knight.)
blast-hearth, s.
Metal. : A Scotch ore-hearth for reducing
lead ores.
blast-hole, s.
Hydravl : Tlie induction water-hole at the
bottom of apuinp-Btock.
blast-meter, s.
Piievm. : An anemometer applied to the
nozzle of a blowing engine.
blast-nozzle, s. The orifice in the de-
livery-end of a blast-pipe ; a tiiyi-re.
blast-machine, 6-.
Pneum. : A fan inclosed witliin a box, to
which the wings are attached, so that the
whole revolves together. It is closely fitted
within a stationary exterior case, into which
it is journaled. Air is admitted at the sides
around the axis, and forced out through an
aperture at the periphery by the rapid rotation
of the fan, which may, by belt and pulley
connections, be driven at the rate of 1,S0U
revolutions per minute. [Blower.] (Knight.)
blast-pipe.
Diasi-pipt;, a.
Steam-Eiigine : A pipe conveying the escape-
steam from the cylinders up tlie smoke-stack
of the locomotive to ;ud tlie draught. Its in-
vention is ascribed to George Stephenson.
blast, v.t. & i. [A.S. h!(r..tini = to Uow (Lye)
(of doubtful aiithority) ; Icel. hlasa; Dut.
Wazen ; Ger. hlasen; Mffiso-Guth. hlesan (a
hypothetical root) = to blow.]
A. Transitive:
I. Literally :
1. To produce a blight upon plants, to stop
or impede their growth, or cause them to
wither by the blowing on them of a dry, cold,
or in any way pestilential wind, t Similarly
to injure animals.
"And, behold, seven thin ears and &i(rs'e(7 with the
fast wind sprung up after them.''— Gen. xli. C.
2. To split or shatter rocks by boring in
thein a long cylindrical hole, filling it with
gunpowder, and then firing it by means of a
ni;itch so timed as to allow the operator and
his fellow-workmen to reach a place of shelter
before the explosion takes place.
"Thiarockis the only stone found iu the parish fit
for buiUUng. It is quarried by blasting with gun-
powder."—/'. Ltuian: Forftirs. Statist. Ace, i. 442
(Jatnieson]
II. Flgiiraticdy :
1. To make anything withered or scorched
by other appliances than windj e.g., lightning,
&c.
" She that like lightning shiued while her face lasted.
The oak now resembles, which lightning had blasted.
Waller.
" You fen-suck'd fogs, drawn by the pow'rful ami,
To fall, and blast her pride."
Shakesp. : Zear, iL 4.
2. So to discourage a person as to stop his
mental growth ; to hinder a project or any-
thing from coming to maturity.
" To his green years your censures you would suit,
Not blast that blossom, but expect the fruit."
Dritden.
"The commerce, Jehoshaphat king of Juaea endea-
voured to renew ; but his enterprise was bl-asted by
the destruction of vessels in the harbour." — Arbuthnot.
3. To destroy. Used —
(a) Gen. : Of any person.
" Here is your husband, like a mildew'd ear.
Blasting his wholesome brother."
Shakesp. : Bandet, ilL 4.
" Agony unmix'd, incessant gall,
CoiToding every thought, and blasting all
Love's xmradise." Thomson.
(h) Of one's self or another person in coarse
and irreverent imprecations.
". . . and without calling on their Maker to cui-se
them, sink them, confound them, blast the\ii, and
damn theiu." — Mucaulay : ITist. Eng., ch. iii.
4. Of one's testimony : To invalidate ; to
destroy the credit of ; to render infamous.
"He shews himself weak, if he will take my word,
when he thinks I deserve no credit ; or malicious, if
he knows I deserve credit, and yet goes about to blast
it."— Stillingjtevt.
5. Of the cars : To split, to burst, by inflict-
ing unduly piercing sounds upon.
" Trumiietei-B,
With brazen din blast you the city's ears ;
I\Iake mingle with yoar ratfling tabourines."
Shakesp. : Antony rf Clcop., iv. 8.
B. Inimnsitive :
1. To blow with a wind instrument.
(1) Lit. : In the above sense.
*(2) Fig. : To boast, to speak iu an ostenta-
tious manner; to talk swelling words. (Scotch.)
"I could mak my ae baini a match for the hichest
laird in Scotland; an' I am nogieu to ^fagf." — Saxvn
and aael, i. lOO. {Jamieson.)
2. To wither under the influence of blight.
blast'-ed (Eng.), blast'-it (Scotch), pa. par.
& a. [Blast, v.t]
"... wee, bloitlt wouner."
Burns : Tlie Tioa Dogs. .
" The ifist leaf which by Heaven's decree
Must hang upon a blasted ti ee "
Wordsioorth : White Doe of Rylstonc, 1
" And blaslcd quarry thunders heard remote ! "
Wordstoorth: Evening Walk.
Her. Of trees: Leafless.
blas-te'-ma, S. fOr. jSKda-ryjixa (blastema) =
(1) A sprout, (2) increase, growth.
1, Biol.: The formative material of plants
and animals ; the initial matter or growth out
of which any part is developed; the indift'er-
ent tissue of the embryo.
" In the very young embryo of mammalia, as the
sheep or calf, tlie cerebnil mass in the course of forma-
tiuii contains, ill the midst uf a liquid and transparent
blastema, transparent ceils of gre:it delicacy witli a
reddish yellow nucleus." — Todd & Boivman : Physiol.
Anat., i., p. 22B.
2. BoUnqi:
(1) The thallus or frond of lichens. (Lind-
ley.)
(2) A term used by Slirbel for a portion of
the seed comjirising the radicle, plumule, and
cauliculus, indeed every part of it except the
cotyledons. (Lindley : I nt rod. lo Botany.)
blas-te'-mal, a. [From blastema. (q..v.), and
suffix -ctL] Pertaining to a blastema.
blas't-er, s. [Blast, v.]
L Of 'persons:
1. Lit. : One who is employed to blow up
stones with gunpowder.
" A blaster was in constant employ to bla^t the gi-eat
stones with gunpowder."— /"e/mttnf ; Tour in Scotland
(1769), p. 95. (Jamieson.)
2. Fig. : One who mars or destroys the
beauty or character of a person or the vitality
of anything.
"I am no bUestcr of a lady's beauty "
Beaumont A- Ftct. : Jlule a Wife.
II. Of iiunqs: That which thus mars oi
destroys vitiiiity, beauty, character, or any-
thing previously fresh and living.
" Foul canker of fair virtuous action, _^
Vile bluster of the freshest blo^ois on earth !
Marston : Scourge of Villainy, To Detraction.
blast'-ie, blas'-ty, «. [Eng. blast; -y, -ie.)
Gusty.
" III the moniins, tb^ wep.ther was blast;/ and sleety^
waxiug more and more tempestuous."— T/iC Pi-ovost,
p. 177. {Jamieson.)
blas'-tie, s. [Dimin. of Eng. blast, s.] A
contemptuous appellation for a little being,
person or thing, whose growth or develop-
ment seems to have been blasted. Used—
(1) Of a "fairy" contemptuously viewed as
a shrivelled dwarf, the expression fairy not
implying that it is in all respects beautiful,
but only that it is fair, light-colom-ed, as dis-
tinguished from a " brownie," which is of a
dark hue.
" An' unco titles o" them are tauld, —
An' ln)\v the blasties did behave,
When dancing at the lang man's grave."
Train: Poetical Reveries, p. 18. {Jamieson.)
(2) Of an ill-tempered child. (Jamieson.)
(3) Of a small and contemptible parasitic
insect.
" Ye little ken what cursed speed
The blastie's makin ! "
Burns : To a Louse.
blast'-ing (Eng.\ blast -in (Scotch), -pr.par.y
a., &s. [Blast, v.]
A, & B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
I. Of an act, operation, or process:
1. The act, operation, or process of stopping
the growth of plants, or otherwise injui'ing
them or anything else.
2. The act, operation, or process of borhig a
long cylindrical hole in rocks, filling it with
gunpowder, dynamite, or other explosive, lay-
ing a train or a match, and igniting it, after
having taken precautions for one's own safety
when the explosion occurs.
II. Of the means used in such an act, opera-
tion, or process : That which causes injury to
plants, as a cold, dry, or pestilential wind.
^ In Scripture Masting is always combined
with viildeiD.
" I smote you with blasting and with inildew . ." —
Ifag. ii. l" {See also Deut. xxviii. 32 ; 1 Kings viii. 37 ;
2 Chroii. vi 28 ; and Amos iv. d.)
blasting-fuse, s. A fuse for blasting.
It generally consists of a tube filled with a
composition which will bnru a sufficient
length of time to allow the person firhig it to
reach a place of safety.
blasting-needle, s. A long taper piece
of copper, or iron with a copper point ; used
when tamping the hole for blasting, to make
by its insertion an aperture for a fuse or train.
blasting-powder, s. A quick-burning
powder for blasting.
* blast'-ment, s. [Eng. blast; -ment.] In-
jury to plants or animals, produced by pesti-
lential ■wmds, or any other hurtful influence.
" And in the mom and liquid dew of youth.
Contagious blastments are most imminent."
Shakesp. : Jlamlet, i. a,
blas'-to, pref. [Gr. ^Aao-rd? (blastos) = a
sprout, a germ.] Pertaining to a germ (the
meaning completed by the second element.]
blas-to-car'-poiis, a. [Pref. blasto-, and
Gr. KapTTo^ (Icarpos) = fruit.]
Bot. : Germinating inside the pericarp.
Example, the Mangroves. (Brande.)
blas'-to-yele, s. [Pref. blasto-, and Gr. kijAi's
(LUlis) = spot.]
Biol. : The germinal spot.
blas'-to-cheme, s. [Pref. blasto-, and Gr.
oxviJ^a. (ochr_),in) = vehicle.]
Biul. : A n.cduMfrirm planoblast giving
origin to the generative elements, through
special sexual buds developed from it.
blas'-to-coele, s. [Pref. blasto, and Gr.
KotAo? (koUos) = hollow.]
BwL : The central cavity in a segmented
ovum.
blas'-to-ehyle, s. [Pref. blasto-, and Gr.
X^Aos (<'hnlob) —juice.]
]'"t. : The clear mucilaginous juice in the
embryonal sac in the ovule.
bSil, boy; pout, jtfv^rl; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, del.
67^
■blastoderm— blaze
Was'-to-derm, s. [Prof, hlasto-, and Gr.
Se'p^a {derma) - skill.]
Biul. : The meiiibi'ane in an ovum eiiclosiiit^
the yolk. It is the earhest superficial hiyer
of the embryo.
blas-to-derm'-ic, «. [Blastoderm.] Per-
taining to hlastoderju (q.v.).
blas-to-gen'-e-sis, s. [Pref. hlasto-, and Eng.
genesis.]
^io?.; Reproduction by "budding; gemmation.
blas-tog'-en-S'"» «■ fPi"ef. hlasto-^ and Gr.
ydveia {(jenela) = generation.]
Biol: The history of the evolution of an
organism as a wliole.
blast'-6id, a. & 5. [Blastoidea.]
A. As adj. : Pertaining to the Blastoidea.
B. As sitbst. . Any one of the Blastoidea.
blast-oi'-de-a, a. -pi [Gr. ^Aao-ros (hlu^ti^s)
= a shoot, and elSos (eldos) =form.]
Palceont. : An order of Echinoderms, fuund
only in Paleeozoic Rocks.
blas'-to-mere^ s. [Pref. hlasto-, and Gr.
ju.epo9 [meros) = a part.]
Biol. : Any one of the segments of an im-
pregnated ovum.
blas'-to-p6re, s. [Pref. hlasto-, and Eng.
2)ore (q.v,).]
Biol. : The opening in a blastula produced
by invagination.
bias '-to -sphere, s. [P]-ef. hlasto-, and Eng.
sphere.]
Biol. : A mulberry germ, a vesicular
morula (q.v.).]
blas'-tu-la, blas'-tule, s. [Blastus.]
Biol. : An embryonic sac formed of a single
layer of cells.
blas-tu-la'-tion, s. [Blastule.]
Biol. : The conversion of a, germ into a
blastula.
t blast'- US, s. [Gr. p\a<rT6g (hlastos) = a
sprout.
Bot. : The plumule of gra.sses.
bla'-tan-gy, o. [Eng. blatan(t); -cy.] The
quality of being blatant.
bla'-tant, a. [In Provinc. Eng. hlate = to
bellow.] [Bleat.] Bellowing like a calf;
brawling, noisy.
" Led by blatant voice along the skies.
He comes, where fiictioii over cities flies."
Parneli: Queen Aiuie's I'eace.
H The hlatant heast of Spenser was intended
to symbolize calumny. (F. Q., VI. xii. 2.)
blate (1), tblait, * bleat, a. [A.S. Utat
= gentle, .slow; Icel. Uautr; Dut. blood ^
bashful ; Gar. hlbde ; Dan. Uod = sofh,
smooth, tender.] Bashful; modest; sheep-
ish. {Scot. & N. of Eng. dial.)
"And if ye ken ony piiir body o' our aajuaintiu ce
that's blute for wiint o' siller, and has Tar to gausf
hame, . . ."—Hcott. Old Mortality, ch. iv.
blate (2), «. [Mid. Eng. Uete.] N&ked, bare.
iScotch.)
blate, v.i. & ^ [A variant of fe^mf.]
A. Intrans. : To chatter, to babble.
B. Trans. : To prate about.
blate' -ness. s. [Scotch Uate, and Eng. suff.
-ness.] BashfLilness ; sheepishness.
blat'-ta, s. [Lat. = a cockchafer or some
other beetle.]
Eiitom. : A genus of insects, the typical one
of the family Blattid^e (q.v.). It contains the
various species of cockroaches. Blatta orien-
talis is the common species in houses in this
country, though it is believed to have come
lir-st from the East. [Cockroach.]
* blat'-ter, >:.%. [In Gcr. hlattern.]
1. Lit. Of persons : To talk rashly ; to blurt
out boastful, nonsensical, or calunuiious
speeches.
" For before it [the tuntTie] she hath set a ijallisado
of shai-p teeth, to the .-uil that if peradventure it will
not obey reasdii, which within hokleth it hard as it
with a straight bridle, but it will blatter out and not
tarry within."— I/oUaiid: Pluturcli, p. 109.
2. Fig. Ofthinr/^: To patti^r.
" The rain blaitcred."—Jt^rey.
'^' blat-ter-a'-tion, ^ blat-er-a -tion, s.
[Eng. blatter; -otion,] The act of blattering;
a blurting out of nonsense, or worse. {Coles.)
"^ blat-ter-er, s. [Eng. blatter; -er.] One
wlio blatters ; a blatteroon. {Spenser.)
■■ blat'-ter-ihg, pr. tJar. & s. [Blatter.]
A. As jircbciit jiarticiple : In senses coiTe-
sponding to tliose of the verb.
B. As substantive : The act of blurting out
boastful, silly, or malignant words. (Lee.)
'■■ blat-ter-oon', s. [Eng. blatter, and suffix
-oon.] One who blatters.
"... his face, which you know he hath no cause to
brag of ; I hate such blatterooiis." —Howell, hk. ii.
Lett. 75.
blat-ti-dse, s. [From blxttta (q.v.).] Cock-
roaches.
Entom. : A family of insects belonging to
the cursorial section of the order Ortlioptera.
Dr. Leach raised them to the rank of an order
— Dictyoptera. It is by means of the Blattidae
that transition is made to the order Bermap-
tera, which contains the Earwigs. The com-
mon Cockroach is Blatta orientcdis. A second
species, common with it in ships, is B. Ameri-
cana. In addition to these and two others not
properly indigenous in this country, Stephens
enumerates seven genuine natives. The exotic
species are numerous. Some limit the genus
Blatta to those in whicii both sexes have
wings, giving the name Kakerlac (an American
designation of the cockroach) to those like the
Bkttta orientalis, in whicli the females are all
but wingless. [Blatta, Cockroach, Dicty-
optera.]
blaud (I), blad (1), s. [From Gael, blad = an
enormous amount ; hladhail = substantial.] A
crude lump ; a large piece or considerable
portion of anything : an unnecessary quantity.
(Scotch.) ^
" Grit blads and hits thou staw full oft,"
Evergreen, i. 121, st. 4, {Jamieson.)
"... hut Dougal wouUl hear nothing hut a ftJaitrf of
Davie Lindsay, . , ." — Seott : Redganntlet, Lett. xL
" I'll write, an' that a heai-ty blaud.
This vera night. "
Burns ; To J. Lapraik.
blaud (2), blsid (2), blaad, s. [From Gael.
hladk — substance, pith, energy (?).] A severe
blow or stroke.
" They lend sic hard and heavy blads "
Jacobite lielics, ii. 139. (Jamieson.)
"■ blaun'-dish-ing, * blaun'-diss-mg, pr.
par. [Blandishing.]
' blaunderel, * blawndrelle, s. [O. Fr.
blandurea-u, hlaiulxiriau, hrandureaax (?), con-
nected with Fr. 6/a?i.c= white.] A "white
apple."
" Blawndrelle, frute {blaunderel). Melonis." —
Prompt. Parv.
* blauner, blaundemer, s. [Dr. Murray
suggests Fr. '' blanc de vier = sea-white.] A
species of (? white) fur used to line hoods.
■* With blythe hlaunner ful bryght, aud his hod hothe,"
Gawayne and the Green KniglU (ed. Morris), 155.
bla'-ver, bla'-vert, s. [From Dan. blaa =
lalue, and ver or vert, a corruption of wort (?) ]
1. In parts of Scotland and in the North of
England : A plant, Gentaurea Cyamis.
2. The violet. {Scotch.)
bla'-ver-ole, s. [From hlaver, and suff. -oic]
A plant, Centaurea Cyanns. [Blaver, 1.]
blaw, * blawe, * blawen, * blaue,
^ blauwen, v.t. & i. [Blow, v.'] {Scotch.)
^ To blavj in one's lug. Lit. : To blow in
one's ear ; to flatter.
" ' Hout wi' your fleeuhiug,* said Dame Martin.
■ Gne wa'— gae wa', lad ; dinua btaw in folk's lugs that
gate ; me and Miss Liliiia eviiu'd tlieyither 1 ' "Scott :
liedgauntlet, ch. xii.
blawn {Scotch), ' blawne, ■ blawene (0.
Eng.), pa. -par. & a. [Blown.!
' blawnchede, fa. par. [Blanched.] {Mortf^
d'Arthur, a,0:jy,)
bla'-wort, blae'-wort, s. [From Dan. blaa
= blue, azure, and Eng. sutf. wort = an herb.]
The name given in Scotland to two plants.
1. Campamila rotund i folia.
"' Blf'H-ort Hill, in tlie parish and county of
Renfrew, is called after it.
2. Centaurea Cyauus.
blay, s. [Corrupted from bteak (?).] A fish,
the Bleak (q-v.).
t blay'-ber-ry', o. [Blaeberry. ]
blaze (1), * blase, "^blaise {Eng.), bleeze,
bleize, bleise, * blels, * bless, ^ bles
(Scotch), s. [A.S. hla^se, hlaze, blize =. a blaze,
what makes a blaze, a tor(;h. (Not the same
as hkcs = a blast.) Dan. l>ius = a flambeau ;
Icel. blys ; M. H. Ger. bids = a taper, a candle.]
I. Literally :
1. The flame sent forth when any thing is in
a state of tierce combustion.
"What if the vast wood of masts and yardarms
below London Bridge should be in a blaze I"— Macau-
lay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv.
2. The illumination afforded.
(a) By such a flame.
"Within the Abbey, nave, choir, and transept were
ixvvkblaze with Innumei'able waxlights." — Macaulay :
Mist. Eng. , ch. xx.
(&) By bright sunlight.
" Through thee, the heavens are dark to him.
The sun's meridian blare is dim."
Hemaiis : Part of Eclogue, 15.
" Ten thousand forms, ten thousand different tribes.
People the blaze." Thomson : tieasons; Huminer.
(c) By anything gleaming ; a gleam.
" I rear'd him to take joy
I' th' blaze of arms, as eagles train their young
To look upon the day-king ! "
Uemans: TJie Siege of Valencia,
3. Spec. : (a) A lively fire made by means of
f nrze, &c.
" An' of bleech'd bims pat on a canty bleeze."
Jioss: JJelenore (Isted.), p. 71. (Jamieson.)
(b) A torch.
" The ferefull brandis and bleissis of hate fyre,
Reddy to bim thy schippis, lemand sehire."
Doug. : Virgil, 120, 3.
(c') A signal made by fire. (In this sense it
is siill used at some ferries, where it is cus-
tomary to kindle a bleise, when a boat is
wanted from the opposite side.) (Jamieson.)
II. More or less figuratively :
1. An object shining forth in lively colours ;
anytliing gorgeous.
"The unifoims were new: the ranks were one blaze
of aciirlet." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvii.
2. Anything which bursts forth fiercely.
"For Hector, in his blaze of wrath."
Sfiakesp. : 2'roil. & Cress., iv. 5.
"... his rash, fierce i?«ze of riot."
ibid., Richard 11., ii. 1.
" Natural rebellion, done i' the hlaze of youth.
When oil and fire, too strong for reason's force,
O'erbeara it, and burns on,"
Shakesp. : All's Well that Ends Well, v. 3.
3. Anything which acts with transcendent
illuminating power.
4. Widely diffused fame ; a report every-
where spread abroad.
" How dark the veil that intercepts the blaze
Of Heaven's mysterious) xiurposea aud ways ! "
Cowper : Charity.
blaze (2), s. [In Sw. bles, blcisa ; D&ii.blis;
Icel. hlesi ; Dut. bks — a firelock, a blaze, a
horse with a blaze.]
Farriery : A wliite mark upon a horse, de-
scending from the forehead almost to the
nose, {Johnson, dtc.)
blaze (1), * blar-sen, * bla-syn', * bla-sin,
v.i. &t. [From Store, s., or A.S. blcese.] [Blazl
(1), s.]
A. Intransitive :
I. Literally:
1. To burn with a conspicuous flame in
jilace of simply being red with heat, or smoul-
dering.
" When numerousi wax lights in bright order blaze."
Pope : Jiape of the Lock, iil I6S.
" As it blazed, tliey threw on him
Great paila of puddled mire to quench the hair "
Shakesp.: Com. of Err or b, v. L
2. To shine forth with a gradually expand-
ing, or expanded atream of light. Spec, of
sunlight.
"... where the rays
Of eve, yet lingering, on the fuuut;iiii blaze."
lleinaiis: Tin- Abencerrage, c. 1.
3. To shine forth in brilliant colours.
"... that splendid Orange Hall, which blazes on
every side 'wiui the most ostentatious colouring of
II. Figuratively :
1. Of emotion: To be enkindled; to shine;
to gleam forth.
" ArtcL'tion lights a hri-hter flame
Than ever blazed bv .irt,"
Cowper : To the Ih-i: If. 'Vawlhornc Unwin.
2. To gasconade ; to brag.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, w^liat, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
blaze— bleach
676
" And ye'Il apecially understand that ye're no to be
bleezi»ij and bluBting about your master's name and
mine."— .Sco«; Rob Uoy, ch. xxvii.
B. Transitive: To fire otf, to let off, to
cause to explude. [C. 1.]
C. In a special 'phrase : To blaze away {collo-
quial). (Trans, d; Iiitrans.)
1. Lit. : To fire off.
"He bleezed awjiy as muckle poutber as wad bae
shot a' the wild-fowl that we'll want atween and
Candlemas." — ^cott: Tales of my Landlord, ii. 104.
{Jamieson.)
'I. Fig. ; To boast, to brag.
" , , . to ait there bleezmg a\viiy with your lang
tales, as if the « wither weru nut windy euow without
your help."— A'co«.- Pirate, ch. v.
blaze (2), bla-sen, ' bla-syn', v.t. fA.S
Hasan (?) = to blow (Lye); tiw. blasa=to
blow, to wind, to sound, to smelt ; Icel. hlasa;
Dan. blase ; iJut. hla^en ~ to blow a trumpet ;
Moeso-Goth. (in compos, only) blemn.] To
])roL-laiin far arul wide ; to spread abroad, as
a report, fame, &c.
"The noise of this tight, and issue thereof, hein^'
blazed hy the country people to some noblemen theie-
atjouts, they came thither."— Sir fney.
H It Is almost always followed by abroad.,
about, forth, or any word of similar import.
" Whose follies, blaz'd about, to all are known,
And are a secret to himself alone." Granville.
" The heav'ns themselves blaze forth the death of
princes," Shakesp. : Jul. Cobs., il 'l
"... and blaze abroad
Tliy name for evermore."
MiUon: Transl. of Ps, Ixxxvi.
* blaze (3), * blasyn, v.t. [Contracted from
Ma20)i(2)(q.v.).]
Her. : To emblazon ; to blazon (q.v.),
" This, in ancient tiiuea, was called a fierce ; and you
should then have blazed it thus : he bears a fierce,
sable, between two fiercea, oT.'—l'eacham.
blaze (4), v.t. [From blaze (2), s.] To mark a
tree by pealing or chipping oft' a x^art of tlie
bark, so as to leave the wliite wood displayed.
blazed, pa. j)ar. [Blazr (1, 2, 3, & 4), v.]
blaz'-er (1), s. [Eng. blaze (1), v. ; -er.]
1. That which blazes or shines ; a veiy
bright, hot day.
2. A short loo.^ie coat of bright colours, worn
at tennis and other sports,
bla'z-er (2 ), - bla'-sour, s. [ From Eng. blaz(e)
(2), v., and sntf. -er.] One who blazes abroad
^ny intelligence, and especially a secret which
lie was in honour bound not to divulge.
" Utterers of secrets he from thence debard,
Bablera of folly, and blazers of crynie."
Spenser : F. Q,., II. ix. 26.
^ bla'-zer (3), s. [Blaze (3).] A blazoner,
herald.
" After ft^aser/g of armya there be bot vj coloria."—
Juliana Barnes : Heraldry.
bla'z-ing (l), *bla'§-ing (Eng.), ^blee-
zmg (Scotch), pr. par., a., & s. [Blaze (1), v.]
A. As p)'csent participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
" Look to tlie Biiltic—blazinff from afar.
Your old ally yet mourns perfidious war."
Jlyron: Curse qf Jlitierva.
B. As adjective :
1. Lit.: Burning with a conspicuous flame ;
emitting flame.
" Dundee was moved to gi'eat wrath by the sight of
tlie blazing dwelliuss."~J/acaulay .- Hist. Eng., ch
xiii.
2. Fig.: Emitting light, radiant, lustrous ;
shining conspicuously from afar.
"The armed Prince with shield so a;«z'ini7brij'lit."
Spenser: F. Q., V. xi. 26.
C. As substantive : The act or state of burn-
ing with a conspicuous flame.
" Dlas/Duj.-. or flamynge of fyre. Flammacio."—
Prompt. Puro.
blazing comet, s.
Fyrotech. : A kind of firework.
blazing-ofl; s.
Metal-ivorking : Tempering by means of
burning oil i>r tallow spread on the spring or
Iblade, which is heated over a fire.
blazing star, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A coni(;t. (Lit. & jig.)
" (") Used formerly in prose as well as
roe try.
"Thn^ you may long live an happy instrument for
your knig and country ; you ahall not be a meteor, or
ft blazing star, but Stella fixa ; happy here and more
luippy hereafter "—Hacon.
(b) No\\- only in poetiy.
" Saw ye the blazing »tar ?
The heavens look d down on freedom's war.
And lit her torch on high !"
JHenians: Owen Glyndwr's War Song.
"The year 1402 was ushered in with a comet or
blazing star, which the bards interpreted as an omen
favourable to the cause of Glendwr."— //emares : ^'otc
on the above lines.
2. An American name for two plants.
(ft) Llatris squarrosa, a composite cichora-
ceous species with long narrow leaves and
fine purple flowers. [Liatris.]
(b) Chamceliriiom lutcum.
II. Her. : A comet. [I., 1.]
bla'z-i6g (2), pr. par. & a. [Blaze (2), i-.]
" Where rapture reigns, and the ecstatic lyre
Guides the blest oi-gies of the blazing quire."
Cmviier : Transl. of MiUon, On the Damon.
bla'z-ihg (3), ^ blas-ynge, pi\ par. & s.
[Blaze (:?), y.]
As subst. : Tlie act of emblazoning.
" Blasynge of annys. DescHpcio."— Prompt. Parv.
bla'z-ing-ly. adv. [Eng. blazing;
as to blaze, or in a blazing manner.
/.] So
bla'-zon (1), t bla'-§dn (1), - bla-soun,
^ bla-sen (1), v t.k i. [From Eng. blaze =
to proclaim.] [Blaze (2), v.]
A, Trarisitive:
1, To display, to exhibit, to show off.
" 0 thou goddess.
Thou divine Nature I how thyself thou blazon'st
In these two princely boys ! they are as gentle
As zephyrs blowing below the violet,
Not wagging hia sweet head."
Shakesp. : C'ymbellnc, iv. 2
2. To publish extensively.
(1) To proclaim publicly by means of a
herald. (Eng. <& Scotcit.)
"The herald of Ingland blasonit this erle Dauid for
an© vailyeantandnobil knichV—IJellrnd : Chron.. bk.
xvi., ch. 10. iJamieson.)
(2) To advertise an article by word of mouth
or by pen. [See example under Blazoning.]
(3) To avow and publicly glory in a shame-
ful deed, or in anything.
' ' And blazoning our inj ustice everywhere ? "
Slutkesp. : Tit. And., iv. 4.
t B, Intrans. : To shine, to be brilliant or
conspicuous.
bla'-zon (2), f bla'-^on (2), * bla-sen (2),
* bla-syn, v.t. [In Ger. hlasoiiireii ; Yr. &
Piiiv. blasonner; Sp. blasondr ; Port, hrazonar;
Ital. blasoiuire ; from blazon {•!), s, (q.v.).J
1. Her. : To describe a coat of arms in such
a manner that an accurate drawing may be
made from the description. [Blazonry.]
2. Figuratively :
(1) To emblazon, to render conspicuous to
the eye.
" And well may flowera suffice those graves to crown
That aak no urn to blazon their renown. "
Unmans: Jicstor. of Works of Art to Italy.
(2) To deck, to emliellish, to adorn.
" She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form :
So lightning gilds the unrelenting storm."
Garth.
bla'-zon (1), s. [From blazon (1), v.] Procla-
mation ; diffusion abroad by word or pen.
" But this eternal blazon must not be
To ears of flesh and blood. "
Shakesp. : Hamlet, i. 5.
" How light its essence ! how unclogg'd its powers.
Beyond the blazon of my mortal pen ! "
Tliomsmi: Castle of Indolence, u. 63.
bla'-zon (2), fbla'-son, ^bla-soun(£5tj7.),
* bla-sowne (0. Scotch), s. [Fr. blason (in
eleventh century) = a buckler, a shield ; next,
a shield with a coat of arms painted on it ;
then towards the fifteenth century, a coat of
arms {.sVLfrtOv ^^.hlason; Ital. blason e ; Port.
brasao ; Prov. blezo, blizo ; from A. S. blo&se—a.
torch.]
I. Technically:
1. Heraldry :
(1) Formerly: Dress over the armour on
wliich the armorial liearings were blazoned.
" William of Spens percit a blasmone.
And throw thre fawld of Awbyrchowne."
, ^ ,., Wyntown, viii sa, 21.
(2) Now:
(a) The art of accurately describing coats of
arms so that they may be drawn from the
description. Also the art of (explaining what
1.S drawn upon them. [Blazonry.]
"Proceed nnto be-ists that are given in arms, and
teach me what I ought to observe in their blazon."—
Peadiam.
(h) That which is blazoned ; a blazoned coat
of arms.
" He wears their motto on his blade,
Their blazon o'er his towers displayed.'"
Scott : Marmion^ v. 15.
2. Scots Law. Spec. : A badge of office worn
by a king's messenger on his arm.
" In the trial of deforcement of a messenger, the
the messenger, previously to the deforcement, dis-
played his blazon, which is the badge of his office." —
Frskine : Inst., bk. 4, tit. 4, g 33. {Jamieson.j
IL Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) & (2) In the same sense as I., 1 & 2.
2. Figuratively :
(1) In a good sense : Fame, celebrity.
" I am a gentleman. — I'll be sworn thou art ;
Thy tonerue, thy face, thy limbs, action, and spirit,
Do give thee five-fold blazon."
Shakesp. : Twelfth ^iglit, i. 5.
(2) In a bad sense: Ostentatious display.
"Men con over their pedigrees, and obtrude the
bZazo?i of their exploits upon the company."— Co// /cr.
^ Blazon (2), especially in its figurative
sense, is closely akin in meaning to blazon (1),
s. (q.v.).
bla -zoned (1), pa. par. & a. [Blazon (1), v.]
bla'-ZOned (2), pa, par. & a. [Blazon (2), v.]
" Now largesse, largesse. Lord Marmiou,
Knight of the crest of gold!
A blazon'd shield, in battle won."
Scott ■ Martnion, i. II.
" And from his blazon'd baldric slung
A mighty silver bugle hung."
2'ennyson : The Lady qj Shalott, pt, iii.
bla'-z6n-er (1), s. [From Eng. blazon (1), and
suff. -er.] One who blazes, publishes anything
extensively abroad. (Webster.)
"These historians, recorders, and btazoners of virtue
." — Burke : Letter to a Xoble Lord.
bla'-zon-er (2), s. [From Eng. blason (2), and
suff. -er. In Fr. blasonneur .] One who
blazons coats of arms.
bla'-zon-ing, ;?r. par. [Blazon, v.]
" One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens."
Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 1.
bla'-zon-ment, s. [Eng. blazon ; -ment.'] The
act of blazoning ; the act of dlS'using abroad ;
the state of being so blazoned.
bla'-zon-ry, s. [Eng. blazon; -ry.]
Hemldnj:
1. The art of blazoning.
(1) The art of describing a coat of arms in
such a way that an accurate drawing may be
made from the verbal statements made. To
do this a knowledge of the points of the shield
[Point] is particularly necessary. Mention,
should be made of the tincture or tinctures of
the field ; of the charges which are laid im-
mediately upon it, with their forms and tinc-
tures J which is the principal ordinary, or, if
there is none, then which covers the fess
point ; the charges on each side of the prin-
cipal one ; the charges on the central one, the
bordure— with its charges ; the canton and
chief, with all charges on them; and, finally,
the differences or marks of the cadency and
tlie baronet's badge.
"Give certain rules as to the principles of blazonry "
Peacliatn on Drawing.
(2) The art of deciphering a coat of arms.
2. That which is emblazoned.
" The men of Carrick may descry
Saint Andrew's cross, in blazonry
Of silver, waving wide ! "
Scott : Lord of the Isles, v. 32.
"■- blaz'-ure, s. [Blaze (3).] Blazonry.
" The blasiire of his armes was cules "—Bernprs ■
Froissart, ch. 281, p. 421.
" ble, *blee, s. [Blee.] (William of PaUme,
' blea (l), .
part of a tre
[Etymology doubtful.] The
immediately under the bark.
blea (2), s. [Contracted from
fish called a bleak. (Kersey.)
s.] The
blea'-ber-ry, s. [Blaeberry.] a name
sometimes given to the Vaccinium uliglnosum
a British plant, called also Great Bilben-y or
Bog- Whortleberry. [Bilberry, Whortle-
berry, Vaccinium.]
blea9h (i), *ble5he. * bl^ 9h-en. u f . & i.
[A.S. blcecan, blcecean, ablwcan (tmns ) hlncian
(mtrans.) = to bleach, to fade; Sw hleica
blekna; Dan. blege ; Dut. Ueelcai ; Ger bhi-
Chen. From A.S. bliJkc, Wac^pak^ pallid
shining, white, light.] [Bleak, a. See also
Blanch.]
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus,
-cian, -tian — shan. -tlon, -sion = shun
chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xeaophon, exist, -ii
; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -cious = shus. -ble,
■mg
die, &c. = bel, del.
576
bleach— bleat
A. Trans. : To remove the colour from
clotli, thread, or anything else, so as to leave
it of a more or less pure white.
1, By Imman art. [Bleaching.]
" A napkin, white as foam of that rough brook
By wnich it had Ijeeu bUach'd. o'erspreail the board ;
And was itself half-covered with a loatl."
Wordsworth : Mxcarsion, bk. ii,
2. By the chemistry of nature.
" While on the ankle's slender round
Those strings of peavl fan- Bertha wound,
That, bleach'il Lochryan's dei)ths within,
Seeni'd dusky still on Edith's akin."
ficott : Lord of the Isles, 1. 5.
B, Intrans. : To become white through the
removal of the previously-existing colour,
either by human art or by some natural
agency.
"The white sheet bleaching o\i the hedge."
Shakesp. : Winters Tale, iv, 2. (Soiiff.)
" The deatily winter seizes ; shuts up sense ;
Lays hiin along the snows, a stifTeu'd cor.se,
Stretcli'd out, and bleaching in the northern blast."
Thomson: Seasons; IVinler.
* blea9h (2), v.t. [A.S. hlac, hUec] To
blacken, darken.
" N'oirier. To black, blacken ; bleach, darken," &c.
— Cot grave.
* Mea9h, s. [Bleach (1), vJ]
* 1. Whiteness, paleness.
2. The act of bleaching.
blea9lied, pa. par. & «, [Bleach, ^J.^.]
'blea9h'-er, s. [Eng, liUach ; -er.]
1. One whose trade or occupation it is to
bleach cloth or thread.
2. A vessel used in bleaching.
3. A shallow tub lined with metal used in
distilling rock-oil.
I blea9li'-er-y, 5. [Eng. Mmcli ; -ery. In Dut.
lUckerij.] A place for bleaching.
blea9h -field, s. [Eng. hleach; field.'] A
fieltl in which cloth or thread is laid out to
bleach. (Webster.)
blea9li'-mg, pr. par., a., & s. [Bleach, v.]
A. & B. As present participle dt participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those oJ'
the verb.
C. As suhstantive : The art of rendering
materials colourless. This is done by exposing
them to the actinic rays of the sun, or by the
action of bleaching agents. The chief of these
is called bleaching-powder. It is chloride of
lime, and is prepared by exposing moistened
quicklime to the action of chlorine, when
hypochlorite and chloride of calcium are
formed, the former being the bleaching agent.
By the action of an acid on good bleaching-
jiowder thirty per cent, of chlorine is liber-
ated. Substances are bleached by alternately
dipping them in dilute solutions of bleaching-
powder and of dilute sulphuric acid. Bleach-
ing-powder is also used to purify an offensive
or infectious atmosphere.
bZeaching-liquid, s. A liquid used for
taking colour out of cloth or thread.
bleaching-powder, s. A powder em-
ployed for the same pui-pose. There are
several, but the one generally used consists of
chloride of lime. [Bleaching, C]
bleak, * bleik, "^ bleike, * bleyke,
* blectie, * blak, * blac, «. [A.S. hide, bide
= pale, pallid, shining, white, light (not to he
confounded with bl(ec, blac unaccented, blcuu
= black). In O. Iceh bleikr ; Sw. Wek ; Dan.
bleg; Dut. bleeh; 0. L. Ger. bUc ; (N. H.)Ger.
hhich — pale, wan ; O. H. Ger. hleicher. From
A.S. blican = to shine, glitter, dazzle, amaze ;
O. H. Ger. bliken = to shine ; Gr. 0Ae'-yw
(pltl-cgd) — to burn, to scorcli, to make a flash,
to shine; (ppvym (^ikruf/o) = to roast; Litln
l/litzgiv — gleam ; Sansc. blutrg, hhdrgs = to
shine.]
1. Of persom : Pale, pallid, wan, ghastly.
[Bleak-faced.]
"When she came out. she seemed as bleak as one that
were laid out deiul." — J-^oxe i Book of Martyrs. Escape
of Agnes Wardall.
2. Of things :
(1) Of the air: Cold, cutting, keen.
" In Huch a season born, when scarce a shed
Could be obtftin'd to shelter Him or nie
From the bleak air : a ativble w,wi our warmth."
Milton: P. It., bit. ii.
(2) Of anything ichich in its norinal state is
clothed with vegetation, as a portion of land, a
country, &c. : Bare of vegetation.
" Beneath, a river's wintry stream
Ha,s shrunk before the sunnner beam,
And left a channel bliiak and bare.
Save shrubs that spring to perish there."
Byron : The (Giaour.
''In his bleak, ancestral Iceland."
L&ngfellow : To an old Danish Song-book.
(3) Desolate, cheerless.
(a) Literally.
" At daybreak, on the bleak sea-beach."
Longfellow : Wreck of the Hesperus.
(&) Figuratively.
" Those by hia guilt made desolate, and thrown
On the bleak wilderness of life alone."
Ilemaiis: The Abencerrage.
bleak-faced, u. (Scotch.)
^ 1. Lit: Having a "bleak," i.e., a pallid
face. [Bleak, 1.]
2. Fig. : Having a bleak aspect. In the
subjoined example tlxe reference is primarily
to the desolate aspect of the country on the
2nd November (Hallowmas), and then to
the dispiriting memories of death which the
Eoinan Catholic festival of AH Souls, held on
that day, inspires.
"As bleak-fac'd Hallowmas returns."
Sums : Tlie Twa Dogs,
bleak. * blea, t bleik, t blick, t bleis,
t blay, s. [In Ger. blicke. Named from its
"bleak " or white colour.] [Bleak, a.'\ A fish,
the Leucisciis alburnus of Cuvier, belonging to
the family Cytjrinidas. It is a river flsh five or
six inches long, and is found in Britain. It is
said to be one of those fishes the scales of
which are employed in the manufacture of
artificial ijearls. [Album, 2.]
"The bleak, or freshwater sprat, is ever in motion,
and therefore called by some the river swallow. His
back is of a pleasjint, sad nea-wat«r green ; his belly
white and shining like the mountain snow. Bleaks
are excellent meat, and in best season m August." —
Walton.
" Albumus. An qui nostratibns, the^^eis^-'' — Sibb.:
Scot., X). 25. (Jamieson.)
"'" bleaked, a. [Eng. bleak ;
pallid, or pale.
?.] Made "bleak,"
*' By the fonrthe scale, the beast, the voyce, and the
l>a]e noi-se, mayeat thou vnderstande the heretykes,
whiche dyd dyuerse wayes and a long tyme vexe the
holv cburche with false doctrine. And haue made it,
a.s it were pale & bleaked for very sorow & heuynes."—
Udal. : Rev., ch. vL
-ish.'] Somewhat
bleak'-ish, a. [Eng. Ueah;
bleak. (Ogilvie.)
bleak'-ly, '^" bleake'-ly, adv. [Eug. Ueak;
-ly.] In a bleak niauner ; coldly.
" Near the sea-coast they bleakly seated are."
May : Lacan, bk. a.
bleak'-ness, s. [Eng. hhak ; -ness.] The
state or quality of being bleak ; coldness,
chilliness.
"The inhabitants of Nova Zeniblago naked, without
complaining of the bleakness of the air ; as the armies
of the northern nations keep the field all winter."—
Addison.
' bleak'-y, a. [Eng. bleak; -y.] The same as
Bleak.
"But bleaky plains, and bare, inhospitable ground."
Dryden : The Hind and Pantlier, iii,
blear, ■ bleare, * bleere. * blere, * bier-
en, v.t. & i. [A modification oibhir. (Skeai^)]
A. Transitive :
1. Lit. Of the eyes: To make watery or sore.
(Used chietty uf the action of catari-h.)
" Is't not a pity now that tickling rheunis
Should ever tejuse the lungs, and blear the sight.
Of oracles like these ? " Cowper : Task, bk. iii.
" When I was young, I, like a lazy fool,
Would blear my eyes with oil, to stay from school ;
Averse to pains." Dryden.
% Fig. : To blind the intellectual percei>tion
of a person by a false ai'gument or by flattejy.
Used in the phrase to " Wear one's eye" (En;/.'),
to " blear one's ee " (Scotch).
"This may stiind for a pretty superficial argument,
to blear our eyes, and lull us asleep in security." —
Ralegh.
" ' I want nane o' your siller," bhe said, ' to make ye
think I am blearing your trn."— Scott : Gay Mannering,
ch. xxxix.
B. Intrans.: To make wry faces.
"And grymly gryn on hyni and blere."
I/ampo/e : Prlcke of Conscience, 2,22C.
blear, * bleare, '" bier (Eng. & Scotch),
*■" bleir (Scotch), a. & s. [From Sw. pUra =
to blink ; hlirtra =^to lighten, to Hash ; Dan.
fjlire = to leer. Cognate with Eng. blur (q.v.).]
A. As adjective :
1. Lit. Of the eyes : Dim and sore with a
watery liquid, produced by catarrh, by a
blow, or in any other way.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Subjectively. Of the mental perception:
Dull, obfuscate.
(2) Objectively : Looking dim, obscure, ob-
fuscate to the mental vision which beholds it;
deceptive, illusory.
" Thus I hurl
My dazzling spells into the siiongy air,
Of power to cheat the eye with blear lUusion,
And give it false presentments." Milton : Comus.
B. As substantive : Anything which renders
the eyes sore and watery or which dims vision.
" 'Tis nae to mird with unco foukye see,
Nor ia the blear drawn easy o'er her ee."
Jloss: Ileleriore, p. 9L (JaTnieson.)
If Sometimes used in the pUural. (Scotch.)
" I think ane man, Sir, of your yeiris
Suld not be biyndit with the bleiris."
Philotus : S. P. Itep., iii. 7. (Jamieson.)
blear-eye, s. An eye which has its vision
obscured by watery humour.
blear-eyed, * blear-eeyde, * bleare-
eyed, * bler-eyed, * bler-ied, * bler-
elghed, ^ bler-yed, * blere-eyed, a.
Having blear eyes. Used —
1, Lit. Of eyes : Having wateiy sore eyes,
with dinnned sight.
(1) Gen. Of those of man.
(2) Of those of the owl : This sense is founded
on inaccurate observation ; the owl has no
defect of vision, the idea no doubt having
arisen from its frequent Iilijiking in the day-
light.
" It is no more in the power of calumny to blast the
dignity of an honest man. than uf the blear-eyed owl
to cast scandal on the sun." — L' Estrange.
(3) Of the eyes of any imaginary being per-
sonified in human fonn.
" Yes, the year is growing old,
And bis eye is jiale and bleared/"
Longfellow : Midnight Mass for tJte Dying Year.
2. Figuratively. Of Ttian' s mental %
Dull, obfuscate. [Blear, A., I. 2.]
" That even the blear-eyed sects may find her out."
Dryden .- Tlie Bind aitd Pantlier, ii.
bleared (Eng.), blear-it, bler-it (Scotch),
va. par. & a. [Blear, v.t.}
" The Dardaniau wives.
With bleared visages, come forth to view
The issue of th' exploit."
lihakesiJ. : Mer. ^f Ven., iii. 2.
blear' - ed - ness, *^ blear- ed - nes,
^ bleer'-ed-ness, * bler-yd-nesse,
"^ blere-iy-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bleared ;
blear-eyed; -ness.] The state of being bleared,
or having the eyes rendered sore and watery
through catarrh or other causes.
" The defluxion falling upon the edges of the eyelids,
makes a blearedness." — Wiseman,
blear'-ing, * bler-ynge, pr. par. & a.
[Blear, v.~\ (Prompt. Pai-v.)
blear'-ness, s. [Eng. &;ear; -?iess.] The same
as Blearedness (q.v.).
"The Jewe putteth awaye his wife for stench of
hreth, for blearnes of the eyes, or for any such like
fautes, . . ."—Lfdal.: Mark, uh. 10,
bleat, ''" blete, * ble'-tin, * ble'-tyn,
* blse'-ten, v.i. [A.S. hl(stan=to bleat;
Dut. blaten; (N. H.)Ger. bloken ; O. H. Ger.
pldhan,hlazan,plazan ; Fv.beler; Prov. belar;
Sp. baldr ; Ital. helare ; Lat. &aio= to bleat;
Gr. ^Krixo-op-ai (blechaoDiai) = to bleat ; Lett.
blaut; Lith. blauti.}
1. To utter the plaintive cry proper to the
lamb, the sheep, the ram, the goat, the calf,
or any allied animal.
"You may as well use question with the wolf,
Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb."
Shakeip. : Mer. of Yen., iv. 1.
" . . NexJtunc a ram, and bleated."
liild., Wint. Tale, iv. 3.
"... a calf when he bleats . . ."—Ibid., Much Ado,
iii. :i.
2. To emit the somewhat similar ciy proper
to the snipe. [Bleating, A. & B., ex. from
Darwin ]
1" On this account the cock sniiie is called
in Ettrick Forest the bhater.
bleat, *■ bleate, s. [From bleat, v. (q.v.). In
A.S bla;t (Somner) ; Dut. geUaat.] The cry
of a lamb, a slieep, a ram, a goat, a calf, or
any allied animal.
" The bellownig of o-\.en, and the bleat
Of fleecy sheep."
Chainnan : Horn. Odj/ss., bk. xii.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, m.arine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, w^ork, w^hd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
a
bleat— blehand
577
blet, * bloute, blowte, <>. [O.
' /' '- sou, wet ; (). Dut. hlnnt ~
'■', H. Gcr. ;<;..c = naked.] Naked,
». [Enj;'. Meat : -p,-.] An animal
■ T- ; a toilet.'!'. (Sometimes used of
;, ble't-ynge, ^jn j-f/-., n., & s.
-■ In senses
•. par, £ j-nr.
> tliose ni tin
t.TU.
• Mea t,
lf-\. !.'.,
n;,k-d
I Kir.'
bleat e.'
' i , ; ■ j , , '
111. ;-.. .,1
bleat vi
[Hi K\r,
A.&B. Ai;^
C'lir. -.'('iiding t
C. X<:^^iiUti-c:
I. ^.,; ,.o(/j/.i
1. T!k5 'itteviinee of tlie cry proper to the
, tlir. sheep, tlie ram, the goat, the calf,
or arn similar aniniiil. »
,\ii.l iu the 'leids all romul I lieartlie hlpathi{j of tlie
i;i'ii'' Tennyson: C'jnrlusion.
1i !i ii)!i;. have a itlund t(^ liuUeate that the
piaoil- c- iitleiuniTs emanate simultaneously
fr'»rii Kj.LUV distinct individuals, or an- fre-
^jueixtlv n:j<'^ lied.
" Wlty jiljiijfc^t thon among the sheeptolds, to heiii'
4' ■ ' '■■iviiii7v t'l r\\6 fluckaY" — Judg. v. ic.
'I. The utti^ranec nf the peculiar cry of tlie
«nipe (S>'AV;.i'r gnllimnjo).
IL /■"':', ; The utterance of anything as
jne;"iiii^ti.'- ■ t » us.
" Well sjx'^*;!!. iulvi.c;ite nf sill and shame,
KiU'Vvu Ij thy ijh-iithty, [ijnoraiiue thy name."
Cowpur : Conuersalion.
"blea\in^. bleeant,'^. [Bltaxt.] (Ear.Eng.
At'-i. : im (ed. Morris), A. Itj3).
W6b,tbldb(/r.w.). bleib(Nrn^7,). s. [AimtiK^r
form of Inihhit: In «\v. hld^f, hlnamu : Dan.
i. '>»'f'. /.'(»?..■ A lilistrr, a thin tumour
til, w n'ith a watery liquid arising on the
^■.(•\ ■ an air-cell, a bulihk' in glass, or anj--
fchtni; suiiil.ir.
"Thick trieedi of glass, fit for large optick glasses,
-w rarely b> be had without blebs."— Philos. Transac-
2. AU(l. ■ X Mister, a thin tumour filled with
a vfifery hr|".i I arising upnn the surface of the
liiidv. If idiopathic, it is called pemphigus.
K produc'-d I'y external irritation or some
suutUi- (-aiift, it is a vesicle. In the plural
it \^ siometimes used as a synonym of the
f-fic— of cutaneous diseases called Bulls.
(Ih- Todd: Cvcl. Prax-t. Mcd.,i. 333. Ibid.,
Or. Currl'Pnu ii. liLiO.]
bleb, ■i:t. :l>''tn hhh, s.] To si.nt. to hrslob-
ber, to blur to ln'Mucar. (Used si'i'ciallv
when ■biiJii-n besloblier their clothes with
aoft or liquid, food on ^vhich tlu-v have liL-en
feeding.) (-< ^trh-)
po. par. [Bleb, r t.\
Si^'
bleb bit, • blob -bit,
(/tVi.^f'i. 1
Web' by, n. lEng. hleh: -y.] Full of blebs
or lujyuiin;^- resembling them.
• blecere, *Mecliure, s. [Fr. hlcssm-c] A
wound, - ;»i ■ [Blessore.]
' Oir <ocoare ^mtl helije in al cure hurtes. blcchures
fi-i torea."— (OXfon : UoUlen I.rt/eiide, fo. a03.
' With > ■>* Inu't or blecerc.'^Uomans of Porlinay,
i^.
bVeohe,
t
[BLE.A.CH.] (Chaucer :
blecbed, jx^. pen: [Bleached.]
^blechen, c.t. [Bleach, r.] (Promjyt. Parr.)
blech'-num, s. [In Fr. hUgnc ; Lat. hlechnrm;
Gr. j3A.Yix''o»' (blcch)wn) = a kind of fern (fAistrm
Jilix mas ?).] Hard-fern ; a genus of ferns be-
BLECHNUM BOREALE OR SPICANT.
longing to tlie order Poly pod iaceje. Tlie sterile
fronds are iiectinato-piunatifid and horizon-
tal ; the. fertile ones pinnated and erect witli
numerous segments. Both are smooth. The
pinnae are linear, bluntish, entire, nearly equal
at base. Along the back of the fronds in these
ferns the spore-cases are arranged in a long,
narrow, continuous line on each side of the
mid-rib. Tins line has a covering in its early
stages, but it soon splits down the side next
the mid-i-ib, and the spore-cases appear to
co\-er the wliole under-surface of the fronds.
The sori at lirst are distant from the margin,
while in the very closely allied genus Lomaria
tliey are truly marginal. The Hard-fern most
resembles the Bracken in the frniting. It will
readily grow on roekwork in the open air.
Cool, shady places suit it best.
* bleck (1), * blek, r.t. [Black, v.] (Scotch.)
t bleck (2), v.f. [Dr. Muri-ay puts this under
hlei-l.- (1) with the note that it may represent
Old Nrn'si- blekkja = to defile.] To puzzle, to
nnnplns, in an examination or disputiition.
(Srutrh.)
' blecke (I), ^ bleake, .'^. [0. Dut. (?) Etym.
doubtful.] A small town ; a town.
". . . wee arrived at a hleake. alias a towne, an
English mUe fi'oiii Hamburgh, called Altomigh, , . .'*
Tiujlor : H'wrtf«, 10^1).
" A long Dutch mile (or almost sixe English) is a
small towiie or a iZectt called Groiiing, . . ." — /6id.
'' blecke (2), ^. [Bl.ack.]
bled, blede, ^ bledde, vnt. &, 2'>a. par.
[Bleed, v.]
"And som with arwes btede of bitter wouiides."
Chaucer: C. T., ll.oOC.
" The aspiring Noble b7ed for fame.
The Patriot for his countrj's claim."
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi. 26.
bled,?. [A.S. hlrd ; O. H. Gcr bl not, from
ij/nirrii.] A tlower, a spront. an hei'b. (Laya-
mon, ■liii.S::-:.) {Sin<t,n«<ni.)
■ bled'-dyr, " bled-der, s. [Bladder]
(Piers Pinimun,, •2'2-2.) (P.\nai<t Parv.)
^ bled'-der-yd, u. [Bladdered.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
bJed'-i-iis, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Entovi. : A genus of Coleoptera, section
Brachelytra and family Stenida^. They are
small insects, with the body black and the
elytra more or less red. They are gregarious.
They occur only on the sea-coast, where they
burrow in wet clay or in sand near pools of
water. Three species are British.
bled-ynge, pj'. j'f., <->■, & s. [Bleeding.]
*'" bledynge boyste, s. A cupping glass.
[BovsTE.] (Prompt. Parv.)
*^ bledynge yryn, s. [Old form of bleed-
ii)(f iron.]
" Bledynge yi'yn : Fleosoto)nium, C. F. (Jleobotho-
inium, v.). "—Prompt. Parv.
■« blee, ^ ble (Eng.), *■ blie (Scotch), s. [A.S.
hkn = colour, hue, complexion, beauty ; bleoh =
a colour.] Countenance, colour, complexion.
" Wan that maydey-hnrdehurespeke, chaungedwas
al hure blee."— Sir Feinimb. (ed. Herrtnge), laeo.
" That heme rade on ane boulk of ane ble white."
Guwan and Gol., iii 20.
" Thv cheik bane hair, and blaiklnt is thy blie."
Dunbar: Evergreen, ii. 56, st. 15. (Jamieson.)
bleed, * blede, ^ bledyn (pret. bled, blede,
hledde), v.i. & (. [A.S. bkdan = to bleed, to
draw blood ; Sw. bifida (v.i.) ; Dan. Node (in-
trans.); Dut. bloeden ; Ger. bhUen; O. H.
Ger. bhioten.]
A, Iv transitive :
1. More or less literal hj :
(1) To emit blood.
' ■ Another, bleeding from many wounds, moved
feebly at his side," — Macaulay : fftst. Eng., ch. xiil
T Formerly used at times for losing blood
medicinally, as he bled for a fever.
(2) To die by a wound .
" The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day."
Pope : Essaji on Man, i. BI.
2. Fignrativchj :
(1) To feel acute mental pain.
" Chr. — True ; methinks it makes my heart bleed to
think that he should bleed for iu.e,"—Bun;/an . P. P.,
pt. ii,
" If yet retained a thought may be
Of him whose heart hath bled for thee."
Ilemans: Part of Eclogue, 15.
(2) To drop from a plant or anything else
as blood does from a wound.
" For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow."
Pope : Windsor Forest, 393.
+ (3) To yield. (Used of the productiveness
of grain or pulse when thrashed, as " the aits
dinna bleed well the year," i.r , the oats when
thrashed do not furnish an abundant supi'ly
ot grain this year.)
B. TraHsitio:: To draw blood from, as a
surgical measure for relieving disease. (Lit. &
J>9-)
" That from a patriot of distinguish'd note, __
Have bled, and purg'd me to a simple vote.
Pope: Sat., vi. 197.
bleed'-ing, * bledynge. 2»-. %mr., a., & s.
[In Sw. blodning; Dut. bloedeiis.] [Bleed,
v.t. & i.]
A, & B. As pr. par. <£' particip. adj. : In
senses correspouding to those of the verb.
I. Intraiuitive :
■' With that the chief the tender victims slew ;
And in the dust their bleeding budies threw."
Pope: Homer's Iliad, iii. aG4 3C5.
" Blest are the slain ! they calmly sleep,
Is'ur liear their bleeding country weep ! "
Bemans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
II. Transitive: [Bledynge Yryn. ]
C. -4s ^ubstojitivc :
I. Ordiiiar>i Langiuige :
1. Lit. : The state of losing blood from a
wound, from the nostrils, or other apei-ture ;
luvmorrhage.
2. Fig. : Acute jiain.
"And staunch the bleedings of a broken heart,"
Coivper ■ Jteliremcnt.
II. BoolcbiiuUng : The act or operation of
treiudiing upon the printed matter of a book
wlien cutting the edges of the volume.
bleed'-y, a. [Bloody.] (Scotch.)
blee'red, blee r-it, p". par. & a. [Bleared.}
(Srotch.) (iSu, ;/,^ .- M<u a' the Mill.)
Bleert and Plin' : Bleared and blind.
(Scotch.) (Ptini-i: Duncan Gray.)
"^ bleet. * blete, ■5. Beet-root. [Elite.]
bleeze (1), v.t. [Blaze, v.] (Scotch.) (Scott:
Rub. Roy, ch. xxvii.)
bleeze (2). r i. & t. ["From Dut. blazen; Ger.
blasen ; O H. {Jt-r.blOsan ; O. Icel. b/dsa = to
blow (?).]
A. 'J'r<'.>'^!iirr 0/ milk : To make a little
sour (Used when the njilk has turned but
not congealed.) (.fxmirsnn.)
B. Iii/raiis. Of milk: To become a little sour.
bleeze, *. [Blaze, s.] (Scotch.)
* bleeze-money, s. A gratuity formerly
given by scholars to their teachers at Candle-
mas, the time of the year when fires and lights
were kindled. It was called also hlcyts-silvcr.
(Scotch.)
bleezed (1), pa. par. &
(Scutch.)
bleezed (2), pa. par. &
(Scotch.)
bleezed (3), a. [From Fr. blesscr — to inflict
a wound or contusion, to hurt.] Buffled, or
made rough; fretted. (Jamieson.)
bleez'~ing, pr. par. [Bleeze, v.] (Scotch.)
* bleez'-y, *bleez'-ie, s. [Scotch bleeze =
Eng. Mo^'e, and suff. -y, -ie.] A small blaze.
(Siller Gun.) (Jamieson.)
^ ble'f-fert. bliX-fert. s [Cf. AS. bid-
wan = to blow.] (Scotch.)
1. Literally (only in Scottish dialects):
1. A sudden and violent storm of snow.
(Liit'kct of M earns.)
2. A squall of wind and rain. (Aberdeen-
shire.)
II. Figuratively : An attack of calamity.
(General through Scotland.) (Terras : Poems^)
' ble~flum', * ble-phum', s. [Blaflum, v.}
A sham; an illusion; what has no reality in it.
"... when they go to take out their faith, they
take out a fair nothing (or as ye used to speak), a
blefiume. " — Rutherford : Letters, p. i. , ep. 2. {Jamieson. )
ble-fliim'-mer-y-, s. [From Scotch ble flum;
-ery.] (Scotch.) Vain imaginations.
" Fient ane can turn their fit to his satisfaction, nor
venture a single cheep anainst a' that blaeflurmwru
that's makin' sic a haliballoo in the warld,"— Campfie^i,
i. 328. [Jamieson.)
*^- bleh-and, ■■ blih-and, s. [O. Fr. bliauui
[Bliant.] a kind of rich cloth.
a. [Bleeze (1).]
a. [Bleeze (2).]
boil, boy-; poUt, j6*^l; cat, gell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £,
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion — shiin; -tion, -sion = zhun. -oions, -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &c. =bel, del.
37
57»
bleib— talencher
" 111 a robe Tvistreui was bDuu,
Thjit he frjiiii suliip hailde brought ;
Was ui ;v blihand bruuii,
The richest tlint wiis wrought,
111 bMiaiul wjia he cltdde '
Sir Tristrem, pi>. t28, 20, at. 38, 41. {Jamieson.)
bleib, s. [Bleb.] (Scotch.) "A burnt bleib,"
a blister caused by buniiug.
* bleik,
[Bleak ]
^ bleine, 5. [Blain.] (Chancer.)
blei'-ni-er-ite, blei -ni-ere, s. [From Ger.
hlei = \iind, and iufre = ii kidney. Lit. lead
kidneyite (Daiia.).]
Mil. : The same as Bindheimite (q.v.).
* bleir-is, s. 2^^- [Blear, s.J
bleir-ihg, jw. par. [Blearing.] (Scotch.)
Dleiring l}ats : The botts, a disease in horses.
'■ The bleiriiig hats and the taenahaw."
Polwart : Watsoiis Coll., iii. 13. (Jamieson,)
* bleis, " bleise, a. [Blaze.]
* blels, a. [Bleak, s.] (Scotch.)
blei'-sghweif, s [Ger. hUi = lead, and
schweif= a tail.]
Ml)i. .- An imimre galenite. [Galenite.]
* bleit, L(,. [Blate.]
bleize, 5. [Blaze.] (Scotch.)
^bleke, s. [Black, s.]
1, Gen. : Anything black. (Prompt. Parv.)
2. Spec. : Stain or imperfection. (Scotch.)
" But geve ony spot or bli'ke he in the lauchful ordi-
nation of our iDastorea." — Q. Kennedy : Tract Keith,
App. 206. (Jamieson.)
* blek-kit (1), 'pa. par. [Black, v.]
* blek-kit (2), pa. par. & a. [Icel. blekJcia —
to deceive.] Deceived, (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
* blek'-kyn, * ble-kyn, v.t. [Blacken]
(Prcapt. Parv.)
blel-lum, s. [Etymologj' doubtful. ] An idle,
talking fellow. (Scotch, originally an Ayr-
shire icord.)
" She tauld thee weel thou wast a skellum,
A blethering, blustering, druukeu blellam."
Buriis : Tarn o' Slianter.
* bleme, v.i. [Bloom,, v.] (Scotch.)
* blemis, s. pi. The same as Eng. blooms, pi.
of bloom. [Bloom, s.] (Hoidate.)
blem'-ish, blem'-ysshe, v.t. [From 0.
Fr. hlciiiimnt, blesniisant, pr. par. of bUmir,
blesmir = to soil, strike, or injure (Mod. Fr.
blemisant, pr. par. of blanir = to grow pale) ;
from O. Fr. hleme, blesme ; Mod. Fr. bleme =
pale, wan ; Icel. bldr = blue. ' The original
sense of blemish is thus to beat "blue," i.e.,
"black and blue."]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : To inflict injury on the face or any
other part of the body by a blow ; the wound
of a missile.
"Likelier that my outward face might have been
disguised, than that the face of so excellent a mind
could have been thus bt<nniahcd." — Sidnejj.
2. Figuratively :
(1) To make a stain upon the mind by
morally injuring it, or a blot upon the cha-
racter by defaming it.
"Those, who by concerted defamations, endeavour
to blemish his character." — Addiscm.
(2) To impart defect or deformity to any-
thing previously perfect ; to imxiair the good-
ness of anything.
" And blemish Ctesar's triumph."
Shakesp. ■' A-nt. & Vleop., iv. 10.
II. Iler. [Blemished.]
blem'-ish, i. [From blemish, v. (q.v.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A mark of defect, a deformity ; anything
which seriously diminishes or mars physical
beauty in the body of man or beast.
" And if a man cause a bleminh in his neighbour ; as
he hath done, en shall it be done to him : Breach for
breach, eye for eye. tooth for tooth : as he hath caused
a blemish in a man, so shall it be done to him n^ain."—
Lev. xiv. 19, 20.
" For whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, he
shall not approach ; a blind man, or a lame, or he that
hath a flat nose, or any thing superfluous. Or a man
that ifa broken-footed, or broken-handed, Or crook-
hackt, or a dwarf, or that hath a blnnish in his eye, or
be scurvy, . , . No ma-i that hath a blumish of the
seed of Aaron the priest shall come nigh to offer the
offerings of the Lord made by fire : he hath a blemish
. . . —Uv. XXI. 18—21.
% For animal blemishe.s see II. Theol.
2. A blot or taint upon the mind, moral
character, or repnt.vtion.
'■ E\Mdtie s husband ! 'tis a fault
To \<j\ c^, a blemish to my thought."
Waller.
" Xone more industriously publish the bleiaishesot
an eJ-ti.iurdm.ary repuUtioii, tnau such as lie open to
the avme censures." — Atlclison,
3. A defect in anything,
"Spots they are and ble)nishes, sportinc theinselves
with their own deceivings while they feast with you."
—2 Pet. ii. 13.
"It was determined to remove some obvious ble-
mishes."—^!ticaalay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv,
II. Theology :
T[ Under the Jewish ceremonial law it was
enjoined that no animal sliould be \'owed and
offered in sacrifice unless it were without
blemish, Lev. xxii. 20, 21. See also Exod.
xii. 5; Lev. i. 3; xiv, 10; Numb. xxix. S,
&c., &c. What were held to constitute
blemishes in an animal may be learned from
Ler. xxii. 21—2.3. The general opinion of
theologians is that this absence of blemish
was designed to typify the spotless cliaracter
of Christ.
"... he shall take two he lambs without blemij(h,
and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish."—
Leo. xiv. 10.
" But with the ijrecious blood of Christ, as of a lamb
without blemish and without spot."— l Pet. i. 10.
T[ (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between
blemish, stain, spot, sjyeck, and flaw :—" In the
proper sense blemish is the generic, the rest
specific ; a stain, a spot, speck, and flaw are
blemishes, but there are likewise many
blemishes which are neither stains, spots, .s;/pr/..;;
nor;?au'S. Whatevertakes off from the seenili-
ness of appearance is ablemish. In works of
art the slightest dimness of colour or want of
propoi-tion is a blemish. A stain and spot
sufficiently characterise themselves, as that
which is superfluous and out of place. A
sjiecfc is a small spat; and a.Jlato, which is con-
lined to hard substances, mostly consists of a
faulty indenture on the outer surface. A
blemish tarnishes ; a stain spoils ; asjiot, speck,
or flaw disfigures. A blemish is rectified, a
stcdn wiped out, a sjiot or sjyeck removed.
Blemish, stain, and spot are employed figura-
tively. Even an imputation of what is im-
proper In our moral conduct is a blemish in
bur reputation ; the failings of a good man are
so many spots In the bright hemisphere of liis
virtue ; there are some vices which affix a
stain on the character of nations, as well as of
the individuals who are guilty of them. A
blemish or a spot may be removed by a course of
good conduct, but a stain is mostly indelible:
it is as gi-eata privilege to liave an unblemished
reputation, or a spotless character, as it is a
misfortune to have the stain of bad actions
affixed to our name."
(2) Blemish, defect, a.nd fault are thus distin-
guished : — "Blemish respects the exterior of
an object ; defect consists in the want of some
specific propriety in an object ; fault conveys
the idea not only of something wrong, but
also of its relation to the author. There is a
blemish in fine china ; a defect in the springs
of a clock ; and a fault in the contrivance.
An accident may cause a blemish in a fine
painting ; the course of nature may occasion
a defect in a person's speech ; but the careless-
ness of the workman is evinced by the faults
in the workmanship. A blemish may be easier
remedied than a defect is corrected or a fault
repaired." (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
^ blem'-ish-a-ble, a. [Eng. blemish; able.]
Able to be blemished.
In compos, in the word unblemisl.able
(Milton) (q.v.).
blem -ished^ * blem'-ysshed, * blem-
schyde, jw- par. & a. [Blemish.]
I. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
" Huge crowds on crowds out-poured with blemish'd
look.
As if on time's last verge this frame of things had
shook." Thnmsnn : C'asde of Indolence, 11 44.
II. Her. : Ilavnig an abatement or rebate-
meut. (Used of a sword having the point
broken off.)
blem'-ish-ihg, ** blem'-ish-yng, * blem-
SChyiige, JT. par., a., & s. [Blemish, i'.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip, adj.: In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. ^3 substantivi- :
1. The act of disfiguring or damaging by
means of a blow, or in any other way; the
state of being so' injured.
" Bleiiuchyngc : Obfii!scai:io."—Pr(jmpr. Purr.
2. The act of tarnishing honour or anything
similar ; the state of being so tarnished.
"... to tlie lusse of vs and greate bleniishyng of our
honours."- y/a^i; Hen. 17//., an 4.
^ blem'-ish-less, blem'-ish-lesse, a.
[Eng. blemish; -less; 0. Eng. -Icsse.] Without
blemish.
" A life in all so blentl^dessc, that we
Enoch's return may sooner hope, than be
Should be outshiu'd by any."
FeWiam: Lusoria, c 37.
"^ blem'-ish-ment, s. {Eng blemish ; -Tnent.
In Norm. Fr. blemish numi, blemissmeut ~-m-
fringement, prejudice.] [Blemish.] The state
of being blemished ; blemish, disgrace.
" But rul'd her thoughts with goodly governeiuent.
For dread of blame and honours blemishment."
Spemer: F. Q., IV. ii. 36.
ble'-miis, s. [From Gr. ^Aijixa (blema) = (1) a
throw, a cast of dice or of a small missile,
(2) a shot, a wound, (3) a coverlet]
Eiitom. : A genus of x^i'edatory Beetles of
the family Harpalidfe. About six are British ;
all but one of a pale yellow or ochre colour.
The type is Blenius fascial us.
blench (1), "^ blenghe* * blen-chen,
* blinphe, * blangh (pret bliute, blente,
bleynte, &c.), v.t. & i. [From A.S. Uencan
= to deceive ; C). Icel. blekkja; O. Eng. blench,
blenke = a device, an artifice. Skeat suggests
that it is a causal form of blink (q.v,), mean-
ing properly to make to blink, to deceive, to
impose upon, as .drench is of drink ]
A. Transitive:
* 1. To deceive, to cheat,
2. To obstruct, to hinder, to impede.
" The rebels besieged them, « inning the even ground
on the top, by carrying; up great trusses of hay before
them, to blench tlie defeud<ints' sight, aud dead their
shot. "— CiircMf.
3. To shirk, to avoid, to elude.
B. Intrans. : To shrink back, to draw back,
to turn aside, to flinch ; to give way from lack
uf resolution, oi" from the perception of danger
which cannot be met. (In this sense con-
founded with blink.— Skeat.)
" Thanne shaltow blenche at .1 berghe bere-no-false
witnes^e."- /.ti;)(7iu/id; Piers the Plowm.; Passus, B.
V. 589 (ed. Skeat).
'^ blench (2), *blen-schyn, * blem-yssh-
eily v.t. [Blemish, v.] To blemish.
" . . y\i\t blenched w^xe ."
William of Palerue, 2,471.
blench, s. [From blench (I), v. (q.v.).]
1. Gen. . A start.
* 2. Spec. : A deviation from the path of
rectitude.
" Most true it is, that I have look'd on truth
Askance and strangely ; but, by all above.
These blencfies gave my heai t another youth,
And worse essays jirov'd thee my best of love,"
Hhakesp. : Son, HO.
blench, 0. [From Fr. blanc (m.), blanche (f.)
= white.] [Blanch.] White, as in the fol-
lowing compounds : —
* blench cane, s. "Cane," by which is
meant duty paid to a superior, whether in
money or kind in lieu of all other rent ; quit-
rent. [C.\KE.] So called probably from being
olten paid in white money — i.e., iu silver.
(Acts Jas. VI.) (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
blench-holding, blanch-holding, 5.
Law: Tenure of land by the payment of
rent in " white " money, i.e., in silver, in con-
tradistinction to blackmail = rent paid in
work, in grain, &c. (Blackstune : Comment.,
bk. ii., ch. 3.)
blench -lipped, blench Uppity u.
Having white lips.
"She was lang-toothed, an' bUnch-lippU.'
Ediru Mag. (June, 1817), p. 238. (Jamiescn.)
* blenche, v.t. [Blench (i), v.]
blenghed, pa. par. & a. [Blench, v.t.]
* blengh'-er, ^ blengh'-ar, s. [From Eng.
blench, v.. and suff. -er, -ar'] [Blancher.]
* 1. A person who or a thing whicli inspires
fear, or makes one stai't, or renders anything
ineffectual.
" Lyke as the good huabande, when he hath aowen
his giounde, setteth v}i clonghtes or thredes, whiclie
some call shailes, some blenchars. or other lyke shewes,
to feai-e away byrdes, , . ."—Sir T.Elyot: Tlie Go-
vcj'novr, i. 2 J.
fS-te, f3,t, fare, amidst, what, 1^1, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
blenching— bless
579
" His valour should fUreetnt, aiid hurt those
Thxt staud but by aa btenehers."
Beaum. S: Flet. ; Love's Pilgrimagp, ii. 1.
blenQll-£Eig, pr. par., «., & s. [Blench, vA.
A. & B. As present participle t& participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The act of shrinking
back ; the state of giving way ; a blink, a
winking, a wink.
" And thus tliiukende I stoiide still
Without blenchinge of mine eie."
Gower: Con. A., bk. vi.
blend (1), * blende, * blen'-den, * blan-
den (pret. blended, \ blent ; p.-i. par. blemied,
* bleiit)iEns.), blend. bl&nd(.yc-o(c/t), v.t. & i.
[A.S. blaiiclaii, pret. bland, ]ia. par. blondeii =
to mix, blend, mingle. In Sw. & Icel. blanda ;
Dan. blande, all = to mix ; O. H. Ger, blantan.]
A. Transitive :
To mix together in such a way that the
things mingled cannot easily be separated
again ; to confuso, to confound. Used —
1. In an indifferent sense :
_ (1) Lit. : Of two liquids, or two gases, or
anything similar. (In this sense it is often
used of the mixture of two kinds of whisky.)
Less properly of the mechanical apposition of
a solid and a liquid.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) Of persons sprung from the blood of two
distinct races.
Indiana and Spaniards blended in various
Darwin : Descent qf Man, vol. i., pt i,, ch.
de^ees.
vii., p, 225.
(&) Of things generally.
" Happy the bard (if that fair name Ijelong
To him that blends no fable with his aotig)."
Cowpar: Hope
* 2. In a bad sense: To spoil, to corrupt, to
defile, or blemish by such intermixture ■ or
simply to blemish.
" Yet ill thou blameat me for having blent
My name with guile and traiteroua intent."
Spenser : F. Q., I. vi. 42.
B. Intraiis.: To become mixed, or to be
mixed, m the same senses and connections as
the transitive.
" Widens the fatal web-its lines extend,
And deadliest puisoua iii the chalice blend."
noi-dsworth: Ode /or a Generul Thanksgiring.
" ^V^Sn'^'ice exhaled from rose and citron bower
Blends with the dewy freahneas of the hour '
Ifemam: The Abencerntge, c. l.
" Where the tall pine and poplar blend on high ' "
Heynaus : The Last Constantine.
* blend (2), ^^^^ [Mid. Eng. bUndan = to
make bhnd.] To blmd, to obscure, to deceive.
"Whyleat reason, blent through passion, nought
descryde. Speuaer : F. Q., U. i v. 7.
blend, s. [Blend (1), v.]
1. A mixing of different qualities of a com-
modity, as of tea, tobacco, or whi.skey.
2. The commodity resulting from such
mixture.
blende, blend, s. [in Ger. blende = (1) a
blind, a folding-screen, a mock window, (2)
tlie mineral described below ; from blenden =
to blind, to dazzle.]
1. Min. : A native sulphide of zinc (ZnS).
Compos. : Sulphur, 32-12-33'S2 ; zinc, 44'67
—67 '46, sometimes with smaller amounts of
iron and cadmium. It occurs in regular tetra-
hedra, dodecahedra, and other monometric
forms ; it is found also fibrous, columnar,
radiated, plumose, massive, foliated, granular,
&e. Its colour is either white, yellow, or
brown-black. Different varieties of it exist
in Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Cornwall, as
well as on the continent of Europe, in
America, &c. The Derbyshire variety is called
by the miners " Black-jack." [No. 2. Ste
also Black- Jack. ] Blende is called also
Sphalerite (q.v.). Dana divides it into (1)
Ordinary (containing blende or sphalerite,
little or no iron). [Cleiophane.] (2) Ferri-
ferous (containing 10 or more per cent, of
iron). [Marmattte.] (3) Cadmiferous (con-
taining cadmium). [Phzibramite.] (Dana,d'c.)
2. Mining & Maniifac. : The above-men-
tioned "Black-jack" treated by roasting and
destructive distillation in combination with
charcoal in a vessel from which the air is ex-
cluded. By access of air the metal burns and
passes off as the white oxide, which is eol-
lei.-ted and forms a pigment known as zinc-
white.
^blend'-ed, t blent (Eng.), blen'-dit
(Scotch), pa. par. &. a. [Blend, v.t.]
blend; -er.] One who or
•[ The form blent is now only poetic.
" I heard a thousand ble^ided notes.
While in a grove I sat reclined.'
Wordsioiyrth : Lines; In Eurly Spring.
" Rider and horse— friend, foe— in one red burial blent."
Byron : Ch. Bar., iii. 28
blended beer, blendit beer, s. Beer
or big mixed with barley. (Scotch.)
" Blended beer, that is, a mixtui'e of rough beer and
of barley (so common in Fiteshire), is not used iu this
county. —Agr. Surv. Feeb., p. 145,
blend'-er, s. [Eng,
that which blends.
blend'-iiag, pr. par., a., &l s. [Blend, v.i.k t.]
A. & B. As yrapiit participle 6: participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those ot
the verb.
C. As sid)stantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of mixing any two things toge-
ther.
2. The state of being so mixed.
II. l-'ainting : The method of laying on
different wet colours so that when dry they
may appear to the eye to blcfid insensibly
into each other.
blend'-oiis, a. [From blende (b.), and suffix
-ous.] Full of blende. (Webster.)
blenk, i>. [Blink.] (Scotch.)
blen-ni'-it-dse, 5. pi [Blennius.]
Ichthy. : A family of fishes separated from
the Gobiidse, to which they are much akin,
but from which they differ in tlie ventral fins.
These, if present at all, have two, or at most
only a few rays, and are placed far forward on
the breast, or even on the throat. The best-
known genera are Blennius and Anarrhicas.
The latter has no ventral fins. [Blennius,
Anarrhicas.]
blen'-ni-iis, s. [Lat. blennius and blendius—-
a marine fish worthless for food ; Gr. pKevvo^
(blennos) = (adj.) drivelling, (s.) (1) mucous
matter, (2) the above-named fish. Named
from the abundance of mucous mutter
over its minute scales.]
Ichthy. : A genus of spiny-fiimed fishes, the
typical one of the family Blenniidfe. The
species are small, agile fishes of no economic
value, often left behind in pools by the retreat-
ing tide. They have long dorsal and large
pectoral tins, whilst their heads are often fur-
nished with tentacles, simple or branched.
Yarrell enumerates five sjieries as British,
viz., Blennius Montagui (Montagu's Blenny),
B. ocellarU (the Ocellated Blenny, or Butter-
fly-fish), B. gutturiginosus (the Gutturiginous
Blenny), B. pholis (the Shanny, or Shan), and
B. Yarrelli (Yarrell's Blenny.)
blen-nor-rhoe'-a, s. [Gr. ^\4vva (blenna),
and ^AeVco? (blennos) = muLus ; and pe'co (rheo)
= to flow.]
Med. : A genr.s of diseases, including those
which consist of mucous discharges, especially
from the genital and urinary systems.
blen'-ny, s. [Blennius.] The English name
of the several fishes belonging to the genus
Blennius (q.v.).
* blenschyn, v.t. [Blemish, v.]
" Blenschyn (blemysshen. P.) Obfusd.Ca.th"—
Prompt. Pari).
^ blensshinge, s. The act of extiup-uishing
a flre. [Bleschynge.]
t blent (1), pa. par. [Blended.] (Obsolv^te in
prose, still used in poetry.)
"Punishment is blent with grace."
Scott : The Bride (ff Triermain, ii. 26.
' blent (2), pret. of v., pa. par., & s. [Blink, v.]
A. As preterite of verb :
1. Glanced ; expressing the quick motion of
the eye.
" Eneas blent him by, and suddanly
Vnder ane rolk at the left aide did spy
Aue wounder large castell."
„ ... , Douff. : Virgil, 183, 25.
2. Lost.
"That of my slcht the vertew hale Iblent."
King's Quair, iii. L {Jamieson.)
^, As past participle: Seen at
[ Yblent. ]
C. As substantive : A glance.
jlance.
" Ab that drery vnarmyt wicht was sted,
And with one blent about simyn full laed."
* bleo,
Doug, i
[Blee.]
Urgil, 40, 50. UamiesoTt.)
bleph'-ar-is, s. [Gr. pAec^apis (bUpharis) =
the eye-lash.]
Zoology :
1. A genus of fishes belonging to the order
Acanthoptera (spiuy-finned fishes), the family
Scomberidee (IVIackerels), and the section of
it of which tlie genus Zeus is the type— that
containing fishes of extraordinary breadth in
coinparisoil with their length.
2. A genus of insects, order Orthoptera,
fam. Mantidse, or a sub-genus of Mantis.
BUpharis elegam, is from Tenasserim.
bleph-a-ri'-tis, -s. [Gr. /SAF^apoc (blepharon)
= an eyelid ; sutf. -itis.]
Pathol. : Inflammation of the eyelids.
bleph-a-ro, j'ref. [Gr. ^Mifyapov {blepharon)
= an eyelid.]
Pathol. : Pertaining to the eyelids (the
meaning completed by the second element).
bleph - a - ro - plSs'- tic, a. [Blepharo-
PLASTV. J PeiUiining to blepharoplasty (q. v.).
blepll-a-r6-pl3.s'-ty, s. [Pref. blepharo-, and
Gr, TrAatTT^s (plastos) = formed, moulded.]
Surg. : The operation for a new eyelid by
transplanting a piece of skin from a neigh-
bouring part.
bleph'-a-ro-rhaph-y, s. [Pref. bleplmro-,
and Gr. pa^jj (rJmphe) = a sewing, a seam.]
Surg. : The operation for uniting the eyelids
after the enucleation of the eyeball.
bleps'-i-as. s. [Gr. ^Xe^//las {blepsias) = an
unidentified fish.]
Iclithy. : A genus of spiny-finned fishes be-
longing to the family Triglidse (Gurnards).
The only known species is from the Aleutian
Islands.
blere (1), v.t. [Blear, v.]
*blere(2), ' bier '-en, v.i. [M. H. Ger.
bUreii.] To weep. (Prompt. Parv.)
blered, pa. par. & a.
the Jiose. )
[Bleared.] (Rom. of
*bler-eyed (eyed as id), * blere-iyed, «.
[Blear-eyed.] (Prompt. P'arv.)
"^ bler-yd-nesse, ^ blere iyed-nesse, s.
[O. Eng, bier, bkre, ((/c/ = blear-eyed ; -nesse
= Eng. -ness.] The state or quality of having
blear eyes. [Blear-eyed.]
" Blerydneme (blere iyednesse.
Prompt. Parv.
P-) Lippitudo."
* bler-ynge, ^.
making faces at,
(Prompt. Parv )
[Blearing.] The act of
or insulting a person.
* bles, a. [Blaze (2).]
* ble'-^and, p-. par. [Blaze.] Blazing.
" Qnhill shortly, with the blesand torch of day."
aawin Douglas : .£neid, bk. xii. Prologue, 33.
bles-bok, s. [Dut. bles = forelock, blaze (a
horse with a blaze); bok = goat, he goat.]
Alcephalus albifrons, found In
^■t- [O. Dut.
An antelope,
South Africa.
* blesch'-in, * blesch'-^n,
Ueschen.] To extinguish. (Used of fire)
-Prlmi^^Parl ^"■^"^'^y"' (^^lesshyn, P.) Eztinguo "
' blese, s. [Blaze, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bless (1), * blesse, - bHsse, * bl^s'-si?n
•bles -sen, ^ bUs'-sen, *bles-sl-eu;
bSil, boy; p6at, j^l; cat, ^eU. chorus, chin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenonhon.
-clan. -t.in.n = shn.7i. -tinti. -einn — ehiin . «« ^z _, w .. . _ .A* «"»
tion, -sion = shiin ; -tlon, -sion = zhiin. -tlous, -sious, -cious = shiis.
-ble. -die.
exdst. -tag,
&c. = bel. d?l.
580
bless— talethisa
■•■" blet'-si-en (pret. & pa. jiai'. hl^^asci. Wc^f,
*}>h'ssede, ^hliKsnl, '-'blisredi; ' hirtsrd), v.t.& i.
[A.S. Wcis?"», Wt■ds^a»=toble^s;^>.Nol■tllUlrlb.
hloahla. TltL-st' forms point to an ori^'.
IbkUsoii [luit foinidl ^ tn ledtU-n with hlooil.
Sweet suggests that in lifutheu times it was
primarily used in the sense of eiinscerating
the alt^r by sprinkling it with the lilood of
tlie saeriliee. {Sl-rat ) In foUc-etymolctgy the
word has been eoufused witli hl-isn.
bless (1), T.
A. TranbUive :
1. To consecrate; to set apart fnr a lioly
or yacred purpose.
"And God blessed the se\-etitb d.iy and aniictitied
it." — Gcii. ii. "f.
2. To hallow with prayer and religious ntes,
to ask a blessing on (as food).
3. To sign with the sign of the cross as a
defence against evil.
'■ He lifte vp ys houd a.nd bJcswl liiiu tlinn, nnd re-
comaiidedem to god JiliiiiKlite.'*— y/?* Fcriuxhras. S.^iU.
1" In this sense it is also reflexive.
"The move devout
Aro;,e and hlcss<'d thcmseJxrs from hcml to timt "
Drydcn : Hind & I'antlu-r, iii. 4',",.
4. To protect from evil (prob. originally by
signing with a cross).
" Bless me from this w omaii."
Flelc/iL-r: Wildgoose Chase, i, :;.
5. To wish or pray for, or to propliesy or
promise hap|)iness, success, or advantagi' tit,
anotlier ; to pronounce a benediction upon.
" Wliom the Lord of hosts shall bless, aayiiitr, liJeised
be Egypt my people, ;iin-l Assyriii_ the work of my
hands, and Iora>:i mine inheritance."— /S((. xix. 25.
6. To render happy or successful, or confer
advantage upon, by giving one a gift, by
acquitting one from a charge, by preseiving
one, by pi-ontising or prophesying to one future
happiness in this world or the next, or in any
othei- way.
"The quality of mercy is not strain'd ;
It dioppetii, :!•■ the ^'entle ram of he;iven
Upon the place beneath. It is twice Itleas'd ;
It blesset/i him that ghes, and him tliat tikes. '
,Slin/:rs/K : Merchant of i'eiucc, \v. 1.
7. To felicitate or congratulate, on being for
the lime happy, or expecting to be so in the
future.
" Then Toi sent Joram his son unto king Barid, to
salute him, antl to b/ess him. because he had fouybt
against Hadadezer, and ?niitten him: for Hadadezer
li;id waia with Tui."— 2 Sam. viii. lU.
8. To extol, to magnify, praise, or glorify.
" Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Je^-u^
Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiiitnal blesbiiij;^
in heavenly places in Christ.' —Ephes i. a.
B. Intrans : To give thanks.
" Blescieth on and gledieth."— ^Ho-eii iiuvlc, p. o.'S.
"^ bless (21, * bliss (pret. k pa. par. hlisf), r.t.
[From Fr. blesser = to hurt, to injure.] Tn
wound, to strdce, to beat.
"The Kittle . . . when they blessed yonr worship's
fiieek teeth.— 5fte((o». Don Quixote. I. iii. 173.
* bless (3), v.t. [Etym. doubtful ; lu-obably a
special meaning of bless (1) or hlcss (-A) ; hardly
an independent word. (N.E.D.)
1. To wave about, to brandish.
"They . . . burning blades about their heades doe
bicsse." Spenser: F. Q., I. \ . tJ.
2. To brandish (a we-apon) round.
■■ Uii. armed head ivith his sharp blade he blest. '
Fairfax : Tasso, is.. 07.
bles -sed, blest, " blissed ^ blis-9ede.
* blet'-sed, 2J^'^^-j P'^- p<-'.r., v., & s. [IJlrss
(i),y-J
A. & B. As jrrcf. (£• past pcrticij'Ir : hi senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As participial adjective. Spec. —
1. Of persons or Beings
(1) Happy.
" Blesf. country, where these kingly glories shine 1
Dlest England, if this happiness be thine ! "
Cow2>er : Table TnJk
(2) Holy.
" When you are desirou.s to he blest,
I'll hle.tsing beg of yon,"
Shakesp. : Hamlet, in -i.
(3) Worthy of great venei'ation (the idea of
holiness and happiness still remaining).
(a) Worthy of absolutely limitless venera-
tion, all-adorable, as the Blessed Trinity.
(6) Worthy of high veneration, as " the
Blessed Virgin."
"Anil then their wor.ship of images, and invocation
of Aiiy:L'ls and Samts, and the 6?«sseti Virgin, in the
same sok'iun manner, and for the Kame blesBings and
benefits which we bejj of God himself."— Tillotso7t (3rd
ed. \7i-l\ vol. i., .ser. i'\.
2. OfthiiKjs: Producing happiness, bestow-
ing health and lu'osperity
" Of mingled prayer they txdd : of Sabbath hours ;
Of moru'B farewell, and evening's blessed meeting."
llK-maii.H : Tomb of Madame Lanrjhans.
D, As siihhtuvt.ive (Jnnncd hti omittiini the
iLOun or proiiii'ini tintk which the a<lji:rtive
blessed or blest ngrees) : Happy people or
beings.
1. In a general sense.
"... but there they still enioy a secondary honour,
us thii blest of the under-world." — Cfrote : Jlist. Greece,
pt. i., ch. ii.
2. !^p<'.r. : Persons or beings happy in the
other world.
blessed-fair, a. Blessedly fair ; happy
as well as faij-.
"But what'h so blessed-fair that feai-s no blot?"
Sliakcsp. . Sonnet ;i2,
blessed- thistle, s. Tlie English nanie
of a thistle, Cuiciis heiu'dUin^, formerly called
C. cenianrea henedictu. Both the English name
and the Latin specilic appellation refer to the
fact that formerly it was believed to destroy
intestinal worms, to cure fevers, the plague,
and even the most stubborn ulcers and can-
cers, an opinion for wideh there seems to
have been no foundation whatever.
" blcS-Sede, jrrct. ofr. [BLIS5EX.]
' bles'-sed-fuU. -. [Eng. blessed; full.]
Full of happiness.
"This bl€Siedfnll st:i.te of man . . ."—Cdal : Rom. iv.
*• bles'-sed-ly, "^ bles'-sed-lye, adv. [Eng.
blessed ; -hj, -lye.]
1. Happily, fortunately.
" By fonl play, as thou say'st, were we heaved thence ;
But blesiedly holp hither."
Shakcsp. : Tempest, i. 2.
2. Holily ; in a holy manner.
"The tune w.as blessedly lost." — SImkesp. : Hen. ^ .,
bles'-sed-ness, ' bles'-sed~nes, ^ [Eng.
blessed ; -ness. ]
1. Of happiness:
(1) Gen. : The state of being blessed or
happy.
"And found the blessedness of being little."
Shakcsp. : Henry VIII., iv. 2.
(2) Spec : The state of being so fro'n the
favour of God, and the feeling of it.
(a) In this world.
" Wliere is the blessedness! knew
Wlien first I saw the Lord."
Cotvper : Olne;/ Hy^nns.
{b) In the other world.
" The as.sur.ance of a future blessedness is a cordial
that will revive our spirits more in the day of ad-
versity, than all the wise sayings and considerations
of philosophy."— 3'(7/nrAf», vol. i., Scr 5.
2. Of holiness : Holiness, sanctity, real or
imagined.
% Sivgle blessedness : The state of being un-
married.
bles'-ser, s. [Eng. Ness : -er.] One who
blesses. (Used specially of God.)
"... reflecting npon him as the givei of the gift, or
the blesser of the action, or the aid of the (le.sign " —
Itishop Taylor: Holy Living, s, 4, Of Humility.
■ bless'-ful-ness, ^. [BLissFt-LXEss.]
bles -sihg, ^ bles'-singe, * bles'-syng,
"^ bles'-syhge, * blet'-sihg, pr. par., a.,
&s. [Bless (1).]
A. & B, As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive: [A.^j bUtsung (Benson) ;
bledsung (Som.ner).']
I. The act of wishing, praying, or pi'ophesy-
ing good to ; benediction.
"... as he delighted not in blessing." — /^■ cix. l~.
+ II. The state of being blessed.
" , . receivetli blrstin'i from Gnd "—/rcb. vi, 7
III. The words thus pronounced ; also the
divine favour, the happiness, or other advan-
tage promised.
1. The words pronounced.
" The person that is called kneeleth down before the
cli.air, and the father layeth his hand \ipon his heait,
or her head, and giveth the blessing."— Bacon.
2. The Divine favour, or the feeling of it ; a
Divine gift.
3. Means or materials for happiness, favour,
advantage.
(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
"As different gootl, by .art or nature given.
To different nations makes their blessini/ even."
iloldsmilh : Tlie Traveller
(2) Spec. Among the Jews: A gift, a dona-
tiiiii.
"... now th'i'refore, I pray tliee, take a blessing of
thy servant. But he said ... I will receive none. — i
Kings V. 1.5, IC.
See also ver. 20 and Gen. xxxiil. 10, 11.
(3) A person or community diffusing happi,
ness abroad.
' In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt
d with A.ssyria, ev " - '■ ■ ■ ■■ .....
land," — /sn. xix. 24.
and with A.ssyria, even a blessing in tlie midst
Egypt
of the
'blessure,5. [Fr.] A wound, hurt. [Bleclre.]
blest, I'l'ef., pa. par., <.< , & s. [Blessed.]
■ blet(l), *. [Bleat.]
blet (2), 5. [Fr. blette, s. ; blcf, m., blctte, fern.,
ad.j. = mellow, half rotten (applied to fruit) ;
^orm.Fr. blkque; Pk'd. bict ; Arm.bldd ; \\c\.
bli/dd = soft, tender; Dan. Uod = soft ; iSu-.
blot; O. H. Ger. blei::ca.]
Bot. and Ilort. : A spot formed on an over-
ripe fruit, when the latter has begun obviously
to decay. (Generally in the plural.)
blet, v.i. [From blet (2), s. (q.v.).]
Bot. and Hort. : A word coined bj' Professor
Lindley in translating some of De CandoUe's
statements with regard to fruits. He uses it to
signify the acquiring a bruised apijearance, as
fleshy fruits do after they have i)asscd their
lirime, and if they have not begun to rot,
{Lindley: Introd. to Bot. (:^rd ed.), 1830, p. 350,
note.)
^ blete, s. [A.S. bUd = a shoot, small branch.]
Foliage.
"Yif ich . . . me schilde wit the bletc.'-Owl and
Xightingal^i, 57.
" blete, "^ bletin, v.-l. [Bleat, v.]
" bletbe-ly, * bletbe-li, wU: [Blithely.]
{Morte Arthur, 4,147.) {WiUbo.i of Paler nc,
1,114.)
■^ bletb, * blath, o. [A.S. bleo.th = gentle,
timid; O. Icel. blcmihr ; Q. L. Ger. bUth ;
0. H. Ger. bidder.] Timid, fearful.
"Ghe was for him (Ireful and bleth."
atory of Ocn. and F:xod., 2,5!Ki.
bleth'-er, ^ blS,th'-er, * blad'-der,
'^ flladdre, v.i. & t. [Blatter.]
A. Intrans. : To talk idly or nonsensically.
"An some are busy blcth'rin."
Durns: The Holy Fair.
B. Trans. : To speak indistinctly, to stam-
mer.
" It blathei''d bufi before them a'
And aftentinies turn'd doitL-d. "
Itamsay : Poems, i. 7ii (Jamieson.)
bieth'-er (1), s. The same as bladder. (Stotch.)
[Blatter, v.]
bleth'-er (2), ^ bleth'-er, s. [From blether,
v-Vi.v.).]
1. Balibling, empty or foolish talk, non-
sense. (Scotcit )
" For an they winna had their blether.
They's gefra flewet."
Hainilton : Ham-say's Poems, ii. ;KiC. (Jajniesoth)
Sometimes in the plural.
" And then they didna need to hae the P.ame blethers
tw ice ower again."- Sco^r ■ /iob lion, ch xi\ .
2. A stammering way, a stammer. (Used of
d()ggercl rhymes which do not read smoothly.)
" A« if the holy Psalmist thought o' rattling rhymes
ill a blether, like hisain silly clinkum-clanknni tltingii
that he cas v ei-s e. '-.Sco^ .■ Hob Hoy, ch. xxi.
bleth'-er-er, s. [Scotch blether ; -cr.] A
balabler. (Ja-inieson.)
bletb'-er-iiig. * bleth'-er -in, '^ ble th-
er-and, *" blad'-drand, pr. par., u., & s.
[Blether.]
A, & B. As 2in par. ami partivip. adj. . In
senses eorresponding to those of tlie verb.
"Blyth and blcfhcrnii-l m the face lyk ane angell."
Fordun : ticotichroti., ii. ;;7G. (Jamieson )
C. ..4s substantive, :
1. Nonsense, foolish language. {Javiieson.)
2. Stammering. (.Jamieson.)
bleth'-i-sa, s. [From Gr. |3\^9ei5 (blethcis),
aor. participle of pdKKio (hallo) = to throw.]
Entom. : A genus of predatory beetles, be-
longing to the family Harpalidre. or to that of
Elaphrid;e. One s])ecies is Brltisli, theBlefhisc
mvltijnmctat-a. It is a beautiful insect of a
bronze or brassy colour, about half an inch
long, with prominent eyes and niany-i^uctate
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir. marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, je. ce = e. ey = a. qu -■ kw.
bletia— blight
581
elytra. It is I'oiind in marsliy places, where it
inuy ocuaiiioiially be seen crawling on willows.
Wet'-i-a, s. [Named after Luis Blet, a Spanish
apothecary and botanist.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Orcliidacete (Orchids). The species,
which are elegant plants— the Bletia Tanker-
clUlo! (Tankcrvilie's Bletia) being specially
Ihie— are not arboreal, but grow on the ground.
Several have been introduced into hot-houses
Irom the West Indies and China.
Wet'-i-dse, s. -pi. [From 'bUtia (q.v.).]
Bot. : A family or sub-tribe of Orchids.
belonging to the tribe Malaxese. Type, bletia
(q.v.).
tolet-on-i^m, ble'-ton-i^tm, s. [Xamed
after Bleton, a Frenchman, who alleged that
he possessed the faculty described below.] An
alleged faculty of perceiving and indicating
subterranean springs and currents by sensa-
tion.
Tblet'-6n-ist, ble'-ton-ist, s. [Named afti^r
Bleton, a Frenchman.] [Bletonism.] One
wlio claims that he possesses the faculty of
bletonism.
[Blessing.] (OrmnUim,
^ blet' -sing,
10,061.)
blet-tiAg,^. par., a., & ?. [Blet, v.]
A. & B. ^s pr. par. & pcirticip. adj. : In
a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
C. As snhstantive. Bot. and Hort. : A woi'd
introiliiced by Professor Lindley to signify
acquisition by a fleshy fruit of a bruised aji-
pearanee, after it has passed its prime, and
when it has not begun to decay. The process
is best seen in the Ebenacey^ and Ponuu^eif ;
fleshy fruits belonging to other orders in
general do not blet but rot away. [Blet,]
" Blf.ttlnri is iu i>articuln,r a special alteration. '—
LiiuUe!/: Jiitroil. to Hot., ard ed, p. a56.
*ble'-tyn, o.t. [Bleat, v.'\
"Bletjjii'. as a achepe. Balo.'— Prompt. Parv.
* ble'-tynge, pr. par. & s. [Bleating.]
'• Diet jfHffe oi n acheiya. Dalatus."— Prompt. Pm-v
* bleu. a. [Blue.] (Castd off Love, ed. Wey-
mouth.) {StrattiUUDi.)
bleu-turquin, s. [From Fr. hUu — blue,
and tnr'iium= a kind ofturquoi.se.]
Geol., Com.m., Arch., rto. : A kind of marble
occurring near Genoa and elsewhere. It is
deep-blue upon a white ground with grey
spots and large veins.
*bleve, *ble-ven, bl^-vj^n, v.t. [A
shorter form of Eileave (q.v.).] To remain.
" Blevyn. or ]ev>^l aftvrwanle [blevyn or abydyn,
K. P.). Uemaneo, resttU."— Prompt. Parv.
* ble-vynge, pr. par. & s. [Bleve.]
A. & B. As present participle & participial
wljective : Iu senses corresponding to those of
till' verb.
C. As substantive : Things left ; relics.
" Blevi/iigp, or releve, or relefe (or levyiige or i-elef,
K ). Jleli'juia, vel relUjuice."— Prompt. Parv.
blew (ew as u), prct. of v. [Blow, i-.]
"... the winds bleto, and beat nix)n that house ; . . . "
-Matt. vii. 27.
^ blew, ^ blewe, a. & s. (Rom. of the Hone, £c. )
[Blue.]
* blew'-art (ew as u), s. [P]-obably from a
Scnts hUieirort, from the colour of the flowers
= bUie.l A plant, the Germander Speedwell
{V<:rnnira vhaiiurilnjs). [BlawART.]
" When the hlrwirt hears a pearl."
llogft ' \Vhe7i the Kyc came liame.
blew' -ball (ew ns u), .*;. O. Eng. hUv =
blue, and hall] A plant, Ibe Corn Bluebottle
(Cento luxacyanus). [Blewblow.]
blew'-blow (ew as u), s. [O. Eng. hlev.^ ^
blue, and blow (2).} The same as Blewball
(<l.v.).
blew'-it. ble'-witS (ew as u), .<^. [Probably
from O. Eng. blew = blue. Cf. Fr. bluet,
loosely ai)plied botanically.] A mushrnom,
Agaricus persoiuUus. (Chiejly North of Eng.)
"* blex'-tere, s. [From A.S. &Zac = and
(originally feminine') sulf. -stere.] He who or
that which blackens any person or thing.
■' /ilexdre, K. Olfascator."— Prom.pt. Parv.
■ bleyis, ^. [Bleeze, Blaze.]
bleyis-silver, s. The same as Bleeze-
MONEY. (Ja.niiesoii.)
■^ bleyk, a. [Bleak.] (Lydgate : Storlc of
Tkebes, 12S(J.)
^ bleyk, v t. The same as Bleach, v. (q.v.).
" /ilej/kcl'ifhe, or qwyaters (blechen clothe, K, P.
blekyii, H.). Caiidido."— Prompt. Pare.
" bleyke-ster, s. [Bleystare.J
^ bley'-ly, ^'dr. [Corrupted from blithd<i (q.v.).]
" Bletjly orgladely (blythely, V.)."~ Prompt. Pare.
' bleyue, &. [Blain.]
bleynte (1), vnit. of v. [Blink, y.] {IViUiani
<f Paterae, 3,111.)
'" bleynte (2), pret. of v. [Blench.] Turned ;
inclined.
" He cast his eyen uiion Emely-a,
And therwithal he bleynte and uryed, a! "
t'l^auver: C. T., l,U7y-S(i
^ bleyn'-ynge, s. Blaining.
"Xou ban thei buoled schon for bJeynynge of her
heles."
I'icrs the Ploughman a Crcde (ed. Skeat ), 299.
* bley-stare, * bleye-stare, ' bley-ster,
" bleyke-ster, s. [From O. Eng. Ucyk =
bleach, and suff. - 5((.Te — -ster.] He who or
that which makes any person or thing white.
" tilp'j\t<in\ or wytstare {bh-'/x'i-r, K. bleyestare ot
(|\\vtst:m', K. bleykester or whytater, P). Cuiuli-
darui!,, Catli. C. F ' —Proiiipt. Parv.
bliant« "bleaunt, * bleeant, ■<;. [O. Ft.
hllalt, bllaud, hliuut, from Low l^at. bUaUlus,
bliaiidiis.] Fine linen, or a robe made of it.
'■ A maydeii of lueiiake, fnl debonere
Elysnande whyt watz hyr /jlmtiiiif."
Morris: Jiar. £iig. Allit. Poems ; The Pearl. A 1C2-:!.
* bllbe, s. [Essentially the same word as
Bleb (q.v.).] The mark of a stroke.
'■ Some parli'nieiitevs m.ay tak bribes,
Deaervin something war tlian buhl's."
Taylor: ,b' Poemt., p. 9. [Jainieson.)
* blich'-en-ing, s. [Of. M. H. Goi-. blichen =
to gleam, to grow pale.] Prop. ^ pallor, a
grnving pale ; u.sed to translate Lat. rioOlyo =
m-^t or blight in corn.
~ blicbt (rh guttural), i(. [From A.S. blican ^
to shine, to glitter ; hlelie, pret. (Somni'r);
Icel. bllka, hVikja — to gleam.] Emitting
Hashes of light. (Used of the coruscation of
armour in a battle.)
" The batteUis so hrym. braithlie and blicJit,
Were Joint thraly in thrang, nmiiy thowsaud. "
JJualaCe, li. 14. {Jamieson.)
blie, S. [Blee.]
^bliew, a. [Clue.] (Chaucer: C. T., 10,093.)
' bllf, adv. [Belive, Blive.] (Sir Ferumb.,
ed. Herrtage.)
blif-fart, ^. [Bleffert.] (Scotch.)
bligh'-i-a (gh silent), s. [Named after Captain
Bligh, wlio sailed from Spithead for Otaheite
on '23rd December, 1TS7, as captain of H.M.S.
Bounty, to obtain bread-fruit trees for intro-
duction into the West Indies. He was deprived
of his conimaud of the Bounty by mutineers
on board, and turned adrift in his shirt, with
eighteen of the crew, in a small launch, on
the ^Sth April, 1TS9 ; reached Timor on 14th
June of the same year, and England on March
14, 1790 ; was sent again iu 1791 (and this
time successfully) to carry out liis original
mission ; became Governor of New South
Wales in ISOa, and on 20th January, 1809, was
ari'c.sted and deposed for tyranny.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Sapindacete (Soapworts). Blighia sapida
is the ash-leaved Akee-tree [Akee]. Blighia
is now considered only a synonym of Cupania
(q.v.).
blight (gh silent), s. [Etym. unknown. It
appears to have come into the language early
in the se\'(.'uteeuth century. (In Cotgravc, 1011 .)
Cf. blicheaing. The reference would be either
to the pale colour of some half-witliered phuits
or tu the wood of a tree laid bare through the
stripping of the bark by means of lightniugO
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Gen.: Any physical cause unfavourably
aff'ecting the growth of cereal plants, flowers,
fruits, or whatever else is cultivated, nipping
the buds, making the leaves and blossoms
cui-1 up and wither, imparting to them a
sickly yellow hue, covering them witli spots
of an abnormal coloui-, or injuring them in
any similar waj .
2. Spec. : A certain noxious influence In
thr air, of which the haze often seen in hot
weather is the accoinpaninn^nt, which is
popidarly supposed to injure plants, either
directly by destroying tlieir vitality, or indi-
rectly by calling into existmce fungi and
insects, to which they become a I'rey. (For
tlic real explanation of the jihenoniena, see II.)
"... Ah, gracious heaven ! attend
His fervent miiyer ; restmin the teinpesfs rage.
The (.U'cadlul blight disarm. "
Jjodsley : Agriculture, c. 3.
3. Figuratively :
(1) Anything which makes a pei'Non droop,
or that which is fruitful or vaUuible waste
away, decay, and die.
" When you come to the proof once, the first bliglii
cf frost shall most infallibly stnii yuu uf all your
\i\OYy ." —L' Eitrange.
(2) The act of causing to wither ; the state
of being withered.
" Bat should there be to Mhom the fatal blight
Of failing Wisdom yields a base deli^'ht."
Byron: Death of Jit. Bon. M. li SheHdan.
II. Sniciii-r : To explain the elfects on plants
described under No. I., recourse must be liad
to the teachings of meteorology, botany, and
zoology.
1. Md'or. : If in early sjiring, when the
shoots of jilants are tender and succulent, and
exhale much moisture, the east wind, which
is dry as well as cold, blow upon them, it
makes the plants part with their moisture too
rapidly, and thus does them injury. If night
frosts congeal the moisture in the delicate
tissues, these are likely to be rent asunder and
die. The turbid and hazy state of the atmos-
phere, to which so much evil is jiopularly
jitti'iliuted, is caused by difference of tempera-
ture between the eailh and the air, and lias
not in it anything noxious to vegetation.
" I complained to the oldest and best gardenerR, who
often fell into the same miafortuue, and estei-'uiud it
some blight of the s]iriiig."— Temple.
2. Botany:
(1) ('cn. : Many "blights" are produced by
the attacks of parasitic fungi. The late Rev.
M. J. Berkeley, the fungologist, believed
that the fungi which in some cases have
arrested the development of corn and other
cereals, and made the jilants decay, ha^'c at-
tacked their )-oots, having grown originally on
the deeoniiiosiiig remains of the ju'cvious
year's croji still rooted in the ground. [Bar-
berry Blight, iMildew, Rust, &c.]
(:.') Specially :
('() Plants of the fungoid genus Ustilago.
(^Jlltsheu.)
(b) The English name of th.; fungoid genus
Rubigo. It IS called also Mildew (<[.v.).
3. Zool. : Other " blights" are produced by
the attacks of insects. The curling u]) of
leaves generally arises from the caterpillars
of lepidoi)terous insects. Some caterpillars
liatched from eggs deposited inside leaves
mine within the latter unseen for a time.
For instance, those of the Small Ermine Moth
(Ypononteuta padella) do so when young ;
then, when grown sutiicieutly, they emerge in
untold numbei's and commence to devour the
leaves themsches. Curled leaves often shelter
Aphides, and sometimes Cocculte [Aphis, Coc-
cus]. Calls are formed by Gall-flies [Cvnips].
8]ipcics of many other genera and families can
'■ bhght" plants. [American Blight.]
blight (gh silent), - blite (0. Scotch), r.t. & i.
[From blight, s., or rice versa.]
A. Transitive:
I. Literally :
I. To affect plants with wasting disease,
jn-oduced by drought, frost, fungi, the attacks
of insects, or other deleterious agencies.
" This vapour bears up along with it any noxio'is
mineral steams ; it then blasts vegetables, blights com
and fruit. ' — iVoodwdrd.
t 2. Similarly to affect animals or any of
their organs
"... blighted ^ie the tongne
That names thy name without the honour duel"
Scott: Tlie Vision of Don Roderick, v. 51.
II, Fig. : To mar the mental or moral deve-
lopment of any person ; to prevent the reali-
sation of hopes, projects, or anything similar ;
to mar or stunt anything, or cause it to decay.
boil. b6^; pout, j6^1; cat, 9011. chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph- f,
-Clan, -clan — shan. -tnon, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, kv. = hel, deL
582
blighted— blind
(a) 0/ }'crso>is :
" Sear'd in heart, aud loue, n-iid blighted"
Byron : Fare Thee M'cll.
(b) Of things :
' The stern doniinntioii of a hoatile class liMlblighfed
t 6 fa^-'ilties of the Irish gentienaiM. " — MacauUi;/ :
Bht. £ng., ch. xii.
" In such men all virtue was necessarily blighted."—
Arnold : Hist. R->m<; i. 475.
B. Iiitraus.: To cause to wither (iii. or %.).
"The Lady Blast, you must underafcuid, has sm;h a
particular malignity in her whiHper, that it blii/h/s
like an easterly \\wCi."—Spectat07; No. 457.
blight'-ed (17/1 -silent), jja. par. & a. [Uliutit,
v.]
A. OriJ. Lnuij : In senses corresponding to
tliose of t]i(j vtrli.
" Nor pause to raise from earth a hlighfed flower."
/Temitns : Th4i Abenccrratie.
" . the 'il-i'/h/r,/ iirinpects of the orphan children "
—Jlacaula;/ . Ih^f. ICmj . ch. xiv.
B, Ucr. : Blasted. [BL.\STii:D.]
t blight '-en ((7/1 silent), vi. [Eiig. UigU; -e»..]
[Blightning.] (Scotch.) To blight. (Jamie-
son.)
Ijlight'-ing (rjh silent), pr. 2yar. & a. [Blight,
v.]
" Ye worms that eat into the bud of youth !
Infectious, a."! impure, your blighting power
Tainta iu its rudiments the promised flower "
Cowper: Convcnatiou
blight'-l6g-ly (gh silent), adv. [Eng. hlight-
ing ; -ly.] In a blighting manner, so as to
blight.
* blight' -nmg (gh silent), pr. par. &, ct.
[Bliohten.] Same as blighting.
". . . in a place not subject to bUghtning winds,
which are very destructive to these flowers" [hya-
cinths],—J/«a:i*eK.- Sel. Trans., p. 266. (Jamics-m.)
*bli'-ken, v.i. [A.S. Uiccm ; M. H. Ger.
blichen.] To grow pale. (.Stratmcnn.)
"His lippes shulle blikcn." — Reljg. Antitj., 1. 65.
* blik-i-en ipr.-t. Uykked), v.i. {0. Tcel. blilca;
M. H. Ger. hhrlen.] To shine, to glitter.
"The blod V>rayd fra the body that blykk&Z on the
grene."— [.■<nc. aiultheGr. Knight, 429.
^bliknen, v.i. [O. leel. Uik)m.'\ To shine,
to grow pale.
" Thenne bl>/kned the ble of the bryi^ht skwes." —
Early Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris), 1759.
* blin, ■* blyn, * blyne, * blynne, * blin-
nen, *^ blane (pret. blan), v.i. & t. [A.S.
bliiiiian (pret. bhin) = to cease {Somner) ;
hlln, hlina = a ceasing (Lye).^
A. Intrans. : To cease, to desist, to stop, to
halt.
" Till hem thai raid onon, or thai wald bli/ne.
And cryt, Lord, abyde, your men ar inartyrit doun."
Wullan, i. 421. MS [Jamiesoti.)
B. Trans. : To cause to cease.
" other God will thai nou have
But that lytill round knave
Thair Ijaillis fur to blin."
Sir Penny C'hron., S.P., i. 141.
* blinck* v.i. & /. [Blink.]
* bUncked, pa. par. [Blink, v.t.]
blind (1), ♦ blinde, " blynde, * blend, a. &
s. [A.S., O.S.,Sw., Dan.,Dut.,&(N. H.)Ger.
blind; Icel. blindr ; Goth, blinds; O. H.Ger.
bliiit ; of. Lith. bkndzas = blind, Lettish
Ue)ist - to see dimly, O. Bulg. bledu ^ dim,
pale, with the A.S. factitive verb blendan =
to blind, to make blind.]
A. As adjective :
I. Subjectively : Unseeing.
(i) Liti'riilhj. Of men or other beings possessed
of bodily eyes: Unable to see, destitute of
sight, either from being born so or because
some disease of or accident to the eye has
fat-ally injured its power of vision.
"... a certain blhvd man sat by the way-side
heg'-^iiig "—Luke xviii. 35.
(ii) Figuratively :
1. Of persons :
(1) Not seeing or pretending not to see, self-
love, or love for another obscuring physical or
mental vi.^inn.
" 'Tia gentle, delicate, and kind,
To faults compassionate or blind. "
Cowper: A/utuitl Forbearance.
(2) Intellectually without liglit, destitute of
understandi n;;, without foresight (formerly
had 0/ applied to the thing unforeseen).
"Blind of the fiiture, aud by rage misled,"
Dry den.
(3) Destitute of that illumination which
springs from high moral or spiritual ch,Ti;n-ter.
"... and kuowest not that thou art wretched,
aud miserable, and poor, and blind." — /iev. iiL 17.
2. Of abstractions to a large extent personified :
(1) Of love, vencrat-Lin, re.'ipect, or other emo-
tions personified: Without intellectual dis-
cernment.
" Her faults he knew not, Love is always blind."
Pope. January and Affcy, 2i4.
(2) Of elements, natural objects, <L<:., per-
sonified : Unconscious ; unable to ]il;tn or
consciously to work out its own destiny.
". . . exult to see
An intellectual mastery exercised
O'er tiie hliml elements."
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. viii
3. Of things. Of needles (in a sort of p^in-
ning sense): Without an lye, or with one not
easily seen.
" Tlie sm.il ler sort, which matrons use.
Nut quite 30 blind as tliey."
Cowper: A Manual more ancient than the art of
Poetry.
II. Objectively: Unseen.
1. So made that the light does not freely
traverse it. Specially —
(1) Dark.
" Her threw into a dongeou deepe and blind."
Spenser: F. Q., IV. xi. 2.
(2) Closed at tlic fuiither end. [Blind-
allky, Blind-lanr ]
"These tubes are nearly as lai-ge as crow quills and
of great length They end by a blind extrejtilty."—
Todd & Bowman. Physiol. Anat., i 426. Note.
2. Not visible or not easily found because
concealed from view, wliether naturally or by
human artifice ; or finally, because informa-
tion respecting it is withheld.
" There be also blind fires under stone, which flame
not out ; but oil being poured upon them, they flame
out."— liucon.
" To grievous and scandalous inconveniences they
make themselves subject, with whom any blind or
secret comer is judged a flt house of common prayer."
—ffooker.
T[ la many ^larts of England an imperfectly
marked jiath is known as a blind path. Of.
the Lat. ccecum Iter.
3. Not planned befonihand, unpremedi-
tated, unintended, fortuitous.
" Few— none— find what they love or could have loved,
Though accident, blind cfintai't, and the strong
Necessity of loving, ..."
Byron : ChiUla Harold, iv. 125.
B. As substantive (formed by the omission
of a noun after the acljective blind):
"... the intellectual, moral, and religious improve-
ment of the young bltnd will soon . . ."—Pen. Cycl.
iv. 524.
The blind: Blind people taken collectively.
" The blind receive rtieir sight . , ."—Matt. xi. 5.
t For the cau.ses which produce blind-
ness see Blindness. By tiie census of 1891,
there were 23,4o7 blind persons in England
and Wales, 2,79" in Scotland, and 5,341 in
Ireland. The deprivation of sight in an indi-
vidual makes him attend to his other senses.
whicli by continued exercise become more
acute. The intellectual development of the
blind is not prevented by their infirmity nearly
so much as it is in the ease of the deaf, and
the list of blind men who have distinguished
themselves is a long one. When modern
Christian philanthropy began to turn special
attention to the blind, it was thought enough
to furnish them here and there with an
" asyluiu " [Blind Asylum] ; the extent to
which they could be educated by proper means
was not as yet understood. The Abbe Valen-
tine Hauy will for ever be gratefully remem-
bered by the blind, he having established the
first school for their education in Paris in
1784. Two years later he had books for their
benefit jninted in raised or embossed cha-
racters. In his footsteps have followed Jlr.
Jas. Gall of Edinburgh, Mr. John Alstoue of
Glasgow, Dr. How of America, Mr, Lucas of
Bristol, Mr. Frere of London, Mr. Moon of
Brighton, Mr, Wait of New York, and others.
About 1848 the whole Bible was printed at
Glasgow in raised Roman characters, and since
that time great improvements have been made
in the production of books for the blind.
blind-alley, blind alley, s. An alley
which has no exit except by the aperture
through which eutrance was made.
blind area, s.
Arch. : A si>ace around the basement wall
of a house to keep it dry.
blind asylum, s. An asylum for the
blind, properly a ]^lace where the blind may
obtain an inviolate place of refuge, which was
all that was originally thought ot' in con-
nection with them ; now their education is
a primary object, though the word asylum
is still often retained. Of blind asylums,
schools for the blind, &c., one was founded in
Menmiingen by Weef VI. in 1178, and another
in Paris by St. Louis in 12U0. The fii-st in
the United Kingdom was commenced at
Dublin in 1781, the next in Liverpool in 1791.
Others followed at Edinburgh in 1792, Bristol
1793, London 1799, &c. Wince then many
other institutions have been opener], and some
School Boards have schools for the blind.
blind-axle, s. An axle which runs but
does not communicate motion.
blind-ball, s. A popular name given to
various species of fungi belonging to the genus
Lycoperdon, and specially to L. bovista.
(Britten & Holland.) [Blindman's Ball.]
blind-beetle^ s. A popular name for
any of the large lamellicorn beetles (Geotrnpes
stercorarius or others) wliicli are apt to fly
against people.
blind-blocking, ^.
Book-binding : The ornamentation of book-
covers by the jiressure of an engraved or com-
jtosed block with heat, but without gold-leaf.
blind-buckler, s.
Nout. : A hawse-hole stopper.
blind-coal, s. [Called blind because it
j)r()duces no flame.] A mineral anthracite.
(Chiefly Scotch.)
blind-fish, s. An eyeless fish (Amblyopsis
speloins), found in the Mammoth Cave in
Kentucky.
blind-gallery, a. A gallery without a
window.
blind harry, ^ blind harrie, * blind
harie, s.
1. Blindman's buff. (Scotch.)
" And some they play'd at blind harrie."
Bumble Beggar Herd's Collection, ii, 29 {Ju'inieson.)
2. A fungus, the Puff-ball (Lycoperdon
bovista), and other si)ecies.
blind-lane, s. A lane narrow, dark, and
with only one entrance, so that it could easily
escape the eye of a pursuer.
"And even he made shift to flie and escajje through
by-waies and blind-lanes."— Holland, : Suetonius, p. 44.
blind-level, s.
Mining : A level or drainage gallery which
has a vertical shaft at each end and acts as an
inverted siphon.
blind-needle, s. A needle without an
eye. [Cf. A., I. 3.]
blind-nettle, s. [The appellation nettle
is given to these jilants because their blades
resemble those of the nettle proper, while
blind implies that they do not sting.] The
nanjc given to various labiate plants with the
character mentioned iu the etymology. Spec. —
1. The genus Lamium, and particularly the
species Lamium album. [Lamium.]
2. Stachys sylvatica. [Stachys.]
blind-reader, s. A post-office official
whose duty it is to decipher obscure addresses.
blind-shell. ^\
Artillery : An empty or unloaded shell, used
only in practice.
blind-side, blindside, s. That side of
one on which one's intellectual vision or one's
moral pei'ceptions are weakest, and on which
he may be most easily assailed.
" Re is too great a lover of himself ; this is one of his
blinds-ides ; tlie best of men, I fear, are not without
tliem. 'Swift.
^ To get the blind side of a person : To assail
one on the blind side with the view of gaining
a favour from him, if not even of deceiving
or cheating him.
blind-story, s. [From Eng. blind, a.,
and story ~ a floor.]
Arch.: A term sometimes applied to the
triforium as opposed to the clerestory— i.e.,
the clear story.
blind-tooling, s.
Beok-binding : The ornamental impressions
of heated tools upon bo()k-covers without the
interposition of gold-leaf. (Knight.)
blind-vessel, s.
Chem. . A vessel which has no opening in
the side.
£tte, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, we., hers, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu^kw.
blina— blindman
blind-worm, blindworm, s. [Eng.
blind; and warm. In Dan. blindorm. So
called from the small size of its eyes.] The
BLIND-WORM.
English name of a reiitile, tlie A ngu is frag His,
formerly conaidt'ied a serpent, but now classed
with the mnst aberrant of the lizards. It is
more commonly called the Slow-worm. It is
not venomous. It feeds on slugs. [Anguis,
Slow-worm. ]
" There the alow hllnd-worm left his slime
On the fleet limbs that mocked at time."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iii. 5.
blind (2), s. & a. [From hliiid (1), adj. (q.v.).
In Sw. & Dut. hl'md ; Dan. lAinde {MU.).'\
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Lmrjuage:
1. Literally :
' (1) Gen.: Anything which hinders vision by
interposing an iqiaque or partially opaciut; body
between the ohjc-tt looked at and the eye.
(2) Sincinlly :
(o) A screen.
(0) A cover, a hiding-place.
■" So, when the watchful shepherd, from the blind.
Wounds with a random shot the carelees hmd."
Dryden : ^-Eneld, iv.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Anything which obscures tne mental or
moral vision.
" Hardly aiivtbing in nur conversation Ih pure and
genuine: civil'ity l.■,L^t■< a bJ'ml over the duty, under
some cuatomHry wunis " — L'Estrange.
(2) Anything which stands as a cover or
pietext for sonn'thiim else ; anything con-
spicuously put fiirward with the intention of
concealing something else hidden behind it.
"These diacouraes set an opposition between his
commands and decrees ; 'naking the one a bliixl for
the execution of the other "—Dr. Henry Mare : Deci//
of Piettj.
II. Technically:
1. Carpentry, Upholstery, (&c. : A sun-screen
or shade for a window. Blinds are of two
kinds — inside and nut^iidc.
(1) Inside blinds: A window blind of the
normal type, technically called a rolhr window
blind, is a sheet of cloth dependent from a
roller, and is used so as to cover the glass of
a window and prevent peojde outside from
seeing what pas^^^es within. It also in-events
too bright sunlight from entering the room.
A Venetian bliml is a blind formed not of
cloth but of long thin laths of woqd, tied
together, and within certain limits movalde ;
they are generally painted green. Other
window blinds are made of wire-ganze, per-
forated zinc, &c. TliKi-e are also dwarf, spring,
and other inside blinds.
(2) Outside blinds: The chief of these are
Spanish, Florentine, Venetian, and shutter
blinds.
2. Fortif. : The same as Blindage (fortif.)
Cq.v.). It IS calleil also a blinded cover.
3. Saddlery : The same as Blinders (sad-
dlery) (q.v.).
B. As adjerttve : Pertaining to a screen or
anything similar.
blind bridle, s. A bridle with blinds.
(Saddlery.) [Blind (2), ■i., II. 3. Blinders.]
blind operator, .'=. An appliance for
openini; or closing a blind from the inside,
and holding it securely closed, fully open, or
in any intermediate position which may be
desired. (Knight.)
blind-Slat, .-. fFmm Eng. blind (2), and
shtt =■ a narrow board designed to connect
two larger ones or to sni)port something.]
Carp., &G. : An obliquely set slat in a shutter,
desij^ned to throw off rain while still admitting
some light.
Blind-slat Chisel :
Carp. : A hollow chisel for cutting mortises
in a common bIind-.•^tile [Blind-stile] to re-
ceive the ends of slats.
Blind-slat Cutter:
Carp. . A machine for cutting blind-slats
from planks, finishing also their sides and
ends.
Blinil-slat Planer :
Carp. : A wood-planing machine with side
and edge cutters, adapted to act ujiou a
narrow slat suitable for Venetian shutters and
blinds.
Blind-slat Tenordng-ma chine :
Carp. : A machine for rutting tenons on the
end of blind-slats where they are to enter the
stiles of the blind. (Knight.)
blind-stile, s. [From Eng. blind (2), s.,
and stile (Carp.) = the upright piece in fram-
ing or panelling.]
Blind-stile Boring-machine :
Carp. : A machine for boring in blind-stiles
the holes for the reeeptiun of the tenons on
the end of the slats .
Blind-stilc Machine :
Carp. : A machine for boring holes in a stile
for slats or mortises, sometimes spacing as
well. (Knight.)
blind-weaving, a. Pertaining to the
weaving ot a blind or anjthing sinular.
Bli)id-v:eavin(j Loom :
JVearing: A loom with its warps far apart,
aiid with an automatic device for placing
within the shed the tliin woollen slips which
form the filling or woof.
blind-wiring, a. Wiring a blind.
Blind-wiring Machine :
Cajp. : A machine for the insertion of tlie
staples connecting a rod with a blind. (Kniglit.)
* blind (3), blinde, s. [Blende.]
blind, "blynde, * blyn'-dyn, v.t. & i.
[Mid. Eng. bliiiden.] [Blind a)-j
A. Transitive :
I. Lit. : To deprive of sight by fatally in-
juring the eyes.
" Il'inded like serpents, when tbey gaze
Uyon the emet-ald's virgin blaze : '
Moore: Tlie Fire Worshippers
II. Fig. : In any way to hinder perception.
1. Of physical vision :
(1) Subjectivdy : To dim or impede the
vision of tlie eye by putting something in it.
" I, blind'jd with my tears."
Tenniisnn: A Drenm nf Fair Women.
(2) ObjedircJii : So to d:irki-n or cloud an
object that the eye cannot see it distinctly.
" So whirl tlie sens, such darkness blinds tlie sky,
That the black night receives a deeper dye."
Dri/den.
2. Of mental vision :
(1) Subjectively : To darken the understand-
ing : to blind the intellectual iierce['tions, by
self-interest, prejudice, or the deadening ot
moral sensibility through indulgence in vice.
"... or of whose hand have I rcc-eived any hrihe to
bliiid mine eyes therewith V and I will restore it you."
—1 Htuii. xii a.
" Who could have thought that any one could so for
have been bliiidud by the jiowci of lust?" — Bunyan:
I'. P., pt. ii
1[ In this sense it is sometimes used re-
flexively.
"... the violation of these is a matter on which
conscience cannot easily blind itself, . . ."~J. S. Mill
Polit. £con. (ed. IS'lS), hk. i., ch. ix,, 6 2.
(2) Ohjertively : To obscure or darken to the
mind any object of intellectual perception
"The state of the controversy between ns he endea-
vom-ed, with all his art. to blind and confound '—
StilUnaflcet.
B. Intraiisitirr. (Of the form blynde) : Tn
become faded or dull.
" That ho bli/iides of ble in hour ther ho lyjiges."
Earl. Eng. Allif. Poenis ; Cleanness (ed. Morris), 1,126.
blind'-age (age = ig). s. [Fr. blindage;
from blinder = \}\m(\, in n military sense.
More remotely from Eng. blind, ;i. ,t s ]
I. Saddlery: A hood to bf c;ist over the
eyes of a runaway horse with the view of
stoiii'iiig hi; II
II. Fortification :
1. A screen of wood faced with earth as a
"orotection ag;niist fire.
2. A mantelet designed to iirotect gunners
at embrasures or sa]i]iers ;iiiil miners prose-
cuting a siege. [Mantkllt ]
blind-ed, * blynd-ed, ?n r«^ ^ "■
[Blind, v.t.'}
blind'-er, *. [Eng. blind ; -cr. In Fr. blinder
{Mil.).-]
I. He who or that which blinds.
11. Harness-making. PI. Blln lers : Flaps
shading the eyes of a carriage-horse on the
right and left to prevent his seeing properlv
on either side. They are called also blinkers
and ivinlcers.
blind -fold, ^ blind-felde. » blynd-fel-
len, v.t. [Eng. blind, and fold, a corru[)ti>;i
of O. Eng. /y/ZcHL = to strike, fell, hence the
original meaning was, to strike one blind.]
1. Lit. : To prevent one from seeing, au'l
thus virtually render him temporarily blind
by binding a cloth round his eyes.
"And when they had btiwlfohled hiin, they struck.
him on the face, and a.-tked him, saying, Prophesy,
who is it that smote thee ? " — Luke xxii. 64,
2. Fig. : To dejirivc of mental or spiritual
vision by the interposition of prejudice, or in
any similar way.
"If ye will wincke in so open and cleare light and
let yonrsehies be led blin-lfoUled, and haue your part
with the hypocrites iu lyke snnie and mischief, . ."
— Tyndiill : Workes, p. 341.
blind-fold, ^ blyn-feld. '' blinde-iyide,
" blind-fel-lyd, a. [Contracted from blind-
folded (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : Having the eyes bandaged, so as to
render them virtually " blind " for the time.
" Through Solway sands, tbrjugh Tarras moss,
Blindfuld, he knew the path to cross."
Scott : The Lay of the Lust Minstrel, 1. 21.
2. Fig. :-Not able to see or foresee anything.
" Fate's hlindfold reign the atheist loudly owns.
And Providence blasphemously dethrones."
J)r}iden : Saum Cidtjue.
blind- f 61d-ed, ^ blynde-f old-ed, pa.
pai .&'.!. [Blindfold.]
" The bhrift is done, the Friar is gnue,
Bliiul folded i\& he came."
ScMt . fi)keby, v. 27.
blind'-foid-ed-nes3, s. [Eng. blindfolded ;
-jj.f.s.'-.] The state of being blindfolded.
blind' -fold-er, s. [Eng. blindfold ; -er.]
One whu bUji.lfohls.
blind '-fold-in K, in\ var. fBLiNoroLD, v.\
blind'-ing, * blynd'-inge, pr. par., u.., & s.
[Blinii, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & pa.rth-\pia\
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
1. ^s participiid adjvctive. Spec. : Imparting
actual blindness.
" You nimble lightnln^w. dart your blinding flames
Into her scornful cyus ; " SItakesp, : Lear, il, 4.
2. Fig. : Obscuring physical, mental, or
spiritual vision.
"... through the midst of blinding teai-s."
Bemans: The Siege of Valencia.
C. As substantive : A coating of sand, fine
gravel, or anything similar laid over a newly-
jiaved road to fill the interstices between the
atones. (Knight.) It is sometimes called
binding.
' blind'-lin§(, * blynd'-lihg-is, * blind-
linge, adv. [Ger. & Dan. hliudlings. Eng.
blind, and adv. suff. -Intg, a nasalized form oi
-lice.] Having the eyes (dosed ; hoodwinked.
" Quhen blyndhngis in the batjill fey thay ficht."
IJutig : Virgil, 50, 22. [Jamieson )
blind'-ly, * blinde '-ly, adv. [Eng. hlind^
"■ blinde; -ly. A.S. blindlice.]
1. Lit. : Without sight.
2. Figurativdy :
(1) Without proper thought or inquiry, im-
plicitly; with implicit trust in the advice,
judgment, or guidance of another.
" How ready zeal fur interest and party is to charge
atheism on those who wilt nut, without examining,
submit, and blindly swallow their nonsense," — Locke.
(2) Without judgment or direction.
" How sea-s, and earth, and air, and active flame.
Fell through the mighty void ; and, in their fall,
Were blindly gatherd in this goodly hall."
Dryden.
blind-man, blind man, s. [Eng. blind,
and man.] A man who is Idind. (Lit. & Fig.)
T[ Generally the two words, blind and tnan,
are quite distinct, except in the compounds
whicli follow. Bunyan, however, combines
them to make a prrq>er name,
"And first among themselves. Mr. Blindman, the
foreman, said, I see clearly that thin man is a heretic."
— litinyan: P. /',, pt. i,
blindman's ball, blind man's ball^
s. [So called because it is believed in Sweden,
Sriilland, &c., that if its dust copiously enter
the eye. blindness will result] A Scotch
iinme tor a certain fungus, the Common Puff-
ball. It hay also otlier names, as the Devil's
b-nuil-box. &c. [Blind-ball.]
b^l, b6^; poiit. j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bengh;
-clan, -tlan = shan« -tlon, -sion = shiin ; -tion« -§tion
go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^ist. ~vb.z,
= zhiin. -cious. -tious. si on 5: - shiis. -ble. -die, i:e. — bel. de^
584
blindness— bliss
" Li/coperdon hovista. The DUiul man's Ji'ill. Scot
sins.t.' —IAiilUfoot,\i. l,Vi-2. {Jamiesoii..)
blindman's buff, s. [Fi-nm En?:. hUml;
mait ;, an.l O. Eiit,'. hiijf = a bluw.] [Bltf.]
1. Lit. : A game in which a person has his
eye's bandaged, and is required to pursue the
rest of tlie company till he catolies one. On
naming the person caught, he is released, and
1 lie one he has taken, being bandaged, becomes
in turn the XJursuer.
2. Fi'jnratlvehj :
(1) The act, operation, or "game" of finding
one's way in literal darkness.
" Dlsguia'd iiiall the mask of iiij^ht,
We left uur chauipiuii on his flight ;
At blhidinans biifftu grope his way.
In equal fear of night and iXi\.y."— II udibrm.
(2) The clo.sing of one's eyes against facts or
arguments in a cimtroversy.
" He imagines that I sluit my eyes again : but surely
he fancies I play at blin-imiui'&bii1f\vit\i.'inin\ for he
thinks I never h-tve my eyes open.' Stillingjlaut.
blindman's een, blind man's een» s.
{Een in Scnteli is = eyes.] The s;une as Blind-
man's Ball Oi-V.). (Scotch.)
blindman's holiday, s. Twilight, or
rather the hour between the time when one
ran no longer see to read or work, and the
lighting of candles, &c.
"What will not blind Cupiil doe in tlie night, which
is Ilia blindmau's holiday. '—Sashe : Lcitten Uluffe {ed.
Hindley), p. 6S.
blind'-ness, ' blind'-nesse, " blinde-
nesse, - bly'nd-nesse, ■' bly'nd~nes, ^.
[From A.S. hluulncs.}
1. Lit. : The state of being blind ; temporary
or permanent want of sight.
T[ Sometimes blindness exists from birth ;
at other times it is the result ol' disease at
some period or other of life. It may be pro-
duced by the sevei-er kinds of ophthalmia.
Many soldiers of the British army wlnicli, on
the Sth and 21st of i^Iarrh, ISOl, fought the
battles of Aboukir and Alexandria, were seized
with ophthalmia while in Egypt, and on re-
turning home communicated the disease to
regiments which had never been in Africa ;
many in consequence lost their eyesight.
Malignant small-pox can x^roduce the same
result ; a large proportion of the blind men
now in India were deprived of vision in this
way. Patients become blind after fever,
measles, hooping-cough, or convulsions, or
through cataract, inflammation of some jiart
of the delicate machinery of the eye, violence,
accident, or the decay of the system produced
by old age. [For the ti-eatinent of the blind,
see Blind (1), s.]
2. Flo.: Absence of intellectual perception,
produced by ignorance, prejudice, passion, &e.
and. the iy^ill (Snd ed.) ; T-ir Emotions, ch, i„ p. 'Z:^.
"It may be i^iid there e.\iKts no limit to the WidtZ-
ncss of iutare.st and aaltlah habit . . ."—Darwin:
Voyage round the VVorLl (ed. 1870), ch. ii., p. 25,
blink, *blincke, blenk, v.i. & t. rof
obscure origin. Blcjik is the oldest foi'ui, nf
wliich Wink was an early occasional "^'ariant.
hllnk corresponds in its late appearanci^ (c.
1575) as well as in form and sense with ^Mnd.
Xi\\t.hlinkeiiii.\\(\ Ger.feZtii/jeH.wliicli are equally
obscure. It is conjectured that tliey nasalized
forms of the stem hlilc = to shine, but their late
appearance is not accounted for. [N.E.D.)]
A. Intransitive :
I. To shine, to glitter, to twinkle.
1. Oeu. Of the sun or anjithiug hnniiiniis,
whether by inliercntor reflected light : To shine,
especially to do so for a brief xieriod and tlien
withdraw the light.
" When seven yeai-s were come and gane,
The sun blinked fair on poul and stream "
Scott : Tlwmas the Hhymer, pt. ii.
2. Spec. Of the eye :
(1) Lit. : To give the eye the twinkling mo-
tion of anything glittering.
(a) To wink designedly or unintentionally
through weakness of eyes.
" -So politick, as if tme eye
Upon the other were iv sn.
That, to trepan the one to think
Upon the other were a spy :
That, to trepan the one to thi
The other blind, both strove to blink."
Iliulibras.
" His figure such as might hia -■^oul i)roclaim :
One eye w;is blinking, ami one leg wjis lame "
Pope: Horn. Iliad, bk. ii.
(/?) To open the eyes, as one does from a
slumber.
" The king wp blcnJdt hastily."
Barbour, vii. 203, MS.
(c) To take a momentary glance, even though
the eye does not wink in doing so.
■[ Johnson interprets hhnk in the example
quoted as meaning, to see obscurely.
" Blenk in this mirrour. man, and mend ;
For heir thuu may thy exenipill see."
Poems, 16th Cent, p. 21'3.
" Sweet and lovely wall.
Shew mc thy chink, Utblink throi^h with mine eyne."
Shakssp. : Mid. Night's Dream, v. 1.
(2) Fig. : To look with a favourable eye.
",A11 would go well, if it might i)lease God to 6?(/(fc
upon Scotland, to remove the three plagues that we
he,u' continue there, , ." — Buillie : Lett., ii. 117
{Jamieson.)
II. Tij become a little sour. (Used of milk.
In Scotch plirase hleezed [Bleeze]. It pro-
bably meant originally turned sour by a blink
or gleam of lightning, or, it may be, bewitched
by the wink of some evil eye.) [B. 2.]
"Icannatell you fat was the matter wi't [the alel,
gin the worb was i;(»j/j(i, , . ." — Journal from London,
p. 3. [Jainicson.)
B. Transitive :
1. Purposely to avoid seeing, or at least
attending to, a iiartirular thing, as if by
winking at the moment when it was i>resented
for observation, as "to hllnk a fact."
2. To bewitch, to dim. (See example under
hlinked.)
blmk, * bly&ke, "^blsnack, "^ blenk. s.ka.
[tTom hlink, v. (q.v.). In Sw. & Dan. hlink. s.
— a twinkling, glimpse, beam, glance, or
sparkle. ]
A. As substantive :
i. LUrrallji:
1, Gen. : A ray, rays, or sparkle of light.
(1) A momentary glimpse or gleam of light
directly emitted by a fire, a candle, or other
luminous body, or reflected from any surface.
"Of drawiii swerdis sclentnig to and fra
The bricht mettell, and vthir armour fere
Quliaron the son blenkis betis clere."
Bong. : Virgil, 226, 8.
" G-i'e me the blink o' a eaiidle."— ./'(HiiesoH.
(2) The reflection of light, not necessarily
temporary, from the surface of a body.
•[ t Blink of tlie ice. Amnnii Greenland
vholrrs, Arctic narigators, tCc, ; That dazzling
wliitcncss about the horizon, which is occa-
sioned by the reflection of light from fields of
ice. It is now more genei'ally called the (lc-
bli.uk (q.v.). (Falcojier.)
2. Spec : The act of winking, a wink, or
sudden glance of the eye, whether nnintentlon-
ally or as a signal to some other i)erson,
" The amorous blynclct flee to and fro."
Turberuille : Tlie Limer obtaining hit wish.
" But trow ye that Sir Arthur's command could
forbid the gibe o' the tongue oi the h/ink o' the e'e. or
gar them gie me my food wi' the look o" kindness that
gar.s it digest sae weel . . ." — Scott : Antiquary, ch. xii,
II. Figuratively :
1. O/tlme:
(1) A very brief period of time, taking only
about as long as the twinkling of an eye ; a
" twinkling."
" For nineteen days and nineteen nights.
Of sun, or inoon, or iiiidnight stem
Auld Dnrie never saw a blink.
The lodging was sae dark and deru."
Mcnstrrlsyofthe Itorder, in. 116.
(2) A short period, but by no means so brief
as that indicated under II. (1).
"A blenk, or hlink, a twinkling uf fair weather." —
Sir J. Sinclair, \i li:i.
" Since huiiiaii life is but a blink.
Why shuukl \\e then its sliort joys sink."
Ramsay ■ Poems, ii. 377.
2. Of Space: A short distance, a little way,
such as may be passed over in a " blink " uf
time.
" There cam' a fiddler out o' Fife,
A blink beyond Balweary, Ac."
.facobite Relics, i. 21, {Jamieson.)
3. Of mental action or ('uiotlo]i : A spiritual
glance.
". . . soul-refreshing &?iHA;i of the Gospel, . , .' —
Walker: Remark, Pa'isagen, p. 85.
4. Ofthe Divine f'Jvunr, or of worldly adiKin-
tage br'^tomcd ;
(a) A glance of loving favour from God.
(b) A gleam of prosperity during ad-\-ej-sity.
" By this blink of fair weather in siu'h a storme of
forr.aiii iwwiults, things were again somewhat changed,
.iiid the Bruciaiis encouraged." — Hume: Hist. Oouij.,
p. 60.
III. Abnormally (always in the plural,
blinks) ; Bouglis of trees used to barricade a
path in a forest along which deer are exiieeted
to pass. (Crabh.) [tJumji. Blencher.]
B. As adjective: Blinking. [Blink-eyed.]
blink-beer, o. Beer kept unbroached
until it is sharp.
blink-eyed, a. Having winking eyes.
"... the foolish blink-eyid boye." — Guttcoigne ■
Hear bet.
' blink'-ard, s. [Eng, Uiuk; and suff. ■ord.'^
1. Lit. : He who willingly, or from his eyes.
being weak, "blinks," i.e., winks.
" Brayneiess blynkards that blowe at the cole."
Skelton: The Grown of Laurel. [Trench.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) One who wilfully or inadvertently fails
to take notice of something presented to his
view.
" Ol" was there something of intended satire ; is the
111 ofussor and seer not (juite the bllnkard he affects ti>
he':"—<''trl.i/le : Sartor Resartus.
(2) Anything the light of wliich is feeble
and twinkling.
" In some parts we see many glorious and eminent
.■itars, in others few of any remarkable greatness, and
in some none but blinkards and obscure ones." — Hake-
will.
blinked, * blincked, pa. jjctr. & a. [Blink,
A. As pa., par. : See the verb.
B. As participial adjective :
1. Dimmed.
"... and keepe continuall spy
Uiion her with liis other blincked eye."
Spenser: F. Q., III. ix. 5.
2. Evaded.
blink'-er, ». [Eng. blink; -er.]
I. Ordiuary Lauguage :
1. lu tlie singular :
(1) In contempt : One who winks at the .sight
of dangers which he cannot avert. {Scutch.)
" There, seize the blinkers I "
Burns: Scitch Drink.
(2) A person who is blind of one eye.
(.Jau.:<.on.)
2. lu the pilural:
(1) Literally: In the sense given under II.
Saddlery (q.v.).
"On being pressed by her friends some time after the
Restoration to go to court, "By no nienns,' said she,
'unless I may be allo-.ved to -wear bUnkcrg.' "—Uilpin r
Tour to the Lakes, vol, ii, p. 154.
(2) Fig. . A device to xtrevent mental vision.
"... nor bigots who but one way see.
Through blinkers of authority.
Green: Th-: Grotto.
II. Saddlery : Prolongations of a horse's
bridle on either side, intended to prevent his
seeing to tlie right and left or behind, and thus
diminish the likelihood of his shying at ima-
ginary danger or asserting his indeiiendence.
Called also blinders and blinds. [I.]
blink'-ihs. * toloiJt'-ing, pr. par. & a.
[Blink. J
A. & B. Aspr. par. and part icip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
" Who by a blinking lamp consume the night."
Cotton: Jipigram.
C. As subst. : The act of winking.
" The amorous hfr-nking
Of fair Ci'eseide, "
Chaucer : Tlie Complaint of Creseide.
''" blinking - duckweed, blinking
chickweed, s. a i)lant, Montia fontana.
(Prior.) [Blinks.]
blinks, .5. [Blink, s.] Water-chickweed (Mon-
tia fontana), and tlie bnok-name <<t the genus,
t) which it belongs, from "its half-closed
little white flowers, pci'ihig from the axils nf
the uppei' leaves as if afraid of the li-^ht."
(Prior.)
''blinne, i-.l. S: t. [Blin.]
'" blirt, (■./. [Probably onomatopceic] To
make a noise in weeping, to cry. {Scotch.)
" I'll gar you blirt with both your een."
S. Proi'., Kelly, p. .■;97. {Jamieson.)
blirt'-ie, a. [from Scotch bllrt = a burst of
wind and rain.]
Lit. : Gusty with wind and rain.
"o : iKinitith is ;(, wintry day,
C'lieerloss. Idir.'ie. cauld, an" blae."
Taini.iliiU Poems,\\ 19. [Jamieson.)
blisch-en, v. I. [Blush, v.i
bliss, blisse, ^ blesse, "* blis, ^ blyssc*
■■ blyss, -'■ blys, * bUsce,^. [A.S. blis, hly&
= bliss, .ioy, gladness, exultation, jileasure.
From blithe = joyful.] [Blithk.]
I. Hapjiiness ofthe highest kind, nnalloyed
felicity. Used —
1. Of heavenly felicity enjoyed by angels or
ransomed human spii'its. [Blissed.]
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; Tire, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^
or, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e, ey - a. qu = kw«
blisse— blithe
585
"jVnd blew alle the blessed into the bli-xxit of paradise."
Langl. ; Piers Plowinnii Viiion, ii. bus,
" That if the happie aoiUes, which doe ]>03sesse
Xh' JElysiau tieltla aud live in lastiug UexKc."
.\- 'Cjwcr : P. q . IV. X. 23.
"... .■iiid aiited:ite ihebliss above,"— i*o/n;; Ode on
St. Cecilia's Dafi, 1123.
2. LfM Jorcihly : Of earthly felicity enjoyed
in certain eircumstaiice.s.
(1) By man.
"Bliss is the same iu subject or in kine."
J'ope : Es&ay on Mun, i\ . 58.
(2) By the inferior animals.
" He leapt aViout. and oft did kiss
His master's hands in si^n of blixr. "
iVordswortk : mind Jlighlaiid Bo:/.
II. Glory.
"And king of blisse in come sal he,
Wha es he the king of blesm that isse ?
Laiierd of niisthtes es kinge of bllise."
Met Eng. Psalter (hef. 1300), Ps. xxiii. (xxiv.) 9, 10.
H Formerly it was at times used in the
plural.
" Ther may no man have parfvt blisses tuo."
Chancer: C. T., 0,512.
% Obvious compound, hliss-produciiig.
*blisse(l)(pre.t. hlist; pa. par. hUssed, hiist), v.t.
[From A.S. hn.^-<iaio (L) = to rejoice (t ), to
make to rejoice (not the same as hletsiaii = tu
hless.] [Bless.]
1. To fill with bliss, to make happy.
2. To bless.
"... and how the ground he kist
Wherein it written wius, and how himselfe he Mist."
Spenser : F. Q., IV. vii. 46.
3. To wave to and fro. [Bless (1), IT, J
{Lawsoih: Secret of AiigUii.g, 1652.) {llaUiu'di :
Cont. tu Lexlcog.)
*blisse (2), v.t. [Bless (2).] To wound.
(Spenser: F. Q., VI. viii. l:i.)
* blis'-sed, " blys'-syd, ixi. par. & t-..
[Blessed.]
"y?/^ssy(Z, hevenly : Bvntns.
Blesayd, ertliely: lienudictus, fplix "
Proinp-. Pan:
^ blis'-sed-ly, adv. [Blessedly.]
*blis-sen, v.t. [From Dut, hlescheii — to
quench.] To lessiMi.
" For to blissen swilc sinnes same."
Stori/ ofUcii. & Exod., 553.
bllfSS'-ful, ^ bllS'-ful, '.. [Eng. bliss; -fiil.]
1. 0/ persons:
(1) Full of bliss, as happy as it is conceiva-
ble that one could be, or at least very happy.
(2) Causing bliss.
" That bar that fti(ji/«? bame . . ."
Langl. Piers Plowman Vision, ii. 3.
2. Of times: During which bliss has been
felt.
" So peaceful shalt thou end thy blisi^nl days.
Aud steal thyself from life by slow decay.i,"
Pope.
3. Of pi I res : Characterised by tlie presence
of bliss.
(a) Generally : Characterised by bliss of any
kind.
" First in the fields I try the silvan sti-.ains,
Nor blush to aport in Windsor's blissful plains."
Pope: Pastorals; Spring.
(&) Spec. : Characterised by heavenly bliss.
" But none shall gain the blissful place."
Cowper: Olney Hifmns; A liolngandadeadfaitJi.
4. 0/ tilings:
" If Love's sweet music, and his blissful cheer,
E'er touch 'd your hearts, or mollify'd your ear."
Drayton: The Owl.
1 Blissful vision: [Beatific Vision.]
" The two saddest ingredients in hell, are depriva-
tion of the blis^ul vision, and confusion of face."—
Sammond.
* bliss-ful-head, blys-ful-hede, s.
[Eng. hlissful; -head.] The state of being in
bliss.
" Endeles blijsfulhede
Pricke of Consc., 7,830.
alle thyng."—ffampole :
bUss'-fiil-ly, adv. [Eng. blissful; -lij.] In a
blissful manner, very happily, felicitously.
"But the death of Christians is nothing else but .1
elepe, from the which they shall awake agayne at the
comrayug of Christ, to lyve a great deale more bliss-
fully.'—Udal: Thess. c. 4.
bliss -ful-ness, ^ blis'-fiil-nesse, s. [Eng.
blissful; -ness.] The state or quality of beini:
blissful.
1. Of beings or persons : Tlie state or quality
of being blissful ; intense happiness, joyful-
ness.
"... incapable i>f admitting any accession to his
perfect bUsufalness." — Barrow, vol. i. Scr. 8.
2. Of times, places, or thinfis : The quality of
being characterised by the iiresence of bliss,
or of imparting bliss.
* bliSSien, v.t. [Bless, v.] (Stratmaun.)
" To bUssien mire dughethe." — Layamon, 10,041.
•^ bllS-Siilg, s. [Blessing.] (Metrical Eng.
Psalter, before A.U. liJOO, Psahn xxiii. 5.)
t bliss'-less, n [Eng. bliss; -less.] Without
bliss.
". . my blissless lot." — Sydney: Ai'cadia.
'" blis'-som, v.i. [O. Icel. bkesnut = to bo
maris aiii«:ii-iis, from hknr — a ram,] To h-t
lustful, to be lascivious. (Co/t^.)
' bllSt, i>>i. par. & a. [Blisse.]
blis'-ter, ' blis-tre, ;;. A: «. [From O. Dut.
hlaistn■ = ^A\A\i^.y. in Sw. }>las>< = a bladder,
a blister, U^na hh.^.f ■, Ic-rl. /-/,.r/ =to blow.
SkL'iit considers l-Hi,ler practically a diminu-
tive of the word lilaM, in the sense of swelling
or blowing up. To a certain extent cnynate
also with 8w, Jdiiddra ; Dan. hUere ; Dut.
hlaar, all= blister ; and with Eng. bkulder
Ol-v.).]
A, -4s substantive :
I. Ordinary Lmiijifiige:
1. Literalhj. {Borroimd from tlte medical and
phariiiaaiutical uses oftlie word):
(1) A vesication on the human body or on
the body of an animal. [II. 1.]
" In this state she gallops, night by night.
O'er ladies' lips, who straight on kisst-s dream,
Which oft the angry Mah with blisi.erit pl.ogues,
Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are."
Shakesp. : Jtom. >t JilI. i, 4.
"I found agreat6/;ji?<Tdra«nhythegar]ii'k. but hail
it cut, which run a good deal of water, but filled again
by next night"— Tfin/jfe.
(2) An appliance for producing it. [II. 2.]
2. Fig. : Anything resembling a vesication
on a plant, on a painted surface, on iron, or
anything else. (II. 3.]
II. 'JWhiiicaUij:
1. Med. : A vesication produced upon the
skin by an external irritating a])plication, or
by the friction of something hard. But the
sjjecial use of the term is for a vesication pro-
duced intentionally for medical purposes by
the application of a bUster-i'J'islfr, of which the
virtue consists in the powdered " Spanish" or
" blister " flies scattei'ed over the surface [2].
When tliis is first j^laced upon the skin tliere
arises a sense of tingling and heat, followed
by redness and pain, after wliich the cuticle
rises intn a vesicle or blad<ler filled with a
watery fluid like the serum of the blood. On
tlie puncturing tif the bladder this at once
escapes. In a few tlays the destroyed cuticle
has its idace supplied by new skin. Sucii
blisters by attracting blood to them tend to
withdraw it from morbidly gorged internal
organs in a state of inflammation, besides
setting up a second morbid action of which
the tendency is to counterwork the first, with
great relief to the system. [Bleb, Pemphigus,
Vesication.]
2. Pliarm. : A vesicatory designed to act
upon the skin. It is generally made of the
Spanish or blister-fly [Blisteb-fly] powdered,
mixed with lard and wax ; the whole spread
upon leather. It is commonly applied to the
skin of the patient for ten or twelve hours.
3. Bot. : A morbid swelling like a vesication
in a leaf, produced by the puncture or excava-
tion of insects, or by any other cause.
■' upon the leaves there riseth a tumour like a
blister." — Baron.
B. As iidjrrtivc : Producing vesications on
the skin, as Blister-beetle (q.v.).
blister-beetle^ .s. The same as Blister-
fly (q.v.).
blister-fly» s. The name for any " fly,"
using that term in its widest sense to designate
any flying insect. The more common blister-
flies are beetles, and they are in consequence
sometimes called blister-beetles. That most
frequently employed by medical men for raising
blisters on the skin is the Lytta vesicatoria,
formerly called Catitharis vesicatorius. It
feeds on the ash. It is indigenous in the
South of Europe, and being among other
places imported from Spain, is often called the
Spanish-fly. [Blister-beetle, Cantharis,
L^TTA, Spanish-fly.]
blister-plaster, s. A plaster medically
prescribed to blister the skin. [Blister, II.
2, Pharm.]
blister-steel, s.
Iron-working : Steel of blistered ajipearancfr
formed by roasting bar-iron in contact with
carbon in a cementing furnace. Two subse-
quent processes con^'ert it into shear-steel anil
u< listed {k.i.\.).
blis'-ter, v.i. & t. [From Mister, s. (q.i'.).]
A. Ii'tro)is. : To rise in vesications.
" If I prove honeymouth. let my tongue blister.
And never to my red-lo<>k'd anger be
The trumpet any more."
Shakesp. : Wiut. Tale, ii S>.
B. Transitive:
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Liicrally :
(1) To raise vesications on the skin, unin-
tentionally, by burning ; designedly, for medi-
cal purposes ; or in any other way.
" I blistered the legs and thighs, but was too latf ; he
died howling." — iVinemari.
{•J.) To raise small sweltings like vesications
on a plant.
"... that no part of them [graffesj be seene either
SL'diohed drie with the sinine, or cicatrized (as it were)
aud blistered." — Holland: Plinie, bk. xvii., ch. 14.
2, Fig. : To injure, as the reputation, &c. r
to annoy, irritate the temper, as a blister acts-
on the skin.
" Look, here comes one : a gentlewoman of mine.
Who, fiillinf^ in the flaws of her own youth,
Hath bliiter'd her report "
Shakesp. : Jfeas. for Jfeas., n. ^.
II. Technically :
1. Mid. (f Phar. : To iiroduce vesications on
the .skill by means ut' n blisti'r-plaster, or iii
any similar way. [Bllster, s., A II.]
2. Bot. [Blistered. See also 1., 1. (2).]
blis'-tered, pa. jxir. & n. [Blister, v.t.]
I. Onl. Lang. : In senses corresponding ti>
those of the verli.
II. Bot. : Having tlie surface raised, so as to.
re.semble the elevations on tlie blistered skin
of an animal.
blis'-ter-iilg, pr. par., «., & s. [Blister, v.]
A, & B. As present participle £ participial
"djntlcc: III senses corresponding to those of
tlie verb.
C. As suhslanlirc : Tlie act of raising ■\-esi-
cations on tlie skin ; the state of having them
raised njion one's skin.
" Blistering, capping, hleedinp are seldom of use but
tu the idle and intemperate,"— ,Ve'j;<(f</r, No. 195.
blls'-ter-wort, i\ [Eng. ftiisfer; wort] A
plant— the Celery-leaved Crowfoot {Ranun-
ailus sceleratns). (Lyte.)
+ blis'-ter-y, ft. [Eng. Wisher; -y.] All covered
with blisters. Orch.<(e,:)
blite, .^. [Blitum.] A name for various plants.
1. Amaranthusblituni.
2. Tlie Gnod King Henry (Chenopodium
Bonus Henricus.) (Prior.)
3. Various species of Atriplex and other
Chenopodiace*. (Britten £ Holland. )
'J (i<) Sc"-I)lite : An English name for plantii
of the genus Sureda.
(b) Strawberry Blite : The English name for
plants of the genus Blitum. [Blitum.]
blithe, ^ blythe, blith, ^ blyth, a. [A.S.
bhdlie = (1) joyful, (2) single, simple, kind, (3)
luxurious, lascivious ; Icel. blidlir ; Sw. blid —
mild, propitious ; Dan. t>Ud = cheeif ul, gay ;
Dut. blij, hlyd, hlyde=,y>yfii\, cheerful ; O. H.
Ger. blidh i = gi3id; Moeso-Goth. bleiths —
merciful, kind.]
1. Of j»n-sons, or, indeed, of any sentient
being: Gay, cheerful, joyous, merry, mirthful.
(a) Of the hnvKin countenance.
"We h.ive alwaj-s one eye fixed upon the counten-
ance of our enemies ; and, according tu the blithe or
heavy aspect thereof, our other eye sheweth some
other suitable token either of dislike or approbation "
— /looker: Eccl. Pol., bk iv.. ch. ix., § 2.
(b) Of man's thoughts, feelings, nr demeanour,
'• Stole in among the mornings blither thoughts "
Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. 2.
(c) Of the lower animals:
" To whom the wily adder, blithe and glad -
Empress ! the way is ready, and not long."
Milton: P. L., bk. ix
2. Of things: Exciting, attended bv, or asso-
ciated with gaiety, cheerfulness, joy,*'or mirth.
" And the Xew-year blithe and bold, my friend."
Tennyson : The Death of the Old Tear.
•; An old poet uses it for the adverb blithely.
" Than doth the nyghtyngale hir myght,
To make noyse, and syngen blytlie."
The Jiomaunt of the Rose.
bSil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan, -tion, -sion — shun; -tion, -sion = 2;hun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -tre, k(^ =bel ter
586
blithe— block
^ blithe, " blythe (0. Scotch), '' bll-then,
*l>iy-then (0. Eng.), v.t [Compare AS,
blithsiaii = to be blithe or glad ; from A.S
hlidhe.] [Blithe.] To gladden. (Prompt. Parv.)
* blithe '-ful, a. [Eng. blithe; ful(l).] Full
of giiii-t\ ; gay, spriglitly, rairtliful, joyous.
(Mlnshcu.)
blithe- ly, *blith-ly, " blithe - like,
~^ blithe-liche, culv. [Eng. Uithe; -hj. In
A.S. blidheUce.] lu a blithe manner; gaily,
cheerfully. [Bleyly.]
"And he here bitagteu blltheUke.'
Story <}f Gun. A Exod., ^,42-1.
* blithe-meat, ^ blyth'-meat, 5. [Eng. &
Scotch blithe, and meat.] The meat distributed
among those who are present at the birth of a
child, or among tlie rest of the family.
" Triforinia Howdie did her skill
For tlie hlyth-mcat exert."
Taylur : H. Foems, p. 37. (Jamieion.)
'^blithen, * blythyn, r.t. [Blithe.] To
cheer, to make happy, {Prompt. Poyrv.)
blithe' - ness» * blith' - ness, * blith-
nesse, s. [A.S. hlldhms.] The quality of
being blithe ; gaiety, cheerfulness, sprightli-
ness, joyousness. (Digby : On theSoul, cli. iii.)
I>lithe'-s6ine, t blith' -some, a. [Eng.
M'ithe ; -some.]
i. 0/2Jersons : Somewhat blithe ; to a certain
extent cheerful or gay.
2. Of things: Inspirmg cheerfulness.
" On blithsoine frolics bent, the youthful swains."
Thomson : Winter, 760,
bllthe'-SOme-ly, adu. [Eng. blithesome; -ly.]
In a blithesome niauner ; cheerfully, gaily.
blithe'-sdme-ness, t blith'-some-ness,
s.' [Eng. blithesome; -ness.] The quality of
being blithesome. (Johnson.)
Ijli'-tiim, s. [In Fr. blette ; Prov. bleda ; Sp.
bledo; Ital. bWo ; Mod. Lat. blitum, ; Gr. ySAiVoi'
(bliton), ^ATJTOf (bleton) = strawbeiTy biite, or
amarant blite. Compare also Ger. blutknmt.
(Elite.]
Bot. Stravjberry Blite : A genus of plants
belonging to the order Chenopodiacese(Cheno-
pods). The heads of the several species, when
ripe, resemble wood-strawberries in colour and
appearance. They are succulent, and were for-
merly used by cooks for colouring puddings-
Locality, Southern Europe.
*blive. rfffi'. [Behve.] Quickly. (Spenser:
F. Q., II. iii. IS.)
bliz'-zard, s. [Prob. onomatopceic, influenced
perhaps by blu^t.]
1, A stoi'm (.snowand wind) which man can-
not resist aw.iy from shelter, which destroys
lierds of cattle, blocks r.iilways, and generally
paralyzes lil'e on the prairies and on the plains.
(Athenceain, April 9, 18S1, p. 494.)
2. A poser, a settler. (Bai-tlett, in his
Dictionari/ of Americanisms, says that this is
not known in the Eastern States.
" A geiitleioaii at diuiier asked uie fur a tuast ; and
supposing he me.iat to have aonie fun at my expense,
I concluded to go ahead and give him and hia likes a
blizsai'd.'—CrocfieU: Tour Doj)u East. [liiirUelt.)
*bl6. a [A. S. bleo; N. Fris. Ua ; O. H. Ger.
hlao.] Bluo, livid, pale. [Blae, Bla.] (Story
of Gen. & Exod., &Si.)
bio erye, bio erthe, 5. AVhite clay,
potter's earth. (I'rompt. Parv.)
* bloached, a. [Blotched.] Spotted, varie-
gated.
"Those leaves whose middles are varieg:ated with
yellow or white Iti s^jots, are called bloacJied." —
Croker : Compl. Diet.
* bloat (1), * blote, a. [Perhaps the same
word as bloat (-2), a.; peihaps fri^m A.S. Meet
= i>ale, livid (see def. 1. -.Sen^e 2 may be from
Icel. bkmtr fskr = soft tisli, i.e. fresh as op-
posed to dried fish ; Sw. blot fisk = soaked
hsh. But, according to Dr. Murray, actual
evidence ofcouneetiou is wanting.]
1. Soft with moisture (?}, livid, pale (?).
•(Early Eng. Allit. Poenin in N.E.D.)
2. Smoked, cured, or dried by smoking ;
only in tlie expression bloat herring.
" Like 30 many bloat herrings newly taken out of
the chimney."— Be« Jonson : Masque of Auguret.
* bloat 1 2), * blout, * blowte, a. [Probably
trom Icel. blautr = sott, Sw. blot = soft, yield-
ing, ptilpy. In sense li possibly influenced by
blow, v.j
1. (Of the forms blout, h'.owte) : Flabby ;
purt'ed, swollen. (N.E i>.)
2. (Of the form bloat) : Puffed with intem-
perance or self-indulgence.
" The bloat king."
ainikusp. : Hamlet, iii. *.
" bloat ^1), V.t. & i. [Bloat (1), a.]
A, Trans. : To cure (as hei'rings) by placing
them in dry salt, and then smoking thenj over
a fire of oak-chips for a longer or shorter
period, according to the time it is intended to
keep them.
" I have more smoke in mv month than would blote
a hundred herriuijK."— /J, A Flet. : Isl. Prin., ii.
^ It occnrs most frequently in the past par-
ticiple or as a X'articipiai adjective. [Bloated.]
±S, Intrans. : To become dry in smoke.
^ bloat (2), ^ blote (2), v.t. & i. [Bloat (2), a.]
A. Trctnbitive :
1. Lit. : To inflate with wind, to cause to
swell, to make turgid.
"Of epispaatica, there are some which . , . swell and
bloat the skin." — Chambers' Ci/clojJ. (ed. 1727), fc.v.
EpisjJaslicJS.
2. Fig. : To puff up as with unwonted com-
mendation ; to render conceited.
" Then d<ium not, but iiidnl(,'e his rnde essays,
Encouriige hiiu, and b^ont him up with iirai:ie.
That lie may get more bulk before he dies."
Jh-yden : Prologue to Circe.
B. Intrans. : To swell ; to grow turgid.
" If a person of a firm constitution be^^ins to blote,
from heiug warm grows cold, his fibres grow weak."—
Ar bath not.
bl6at'-ed (1), pa: par. & a. [Bloat (1), v.]
Cured (as herrings) in the manner described
under ti^oat (1), v.
' " Blou'ed ^sh ... are those which are half-dried.'
—Blount.
bloat'-ed 2), pa. par. &' a. [From bloat (2), v.
(q-v.).]
A. As past partici/>le : In senses correspond-
ing to those of the verb.
B. As adjective :
1. Turgid, swollen, puffed up.
" An overgorg'd
And bloated spider."
Cowper : Tank, hk. v,
2. Pampered.
" Oh. there is sweetness in the mountain air,
And life, that bloated Ease can never Jiope to share."
Byron ; Childe Harold, i. 30.
3. Inflated with praise or with pride.
" strange, th,it such folly, as lifts bloated man
To eminence fit only for a god."
Cowper : Task, bk. v.
bloat'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bloated (2) ; and
suffix -ness.] Tlie quality of being bloated; a
swelling of the cheeks, tlie stomach, &c., from
intemperate indulgence in the appetites, from
disease, or other causes.
" Lassitude, laziness, bloaledness. and scorhutical
spots, are symptoiua of weak Hljres." — Arbuthnot.
bl6at'-er, s. [From bloat(l), r. (q.v.), and suff.
-cr.] A dried herring ; a herring prepared by
being cured in smoke. Yarmouth is often
prefixed to the word bloater, that seaport
being the greatest seat of this industry in
England,
bloat'-ihg '1), pr. par. & s. [Bloat (1), v.]
As subU. : Tlie act of curing herrings.
" For herring in the lea are large and full.
But shrinli m bloatin'/. and together pull."
Sylvester. Tobavco Battered, p. 101.
bloat'-ihg (2), pr. par. & a. [Bloat (2), v.]
blob, blab, s. [Bleb.] (Chiefly Scotch.)
1. Anything tumid. Sj)ec. —
(1) A small globe or bubble of any kind, as
a soap bubble.
" (iif thay he handillit, they melt away like auc blob
of watev."— Belle nd : Descr. Alb., eh 11.
(2) A blister, or that rising of the skin which
is the eft'ect of a blister or of a stroke.
"Brukis, bylia, blobbis. and blisteris."
Roal : Cars {.!!. Compl.. p. 330.
(3) A plant, the Marsh Marigold (Caltha
pnlvstris), or the Yellow Water-lily (Nvphar
lutca). (Britten (& Holland.)
(4) A largH gooseberry ; so called from its
globular form, or from the softness of its skin.
2. A circular spot ; a spot, a blot, as a
" blob of ink." (Jamicson.)
blob-lipped, a. The same as Blobber-
lipped (fj-v.). (Johnson.)
blob -ber, -^ bl6b'-er, * blub -er, * blob-
ure, * blo-byr, s. [Blubber, Bleb.]
1. A bubble.
" Blober upon water (or bubble), bouteillis."—Pal8gr.
' 2. A medusa (?).
" There swiinmeth also in the sea a round slimy sub-
stance, called a blabber." — Carew.
blobber-llp, blobberlip, s. Having
a thick, blubbery lip.
" They make a wit of their insipid friend.
" His blo'jberlips and beetlebrows commend."
Hr/jden: Juvenal, sat. iii.
blobber-lipped, blobberlipped, a.
Having tumid lips ; thick-lipped. Used —
1. Ofvwn or the higher animals.
"His person deformed to the highest degree; flat-
nosed and blobberlipped."— L' Estrange.
2. Of shells.
'^blob'-bit, particip. a. [From blob, a. (q.v.).]
Blotted ; blurred.
"... congruit and not rasit [erased], na blobbU of
suspect placis."— .flc(£ Ja. /., 1429, c. 128, edit. 1566,
c. 113. [Jamieson.)
^ blob'-tale, s. [From blub, a corruption of
hhih, v,, and Eng. taU:.] A tell-tale ; a blab.
"These blobtales could find no other news to keep
their tongues in motion." — Bjj. Ilacket : Life of Abp.
Williaina, pt. ii., p. 67.
* blo'-bure, ' blo-byr, s. [Blobber.]
bloc, -s. [Fr. bloc ~ a block, lump, . .]
[Block, s.]
% En bloc. [Fr.] In lump, altogether, in
mass ; without sejiarating one from another.
"Mr, Dodson strongly dissuaded the House from
accepting the recommendations eji bloc." — Times,
March 25, 1876.
block, "^ blok (Enq.), block, ^ blocke,
* blok, ^ bloik (Sa^tch), s. & a. [In Sw. &
Ger. block ; O. H. Ger. bloch ; Dan. & But. blok ;
Icel. blegdhr ; Flem. bloc; Pol. kloc ; Euss.
plakho ; Wei. ploc, p>locian, plocyn, plocynan =
a block, a jilug ; Gael. }ilnc = a lump, a bump,
a jumble of a sea; j'l'"' — tiny round mass, a
junk of a stick, a pittutn-niasiier, a large clod,
a very large head ; Ir. jih'c = a plug, a bung.
Cngnate with break and plug (q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Litaolly:
(1) Gen. : A massive liody with an extended
surface, whether in its luitural state or artifi-
cially smoothed on one or more sides.
"... violently career'd round into our own placid
watery vi^ta a huge charging block of waters." — De
Qiiincey : Works, £iid ed., i. 103.
(2) Spec. : A thick piece of timber, iron, or
other material more or less shaped by art ; as —
fft) The massive piece of wood on which
criminals were formerly mutilated or be-
headed
" Slave ! to the block /—or I, or they,
Shall faiie the judginent-seat this day ! ' "
Scott : Rokeby. vi. 31.
Qi) Squared timber, as for shipbuilding.
" 'Thus,' said he, 'will we build this ship ;
L.'iy square the blocks upon the slip ' "
Loniffellow . The Building of the Ship.
(3) Tiie solid metal stamp Tised by book-
binders for embossing the sides and backs of
books.
(4) The wooden mould on which a hat is
formed, or by metonymy the hat itself. [II.,
5.]
" He wears his faith hut as the fashion of his hat ; it
eier changes with the next block "—filta7ccs7J. : Much
Ado, i. 1.
(0) A row of buildings connected together
without the interruption of streets, open
spaces, or semi-detached edifices.
•[ Gnddrich and Porter consider this sense
Amcrii'an ; but it has become naturalised in
England.
"The new warehouses uf the Pantechnicon, Belgrave
Square, erected in dftJiched blocks, are ready for storing
furniture. . . ."—Times, Sept, 7th, 1876, Advt.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of things:
(a) An obstruction, a hindrance, an impedi-
ment, or its etfeets ; as a block on the rail-
way, in the streets, in one of the shafts of a
cnal-pit, &c.
. . therefore infirmity must not he a ftfocit to our
entertainment "— Banyan • P P.. jit ii.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go. pot,
or, wore, wolf, work. wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae. ce = e. ey = a. qu = *kw. *
block— blockade
587
(&) A scheme, a contrivauce ; generally used
in a bad sense. (Scotch.)
" itolliug iu niyml fall luoiiy caukin-it bloik."
Doug.-: rirgil, 148, 4.
(c) A bargain, agreement. (Scotch.)
" This christian conjunction— alwiie all conjunc-
tiouea hinilis me and thee to deale truclie in auie blocke
we haue with our brother,'' — Itollock: On 1 Tkcss.,
p. 175. {Jamiearin.)
(2) Of -persons :
(a) A stupid person.
" Wliat touguelesa blocks were they ! would they nnt
speak?" Shakesp. : Richard 111., in. 7,
(?>) An obstinate person, one impossible to
move.
"All considerations united now in urging me to
waste no more of either rhetoric, fcillow. or logic, upon
my impassive gi-anite block of a guardian," — iie
Qitincey : IForfca (2nd ed.}, p. 67.
II. Technically :
1, Mech.: A pulley, or a system of pulleys
rotating on a pintle mounted in its frame or
shell with its band and strap. The pin or
pintle of a block of pulleys is the axis or axle.
It passes through tlie hushing of the sliell and
the eoak of the sheave, and is generally of
iron. The sheave or wheel is generally of
lignum-vitee or of iron, and lias around its
circumference a groove for the rope, called the
gorge. It has a bushing, called a coak, around
the pintle-hole. The space betweijii the sheave
and its block, through which the rope runs,
is called the swallow or channel. It answers
to the throat of some other machines ; the
pass ill a rolling-null. The shell, puUey-franip,
or body of the block is made uf a tough wood,
or sometimes of iron ; it has one ov two
gi'ooves, called scores, cut on each end to re-
tain the strap which goes around it. Tlie
shell is hollow inside to receive tin.' sheave or
sheaves, and has a hole through its centre to
receive the sheave-pin, called the pintle; this
is lined witli bronze or gun-metal, called a
'touching or hushing. When the shell is made
of one piece, it is called a mortiae-hlock ; when
more than one are employed, it is turniLd a
made block. The side plates of the shell are
cheeks. The strap, strop, iron-binding, grom-
niet, or cringle, is a loop of iron or rope,
encircling the block, and affords the means of
fastening it in its place. The hook of iron-
strapped blocks is frequently niade to work in
a swivel, so that the several parts of the rope
forming the tackle may not liecnnie " foul" or
twisted around each other. (Knight.)
There are many kinds of blocks, as a piillnj-
hlock, a fiddle-block, a fi-sh-block, a Jly-hlnck. a
Jieart-block, a hook-block, &c. See these word.->.
If Block anil tackle: The Mock and the roj.e
rove througli it, for hoisting or obtaining a
purchase. [Tackle.]
2. Saioyo's' work : One of tlie frames on
which an end of a log rests in a saw-mill.
3. Carp. : A square piece of wood fitteil in
the re-entering angle funned by the meeting
edges of two pieces of board. The blocks are
glued at the rear and strengthen the joint.
(Knight.)
4. Wood-cutting: A form made of hard
wood, on which figures are cut iu relief liy
means of knives, chisels, &c.
5. Hat-making : A cylinder of wood over
which a hat or bonnet is shaped in the process
of manufacture.
6. Saddlery : A former or block on which a
piece of wet leather is moulded by hammering
or pressing.
7. Military :
(a) Short pieces of scantling, used for ele-
vating cannon and suppoi'ting them in position
a short distance from the ground, or in assist-
ing ill their transfer from higher to lower
levels, and vice versd. These are designated
&B wliole, half, and riuarter blocks, and have a
uniform lengtli of twenty and width of eight
inches, their respective thickness being eight,
foui-, and two inches. (Knujht.)
(b) The term is used also as part of the
compound gin-blocks (q.v.).
8. Falconry: The perch on which a bird of
l>rey is kept. -
9. Cricket: The spot where the striker places
his bat to guard his wicket ; also called block-
hole. [Guard.]
10. HainhesAing : A barber's block = a
stand for a wig.
B, -4$ adjective: Pertaining to or resem-
bUng a short, thick, lump of wood or other
material. (See the compounds which follow.)
block-book, s.
Printing: A book printed iiot from mov-
able type?), but from engraved blocks, each
one fonning a page. Block-printing had long
been known [Block-printing] before the art
was used in the preparation of boolis. In
1438 Lourenz John Kostei- of Haar.lem pub-
lished his Sperulurn Humance Salvationis with
bloi'ks ; the Bihlia Punperum, published early
in tlie fifteenth century, was also a block-book.
About 14.50 movable types began to be used,
and block-books were superseded. [Printing ]
block-brush* s. [So named because used
by biit'-hers to clean their blocks.]
H'-r. : A bunch of the plant called Butcher's
Broom (Iiv:icvs I'rnh-ctus). It is borne by
butcher.-, in the insignia of their company.
block-furnace, o.
M'ltal. : A blomary.
block-letters, e. pi.
Printing : Type of large size cut out of
wooden blocks. Block-letters, or wooden
type, are generally made of cherrj', cut end-
wise. They are made of sizes from two or
three-line pica up to 150-line pica, more than
two feet in length.
block -letter cutting -machine, s.
A machine for cutting block-letters. (For
various forms of them see Knight's PractirM
Dictionary of Median (V>. )
block - machinery, block machi-
nery, s.
Mech. : Machinery for cutting, sliaping, and
adjusting the " blocks " to be associated with
" tackles "in the navv and in merchant vessels.
In A.D. 17S1, Mr. Walter Taylor of Southamp-
ton took out a patent for such machinery, and
from his works on tlie Itelien supplied the
navy with all the IJoeks it required for more
than twenty years. About the beginning of
the present century, Mr., afterwards Sir Mark
Isambart Brunei, constructed an improved
machine, or r;itlier series of machines, for
block-cutting, mortising, shaping, scoring,
drilling. &c., which being adopted by tlie
government, led to their becoming their own
block manufacturers at Portsmouth, and
turning out the most beautifully-made and
adjusted articles in numbers amjily sufhcient
to supply the whole navy, without assistance
from any private firm. The machines used for
dressing the shells of the blocks are (1) a re-
ciprocating cross sat'-. (2) a circular cross-cut
sail', (3) a reciprocating rijyj^ing saw, (4) a bor-
ing-machine, (5) a mortising-7)U(chine, ((j) a
cornfr-saii'. (7) a shaping-viarhine, and (8) a
si-'>nii'j'iiiiii:hiiie. A w-iprocating, a circular,
and a cmwn saw are used for rounding the
sheaves and lioriiig the centre hole. There
aie, besides, a coating-'inachine, a drilling-
laachinc, a rii'cting-machine, a.nd a foci ng-lathe.
block-printing, ^'.
Printing: The art or process of ijriiiting
fi-om blocks instead of from movable typef>.
It is supposed to have been invented by the
Chinese about A.D. 593. It has been long
employed in calico-printing in that country,
as well as in India, Arabia, and Egypt. In
Europe the same process was adopted for
printing playing-cards, and during the first
half of the fifteenth century books were pro-
duced by means of block-printing ; they were
hence called block- books. [Block - book. ]
Now bhick-printing is used for printing cotton
cloth or pai>er for hangings. Two stages of
progress in the method are to be traced. First
the i)attern \vns dabbed upon the colour and
impressed by hand upon the material, which
lay upon a table before the workman. "When
the pattern was in several colours, different
blocks of the same size were employed, the
raised p.itteru in each lieing adapted for its
sjiecial portion of the design. The exact cor-
rcsjiondence (^f each part, as to position, was
secured by pins on the blocks, which pierced
small holes in the material and indicated the
exact position. Next, an improved system
by Perrot was introduced, in which the calico
passed between a square prism and tliree en-
crravcd blocks, brought in appositii>u to three
faces of the prism, and delivered their separate
impressions thereupon iu succession. Each
block was inked after each impression, and
the cloth was drawn through by a winding
cylinder. The blocks were pressed against
the cloth by springs. Perrofs system did
twenty times as much work in an hour as that
whicli it all but displaced. Now block-print-
ing has been superseded by cylinder or roller-
printing, which works twenty times as fast as
even Perrot's method. (Knight.)
block-system, block system, s.
Railway TravelVmg : A method of signalling
specially designed to prevent collisions be-
tween trains travelling on the same hne of
rails. The route to be traversed is divided
into small sections by telegraph boxes erected
at intervals. Let A D in the fig. be a portion
t"
B
r
D
of such a line
with signal-
boxes at A,
B, C, and D. Let t" and t' be two trains
both moving in the direction of the arrows.
If r overtake (' there will be a collision, but
the block-system prevents this by setting the
danger-signal at B against the train (" till t'
has passed C. Then the danger-signal is set
at Cagainst train (" till (' has j.assed D, and so
in succession. If the system is properly
worked two trains are never tor a moment in
the same section of the lailway, and cannot
therefore come into collisiun.
block-teeth, s.
bcntistry : Two or more teeth made in a
block carved by hand.
block-tin, s. [Eng. block, and tin. In
Sw. blocktenn; Dut. bhUtn; Ger. blockzinu.]
Covtm.: A name gi\-eu to an impure tin
cast into ingots. When the metal is aUowed
to cool gradually the upper part is the purest,
the impurities being contained in the lower
part. Block-tin contains iron, arsenic, lead,
&c. [Tin.]
block-wood, blockWOOd, s. An un-
known wood, presumably suitable for being
carved into blocks.
" Blackwood, logwood, and other forbidden ma-
terials, . . ."— Gulden Fleece {1G57). (llalUwell; CoTVt.
to Lexicog.)
block, v.t. [From Eng. block, s. (q.v.). InSw.
hlokkera, hlockera ; Dan. blokerc = to block up ;
Dut. blokkeeren; Ger. hlokircn ; Fr. bloquev ;
Si>. & Port, bluqauar ; Ital. Jjluccure.]
1. Literally :
(1) To shut up so as to hinder egress or
ingress ; to obstruct. (Dryden : SpaJiish
Friar, v. 1.) (Often followed by lyj.)
(2) To block a bill in Parliament is to give
notice of opposition and so to bring it within
the operation of the Standing Order, whicli,
subject to certain exceptions, provides that
"no order of the day or notice of motion be
taken after half-past twelve at night, with
respect to which order or notice of motion
a notice of opposition shall have been printed
on the notice paper."
1l In Cricket : To stop a ball dead without
attempting to hit it.
2. Figuratively :
(1) To plan, to devise. (Scotch.) [If (2).]
" The committee appoUited for the firat blocking of
all our writs."'— .fiuiWit; .' Li^tters, i. 75.
(2) To bargain. (Scotch.)
" Efter that he had long tyme blockit.
With gritdifficultie he tuik thame."
Leg. Bp. St. A itdrois Poems, 16tb cent,, p. a34. (Jamieson. )
1[ (1) To block in:
Art : To get in the broad masses of a
picture or drawing.
(2) To block out : Roughly to mark out
work afterwards to be done.
bloc-kade', s. [From Eng. block; and sufRx
-ade. In Sw. blockad ; D-m. hlokoAle ; Dut.
blokkade; Ger. blockade; Fr. Vlocus (a con-
traction, according to Littr6, of Ger. block-
kaus ; O. Ger. hlock-k'is) = a. lilockade ; Sp.
bloqneo ; Port. bloij_ueio ; Ital. bloccatura.]
L Mil., Nniit, £• Ord. Language:
1. Gen.: The act of surrounding a town
with a hostile army, or, if it be on the sea-
boil, boy; po^t, jor^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ~mg,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious^shus. -ble, -die. >Vr = bel. d?l.
.)85
blockade— bloik
ciiijst, of ]i]ai;iii;^^ ;i Imstile firiiiy arouml its
landward side, and ships of war in tVoiit nf its
spii defenr'i's, so as if possible to ]>revent su]!-
plies of food and ;unrr.uiiitioii from unteriiiy it
by land <ir water. The nhjei-t of such an in-
vestment is to conip(4 a jilace too stmnn; or
too well (Iffi-nded to he at <nivA- (■apturL'([ by
assault, tu surrender on aceount of I'aniine.
■' It si^emed that the bioltl' must be turned iutu n
I'l'ic/catU- " — .]fai;'<ala!j : ll(t.l. A'/<j., ch. xii.
If Ahnost t^^ei'y siege iiivuh-es a blockade,
but in n sie.L^e. projierly su ealled, military
a,]iproachcs are imshed on a^^ainst tlie iiiiici-'
with the \'n-\v of ultimately eapturing it by
assault, wlicreas in a blockade no assault is
'•ontcni]dat('.d. ]^[llst of tlie sieges of antitjnity
Were only hlocka^les.
2. Spec. : The investment of a iilaeo by sea,
tc itrevent any ships from entei'ing or leaving
its harbour. The pi'aetiee seems to have been
introdueed by the Duteh about A L). 1084.
•I (]) TnhreaJ: ablockadi:: Forcibly to entei
a blockaded port, if not even to compel the
naval force investing it to withdraw.
(■J) To raise a hloclcade. :
{a) To desist from blnekading a place.
(&) To compel the investing force to du so.
(:;) To run a hJin-knAr : yurreptitionsly to
putei" or leave a lilnckaded port at the risk of
being captured.
11. Intrn,(ifl<>i>alM,'ritun<-LoAo: A.-^ a block-
ade seriously interferes with the ordinal y
eummercial right of trading with every jdai'c,
international law carefully limits its operation.
the principle adopted being this : that belli-
gerents are not entitled to do anything likely
to incommode neutrals more than it benefits
themselves Neutrals are therefore entitled
to disregard a blockade except it be effective,
that is, unless the town lie invested by a fleet
sufficient to ])revent the ingress and the exit
of vessels. When on the lilst November, 1800,
the Berlin decree of Napoleon I. declared the
whole British Islands in a state of blockade,
that blockade, being ludicrously ineffective,
was illegal ; so also, though to a somewhat
less extent, were the British orders in Council
uf the 11th and 21st November, 1«07, which
placed France and all its tributary states iti a
state of blockade. The retiiliatory Naiioleunic
Milan decree of 27th December, 1807, extend-
ing the previously announced blockade to the
British dominions in all quarters, laboured tn
a still greater exti^nt inider the same defei-t.
More etteeti\"e, as being more lunited in area,
were the lilockades of the Elbe by Britain
in ISO:.;, that of the Baltic by Denmark in
184S-'.t and 1n;4, and that of the ports of the
Confederate States of Anierica by President
Lincoln on April in, 1S61. A blockade should
be fonnally notitied befoi-e it is enforced, per-
mission being granted to neutral vessels then
to depart, carrying with them any cargo wliich
they may already have on board ; when it ter-
minates, its cessatioji should also be formally
declared. Any one running a blockade does
so at his own peril; one's own government
cannot by international law ]irotect him from
forfeiting his vessel- with its cargo and his
liberty, if he be captured by the blockading
fleet.
blockade-runner, ^.
1. Ofthliifi^: A vessel used for the purpose
of trading Ity sea with a blockaded town.
t2. Of jH-r^oas: A man engaged in trading
by sea with a blockaded town.
blockade-running, s. The art or occn-
palion of trading by sea with a blockaded
town. Durnig the American Civil War of
TS01-1S(jG, many of the British engaged in
blockade-running, attem])ting to enter Rich-
mond and other harbours of the Confederate
yt;ites.
bldc-ka'de, <•./. [From hlodcode, s. (q.v.).
iSec also Block, c ]
1. Ord. tang., Militarif, (Co. : To surround a
town with troops, or, if it be a seaport, to
surround its landward portion with troops.
and place .shi]is of war in front of its harboui',
so as to cut off all supplies from tlie garrison
and inhabitants till they surrender the place.
"... the approaches were closed, and the town
effectually Olockadcd."— Fronde : Bis/. Bug. (185B).
vol. iv., 4a7.
2, Fifj.: Tn obstruct tlie passage to any-
thing. Sometimes ludicrously,
" Huge hales of British cloth hJochad-' the door,
A hundred oxen ;it your levee roar."
Pope: Mor. Exmhi'^. iii. .57.
blocked, pa. jtav. ha. [Block.]
bl6ck'-er, *bl6k'-er, s [Eng. Unck; -t,-.\
1. One who blocks ; one who uses a block
in bookbinding, &c.
2. One who hinders the progress of any-
thing, an obstructive ; specif., one who bloci;s
a parliamentary bill.
3. One who plans or accomplishes a bar-
gain ; a broker. (Scotch.)
block'-head, s. [Eng. hlodc; lu-ful] A
]icrson, with a gnod <lcal of exaggeration, Hai<l
to be as destitute of undcrstamling as if his
skull enclosed a block of wood in place of
hemispheres nf brain ; a dolt, a fool, an ass, a
stupid jierson.
" The Clu-iBtiau hope is— Waiter, draw the cork—
If I mistjike iiot—modchead 1 with a furk,! "
Cowper : llopn.
block '-head-ed, a. [Eng hlocUn-u,} ; -ni.]
Having such a mind as "is posses.sed by a
blo('khe;id ; stupid, dull.
"Says a blockheadcd lji.>y, these are villainous i:riii\-
tures."— L' £st rail f/t:
block '-head-i§(m, s. [Eng. Uoclhrad .- -i^mi.]
The iirocedui'e or characteristics of a block-
head.
"... though now reduced to tliat state of bluck-
/leadimn." — Sinart : Notes to the Ililliad.
block '-head-ly, a. [Eng. blockhead; -ly.]
Like a blockhead.
" Some mere elder-brother, or some ij5ct7t(!rtrf/tfhi;ru.'
— Drydea. Amphitryon.
block-house, t block -haus (au as o^),
s. [Eng. block- = a thick, heavy mass of wood,
and home. In 8w. hloi'khtis ; Dan. blookhuus ;
Dut. hlokhuis ; Ger. &, Fr. blockhaus.]
Forfif. £ Ord. Lang. : A small fort built of
heavy timber or logs, and with the shies loop-
holed for musketi-y, or if it be suffieienth-
large and strong, with ports oi- embrasures i'or
cannon. It may be built sipiare, rectangular,
]iolygonal, or in the form of a cross. If moiv
than one storey high the upper st<ii'ey may
BLOCKHOUSE.
ju-oject over the lower so as to obtain a tire
directly downwards. It is generally sur-
rounded liy a ilitch, and sometimes luis earth
on its I'oof that it may be more diffieult to .set
it on tire.
" But. when they hail passed hoth fiigate and hlorh-
house without being clialleiiged, their spiiits rose," —
Maaiitlay : Hist. Bug., ch. xvi.
block'-in-cburse, ^^ & ''. [Eng hl"d: ; in:
coiO'-sr.] A term used only in the subjoined
comiiound.
block-in-course masonry, .s\
Mnso^T]/: A kind of masoni-y which diffei's
from ashlar masonry chiefly in being built of
smaller stones. The usual depth of a course is
from seven to nine inches.
block'-ihg, pr. par., a., & s. [Block, v.]
A. & B. As jiresent participle and jiartii
"djcctive: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. -l.'-' substantive :
I. 0 nli nary Language : The act of shutting
up or ol)striicting ; the state of being shut up
or oljsti'ucted ; obstruction. [BL<ie-K, c. H 2.]
"... by i?ot'7,-irtj7 of tnule , . . '—CJari'nd'-^i
XL Techniadhi :
1. Leather-working : The jn'ocess of bending
leather for boot-fronts to the required shaju-.
[Crijipino.]
2. ]]<inl:hiiidi)ig : The art of impressing a
pattern on a book-co\-er by a plate or associa-
tion of tools under ]iressure. It is called
blind or gold blocking. In the latter case,
gold-leaf is used ; in the former, the bare
block.
3. Carpentry: A mode of securing together
the A'crtii-al angles of wood-work. Blocks oi
wood are glued in the inside angle.
blocking-course, n.
Architect am : The ui)i>er course of stones or
brick above a corniee or on the toj) of a wall.
blocking- down, ^-.
Mctnlhirgij -. The art of adjusting sheet-metal
to a mould or shape. 'I'liis is done by laying
aliove it a thick jiiece of lead, ami striking the
latter by a mallet or hammer. This mode is
sometimes adojited to bring a plate ])artially
to .shape before swagging it lietwecn the dies.
(Knight.)
blocking-kettle, 5.
JIat-idaking : A hot bath in which hats are
softened in the process of manufacture, so as
to be drawn o\'er blocks. (KniglU.)
blocking-press, s.
Bookbinding : A booklnndcr's serew-jiress
in which blocking is iierformed. It has less.
power than the emijossing-press, which ojie-
rates with largi; dies, being used for orna-
mentation, reqiiii'iiig but a comparatively small
pressure. The die is adjusted in the uppei
bed or plate, and is heated bv means of gas-
jets coming down through n ca\'ityat its back.
The book-covers are introiliu-ed scriatiin upon
the lower bed by the fiperator, who by a turn
of the handle brings the upper bed down with
a gentle and equable pressure, fixing the gold-
leaf, when this is enqiloyed, u]"ion the surface,
previously prepared for the jiurpose. A boy,
who assists, removes the superfluous jiortions
with a i-ag, which bf'coines thoroughly satu-
rated with the itreciijus iin-tal in the course of
use, and is sold to the relnicrs. (Kniglit.)
blOCk'-ish, a. [E::- block : -Uh.]
1. Of the nature '.f a Viock.
'J. Stupid, dull, wanting in intellect.
" M;ike a lutterv ;
And, by device, let blorkish Aiix diaw
The soi-t to tight with Hector."
KhaJmgp. : Tnjil. Ji- OreSi'L! , i. ?,.
3. Rude, clumsy.
"The fornis of nur thonchi [would be] blockis7i."~
Grant il'ltiie Eeery-day £ii<jtish. \\ •I'Jb.
bl6ck'-ish-ly, "dr. [Eng. hWlish ; -hj.]
In a blockish manner, stupidlv, with deliclent
intellect.
'■ These brave doL-turs fail most absurdly and liloctc-
ishly in th'ii^ so iiews^arj- an article." — llarmar : Trans.
of liezu'x Kfi-in., p. i'X.
block -ish-ness, s. [Eng. blndish ; -ues-?.]
The (luality of being blockisli, .stupidity.
" Being dull, and of incurable him-Jci'.hness. he be-
t'anie a hater of ■\'irtue and learning. '
of the Eng., p. 14U.
-V.'hitlock: Man.
[Eng. block; -like] Like a
block-like, c<
block, stupid.
"Am I twice saud-blind? twice so jie.ir the blessing
I would arrive at, and blocl:liLc never know it,"
lioaani. & Ft. . Pi/grim.
[Blood.]
it burtie blessed S(_-lia! wortha."
, (ed. -Morris); Cleanness, 086.
* blod, * Mode, *.
1. A child.
" And >xhe b'od on t
Ear. Eiiq. .Allit. f<,r
2. A ]i\'ing being.
■■ A thusant plates of silver god
Ciaf lie sana that faire blod."
S.ory of (Jen. £r Exod.. 1101, 1192.
blod'e-wort, ^ [Bhiodwort.] A plant—
J •(.lyqon ant Hud i n,,(pu . (Urdc Herball.)
{Jintti II d; Holland.)
blo-di. - blody, ". [Bloody.] {Wright:
S/Kr. of Lyric Poet., fi2.) isi ratmann.) (frompt.
rare.)
blos'-dite, blo'-dite, s [In Ger. blccdit.
Named after a cheiuist and mineralogist,
nindc]
Min. : A mineral classed by Dana with liis
hydrous sulphate. Colour, fast red to Idue
red or white ; fracture, splinccrv. It occurs
massive or crystallised. Comp.': Sulphate of
Mida, 33"34— 4.">'N2 ; suljihate of magnesia,
33-li) to 3(i-0(3 ; water, 1S-S4— 2l2 00, &c. It is
found in the < Ud AYorld at Ischl and near
Astrakan, and in the New Woi-ld near San
Juan at the foot of the Andes. -(Dana.)
bloik, ' blok, s. TBlock, s.] (Scotch.)
(Doug.: Viriiil, 148, 4.)"
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^olf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey -h~ qu — kw.
blok— blood
5S9
^blok, "bloke, s. [Block, s.] (Ear. Knq.
AUitei-aHvc I'ik iiib (i^d. Mon-is), Valieiice, '27:.*.)
(Prompt, rnrr.)
bl6xn'-a-ry, bldom'-a-ry, s. [From A s.
hlorna = meta.}, a mass* a 'luiiip {SunLUer ami
Lye) [Bloom (2)] ; and suffix -"ry.\
Metallurfiii : Tl le fi rst forge in an ironwork
through wiiicli iron lui^^t-y after liaving been
melted from the nrc The iiig;-iron imving
been puddled mid liidicd, is brought to the
hammer or sfiu^ezfr, wliiuh makes it into a
lilooni. [Bloom (-J) ]
' bloxne.
[Bloom.] (Prompt. I'urr.)
*blOin-yn, v.i. [Bloom, r.] (Prompt. Parr.)
" blonc, a. [Blank, a.] (R-jlig. Antiq., i. ^7.)
*bl6nc'-ket. * bloh'-ket, a. [Of dnubtfid
origin. Perhaps from the same source as
hh nket (q. v. ). ] Grey.
Bloneket livcryes : Grey coats.
"Our bloneket liveije'i >ieiie ;ill to sadde
For thiike siiine ''t-iisijii. \vlieii alt is yciadd
With plcAsauuce." Spenser: Shep. Cut. v.
blond, blonde, a. & s. [in Dut, Wond ; Sp.
blondo = fair, flaxen ; in Dan. hlmuUiie = a
female with li.^'ht-foUmrL-d hair. lu Sw. blon-
der, s. pi. ; Ihiu. hlxiiilr (>^h]<^.); Ger. blonde;
Sp. Honda are = hkmd-hn-r. AH from Fr.
Hand, adj., m., blonde = fair, flaxen, white tif
complexion ; blond, .s,, m. = a flaxen colour,
a man or boy with flaxen liair ; blonde, s., f. —
a girl or woman with fair hair ; blond-lace.
Prov. blon, blonda = fair of complexion.
Compare A.S. bloiidnifeax = mixed hair, grey-
haired (Bosworth), from blonden = mingled.
Professor ykeat, however, thinks that the Fj-.
blond, may be altered from Fr. hlanc = white.]
[Blank.]
A. As adjective : F;iir or light in colour.
Used—
1. Of hair.
" The brown is from the mother's hnir.
The blond is from the fluid."
Longfellow : The Two Locks of If air.
2. Of the comiilexinn, which is usually liglit
when the person is hiLr-liaired. [Sani.;uine.]
B. As s'ubstu ntlve :
1. Of persons: A fair-haired person, hence a
person of light complexinn. [A. 2.]
t2. Blond-lace (q.v.)
blond-lace, s. [So called from its colour.]
A silk lace of two threads, twisted and formed
in hexagonal meshes.
T[ C)bvii.tns compound, hlnnd-Jn re- maker.
blondir, blond-ren, v.L [Blint-er, (.]
"' blo-nesse, •- The same as Blaexess (q.v.).
' blonk, blonke, ^ blonkke, blouk,
'""'blunk, -s. [A.W. hlonai, hhnica = ^ white
horse; Icel. blalJcr=-a horse.] A steed, a
horse. (Scotch.)
"Syn grooms, thfttgfiy i.s.
Oil blunkn that hriiyiij."
Poems. Edin , 1921, p. 221. {Jnmic^nn )
^ See Gawaync a.iul the Hreen Knight, -i'.i-i.
~- blonket, o^ [Blon'cket.]
" blont, «. [Blunt.] (Spenser: Shep. Cal \m.)
~ bloo.
[Blue.] (Prompt. Parv.)
" blooc, s. [Block, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
blood, ' bloode, - bloud, ^ blude, ~ bind,
^ bldd, ^ blode (Kng.), bluid, blude
(Scotch), s. & fl. [A.S. bf6d= hlood: Icel.
bhdh ; Sw. & Dan. hlod ; Dut. bloed : iloeso-
Goth. bloth; Gt^T.blvt : O. H. Ger. ylnut,'ph>ot.
Said to be connected with A.S. hhnruu.
gehlowan = to blow, bloom, blossom, ui-
flourish, but this is by no means certain.]
A, As sidjsto.iilivc :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally : The fluid circulating by means
of veins and arteries through the bodies of man
and of the lower animals. [11. 1,]
" For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I ha.ve
given it to you upon the filter."— Lev. xvii, 11.
2. Figuratively:
(1) Lineage, descent, progi'ny.
(a) Of things : Lineage, descent ; specially
royal or noble desi-ent, liigh extraction.
"0 ! what nil happiness is it to find
A friend of our ow^l blood, a brother kind I "
U'cller.
•; Fcrineiiy it might in this sense have a
plural.
'■ As many, and as well-hom bloods as those,
St^nd in his faue to contradict his claim."
aitakasp. : King John, ii, 1.
t(^) Of persons: Child, progeny. (In this
.■^eiise generally combined with flesh.)
" But yet thou art my flesh, my hlood, iny daughter."
Sliakesp. : Lear, ii, 4.
i; A half-blood: A half-breed.
(2) Temper, passions ; or one in whom these
arc prominent.
(a) Of things: Temper, passions.
" The Puritan blood was now thoroughly up."—
Jlacaului/ : Hist. L'uf/., ch. xiii.
(b) Of 2>^ysons: A jjerson of hot temper ; a
man (in most cases yonug) of fiery character ;
one brave, but unrestrained by prudence or
X>erliaps even by moral prinriple, and from
w4iom in consequence violence may in times
of excitement be expected.
"The news put divers young bloods into such a fmy
as the ambassadors were not without peril to be out-
raped." — Daeoti.
(.3) Life : the vital principle, especially
with reference to the tiikiug away of life"
Hence clr.sely allied to (4).
"Shall I not therefore now require his hlood of
your bauds?"— Ii litnn. iv, 11.
(4) The shedding of blood or its conse-
quences.
(a) The shedding of blood ; the taking of
life away, especially in an unlawful manner ;
murder.
" Blood follows blood, and through their mortal span,
111 bloodier acts conclude tliose wlio with hlood beican."
Byron: Vliilde Harold, ii.'6S.
(h) The atoning death of Christ.
"... tbe blond uf Jesus Christ his Srun cleanseth us
from all siu —1 Jolm i. 7.
(r) The responsibility of shedding blood,
sacrificing a life, or the soul.
1 heads . . ," — Acts
H" TliAi price of blood : Reward or retribution
for shedding it, or lor taking a life.
" It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury,
because it is tbe tjrice uf blood."— Malt, xxvii. 6.
(5) Any liquid resembling blood in colour,
or in some other obvious cliaraeter. (Used
especially of the juice of a fruit as the grape.)
"... aud thou didst driuk the pure blood of the
grape."— /Jf/i(. xxxii. 14.
^ "With some similitude to this, the wine in
the eommuuion is the sacramental symbol of
the blood of Clirist.
" And he said unto tluin. This is my blood \A the new
testament, which is sIil-lI lor luaiiy."— J/aj-t xiv. 2^
3. Ill special phi c^vH, the word blood /taci/tf/
the same signification :
(1) As in A. I. 1.
Flesh and blood: Human nature. [Flesh.]
"... for flesh and hlood hath not revealed it mito
thee, but my Father which is in heaven. "—Mutt. xvi. l".
(2) As in A. 1. 2. (a).
(a) A prince of the blood : A prince of royal
exti-actiou. not one raised to the dignity of
prince by law or mandate.
" They will alraoat
Give us a prince o th' blood, a sou of Priam,
In change of liini "
Shdkesp. : Trail. & Cress., ill. 3.
(b) The blood-royal : Royal descent.
(3) As in A. I. 2. (2).
(a) Bad hlood: A feeling of animosity
towards one.
(b) In cold blood: AVith the passions unex-
cited, coolly, aud therefore, presumably, with
more or luss deliberation.
" Who cannot condemn rashness in coM blood!"
blmkesp. : Timon, iii. 5.
('■) In hot blood : With the passions excited.
" Upon a friend of mine ; who, in hot blood,
Hath stepp'd into the law . . ."
Sliakesp. : Timon, iii. d.
(4) As in A. I. 2 (3).
■^- For hit blood: Though his life depended
upon it. (Vulgar.)
" A crow lay batteriug upon a muscle, aud could not
for his blood, break the slieli to come at the fish."—
L'JSstrangc.
II. Technically :
1. Physiol. : The red circulating fluid in the
bodies of man and the higher animals. It is
formed from chyle and lymph when these sub-
stances are subjected to the action of oxygen
taken into the lungs by tlie process of inspira-
tion. It is the general material from which
all the secretions are derived, besides which
it carries away from the frame whatever is
noxious or superfluous. In man its tempera-
ture larely ^■aries from yUo' C = '.'"^ K , but in
birds it sometimes reaches 428 C = 10'.)" F,
The blood in reptiles, amphibia, and fishes,
and the circulating fluid in the inv rtrbiata, is
cold, that is, in no car^c more than a littlc above
the temperature of the surrounding medium.
The vessels which conduct the blood out from
the heart are called arteries, and those which
bring it back again veins. The blood in the
left-hand side ot the heart and in the arteries,
called arterial blood, is bright red ; that in the
right side of the heart and in the veins, called
venous blood, is blackish-pnrple. Viewed by
spectrum analysis, the haemoglobin of ai-terial
blood differs i'rom that of venous blood, the
former being combined with oxygen, and the
latter being deoxidised. The film of the two
also diff"ers, besides which carbonic acid pre-
dominates in the gaseous matter held in solu-
tion in the former, and free oxygen in the
latter. The density of blood is I'OOS to 1-057.
Its composition in 1,000 parts is as follows :—
Water . 780-15 to TS;J '68
Film 210 „ 3-57
Albumen . . 65-09 ., G9-41
Colouring matter ISS'OO ,, 119-(>;;
Cr\ stallisable fat 2-43 „ 4'30
Fluid fat . . . 1-31 ,, 2-27
Extractive matter of )
uncertain kind . S
Albumen, with soda l'2l) ,, 2'01
Sodium and jjotas-
siuin chlorides, i
carbonates, phos- > 8 37
phates, and sul- j
phates . . - /
Calcium aud magne- \
slum carbonates, i
d-f
1-70 :
1-92
umi C
rric \
L" 10
l>hosphates of cal-
cium magnosiun
and iron, ferrii
oxide
Loss 2 40 .
1,000 1,000
Blood has a saline and disagreeable tasti'. and,
wlien fresh, a pi-culiar smell. It has an alka-
line re-action. It is not, as it appears, homo-
geneous, but under a powerful microscope is
seen to be a colourless fluid with little round
red bodies called blood-discs or blood-corpuscles,
and a few larger ones called whit-e-corp-uscles
floating about in it. [Blood-disc, Corpuscle.]
When removed from the body and allowed to
stagnate it separates into a thicker ]iortiou
called c/")( or, f/-('S'.n?jie?i()t»i,orc?C'(, and a thinner
one denominated serum. [See these words.]
" The blood is the immediate pabulum of the tissues;
its composition is nearly or entirely identical with
them ; it is, indeed, as Borden long ago exi>resBed it,
liquid flesh."- rotW * Bovnnan: Physiol, Anat., i. 4:;.
2. Lav: :
(1) Whole hh'od is descent not simply from
the same ancestor, but from the ^ame
pair of ancestors, whilst halj blood is descent
only from the one. Thus in a family two
brothers who have the same father and mother
stand to each other in the relation of whr)le
blood, but if the motlier die, and the father
marry again and have children, these stand to
the offspring of the first marriage only in the
relation of half blood. (Blackstone : Comment.,
bk. ii., eh. xiv.)
"According to the common law of England, in ad-
ministrations, the whole 6(ood is preferred to the half
blood."— Ayliffe.
(2) Corruption of blood is the judicial strip-
ping it of tlie right to carry with it up or down
the advantage of inheritance [Attainder] ;
its purification or restitution is in it the re-
storation to it of the privilege of inheritance.
(Ibid., ch. XV., bk. iv., ch. 29, 31.)
B. As adjective : Of lineage or pure breed,
and presumably of high spirit or mettle.
" . . a pail of blood horses."— Times, Sept. 8, I67fi.
T[ Obvious compounds : Blood-besotted(ShcOcesp.:
2 Hvn. VI., V. 1, Globe ed.), blood-bespotted
(Ibid, Todd, Srhvndi), blood-desiring (Spenser:
lininas of Rome; by Bellay, xiii.), bl^od-
drenched (Webster), blood-dyed (Everett), blood-
like (Jndrell), blood-marked (Webster), hlood-
pollvted (Pojye), blood-spiller (Quar. Rev.), blood-
spilling (Dr. Allen), bloodstream, (Scott ■ Lady
of the Lake, iii. 11), &c.
blood-band, ^' blode bande, s a
bandage to stop bleeding.
"Vs bus haue a blode bande, or thi ble change ■—
Jlorte Arthiire (ed. Brock). 2,576.
blood-baptism, s.
Theol. £ Ch. Hist.: Baptism by means of
boil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat. cell, chorus, cbln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, tian = ehan. -tion. -sion = shiin ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -tious. -sious. -cious = shus. -ble. -die. &c = bel. deL
bOO
blood— bloodily
bloo'l, i.e.. by martyriluni. If any one who
had not been baptized showed his firm faith
in Christianity by dying a martyr's death
rather than renounce it, the early Christians
regarded him as if he had been baptized, his
death being held to be the equivalent of
baptism. (Colemo.n.)
blood - besprinkled* a. Besprinkled
with blood,
t blood-bolt ere d, a. [Eng. hhod, and
baUercd, pa. par. of haUi:i\ v., in the sense
of to tangle, to mat.] Matted or clotted
with blood ; having the hair clotted with
blood.
" The blood-hoUer'd Banquo smiles \ipoii ine."
Shakesp. : Mucb., iv. 1.
blood-bought, o. Bought with blood ;
achie\-L;il through the sacriflee of life.
" Incomparable gem ! thy worth mitold ;
Cheap, though blood-bought, and thrown away when
sold." Cowper : Table Talk.
blood-brother, s. A brother by blood,
as contradistinguished from a brother-in-law,
brought into that relation by marriage.
blood-cemented, a.
t 1. Lit. : Cemented by blood.
2. Fig. : Cemented together in political or
other feeling by being of one blood, or by
having shed their blood in a common enter-
prise.
" (Educhig good from ill| the battle groan 'd,
fire, blood-cemented, Anglo-Saxoiia, saw."
Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv.
blood-colour, >.
Her. : Sanguine. It is distinguished from
tloody, Her. (q.v.).
blood-coloured, a.
1. Coloured by means of blood.
2. Of the colour of blood. (Webster.)
blood-consunung, a. Consuming the
blood, preying on the blood. (Used of sighs.)
" Might liquid tears, or heart-offending groans,
Or blood- camuming sitjhs recall his lile."
Sh^kesp. : 2 Hen. VJ., iii. 2.
blood-corpuscle, s. [Corpuscle.]
blood - descendants, s. Descendants
from the blood of a common ancestor. (Used
of men or of the inferior animals.)
"._. . still fewer genera and species will have left
modified blood -descendants." — Darvrin : Origin of
Species (ed. 1859), ch. x., p. 341.
blood-disc, s. The same as Blood-cor-
puscxE. [Corpuscle.]
"... certain particles, the blood-discs, which float
in it [the blood] in great uuraheTH.' —Todd & Bowman :
Phys. Anat., i. 60.
blood-drinking, a.
1. tit. : Drinking blood, in the sense of ab-
sorbing it or being soaked with it.
" In this detested, dark, blood-drinking pit."
Shakesp. : Tit. And., ii. 4.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Preying on the blood.
" I would be blind with weeping, sick with groans.
Look pale as piimrose with blood-drinking sighs."
Shakesj}. . 2 Henry VI., iiL 2.
(2) Bloodthirsty.
" As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate."
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. VI., il. 4.
blood-drop, s. A drop of blood.
" Like blood-drops from my heart they dropp'd."
iVordswovtli : The Last of the Flock.
blood-drunk, u. Drunk with blood.
(More.)
blood-extorting, a. Extorting blood ;
forcing blood from the person. (Used of a
screw. Possibly a thumb-screw ?)
"... knotted facouTges,
Matches, blood-extorting screws."
Cowper : Negro's Complaint,
blood-flag, 5. A red fliig, as a symbol
of bloodshed.
" Fur ji sheet of flame, from the turret high.
Waved, like a blood-flag, un the sky."
Scott : Lag of /he Last Alimtrel, iii 29.
blood-friend, s. [Bloodfriend.]
blood - frozen, a. Having the blood
frozen, in a literal or figurative sense.
" Yet nathemore by his bold hartie speach
Could his blood frosun hart emboldened bee."
Spenser: F. Q.,!. ix. 25.
blood-grass, s. [Eng. hlood ; and grass.]
Vet. Med. Bloody urine : A disease of cows,
said tn be brought on when they are changed
from one kind of pasture to another. (Ayr :
■Siirv. Suther.) (JamieMii.)
blood-gout, s. [Eng. hlood, and gout.
From Fr. gotUte = a drop.] A drop of blood.
" That hath made fatal entrance here.
As these dark blood-gouts aay. "
Scott.' Marmion, vi. 5.
blood - guiltiness, s. [Bloodguilti-
NESS.J
blood-happy, a. Happy in having shed
or in lapping bloud. (Used of a hound which
lias seized its prey.)
" Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest,
And mark his bejiuteous cheeker'd aides with gore "
Tltomson: Seasons; Autumn.
blood-heat, s. The ordinary heat of
blood in a healthy human body. Arterial in
one degree warmer than venous blood. In
man the latter stands at ys^ Falireiiheit. In
fierce inflammation it rises to 105°. In some
continued fevers it is 102', whilst in the cold
fit of ague it falls to 94°, and in cholera to itu'.
blood-horse, s. A horse, the lineage ul
which is of the purest or best blood.
blood-hot, blood hot, a. As hot as
blood at its ordinary temperature in a healthy
humau body.
"^ blood-iron, ^ bloode-yryn, s. An
instrument for letting blood or bleeding.
" Bloode yryn, supra in Bledynge yTyii."— Prompt.
Parv. {Fitzherbert : Husbandry, fo. F. 4),
blood-letter, s. [Bloodletter.]
blood-letting, 'pr. par. & a. [Blood-
letting.]
blood-xnoney, ^ bloudmoney, s.
The price paid for blood.
"Itisnot laufuU to put them into the God's chest,
for it is bloudmoitey." — Coverdale : Matth., xxv. 6.
blood-name, s. A national nanie.
blood-offering, s. An offering of blood,
literally or figuratively .
" Resign'd. aa if life's task were o'er,
Its last blood-offering amply paid."
Mooi e : Fire- Worshippers.
blood-particle, s. The same as a blood-
corpuscle or blood-disc. [Blood, Corpuscle.]
" If a fragment of a frog's muscle, perfectly fresh, be
examined, series of blood-particles will be seen in the
longitudinal capillaries."— Todd & Bowman: Physiol.
Anat., i. 167.
blood-pudding, s. [Bloodpudding. ]
blood-receiving, «. Receiving blood,
or, figuratively, receiving the atonement.
"Faith too, the blood-receiving grace "
Co^wper : Olney Hymns, Ixiv. Praise for Faith.
blood-red, a. & s.
A, As adjective :
1. Strictly : Red with actual blood, or of the
precise colour of blood.
" Or on Vittoria's blood-red plain,
Meet had thy death-bed been."
Hemans.
2. More loosely : Of a red which may be
poetically compared to that of blood, but is
in reality much less bright.
" 'Ti3 mine— my blood-red flag ! , . .
Byron ; Corsair, iii. 15.
" Till the transparent darkness of the sky
Flush 'd to a blood-red mantle in their hue."
Hemans: The Forest Sanctuary.
H, As sid)st. : The colour described under A.
" But those scarfs of blood-red shall be redder, before
The sabre is sheathed and the battle is o'er."
Byron : Childe Harold, iL 12.
blood-relation, s. A relation by blood,
that is, by descent.
" Even if they lieft no children, the tribe would still
include thtir blood-relations." — Darwin : Descent of
Man, vol. 1., pt. i., ch. v., p. lOL
blood - shaken, bloodshaken, n.
Shaken with respect to the blood ; having the
blood shaken or put in commotion.
" They may, bloodshaken then.
Feel such a flesh-quake to possess their powers "
Ben Jonson : J\'ew Inn. Verses at the end.
blood-sized, a. sized with blood.
" Tell him if he i' the blood-siz'd field lay swoln,
Shewuig the sun his teeth, grmning at the moon,
What you would do."
Beaum. & Fl. : Two 2foble Kiri.''Ui' n
blood-spavin, s. A disease of horses.
(Ash.) [Spavin.]
blood-stain, a. [Bloodstain.]
blood-stained, « . [Bloodstained, ]
blood-swelled, a. Swelled by blood ;
distended with blood ; blood-swoln. (irebster.)
blood - swoln, a. Swollen or swelled
with blood ; blood- SAve lied. Used —
(1) 0/ the eyes.
" Their blood-swoln eyes
Do break," May: Lucan, bk, vi.
(2) Of the breast.
" So bolls the fired Herod's blood-swoln breast,
Not to be slak'd but by a sea of blood,"
Crashaw : Poems, p. 54.
blood-vessel, s. [Bloodvessel.]
blood-warm, a. As warm as the blood ;
lukewarm. (Colts.) [Blood-heat.]
blood-won, s. Won by blood, or by the
expenditure of life. (Scott.)
blood-worthy, o. Worthy of blood;
deserving of blnod in the sense of capital
punishment. (iVebster.)
blood, v.t. [From blood, s. (q.v.).]
1. Literally :
t (1) To bleed, to take blood from.
t (2) To stain with blood.
" And, scarce secure, reach out their spears afar.
And blood their points to prove their partnership in
war." Dryden: Fables.
2. Figuratively :
* (1) To ex(;:te ; to exasperate.
"By this means matters "rew more exasperate; the
auxiliary forces of French and Eni^lish were much
blooded one against another " — Bacon : Henry VII.
(2) To inure or accustom to the sight or to
the shedding of blood. (Used of soldiers, of
hunting-dogs, he.)
"It was most imiwrtant, too, that his troops should
be blooded." — Jlacaulay : Hist Eng., ch. iJt.
blood'-ed, -(la. -par. & a. [Blood, u.]
bldod-fl6wer, s. [From Eng. Uood, and
Jiomer.]
Bot. : The Enghsh name of the Htemanthus,
a genus of plants belonging to the order
Amaryllidacefe (Amarjdlids). The allusion is
to the brilliant red flowers. The species,
which are mostly from the Cape of Good
Hope, are ornamental plants. [H^manthus.]
blood-friend, blood friend, s. [£ng.
hlood ; friend. Dut. hloodvreend, bloodver-
want =. relation, reiatiA'e, kinsman, kins-
woman ; Ger. hlutfreund.] A relation by
blood, (Scotch.)
" The lau'd of Haddo yields to the earl Marischal,
being his blood-friend and lately come of his house." —
Spalding, ii. 18", {Jamieson.)
blood'-guilt-i-ness {u silent), s. [Eng.
bloodguilty ; -ness.] The state or condition of
being bloodguilty (q.v.).
blood'- guil-ty, a. [Eng. blood; guilty.'^
Guilty of bloodshed, or responsible for blood-
shed or murder.
" That bloodguilty man."
Southey : Joan of Arc, ix. 24.
blood-hound, 5. [Eng. hlood; hound.]
1. Lit: A variety of hound or dog, so called
from its ability to trare a wounded animal
by the smell of blood which may have
fallen from it. It has large, pendulous
ears, a long curved tail, is of a reddish-tan
colour, and stands about twenty-eight inches
high. The breed is not now often pure. It
was formerly employed to track out moss-
troopers on the English and Scotch borders,
deer-stealers, escaped prisoners, and other
fugitive delinquents. There are other sub-
varieties, specially the Cuban bloodhound,
used in tlie Maroon wars in Jamaica during
the last century, as well as more recently
against escaped negro slaves in the swamps of
Virginia before the abolition of American
slavery ; and finally the African bloodhound,
used 111 hunting the gazelle.
" The parishes were required to keep bloodhounds for
the ijurpose of hunting the freebooters." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
2. Fuj. : One who relentlessly pursues an
opponent ; an oHicer of the law.
" Hear thif. he.ir this, thou tribune of the peoiile !
Thou zealous, publick bl/zodhoand, heai- and melt."
Hryden.
'■' blood-ied, f(. [Bloody, v.] Stained with
blood from spurring.
" To breathe his bloodied horse."
Shakesp.: 2 Henry IV., i. l,
' bl6od'-i-ly, adv. [Eng. bloody; -ly.] In a
bloody manner, to the effusion of blood ; san-
guinarily.
"... how mine enemies
To-day at Pomfret bloodily were butcher'd."
Sliakesp. : Richard III. , iii. 4.
Sitte, fat, fare, amidst, what, lall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
bloodiness— bloody
o91
blood'-i-ness, * blod-i-ness, v. [Eng.
bloody; -ness.] The state or quality of being
Wooily.
(a) In the sense of hemg besmeared or
stained with blood.
" It will mHtiifest itself by its bloodiness ; yet some-
times the dciill is ao thiii Jis not to atlmit of any."-
Sliarp: Surgery.
* (h) In tlie sense of being disiiosed to shed
blood ; cruelty.
"Buner, bishop of London, by his late hloodincsa,
procured au eternal staiu of cruelty upon hi& name." —
Le ycuii : Liom qf Dinhops, pt. L, p. ^2.
Uood'-ihg, pr. par. & s. [Blood, v.]
As Siihstantlve : (1) The act of bleeding.
(2) A bloodpuilding.
blood'-less, * blood'-lesse, a. [Eng. hloor],
and suffix -less = without. A.S. blodUa'i ; Dut.
hloedloos; Ger. bhitlos.]
1. More or less literally :
(1) Without blood. Apidied to the cheeks
in some diseases, or to all parts but the heart
in a dead body.
" I will not shrink to see thee with a bloodless lip and
cheok." Hemans: Ulla ; or, The Adjuration,.
(2) Without etTusion of blood ; without
slaughter.
" But beauty, with a bloodless conquest, finds
A welcome sov'reiinity in mdest minds."
Waller.
2. Fig. : Spiritless.
" Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood."
Sliakesp. : Hichard III., i. 2.
blood'-less-ly, adv. [Eng. bloodless; -ly.]
In a bloodless manner ; without effusion of
blood. (Byron.)
t blood-let, v.t. [A.S. Uodlthtan = to let
blood.] To let blood. Chiefly in the present
participle bloodletting (q.v.).
blood'-let-ter, bloode latareȣ. [A. 8.
bldd Icetere.] One who lets blood ; a plile-
botomist ; a surgeon ; a medical man.
" Bloode latare : Fleobotomator . . ." — Prompt.
Parv.
"This mischief, In aneurisms, proceedeth from the
ignonuice of the blood-letler, who, not cojtsiderini; the
eri'our committed in letting blood, binds up the arm
carelessly." — Wisenuin.
blood'-let-tiAg, pr. par. & s. [Bloodlet.]
A. As ^nesent participle : In a sense corre-
sponding to that of the verb.
B. As suhstaiUive : The act, process, or art
of tailing blood from the arm or from some
other j)ortion of tlie body to allay fever, or to
effect some similar end. This may be done by
the lancet, without or with cupping-glasses, or
by means of leeches. It is now much more
rarely resorted to than was formei'ly tlie case.
"The chyle is not perfectly assimilated into blood
by its circulation tlu-ouyh the Uuigs, as Ih known by
experiments in blood-letting."— Arbuih}iot : Aliments.
blood-pud'-ding, s. [Eng. blood; pudding.
In Ger. bhitpudding.] A pudding made of
blood, suet, &:c. [Black-pudding.]
blood-rain, s. [Eng. blood; rain.]
1. Gen. .• Rain nearly of the colour of blood,
and which many of the unscientific suppose
to be actual blood. It arises either from
minute plants, mostly of the order Algs, or
fi'om infusorial animalculse. It is akin to red
snoio, which is similarly produced.
2. Spec. : A bright scarlet alga or fungus,
called Falmella prodigiosa, sometimes deve-
loped in very hot weather on cooked vegetables
or decaying fuiigi.
"The colour of the bloodrain is so beautiful that
attempts have been made to use it as a dye, and with
some success ; and could the plant lie reproduced with
any constiuiey, there seenis little dunbt that the
colour would stand."— flcf. Ji. J. Berkeley, hi Treasury
of Botany (ed. 1866), L 150.
blood'-root, s. [Eng. foZood; root.]
I. Ord. Laug. In the Siug. : Various plants.
1. In Britain : The Tormentil (PoteniiUa
Tormentilla.) (In Scot. & North qf England.)
(Britten & Holland.)
2. In America :
(1) Sangitinaria canadensis.
('J) Genvi canadense. (Treas. of Bot.)
II. Bot. In the Plvr. (Bloodroots) : The
English name of tlie endogenous order Hjemo-
doracete (q.v.). (Lindlcy.)
blood-shed, * bloud'-shedd, s. [Eu".
blood; -shed.] The act of shedding blood.
Specially—
1 1. A murder.
" All murders past do stand exeus'd in this ;
And this BO s jle, and so unmatchable,
Slm.il pi"ove a deadly blood^shed but a jest."
^lakesp. : King John, iv. 3.
2. Slaugliter in war, rebellion, &c.
". . . acts of bloodshed, outrage, and rapine."—
Arnold : Hist. oS Raine. vol. iii., ch. xlv., p. 283.
i blood'-shed-der, s. [Eng. Uoodslied; -er ;
or, blood; sJiedder.] One who sheds blood,
" He that tuketh away his neighbom's living slayeth
him and he that defraudeth the labourer of his hire
is a bloods}tedder."—EccUis. xxxiv, 22.
t blood' -Shed-ding, 5. [Eng. Uoodslied; -ing.]
1. The act or operation of shedding blood.
" These hands are free from gfuiltleaa bloodsliedding."
Shiikesp. : 2 Henry 17., iv, 7.
2. The state of having one's own blood shed.
"... our Master and only Saviour Jesua Christ
thus dying for us. and the innumerable benefits which
by his precious bloodehediliiig he hath obtained for
MS."—C'Qmynunion Service.
blood'-Shot, a. [Eng. blood ; shot, pa. par. of
shoot.] With blood shot into it. (Used espe-
cially of the small tubular vessels of the iris
when injected with blood.)
"Blood-shot hia eyes, his nostrils spread."
Scott: Marmion, vi 27.
t blood'-shot-ten, a. [Eng. blood, and M.
Eng. shottcn, standing in the same relation to
shot as gotten to got.] The same as Blood-
shot (q.v.).
' blood'-shot-ten-ness, s. [Eng. blood ;
shotten ; -ness.] The state of being " blood-
shotten," i.e., bloodshot.
"He saw the eueniies of the church's peace could
vex the eyes of poor people, first to water or tears,
next to bloodsltottenTiess and fury." — Op. Uaaden : Life
of Hooker.
blood'-snake, s. [Eng. blood; snake.] The
English name of Hasmorrhus, a genus of
Snakes. (Ash.) '
blood'-stain, •'!. [Eng. blood; stain.] A stain
produced by blood.
" If tears, by late repentance pour'd.
May lave the blood-stains from my sword ! "
Jlemaiu : }VaUace's Invocation to Bruce.
blood'-Stained, <.^. [Eng. blood; stained.]
Stained by blood,
(a) Literally:
" Turning the leaves with blood-stain'd hands."
Moore : Fire Iforthippers.
(b) Figuratively :
Humans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
blood'-stone, s. [Named from the small
spots of red, jasper-like blood-drops which it
contains.]
Min. : Heliotrope, a variety of quartz.
Dana places it under his Cryptociystalline
varieties of quartz and the sub- variety Plasma.
t blood'- strange, * bloud strange, s. ,
lEng. blood. Strange can scarcely be from
Lat. striiign = to bind, though the meaning'
answers well enough. Dr. Murray suggests a
Ger. * bl-ut .^trenge, but there is no evidence of
its use.] A ranunculaceous plant, the Com-
mon Mousetail (Myosurus minimus). {Lyte.)
blood '-suck-er, s. [Eng. blood, and sucker.]
1. Lit. : Any animal which sucks blood,
such as leeches, gnats, gadflies, &c.
"Thus the females of certain flies (CulicidEe and
Tabanidx) are blood-suckers."— Darwin : Descent of
Man, vol. i., p. 254.
2. Figuratively :
(1) A person with a propensity to shedding
blood ; a man prone to cruelty.
"The nobility cried out upon him that he was a
bloodsucker, a murderer, and a jiRTiicide."- Hay ward.
(2) A money-lender who financially ruins
his debtor by charging him an extortionate
rate of interest.
blood'-SUCk-ing, a. [Eng. blood; sucking.]
1, Lit. : Sucking blood.
2 Fig. : Preying on the blood.
" For this I draw in many a tear.
And stop the rising of bloodsucking sighs."
Shakesp. : 3 Hen. VI., iv, 4.
blood'-thirst, 5. [^ng.Uood; thirst.] Thirst
for blood.
" It was not blood-thirst, nor lust, nor revenge
which hatl impelled them, but it was avarice, greedi-
ness for gold." — Motley : Dutch Hep., pt. iv , ch, v.
blood-thirst'-i-ness, s. [Eng. blood ;
thirsty; -ness.] The quality of feeling a certain
zest in shedding blood, or at least in cruel
deeds.
blood'-thirst-y, ^ blood-thirstie, u. & s.
[Eng. blood, and thirsty.]
A. As adjective : Eager to shed blood ; de-
lighting in sanguinary deeds. Used —
1. Lit. : Of man or of beings, real or ima-
ginary.
"... and one of the most bloodthirsty of Barclay's
accomplices, . . ."—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
". . . the bloodthirsty god Mars, . . ." — Ibid., ch.
xvii.
2. Fig. : Of things personified.
" And, high advaimcing his blood-thirstie blade.
Stroke one of those deformed heades. "
Spenser: F. Q., I. viii 16.
B. As substantive (formed by omitting tha
noun after tlie adjective bloodthirsty) : People
delighting in bloodshed.
"The bloodthirsty hate the upright."— P^-ou, xxix. lo.
blood'-tree, s. [Eng. Mood; tree.] AEuphor-
biaceous plant, Croton gossypifolium. (Treas.
of Bot.)
blood'-ves-sel, s. [Eng. blood; vessel.] One
of the numerous vessels, great or small, in the
human or animal frame, which convey the
blood through the liody ; an artery or a vein.
" Blood, the animal fluid contained in the tubes
called from their office blood-oessels."—Pen. Cycl., v. 8.
* blood'- wite, ^ blood -wit, * bloud'-veit,
s. [A.S. blodwite = a. fme for di-awing blood
by a blow or wound ; blod -= blood, and wite
= . . . a fine to the king for a violation of the
law.] [Wite.]
1. English law : A fine for shedding blood.
2. Scots law : A riot in which bloodshed
took place.
blood'-WOOd, 5. [Eng. hlood; wnod.] Various
shrubs or trees of which the wood may with
some latitude be called blood- red.
1. In Jamaica: Gordonlakce'ouitnxylon.
2. In Victoria : A Jlyrtaceous tree, Euca-
I y jit us coryviboza.
3. In Queensland : Another Myrtaceous tree.
Eucalyptus paniculata.
4. In Queensland £ Norfolk Island : Baloghia
hiridii, a Euphorbiaceous plant with a blood-
red sap, which oozes from the tree if inci-
sions be made in it, and is a pigment of au
indelible character. (Treas. of Bot.)
blood'-wort, * blode'-wort, * blod-
wurte, ^ bloud'-worte, s. [A.S. Uodu-y, t,
blodwyrte =bloodwort, knot-grass (Bosworth) ;
Dan. blodurt.]
1. Of British 2)lants:
* (1) A kind of Dock, Riimex sanguineus,
called by Hooker & Arnott the Bloody-veined
Dock. (Gerarde, Coles, dc)
(2) The Biting Persicaria (Polygonum hydro-
piper).
"Some call it Sanguinary or bloudworte, because it
draweth bloud in places yt ia rubbed on."—Treveris.
(3) The Elder-tree (Sambucus ebulus) (Lyte).
It was called also Dane's Blood.
(4) The variety of Dutch Clover (Trifolium
repcns), which has deep - purple leaves.
(] I' it he ring.)
(5) The Common Yan-ow or Milfoil (Achillea
millefolium.) (Britten d' Holland )
2. Of foreign plants : Sanguinaria cana-
densis, one of the Papaveraceee (Poppyworts).
The English name is given because the ]dant
when wounded in any part discharges a blood-
red fluid. The root is tuberous and fleshy ;
there is but one leaf from each root-bulb, and
one scape with a solitary flower, which is very
fugacious. It is abundant in the backwoods
of Canada, where the Indians stain themselves
with the juice.
H Burnet Bloodwort. [Burnet.]
bl6od'-y (1), * bloud'-dy, bloud-ie,
* blod'-y. * blod-ye, ^ blodi (Eng.),
bleed-y, "" blud-y (Scotch), a. & adv. [Eng.
blood; -y; A.S. blodlg ; Sw. & Dan. blodig ;
Dut. blucdig; Ger. blutig.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally. 0/ persons or things:
(1) Stained with blood.
" The year before
A Turkish army hjid marched o'er ;
And where the Sjjahis hoof hath trod.
The verdure flies the bloody sod."
Byron : Mazeijpa, ii
(2) Attended by the shedding of blood on a
large scale.
bSil, bo^; po&t, jiJ^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -ine
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion» -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious =1 shus. -ble, -die, ic — ijei del
592
bloody— blooming
^
privf'd of its dross liv dlihic^liiig or squeelu'j^
(h'Hiuht.) ' \:
bloom-hook, >. f|
MrUd. : A hook or similarlv-slin]>e(l toi "
limnlling or moving about tlic lifuted 1:
so as to place it imder the luuiimcr or ol
■wise deal with it.
bloom-tongs, .s. p/. A i.cfuliar kii^of
tongs uaed for similar luirjutses. -T'
bloom, ' blome, blo'-myn (Enrjiii^x
blume, '■ bl6me, ' bleme (Scotch), v.i. *»f.
A. Ititransiiive : ^>
1. TAt. : To blossom, to come into flowdf^
especially of a conspicuous kind.
" It is (I coininoii exiiprieiice. tlmfc if yoii do icjf pull
otrsome blossoms tlic first time a tree bloom i;tli, it vnll
bloajoiu itself to deiith." — Bacon. A'lit. /history.
2. Fhjurat'n'chj :
(1) To he in a state of immaturity ; t'igi\i-'
promise of rather than to have actually reaclicji
fidl development.
" The spring was bri(,^hteninG; and hJoominij into
suimner." — Jfacaiila,'/ : Hist. Eng., cb. xxiv.
(2) To shine, to gleam.
" — And he himself iii liroun sniiguiiie ivelc dk'ht
Aboue his vncuutli rirmoiir bhomind bricht ' :
DoiK/. Virgil. a9:i, 2. (Jamicion.\
B. Transitive :
1. Lit. : To cause to blossom.
" The rrjd of AfLi'oii
and brought forth 1
yielded almonds." — .Xtnnb. xvii. 8.
2. Fiij. : To produce anything moralh b?sn-
tiful or attractive.
"Rites and customs, now superstitious, ^heatll^
strength of virtuous, devout, or eharitable F.tlectlOO *
bloomed them, no man could justly have condoiiiiuil
as evil." — Hooker.
bl6om'-a-ry, s. [Blomary.]
bloomed {Eng.), - ble-mit (0. Scotch), ]hx.
■par. & 0. [Bloom, v.]
A. ^-s pn-st participle : In senses corresrnnct-
ing to those of the transitive verb.
B. As adjective: Possessed of blooin ; in
bloom.
"The low nnd bloomed foliage."
Teiin'/sou . Jicc-'Ucct. of the Arabian A.'aWk
bl6om'-er (1), ?. Sz a. [Eng. hlomn ; -er 8n
named because of n " tiloom " on a hide treated
in the way intimated in the definition.]
bloomer-pit, 5.
Jxath e r- man ufftrt nrr : A tan-pit in whieh
hides are subjected to the action of stnmg
ooze. It is called also a laiirr Pits contain-
ing a -weaker solution are called ?iancUers.
bl6om'-er (2), .^\ & a. [Named aftei* Mrs.
Bloomer, an American lady, wlio originated
the dress desci'ilied under'No. 1, about tlie
middle of the nineteenth century. J
A. As '^nbstavtive ; ■ ,
1. A dress for ladies, consisting of a short ■
skirt, and long loose drawers or trowsers IHw , '
those of the Turk's, gathered tightly romwl tlie
ankles. The head-dress ap}iropri3te to tJiese
envelopments is considered to be a broad-
brimmed hat of quaUerly type.
2. One wearing sui-li a costume,
B. -'Is ailjectirc : Invented by Mi's. BloMBtr,
as " hlomncr dress."
t blOOm'-er-ism, '=. [Eng. l>Jomnrr ; -isnu]
The views of Mrs. Bloomer considered as a
system.
bl6om'-ing, jw. 2)ar. & a. [Bloom, v.]
A, As present participle: In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb,
B. As participial adjective:
1, Lit. : Coming first in bloom.
(1) As a flower.
" Fresh liJooraing flowers, to grace thy braided hair."
Thomson: Seasons; Spr/T);}, 439.
('.•) As a plant, a branch, twig, or spray.
" Hear how the birds, on every bloominq spray.
With joyous music wake the da\^^lmg*^^ay ! "
Pope: Pastorals; Spring, 1^, 24.
2. Fig. : Giving promise of something greater
or more important than he, she, or it is now.
I'srA—
(1) Of a child, a boy, a girl, a young man or
yituug woman, a bride, &-c.
" ' This ?j?o"m/Ti,7 child.'
Said the old man, ' is of aii aire to weep
At any grave or solemn s|Jectjiclu.' "
^yordsu•orth * J-Jxeursion. bk. ii.
"The bloominq Imv b.is ripen VI into man."
Pope: Jli.nirrt, Gdnxse'i. bk. XI,. :..-.f,
'• BV Al\hLhill.l Willi in ftMor/./Wnl-k,
A^.iin^t tlie S.Liaccii and Tiiik "
Seott : JIarmnoi. \ I iC.
2. Morcfiiivratirrlii:
<1) n/prrsons:
'-(a) Related by lilood, nearly akin.
" They are my blodi/ brethren, ijuod piere.'?, for God
boughte IS alle."— /'/-■rs Ploiinnan. vi. 'Jio.
(1>) Cruel, delighting in bloodshed.
"... thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou
art a blocdi/ man." — '1 Sam. x% i. &,
(2) 0/ anniininitie.'i: Chnraeterised by tlic
extensive prewalem-e in them of bloodshed.
" Woe to the blood;/ eityl it is all full of lies and
robbery." — .Vab. iiL 1.
(3) Exi'es>i\-e, atrocinus, desperate. Often
used as a mere intensive, csp. A^ith negati\"e.
(The oiigin < if this u.^f i?, not clear. Di'. Murray
i'onnects it with Blood, ;;., A. I. 2 (i^) (?>). j
* II. Jler. : Gules. [Bloody hand.]
T[ This ditlers in coluur from sangiunc.
*B. Asa.lvcrh:
1. In a bloodv manner, in a sanguinarj- way,
with effusion of l>lond.
2. Used, as an intensi\e ; veiy, exlromelj,
exceedingly.
bloody -bones, ■''. A bugbi-'ar. a hoii-
goblin. Generally in the piiiase, J^i'ichcud. and
bloody bono^.
bloody-dock, >\ A plant, Ittmax saii-
fliu?if».y. [Bloodwokt, I.]
* bloody-eyed, a. Having eyesdelight-
ingin the sight of bh'ud.
" He bids them ]ia-*te their charge : and bloodi/-eyed
Ueholds his son, « bile he obeying died '
Ld. Brooke: Mitstapha.
bloody- faced, o.
1, Having the face stained with blood.
"^ 2. Of a sanguinary ctimplexu.m, iin'olving
the probabditj- of bloodshed.
" In a theme so bloody-fne'd as tlii'^."
Shakes/' 2 Iie,i. JV., i. r,.
bloody-flixwort, ^. A composite plant,
Filago minima.
bloody-fiux, ^ A popular name for
<lyse]itery (q.v.).
"Cold, by retarding the motion of the blood, and
suppiessing perspiration, prnduces giddiness, sleepi-
ness, pains in the bowels, loubeiiess, blfiiid;/-Jtii.res." —
Arbathnot on Air.
bloody-hand, .^.
1. Ord. Lan.fj. : A hand literally ro\'ered,
smeared, or stained with blood.
2. Tecliniadly :
(1) Forest lawf. : Reddianded. when a person's
hands were imbued with blood, in-esumably of
a deer, which he had illegally kiUfd. Any
trespasser found in a forest in such a state
could be arrested by a forester.
(2) Ifer. : A hand coloured gules [Gl'le.s],
I.e., red. It is the device of Ulstei', and hence
as borne by baronets. [Bloody (1) II.]
bloody -hunting, a. Hunting for blood.
" Mad niuthers with their howls coiifiis'd
Do break the clouds, as did the wives of .lewry
At Herod's bloody-hunt mi/ siaughteimen "
Shakesjj. . Ben. )'., iii 5.
bloody-minded, a. Having a mind
■disposed to delight in meditating or ghjating
over bloodshed.
" And when the old blood ii -minded tyrant i.s gone to
his long account. "^Zi((ri(ii» \'oyagerotuid the IVorld,
bloody-red, a. Kormally of the colour
of blood, though the woi'd is used with some
latitude.
" These flowers are supported by small pedunculi, or
flower-stjdks, of ii blood;/- rr I M>luur, which swell into
seed-vessels, having at their )iase nu acute denticle "—
Philos. Trans., liii. 81.
bloody-rod, s. A plant, the Cnniiis san-
fiuinra. IBloody-twig.] {Nemnicli.) {Britten
d- Holland.)
bloody-sceptered, >'.
1. Lit. : Having a seej'tre with actual blood
upon it.
2. L^iq. : Having a sceptre obtained by deeds
of blood.
" O nation miserable !
With an untitled tvr;int, blood;/ sccptt-rd,
Wlien sh;ilt thou see thy wholeaomo days again ?"
Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. o.
bloody-sweat, bloody sweat, s. A
popular name for a disease called by medical
men dinpcdt.'sis, whiidi is transudation of
hl-cyiHl thruugh the jiores of the vessels.
Several iiistanrrs of it are said to have
oci'itrred in the Middle Ages, the causes bidng,
on the one hamt, excessive terror of death or
outiage, with extreme bodily debility; or on
tlie other, violent anger, Joy, or other excit-
ing enrotion. Xo well autJientieated nnidern
instance of the disease has licen recorded.
[DlM'EDESIs.] (Strovd : Physical Cause of the
Dn>th of Christ ; Smith: Diet, of the nihlc, dx:}
" By thine agony and blood;/ sweat." — Litnn;/.
bloody-t'Wig, -';. The Corws sao'ivinen.
[Bloudv-rod.J {Pratt.) {Britten- d: Holland.)
bloody-veined, u.
Of the leaves, petals, calyces, £-c., of p/lanfs :
IIa\'ing red ■veins.
Dloody-veincd Dock: Pmne:r sanguinevs.
bloody-w^arrior, bloody-Tvarriors,
.s\ The wallflower Cheirant/nis chciri, and
especiallv the double dark-flowered "\-ariety of
it. {Prior, ,Cc.)
bl6od'-y (2), a -[Corrupted from Fr. hlr =
wheat ; de — of.]
Bloody Macs- : [Corrupted from hlc dp Mars.]
bloo'-dy, 1'.^ [From blood)!, a. (q.v.).] To
.stain with blood, to render bloody.
" With my owii hands, I'll blond// my own sword," —
Dcam A Fl. ' Philaster.
bloo'-dy-ing, pr. par. [Bloody, v.]
bloom (1), *bl6m, * blome {Eng.), bleme,
■ blywm (0. Scotch), s. & a. [In Icel. hlnm,
/j//j,it(' — bloom ; Sw. blomma ; Dan. blomster.
hhrm>t : But. Uoc/ii; O. Sax. Wimo ; Mo-so-
Goth. hlvma = a flower, a lily ; (N. H.) Ger.
/;/»me, all := bloom ; M. H. Ger. bhw'iiie;0 H.
Ger. bluomo. hhiama, plnavut. From A.S.
hloivan = to blriw, bloom, blossom, or flourish
[Blow (2)]. Not the same as blavjan = to
blow or breathe, as the wind does.]
A. As snhstanti^^c :
I. Ordinary La.ngnagc :
1. Literally:
* (1) A flower.
" Man his dales ere als hai
Als bhnne of felde sal he welyn awai "
.Uclr. En-/. Psalter ; Psalm cii. IS.
(•2) A delicate blossom, or a blossom in
general.
*\ Bloom, as Trench justly remarks, is a
more delicate inflorescence even tlian hlussmn ;
thus we speak of the bloom of the cheek, but
not of its blossom.
" Haste to yonder woodbine bow'rs ;
The turf with rural dainties shall be croivii'd,
While oiieniiig blooms dififu.se their sweets aroiuid."
Po/ic : Spring, lOo.
(3) The very delicate blue colour upon newly-
gathered plums and giapes, beautifid. as that
of a blossom but yet more fleeting.
(4) The similar bloom on a cucumber.
2. Fig. : The state of immaturity in man's
youth, or in anything susceptible of growth
and development.
" 'Tis not on youth's smooth cheek the blush alone,
which fades so fast.
But the tender bloom of heart is gone, ere youth
itself be past," li.i/ron Stanzns.for ifiisie.
" , . to a date within the florescence, or bloom, of
the Egyptian Empire." — Gladstone : Iloineric Syn-
chronism, pt. ii,, eh. i., p. 165.
II. Leather-maun fuctn re : A yellowish pow-
dery coating on tlie sui-face of well-tanned
leather. It may consist of a deposit of surplus
tannin.
B. As adjective : Having a blossom, or
having a blossom of a particular character.
[Bloom-fell.]
bloom - fell, fell - bloom, and fell
bloom, .^. The Bird's-fout Trefoil, Lotus
cornicidatus. {Scotch.)
" Ling, deer-hair, and bloom-fell, are .ilso scarce, as
they require a loose spmigy soil for their uoiirishment."
—Prize Hs^. Uighl. Soc. Scot., iii. S24, (Jamieson.)
bloom (3), .^ [A.S. hloma — metal, a mass, .i
lump]
Metallurgy :
1. Originally : A cubical mass of iron
about two feet long.
"Bloom ill the iron-works is a four-square mass of
iron about t«n foot \'.ing."~-<llossog. A'ova.
2. Nt'^ct {jilnr ) : Malleable iron after ha^■ing
]"ecei\"ed two beatings, with an intermediate
.scouring,
" The blooms are heated in a cViaferj' or hollow fire,
and then drawn out into liars for various uses." — Agr.
Siirr Stirl..\i ;i4S, {Jamienon.)
3. Xna- : A loop or ball of puddled iron de-
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son : mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, os = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
bloomingly— blotch
59a
(2) Of anything.
" O greatly Ijle^in'il with every blooming ^Tace '."
J'ofHi: Odysaey-
C. As s^ibstantivR : The state of appearing
in blossom.
% Technicalhi : An appearance resembling
" 'the bloom on ifruit, which sometimes is seen
"on the varnish of paintings which have been
exposed to damp.
"Change of colour, cmckiiig and hlooming." — Tbnbs
AGullick. Paintitig Pop. Described (\^'^), p. 204.
bldom'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. blooviitig ; -ly.]
In a blooming manner. (IVebster.)
bl^om'-ing-lLess, s. [Eng, bloominrj ; -ness.]
The state of being in a blooming condition.
(Wehster.)
bldiDXn'-less, n. [Eng.Uoo-vi; -less.] Without
bfdssoms or flowers.
" Aiiiid a bloomless inj-rtle-wood."
Shell e 1/ : liosaliad and Helen.
"I ; -?/•] Full of
bl6om'-y, n. [Eng
blooms ; flowery.
" 0 nightingale, that on yon bloomy spray."
Milton : Sonnet to the Nightingale.
A i)lant, Dianthits
bloomy-down,
barbatiis.
* bldosme, s. [Blossoi^i.]
* blooS'-mxAg, pr. par. [Blossominc]
(Spenser: Shej). Cat, \.)
* blore (1), s. [Bladder.]
* blore (2), s. [From Eng. blare (q.v.). Or from
Gael- & Ir. ?^?nr = aloud noise.] The act of
blowing ; a blast, as of wind.
" Being huiTied head-long with the south-west blore.
In thousand pieces gainst great Albion'H shore."
Mirroar for Magiitratea, p. 838.
* blor'-inge, * blbr'-ynge, jrr. par. & s
{Bloryn .]
As siibsta.ntive : Weeping, lamentation.
" Blorynge or wepynge (bloringe). Ploratus, fietus."
Prompt. Pari'.
* blor'-^n, v.i. [From O. Dut. hhiren = to
weep.] [Blare.] To weep ; to lament.
" Bloryn' or wepyu' (bleren, P,}, Ploro, fleo." —
Prompt. Parv.
^blos^be, v.i. [From blusch, ;^. (q.v.).] To
look.
" The bouk that he bloKhed to and bode hym bisyde."
3Sar. Eng. All//. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 343.
"^ blose, s. The same as Blaze (1), s. (q.v.).
(Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, The Pearl,
911.)
*"bl6s'-ine, s. [Blossom, s.] (From-pi. Parv.)
' blosme, v.i. [BLosso^r, r.]
* Mos'-my, «. [Blossomv.] (Cluiucer.)
blds'-som, * blos-some, * blos'-om,
*bl6s'-suin, ^ blos'-seme, * blosme,
"^ blostme, - blosstme, ^ bloosme, 5.
[A.S. blosma, blostma ; Dut. bloesem. Cog-
nate with Eng. bloom, which, however, is of
{ Scandinavian origin, whereas blossom is Teu-
tonic. Compare also Gr. ^Aao-nj/xa (blaste^iia)
=. a sprout, shoot, or sucker ; increase,
growth.] [Blastema.]
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The flower of a plant, especially
when it is conspicuous and beautiful.
" Bringing thee chosen phints and blossoms blown
.Among the distant mountiiins, flower and weed "
li'ordsworth : Farewell.
2. Fig. : That which is beautiful and gives
promise of fruit.
" To his green years your censure you would suit.
Not blust the blossom, but e.vpect the fruit"
Drydcfi.
II. Teclmicalhj :
Farriery: A "peach-coloxired " horse; a
horse having Avhite hairs interspersed with
others of a sorrel or bay coloiu'.
blossom - bearing, a. [AS. blostm-
bdi'eiule.] Bearing blossoms.
blossom-bruising, «. Bruising blos-
soms. (Used of hail.)
"Skin-pierciug volley, blonsom-brtn'sing hail."
Cowiier: The Task, bk. v,
blos'-som, " blos'-some, "^ blos'-siim,
blos'-seme, ^ blosme, ^ blos't-mi-en,
v.L [A.S. blostmiaii ; from blosma, blcstvw. =
a blcs-soju.] [Blossom, s.]
1. Lit. : To come forth into flower, to put
forth flowers, tn bloom, to blow.
" That blossemith er tlmt the f ruyt i-waxe be."
Chaucer: C. 2'., 9,336.
"Although the flg tree shall not blossom, ."—
Ilabak. iii. 17.
2. Figuratively :
(1) To become beautiful, or to be beautiful.
" Blossomed the lovely stars the forget-me-nots of the
angels." Longfellow : £oangeline, i. 3.
(2) To give promise of fruit or of develop-
ment.
" Blossomed the openiiis; spring, and the notes of the
robin and blue-bird
Soiuuled sweet upon the wold, and in wood, yet
Gabriel came not."
Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 4.
blos'-somed, ^ blosmed, 2""e(. of v. & a.
[BL0.SSO3L]
1, Preterite of verb. [Blossom, v.]
2. Participial adj.: In bloom, covered with
flowers, in flower.
" Where the breeze blows from yon extended field
Of blossom'd beaub."
Tlionuon ; Seasons ; Spring.
bids'- som-ing, *- bios'- sum -mynge,
bloos'-mmg, "^ blos-mynge, pr. par.,
u., & s. [Blossom.]
A, & B. As jrr. par. & participial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
"With greene leaves, the bushes with hlooKmingymAs."
^peiimi'r : Shep. C'al., v.
"Is white with bUissoming cherry-trees, as if just
covered with lightest snow,"
Longfellow : The Oolden Legend, iv.
"... melt their sweets
On blossom.ing Oesar."
Shakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, iv. 10.
C. As substantive :
1, Lit. : The state of coining forth in flower.
" Blosm.ynge, blossuminynge. Frondasitas."— Prom.pt.
Parv
2. Fig. : The state of giving promise of
further and fi-uitful development.
" She lifts her head for endless spring,
For everlasting blossoming."
Wordiworth : Song, At the Feast of Brougham, Castle
blos'-sdm-less, a. [Eng. blossom ; and suff.
-less.] Without blossoms.
blos'-som-y, * bl6s'-sem-j^, * bl6s'-my,
"^ blds'-mi, a. [Eng. blossom; -1/.] Full of
blossoms. (Lit. &fig.)
" A blossemy tre is neither drye ne deed."
Chaucer: C. T., 9,337.
blot (1). ^ blot -tin, * blot'-tyn. v.t. & i.
[Not in A.S., in wliich bUt is = a sacrifice.
In Icel. blettr = a. spot, stain; Dan. plette =
to spot, to stain.] [Blot, s.]
A. Transitive:
1. Lit. : Purposely or by inndvertence to
allow a spot of ink or a similar fluid to fall on
paper, or on any substance capable of being
defiled ; to blur, to stain.
' ' Here are a few of the unpleasant'st words
That ever blotted pai>ev ! "
SJiakesp. ; Mer. of Ven., iii, 2.
2. Fignratlvely :
(1) With a material thing for the object:
(a) Of paper, &e. . To obliterate, efface ; to
erase.
" Blottyn bokys. Oblitero."—Prmnpt. Parv.
(?)) Of anything lustrous : To darken.
" He sung how earth blots the moon's gllde<l wane."
Coioper.
('-■) Of anything symmetrical, beatttiful, or
hnth : To disfigure.
" Unknit that threat'ning imkind brow :
It blots thy beauty. . . ."
Sliakes2i. : Tam.ing of the Shrew, v. 2.
(2) With on immaterial thing for the object :
To sully ; to produce a stain of fault, sin, or
crime upon the moral nature, or of disgrace
upon the reputation.
" Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood."
Jiowe,
(See also blotless.)
B. Lntrans. (formed by the omission of the
ohjective): To let ink or anything similar fall
upon paper, &c. (Lit. &fig.)
"Heads overfull of matter, be like pens overfull of
ink, which will sooner blot than make any fair letter."
— AAcham.
C. As part of a compound. To blot out: To
efface, to erase.
1 Lit.: Of things written.
"... while he writes in constraint, periwtually
softening, coiTecting, or blotting out expressions." —
Swift.
•1. Fig. : Of anything.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes between to blot
oi(t, eapunge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, and
obliterate: "All these terms obviously refer
to characters that are impressed on bodies ;
the first three apply in the proper sense only
to that which is written with the hand, and
bespeak the manner in which the action is
performed. Letters are blotted 02if, so that
they cannot be seen again ; they are exp^tnged,
so as to signify that they cannot stand for
anything ; they are erased, so that the space
mav be re-occupied with writing. The last
three are extended in their application to
other characters fonned on other substances :
efface is general, and does not designate either
the manner or the object ; inscriptions on
stone may be effaced, which are rubbed off" so
as not to be visible. Cancel is principally
confined to written or printed characters ;
they are cancelled by striking through them
ivith the pen ; in this manner, leaves or x>ages
of a book are cancelled which are no longer to
be reckoned. Obliterate is said of all chai-actei-s,
but without defining the mode in which they
are put out ; letters are obliterated which are
in any way made illegible. Efface applies to
images, or the representations of thing.s ; in
this manner the likeness of a person may be
effaced from a statue. Cancel respects the
subject which is written or printed ; obliterate
respects the single letters which constitute
words. Efface is the consequence of some
direct action on the thing which is effaced; in
this manner writing may be effaced from a
wall by the action of the elements. Cancel is
the act of a person, and always the fruit of
design. Obliterate is the fruit of accident and
circumstances in general ; time itself may
obliterate characters on a wall or on paper."
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
blot (2), v.t. [Probably from Dan. blot = bare,
naked.] [Blot (2), s.] To puzzle, to nonplus.
(Scotch.) (Duff: Poems.)
blot (1), * blott, * blotte. s. [Icel. blettr ;
Dan. plet = a spot, blot, stain, speckle, flaw,
freckle.]
I. That which blots or causes an erasure.
1. That which blots.
(1) Lit. : A spot or stain of ink or any
similar fluid on paper or other substance
capable of being blurred.
" Blotte vpon a boke. Oblitiiin, C.F." — Prompt.
Parv.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) A spot or stain upon the moral nature,
or upon the reputation ; a blemish, disgrace.
" A lie is a foul blot in a man. yet it is continually
in the mouth of the untaught." — Ecclus. xx. 24.
(h) Censure, reproach ; attack on one's re-
putation.
" He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself
shame : and he that rebuketh a wicked man getteth
hiuiBelf a blot." — Prov. ix. 7.
2. That whifh causes an erasure or oblitera-
tion of sometliing written, printed, or other-
wise inscribed. (lAt. & fig.)
II. The act of blotting ; the state of being
blotted.
"A disappointed hope, a blot of honour, a stain of
conscience, an unfortmiate love, will serve the turu,"
— Temple.
" Let flames on your unlucky papers prey.
Your wars, your loves, yuiir praises, lie forgot,
And make of all an universal blot."
Lhryden : Juvenal,
blot (2), 5. [From Dan. blot; Sv^-.blott; Dut.
bloot = bare, naked.]
Backgammon: An exposed piece, a shigle
" man " lying open to be taken up.
To hit a blot : To take advantage of the
error committed in exposing the "'man;" to
carry the " man " off".
" He is too great a master of his art, to make a blot
which may so easily be hit."— Dryden : Bed. prefixed,
to .Eneid.
bldt9ll, '^ blat^he, v.t. [Formed from Eng.
block, v. = to blacken, as bleach is from bleak
(SLeat). Dr. Murray thinks it is from blot.]
Tu atfect with tumours, pustules, scabs, or
anything similar.
" If no man can like to lie smuttetl and blatcJied in
his face, let u.s learn much more to detest the spots
and blots of the soul." — llarmar: Trans, of Beza'a
Sermons, p. 105.
blotph, *. [From blotch, v. (Skeat.).']
1. Gen. . A blot of any kind, as a blotcli of
ink.
3. Spec. : A tumour, a large pustule, a boil,
a blain upon the skin.
" Meantime foul scurf and blotcJies him defile.
And dogs, where'er he went, still barked all the
while." T?tomson : Castle of Indolence, iL 77.
bi^, b^; poUt, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £
•cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion^shiin; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. =bel, deU
38
594
blotched — blow
1[}ldt9lied« * l)lat9hed, p«. par. & a. [Blotch,
I'.]
1. Ordinary Language. (S>'c the vcrh.)
" The sick man's gowii is only now in price,
To jjive their hlolch'd and bliater'd hodies ease,"
fjyaytoji ; A/oscs ; Jtis Birth and Miracles, bk. ii.
2. Bot., Zool, dtc. : Having the colour dis-
posed in broad, irregular patches.
hlot^li'-ihg, pr. par. [Blotch, v.]
blotfh'-y, a. [Eng. lloich; -y.] Having
"blotches ; full of blotches.
* blote, a. [0. Icel. Uantr.] Soft.
" Bloie hides of aelcuth 'beat\s."~Ri!Ug. Antiq., ii. 176,
* blote, v.t. [Bloat, y.] To dry, as herrings.
"^ bl6'-ted, pa. par. [Blote, v.]
* blo'-ting, pr. par. [Blote, v.]
blot-ted, "' blot'-tyd, ^- blot-ten, 31a. jiar.
&a. [Blot, v.t.]
" Blattyd, P. ObUtteratus.'"— Prompt. Parv.
" Anil all true lovei-s with dishonor blotten "
Spenser ■ F. Q., IV. i. 51.
blot'-ter, a. [From blot, \., and suff. -cr.]
1, Gen. : One who blots or defiles.
" Thou tookeat the blotting of Thine linage in Parar
dise as a blemish to Thyself; and Thou saidst to the
blotter. Because thou hast done it, on thy belly shalt
thou creep." — Abp. JIarsyiet, Serm. vnth Stuarts
Serm., 1656, p. 131.
2. That which does so. Specially, a device
for absorbing the superfluous ink from ]iaper
after writing. The blotter may be merely a
thin book interleaved with bibulous paper, or
a pad or cushion covered with blotting-paper,
and having a handle, being used after the
manner of a stamp. Another form consists
of a roller covered with successive layers of
blotting-paper, and revolving on an axis, a
handle being attached for convenient use.
The layers of paper may be removed as they
become soiled, and fresh paper substituted.
(Knight.)
blot'-tihg, * blot'-tynge, pr. par., a., & s.
[Blot, v.]
A. & B. ^s present j^articiple & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
1, The act of blurring or disfiguring any-
thing ; that which does so.
"The most accurate pencils were but 'hlottinas.
which presumed to mend Zeuxis' or Apelles' works.' —
Bp. Tai/lor : Artif. EandWTnericss, p. 35,
2. The act of effacing anything by blacken-
ing it over, erasing it, or in any other way.
" Blottynge, OblUteracio."'-Prom,p. Parv.
blotting-pad, s. An instrument con-
sisting of a few sheets of blotting-paper on
the writing-table or desk, to form a soft bed
for the writing-paper, and to serve as a blotter.
blotting-paper, s. A thick, bibulous,
unsized paper, used to imbibe superfiuons ink
from undried manuscripts. A coarse variety
is used in culinary processes to imbibe super-
fluous fat or oi].
blot'-ting-ly, f'f?i'. [Eng. blotting; -hj.] By
blotting. (Webster.)
* blough'-ty, a. [From bloat (2)(?).] PufTy,
swelled out, thick.
" One dash of a penne might thus justly answer the
moat part of his bloughti<i volume."— Zrf/J. Hall :
Honour of tJm Married Clergn, b. i., s. 2.
* bloure, * blowre, s. [Cognate with bladder.
Cf. Dut. blaar.] A pustule, swelling.
" Where tliay byte thay make gT.-ete blowre."—
Toumley Myst., p. 62,
blouse, * blowse, s. [Fr. blouse, the ultimate
etymology of which is obscure.]
1. Tlie well-known smock-frock like garment
of blue linen, the ordinary over garuiLMit of
French worlimen ; loosely used for any gar-
ment more or less closely resembling tliis.
2. A French workman.
* bloust, ('./. [Apparently the same as Blast,
V. (q.v.). {Scotch.)'] To boast.
* blout, a. [Dan. Hot ; Dut. bloot = bare,
naked.] Bare; naked, desolate. {Lit. & fig.)
{Scotch.)
" Woddia, forestis, with naket beivis bloict, _
Stude stripit of thare wede hi euery hout."
Doug. : Virgil, 201, 15. (Jamieson.)
''' blout, s. [Pi'obably onomatopceic]
1. The sudden breaking of a storm.
" — Vernal win's, wi' bitter blout,
Out owre our ehimlas blaw."
Tarras: Poems, p, 63.
% "A blout of fold weather" : A sudden fall
of rain, snow, or hail, accomjianied with wind.
2. A sudden eruption of a liquid substance
accompanied with noise. {Jamieson.)
' bloute, a. [Bleat, a.]
blow(l), * bldwe(l), ^ bl6w'-en(l), *bl6w'-
yn, 'blaue,* blawe,*blau'-wen,*bla'-
wen (Eng.), blaw (Scotch) (pret. bleiv, * bleu,
'" /'//(, * 'bkoii, "- bleow ; xja. par. blown, "* blaii-
I'-cn, '''blawc"), v.i. & t. [A.y bldwan, pret.
hh'ina, pa. par. &?dJt'en = to blow, to breathe;
(N. Ii.) Ger. bldhen = to blow up, to swell;
0. H. Ger. bldhan, pldjan. Compare Lat. fio
= to blow.]
A. Intransitive :
1. Lit. Of air:
(!) To be in motion, so as to produce a
strong or a gentle breeze of wind.
". . . and the winds bleio, . , ." — Matt, vii, 27
% In this sense sometimes impersonally.
"It bleica. terrible tempeat at sea once, and there'
was one seaman praying," — L'Estraiige,
(2) To pant, to puff; to be out of breath.
"Here's Mrs. Page at the door, sweating waiXblowing,
and looking wildly."— iS7iaftes/A ; Merry Wives, iii. 3.
(3) To sound, to give fortli musical notes.
Used—
(a) Of the performer on a wind instrument.
"But when the congregation is to l>e gathered to-
gether, ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm."
— Numb. X. 7.
(b) Of the instrument itself : to give forth a
blast.
" And brightened as the trumpet blew."
Scott : Rokeby. iv. 14,
(4) To spout, as a whale, or other cetacean.
[Blow-hole.]
"A porpoise cMiues to the surface ioblow."—nuxley :
Aiiat. Vert., p, ;i-J8,
2. Fig. : To boast. [See also C. III. To
bloiv hot and cold.]
" Thatowte of tynie bostus and blawes." — Avowynge
of K. A rthur, st, 2:S.
B. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language:
(i) Literalhj :
1. To direct tlie breath or any other current
of air against a person or thing.
(1) The agent in doing so being directly or
indirectly man :
(a) To use the breath, a pair of bellows, a
blowpipe, or any other instrument or appli-
ance for directing a current of air into or
against anything, either to remove it (as in
ex.), or to fill it with air, as in an organ, or to
produce fiercer combustion in a flame,
"... as I blow this feather from my face "
S/iakexp. : 3 Ben. VI., iii, 1,
(6) To warm by breathing upon, or to cool
by directing a cuiTeut of colder air upon.
" When icicles hang by the wall.
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail."
filiakesp. : Luvi-'s Labour Lout, v. 2. (Song.)
(c) To inflate ; to cause to take a balloon-
like form by means of the breath. (Often
followed by wp.) [Blow-up.]
((/) To sound a wind insti'ument of music.
" If, when he seeth the sword uuine uiwnthe land, he
blow the trumpet." — £zek.x\x.iu. '.i.
(2) The agent in doing so being naturallaw,
without the intervention of man.
"What happy gale blows you to Patlua?"
Shakesp. : Tain, of Shreio, i. 2.
2. To put out of breath ; to cause to be
short of breath ; to make to pant. (Used
chiefly witli a horse or horses -for the ob-
jective.) [Generally in the pa. par. bluicn
(q.v.).]
3. To boast.
" The pomp oft the ijrid furth schawis.
Or ellis the gret boist that it bluwis."
Barbour ■ Bruce, iii. 349.
(ii) Abnormally : To deposit upon (used of
eggs laid by flesh-flies); to cause to putrefy
and swarm with maggots.
" I would no more endure
This wooden slavery, than I would sufl'er
The flesh-fly blow my mouth."
Sliakesp. : Tempest, iii. 1.
(iii) Figuratively :
~ I. To spi'cad as a report ; to blaze, to blazon.
" So gentle of condition was he known.
That through the court his courtesy was blown."
Drydcn : Palamon & Arcite, i. 693, 5'J4,
2. To make known, to betray.
•'I must not be seen anywhere among ray old ac-
quaiutivuee, for I am blown." — Hist, of Colonel Jack
(172:i). (Ifares.)
3. To inflate, as ambition. [Blowtn.]
II. Technically. [See examj)le under blown,
as particip. adj.]
1. Ghij^-^'mo.niifactnre : To cause glass to
take certain deflnite forms by blowing through
it when in a soft state through the operation
of heat.
2. Metal. : To create an artificial draught of
air by pressure. [Blower.]
3. Among soine butchers: To swell and in-
flate veal.
C. In special compounds and phrases :
I. To blow away : So to blow as to cause
the removal of the object thus treated. (Lit.
& fi.g.)
II. To blow down : So to blow that the
object thus treated falls down.
III. To blow hot and cold: At one time io
advocate an opinion or a measure with hot
zeal, and soon after speak of it with cokl in-
diflerence, the motive impelling to action
being self-interest, and not mental conviction.
" Says the s,atyr, if you have gotten a trick of blowing
hot and cold oiit of the same mouth, I've e'en done
with ye."— L Estrange.
IV. To blow off :
1. Lit. : So to blow that the object thus
tieated Icses the hold which it had on some-
thing else.
2. Fig. : To cast oflF belief in or responsi-
bility for.
" 'These primitive heirs of the Chiistiaii church could
not so easily blow off the. doctrine."- <S'o(i^/'-
V. To blow o^it :
1. Lit. : To extinguish a fire or light by the
operation of wind or the breath directed
against it.
" As when a lamp is blown out by a gust of wind at a
casement." Longfellow: Evangeline, ii. 5.
2. Figuratively :
(a) Of light or Jlanie : To appear to extin-
guish by air directed against anything, while
really this is done in another way.
" Moon, slip behind some cloud, some tempest rise.
And blow oiU all the stars that light the skies."
Dry den.
(b) Of anything : To extinguish, to make to
cease.
" And now 'tis far too huge to be blow7i ont."
iShakesp. : King John, t. 2
VI. To blow over, v.t. & i. :
1. Transitive :
(a) Lit. Of storm-clouds : To blow the storm
from the region descnbed to another one.
(Used whether the district where the person
using the expression " blow n^-er " at the time
wholly escapes or is only temporarily sub-
jected to the tempest.)
" When the storm is blown over.
How blest is the swain." Granville.
(&) Fig. : To pass away. (Used of a trial, a
disturbance, sorrow, &c.)
"But those clouds being now happily blown over,
and our sun clearly shining out again, I have re-
covered the relapse " — Denham.
2. Inirans. : In a similar sense to the verb
transitive. [Blow-over, i.]
"Storms, though they blow over divers times, yet
may fall at last."— fiacon ." Essays.
Vn. To blow up, v.t. & i.
1. Transitive:
(1) To inflate ; to render turgid.
(n) Lit. : To inflate as a bladder.
" Before we hatl exhausted the receiver, the hiatlder
appeared as full as if blown up with a quill." — Boyle.
(b) Fig. : To render the mind swelled, in-
flated, turgid, or puffed np, or conceited by
means of imagined divine afflatus, by flatter}',
kc.
■'5?oi(fn !'jj with the conceit of his merit." — Bacon.
(2) To kindle by blowing. Used-
la) Lit. : Of fire.
(b) Fiq. : Of strife, war, &c.
" His presence soon blows up the kindling fight."
Dryden: Annus Mtrabilit. xxii.
(3) To break and scatter in different direc-
tions by the action of ignited gunpowder ot
some other explosive.
(a) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
'■ Their chief blown up in air, not waves expir'd.
To which his pride presuin'd to give the law."
J)r;jde7Z.
(b) Fig. : To scold ; to censure severely. .
(Colloquial & vulgar .)
2. Intrans. : To explode, to fly in fragments
fete, fS,t, fare, amidst, what, f^U, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, whd, son; mute, ciil), ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce^e. ey = a, qu = Uw-
blow— blowing
595
into the air through the operation of gun-
powder or some other explosive.
"On the next clay, some of the enemy's magazines
blew ttp, . . ." — Tatter.
VIII. To hloio upon.
1. Lit. : To direct a stream of air against.
"... like dull emljcra sTidclenly ftlowfji wpon, . . ."—
Tyndall: Frag, of Science, 3rd ed., x. 282.
2. Figuratively :
(1) To reduce or diminish in amount by the
operation of the Divine displeasure.
"Ye looked for much, and lo, it came to little ; and
when ye brought it horae, I did blow upon it." — Uag.
i. 9.
(2) To render stale ; to discredit. [B.,I. iii. 2.]
"... till the plot had been blown upon and till
juries had become Incredulous." — /Hacaulay : Mist.
Bug , ch. iv.
bl6w(2). *bl6we(2),*blow-en(2),i?.l [A.S.
hl6uKin, gebloioan = to blow, bloom, blossom,
or flourish ; O.S. llOjan ; Dut. bloeljeii =
to bloom, to blossom ; (N. H.) Ger. hUtlien ;
M. H. Ger. hlilon, bluen, hlilejen ; O. H. Ger.
•pVuon, pluohan, pluojan ; Lat. JtoTeo = to blos-
som, to come into flower ; Gr. ^Kvin (hluo) = to
bubble ; ^Keai (phko) = to gush. Cognate also
with Lat. folium, and Gr. (/luMoc (phnllon)
= a leaf.] [Foliate.]
1. Lit. : To come into blossom.
" I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blowl"
S?i(ikesp. : Mid. Sight's Dream, ii. 2.
2. Fig. : To bloom, to flourish, to come to
the maximum of beauty at which the person
or thing is susceptible in the course of deve-
lopment.
" This royal fair
Shall, when the blossom of her beauty's blown.
See her great brother on the British throne."
Waller.
blow (1), a. & s. [From blow, v.i.]
A, Aa culjectlve (ehiejly in compos.) :
1. Noting that through which blowing takes
place. [Blow-hole, Blow-valve, &c.]
2. Inflated, or noting that by means of
which inflation, swelling, or tumour takes
place. [Blow-ball, Blow-fly.]
B, As substantive :
1 A blast, a gale of wind.
2. The spouting of a cetacean.
3. Chiefly in the plur. : The eggs or larvic of
a flesh-fly so often seen in decaynig carcases.
" I much fear, lest with the bloios of flies
HIb brass-Inflicted wouiida are filled."
Chapman : /Had.
blow-ball. a. [Blowball.]
blow-fly, s. The name popularly given to
such two-winged Hies as deposit eggs in the
flesli of animals. Several species of Musca do
tins, so do breeze-flies, »Sic. [Breeze-fly,
Musca.]
blo\ir-gun, s. A gun for blowing arrows
instead of impelling them by a bowstring.
It is in use among the Barbados Indians
of Brazil and the Malays of the Eastern
Archipelago; men of the latter race call it
sumpitan.
blow-hole, s. A hole for blowing through.
Blow-holes of a whale : Two apertures on the
top of the head in tlie more typical Cetacea,
constituting the nostrils, through which spray
is sometimes blown to a considerable lieight,
with the violently expelled air. The appear-
ance of a column of water, however, is generally
due to the condensation of the expired air.
blow-milk, s. Milk from which cream
has been blown. [Ogilvie.)
blow-Ofl* cock, s. A faucet in a steam-
boiler for allowing water to escape.
blow-off" pipe, s. A pipe at tlie lower
part of a steam-boiler by which at intervals
sediment is driven out.
blow-out, s. A vulgar expression for a
hearty meal.
blo\r-over, s.
Glass - manufacture : An arrangement in
blowing glass bottles or jars in moulds in
which the surplus glass is collected in a
chamber above the lip of the vessel with but
a thin connecting portion, so that the surplus
is readily broken off without danger to the
vessel itself. (Knight.)
blow-tbrough, a. Designed for allowing
steam to pass through with noise.
Blow-through Valve. Steam-enqim : A valve
commanding the opening through which
boiler - steam is admitted to a condensing
steam-engine to blow through and expel air and
condensed water, which depart through the
way of the snifting-valve. It is the lirst
operation in starting an engine of this cha-
racter, the condenser being then brought into
operation to condense the vaporous contents
of the cylinder and make the first stroke.
{K flight.)
blow-tube, s.
1, The hollow iron rod used by glass-makers
to gatiier ' ' metal " (melted glass) from the pots,
to blow and form it into tlie desired shape ;
a polity. .
2. A tube through which arrows are driven
by the breath. [Blow-gun. ]
blow^-up, a. Designed for allowing steuin
to blow up into.
Blow-up Pan. Sugar-maclibiery : A pan
iised in dissolving raw sugar preparatory to
tlie process of refining. Steam is introduced
by means of pipes coiled round within the
ve.ssels to dissolve the sugar, which thence
becomes a dark, tiiick, viscous liquid ; a
small portion of lime-water is admitted' to
the sugar, and constant stirring with long
slender rods assists the process of liquefaction.
The blow-up pans are generally rectangular,
six or seven feet long, three or four feet wide,
and three feet deep, with perforated copper
pipes near the bottom, through the holes of
which steam is blown into the sugar. (Knight.)
blow-valve, s.
Steam-engine : The valve by which the air
expelled from the cylinder escapes from the
condenser on the downward stroke of the
piston when a steam-engine is first set in
motion ; the snifting-valve.
blow (2), s. [From Eng. Uow (2), v. In Ger.
blilthe, bliite.] A blossom.
^ In Mow : In flower, in blossom.
" The pineapples, in triple row,
Were backing hot, and all in bl<fw."
Cowper : Tlie Pineapple and the Bee.
blow (3), * blowe, s. [O. Dut. blauwe = a
blow ; (N. H.) Ger. bleuen, blduen = to beat ;
M. H. Ger. blivwen; O. H. Ger. Uiwan,
jiliuwan ; Mceso-Goth. bliggvan=i%Q kill, to
murder. Skeat considers it cognate with
Lat. jligo = to strilce or strike down, and
Jlagellum — a whip, a scourge. Compare also
Lat. plaga ; Gr. irKr]yri (ptege) = ii blow, a
stroke.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) A stroke.
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
" Hee [Sir J. Gateal . . . then refusing the kerchiefe
layde downe his head, which w.aa stricken off at three
blowca.' — Stowe : Queen Man/, an. 15S3.
(&) Spec. : A fatal stroke ; a stroke causing
death.
" Assuage your thirst of blood, and strike the blow."
Bnidan.
(2) A series of strokes, fighting, war, assault ;
resistance by force of arms.
". . , and that a vigorous blow might win it
[Haunu'a camp] with all its spoil." — Arnold: Hist.
Rome, vol. iii., ch. xliv., p. 227.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Anything which strikes the senses or
tlie mind suddenly and calamitously, as re-
pi'oaehful language, sad intelligence, bereave-
ment, loss of property, &c.
"A most poor man, made tame to fortmie's blows."
Shakesp. : Kmg Lear, iv. 6.
t (2) Sickness or other suffering divinely
sent on one, even when there is no suddenness
in the visitation.
" Remove thy stroke away from Hie : I am consumed
by the blow of thine hand." — Ps. xxxix. 10.
(3) A stroke struck by the voice, the pen, or
anything similar.
" A woman's tongue,
That gives not half so great a blow to th' ear.
As will a chesnut."
Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, t 2.
^ Special phrases :
(1) At a bloiu : As the result of one defeat ;
all in a moment.
" Ever>- year they gain a victory and a town, but if
they are once defeated, they lose a province at a blow."
— Dryden.
(2) To come to blows :
(a) Of individuals : To pass from angry dis-
I)ntation to the use of the fists.
(6) Of nations: To cease diplomatic nego-
tiation and send armies to fight.
t (3) 'To go to blows: Essentially the same as
to come, to blows. No. (2).
. to prevent the House of Brunswick "WolfeD-
buttei from going to blows with the House of Brunsw ick
Lunenbm-g."— J/aMW-a^/ .■ UUt. Eng., cli. xx.
^ Precise signification of blow : Crabb thus
distinguishes between blow and stroke : —
''Blow is used abstractedly to denote the
eff'ect of violence ; stroke is employed relati \ely
to the person producing that etf'ect. A blow
may be received by carelessness of the re-
ceiver, or by a pure accident ; but strokes are
dealt out according to the design of the giver.
Children are always in the way of getting
blows in the course of their play, and of re-
ceiving strokes by way of chastisement. A
blow may be given with the hand or with any
flat substance ; a stroke is rather a long-drawn
blo%u, given with a long instrument like a stick.
Blows may be giveu with the flat part of a
sword, and strokes with a stick. Bloiu is
seldom used but in the proper sense ; stroke
sometimes figm-atlvely, as ' a stroke of death,'
or 'a stroke of fortune.' " (Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
II. Naut. : A violent wind, a gale.
blow'-ball, s. [From Eng. blow ; and ball.
It is called ball because the entire compound
fruit of the plant when mature is globular
like a ball, and the epithet blow is applied
because children are accustomed to blow away
portions of it to ascertain the hour of the day.
If the whole sphere of balloons, each with a
seed for its car, depart at the first vigorous
puff of breath, it is, in ehildisli estimate, one
o'clock, if at two puff's two o'clock, and so
forth.] The fruit of the Dandelion (Leontodon
Taraxacum). [Dandelion, Leontodon.]
" Her treading would not bend a blade of grass.
Or shake the downy blow-ball from its stalk."
£. Jonson : Sad Sheph., i. 1
* blow'-en, ^a. par. [Blown.]
blow'-er, s. [Eng. blow; -er.]
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Of persons :
t (1) As a separate word : One who blows.
"Add his care and cost in buying wood, and in
fetching the same to the hlowiug-house, together with
the blowers' two or three months' extreme and in-
creasing labour."— Coreitf.
(2) In compos. : As a glass-blower, &c.
"... chief captaine and troiupet blower . . ." —
TgTidaU: llnrA-.s, p. 25. [Itiehardson.)
2. Of things: That which blows. [II.]
(1) In the foregoing sense.
(2) A child's name for the downy heads of
Dandelion (Leontodon T'araxacum). [Blow-
ball. ]
II. Mechanics :
1. A machine for creating by means of
pressure an artiticial cuiTtnt of air. It is the
same as a pknum eu;^ine as distinguished
from a vacuum engine, such as an aspirator.
A blower in the form of wooden bellows was
used at Nuremberg in 1550. An improved
blower with a fiat vane reciprocating in a
sector-shaped box, with a pipe for the egress
of the air, was made about 1621, by F. Fannen-
schmid of Thuringia. The next type was that
of cylinders with pistons, which is still in use.
Another one still in use is the fan-blower,
believed to have been invented by Teral in
1729. Yet another is the Water-bellows or
Hydraulic bellows, first made by Hornblower.
Blowing-machines were erected by Smeaton
at tlie Carron Ironworks in 1760. The hot-air
blast was patentc'd in 1S28 by the inventor,
James Neilson of Glasgow. The main use of
blowers is to increase draughts in furnaces,
tu ventilate buildings, to dry grain or powder,
lo evaporate liquids, &c.
2. An iron plate temporarily placed in front
of an open fire, to urge the combustion.
3. A simpl'^. machine designed to furnish air
to an organ or )ianiionixun.
"... comijosition pedals, hand and foot blowers . . ."
Advt., Times, Nov, -l, 1875.
III. Hat Manufacture: A machine for se-
parating the hair from the fur fibres. [Blow-
ing-machine.]
Blower and Spreader (Cotton Manufacture) :
A machine for spreading cotton into a lap,
the action of beaters and blower being con-
joined for the purpose. [Cotton- cleaning
Machine.]
blow'-iug (1), * blow'-ynge, * blo'-yAge,
* blow'-and, pr. par., a., & s. [Blow (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particlp. adj. : In,
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
b^l, b6^; poiit, jtf^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-eian. -tian = shan. -tnon, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -ciouSt -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. —. bel, doL
596
blowing— blowtli
C. -■Is substantire :
I. Ord.Lzng.;
1. The act or operation of directing a cur-
rent of air to, upon, or through ;tnythiiig
" liloynge (blowynge , P.): Flacio, Jlat us." —Prompt.
Parv.
2. Puffing, panting.
" Broken wyuded (mtl pursyfnes is but schorte blow-
yngii."~F'Uzhcrbi:rt Jlashandru.
II Technically:
1. Blowing of Glass : The art of fashioning
glass into hollow tubes, bottles, &e. , by
directing a current of air throiigii it by means
of a blowpipe [Blowpipe], or in any other
way.
2. Blowing of Fircairns :
Gunnei-y: The art or operation of construct-
ing firearms in such a way that the vent oi'
touch-hole is run or "gullied," and becomes
wide, allowing the powder to blaze out.
3. Blowing up: The act of exploding a mine
charged with gunpowder or anything similar ;
the state of being exploded.
" The captains hoijuig, by a mine, to gain the city.
approached with aolaiers ready to enter ujiou blowing
up of the iniiie." — Kiiullcs : Elst. of the Turks.
% Ahloiving up: A scolding. (CoUoqvia!
and vulgar.)
blo^ving-cylinder, ^.
Pneumatics, d'c. : A form of blowing- engine.
In 1760 Smeaton introduced the blowing-
cylinders at the Carron Ironworks, and
smelted iron by the use of the coke of int-
coal.
blowing-engine, s.
Pnevma-tics, dr. :
1. Strictly: An engine applied to the duty
of driving a blower.
2. Less jyroperlij : A machine by which an
artificial draught by pleiiuvi is obtained.
blowing-furnace, ^.
Glass-making : A furnace in which articles
of glass in process of manufacture are held to
be softened, when they have lost their plas-
ticity by cooling.
blowing-house, .
Metal. : The blast-furnace in which tin-ore
is fused. (Stormonth.)
blowing - lands, blowing lands,
s, pi.
Agric. : Lands of which the surface soil
is so light that when diy it crumbles, and is
liable to be blown away by the wind.
blowing-machine, s.
1. Iron-mamtf. : A machine for creating an
artificial dx'aft by forcing air. [Blower.]
2. Hat-7naH)ig : A machine for separating
the " kemps " or hairs from the fur fibres.
3. Cotton-mannf. : A part of the batting-
machine, or a machine in which cotton
loosened by willowing and scutching, one or
both, is subjected to a draught of air j)roduced
by a fan, and dc.-iigncd to remove the dust,
&c., from the fibre.
blowing off, s.
Steam-engine : The process of ejecting the
siiper-salted water from the boiler, in order to
prevent the deposition of scale or salt.
blowing off taps, .•>.
SteoAn-engine : A tap for blowing off steam.
" Bloivlng off taps, for use wlieii the pistoiiH urt- in
motion." — Atkinson: Ganot's Physics, bk. vi., ch. 10.
blowing-pipe, a.
Glass-making : A glass-blower's pipe ; a
bunting-iron ; a pontil.
blowing-pot, i'.
Pottery : A pot of coloured slip for the or-
namentation of pottery while in the lathe.
The pot has a tube, at which the mouth of
the workman is placed, and a spout like \
quill, at which the slip exudes undei the
pressure of the breath. The ware is rotated
in the lathe, while the hollows previousl;
made in the ware to receive the slip iie thu--
filled up. Excess of slip is removed, aftei \
certain amount of drying, by a s]iatula oi
knife, known as a tournasin. (Knighf.)
blowing-through, s.
Steam-enginr ; Tlie process of clearing the
engine of air liy blowing steam through the
cylinder, valves, and condenser before starting.
blowing-tube, a.
Glass^naking : An iron tube from four to
five feet in length, and with a bore front one-
third to one inch in diameter. It is used to
blow melted glass or metal, as it is called, into
some kind of lioUow \essel. [Glass-blowing,
PoNTY, Pontil.]
blow'-ing (2), pr. par., a., £ s. [Blow (2), i;.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & a. : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
" . . . as the blooiQ
Oi blowing 'EiXiiMifar, ..."
2'honison : The Seasons ; Summer.
t C. As snhst. : The act of blossoming.
"To assist this flower m its blowing." — Bradley:
Family Diet.
blown (1), * blowne, " blowen, * blowun,
■ blowe, jx(. par. & 0. [Blow (1), r.]
A. As past participle : In senses correspond-
ing to those of the verb.
B, As participial ailjcrtivc :
1. Literally :
(1) Driven by the wind, as "blown sands."
(2) Inflated, as a "blown bladder."
" Grete blowen hlaAdyts."— Seven Sages, 2,13L
2. FignroMvely :
(1) Inflated, swollen, tumid.
" No blmtfit ambitiou doth our .irjiia incite."
•ihtikesp. ■ Leur, iv. 4
" How now, blown Jack, how now, ii\i\\t'l"—Ibid :
1 Henry /I'., iv. 2.
(2) Proud, insolent.
"So simime hen blowun with pride." — Wycliffe (1
Cor., iv. IB}. [Purvey.)
"I come with iio blown spirit to abuse you."
Beaitm. it Fletcher: Mad Lover.
blo^vn (2), pa, par. [Blow (2), v.']
" It was the time when Ouse tlisplay'd
Hi3 lilies uewly blown."
Cowper : Dog and Water Lily,
" Aeainst the bloimi rose may they stop their nose,
Tuat kneel'd unto the buds."
aiiakcBp. : Ant. & Cleop.. iii 11.
blow-pipe, s. & a. [Eng. hlovj ; ^njje.]
A. As siihst. : An instrument for directing
the flame of a lamp, of a candle, or jet of
gas, mixed with air, against a spot ou which
is placed a minute body which the operator
designs to subject to the action of more than
ordinarily intense heat. The several types of
blowpipe are : —
1. The Mouth Blotvpiite : This consists of a
conical tube of tin plate about eight inches
long, open at the narrow end and closed at its
lower part, from the side of which projects a
small brass tube about an inch long, at the
extremity of which is a brass jet. The jet is
inserted about one-eighth of an inch into tlie
flame of a lamp, and a current of air is blown
into the flame, which then assumes the
blowpipe FLAJrtE.
O. Oxidising flame. E. Reducing /lame.
form of a pointed cone (see figure). In the
centre there is a well-defined blue cone, con-
sisting of a mixture of air with combustible
gases ; in the front of which is a luminous
jiortion, containing the unburnt gases at a high
temperature. This is the reducing flame ; and
outside it is a pale yellow one terminating at
the point O. The p;irt now described contains
oxygen at a high temperature, mixed with the
products of complete combustion, being the
ANCIENT EGYPTI.AJn BLOWPIPE.
oxidising part of the flame. Tlie mouth blow-
pipe is of great antiquity ; a man using one for
metallurgic purposes is represented in an
aneicht painting at the Egyptian Thebes. It
was used by jewellei's during the Middle Ages
for fusing inetals ; its adoption as an histru-
inent for minemlogical and chemical analysis
is mainly due to Antony Wwab, a Swedish
councillor of mines, in IT^S, and Cronstedt,
who published a " System of Mineralogy" in
175S. There are various foj-nis of blowpipe,
as Gahn's, WoUaston's, and Dr. Black's.
To use the blowpipe it is nccessaiy to ac-
quire the art of keeping the lungs supplied
with air through the nostrils, whilst securing
a steady stream through the blDwjiipe from
the mouth ; the communication between the
mouth and the lungs being closed by a peculiar
action of the tongue, which is drawn back
against the orifice. The small body to be
subjected to examination may be held in a
small forceps, or if easily fusible, in a small
silver or i)latinuni spoon, but the ordinary
rest, the one used to support metallic oxides
and many otherminerals, is of well-burnt wood
charcoal, in which a small cavity has been
made with a knife. The body to be examined
should not be larger than a peppercorn.
% In chemical analysis the blowpipe is used
to examine solid substances.
(a) Heated on charcoal, oxides of lead,
copper, and silver, &c., yield metallic beads in
the reducing-flame, esjjecially when mixed with
carbonate of sodium or cyanide of jiotassiuin,
(6) The blowpipe is used to make borax-
beads (q.v.),
(c) Under its operation some substances are
found to be fusible and others volatile; in
the latter category are ranked mercurj', ar-
senic, and ammonium compounds.
(d) Salts of zinc give a green colour when
heated on charcoal with Co(N03)2 cobalt ni-
trate ; aluminmn salts, iihosphates or silicates
a blue colour, salts of magnesia a i)iuk colour.
(e) Chromium salts fused with potassium
nitrate, on platinum foil, give a yellow mass
of potassium chromate ; manganese salts, a
green mass of potassium manganate.
(/) Salts of certain metals give characteristic
colours when moistened witli hydrochloric
acid and heated in the blowpipe flame. Thus
sodium salts give yellow, potassium salts
violet, strontium and lithium salts crimson,
calcium salts orange-red, Iiarium salts yellow-
green, thallium salts green, and copper salts
blue-green colours.
(g) Certain metals give incrustations on
charcoal when heated in the oxidising flame.
Lead gives yellow, bismuth brownish -yellow,
antimony bluish-white, and cadmium reddish-
brown incrustations.
2. The Bellows Blovjjnpe, i.e., a blowpipe in
which the flame is supplied by air not by the
human breath but from a jiair of bellows. It
is used chiefly by glass-blower's, glass-pinchers,
enamellers, &c.
3. The Oxyhydrogen Blowpipe is one in which
not common air but a mixture of oxygen and
hydrogen is used. These being made to issue
from two separate reservoirs and afterwards
unite in a single jet, or to pass from a com-
mon bladder through the safety jet of Mr. Hem-
ming, are then directed through the flame,
with the result of producing a heat so intense
as to fuse various bodies which are found
quite intractable under the ordinary blowpipe.
The oxyhydrogen blowpipe was invented in
1802 by Prof. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia.
One was also made by Sir Humphrey Davy at
the suggestion of Mr. Children.
4. The Airohydrogen, hlowpipe, in which at-
mospheric air and hydrogen are the two gases
used.
5. Bunsen'shurner ((\,\.).
B. As adjective: Pertaining to, relating to,
or ascertained by the instrument described
mider A.
'■ I'hysical and blowpipe characters." — Dana ■ Min.,
6th ed., 1). XX.
blow-p^nt, s. [Eng. blow ; -point.] A
child's play, perhaps like push-pin. Nares
thinks that the players blow small pins or
points against each other.
" Shortly boys shall not play
At spancouiiter or blowpoi'nt, but aball pay
Toll to some coartier," Donne : Satires, iv,
bl<$^§e (1), K. [Blouse.]
bld^^e (2), s. [Blowze.]
^ bl^^rth, s. [From Eng. hlov). In Ger.
bluthe ; Ir. blath, hlaith = blow, blossom,
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey=a. qu = kw.
blowy— blue
597
flower.] In the state of 'blossoinhig ; bloom,
blow, flower. (Ut. Sajig.)
" Ambition ftiitl <;ovetoiiBne83 Ijeine "but greeu. and
newly grown iip, the seeds and effects were ns yet bnt
]K)teiitial, and in tlie blowth and bud." — Jiuleigh : Hist.
Qfthe World, bk. i., ch. ix., 5 -S.
■[ Still used by tlie Americans. (Webster.)
tblOW'-y', a. [Eng. Uoiv; ~y.] AVindy, a.s a
"blowy day." (Moa. Rev.)
^ bl6w'-yn, V. i. & f. (Prowipf. Parr.) [Blow.]
* Wow'-ynge, * blo'-j^ge, a. [Blowing.]
(Prompt. Piti-v.)
* bl6wze, t blouse, * bld^esse, s. [Of un-
Kiiowu origin ; possibly conn, with hluah, and
modified by blow, as if ^ tanned by exposure ;
or a cant word.] A ruddy, fat-faced woman.
" Sweet blowse, you are a beauteoua blossom snre,"
Sliahesp. : Titiis Andron., iv. 2.
'■ I bad rather marry a faire one. and put it to the
hazard, than be troubled with a hlowzc ; . . ."—Barton :
A nat. of Mel. , p. C29.
*bl6^zed, a. [Eng. Uowz(e) ; -ed.] Rendered
of a high colour ; tanned into a ruddy hue by
exposure to the weather ; blowzy.
" I protest I don't like to see my daughters trudging
up to their ])ewaU bl»wzed and red with walking."—
GoliUtniih : Vicar of Wakefield, ch. x.
bloT^'-zy, 0.. [Eng. Uowz(8); -y.] Like a
blowze, high-coloured, ruddy, sunburnt.
* bliib, V. t. [Bleb. ] To swell.
" My face was blown and bUib'd with dropsy wan."
Mir. for Magistrates, p. 112.
* blubbed (E)ig.\ bliib'-bit (Scotch), pa. par.
&a. [Blub.] Blubbered.
"Yoiu- cheeks are aae bleer't, .ind sue blubbit adown."
Tarras: Poems, p. 124. [Jamiegnti.)
blub'-ber. bliib'-bir, ^ blub-er, ' blob-
er, ^ bl6b'-ur, ''■' blob'-ure, * bl6b'-ir,
* blob'-ber (Enq.), * blob-^ (Sc. ), s. [From
Provinc. Eng. hlob, bleb = a bubble. Imitated
apparently from the sound of a stream or
spring bubbling up, that is emerging from an
aperture as a mixture of water and air, tlie
latter disengaging itself from the former and
escaping in the form of bubbles.]
* 1. A bubble of air.
"/Jio&«re(blobyr, P.); Burbutium . . . Bicrbalium."
—Prompt. Pari).
" And at his mouth a blabber stode of fome."
Chaucer: Test. Cresidc.
^ Blubber is still used in Norfolk in this
sense.
2. A thick coating of fat with which whales
are enveloped, with tlie view of preserving tlie
temperature of the body amid the cold ocean.
It lies just under the skin. It is chiefly for
the blubber that the whale is so remorselessly
pui-sued.
blubber-guy, s.
Naiit. : A rope .stretched between the main-
mast and foremast heads of a aliip, and serving
for the suspension of the "speck-purchase,"
used in flensing whales. (Knight.)
blubber-lip, blobber-lip, s. A thick
lip.
" His blobber-Upi and beetle brows commend."
Lryden.
blubber-lipped, blobber-lipped, lu
Having thick lips.
" Xblabber-JippedhheW . . ."—Grew.
blubber-spade, s.
Naut. : A keen-edged spade-like knife at-
taclied to a pole, used by whalers in removing
the blubber which encases the body of a
whale. The carcase denuded of the blubber
is called krang. (Knight.)
bliib'-ber, v.i. & t. [From blubber, ». (q.v.).]
A. Intransitive:
1. To bubble, to foam.
"... uov is .X see called
That ay is drouy and dym and lied in hit kynde,
Bio, blrub-rande, and bhUc . . ."
Ear Ena. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1015-17.
2. To weep-in a noisy manner, and so as
to make the cheeks swell out blubber or
bubble-like.
" Soon as Ghimdalcliteh miss'd her pleasing care,
She wept, she blubber'd, and she tore her hair,"
Sa^ift.
B. TrcDis. : To swell tlie cheeks with weep-
ing, (Used chiefly as a participial adjective.)
[Blubbered.]
'• And her fair face vfith teares was ioully blubbered."
Spenser: J-'. U-, H. i. 13.
bliib'-bered, * blub'-bred, pa. par. & u.
[Blubber, v.t.']
1. Swelliid with weeping. (Specially of tlic
cheeks or the eyelids.)
"With many bitter teares shed from his blubbrcd
eyue." Speiiser: F. Q., V. i. Vi.
2. dwelled : protuberant from whatever
cause. (Specially of the lips.)
■' Thou sing with him, thou Twoby ! never pipe
Was so profau'd," to touch that blubbered lip.'
Drj/den.
blub'-ber-ing, " blub-briug, ' blub-
rande, pr. par., a., & s. [Blubber, v.]
A. & B. --Is present participle & partlcipii'l
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
tli(^ verb.
C. As sabsiantivc : The act of crying so as
to swell the cheeks.
" So when her teares were stopt from eyther eye
Her singults, blabbrinqs, Heem'd to make theni flye
Out at her oyster-mouth and nose-thrils wide,"
Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, bk. ii., § 1.
Blu'-cher (ch guttural), a. & s. [Named after
the celebrated Prussian Field-Marshal Lebe-
recht von Blucher, who was liorn at Rostock;
December 16, 1742, was victorious over the
French at Katzbach on August 25, 1S13, was
tlefeated by them at Ligny on June 16, 181.0,
and completed their defeat and rout at Waterloo
on the ISth of the same month.]
A. -Is adjfxtlve : Named after Marshal
Blucher.
"... iKita, tobacco-lxixes, Periodicvl Literature, and
Blucher Boots."— Carli/le : Sartor Besartus, bk, i., cli.
iii.
B. As a cominon substantioe (pi. bluchers):
The kind of boots defined under A.
* blud'-der, "^ bliitli'-er, r.t. & L [Onoma-
topceic ; cf. Blubbkr.]
A. Transilioe .■
1. Lit. : To blot paper in writing ; to dis-
figure any writing.
2. Figundivehj :
(1) To disfigure the face with weeping, or in
any other way.
' On sic afore his een he never set,
Tho" bladdert now with strypes of tears and sweat."
Jtoss : Ilelenore, p. 28.
(2) Morally to disfigure.
"... blotted and blathered with these right-hand
extreams, and left-hand defections, . . ." — Walker:
Beinark. Passages, p. 67. (Jamieson.)
B. Intrans. : To make a noisp with the
mouth or throat in taking any liquid. (Jamie-
.sou.)
tblude, s. [Blood.] (Scotch.) (Scott: dig
Mannering, ch. xxn.)
bliid'-geoD, .^. [Of unknown origin. SUeat
suggests Jr. hlocan = a little block ; Dut. blvt-
acn = to bruise has also been suggested, and
the view that the word is a cant term con-
nected with blood has been put forward. Tliere
is no evidence.] A sliort stick, thick, and
sometimes loaded at one end, used by roiigli.s,
or in desperate emergencies by other persons
as an oflensive weapon.
"Armed themselves with flails, bludgeons, and
pitchforka,"— jUacait^Hi/; JJist. Eng., ch. v.
bliid'-gedii, v.t. [Bludgeon, 5.] To beat or
strike with a bludgeon.
blue, * bloo, ^ bleu, -'■- blwe, * bio (Eng.),
blue, bla, blae (Scotch), a., adv., & s. [A.H
hleo, bleah (Somner), a word the existence of
which Skeat doubts ; Tcel. bldr = livid ; Sw.
bl& = blue, black ; Dan. blaa = blue, azure ;
Dut. blavw = \)\m ; O. Dut. bUi; (N. H.)Ger.
hlau; O. H. Ger. bldo, pido ; Fr. Ueu ; Prov.
blau, blava; O.^'p.blaco; O. Ital. b'lucn. A
Scandinavian word.]
A. As adjective:
I, Ordinary Language :
1. I^iterally :
t (1) Originally livid ; of the colour of a
wound ijroduced when one has been beaten
"black and blue." [Blae.]
" BZoo colonre : Zividus, luridus"— Prompt. Parv.
•[ The expression "blue" milk, used nf
skimmed milk, seems to be a remnant of this
meaning.
"... akimmed or blue milk being only one half-
penny a quart, and the ijiiart a moat redundant one,
in Grasmere."— ife Quinceg : Works (ed. 1863f, vol, ii.,
p. 14.
{ (2) Blue-black. [Blaeberry.]
(3) Of any other shade of blue. Spec —
(a) Of the veins.
' , , , and here
My bluest veins to kiss ; 1 . ."
Shakesp. : Ant. .i- CIco/j , li. 5.
(h) Of various plants. [Bluebell, Blue-
I'.fyiTLE.]
(.) Of the cloudless sky, azure.
" Tliree gaudy stiuidards fl(jut the pale Hue sky "
Byron: Ckildc Harold, i. 41.
00 Of water in certain circumstances,
(i.) Of the sea.
1[ Poets conventionally call the sea "blue."
Near the shore it is generally green, yellow
sand below often affecting its colour. Far
from the land it is oftener blue. The " Red "
Sea may often be seen of a beautiful blue
colour.
■• Tlie sea, the blue lone sea, hath one-
He lies where pearls lie deep."
llemans: TJui Graves of a Household.
(ii.) Of lakes. This also is somewhat ccpi-
ventional.
"O'er the iiZ»c lake . . ."
Hetnans: Edith.
(iii.) Of rivers and streams. So also is this
so7Tiewhat conventional.
■■ The past as it fled by my own bine utreanis !"
Hematis: Tlie Land of Dreams.
2, Fi'jurntlvehj: Highly derived, aristo-
eratic— as "blue blood."
II. Terhiiically :
1. Optics: Tlie colour produced in a body
Avhen tlie blue rays whicli constitute one com-
ponent in light are reflected, all other rays
being absorbed.
2. Physic, science, s^pec. Bot. : A series of
colours containing, besides the typical species,
Prussian blue, ind-igo, slcy-bhw, lavender- colour,
rioh't, and lilac (q.v.). The typical blue most
nearly approaches indigo, but is lighter and
duller than that deep hue. (See Lindley :
Introd, to Bot., 3rd ed., 1639. pp. 479, 4S0.)
3. Fninting : Forpainters' colours see C. II.
i. Her. : [Azure.]
(1) Costume, Uccrii, dr. : Fonnerly bine was
the appropriate colour worn by pei'sons of
humble position in society, and by social out-
casts. It was so Spt'c,
(ii) Of servants.
'■ In a blew coat, serving-man like, with an orange," &c.
Musk of Christmas. {Jfar-'S.)
PrinrtoA.D. 1608 tlicsc blue mats had been
exchanged for cloaks not readily distinguish-
able from those worn by masters.
"... for since blew coats have been turned into
cloaks, one can scarce know the man from the master,"
— .'\ct li., Aiir. Driiina, v., p. 151. (Middleton.) {Nares.)
(h) Of beadles. [Bluebottle, a.]
"And to be free from the interruption of blye
beadles, and other bawdy officers." — Middleton: Micli.
Term., (Nares.)
(c) Of harlots in the house of correction.
{d) Of beggars. [Blue-gown.]
IIL I'vlitieal, religions, & academical sym-
hoUs-in : Now redeemed from former humble
associations, see II. 4, it stands —
1. Politically : In London and many parts
of England, tliough not everywhere, for a
Conservative.
2. Religiously :
(1) In England : Originally a strict Puritan
of Presbyterian views ; a rigid Protestiint
belonging to tlie Clmrch of England.
(2) In Scotland : A rigid Presbyterian sup-
porting the Church of Scotland.
If In senses III. (1) and (2) the expression
"true blue " is sometimes used. Thus a tnte
bhie Protestant is one who shows no jiro-
cljvities towards Roman Catholicism, a true
blue Presbyterian one vei-y strict in his belief
and practiix'.
" For his religion, it was fit
To match his learning and his wit,
'Twas Presbyterian true-blue.
For he was of that stubborn crew."
Hudibras, I. i. 189-91.
3. Aciulemically : In the annual boat race
and cricket match between the Universities
of Oxford and Llambridge those in favour of
Oxford wear dark-blue colours, and those in
favour of Cambridge light-blue. So also dark-
blue is worn by partizans of Harrow, and
light-bine by those of Eton.
B. As adverb :
1. As if blue. [T'i look blue.']
" The lights burn blue."
Hhakesp. : Rich. Ilf., v. 3.
2. Into a blue colour ; so as to look blue.
"There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry."
Shakesp. : Mer. WivcK, v. 5.
C. As s^lbstaniiL•e :
I. Ordinary Language :
I. Of things :
(I) Lit. : ((() Tlie colour de:^(•ribed under A.
b&il, b^; poiit, }6^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -^ion = zhiin. -cious, -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &e. = bel, del.
598
blue
" There "waa ecarce auy other colour sensible besides
red and blue ; only the blues, and priuciijally the
second bltie, inclined a little to green." — tfewton.
(&) The Blue-ljutterfly.
" On the commons and open downg the lovely little
blues ai-e frisking in animated play."— Gowe : Nat.
Mist., p. 5.
(c) A blue powder, or substance, used by
laundresses to give a blue tint to linen, &c.
(2) Fig. PI {blues) : The same as Blue-
devils (q.v,).
2. 0/ -persons : Persons dressed in blue :
(1) Either the Dutch troops in general, of
which blue is now the uniform, or more pro-
bably the blue-clad Dutch troops of life-guards
which came over with WiUiaui ITT. in 1688.
"... while vainly eudeavoui'ing to prevail on their
soldiers to look the Dutch Blues in the face." — Ma-
caulay : Hist. £ni/„ ch. xvi.
(2) The Royal Horse Guards in the British
army. Though the term "the blues" is
limited to these, the following regiments are
also clad in blue :— The 6th Dragoon Guards,
the 3rd and 4th Hussars, the 5th Lancers, the
7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and
15th Hussars, the Royal Regiment of Ai-tillerj^
and the Royal Marine Artillery.
"If it wpre necessary to i;ep6l a French invasion or
to put down au Irish insurrection, the Jilu-es and the
Buffs would stand by him to the death."— Alacaiolai/ :
Mist. Eng. ch, xxiv,
(3) Blue-stockings.
"The Blues, that tender tribe, who sigh o'er son-
nets." Byron: Don Juan, canto xi.
(4) Boys educated at Christ's Hospital.
II. Painting : The chief pigments used are
Pnissian Mue, Indigo hlue, Verditer, Ifltra-
mariite, Cobalt blue, and Smalt. (See these
words. )
D, 7)1 sp&cial phrases :
1. To look bhis : To feel disappointed to
such an extent that to the imaginative the
colour seems to change to blue.
2. To look blue at : To look angrily at.
blue asbestus, or asbestos, £.
Min. : The same as Crocidolite (q.v.).
blue billy, s.
Metal. : A name given to the residue from
the combustion of iron pyrites (FeSg) in the
manufacture of sulphuric acid. It is em-
ployed as an iron ore, and for the fettling of
puddling furnaces in the Cleveland district.
blue-black, a. Of a colour produced by
the commingling of black and blue, the former
predominating.
* blue blanket, s. The name formerly
given to the banner of the craftsmen in Edin-
burgh,
"The Crafts-men think we should he content witli
their work how had soever it he ; and if in any thini;
they be controuled, up goes the Blue Blanket." — ti, Ja.
Basilicon Dor. and Pennccuifc's Mist. Ace. 81. Blanket,
pp. 27, 28.
blue bonnet, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A bonnet of a blue colour.
2. One wearing a " bonnet " of a blue colour.
II. Technically :
1. Zool: A name for the Blue Tit (Parus
ecerulens). [Blue Tit.]
2. Botany:
(1) Sing. : A name sometimes given to the
Centaurea cyanu-s. [Bluebottle.]
(2) Plur. Blue bonnets : A plant, Sedbiosa
succisa. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
blue-breast, s. A name sometimes given
to a bird, the Blue-throated "Warbler {Plujeni-
Gu/ra sueclca). It is a native of Britain.
blue-butterfly, s. A name occasionally
applied to any butterfly of the genus Poly-
ommatus, which has the upper side of its
wings blue, their normal colour.
blue-cap, s.
1. One of the names for the Blue Titmouse
(Pants cceruleus).
" Where is he that giddy sprite.
Blue-cap, with his colours bright."
Wordsworth .- Tfte Mitten and the Falling Leaves.
2. A fish of the sahnon family, with blue
spots on its head.
blue-cat, s. a Siberian cat valued for its
fur. (Ogilvie.)
blue-coat, blue coat, o. & a.
A, As substantive :
1. The dress of the lower orders in the six-
teenth century, hence the dress of almsmen
and charity school children.
2. An almsman, a soldier or sailor.
B. As adj. : Wearing the blue-coat of an
almoner ; supported by endowment.
blue-coated, a. Wearing a blue coat.
" By old blue-coated serving man."
Scott: Mnrmion. Introd. to Canto vi.
blue copper, blue copper ore, s.
Min. . Azurite and Chessylite (q.v.).
blue-devils, s. pi
1. The apparitions seen in delirium tremens.
2. Lowness of spirits ; hypochondria.
blue-disease, blue disorder, blue
jaundice, s.
Med. : Popular names for a disease or a
morbid symptom which consists in the skin
becoming blue, purple, or violet, especially on
the lips, the cheeks, and other parts where
the cutaneous capillary vessels are superficial.
[Cyanosis.]
blue-eyed, a. Having blue eyes. Blue
eyes generally go with fair hair and a sanguine
temperament. They are more common in the
Teutonic race than in the other races of the
world.
" Gleualvon's blue-eyed daughter came."
Byron: Oscar of Alva.
It is generally believed that blue eyes occa-
sionally occurred in the Greek race ; Athene
(Minerva) was thought to have possessed them,
but ykavKoiiti^ (glaukopis) was originally fierce-
eyed or grey-eyed rather than blue-eyed.
{^iddell dt Scott.)
" Thxia while he spoke, the blue-eyed maid hegan,"
Pope : Moiner'fi Odyssey, bk. xiii. 827.
H Blue-eyed grass : An iridaceous plant,
Sisyrynchium aiiceps, or Bermudiana. It
grows in Bermuda, in the United States, &c.
blue felspar, s.
Min. : The same as Lazulite (q.v.).
blue-flsh, t,.
1. A species of Corypheena found in the
Atlantic. [Coryph^na .]
2. Temnodon saltator : A flsh like a mackerel
but larger, found on the Atlantic coast of the
United States. It is called also Horse-mack-
erel and Salt-water Tailor.
blue-fly, blue fly, s. A bluebottle,
Musca {Lu^ilia) Ccesar.
blue-glede, s. A name for the Ring-
tailed Harrier, Cwcus cyaneus. [Blue- hawk. ]
blue-gown, s.
1. Of things : A gown of a blue colour.
2. Of persons : A pensioner, who annually,
on the king's birthday, receives a certain sum
of money and a blue gowu or cloak, which he
wears with a badge on it.
"Here has been an old Blae-gown committing
robbery I "—Scott : Antiqtuiry, ch. xxxvii.
blue gramfer greygles, s. A lilia-
ceous plant, Scilla nutans.
blue hafit, s. The Scotch name for the
Hedge-sparrow {Accentor nodularis).
blue-balred, a. Having blue hair.
" This nlace.
The greatest and the beat of all the main,
Me quarters to the blue-hair'd deities."
Milton : Comtts, 27-9,
blue-hawK, s.
1. The Peregrine falcon {Falco peregrinus).
2. The Ring-tailed Harrier {Circus cyaneus).
blue-hearts, s. An American name for
the botanical genus Buchnera (q.v.).
blue iron earth, s.
Min. : The same as Vivianite (q.v.).
blue-john, ».
Min. : The same as Fluorite or Fluor (q. v. ).
It is a blue variety of fluor-spar (CaFg), found
in Derbyshire.
blue-kite, s. A name for a bii'd, the
Ring-tailed Harrier {Circus cyaiieus).
blue laws, s. pi. [Called probably from
the Puritan colour "true blue."] {Kingsley.)
[Blue, III. 2.] Severe puritanic laws alleged
to have existed at Newhaven, in Connecticut,
and the adjacent parts. They were not laws,
but a selection of judicial decisions. {Ripley
& Dana.)
blue-lead, s.
Min. : A variety of Galena. It is lead sul-
phide (PbS.). [Galena.]
blue-light, s. A signal light which when
ignited burns with a steady blue colour and
reflection. The materials used in the com-
position of blue Hghts are saltpetre 9 lb. 10
oz. ; sulphur, 2 lb. 6^ oz. ; and red oipiment,
11 oz. These are all incorporated together
and pressed into cups of wood, covered with
cartridge paper, and furnished with a handle.
blue malachite, ^.
Min. . The same as Azurite or Chessylite
(q.v.).
blue-mantle, s. & a.
A, As substantive : A mantle which is blue.
B. As adjective : Having a blue mantle.
Blue-mantle pursuivant {Her.). [Pursui-
vant.]
" Aa sacred aa either garter or Blue mantle." — Scott:
Waverley, ch. i.
blue-metal, s.
Metal. : Copper at one stage of the process
of refining. It is called also ^ne metal.
blue-Monday, 5. The Itfonday preced-
ing Lent, when, in the 16th centuiy, the
churches were internally decorated with blue.
blue moor-grass, a. A book-name for
a grass, Sesleria cceruUa,
blue-mould, s. Tlie mould, of the colour
indicated, so often seen upon cheese. It con-
sists of a fungus, Asfjergillus glmucus.
blue-ointment, s.
Pharm. : Mercurial ointment.
blue-peter, s. [Corrupted from blu£ re-
peater, one of the British signal flags.]
Naut. : A flag, blue with a white square in
the centre, used as a signal for sailing, for re-
calling boats, &c.
blue-pill, s.
Pliarm. : Pilula Hydrargyri, a pill made by
rubbing two ouaces of mercury with three
of confection of roses till the globules dis-
appear, and then adding one of liquorice-root
to form a mass. ItTs given when the secretion
of the liver is defective as a " cholagogue
purgative," i.e., as a purgative designed to
promote evacuation of the bile.
blue-poker, s. One of the names of a
duck, the Pochard (Fuligulaferina}.
t blue-poppy, s. A plant, Centaurea
cyanus, more commonly termed Bluebottle.
blue-pots, s.
Comm. : Pots, also called Black-lead cru-
cibles. They are made of a mixture of clay
with a coarse variety of graphite. They are
much less likely to crack when heated than
those made from fire-clay only,
blue-ribbon, s. L^^ibbon (l).J
blue-rocket, s. Several species of Aconite,
specially Aconitum pyramidale. [Aconite.]
t blue-ruin, s. A cant name for gin,
usually of bad quality.
"This latter I have tasted, as well aa the English
blue-ruin, and the Scotch wliiaky, analogous fluids used
hy the Sect in those countries."— 6'a?%?e." Sartor
liesartus, bit. iii,, ch. 10.
blue-shark, o. CarcJiarias glancns.
blue-shone, s. An Australian miners'
term for the basaltic lava through which they
have sometimes to dig in search of gold,
{Stormonth.)
blue-Skate, s. A skate {lUiia hatis),
{Scotch.)
* blue-spald, s. A disease of cattle ;
supposed to be the same with the black spaul.
" If the cattle will die of the blue-spald, what can. I
help it ? " — Saxon and Gael, i, 152, {Jamieson. )
blue- spar, s.
Min. : The same as Lazulite (q.v.).
blue-Stocking, s, & a.
A. As substantive:
1. Lit. . A stocking of a blue colour.
2. Fig. : A literary lady, generally with the
imputation that she is more or less pedantia
Boswell, in his Life of Johnson, states that iu
liis day there were ceiiain meetings held by
ladies to afford them opportunity of holding
f^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, lall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, si're^ sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
blue— bluid
599
convei-se with eminent literary men. The
most diatingaislied talker at tliese gatlierings
was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore lilue
stockings. His absence was so felt that the
remark became common, " We can do nothing
without the blue stockings." Hence the
meetings at wliich he figured began to be
called sportively " Blue-stocking Clubs," and
those who frequented theui blue-stockings.
B, As adjective :
1. LU. . Pertaining to stockings of a blue
colour.
2. Fig. : Pertaining to literary ladies ; such
as characterises literary ladies.
"... how much lietter thi.s was adapted to her
husband's taate, how much more adnx^tetl to uphold
the comfort of his daily life, than a bluestocking
loquaoity."— Z)e Quince^/: Worki (ed. 1863), vol, ii.,
p, 133.
blue-stockingisiu, s. The procedure of
literary ladies, generally with the imputation
of pedantry,
blue stone, s.
Comm. : A name given to cupric sidphate,
CuS04.5HaO. [Cupric Sulphate.]
blue-tail, s. A popular name for an
American lizard- -the Five-lined Plestiodon
(Plestiodon quingueliTieatum).
blue tangles, s. The name of a plant,
Vaccinium frondosum, from North America.
blue-throated, a. Having a throat with
blue feathers on it.
Blue-throated Redstart : A bird, Rutleella
cyanecula.
blue tit, blue titmouse, s. A bird,
called also Blue Tomtit, Blue-cap, Blue-
bonnet, Hickwall Billy-biter, and Ox-eye.
It is Parus cmruleus, L. It has the upper
pai-t of the head light-blue, encircled with
white ; a band round the neck and the spaces
before and behind the eye of a duller blue ;
cheeks white ; back Ught yellowish-green, the
lower parts pale greyish yellow ; the middle of
the breast dull blue. The male is more brightly
coloured than the female. Average length to
end of tail, which is rather long : male, 4^
inches ; expansion of wings, 7^ ; female, 4^^
inches ; expansion of wings, 7^. It is perma-
nently resident in Britain, placing its nest in
the chink of a wall, under eaves or thatch,
or in a hole of a tree, and laying from six to
eight, some say twelve or even twenty, eggs
of a slightly reddish colour, marked all over
with irregular small spots of light red.
blue titmouse, s. [Blue Tit.]
blue-veined, a. Having blue veins.
(Used of plants rather than of man.)
" These blue-vein'd violets whereon we lean."
iihahesp. : Venus <6 AUonis, 125.
blue verditer, s. [Verditer.]
blue-vitriol, blue vitriol, s.
1. Min. : The same as Chalcanthite (q.v.).
2. Comm. : The mineral mentioned under
No. 1. It is crystallized sulphate of copper
(CWSO4.5H2O). [Cupric Sulphate.]
blue-weed, s. An American name for a
plant, Echinm vidgare, known here as the
Viper's Bugloss. [Bugloss, Echium.]
blue-winged, a. Having blue wings.
T[ I. Bhie-iuinged Jay : A name for the jay
(Garrulus giandarius). (MacgilUvray.)
2. Blue-winged Shoveller : One of the English
names for a bird, the Common Shoveller
(Spathii-lea clypeaia).
blue, v.t. [From blue, a.] To make blue; to
heat (as metal) till it assumes a blue tinge ; to
treat (as linen) with blue.
Blue'-beard, s. & a. [From Eng. Um, and
heard.]
A. -4s substantive : A man resembling that
children's bogie, the Bluebeard well known
in story, tliough wholly unknown in history.
B. As adjective: Haunted by such another
as the mythic personage described under A.
" Except the Bluebeard room, which the i)oor child
believed to be permaiieutly hauuted.' — Le Quincey :
Works, 2nded.. 1.167.
blue-bell, blue-bells, * blew'-beUes
(ew as u), s. [Eng. blue; bell, bells. So
called from the coloiu" and shape of the
flowers.] Two plants.
1. The English name of the plant genus
Agraphis, and specially of the Wild Hyacinth
(Agraphls nutans of Link, Seilla nutans of
JSniith, HyacoiUhus nonscriptus of Linneus.)
BLUEBELL.
2, TJie Bluebell nf Scotland: The round-
leaved Bell-flower or Hairbell {Campanula
rotundifolia).
" The frail bluebell peereth over. "
Tennyson : A Dirae.
blue'-ber-ry, s. [Eng. bluCy and berry.] An
American name for the genus Vaccinium, that
which contains the Bilberry, called in Scot-
land the Blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).
blue'-bird, s. [Eng. blue; bird.] A beautiful
bird, the Sylvia sialis of Wilson, occurring in
Carolina, Bernmda, &c. Its whole upper parts
are sky-blue, shot with purple, with its throat,
neck, breast, and sides reddish-chestnut, and
part of its wings and its tail-feathers black.
It is about seven and a half inches long.' It
is a favourite with the Americans as the Robin
Redbreast is with us, but pays its visits in
spring and summer rather than in winter.
" Seut the blue-bird, the Owaissa.''
Longfellow : The Song of H'tawatJia, ii.
blue-book, s. [Eng. Uue; book.]
1. Originally & -properly : A book which is
bound in a blue cover.
2. Subsequently <& now : Most published Par-
liamentary papers being bound in blue the
term ' ' bluebook " has come to signify a book
containing returns, reports of commissions.
Acts of Parliament, &c., in short, the official
record of Parliamentary investigations and
regulations.
blue'-bot-tle, blue bottle, o. & a. [Eng.
hlvs; and bottle.]
A. As substantive :
I. (0/i/te/orm blue bottle): A bottle which is
blue.
II. (Of the forms bluebottle and blue-bottle) :
1. Po-pulaT zoology : _
(1) Lit. : A two-winged fly, Musca (LucUla)
Ccs^ar, the body of which has some faint re-
semblance to a bottle of blue glass. [Blue-
fly.]
(2) Figuratively :
(a) A servant. (0. PI, v. 6.)
" ' Say, aire of insects, mighty Sol,'
A fly upou the chariot pole
Cries out, ' What bluebottle alive
Did ever with such fury diive?'"
Prior: The Flies.
(&) A beadle. [See B. adj.]
(c) One who hovers round a celebrated
person attracted by the glitter of his fame, as
some flies are by a light.
" Humming like flies arouud the newest blaze,
Thb bluest of bluebottles you e'er saw."
Byron : Beppo, 74.
2. Popular botany : A name given in various
pai-ts of England to different plants with
bottle-shaped blue flowers. Spec,
(1) The Wild Hyacinth. [Bluebell, 1.
Agraphis.]
(2) Centaurea cyauus, more fully named the
Corn Bluebottle, from its being found chiefly
in Gom-flelds. It belongs to the order As-
teracege (Composites), and the sub-order Tu-
bulifloras. It is from two to three feet high,
with the florets of the disk, which are small
and purple, and those of the ray few. larger
and bright blue. It is common in Britain and
throughout Europe.
" If youput6Z!/c6ort?-»M, or other blue flowers, into au
ant-hill, they will Ije staiued with red." ~/iay.
B, As adjectiv: Wearing a blue garment.
(Used of a beadle.) [Blue, a.]
" I will have yon as soundly swinged for this, you
bluebottle iog\ie."—S!utkesp. : 2 Hen. J J',, v, 4
biu'e-cap, blue cap, *. [Eug. blue, a., and
Ctti-i.]
I. 0/i/te/orm blue cap : A cap which is blue.
II. Of the form bluecap and blue-cap: A
name given in different localities to various
plants. Spec, to two Icinds of Scabious — (1)
Scabiosa succiba, (2) Scabiosa arvensis.
blued, 2:'ff. jwc. [Blue, v.]
blue'-ing, t blu'-ihg, pr. par., a., & i>.
[Blue, c]
blue'-ly, adv. [Eng. blu^ ; -ly.] With a blue
colour ur tint.
" First clear and white, then yellow, after red,
Then blaely pale."
More : Infinity of Worlds, s. 94.
blue'-ness, * blew'-ness, * blu'-nesse,
"" blo'-nesse, s. [Eng. blue; -ness.] The
quality of being blue.
"... our liquor may be deprived of its6i!te)i«s5, and
resiiored to it again."— fioj/Ze .- Works, ii. 579.
blues, s.pl. [Blue, C, I. 1, 2.]
blii'-ets, s. [From Fr. bluet — ^ blue plant.
Ceutaurea cyanus ; dimin. of Fr. bleu =■ hhie.]
1. A plant, the Vaccinium angustifoliuni,
which grows in North America.
2. The Hedyotis eoirulea.
blu'-ette, s. The same as Blewit (q.v.).
tblu'-ey, a. [Eng. bliie ; -y.] Somewhat blue.
(Southey.)
bluff, a. & s. (1). [Etym. doubtful ; O. Dut.
blaf— flat, broad, has been suggested, but the
connection is uncertain.]
A, As adjective :
1. Of hanks, cliffs, etc. : Large and steep.
"The north west part of it, formiug a 6Z«^ poiut,
bore . north, 20'' en,.st, two leagues distant."— Cooft.-
Voyage, lik. iv., ch. 0.
2, Of persons :
(1) Massive, burly (?).
" Black-brow'd and hlvff, like Homer's Jupiter."
Dryden.
(2) Plain spoken in a good sense, or too
abrupt and plain in speech, as some men of
massive frame and strong nerve are liable
to be.
" Bluff Hni-ry broke into the snence."
Tennyson : TJie Talking Oak.
B. As substantive : A large, high bank, pre-
cipitous on one side, in most cases constituting
a promontory jutting out into the sea.
" And buffet round the hills from bluff to bluff."
Tetniyson : The Golden, Fear.
bluflf-bowed, a.
I\'uut. : Having a broad, flat bow.
bluff-headed, a.
Naut. : Bluff'-bowed (q.v.).
bluff (2), s. [Etym. unknown.]
'^ 1. A blinker for a horse.
2. An excuse, a blind. (Slang Diet.")
3- The game of Euchre. (Slang Diet.)
bluff, v.t. [Of unknown origin. It appears to
be of the same date as bam (q.v.), and in late
usage to have been influenced by bluff (2), s.]
*1 To blindfold.
2. To impose on (at some card game) by
boasting that one's hand is better than it
really is, so as to induce one's opponent to
ihrow up the game. (Amer.)
'i. To impose on or frighten by boasting.
bliiff'-lj^, adv. [Eng. bluff; -ly.] In a bluff
manner, bluntly.
bluff'-ness, s [Eng. bbiff ; -?iess.] Thenualitv
of being bluff.
1. Precipitousness.
2. Broadness, puffiness, bloatedness(?).
" A remarkable bluffncsn at face, a loud voice and a
masculine air."— r/te World, No. 88.
3. Abruptness of speech or behaviour.)
blur-fly, 0. [Eng. bluff; -3/. J Having bluffs,
or bold headlands.
bluid,*. [Blood.] (Scotch.)
" But feels bis heart's hluid rising hot."
Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer.
bluid - tongue, s. [So called because
children are accustomed to use it to bring
blood from tlie tongues of their playmates if
the latter submit to the operation.] A name
for a stellate plant, Galium ajmrine (the Goose-
grass or Cleavers.) (Eng. Border & Scotla-nd.)
b6il, b^; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, ^hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophou, exist, -xng,
-cian, -tian = shan, -tion, -slon = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -slous, -cious=shus. -ble, -tie, &c. = bel, tel.
600
bluidveit— blunt
* bluid'-veit, bluid'-wyte, j>. [Blood-
wit.] A fine paid for ettiisioii of blood.
"Bluidveit, an unlaw for wriiug or injurie, sik as
bloud "—Hkciic. {Jamieson.)
Wu' ing, * blue'-ing, pr. par., u., & *.
[Blue, y.]
A. Js -present partlcijjle & adjective. (See
the vc]b.)
B, As siO-'stantlve : The act, artj or process
of reuderiug Ijlue by means of a dye, or in any
other way.
1. Metal. : The process of heating steel till
it becomes blue.
2. Dyeing: The process of colouring goods
by a solution of indigo.
blii'-xsh, * blue'-ish, blew-ish (ew as
v.), a. ['EuQ. Uue ; -ish.] Somewhat blue.
" Side sleeves and skii-ts, lonud uuderhoriie with a
bluisli tmsel."— Shakes}). : Much Ado, ill. 4.
bluish-green, n. Noting a mixture of
j^reen and blue, with the former colour pre-
dominating. (Used also substantively.)
"Both are coloured of a npleiulid blvish-qreen, one
living invariably in the lagoon, and the other anioiigst
the outer breakers,"— fltirii/in ; Voyage round the
World, ch. XX,
bluish-white, o. Noting a mixture of
white and blue, with the latter colour pre-
dominating. (Used also substantively.)
"... a black mark, surrounded by orange-yellow,
and tXiBwhy bluish-white."— Darwin: Descent of Man.
blu'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. 'bluish; -hj.'\ In a
bluish manner. QVebsier.)
blu'-ish-ness, * blue'-ish-ness, s. [Eng.
hluish ; -ness.] The quality of being bluish,
i.e., somewhat blue.
"I could make, with crude copi)er, a solution without
the blnishneits that is wout to accompany its vinegar
solutions. "~5o^;e.
blui'-ter (1), v.i. [Etym. doubtful. Compare
Dut. hlaten = to bleat. Jamieson derives it
from Ger. plauder)i = to talk nonsense and
untruth (?).]
1. To make a rumhling noise.
2. To blatter ; to pour forth lame, harsh,
and unmusical rhymes.
" I laugh to see thee hluitcr.
Glory ill thy r.-ignients, rash to raill."
PolwaH : Flyting : Watson's Coll., iii. 7. (Javiieson.)
blui'-ter (2), v.i. [Dimin, from hlout (q.v.).
{.Jamieson. yi To dilute.
"I To hhdter up with water : To dilute too
much with water.
blui-ter, bliit'-ter, s. [From Uuiter, v.
(a.r.).]
1. A rumbling noise, as that sometimes
made by the intestines.
2. Liquid filth. (Cleland : Poems, p. 102.)
(Jamieson.)
* bluk, s. [Etymology doubtful.] An error
for Uunk = horse (-Sir F. Madden). Altered
from the word hulk, i.e. = a trunk (Morris.)
" He brayde his bluk about*."
Oaio. and the Green Knight, 440.
* blum '-damme, &■. [Corrupted h'ovx phvnibe-
dame.] A prune. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
blii'-me-a, s. [From the eminent botanist
Dr. Blum'e, who in 1828 published a Flora of
Java, ]
Bat. : A large genus of composite plants,
with purple or yellovi^ flowers, found in India
and the Eastern islands, a few stragglers ex-
isting also in Australia and Africa. Blunua
aurita and B. laxera, yellow-flowered species
growing in India, are used by the natives of
the country in cases of dyspepsia,
blu-men-bach'-i-a (ch guttural), s. [From
the celebrated J. F" Blumenbach, of Gottin-
gen, who was born in 1752, and died in 1840.]
Bot. : A genus of climbing jjlants belonging
to the order Loasaceai (Loasads). Several
species exist, of which two are cultivated, the
Blumeyibachia insigitis and the B. midtifida.
Both have large beautiful flowers and sthiging
bristles, and are natives of the southern por-
tion of South America.
blu-men-bach'-ite (ch guttural), s. [In Ger.
ilumenbachit. Named after Blumenbach,
author of a natural history handbook, of
which the 8th edition was published at Got-
tingen in 1807.]
Min. : Tlie same as Alabandite (q.v.).
blu-mite, s. [In Ger. hlnmit. Named after
the mineralogist Blum.]
Mineralogy :
1. Blumite of Fischer. The same as Blei-
nierite (q.v.).
2. Blumite of Liebe. The same as !Mega-
basite (q.v.).
bliin'-der, * blon-der, bloxi-dir,
-blon-dre, blon-dren, r.i. & t. [Cf.
Sw. blunda ; Dan. blunde, all = to sleep
lightly, to dose, to nap ; Icel. hlundr ; Sw. &
Dan. hlund, all = a wink of sleep, slumber, a
dose, a nap. Remotely connected with blend
and blind. (Skeat).']
A. Intransitive :
1. Originally:
(1) To X'ore over anything, the sleepy way
in which one deals with it preventing his
despatching it quickly ; or to fall into con-
fusion, to confuse, to confuse one's self, to be
mazed.
(2) To run heedlessly.
" Yp been as bolde as Bayard the bliiide.
That bliindreth forth and peril casteth noon."
Cliaacer : The C'hanoun Vemannes 7'ate, l,4i:(-14.
2. -.Vow : To fall into a gi'oss mistake, to err
greatly from native stupidity or from censur-
able carelessness.
"It is one thing to forget in.atterof fact, and another
to bluTider upon the reason of it." — L' Mstrange.
3. To flounder ; to reach an object of attain-
ment, as for instance an intellectual inquiry,
not directly under the guidance of jtroper
intelligence, but circuitously, with various
stumbles, and as if accidentally at last.
*\ Often followed by round about, &c.
" He who now to sense, now nonsense leaning,
Means not, but blunders round about a meaning."
Pope: Prol. Satires, 186.
B, Trans. : To mistake, to eiT regarding, to
introduce a gross error into, specially by con-
founding or " blending " things which differ.
(See etym.)
" . , . for he blunders and confounds all these
together; . . ."—StilUngfteet,
bliin'-der, blun'-dur, blon'-der, «.
[From blunder, v. (q.v.).]
1. Confusion, trouble.
" Where werre and wrake and wonder
Bi sythez hatz wont tlieriune
And oft bothe blysse and blunder,
Ful skete hatz skyfted syiine."
Sir Gaw. and the Green KniglU (ed, SroiTis), 10-19.
2. A gross mistake ; a great error in calcu-
lation or other intellectual work.
", . . thewildfrlwnder* into i\hich some minds were
bullied by national vanity, and otbei-s by a morbid
love of paradox." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, iii.
blun'-der-buss, s. [From Dut. donderlius ;
Sw. donderbbssa; Ger. rfo?uier6«sc7ie= a blun-
derbuss. These are from Dut. donder, Gei.
rioJimer = thunder, and Dut. &ws = the barrel
of a gun ; Sw. bossa; Ger. hiische, all = a box.
an urn, the bari'el of a gun. Thus blunderbusj
is a " thunder-gxm."]
1. Md. & Ord. Jang. : A short gun, unrifled
and of laige bore, widening towards the
muzzle. It is by no means to be ranked with
BLUNDERBUSS.
arms of precision, but is loaded with many
balls or slugs, which scatter when fired, so
that there is hope of some one of them hitting
the mark.
" The hatchway was constantly watched by sentinels
armed with bangers and blunderbusses."— Macaulay :
Bist. Eng., ch v.
2, Figuratively :
(1) A controversialist who discharges at his
adversary a confused mass of facts, argujnents,
&c.
(2) (With a mistaken etymology): A person
who habitually makes blunders.
" Jacob, the scourge of grammar, mark with awe,
Nur less leveie him, blunderbuss of law,"
Pope : Munciad, bk. iii.
blun'-dered, pa. par. &■ a. [Blunder, v.]
Jjlun'-der-er, s. [Eng. blunder; -er.]
1. Que who blunders ; one who habitually
makes gross mistakes.
" Your blunderer ia as sturdy as a rock."
O'wpvr : Progress of Error.
• 2. A blind or stupid worker. iX.E.D.)
"Blunderer or blunt warkere (worker, P.). l/ebc-
factor, Itebcficus." — Prompt. Pare,
bliin'-der-head, s. [Eng. blunder ; head.]
A blockhead ; a jierson who is always making
blunders.
"At the rate of this thick-skulled blunderhead.
every plow-jobber shall take upon him to read upon
divinity. "—L' Estrange.
bliin'-der-ing, * bliin'-der-ynge, pr..
I'or., a., & s. [Blunder, r.]
A. & B. As present j^articiple d; particlpiaT
adjective. (See the verb.)
-Times,.
C, As substantive : TJie act of making a
gross mi.stake.
blun'-der~ihg-lSr, ailv. [Eng. blundering;,
-ly.] In a blundering manner ; with many
gross mistakes.
"... they have done what they did in that kind
rather ignorantly, suxjinely, or blumli-riitglii, than out
of a premeditated design to tju\er falsehood." — Lewis -
Trans, of the Bible Diss,
* blu'-nesse» s. [Blui:ness,] (Prompt. Parv.y
bliinge, r.t. [Onomatopceic, influenced by
plitnge.] To mix (as clay, &,c.) witli water,
bluh'-ger, s. [Blunge, v.] A i>lunger, ft
wooden blade with a cro.ss handle, used for
mixing clay in jiotteries, (Tomlinson.)
blun'-ging, s. [Blunge, v.]
Pottery: The process ..f mixing clays for the-
manufacture of porcelain.
bliink, v.i. & t, [Blink, v.] (Srotch.)
A, Intrans. : To turn aside, to blench, to
flinch.
"The presumptuoua sinner . . . goes on and nevei"
bUnii:s."—Gurnall; The Chrinlian in Compute Ar-
mour.
B. Trans. : To spoil a thing, to mismanage-
any business. (Ja.micson.)
"^ blunk (1), s. [Blonk.] A steed. (Gaiv. <t
the Hreen Knight, 440.) [Bluk.]
blunk{2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Aheavycottoit
or linen cloth, wrought for being printed ; a
calico. (Scotch.)
1[ Often in the plural Uunks.
bliink'-er, s. [Blunk (2), s.] One who print*
clotlis. (Jamieson.)
"Ye see. they siiy Duubog is nae maira geiitlema?*
than the bhinker that's biqigit the boniiie house down
m the howm."— ,Vt.'oH ; Guy MauneHiig, ch. iii.
blunk'-et» a. & s. [Prob. orig. the same as
blanket (q.v.).] " Pale blue, perhaps any
faint or faded colour . . . blanched." (Slb-
bald.)
A, As adj. .- Grayish hlue ; light blne_
(Cotgrave.)
"CiBsius. Gray, sky-coloiired, with specks of giay
blunket." — Alnsioorth : Latin Dietionary.
B, As subst. . A coarse woollen fabric of
this colour.
blunk'-it, blink-it, pa. par. [Blunk. J
(Scotch.)
blunks, s. pi. [Blunk (2), s.] (."Scotch.)
blunt (1), *blont, n. & s. [Etym. doubtful.
Compare Sw. & Dan. blnnd = a wink nf sleep,
slumber, a nap; Sw. &/(t)irfa = to shut tlis-
e\es ; Dan. hlunde = to sleep slightly, to nap ;
Icel, blunda = to sleep. There is no evidence
as to the history of the word.]
A. As (idjective :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of ^fersons:
(1) Dull in intellect, not of .sharp intelli-
gence, wanting in mental acuteness.
''Blunt of wytte. Hebes." — Protnpt. Parv.
" Valentine being gone, I'll quickly cross,
By some sly trick, blunt Tnurio's dull proceeding.*
Sliakesp. : Two Gen., ii. 2.
(2) Obtuse in feeling, with emotions, espe-
cially the softer ones, the reverse of keen.
" I find my heart hardened and blutit to new impres-
sions ; it will scarce receive or retain aflections ol
yesterday."— Pope.
* (3) Faint.
^ " Such a burre myght make lnJ^l herte blunt."
Ear. Eng. AlVU. Poems (ed. Morris) ; The Pearl, 17R
2. Of the products of such mental dulness or
such obtiisencss of feeling :
(1) Unintellectual, stupid, foolish. (Used
of an opinion, &c,)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot»
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
blunt— blush
601
"... farr beyond the fjhmt conceit of some, '.vho (T
remoiiiber) have upon the same woortl Farnli. iii;wle .1
very fe'i'oas conjecture; , . ."—Spenser : State of Irchmd
(2) Abrniit, inelegant. (Used of compot^i-
tion .)
"To use too niniiy circumatanceB, ere one come to
thfi matter, is wearisome ; to use none at all, is bluiU."
— Bacon.
(.■?) Unpleasantly diveit ; mde, uncivil, im-
polite ; avoiding r-ircundoeution in making
unpleasant coniimmications ; not sparing tlie
feelings of others ; brusque. (Used of Tlie
temperament, of manners, of speeches. &e.)
" Bhitit truths more mischief than nice falsehoods
do." Pope.
"To his hhivit maniier, and to his want of con-
sideration for the feelings of others, . . .'—Jlacuulay :
Hist. Eitg., ch. vi.
3. Of cutting instrumc'its or othrr material
things: Having the edge or point dull as
opposed to shajp.
"If the iron be blinif, and he do not whet the edge,
then must he put to more strength. "—£cc?cs. x. 10.
II. Botany :
(1) Terminating^ gi-adually in a rounded end.
This corresponds to the Latin ohtiisiis.
(LindUy.)
•[ Bhuit loith a point : Terminating abruptlv
in a rounded end, in the middle of whirh
there is a conspicuous point. Example, the
leai'es of various species of Ruhus (Raspljeriy
and Bramble.) (Lindky.)
(2) Having a soft, obtuse termination, cor-
responding to the Lat. luheUUns. {LindUy.)
B. As substantive :
1. Xeedle manufacture (i>l. Blunts): A grade
of sewing-needles witli the points less tapering
than they are in sliarpfi or even in hctu-een'^.
2. Cant language : Sloney, Sometimes it
has the prehxed, and becomes "the blunt."
^ Compounds of obvious signification : Bluiil-
edged (Ogilvie) ; blunt-pointed (Darwi)i :
Voyage round the World, ed. 1S7S, ch. xviii.) ;
bhint-witted {Shakesp. : 'J. Hen. VI., iii. 2).
blunt-file, s. A file which has but a
sliglit taper. It is intermediate in grade
between a regular taper and a dead parallel
file.
blunt-Iieaded, a. With the head ter-
minating obtusely.
■ The Bhint-headed Cachalot: A name of the
Spermaceti Whale (Physetcr nwcrocephalus).
blunt-hook, s.
Surgery: An obstetric hook for withdraw-
ing a foitus witliout piercing or lacerating it.
^ blunt-worker, 5. A blunderer. (Prompi.
Varv.)
^ blunt - working, s. Blundering.
{Prompt. Parr.)
bliint, * bliin'-ten, v.t. k i. [Bm-nt, a.]
A. Trajuitive :
1. Of persons :
(1) To dull the intellect ; to weaken passion
or emotion of any kind.
" Blunt not hie love ;
Nor lu=e the good iidvantage <A his gi-ace.
By seeming cold."
iHen. IV., iv. 4.
t (2) To repress the outward manifestation
of feeling.
" For when we rage, atlvice is often seen
By blunting us to make our wits moi-e keen. '
Shakesp. : A Lover's Coi/ijAaiitf.
2. Of the edge or point of a cutting InstrunwHf,
or any other material thing that is sharp: Tn
dull, to render the reverse- of sharp. (Lit. £■
M)
" He had such tilings to urge against our marriage
As, now declav'd, would blunt my sword in battle.
And dastardize my courage." Drydcii.
"Blunt not the beams of heav'n, and edge of day."
Ibid.
B. Tntrans. : To become blunt.
■' Its edge will never Uwnt."—Bunyan : P. P., pt. ii.
•I To blunt out or forth: To utter bluntly
or impulsively. [Blurt.]
bliin'-ted, pa. par. & a. [Blunt, v.] .Miide
blunt or dull. {Lit. £Jig.)
"This visitaf ion
I^ but to whet thy most blunted jrarpoie."
£hakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 4.
*blunt'-en, v.t. [Blunt, a.] To render
blunt, to dull ; to take off the edge of.
\ bliin'-ter, s. [Eng. Uunt, v. ; -er.l One
who makes blunt. {Lit. 6s fig.)
blun'-tie, blunt'-y, a. & «. [Eng. blunt ; and
siillix -(/; O. Eng. u\]
A. As adj. . Blunt, dull ; that tends to
blunt.
B. As subsL : A sniveller, a stupid person.
" They snool me sair, and baud me down.
And gar me lnok like bluiitie, Tarn ! "
Burns : 0, For A it f and Twenty, Tarn,
bliint-ing, pr. par., [(., & s. [Blunt, r.]
A. & B. As pr. pnr. & particip. adj. : (See
the verb).
C. As svbst. : The act or process of dulling
the edge or point of anything. {Lit. d- fig.)
" Not impediments or blnntings, but rather as whet-
stones, to set an edge on our desires after hij/her ami
more permanent beauty."— 5;j. Taylor: Artif. Hand-
someness, p. 73.
bliint -ish, a. [Eng. hlunt; -l-yh.'] Somewhat
blunt. {Ash.)
" Tubular or blutUisJi at the top." — DerJiam : Phi/slcc-
Thealogy, p. o.
blunt'-ly, adv. [Eng. blunt; -?y.] In an un-
jileasantly direct mainiei-, brusquely, without
circumlocution, without regard to the feelings
of others.
" But came straight to the point, and blurted it out
like a schoolboy ;
Even the Captain himself could hardly have said it
more bluntly."
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, 111.
"Thou comest in so bluntly."
Shakesp. : Rich. HI. , iv. U.
blunt'-ness, ^ bliint'- nesse, s. [Eng.
blunt; -ness.\
1. Of a person's manner: Unpolite, not to
say coarse, plainness of spcccli, or oflensive
rudeness of behaviour ; straightforwardness ;
want of regard for the feelings of others.
"... expressed that feeling, with characteristic
bUintness, on the field of hattlu."— J/«cawi«^ ; Hist.
Eng., ch. xvi.
2. Of a cutting or pointed in strvrijent : Dull,
the reverse of sharp at the edge or point.
blur, v.t. [Skeat deems it a different spelling
i)i blear ; Dr. Murray, in noting this, suggests
tliat it may be onomatopoeic, combining the
effect i>f blear and blot.]
1, Of mall-rial things: To make a blot, spot,
or stain upon anything inadvertently ni- in-
tentionally, with tlie effect of marring but not
of obliterating it.
2. Of things immaterial: To blot, to stain,
to sully.
" Such an act.
That blurs the grace and blush of iiiock"ity."
Shakesp. : HainU-t, iii. 4.
* blur-paper, *. A scribbler.
blur, "■' blurre, .s. [From blur, v. (q.v.).]
A dark s]tut, a blot, a stain, or any other
material thing which mars that on which it
falls but does not obliterate it.
1. Lit. : On any material thing, as on paper.
2. Fig. : On any immaterial thing, as on
reputation, &c.
"Lest* she wil els itt length come againe, and being
MO many times shaken of, will with her millyng sette
a yreate blurre on niyne honeste and good name." —
Cdal: Luke, c. 18.
"... poiiie uumortified lust or other, which either
leaves a deep blnr upon their evidences for heaven,
or . . ."—Hopkins: Works, p. iSe.
blurred, Jin. par. & a. [Blur, i?.]
1. Ord. Lang. : In senses corresponding tu
thuse of the verb.
"The writing is coarse and blurred." — Stuhbs :
Constit. Hint., ii. 62b.
2. Bot. : Marked by spots or rays which
ai>pear as if they had been produced by abra-
sion of tlip surface. Rare, Dr. Lindley in his
Ajist experience never having once met with
the structure described. (Lindley.)
^ blur'-rer, s. [Eng. blur, v. ; -er.] One who
or that which blurs.
1" Paper blurrcr : A contemptuous name for
writers.
" I ■ . , ain now admitted into the company of the
paper-blarrers."— Sidney : Defence qf Poesie.
blur' -ring, pr. par. [Blur, v.]
blurt (Eng.\ * blirt (0. Eng. £ 0. Scotch), v.i.
^ t., also as interj. [OnomatoptKic. Blurt,
.^/mrf, sq}iirt, and Jlirt, v.t., are probably imi-
tative of the sound of a liciuid suddenly jerked
forth.]
A. As a verb :
I. Intrans. . To liold a person or thing in
contempt.
' Follou-ed by at : To hold in contempt.
" But cast their gazes on Marina's face.
Whilst ours was blurted at."
Shakesp. : Pericles, iv. Z
" ■ind all the world will blurt and scorn at us."
Edw. in., iv. 6. {yares.)
II. Transitive :
1 Followed by out : To utter indiscreetly,
to emit, to fling forth. (Used specially uf
uttering words bearing on delicate matters
without taking time to consider what effect
the remark is likely to produce.)
" . . an indiscreet friend who blurts out the whole
truth."— J/act(»Z(fy : Hist. £ng., ch. vii.
2. With out omitted.
" And yet the truth may lose its grace
If blurted to a person's face."
Lloyd. [Goodrich & Porte); )
B. As interjection : An exclamation of con-
tempt. [A., I.]
" Shall I ?— then blurt o' your service .' "
O. PI., iii. 314.
" Blirt I a rime ; blirt, a rime ! "
Malcontent. 0. PI., 'y\. 21.
" Bhirt. blurt I there's nothing remains to put thee
to ]>ain now, captain." — Puritan, iv. 2, Suppl. to Sh.,
ii. 610. (A'ares.'i
«f Blurt, master constable : A fig for the con-
stable. (Nares.)
" Blurt, niaxter constable, or a flg fur the constable,
seems to liave been a proverbial phrase; it is the title
of a play written hy Thos. Middleton, and published
in 1602."— jVarea.
■ blurt, 9. [From blurt, v. (q.v.).] A sudden
start ; an unexpected blow.
"Poljnierchon, . . . meaning to give Cassander a
slainpant and bfurt. sent letters patent untothfi people
at Athena, declaring how the young king did restore
unto them their popular state again."— ..Von/j; Pla-
tardt. p. 633.
hlurt'-ed, pa. par. [Blurt.] i]
blurt'-lhg, yr. qmr. [Blurt.]
"The blurting, rallying tone, with which he spoke."
— G. Eliot : Middleinardi.
bliish, ^ bliisQli, * blusche, ^ bloscbe,
blus'-ghen, "^ bliis'-shen, * blis'-chen,
* blys'-ghen, v.i. & t. [Mid. Eng. Uusshen,
blvschen — to glow, from A.S. hlysgan, only ni
comp. dblysgnng = shame, formed from A.S.
hlysan (oi\\y fouud in comp. dbl ij si an) vrti&l t"
translate Lat. e rube scei c = to blush, to grow
red; cog. with Diit. blozen --= to blu.sh, Dan,
bhisse = to bl.ize, to flame, S\v. blossa = to blaze.
All these vi-ibs ;ire formed fi-om a subst. blys
(^bbjs) in A.S. hrrlhhj.t = a, lire-blaze ; cog. witli
But. bhs = n b!u.«h, Sw. Uoss = a torch.]
A. Intransitive:
I. (Chiefly of the form blush) ; To become or
be red.
1. Of persons : To become red in the cheeks,
and to a certain extent also on the forehead,
from agitation or confusion produced by more
or less of shame — that shame springing from
consciousness of guilt, demerit, or error, or
from modesty or bashfulness.
" The lady blushed red, but nothing she said."
Scott : Eve of St. John.
^ Formerly the person or thing causing the
blush, if mentioned, was generally preceded
by cd ; now for is much more frequently em-
ployed.
(0) Followed by at.
" He whin'd, and roar'd away your victory.
That iiages blush'd at him,"
Shakesp. : Coriol. v. 5.
"You have not yet lost all your natural modesty,
but blush at your vices." — Calamy : Sermmtg.
(b) Followed hy for.
"To her who had sacrificed everything f of his sake
he owed it so to bear himself that, though she might
weep for him, she should not blush for him." — Ma-
laulay: Hist. Eng., ch. v.
2. Of things:
(1) To be of a bright red colour. (Used of
flowers, of the sky, &c.)
"But here the roses blu«h so rare."
CrasJiavr,
*' In that bright i^uarter his propitious skies
Shall blush betimes. '
Cowper : Tirocinium.
t (2) To be of any bright colour ; to bloom.
" Long wavy wreaths
Of flowers, that fear'd no enemy but warmth,
Blush'd on the paiinels," Cowper : Task, v. 15B.
* II. (Of the forms blusch, blusche, blosche,
blusshen, blyschen) : To glance, to look.
" As quen I hluscJied upon that baly."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Pearl, 1083.
* B. Trans. : To offer in the shape or form
of a blush.
" I'll blush you thanks . , ."
Shakesp. : Wint. Talc, iv. 4.
bliish, * blusch, * blusche, s. [Blush, v.]
boil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion=:shun; -tion, -§ion = zhiin, -cious, -tious, -sious =^ shiis. ~ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
602
blush— blyssyn
■iety of the rose of a
1- Lit. O/j'tirso^s ; The state of blushing ;
the t-riiusoii hue productid in the cheeks, fore-
head, &e., by remorse, shame, modesty, bash-
fulness, or any similar cause.
" Here's a light crimsoii, thcro a deeper one,
A iiiiiideu's blush, here ijiuplew, there a white,
Then all comniiiigled fur our iiiiire delight."
l-leitr.// rvachuiii. Etltx. vol. ii.
1 To put to the Uush: To force one uninten-
tionally to become red througli sliame.
"RidicHle, iiistt-.Td of puttiiiff guilt and error to the
blush, turned hi.n- toniiidaljle ahjtfts ay:uiiat innocence
and tx\ith."—J/(icitii/i'i/: Hist. Eng., cli. iL
2. Fig. 0/ things :
(1) A crimson or roseate hue. (Used of the
colour of a rose, of the sky, &c.)
"Hainet, ere dawns the earliest blusJi of day."
llcmans : The Abencerrage.
(2) A look, a glance ; sudden appearance.
"To hide a blysful bluxrh of the hi-yght suune."
i-iaw. &■ the Orcen Knight, 520.
% At the first lyhish, at fir.'it Uush : At the
first glance ; at the first and sudden appear-
ance of anytiiiiig.
"All purely identical i)ropo9itiuns, obviously, and a'
first blush, "aijpear to contain no certain instruction m
the uu ' ' — L oche.
blush-rose, s. A var
delicate pink colour.
bliish'-er, s. [Eng. hhish ; ■cr.'\ A person
who blushes, or a thing which is red.
"I envy not Arabia's odours, whilst that of this
fresh blusher charms my sense ; and 1 find my nose
and eyes so ravishingly entertained here, that the bee
extracts less sweetness out of flowers." — Boyln: Occas.
Itefiect., §5, ref 4.
* bltisll'-et, s. [Dimin. of tlush.'] A young
bashful or modest girl prone to blush with
slender cause for doing so.
1 Nares says that it is apparently peculiar
to Ben Jonson.
" No Pecmiia
Is to be seen, though mistress Bond would speak,
Or little bliishet Wax. be ne'er so easy."
Ii. Jonson ■ staple of ^'eivs, ii. 1.
blush -ful, a. [Eng. bhish; fiU{l).^ Full of
blushes ; sufFuscd with blushes. (Lit. d-fig.)
" While, from his ardent look, the turning Spring
Averts her blushful face."
Thomson : Seasons; Summer.
bliish'-ful-ly, at?!;. [Eng. hhishfid ; -ly.] In
a blushful manner ; so as to be suffused with
blushes. ( Webster. )
* blush'-ful-ness, s. [Eng. Uu.sh,ful; -neas.]
The state of being blushful ur covered with
* blushes.
"Let me in your face reatle blushfulness." — ffey-
wood: Brazen Age, ii. 2.
bliish'-i-ness, s. [Eng. bhishy ; -ness.] The
quality of being given to blushing. (N.E.D.)
blush-iiig, pr. par., a., & s. [Blush, v.]
A. & B. As pr. jmr. & pavticip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
% Blushing honours : Honouis fitted to elicit
commendations likely to jjut the bearer or
possessor, if modest, to the blush. Or as
Blush, v., A. 2 (2)
" To-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hope ; to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upun him."
Shakesjj. : Ben. \'JII., iii. 2,
C. As substantive : The state of having the
face, the neck, and even the breast suffused
under the influence of emotion with a red
' colour.
^ For the physiological cause of blushing
■see the subjoined examples.
" Slushing is produced through an afTection of the
mind, acting primarily on the centre of emotion, and
through it on the nerves, which are distributed to the
capillaiy vessels of the skin of the face."— fodd &
Bovyman ■ Physiol. Anat., vol, i., ch. ii., p. 35.
"The region affected by blushing is the face and
neck ; and the effect arises from the suspension of the
cerebral influence that keeps up the habitual contrac-
tion of the smaller bloodvessels over that region."—
Bain ; Tlie ^'inotions and tlie Will, 2ud ed. , ch; l , p. 11.
ibliish'-ing-l^, adv. [Eng. hhishing ; -ly.]
In a blushing manner. ('lVcb.'<tr)\)
* bliish'-less, a. [Eng. blvsh; -less.] With-
out a blush ; without blushes.
" Ulashless crimes." Sandys.
'^blush'-^, a. [Eng. blush; -y.] Of the colour
which a blush X'roduces ; crimson. Usiid —
(1) Of the human countenance.
"Stratonica, entering, muved a bli'shv colour in his
face ; but deserting him, he relapsed into paleness .and
languour."— fl'articy ; On Con-fiioi'/j'iorix.
(2) Of fruits, or anything similar.
"Blossoms of trees, that are white, are commonly
iiiodoi"ate ; those of apples, crabs, peaches, are blushg
and smell awett." — Bacon : Nat. Hist,
"■' blus'-nen (pret. blisned, hlysned ; pr. par.
hlvsnancU, blisnande, blysnande), r.i. [Dan.
blusae = to glow ; Icel. lysa = to shine ;
L, Ger. bleistern = to glisten. From Icel.
blys ; Dan. blus =^ a torch ; Dut. &tos = red-
ness.] [Blush, v. & s.] To shine.
" And brode baneres ther-bi blue^iande of gold."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Po&ns (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1,404.
* bluss'-chande, pr. par. [Blush, v.]
Blushing, glittering.
" That here bVnsschande bemez as the bryght sunne."
Gaw. & the Green Knight, 1,319.
blus'-ter, *blais'-ter, ^ bliis'-tren, v.i.
(& t. [InA.B. &Z(Bs;a/i = topuff ; IceL blast r =
a blast, a breath. Modified from blast (q v.).]
A. Intransitive :
I. To make a blast.
1. Lit. : To roar as a storm ; to makp a loud
noise among the branches of trees, the rigging
of ships, in the interior of chinnieys, &c. (For
example see Blustering, particip. adj.)
2. Fig. : To swagger, to adopt a loud, boast-
ful, menacing, defiant manner ; to bully, to
utter probably hollow threats of what one is
able and intends to do.
" G-lengarry blustered, and pretended to fortify his
house." — Macaulay : Hist Eng., ch. xviii.
'* II. To wander or stray blindly about.
" That thay blustered as blynde as bayard watz euer."
Ear. Eng. Allit. PtieiTis {ed. Morris); Cleanness, 886.
^ See also Piers Plowman, v. 521.
B. Transitive :
1. To blow about with violence.
" Ithand weddeiis of the eist draif on -^o fast,
It all to blaisterit and blew that thairin baid."
liauf Coil !/ear AiJ, a. {Jamieson.)
2. To compel or force by bluster.
bliis'-ter, s. [From bluster, ^. (q.v.).]
1. Of things: Boisterousness, noise with
menace of danger. Used—
(1) Of the wind in a storm.
" The skies look grimly,
And threaten present blusters."
Shahesii. : Wint. Ta^e, iii. 3.
But also (2) of other sounds.
" So by the brazen trumpet's bluster.
Troops of all tongues and nations muster."
Svnft.
2. Of persons :
(1) Loud, boisterous menace.
" Indeed there were some who suspected that he had
never been quite so pugnacious as he had affected to
be, and that his bluster was meant only to keep uj) his
own dignity in the eyes of his retainers." — Maaaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. xili.
(2) Turbulence, fury.
" Spare thy Athenian cradle, and those kin,
which in the bliister of thy wrath must fall
With those that have ofl'ended."
Shakesp. : Timon, v. 5.
bliis'-tered, iia. par. & a. [Bluster, v., B. 2.]
"I read to them out of my ft^ws^ej-cd papers . . ."—
Baillie: Lett., i. 125 {Jamieson.)
bliis'-ter-er, s. {'Eng. bluster ; -er.]
1. Of persons: One who blusters, a swaggerer,
a bully. (Johnson.)
2. Of things : That which makes a loud noise
suggestive of danger. (Used chiefly of the
wind in a storm.)
blUS'-ter-ing, pr. par., «., & s. [Bluster, v.]
A. & B. As prese)tt participle & parlicipial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb,
" Back to their caves she bade the winds to fly,
And hush'd the bhistei-iiig hiethveu of the sky."
Pope : Homer's Odyssey, v. 4110-1.
C. -4s substantive : The act of sx)eakiug in a
noisy, boastfal, menacing way.
"Virgil had the majesty of a lawful prince, and
Statins only the blustering of a tyrant." — Dryden.
bliis'-ter-ing-ly, adv. [Eng. blustering ; -ly. ]
In a blustering manner ; with noisy menace,
with bullying. (Webster.)
blus'-ter-y, a. [Eng. bluster, and suffix -j/.]
Blustering, blustrous. (Lit. d'fig.)
" He seems to have been of a headlong blustery, un-
certain disiioaltion."— CaJ%?e ; Frederick the Great,
vol. i., bk. iii., p. 21)6.
*blust'-rous, a. [Eng. bluster; -ous.] Full
of bluster ; boisterous, boastful, noisy, tu-
multuous.
" The ancient heroes were illustrious
For being bentgu, and not blustronn."
Hudibras.
'* blut^er-nesse, s. [A corruption of bhint-
uess (q.v.).] Bhmtness. (Prompit. Parv.)
'^ bliith'-er, v.t. & i. [Bludder.]
A. Trans. : To blot, to disfigure.
B. Intransitive:
1. To make a noise in swallowing.
1. To make an inarticulate sound.
3. To raise wind-bells in water. (Jamieson.)
^ bliith'-rie, * bleth'-rie, s. [Probably
the same as blatter (q.v.). Compare bhither =
to blot, to disfigure ; bluthrie, in Ettrick
Forest =thin porridge or water-gruel.]
1. Lit. : Phlegm.
2. Fig. : Frothy, incoherent discourse.
(Jamieson.)
^" blyf, adv. [Belive.] (Sir Ferumbras, ed.
Heritage, 1,002.)
'' hly'kKed.t pret. of V. [Blikien.] (Gaw. and
the Green Kv.igh.t, 429.)
blyk-kande, * bly-cande, J/?, ^r. [Bli-
kien.] (Gaw. and tlie Green Knight, 305, 2,485.)
" blyk-nande, pr. par. [Bliknen.] (Ear.
Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Cleanness, 1,467.)
^ blyk-ned, * blaykned, pret. & pa. par.
The same as bleakened. [Bleak, a., 1.] (Ear.
Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Ckanness, 1,759.)
* blytn, * blyym, v.t. [Contracted from
blithen (q.v.).] To make glad.
" (ilym, or gladde, or make glad (blyym, or glathyn
in herte, K. blithen or gladden, P.). Letifico." —
p7-ompt. Parv.
" blynde, «.. [Blind, a.] (Prompt. Parv. £c.)
* blynde, v.t. & i. (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems:
Cka.nness, 1,120.)
* blynde'-fSrlde, ct. [Blindfold, a.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* blynd'-fel-len, v.t. [Blindfold, v.']
(Prompt. Parv.)
* blynd'-fel-led, pa. par. &. a. [Blindfold,
v.]
^ blynd'-nesse, s [Blindness.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* blynd'-^n, v.t. [Blind, v. See also blend.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
^ blynke, v.i. [Blink.] (Robert Mannyng of
Bt"nnne, 5,675.)
* blyn'-nyn, * blyne, * Wynne (0. Eng.),
" blyn, * blyne (0. Scotch), v.i. [Blin, v.]
(Prompt. Parv., &c.)
*blype(l), s. [Etjan. doubtful.] A shred, *i
large piece. (Scotch. )
" An" loot a wince, an' drew a stroke.
Till skin in blypes cam haurlin'
AfiTs nieves that night."
Bums: Halloween.
* blype (2), s. [Etym. doubtful] A stroke or
blow. (Scotch.) (St. Patrick.) (Jamieson.)
*blys-ful, *blys-fol,a. [Blissful.] (Ear.
Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 279, 409.)
bly^'-miis, *. [Gr. pKva-ixos (blusmos), ^Xva-fia
(blusina), or (SAvVts (blusis) == a bubbling up;
from pKvu} (bluo) = to bubble or spout forth.
So called because the plants usually gi-ow
uear the source of streams.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
Order Cy])erace8e (Sedges.) The British flora
contains two species, B. compressus or Broad-
leaved, and B. rvfus, or Narrow-leaved Blys-
mus. Both are tolerably common, the latter
species especially in Scotland.
* blys-nande, pr. par. [Blusnande, Blus-
nen.] (Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris,
Pearl, 103.)
"^ blysned, ]>rct. of v. [Blusnen.] (Ear. Eng.
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, Pearl, 1,048.)
^blyss, blysse,s. [Bliss.] (Prompt. Parv.;
Morte Arthur, 1,485.)
* blysse, v.t. [Buss, v., Bless.] To bless. .
* blys'-syd, pa.pcir.&o. [Blessed.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
'^blys'-syn, 2'.(. [Bi.ess, v.t.] (Prompt. Parv.^
ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, oe = e ; ey = a. qu --= kw.
blyssyng— board
603
* blyssyng,
4,103.)
[Blessing.] (Morte Arlliur,
blythe, a. [Blithe.] Meny, cheerful, gay.
In'England now only in poetry; in Scotland
used also commonly in prose.
" Blythe aud mery. LcttLS, hilla7-U."—I^ompt. Parv.
" Blytlte Bertram's ta'en him ower the faem."
Scott : Guy JIannering, ch. xi. (poetic quotation).
* blyth'e-ly, adv. [Blithely.] (Ear. Eng.
Allii. Poems, cd. Moms, Pearl, 385.)
* blyth'e-nesse, s. The same as Blitheness
(q.v'.). (Chaucer : Boetkiits, ed. Morris, p. 3Y,
957.)
* blyth'-yn. v.t [Blithen.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* blyve, * blyue (ue as ve), adv. [Belive.]
" ' Gamelyn/ seyde Adam, ' hye the right blyve.
And if 1 falle the this day, evel mot I thryve ! '"
Chaucer : 0. T. , (iSl, 682.
B.M. Initials, as well as an abbreviation of,
and the symbol for, Bachelor of Medicine.
bo, *b6h, interj. (Said to be from Gael, ho (as
subst.) = an exclamation to frighten children,
(as adj.) = strange ; but cf. Lat. hoare and
Gr. ^oddi (poad) = to shout, probably onoma-
topoeic]
* Of the form bo and boh : A word of terror.
{Scotch.)
" I d;ii'e, f nr th' honour of our house,
Say boll to any Grecian goose."
Homer Traveslied, bk. vii,, p. 20. (Jamieson.)
2. An exclamation used in playing with
infants.
* bo, a. [A.S. hegen = both.] (Alisaunder,
6,763.)
bo'-a, s. [In Dan., Fr., &c., hoa; frcrni Lat
boa or iova (Pliny) — an enormous snake, said
to have been anciently found in India. None,
however, are at present known to occur there
more than six feet long. The spelling bova is
from bos, hovis = an ox, either from the
notion that these snakes could carry off oxen,
01' from the erroneous notion that they
sucked the teats of cows.]
1, Zool.: A genus of serpents, the typical one
of the family Boidse. The species are found
native only in America, the analogous genus
in the East popularly confounded with it,
namely Python, being distinguished from it
by the presence of intermaxillary teeth.
2. Ord. Lang. : A long fur tippet or com-
forter worn by some ladies round their necks.
The name is given on account of its resem-
blance to the boa constrictor or some other
large snake.
boa constrictor, boa-constrictor, s.
The Mod. Lat. word coiistrictor is = he who or
that which binds or draws together ; from
Class. Lat. co7istrictum, supine ot co'}istringo =
to bind together ; con ^ together, and stringo
(supine strictum) = to draw tigiit. [See I. Zool. ]
1. ZooJ. : The best known species of the
genus Boa. The specific name coTistrictor,
meaning binder or drawer together, refers to
the method through which the animal destroys
its prey by coiling itself round it and gradu-
ally tightening the folds. It is about thirty
feet long. It is found in South America. [Boa.]
2. Ord. Lang. : Any very large snake which
crushes its prey by coiling itself round it.
The unscientific portion of the British yiublic
are not particular as to where the animal
came from at first ; with them it is a boa
constrictor whether its original habitat was
in the Eastern or in the "Western hemisphere.
[L Zool] Used Lit. djig.
". . . but what, except perhaps some snuh Universal
AssociaTiion, can protect us against the whole ineat-
■ devouriug and inan-devounug hosts of boa-constric-
tors."— Oarlyle : Sartor Jiesartus, bk. ii.. ch. x.
* boad (1), j>re(. of V. [Bide.] An old pret. of
bode = abode.
" Seeing the world, in which they booties boad."
Spenser : Mother Ilubh. Tale.
*bdads(2), lyres. of v. [Bode.] An old form
of bodes = bodes.
" Crood ou-set boads good end,"
Spemer: F. Q., VII. vi. 23.
* boal, s. [Bole.] {Scotch.)
bo-an-er-ges, s. [Gr. (Soai^ep-ye? (Boanerges).
Translated in Mark iii. 17 " sons of thunder."
Of doubtful etymology, but probably the
Ai-amaic pronunciation of Heb. ttian. ^"35 (henei
!.), "aJn (regesh), in Heb. meaning tumult
or uproar, but in Arabic and Aramtean
thunder.]
1. As a lyro-per name, Scripture Hist. : An
appellation given by Christ to two of his
disciples, the brothers James aud John,
apparently on account of their fiery zeal.
[See etym.]
"And James the sou of Zebedee, and John the
brother of James ; (and he suruamed them Soanerges,
which is, The sons of thmider.)"—J/arA lii. 17.
2. As a common noun : An orator who gives
forth his utterances in a loud impassioned
voice .
boar (1), bore, *bbor, ^bbr, ^ bare, ^ bar,
"'bser (0. Eng.), *bere (0. Scotch), s. & a.
[A.S. bdr, cognate but not identical with bar
unaccented and bent = a. bear; But. beer;
M. H. Ger. her; O. H. Ger. h^r, per. Compare
also Ger. eber ; Fr.ve'rrat; Ital. verro; Sp.
verraco ; Lat. verrcs, aper, &c., all — a boar ;
Lat. /era=»a wild beast; Sansc. vardha—o,
wild boar.] [Bear, Capra.]
A. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. £• Zool. ; The uncastrated male
of the swine (Sus scrofa), or of any other
species of the genus.
"... and beute hyra brymly as a 6oj- . . ."
Sir Ferumhrag (ed. Herrtage), 545.
" The fomy here haa bet
Wyth hys thuiiderand awful tuskis grete,
Aiie of the rout the hound maist principal]."
Dovg. : Virgil, 458, 54.
^ Wild boar : The male of a swine either
aboriginally wild or whose ancestors have
escaped from domestication. The Common
Wild Boar is Sus scrofa ; var., aper. It is of a
brownish -black colour; but the young, of
wliich six or eight are produced at a birth, are
white or fawn-coloured, with brown stripes.
It is wild in Europe, Asia, and Africa, lives in
forests, sallies forth to make devastations
among the crops adjacent, is formidable to
those who hunt it, turning on any dog or man
wounding it, and assaulting its foe with its
powerful tusks. Sus larvatus is the Masked
Boar.
" Eight wild boars roasted whole."
Shakcsp. : Ant. £ Cleop., Ii. 2.
2. Palceont. : Though two extinct species
of the genus .Sus appeared in France as early
as the mid-Miocene times, yet the genuine
wild boar did not come upon the scene in
Britain till the early Pleistocene. To the
palasolithic hunter of the Pleistocene the hog,
Sus scrofa, was only a wild animal ; but the
neolithic farmer and herdsman had it in a
domesticated state. (Prof. W. Boyd Dawlcins
in Q. J. Geol. Soc, xxxvi., 1880, pp. 388, 396,
&c.) ' '
3. Ord. Lang. Fig. : A violent savage.
" Sir Christopher, tell Richmond this from me ;
That, in the sty of this most bloody boar.
My sou George Stanley is franked up in hold."
Shakesp. : Rich. III., iv. 5.
B. As adj. : Of or belonging to a boar ;
designed for hunting or wounding a boar ; in
which a boar is the object of pursuit ; re-
sembling a boar.
T[ ObvioiLs compound : Boar-hunt.
boar-fish, s. The Cajyros ape-r, a fish not
unlike the dory but with a more attenuated
and protractile mouth, a scaly body, and no
filaments or no long filaments to the dorsal
BOAR-FISH.
spines. It is pale carmine above, and silvery-
white below. It is about six inches long. It
is a native of the Mediterranean, but has
occasionally found its way to the British seas.
boar-Spear," s. [A.S. bdr-spere, bar-
spreot] A spear with which to attack a boar
in a hunt-
" Each held a boar-spear tough and strong,
And at their belts their quivers rung.
Their dusty palfreys and array,
Showed they had marched a weary way,"
Scott: Marmion, i. 8.
boar (2), s [A corruption of &wr,] Only in
compos.
boar-thistle, s. Two thistles, viz. :—
(1) Carduus lanceolatus.
(2) Carduus arven-sis.
t boar, v.i. [Bore, v.]
Of a horse : To shoot out the nose, to toss It
high in the air.
board (1),* bord, "^ bor de,.'' bur d/- bborde,
s. & a. [A.S. bord=(l) a board, a plank,
(2) what is made of boards, a table, a house, a
shield, (3) a border; Icel. bord; Sw., Dan.,
O. Fris., O. L. Ger., Gael. & Ir. bord ; Dut.
bord, hoard; Goth, baurd ; (N. H.) Ger. bord,
bort; O. H. Ger. bort ; Wei. bord, bwrdd.
Compare also A.S. bred — a surface plank,
board, or table ; Sw. brad = board, deal table ;
Dan. brcet ; Ger. bret.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1, Literally :
(1) Gen. : A piece of wood of considerable
length, of moderate breadth and thickness,
used in the building of houses or other edifices,
ships, the making of altars, boxes, &c. (Essen-
tially the same sense as II. 1., but less precise.)
"... and covered the house with beams aud boards
of cedar." — 1 Kings vi. 9.
" They have made all thy ship boards of fir . . ," —
Fzek., xxvii, 5.
" Hollow with boards shalt thou make it [the altar]."
Exod. xxvii. 8.
(2) Specially :
(a) A table spread with dishes for food.
(b) A table around which a council sits for
deliberation.
(c) Plur. : The stage of a theatre.
2. Figuratively :
(1) [Corresponding to 1. (2) (a).] The dishes
spread upon a table, a meal or meals.
" And the fire was heap'd, aud the bright wine pour'd,
For those, now needing nor hearth nor board.
Hemans : The Lady of Pi-ovence.
(2) [Corresponding to 1. (2)(&).] A council
seated for deliberation around a table ; or the
members of such a council or other delibera-
tive body wherever they may be. Many such
boards are appointed by government, as the
Board of Trade, the Board of Admiralty, the
Local Government Board ; others are made
up of directors elected by shareholders in
companies, as a board of directors, a board
of management, &;c.
"The answer of the board -v/as,. therefore, less obse-
quious than usual." — Macaulay : Hist, JSng., cb, vi.
(3) [Corresponding to 1. (2) (c) PI.'] The
theatrical profession. Specially in the x^hrase.
To go upon tlie boards — to enter the theatrical
profession.
IT Some of the other senses given under II.
have made their way into general language.
II. Technically :
1. Carpentry, &c. :
(1) A sawed piece of wood, relatively broad,
long, and thin, exceeding 4^ inches in width
and less than 2^ inches in thickness.
T In this sense board is sometimes used as
a synonym for plank,_ but, properly speaking,
a plank is a gi-ade thicker than a board.
(2) A rived slab of wood, as a card-board.
(3) A flat piece of plank or a surface com-
posed of several pieces, used in many trades ;
as, a mx)delling -board, a moulding -board, &c.
2. Paper rnxmuf. : A thick kind of paper,
composed of several layers pasted together.
It is generally called pasteboard. [Paste-
board.] There are several varieties of it ; as,
card-board, mill-board (q.v.).
3. Bookbinding :
(1) Flat slabs of wood used by bookbinders.
Tliey are known by names indicating their
purpose ; as, backing, burnishing, cutting,
gilding boards, &c
(2) A pasteboard side for a book, [No. 2.]
4. Game-playing : A level table or platfonn
on which a game is played, as a chess-board.
5. Naut. : The deck of a vessel or her in-
terior.
"He ordered his men to arm lone poles with sharp
hooks, wherewith they took hold of the tacklii>g
which held the mainyard to the mast of their enemy's
ship; then rowing their own ship they cut the tack-
ling, aud brought the maijiyard by the board."—
Arbuthnot : On Coins.
(1) On board :
(a) In a ship.
boil, bo^; poiit. jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§j expect, i^enophon, exist, -ing
-ciau. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die. &c.=bel, d§L
604
Ijoard— boasted
"Our captain thought his ahip iii so great daiigeri
that he confessed himself to a capuchin who was oh
board. "—.-J ddison.
(h) Intu a ship.
"Mr. Anson was to take on board three independent
comi>ame3 . . ."—Anson: Voyages, 15th ed. (1780), p. 3.
«[ (2) To fall overboard: To fall from the
deck or from the interior of a vessel into tlie.
sea, liarbour, or clock. (Used uf persons.)
(3) To go hy the board: To fall overboara.
(Used of masts.)
(4) To go on board a vc^sd : To go into a
vessel.
(5) To 7)udie a good board : When close reefed
to lose little hy drifting to leeward, to pursue
a tolerably straight course.
(6) To Tnalce short boards : To tack frequently,
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a board in
any of the senses given under A ; as, board-
vages (q-v.).
board-cutting', a. Cutting or designed
for cutting a board or boards.
Board-cutting Tcnlfe :
Boolchiiiding : A hinged knife witli a counter
weiglit and a treadle to assist in efiecting the
cut.
board-rack, &-.
rriut'uui: A rack consisting of side-boards
with cleats to hold shelves for standing matter.
board-rule, s.
Mensuration : A figured scale for findingthe
number of square feet in a board without the
trouble of making a formal calculation.
board-school, s. A school governed by
a board, under the Education Department.
board-wages, s. Wages given to ser-
vants in lieu of food, as wlien the family i^
from home and they are left in cliarge of the
house. [Board, v.t, A. 3.]
board (2), ■?. [From Fr. bord = border, edge,
brim, bank, brinlc, shore, side, party; Sp.
hirde = edge, brim.] The side of a ship.
" Nuw board to board the rival vessels row."
Dr!fdi:n: Virgil; ,Eneid v. 207.
board, v.t. & l. [Fmm board (1), s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
1. To enclose or cover with boards.
2. To make a forcible entrance into an
enemy's ship in a naval combat, or at least in
time of war.
(1) Lit. : In the foregoing sense.
"Our jnerchantmeu were boarded in sight of the
ramparts of Plymouth."— J/aca«iai/ ; Bist. Eng.,ch.
xiv.
(2) Fifjiwativehj : (The meaning having been
influenced by the Fr. aborder = to approach,
to accost.)
(a) To accost, to address. *
" I am sure he is in the fleet ; I would he had board '
me." — tilu'-kesp. : Much Ado, ii. 1.
(6) To woo.
"... for, sure, unless he knew some strain in mc,
that I know not myself, he would never have boarded
me in tliis i\ixy."—ShakeS2}. : Merry Wives of Windsor,
ii. 1.
3. To furnish for a periodical payment,
generally a weekly one, food and lodging to a
person ; to provide with meals. [B.]
"In 1661 the justices at Chelmsford had fixed the
wages of the Essex labourer, who was not boarded, .at
six shillings in winter and seven in summer." — Ma-
caiil<i!/ : Hist. Ertg., ch. iii.
B. Introns. : To obtain food and lodging
for a stipulated weekly or other payment from
one who engages to do sc
"We are several of us. gentlemen and ladies, who
board in the same house ; and, after dinner, one of
oui comimny stands up, and reaila your paper to us
s-\\."Spectator.
1[ To be boarded out. Poor Law ad-mi rdstra--
ilcn: To be boarded outside the workhouse.
[Boarding-out.]
* bbard'-a-ble, a. [Eng, board ; able.^ That
can be boarded (as a ship) ; affable.
bbard'~ed, pa. 'par. & a. [Board, v.t.1
bbard'-er, s. [Eng. board; -er.]
1. One who for a certain stipulated price,
paid weekly or at longer intervals, not merely
lodges with a family, but sits with the other
members of it at table as if one of themselves.
Or a pupil at school, who lives on the pre-
mises temporarily on the same footing as the
members of the resident master's family.
"... capitation fees, .ind right to ts\.'\i.e boarders,
with other advantiges."—7'(J«cfi, Nov. 18. 1B78, Advt
2. One told off along with others to board a
ship in a naval actinn, especially if he succeed
in the enterxirise. {Mo.r. Diet.)
board'-ing, i'C. j'/i''.. a., &s. [Board, c]
A. & B. As pr. par. & pariicijilal adj. : In
senses corresponding to tliose of the ^'erb.
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. In the same sense as II., 1.
2. The act of obtaining for money one's
food, as well as one's lodging, at a ]ilace, tlie
boarder sitting down at the table with the
rest of the establishment.
II. Technically :
1. Carp., d:c. : The art of covering wltli
boards, the state of bi^-ing so covered ; tJiP
boards viewed collectively.
2. Naiit. : The act of going on board a
vessel, especially with the design of capturing
it.
3. Leather maiivf. : The process of rubbing
leather with a board to raise the grain after it
has been shaved, daubed, and dried.
t boarding-brand, s. A "brand" or
sword [Brand] used as an offensive weapon
by a person boarding an enemy's vessel.
•' Be the edge sharpen d of my boarding-brand.
And give its guard more room to fit iny hand."
Bijron : The Corsair, i, 7.
boarding-gage, s.
Ca:rp. : A graduated scribing tool used as a
measurer of width and distance ia weather-
boarding sides of houses.
boarding-house, s. A house in which
boarders are accommodated.
boarding-joists, s. pi
Carp. : Joists in naked flooring to which
the boards are fixed.
boarding-machine, s.
Leather manuf. : A machine for boarding
leather. [Boarding,] More thau one form
exists.
boarding-nettings, s.
Xaut. : Strong cord nettings designed to
prevent a ship from being boarded in battle.
boarding-out, boarding out, a. & s.
As adj. : Causing to be boarded outside the
workhouse.
Boarding-out system. Poor Law administra-
tion : A system by which workhouse children
are sent to be boarded in the houses of poor
people, to whom the sum paid for their main-
tenance is an object. They are then brought
up, presumably in habits of industry, as mem-
bers of the family in which they live. The
boarding-out system is prevalent in Scotland .
In England it exists only in a few places, and
has become the subject of controversy. Its
friends claim for it the advantage that when
children are brought up away from the work-
liouse their pauper associations and feelings
are permanently broken, and they tend to
become ordinary members of society, living by
their own industry and not on the ratepayers.
Its opponents point out the danger of the
poor people ill-treating the child not allied to
them by blood. Both parties will probably
ygree in this, that when children are boarded
out, lady or other visitors should from time
to time visit the houses where they live to
ascertain the kind of treatment they are
receiving from their foster-parents, as well as
from the genuine children of the household.
boarding-pike, s,
NoAd. : A pike used to defend a ship against
enemies who may attempt to board it. Oj' it
boarding-pikes.
may be employed as an offensive weapon by
the boarders themselves. Such pikes are re-
presented in a sea-fight at Medinet Aboo, in
Egyi)t.
boarding-school, s. A scliool in wliieh
the pujiils lodge and are fed as well as receive
instruction.
" A hlockhead, with melotlious voice,
In boarding-schools eau liave hie choice."
Swift.
bbar'-ish^ a. [Eng. hoar; -ish.] Pertaining
to a boar ; swinish, hoggish.
"... nor thy fierce sister
In his anointed flesh stick boarWi fangs."
Hhakcsp. : Lear, iii, 7.
bo'-art, .=. [BoRT.]
Min. . A variety of diamond.
boast (1), boste, bos-ten, boos'-ton
(Eng.), boast, "boiSt (Scotch), v.i. & t.
[Boast, s.]
A. Transitive :
1, To speak vauntingly.
(l)In a bad sense: To speak of vainglori-
ously, to brag of. Used —
(a) Of things.
" In youth alone its empty praise we boast."
Pope : Essay on CrtlicisJn, 496,
(h) (Reflexivehj) of one's self.
■i It was formerly followed in this and other
sen.ses by in; now of is used instead of in.
"They that trust in their wealth, and boast them-
selves in the multitude of their riches."—/** xlix. 6.
(2) In a good tense : To speak of with legiti-
mate pride.
(a) Of things.
" You who reason hoatt."
Pope: The Basset-table, ix. 85.
(Ij) Of persons {generally of another titan one'&
self):
" Xo braver chief could Alhion boast."
Cawper : TJte Castaway.
''^ 2. (Of tlie. forms boast and ^ boist) : To-
threaten.
"His majesty thought it not meet to compel or
much to boait them . . ." — Baillie : Letters, i. Ica
(JamiesQn.)
B. Intransitive :
1. In a had sense : To brag, to glorj% to
si^eak ostentatiously or vaingloriously. (Used
generally of one's self or one's own exploits.)
" Sir,
In Cambria are we bom, and gejitlemeu :
Further to boast were neither true nor modest,
Unless I add, we are honest,"
Sliakesp. : Cytribeline, v, 5.
2. In a good sense : To talk with becoming
pride of the exploits of another, whose good
deeds reflect only indirect glory on the
speaker.
" For I know the forwardness of your mind, for
which I boast of you to them uf :Macedoma."— 2 Cor.
ix. 2.
■J Formerly it might be followed by in, now
of is used.
' ' My sentence is for open war ; of wiles.
More uuexpert I boast not."
Milton : P. /,., bk. ii.
boast (2), v.t. [Etymology doubtful ; cf. Fr.
basse = swelling, relief.
1. Masonry. Of stones : To dress with a
broad chisel.
2. Scul'p. d Carving. Of a marble block : To
sliape rougldy, for the moment neglecting
attention to details.
boast, *bdst, s. [Of unknown etym. ; Wei.
host has been suggested, but without evidence.
The analogy of coas(, roast, toast would lead us
to cKpect an O. Fr. taster, but of tliis there is
i]<i trace.]
1. An illegitimate or a legitimate vaunt, a
vainglorious speeeb.
"The world is more apt to find fault than to com-
mend ; the boast will probably be censiu-ed, when the
great action that occasioned it is f oi-gotten."— S^jecf aior
^ To make boast : To boast. (Followed by
of.) [Conip. Blow (1), v., A. 2, and B. 3, " To
boast."]
" Nought trow I the triumphe of Julius,
Of wnich that Lukan maketh moche lo^f '
CJtaucer: C. T . 4.t<20.21.
2. A cause of speaking in a vr.unting spirit ;
occasion of vainglory.
" Edward and Henrj-, now the boast of Fame."
Pope : Epistles, ii. 7.
■^3. Threatening. (ScohJi.) iDouq. : Virgil,
274, 29.)
boast'-ed, pa. par, &. a. [Boast, v.t.]
As par. adj. : Made the occasion of boasting.
" Slaves of gold, whose sordid dealings
Tarnish .all your boasted powers.
Cowper : Tlie -Negro's Complaint.
fate, fat, fare, r.midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, poC,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cu'.-» oiire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. au = kw.
boaster— boation
605
boast'-er (1), "^lids'-towre, ^^ bos-tare, s.
[Eng. hoost; -c?-.] One who boasts, a bragger,
a braggadocio, a vainglorious man.
" Then lagoo, the great boaater.
He the marvellous Rtory-teller."
Longfellow : The Hong of Hiawatha, iit.
" The boastpr Paris oft deair'd the day,
With Spiirta's king to meet iu siiiKle fray."
Pope : Homer's lliaii, bk, iii,, 537-3
boast'-er (2), s. [Boast (2), r.]
Masoninj : A stone-mason's chisel with an
edge two inches wide, used for dressing stone.
It is intermediate between an i\n:\\ tool and a
broad tool ; the former, as the name implies,
1 inch, and the latter 3.^ inches wide.
boast -ful, vb. [Eng. hoast; fidQ).']
1. Ofversons : Full of boasting ; perpetually
and offensively vaunting of one's exploits.
(Sometimes followed by of.)
"He became proud, punctilious, boastful, quarrel-
some."— Jfacaulay : JJist. Eng., th. iv.
2. Of langnape ; Boasting, vainglorious.
(Also at times followed by of.)
". . . to think tbat we Etiglishmen and our
American descendants, with their bouxtful cry of
liberty, have been and are so guilty."-— />«r«nn :
Voyage round the World (ed. 1870), ch. xxi, , p, 5oO.
boast'-ful-ly, adv. [Eng. hoastfid ; -Jy.] In
a boasting manner, vauntingly. vaingloriously.
". . . that vast moiiarchyon which it was fifJTSf'""'^/
said that the sun never aet," — Afacanlai/ : Ilist. Enij..
ch. xix.
boast-ful'-ness, s. [Eng. hoastfid ; -ness.]
The quality of indulging in boasting. Qi'ebster.)
boast'-ing (1), pr. -par., u,.,ks. [Boast(I), v.]
A. & B. As present participle <£• participial
adjective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C, As suhstantive : The act of vaunting or
speaking vaingloriously.
" But now ye rejoice in your boastings : ."—Ja.
iv. 10.
boast'-ing (2), s. & «. [Boast (2), r.]
1. Masonry : The act of dressing tlie surface
of stones with a broad chisel and mallet.
2. Sculpture t& Carving : The act of roughly
hewing out an ornament, so as to give the
general coutoiu' before attention is iiaid to
details.
boasting- chisel, ^^ A steel chisel with
a broad, fine ed^a-, used for dressing marble,
so as to bi-ing it to a nearly smooth surfaci^
before operating upon it with a " broad tool."
boast'-ihg-ly, ndv. [Eng. hnasting ; -hj.] In
a boasting manner ; boastfully, vauntingly,
vaingloriously, ostentatiously,
" We look oil it as a pitch of impiety, boaatinglii to
avowuurnins; . . ." — Dr. H. More: Decay of Piety.
t bd'ast-ive,f(. [Eng. toast; -ive.] Boasting,
vainglorious.
"... how must his fellow atreams
Deride the tiukliiigs of the boastive rill ! "
Shcnstone: Eco-noiny. pt. i.
t bo'ast-less, rt. [Eng. hoast, and sufT. -Zess.]
Without a boast.
" Diffusing kind lieneflcetice around,
Boastleas, as now descends the silent dew."
Tl^mnson; !ieaso}is ; Hummer.
bo'as-ton, s. pn Fr. hostoUf from Boston in
the United States, the siege of which l)y tin*
English is hinted at in the game (Littre).^ A
game at cards.
bdat(l), 'bot, *^b6ot, -^ bat (Eng.), boat,
* bait, * bate, -^ bat (Srotrh), s. & a. [A.s.
&d( = a boat, shij), or vessel; Icel. lidtr ; S\v.
b&t; Dan. bomJ ; Dut. i- Ger. h„nt : AWL & Ir.
bad; Gael, hdta ; Fr. hatean ; Prov. hatclh ; H\k
batel ; Port, hotl ; Ibil. hattello, hattelletto, hatt«
(battello and hattelletto are diminutives) ; Low
Lat. hatus.]
A. As substantive :
1. As a sejxiroJe vjord :
(1) Literally :
(a) A very small vessel, generally undecked
and propelled by oars, though iu some cases
sails are employed. Canoes scooped out of
the trunk oC a single tree seem to have been
the earliest boats ; b...ats made of planks did
not come into use till a later period.
"I do not think that any one nation, the Syrian
excepted, to whom the knowledge of the ark came, did
find out at once the device of either ahiij or boat, in
which they durst venture themselves upon the seas."
—Raleigh: Essays.
HEAD OF THE BOAT-BILL.
One whose occupation
•^ The boats attaclied to a large and fully
equipped vessel are the launch, the long-
boat, the barge, the pinnace, the yawl, the
galley, the gig, the cutter, the jolly-boat, and
the dingy. The first five are carvel built, and
the last five clinker built. (Knight.)
(h) A steam vessel of whatever size, as " one
of the P. and O. boats." (Chiefly colloquial.)
[Xo. 2.]
(2) Fig. : Anything like a boat, a shell for
instance, as a sauce-boat (q.v.).
IT Neptune's boat : A shell, Cymha Neptuni.
2. In compos. : A ship, small or large, of a
particular character, a word being prefixed to
boat to indicate what that character is ; as, an
cuivice-hoat, a ca,nal boot, a. fishing-boat, a life-
boat, a packet-boat, a steam-hooA. (See these
and similar words.)
B, As adjective : Pertaining to a boat in
any of the foregoing senses, as a boat-hool:.
boat-bill, s.
Ornith. : The English name of Cancroma, a
genus of birds belonging to the sub-family
Ardeina, or True Herons, and specially of the
Cancroma coch lea-
Ha. The bill, from
which the English
name comes, is
very broad from
right to left, and
looks as if formed
by two spoons ap-
plied to each other
on their concave
sides. The C. coch-
learia is whitish,
with the back grey
or brown and the
belly red ; the front is white, behind which
is a" black cap. changed into a long crest in
the adult male. It inhabits the hot and
humid parts of South America. [Cani-roma.]
boat -bridge, s. A bridge of boats.
[Bridge, Pontoon.]
boat-builder,
it is to build boats,
boat-car, s. A car for transporting boats
up and down inclined planes. On the Morris
and Essex Canal, connecting the Hudson and
the Delaware Rivei-s in the United St;iti\---, tlie
boats are transiiortcd from one level tn another
by means of boat -cars instead nf locks.
(knight.)
boat-detaching, a. Detaching a boat
or boats.
B'lat-ildnrhing hooks (I'l.). Naut. ' Hooks
designed to disengage themsehcs simulta-
neously when a boat is removed into the
water. This is done by causing the honks to
upset, by opening sisier-hooks, or b}- the
tripping of a trigger.
boat-fasbion, ailr. After the fashion or
manner which obtains in boats.
". . sand gets into one's meat, when cmiketl and
eaten boat-fashion." — Darivin : Voyu'/e round (ht-
iroWd(ed. 1870}, ch. X., ih 2-24.
boat-fly, s.
Entom. : The English
name of the water-bugs
of the genus Notonecta,
so called because they
swim on their backs,
thus presenting the
appearance of boats.
[Boat-insect.]
boat-head, s. The
head or bow of a boat.
whatever form it may boat-flv.
l)Ossess.
"... did! turn, away
The boat-head down a broad canal."
Tennyson: Recoil, of the Arabian Nights.
boat-hook, s.
Na,ut. : A pole, the end of which is furnished
with iron, having a point and hook. It is
designed for holding on to a boat or anything
else. It is called also a gaff, a setter, a setiing-
pole. Q. pole-hook, and a hitc'her.
boat-house, ^■'. A house for accommodat-
ing a boat.
boat-insect, s.
Entom. : The English name of the genus
of bugs called Notonecta, which, swimming iu
a reversed position, viz., u])on their backs,
present a certain resemblance to boats. [Boat-
fly.]
boat-like, a. Like a boat in shape or in
other respects,
" His boat-like breast, bis wings rais'd for his sail.
And oar-like feet, him nothing to avail
Against the rain." Drayton : Jfoali's Flood.
boat-lowering, u. Lowering a boat, or
designed to do so.
Boat - loivering and detaching apparatus :
Apparatus for lowering a boat, keeiiing it all
the while in a liorizontal }iosition, and then
detaching from both ends of it simultaneously
the hooks or anything else by whicli it is held.
[Boat-detachinq Hook.]
boat-race, s. A race on the water be-
tween two or more boats. The most cele-
brated in Britain is that between rowers
connected with Oxford and Cambridge Uni-
versities.
boat-rope, s.
Noiit. : A rope with which to fasten a boat.
boat-shaped, a. Resembling a boat ;
concave, tapering at the ends, and externally
keeled. In Bot., nearly the same as Keeled.
Used also to describe the tails of the Quis-
calinse. [Boat-tails, ]
boat-shell, s.
Zool. : The English name of the shells
ranked under the genus C>jmbo (q.v.). [Boat,
A., 1 (2).]
boat-tails, s. pi. [So called from their
tails, which are long and graduated, with the
sides curving upwards like those of a boat.]
Ornith.: The English name for the Quisca-
liiiie, a sub-family of Sturnidffi (Starlings).
They are found in North and South America,
moving northwards in spring and returning
again southward in innnensc nocks late in the
autumn. Though at one time devouring
many grubs, yet at others they help them-
selves freeiv to the farmer's Indian corn and
the other produce of his fields. [Quiscalin^.]
boat-wise, adv. Of a boat shape,
" Full Ijowls of milk are hung around,
From vessels boitt-urise forni'd they poui- a fiood
Of inilk yet smoking, niix'd with sjiblo blood."
Leiois : 2'hebaid of Htatius, bk. vi,
t boat (2), s. [Sw. bytta = a bucket, apnil,] A
barrel, a tub. {Scotcli.) [Beek-boat,] (Jamie-
S0}1 .)
■" A heef-hoat : A barrel or tub in whicli
beef is salted and preserved
"... the Imm niid the bcf bunt, the barrel and the
bed hlMi^et."— Perils of Jlan, ii. Tu. (Jamieson.)
boat, v.t. & i. [From boat, s. (q.v.).]
+ A, Trans. : To transport in a boat; to
carry in a boat.
B. Intransitive : To tal^c boat, to enter into
a boat, to row in a boat,
"The Lord Aboyii . . . boats at the SandnesB, and
goes aboard of his own ship, and to Berwick sails he."
—Spalding, i. 1"". {Jainieson.)
" I boated over, ran
My craft aground, and heard with beating heart."
Tennyson : Edwin Morris,
t boat'-a-ble, --'. [Eng. boat ; -able.] That
may be traversed by boat ; navigable. (Moose.)
^ More common in America than England.
boat'-age (age as ig), s. [Eng. boot ; -age.]
A toll on articles brought in boats,
" Droict do riimge. Shorage or lioatage, the Custorae
or Toll for wine or other wares, put upon, or brought
from the water hy ho^ts." —Cotgruvc.
t boat'-ed, pa. par. &o a. [Boat, v.f.]
boat'-ie, s. [Dimin, of boat.] A small boat, a
yawl. (Scotch.)
" The boatie rows, the boafie rows,
The boatie rows indeed ;
And weil may the boatie row,
That wins the bairnies bread."
Auld Song. (Jamieson.)
boat'-ing, jy. par., «., & s. [Boat, v.]
A. & B. Aspr. par. & '[mrtlripial adjective :
In senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language :
(1) The act or practice of transporting in a
boat.
(2) The act or practice of sailing or rowing
in boats.
2. /" Persia : A form of capital punishment
in whicli an offender is laid on his back on a
boat till he perishes.
' bo-a'-tion, s. [From Lat. hoatvm, supine of
boo = to cry aloud, to roar.] The act of roar-
ing ; a roar, a loud sliout.
boil, boy; pout, jo^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, ~sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — b§l, del-
606
boatraan— t)olDt>in
"In Messina insurrection, tlio guns were heard
from ii distance as tar as Augusta, and Syracuse, about
an hundred Italian miles, in loud boation." — Dcr.
Fhynieo-Th.
boat-man, t boats-man, s. [Eiig. hoat,
boats, aiid man.]
1. One who manages or rows a boat.
"A chieftain, to the HiglilancJs hound,
Cries, ' Boatman, do nnt tnrrv ! ' "
Campbell . Lord U/lin's Daughtor
2. Aboat-fly (q v.).
% Boatman's shell: A shell, Philine aperta.
It >)elongs to the family Bullidfe. It is found
about 50 fathoms deep", on sandy bottoms, in
the Biitish seas.
boat'-swain (often pronounced bosn), s.
[Eng. boat; -."ncaiji. A. 8. ?ja(-sii'ri,ft = a boat-
swain, a boatman ; hdt = boat, and swan - a
swain, a herdsman, a servant. In S\v. hogbnts-
■nian : Dan. baatsviand ; Dut. bootsi)ian; Ger.
hoelibootsmni) n.']
1. Naut. : A warrant officer on board a ship
of war, whose special function It is to talvL^
charge of the rigging, cables, cordage, anchors,
sails, boats, flags, and stores. He must in-
spect the rigging eveiy morning and keep it in
good repair ; and must either by himself or by
deputy steer the life-boat. He must call the
men to their duty by means of a silver whistle
given him for the purpose ; besides talcing into
custody those condemned by a court-martial.
"The chief ambition of the great conqueror and
legislator was to be a good boatswain and a good ship's
carpenter."— J/ac«uZa^/ Bist. Eng., ch. xxiii.
2. One of the English names of a gull, the
Arctic Skua (Cataractes parasiticus).
3. A tropic-bird (q. v.).
bob, * bobbe (Eng.), bob, bab {Scotch), v.t.
& i. [Etymology doubtful. It looks, and is
by Mahn and others held to be, an onomato-
poetic word, i.e., in this case imitated from
the sound of a body moving up and down.
He considers the si^bstantive the original
word (Bob, s.) Mahn connects it with Eng.
'buff= to strike. Skeat believes it an altered
form of Gael, bog = to wag, to shake ; Ir.
bogai-m = to wag, to shake, to toss.] [Bob, s.]
A. Transitive :
I. Of action operating on things physical :
1. To cause to move with a short jerking
motion ; to cause to play to and fro loosely,
2. To beat, to strike ; to drub, to thump.
" These bastard Bretons, whom our fathers
Have in their own land beaten, bobb'd, and thump' d."
Shafcesp. : Richard III., v. s.
i 3. To cut the hair of a man, the tail of a
horse, or anything similar. [Bobtail, Bob-
tailed.]
II. Of action operating on tlie mind :
1, With a thing for the object : To cheat,
swindle ; to obtain by fraud.
" He calls me to a restitution large
Of gold and jewels that I bobb'd from him."
Shakesp. : Othello, v. 1.
2. With a person for the object : To cheat, to
swindle ; to delude, to mock.
"Here we have been worrying one another, who
should have the ijooty, till this cursed fox has bobbed
us both ou't." ~L' Estrange.
B. Intransitive :
1. Gen. : To have a short jerking motion, to
move to and fro or up and down, to play to
and fro, to play loosely against anything.
"And when she drinks against her lips I bob."
Shakesp. : Mid. JfitjJu's Dream, il. 1.
2. Specially :
(1) To dance up and down. (Scotch.)
" I swung and bobblf, yonder aa safe as a gabhart
that's moored by a three-ply cable." — Scott : Jiob Roy,
ch. xxxi.
(2) To courtesy. (Scotch.)
" When sho cam ben sho bobbit."
A aid Song. {Jamieson. )
(3) To angle with a bob, or with a bobbing
motion of the bait.
" He ne'er bad learned the art to bob
For anything but eels." Saxe.
bob, * bobbe (Eng.), bob, bab (Scotch), s. &
ft. [From hob, v. (q.v.). Stratmann and Mahn
compare it with Icel. hobhi = a knot, a cockle-
shell. ]
A. As substantive :
I. I'lrdinanj Language :
1. The act of bobbing ; a jerk, jog, knock,
fillip.
" A i>eece of breade, and therwithal a bobbe."
Qascoigne, 1,116.
"I am sharply taunted, yea, sometimes with pinches,
nips, and bobs." — Ascham : Schoolmaster.
2. Anything which is " bobbed," struck, or
aimed at ; a mark, a butt. (Jamieson.)
3. Anything which bobs or moves freely to
and fro.
(1) Anything solid hanging loosely so that
it may move backwards and forwards or up
and down. Specially —
(a) An ear-riug, a pendant.
" The gaudy gossii), when she's set agog,
In jewels di-est, aad at each ear a bob."
Dryden.
(b) A bunch of flowers, a nosegay, a parterre,
or a thick patch.
" Aue cow of birks in to his hand had he.
To keip than weill his face fra midge and fie,
With that the King the bob of birl^ can wave."
Priests of PeblU. p. 21. [Jamieson.)
(c) A bait bobbed up and down.
t A bob of cherries : A bunch of cherries.
" Have a bob of cheris." — Town. Mijst., 118.
{(}) A branch.
" Eat in this on honde he hade a holyn bobhe."
Qawayne and the Green Knight, 206.
(t) A wig. [Bob-wig.]
(2^ A gust, a blast of wind. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
son.)
■i. More fig.. A dry sarcasm, a taunt, a
scotr, a jibe.
"Have you not sometimes observed what dry bobs,
and sarcastical jeers, the most underling fellows will
now and then bestow upon their betters. — Goodfman :
Wint. Ev. Conference, pt. i.
% To give the bob : To outwit, to impose
upon. A similar phrase once existed, To give
the dor. [Dor.]
" C. I guess the business. S. It can be no other
But to give me the bob. . ■ ."
Massinger : Maid of Honour, iv. 5.
II. Technically :
1. Horol., Mech., &c. : The weight at the
lower part of a pendulum. (Airy : Popid.
Astron., 6th ed., p. 263)
2. Meclmiiies :
(1) The suspended ball of a plumb-line.
(2) The shifting weight on the graduated
arm of a steelyard.
(3) The working beam of a steam-engine.
3. Metallnrgy : A small bufif-wheel used in
polishing the insides of spoons. It is a disk
of leather nearly an inch thick, known as
sea-cow or bull-neck. It is perforated,
mounted on a spindle, and turned into a
nearly spherical form.
i. Mining: A rocking-post framed into a
pivoted bar and driven by the crank of the
water-wheel or engine-shaft. To one end of
tlie beam is suspended the pump-rod, to
balance which the other end is counter-
weighted.
5. Music : A term used by change-ringers
to denote certain changes in the working of
the methods by which long peals of changes
are produced (Troyte); a peal consisting of
several courses or sets of changes. When
tliere are more thai^ three bells the several
changes are called bob-majors, bob-triples,
Norwich Court bobs, grandsire bob-triples,
and caters (qnaters). A bob is sometimes
ojiposed to a single (q.v.). (Stainer &■ Barret :
Diet. Musical Terms. Grove: Diet. Music, c&c.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to a bob in any
of the senses given under A. ; as, bobtail, bob-
u-i>j (q.v.).
bob-cberry, bobcherry, s. A game
among children in which a cherry is so hung
as to bob against the. mouth. The little
player tries by jumping up to seize it with
the teeth, the assistance of hands in the
matter being disallowed.
" Bobcher^'f/ teaches at once two noble virtues, pa-
. snee and constancv ; the first, in adhering to the
pur.suit of one end, tne latter, in bearing a disappoint-
tienee and constancv ; the first,
pur-suit of one end, tue latte
inent."—Arbuthnot & Pope.
bob-fly, s. A kind of fly found ujion
water.
"You can easily find the boh-Jti/ on the top of the
water." — Jesse : Cleanings In yat. Hist., i. 300.
bob major, s. [From Latin majors
greater.]
Mv-sic : A peal rung on eight bells.
bob maxitnus, s. [From Lat. mciximv^
= greatest. ]
Music : A peal rung on twelve bells.
bob minor, s. [From Lat. minor —- less.]
Mn^ic : A peal rung on six bells.
bob-sled, s. A compound sled composed
of two short sleds, one in front and another
behind, connected together longitudinally by
a reach.
bob-sleigb, s. A sleigh made up of two
short (bob) sleighs connected by a reach or
coupling.
bob-wig, bob-
wig, s. A short
wig. Short wigs are
very ancient, being
found on old Egyp-
tian and Assyrian
sculptures and tab-
lets. Long wigs
are coraparati vely
modern. It is said
that they were in-
troduced by Louis '
SIV., of France, to
hide his shoulders,
which were not well matched with each other.
" A young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with
a bobioig and a black silken bag tied to it, stopt short
at the coach, to ask us how far the judges were behind."
—Spectator.
bo'-bac, s. [Pol. bobak = the animal described
below. ]
Zool. : A burrowing squirrel, Arctomys
bobac. It is called also the Polish Marmot.
It inhabits Poland, Russia, and Gallieia.
*bo -baun9e, ^bdb'-baun9e, ^ bo'-ban^e,
s. [Burgundian bobance ; Fr. bombance, from
bombe, cf. Low Lat. hombiciis = proud, cognate
with Lat. bombus = a humming or buzzing.]
Pride, boasting, presumption.
". . . and am y-come wyth the to fight! for al thy
grete bobbaance."
Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herrtage), 38a
^ Often combined with bost = boasting.
"... and with bobaunce and with bosf brent fell
toi\nes."—n'ilUam of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 1,071.
bobbed, "^ bob -bid, * bob'-byd (Eng.),
bob'-bit (Scotch), pa. par. & a. [Bob, v.]
bob'-ber, bab'-ber, s. [Eng. bob, -er;
Scotch bab, -er.]
1. Gen. : A person who or ^ thing which
bobs.
2. Fly-fishing : The hook which plays loosely
on the surface of the water, as distinguished
from the trailer at the extremity of the line.
(Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
bob'-ber-y, i. [An Anglo-Indian representa-
tion of Hind. Bap re! = O father ! a common
exclamation of sui'prise.1 A squabble, a row,
a noisy disturbance. (The word is much used
in the East Indies and China.)
bob-bin, * bob'-m, s [From Fr.
Sp. bobina = a. bobbin, reed, or reel. Com-
pare Ir. & Gael. baban = s. tassel, a fringe;
babag = a tassel.]
I. Ord. Lang. : A wooden pin with a head
on which thread is wound for making lace.
[II. 1.]
" Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door.
Pillow and bobbins all her little store."
Cowper: Truth.
II. Technically:
1. Spinning : A spool with a head at one or
both ends to hold yarn. It has one head
when it serves as a cop in spinning, as a
thread-holder in shuttles of looms, and as cop
in warping-machines. In spinning or warping
it is slipped on a spindle and revolves there-
with, being held thereon by a spring or by the
tightness of its fit. (Knight.)
2. Sewing-inachine : A small spool adapted
to receive thread and to be applied within a
shuttle. (Knight.)
bobbin and fly ft>ame. The ordinary
roving machine of the cotton manufacture.
Its function is to draw and twist the sliver,
and wind the roving on a bobbin. The bobbins
containing the slivers are mounted in several
rows on a creel which has skewers for their
reception. Each sliver xiasses between a pair
of guides, which give it a horizontal traversing
motion, so that it shall not bear upon a con-
stant part of the surfaces of the drawing-
rollers between which it next passes. These
drawing- rollers are arranged in pairs (see
Draw^ing-frame), and have a relatively in-
creasing rate of speed, the second revolving
faster than the fii-st, and the third fiister than
tlie second. The bobbin has two motions — one
around the spindle on which it is sleeved, and
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, f£tll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
b obbinet— boclar
607
one up and down on the spindle. The former
is for the winding on of the roving, and the
latter to distribute the roving in coils along-
side each other along the length of the bobbin.
Bobluu and fly frames are of two kinds, coarse
and tine, or first and second. The coarse, or
first, bobbin and fly frame acts upon sli-\-ers
from cans filled at the drawing-frame and
placed at the back of the machine. The fine,
or second, bobbin and fly frame acts uiion
rovings, or slubbings as they are oft^n called,
from bobbins filled at the first frame and
placed on the skewers of the creel placed be-
hind the roller-beam. {Knhjht.)
bobbin-lace, s.
Weaving: Lace made upon a pillow with
bobbuia. The pillow is a hard cushion covered
with parchment, on whifh the pattern of the
meshes is drawn. Pins are inserted into the
lines of the pattern and determine the meshes.
Thicker thread, called gimp, is interlaced with
the meshes, according to the pattern on the
parchment. The thread is wound upon bob-
bins, and is twisted, crossed, and secured by
pins. [Pillow-lace.]
bobbin-Stand, s. a frame for holding
the bobbins for warps of a loom, threads of a
war ping- ma chine, and yarns of a spinning-
machine. The bobbin or reel rotates on a
spindle fixed in a base-plate. It is covered
with a metallic disk, supported a little above
the top of the spool on a shoulder of the
spindle, and held down by a screw-nut.
bobbin-winder, «.
Weaving : A device for winding thread or
yam upon a bobbin. The bobbin is supported
on a fixed shaft, which is made to rotate con-
tinuously.
Sewing -machine : A device adapted to re-
ceive a shuttle-bobbin and rotate it so that it
may be wound with thread. The winders are
usually operated by being turned in contact
with the driving-wheel, balance-wheel, or
band. Some winders are supplied with an
automatic thread-distributor, to lay the thread
evenly,
bob'-bin-et, s. [Eng. hobUn; (n)et.]
Weaving : A machine-made cotton net,
originally imitated from the lace made by
bobbins upon a pillow. It consists of a series
of parallel threads which may be considered
as warp-threads, and two systems of oblique
threads which proceed from the right to the
left, and from the left to the right respectively.
Eaoh weft thread has a single turn around
each crossing of a warp, and the contrary
strain of the respective weft threads gives a
serpentine course to the warps.
bobbinet-machine, s. A machine for
making bobbinets. It was originally derived
from the stocking-frame, invented in 1589 by
"William Lee, M.A., of Cambridge. Hammond
(about 1768) modified a stocking-frame to
make a coarse imitation of Brussels ground ;
this was the i^in-machine. Tn 17S4, the warp-
frame was invented, for making warp-lace ;
and in the next decade, the bobbin-frame. In
1809, Heathcote invented the bobbinet-ma-
chine. (Knight.)
bob'-bing, pr. par. & a. [Bob, v.]
" Wi' bobbing Willie's ahauka are aair."
Bend. Coll., ii. 114. [Jamiesmi.)
" You may tell her,
I'm rich in jewels, rings, and bobbing pearls,
Pluck'd from Moors' enxs." Dryden.
bob '-bin-work, s. [Eng. bobbin; work.]
Work wrought partly by means of bobbins.
" Not netted nor woven with warp and woof, but
after the manner of bobbinwork." — Orew : MuscBum.
bob'-blt, pa. par. [Bobbed.] (Scotch.)
bob'-et, s. [Dimin. of bob = a blow (Skeat).^
[Bob, Buffet.] A slight blow, a buffet.
"Bobet. Collafa, collafus, Cath. "— /"j-ompi. Parv.
*b6b'-et-yn, v.t. [From bobet, s. (q.v.).] To
buftet ; to give a slight blow to.
" Bobettyn. Collaphtzo." — Prompt. Parv.
* bob'-et-ynge, s. [Bobetyn, v.)
" Bobetynge. CoUafizacio."— Prompt. Parv.
bo'-bi-er-rite, s. [Named bjj Dana after
Bobierre, who first described it in 1808,]
Mineralogy: A colourless mineral occur-
ring in six-sided prisms. It is a tribasic phos-
phate of magnesia. It was found in Peruvian
guano.
bo'-bl-za-tion, «. [From Low Lat. bobisatio,
of same meaning.]
Music : A Itind of sol-faing taught by
Hubeito AVali-aent at the end of the sixteenth
century for scale practice, tlie designations of
the notfs used being bo, ce, Oi, ga, la, mi, and
ni It was called also Bocedisatton (q.v.).
The friends and the opponents of the system
carried on a controversy which continued till
the beginning of the eighteenth century.
{■itainer <& Barrett.)
bob'-o-link, bob-link. * bob -lih -coin,
s. [Evidently from a jiroper name, Bob Lin-
coln or Bob o(f) Lincoln.] A bird belonging
to the family Sturuidte (Starlings), and the
sub-family Agelainas. It is found eveiywhere
in North America below 54° of N. latitude,
passing the winter in the West Indies, and
going northward in summer. In the United
States it is known as the Rice-bird, the Reed-
bird, the Rice Bunting, the Rice Troopial, and
in the West Indies, when fat, as the Butter-
bird. It is the Emberiza oryzivoraoi Linnjeus,
Icterus agripennis of Bonaparte, and Doli-
chonyx oryzivorus of Swainson. It feeds on
rice and other cereals, and is in turn itself
extensively shot for food.
bob'-stay, s. [Eng. bob; stay.}
Naict.: One of the chains or ropes which
tie the bowsprit end to the stem, ^o enable it
to stand the upward strain of the forestays.
bobstay-piece, s.
Naut. : A piece of timber stepped into the
main piece of the head, and to which the bob-
stay is secured. [Stem.]
bob'-tail, s. & a. [From bob, in the sense of
cut, and Eng. tail.]
A. As substantive : A cut tail ; a short tail.
B. As adjective : With a tail cut short or
short naturally ; resembling a cut tail.
" Avamit, you curs I
Be thy mouth or black or white,
Or bobtail tike, or trundle tail,"
SJiakesp. : Lear, iii. 6.
^ Tagrag and bobtail : [Tagrag].
bobtail-Wig, s. A siiort wig.
bob'-tailed, a. [Eng. hob, and tailed.]
0/ a dog or other animal : Having the tail
cut short.
"There was a bobtaiieU cur cried in a gazette, and
one that found him brought him home to his master."
— L' Estrange.
'" boc, s. & a. [A.S. b6c = (1) a beech, (2) a
book.] [Book.] (Story ofiku. & Exod., 523.)
bo- cal, bo- caV, s. [Fr.
bocal = a bnttle, decanter, or
jug with a wide opening and a
very short neck ; Ital. boccaJe
= a decanter, a mug ; Low Lat.
bancalis, from Gr. jSauKoAiof
(banJcalion) — a narrow-necked
\'esst-'l, which gurgles when
water is poured in or out, )3au-
KaAi? (baiikalis) = a vessel for
cooling wine or water.]
Glass Man uf. : A cylindrical
glass jar with a short, wide
neck, used for preserving solid
substances.
bo-cage' (g as zh), s. [From O. Fr. boscage.]
Woodland. [Boscage.]
" The men of the bocatje. and the men of the plain."
— Freeman: ,V"nnu)i Conquest, iii. 147. (N.E.D)
bo'-caque, bo'-c^ke (que as k), s. [Rus-
sian (?).] A mammal like a rabbit, but with-
out a tail, found on the banks of the Dnieper
and elsewhere.
t bo-car'-do, s. [Bokardo.]
^ bocare, s. [A.S. bocere; ]VIceso-Goth. bo-
kceries = a book man.] A scholar. (Layamon,
32,125.)
boc'-a-sine, s. [In Fr. boucassiDi ; from O.
Fr, boccasin ; Sp. bocadn, bocaci; Ital. bo-
cassino.]
Weaving : A kind of calamanco or woollen
stuff ; a fine buckram.
boc'-ca, s. [Ital. hocca.]
Glass Manuf. : The round hole in a glass-
furnace from which the glass is taken out on
the end of the pontil.
boc-ca-rel'-la, s. [Ital. boccarella.]
Glass Manuf. : A small bocca or mouth of a
glass-furnace ; a nose-hole.
"bocchen,u(, [Botch, i-,] (WycUffe: 2 Chron.
xxxiv. )
boc'-gi-iis light (gh silent), s. [See def.] A
kind of gas burner, in which two concentric
metallic cylindei's are placed over the flame to
reduce combustion and increase the brilliancy
of the light. Named from the inventor.
boc-co'-ni-a, s. [Named after Paolo Boccone,.
M.D., a Sicilian Cistercian monk, who pub-
lished a botanical work m A.D. 1704.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Papaveracea; (Poppy worts). Bocconioi
frutescen^ (Tree Celandine) has fine foliage.
It grows in the West Indies, where its acrid
juice is used to remove warts.
* hoqe (1), s. [Boss, s.]
* b09e (2), ^. [BoosE, s.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bo9e (3), i. [In Fr. bogne ; Sp. & Port, boga ;
Ital. boca. From Lat. box, genit. bocis ; Gr.
/3(I)f (box), p6a^ (feoaa:).]
Ichthyol. . A name for any fish of the genus
Spams.
bo-ce-dis-a'-tlon, s. [Low Lat. hnredisotio,
from bo, 'ce, di, the first three of the abbrevia-
tions used in the relation.] [Bobization.]
* boc-fel, s. [A.S. hoc = book, fell = skin,
thin parchment.] A skin prepared for writing,
parchment.
* b09h, bo9he, s, [Botch,]
* b69li'-9liare, s. [Botcher.] (Prompt)*. Parv.)
* bo9h'-er, * b09li'-ere, s. [Butcher.]
' bo9li -er-ye, * b09li'-er-ie, s. [Butchery.]
* bo9li'-2neiit, s. [Botchement.]
* boc-hus, * boo-house, s. [A.S. bdchus ~
a library.] A library. (Ayenb. i.)
* bocilsered, a. [A.S. boc, and Icerde =
learned.] Learned.
bock, * bok, V.i. & t. [BOLKYN.]
A. Intransitive:
(1) To belch.
" He boL-kcth lyke a churle."— Pa/sffruue.
(2) To vomit, or incline to do so.
" Qiihitl ather heme in that breth bokit in blude."
Oaw. & 6ol., ii. 21. iJamieson.)
B. Trans. : To canse to gush intermittently.
"While burns, wi' snawy wreiitl^s up-clioked,
Wild-eddying swirl.
Or through the mining outlet bodied,
Down headlong hurl."
Burns : A Winter Night.
bock, s. [From bock, v. (q.v.).] Vomiting,
spitting up.
" Withut a host, a bock, or gloiir."
Cleland : Poems, p. 105, {Jamieson.)
'^' bock-blood, s. A spitting or throwing
up of blood.
" BocJi-blvod and Beushaw, apewen sprung in the
spald, . . ."—Polwart's Flyting, p. 13. (JamiesoTi,)
bock'-el-et, bock'-er-el, bock'-er-et, a
[Etym. doubtful.] A kind of long-winged
hawk.
bock'-ing (1), pr. par. & 5. [Bock, v.] Vomit-
ing. (Scotch.)
bock'-ing (2), s. [From Booking, near Brain-
tree, in Essex, where it was originally made.}
A coarse woollen fabric.
* bock-ler, s. [Buckler.] (Chaucer.)
t bock'-wheat, s. [Buckwheat.]
" boc'-land, * bock-land, "" boo -land»
"" book'-land, s. [From A,S. hoc = a book,
a volume, a writing, . . a charter, and land,
lond = land.]
0. Law : Land held by charter or deed, and
therefore sometimes called charter-land or
deed-land. It was essentially the same as
modern freehold, except that the grantee had
certain rents and free service to the lord of
the manor. It is opposed to folcland, which
was somewhat analogous to modern leasehold
tenure. [Folcland.]
■*boc-lar, s. [A.S. b6c = 'book, ?dr = lore,
learning. ] Learning.
boil, b6^ ; po^t, j6^1 ; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
^ian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion — shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
608
bocle— bodkin
^ bocle, 6. [Buckle.] (Provipt. Parr.)
■^ boclyd, 2^0. 2'ur. [Buckled.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* boc-rune, ?■■. [A.S. 6nc = a book, and riui
= a lutt(ir.] A letter. (Layanwii, 4,49(i.)
*boc-Staf, s. [A.S. /""■, and Ht<rf=a staff, a
letter. Ju Gtr. Iji>rhs(>'l>i'.] A lL-,ttL-r.
'■ boc-sum, v.. [Buxom.]
* boc-sum-nessc, s. [Buxomness.]
* bocul, * bocuUe, ^ [Buckle.] (Prompt.
Pan\)
"^ b69'-yn, v.i. [From 0. Eng. hosse ; Mod.
Eng. boss = a lump.] To be tumid, to swell.
" /ioc'/n owte or strowtyn. Turgeo."— Prompt.
Pari).
* bo^'-yhge, pr. par. & s. [BocYN,]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb).
B. As stihst. : A swelling, tumefai'tion.
bod (1), s. [Etymologj' doubtful.] A person
of small size ; a dwaif. (Generally somewhat
contemptuously.)
" Like Viilcaii, an' Bacchus, an' ither sic bods."
J'ickeii: Poem.'., ii. 131. [Jatnieson.)
* bod (2), s. [Bode.] (Scotch £ Eng.)
bO'-dacb, s. [Gael.] An old man. (Scott.)
b6d'-dle,s. [Bodle.] (Scotch.) (Burns: The
Brigs of Ayr.)
bod'-dum, s. [Bottom.] (Scotch.)
bode, *b6'-di-en, v.t. & i. [From A.S.
hod ian,hodigea It ={l) to command, to order,
(2) to announce, (.'i) to propose or offer; Icel
hodha ; Sw. ?)a'/fr =:to aunounee.]
A. Transitive :
^ 1. Ofprrsdiis or of ahstractio)is personified- :
(1) To lelll)fforeliand.
" Whaniie Love iille this hadde hoden me,
I aeide hym : * Sire, how nmy it be?' "
Thp. Jioinaunt of the Rose.
t (2) To forebode ; to make shrewd conjec-
ture.s, founded on the observation of analogous
casHs, as to the immediate future ; to presage,
to \'aticuiate.
2. Of things : To forebode, omen, to pre-
sage, to foreshadow, to herald ; to indicate
beforehand by signs.
"... the unfortunate results which it boded to the
harmony of a young married couple, . . ."—Be Quincei/ :
Works (ed. 1863), voL ii., i». Go.
B. IntroMS. : To be an omen for good or
evil. (Generally followed by well or ill ; used
almost like substantives.)
" Sir. give me leave to say, whatever now
The omen proved, it boded well to you."
Dry den.
^bode (1) (Eng.), bode, bod (Scotch), s.
[From A.S. hod, gehod = a command ; O.
Fris. bod; O. Icel. bodh=<i bid, an (Tffer.j
1. Corresponding to A.S. bodian, v., in the
first sense of to command = a command, an
order.
"... the balleful burde, that neuer 6orte kepeil."
^ar. Eng Allit. /"ocms (ed. Morns}; Clf.anncss, D79.
2. Corresponding to A.S. hodinn,\., in the
second sense = to announre. [See etym. of
hode, v.]
* (1) A message, an announcement.
" Bode or massage (Ijoode, H.). y nuciinn."— Prompt.
(2) A foreboding ; a foreshadowing.
" The jealous awan, against his death that singeth ;
The owl eke, that oi death the bode ybringeth."
Chaucer: Assemb. of J^owla, v. 343.
3. Corresponding to A.S. hodin.n, v., in the
third sense =to piopose or offer, and the Icel.
bodh = a bid, au nHl-r.
(1) An offer made in order to a bargain ; a
proffer.
"Ye may get war torfcs or Beltaii : . . ." — Ramsay :
3. Prov., p. BJ.
(2) The price demanded.
"Ye're ower young and ower free o' your siller— ye
should never take a flsli-wife's first bodc."—lieott:
Antiquary, cli. x\.\lx.
*bode (2), s. [A.S. boda; O. L, Ger. hodo ;
O. H. Ger. hoto, polo."] A messenger. (Laya-
moil, 4,(395.)
'' bode (3), *bdd, s. [From bode, ^. (q.v.).]
Abiding, delay.
"... and ab bliue, boute bod, he braydes tc» the queue. "
H'jTi. of i'alerne (ed, SkeatJ, li'J.
bode, pret. of V. [Pret. of bide; A.S. hidan
(q.v.).]
1. Abode.
"My body on balke ther bod in Bweuen "
Bar. ling. Allit. Poems {etl. Muiris); Pearl, G2.
2. Delayed, waited.
" I found no entress at a side,
Unto a foord ; and uver I rode
Uuto tlie other side, but bode."
air Egeir, \}. 5. (Jainies-m )
^ bode (1), bo'-den (1), pa. par. [Bode, v.]
■ bode (2), * bo'-den (2) (Eng.), * bodyn,
"'" bodun (Scotch), pa. 2Xir. [O. Eng. bade —
to bid.] [Bid.] (Piers Plow., ii. :u ; IJ'i/cU/c
(Purvey), Matt. xxii. 3, Luke xiv. 7 ; iJurhoiir,
xvi. 103.)
tbode'-ful, a. [Eng. bode; -ful] Omiuous,
portentous ; foreboding or threatening evil.
"... and glide bod^fuJ, and feeble, and fearful ; . . .'
— Carlijlu : Sartor liesartus, bk. iil., ch. 8.
"^ bode-kin, «. [Bodkix.]
■'* bode'-ment, 5. i^w^.hnde; -ment.'] Presage-
nient ; iiaiiial prognostic.
" This fooliah, dreaming', superstitious girl
Makes all these bodemenls."
Shakesp. : Troil., v. 3.
"bo'-den, "bo'-din, *b6-dyn, a. [O. Sw.
ho ; Icel. hoa — ts jirepai-e, to provide.]
Prepared, provided ; furnished, in whatever
way.
" Ane hale legioun about the wallis large
Stude wachmg bodin with bow, spere, and targe."
Doug. . Virgil, •Ih'i, :.;;
T[ It seems to be used, in one instance, in
an oblique sense,
" T trow he suld l>e hard to sla.
And he war bodyn ewyiily."
Barbour, viii. 103, MS. (Jainieson.)
bo'-den-ite, s. [From Boden, near Marien-
berg," in the Saxon Erzgebirge.]
Min. : A variety of Oiihite (q.v.).
' bode'-word, "' bode'-Tviird, " bod'-
■worde, * bod-word, 5. [O. Eng. bode, s.
(q.v.), and icord.]
1. Commandment ; prohibition,
" And this is gunge beiiianiin,
Hider brogt after bode-word thin."
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,281-2.
2. Message.
"... 6od«word and tiding fro gode."
Story of Gen. & Exod. {ed! Morris), 396.
■■ bodge, V t. [Corrupted probably from budge
(q.v.), or from botch.'] To "budge," to yield,
to give wa^.
" With this we charg'd again ; but out, alas !
We bodg'd again ; as I have seen a swan,
With bootless labour, swim against Ihe tide "
Shakesp. : Z lien. VI., i. 4.
'■ bodge (1), s. [Corrupted probably from botch
(q.v.).] A botch, a patch.
"Because it followeth in the same place, nor will it
be a bodge in this, . . ."— Whitlock ; Manners of the
English, p. 437.
bodge (2), .^. [Etym. doubtful.]
Weights & measures : A measure of capacity,
believed to have been half a peck.
■ bod'-ger, s. [Corrupted from badger.'] One
who forestalls the market. [Badger. ]
"They wage one poore man or other to become a
badger." — flarHson : Descrip (i^^nj;'., ch. xviii.
bo'-di-an, s. [Etym. doubtful. Compare Fi-.
bodine = the keel of a ship. Or possibly from
some Oriental tongue (?).]
Ichthy. : A grnus of fishes, Diagramma ;
family, Scitenidie. Cuvier's Bodian, Dia-
gravvma. lineatum, is found in the Eastern
seas.
b6d'-i9e, bod'-di^e, ^ bod'-ies, s. & a.
[Corrupted from Eng. bodies, pi. of body.]
1. Originally plur. Of the form 'bod'w >i,plur.
of body : A pair of bodies, i.e., of stays or
coi-sets fitting the body.
" But I who live, and have lived twenty yeai-a,
Where I may handle silke as free and neare
As any mercer ; or the whale bone man
That quilts thae bodies I have leave to siian "
/ien Jonaon : An A'/c;/'/
2. Noii\ always sing.; if a p>l- he required,
bodices being vsed :
(1) TAt. : A corset or waistcoat, quilted with
whalebone or similar material, worn by
women.
" Her bodive half way Bhe unlac'd,
AlHiut his iiTins she slily cast
The silken band, and held him fast." Prior.
(2) Fig. : Restraint of law, or restraint of
any kind.
" It was never, he declared with much spirit, found
politic to put trade into straitlaced bodices, which,
instead of making it grow upright and thrive, must
either kill it or force it &v,r)f."—Macaulay : lliat.
Eng., ch. xviii.
bod'-ied, prep, k p-i. par. o/ body, v. (q.v.).
[ABt.E-BODIED.]
* bod'-i-kin, s. [Eng. hodu, .-,., with dim. suff.
1. A little body. (Bailey.)
2. An nath. esp. in the form God's bocWcins
(cf. Hamlet, ii. 2 ; Merry Wives, ii. 3).
■bod'-i-less, .';, [Eny:. bod(y), and suff. 4ess.]
AVitliout a body; having no body; incorporeal.
* bod'-i-li-ness, s. [Eng. borHl(y) ; -ness.]
The quality or state of possessing a body.
bod' i-ly, * bod'-i-li, * bod'-y-ly, * bod-
i-liclie, a. & adr. [Eng. body; -ly.]
A, As culje'Jive :
1. Of the human or animal body: Pertaining
to the body ; constituting jiart of tlie body ;
made by the body ; atteeting the body ; inci-
dent to "the body. '
^ When the human body is referred to, it
i.s generally as opposed to the mind.
"I would not have children much beaten for their
faidts. because I would not have them think LodUy
pain the greatest punishment. ' — Locke.
"... an ex.ample of personal courage and of bodily
e\.iiri\Qn."—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
2. Gen. Of a body in the sense of anything
mafiyrio.l : Composed of matter; X'ert^ining to
matter, or to material things ; apx)reciable to
the senses.
" What resemblance cor.ld wood or stone bear to a
spirit void of all sensible qualities, and bodily diiuen-
Bious?" — South.
3. More fig. : Real, actual, as distinguished
from what is merely thought or planned.
" Wliatever hath been thought on in this state.
That could Vje brought to bodily act, ere Rome
Had circumvention." Shakesp : C'orial., i, 2,
"R. As adverb :
1. Corporeally, united with matter.
"It is his human nature, in which the godhead
dwells bodily, that is advanced to these honours aud
to this empire. "-ir«««.
If In Col. ii. 9, bodily is the rendering of the
Gr. a-u>|LLaTt«ws (soviatikos), which is an adverb.
The precise meaning is uncertain ; it may be
(L) corporeally, (2) truly, or (3) substantially.
" For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead
bodily."— Col. ii. 9.
2. So to act as in some way or other to affect
the whole body ; wholly, completely, entirely ;
as ". . . leaps bodily below." (Lowell, in
Goodrich £ Porter.)
IT So also colloquial phrases like these are
used — " The tiger carried off the man bodily."
or, " the flood carried away the bridge bodily."
bod'-ing, pr. par. & s. [Bode, v.]
A, As pr. p".r. : In senses corresponding to
tlmse of the veib.
" Not free from boding thoughts, a while
The shepherd stood ; ..."
WordsworlJt • Fidelity.
" Then darkly the words of the boding strain
Like an oineu rose on his soul again."
Heinatis: Sword of th-e Tojnb,
B. As .sidi^tontivc :
1. Of persons: A. foi'eboding, an expectation,
a ])rophecy. a vaticination, a forecast.
" Say— that his bodiiigs came to pass."
Byron : The Giaour.
+ 2. Of things: An omen, a portent.
bod'-kin (1), ^* bod'-i-Uin, ^ bod'-e-kin,
* boy'-de-kin. " bod y-kin, s. [Etym,
doubtful ; the .second element is certainly thg
usual Eng. dimin. suffix. Skeat thinks that
weniay cnusider boi-deandbod-e corruptions of
the Celtic word now represented by Ir. tirfeop;
Gael, biodag,nn(i. W. hidog ■= a dirk, a dagger.]
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Of things:
■• (1) Originally : A small dagger.
" With bodkins was Ciesar Julius
Murder d at Eonie of Brutus Cassius."
Chaucer ; Cens. Liter., ix. 369.
" Vn\en he himself might hi3 quietus make
W ith a bare bodkin."
Shakesp. : JIamlet, iii. 1.
II Still used in this sense in poetry of an
antiquarian cast.
" Long after rued that bodkin's point."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, T. 9.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, "what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;
or, wore, wolf, v.ork, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
Syrian, se, ce — e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bodkin— body-
cog
(2) Suhsequenthj :
(a) All instrument wherewith to dress the
hair.
" You took constant care
The bodkin, comb, and essence to prepare -
For this your locks iu pjiiwr durance bound."
Pope: Jlaue of the Lock. iv. 98,
(b) A large-eyed and blunt-i)ointed threading
instiiunent for leading a tape or cord through
a hem.
" Or plung'd in lakes of bitter washes lie,
Or wedg d whole ages iu a bodkin's eye.
Pope : Jiape of the Lock, ii. 128.
* (f) A frizzling-ii-()ii.
''2. f /^ ersofis : One wedged in between two
others Un- whom tlieie is only sufficient room.
(Us(_-(I jflso adjectively.)
•■ Cecily aat bodkin."~F. Montgomery : Thrown To-
gether, li. 62.
To ride or sit hodldn : To ride or sit wedged
in between two others.
II. Technically :
1. Printing: A printer's tool, something
like an awl, for picking letters out of a column
ur page in correcting.
2. Boolchinding : A pointed steel instrument
for piercing holes.
bod -kin (2), s. [A corruption of baitdkin, or
bawlckiii (q.v.).] A rich kind of cloth worn
in the Middle Ages, the web being gold and
the woof silk, with embroidery.
1 The word bodkin (2) does not much occur
alone ; it is used chiefly in the expression
" Cloth of 6od/cm."
' ' Or for so many pieces of cloth of bodkin.
Tissue, gold, silver, &c."
Massinger : City 3Iadam, ii. l.
bo'-dle, tbod'-dle, s. [Corrupted from Both-
well, an old Scottish mint-master, as other
coins were called Atchesons for a similar
reason.]
1. Lit. : A copper coin, of the value of two
pennies Scots, or the third of an English half-
penny.
" So far as I know, the copper coins of two pennies
commonly called two penny pieces, boddlet, or turners,
began to be corned after the Restoration, in the be-
?">"H»e of 5^^,^^^^ ^^'^ re\^: those coined under
William and Mary are yet current, and our country-
men complain, that since the union, 1707, the coinage
of these was altogether laid aside, whereby these old
ones bemg almost consumed, there is no small stag-
nation ill the commerce of things of low price, and
hinderanceto the relieving the necessities of the poor "
~Ru4d. Inirod. Anderson's Diplom., p. 138. {Jamie-
son. )
2. Fifj. : Anything of little value.
IF Not to care a bodle corresponds in Scotch
to the English p]irase, not to care a farthing.
Waverley,
' ' Fair play, lie cared na deils a boddle. "
Bums: Tarn O'Shantcr.
Bod-lei'-an, t Bod-ley'-an, a. & s. [From
Sir Thos. Bodley, who was born A.D. 15i4
and died A.D. 1612.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining to Sir Thos.
Bodley.
B. -4s substantive: The library described
below. (Lit. d:Jlg.) [Bodleian Library.]
"... by the gift of many Large-Paiwr copies, that
vast submarine Bodleian, which stands in far less risk
from fire than the insolent Bodleian of the upper
world," — De Quincey : IVorks, 2nd ed,, i. 14i
Bodleian or t Bodleyan Libranr, s.
A library founded at Oxford by Sir fhos.
Bodley, in 1597, who presented to it about
£10,000 worth of books, and induced others
also to become donors to the institution. The
library was opened to the public on November
S. 1602. The first stone of a new building to
accommodate it was haid on July 10, 1610. In
1902 it contained abont 630,000 bound volumes.
All members of the University who have taken
a degree are allowed to read in it, as are
literary men belonging to this and other
countries. As in the case of the British
Museum library, the books are not allowed to
be taken out of the reading-room.
■ bod-rage, * bod-rake, ^. [Bordrage.]
*^' bod-word, s. [Bodeword.] (Barbour: The
Bruce, xv. 423.)
bod'-^, '' bod'-ye, "^ bod'-ie, * bod'-i, s. &
a. [A.S. hodig~(l) bigness of stature, (2) the
trunk, chest, or parts of it, t (3) the body, the
whole man (Somner) ; O. H. Ger. botach, potach
=:body; Gael, bodhaig = the human body;
compare also htidheann = a body in the sense
of a hoop or band. Hindust. bctdan ; Sans.
bandhcc]
A, As sitbstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
(i) Lit. : The material framework of man or
of any of the inferior animals, including the
bones, the several organs, the skin, with hair,
nails, and other appendages.
" And that most blessed bodie, which was borne
Without all blemish or reprochfull blame."
Spenser: Uymne of Ileaoenlu Love.
" All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and
took the bodu of Saul and the bodies of his sons from
the wall . , :'—\Sam. xxxL 12.
Oat of the. body, absent from, the body : Dead,
having the soul dismissed from the body by
death.
(ii) Figuratively :
1. Of things:
(1) Bodily strength or ability.
" How he mycht help him, throw bod)/
Mellyt with hey chewahy."
Barbour, x. 516, MS. (Jamieson.)
(2) Matter as opposed to spirit, matter as
opposed to other matter ; a material sub-
stance ; a portion of matter ; as, a metallic
body, a combustible body.
" Even a metalline body, and therefore much more a
vegetable or animal, may, by fire, be turned into
water." — Boyle.
(3) Substance, essence.
(a) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
"... to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to nature ;
to show virtue her own feature, scum her own image,
and the very age and body of the time his form and
pressure."— S/iaAeap. ; Hamlet, iii. 2.
(h) Of wine: Strength; as, wine of a good
hody.
(c) Substance as opposed to a shadow ;
reality as opposed to representation.
"A shadow of things to come; but the bodu is of
Christ."— Co?, ii. 17.
(4) The main portion of anything as dis-
tinguished from the smaller and detached
portions, as the body— i.e., the hull of a
ship, the body of a coach, of a church, of a
tree, &c.
"... from whence, by the bodi/ of Euphrates, as far
as it bended westward ; and afterward by a branch
thereof. "—Raleigh.
" This city has navigable rivers that run ui
body of Italy ; they mi( ' '
fish . " — A ddison.
. . into the
Ight supply many countries with
(5) A general collection, a pandect ; as, a
body of divinity, a body of the civil law.
(6) A garment, a vestment.
"A Bodu round thy Body, wherein that strange
Thee of thine sat snug, defying all variations of
cuinate.'— CaWy^e; Sartor Jicsartus, bk. i., ch. ix.
2. Of persons:
(1) Individually.
(a) A person, a human being, with no eon-
tempt indicated. (Eng.)
1[ In this sense it is now rarely used,
though it was once, as an independent word,
but it still remains in the very common com-
pound terms, anybody, nobody, somebody, every-
body, &c. (q.v.). [Anybody, Somebody, &c.]
" 'Tis a passing shame
That r, unworthy body as I am,
Should censure thus on lovely gentlemen."
Shakesp. : Two Gent, of Verona, L 2.
" A deSowr'd maid !
And by an eminent body, that enforc'd
The law against it "
Shakesp. : Meas. for Meas., Iv. 4.
(b) A contemptuous term for a human being,
man or woman, of humble lot, or in a pitiabTe
plight. (Scotch.) (Generally in this sense
pronounced in the pi. buddls.)
"... and that's the gate fisher-wives live, puir
slaving bodies."~Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxvi.
" Town's bodies ran, an" stood abeigh,
An' ca't thee mad."
Burns: The Auld Farmer's Jfew Fear Maming
Salutation to his Auld Stare Maggie.
(2) Collectively.
(a) A corporation ; a number of men united
by a common tie or organized for some pu.r-
pose, as for deliberation, government, or
business.
"... every peer accused of high treason should be
tried by the whole body of the peerage. "—JfaeoMtou ■
Hist. Eng., ch. xviii.
(&) A mass of men, even when not so united.
"... life and death have divided between them the
whole body of mankind." — Hooker.
(c) The main part of an army ; the centre,
as distinguished from the wings, the van-
guard, and the rear-guard.
" The van of the king's army was led by the general
and Wilmot ; in the body was the king and the prince •
and the rear consisted of one thousand foot, com-
manded Trader Colonel Thelwell," — Clarendon.
IT Crabb thus distinguishes between body,
cojyse, and carcase ;— " Body, here taken in tlie
improper sense for a dead body, ... is appli-
cable to either men or brutes, corpse to men
only, and carcase to brutes only, unless when
talcen in a contemptuous sense. When speak-
ing of any particular person who is deceased,
we should use the simple term hody ; the body
was suffered to lie too long unburied. When
designating its condition as lifeless, the term
corpse is preferable ; he was taken up as a
corpse. When designating the body as a life-
less lump separated from the soul, it may be
characterised (though contemptuously) as a
carcase ; the fowls devour the carcase." (Crabb:
Eng. Syn.)
II. Technically :
1. Geom. . Any solid figure ; as, a spherical
body.
"The ^ath of a moving point is a line, that of a
feometrjc body is another body."—Welsbach: Trans.
Goodrich & Porter.)
2. Physics: An aggregate of very small
molecules, these again being aggregates of
still smaller atoms. The object of physics is
the study of the phenomena presented by
bodies. (Ganot: Physics (trans, by Atkinson),
5th ed., p. 1.)
3. Alchem. PI. (bodies): Metallic bodies,
metals, answering to the celestial bodies —
i.e., to the planets. They are contradistin-
guished from spirits— f.e., such bodies as can
be driven off in vapour ; four such spirits and
seven bodies were recognised. (See ex.)
" I wol you telle as was me taught also
The foure spiritz, and the bodies seuen
By ordre, as ofte herd T my lord neueu.
The flrste spirit ^uyksilver called is ;
The secound orpiment ; the thridde I wis
Sal ariuoniac, and the ferthe bremstoon.
The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anoon.
Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe ;
Mars yren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe ;
Saturnus leed, and Jubitur is tyn.
And "Venus coper, by my fader kyn."
Chaucer: C. T., Group C, 819-829.
' i. Arch.: The old term for what is now
generally called main or middle aisle of the
nave of a church, and is perhaps occasionally
used for the whole nave, including the aisles.
"And the forsaide Richard sail make the bodii of the
Kirke accordaunt of wideues betwene the pUers to
the qyieie."— Contract for Catterick Church, p 9
(Gloss, of Her.) *
5. Fortif. : By the body of a place is meant—
(1) The works next to and surrounding a
town, iu the form of a polygon, regular or
irregular. (Griffiths.)
(2) The space inclosed within the interior
works of a fortification.
6. Vehicles: The bed, box, or receptacle
for the load.
7. Agricultural Implements : The portion
of an instrument, a plough for example,
engaged in the active work.
8. Printing: The shank of a type, indicating
size, as a^ate face on nonpareil body. (Knight!]
9. Music: (1) Tlie resonance box of a
stringed instrument, (2) the part of a wind
instrument which remains after the removal
of mouthpiece, crooks, and bell. (Stainer £
Barrett.)
10. Painting : Consistency, thickness.
1 To bear a body : A term used of colours
which can be ground so fine and so tlioroughly
mixed with oil that they seem a coloured oil
rather than colour to which oil has been
added.
11. Law :
(1) Of tilings: The main part of an instru-
ment as distinguished from the introduction
and signature. (Wharton.)
(2) Of persons : The person ordered to be
brought up under a habeas corpus act
(Wharton.)
B. As adjective : Designed for the body ; as
&odT/-clothes ; personal, as, a body-sevvunt ■ in
any other way pertaining or relating to 'the
body. (See the compound words.)
Bendin;
the body.
■bending toil
body-bending, «.
(Used of toil.)
" With the gross aims and ^ ^^,.wi„«,, wn.
Of a poor brotherhood who walk the earth
Pitied, and, where they are not known, despised "•
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. viiL
r,^v*'^'?'°iH^',*^">"*y cloaths, s. pi.
Clothing for the body. (Used more of cloths
rugs, or anj-thmg similar cast over or wraiined
around horses, than of vestments for human
bemgs.)
"I am informed that several asses are kept in bodv
body-colours, s. fl. Colomii which have
b65l, boi^; polit, J<jT*rl; cat, cell, chorus, 9lun, ben9li; go, gemr thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon exist
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -tion,-slon = zhun. -cious, -tious, -slous = shiis, ' '
ph = £
ble, -die, &c. =bel, del.
39
GIO
body— bog
" body," thickness, or consistency, as distin-
guished from tints or washes. (Ogilvic.)
body-heart, s. [Heabt. (Her.).^
body-hoop, ^.
Naiit. : The bands of a built mast.
body-loop, s.
VeJiiclcs : An iron bracket or strap by whioh
the body is supported upon the spring bar.
body-plan, &.
Shi'pbuildliuj : An end elevation, showing
the water-lines, buttock and bow lines, diago-
nal lines, &c.
body politic, 6.
1. The collective body of a nation under
civil government. As the persons who com-
pose the body politic so associate themselves,
they take collectively the name of people or
nation. (Bouvier.) (Goodrich & Porter.)
"'The Soul Politic having depjirted,' says Teufels-
drockh, ' what cati follow hut that the Body Politic he
deceiitly interred, to avoid putreaceuce ?'" — Carlyle :
Sartor Rcmrtiis, hk. iii., ch. v.
2. A corporation. {Wharton.)
body-post, s.
Shiphuildlnq : The post at the forward end
of the opening in the dead-wood in which the
screw rotates.
body-servant, &. A valet.
"The laird's servant — that's no to say his bodi/-
servant, but the helper like— rade express by this e'en
to fetch the houdie." — Scott: Gity Slannering, uh. i.
{Jamiesoil.}
body-snatcher, s. One who snatches
or steals a body from a gi'aveyard for the
purpose of dissecting it, or selling it to those
who will do so ; a resurrection-man.
body-snatching, s. The act of stealing
a body from a graveyard for the purpose of
dissection. Now that the prejudice against
allowing corpses to be anatomized has all but
passed away, body-snatching is a nearly ex-
tinct offence.
body-whorl, a.
Conchol. : The last turn of the shell of ^
Gasteropod.
hod'-y (pret. bodied), v.t. [From hody, s.
(q.v.).]
1. To clothe with a body, to assume a body.
(Used reflexively of a spirit or any similar
entity.)
"For the spiritual will always bodv itself forth in
the temporal history of men ; the spiritual is the be-
ginning of the temporal." — Carlyle: Heroes, lect iv.
2. Mentally to give "body," or a nearer
approach to substantiality, to some airy con-
ception.
" As imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shapes. "
ShaTiesp. : Mid. NiglU's Dream, v. L
3. To trace out, to image forth, to fore-
shadow.
" Of many changes, aptly jotn'd,
Is bodied forth the second whole "
Tennyson : Works (Strahan, 1872), vol. i., p, 269.
bod'-y-guard (w silent), s. [Eng. body ;
guard.] A guard of soldiers or other armed
men, whose office it is to protect and defend
the person of a sovereign, a prince, a general,
or a similar dignitary.
"... whenever he moved beyond the walls of his
Ealace, the drawn swords and cuirasses of his trusty
ody guards encompassed him thick on every side."—
MacauZay : JTlst. Eng., ch. i.
* bod'-y-ly, u. & adv. [Bodily.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* bodyn, pa. par. [Bidden.] (Scotch.) Spec,
bidden or challenged to battle.
* boef, s. The same as Beef (q.v.).
" And bet than oJde boef is the tendre vel."
Chaacer. C. T., 9,234.
Boe-o'-tian (tian as shan), a. [From
Bcevtia. Si^e def. 1.]
1. Geog.: Pertaining to Boeotia, a country
of ancient Greece, west and north of Attica.
Its atmosphere was thick, which was held to
make the inhabitants stupid. Nevertheless,
the region produced the great military generals
Epaminondas and Pelopidas, the historian
Plutarch, and the poets Hesiod and Pindar.
2. Fig. : Stupid, dull in intellect.
" Or yield one single thought to he misled
By Jeffrey's lieart, or Lamia's liccotian head. "
Byron : Bnqli-^h Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
* boet'-ings, * buit'-ihgs, s. [O. Eng. hocf,
liitit — Eiig. hoot, and dim. suff. -iiig.] Half-
boots, ur leathern spatterdashes.
" Thou brines the Carrik clay to Erlinburgh cross,
Upon thy ooetin^n hobblaiid hard as horn,"
Dunbar: Evergreen, ii 58 ; also 59, st. 22. (Jamieson,)
' bof -et, B. [BoFFET, Buffet.]
* bof-et'-ynge, s. [Buffeting.]
* bof-fet, *bor-fete, *bof-et,s. [Buffet.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
boffet stole, a. [Buffet-stool.]
*bofte, *bi-hofte, s. [From A.S. behojian
= tu behove.] [Behoof.] Behoof.
" And to mui louerdes bo/te bi-crauen ;
For kindus luue he was hire hold "
Story of Qen. & Ezod. (ed. Morris), 1,388-9.
^ bog, a. [The same as Big (q.v.).] Big,
tumid, swelling, proud.
" The thought of. this should cause the jollity of thy
spirit to quail, and thy bog and bold heart to be
aoasbed." — Rogers : Naarnan the Syrian,'^. 18, (Trench,
On some Def. in our Eng. Diet., p. 14.)
bog (1), * bogg, s. & a. [In Ir. boglach, bogach
= a bog, a moor, a marsh ; Gael, boglach = a
marsh, a quagmire, any place where a beast is
apt to stick fast ; bogaich = to moisten, to
soften, from bog = soft, miry, moist, damp;
Ir. 6o^ = soft, tender, penetrable.]
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : (1) A moss, a morass, a quagmire;
wet, spongy ground composed of decaying
vegetable matter.
"Birkin bewis, about boggis and wellia."
Gawan & Gol., i. 3.
" A gulf profound ! as that Serbonian bog,
Betwixt Dairiiata and luouut dsins old,
Where armies whole have sunk."
A/iUon : P. L., bk. ii.
" In order to obtain the applausp of the Rapparees of
the Bog of Allen."— il/((c«u?«// .■ Ilist. of Eng., ch. xii.
(2) Boggy land.
" Every thing else was rock, bog, and moor " — Ma-
caul' ly : Dist. Eng., ch. xii.
2. Fig. : Anything in which one Is apt to
sink hopelessly bemired.
" And thine was smother'd in the stench and fog
Of Tiber's marshes and the i>apftl bog."
Cowper: Expostulation.
B. ^s adjective :
1. Growing in bogs ; as, bog-asphodel, tog-
rush.
2. Living in bogs ; as, bog-bumper.
bog-asphodel, b.
Bot. : The English name of a plant genus,
the Narthecium, and specially of the N. ossi/ra-
gu'in, or Lancashire Bog-aspliodel. It belongs
to the order Juncacese (Rushes). It has a
yellow- coloured perianth, which distinguishes
it from ordinary rushes. The leaves are all
radical. It is frequent in bogs, on moors and
mountains, and is by no means confined, as
its English specific name would imply, to
Lancashire. [Narthecium.]
bog-bean, s. A name for the botanical
genus Menyanthes, more commonly called
Buckbean (q.v.).
bog-berry, s.
Bot. : A name for the Cranberry (Va,cciniuin
03>ycoccus).
bog-blaeberry, s. The same as the
BLUEBERBY(q.v.). (Rurdl Cyclopcedia ; Britten
& Holland.)
bog-bUtter, s. The Bittern (Botaums
stcllaris). (Scotch.)
bog-bumper, s. A name for the Bittern.
^ Jamieson limits this word to Roxburgh-
shire, but it is so natural an aj'tiellation for
the bird that it is probably in use in various
other parts.
bog-butter, s.
Min. : The same as Butyrellite (q.v.)
bog-cutting, a. Cutting or designed to
cut through a bog.
Bog-cutting plough :
Agric. & Hortic. : An instrument for cutting
and turning up boggy or peaty soil for fuel
or chemical uses.
bog-earth, s. The kind of earth or mud
deposited by bogs over an impervious sub-
soil. It coii-sists chiefly of silica, with about
twenty-five jier cent, of decomposed and de-
composing vegetable fibre. Gardeners highly
prize it, especially for American plants.
bog-featherfoil, s. [Eng. feather, and
O . Eng. foil ; Fr. fcuille ; from Lat. foliwni —
leaf. So named from Its feather)' leaves.]
Bot. : A book-name for a primulaceous
plant, the Water-violet (Hoit>>nia palustris.)
bog-gled, s. A bird, the Moor Buzzard
{Buteo (eruginosus). (Scutch.)
bog-hay, s. Meadow hay ; hay which
grows naturally in meadows. (Scotch.)
"Meadow hay, or, as it is termed in Renfrewshire,
bog-hay, . . ."—Wilson: Renf., p. 112.
+ bog-house, s. A house of office, a privy.
(Johnson.)
bog iron-ore, bog-ore, s.
Mineralogy :
1. A variety of Limonite. It occurs in a
loose and porous state in marshy places, often
enclosing wood, leaves, nuts, &c., in a semi-
fossilized state.
2. A variety of Limnite.
bog-jumper, bog jumper, a. The
Bittern (Botaurus stellaris). (Scotch.)
bog-land, bog land, s. & a.
A. As substantive : Land or a countiy which
is boggy.
B. As adjective : Living in or belonging to
a marsiiy country.
" Men without heads and women without hose.
Each bring his love a bog-land captive home."
Dryden : Prol. to the PropJietess.
bog-manganese, s.
Min. : A variety of Wad (q.v.). It consists
of oxide of manganese and water, often with
lesser am<mnts of oxide of iron, silica, alumina,
&c. Groroilite and Reissacherite are sub-
varieties of it.
bog-moss, s. A common book-name for
various species of Sx>hagnum. (Prior ; Britten
c& Holland.)
bog-myrtle, bog myrtle, s.
Bot. : A name for the Sweet Gale or Dutch
Myrtle (Myrica gale). Though fragrant like
the Myrtle, it has no real affinity to it. [Gale,
Myrtle.]
bog-nut, s.
Bot. : The Buckbean, or Marsh Trefoil
(Menyaiitlies trifoliata.)
bog-oak, s. Oak timber from a bog.
bog-orchis, s.
Bot. : The English name of the orchideous
genus Malaxis, and specially of the single
British species, M. paludosa. It is a small
plant, from two to four inches high, with
minute erect greenish sinkes of flowers. It
lives in spongy bogs, flowering from July to
September.
bog-ore, s. [Bog Iron-ore.]
bog-pimpernel, bog pimpernel, s.
Bot. : A British species of Pimjiernel, Aim-
galli-s tenella. It is found, as its English
name imports, in bogs, and not like its con-
gener, the Scarlet Pimpernel (A. arveiisis),iu
corn-fields. It is a small creeping plant with
rose-coloured flowers.
bog-rush, s.
1. Bot.: An English book-name for Schoenus,
a genus of tlie order Cyperaceae (Sedges). As
now limited it contains only the Black Bog-
rush, a plant found on wet moors, and recog-
nisable on account of its dark broAvn, nay,
almost black, heads of flowers. The additional
British species once placed in it are now
transferred to other genera.
2. Ornith. : An unidentified species of war-
bler about the size of a wren.
bog-spavin, s.
Far. : An encysted tumour filled with gela-
tinous matter inside the hough of a horse.
(Whit^;.)
bog-stalker, s. An idle and stupid va-
grant. (Scotch.)
" William's a wise, judicious lad.
Has harms mair than e'er ye had.
Ill-bred boy-staUcer."
Ramsay: Poems ii. 338. (Jamieson.)
^ To stand like a bog-stalker ; tn look like a
bog-stalker : To stand or look as if perplexed,
as one seeking the eggs of certain birds in
l^oggy ground requires to look anxiously where
he puts his foot in the treacherous quagmire.
late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir. marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bog~bogwort
611
. bog-tract, s. A tract or expanse of land
abounding in bogs.
"... the vast moorlaiida aud bog-tracts of West
Hftiits and Dorset . . ."—Booker A Arnott: Brit.FUrr.,
7th ed. (1855), p. 41B.
bog-violet, bog violet, s.
Bot. : A name for the Common Butterwort
(Pinguicula vulgaris.)
bog-wbortleberry, bog-whort, s.
Bot. : The Great Bilbeny (Vaccinium uligi-
nosum). [Whortleberry, Vaccinium.]
*b6g(2), s. [A.S. l)oga = (l) a bow, an arch,
(2) anything that bends. ] A bough.
" The eeueiidai eft ut it tog,
And brogt a grene oliuea Boo,"
SCoTi/ of Gen. & Slxod. (ed. Morris), 607-8.
* bog, 0,. & s. [Of unknown etymology.]
A. As adj. : Bold, blustering, saucy.
B. As subst. : Brag, boastfulness. (N.E.D.)
b6g,i'.(. & i. [From hog (1), s. (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
1. Lit. : To plunge into a bog.
"01 Middletoii's horae three hundred were taksd,
and one hundred were bogged."~Whitelock : Mem.
(1682), p. 580.
2. Fig. . To cause to sink into contempt or
oblivion.
" Twaa time ; hia invention had been bogg'd else."
Ben Janton : Every Man out of his Ifaniour.
B. Intrans. : To be bemired ; to stick in
marshy ground.
"That . . . hla hoi-se bogged; that the deponent
helped some others to tcvke tha horse out of the bogg."
—Trials of the SoTis of iiob Jtog, p. VM. (Jamieaon.)
* boge, s. [A. 8. boga = a bow. J A bow.
" Lainech with wrethe is knnpe uain,
Vn-bciite is boge, a-id bet, and slog."
Story of Qen. £ Exod. (ed. Morris), 482-3.
bo'-gey, bo'-g^, s. [Cognate with boggart
and hogU, s. (q.v.).] A bugbear; anything
designed to frighten.
" I am Bogey, and I frighten every body away." —
Thackuray.
"There are plenty of such iooHsh attempts at
playing bogy h\ the history of nations. "—C. Eingsley.
* bo-geys-liche, * bog-g^scbe-ly, adv.
[BoGOisciiE.] In a boasting, boisterous, or
bold manner.
"... & bogeifsliche as a boye * busked to the
'kyc'heine."— William of Palerne [gA. Skeatl, HOT.
bog'-gart, s. (The same as O. Bug. hug-word
= a te'rrifying word. In North of England
boggart = a spectre ; from Wei. bwg bwgan,
bwgan, bwganod — a hobgoblin, a bugbear.]
[EooEY, BuQ-woRD.] A bugbear. [Scotch).
"It is nota£ men saye, to wit, Hell is hat a, bo ff garde
to Bcarre childreu ouelie."— /JoHocft . On the Patsion,
p. 132.
* bog'-gisshe. * bog'-gyache, * bag-
gysch-yn, a. [Boo, a.\ Inclined to blus-
ter; puffed-up, bold. {N.E.D.) (Frompt.Parv.)
bog'-gle, * bo'-gle, v. i. [Probably from Prov.
Eng. boggle = Scotch bogle (q.v.). See also
boggart and bogie.]
I. Lit. : To shrink back, or to hesitate to
move forward along a road on account of real
or apprehended dangers in the way.
" We start and boggle at eveiy unusual appearance,
and cannot endure the sight of the bugbear."— ffian-
iKWe.
IL Figuratively :
1. To shrink back, in a figurative sense,
from any danger or difficulty, to be timid
about moving forward.
"... he bogling at them at first."— TTood .■ Athence
Oxon.
" Nature, that rude, and in her fliBt essay,
Stood boggling at the roughuesB of the way ;
Us'd to tne road, imknowiUK to return.
Goes boldly on, and loves the path when worn."
Dryden.
2. To hesitate or doubt what conclusion to
come to in a matter of doubt presented to the
judgment.
" And never boggle to restore
The members yon deliver o'er,
Upon demand. " Sudibras.
" The well-shaped cbangelluK is a man that has a
rational soul, say you. Make the ears a little longer
and more pointed, and the nose a little flatter than
ordinary, and then you begin to boggle."— Locke.
"* 3. To dissemble, to play the hypocrite.
" When summoned to his last end it was no time to
boggle with the woT\d."—JJowel.
bog'-gle, 6. [BoGLE.] (Scoteft, and Prov. Eng.)
bog'-gled, pa. par. & a. [Boggle, tf.]
\ bog'-gler, s. [Eng. boggle, v., & suffix -er.]
1. Lit. : One who boggles, one who is easily
terrified by imaginary or real dangers or per-
plexed by difficulties.
2. Fig. : A woman who swerves from the
path of virtue and becomes bemired in vice.
" You have lieen a boggier ever :
But when we in our viciousness grow hard —
0 misery on't 1— the wise godw seal our eyes."
Shakesp. : Ant, aid Cleop., iii- 13.
bog'-gling, 33r. par. [Boggle, v. (q.v.).]
*b6g'-glisll, a. ['Eng. fjoggl{e) ; -ink.] Obliged
to turn aside when difficulty presents itself.
" "Wliat wise man or woman doth not know, that
Dothmg is more sly, touchy, and bogglish, nothing
more violent, rash, and various, than that opiniuu,
l^rejudlce, passion, and superstition, of the many, or
common people."— Bp. Taylor: Artlf. Sandawnencss.
p 172.
bog'-gly, bog'-il-ly, * bog-lie, a. [Scotch
bogle; and suffix -y.] Infested with hob-
goblins. (Seotoh.)
"... down the 6oi7^ifi causie. "
Remains of NitJtsdale Song, p. 94.
"... alone in a hogqly glen on a sweet summer's
night."— iJcscftic. 3Iag., Aug., 1820, p. 515. (Jamieson.)
^ bogg-SClent, v.i. [Prom Eng. bog, and
Scotch slcletU — to slant (?).] To avoid action
by slanting or striking off obliquely into a bog
in the day of battle.
" Some lodg'd in pockets, foot, and horse.
Yet still bogq-sclenJed when they yoocked "
Oolvil : Mock Poem, pt. i., p. 84. (Jamieson. )
^Og'-g^, a. [Eng. bog; -y.] Pertaining to a
bog, containing a bog or bogs.
" Qiiench'd in a boggy syrtis, neither sea,
Nor good dry land : nigh fouuder'd. on he fares."
Milton : P. L.. bk. ii
* bog'-gysche, a. [BocaisssiiE.]
* bog'- g^SChe - ly, adv. [B00EYSLIt.HE.]
Tumidly, proudly.
"Boggygchely. Tamide." —Prompt, Parv.
* bogb, v.i. [A.S. bugan — to bow.] To bow.
(Cursor Mvndi, 307.)
* bogh, s. [BoiTGH.] (Cursor Mundi, 314.)
' boghe, a. [A.S. i
I = a bow.] A bow.
* boghe-draghte, s. Bow-shot.
" With strengthe thay reculede that host a-bak,
mure than a boghe-draghte."— Sir Ferumb. (ed. Herr-
tage), 3040.
'*boghe-Schot,s. Bow-shot. (Sir Ferumb.,
ed. Herrtage, 90.)
* bog-here,is. [Bowyer, Boohien, Bow, v.]
^ tiOght (I), pret. of V. [Buy.] Bought.
" Layyue, and thou Lucresse of Rome toune,
And Polixene, that boghten love so dere."
Chaiicer : Prol. to Lcgende of Ooode Women.
*boght (2), pret. of v. [Bow, v.] Stooped,
bent.
" A boffkt adoun on that tyde, and caught hym by
the snoute, and cast him on the ryuer vnryde, and
folghede tho forth the route." — Sir Ferumb. (ed.
Herrtage), 1*60, 1761.
* boght, s. [Bight.]
bo'-gie, bo'-gy, s. & a. [A dialectal word
of unknown etymology.]
A. As subst. Steain-engiTie : A four-wheeled
truck supporting the fore-part of a locomotive.
The same as bogie-frame (q.v.).
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such an engine
or anything similar.
bogie-engine, d.
Steam-engine : A locomotive - engine em-
ployed at a railroad station in moving cars
and making up trains. The driving-wheels
and cylinders are on a truck, which is free to
turn on a centre-pin. [Bogie-frame.]
bogie-ft'ame, s.
Railroad engineering : A four-wheeled truck,
turning on a pivoted centre, for supporting
the front part of a locomotive-engine.
* bo'-gill-bo, s. [Bogle-eo.]
bd'-gle, bo'-gill, bii'-gil (Scotch), s. [From
Wei. l^gel, bygelydd = a bugbear, a scarecrow,
a hobgoblin. Compare also bygylu = to
threaten ; bugad = confused noise.] [Boggle,
Bugbear. ]
I. Of the forms bogle, bogill, and bugil
(Scotch) :
1. Of beings:
(1) A hobgoblin, a spectre. (Scotch.)
" Ohaist nor bogle shalt thou fear." Bwnw.
(2) Anything designed to frighten.
(3) A scarecrow, a bugbear ; anything which
frightens, or is at least designed to frighten.
" The leaf blenkis of that bugll fra his bleirit eyne,
As Belzebub had on me blent, abajiit my spreit"
Dunbar : Maitl-and Poems.
2. Of things, abstract mnc&ptioiis, &g.: A
play of children or young people, in which one
hunts the rest around the stacks of corn in
a farm-yard. Hence it is sometimes called
bog ill about the stacks.
"At e'en at the gloaming nae swankies are roaming
'Mong staekawith the lassies at bogle to play."
Ritson: Hongs, ii. 8. {Jamieeon.)
^ Bogle about the bush :
1. Lit. : To chase a number of other children
round a bush. [Bogey.]
2. Fig. : To circumvent.
" I played at bogle about tho bush wi' them, I cajoled
them. '—Scott : Waverley, ch. btx.
bd'-gle, v.t. [From bogle, s. Compare also
Wei. bygylu = to threaten ; bwgwth = to
threaten, to scare, to terrify.]
t 1. To terrify.
2. To enchant.
" . , . that you may not think to bogle us with
beautiful and blazing words . . ." — McWard: Con-
tendings.
bo'-gle-bo, * bo'-gill-bo, s. [According to
Warton, Boli was the son of Odiu, and one of
the most fonnidable Gothic generals, whose
very name was a terror. More probably from
Wei. &o = a bugbear, a scare-crow.]
1. A hobgoblin, a spectre.
" Has some bogle-bo
Glowrui f rae many auld waurs gi'eii ye a fleg f "
Ramsay : Poenu, ii. 4.
2. A petted humour.
" Quhat reek to tak the bogill-ho
My bouie bmd for ane's."
Philotus: S. P. R., iii. 15.
II According to Skinner, used in Lincoln-
shire to mean a scarecrow.
bog'-let, s. [Eng. bog{\),s., dim. suff. -let.]
A little bog, a small tract of boggy land.
(Bluckmore : Loriia Doonc, p. 432.)
Bo-go-mil'-i-an (bo-go-mi-le^, s. pJ.), «.
& s. [From Mcesian Sclav, bogomilus = one
who implores the divine mercy, which the
founder of the seet. described under B., and
his followers constantly did.]
A. As adjecHve : Pertaining to the sect de-
scribed under B.
"The Bogom,ilian sect, that strange reiiaissauce of
thic\\i&ui,"— Canon Licldon : The Slavs, Dec. 8, 18(6.
B, As substantive. Ch. Hist. : A Sclavonic
Christian sect, founded in tlie 12th century
by a monk called Basil. His tenets were akin
to those of the Manieheans and of the
Gnostics. He believed that the human body
was created not by God, but by a demon
whom God liad cast from heaven. Basil was
burnt alive at Constantinople for his tenets
under the Emperur Alexius Comnenus.
(Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, xii., pt. ii., ch. v.,
§2.)
*bogt, 2>ret of V. [Bought. A.S. bdhte. See
also Buy.] Bought.
" So michel fe thor is hem told.
He hauen him bogt, he hauen sold."
Story of Gen. £ Exod. (ed. Skeat), 1,998-4.
bog'-trot-ter, t>. [Eng. bog; trotter = one
who trots. ]
1. Ge}i. : A contemptuous appellation for
an Irishman, as inhabiting a country with
many bogs to be traversed.
"... and two Irishmen, or, in the phrase of the
newspapers of that day, fioff/ro«ers, . . .' — Mixcaulay :
Hist. En%., ch. xxiL
2. Spec. : An Irish secret society.
"While ill Ireland, which, as mentioned, is their
grand parent Live, they go by a perulexing multipli-
city of designation!), such as Bogtrotters. Redshanks,
Ribbonmen, Cottiers, Peep-of-Day Hoy a "—Carlyle:
Siirtor Resartue, bk. iii., ch, x.
bog'-trot-ting, a. [Eng. bog (1), s., and trot-
ting.] Living among bogs or in a country
abounding with bogs.
"Beware of bog-trotting q\w.ck8."— Goldsmith : Citizen
of the Woe-Id, No, Ixviii.
bo'-gus, a. [Etymology doubtful.] Sham,
counterfeit. A cant term first applied to
com, now to anything spurious, as bogus
degrees, a bog^ts suicide. (Chiefly American^
bog'-wood, s. [Eng. bog; wood.] Wood
taken from a bog.
" A piece of lighted bog-wood which he carried in a
lantern."— Sco« ; Fair Maid of Perth (1828), iii. 107.
bog'-wort, s. [Eng. bo^, and suff. -mori.] The
same as Bog-berry (q.v.).
*>^» "^^l poiit, jo^l; cat, 90!!, chorus, 9hin, benQb; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -^on = zhun. -tious, -sious. -
, as ; expect, Xenophon, e^t. -ing.
cious = shus. -ble. -gle. &c =bel, geL
6V2
bogy— boiler
bo'-gy (1). ^. [Bogey. ]
* bo-gy (2), .-. A kind of fur. [Budge.]
* boIl9he, s. [Botch.] {Prompt. Parv.)
bo-he'a, '*:. & 0: [From IVni, pronounced Ijy
the Cliinese I^iti, tlie name of the hills whui-e
this kind of tea is grown (Malm).']
A. As snhstantive :
" 1. Originally : Any kind of lilacli: tea, the
assumption being made that it came from
the Wui liills in China or their vicinity.
Green tea was distinguished as hy.son. Per-
haps in the poetic examples hohea may meitn
tea in general.
" As some frail cup tn Chiii;t's fairest inolil
The tumults of tlie Ixtiliii^ liohen liraves,
And liclils stjcure the coffee's sable waves."
TickcH.
" To part her time 'twixt reading and bohea,
To muao, and spiU her solitary tea."
J'ojk: Epistle to Mrs /Hiitit. 15, IC.
2. Spec. : A designation (which became ob-
soh-'-te or obsolescent about the middle of the
19th century) given to a particular kind or
quality of black tea. Nearly all the bohea
imported came from the upland parts of tlie
province of Fokien, the remainder being
grown ill "VVoping, a district of the Canton
province. Of the black teas, bohea was the
least valuable in quality, the order in the
ascending scale being bohea, congou, sou-
chong, and pekoe. Part of the bohea sold
consisted of the fourth crop of the Fokien
teas left unsold in the- market of Canton after
the season of exportation had passed. Mr.
Hugh M. Matheson writes, "Its colour was
brown, the make rather ragged and irregular,
and the flavour coarse."
". . .to export European commodities to the
countries beyond the Oape, and to bring back shawls,
saltpetre, and bohea to England.'' — Macaulay : Hist,
Eng., eh. xxiii.
B, As adjictive, : Growing in "Wui, brought
from Wui (see etymology) ; consisting of, or
in any way pertaining to the tea described
imder B.
" Coarse pewter, consiattng chiefly of lead, is part of
the bales in which bohea tea was brought from China."
— Woodward.
Bo-he'-mi-an, a. & s. [Eng. Bokemi{a) ; -o.);..]
A. As adjective :
1. Pertaining or belonging to or brought
from Bohemia (in Ger. Bokmen), an old king-
dom now merged iu the Austrian empire.
2. Wandering.
3. Unconventional, free from social re-
straints.
B. As substantive :
1. A native of Bohemia.
2. The Bohemian language.
3. A gipsy.
1. A literary man or artist wlio pays no
regard to the conventionalities of society.
Bohemian chatterer, c.. [Bohemian
Waxwing.]
Bohemian garnet, s.
Mill. : Pyrope, a variety of Garnet (q.v,).
Bohemian glass, k.
^7ass maiiuf. : A clear crown glass, a silicate
of ]»otasli and liiiie, a little of tlic silicate of
alumina being substituted for the oxide of
lead. The silica for this glass is obtained by
jiounding white quartz.
Bohemian waxwing, .''.
Ornith. . A bird, AmpeHs or BovibyGilla gar-
rula, the only repre.sentative of the faniiiy-
Ampelirl.'i' which visits Britain. In the male
tlie chin, the throat, and a band n\-er the eye
are velvety-blacl;. the forehead reddish-brown,
the erectile crest reddish-chesnut, the upper
parts purplish-red, brown, ami a.-^h coloured,
the lower parts purplish-ash and brownish-
red, the vent and tail coverts yellow. The
wing.s are black and white, with a yellow spot,
and havesevenoreightof the secondary feath-
ers tipped with small, oval, flatfish appendages
like sealing-wax. The female is less bright in
colours. Length, about eight inches. ItviMts
the north of Europe in flocks in winter, eating
berries, insects when it can obtain them, and
indeed almost all sorts of fno<l. The epitlipt
Bohemian refers to its wandering habits, not
to its habitat. [Ampelis, Bombycilla, Chat-
terer, Waxwing.]
boi'-ar, s. [Boyar.]
to6'-i9he, s. [Botch.] (Scotch.) (Aberd.
Rc<j., A. 1,534, V. 16.) (Jamieso)i.)
bo'-i-d89, s. pi. [From Lat. boa (a-v.).]
Zool : A family of Ophidine (Serpents) be-
longing to the sub-order Colubrina. They
have no poison fangs. They have the rudi-
ments of hind limbs. The chief genera are
Boa, Python, and Eryx (q.v.).
"^hoie, s. [BoY.]
tao'-i-ga, ft'. [From a Bornean language.]
Zool. : A small tree serpent, Aka^tullo, lio-
cerus, from Borneo.
toO-i'-gua-CU, iJ. [From an American Indian
language" or dialect.]
Zool. ; The true Boa Constrictor (q.v.).
ho'-i-kin d), s. [Etymology doubtful.]
(Scotch.) The piece of beef called the brisket,
(jamieson.)
bo'-i-kin (2), 5. The same as bodkin, Eng.
(q.v.). (Scotch.)
boil, ^ b6yl, * boil-en, * boy'-lyn, * bul -
lyn, v.%. & t. [In Fr. bouillir ; Prov. & Sp.
hiillir; Ital. bollire ; from Lat. bullo, bullio
= to be in bubbling motion, to bubble, to be
in a state of ebullition (in imitation of the
sound of a boiling liquid). Compare A.S.
weallan = to spring up, to boil.]
A. Intransitive :
I. Literally:
1. Of liquids :
(1) To effervesce, to bubble up, as takes
place when water or other liquid reaches what
is called the boiling point. [Boiling Point.]
"The formation and successive condensation of thete
first bubbles occasion the singing noticed iu liquids
before they begin to boil." — Ganot : Fhysia {trans, by
Atkinson), 3rd ed-, p. 207.
(2) To be agitated and send forth bubbles,
the cause being mechanical agitation, as of
the sea by the wind, and not great heat.
"In descendine it in.iy be made to assume various
forma— to f-iU iu cascades, to spurt in fountains, to
boil in eddies, or to flow tranquilly along a uni-
form hed.."—Ti/ndaU : Frag, of science, 3rd ed., xiv.
438.
2. Of anything placed in a liquid : To be for
a certain time in a liquid in the state of effer-
vescence through the application of great
heat.
" Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the cauldron boU and bake."
Shakesp. : Afacb. iv. 1.
3. Of a vessel containing a liqiiid : To have
within it water which has reached the point
of ebullition.
"The kettle boil'd . . ."
Cunningham : The Broken China.
II. Fig. Of human passions : To be in-
tensely hot or fervent, or temporarily eff'er-
vescent. [See example under Boiling, pr. par,
&fF..]
B. Transitive:
1. Of liquids : To cause to bubble and rise
to a certain point of the thermometer [Boiling
Point] by the application of heat.
2. Of things in such a liquid :
(1) Strictly : To subject to the action of heat
in a liquid raised to the point of ebullition,
with the view of cooking, or for any other
purpose ; to seethe.
" In eggs boiled find roasted, into which the water
entereth not at all, there is scarce any difference to be
discerned." — Bacon,
(2) More loosely : To subject to the action of
a liquid heated to a less extent.
" To try whether seeds he old or new, the sense can-
not inform ; but if you boil them in water, the new
seeds will sprout sooner." — Bacon.
(3) To separate by evaporation ; as, to boil
sugar.
C. In special compound verbs. To boil over,
v.i. :
1. Lit. Of liquids : So to expand through
the influence of heat as to become too large
for the vessel or other cavity iu which it Is
contained, and in fact escape over the margin
or brim.
" Th 1 3 hollow was a vast cauldron, filled with melted
matter, which, as it boiled over in any part, ran down
the sides of the mountain." — Addison on Italy.
2. Fig. : To be effusive in the manifestation
of affection or other passion.
"A few soft words and a kiss, and the good man
melts : see how nature works and boils over in him." —
Oongreve.
boil (1), * bile, * bule, s. [A.S. b^ = a boil,
blotch, sore (Bosioortk) ; Icel. bola ; Sw.
bolde ; Dan. byld; Ger. beule.] [Beal, Bile.]
L Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : The disease described under II. 1,
Med.
" Roynouse scabbes,
Bul&s and blotches, and brenuyng aguwes,
Frenesyes and foul eviles." Piers PJowman.
" But houudis camen and lickiden hjse biles "
Luke xvi. 20.
' ' Boils and plagues
Plaster you o'er."
Sliakesp. : Coriol., L 4.
2. Fig. : One who is a morally offensive
spectacle.
" . : . thou art a boil,
A plague-sore."
Shakesp. : Lear, ii, 4,
11. Technically :
1. Med. : A disease called by medical men
fu runculus (q.v.). It is a phlegmonous tumour,
wliich rises externally, attended with redness
and pain, and sometimes with a violent, burn-
ing heat. Ultimately it becomes pointed,
breaks, and emits pus. A substance called
the core is next revealed. It is purulent,
but so thick and tenacious that it looks
.solid, and may be drawn out in the form of
a cylinder, more pus following. The boil
then heals.
^ A blind boil is one which does not sup-
purate.
2. Tlie boil of Scripture : I'rrilj (shechin) seems
to be used for two or three diseases.
(1) In Exod. ix. 9, 10, 11 ; Lev. xiii. 18, it
may be an inflamed ulcer.
(2) In 2 Kings xx. 7, and Isaiah xxxviii. 21,
it may be carbuncle, or the bubo of the plague.
(3) In Job ii. 7, it may be black leprosy.
1" In Deut. xxviii. 27, 35, the same word
'[■'n'ttJ (shechin) occurs, though translated botch.
" The flesh also, in which, even in the skin thereof,
was a boil, and is healed, And in the place of the boil
there be a white rising, , . ," — Lev, xiii. 18. 19.
boil (2), s. [From boil, v (q.v.).] (Scotch.)
The state of boiling.
"Bring your copper by degrees to a boil . . .'—
Maxwell: Sel. Trans., p. W2. {Jamieson.)
^^ At the boil : Nearly boiling.
bml'-ar-^, s. [Eng. boil; -ary.] [Boilery.]
"Water arising from a salt well belonging to a
person who is not the owner of the soil.
(Wharton.)
boiled, * b^yld, jja par. & a. [Boil, v.i.]
bMl'-er, s. & a. [Eng. boil ; -er. ]
A. As sitbsta-ntive :
1. Of persons : One who boils anything;
spec, one whose occupation is to do so.
" That such alterations of terrestrial matter are not
impossible, seems evident from that notable practice
of fee boilers of salti)etre." — Boyle.
2. Of things : A vessel in whic3i water or
other liquid or any solid is boiled.
"This cotTee-rooin is ranch frequented ; and thers
are.geuerally several ijots and boilers before the fire."
— Woodward.
II. Technically :
Pneum. : A vessel in which liquid is boiled.
T[ Most kinds have separate names. Various
household boilers are called kettles, sauce-
Xians, and clothes-boilers ; one for raising
steam, a steam-generator ; one for dyeing, a
copper ; one used in sugar-refining, a pan ;
one for distillation, a still ; one for chemical
purposes, a retort or an alembic ; one for re-
ducing lard and tallow, a digester, or, in some
cases, a tank. (Knight.)
B. As adjective : Designed for a boiler, or in
any other way pertaining to a boiler. (See the
compounds which follow.)
boiler-alaxxn, s. An apparatus or device
for indicating a low stage of water in steam-
boilers. [Steam-boiler Alarm, Low-water
Alarm.]
boiler - feeder, s. An arrangement,
usually automatic and self-regulating, for
supplying a boiler with water.
boiler-float, s.
Steam-engine : A float which rises and falls
with the changing height of water in a steam-
boiler, and so turns oft' or on the feed-water.
boiler-furnace, a.
Steam-engine: A furnace specifically adapted
for the heating of a steaia-generator. The
shapes vary with those of the boilers them-
selves.
tate» fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit. sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite» cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. », oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
boilery — bokardo
613
boiler-iron, s. Rolled iron of ^ to ^-inch
thickness, used for luidting steam -"boilers,
tanks, the skiu of ships, &c.
boiler-maker, s. a maker of boilers.
boiler-making, u. & s.
A. As adj. : Designed to tie used in the
making of boilers.
"... boilcr-inakinff ahoii."~Tlmes.
B. As subst. : The act or oocupatiou of
making boilers.
boiler-plate, ^^ a plate or sheet of iron,
\ to ^-inch thick, uscl in the constriK'tioii of
boilers.
boiler-protector, s. A non-conducting
covering to prevent tlio escape of heat. Among
the devices for this purpose may be cited —
felt, treated in various ways, asbestos, and
lagging. Allied to the above in position, if
not in duty, are water-jackets to utilize the
heat, air-flues and shields to protect surround-
ing bodies against the radiated heat.
boiler-prover, s.
Hydraulics: A foree-j>ump with pressure-
indicator, used to try the power of a boiler to
resist rupture under a given stress of liydraulic
pressure.
boiler-Stay, s.
Steam-engine: A tie-bar by which the flat
plates on the opposite sides of boilers are
connected, in order to enable them to resist
intenial pressure. The stays cross an inter-
vening water or steam space.
boiler-tube, s.
Steam-engine : The tubes by which heat from
tlie furnace is diffused througli the mass of
water in locomotive and other boilers of the
smaller class. They are usually arranged
longitudinally of the boiler, and :iie fitted by
steam and water-tight connections to its heads.
boil'-er-y, s. [Eng. lioihr ; -y.l
1. A salt-house or place where brine - is
evaporated.
2. A boilary (q.v.),
boil'-mg, * boy-lyng, * boy'-lynge, vr.
par., a., cC s. [Boil, v.]
A. & B. As pre-i. -jiart. <& particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
"The boiling waves and treacherous rocks of the
Race of Aldeniey,"— J/'tmuto,!/.- Hist. Enrj., oh. xviii
"Their wrath had been heated to such atempeia-
tare that what everybody else would have called boil-
ing zeal BCemed to txiem Xjaodiceau lukewarmness." —
J bid., eh. v,
" Des[jairing GaiU her boiling youth restrains,
Disaolv'd her dream of universal away."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v.
C. As substantive :
1. Chem. & Ord. Lang, {from the Intransitive
verb):
(1) Boiling or ebullition is the rapid forma-
tion in any liquid of bubbles of vapour of a
pressure equal to that of the superincumbent
atmosphere at the time.
"Gelatijie, obtained by boiling, is in combination
with a considerable quantity of water," — Todd iC Bow-
man: Physiol. Anat,, vol. i., ch. 1., pt. 41.
(2) (From the transitive verb). The art or
operation of cooking by means of heating in
water raised to the point of ebullition.
" If you live in a rich family, roasting and boiling
are below the dignity of your ofl&ce, and which it
becomes you to be ignomnt oi."— Swift.
2. Fig. Of the human passions: Inflamed,
hot, greatly agitated.
"God saw it nece'SJiry by such mortifications to
quench the boilings of a furious, overflowing appetit<^,
and the boundless ra^eof an insatiable intemperance."
— a'oirfft; Henn., vol. li., § 10.
*3. Law: Boiling to death was established
as the punishment for poisoning by 22 Hen.
III., c. 9. This inhuman enactment was
swept away by 1 Ed. VI., c. 12.
boiling-furnace, s.
Metallurgy : A reverberator>' furnace em-
ployed in the decarbonisation of cast-iron to
reduce it to the condition for mechanical
treatment by hammer, squeezer, and rolls, by
which it is brought into bar or plate iron.
boiling point, boiling-point.
Physics, Chsm., £c. : The point or degree of
the thermometer at which any liquid boils.
[Boiling.] The boiling point of any liquid is
always the same, if the physical conditions
are the same. It is altered by adhesion of
the liquid to the surface of the vessel in whicb
it is contained, or solution of a solid in the
liquid raises the boiling point. Increase of
pressure raises, while diminution of atmo-
spheric pressure lowers, the boiling point.
The boiling point of distilled water under the
pressure of 760 millimetres is 100° C, or 212°
F. A diflercuce of height ef about 327 metres
lowers the boiling point of water about 1° C,
or 597 feet ascent lowers it 1° F. Whatever
lie the intensity of the source of heat, as soon
iis ebullition commences the temperature of the
liquid remains stationary. The boiling iioint of
organic compounds is generally higher as the
constitution is more complex. In a homo-
logous series the boiling point rises about 19"
for every additional CH2 in normal alcohols,
and 22° in the normal fatty acids, as etliylJL-
alcohol, Col 15(011) 7S -4° ; propylic alcohol,
C3H7(OH) 97" ; acetic acid, CHsCOOH- 118° ;
propionic acid, C^Hs-CQ-OH 149-6°. The
secondary and tertiary al(;ohols have lower
boiling points than the primary alcohols. The
replacement of liydrogen in a hydrocarbon by
chlorine, or by a radical, raises the boiling
point, as benzene CqHq- 82°, chlorbenzene
C6H5bl. 135°, amidobenzene CfiH5(NH2) 182°.
"These are the very solutions, it will he remembered,
which behave singularly in respect of their refractive
indices, and also of their boiling yoinis."— Proceedings
0/ the Pliysical liociety of Lond&ri, p. ii., p. 60.
boil'-JTiig-ly, adv. [Eng. boiling; -hj.] In a
boiling state, with ebullition.
"And Jakes of bitumen rise boilingly hiyher." —
Byron: Manfred, i. l,
bo'-ing, s. [Imitated from the sound.] [Bo.]
(Scotch.) The act of lowing.
" Whimpring of fuUm-irts, bfing of biiffuln':."
Urquhart . JCtiiteUiU.
' bo'-is, a. [Boss.] (Scotch.)
' boisch, ^ bousche, *^ boysche, s. [Bush.]
(Wycliffe.)
b6is-dur'-9i (•. mute), ». [From Fr. bois —
wood ; and durci, pa. par. of durrir = \(\
harden.] A compound of sawdust from h aid
wood, such as rosewood or ebony, mixed with
blood and other cementing material, and used
tu obtain medallions or other objects by jircs-
suie in moulds.
bo'-iss, s. [Boss.] (Scotch.)
boist, u.l [Boast, v.] (Scotch.)
boist (1), s. [BosT.] (Scotrh.) (Barbour:
llruce, iv. 22,)
boist (21, * boyste, s. [O. Fr. hui^i>' ; ^\n,].
Fr. boite = a Lnw Lat. hvt'ii, corrujit-'d IVom
hnxichi. hii.riiia, tVom Gr. TTv$i5a(p^lxl<.h'), iicriis.
t)fTrv$ii(iniiis) = ahi'X, apyx {Skeatj.'] [Bux,
Pyx.]
" /?o,vs(c or box. Pix, alabusi rum."— Prompt. Purv.
^ b^st, boyst-on, ;-./. [Boist (2), s.] To
cnp, to scarify. yProviut. Parv.)
"■ boist'-er-ly, adv. [Boistously.]
bois'-ter-oiis, f. [Boistous.] Wild, unmly,
untrictable, rough, roaring, nnisy, tuujultuous
rudely violent, stormy. V\(d—
(1) Of the wind, the sea, waves, or anything
similar.
"But when he saw the vtindboisferoufi, he was afraid ;
and, beginning to sink, he cried, siiyintr, Lord save
lue '."—Jfatt. xiv. 30.
(2) Of men or animals of violent character
or their actions.
" O, boiiterous Clifford ' thou hast slain
The flower of Europe."
S/iakesp. ■ 'i Hen. V/., h. i.
" Brought hither Henry Hereford thy bold son.
Here to make good the boisterous late appeal."
Jbid.,Jlich. II., L 1.
(3) Oflieat: Strong, powerful.
" When the sun hath gained a greater-strength, the
heat becomes too powerful and boisterous fur them," —
Woodward : Natural Ilistori/.
(4) Of hair: Copious or dishevelled.
"As good for nothinc else ; no better service
With those thy boisterous locks, no worthy match
For valour to assail, uor by the sword."
Milton: Samson A gonistcs.
boisterous - rough, boisterous
rough, a. Boisterously rough, rudely vio-
lent.
" Alas ! what need you be so boisterous-rough ? "
Shakc%p. : King John, iv. 1,
b6is'-ter-0US-ly, at^y. ['Eug. boisterous ; -h).]
In a boisterous manner, violently, tuniult-
uously.
■'A sceptre snatch'd with an unruly hand
llust be as boihteruushi niamtain'd as gain'd."
Shakesp. : King John, iii, A.
bois'-ter-oiis-ness, s. [Eng. boisterous;
-neas.] The quality of being boisterous; tu-
niultuousness, turbulence.
", . . the boisterau-inesR of men elated by recent
■Awthority."— Johnson : Life of Prior.
'' boi'st-ous, * b6^-st6ws, * boyste-oiis,
*bouste-ous. ^buys-tous, a. [Mid.
Eng. boistous; cf Cornish biistiovs = fat, cor-
pulent, boist = fatness, coipulence.] Boisier-
OLis, noisy.
" The fader roos a.ud for they -shuld here
What that he did. in a boistous manere
Vntu his chest . . ."
Occleoe : He llejimins Principinm (H20), C36,
■ boi'st-oiis-ly, ' boysteously, adv. [Eng.
boistous; -ly.] In a boisterous manner.
"... inflamed also with auger, spite, and vengeance,
they boysteously entered among the people,"— ,flu/«.-
Image, p. ii.
'" b6i'st~ous-ness, " boi'st-ous-nesse,
^ boysteousnes, ^ boystowenesse, ^.
[O. Eng. boistvus; -ncss.] Boisterousness.
Used^
1, Of the wind.
"... the bo i/steousncs of the whiAe.''
['Uiil : Mutt., ch. xiv
2. Of persons temporarily ur permanently
viul(_-]it.
" . . my boistousnesse." — CJiancvr : Dreainc.
'''■ bo'-it (1), s. (Scotch.) The same as boat,
Eng. (q.v.). (Aberd. Eeg., v. 15.) (Jamieson.)
boit-schipping, s. A company belong-
iug to a boat.
■'For him and his boit-schrpptng on that an e part,
iu Gif ony of thaim, or ony of their boitschipping,
war convict," &c. — Aberd. lieg., A. 1538, v. 10.
boit (2), s. [Butt.] (Scotch.) A cask or tub
used for the purpose of curing butcher-meat,
or for holding it after it is cured; sometimes
called a beef-boat.
bo-i-ti-a'-po, s. [From a Brazilian Indian
name.] A venomous serpent found in Brazil.
bo'-itt, v.i. (Scotch.) Tlip same as boat, v.,
Eng. (q.v.). (Acts Jos. I'l., 1G06 (I'll. 1814),
V. 310.) (Janiieson.)
* boiy, s. [BoY.] A boy.
"And bliue in a bourde ' borwed boii/cx clothes,"
Williatn of Palci'ne (ed, Bkeat), 1705.
* bok, V.i. [Bock.] (Scotch.)
'- bok (1), c. [BocK.] (Scotch.)
' bok (2), s. [Book.] (Chaucer : C. T., 4,472,)
' bok-lered, a. Book-learned.
" IK' bede his bumea boch to that were bok-lered."
Kur Eng. AlliC. Poems{ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1551.
'bok(3), i'. [Back.] The back. [Bill (1), s.]
T[ Bok and hi! : Back and front.
"... and to— hcwe the Sarasyns bothe fwk and bil ;
here herte blod mail they swete."— A'ir Kt-rumb. (ed.
Herrtage), 2,654.
' bok (4), s. [Etyni. doubtful. Is it O. Eng.
Mj;,- = back? Only in plur. (Wjs).] Corner
teeth.
"My boks are spruning he and bauld,"
Maiiland: Poems, p. 112. {Jamieson.)
bo-kar-do, t bo-car-do, s. [A word without
obvious meaning, constructed artillcially to
contain the vowels o, a, and again o, these
being logical .symbuls. See del]
I. (icncrally ofilicform bokardo :
Logic : The fifth mood of the third figure of
syllogisms. A being the univei-sal affirmative
and O the particular negative, bokardo has a
liarticular negative in the major premise, a
universal affirmativo in the minor one, and the
conclusion, if correctly drawn, will also have
a particular affirmative. In logical formula
some Y's are not X's, every Y is Z, therefore
some Z's are not X's ; as, not all the kings of
the world are really kingly, all doubtless are
called so by the eouitiers wh-j surround them,
but this only shows that in some cases at least
the interested stntemetits of courtiers are
wholly untrustworthy. Bokardo is sometimes
called Dokamo.
II. 0/(?ic/or»i bocardo ;
Ordinary Language & Topography:
1. Lit. : The old north gate of O^iord
tnken down in 1771. It was sometimes used
as a prison. (Naves.)
2. Gen. : Any prison.
" Was not this [Ach.ib) a seditious fellow ? Was he
not worthy to be tyist m bocardo or little-ease'"—
Latimer: Sefn., fol. 105, C. (Jfares.)
*>©1» boi?*; pout, jd^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f
-cian, -tian = shan. -tiou, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious. -cious^shus. -ble, -die, &<'. ^bel del.
614
boke— boldly
*boke, 5. [Book.] (Piers the Plow mi m ; J'isiim,
vii. 85.)
* boke, pt. t. & pa. po.r. [Bake.] (IVycUffe.)
bo-ke'ik, s. [From ho, a meaningless mono-
syllable used in playing with children.
Scotch, &c., keik = i^eeiK [Bo-peep] In
Mod. Scotch the syllables are now often in-
verted, and it becomes keik-bo.] Bo-peep.
"Tliay play bokeik. even Aa I war a akar "
Lindiu'j. J'lnk. S. /'. /{.. ii. 148.
* bokeled« pa. par. [Buckled.] {Prompt.
Parv. )
*■ bok-el-er, * bokelere, s. [Bocklrr.]
" 'Brotbev,' aayde Gameljii, 'com a litel iier.
And I wil teche the a play atte bolceler.' "
Chaucer ■ C. T. ; Cook's Tule. of Gamalyn, 133-6. (See
also Prompt. Parv.)
* bok'-el-ing, s. [Bltcklino.] (Chnucer:
The Knightes Tale, 1,645.)
* bok-el-yn, v. t. [From h'kel = a buckle, and
O, Bng. suft". -yn = Mod. Eng. -mg.]
"Bokcli/t}, or apere wythe bokylle. Plusculo." —
Prompt. Parv,
* bok'-en, s. jjZ. Books.
" Thog he ue be lered on no hoh">i,
Luuen god and serueu him ay."
Story of Gen. .(■ Exocl. (ed Morris), 4, .5.
*b6k'-er-am, s. [Buckram.] {Prompt. Parv.)
*bok'-et, * b6k'-ett,5. [Bucket.] (CJMucer:
The Knightes Tale, 675.) (Prompt, Pnri>.)
* boks, s. pi. [BoK. s. (3).]
*b6k'-yll, *b6k-ulle, s. [Buckle.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
' bol (1), s. [Bole.] (Sir Gawayne, 766.)
*bol(2), s. [Bull.] Bull.
" Bot a beat that he be, a bol other .an oxe."
Ear. Eng. Allit. /'oemg(ed. Morria} ; C'lennni"is, l,fi;2
*bor-a^e, s, [BULL.A.CE.] (William of Palerne.)
bo'-lar, bo'l-ar-y, a. [Fr. holaire.] Per-
taining to bole ; having the qualities of bnle.
[BOLE, 5.]
"A weak and inanimate kind of loadRtoue, with a
few maguetical lines, but chiefly conaiating of a bolarij
aud clammy aubstance." — Brown : Vulgar Erroiirs.
■*bol'-as (1\ *■- [B ULLAGE.] (Prompt. PariK)
bo'-las (2), s. [In Sp. bokui ; from tlie Para-
guay Indian language (?). But f mnpare also Sp .
Mear . . . = tothrowaball.] [Bolide.] Akiml
of missile consisting of a single stoiic at the end
of a rope, two or more stones connected by a
rope, or anything similar, one kind or other of
which is used by the Patagonians, the Para-
guay Indians, and the Spanish and Portuguese
inhabitants of South America. In war a
Patagouian uses a one-stone bolas, hurling the
stone at his adversary while retaining the
string iu his own hand. The Esquimaux bolas
is made of a number of walrus' teeth at the
end of strings knotted together. For the
bolas of the South Americans of remote
European descent, see the example which fol-
lows.
"The bolas, or balls, are of two kinds : the simplest,
which is chiefly used for catching oatriches, consists of
two round stonea, covered with leather, and united by
a thin plaited thong about eight feet long. The other
kind differs only in having three balla united by the
thongs to a common centre, The Gaucho holds the
smallest of the three in his hand, and whirls the other
two round aud round his head ; then, t'lkmg aim,
sends them like cham-ahot revolving through the air.
The balls no sooner strike any object, than, winding
round it. they cross each other, and become tirinly
hitched. The size and weight of the lialla varied,
according to the purpose for which they are made
When of stone, although not larger than an apple,
they are sent with such force as soraetimea to break
the leg even of a horse. I have seen the balls made of
wood, and as large aa a turnip, for the sake of catching
theae auimala without injuring them. The balla are
aometimea made of iron, and theae can be hurled to
the greatest diatjiuce. The main difficulty in using
either lazo or boias la to ride so well as to be able at
full siwed, and while suddenly turning about, to whirl
them so steadily round the head as to take aim ; on
foot any person would soon learn the art.' — Darwin :
VoyJiie round the World, ch. lii,, pp. 44, 45.
bol-bof'-er-us, a. [Gr. ^oA|36s (bolbos), Lat.
bvlbxis — a certain bulboTis plant, a bulb, and
jcepas (keras), a horn = bulbous-horned.]
Entom. : A genus of lamellicorn beetles
with bulbous antennse. They belong to the
family Geotrupidffi. In India they often fly
into the European bungalows in the evening,
attracted, like other insects, by the glare of
the lamps. At least sixteen species are known,
of which Bolbocerus mobilicornis and testaceits
are British insects ; both are very rare.
"^ bdl'-bdn-ac, s. [Etyin. doubtful.]
Popul. Bot. : A cruciferous plant, Lunaria
biennis (Lyte). Another name for it is Honesty.
It is cultivated in English gardens.
bold, "" bolde, ^ boold, * boolde, * bald,
*belde, '''beald (Eng.), bauld (Scotch), a.,
adv., & s. [A.S. bealfl, bald, bold = bold ; Sw.
bdld= proud, haughty, audacious; Icel. ballr;
Dan. hald ; O. H. Ger. paid; Gothic halths
= bold ; Dut. bout; Ft. baud; Prov. baudos,
bavt ; Ital. baldo.]
A. As adjective :
I. Of persons or other responsible beings capa-
ble of action:
(1) In a good sense : Heroic, brave, gallant,
courageous, daring, brave, intrepid, fearless.
"The -svicked flee when no man pursueth ; but the
righteous are bold as a lion." — Prov. xxviil 1.
1l Some Anglo-Saxon proper names have the
A.S. hakl = ho\d, iu them; as, Baldewiii,
Bald uin = hold in battle, win being = a con-
test, a battle.
(2) In an indifferent sense : Confident, not
doubting, with regard to a desired result.
"We were bold in our God to speak unto you the
gospel of God with miich contention." — 1 Thess., ii. 2.
(3) In a bad sense :
(a) Bad.
" ' Eue,' aeide he, at neddre bold,
' Quat oget ua that for-bode o-wold.' "
i:)tory of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morria), 323-4.
(h) Stubborn.
■'Tho wex her hertes nithful and bold."
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 1,917.
(c) Impudent, rude ; full of effrontery.
" Bolde, or to homely. Presumptuosus, effrons, C. F."
— Prompt. Parv.
"But in thy proaperity he will be as thyself, aud
will be bold over thy 8erva.nia."—Ecclus. vi. 11.
"... little Galium Beg (he w-os a bauld mlachievoua
callant that) . . ."—Scott : Waferlei/, ch. IxiiL
II. Of things:
1. Of an enterprise : Re4uiring courage for
its execution
"... the flame of 6oM rebellion."
Shakesp. : 2 If en. IV. (Induction).
2. Of joy or other inental emotion : Vehement,
swelling, exuberant.
" The father— him at thia unlook'd-for gift
A bolder tranaiiort seizes."
tVordsJ''orth : Excursion, bk. vii,
3. Of figures and expressions in literary
composition, of details in painting, architec-
ture, (fie. ;
(1) In a good s&nse : Executed with spirit;
the reverse of tame.
"Catachreaea and hyperboles are to be uaed judici-
ously, aud placed in poetry, as heighteniugs and
shadows in painting, t<> make the figure bolder, aud
cause it to stand off to sight."— flrydera
"The cathedral church is a veiy bold work, and a,
master-piece of Gothick ixrvhitentuxe." — Addison on
Italy.
(•2) In a slight!}/ bad sense : Overstepping the
usual limits ; audacious, even to temerity, in
conception or execution.
"The figures are bold even to temerity."— CoMi?e,v.
" Which no bald talea of gods or monsters swell.
But human passions, such as with us dwell."
Waller.
i. Of a coast or line of cliff: Standing out to
the eye ; running out into prominence ; high
and steep, abrupt, or precipitous.
" And mingled with the pine trees blue
On the bol-d cliflcs of Ben-veuue."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, L 5.
5. Of type or handwriting: Conspicuous,
easily read, " A good, bold type."
% Crabb thus distinguislies between bold,
fearless, intrepid, and vndauntcd : — " Boldyiess
is positive ; fearlessness is negative ; we may
therefore be fearless without being hold, or
fearless through boldness. Fearlessness is a
temporary state : we may he fearless of danger
at this, or at that time, fearless of loss, and
the 'ike ; boldness is a characteristic, it is
associated with constant fearlessness. Intre-
pidity and undauntedness denote a still higher
degree oi fearlessness than boldness: boldness is
confident, it forgets the consequences ; intre-
pidity is collected, it sees the danger, and
faces it with composure ; undaunt&iness is
associated with unconquerable firmness and
resolution ; it is awed by nothing. The bold
man proceeds on his enterprise with spirit
and vivacity ; the intrepid man calmly ad-
vances to the scene of death and destruction ;
the undaunted man keeps his countenance in
the season of trial, in the midst of the most
terrifying aud overwhelming circumstances."
(Crabb: Eng. Synon.)
B. As adverb : Boldly.
"And he him answerede modi and bold."
Story of Gen. & Exod. (ed. Morris), 2,728.
C. As stibstantive. Plur. (Formed by the
omission of a substantive, such as persons,
after the adjective.) Daringpersons; as, "the
bold."
D. In special phrases :
T[ To make bold : To take the liberty of
saying or doing something audacious.
" I will make bold to send them,"
Shakesp. : Oymb., i. 6,
" Making so bold . . ." — Ibid., Hamlet, v. 2.
"I durst not Tnake thus bold with Ovid "—
Dryden.
bold-face, boldface, s A term for
an impudent person.
" How now, boldface ! cries an old trot ; sirrah, we
eat our own bens, I'd have you know ; what you eat
you steal." — V Estrange.
bold-faced, a. Of a bold face ; generally
in a bad sense ; impudent, shameless.
"The other would be said nay, after a little argu-
mentation, and somewhat elae ; but this bold-faced
Shame would never have done. "— Swnjyan .- P. P., pt. 1.
bold-follOTVlng, a. [Eng. bold ; follow-
ing.] Poet, for "boldly following."
" And faced ^rim Danger's loudest roar,
Bold-following where your fathers led ! "
Burns : Address to Edinburgh.
bold-spirited, a. Of a bold spirit ;
courageous, daring, valiant, brave. (Scott.)
^bold, s. [A.S. & O. Fries. &oM = ahouse.]
A house.
" Hreli bold hi makede." — Layainon, 7,094.
'^ bold, * bolde, v.t. [From hold, a. (q.v.).]
To render bold. [Bolden.]
"Pallas holds the Greeks."
A. Hall: Transl. of Iliad, iv. (1581.)
* bolde-lych (ch guttural), adv. [Boldly.]
(Glmucer : C. T., 711.)
* bol'-den (1) (Eng.), *bdl'-din, * bol'-djrn
(Sicotch), v.t. [From hold, &., and suff. -e?i= to
make bold.] Te render bold. (Prose and
poetry. )
^ Now embolden is the word employed.
"... being ftoMcJied with theae present abilities to
say more, . . .' — Ascham: Schoolmaster.
" I am much too venturous
In tempting of your patience : but am bolden'd
Under your promised pardon. '
Shakesp. : Sen. VIII., i. -i.
* bol'-den (2), v.i. [Cf. 0. Eng. bolnyn = to
swell.] To swell threateningly. (Scotch.)
" The wyndis welteris the ae continually :
The huge watUa boldynnys apoun loft,"
^ Doug. : Virgil, 74, 9.
t bol'-der, a. [Boolder.j
* bold-hede, s. [From bold, a., and Itede =
hood = state.] Boldness.
" I fallen is al his boldlied^ "
Owl amd Nightingale, 514.
bold'-ly. *bolde-Iy, ^bolde-lych (ch
guttural) (Eng.), ^ bauld'-lie (Scotch), adv.
[Eng. bold; -ly. In A.S. bealdlice, haldlice.]
1. In a good or in an indifferent sense : In
a bold manner, daringly, audaciously, cour-
ageously, valiantly, bravely.
" Thaji may he bdldely here up his heed."
Chaucer: C. T., 9,2,S2.
"... and the secret bounds
Of jealous Abyesinia boldly pierce."
Thomson ■ SuTtimer.
2. In a had sense : Impudently, with effron-
tery.
" For half so boldely can ther no man
Swere aud lye as a womman can. "
Chaucer: C. T., 5,809, 5,819.
"Boldelii. or malapertly. Effronter, C. F. presump-
titone." — Prompt. Parv.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f4ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
boldness—boiled
615
bold'-ness, ^ bolde'-nesse (Eng.), bauld-
ness, * b4uld'-nes (5co(c//.), ,'=. [Eng. bold;
-ness.] The quality of being bold. Specially —
L Ordinary Langvxige :
1. 0/ persons :
(1) l7i a good or in an indifferent sense :
(a) Physical or moral courage, bravery,
spirit, daring, intrepidity.
"... that in nothing T shall be aahamed, but that
with all bolOTiess, as itlwriya, so now also Christ shall be
magnified iu my body, whether it be by life, or by
deiah."—J'hil. i. 2(1.
(6) Freedom, liberty of speech or action.
" Great is my boldness of speech toward yon, great is
my glorying ot you." — 2 Cor. vii. 4.
(r) Confidence in God.
" Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into
the holiest by the blood of Jesus." — ffeb. x. 19.
(rf) Self-assurance, freedom from bashful-
ness.
" Wonderful is the case of boldness in civil business ;
what first? Boldness. What second and third? Boldness
And yet boldfiess is a child of ignorance and baseness,
far inferiour to other pojia."— Bacon.
(2) In a bad sense : Hardihood, shameless
audacity or impudence.
" Boldenesse, or homelynesse (to-homlynes, K. ).
Presumpcio."— Prompt. Paru.
2. Of things:
(1) Of an enterprise : Necessitating courage,
the offspring of courage.
(2) Of figures in composition, paiiiimf/,
sculpture, t&c. ; The offspring of bold concep-
tions.
" The boldness of the figures is to be hidden sometimes
by the address of tlie poet, that they may work their
effect ui>on the nuu(i."—Di;'/U('n.
11, Mental Phil. . For definition see ex-
ample.
"Boldness is the power to speak or do what we intend,
before others, without fear or disorder." — Locke.
bole (1), boal, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
1. A square aperture in the wall of a house
for holding small articles ; a small press,
generally without a door.
" That done, he says, ' Now, now, 'tis done,
And in the bual beside the lum ;
Now set the board, good wife, gae ben.
Bring from yon boat a roasted hen.'"
Ramsay ■ I'oerns, ii .^26.
2. A perforation through the wall of a house
for occasionally giving air or light, usually
with a wooden shutter instead of a pane of
glass ; a window with blinds of wood, with
one small pane of glass in the middle, instead
of a casemeub, (Jainieson.)
" 'Open the bole,' said the old woman, firmly and
hastily, to her daughter-in-law, ' open the bole wi'
speed, that I may see if tills be the right Lord Qer-
aldine. '" — Scott.' A>ifi'jitari/, ch. xxxU.
^ A perforation in the wall of a barn is
called a barn-bole.
*bole (2), s. [Bull.] (Chavcer : Boethiv s (cd.
Morris), p. 148, line 4,274.) (Forduii, ii. 376.)
bole (3), s. [Icel. bvlr ; Dan. bul ; Sw. btd =
trunk of a man's body.] The round stein of a
tree.
" By bole of this brode tre we byde the here."
Ear. £ng. AllU. Poems (ed Morris) ; Cleanness, 622.
"At thy firmest age
Thou hadst within thy bole solid contents,
That might have ribbd the sides and plank'd the
decK
Of some flagg'd admiral." Cowper: Tardley Oak.
* bole (4), s. [Boll.] {Mortimer.)
bole (5), s. [In Fr. bol ; Mod. L;)t. &o?ms,- from
Gr. ^wAog {polos) — a clod or lump of earth.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The kind of clay described under II. Mi-n.
1 2, A bolus, a dose. [Bolus.]
n. Min. Of the forms bole and bolus : A
brownish, yellowish, or reddish coloured
unctuous clay. It contains more or less
oxide of iron, which is the colouring matter
in it ; there is besides about 24 per cent, of
water. Dana ranks it as a variety of Halloy-
site, but considers that some of the specimens
belong to other varieties.
* bole-armoniac, * bole armoniak,
* bole armeniack, - bole arznenie,
* bole armeny, "* bol Armenian, s.
Min. ■: An astringent earth brought from
Armenia. It was sometimes called Armenian
earth. It was used as an antidote to poison
and for staunching of blood, &c.
"As bole armoniak, verdigrees, boras."
Chaucer: C. T. (ed. t^ikeat). The Chan. Yems. Tale, f90.
* boleax, "^ bulax» o. [0. Icel. boloxi.] A
poleaxe.
" Two boleaxys grete and longe."— Oe(i/H;«7i, 1.039.
bo-lec'-tion, s. [Balection.]
bolection-niouldings, £>.
Joinery : Mouldings surrounding the panels
of a door, gate, &c., and which project beyom'
its genei'al face.
* bo'-len, pa. par. ofbolge. [To-bollen, Bo". :,
Bulge.]
bol-^r'-o, s. [Sp. bolero, bolera ; from bola =
ball.]
1. A favourite dance in Spain. It is lively,
in triple time, and slower than the fandango.
2. The air to which it is (
bol-et'-ic, a. [Fr. boUtique ; from boletus
(q.v.).] Pertaining to, existing in, or derived
from boletus, a genus of fimgi.
boletic-acid, s. [Fr. acide boletique.]
Cliein. : An acid discovered by Braeounot in
the juice of Boletus fomentarivs, var. pseudo
igniarius. It has since been shown by Bolley
and Dessagnes to be identical with fumaric
acid (q.v.).
bol-e-to'-bi-iis, s. [From Lat. hnletvs, and
Gr. |8los {bios) = life, course of life.]
Entom. : A genus of beetles belonging to the
section Brachelytra, and the family Tachy-
poridse. The species, of which a number occur
in Britain, are active little insects which live
in decaying boleti and other fungi.
bol-e'-tiis, s. [in Sp., Port ,_& Ital. boUto;
Lat. boletvs ; Gr. ^bi\i.rr\i; (poliip.s) ^= b. kind of
fungus ; ^wA.o? (holos) — a clod or clump of
earth. ]
Bot. : A genus of fungi belonging to the
order Hymenomycetes or Agaricallse. It may
be distinguished at a glance from Agaricus,
by having the under-surface of the cap or
" pileus " full of pores in place of its being
divided in a radiated manner, as Agaricus is,
into lamellte or gills. Several species occur in
Britain and elsewhere on the ground or on old
trees. Boletus edulis, B. granulatus, and B.
siibtomentosiis ai'e eatable.
* boley, * bolye, * buala, s. [Ir. huaiiii,
buailidh =■ an ox-stall, a cow-house, a dairy
{O'Eeilly}.^ A place situated in a grassy
hollow enclosed by man, in which to put
cattle in the spring and summer months,
while they are on the mountain pastures ; a
place which ensures safety. {Henry Kinahan:
In tlie Athenwum, No. 2,167, May 8, 1869.)
"... to keepe theyr cattell, and to live themselves
the most part of the yeare in bolyes, pasturing upon
the mouutayn, and wast wild places. "—Spcnier ; Statv
of Ireland.
*bolge (iJa. par. bolen, bollen), v.i. [Bulge.]
bol'-lde, 5. [Fr. bolide, from Lat. bolidem,
accus. of bolis ; Gr. ^oAls (6o/is) = anything
thrown, a javelin, a flash of lightning.]
Meteor. : A fire-ball dashing through the air,
followed by a train of light; a meteor that
explodes and scatters its small fragments.
" Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly hurried through
the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. Aristotle
calls it cdyjrn. There have often been immense balls
of this kind.— Muschcribrofch.
"They explode in small fragments as bolides and
fireballs have been observed to du."—Proc/i-r: other
Worlds, ifcc. ch. ix., p. 192.
* bol'-i-monge, ^. [Bullimong.]
bo-liv'-l-an-ite, s. [In Ger. bolivinn, from
Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a South American
republican state between lat. 10° and 23° S. and
long. 57° 30' and 70° 10' N.]
Min. : A mineral resembling Stibnite. It
occurs rhombic, prisms and tufts sometimes
finely columnar. T. Richter considers it an
antimonial sidphide of sUver. {Dana.)
* bolke (1), s [A.S. balca = a heap, a ridge.]
A heap.
"Bolke, or hepe. Cwmuliis, acer^us." — Prompt. Parv.
^ bolke (2), *bolk, s. [From bolkyn, v.
(q.v.).] A belch.
■* bol-kyn, v.i. & t. [A.S. bealcian, beakettan
= to belch.] [Belch, v.]
* bol-kynge, ' bul-kynge, pr. par., u., & s.
[Bolkvn.]
A. &. B. As p'esent participle £ participial
adjective: (See the verb).
C. As subst. : Belching, eructation.
" Bolkynge, or Imlkynge. Orexis, eructuacio, C, F."
—Prwnpt. Parv.
* boll (I), s. [From But. bol = a globe.] [Ball,
Boil, Bowl, &c.] A head, a rounded top.
"He wyll uocht want ane boll of beir."
Sir David Lyrtdsay, bk. iii., 4,694.
■^ boll (2), s. [In Wei. (but from Eng. ) hul, buli^n
=:the seed-vessel of some plants, the hull ; N.
and M. H. Ger. bolle=a. seed-vessel of flax.]
[BoLN.] The " pod " or globular capsule of a
plant, specially of flax.
* boll (3), * boUe, bole, s. [A.S. & O. Fries.
holkt = a bowl.]
I. Ordi)mry Language: A bowl, specially a
wooden one.
" And liroiight eek with yow a bolle or a iiaune."
Chattcer.- C. T.Je± Slieat), The Cltan. Vein. Tale, 1,210.
II. Weights and Measures :
1. As a measure : [In Gael, holla = (1) a
net or anchor-buoy, (2) a measure of capacity,
as " bolla mine " = a boll of meal, " bolia buu-
tata" = a boll of potatoes {Mc Alpine: Gael.
Diet.). But the Gael, bolla is simply the O.
Eng. boll = a bowl, and is in this case = a
bowlful.]
* (1) Origincdiy : A bowlful, a bushel.
"He sent thre bollis to cartage."
Barbour (ed. Skeat) : Sruce, bk. iii., 21L
* (2) Next :
(a) A Scotch measure of capacity. For
wheat and beans it contains foui' Winchester
bushels ; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six
bushels.
" Of good barley put eight boles, tliat is, about six
English quartei-s, in a stone trough." — MortiTner.
(&) A measure of salt of two bushels.
2. As a weight: A boll of meal, 140 pounds
avoirdupois.
T By an Act which came into operation on
January 1, 1S79, these and all other local
weights and measures were abolished, and
uniformity in tliese respects established
through the three kingdoms.
"" boll (4), s. [Bowl.] {Prompt Parv.)
Bol'-land-ist, c. & s. [From Bolland, a
Jesuit, see del.]
A. As fuJjt'ctive: Pertaming to Bolland, a
Jesuit of Tillemont, iu Flanders, who com-
menced a large work, the Acta Sanctorum, of
which vol. I. was published in 1643. Five
more were i.shuyd during his lifetime. After
his death, in 160.0, the work was continued
by Henschen, a Jesuit of Antwerp, who died
in 16S2, and Papebrocli, also an Antwerp
Jesuit, who died in 1714.
E. As substantive {pi. Bollandists) : The
continuators of BoUand's Acta Sanctm"u/ni,
which the original author did not live to
finish. [A.]
"... very much the larger xjortion of the maivela
in the vatt volumes of the Bollandists, have meltt;il
away into the dim X'age of legend, . ." — Alilman : Bim.
Jews, vol. i.
bol'-lard, s. & a. [Probably from bole = the
stem of a tree.] [Bole (y).]
A. ^s substantive :
Nautical :
1. A large post or bitt on a wharf, dock, or
on shipboard, for the attachment of a hawser
or warp, in towing, docking, or warping.
2. Often in the PL {Bollards) : A rundle in.
the bow of a whale-boat around which the
line runs in veering ; called also Logkjer-
HEAD.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a bollard in
either of the two senses of the substantive.
(See the compound.)
bollard timber, s.
Shipwrighting : A timber, one on each side
of the bowsprit near the heel, to secure it
laterally ; a knighthead.
"^ bolle, s. [A.S. bolla = any round vessel,
cup, pot, bowl, or measure ; Icel. bolli.]
[Bowl.] A bowl.
" Tha^h hit be bot a Vassyu, a bolle, other a scole,
A dysche other a dobler that dryghtyn oiiez aerued."
Har. £ng. Allit. Poems {ed. MoiTisT; Clean,iess, 1,145-6.
t boiled, n.. [From boll (2j, a. (q.v.).]
1. Gen. : Swelled.
2. Specially :
(1) Of a JlovKr : Having the petals of the
corolla untolded. In the subjoined example,
boiled is the rendering nut of a Heb. adjective,
but of a Heb. noun, "^yna (9i6eoO = either the
calyx or the corolla of a flower. The literal
bSil. boy; poiit, j<J^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9lun, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist* -mg.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, >sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
616
taollen— bolt
rendering is : "for the wheat was on i-:a- (= in
ear) and the flax a corolla {i.r., possessed a
corolla unfolded)."
(2) Of sculptures : Embossed.
" Pinacles pyglit ther apert that profert bitweiie.
And al boiled abof witn braunchea & leues."
Ear Eng. AlUt. Povms (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1,468-4.
* bdr-len (1), v. t. [Boll.]
* bol'-len (2), v.t [From Dut. halleii = to beat
to death.] To beat to death, (p. Eng. £
Scotch.)
"And that samyntyme hetuke achir James Stewart
the lord of Lomia brother, & William Stewart, & i>ut
tliaim in pittis, and boUU fhaim." — Add i do un of
Hvot. Corniklls, p. 3.
* bol'-len, * bol-lun, pa . par. [Bolge, Bulge.]
Bulged, swollen. (Chaucer.) (Wycliffe (Pur-
vey), 2 Tim., iii. 4.)
* bol-let, s. [Bullet.] (Spenser : F. Q., I.
vii. 13.)
* bol'-liiig (1), s. [From holleii, pa. par. of
bolge.} [BoLLEN, Bolge, Bulge.] Swelling.
(Piers Plow.: Vis., vi. 218— vii. 204.)
*b61'-ling (2), s. [From hoh (3) (q.v.). Or
polling, pr. par. of pole =:to remove the poll
or head, to clip, to lop.] [Poll.] A pollard
tree, a tree with its toj") and its bi-anches cut
off. (Often in the plural.)
[BOLLEN.] (0. E)ig. ct-
* bol'-lit, pa. par.
Scotch.)
* bol'-lynge, 2>r. par., a.,S s. [Boiling.]
A.& B, ^s present participle a ad participial
€(djective: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As siibstantive : Boiling; ebiillition.
" BoUi/nge owere as ijottys plawjii. Ehullicio, C. F."
—Prompt. Parv.
*bolme, 5. [Boom.] (Scotch.) {Doug.. Virgil,
134, 30 )
'^boln, '^bolne, v.i. [Icel. holgja; S\v. hulna
= to .swell ; Dan. holne, hulne.) To .swell.
"... and blossumez ftoZ/ifi to blowe,"
Guw. aiid the Green Knight, 512.
* bol-nande, pr. 'par. [Bolnyn.]
* bolne, pa. par. [Bollen.]
" Whom cold winter aU holne hid vnder ground."
Surrey: ^neid, bk. ii., 616.
* bol -nit, * boln'-yd, pa. par. [Bolmyn.]
" Bolnyd. Tumidvs."—Provipt. Parv.
*bor-nyn, v.i. [Dut. 'bolm = to swell.] To
swell.
* bol'-nyng, * bol'-nynge. ^ bol-nande,
pr. par., a , & s. [BoLN, Bolnyn.]
A, Sl B. As present participle <£■ participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
"As for bobaunce and bost and bolnande pryde."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (MoitIb) ; CieannesH. 179.
C. As suhstanti%'e : Tumefaction, swelling;
a tumour. (Lit. &jig.)
" Bolnynge. Tujnor." —Prompt. Parv.
"Alecto is the holnyng of the hei-t."
Henrysone: Orpheus, .Voralitas.
" BoTnyngls hi pTiAe."—M'ycIi^e (Purvey), 2 Cor.,
xiii. 2U.
E6-logn'-a (pronounced Bo-lon'-ya or Bo-
lo'-na), s." & a. [Ital. Bologna. ]
A, As substantive : A city of Italy, in lat.
44° 30' N., long. 11° 21' E. It was anciently
called Felsina, and subsequently Bononia.
B. As adjective : Made at Bologna; found
at Bologna. (See the subjoined compounds.)
Bologna-phial, s.
Glass Manvf. : A small unannealed vessel
of glass, open at the upper end and rounded
at the bottom end, which is thick. It will
withstand a moderate blow on the bottom,
but is cracked by dropping into it a small,
angular piece of flint. It is an example of the
inherent strain and unstable static condition
incident to unannealed glass.
Bologna-phosphorus, .'. A composi-
tion made by powdering Bologna-stone and
uniting it into sticks with gum.
Bologna-sausage, s. [Ital. salsiccia dl
Bologna.} A large sausage made of bacon,
veal, and pork suet, chopped line and enclosed
in a skin.
Bologna-Stone, Bologna stone, s.
Mln. : A variety of Barytes, or, to use
Dana's term, Barite (q.v.). It is a globular,
radiated mineral, otten of a reddish-gi-ey
f< 'our, found at Mount Paterno, near Bologna,
li ted with charcoal, it is phosphorescent.
[B> OGNA-PWOSPI-IORUS.]
Bo-lbjn'-i-an (g silent), a. [From Bologna,
and iiing. sn'tf. ■((».] Pertaining to Bologna;
found at Bologna.
Bolognian-spar, s.
Mill. : The same as Bologna-stone (q.v.).
Bolognian-stone, «. [Bologna-stone. ]
bol-oph'-er-ite, s. [In Ger. holopherit ; from
G)'. /3a»Ao9 {bolos) = a clod, a lump of earth, a
lump of anything; i^e'poj (|>/icro)= to bear;
and -ite (Min.) (q.v.).
Min. : The same as Hendenbergite (q.v.).
bol'-ster, ■ bol'-star, ■ bol'-stir, * bol-
styr, s. & a. [A.S. holster = a bolster, a
pillow ; Sw. hoUter = a bed ; Dan. holster = a
bed-ticking ; Icel. holstr = a bolster ; (N. H.)
Ger. polster ; O. H. Ger. holstar, polstar. In
Dut. there is holster, but it is = a hull, a
husk, a cod, a shell.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Something laid along the upper side of a
bed to raise and support the head ; a pillow.
The name is generally limited to that xjarticu-
lar pillow which is longei- and more cylindrical
than the others, and is placed beneath them.
2. Any substitute for such an article of bed
equipment.
" Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now,
Or 'gainst the rugged bark of some broad elm
Leans her unpilluwed heatl." Milton : C'omus.
" This arm shall be a bolster for thy head ;
I'll fetch clea,n straw to make a soldier's bed."
Ga;/.
3. Anything designed as a support to any
other part of the bodily frame, or to fill up any
vacuity. (Siuift.)
4. A pad or compress to be laid upon a
wound.
"The bandage is the pirt, which hath a bolster in
the middle, and the ends tacked fii-mly together." —
iViseman.
II, Technically :
1. Vehicles: The transverse bar over the
axle of a waggon, whicli supports the bed,
and into which are framed the standards
which secure the bed laterally.
2. Machinery :
(1) A bed-tool in a pun ching-ma chine. The
perforated part on which a plate rests when
the punch drives out the bur or planchet. It
has an opening of the same size and shape as
the punch itself. (Knight.)
(2) A perforated block of wood on whicli
sheet-metal is laid for punching. (Knight )
(3) The spindle-bearing in the rail of a spin-
ning-frame. It forms a sleeve-bearing for the
vertical spindle some distance above the
lower bearing, which is called the step.
(4) The part of a mill in which the axle-tree
moves. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
3. Mvsic: The raised ridge whicli holds the
tuning-pins of a piano.
i. Nautical :
(1) A piece of timber adjoining the hawse-
hole, to prevent the chafing of the hawser
against the cheeks of a ship's bow.
(2) A cushion within the collar of a stay, to
keep it from chafing on the mast.
(:'•) A piece of wood or roll of canvas, upon
which a ro]ie rests, to keep it from chafing
something or to give it a proper bearing.
5. Carpentry :
(1) A horizontal cap-piece laid upon the top
of a post or pillar, to shorten the bearing of
the beam of a string-piece above.
(■2) One of the transverse pieces of an arch
centering, running from rib to rib and sup-
]»orting the voussoirs.
6. Saddkry : A padded ridge on a saddle.
" The bolntcrs of a saddle are those parts raised upon
the buwB, to hold the rider's thigh." — Far. Dictionary.
7. Ordiiancc : A block of wood fixed on the
stnck of a siege-gun carriage, on which the
breech of the piece rests when it is shifted
backward for transportation.
8. Railroad Engineering : The principal
cross-beam of a railroad truck or car body.
9. Civil Engineering : The resting-jilace of a
truss-bridge on its xjier or abutment.
10. Cutlery:
(1) The shoulder of such instruments and
tools as knives, chisels, &c., at the junction
of the tang with the blade or the shank, as.
the case may be.
(2) A metallic plate on the end of a pocket-
knife handle.
B. As adjective : In any way pertaining to
a bolster in some one of the senses given
under A.
bolster-case, s. A case to hold a bolster^
bolster-plate, ^.
Vehicles : An iron plate on the under side
of the bolster, to diminish the wear caused by-
its friction on the axle.
bol'-ster, ^bol'-stre, v.t. & i. [From bolster,
s. (q.v.). In Ger. bolstern, polsiern.'] ^
A. Transitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) To support witli a bnl.ster.
"Bolstered with down amid a thousand wants,"— f_
Darwin: Botanical Garden, ii. 1~.
(2) To pad out, to fill up, or furnish with
padding.
"Three pair of stays bolstered below the left shoul-
der, "—rd^er, No. 245.
(3) To beat or strike with a bolster.
2. Fig. Of things not material : To support,
to keep from falling or collapsing. (Contemip-
tuously.)
"We may be made wiser by thepublick persuasions
grafted in men's minds, m) they be used to further the
truth, not to bolster erroiir.''— //oofter.
11. ]\Ied.: To hold together with a compress.
" The practice of bolsferuiff the cheeks forward does
little service to the wouud.'—Sltai'p.
B. Jntrans. : To lie on the same bolster (?).
" If ever mortal eyes do fee them bolster
More than their own ! " .Shakesp. : Othello, iii, S.
C In compounds or special phrases :
^ 1. To holster out : To prevent from over-
turning or collapsing. (Contemptuously.)
"The lawyer sets his tnngiie to sale for the io?j((eri?j(?
out of unjust causes." — JIakewill.
2. To bolster up : To support, to prevent
from falling. (Contemptuously.)
" It was the way of many to bolster vp their crazy
doting couscieuces with confidences." — South.
bol'-stered, pa. par. & a. [Bolster, v.]
1. As participial adjective : Supported, sus-
tained, held up.
2. Swelled out.
" The bolstered title for abuse."— jVeir ^fonthly Mag.
vol. Iviii., p. 465.
t bol'-ster-er, s. [Eng. bolster : -er.] A person
who, or a thing which supports the liead,
iiny other portion of the bodily frame, or any-
thing material or immaterial.
"To satisfy the bolsterers of such lewdness.'" — Dp.
Bancroft : Dangerous Positions, iv. 12.
bdr~Ster-ing, pr. par., c.., & s. [Bolster,!;.
A. & B. As pr. par. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As sulista )itive :
1. The act of supporting ; the state of being
su])poi'ted.
' ■ Crooked and unequal bodi es are made to meet with -
out a miracle, by some iron bodies, or some benign
bolsterings." — Bp. Taylor : Artif. Handsomeness, p. 6
2. Padding, stuffing.
3. A pad, a compress.
4. An encounter with bolsters between
schoolboys in their dormitory.
bolt (1), "^ bolte, s., a., & adv. [From A.S. holt
= a catapult ; Dan. halt = a bolt, a peg ; Dut.
bout = a bolt, a pin ; N. H. Ger. holzen, bolz
= a bolt; M. H. Ger. holz; O. H. Ger. holz,
polz = a bolt, an arrow ; Bret, bollt. Skeat
thinks that the reference is to the roundness-
of what is designated a bolt. (Def. A., 1.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Properly : A kind of arrow with a round
bob at the end of it ; any arrow. [Bird-bolt.]
(1) Literally : In the foregoing sense.
(2) Figuratively : Anj'thing capable of in-
flicting a mental wound.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
bolt— bolting
617
" Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell :
It fell upon a little western flower."
Sltakesp- -■ Jlid. J/igJit's Dream, ii. 1.
% To make a bolt upon anything : To take
the risk of anything.
"I'll make a shaft or a bolt on t."—Shakesp. : -l/tr.
Wives, ill. 4.
2. A "thunderbolt."
" As the bolt bursts on high
From the blauk cloud that bound it."
lijiron: Bride of Abydos, i. r^,
3. The bar of a door.
" 'Tie not in thee to oppose the bolt
Against uiy comiug iu."
Shakesp. : Lear, ii. 4.
i. Iron to fasten chains ; t-hains, fetters.
" Away with him to prison! lay bolts enough uiion
him," — Shahesp. : Afeas.for Jleas., v. 1.
II. Technically :
1. Maeh. : A stout metallic pin enii>l(iyecl
for holding obje^-ts together, frequently screw-
headed at one end to receive a nut. There
arc two principal classes of bolts : those
which are intended for permanently fastening
objects together, and movable bolts, suuli as
lock, sash, door, and gate bolts.
2. Locksmithiiig : That portion of a lock
which is protruded beyond or retracted within
the case or boxing by the action of the key,
and which engages with the keeper orjaiub to
form a fastening. The thick protruding jior-
tion is the bolt-head, and the flat part within
the lock is the bolt-plate.
3. Houseliold Hardivare : A movable bar
protruded or retracted by hand to fasten or
release a door, gate, window-sa.sh, &c.
i. Wood-ivorlcing :
(1) A rough block from which articles are
to be made ; as, a bolt for riving into shingles,
spokes, &c.
(2) A number of boards adhering together
by the stub-shot.
5. Fabric : A piece or roll of cloth ; a long
narrow piece of silk or stuff.
6. Naut. : The iron rod beneath a yard, to
which a square sail is attached.
7. Ordnance: An elongated solid projectile
for rifled cannon, as the Whitwurth and Arm-
strong guns.
8. Bookbinding: The fold in the fore-edge
and head of a folded sheet.
9. 0. Botany :
(1) A " buttercup ; " any species of Ranun-
culus. (Prior.)
(2) The Mountain Globe-flower, Trollius
EnropcBUS.
B. As adjecticc : Designed for a bolt ; operat-
ing on a bolt ; in any way pertiiining or relating
to a bolt. (See tlie compounds which follow.)
C. As adverb: As a bolt (in the jihrase
which follows).
H Bolt-icpright : "Upright" as an arrow, or
a bar of iron ; unbendingly. [Bolt-upright.]
bolt-auger, s. An auger used by ship-
wrights in sinking holes for bolts.
* bolt-bag, s. A quiver.
"His arrow sheues they heard, and rattling noyse
of bolt-bag fixe."—Phaer: Virgil, bk. ix
bolt-boat, s. A strong boat for a rough
sea.
bolt-Chisel, 5.
Mach. : A cold chisel for cuttijig off the
extra length of a bolt ; a cross-cut chisel ; a
deep chisel with a narrow edge.
bolt-cutter, s.
Madiinery :
(t) A tool for cutting off bolts. It usually
consists of a sleeve with a radial cutter setting
inwardly and rotated around the bolt to be
cut by means of a handle.
(2) A machine for cutting the tliread on
bolts.
bolt-extractor, s. A tool or implement
for extracting bolts by a lifting force.
bolt-feeder, s.
Milling : A device for regulating the rate of
passage of the meal to the flour-bolt.
■'^ bolt-foot, .•;. A club-footed person.
"Auld Boltfoot rides into tlie rear."— SeoK,
bolt-head (1), * bolt-hed, o. The tip
or head of a bolt or arrow.
" Hec cuspis, a bolt-hed." — WriglU : T'ocofi., p. 278.
bolt-head (2), bolthead, s.
Glass 2,Ian uf. : A long glass matrass or re-
ceiver with a straight neck.
" This spirit abounds in salt, which may be separated
by putting the liquor into a boUluiMi with a long
narrow Jieck." — Boyle.
bolt-header, s.
Mach. : A machine for swagging down the
end of a bolt-blank to form a head ; the form
uf this depends upon that of the die.
bolt-making, v.. Making, or designed
for making bolts.
Bolt-making machine : A machine in which
bolts are threaded and headed, though this is
usually done in separate machine.s, as the
threading is done by cutters on the cold iron ;
heading by swagging upon tlie end of the hot
blank. [Bolt-header, Bolt-thre.ader.]
bolt-rope, s. & a.
A. As substantive :
Naut. : A rope around the margin of a sail
to strengthen it.
B. As adjective: Designed for, or in any
way pertaining or relating to a bolt-rope.
(See the examjjle which follows.)
Bolt-rope needle :
Naut. : A strong needle for sewing a sail to
its bolt-rope.
bolt-sawing, a. A word used only in
the compound wiiich follows.
Bolt-sawing machine :
Wood-ioorking : A machine for sawing super-
fluous wood, such as corners, from start' to be
turned. It has an iron carriage with centres,
between which the work is cliu(;ked while
being fed to the circular saw.
bolt-screwing, ri. a word used only in
the compound which fullows.
Bolt-screwing machine : A machine for cut-
ting screw-threads on bolts, by fixing the
bolt-head to a revolving chuck, and causing
the end which it is required to screw to enter
a set of dies, wliich advance as the bolt re-
volves, A bolt-threader.
bolt-strake, .<.
Shipbuilding : Tliat strake or wale through
which the beam-fastenings pass.
bolt-threader, s.
Mach. : A machine for cutting screw-threads
on bolts.
bolt-upright, bolt upright, ad v.
[From bolt, adv. (q.v.), and upright]
1. In a strict sense : Straight as an arrow,
and ei'ect. Used—
(1) Of persons :
t (2) Of things :
" Brush iron, native or from tbe mine, consisteth of
long stria-, about the thitkubaa of a small knitting
needle, bnU niiriaht likn t.hp hvi«t.lBa f,t n atift'iimi^i-. ^
2. Mo^'e loosely : Straight as an arrow but
prostrate. {Cliauccr : C. T., 4,263.)
bolt (2), s. [From bolt (2), v., or bolter, s.)
Milling: A sieve of very fine stuff, for
separating the bran and coarser particles from
flour. [Bolt (2), v., Flour-bolt.]
bolt (1), v.t. & i. [From holt, ». (q.v.).]
A. Transitive :
I. Literally {of things material):
1. To shut or fasten by means of a literal
bolt. (Used of a gate or door, or anything
similar.)
2. To pin together, to fasten, though not by
means of a literal bolt.
" That 1 could reach the axle, where the pins are
Which bolt this f r.vme, that I might pull them out ' "
Ueii Joiison.
* 3. To support by iron bands.
"... or bolted with yrue,"
Piers Plow. Vis., vi. 138,
i. To put fetters upon a person.
II, Flguro.ticchj :
1. Of things material: To swallow the food
without chewing it.
" Some hawka and owls bolt their prey whole, and
after an interval of from twelve to twenty hours dis-
gorge pelleta." — Darwin: Origin of Species {ed. 1859).,
ch. xi., p. 362.
2. Of things immaterial :
(1) To fetter, to confine, to prevent progress.
" To do that thing that ends all other deeds ;
Whiuh sliat;klL-!s aci;idents, and bolts up change. '
Shnkcsp. ■ Ant & Vleop., V. i
(2) To blurt out, to thro\v out precipitately.
" I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
And virtue has no tongue to check her pride."
J/ilto-n : Comus. 760, 7C1.
(3) To cause to start ; as, to bolt a rabbit, i:c.
B. Intransitive :
1. To start suddenly forward, aside, or m
any direction, as if a bolt were uueximctedly
withdrawn. Used —
(1) Of a horse going ofi" suddenly,
" He bijltel, spnmg, and reared amaim"
Hc'jtt ■ Lay of the Last Jfiriatrel, iv. 12.
(■2) Of any other animal than a horse.
" As the liouse was all in a flame, out bolts a mouse
from the ruins, to save herself." — L'Estrange.
(3) Of a man.
(a) Literally :
" They erected a fort, and from thence thej' bolted
like beiists of tlie forest," — Bacon.
(b) Figuratively :
" I have reflected on those men who from time tt>
time have shot themselves iuto the world. 1 have
seen many successions of them ; smue bolting out upoik
the sta^e with vast applause, and others hissed ofl." —
Dry den.
* bolt (2), ^ boult, 1'.^ [O. Fr. bxdeter, for
^'bureter = Ital. bumltnrc ; Ital. buratto = a
fine transparent cloth, ii meal-sieve. The
older spelling is boult, and there is no con-
nection with bolt (1), v.] [Bolter (2), 5.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : To separate the coarser from the
finer particles of anytliing. Spec, tlius to sepa-
rate bran tiom flour by means of a bolter, or
in any other way.
" Saying, he now h.id boulted all the floure."
Spenser: F. Q. II. iv. 24.
" The fann'd snow,
That's bolted by the northern blast twice o'er."
Sttukesp. : Wint Tale, iv. 4.
2. Fig. : To examine by sifting, usi^d, N/».'(;,,
of the search after truth. Often followed by
out.
" It would be well bolted out, whether great refrac»-
tions may not be made upun reflections, as upon direct
beams," — Bacon,
II. Law : To discuss or argue cases privately
for the sake of improvement in one's know-
ledge and skill in the law,
" The judge, or jury, or parties, or the coiuisel, or
attomies, propomidnig questioua, beati and bolts out
the truth much better than when tbe witness delivers.
only a formal series." — Ilaiv.
bolt -ant, pr. par. [Bolting.]
Her. : Springing furward. (Used of a hare
or rabbit).
■ bolte, s. [From bolt, boult, v.]
*0. Law: A moot. (jStoiue: Sar. of London,
p. 59.)
bolt'-ed, jin. jmr. [Bolt (1), v.]
"At evening, till at length tbe freezing blast
Tliat sweeps the bolted shutter, summons home
The recollected powers ; . . ."
Cowper : Task, bk, iv.
t bOl-tel, S. [BOULTINE, BOWTEL.]
In Architec. : A name given to a convex
moulding, such as an ovolo. (Gwilt.)
t bolt'-er (1), s. [From bolt (1), v.]
1. One who bolts, a horse that runs away.
"The engine may explode or be a. bolter."— Thack-
eray : Paris Sketch-Book, p. 244. [iV.JB.D.)
2. One who suddenly breaks away from his,
political party.
bolt'-er (2), * boult'-er, s [From bolt
(2), v.]
1. One who bolts or sifts meal.
2. A sieve or strainer tc separate the finer
from the coarser particles of anything, ,Sj»ec.,
an instrument to separate meal from bran and
husks.
" Dowlas, filthy dowla.g : I have given them ■^way to
bakers' wives, and they have made bolters of them."—
ShaJcenp. : 1 lien. IV., iii. a
3. The fabric of which such sieves are
made.
bolter-cloth, boulter-cloth, s The
same as Bolter (2), 3.
"Searsed throueh a fine boulter-cloth."— Henry
Cogan: Haven of HeaUh, p. 1-5.
t bolt'-ered, u. [Blood-eoltered.]
bolt'-ing (1), pr. par., a., & s. [Bolt (1), u,]
A. As present participle tC- adjective :
1, Ordinarij Language : (See the verb).
b^l, \i6^\ po^t, j^wl; cat, 9eU. chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c =bel. del.
618
bolting— bombard
2. Her. : The same as boltant (q.v.).
B. As suhstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of fastening with a bolt.
2. The act of starting off suddenly.
* II. 0. Law : A private arguing of cases in
the Imis of Court. (Wharton.)
X>dlt'ing (2), pr. par., a., & s. [Bolt (2), u.]
A. & B. As present -partici-ple & particip. adj. :
In senses correspoiuliug to those of the verb.
C. As siihstantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of sifting.
" lu the bolting and sifting of fourteen years of
power mid favowr, all that ciinie out could uot be pure
meal."— fCof^OH.
2. Law : Private arguing of cases for legal
practice, in a less formal way than is done in
moots.
bolting-chest, .^. The inclosure or case
of a Houriiig-bolt.
bolting-clotll, s. Cloth of hair or other
substance with meshes of various sizes for
sieves.
bolting-house> s. The place where meal
is sifted.
" The jade ia returned us white, and aa powdered, as
if she had been at work in a bolting-house. — Dennis.
bolting-hutch, s.
1. Literally : A tub or box into which flour
or meal is bolted.
2. Figuratively : Any receptacle.
'* That bolting-hutch of heastlineaa, that swollen
parcel of dropsies." — Shakesp. : 1 Ben. IV., li. 4.
bolting-mill, s. A machine in which
flour is separated from the offal of various
grades.
bolting-tub, s. A tub to sift anything
in ; a bolting-hutch.
" The larders have been search'd.
The bake-liousea and boltirig-tab , the ovens,"
Bvii Jonson : Magii. Lad.'/.
bol-ton'-i-a, s. [Named after J. B. Boltou,
an English' botanist who lived in the latter
part of the eighteenth century. ]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Asteracete (Composites), and the sub-
order Tubuliflorse. The species, which are few,
are pretty herbaceous plants from North
America.
bol'-ton-ite, s. [Named from Bolton, in
Massachusetts, where it is found.]
Min. : A variety of Olivine. (Brit. Mus.
Cat.) A variety of Forsterite, distinguislied
from the most typical variety of the species
by being coloured instead of white. (Dana.)
* bolt'-sprit, s. [Corr. from bowsprit (q.v.).]
" Her boltsprit kissed the broken waves."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, i. 14.
bo'-liis, s. & a. [Lat. bolus = a bit, a morsel ; Gr.
^uA.os (bolos) = (I) a clod or lump of earth ; (2)
a lump of anything.]
A. As substantive :
I, Ordinary Language .*
1. Lit. : In the sense II. 1. Med., but gene-
rally more or less contemptuously,
' A complicated heap of ills,
Despianig boluses and pllla."
Smift.
2. Fig. : Anything unjdeasant to take, any-
thing mentally unpalatable.
" . . .80 that if I, acting on the ap'ithecary's prece-
dent of repetatur kaustus, had endeavoured to ad-
minister another bolm or draught of expost\ilation, he
would have . . . ."~De Quincey : H'oi-t^lSuded.), i. 67.
II. Technical! y :
1. Med.: A form of medicine in which the
ingredients are made up into a soft mass larger
than a pill, but, pill-like, to be swallowed at
once.
2. Min. : The same as bole (q.v.).
B. As adj. : Containing a bolus. [II. 1.]
" Surrounded thus by bohis, pill,
And potion glas'ies."
Burns: Poem on Lifi:.
* bolwes, s. pi. [A corruption of Eng. balls,
pL of bull — " the hard round heads of the
wort" (Cockayne).] A name for a plant, Cen-
taurea nigra. (Britten <& Holland.)
* bo'-ly, s. [Bole (1).]
*bolye, s. [Bui.Ev.]
* bolyyn (pr. par. bolyynge), v.t. [Boil, v.']-
" Bolyyn orhoi/h/n. Bullio."~Pro')npt. Parv.
" Solyy-ngc. or brniliirigc of p'jttys or othere lyka,
BullicU), bulh)r."^Promiit Parv.
bom, s. [See def.] Name of African origin,
u.sed loosely for any of the larger boa.s. The
word appears to have been carried fi'om Africa
to the New World by the Portuguese. (N.E.D.)
bomb (final h silent), s. & a. [In Fr. bombe ;
Sp., Port,, & Ital. bomba = a bomb, &c.; from
Lat. bombus — a humming or buzzing sound.]
A. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language :
* 1. Gen. : A humming, booming, or buzzing
sound produced in any way, as, for instance,
by the vibration of metal.
" An upper chamber, beiufj thought weak, wna sup-
ported by a pillar of iron, of the biyueas of one's arm m
the midst ; which, if you had struck, would make a
little flat noise in the room, hut a great bomb in the
chamher beneath." — Bacon.
2. Specially :
(1) In the same sense as II., 1.
t (2) The stroke upon a bell.
XL Technically:
1. OrdnoMce : The same as a bomb-shell ; a
hollow iron ball, spheroid, or anything similar,
filled with gunpowder, and provided with a
time or percussion fusee. It is fired from a
mortar or howitzer. Bombs were used at the
siege of Naples in 1434. Mortars for throwing
bombs were cast in England in 1543. Bombs
are now generally called shells, though tlii;^
word bomb is not tlie least obsolete in the
words bombard, bomb-shell, bombardier, &.c.
[Bomb-shell, Carcase, Case-shot, Grenade,
Shell.]
2. Geol. : A bomb, or, more fully, a volcanic
bomb, is a bomb-like mass of lava, spherical,
pear-shaped, or more irregular in form, and of
various sizes, from that of an apple to that of a
man's body. Bombs exist in the vicinity of
recent or of extinct volcanoes or lava flows,
and are supposed by Mr. Darwin to have been
produced by a mass of viscid scoriaceous
matter projected with a rapid rotatory motion
through the air. Lyell makes them a modifi-
cation of basaltic columns divided by cross
joints. They may be seen near the prison in
Edinburgh, or the flat tipped basaltic hills of
Central India, and elsewhere. Old volcanic
rocks made up of a series of bombs fitting each
other are sometimes called concentric nodular
basalt.
". , .to conclude that these bo^nbs are coiuiected
with the trap-emptiou of the neighbourhood."— f^ •^■
Geol. Soc., xi., i>t. i., 4Ui
B, As adjective : Consisting of a bomb ;
containing, or in any way pertaining or re-
lating to a bomb. (See the compounds.)
bomb-chest, s.
Mil. mining : A kind of chest filled with
bombs, or in some cases only with gunpowder,
buried in the earth, and designed to be ex-
ploded at a predetermined moment and blow
up those who may be above and around.
bomb-ketch, s.
Naut. : A small, strongly-built vessel, ketch-
BOMB-KETCH.
rigged, on which one or more mortars are
mounted for naval bombardments. It is called
also Bomb-vessel.
bomb-lance, s.
Wliale-jishing : A harpoon which carries a
charge of explosive material in its head. In
one form of the weapon the arrangement is
that when the harpoon strikes the " fish," the
bar, which is pivoted obliquely in the head of
the instrument, shall serve to release a spring
acting on the hammer, which then explodes
the cap and bursts the charge-chamber.
bomb-proof, a. & s.
A. As adjective : So strongly built that it is
pro'if against the momentum of bomb-shells,
whether striking it laterally or descending on
it from above.
B. As substantive. Fortif. : A structure in
a fortification of the kind described under A.
bomb-shell, s.
1. Ordnance : The same as Bomb, II. 1. (q.v.).
2. Her.: The same as Fire-ball (q.v.),
bomb-vessel, s The same as Bomb-
ketch (q.v.).
" Nor could an ordinaiy fleet, with bomb-veneU, hope
to succeed against a place that has in its arsenal
gallies and men of war,' —Addison on Italy.
* bomb (final h silent), v.t. & i. [Bomb, s.]
A, Trans. : To attack with bombs, to bom-
bard.
" Our king thus trembles at Namur,
Whilst Villeroy, who ne'er afraid is,
To Bruxelles marches on secure,
To bomb the monks, and scare the ladies."
Prior.
B. Intran-f. : To emit a humming, buzzing,
or other similar sound.
b6m-ba'-5e-SB, s. [From Mod. Lat. bomibax,
genit. bombacis (q.v.).^
Bot. : A section of the order Sterculiaceae
(Sterculiads). Type, Bombax (q v.).
bom-ba'-ceous 'as shiis), a. [From Mod.
Lat. bombax, genit. hnmbo.cis (q.v.).] Pertain-
ing to plants of the genus Bombax.
" The Leguminous and Bomhaceous orders,"- ^ates :
iVa t U7 ulist oil the Amazon, p. 139.
* bom'-ban^e, s. [Bobaunce.] Pride, arro-
gance.
"Come prykand with bombance-" — R. 0. de Lion,
4,4'J4.
bom-bar d, * bom-bar'de, s & u.. [In
Ger. & Fr. bomlmrde ; Sp., Port., Ital., & Low
Lat. bombard a ; from Lat. bombus.] [Bomb.]
A, As snJystantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1, In the same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).
" The capitaiue with all his retinue departed, leuyng
behynd the ordinaunce of bombardet, curtaines, ana
demy curtaux, slinges, canons, volgers, and other or-
dinaunce, . . ," — Ball: Hen. VIII., an. 15.
t 2. An attack with bombs ; a bombard-
ment. (Poet. ) (Barlovj.)
"* 3. A large can or any similar drinking
vessel for carrying beer or other liquor.
" The poor cattle yonder are passing away the time
with a (Mieat loaf, aud a bombard of broken heer." —
Ben Jonson : Masques.
II. Technically :
^ 1. Ordnance: A mortar of large bore for-
merly in use to throw stone-shot. One has
been known to project a mass 3 c\vt. in weight.
"They planted in divers places twelve great ficmt-
bards. wherewith they threw huge stones into the air."
—Knolles.
2. Music:
(a) A reed stop on the organ, usually
among the pedal registers, of large scale, rich
tone, and often on a hea^'y pressure of wind.
(Stainer and Barrett.)
'* (b) A kind of large trumpet.
"A aoime of botnbarde and of clarioune." — Gower,
iii. 358.
B. As adjective :
1. Of persons: Having the office of carrj'ing
bombards or liquor cans. [Bombard-man.]
2. Of language : Inflated, pompous. [Bom-
EARD-PHRASE.]
* bombard-man, s. A person who car-
ried liquor in a bombard or can. [Bombard,
A , I. 3.]
"... and made room for a bombard man, that
brought bouge for a countrey lady or two, that fainted,
he said, with fasting, . . ." — B. Jonson : Masques.
Love Restored.
bombard-phrase, s Inflated phrase-
ology.
" When they are x^oore, aud banish 'd must throw by
Their boinbard-}ihrase, and foot, aud half foot words."
B. Jonson: Horace; Art of Poetrie.
bom-bar 'd, v.t. [From bombard, s. (q.v.) In
Sw. boinbardera ; Dan. bombadere ; But, &07?i-
bardccnni ; Gt^r. bombardireii ; Fr. bombarder ;
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, piit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wplf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bombarded — bombyx
619
Sp. & Port, hovibardear ; Ital. hombanlare.}
To attack with bombs.
"The aame [Admiral Jolin Bei-kley], who with his
fleet hombiirded and burnt ilowii Dieppe in France, and
bombarded Htivre de OrMce, in the same country, in
July, 16^D."— IKooci ■ AthtncB Oxon.
bom-bard'-ed. -pa. par. & a. [Bombard, v.]
bom-bard'-i-cal, o. [Eng. homhanU -i^oJ.]
Thundering, like a piece of ordnance. (Bloii at.}
" He that entitles himself . . . with other sucn
bantburdicali titles," —ffowell : Letters, JSTo. 21.
bom-bar-di'er, + bom-bar-de'er, s. a a.
[In Sw. bombarderare ; Dan. bombarderer ;
Dnt., Ger., &; Fr. bombardier ; Sp. bombardero ;
Port, bombardeiro ; Ital. bombai-diere.]
A. As substantive :
1. Mil. : A non-commissioned officer in. the
artillery employed chiefly in serving moi-tavs
and howitzers. In the British army several
are attached to each company of artillery.
2. Gen. . Any artilleryman.
"The boTnbardicr tosses his ball sometimes into the
B. As adjective : Operating like the military
functionary described under A. (See the
compound.)
bombardier-beetles, s. pi.
Bntom. : The English name given to the
predatory beetles of the genus Brachinus
(q.v.). The name is given because these
animals, when disturbed, emit from the ex-
tremity of their abdomen a discharge of acrid
smoke or vapour of pungent odour, and at-
tended by a perceptible repoi"t. About five
species occur in Britain. The best known is
Brachinus creiiitans.
bom-bard'-ing, pr. par., u,., & s. [Bom-
bard, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & po.rticipial adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As s^ibstantive : The act or operation of
attacking with bombs.
". . , to the present perfection of gunnery, can-
uoneeriug, bombarding, mining, &c." — Burke; A t'iii-
dicat'ioit of Natural Society.
bom-bar-di'-no, s. [Ital. bombardino, dimin.
of bombardo (q.v.).]
Music ; A small bombardo.
bdm-bard'-ment» s. [Fr. & Dan. boinbarde-
ment : Port. bombardeaTnento ; Itiil. bovibai'da-
mento.] An attack made upon a foititied place
or open tnty by throwing bombs into it.
"The project of carrying the f'irt of Kalanga by
assault was now relinquished, iiud recourse was had
to a. bom-bard nil- nt."— Wilson : Hist. Brit. India, ii. 28.
bom-bar'-do, s. [Ital. ftomSardo.]
Music : A mediaeval wind instrument, a
large and coarse species of oboe, and the fore-
runner of the oboes of smaller and finer make.
{Stainer & Barrett.)
bom-bar'-don, s. [From Ital. bovibardo (?).]
Music : A brass instrument not unlike an
ophicleide in tone.
*boin'-ba§e, *bam'-ba§e, s. [Bombast.]
Cotton. (Langham : Garden of Health.) (Syl-
vester, du Bartas.)
bom'-ba-sin, a. & a. [Bombazin.]
bom'-bast, 5. & a. [In Ger. hombaM. Cognate
with Lat. bombyx, in the sense of cotton.]
[Bombyx. ]
A. As mbstantive :
1. The cotton plant.
" Bomhast. the cotton-plant growing in Asia."—
Phillips : The New World of Word^.
*2. The cotton wadding with which gar-
ments of the Elizabethan period were stuflTed
and lined.
•'Certain I am there was never nny kind of apparel
ever invented that could more disproj^iortion the Ijody
of man than these doublets, stuffed with four, five, or
six ijoundof fromfinsf at the least." — Stubbes : TheAnat.
of Abusea, p. 23. (Trench.)
3. Inflated speech, fustian ; high-sounding
words ; magniloquent language. (Used on
subjeel^ which do not properly admit of it,
with the effect of being not sublime but
ridiculous.)
"... a hundred and sixty lines of tugid bornbast."
—Macaulay : Hiat. Eng., ch. xix.
B. As adjective : Fustian, pretentious, sug-
gesting the idea of something great, but with
that greatness made up of what is little
worth.
" He, IIS loving his own pride and purposes,
Evades them, with a bombast circumstance
Horribly stutFd with epithets of war."
Shakes/). : Othello, i. 1.
t bom-bast', v.t. [From bombast, s. (q.v.).]
To stuff out, to cause what is really meagre,
to look of imposing bulk. (Used chiefly in a
figurative sense.)
" Then strives he to bnmAast his feeble lines
With far-fetch'd phrase."
Bp. Hall: Satires, i. 4.
t bom-bas'-ted, pet. par. & a. [Bombast, v.]
" For LeontinuB Gorgins, that boinbasted aophister,
the greatness of his learning was rather in the people's
false opinion and ascription, than in his own tnie
possession,"— /'orfterfty .- .itheomastix, p. 190.
bom-bas'-tic, * bom-bas'-tick, * bam-
bas'-tick, a. [Eng. bombast ; -ic] Inflated;
high-sounding in language but slender in
meaning ; characterised by fustian.
" Bambastick phrases, solecisms, absurdities, and a
thousand monsters of a acholaatick brood, were set on
foot. " — Shaftesbury,
bom-bast '-1-cal, a. [Eng. bombastic; -al,]
The same as Bombastic.
bom-bS-St'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. bombastical ;
-ly.] In a bombastic manner, pompously.
t bom'-bas-try, s. [Eng. bombast ; -ry.] The
same as Soinbast, a. (q.v.).
" liombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and
light, soar highest of all." — Swift ; Jntrod. Tale of
bom'-bax, ?. [In Sp. bombasi ; Lat. bom^hyx
= (1) the silk-worm, (2) silk, (3) cotton ; Gr.
fiofx^v^ (bovibux) = (1) the silk-worm, (2) silk.]
Bot. : Silk-cotton tree. A genus of plants
belonging to the order Stereuliacese (Stercu-
Hads), and the section Boinbacea\ Bombaxpen-
tandrmn is the cotton-tree of India. The fruit
is larger than a swan's egg, and when ripe
opens in five parts, displaying many roundish
pea-like seeds enveloped in dark cotton. Tliis
tree yields a gum, given in conjunction with
spices in certain stages of bowel-complaints.
B. ceiba, the Five-leaved Silk-cotton tree, rises
to a great height. Its native country is South
America and the adjacent West India Islands,
where its immense trunk is scooped into
canoes .
bom'-ba-zet, bom'-ba-zette, s. [Compare
bovibaz'in.]
Fabric : A kind of thin woollen cloth.
bom'-ba-zili, bom'-ba-zine^ bom'-ba-
sin, s. [In Sw., Ger., & Fr. bombasin ; Dut.
bombazign ; Sp. bombasi ; Port, bombazina. ;
Ital. bombagino ; Lat. bovibycinum = silk-
weaving, bombycinus = silken, from bombyx
(q.v.).]
Ftdirii'- : A mixed silk and woollen twilled
stuft', the warp consisting of silk and the weft
of worsted. It was manufactured first at
Milan and next in France, but now it is no-
where made better or in larger quantities
than in Britain. {M'Cidloch, t&c.)
'* bom'-be-sie, s. [Corrupted from Eng. bovi-
hazln., or directly from Sp. bombasi.} Bom-
bazin.
bom'-bic, a. [From Lat. bombyx, and Eng.
suffix -b\] Pertaining to or derived from a
"bombyx " or silk-worm. [Bombyx.]
"The moth of the silk-worm ejects a liquor which
appe.irs to contain a peculiar acid, called bombic acid."
— J/rg. Jfarcet : Conv. on Chem. (1841), li. 335.
bom'-bi-dse, s. pi. [From Lat. bombus (q.v.).]
Entom. : A family of Hymenopterous in-
sects, containing the Humble or Bumble-
bees. [Bombus.]
t bom'-bil-ate, v.i. [From Low Lat. bombilo,
an error for bombito = to buzz, to hum, from
bombus = a buzzing.] To make a humming or
murmuring sound.
^ bom'-bil-a-tioD, * bom-bu-la'-tion, s.
[Eng. bovibi!at(e) ; -ion. In Lat. bom.bitatio
not bombllatio = humming.] [Bombilate.J
Sound, noise, report.
" How to abate the vigour or silence the bombilation
of guns, a way is said to be by bonix aud butter mixt
in a due proportion." — Browne : r. Err.
^ bom-bil'-i-ous, * bom-byl'-i-ous, o.
[From Low Lat. bombilo.] [Bombilate.]
Emitting a humming or murmuring sound.
" The wheme or burret-fly is vexatious . . . not by
stinging, but by its bombilious noiBS."—Derham.
bom'-bill, s. [From Eng. bombilate (q.v.).]
1. Lit : Buzzing noise.
2. Fig. : %)asting.
" For all your bombill y'er warde a little we "
Polwart's Flyting, Watson's Coll. iii. 5.
"^ bom-bi-na'-tion, s. The same as Bombil-
ATION.
Humble-bees whose bomblnation may be heard a
" -Kirby & Spence : Entoinology,
^bombing, pr. par. & a. [Booming.]
As part, adj, : Humming, murmuring.
" What over-charged piece of melancholy
Is this breaks in between my wishes thus.
With bombing sighs ! " B. Jonson : J/asgiies,
bom'-bo-lo, s, [From Ital. bomholo = a
pitcher, a bottle.]
Glass : A spheroidal retort in which camphor
is sublimed. It is made of thin flint-glass,
weiglis about one pound, and is twelve inches
in diameter. It Ls heated in a sand-bath to
250° Fah., which is gradually increased to
400'. [Camphor.]
* bom'-bdn, i
[BuMMYN.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bom-bu-la'-tion, s. [Bombilation.]
bom'-biis, s. [From Lat. bombus; Gr. ^dju,po9
(bombos) = a humming or buzzing. (Imitated
from the sound).]
Entmn, : A genus of Apidee containing the
humming bees. They are social, but live in
much smaller communities than the hive bee.
There are among tliem male, female, and
neuter individuals. Bovihus terrestris is the
common black-and-wliite banded Humble-bee ;
B. hortorum, like it, but smaller, and with
the hinder part of the thorax and the base of
the abdomen yellow, is often confounded with
it. B. muscornm, yellow, with the thorax
orange, is the Carder-bee ; and B. lapidarius
is the Red-tailed bee. It is called the lapidary
from its making its nest in stony places.
[Humble-bee.]
b6m-by'-5i-d8e, s. pi. [From Lat. bombyx,
geuit. bombycis ; and suflix -idee.] [Bombyx.]
Entom. : A family of moths. They have
only rudimentary niaxillK, small palpi, and
bipectinated anteniui;. The caterpillars are
generally hairy, and spin a cocoon for the
protection of tlieir chry.salis. The British
genera are Saturnia, Lasiocampa, Odonestis,
(iastropacha, and others. [Bombyx.]
b6m-b3^-9il'-la, s. [From Mod. Lat. bombyx,
genit. bombycis = . . . silk, and suffix -ilia.
Named from the silky plumage.]
Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the
family Ampelidee aud the sub-family Anipe-
linas. Bombycilla garrula is the Bohemian
Chatterer or Common Waxwing, liy some
called Ampelis garrula. [Ampelis, Chat-
terer, Waxwing.]
bom-by9'-i-nous^ a. [Lat. bombycinus; from
bombyx, s. = the silk-worm, . . silk.]
[Bombyx.]
1. Made of silk, silken. (Coles.)
2. Of the colour of the silk-worm, trans-
parent, with a yellow tint.
-Dartoin :
bom-byl'-i-dse, bom-b^-li'-i-dse, s.pl.
[From Mod. Lat. bomhyli{us) (q.v.); Lat. pi.
suffix -id(E.]
Eiitom. : A family of insects belonging to
the order Dii>tera, and the sub-order Brachy-
cera. They have a long proboscis and much
resemble humble-bees, with which however
they have no real affinity, diff'ering from them
among other important respects in having only
two wings. They fly very swiftly. The typical
genus is Bombylius (q.v).
bom-byl'-i-oiis.
[Bombilious.]
bom-byl'-i-us, •;. [From Gr. ^0iLl)3uAlds (bom-
bulios)=a, buzzing insect, possibly either a
humble-bee or a gnat.]
Entom. : The typical genus of the family
Bombylidffi or Bombyliidpe (q.v.). The species
are sometimes called Humble-bee Flies.
b6m'-byx» s. [Lat. bombyx ~ (1) the silk-
worm, (2) sillc, (3) any fine fibre such as cotton ;
Gr. /SoMiSvf (&Gi/i/nfj-)= (1) the silk-worm, (2)
silk, (3)part of aflute.]
b$il« b6^; poiit, j<$T^l; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, a§; expect, ^enophon, e^ist. -ing.
-cian, -tlan = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun- -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -bie. -die, &c. =bel, del.
620
bomespar— bonehretien
Entom. : A genus of iiiotlis, tlio typical one
of tlie family Bonibycidie. JJuiulinx riujri is the
silk-wonn. It came originally from Cliina.
[Silk-worm.] E. nyntliia is the Arriudy Silk-
worm of India.
bome'-spar, s. [From 8w. & Dan. &om = a
bar with which to shut a gate, a boom ; and
spor, i.e., a spar of wood, nut a mineral spar.]
A spar of a largei' kind.
" Bomes/jnrs the himdvucl, coiitn,iiiiiig one hundred
and twenty . . . 10 &."— /laics, A. ILiTti, p. 7. {Jamieson.)
* bom'-iU, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Apparently
a cooper's instrument [qu. wimble?], as it is
conjoined with eche, i.e., adze. (Abcrd. Eeg.)
{Scotch . ) (Jamieson. )
* bon (1), s. [Bane.] Bane, injury. (.■<cotc7i.)
" Old Satuni lii9 cloudy courss huA gon,
The quhilk h.ad beyn bath best and byrdis bon."
Wallace, ix. 7, >IS. [Jamieson.)
^b6n(2), s. [AS. 6tbi = abone.] A bone. (Sir
FeriniJii'is, ed. Herrtage.) [Bone.]
*bon (3). s. & a. [From Icel. hon = boon. Coij;-
nate with Sw. hon; O. Eng. ^c?ie = prayer.]
[Boon.]
A. ^s substantive :
1. Boon.
" His felau asked his &o»,
And prayed Godd for his mercye."
IToinilics ui i'erse (ed. Skeat & Morris), i. 209, 210.
2. Prayer.
" Our Lauerd grauntes it us sun,
Yef sawel hel Ije in uur bon."
Jloniilics ill Verse, ii. 65, Ca
B. As adjective : Obtained by prayer or
solicitation ; borrowed. (0. Scotch.)
" He that trusts to bon ploughs will have his laud
lye lazy.'"— ,S. Prou. [Jamieson.)
*b6n(4), o. [BowNE, BouN.] Ready, prepared.
{Cursor Mundi, 110.)
bon (5), a. & s. [Fr. bon (m.), bonne (f ), adj. =
good, as subst. = that which is good ; Prov.
ton ; Sp. bneno ; Port, bom, as Bombay = good-
bay ; Ital. huono ; Lat. bonus, formerly dnonus,
all adjectives.]
1, Gen. : Good.
2. Spec. : Voted as a security for something.
bon-jour, s. [Fr.] Good-day.
"... we'll give your grace ficn-joitr."
!iJia/ceip. : Titus Aiidro., i. -^
[Fr.] A good saying, a jest,
bon-mot,
a tale.
" The Scripture was his jest-book, wheuce he drew
Bon-7nots to gall the Christian and the Jew."
Cowper : Truth.
bon-ton, A. [Fr.] The height of fashion.
bon-Vivant, s. [Fr.] Z.i(., one who "lives'
well. A person fond of the pleasures ut the
table ; a boon companion ; a jolly fellow.
bd'-na (1), a. [Portion of the Latin adjective
homis. For details see the compound words.]
bona-fide, nsed as adj. [From Lat. borid,
ablative sing. fern, of bonus, -a, -um^ good,
and Jide, ablative sing, of ^rfcs = faith.] ^Vith
good faith ; with no subterfuge, fraud, or de-
ception.
A hona-fide traveUer:
Laio : One who, to entitle himself to obtain
refreshments at a tavern at certain prohibited
hours, proves to the satisfaction of the host
that he, in all good faith, has journeyed from
a distance that day.
bona-fides, nsed as s. [Lat. bona, noinin,
sing. fem. of bonvs = good, and Jidc^ — faith.]
Iaiw : Good faith, as opposed to vmla-Jidcs
= bad faith.
bd'-na (2), s. pi. in compos. [Lat. bonct = gifts
of fortune, wealth, goods, nomiu. pi. of bonum
= a material or moral good.]
Civil Law : All kinds of property movable
and immovable.
bona-mobilia^ s. pi [MohiUa is neut.
pi. of Lat. adj. mobilis = movable.]
Laiv : ^lovable goods or effects.
bona-notabilia, s.^^I. [yotabilia is neut.
pi. of Lat. adj. notabitis ~ notable.]
Law : Notable goods ; legal personal estate
to the value of £0 or njore.
bona-peritura, .>. pi [Fn-ltura is neut.
pi. of Lat. lut. particip. per it u i u.^ — aXtOMt to
perish.]
Law : Peri.shable goods.
bona-vacantia, s. pi Stray goods ; goods
in which no man i-au claim property, as things
]iicked up which nu claimant proves to be liis.
They are now held to belong to the crown,
though by some former decisions the tinder
was held to be entitled to them after certain
efforts to find the original owner had failed.
bo'-na (3), bu6'-na, a. [From Ital. bnona,
fem. "of huono = good.]
bona-roba, buonarobba, s. [Robba is
from Ital. roba = a. robe, goods, estate.] A
cant term for a handsome but wanton girl.
Tf Cowley seems to have considered it as
implying a fine tall figure.
" I would neither ,wish that my mistress nor my
fortune should be a bona-robu; — but as Lucretius
says, Parvula . . . ."—Cowley/: On Gmatness. [Jfaree.)
" bona-SOCia, s. A good companion.
"Tush, the knaves keepers are my bona-socias Mid
my pensioners."— J/or^jV Devil of EdmunCon, iu Doda-
ley's Old Flays, v. 268.
* bon'- a - ble, a. [For banaUe = cursable
(Sterens), or from boneable = able in the bones,
or bon = good, and able (Nares). A corrup-
tion of abominable {N.E.D.).^ (See etym.)
" Diccon ! it is vengeable knave, gammer, 'tis a
bonable horson.'—Gaymtter tiurton's Needle, iu. 2.
bon'-ac-cord» s. [From Fr. 6o?i = good, and
accord = agreement.] Agreement ; amity.
(Scotch.)
' ' Articles of Bonaccord to be condescended upon by
the magistrates of Aberdeen, . . , We heartily desire
your subscriptions and seal to thir reasonable de-
mands, or a peremptory or present answer of bon-
accord or mal-accord." — Spalding, i. 214, 216 (2nd).
•^ It seems to have been formerly used by
way of toast, as expi'essive of amity and kind-
ness.
" During the time he was in Aberdeen, he got no
bon-accord dmnken to him in wine; whether it wsw
refused, or not ofi'ered, I cannot tell." — Spalding, ii. 57.
1" The term is associated chiefly with Aber-
deen, which also is sometimes called the city
of Bonaccord.
bon'-a^e, &-. & a. [Etym. doubtful.]
bonace-bark, s.
Hot. : The name of a shrub, the Daphne
tinifolia, which grows in Jamaica.
bonailie, bonalais, b'. [Bonnaillie.] (Scotch.)
* bon-air', a. [Bonere.]
* bon-aire'-te, .s. [Contr. from Fr-. debon-
nairete = gentlemen.] Gentleness. (Chaucer.)
'"" bon-air'-nesse, s. [Bonere ; -ness.] Jleek-
ness, humility. (TVyeliffe : 1 Cor., iv. 21.)
bon-a-par'~te-a, s. [Named after the world-
renowned Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born
at Ajaccio in Corsica on August 15, 17(59, his
remote ancestors being Italians connected with
Tuscany. He compelled the evacuation of
Toulon in 1793, became Brigadier-general of
French artillery in Februarj'-, 1794, and was
appointed on February 23, 179G, to command
the army of Italy, soon after gaining among
other victories over the Austrians those of
Monteuotte on April 12, 1796 ; Lodi on JI;iy
10, 179G ; and Arcnla on November 14 — 17, 17'.Kj'.
In a Turco- Egyptian campaign were the vic-
tories of the PjTamids, July 13 and 21, 179S ;
Aboukir, July 25, 1799, and others. On Dec.
24, 1799, he became first-consul, and on June
14, 1800, he defeated the Austrians at Ma-
rengo ; on August 2, 1S02, he became consul
for life, and on May IS, 1804, emperor. On
Niivember 13, 1805, he entered Vienna, and on
December 2 he gained tlie great victorj' nC
Austerlitz over the Russians and Austrians.
and on October 14, 1800, that of Jena over
the Prussians, entering Berlin on October 27.
On February 7 and 8, 1807, he fought the
indecisi\-e battle of Eylau. On June 14, 1S07,
he was victorious o\'er the Russians at Fried-
land. On May 12, 1809, he again entered
Vienna. In confiict with Austria, he lost the
battles of Asin-rn and Essling on May 21 and
22, 1809, but was successful at Wa^ram on
July 5 and G. A victory, but witli heavy
loss to the victors, was gained over the Rus-
sians at the Borodino on September 7, 1812.
On the 14th he entered Moscow, from whic-li
he began his disastrous retreat on October 19.
The battle of Bei't:sina was on Novrmber 20
and 27. He was victoi-ious ovur the Rns^ians
and Prussians at Lutzeu on May 2, 181:1, and
at Bautzen on 21st, but was deoisi\cly de-
feated by the Russians and Prussians lit the
great battle of Leipsic on October 10, 18, and
19. On April 5, 1814, he renounced the
thrones of France and Italy, and consented to
liave his rule limited to the island of Elba.
Reappearing in France on Manh i, 1815, he
was decisively defeated by Wellington at
Waterloo on June 18, 1815, and, surrendering
on July 15 to the English, died in exile iii
St. Helena on May 20, 1821.]
BoL ; A genus of plants belonging to the
order Bromeliacete (Bromelworts). The B.
juncea, or rush-leaved species, is a fine plant
with spikes of blue flowers.
Bon-a-par't-e-an, '^^ [Fr., &c., Bonaparte;
Eng.'suffix -an.] ' Pertaining or relating to any
of the Bonapartes, and especially to Napo-
leon I. or III. [Napoleon.]
B6n'-a-part-i§ni, s. [From Fr. Bonapar-
tisme.] The views or procedure of the house
of Bonaparte.
Bon'-a-part-ist, i*. [From Fr. Bonapartiste.]
Hist. : One who supported the Bonaparte
family, and especially Napoleon I. or III., or
who now seeks to reWve their dynasty.
bon-a'-si-a, s. [From Lat. bonasus (q.v.).]
Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the
family Tetraonidaa, or Grouse tribe. B. um-
bellus is the Ruffed Grouse of North America,
called also White Flesher and Pheasant. It
is highly prized for food.
bon-a'-siis^ s. [Lat. bonasus ; Gr. ^6va<r<K
(bonasos) = a wild ox found in Pteonia, pro-
bably the Aurochs or Bison.]
Zool. & Pakeont. . A genus of mammals be-
HEAD OF THE BONASUS.
longing to the family Bovidee. It contains the
European Bison (B. bUon) and the American
Bison (B. americanvs). [Bisox.]
* bon'-at, s. [Bonnet.] (Scotch.) (Barbour:
The Bruce, ix. 506.)
bon-a-ven'-ture, a. [Fr. &o;i = good, and
aveiiture = adventure, hazard, fortune. ] Bring-
ing good foi-tune. (Only in the subjoined com-
poiuid.)
bonaventure-mizzen, s.
Kaut.: An additional or second mizzeu-
mast, formerly used in some large ships.
"■ bon-ayre', s. [Boner.]
^bon-ayre'-lyche (ch guttural), adv. [From
F]'. dc, lirni, air = of good mien.] Debonairly,
reverently.
" Ryghtuollyche an honayrefyclte. Sobrelyche: in
o\is zehie ' ryghtuollyche : to oure emcristeu ' lionayre-
hjch^: to God. —Spec. Eur. Eng., pt. ii. (Morris &
Skeat), S5-87. (Dan Michel, of Northgalc ■ Ser. on
Matt. xxiv. 43.)
bon-bon, s. [Fr.] A sweetmeat; a cracker.
". . , the confectioner who makes (loufioiw for the
inomeut-try pleasure of .% sens'.' of XaRte."—J. S. MiU:
Polit. Econ., vol. i., hk. i,, ch. iii., 6 i, p. 5G.
■^ bonc^ s. The same as Bank. (Ear. Eng.
Alllt. Poems (ad. Morris); Pearl, f)07.)
* bon9hed, pret. of v. [BuNrnED.]
^ bon-chief« " bon-chef, .^. [Fr. bon =
good, and suff. -chief, -dicf, corresponding to
the suffix in misc/iie/.] Gaiety, or perhaps
innocence, purity. (Morris.)
" If I consent to do after your will for honchipf or
mischief that may hefall unto me in this life, I were
worthy to be cui-sed "—Tliorpe : Exam, m Fox, U07.
bon-chret'-i-en, s. [Fr. bon = good ; Chretien
= Christian. Lit., a good Christian. Pro-
bably called after some gardener named
Christian.] A kind of i)ear.
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore. wolf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, CB = e. ey = a. Qu = kw.
bond— bonding
621
bond, * bonde, i. & o. [A dirteient spelling
of band (q.v.). Band, heml, and bond were
originally but ditlereiit methods of writing
the same word. (Trench : Emj. Past and Prc-
senty p. (j5.).]
A. As sitbstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. That which ties or restrains.
(1) Of a physical tie or restraint :
(a) Cords, ropes, chains, or anything similar
with which a person or other living creature is
bound.
" Till, gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder,
I gain'd my freedom."
Skakesp. : Com. of Errors, v. 1.
(6) Anything which holds nmtter together,
as attraction, cohesion, &c. ; also that part of
a built structure which ties the other jjortion
together. [II. 1, '_', y, 4.]
"Their romid figure clearly indicates the existence
of some generjvl bond of union iu tlie nature of an
attractive force; . , ." —Ilerschel : Aslrotu, 5th ed.
11858), §866.
(2) Of a moral tie or restraint : That which
restrains the conscience, the affections, the
passions, or the will — \'iz., Divine or human
law. Sjjec. —
(a) A vow to God.
"If a man vow a vow unto the Lord, or swear au
oath to bind his soul with a bond : . . ." — Numb. xxx. 2.
(&) An oath or promise made to a human
being ; a formally contracted obligation, or
its record in writing ; a promise. [II. 6.]
" Go with me to a notary, aeiil me there
Your single bond."
Shnkes/j. : Mer. of Ven., i. 3.
* What if I ne'er consent to make you mine :
jMy father's ijromiati ties mo iiut to time ;
And boiids without a date, they say are void."
Dri/den : HjMuiisli Friar, iii. 3.
T[ The hymeneal bond: The matrimonial
boml, the bond of marriage,
(c) The tie of affection.
" It does not feel for man ; the natural bond
Of brotherhood is aever'd as the flax."
Cowper : i7ifi 2'ask, bk. ii.
[fX) Habit, produced by practice.
" Time was, he closed as he began the day
With decent duty, not ashamed to pray :
The practice was a bond upon his heart,
A pledge he gave fur a consistent part."
Cowper : Tirociniwn.
(e) Other force, power, influence, or con-
straint.
" Ne wai non so wis than Id al his loud.
The kude vn-dou this dremes bond."
IStory of Gen. d: Exod., 2,113-4.
2. The state of being tied or placed under
physical or moral restraint.
(1) Sing.: Obligation ; duty.
" I love yom- majesty
According to my bond."
Shakesp. : Lear, i. 1.
(2) Plur, : Chains taken by metonymy to
stand for a state of imprisonment, with the
.suffering thus resulting.
*[\ In bond : In prison.
"And her wrigteleslike holden in bond."
Storu of Oen. & Exod., 2,076.
II. Technically:
1. Masonry : A stone or brick which is laid
with its length across a wall, or extends
through the facing course into that behind, so
as to bind the facing to the backing. Such
stones are known also as binders, bond-stones,
binding - stones, through - stones, perpend-
stones, and headers. [Cross-bund.]
2. Bricklaying : A particular mode of dis-
posing bricks in a wall so as to tie and break
joint. The English bond has courses of
headers alternating with courses of stretchers.
In the Flemish bond each course has stretcliers
and headers alternately. In the tigui'e a is a
header; b, a stretcher; c, a bond of hoop-
iron ; D, a timber-bond.
3. Roofing : The distance which the tail of
a shingle or slate overlaps the head of the
second course below. A slate '2.7 inches long.
and having a margin ftf 1-J inches gage ex-
posed to the weather, will have 3 inches bond,
ur lap. The excess over twice the gage is the
bond.
4. Carp. : Tie-timbers placed in the walls of
a building, as bond-timbers, lintels, and wall-
plates.
5. Chevi.: A graphic representation of the
method in which the atomicity of an element
in a molecule is satisfied by combination with
another element, or elements, according to
their atomicity. Thus a monad is represented
as having one bond, a dyad as having two, a
triad three, and a tetrad four. These are repre-
sented by straight lines connecting the atoms ;
thus, H— CI, H— 0— H, X^H, §>C<^
Xt
H.
(Example, Fowne's Inorganic Chemistry, 12th
ed., p. 258.)
6. Law : A written acknowledgment or
binding of a debt under seal. The jierson who
gives the bond is called the obligor, and he
to whom it is ^^iven the obligee. A bond is
called single when it does not contain a
penalty, and an obligation when it does. If
two or more persons bind themselves in a
bond jointly and severally, the obligee may
sue them jointly or single "out any one of the
number he pleases to sue ; but if they are
bound jointly, and not severally, he must sue
them jointly or not at all. Bonds of an im-
moral character are void at law. (Wharton.)
[Arbitratio^j Bond, Covenant, Defea-
sance, Recognizance.]
B, As adjective :
1. Of persons :
(1) In a state of slavery
*' And he caused all, both snmll and great, rich and
poor, free and ftonrf, . . ." — A'cc. xiii. 16.
(2) Under a legal "bond" [II. 6] or obliga-
tion.
2. Of things: involving an obligation; per-
taining to an obligation ; designed for the
printing of bonds.
bond-creditor, ■'^. A creditor who is
secured by a bond. (Blackstone.)
bond-debt, s. A debt contracted under
the obligation of a bond.
bond-paper, s. A thin, uncalendered
paper made of superior .stock, and used for
printing bonds and similar e\idences of value.
bond-stone, 5. [Eng. bond-stone. In Ger.
bindestein.] [Binders.]
bond-tenant, s.
Law : A copyholder or customary tenant.
In O. Ft. he was called a bondage. Generally
in the plural, bond-tenants (O. Fr. bondages).
^ bond, pret. of V. [Bound, fret.; Bind, v. J
(C/iauc^r (ed. Skeat) : C. T., Group B., 634.)
bond, I'.t [From bond, s. (q.v.).] To secure
payment by giving a bond for. Generally in
the past participle or jiai-ticipial adjective,
bonded (q.v.).
bond'-age (age as ig), s. [In O. Fr. bondage
= a bond-tenant (Kelkam) ; Low Lat. honda-
gi/um. But Skeat ccmsiders tliat it really
came from Icel. bondi = a husbandman, a
short form of buandh = a tiller of the soil,
from bua = to till. ]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) The state of being bound ; the state of
being under restraint or compulsion ; slavery,
captivity, imprisonment.
" For the Lord our God. he it is that brought us up
and our fathei-s out of the land of Egyiit, trom the
house of boiutuge, . . ." — Jonh. xxiv. 17.
(2) Tlie stite of being in political subjection.
" Think'st thou the mountain and the storm
Tlieir hardy sous for bondage form y "
Jfemans : Wallace's Invocation to Bruce.
2. Figuratively :
(1) The state of being under the restraint of
fear or terror, love, or any other emotion.
"And deliver them wbu through fear of death were
all their lifetime sul)ie(.-t to bondage."— Heb. ii. 15.
" If she has a atrugi^'le for hononr, ahe is in a boudaan
iti love; which gives the story its turn that way.' —
l'.>p.:
(•2) The state of being bound by covenant or
other obligation.
" He must resolve by no means to be enslaved, and
brought under the ftonrffi^t.- of olwerving n.iths, whicn
oiiyht to vanish when they stand in competitum with
eaciug and driukiug, tir tiikiui; money."— .bet tth.
II. Old Eng. Lac : Villeinage ; tenure of land
on condition of rendering wirious menial ser-
vices to the feudal lord. In O. Scutch the
word in this sense is ci irrupted into bonnage.
bond'-ag-er (a as i), s. [Eng. bondag(e);
-er.] One liound to bondage service. [Bond-
ace, II.]
* bon'-day, n. [Fmm bond (q.v.).]
bonday wark:s, ■''. pi. Tlie time a
tenant or vass;il is bound to work for the pro-
prietor.
"All and haill the maniss of Orenelaw, with the
Oaynw peittis and boit'/a-/ wnrkis of the biironie of
Crocemichaell, witli dew services of the sameiie
hai-ouy."— ^icHs Ja. VI., 1617, ed. ISU. ]). S71. (The
Xfhrase occurs thrice in this act.) {Jamlcson.}
* bonde, «. & s. [Bond.]
* bonde-maD, s. [Bondman.]
* bonde, s. & a. [A.S. bonda = a proprietor,
a husbandman, a boor (Bosworth). From
Icel. bondi = a husbandman, a short form of
ht'ta.ndi = a. tiller of the soil, from bua = to
till. It has no connection with bond, s., or
bind, V. (Skeat).^
A. As siLbstantlve :
1. Originally :
(i)Siiig.: A husbandman, an individual
of the class described under (2) pi.
(2) Plur. (bonde not boudes) : Bondsmen,
'Villains," as opposed to the orders of barons
and burgesses.
" That baronufl, hurgeys, and bonde, and alle other
bumes." WiUiam of Palerne, 2,128.
IT On bonde manere : After the manner of a
bondman. Bonde is the genitive case.
" And me to selle on bonde manere."
liobt. Manning of lirunne, 5,762.
2. Subsequently : One in a state of slavish
dependence ; a serf, a slave.
" /londe as a man or woman. Serous, aerva." —
Prompt. Parv.
B. As adj. : Engaged in husbandry.
" Earonus aud burgeis and bonde men also."
Piers Plow., A., prol. 96.
bond'-ed, 'pa. par. & a. [Bond, v.}
As participial adjective : Secured bj' bond.
■; Bonded goods are goods left at the custom-
house in charge of the appropriate officers,
bonds being given for the duties leviable upon
them.
bonded-warehouse, bonded ware-
house, s. A warehouse for storing bonded
goods.
■* bon-del, ^ bon-delle, s. [Bundle.]
* bon-den, pa. par. [Bound, Bounden.]
(William of Palerne, 2,238.)
bond'-er, s. [Eng. &07zc?; -cv.]
Masonry. Generally pi. (bonilers) : Binding-
stones. Stones which reach a considerable
distance into or entirely through a wall, for
the pur]>ose of binding it together ; they are
principally used when the work is faced with
ashlar, and are inserted at intervals to tie it
more securely to the rough walling or backing.
[Per pent-stone, Through-stone.]
* bond'-folk, .5. [Eng. bond; folk.] Bond-
men and bondwomen, persons iu a state of
bondage.
" And f urtherover. ther as the lawe aaytb, that tem-
porel goodea of bondfolk ben tlie goodes of hir Lord."
— Chaucer: The Persones Tale.
bond'-hdld-er, s. [Eng. bond; holder. -\ A
person holding a bond or bonds granted by a
pj-ivate person or by a government, as, for in-
stance, by Turkey or Egypt.
"There is nothing at stake in Egypt for either
nation except the bondholderx chances o*f gettiUK seven
per cent."— yinies. May 12, 1870.
bond'-ing, pr. par., u.., <£• $. [Bond, v.]
A. & B. As present participle & par'i-ipial
adjectnv : In a sense corresponding to that of
the A'erb.
C. As substantive : The act or practice of
leuvuig goods under the charge of custom-
house nfficers, bond for the payment of the
duties leviable upon them being given.
•: Inland bonding : The same system of
bonding extended to inland towns, so to
place them on an equality with ports as re-
boil, boj^; po^t, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tiou, -sio^i^shiin; -tion, -sion = zhun, -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, ..^c.=bel, dei.
622
bonding— bone
gards the entry of excisable goods. Its
author was Mr. W. Gibb, a Manchester mer-
chant, who was born at Ayr, in 1800, and died
in 1873. He perseveringly headed inerensingly
large deputations to the Treasury and the Board
of Trade till the Inland Bonding Act was
passed. {Times, September 11, 1873.)
bonding-stones, s. pi. [Bonders. 1
bond'-less, o. [Eng. bond (1) ; -less.] Free
from bonds or restraint.
*b6nd'-ly, adv. [Eng. hond; -ly.] Under
bond, as ;t bondman.
"Such londs as they hold hondly of the loidabyp."—
Paston Letters, vol. ii , ij. lai.
bond'-maid, s. [Eng. boiid; maid.] A slave-
" Or hond-inaid at her uuister s gate."
Hcott . Lord of the Isles, ii. 25.
bond-man (1), bonde-man« s. [A.S.
ho'iuia — a husbandman ; Moeso-Goth. & Dan.
hoiide= a peasant, from A.S. bmn ; Icel. bua
(pa. par. buandiy bondi); Ger. bauen ; Dut.
bouiven = to till. No connection with Mud
{Skmt ; in Gloss, to Plem Plow.).^ [Boor.]
"And as a bondmaji of his hacouii, hia berde was
bidvaueled."— ianpf. ." Piers Plow., v. 194.
bond-man (2), "* bond'-manne, * boond-
man, s. ' [Eng. bond; man.] A man serving
as a slave, a serf.
"Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which
thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are
round about you ; of them shall ye buy bondmen and
bondmaids."— iew. xxv, 44,
bond'-man-ship. s. [Eng. hondTnan; -ship.]
The state or condition of a bondman ; serf-
dom.
* bond-SChepe, s. [Eng. 6ond, and 0. Eng.
schepe= sniX. -ship.] The state or quality of
being bond, or in slavery.
" Bondschepe. Nativ-itas."— Prompt. Parv.
bond'-ser-vant, s. [Eng. bond ; servant.]
A servant not hired, but in slavery.
"... thou Shalt not compel him to serve aa a hondr
Servant."—Lev. xxv, 39,
b6nd''Ser-vi9e, s, [Eng. bond ; service.] The
service rendered by one who is in slaveiy.
"Upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of band-
servtce." — 1 Kings ix. 21.
bond-slave, ^ bond'-slaue, " bonde-
slaue, 5. [Eng. bond; slave.] A more em-
phatic term for a slave ; a servant who cannot
change his master or cease Working.
" Lower than b-md-slavet ! '
Milton: Sa-mson Agonistes.
bonds'-man, s. [Eng. bonds ; nmn.]
1. The same as Bondman. A slave.
"... the great majority were purchased 6on(ZiJ7ie»,
. . ." — Macaulixy : Hist. Eng., ch. xvt
2. Law ; One giving security for another ; a
surety. {Johnson. )
bond'-stone, s. [Bonder.]
bonds -wom-an, b6nd'-wom-an,s. [Eng,
bonds ; woman.] A woman who is in slavery,
" My lords the senators
Are sold for slaves, their wives for bondswomen."
Ben Jonson: Catiline, ii. 1.
bond'-tim-ber« 5. [Eng. bond; timber.]
Bricklaying : One put lengthwise into a
wall to bind the brickwork together, and dis-
tribute the pressure of the superincumbent
weight more equally. It also affords hold for
the battens, which serve as a foundation for
interior finishing.
bon'-diic, s [From Arab, hondog = a neck-
lace.]
Bot. : The specific name of a plant, &iiilan-
dinabonduc. It belongs to the leguminous
order, and to the sub-order Caesalpineae. [Gui-
LANDINA.]
Bonduc nuts, Bonduc seeds, Nicker nuts, Grey
nicker nut^ : The hard, beautifully-polished
seeds of Gnilandina bonduc and bonclvcella.
They are .strung into necklaces, bracelets,
rosaries, &c. They possess tonic and anti-
periodic properties, and are used in India
against intermittent fevers.
bond'-wom-an, s. [Eng. bond; woman.]
The same as Bondswoman.
"The fugitive band-woman with her son."
Milton : Paradise Regained, bk. li.
bone (1), * boane, * boone, * bon {Eng.),
bane {Hcotch), s. & a. [A.S. ban : O. S. & Sw.
ben; Dan. & Dut. been; Icel. & Ger, bein.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
{!) Sing.: In the same sense as II., 1. Physiol.
(q.v.).
(2) Plur. Spec. .* The whole vertebrated
skeleton, or even the corpse.
"Let no nmn move hia bnnes. So thej .jt his
bones alone, with the bones of the prophet that came
out of Samaria."— 2 Kings xxiii. 18.
(3) Used of some animal substances, more
or less resembling true bone. [Whalebone.]
(4) Small pieces of wood used >iy builders,
&c. , for ' ' setting out " work. [Boning-stick. ]
* (5) Used for the stalks or refuse of flax.
" Youre strenethe sohal be as a deed sparcle of bonys
(ether of herdia of Hnxe)."— ]V gcliffe r Jsai, i. 31.
[Purvey.)
(6) A piece of whalebone used to stiffen
2. Figuratively :
(1) Plur. : Dice.
" And watch the box, for fear they ahould convey
False bones, and put upon me in the plaj'."
DrydoL
(2) (See 3.)
3. In special phrases :
(1) A bone of contention: Something wlii'.'h
incites to quaiTel, as dogs often do about a
literal bone.
(2) A bone to pick : Something to occupy
one in an interesting way and keep him quiet,
as dogs become silent when they have ob-
tained a bone to gnaw.
T[ To have a bone to pick with any one is
to have a cause of quarrel with or complaint
against him.
(3) To be upon the hones : To attack.
(4) To get one's living 07it of the bones :
Among kice-makers : To get one's living by
weaving bone-lace (q.v,). {Nares.)
(5) To make bones : To hesitate. The meta-
X^hor is taken from the idea of wasting time in
picking bones. (Skeat.)
" When mercers make more bones to swere and lye."
Geo. Gascoyne, 1,087.
(6) To make no bones : To swallow whole,
not to scruple about doing something.
II. Technically:
1. Physiol. : A hard, dense, opaque sub-
stance used as the internal framework of man,
the vertebrata and some cephalopoda, and as
the external covering of several classes of
animals. It is composed partly of an organic
or animal, and partly of an inorganic or eartliy
material. In a child the earthy material is
a trifle under half the weight of the bone,
in an adult four-fifths, and in an old person
seven-eighths. The animal part of bone con-
sists of cai-tilage, with vessels, medullary
membrane, and fat. Three hours' boiling will
convert it into gelatine. The animal part
consists of phosx>hate and carbonate of linje,
with smaller portions of phospliate and car-
bonate of magnesia. The outer portion of a
bone is in general compact and strong, the
interior reticular, spongy, or cancellated, that
is, having spaces or cells called caneelli com-
municating freely with each other. [Can-
CELLi.] The hard surface of bone is covered
by a firm, tough membrane called the perios-
teum. [Periosteum.] In the compact tissue
are vascular canals called Haversian Canals
[Haversian.] There are in bone pores coalesc-
ing into a lacuna beneath. It has blood-
vessels and nerves. Bones mny be classified
into Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular. (See
Todd dt Bowman's Physiol. Anat., vol. i., ch. v.,
p. 103.) A long bone is divided into a shaft or
central part and two extremities. {Ibid.)
There are 198 bones iu the fully developed
human skeleton.
2. Chein. : Bones consist partly of animal
and partly of earthy matter. The former is
called ossein (q.v.). It yields gelatine on
being boiled. The composition of human
bones, as analyzed by Berzelius, is —
Animal matter soluble by boiling . 32-17
Vascular substance . . 1 lo
Calcium phosphate, with a little
calcium fluoride . 53 "04
Calcium carbonate . . 11 '30
Magnesium jihosphate . . IIG
Soda, with a little common salt 1.20
100-00
In the other vertebrates the proportions are
slightly different.
3. Palceont. : Excepting teeth, no part of a
vertebrated animal is more indestructible than
bones, and these are so coirelated to the teeth,
digestive organs, external covering, &c,, that
in many cases the finding of a single bone
will enable a skilled anatomist to reconstruct
the whole animal.
i. Music. PI. {Bones): Four pieces of bone
taken from the ribs of horses or oxen, and
struck together for the purpose of marking
time in accompaniment to the voice or an
instrument. Sometimes only two bones are
used, or in lieu of these two small wooden
maces. The instrument is probably of African
origin. It existed in Egypt as far ba(;k as the
Theban era. Negi'o minstrels still patronise
it. Country people call such bones knicky-
knackers (q.v.). {Staiiier & Barrett.)
■' Let's have the tongs and the bones." — Shakesp. :
Mid. Night's Dr., iv, 1.
* 5. Weaving : A kind of bobbins made of
troller bones for weaving bonelace (q.v.).
{Joh7ison.)
6. Art : Bones are used in many of the arts.
See the example.
" Mechanically considered, the uses of bone are for
turning, inlaying, handles of knives and tools, billiard
balls, scales, etc. The term includes the ordinary
bones of the body, and also the tusks and teeth of the
elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, and whale, Bone is
also, when deprived of its animal matters by distilla-
tion, used as a defecating, bleaching, and filtering
material in the treatment of fcirupB and distilled
liquors, and in the puriflcatiou of water. Bone-black
is alao used as a pigment in making printer's ink.
Bone, while yet fresh, is used by paatry-cooks to pre-
pare a clear and rigid jelly. Bone is used by steel-
workers as a carbon m the hardening of steel. Whale-
bone(so called) is noiaboTie, but partakes of the nature
of hoiTi. Bone is used by husbandmen as a manure.
Bones blanched in an oi>eu fire, removing the carlx>n,
?ield a powder which is used in making the cuiiels of
he assayer, in making iJhosphorus, and rh a polishing
material." — Knight: Pract. J>ict. Meckan.
B, As adjective : Of or belonging to hone.
" Item, a bane coffre, and in it a erete cors of gold,
with four precious stauis, and a cneuye of gold." —
Coll. Jnventories (A. 1488), p. 12. {Jamieson.)
C. In compos. : Made of hones, in the bones,
containing bones, or in any other way pier-
taining to bones. (See the compounds.)
bone-ace, s.
Card-playing : A game at cards in which he
who has the highest card turned up to him
wins the "hone," i.e., half the stake.
bone-ache, * bone-ach, s. An ache or
pain in one or more of the bones, specially
one produced by syjihilis.
"... incurable bone-ache." —STiakesp. : Tr. & Crest.,
V. 1.
bone-asb, 5. [Eng bone; and osTi.]
Gjmmerce : Ash made of calcined bones.
It consists chiefly of tricalcic phosphate
Ca"3(P04).2"', mixed with ahout one-fourth its
weight of magnesium phosphate and calcic
carbonate.
bone-bed» Axmouth bone-bed, s.
Geol. : A dark-coloured bed, so called from
the remains of saurians and fishes with which
it abounds. It is seen at Axmouth in Devon-
shire, and in the cliffs of Westbury and Aust
in Gloucestershire. It was formerly supposed
to he the lowest stratum of the Lias, hut Sir
Philip Egerton showed, from the character of
the fish remains, that it was i-eally referable to
the Upper Trias. Its characteristic fishes are
Acrodus, HyboduSjGyrolepis, and Sauriclithys.
bone-black, s.
Comm. : Animal charcoal. It is obtained by
charring bones. It contains about 10 per cent,
of finely divided carbon disseminated through
the porous phosphate of calcium. It has the
power of absorhing gases, removing the colour-
ing matter and alkaloids, &c,, from their solu-
tions. It is used to disinfect ulcers, &c., also
to decolourize sugar and other organic sub-
stances ; its properties can be restored by
heating it to redness in closed vessels. If
treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, for
two days the mineral matters ai-e removed,
and a black pulverulent substance U obtained,
which has been used as an antidote iu cases of
poisoning with vegetable alkaloids.
^ Among the volatile products obtained
when bones are calcined in close vessels is a
peculiar oil, which is burned in lamps in close
chambers ; while the soot which accumulates
on the sides is collected and forms the pig-
ment known, according to quality, as hone-
black or ivory-black.
&te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, w^t, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe^e; ey=a. au = hw„
bone— boning
623
Boiie-hlack cleaning ajyparatns : A device for
purifying, screening, and cooling bone-black
after treatment in the revivifying retort.
Bone-black cooler : An apparatus for cooling
animal charcoal after its removal from the
furnace.
Bone-black furnace : A form of furnace for
revivifying bone-black.
Bone-black kiln ; A chamber or retort
mounted in a furnace for re-burning bone-
black to remove impurities with which it has
become saturated or impregnated during its
nse as a defecator and filtering material.
bone - breaker, s. [Eug. &one; and
breaker. In Ger. beiiibrec}ier.]
1. Gen. : A person who or a thing which
breaks bones.
2. Spec. : A name for the aea-eagle, osprey,
or fishing-hawk, Faadion halia^tus.
bone-breccia, s. [Breccia.]
Geol. : An admixture of fragments of lime-
stone and bones cemented together into a
hard rock by a reddish ochreous cement.
bone-brown, s.
Paiiitifig : A brown pigment made by roast-
ing bone or ivory till it assumes a brown hue.
bone-dust, s. Bones ground into dust to
be made into manure.
bone-earth, s. The earthy residuum left
after bones have been calcined. It is also
called bone-ash. It consists chiefly of tri-
calcic phosphate, mixed with about one-
fourth its weight of magnesic phosphate and
calcic carbonate.
"As the phosphate of lime is the saine as bone-
earth."— Todd (t Bowman: Physiol. Anat., vol i., oh.
i, p. 40.
bone-elevator, s.
Surgery : A lever for raising a depressed
portion of bone, as, for instance, a part of the
cranium.
bone - grease (Eng.), bane - grease
(Scotch), s. The oily substance produced from
bones which are bruised and stewed on a slow
fire. (Jamieson.)
bone-manure, s. Manure made of bones.
bone-mill, s. A mill fur grinding bones
for making either manure or bone-black.
Bone-grinding is effected by passing the bones
throiigh a series of toothed rollers arranged in
pairs, the rollers being toothed or serrated in
different degrees of fineness, and riddles are
provided for sifting the bones into sizes, and
they are then sold as inch, three-quarters,
half-incn, and dust.
bone-oil, bone oil, s.
Comm. : An oil called also Dippel's Oil
(Oleum aniviale Dippp.lii), obtained by the dry
distillation of bones and other animal matter.
It contains the following organic tertiary
bases : Pyridine, CsHgN ; Picoline, C6H7N ;
Lutidine, C7H9N ; Gollidine, CgHuN ; Paivo-
line, CqHxsN ; Coridine, CioHiqN ; Rubidine,
C11H17N ; and Viridine, C12H19N. Some of
these bases have been obtained synthetically ;
the more important will be hereafter de-
scribed.
bone -seed, s. The Osteospermum, a
genus of plants belonging to tne order As-
teraceae (Composites).
bone-spavin, s.
Farr. : A bony excrescence or hard swelling
on the inside of the hock of a horse's leg.
bone-spirit, 5. A spirit or spirituous
liquor made from bone.
* bone (2), s. [Icel. bdn = a prayer.] [Boon.]
Prayer.
"... nad sche ther noght of hure bone fulich y-
mad au ende."— Sir Ferumo. (ed. Herrtage), 2,583.
bone (3), 5. The same as bane (q.v.).
*bone, a. [From Fr. 6011 = good.] Good.
"t'or he ahallloke ou oure lorde with a bone chere,"
JSar. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morria); Cleannesa, 28.
Done (1), v.t. [From bone (1), ». (q.v.).]
1. To take out bones from, to deprive of
bone.
2. To furnish with strips of whalebone for
stiflening.
3. To seize, to take, to steal. (Slang.)
*b6ne (2), a. [Boon.] To pray, beseech.
" Lef f aderc ic the bone."
Ormulu/m, 5.228.
^ bone-^hief, * bdn-9he£f, * b6n-9lief, s.
[i^'rnm Fr. ho-ii = good ; and ehef= head, chief,
leader. Bonchief is opposed to tnisckkf. ]
Either gaiety or innocence and purity.
" That al watz blis aiid bonch^, that breke hem
bitweue and \17n11e."— Sir Gaw. and the Or. Hn,, 1764
boned, pa. par. & a. [Bone (1), v.]
A. As past pariiclpU : In senses correspond-
ing to those of the verb.
B. As 'p'^''f-lcipial adjective: Possessed of
bones of a particular character or dimensions,
specially in composition, as big-honed.
" Marcus, we are but ahrubs, no cedars we ;
No big-boned men, fram'd of the Cyclops size."
Shakcsp. : Titos Andron.,iv. 3.
* bone-hostel, * bone hostel, s. A lodging.
"Now, 'loTW fi«*(fl3,' cothe thebunie . . ."
Gaw and the Green Knight, 776.
bone'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Boning.]
boneing-rods, s. pi. [Boning-bods.]
bdne'-la^e, s. [Eng. bone ; and Ixice, the
bobbins with which lace is woven being fre-
quently made of bones.] Flaxen lace, such as
women wear on their linen.
" The things you follow, and make songs on now,
should be sent to knit, or ait down to bobbins or
bo nelace."— Toiler.
bone'-less, a. [Eng. hone ; and suffix -less =
without. In Ger. heinlos.'] Without a bone
or bones.
"... his boneless s^ms."—Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 7.
bon-el'-li-a, s. [From BonelU, named by
Rolando, iii 1S22, after an Italian naturalist.]
Zool. : A genus of radiated animals belong-
ing to the class Echinoderraata, the order
Holothuroidea, and the sub-order Pneumono-
phora. The body is oval, and there is a long
proboscis formed of a folded fleshy plate, sus-
ceptible of great elongation, and forked at its
extremity. Boiiellia viridis is found in the
Mediterranean.
* bo'-nen, v.i. [Bone, v.]
* bdn'-en, a. [A.S. bdnen:= tony.) Made of
bone.
" Bynde thine tonge with boneiui wal."
Proverbs of Bendyng, 19,
* bon-er, * bon-eyre, * bon-ayre, a.
[From Fr. (Ic&oM?iaire = gentle, easy.] Com-
plaisant.
" He telleth a tale of the Patriarke of Constanti-
nople, that he should be boner and buxom to the
bishop of 'R^xns,"— Jewel : Duf. of the Apologie, p, 636.
* bon-er-nesse, a. [Boner.] Mildness,
gentleness.
^ bon-er'-te, s. [O. Eng. boner, and suffix
-te. Akin to Fr. honlieur = happiness, fe-
licity.] Goodness.
"He calde me to his bonertii."
Bar. Eng. Allit. Poems {ed. Morris); Pearl, 76'A
bones, s. pi. [Bone (l), TL 4.]
bone -set, s. [Eng. bone; set.] Two plants —
(1) Symphytum officinale, (2) EupatoHum per-
foliaium.
t bone'-set, v.i. [Eng. bone ; set, v.] To set
a dislocated bone.
bone'-set-tcr, a. [Eng. bone ; setter ; from
set = to place.] One who sets bones broken
or out of joint.
"At present my desire is to have a good bonesetter."
Dcnluim..
bone -set-ting, jw. par., u., & s. [Eng. 6o?ie ;
setting.] [BoNESEr, v.]
A. & B. -4s pr. par. & participial adj. : In
a sense corresponding to that of the verb.
C. As snhstantivc: The act or process of
setting bones broken or out of joint.
"A fractured leg set in the country by one pretend-
ing to bonesetting."— Wiseman : Surgery.
*b6n'-et,s. [Bonnet.] (Barbour: The Bruce,
ix. 500.) (Scotch.)
^ bon'-ett, * bonet, s. [Bonnet (2).]
♦ bon-et'-ta, s. [Bonito.]
Zool. : The same as Bonito (q.v.).
•' Sharks, dolphins, bonettat, alblcores, and other
sai-tyrants."— A'ir T. Herbert: Trav., p. 39.
BONG RACE.
* bone'-worke, s. &. a. [Eng. hone ; ivork.]
A. As substantive : Work by means of bone.
i.e., by bone bobbins.
B. As adjective: Worked by means of bone.
"Thomas Wyat had on a shirt of niaile, and on his
head a faire hat of veluet. with broad boneworke lace
about it." — Stowe: Queen Mary, an. 1554.
* bon-eyre, ». [Boner. ]
bon'-fire, bone-fire {Eng.\ bane'-fifre»
(Scotch), s. [Eng, bone, and fire. Skeat con-
siders the reference to be to the burning of
saints' relics in the time of Henry VIII.] A
large fire lit up in the open air, on occasion of
some public rejoicing.
" Before midnight all the heights of Antrim and
Down were blazing with bo>ifirvs." — Macaalay : Bist.
Eng., ch. xvi.
^ bon-gra9e, s.
[Fr. honiie. grace =
the head-curtain
of a bed, a bon-
grace. ]
I. Ordinary Lan-
guage :
* 1. A forehead
cloth or covering
for the head. A
kind of vail at-
tached to a hood.
(Skinner.)
" I have seen her beset all over with emeralds and
pearls, ranged in rows about her caul, her ijeruke, her
bongrace, and chaplet." — HakcuiiU : On Providence.
" As you may perceive by his buttered bon-grace,
that film of a denu-castor."— aeueJrand (1687), p. 81.
^^ 2, A large bonnet worn by females.
(Jamieson.)
" Her dark elf-locks shot out like the snakes of the
gorgon. between an old-fashioned bonnet called a bon-
grace."—Scott : Guy Mannering. ch, iii.
' ' The want of the screen, which was drawn over the
head like a veil, she supplied by a bon-grace, as she
called it; a laree straw bonnet, like those worn by
the English maidens when labouring in the fields. "—
Scott : Heart of Mid-Loth., ch. xxviii.
II, Naut. : A bow-grace or junk-fender.
bongrace-moss, i. A moss, Sjilachnum
rubrum. (Nentnich.)
" bdh-gre', adv. [From Fr. bon = good, and
gre = will, pleasure, from O. Fr. gret = will ;
Lat. firraius^ pleasing.] Agreeably to, will-
ingly.
"The had bowed to his 1>ode, hongre my hyure."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed Morris) ; Patience, 56.
bo-m', piur-. nuxsc. of a. [Plur. raasc. of Lat.
bonus, a. = good.] Good.
Boni Homines, a. [Lat. = good men.]
Ch. Hist. : A name given in France to a
Paulician Christian sect called Los-Bos
Homos, also Albigenses, Bulgarians, Publi-
cani, and in Italy Paterini, Cathari, and Gazari.
[Bulgarians, Paulicians.] [Mosheitn: Ch.
Hist., cent, xi., pt. ii., ch. v., § 2, 3.)
* bon'-i, s. [Bonny.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bon-i-bell, s. [Bonnybell.]
bon'-ie, w. [Bonny.] (Scotch.)
ton'-i-fSL^e, s. [See def.] A term applied
to a publican or innkeeper, from the name of
the landlord in Faiquhar'.s Beaux' Stratagem.
t bon'-i-form, a. [From Lat. bonus, -a, -itm
= good ; and forma — shape.] Of a good
shape ; of a good nature or character.
" Knowledge and truth may likewise both be said to
be boniform things, and of km to the chief good, but
neither of them to bij that chief good itaelf." — Cud-
worth : Iiitellectual St/stem, y. 204,
*b6n'-i-f;y, *b6n'-i-fie, v.t. [Prom Lat
homis good; and /acio = to make.] To make
good, to convert into what is good.
" This must be acknowledged to be the gieatest of
all arts, to bonifie evils, or tincture them with good," —
Cadworth.
* bon'-i-lasse, s. [Bonnilasse.]
bon'-ing, bone'-ihg, pr. par. & s. [Bone, v.t.]
I. Ordinary Language:
A. As Resent participle : In senses corre-
sponding to those of the verb.
B. As substantive : The act of depriving of
bones ; the state of being so deprived of bones.
II. Technically:
1. Surveying: The operation of levelling by
means of the eye.
b5il,'b6^; poiit, j<$^l; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, e^t. ~ing.
-cian. -tian=shan. -tion- -sic:i = shun; -tion, -slon = zhun. -tious, -slous, -cious— shus. -ble, -die, i:c. — bel, deL
624
bonitarian— bonnivoehil
2, C<'rp. (£• Mmonrn : The act ov 0])eration
of placing' two straight edges oil au object,
and sighting on their upper edge to see if they
range. If tJiey do not, the surface is said to
be in wind. {Knight.)
boning, boneing, or borning rod, s.
The same as bmiuig-stld: (q.v.).
bonlng'Stick, ■^. A stick with a head
like tlie letter T, designed tu uidioate a level
for work or construct inn. A niunber of such
sticks over a site indicate a certain level for
the tops of base pieces or foundation blocks.
bon-i-ta'r-i-an, bon' i-ta-ry, a. [From
honitas, in Class, Lat. = goodness, in Low
Lat. = an exac'ted gift, benevolence, or gra-
tuity.] Noting beneficial ownership, without
legal title.
bon-i'-to, s. [In Ger. honit ; from Sp. touito ;
Arab, bayiiis = a bonito.]
Ichthyol. : A fish, T^yjuu's pe/f:'jyi?/5\ It be-
longs to the family of 8ri miberidLt^ (Mackerels),
and is nearly allied to the Tunny. It is found
in the Mediterranean, and is a great foe to
the flying-tish.
^ The Belted Bonito, Pelamys snrda.
The Plain Bonito, Akxis vulgaris.
* bon'-i-ty, 5. [Lat. honltri?.] Goodness.
"We have refevred the iiuj^uiry conceniing Gocl,
Unity, lionity, Angela and Spiiita to Natunu Theo-
logy-"— Bacon: Adoanc. o/ Lfurning.
* bonk^ * bohke, s. [The same as hank
(q.v.). (0. Eiig. £ 0. Scotck.).^ A bank, a
height.
"And al the large feildis, bonk and bus."
Doug. : Virgil, 235, 17.
"And bowed to the hygh bonk . . ."
Ear. Eng. AUit. Foeins (ed. Morris) : The Deluge, 379.
* bon-ker, s. & a. [Bunker.] (Scotch.) (Bal-
foitr: Fract, p. 235.)
bon-nage, s. [Bondage.] (Scotch.)
*b6n'-nail-lie, * bon-nal-ly, * bon-ail-ie,
*" bon-al-ais, s. [Corrupted from Fr. ban
aUe2.] A cup drunk with a friend, when one
is about to part with him, as expressive of
one's wishing him a i^rosperous journey.
(Scotch.)
" Bonalaix drunk rycht gladly in a morow ;
Syn leiff thai tuk, and with Sanct Jhon to borow."
iVallace, ix. 45, MH. {Jamievon.)
* bon-nar, s. [Low Lat. bonnarium~a, cer-
tain measure of land ; Fr. bonnier ds terre
(DjiCange); boJiua— -a boundarj'' ; a limit.] A
bond.
" And took three rigs o' braw land,
And put myself under a bonnar."
Jwnieson : Popular Hall., L 312.
bonne, a. & s. [Fr., fem. of aOj. hon = good.]
A. .^Is adj. : Good.
B. As s^ibst. .- A French nurse.
bonne-bouche fpron. bush), s. [Fr.
l)onne = good ; and boudie = mouth, eating.]
A tit-bit.
bon'-net (1), ^ bon'-nette, * bon'-et {Eng.),
bon-net, " bon-at (Scotch), s. & a. [Fr.
honnet ; Prov. boneta ; Sji. k, Port, honete.
Originally, about A.D. 1300, it signified a
stuff. Slicat thinks that it may be connected
with Hindust. banal = woollen cloth, broad
cloth, but nothing is known of its ultimate
history.]
A. As substantive :
1. Ordinary Language :
* 1. In England : A head-dress for men
worn before the introduction of hats. It is
what is now called a i-ap, and was in use in
England as well as Scotland.
" I i)rithee now, my son,
Go to them, with this bonnet in thy hand."
Shakesp. : Coriolanus, iii, 2,
" Next, CamuB, reverend sire, went footing slow.
His mantle hairy, and his bonnet aedge,'
Milton: I.ycidas.
2. In Scotland : The head-dress of hoys and
of some men of humbler rank, specially in the
Highlands.
"... all the hills round Dunkeld were alive with
bonnets nnO. Yi\a,\Av,."^M<i':-i ulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii.
1" (1) To fill one's houvet: To be equal to
one in any respect. (Scotch.)
" May every arolier strive to ^W
Ilia bonnet, and observe
The pattern he has set with skill,
And praiae like him deserve."
Poems on the Company of Archers, p. 33.
mentioned in Exodus
BONNET.
(2) I'o rive the bonnet of another : To excel
him in whatevei- respect. (Scotch.) (Jumieson.)
3. A head-dress for women, tlie poi-tion
covering the back of the head, cylindrical or
hat-shajted, that in front expanding into a
funnel-like projection.
II. Technical} ij :
1. Scripture :
(1) The "bonnets
xxix. 9 ; Leviticus
viii. 13, &e., Ileb.
nrs^p (mighmh),
are the round mi-
tres of ordinary
Jewish priests,, as
distinguished from
the np^ap (mitz-
v'pheth), or head-
dress like half an
egg in shape ^vorn
by the high priest.
"And Moses brought Aaron's sons, and put coats
upon them, and gn'ded them with girdles, and put
bonnets upon them ; as the Lord commanded Moses."
— Lev. viii. 13.
IT The same word is translated mitre in
Exod. xxviii. 4, 39, &c., and diadem in Ezek.
xxi. 26 ; in the last passage it is worn by a
king.
(2) Another kind of headdress 1N5 (peer),
is believed by Gesenius to have been shaped
like a tiara (Ezek. xxiv. IV, 2:;)- It was worn
by priests (Exod. xxxix. 2S), by bridegrooms
(Isaiah Ixi. 10), and married meii (Ezek. xxiv.
IT), as well as by women (Isa. iii. 20).
"The bonnHs, and the ornaments of the legs, and
the head-bands, and the tablets, and the earrmgs."—
Isaiah iii. 20.
2. Her. : The velvet cap within a coronet.
3. Fortif. : A portion of a parapet elevated
to a traverse to intercept enfilade fire.
i. Machinery :
(1) A cast-iron plate covering the openings
in the valve-chamber of a pump, and remov-
able for the examination and repair of the
valve and seat.
(2) A metallic canopy or projection, as of a
fireplace or chimney ; a cowl, or wind-cap ; a
hond for ventilation ; the smoke-pipe on a
railway-car roof, or an>-thing similar.
(3) The dome-shaped wire spark -arresting
cover of a locomotive chimney.
(4) A sliding lid for a hole in an iron pipe.
B. As adjective: Having a bonnet, or in
any way pertaining to a bonnet.
bonnet a pretre, s [French = a
priest's cap.]
Fortif. : A double redan. [Redan.]
bonnet-fleuk, s.
Ichthyol. : A name given in Scotland to a
fish, Eltombv-s vulgaris. It is called also Brill,
Pearl, and Mouse-dab. (Neill : List of Fishes,
p. 12. Yarrell: Brit. Fishes, d:c.)
bonnet-laird, bannet-laird, 5. A
laird or landed proprietor accustomed to wear
a bonnet like a man of the humbler classes ;
in other words, a petty laird. A person of
this description, as a rule, cultivates his own
fields instead of letting them out to tenant-
farmers. He is sometimes called a cock-laird.
(Scotch.)
"I was unwilling to say a word about it, till I had
secured the ground, for it belonged to auld Johnnie
Howie, a bonnet-laird here hard by, and many a com-
muning we had before he and I could agree. '^ — Scott.
Antiquary, cIl iv.
bonnet limpet, s.
Zoology :
1. The English name of Pileopsis, a genus
of gasteropodous molluscs belonging to the
family CalyptVEeidai. They are so called from
their resemblance to a " bonnet " or cap.
2. In the plural :
(1) The iiluval of the above.
(2) The designation of the family of molluscs
called Calyptneidte. [CalyptE/Eid.e. ]
bonnet-pepper, s.
Bof. : A species of Capsicum, the fruits of
which, which arc verv fleshy, have a depressed
form like a Scotch bonnet. In Jamaica it is
esteemed more than any other Capsicum.
[Capsicum, Pepper.]
bonnet-piece, s. [Eng. bonnet, and piece.]
A coin resembling a bonnet in shape. It was
a gold coin from the mint of James V., and
derived its name from the fact that the king
was represented upon it wearing a bonnet.
" My purse, with bonnet-pieces store,
To him will swim a bowshot o'er,
And loose u shallop from the shore."
Scott ; Lady of the Luke, vl 20.
bonnet-pressing, a. Pressing or de^
signed to jiress a bonnet whilst the latter is in
process of manufacture.
Bounet-pressing machine : A machine by
■which bonnets while on the forming-block are
Ijresented to the flat or presser.
bonnet-Shaping, a. Shnping or de-
signed to shape a woman's bonnet.
Bon nd-iha ping machine : A machine by
which a partially-shaped bonnet is pressed
down upon a facing-block to give it a proper
shape. One die has the exterior and the
other the interior shape. One is usually
heated to dry the bonnet and make it rigid
in its acquired fnrm. The principle is the
same as in the hat-machine.
bon'-net (2), bdn'-ette (O. pi. honettez), s.
[Fr. hrmnette, same meaning as def. (q.v.);
from Fr. honnet = bonnet (q.v.).]
Nant : An addi-
tional part made to
fasten with latch-
ings tn the foot of
the sails of sniall
vessels with one
mast, in moderate
winds. It is exactly
similar to the foot
of the sail it is in-
tended for. Such
additions are com-
monlv one-third of
the "depth of the
sails they belong to.
(Falcoyier.)
" Bet bonettez one brede, bettrtde hatches."
Morte Arthure, 3,656.
t bon'-net, v.t & i. [From bonnet, s (1)
(q.v.).]
A. Trans. : To knock a man's hat over his
eyes.
■^ B. Intrans. : To take off the " bonnet"
or cap in courtesy to a person, to a group of
people, &c. (Chiefly Scotch.)
". , . those who having been courteous and supple
to the iieople, bonnetted, without any farther deed!^ to
heave tn^ni at all into their estimation and report." —
SJiakesp. : Conol., ii. 2,
bon'-net-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bonnet, v.]
A. As past partiriple : (See the verb.)
B. As 'participial objective : Wearing at the
moment, or accustomed to wear, a "bonnet"
or cap.
"When her bonneted chieftains to victory crowd.
Campbell: Lochiel's Warniiig.
^ bon'-nette, s. [Bonnet.]
bon'-ney, *. [Etymology doubtful.]
Mining: An isolated bed of ore.
^ bon'-nie, a. [Bonny.] (Scotch.)
""' bon'-ni-en, v. [Ban, v.] (Layamon.)
bon'-ni-lass, "' bon'-ni-lasse, * bon- 1-
lasse, s. [0. Eng. hoiiie = honny, pretty;
Fr. bonne (Bonnybell) ; and O . Eng. or Scotch
lass = a girl. ] A pretty girl, with or without
imputation on her character.
" Their goynge out of Britanye was to be come
honest Christen mennys wyues, and not to go on pyl-
gryniage to Rome, and so l>ecome Y>y&hoi)pes bonilasaes
orprestes playeferes." — Bale: LngUsh Votaries, pt. i.
" As the bonilasse passed by,
Hey, ho, bonilasse I "
Spenser: Shep. Can., Wt
" Homely spoken for a fair maid or bonnilassp-" — E.
K. on Spenser's Pastorals.
b6n'-ni-l3^, bon'-ni-lie, adv. [O. Eng.
bonni(e) ; -ly.]
1. Beautifully ; finely ; handsomely.
" But may ye flourish like a lily,
Kow bonniUe!'^
Burns : On a Scotch Bard,
2. Gaily.
3. Plumply.
bon'-ni-ness, ■ bon'-y-ness, s. [Eng.
bonny ; -ness.\
1. Beautj', handsomeness. (Johnson.)
2. Plumpness. (Johnson.)
3. Gaiety. (Johnson.)
bon'-ni-vo-chil, s. [Gael. hnncWmaclmU
(bh being sounded v). Possibly from huana =
fate, fat, l^re, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey^=: a, ^u = kw-
Donnock— booby
C2o
a hewer, and huaicc=aL wave.] The name
;;jiveii in the weytern isUmils of Scotland to a
!)ird, the Great NurtliL-rii Diver (Colymbus
<jlnrini;s).
"The lionniiiochil, so cilletl l>y the natives, find by
the Heamen Biahun and CaiTara, as big as a goose,
}iiLving a white spot on the breast, aud ttie rest (»arty-
culoured ; it seldom flies, but is exceeding quick in
divin/f." — Martin: Wt'SC. /sl.,li.79.
bon'-nock, s. [Bvxnock.] A kind of thick
rake of bread ; a small jannock or loaf made
ul" oatmeal. (Scotch, chiefly Ayrshire.) {Gloss,
to Bm-ns.)
" Tell yon guid bluid o' auld Boconuock's,
I'll be his debt twa niasbluni bortnocks."
Burnt : llarnest Cry and Prayer.
* bon'-ny (1), t bon'-nie, "^ bon'-ie (Eng.),
bon'-ny. * bon'-ie, * bon'-y, * bon'-ye
{Scotch), (I. [Of uncertain etyni., probably
nItiniatL'ly from Fr. hoii, fern, honne = good
,( BoKNYBiiLL) ; the difficulty is to account for
it lie pronunciation of o (ti), but in Scotland
itliis is sonietimes made long (o).]
I. Lit.: Beautiful; pretty. Used —
(1) Ufa jierson.
"... tlie same bonny young women tripping uii
and down in the same {no, not the same) coquettish
bonnets."— /^i! (iaincey : iVor/^s (2nd ed.), i. 9G.
" But, Norinan, how wilt thou provide
A shelter for thy bonny biide :;"
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iv. :i.
(■2), Of a single feature of the human coun-
tenance or one part of the body.
" We say that Shore's wife hath a pretty foot,
A cherry lip, a bonny eye, ii passing pleasing tongue."
lihakenp. : Ricluxrd ill., i. 1.
(:!) Of one of the inferior animals, or any-
thing else deemed beautiful.
" Even of the bonny beast he loved so well."
blnikesp. : 2 Henry V/., v. 2.
"Far from the boftnic banks of Ayr."
Burns : Stmg, ii.
"% Often used ironically.
(1) The reverse of really beautiful ; beautiful
only as one speaks of a " beautiful" mess, or
a. " line" uproar.
" Ve'll'see the toun intill ft honny steer."
lio:is : Helenorc, p. 90.
(•2) Plump. {Colloquial.) {-/ohnson.)
U. Figuratively :
1. Guy, merry, frolicsome, cheerful, blithe.
' Then sigh not so, but let them go.
And be you blithe and bonny."
Shakesp. : Much Ado, ii. 3. {Song.)
2. Precious, valuable. {Scotch.)
" And a bonny gift 1 11 gie to thee."
Border Minstrelsy, v. C5, {Jamicson )
bonny-die, bonny-dye. s. Beautiful
■ lit;. A term applied to money, as having
tlie influence of a gewgaw on the eye.
" ' Weel, weel. gude e'en to ye— ye hae seen the last
u' me, and o' tliia bonny-die too,' sjiid Jenny, liuldii)^
4jetween herfluget-aiid tnuinb a spleutlid silver dollar.'
Scott : Old Mortality, ch. x.
bonny-wawlie, s. [Scotch honny, ami
traw/ie.] A toy ; a trinket. {Scotch.)
(1) Lit. : A daisy.
(2) Fig- : Anything beautiful.
". . . wi' a' the pictures and bl.i.k velvet, and silver
bonny-wawUcs belonging to it, . . . "—Scott : Antiquary,
uh. XX i\'.
l>on'-n3r (2), s. [Of uncertain etymology.]
Mining: A round or compact bed of ore
which communicates with no vein.
bon-ny-clab'-ber, * bon-ny-clab'-bore,
s. [Ir. bainne, tame = milk, and claba =
thick.] Sour buttermilk ; milk that has stood
till it is sour.
" We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber
Of partie.<t o'er our bonny clabber." Swlji.
"The htialths in usquebaugh, and bonny -clabbore."
Ford: Perk. Warb., iii. 2.
TT It is applied in America to the thick part
of milk which has turned or become sour.
[Goodrich & Porter.)
bon'-ny-bell, bon'-i-bell, s. [Fr. ho)ine,
f. of bon, adj, =good, kind, and belle, f. of
beau, or bel, fem. fteZZe = beautiful of form,
feature, &c.] A pretty girl.
" I saw the bouncing, bellibone ;
Hey, ho, bonibell I "
Spenser: Shcp. Oal., VIL
"bo-no', portion of a. [Lat. bono, abl. neut. of
&07ll(S = good.] [Cur BONO.]
Writ dc bono et malo : [Lat. = writ concern-
ing good and evil.]
Law: A writ of gaol delivery which was
issued for every prisoner individually. This
being found inconvenient, a general commis-
sion to tiy all prisoners has tiiki-n its place.
{Blaclcstonc : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 19.)
% Pro bono jmblico : For the public good,
for general use or enjoyment,
bon -och (r/) guttural), s. [Etymology doubt-
ful.] A binding to tie a cow's hind legs when
she is a-njilking.
"You are one of Cow Meek's breed, j'ou'll stand with-
out a bonoch."—S. Prov., Kelly, p. ^Tl.
■^ bon'-our, s. [Corrupted from Low Lat. hon-
narium, boiiuariwn — land defined by bound-
aries.] A bond(?).
" Yestreen I was wi' his Honour ;
I've taen three rigs of bni' land.
And hae bound inysel under a honour."
Herd: Coll., \i. IW.
* bon'-scbawe, * bon'-shawe, s. [From
O. Eng. to7i = bone, and A.S. sceor/a = itch (?).]
0. Med. : A disease, sciatica.
" Bonschawe, sekenesse {bonshawe, P ) Tesscdo,
sciasis." —Prompt. Parv.
bons'-dorf-fite, a. [From Bonsdorf, their
discoverer.}
Mineralogy:
1. A variety of Oosite. {Brit. Mus. Cat.)
2. A variety of Fahlunite {Dana). It is a
hydrous lolite, from Abo in Finland.
bon'-spiell, bon'-spell, s. [Of uncertain
origin and history. Dr. Murray thinks it may
be from Dot. ^bondspel, from bond = verbond
= covenant, alliance, coni pact, and5pgi= play.]
A set niatcli at any game. Specially —
1. A match at archery.
"That »o many loglisch men sould schottagaines
thaiiic at riveris, buttis, or prick bonnet. The king,
heiring of this bonspiell of his mother, was weill cou-
ttiiit.' —Pitscotlie : Cron, \i. ai8.
2. A match at curling (q.v.).
"The grand bonspiel of the Curling Club comes off
to-mori'ow,'— ri'mes, Feb. 22, 1865.
* bon-te', s. [Fr. bontc = goodness, good-
will.) What is useful or advantageous; a
benefit.
"All new honteis now appering aniang ws ar cum-
myn only by thy industry."— tfcH. Cron., bk. xvii.,
ch. 4,
bon'-te-bok, ^. [Dut. bont = pied, variegated,
and bah = goat.]
Zool. : AlcepJialvs pygargus, a species of
antelope found in South. Africa.
bon'-ten, t^. [Etymology doubtful.]
Fabric : A narrow woollen stulf.
bon'-ti-a, 3. [Named after James Bont, or
Bontiusl a Dutch physician, who in 1658
published a Natural History of the East
Indies.]
Bot.: A genus of plants belonging to the
order MyoporaceEe(Myoporads). Bontia daph-
noides is an ornamental shrub called the Bar-
badoes Wild-olive.
^ b6n'-ty-v5.s-nesse, s. [Bounteousnesse.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
" bon'-ty-vese, a. [Bounteous.]
bon'-iire, adv. [Fr. bonlieur = luckily, fortu-
nately.] Debonairly, politely. [Bonaybe-
LVCHE.]
" Bere the boxumly and ftonur^ . . ."
William of Palerne. 333.
bon-iis, a. & s. [A purely Lat. word, bonus,
•a, -urn, adj. = good. There is no bonus, s., in
Class. Lat.]
A. As adj.: Good. [Bonus-henricus.]
B. As substantive :
1. Commerce, Law, Banking, &e. : An extra
dividend paid to the shareholders of a .joint-
stock company, or to those interested in any
other commercial undertaking, when the
finances are unwontedly flourishing, and
beyond what they would otherwise receive
either as remuneration or profit.
"... and as to result the &oni(Scjt paid to existing
policy-holders have been somewhat small." — TiTnes,
City Article, Feb. 22nd. 1S77.
2. A sum of money paid to the agent of a
company or to a master of a vessel, in addition
to his share in the profits.
3. A premium given for a loan, a charter, or
any other privilege.
bonns-henricus, s. [Lat. = Good Henry. ]
Bot. : A name for a plant, the Good King
Henry, Chenopodium Boniis Henricus.]
bon '-wort, -■-■. L-^-S. banwort: ut't" = bone,
and vwrt = vegetable, plant. Probably called
from its being supposed to be ust;ful in cases
uf fractures or diseases of the bones.] A
name for the dais\', Bellis pcrenni^. (Archao!.,
XXX, 404.) {Britten Ji; Holland.)
bon'-xle, f. [Probably Scandinavian.] A
Shetland name for the Skua, Sterecorarius
catarrhactes.
"Sea-birds to include auk, bonxir, CDmlsh ehoiigb
. . ."—Act for the Preservation of Sea-birds, iiaased
June 24, 1869.
bon'-y, a. [Eng. bon{e); -y.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit.: Consisting of bones, full of bones.
" At the end of this hole is a membrane, fastened to
a round bony limb, and stretched like the head of a
drum ; and therefore by anatomists called tympanum."
—Bay.
2. Figuratively :
" Creak'd from the bo7}y lungs of death "
Lanrjhorne, Fab. IL
n. Technically :
Bot. : Close and hard in texture, so as to
present a difficulty in tlie way of cutting it,
but with the fragments detached brittle. Ex-
ample, the stone of a peach.
bony-pikes, s. pi.
Ichthyol. : A recent fish-genus Lepidosteus.
of great interest from its being of the ordei
Ganoide;i, of which nearly all the species arc
extinct. It belongs to the sub-ordcv Holostea,
and the family Lfpidosteidix; (q.v.). Among
other peculiarities the- Bony-i)ikes have the
antique pattern of IietiMccerciil tail [Hetero-
cercal], so cimimoii in the Old Red Sandstone
I)erittd. They inliabit rivers and lakes in the
warmer parts of America, grow some of them
three feet in length, and are used for food.
"bon-ye, a. [Bonny.] (Scotch.)
' bon'-y-ness, s. [Bonniness.]
bonze, s. [In Port, bon 20 ; Fr. bonze, bonsc.
Corrupted from Japanese busso = a pious
man.] The name given by the Portugese to
any member of the Buddhist priesthood in
Japan. Thence the name spread to the priests
of the same faith in China and the adjacent
regions.
bod, interj. & s. [Onomatopceic]
A, As interj. : An expression of contempt
or aversion.
E. As subst. : The act or sound of hooting.
ho6,v.i. [Boo,s.]
1. To low like a cow.
2. To express contempt or aversion by hoot-
ing. {Sometimes used with an object as a
trans, verb.)
b6o -by, 5. & a. [Fr. hoiibi-e = a water-fowl ;
Sp. bobo = a booby, a pelican ; a dunce, an
idiot; Russ. baba ; Chin. jJOopi, boohi — iho.
lesser gannet. All these are swimming birdK.]
A. -4s substantive :
1. Literally :
(1) Ornith. : A name for different spe-
cies of gannet, especially SuJa bassana, the
Solan-goose. It is of the famiiy Pelecanid*.
These birds are found, as their specific Latin
name imports, on the Bass Rock, in the Frith
of Forth. They exist also on the western coasts
of Britain, and in other places. They are
looked on as stupid in character. [Soland-
coosE, Sula.]
(2) The Brown Gannet, Sulafusca.
(3) Any other natatorial bird of similar form
and stupidity.
" We found on St. Paul'a only two kinds of birds—
the 6006;!/ and the noday. The former is a species of
gannet, and the latter a tern."— Barvnn : Voyage
round the World (ed. 1870), ch. i., p. 10.
2. Fig. : A stupid person, a fool, one desti-
tute of intellect.
" Tlien let the boobies stay at home."
Cowper : The Yearly Distress.
B, As adjective : Of an intellect so deficient
as to suggest the dull instincts of the birds
described under A. ; dull, stupid.
booby-hatcb, s.
Naut. : The covering of the scuttle-way or
small hatchway which leads to the forecastle
or forepeak of small sailing vessels.
booby-but, s.
Vehicles : A sleigh with a hooded cover.
b^l, boy; po^t, jo^l; cat, cell, cborus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f»
-ciair, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shiin ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -cious, -tions, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^l.
40
626
booc— booJ2
booby-hutch, s.
Vehidus: A ro uglily built covered carriage,
used in some ]iaith of England.
*booc, ^. [Boose.] (Prompt. I'arv.)
* booce, 5.
'.]
Bood'-dha, Biid'-dha, s. [Pali booddho =
known, understood, jiossessing knowledge,
en ligli tuned, wise; Booddha =. the personage
descni'cd in this article. Sometimes the word
is spelled with one d, but tliis is erroneous,
Boodh in Sanscrit being — not the religious
teacher but the planet Mercury.]
1. Grii. : A man possessed of infinite or
infallible knowledge (Childers) ; a deiiied
religious teacher. There was said to be a
series of them, a number having come and
gone before Gautama, the personage described
under No. 2. When no Booddha is on earth,
the true religion gradually decays, but it
flourislies in pristine vigoui* when a new
Booddlia is raised up. He is not, liowever,
entitled at once to that honourable appella-
tion, it is only after he has put forth arduous
exertions for the faith that he attains to
Booddhahood. Must of theBooddljas preced-
ing the personage described under No, Sajipear
to have been purely fabulous. Hi^ immediate
predecessor, Kasyapa or Kassapo, may have
been a real person.
" . . . Sakya Muni, who is usually looked upon aa
the founder of Buddhism ; but so far from this beiiiij
the case Sakya Muni was the fourth Buddha of the
actual age or second division of the Kappo."— Coi.
Si/Jces in Jour. Asiat. Soc. (1841), vol. Vi., p 261.
2. Specially : A distinguished personage of
Aryan descent, whose father was king of
Kapilavastu, an old Hindoo kingdom at the
foot of the Nepaulese mountains, about TOO
miles north of Benares : he was of the Sakliya
family, and the class of the Gautamas,
hence his distinguished son was often called
Sakhya Muni or Saint
Sakya, and Gautama or
Guadama. The Chinese
call liim Fo, which is
the name Booddha
softened in the pro-
nunciation. The Aiyan
invaders of India looked
down with contempt
upon the Turanian in-
habitants of that land,
and to keep their blood
uncontaminated devel-
oped the system of caste.
Booddha, whose human
sympathy was wide-
reaching, broke through
this old restraint, and
though he was himself
an Aryan, preached the
equality of races, a figure of booddha.
doctrine which the op-
pressed Turanians eagerly embraced. By the
common account he was bom in B.C. 622, at-
tained to Booddhahood in 580, and died in 543,
or in the opinion of some in B.C. 477, and
other years than these, such as 400 B.C., or
even lower, have been contended for. Bood-
dha became deified by his admiring followers.
Those images of an oriental god made of
white marble, so frequently seen in English
museums and even in private houses, are re-
presentations of Booddha.
Bood'-dha-hood. Bud'-dha-hdod, s.
[Booddha; and Eng. suffix -hood.] The state
of a Booddha.
Bood'-dha-ship, Bud'-dha-ship, s.
[Booddha; and Eng. suffix -ship.] The degree
or condition of a Booddha.
Bood'-dhism, Biid'-dhi^m, d. [Sansc. &
Pali BooddJm (Booddha), and Eng. suff. -ism.']
Thiol, Phil., £ Hist. : The system of faith
introduced or reformed by Booddha. [Bood-
dha.] In its origin Booddhism was a reaction
against the caste pretensions of the Brahmans
and other Aryan [Aryan] invaders of India,
and was therefore eminently fitted to become,
as it far a long time was, the religion of the
vanquished Turanians [Turanian.] As might
have been anticipated, the equality of all
castes was, and is, one of its most fundamental
tenets. [Caste.] Another tenet is the deifi-
cation of men who, when raised to Booddha-
hood, are called Booddhas. Professors of the
faith enumerate about one hundred of these
personages, but practically confine their rever-
ence to about seven. Pre-eminent amrmg these
stands Booddha himself. Personally, he never
claimed divine honours. It was his disciples
who first entitled him Sakya Muni, i.e., Saint
Sakya. {For other names, such as Gautaina,
<S;c., given to him, see Booddha.) As Gantama,
though adored as superhuman, is after all
confessedly only a deified hero, it has been
disputed whether his followers can be said
to admit a Supreme Intelligence, Governor of
this and all worlds. In philosophy, they
believe the universe to he maya, an illusion or
phantom. The later BrahnianistK do the
same ; but in the opinion of Krishna Mohnn,
Banergea, and others, these latter seem to
have borrowed the tenet from the Booddhi^ts
rather than the Booddhists fi'om them. Of
the six schools of Hindu philoso])Iiy, those
which Booddhism most chjsely apjiroaches,
are the Sankliya philosophy of Kapila, and
the Yoga philosophy of Patanjali. Booddhism
enjoins great tenderness to animal life. The
felicity at which its professors aim in the
future world is called Nirvana, or, more
accurately, Nibbanam. It has been disputed
whether this means annihilation or blissful
repose. Mr. Robt. Cassar Childers, in his
dictionary of the Pali language, uses strong
arguments in favour of the former ^'ii.'w.
Booddhism was attended by an enormous
development of monasticisni.
The language in which Gautama or Booddha
taught was the Migadhi or Pali, the language
of Magadha, now called Bahar or Behar. [Pali.]
It was a Pi-akrit or Aiyan vernacular of a pro-
vince, but has now been raised to the dignity
of the Boi iddliist sacred tongue throughout the
world, Gautama's followers believe that his
sayings were noted down in tlie Tripitaka,
or " Three Treasuries of Discipline, Doctrine,
and Metaphysics," which constitute the Bood-
dhist scriptures. What their real age is has
been a matter of dispute ; the discovery by
General Cunningham, in 1874, of allusions to
them in the Bharhut Scidptures, which are of
date third centuiy B.C., is in favour of their
genuineness and antiquity. [Booddhist
Architecture.] This work is in Pali ; the
Sanscrit Booddhist books discovered by Brian
Hodgson in Nepaul are much more modern,
and present a corrupt form of Booddhism.
The first general council of the Booddhist
Church was held at Rajagriha, the cajntal of
the Magadha kingdom, in B.C. 543 ; the second
at Vesal (Allahabad [?], or a place near
Patna) about B.C. 443 or 377 (?), and a third at
Pataliputra (Gr. Palibothra = modern Patna),
on the Ganges, in B.C. 307 or 250. This
last one was called by Asoka, an emperor
ruling over a great part of India, who had
been converted to Booddhism, and is some-
times called the Constantine of that faith,
having established it as the state religion of
his wide realm. He sent missionaries into
Western, Central, and Southern India, and
also to Ceylon and to Pegu. Booddhism was
dominant in India for about 1,000 years after
its estabhshment by Asoka. Then, having
become corrupt and its vitality having de-
cayed, reviving Brahmanism prevailed over
it, and all but extinguished it on the
Indian continent, though a modification of it,
Jainism, still exists in Marwad and many
otlier parts. It has all along held its own,
however, in Ceylon. On losing continental
India, its missionaries transferred their
efforts to China, which they converted, and
whicii still remains Booddhist. The religion
of Gautama flourishes also in Thibet, Burraah,
and Japan, and is the great Turanian faith of
the modern as of the ancient world. [Bood-
dhists.]
The Rev. G. Smith points out resemblances
between Booddhism and Roman Catholicism
(these, it may be added, were first discovered
by the Jesuit missionaries, who were greatly
perplexed by them) : " There is the monastery,
celibacy, the dress and caps of the priests,
the incense, the bells, the rosary of beads, the
lighted candles at the altar, the same intona-
tions in the services, the same ideas of pur-
gatory, the praying in an unknown tongue,
the otferings to departed spirits in the temple."
The closest similarity is in Lamaism, an am-
plification of Booddhism in Thibet. [Lama-
ism. ] But most of the resemblances are
ceremonial ; there is no close similarity in
doctrine between the two faiths.
"There is also something stronger than a presump-
tion of the existence of Buddhism, previous to Sakya
Muni's ministry."— Co?. Sykes in Jour. Asiat. Soc, vi.
2GL
Bood'-dhist, Bud'-dhist, a. (t s. [Sansc.»
Eng., &c., Booddh{a), and Eng. suH'. -ist.]
A. As adjective: Pertaining or relating to-
Booddha or to Booddhism.
"Besides the linddhist Scriptures, which ate the
oldest liitddhlst writings extant, . , ."—Times, Dec 2.
1875.
B. As substaii. : One professing the Bood-
dhist faith. The Booddhists arc not less than
from 350 to 455 millions in number, and con-
stitute between one-fourth and one-third of
the human race.
"Pali then ia the language of Magadha, in which
Gantama Buddha taught, and in which the sacred
scriptures of the Buddhists were originally written."—
Times, Dec. 2, 1876.
Booddhist architecture, s.
Arch. : A style of architecture characteristic
of the Indian or other Booddhists. " There is
no known specimen of architecture in India,"
Mr. Fergusson says, " the date of which carries
us beyond the third century before Christ."
When tlie curtain rises the architecture visible
is Booddhist, In 250 B.C. the great emperor
Asoka introduced the first great era of Indian
architecture, that of the Booddhists i»roper.
Up till this time all erections had been wood ;
with him the use of stone commenced. He
engraved edicts, enjoining tenderness and hu-
manity to animals, on lai^ (pillars) [LatJ in
Cuttack, Peshawur, and Surastra, in the
Dhun or Dhon, and other ]iarts of the
Himalayas and in Thibet. He built innumer-
able topes (mounds). [Tope.] No built tem-
ples or monasteries of Booddhist origin have
come down to our times, if indeed any ever
existed ; but multitudes of rock-cut temples
and monasteries assembled in groups have
been found in Behar, Cuttack. the Bombay
presidencj"-, and elsewhei'e. Those of Behar,
which are cut in granite, are the oldest, and
it is from hihar = a monastery, that Behar
itself is called. Those of Cuttack followed.
Those of the Bombay presidency, embracing
nine-tenths of the whole, were the last ; they
are cut in amygdaloidal traji. The Booddhist
architecture, though essentially independent,
yet showed a tinge of Greek influence. It
originated the Jaina system of architecture.
[Jaina Architecture.] (Fergussoa.)
Bood-dhis'-tic, Bud-dhis-tic. Bood-
dhis'-tic-al, Bud-dhis'-tlc-al, a. [Eng.
Booddhist; -tc, -a/.] The same as 'Booddhist,
a. (q.v.).
"The author [Prof. Roht. Caesar Childers] has shown
that the fiMtidhis^ic exstatic meditation IS the atbiin-
meut of a state of mesmeric trance." — Times, Dec 2,
1675.
"■ bood'-le (le as el), s. [Etym. doubtful.
Compare boddlc = an ohl Scotch coin (q.v.).]
A plant, Chrysanthevium segetunn, L. (Tiisser.)
bo'o-it, c. [Bowet.] (Scotch.)
book, * booke, * boke, * boc (Eng.),
beuk, bulk, buke, buk (Scotch), s. & a.
[A.S. boc = a book, a volume, a writing, an
index; Goth, hoka ; Icel.bok; Sw.boJc ; Dan.
bog; Dut. hoek ; O. S. buok ; (N. H.) Ger.
buck ; M. H. Ger. buoch; O. H. Ger. pohlia.
From A.S. boc = a beech ; Ger. biiche = a
beech (Beech), because Anglo-Saxon and
German books were originally made of beech
boards.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit-erally :
(1) 0/ things material : An article of manu-
facture, of which a series of forms have existed
in bygone ages, but which at present consists
of a number of sheets of printed paper
stitched together, pressed, and covered with
boards. [Bookbinding.]
1[ The first books were probably of various
and diverse types. The Koran is said to have
been written on shoulder-blades of sheep.
The Anglo-Saxon books were originally written
on pieces of beechen board. Boards of other
tices were doubtless used in other countries,
as was the inner bark of trees. At a remote
period of antiquity the papyrus [Papyrus]
displaced its rivals, and so well held its place
as to have given rise to the word paper. Parch-
ment, called from Pergamos, where it was first
made, arose about B.C. 200. [Parchment.]
An early and persistent form of book was a
roll of papyrus or other material. Jeremiah's
book was such a roll (Jer. xxxvi. 4, 14, 23).
The charred books found in Herculaneum
were also rolls. This form of book is com-
memorated in the commonword volume; which
fate, f3.t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib. ciire. unite, cur. rule, full: trv. Svrian. ee. ce = e. ev = £L au = kT¥.
boolc— bookbinding
62'?'
is irom Lat. voluTnen = a thing roDed or
wouna up. [Volume.] When books were
transcribed by hand they were necessarily
very expensive. Plato is said to have given
about £312 for one, Aristotle about £580 for
another ; Alfred tile Great, abont the yeai-
872, an estate for a third volume. Printing
cheapened books to an incalculable extent,
though heavy prices are still given for rare
and large or copiously -illustrated works.
Thus Machlin's Bible, by Toinkins, was
valued at £525, and a superb Bible, in flfty-
fout large folio volumes, with 7,000 illustra-
tions, was raffled off for tickets in the aggre-
gate amounting to £5,000. A collection of
books is called a library. [Library.]
" Hooks I Those jpoor bits of rag-paper with black ink
on them "—Carli/le : JJ^iroes, Lect. v.
1 It is not needful that a printed work shall
have many pages to constitute a "book, in
nursery literature a single page will be enough.
" A book (to please ua at a tender age
'Tis caU'd a book, though but a single page)."
Cuwper : Tirociniuin.
(2) 0/ things intellectual :
(a) A written or printed literary composi-
tion contained in a roll, m:. collection of pages
in boards, as described under No. 1.
(b) Any writing or paper. (In the sub-
joined example it means articles of agree-
ment.)
" By that time will our book, I think, be drawn "
Shukesp. : l Ben. IV., iii. 1.
* (c) Pre-eminently the Bi'ble.
"I'll be sworn on a book . . ."
Shakesp. : Merry Wives, i, 4.
f (d) An account book.
(e) A division of a treatise on any subject.
Books in this sense are often subdivided into
chapters. Thus in the contents of J. Stuart
Mill's Logic, 2nd ed, (1846), the leading divi-
sions and subdivisions are : Book I. Of Names
and Propositions. (This is divided into eight
chapters.) Book IT. Of Reasoning (six chap-
ters.) Book m. Of Induction (thirteen
chapters).
2. Fig. : Anything presenting a more or less
close analogy either to the material part of a
book or to the writing or printing whicli it
contains. Specially —
* (1) Heaven.
" ParaTenture iii thiike large booke.
What that is cleped the heven, i-write was."
Chaucer: C. T.„4,610-n.
(2) (See 3, Special phrases.)
3. In special phrases :
(1) A book of retnemhrance was written. Fig. :
There was undying remembrance. (Mai. iii.
16.)
(2) God's book : The Bible.
" Such as by God's book are adjudged to death."
Shakesp. : 2 Hen. VI., ii. 3.
(3) In the books of, or in the good bodies of:
Remembered for something of a favourable
or pleasant character.
" I was BO much in his hooks that at his decease he
left me his lamp."— XcWiaon,
(4) In tJie ba^. booJcs of: Remembered for
something for which offence has been taken.
(5) The book : The Bible.
" Some herds, weel learn'd upo' t?ie beuk."
Burns: To Wm. Simpson. (Postscript)
(6) The book of life. Fig. : A record con-
ceived of as existing in which are written the
names of those who shall ultimately obtain
eternal life. (Phil. iv. 3 ; Rev. iii. 5 ; xiii. 8,
&c.)
(7) Witluntt book :
(a) Without being compelled to have re-
course to a book to help the memory.
" Her friend Miss Kitty repeated, without book, the
eight best lines of the play." — ifacaulay: flist. Eng.,
ch. ±viii. Note.
(&) Without fortifying the assertion by the
aid of books ; without authority, loosely, in-
accurately.
(8) To bring to book : To call to account
II. Technically :
1. Mercantile affairs {pi. Books): A register
of financiiil transactions, as of debts, assets,
&c. [Bookkeeping.]
2. Law. Plur. (the books) : All the volumes
which contain authentic reports of decisions
in English law from the earliest times till
now. [Reports.] (Wharton.)
3. Gilflin,g : A package of gold-leaf consist-
ing of twenty-five leaves, each 3J- x 3 inches
square ; they are inserted between leaves of
soft paper rubbed with red chalk, to prevent
adherence.
B. As adjective. : In any way pertaining, re-
lating to, or connected with a book.
1. Gen. : In some one of the foregoing senses.
2. Spec. : Recorded in a book ; estimated
and put on record.
'" But for present uses a supplementary table giving
the age, oriRUial cost, repairs cost, with date of repairs.
and present 'book' v.tlue of every vessel of the fleet
. . ."—Times, December 2nd, 1876.
^ Obvious compound : Book-collection. (De
Quincey, 2nd ed., i. 144.)
book-account, s. An account or register
of debt or credit in a book.
book-back, s. &a.
A. ^s substantive : The back or boards of a
l300k.
B. ^s adjective : Designed to operate upon
the back of a book.
book-back rounder, ;>.
Bookbinding : A machine which acts as a
substitute for the hammer in rounding the
back of a book after cutting the edge and
ends. It is usually performed upon the
book before the cover is put on. lu one form
of machine, the book is run between rollers,
being pressed forward by a rounded strip
which rests against the front edge and deter-
mines the form thereof. In another form, the
book is clamped and a roller passed over the
back under great pressure. Another form of
machine is for moulding the back-covers of
books to a given curvature, by pressing be-
tween a heated cylinder of a given radius and
a bed-plate whose curvatui-e corresponds to
the presser. {Knight )
book-binder, s. [Bookbinder.]
book-bosomed, a. Having a book in
the bosom.
" As the corslet off he took,
The Dwarf espied the Mighty Book .'
Much he marvelled, a knight of pride
Like a boak-boKom'd priest should ride."
Scott : Lay of the Liist Minstrel, iii. 8.
book-cauvasser, s. One who solicits
subscribers forbooks(generallyin serial form).
book-clamp, s.
Bookbinding :
1. A vice for holding a book while being
worked. Ad.iustment is made by the nuts fur
the thickness of the book, and th6 pressure
is given by the lever and eccentric.
2. A holder for school-books while carrying
them. The cords pass through the upper bar
and down to the lower bar ; they are tiglit-
ened by the rotation of the handle. (Knight.)
book-crab, s. [Book-scorpion.]
* book-craft, s. IJearning.
" Some book-craft you have and are pretty well
spoken," S. Jotw^n: Gipsies Met am.
book-debt, s.
Comm..- A debt for items charged to the
debtor by the creditor in his account-book.
book-edge, s. & a.
A. As substantive : The edge of a book.
B. As adjective : Designed to operate on the
edge of a book.
Book-edge lock : A lock whereby the closed
sides of the book-cover are locked shut.
book-folding, «-. Folding or designed
to fold a book.
Book-folding machine: A machine for fold-
ing sheets for gathering, sewing, and binding.
book-hawker, h. One who goes about
hawking books.
book-holder, s. A reading-desk top, or
equivalent device, for holding an open book
in reading position.
* book-hunger, s. A craving appetite
for books. (Lord Brooke.)
book-knowledge, 5. Knowledge de-
rived from books, and not from observation
and reflection.
book-learned, booklearned, a.
1. Of persons : Learned, as far as books are
concerned ; with knowledge derived from books
rather than from personal observation and re-
flection. (Often with more or k'ss contempt.)
2. Resulting or deriving an impulse from
such learning.
" Of one, who, in his simple mind.
May boast of bonk-leamed taste refined."
Scott : Miirmivn Introd. to Canto I,
book - learning, booklearning, s.
Learning derived from books. (Often used
with more or less contempt.)
book-madness, s. Bibliomania.
* book-man, s. [Bookman.]
book-monger, s. A contemptuous term
for one who deals in books.
book-muslin, s.
Weaving: A fine, transparent muslin,
usually folded in book form. [Buke-muslin.]
book-name, s.
Bot. dt Zool. : A name found only in scientific
books, and not in use among the people at large.
* book-oath, s. An oath on the Bible.
"1 put thee to thy Book-oath."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., ii. I.
book-perfecting, a. Perfecting or de-
signed to perfect anything.
Book-perfecting press (printing): A press
which prints both sides of a sheet without
intermediate manipulation. Some act upon
the respective sides in immediate succession,
others have automatic feed between impres-
sions. (Knight.)
book-plate, s. A piece of paper stamped
or engraved with a name or device, and pasted
in a book to show the ownership.
book-post, s. The regulations under
which books and other printed matter are
conveyed by post.
book-scorpion, s.
Zool. : Tlie name given to Chelifer, a genus
of Araehnida (Spiders) found in old books and
in darlf places. It is not a genuine scoi-pion,
but is the type of the family Cheliferidae,
sometimes called Pseudo-scorpionida;.
book-sewing, u. Sewing or designed to
sew anything.
Book-sewing machine: A machine for sew-
ing books. (See a description and figure of
one in Kuight's Diet. Mechan., i. 333.)
book-worm, s. [Bookworm.]
book (Eng.), book, beuk (Scotch), v.i. & i.
[From hook, s (q.v.).]
I, Tninf^itivc :
1. Lit. ; To put down in a book. Used
specially of arrangements for an important
engagement requiring two or more persons to
meet together at a specified place and at a
specified hour of a certain day.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense,
"He made wilful murder high treason ; he caused
the marchers to book their men, for whom they should
make anawer."— navies on Jreland.
* (2) Spec. : To register a couple in the ses-
sion records, in order to the proclamation of
banns. (0. Scotch.)
" o J- ^" brother and Betty Eodle were to be bookit
on Saturday, that is, their names recorded for the
puWication of the banns, lu the books of the Kirk-
Session."— r/te Entail, i, 232, {Jamtcson.)
(3) To pay, at an office appointed for that
purpose [Booking-office], for the transmis-
sion by rail, &c., of a parcel or goods.
2. Fig. : Unalterably to record in the me-
mory.
"Book both my wilfulness and errors down."
Shakesp. ; Sonnet 117.
II. Intrans. To hook to a place : To pay for
and receive a ticket entitling one to ride by
train, &c,, to a certain place.
book -bind-er, * book'-bynd-er, s. [Ene
book; binder.]
1. Of persons: One who tinds books.
2. Of things : A contrivance of the nature of
a temporary cover, for holding together news-
papers, pamphlets, or similar articles.
t book'-bind-er-y, s. [Eng. book; bindery 1
A place for binding books.
H?^'"^^^*!-^^S» «• [^ng- ^ook; binding.]
Ihe ait of stitchmg or otherwise fastening
together and covering the sheets of paper or
similar material composing a book. The
edge of a modern book constituted by the
margin of the paper composing it is called
t "When books were literal " volumes " or
rolls, the way of " binding" tliH„i, if it could
be so called, or at least of keeping them to-
gether, was tn unroll tliem fiom one cvlinder
and roll each again, as it was perused on
boil, bo^; poiit, jdwl; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; siii, as; expect, Xenophon, exist.
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhian. -cious, -tlous, -sious = shiis.
ble, -die, &(^bel, del.
629
bookcase— bool
another. When books bc';iiii(! se^iaratc folios
the lirat inethod of dealing,' with them seems
to have been the tying tiictii ttt^cther by a
sti'ing passed tlirongii a hole at the niiirgiii of
tlie pile. Tliis is still done iu the south of
India and Ctnlon with writing on talipot or
other palm iLuve?. The holding together of
folios of a literary man's manuscript by a
small clasp at one edge is an essentially sinnlar
device. The present method of binding seems
to have been invented by or under Attains,
king of Pergamus, or his son Eumenes, jtbont
'-'00 B.C. The oldest bound book known— the
binding \v;is ornamental— is the volume of St
Guthbert, about A.D. 650. Ivory was used
for book covers in the eighth century ; oak in
the ninth. The Boole of Evangelists, on which
the English kings took their coronation oath,
was bound in oak boards, A.D. 1100. ^'clvet,
silk, hogskin, and leather were used as early
as the 15th century ; needleworic binding
began in 1471 ; vellum, stamped and orna-
mented, about 1510 ; leather about the same
date, and calf in 1550. Cloth binding super-
seded the paper known in England as
"boards" in 1S23 ; india-rubber liacks were
introduced in 1S41, tortoise-shell sides in 165G.
The chief processes of bookbinding are
the following: Folding the sheets; gather-
ing the consecutive signatures ; rolling the
packs of folded sheets ; sewing, after saw-
cutting tlie backs for the cords ; rounding the
backs and glueing them ; edge-cutting; bind-
ing, securing the book to the sides ; covering
the sides and back with leather, muslin, or
papiT, as the case may be ; tooling and letter-
ing ; and, finally, edge-gilding. Books may be
full bound, i.e., with the back and sides
leather, or half-bound, that is, with the back
leather and the sides paper or cloth.
"About three months after his engagement with
Do la lioclie, Pjiraday iiuitted him and boofdiinding
to'i&theT"—Tff7idall : Frag, of Science, 3rd ed , xu. S-'l.
book'-case, .■;. [Eng. Imnlc : case.'] A case
furnished with shelves for holding books
". . . . that celebrated Treatise ou Death which,
during many years, stuod uext to the Whole Duty ui
Man in the bookcases of serious Ajcm.\aia.ns."—Mn'
caulay : J/isC. Enrj., ch. xvii.
toook'-er-y, s. [Eng. hook; -er-y.]
* 1. Study of books. {Bp. Hall : Satires.)
2. A collection of books ; a library. (N.PJ.D.)
" book'-ful, a. [Eng. hooJ:; fiil{L)J Full of
untligested knowledg)^ derived fi'uin books.
" The bookfnl blockhead, ignomntly read.
With loads of learned luinl>er in hia head."
Pope: Essay on Ch'iticism, pt iii., 53,
book'-ihg, pr. par., a., & .s. [Book, v.\
A. & B. As present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to tliose of
the verb.
C. As S2ibstantive :
I. Ordinary Laagiiagc :
1. The act of making into a book or ajiythin"
similar. [II. Agric]
2. The act ol recording in a book.
1[ The hooking: The act of recording in the
session-book previous to the publication of
banns of marriage. (Scotch.)
"It w.ia a^rued that the bookin-j should take nlace
on the apjtroaching Saturday."— ^Af li^ntail. i> 2;;,i
[Jfimieson.)
II. Agrir. : The arrangement of tobacco-
leaves in symmetrical piles, the stems in one
direction, leaf upon leaf, forming a book.
booking-office, b.
railway and other travelling:
(1) An office in which records are made iii
a book of baggage temporarily deposited, a
ticket being given to enable the owner to re-
claim his own.
(2) ,1/ore laosehj: An office at which tickets,
entitling a passenger to ride to certain places,
are obtainable, even though his name is not
booked.
*■ book'-ish, tf. [Eng. hook ; ~ish.]
tl. In a good sense : Learned.
"I'm not bwkv;h, yi.-t 1 can read waitiiig-gentle-
woman m the scuite."— .Via kesp. : iVimrr^s Talc. iii. :;
2. Acquainted with books but woefully de-
ficient in knowledge of men.
■' Whose bookish rule hath pulled fair England down."
Hhakes}). : 2 If en. 17,, L 1.
' book'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. hr.okish; -Jy.]
After the manner of a bookish pcreon.
" While .she [Christina, Queen of Sweden] wiiii more
boi.kvihl!i given, she had it in her thoughts to institute
.Ml order of Parnassus."— r/mrttmr.- Utatc-l'api-rs. ii.
*^t)Ook'-ish-ness,s. [^\\^.hookish; -ncss.'\ The
propensity to, or the habit of studying books.
Uenerally in a less contemptuous sense than
bookish (f|..v.). (Johnson.)
book-keep-er, s. lEnf;. book ; keeper.] One
who, as accountant, secretary, or clerk, keeps
boolca, making the requisite entries in them
day by day.
'■ Here, brother, you .shall be the bookkeeper ;
This is the aiguiueut of that they shew."
El/d : Hpanvih Tragedy.
book'-keep-ihg, s. [Eng. hook; keeping.']
\, Arithm. & Conim.: The art of keeping
Itooks in which the pecuniary transactions are
so unremittingly and so accurately entered that
one is able at any time to ascertain the exact
state of his financial affairs or of any portion
of them with clearness and expedition. The
art, in a certain undeveloped state, must have
existed from immemorial antiquity, but it re-
ceived sucli improvement and impulse at
Venice as to make that comparatively modern
city to be considered its birthplace. The fjr,->t
known WTiter on bookkeeping was Lucas di
Borgo, who published a treatise on the subject
in Italian in 1495. It is generally divided into
bookkeeping by single and bookkeeping l)y
double entr.y. Iu tlie former every entry is
single, i.e., is placed to the debit or credit of
a single account, while in the latter it is
double, that is, it has both a debtor and creditor
account. In other words, by single entry
each transaction is entered only once in the
ledger, and by double entry twice. Book-
keeping by single entry is imperfect, and is
scarcely fitted even for very limited estab-
lishments. Many shopkeepers having re-
course to it have simply a waste-book and
a journal, the former used as a receptacle
foi' transactions of all kinds, the latter for
those to a certain extent classified. In other
cases a cash-book also is used. Book-
keeping by double entry being first prac-
tised m Venice, Genoa, and the adjacent
towns, is often called the Italian method. In
bookkeeping by double entry there is no
waste-book, all transactions inwards falling
under four heads : cash, bills, book-debts,
and stock. There are, moreover, a cash-
book, a biil-book, a book for book-debts
— called the sold ledger— and a book for the
record of stock, that is, stock in hand. To
the bought book for debts receivable corre-
sponds the bought ledger for debts payable.
There are various otlier books iu a large es-
tablishment. In smaller establishments it is
enough to have a cash4)ook, a day or waste-
book, a journal, and a ledger. It is in the
ledger that the elaboi-ate classification of all
transactions is entered. The ability to make
out a balance-sheet is much increased by the
simple device of 'making impersonal entries,
that is, entering cash, iron, &c., as if they
were mercantile traders, and gi'ouping a
number of articles together under the head-
ing sundries. Tlien there are accounts of the
form sundries debtor to cash, or cash debtor
to sundries. If a merchant have purchased
iron, what he has paid for it is debited to
iron which is expected to meet it when the
metal is disposed nf, and so with every other
expense incurred by the firm for purposes of
business.
Sometimes instead of bookkeeping by single
or that by double entry, there is a combina-
tion of the two called inixcd entry. [Bill-
book, Cash-book, Day-book, Ledger.]
2. Sarcastically : The practice of not return-
ing books which one has borrowed. (Colloq.)
* book-land, ^ bock-laud, s. & a. [Bock-
L/VND.]
book'-less, a. [Eng. hook; -less.] Without
book. Used—
(a) Of persons :
" . ■ . . Why with the cit,
Or booklets churl, with each ignoble name,
Each earthly nature, deign'st thou to reside?"
Skcnstoiie : Economy, pt. i.
(h) OftUvgs:
" Vour flight from out your bookless wilds would seem
As arguing love of knowledge and of power."
Tennysoti : The Princess.
book'-ma-ker, 5. [Eng. hook; maJccr.]
1. One who makes books, generally used
(not respectfully) for one who writes simply
for the pleasure or profit of launching a book,
and not from a desire to make known or
diffuse truth.
2. A betting man, one who keeps a book in
which bets are entered.
book'-mak-ing, s. [Eng. book; viaking.]
1. The art, practice, or occupation of making
books.
" He [Adam Smith] had boohnnaJdng so much in his
thoughts, and was so chary of what might be turned
to account in that way, that he once said to Su"
Joshua Reyuiilds, that he made it a rule, when in
company, never to talk of uhat he uiideratood." —
Boswell: Life of Johnson, iv. 24.
2. The act, practice, or occupation of
noting down bets in books.
''' book'-man, s. [Eng. hook; onan.] A man
whose occupation is the study of books.
" This civil war of wits were much better used
On Navarre and his (toofc-mcii ; for here 'tis abused."
Shakesp. : Love's Labour Lost, ii. L
t book'-mate, s. [Eng. book ; twite. ] One who
is" mate with one or more othei-s at books ; a
schoolfellow.
" A phautasime, a Monarcho, and one that makes sport
To the prince and his bookmtites. "
tihaliCBp. : Love s Labour Lost, iv. 1.
t book'-mind-ed, a. [Eng. book; minded.]
Having a mind which runs much upon books,
loving books.
t book'-mind-ed-ness, s. [Eng. bookmind-
ed ; -ness.] The quality of having a mind
which highly values books or their teachings.
(Coleridge.)
book'-sel-ler, s. [Eng. hook ; sdkr.] One
whose occupation it is to sell books. He is
the medium between the publisher on the one
hand and the individual purchaser on the
other. Many booksellers have commenced by
selling books only by retail, then they have
ventured on publishing one or two, and, guid-
ing their business with signal ability, have ulti-
mately developed into extensive publishers,
". . . . the ind's laaster was n bookseller a.nd liook-
binder." — Tyndall : Frag, of Science (3rd ed.), xii, U^.
book'-sel-lihg, s. [Eng. hook; sclliiig.] The
act or occupation of sellnig books. It is at
present divided into several sections~(l)
publishing, (2) wholesale bookselling, (3)
retail bookselling, (4) trade in old or second-
hand books, and (5) trade in periodicals.
[Publishing.]
book'-shop, s. [Eng. book, and shvp.] A
'shop where books are sold.
book-slide, s- [Eng. hook ; slide.] A slide
which can be moved laterally so as to reach a
support at a second end without losing the
first one. It is then available as a shelf for
books.
book'-stall, s. [Eng. hook; stall] A stall
or temporary wooden table or shed in the
street, railway stations, &c., designed to ac-
commodate books offered for purchasers.
book'-Stand, s. [Eng. book; and stand, s.
k-v.).] ■
1. A stand of whatever kind, ou which a
book or books may rest.
2. A bookstall. [Booicstall.]
book'-stone, s. [Bibliolite.]
t book'-Store, s. [Eng. book : store.] A store
for boolcs. Rare in England.
^ In the United States it is a common name
for a bookshop.
book'-worm, H. [Eng- hoo'k; imrm.]
1. Lit. : Any " worm " or insect wliich eats
holes in books.
" My Hon, like a moth or bookirorm, feeds upon
nothing hut i»aiwr. and I shall beg of them to diet him
with wholesome and substantial food."— f.'uardi«n.
2. Fi-guratively :
(a) One always poring over books. (With
only slight contempt.)
"Amoug those venerable g.iUeries aud solitary
scenes of the uni\-ersity, I ivanted but a blatk gown,
and a salary, to be as mere a bookworm as any there."
— Pope : Letters.
(b) A reader who, always operating upon
books, can appreciate little or nething about
them but the paper on which they arc printed
and the covers in which they are bound.
(As a rule used contemptuously.)
bool (1), s. [Bov/L (1).] (Scotch.)
bool (2), s. & a. [From Ger. h ii^el = a hoop (?).]
A* As substantive : Anything hoop-shaped.
Specially —
1. Of a hey : The rounded anuular part of a
key, by means of which it is turned with the
hand. (Scotcfi.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, whafc^ fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit. sire, sir. marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, whft, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
Ijool— boor
629
2. Plur. (Booh). Of a pot : Two crooked
instruments of iron, imketl together, Tised for
lifting a pot by the ears. (Scotch.) Another
Scotch name for them is clips.
B. As adjective :
* 1. Lit. Of horns: Short, crooked, turned
horizontally inwards. (Kiig. horder onJij )
2. Fig. : Perverse, obstinate, inflexible.
(Scotch.)
bdol (3), s. & a. [BoHL.]
bool-worh, .^. [Buhl-work.]
' boolde.. ifc. [Bold.] (Prompt. Parv.)
boold'-ly, adv. [O. En;^. hoold, and -hj.]
[Boldly. J (Rom. of the liofx.)
'* boole, 9. [Bull.] {Prompt. Parv.)
b6o'-ley, s. [Ir. huacJiall ; Gael. lyaachaille =
a cowherd. From 6o = a cow, and glllc, glolla
= boy. In Wei. bugal =^b'ugciluor, hugeilydd
= 0. shqpherd, a herdsman ; Arm. hvgcl, Migiil.]
An Irish nomad ; one who, Tartar-like, is mem-
ber of a horde continually moving from ])lace
to pia(re, subsisting nieanwliile on the milk
derived from the cattle which they drive.
"AH the Tiirtariaiis, aiul the people ahout the Cas-
Kiaii Beji, which iu-e naturally Scythiann, Ihe hi
ordes ; l>eiiig the very eame that the Irish hooUim art;,
tiriviug their cattle with them, ami feecliiig only on
their milk and wliite mcati." — Spenser.
Doom, * bom -men, v.i. [FromDut. homtnen
= to .sound like an empty barrel. Compare
A.S. hifinian = to sound oi- play on a trumin't ;
from h'ymc = a trumpet. Bo&in is evidently
iiiitated fi-om the sound,]
I, Ordinary Language :
1. To make a deep hollow sound, as —
(1) A cannon.
" The iKvll heyoml their bow
Booms hainileas,"
Huron: Corsair, iii. 15.
(2) The ocean.
(3) The bittern.
" And the hitteni sound his drum,
Booming froia the aedgy Bhallow."
Scott : Lady of tJus Lake, i. 31.
2. To swell with a certain hollow sound.
" Iloondng o'er hia head,
Tlie billows cloa'd ; he's imiMher'd with the dead."
yaanft
n. Naut. : To rush with noise.
^ To come booming. Of a ship : To make
all the sail which she can, in which case she
makes a certain amount of noise in cutting
through the water.
boom (I), s. [From boom, v. (q.v.). In Wcl.
biomp = hi/mpiaii ^ a Iiollnw bnuud (Bi'mp) ;
buymbwr = a murmur, a voai'.] A deeii hollow
sound like that of a cannon, the ocean, or the
voice of the bittern.
■' Hark ! 'tie the boom of a heavy giin."
Mackenzie : Fair .\faid of Cabul,
b6om (2) (E)ig.), ^ bOlme (0. Scotch), s. & ((.
'il)ut. boom = a tree, a pole, a bar, beam, or
boom ; Sw. bom = a T»ar ; Dan. bom = a bar
to shut a passage, a barrieado, a turnpikf, a
boom ; Ger. bauin= (1) a tree, ('2) a beam,
(3) a bar, a boom.] [Beam.]
A. As s^tbstantive :
1. Nautical :
■* 1. A boom, a watennan's pole. (0. Scotch.)
" The niarinaria stert ou fnte with iuie schout,
Cryaiid, Bide, how ! and with lany bolnies of trc "
Dong. : Virgil, 134, :!0,
2. A beacon eon.si.stingof a pole with buslics,
baskets, or other eons])icuous thing at the tnji,
set u]) in a river iir harbour, ami designed ti>
mark where the channel is suMiciently deep to
admit the passage of vessels.
3. A long pole or spar run ont for the sup-
port of a sail. Specially —
"The fioomon which a fore-and-aft sail is stretched
i" commonly provided with jaws, which partially en-
circle the inaet. and are held to it by a half-gronimet
struni,' with balls of hard wood to avoid fi'ictioii.'—
Knight : Pract. Diet. Mcrkaii.
(2) A spar rigged out from a yard to extend
tlie foot of a studdiug-saiL
"The fore and main lower yards, aiid the fore .and
main topsail yards have studding-sail booms. Each is
secured liy bfjoin-iroiis on its yard, and is named from
the (ituddimi-s.ail whose foot it stretches. The heads
of the studdiny-sails are bent to studding-sail yards,
which are slung fi-om the studduig-sail booius and the
fore and main top-Kallant yai'd-arni'^. The stays of
these bonrns are called guys. The ring-tail boom is
rigged out '-ike a stcdding-sail boom at the eud of the
spauker-tKJOJn." — Kniglu : Pract. Diet. Mech,a».
(3) Plur. (the Booms): The space on the spar-
deck between the fore and main masts, where
the boats and spare spars are stowed.
II, Marine Fort if. : A chain nj- lineofcon-
]iceted spars stretched across a river or channel
to obstruct navigation, or detain a vessel
under the lire of a fort.
"A boom across the river ! "Why have we not cut
the booui m ijieces? "— .l/(ic.t«i((*/ : His'. En<j , ch. xii.
IIL Lnmhi-ring : A spar or line of floating
timbers stret<'hed aci'nss a river, or enelusing
an area of water, to keep saw- logs fium float-
ing down the stream.
B. Asadjedlve: Pertaining to or connected
with a boom.
boom-irons, ^.
Nanl. : A Hat iron ring on the yar<l, throngb
wliicJi tlie studding-sail boom travels when
being rigged out or in. There being m(jre
than niie tlie word is often in the plural, One
liodiM-iron, callod the yard-arm iron, is lixed
at the end of the yard, and anntber ii-on,
called the quarter-iion, is placed at three-
sixteenths of the length of the yard froin the
outer end.
boom-jigger, s.
Naiit. : A tackle for ligging out or rnnning
in a tnpmast studding-sail boom.
boom-Sheet, a.
Naut. . A sheet attached to a boom.
boom'-er-ang, s, [Native Australian wor<I.]
A missile weapon invented and used by the
native Australians, who are gener;illy deemed
1. MAIN BOOM.
2. STUDDING-SAIL BOOM.
(1) A s]iar for extending the foot of a fore-
and-aft sail.
BOOMERANG.
the lowest in intelligence of any tribe *ir rate
of mankind. It is a curved stick, loinid on
one side and flat on tlie other, about tliree feet
long, two inches wide, and tliree-quarters of
an inch thick. It is grasped at one end anrl
tlirown siekle-wise, either upward into the
air, or downward so as to strike the ground at
some distance fioni tlie thrower. In the first
ease it flies with a rotatory motion, as its
shape would indicate, and after ascending to
a great lieight in the air, it suddenly returns
in an elliptical orbit to a spot near its starting-
point. On throwing it downward to tlie
ground, it rebounds in a straight line, pursu-
ing a I'icoeliet motion until it strikes tlie
object at wliich it is thrown. The most
singular cnrve described by it is when it is
]irojected upward at an angle about Vj", when
itj5 flight is always ba(;kward, and the native
who throws it stands with -his back to the
object he intends to hit. (Knight.)
bdom'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Boom, v.i
A. & B. As prcsp.nt pirtici2^le tt participial
adjirtire : In senses corresponding to those of
llie verb.
" Foi-Book by thee, in vain I sought thy aid,
When booming billows closed above my head."
Pofn:
C. As svbsfantive : The act of emitting a
(leeji hollow sound or roar ; also the sound
tlnis emitted.
". . . the distant ftnomin^ of cannon was heard . .."
— .Macaiilay : Hitt. Eng., ch, xx.
boom'-kin, s. [Bumkin, (Naut.).^
boon (1) (Eng.), boon, ' bune, * been (Scotch),
s. [Gael. & I)', hiiiiuch = coarse, low; from
]iun = a stump, a root; Wei. l/on = stem,
base, or stick.] The refuse from dressed flax.
The internal woody portion or pith of flax,
whi(th is disorganized by retting, the binding
mncihige being soi'ti iicd by fermentation, 'i'T'.e
boon is partially removed in grassing, and
together with the shives is completely elimi-
nated from the hare or filu-e in the subsequent
operations of braking and scutching.
boon (3), * boone, * bowne, " bone, s.
[Icel. bon = a boon ; Sw, k, Dan. hoii ; A.S.
ben = a prayer.]
1. A prayer, a petition, an entreaty to God
or man.
" He seydc, 'Brother Gamelyn, aske me thy lootte.
And ioke thou me blame hut I giaunte sone." '
CJiaacer : C. T.. 153-i
2. A favour. (With the sense partly de-
rived from Fr. bon = good, advantage, profit)
(SIccat.) [Boon, a.]
'■ Vouchsafe me, for my meed, but one fair ii^ii ;
A smaller boon than this I cannot beg."
Shake-p. ■ Two O'enl. of Ver., v. 4.
■^ 3. A service done by a tenant to his lord.
boon-day, s. A day on wliich a tenant
was bound to work for his lord.
boon-dinner, s. Tlie dinner given on
the harvest-field to a band of reapers.
{Scotch.)
" The youths and maidens, ifatberins routid a small
knoll by the stream, with bare head and obedient
hand, waited a seiioiis aud lengthened IjlB-siug from
the goodiuau of the boon-dinner."— Jilac/cwood .Mag.,
July, 1820, p. 3T5.
boon-loaf, s. A loaf to which a tenant
was entitled when working on a boon-day.
^ boon (3), s. The same as Bone (q.v.). (Pro-
logns to the Knightea Tale, 04(5.)
■ boon (1), 6, [Bound.]
t bdon (2), ('. [From Fr, bon =good,] Kind,
bountiful.
" Satiate at length,
And heighten'd as with wine, jucuiid and boon,
Tims to lierself she ideiisingly began,"
MiJion: P. L.. bk. is.
1[ Used s]iecially in the phrase a boon com-
panion.
" To one nf his boon companions, it is said, he tossed
a pai'iliMi fur a rich traitm- across tlie table durmg a
revel." — Maaialau ■' Hist, f^ng , ch, v.
'' boonde, ])ret. of v. [Bind.]
' boond'-m^n, s. [Bondman.]
* boone (1), 6. [BoijN.j (Prompt. Parv.)
'b6one (2), s. [Bone.] (Wycliffe (Purvey):
Matt, xxiii. 27.)
boonlE, s. [Ononiat.] A local name for the
Little Bittern, Botaurus mlnutus. (Montagu:
Ornithol. Diet.)
t bdon'-leSS, ". [Eng. bnnn (2) ; -less.] Con-
ferring no benelit ; without a boon. (N.E.D.)
bo-op'-ic, ". (Boop^.] Having prominent
eyes like tlin.sc of an ox.
bo'-ops, s. [Fi-om Gr. ^ovs (bous), genit. ^005
(boos) — a bullock, an ox, a cow, and otp oi' oup
^^p>^)= an eye, the face. Compare also ^owttlc
(boopis) — ox-eyed.]
Ichthyol. : A genus of brilliant-coloui'ed fishes
belonging to the family Sparidoe, Most of
them inhabit the Mediterranean.
'* boor (1), .-. [Boar.]
" Nc hound for hei-t. or wilde boor, or deer."
Cluiuc(n': Lcgcndc of Qoode Women; Dido.
b6or (2), " benir, s. [Dut. bocr = a peasant,
a connti'yman ; A..S. ge-hur = a dweller, a
husbandman, a farmer, a countryman, a boor
(Bosvwrth). From Dut. louwcn — to build,
till, or plough ; A.S. buan = to inhabit, dwell,
cultivate, or till,]
I. Literally:
1. A onltivatorof the soil, without reference
to the question whether or not he is refined in
his manners.
" 'Twaa M ith such idle eye
As nobles cast on lowly boor
When, toiling, in his task obscure.
They iiass hiiu careless by "
Scotf : Lord of the Tslex, i. IC.
2. A cultivator of tlic soil, with the impu-
tation that he is unrefined.
" To one well-born, th' aftVont is worse and more,
Wlien he's abused and baffled by a boor."
Lryden.
II. Fig. : Any unrefined or unmannerly
person, whether he cultivate the soil or not
(Trench.)
" The bare sense of a calamity is called grumbling-,
and if a m:a) does hnt make a face upon the 6oor, he is
presently a inalcouteiit."— i'ia/j-inf^p.
boil, boy; poiit, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, sem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = ^,
-Clan, -tian = shan. -tnon, -sion = shiin ; -tion. -sion = zhiin. -clous, -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &e. - bel, del.
630
boord— boot
^ boord (Eng ), boord (Scotch), s. [Board.]
1. OI<J Ehdhbh:
" Byforne him atte boord delicioualy."
Chaucpr: C. T., 10,303.
2. Scotch :
" Wheu tliowes dissDlve the simwy hnord,
An' floiit the jingliii' icy-boord "
iiuriis : Address to the Deil.
'' boorde (1), s. [Board.]
" Boorde. Tabula, ynensa, asser." — Prompt. Part'.
* boorde (2), s. [Boued.] (Prompt. Paw.)
* boorde, I'. ^ [Board, y.] To accost. (Spen-
ser: F. Q., U. iv. 24.)
* boo'rde-knyfe, s. [O. Kng. boorde = boai'd,
and knyfe = knife.] A table-knife.
" Boordeknjife. Mensacula, . . ."—Prompt. Parv.
"^ boor-don, v.i. [Bourden.]
■^ boore, ;-. [Boar.] (Prompt. Parv.)
boor'-ick, A-. [BouRACK] (Scotch.)
boor'-ish, n. [Eng, &oor; -ish.] Clowuish,
unmannerly, rude, uncultivated.
" Therefore, you clown, abandon,— which is, in the
vulgar leave, — the society, — which in the boorish ia
company, — of this fctuale." — Shakeni^. : As you like It,
V. 1.
b6or'-ish-ly, oxlv. [Eng. boorish ; -ly.] lu a
boorisli manner, elownishly, coarsely. (Used
generally of the manners, rarely of the person.)
"A healthful body with such limbs I'd bear
As should be graceful, well pruportion'd, just,
And neither weak, nor boonnliii/ robust."
FeMon. Mnrtial. bk, x., Ep. 4T.
boor'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. hoorish; -ness.]
The quality of being boorish ; coarseness of
maimers, or rarely of the person.
t boor-tree, b6or'-trie, s. & - [Bour-
TREE,]
* boos, s. [Boss.]
boose, bouse, ^ bose, * boos, * booc, s.
[A. a. hosirj, bosilt bosg = a stall, mauger, crib ;
Icel. ha^: Sw. has; Dan. baas = a. stall ; Ger.
ha.iise ; Mceso-Goth. haiists = a baru.]
1. Gen. : A stall for a cow or ox.
H The word is in Johnson. It is now con-
fined to the midland and northern counties of
England, and to the common people.
2. Spec. : The upper part of the stall where
the fodder lies. (Bosworth: A.S. Diet.)
* bdo^e, v.i. [BoozE.]
b6o§'-er, s. [Boozer.]
* boos-om, s. [Bosom.]
boost, pret. ofv. [Bus.] Behoves, must needs.
(Scotch.)
" Or, faith ! I fear, that wi' the geese,
1 shortly boost to pasture."
Burns A Dream.
" boost, s. [Boast.] (^Rorfi. of the Rose.)
boost, s. [Bui.'iT.] (Scotch.)
* boos'-ton, v.i. [Boast, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
'"' b6o§'-y, a. [Boozv.]
b6ot (1), * boote, ' bote (Eng.), bote, biite
(Scotch), s. [A.S. bote, botan — a boot, remedy,
amends, atonement, offering assistance, com-
pi-nsation, imiemnity, redress, con-L-ction,
cure.] [Boot, v., 1.]
*1. Help, cure, relief.
" Ich haue bote of mi hiile."
William of Paleme. 637.
2. Anything gi\'fn in addition to what is
stipulated ; something given to make a better,
bargain ; a balance of value in barter.
" K. Rich. Norfolk, throw dowu, we liid ; there is
no6oo(," Hhiikeap. ■ King UnJ, ll.,i.l.
3. Profit, gain, advantag<\
" flive him no breath, but now
Make boot of his distraction."
Shfikfsp. : Anton. &CJeop.. iv. 1.
* 4, Pillage, spnil, plunder, bdoty -of which
last word, in tliis instance, tin* form hoot
seems to be a contraction).
"And tliou that art hia iniite make boot of this."
^hakcs/J.. -2 lli-ii. VI.. iv. 1
' 0. Compen'^atinn ; something added \.'>
make up a deficiency.
*6. Repair of decaying struclures ; contri-
butions paid for this purpose. [Bote.]
Tf (1) Grace to hoot : God be gracious to us.
(Sliukesp. : li'iiit. Tale, i. 2.)
(2) Saint George to boot : St. George be
our help. (Shalcesp. : Rich. ITL, v, 3.)
(3) To boot : In addition to, besides ; over
and above what is bargained for.
" Canst thou, 0 partial sleep, give thy repo&e
To the wet 3ea-ljoy in an hour sd rude,
And in the cnlmeat and most stillest night,
With all appliances and means to boot.
Deny it to a king ? "
Shakesp ■ 2 ^cn. IV., iii. 1.
(4) To tJie boot. (Scotch.) The same as to
boot (Eng.).
"... a panegyric upon Alice, who, he said, was
both canny and fendy ; and was, to the boot of all that,
the best dancer of a strathspey in the whole strath."—
Hcott : WaverU'u, ch. xviii.
boot (2), * boote, * bote, s. & a, [Fr. hotte —
a boot, a bunch, a bundle, a heap, a barrel,
butt, &c. ; Prov., Sp., & Poi-t. boto. = a leather
bottle, a butt, a boot ; Ital. botte, = a cask, a
vessel, boots (Butt). In Gael, hbt = a boot ;
Wei. hotas, botasa.n, hotasen = a buskin, a boot,
but probably these are from English.]
A. As srtbstaniive :
1. Ordbuiry Language :
1. Of an article of dress or vhnt relates to (7 ;
(1) Of things : One of a pair of coverings for
the lower extremities of tlie body, ditferiug
from shoes in reaching a greater or lesser
distance above the ankle.
" Shew'd him his room, where he must lodge that
night,
Puird off his boots, and took away the light"
Af/l'on : On the (fiiiuersltp Carrier.
% A kniglit of the hoot : A sarcastic appellation
for a sporting gentleman of position in i-ural
society, but unrefined, who goes out booted to
hunt, and, still booted, enters the drawing-
^ room after his hard ride.
" These caniets ao soft to the foot,
Caledonia a traffic and xiride !
Oh spare them, ye kiiights of the boot.
Escaped from a cross coTiutry ride ! "
Cow/jer ■ Gratitude.
(2) Of persons ij)l .) : One who blacks boots at
a liotel. (Colloquial.)
2. Of a boot-like instruinent of torture : An
instrument of torture used in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries in fSo'tland with
the view of extorting confessions from accused
I'ersons.
(a) Generally phiral (boots, '^ bootps) :
"Lastly, he (Doctor Fian, alias John L'unuiiigham)
was put to the most severe and cruell paine in the
world, called the hooies, who after he had received
three strokes," &c.— " Then was he with all convenient
speed, by conimaudment, conv.iied againe to the tor-
ment of the bootes, wherein he continued a long time,
and did abide so many blowes in them, that his legges
were ci-asbt aud beatin together as small as luight oee,
and the bones aud flesh so bruised, tliat the bloud and
marrow spouted forth in great abundance ; whereby
they were made unserviceable for ever." — A'etoes from
Scollavd, declaring the damnable Life of Doctor Pian,
1591.
(b) Sometimes in llic sing'dar :
"... those fiery Covenanters who had long, iu
defiance of aword and carbine, boot and gibbet, wor-
shipped their Maker after their own fashion in caverns
and on mountain tops." — Ma^aulay : Hist. Eng., ah.
xiii.
II. Technically :
1. Boot and shoe-making : The covering for
the feet and lower i>ai-t of the legs described
under I., 1. It is usually made of leather.
. ' In Fig. 1 a is the front ; h the side-seam ; c the
back ; d the strap ; e the instep ; /the vamp
or front; jy Ihe quarter or counter; h the
' rand ; i the hnrl, the front is the breast, the
bottom the face ; j the lifts of the heel ; k the
shank; / tln^ welt; m the sole; ?! the toe ;
'.0 the ball of the sole. In Fig. '2 a is the
upper; h the insole; c the outsole ; d the
' welt ; e the stitching of the sole to the welt ;
'/the stitching of the upper to the welt ; g the
COACH WITH FORE AND
HIND BOOTS.
channeling, or the depression for the bights of
the stitches.
2. Coach-making :
(1) The space between the coachman and
the coach, (Johnson.)
(2) The part in front and rear of a coach
immediately ad-
jacent to where
tlie receptacles for
baggage exist.
If Trench quotes '
an example from
Reynolds' God's
Revenge again. ^t
Murther, bk. i.,
hist. 1, to show
that the " boot,"
now ordinarily
abandoned to servants and other persons of
humble rank, was formerly the chosen seat of
the more dignified passengers.
(3) The receptacle for baggage, &c., at either
end of a coach.
3. Liquor tra^c : A leathern case in which
to put a filled bottle so as to guard against
accident when corking it.
i. Farriery : Protection for the feet of
horses, enveloping the foot and part of the
leg. A convenient substitute for swaddling
or bandaging. It was patented in England by
Rotch, 1810. (Knight.) Such boots are used
on the feet of liorses while standing in a
stable. A sort litting more closely are em-
ployed in varicose veins, splint, speedy cut,
strain, and other diseases of hoi-ses' legs and
feet.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to, or in any
way connected with, a boot. (See the com-
pounds subjoined.)
boot-calk, s. A spur for the boot-sole
to pn.vrut the wearer from slipping on ice.
In some ]>arts of the country such an a])pli-
ance is called a boot-clamp, or simply a clamp.
boot-channeling, a. Making or tend-
ing to make a channel in the sole of boots.
Boot-channeling macliine: A niacjune for
making the slit in a sole to sink the sewing-
thread below the surface. It consists of a
jack on which the boot is held, an inclined
kuifc gauged in dei)th, and a guide which
causes the knife to make its incision at an.
ec^ual distance from the sole-edge all round.
boot-clamp, £.
1. A device for holding a boot while being
sewed. It consists of a pair of jaws, between
whose edge the leather is gripped, and which
are locked together by a cam, or by a cord
which leads to a treadle.
2. [See BooT-cALK.]
boot-crimp, s. [Probably so named be-
cause formerly the leather made a series of
' ' crimps " or folds over the instep. ] A tool
or a machine for giving the shape to the
pieces of leather designed for boot uppers.
Boot-crimping viachine : A machine in which
the crimping is performed in succession upon
a number of leather pieces cut to a pattern,
boot-edge, s. & a.
A. As substantive : The edge of a boot.
B. As adjective :' Anything pertaining to or
operating on such an edge.
Boot-edge trimmer: A machine which acts
In connection with a guide to pare smoothly
the edges of boot-soles. It is a machine-
substitute for the edge-plane.
boot-grooving, a. Grooving, or designed
to groove, a boot.
Boot-grooving ma_chiji.e : A machine for making
the groove in a slioe-sole to sink the sewing-
threads below the surface. A chanueling-
machine.
boot-heel, ^. & a.
A. As substan fh'e ; The heel of a boot.
B. -4s adjective : Pertaining to or operating
upon the heel of a boot.
Boot-lieel cutter : A machine for cutting the
lifts for making boot-heels.
boot-holder, s. A jack for holding a
boot either iu the process of manufacture or
for cleaning.
boot-hoolc, s. A device for drawing on
boots aud shoes, consisting essentially of a
fate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go^ pot*
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw-
boot— booty
631
stout wire bent into a hooked form and pro-
vided with a handle.
boot-hose, s. itl. stockings to serve for
boots ; spatterdashes.
"His lacquey, . . . with a linen stock on one leg and
a keraey boot-Iuise on thu other, gartered with a red and
blue \ist."— Shakes p. : Tain, of Hhrew, lii, 2.
boot-jack, s. A board with a crotch to
retain the heel of a boot wiiile it is being
polled off,
boot-lace, s. The laee of a' boot.
boot-last, s. The same as hoot-tree (q.v.).
boot-making, s. Making, or designed
to be used in making boots.
Boot-making macliine : A machine for making
boots.
If " Machines for making boots are adapted
for specific parts of the operation ; such as
lieel-machiiies, which include cutters, randinij,
heel-mtttiiig, heel-trmitning, and heel-buriivihing
machines. There are itp^^er-mac/iine-jj which in-
clude irr imping, turning, seam-rolling, and trim-
ming machines ; sole-machines, which include
cutting, channeling, hurnishing, and pegging
machines ; lasting viachines, for drawing the
upper portion of the boot firmly on to the
last ; peggiug-macMnes, pegging-jacks for hold-
ing boots while being pegged, and crimping-
maehines, for stretching and pressing into
shape leather for uppers. Besides these there
are numerous hand-tools, such as bnrnisliers,
edge-planes, and shaves, pegging-awls, etc."
(Knight: Pract. Diet. MeoJianics,)
boot-pattern, s. A templet made up
of plates which have an ad.iustment on one
anotlier, so as to be expanded or contracted
to any given dimensions within the usual
limits of boot sizes. It is used in marking
out sliapes and sizes on leather ready for the
cutter.
boot-rack, i. A rack or frame to hold
boots.
boot-seam, s. The seam of a boot.
Boot-seam rubber : A burnishing tool for
flattening down the seam where the thick-
nesses of leather are sewed together. This is
usually a hand-tool, but sometimes is a ma-
chine in wliich a boot-leg, for instance, is held
on a jack while the rubber, either a roller or a
burnisher, is reciprocated upon the seam.
boot-shank, s. & a.
1. As subst. : The shank of a boot.
2. As adj. : Designed to operate upon the
shank of a boot.
Boot-shank ma.Ghine : A tool for drawing the
leather of the upper or boot-leg over the last
into the hollow of the shank.
boot-stretcher, s. A device for stretch-
ing the uppers of boots and shoes. The
common form is a two-part last, divided hori-
zontally and having a wedge or a wedge and
screw to expand them after insertion in the
boot.
boot-topping, s.
Naiit. : The operation of scraping off grass,
barnacles, &c., from a vessel's bottom, and
coating it with a mixture of tallow, sulphur,
and rosin.
boot-tops, s. The top part of a boot,
especially the broad band of bright- coloured
leather round the upper parts of Wellingtons
or toxj-boots.
boot-tree, s. An instrument composed
of two wooden blocks, constituting a front
and a rear portion, which together form the
shape of the leg and foot, and which are
driven apart by a wedge introduced between
them to stretch the boot. The foot-piece is
sometimes detachable. It is called also a
boot- last.
boot-ventilator, s. A device in a boot
or shoe for allowing air to pass outwardly
from the boot so as to air the toot. It usually
consists of a jierforated interior thickness, a
space between this and the outer portion, and
a discharge for the air, through some part of
the said outer portion above the water-line.
* boot (3\ fl. [Boat.]
"Boot. Savicala, scapha, aimha."— Prompt. Parv.
boot (1), *boote, "^bote, botyn, v.t. & i.
[Fmm Eng. boot, s., or from A.S. bot, [BtiOT.]
In Jlneso-Goth. botjan = to boot, ach'antage,
ptofit; batau = tv be u.seful, to boot.]
A. Transitive:
1. To heal, cure, relieve.
" He was botyd of mekylle care."
Sir Eglamour, 18T.
* 2. To present into the bargain. Botyn, or
give more over in bargaining. Licitor in pre-
cio siqjemddo.
3. To enrich.
" And I will boot thee with what gift beside
Tliy modesty can beg."
Shakes/}. .' Ant d- Cleop., ii. 5.
B. Intrans. : To avail, to be profitable, to
be attended with advantage, to be of use.
" What boots the regal circle on his head.
That long behind ne trails his pomiiona robe? "
Pope : nape of the L ch. lii- ITI.
" I saw — but little boots it that my \ t- tse
A shadowy visitation should rehefu-se."
WorUsioorth: Ode {January), 1816.
boot (2), V.t. & i. [From boot (2), s.]
.' . Trans. : To put boots on oneself or on
another.
B. Intrans. : To put on one's boots.
" Sout, boot, master Shallow : I know the young king
is sicic for me. Let us take any man's horses." —
Sltakesp. : 2 H&n. ]V., v. y.
b6ot, ^ but, * bond, ' bit (Scotch), ' bud,
* bode (0. Eng.), jjret. of v. [Bus.]
Pers-jnal : He or she was under the neces-
sity of. (0. Eng. ci; Scotch.)
1. Old English.
" Ne bjde I ueuer thence go,
Whiles that I saw hem uauuce so.'
Jtom. nose, fol. 113, b. coL 1,
"And when he saw him biMl be ded."
£iig. Met. nam., L 46. {Jamieson.)
2. Scotch.
" They both did cry to him above
To save their souls, for they boud die."
Minstrelsy Border, iii. HO.
'''■ b6ot'-cat-9her, * boot-catcher,.^. [Eng.
boot ;^ catcher.] A servant at an inn, whose
special functions were tu pull oh' the boots of
travellers and clean them.
" The smith, the sadler's journeyman, the cook at
the inu, the ostler, and the liout-eatvher, ought all, by
hoot' -G^, pa. par. & c(, [Boot, v.]
1. Wearing boots.
2. (Of biuh): (1) Having the tarsi fea-
thered, or (2) liaving the tarsi not divided
by scales in front.
1[ Booted and spurretl :
1. Lit. : Equipped with boots and spurs
previously to riding an animal.
" Dashing along at the ton of his speed,
Boot'xl and spuii-ed, on his jaded steed."
Longfellow : Tlie Golden Legend, ii.
2. Fig. : Completely equipped for contemjit-
uously domineering over and driving the
multitude. ^
" He [Richard Eumbold] was a friend, he said, to
limited monarchy. But he never would btlieve thiit
Providence had sent a few men into the world rejidy
booted and spurred to ride, and millions ready saddled
and bridled to be ridden."— J/tietiuia^: Bist. Eng.,
ch. V,
*b6o-tee(l), a. [Eng. boot; dimin. suffix -ee.]
A half boot.
boo-tee (2), .<;. [Bengali
sx'otted Dacca muslin.
.] A white
bo-O'-tes, s. [From Gr. f3ooiTJj£ (bootcs) — a
ploughman, ^oconjs (pootes) = the constellation
defined below.]
BOOTES.
A.^tron. : One of tlie ancient Northern con-
stellations. It contains the s]ilendid star
Arcturus (q.v.), and was often called Arcto-
phylax = the bearward. If the " Great Bear "
be looked on as that animal then Arcturus is
its keeper ; if as a plough, which it so much
resembles, then Bootes is its ploughman who
stands behind the implement ; if as a waggon
[CuAKLEs's \Yain] tbcu Bootes is the wag-
goner.
" Now less fatigued, on tuis ethereal plain
Bootes follows his celestial wain."
Cowpt-r : Trans. Milton, Elegy V., The Approach of
Spring.
* bdoth, * boothe. * bothe, s. [Mid-Eng-.
bothe, from Icel. hudh = a booth, a shop,
cog. with Sw. & Dan. bod ; (N. H.) Ger. bude,
bauds; M. H. Ger. buode, bude ; Gael, buth
^ a shop, a tent; Tr. both, boith = a cottage,
a hut, a tent ; Wei. biuth, bythod = a hut, u
booth, a cot ; Boh. bavda, buda ; Pol. buda ;
Rnss. biidka; Lith. huda ; Lett, buhda; Mah-
r:itta bad — a tent, wall, enclosure. Compare
also Mahratta and Sansc. bhovana = a. house.]
A temporary house or shed built of boughs of
trees, wootl, or any other slight materials.
1. Of branches of trees.
" . . . . saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch
olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches,
,and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to
make bootlis, as it is written." — Nehem. viii. 15.
2. Of boards, spec, a stall or tent erected at
a fair.
" . ... the clamours, the reproaches, the taunts,
the curses, were incessant ; and it was well if no booth
was overturned and no head hvoV.%i\." ~ Macaulay z
Hist.. Eng., ch. xxi.
booth'-age (age as ig), s. [From booth ; and
suffix -age] Taxes levied on booths. (Whar-
ton.)
* bdot'-hale, * boote -hale, v.t. & i. [From
Eng. hoot, contraction of booty; and kale = to
draw away.]
A. Trans. : To '^poil, to pillage.
B. Intrans.: To practise, or hve by, plunder.
" Whitest the one part of their army went a foraging
aud baote-}ialing the other part sf ayed with Martheisia
to aafegard the country of Asia."— .Seow/e.- Memorable
Antiquities. Amazones.
■" boot'-har-ler, s. [Eng. hnotkal{c); -er.] A
robber or plunderer, a soldier whu lives by
marauding, a freebuoter.
"My own frtther laid these Londun boot-haJers the
catch-poles iu ambush to set upou iiLe."—noanng Girl,
0. e\.. vi. 103.
'' boot'-ha-lihg, * boote'-ha-lmg, pr. ^mr.
& S. [BOOTHALE.]
boot-ies,
[Booty.]
b6o't-i-kin, s. [From Eng. boot ; i connec-
tive ; and dimin. suffix -kin.]
1. Of ar t id en of dress :
(1) Lit. . A little boot.
(2) A covering for the leg or hand, used as
a cure for the gout.
"I desire no more of ray boot ikhis than to curtail
my fits [of the goutj,"— /?. Walpole.
2. Of an instrument oftortv.re: An instru-
ment of torture the same as the boot. [Boot.]
" He came above deck and said, why are you so dis-
couraged? you need not fear, there will neither thumt)-
ikinnor bootikin come here." — Walker : Peden, p. 26.
■'" boot'-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Boot, v.]
^ booting-com, " boting-corn, a.
0. Law: Rent corn.
'■" boot'-ihg, s. [Booty.] Plunder, booty.
" I'll tell you of a brave booting
That befell Robin Hood.''
nobin Ilood. (UUson.)
boot'-leg, s. [Fi'om Eng. boot ;
cut for tlie leg of a boot.
I.] Leather
boot-less, * boote'-lesse, * bote-lesse,
a. [From boot (1), and suffix -less.] Without
profit, success, or advantage ; profitless.
"Such euU is not alway botelesse."
Chaucer : Troilus, b. i,
" Ah, luckless speech, and bootless boast !"
Cowper : John Gilpin.
H It is sometimes followed by the infinitive.
The blood of ages, bootless to secure,
Beneath an Empire's yoke, a stubborn Isle."
Thomson: Liberty, pt. iv.
DOOt'-lesS-ly, adv. [Eng. bootless; -ly. Un-
availingly, uselessly.
" Good nymph, no more ; why dost thou bootlessly
Stay thiis tormenting both thyself and me?"
Fanshawe : Past, /"id., p. 133.
boot'-less-ness, s. [Eng. bootless; -ness.]
The state pf being bootless. (Webster.)
boots, s.pl. [Boot.]
boot'-y, -'- bot-ie, s. [in Icel. byti ; Sw. bym
= truck, exchange, barter, dividend, booty,
pillage ; Dan. bytte = barter, exchange, truck ;
Dut. bvit = booty, sport, prize; Ger. beute ;
Fr. butin; Sp. 'botin = . . , booty; Ital. bot-
tino. From Icel. & Sw. b-ffta = to change to
feoil, boy; pout, j<fw-l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -liio-
-ciaUg -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -^ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -slous = shtis. -ble, -die, &c. =: bel, deL
6S2
bootyer— borax
exeliange, to truck, to shift, to divide, to
share; Dan. Injtte— to change, to make ex-
change, to tniclc ; Dut. huitcii =:to get booty,
to pilfer; L. Ger. buten (N. H.) Ger. betitcii,
erheiitcn = to make booty; M. H. Ger. huten,
beaten. '\
1, Lit. : That which is seized by i)lunder or
by violence. Spc-ialhj^
(1) That which is takt.-n by soldiers in war.
"When the boot// hiid lipeii secured, the priMiinT-
■^'ere suffereil to depart mi foot." — Miicaulii.ij : Jiixi
JCni/ , ch. xix.
(2) That which a tliief or a robber carrii.'s
off by fraud or by violence.
"They succeeded in stopping thirty or forty coafliri,
and rode olf with n, great bonft/ in guinea,'*, \v.itulii.-',
and jewellery." — Maaiuhii/ . ]l'i.s'. Eiig., ch. x\iii.
^ It is rarely used in the plural.
" Aut. If I hiwl a mind to Tie honest, I see Fortune
■would not surt'enne: she <\v^^\^?, hoot 'vn in my mouth
I iLiii courted now with a doahle ocuiisiuii." — Sliakp.KjJ. :
Wintur's TaJe, iv. 4.
2. Fuj., ill special 'plirascs :
(a) To 'play booty: To pluy dishonestly, with
the intention of losing a game.
" We understand what we ought to do, but when we
deliherate, we play booty against ourselves ; our con-
sciences direct us one way, our corruptions hurry ii.s
another." — L' Estrange.
(b) To wnte booty : To write in such a way
as intentionally tu fail in gaining one's pro-
fessed aim.
"1 have set this argument in the beat light, that
the ladies may not thmit tliat I writ.^ booCi/."—/Jry(iiiii.
T Frecise meaning of booty : Crabb thu.s
distinguishes between booty, spoil, and prey: —
*' The first two are used as military terms or
in attacks on an enemy, the latter in eases of
particular viok-nce. The soldier gets his
hooty : the combatant his spoils; the cjirni-
vorous animal his prey. Boot}^ respects what
is of personal ser^^ice to the captor ; sjjoils
whatever serves to designate his triumph ;
prey includes whatever gratifes the appetite
and is to be consumed. V lieu a tt)wn is
taken, soldiers are too busy in the work of
destruction and mischief to oarry away much
iooty; in every battle the ar-ns and personal
property of the slain enem»,' are the lawful
spoils of the victor ; the hawk pounces on liis
p-rey, and carries him up to h's nest. Greedi-
ness stimulates to take booty ; ambition pro-
duces an eagerness for sjioih ; a ferocious ap-
petite impels to a search for prey." (Crabb :
Eng. Syu.)
■^boo-ty-er, ». [Byoutoub..]
* bdowe, s. [Bough.] (Chaucer: C. T., The
Kn. Tale, 2,059.)
bdoze, * boose, * b6u^e, v.i. [From Dut.
buizen ; Ger. bttsen, bauseii.] To tipple, to
drink to excess.
bobze, s, [Booze, v.]
1. Intoxicating liquor ; drink.
2. A spree, a drinking bout.
booz'-er. boos'-er, s. [Eng. booz(c); -cr.\
One who boozes or tipples. (IVebster,)
booz'-mg, * b6o§j'-ihg, pr. -par. & a. [Boozk .;;
■'. . . a. boozing clown who had scarcely literature
enough to entitle him to the benefit of clergy."—
Macaiilay : Jltst. Eng., ch. x\l
boozing-ken, ». A slang tei'm for a
drinking-shop.
booz'-y, * b6o§('-y, * bou§'-y, a. [From
booze, v., and suffix -y.] A little intoxicated,
somewhat elevated or excited with liquor.
{Kii\gsley.)
bo-peep', ' bo-pecpe', * bo-pepe', s. [From
bo, an unmeaning word, and peep = look. ]
1. Lit. : A children's game, in which the
performers look out from lichind anything
and then draw back as if frightened to show
face longer. This is done with the intention
of imjiressing each other with a moderate
amount of friglit. It is the same as Scotch
bokeek and keekbo ('i-V.).
" Rivers,
That serve instead of iieaceful barrier'*,
Ti. part the eiiyiagements ot tlieir wai-riours,
Where botli from side to aide may skip.
And only encounter at bo/juap." Iludibion.
bop'-y-rid, s. fBopYRiD.E.] Any crustaceaji
of the family Bopyiida'. (Used also adjec-
tive! y.)
bo-pyr'-i-dse (yr as ir), .5. pi. [From 'S\q<1.
Lat. bopyrus (q.v.).]
Zool. : A family cfSL'dentai'ylsopod Crusta-
ceans of abnormal type, which live in the gills,
or attached to the ventral surface of .shrimiis
or sindlar animals. They undergo metamor-
phosis, and the sexes are distinct.
bO-pyr'-US (yr as ir), ■>. [Etym. doubtful.]
Zool. : The t\'pii^l genus of the Crustaceon.?
family Bopyrida; (q.v.). B. sqiuUariim is a
common form.
bo -quin, 5. [8p.]
Weaving : A coarse Spanish baize.
*borCl), ... [Bore.]
bor (2),
[Boar ]
■" bor (3), ->■. [Bower.] {Ear. Eng. Allit Poems
(ed. Morris); Pearl, 064.)
* bor, ji"''. of V. [Bear.] (Story of Hen. and
Exod , -yi:>.)
biir'-a, a. [Said to be a dialectal form of Ital.
horea = the mirth wind. Cf. Illyrian bura =
.■^tonn, tiMupest (N.E.D.).] A violent north
wind common in the upper parts of the
Adiiiitic Sea.
+ bbr'-a-ble, u. [Eng. bor(e.) ; -aUc] That
may be bored. (Johnson.)
bor-a'-Chi-O, s. [H]>. horachio & borracha =
a leathern bottle ; bunvcho = drunk.]
'1. A leather bottle or bag used in the
Spanisli peninsula to hold wine, &c.
2. A drunkard,
"How you stini of wine! D'ye think my niece
will ever endure such a borachio ? You') e .ili absolute
horaduo."~Con'jr eoe.
bbr-ac'-ic, ". [In Fr. boru-iqne, from Lat.
borax, gen. boraci:^.]
boracic acid, s.
1. Glieni. : An acid, now called Boric Acid
(q.v.)
2. Min.: Sassniite (7)e/'a). Sassoline (Cri^
.V(^^- Cat.). [Sassolite.]
b6r'-a-9ite, ■•-. [In Ger. borazit; Lat. boroj:,
genit. borac.i.^ ; and sutfix -ite, Min. (q.v.).]
Min. : An isometric tetrahedral mineral ;
hardness i.ij wlien massive, but 7 in ci-ystals ;
sp. gr. '2.9 ; lustre, vitreous ; colour, white or
grayish, yellowish, and greenish. It varies
from being subtransparent to translucent. It
is pyroelectric. Compos. : boron, 58.45 to 69.77 ;
magnesia, 23.80— 31.39 ; sesquioxide of iron,
0.32—1.59 ; chloride of magnesia, 9.97—11.75 ;
and water, 0 — 6.20. Boracite is (I) ordinary
either crystallized or massive, or (2) it is iron-
boracite. Found in Germany, France, &c.
(Dana.)
bor'-a-COUS, a. [From Lat. borax, genit.
boracis (q.v.), and suffix -oiis.l Consisting in
part of borax ; derived from borax.
tbor'-age (1), o. [A corruption of borax
(q.V.).J
borage-grot, 5.
Xiniii^.: A groat nr fnurpenny piece of a
particnhir desciiption, furmerly current iu
Scotland.
" Item the auld Englis grot sail pass for xvi d , the
boraffti grot ass the new grot."
bor'-age (21, s. [Fn Ger. borago ; Dut. bur-
■nagi'e; Fr. bonrrache ; Sp. borraja ; Port, borra-
gem; Ital. borraggine ; Pol. borak.] [Bokago.]
Bot. : The English name of the genus Boi-
ago. IBoRAHo.] The comnmn borage is an
exceedingly hispid jdant, with large, brilliant,
blue flowers, having their stamens exserted.
It was once regarded as a cordial ; the young
leaves may be used ;is a salad or imtherb, and
the flowers form an ingredient in cool tankards.
bor'-age-worts (age as ig), o. p?. [Eng.,
<S:i-., borage, and suthx -ivorts.]
Bot. : The English name of the Botanical
order Boraginaeea: (qv.).
b6r-ag-in-a'-5e-te, s. pi [Lat. borogo, gen.
boragini':, and -accn\ nom. feui. pi. of adj.
suffix -accus.]
Bot. (Bm-ageworts) : An order of plants placed
by Lindley under his 4Stli or Echeal Alliance.
They have monopetalous corollns, generally
with five, but sometimes with four, divisions,
live stamens, a four-parted, four-seeded ovary^
producing, when ripe, four nuts distinct from
each other. Leaves generally very rough.
Whilst the fivestamens ally them toSolanaccav
Cimvolvulacese, and other allied orders, the four
seeds bring them near Labiata?. Tliey arc
natives principally of the temperate parts of
tlie northern heniisphcre. 600 species were
known in 1847. (Lindley.) The representa-
tives of the order iu Britain are Echium, Pul-
monaria, Lithospermum, Mertensia, Boragu,
Symphytum, Lycopsis, Anchusa, Myosotis, As-
perugo, Echinosperinumj and Cynoglossum.
bor-a-gin-a'-ye-oiis, bor-a-gm'-e-oiis,
a. [Lat. borago, genit. boraginis, and Eng.
suff. -acr.ous, -eons.] Pertaining or relating tc
the Boraginaceis or to the structure by whicln
they are clLaracterised.
bor-a'-go, .-'. [Fi-. hmrmrjie, from Low Lat.
hnragbiHin, aci'us. of borago, prob. from Low
L;it. bnrro, i/orm- = mugh shaggy hair, from
the roughness of the folinge.]
Bot. (Borage) : A frenus of plnnts— the typical
one of the <n'der Boraginaeea' (Borageworts)_
U has a rotate calyx, its throat closed witli
live teeth, exserted stamens, with bifid fila-
ments, the inner branch bearing the anther.
B. officirudis, oi- Common Borage, is naturalised
iu Britain, but is nut a true native. [Borage.)
"^ bbr'-a-mez, s. Thesanie asBAROMETz(q.v.).
bo-ras'-co, s [Sp. & Port, borrasco : Fj'_
bo^lTrasgne.] A violent squall, generally ac-
companied with thunder and lightning.
bbr-as'-SUS, .'^. [Fmm Gr. ^opaac-o? (horassos).
= the fruit of ;i pabn-ti-ei.'.]
Bot. : A genus of iialms, constituting the
type of tlie section Borassea-. H eoutains the
Borassusjiabelliformi-; or F;ni-Ieaved Boi'assus„
or Palm ; called also the Palmyra oi" Brab-
tree. It grows in the East Indies, rising tiv
the height of about thirty feet. It delights in
elevated and hilly situations. The finit is
about the size and shape of a child's liead.
Wine and sugar are made fi-oin the sap of tlK-
trunk.
bor'-ate, s. [Eng. l>or(ic), and suff. ate.]
Chem. : A salt of boric acid.
bbr'-ax, * bor-as, s. [In Fr. horoj- ; Sp.
borrax ; Ital. borrace ; Aiub. hnraq, from
baraqa = to shine.]
1. Chem.: Biborate of sodium, sodium pyro-
borate, Na2B407. It is found native in Thi-
bet, California, and Peru, and is called tin-
cal ; it is also obtained by boiling the crude
Tuscan boric acid with luilf its weight oS
Na-2Co3. It crystallizes at 79° in octohedra,
Na.2B4b7.5H2O ; and below 56° in monoclinic
]irisms, Na2B4O7.10H2O. Wlieu heated in the
air it swells up and loses its water, forminj^
a spongy mass. The aqueous solution of
borax has a slight alkaline reaction, turning
yellow tiirmeric paper brown.
2. Phar. : Borax acts as a mild alkali on
the aliment-ary canal and produces diuresis ;
it has a peculiar to]ucal sedative action oi>
tlie mucous membranes, and is used as a
gargle in aphthous conditions of the tongue
and throat, and in cases of mercurial saliva-
tion,
3. Manuf. : Borax is used in the process of
soldering oxidizable metals ; being sprinkled
over their surface it fuses and dissolves the
oxide which wonid prevent adhesion. It is
used for lixing colours on jiorcelain.
"Boras, ceruce, ne oille of tartre noon."
Chaucer.- C. T., Prol., Ciiii.
4. Mineralogy : A monoclinic, rather brittle,
sweetish alkaline mineral, with a hardness of
2-2-5, a sp. gr. of 1-716, a vitreous, resinous,
or earthy lustre, a greyish, bluish, or greenish-
white colour. Composition ■ Boric acid, 36'6 ;
soda, 13-2; water, 47*2. It has been called
tincal. borate of soda, cluysoeoUa, &c Found
first in a salt lake in Thibet, and afterwards
in Ceylon, California, Canada, Peru, &c.
borax beads, s. pi.
Chevi. : " Beads " made of borax. They
are used in blowpipe analysis to distin-
guish the oxides of the various metals, and
to test minerals. A piece of platinum wire is
bent to form a small loop at one end ; this is
heated to redness and dipped on powdered
borax. The adhering borax is heated in tlu-
flame to drive off the water ; it then forms a
colourless transparent bead. A minute frag-
ment of the substance to be tested is placed
f^t8» fat, fare, amidst, wbat, fall, father ; -we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, w^olf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try. Syrian. £e. oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
BORAGINACE/E.
I. Borago oj^cinalist la Unripe seeds (four nuts) ; i6, single ripe seed (magnified). 2. Myosotis sylvatica : 2a, Fruit C^our nuts).
^. Heliotropium peruvianum: 3a, Fruit (four nuts) ; 36, single seed ornut (magnified). 4. Myosotidixim nobile : 4a, Fruit (four nuts),
unripe ; 46, fruit (four nuts), ripe
10
borbonia— border
63S
on it, and it is heated in thr blowytipe flame
till it dissolves. It gives a idiaracteristit;
colour in the reducing and in the oxidizing
hlowpipe flame.
Reducing flame: Coio?^-^'??— Silicates of
oartli metals ; AI2O3. SnO:; ; alkaline eaitlis,
eiutlis, lanthanum, and cerium oxides, tan-
talic acid, manganic oxide, ilidymium oxide.
Yellou} to hrowii — Tungstic aciil, titanic acid,
molybdic acid ; and vanadic acnl, wlien hot.
.flerf— Suboxide of copper, CtioO. Green —
FesiOg, uranie oxide, chromic oxide ; and
vanadic acid when cold. Gre>j — Ag..O, ZnO,
CdO, PbO, BiaOg, Sb-Og, tellurous salts, and
NiO.
Oxidizinq flame : Colonrks^ (ifccZ— Silifjites,
alumina, stannic oxide, alkaline earths ; AgoO,
Ta, Niob, Te, salts ; titanic acid, tung-,tic
acid, molybdic acid, ZnO, CdO, PbO, Bi-20;j,
Sb.205. Yelloia to broc/t — Pe^O.), uranium
oxide ; vanadic oxide when hot. Jled — Fe^O.j,
cerium oxide, and oxide of nickel ^Vhen cold.
Violet— Mn salts, didymium oxidu ; and a mix-
ture of CoO and NiO. Bine — Cobalt oxide
(CoO), copper oxide (CuO) when cold. Green.
—Chromium oxide (Cr^Oii), vanadic acid when
cold, CuO when hot ; and Fe-iO-j, containing
CuO or CoO.
Tjor-bon'-i-a, s. [From Gaston de Bourbon,
Duke of Orleans, son of Henry IV. of France,
a patron of botany. ]
Bot. : A papilionaceous genus of jdants eon-
taining about thirteen spcLies, all from ."South
Africa ; yellow flowers.
bor -bor-iis, s. [From Gr. ^op^opos (borhoro.'i)
= slime, mud, mire.]
Eiitom. : A genus of two-winged flies be-
longing to the family Muscidte. The species
are small iiisects, and frequent cucumber-
frames, dung-heaps, and marshy spots.
= bor'-ljor-ygm (g silent), * bor-bor-yg'-
miis, £■ [In Fr. harbor ijij me ; from Gr. pop-
^opu-y|Lt6s (horbomg'nios) = a rumbling in the
bowels ; /Sop^opii^u) (borhonizo) = to have a
rumbling in the bowels ; (rom the sound.]
Old Med. : A rumbling in the bowels.
{Glossog. Nov., 2nd ed.j
' borch, v.t. [BoBRow.] {Scotcli.)
* borcb, s. [BuERouoH.]
* bOrd, v.t. & S. [BOAKD, v.]
* bbrd (1), ;
* bord (2), ;
[Board.]
[BORDAGi:.]
bord-halfpenny, s.
Old Law or Ciistom: Money paid to tlie lord
of a manor on whose ])rnperty a town or
village is built, for setting up stalls or booths
in it on occasion of a fail'.
bord-service, s.
Old Law : A tenure of burdland Oi.v.).
* bbrd (3), .-■. [From Fi-. hord = border. [Bor-
der.]
1. Ord. Lang. . A bordir.
2. Mining : A lateral passage where a ,->haft
intersects a seam of coal.
1 Monthisbord. [Monthis.]
•bord(3). «. [Bourd.]
* bord (1), o. [Burde.] {Scotch.)
""bord alexander, ^'. A kind of (hitii
made at Alexandria. (A MS. dated about
1525.) (Jamieson.)
*bord (5). s. [O. F]ies. bord; M. H. Ger.
huburh; O. Fr. behourd.] A jonst, a tourna-
ment.
" Ful ofte tynie lie hadde the bord hyL^uune '"
Chiiucur ('. T . f'rul., -t-.
* bbrd'-age (1), s. [Low Lat. hordagium.]
Old Law: The tenure by wliiidi a bordai'
held his cot, the services due from a boular
to his lord.
bord'-age (2), s. [Fr. bordage.]
Nau't. : The planking of a shijt'.s side ; hence
used for a boj-der of any kind.
bbrd'-ar, -^. [Low Lat. hordarins = a cottager. ]
One w'ho held a cott;ige at the will of his lord,
a cottier. (N.JC.D.)
^ bord-clothe, * borde -cloth, burd-
cloth, .s. [O. Eng. iord = board, table ; and
tloth.\ A table-cloth.
" BordeclotJie. Mappa, gauiape." — Prompt. Parv.
" bbrde (1), s. [Board.] (Eur. Eng. Allit.
I'ncms, ed Morris ; Clean ne-'S, 470, 1,433, &c )
* bbrde (2), s. [Border.] A border. (.Sir
Gaw, ojid the Greene Knight, CIO.)
* borde (3), s. [Mtd. Eng. hourde, froTn Fr.
bourde, cog, with Port, borda = a lie.] A jest.
{Sir Gaw., 1,954.)
bbr'-del, * bbr'-dele, "^ bbr-dell, ^ bbr-
del'-lo, """ bur-del'-lo, s. [In Fr. bordd
{Liitre); O. Fr. hordell(Kclhavi) ; Prov. hordel ;
Sp. burdd; Ital. horddlu. From O. & ilod
Fr. bordel, in the sense of a hut ; dimin. of
liordc = a hut or cabin made of boards ; Prov.
borda =■ a hut.] [Board.] A brotlicl.
" From the burdello it uiighfc come as well :
The Bpittle : urpict-hatcn."
B. Jonson : Jioery Man in his Uumour, i. 2.
'■ Making even his ovvu house a stew, a bordel, imd a
school of lewduesB, to instil vice lutu the unwary ears
ut his poor childreiL"— South,
bbr -dell-er, * bor -del-er, * bor'-dil-
ler {Eng.), bbr'-dell-ar (Scotch), s. [O.
Eng.. O. Scotch, &c,., hnrdel = ii brothel, and
sutf -er.] A frequenter of brothels.
"He had nane &h familiar to hyin, as fidlaris, 6or-
d-Uaris. makerellis, and gestouris." — lielleiid. .- Cron.,
bk. v., ch. i.
^ bbr-del'-lo, -•>-. [Bordel.]
bor'-der, ' bbr'-doure, * bbr'-dure, ^ & a.
[From Fr. bordure (Littm) \ from I-'i'. Imrder^
to border, to edge ; Low Lat. hnuhiru = a
margin. Compare Sw. br(idd = 'br\m, margin,
brink; Dut. ftoortZ— border, edge, brim, . . .]
[Board.]
A. .4s substmitive :
I. Ordinary Language : The brim, edge,
margin, or boundary line of anything. Spec —
1. Ofearthenu'ifrr, a Iool'i:!.g-glas>', a jiicttire,
<f'c. : The brim, the margin, the frame, or any-
thing else surrounding it.
"They have lookinjj-elaBnes bonlered with bro.id
horders of crystal, a^iil great counterfeit precious
sUmes." — Bacon.
2. Of a garment : The edge nr hem, some-
times ornamented with needlework, or at
least of a diverse colour from the rest. [Bor-
DURi;, 1.]
3. Of a garden, a country, a lair, £c. : Its
limit or boundary.
(1) Iff a garden : The raised flower or other
bed surrounding it.
" All with a border of rich fruit-trees crown'd."
Waller: On St. Jmness ParJc.
(■1) Of a conntry : Its confine, its limit, its
boundary line, or the districts in the imme-
diati? vicinity.
(a) Gcii. : In the foregoing sense.
"Slowly rLiiil witli diflSculty peace w,a3 established
nil the border "--Macaalan ; uigt. Eng , ch. iii.
(/)) S]ipv. : The border territory between
England and Scotland, where, wliile the two
countries were independent, mutual inroads,
j-aids, cattle-lifting, &c. [Bordrag, Bord-
raging]. for centuries prevailed. Since the
happy union of the two kingdoms in 1707, the
hardy race of adventurers generated by these
enterprises have found their proper sphere in
the British army. [Borderer.]
(3) Of a lake : Its bank or margin.
"It was Hituated on the ftorrfcrs of an extensive but
.iballow lake, . . ."—Darwin: Voyage round the
WorUl (ed. 1S70). cb. vi., p. 114.
*I[ (1) Crabb thus distinguishes between
hnrder, edge, rim or brim, brink, margin, and
verge: "Of these terms, border is the least
definite point, edge the most so ; rniiand brim
are species of edge; margin and verge are
species of border. A border is a stripe, an
edge is a line. Tlie border lies at a certain
distance from the edge ; the edge is the exterior
termination of the surface of any substance.
Whatever is wide enough to admit of any
space round its circumference may }la^'e a
border ; wliatever comes to a narrow extended
surface has an edge. Many things may have
botli a border and an edge; of this description
are r^aps, gowns, cai-pets, and the like ; others
have a border but no edge, as lands, and
others have an edye but no border, as a knife
or table. A rim is the edge of any vessel;
the brim is the exterior edge of a cap'; a brini
is the edge of any precipice or deep place ; a
margin is tlie border of a book or a piece of
water; a verge is the extreme border of a
place."
(2) Border, boundary, frontier, and confines
are thus discriminated: "These terms are all
applied to countries or tracts of land." The
" border is the outer edge or tract of land that
runs along a country ; it is mostly ajjplied to-
countries running in a line with each other,
as the borders of England and Scotland; the
boundary is that which bounds or limits, as
the boundaries of countries or provinces ; the
frontier is that which lies in the front or
forms the entrance into a country, as the
frontiers of Germany or the frontiers of
France ; the confines are the parts lying con-
tiguous to others, as the confines of differ-
ent states or provinces. The term border is
employed in describing those parts which
form the borders, as to dwell on the borders or
to run along the borders. The term boundary
is used in speaking of the extent or limits of
places ; it belongs to the science of geography
to describe the bo^indaries of countries. The-
frontiers arc mostly spoken of in relation to
militaiy matters, as to pass the frontiers, to-
fortify frontier towns, to guard the frontiers,
or in respect to one's jiassage from ono
country to another, aG to be stopped at the
frontiers. The term confines, like that of bor-
ders, is mostly in respect to two jdaccs ; the
border is mostly a line, but the confines may
be a point ; one therefore speaks of going
along the borders, but meeting on the confines. "
" The term border may be extended in its appli-
cation to any space, and boundary to any
limit. Confines ii^ also figuratively applied to
any space included within the confines, as the-
confines of the grave ; precinct is properly any
]d;ice, which is encircled by something that
serves as a girdle, as to be within the pre-
ctiicf.s- of a court, that is, within the space
which belongs to or is under the control of a
court." (Crabb: Eng. Syn.)
II, Tcrhnimlly:
1. Milling : The hoop, rim, or curb around
a bedstone or bedplate, to keep the meal from
falling off except at the prescribed gap. Used
in gunpowder mills and some forms of grain-
grinding mills.
2. Printing:
(1) A tyjie with an ornamental face, suitable-
for forming a part uf a fancy border.
(2) Ornamental work surrounding the text
of a I'agi'.
3. LnrhsiiiUhing: The rim of a lock.
4. Wfaring :
(1) That itart of the cloth containing the
selvage.
(2) Plur. (Borders) : A class of naiTow tex-
tile fabrics designed for edgings and bindings,
such as galloons and laces.
5. Her. : Of the form bordure (q.v.).
B. As adjective : In any way connected with
the bordei-s. (Sec the compounds.]
" With some old Border song, or catch."
Wordsworth: Fountain
^ Compounds of obvious signification . Bor-
der-gnard (Levis: Ear. Rom. Hist., ch. xii.,
pt. li., § 30, vol. li.. 144); border-line, border
line {Times, 28th March, 1877); border-sovg,
border song [B.] ; border-stream (Byron : Lara,
ii. 13).
border- axe, s. A battle-axe in use on
the border land between England and Scotland.
"A border-axe behind was slung."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 6.
t border-day, s. The day or era when:
the borders were in their glory.
" Was not unfrequent, nor held strange.
In the old Border-da}/."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v, T.
border-laud, s. A border district, esp.
that between England and Scotland. (Used
also figuratively.
border-pile, s.
Hydranlic Engineering : An exterior pile of
a cofler-dain, &c.
+ border-pipe, s.
Mv.-^ic : A pipe designed to he blown in
border wars.
" Through the dark wood, in mingled tone,
Were Border-pipes and bugles blown."
Suott : Lay of the Lust Minstrel, iv. la.
border-plane, £.
Joinery: A joiner's edging-plane.
t border-side, s.
Scotch : The side or district of Scotland lying
in proximity to the English frontier.
" List all !— The King's vindictive pride
Boasts to have tamed the Border-\ide."
Scott : Lady qf the Luke, ii. 23
b^, bo^; poiit, j<S^l; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon. exist. ph = f,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious. -sious, -ci'ous =- shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
634
border— bore
border -stone, s. The curbstone of a
well or pavement.
border-tide, s. A particular tide or
season in liorder history.
"■ Demaiids the Ladye of Buccleuch,
Why, 'gainst the truce of Border-tide,
111 hostile guiae ye dsi-re to ride."
Scvtt : Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 19.
border-warrant, s.
Law: A process for arresting an English
delinquent who has crossed the "border to
Scotland, or vice versd, or compelling him to
find security for his appearance before a court.
bor'-der, * bor'-der-yn, v.i. & t. [From
Eng. harder, s. (({.v.). In Fr. border ; Sp. bordar
= to border, to edge.]
A. Intrajisitioe :
1, 0/ fJuiujs vuiterifil : To confine upon, to
be cinitiguous to, to liave the edges of one
thing 111 rlose proximity to those of another.
(Followed by oti or 'iipon.)
2. Of things immaterial : To approach
closely to.
B. Transitice :
1, Of a garment, £c. : To adorn with a border
ornamented or otherwise.
2. Of a country :
(1) Of the rch'tlon of one place to another:
To reach, to touch, to confine upon, to be
contiguous or near to.
" . . . . those parts of Arabia which border the sea
called the Persian Gulf'—Jialeigli.
(2) Of the relation of a traveller to a tract of
country : To keep near a boundary Ihie.
" His chief difficulty arose from not knowing where
to find water in (,lie lowfi countiy, 3o that he w;i3
obliged to keep 0 irU'-.rln;/ the central ranges."— ^cir-
wiii; Voyage round the IJ'o;-It( [ed. 1870), ch. xvi.
* bor-dere, s. [Bordyoure.] {Prom-pt. Parv.)
bor'-dered, ' bor-dyrde, pa. par. & a.
I, Ordinary Language : (See the verb.)
II. Bot. : A term applied to one colour sur-
rounded by a border or edging of another.
bor'-der-er, i-. [Eng. harder, v. ; and suftix
-er.]
I. Ord. Lang. : The dweller on the border
or frontier of a country.
" National enmities have always been fiercest among
borderers."— Macaiday : Hist, A'luj., oh. xiii.
II. Mil. : The 25th regiment of the British
infantry are called the " King's Own Bor-
derers."
bor'-der-ihg, pr. par. & a. [Border, v.]
" . . . . oft on the bordering deep."
Milton : P. L., bk. L
bor'-der§f, s. pi. [Bokder.]
* bord-felawe, s. [O. Eng. hard = board,
and felawe = a fellow, companion.] A com-
panion, associate.
"Thei youento him bordfelawis thretti," — WycUffe :
Judges xiv, 11.
bor'-dite, s. [Fi'om Eordo'd, one of the Faroe
Islands ; and suffix -Ha (Min.) (q.v.).]
Mill.: A variety of Okenite (q.v.). It is
milk-white, fibrous in texture, and very tough.
From Bordoe. [See etyni.]
* bbrd'-land, s. [Eng. hovd; land.] Said to
be land whicli a lord keeps in his own hand
for the inainteinince of his "board," i.e., of
his table ; more prob. land held by a bordar
(q.v.). {N.E.D.)
* bord'-less. "^ bord-lees, a. [0. Eng. hord
= boi-U'd, table, and hence food ; and suffix
-less.] Foodless. (Piers Plowman.)
* bord'-lode, s. [O. Fr. lorO.e, from Low Lat.
horda = a hut ; and lode — loile.]
Old Law : The same as hordage.
* bord'-ni3,n» s. [Bordap.e.]
Old Law : A tenant in bordage (q.v.).
* bord'-rag, s. [Contracted from bordragmg
(q.v.).] A border raid, a " bordvaging," ravag-
ing of border lands. (Used specially of England
and Scotland while, pi'cvious to the Union, the
two countries were at fend )
" No wayling there nor wretchediiesse is heard,
No nightly bordrags, nor no hue and cries."
S)ieHser : Colin C'l., 'iVl, 315.
^ bord'-ra-gihg, s. [0. Eng. hord — border,
and raging.] A border raid, a " bordi'ag."
" Yet oft annoyd with sondry bordragingn.
Of neighbonr Scots, and forreln Scatterlings,"
Spenser ■ F. Q., II. x 6!1.
* bor'-dun, ■?. [From Fr. boiirdon ; Ital. hor-
done.'] A pilgrim's staff.
"... In pilgrimea wedes
"He bar a bordun I-bounue with a brod lyste,"
Piers Plow, i'is., vi. 7-8.
bor'-diire, s. [Fr. bordure.] [Border.]
I, Ord. Lang. : An old form of border, a.
(q.v.). A hem or border.
"... hem or iordure of these clothes, . . ."
Chaucer : Boethius (ed. Moiris), p. G, line 50.
II. Heraldry : The border of an escutcheon.
It occupies one-fifth
of a shield. It has
various significations.
1. It may be the
mark of a younger
branch of a family.
2. If charged, it
may refer to maternal
descent. This espe-
cially obtains in an-
cient armory.
3. It may stand for bordure.
" border company,"
which should be composed of sixteen pieces,
and may imply either augmentation or, in
recent heraldry, illegitimacy.
4. It may be an ordinary charge.
T[ In blazoning coats of armour the bordure
is placed over all ordinaries except the chief,
the quarter, and the canton. It has no di-
minutive, but may at times be surmounted by
another of half its width. When a bordure is
bezante, billette, or has similar markings, the
number of bezants or billets, unless otherwise
mentioned, is always eight. (Gloss, of Her.)
"■ bor'-dyn, * boor-don, *bour'-don, r.(.
[Bourdon.] To play, joke. (Prompt. Parv.)
[From
* bor'-dy-oure, * bor'-dere,
O. Eng. hourdyn (q.v.).]
"Bordyoure, or yleyare [bordere. P.). Lusor, jocii-
lator." — Proinpt. Parv.
bore, *^ bor -i-en, ^ bor-in, "^ bor-yn, v. t. & i.
[A. S. dorian = to bore ; leel.bora; Hw.borrd;
Dan. bore; Dnt. boren; (N. H.)Ger. hohren. ;
O. H. Ger. poran, poron ; Lat. foro = to bore.
Skeat suggests also a connection with Gr.
4>a.p (phar), in cffapa-yf (pharanx) ^:^ a. ravine,
and ^dpvy^ (pharunx) = the pharynx, the
gullet.]
A, TroMsitive :
1. Lit. : To perforate or make a hole through
anything.
(1) To perforate, to make a hole through
any hard substance by means of an instru-
ment adapted for the purpose. Used —
(a) Of the action of a gimlet drilling holes
in wood, or an analogous but more powerful
instrument wrought by machinery perforating
iron.
" A man may make an instrument to bore a hole an
inch wide, or half an inch, not to bore a hole of a
loot." —H'ltkins.
" Mulberries will be fairer if you bore the trunk of
the tree through, and thrust into the places bored
wedges of some nut trees." — Bacon.
(b) Of the action of a borer perforating
the strata of the earth in search of coal or
other valuable minerals, for scientific investi-
gation of the succession of strata, or for any
purpose.
" I'll believe as soon
This whole earth may be bored, and that tlie moon
May through the centre creep,"
Shakenp. : Mid. Night's Dream, iii. 2.
(c) Of the action of a woodpecker's bill, the
jaws of an insect, or any similar instrumen-
tality.
(d) Of an energetic person piercing through
or penetrating a crowd.
" Consider, reader, what fatigues I've known.
What riots seen, what hustling crowds I bor'd.
How oft I cruss'd where carts and coaches roar'd."
tiay
(2) To hollow out l>y meaps of boring.
"Take the barrel of a long gun, perfectly bored, . . .'
—D-igby.
(3) To make way by piercing or scraping
out.
" These ditnluutive catterpillars are able, by degrees,
to pierce or bore theli- way into a tree, with very small
holes ; . . ."—Hay.
2. Figvratlci^ly:
(1) To weary one out by constant reitei-ation
of a narrative or subject in which one has but
slender interest ; to fatigue the attention, to
weary one. (Colloquial.)
"^ (2) To befool, to trick.
" I am abused, betrayed ; I am laughed at, acomed.
Baffled and Sored, it seems . . ."
JJeaumont A Fletcher.
B, Intransitive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) (By omitting the objective after tlie transi-
tive verb): To pierce by boring; as, "the
auger bores well."
(2) (In its nature intransitive) : To be pierced
or penetrated by a boring instrument ; as,
"the wood is hard to bore." '
2. Fig. : To push forward,
" Nor southward to the raining regions nui.
But boring to the west, and huv'ring there.
With gaping mouths they draw prolifick air,"
Dry den.
'hoYGfPret. ofv. [Bear, v.]
"This bore up the ^latriarchs , —Tillotson (3rd
ed., 1722J, vul. 1., ser, xiv.
■ bore, jxt par. [Born.]
bore (1) (Eng.), bore, * boir, * bor (Scotch),
s. [From bore, v. In A.S. bor = (1) a borer,
a gindet, (2) a lancet, a graving iron ; Sw.
borr = an auger, a gimlet ; Dan. hor, hoer
= a gimlet; Dut. boor = a wimble, a drill;
Ger. bohr = an auger ; bohrlock = bore, auger-
hole.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
'' (1) The instrument with which a hole is
bored ; a borer. [Etym.]
(2) A hole made by boring. Used —
(a) Gen. : Of the hole itself, without refer-
ence to its size.
" Into hollow engines lung and roimd.
Thick ramm'd, at tb" utner 6ore w Ith touch of flre
Dilated, and infuriate." Milton : P. L., bk, vi.
{b) Spec. : Of its size or calibre.
"And ball and cartridge sorts for every bore.''
Dry den.
" It will bestapjiearinthefioresof wind instruments;
thercfuie cause pipes to be niade with a single, double,
and 90 on, to a sextuple bore, and mark what tone
every one giveth," — Bacon.
(3) A hole made in any other way. Spec. —
(a) A small hole or crevice ; a place used
for shelter, especially for smaller animals.
(Scotch.)
" A Sonne bein ful bright
Schou opou the queue
At a bore."
Sir Tristrein, p. 152.
"Schute was the door: in at a boir I blent."
Pulice of ffonoar, iii. 69.
" And into hols and bars thame hvd."
Buret: Pilg. (Watson's Coll.), it. 23, 24. (Jamies<m.)
(b) A rift in the clouds ; a similar open
space between trees in a wood. (Scotch.)
" When, glimmering through the groaning trees,
Kirk-Alloway seem'd in a hleeze ;
Through ilka bore the beams were glancing."
Bums : Tatn O'Shanter.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of things : Importance.
" I have words to apeak in tftine ear will make thee
dumb ; yet are they much tou light for the bore of the
matter. '—i'feuAcs^. .■ Hamlet, iv. 6.
(2) Of pcisoits or things: A person who
wearies one by jierpetnally calling when there
is no time to receive visitoi"s, or by harping
on a subject in which one has no interest, or
in some similar way. Also a thing similarly
wearisome.
3. In sjiecial phrases :
TI (1) A blue bore : An opening in the clouds
when the sky is thick and gloomy. (Scotch.)
(Lit. £ Fig.)
" This style pleased us well. It was the first blue
bure that did appear i]i our cloudy sky." — Laillie:
Lett. i. 171.
"^(2) The bores of hearing : The ears.
" For mine's beyond beyond — say, and sjjeak thick ;
Luvt's counsellor should fill the 6ores of liearing."
Shakesp. : Cymbel., iii. 2.
II. Technically :
1. Metallurgy:
(1) A tool bored to fit the shank of a forged
nail, and adapted to hohl it while the head is
brought to shape by the hammer. The de-
pression in the face of tlie bore is adapted to
the shape required of the chamfered under
part of the head.
(2) The cavity of a steam-engine cylinder,
pump-barrel, pipe, cannon, barrel of a fire-arm,
tVc. In jnechanics it is expressed in inches of
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bore— boring
635
diameter ; in cannon in the weight in pounds
of solid roimd shot adapted thereto.
(3) The capacity of a boring tool, as the
bore of an auger.
2. Music ; The calibre of a wind instrument,
as the bore of a flute.
bore (2), s. [Icel. bdra = a wave, a billow caused
by wind {IV^edgwood and Skcat); N. & il. H.
Ger. bor ; O. H. Ger. por = height, top.
Remotely connected with A.S. beran, benran
= to bear.]
Physic. Geog. <£ Ord. Lang. :
1, A tidal wave running with fearful height
and velocity up various rivers. In India
it occurs on the Ganges and the Indus, but,
according to an " An^lo-Burman," is nowhere
better seen than in the Sittang between Ran-
goon and Moulmein in the Eastern Peninsula.
In Britain a bore rushes at spring tides uy)
the Bristol Channel from the Atlantic, and
being narrowed by the funnel-shaped estuary
of the Severn, rises into a bore below Newn-
ham, and does not entirely expend its force
till it has passed Gloucester. It affects also
the river Parrett, just below Bridgewater,
and other rivers which run into the Bristol
Channel. There is a bore also in the Solway.
[Eagre, Hygre.]
"The bore had certaiuly ahirnied ua for ninety or a
hundred seconds."— /)fl Quince//: Works, 2ud ed., 1. 106.
2. Less jyroperhj : A very high tidal wave,
not, however, so abrujtt as in Xo. 1, seen in
the English Channel, the Bay of Fundy, &c.
{Daim.)
*b6re(3), s. [Boar.] (Piers Piow. Tis., vi. 31.)
The "bourtree" (q.v.).
*l>6re (4), s. ,
{Ttisser.)
t bor'-e-al, a. [In Fr. borcnl ; Sp. boreal;
Fort, vor'cal. ; lta\. bormlc ; Lut. bona! Is ; from
Boreas (n-v.).] Northern.
" Crete's ample fields dimlnlBh to our eye,
Before the bureal blasta the veasela fly."
Pope.
Boreal Province.
Zoology : The second of eighteen provinces
within which Mr. S. P. Woodward distributLMl
sea and fresh-water moUusca. The Boreal
Province extends across the Atlantic from
Nova Scotia and Massachusetts to Iceland,
the Faroe and Shetland Islands, and along the
coast of Norway from North Cape to the Naze.
75 per cent, of the ycandnia\'ian shells mx-
common to Britain, and more than half of tin'
3ea-shells found on the coast of Massat-Uusetts,
north of Cape Cod, occur also in the North
Sea. Some of the principal species are Teredo
navalis, Pholas crlspata, M ya an- naria, Saxicaixi
rugosii, Telluia .■^olidiila, Lia-iiut, borealis, As-
tarte borealis, Cypilnct Islandica, Leda pygviea,
Nucula tenuis, iMiillhts edulis, Moiliola viodio-
his, Pecteii Islamliciis, Ostrca edulis, Aiioinia
ephippiinn, Terebratuliiia caput-scrpcutis, Rhyn-
conella psUtacea, Chiton marvioreiis, Dentaliuni
entale, Margarita undnlata, Lltturlmt grcen-
landica, Naticn helicoides, Sctdnria grceuland-
ica, Fusus antiquK'', Fusus ishuidiciis, Trophon
viurlcatus, Trophon clathratvs, Purpura lapll-
lus, BiLccimim undatum. Several genera are
now living on the coast of the United States
which only occur fossil in England, as Glyci-
meris, Cardita, &c. (S. F. U-'oodward : Mul-
litsca.)
bor'-e-an, a. [From Bore{as) ; -an.} The
same as Borea/. (q.v.).
Bor'-e-aS, s. [In Fr. Boree ; Sp. & Port.
Bdretts ; Ital. Borca ; all from Lat. Boreas ;
Gr. ^ope'as {Borens) = (1) the Nrnth-wiud, (2)
the North. According to Jlax Miiller, Borea.^
is probably = the wind uf the mountains,
from Gr. /36pos (boros), another form of opos
(oros) = a mountain.] The North- wind, chiefly
poetic. (Eng. £ Scotch.)
* bor-eau (eau as o), s. [Fr. bourreau.'} An
executioner. [Burio.]
bbre'-COle, s. [From bore (l) ; and c^f (q.v.).]
A loose or open-headed variety of the cabbage
(Brassica oleracea). It is also fref|uently known
in ordinary language as sprouts.
bored, pa. par. [Bore, v.t.]
bore'-dom. .';. [Eng. bore (1), s. ; -dom.]
1. The state of being bored.
2. Bores collectively.
* bor'-ee, s. [Fr. bonrree = a rustic dance
originally belonging to Auv«rgne.] A dance
in common time, of French or Spanish origin.
" Dick could neatly dance a jig,
But Turn was hest iit boreen.
Swift : Tom £ Dick.
bor-een', s. [Ir.] A bridle-path.
" A little further on branched off suddenly a narrow
bridle-ijath, or boreen, as it is caUed iu this p^rt of
the country."— i)az7!/ :rew8, Xov 3, 1880.
bor'-el.
[Borrkll.]
' bor el folk, " borel-folk, s [Bor-
rell-folk.]
' bore-lych, a. [Burly.] (Sir Gaw. and the
Green Knight, 706.)
* bor'-en, pa. par. [Born.]
bor'-er, ;;. [Eng. bor(e); -er. In Ger. hohrcr.]
I. Ordinary Lang nftge :
1. Of living beings : A person who or a living
being which bores. [II. Zool]
2. Of things : An instrument used for boring.
" Tlic master- brick layer mu&t try all the founda-
tions with a borer, such as well-diggera use to try the
ground. "—J/oa:tr?i.
II, Technically :
1. Zoology :
(1) A name for a worm-like fish, the Myxinc
gUitinosa, called also the Glutinous, Hag and
the Blind-fish.
(2) A name sometimes given to Terebella, a
genus of Annelids.
2. Coopering : A semi-conical tool used to
enlarge bung-holes and give them a flare.
^ Analogous instruments, used in some
other trades, are called by the same name.
b6r'-eth-yl» s. [Eng., &c. bor(pn); ethyl.l
Chem : 6(02115)3. It is formed by acting on
boric ether (C2Hg)3B()3 (a thin limpid fragrant
liquid, boiling at IIQ", decomposed by water),
with zinc ethyl, Borcthyl is a colourless,
pungent, irritating, mobile liquid, sp. gr. 0"696,
and boiling at 95°. It is insoluble in water,
takes Are in the air spontaneously, liurning
with green smoky flame. It unites with am-
monia.
'"■ bbre'-tree, a. [Bourtree.]
*■ bor-ewe, ^. [Borrow.]
" bor-ew-yng, pr. par., a., & s. [Borrow-
ing.] {Prorcrbs of Hendyng, 194)
" borg,
[Borough.]
* bor-gage» s. [From Eng. borg ~ a town,
and f/cg-e = a pledge.] A tenement in town
held by a particular tenure.
* bor'-gen, pa. par. [Bergen.]
" Into saba to borgen ben."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 2,680.
"^ bor-ges, '' bor'^geys, s. [Burgess.] {Ear.
Eng. Allit. Foenis, I'liticiur, 366.) (Sir Fcrum-
bros, ed. Herrtage, 444.)
borgli, s. [Borrow, s.] (Scotch.)
^" borgh, i' t. [Borrow, ?•.] (Scotch ) (Balfour :
Pract., p. 310.) (Jumieson.)
^ borghe (1), ;.. [Borough.] (Piers Ploiv.
Vis., ii. 87.)
'■ borghe (2) (Eng.), borgh (Scotch), s. [A.S.
borh, genit. bor^es = (1) a security, a pledge,
loan, bail, (2) a person who gives, security, a
surety, bondsman, or debtor ; But. borg — a
pledge.] [Borrow, s.] A pledge; a surety.
(Piers Plow. Vis., vii. S3.)
^ (1) Lattin to borgh : Laid iu pledge.
" . .to have bene lattin to borgh to the saide
Alexr. . . ."^Acls, Audit A, 1-182, p. 100.
(■2) To strdc, or stryk, a borgh : To enter into
suretyship or cautionary on any ground.
"Quhaie twa partiis apperia at the bar, aud the
tane sti-ek a borgh apone a weii of law," &u.~Ja. I.
"* bor-goun, v.i. [Burgeon.] (.Ear. Eng.
Allit. Poems (ed. Morris); Cleanness,, 1,042.)
"* bor-goune, s. [Burgeon-.] (Allit. Poevis;
Decline of Goodness, 1,'.14l*.)
bor'-ic, 0. [Eng., &c. , bor{on) ; 4c.] Con-
tained in or derived from boron (q.v.).
boric acid, boracic acid, s.
1. Chevi. : Boric acid, or orthoboric acid,
B(0H)3, is formed by dissolving boron tri-
oxide (B2O3) in water. It occurs in the steam
which issues from volcanic vents in Tuscany
called svffi,oni, or fumaroles. These are di-
rected into artificial lagoons, the water of
which becomes charged with boric acid, and
it is obtained from it by evaporation. Boric
acid is supposed to be formed by the action of
water on BN (nitride of boron), which is de-
composed by it into boric acid and ammonia.
Boric acid crystallizes out in six-sided lamina;,
which are solulde in hot water and in alcoh(d ;
it forms salts and borates, which are very un-
stable, as Mg"-i(B0-^)2 (magnesium ortho-
borate), being a tribasic acid. Its solution iu
alcohol burns with a green-edged flame. Boric
acid turns litmus paper brown, even in the
presence of free hydrochloric acid ; the brown
colour thus formed is turned a dirty blue by
caustic soda. Pyroboric acid, H2B4O7, is ob-
tained by heating for a long time the ciystals
of orthoboric acid at 140° C. Its chief salts
are borax, Na.2B407, sodium pyroborate, and
Ca"B407, calcium pyroborate, which occurs
as the mineral borocalcite. Metaboric acid,
B"'0(OH), is formed when boric acid is heated
to 100' ; it is a >.'liite jiowder. Its salts are
called metaborates ; as, barium metaborate,
Ba"(BO'2)2;iiiid calcium metaborate, Ca"(B02)?.,
a white powder precipitated when CaCl2 is
added to a solution of borax ; the calcium salt
is soluble in acetic acid, and in NH4Cr.
2. Min. . A mineral, called also Sassolite
(q.v.).
bor'-ick-ite, s. [From Boricky, who analyzed
it]
Min. : A reddish-brown opaque mineral of
waxy lustre, occurring reniform or massive.
It contains phosphoric acid. 19"35 — '2!>'49 ;
sesquioxide of iron, 52'29 — 52'99 ; water, 19'06
— 19*96 ; lime, 7 i.'U— 816; and magnesia, 0—
0'41. It occurs in Styria and Bohemia. (Da n a )
bor'-il-la, s. (Etymolnn;y doubtful.]
Metal. : A rich copper ore in dust.
bor-ing, *b6r'-ynge, * bor'-i-mde, pr.
j>ar., a., & s. [Bore, v.]
A. & B. As present participle dt participial
(liljcrtire: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C, As substantive :
1. The a(.'t. ojieration, or process of per-
forating wood, iron, rocks, or other hard
substances by means of instruments adapted
fur the purpose.
"Borynge or percynge. Perforacio." — Prompt.
Paru.
2. A place made by boring, or where boring
operations are in progress.
3. PI. : Chijis or fragments which drop from
a hole which is in the process of being bored.
boring and tenoning machine, s.
Wheelwright in g : A machine adapted to
bore the holes in the fi-llies and to cut the
tenons on the ends of tlic ^lluk^.*s.
boring-bar, &.
Metal-working :
1. A bar supported axially in the bore of a
piece of ordnance or cylinder, and carrying
the cutting-tool, which "has a traversing mo-
tion, and turns off" the iuside as the gun or
cylinder rotates.
2. A cutter-stock used in other boring-
machines, such as those for boring the brasses
of pillow-blocks. (Knight.)
boring-bench, 6.
Ji'ood-working : A bench fitted for the use
of boring maohinerj' or appliances. [Bench-
drill. ]
boring-bit, s. A tool adapted to be used
in a brace. It has various forms, enumerated
under tlie head of Bit (q.v.).
boring-block, s.
Metal-working: A slotted block on which
work to be bored is placed.
boring-collar, s. a back-plate provided
with a number of tapering holes, either of
whirli may be brought in line with a piece to
be bored and which is chucked to the lathe-
mandrel. The end of the piece is exposed at
the hole to a boring-tool which is h&ld against
it. (Knight.)
boring-faucet, $. One which has a bit
on its end l>y which it inav cut its own way
through the iiead of a ua.-^k.
b6il, bo^; poiit. j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a?; expect, 2Cenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion^zhian. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &i-. = bel, del.
635
borith— borougli
boring-ga.ge, $. A u'lamp to be attaolicd
to an aw^ev or a bit-shank at a given distance
fiom the point, to limit the penetration of the
tool when it has reached tlie determinate
depth. (Knight.) *
boring-instruments, s. [BoaiNfi-MA-
CIIIXKS.]
"boring-latlie, s. a lathe used for boring
wheels or short cylinders. The wheel or
cylinder is fixed on a large chuck screwed to
the mandrel of a lathe.
"boring-machines, «. pi. ^raelunes by
■which holes are made by tlie re\'nlutiuii of the
tool or of the object around the tool, but not
including the simi)Ie tool itself. Thus an
augur, gnnilet, awl, or any bit adai'ted for
boi'ing, independently of tlie machinery for
driving it, would not be a boring-machine. A
brace is on the dividing line, if such there be,
but is not included under the terra boring-
inachines. (Kidght.)
boring moUusca, .'.■. Tlie principal bor-
ing moUusca are the Teredo, which perforates
timber, and Pliolas, which bores into chalk,
clay, and sandstone. These shells are sup-
posed to bore by mechanical means, eitlier by
the foot or by the valves. Bat cei-tain shells,
as Lithodomus, Gastrochasna, Saxieava, and
Ungulina, which attuck the hardest marble
and the shells of otlier mollusca, have
smooth valves and a small f<.iot. and have a
limited power of movement— (the Saxicava is
even fixed in its crypt by a byssus)— so they
have been supposed either to dissolve the
rock by chemical means, or else to wear it
away with the thickened anterior margins of
the mantle. The boring mollusks have been
called "stone-eaters " [lithopharji). and *' wood-
eaters " (xylophagi), and some at least are
obliged to swallow the material produced
by their operations, though they derive no
nourishment from it. No boring mollusk
deepens or enlarges its burrow after attaining
"the full growth usual to its spucies. The
animals do great injury to ships, piers, and
breakwaters.
boring-rod, s. An instrument used in
boring for water, &c. [Boring-machines.]
boring-table, s. The platform of a
boring- machine on which the work is laid.
boring-tool, a.
Metal 'ivorking : A cutting-tool placed in n
cutter-head to dress round hoVs.
'* borith, b. [BtiRYT.] (Bailey.)
bbrk-hau'-si-a, s. [Named after Mui itz
Borkhausen, a German, who published a bo-
tanical work in 1790.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Asteracea; (Composites) and the sub-
order Ligulifloras (Cichoracea;). The British
flora contains two wild species, Borkhausia
fcetida, the fetid, and B. taraxlfolia, the small,
rough Borkhausia, besides an introduced
species, B, setosa. They are not common, and
no special interest attaches to them.
bor-la'-§i-a, s. [From the Rev. Dr. Borlase,
F.R.S., an English naturalist and antiquarian,
born in Cornwall, on February 2nd, 1695, and
died there August Slst, 1772.]
Zool. : A Eibbon Worm, belonging to the
family Nemertiiliv. It is found on the coasts
of Britain and France ; is of nocturnal habits,
and attains the length of lifteen feet.
*bor-lycb, o. [Burly.] (Ear. Eng. Allit.
Poems (Qd. Morris); Cleanness, 1,488.)
^ bormyn, v.t. [Burn.]
" /)ormf/a', or pulchyn' (bornyn, K. P. booinyii, H.}.
I'uUo, ditlt."— I'romiJt. Parv.
born, borne, " bbr'-en, * bor'-iin,
*b6re, ' y-bore, jja. ^mr. [Beak, v.]
I. OJ born and the other forms given ahorr :
Biought into the world, brought into life,
brought forth, produced. (Used either of the
simple fact of birth or of the circumstances
attendant upon it.)
1i (1) Formerly all the foregoing forms were
nsed except born, which is modern.
. " Kor he wa.s yhore iit Rome, . . . '—Hob. (JJouc.
p. 30.
" How lie had lyued syii he was bore."
Robt. Manning Iff liriinnc. 5,G4G.
" W1in.iiTie JhesuB was borutt in Bethleem, . . ." —
yyi/clijr^ [Puivey], Mutt. ii. l.
(2) Now liorn alone is used, complete dis-
tinction in meaning having been established
between it and home II. (2).
"These ?ix were born uiito him in Hebron." — i
Cliroit. lii. 4.
^ Special phrase. Born again : Caused to
undergo the new birth ; regenerated, trans-
formed in cliaracter, imbued with spiritual
life.
II. 0/ tlie forms home a.nd 'born : Canied,
supported, sustained.
^1 ^ (1) Formerly: Of the form hnni, now
quite obsolete in this sense.
"... to have born up and sustained themselves so
long under such tierce assaults, as Christianity liatli
doiin '!"— 3' It lotson ['.ivd ed., 1722), vol. i., ser. xx.
(2) Xow : Only of the form borne.
" From a rock of tlie ocean that lieauty is twrne—
Now juy to the house of fair Ellen of Lorn 1 "
Campbell : (jlenara.
borne-down, a. Depressed in body, in
mind, or in external circumstances. (Used of
individuals or of collective bodies.) (Scotch.)
". . . opprest and borne-down churches." — Pet.
Xi>rth lyf Irut. Acts Ass. 164-1, p 315.
" bbrne,s. [A.S. buma ; Dut. &or)ie = a stream,
a spring.] [Burn (2).] A stream, what the
Scotch call a "burn."
■' Vnder a brode baiike, bi a homes side,
Aiid as I lay tiiul lened and loked lu tlie wateres "
Piers Plow. Vis., Prol., 8, 0
' borned, ^ bornyd, pa. par. [Bornyx.]
Burnished. (Clianrcr.)
" Sheldes fresshe and plates borned bright."
Lydgate : Utory of Thebes, 1,120.
Gold bornyd : Burnished with gold.
bbr'-ne-ene, ■^. fEng., &c.. Vornf(o); -cne.]
Camphor oil of Bornpo, CjoHk;. An oily
lit[uid extracted from the Hrvohcdanopa aivi-
■phora, and isomeric with oil ot" turpentine. It
can also be obtained from oil of valerian by
fractional distillation. Bornccne is idmost
insoluble in water, and has the odour of tur-
pentine.
Bor'-ne-o, s. & n. [From Brvnai, the local
name for the capital of the kingdom of Borneo
proper. ]
A. .'Is svbstviitivc : An island, about SOO
miles long by 700 broad, in the Eastern Archi-
l)elago, between 7° 4' and 4' 10' S. lat. and
, lOS^ 50' and 110" 20' E. long.
B, As adjective: Growing in Borneo; in
any way connected with Borneo.
Borneo camphor, ^ A gum, called
also BoRNEOL (fpv.).
bor'-ne-ol, s. [From Borne(o), and (alcoh)ol.]
Chemistry : Borneol, or Borneo camphor,
Cn)Hi7(0H), occurs in the trunks of a tree
gi'owing in Borneo, the Dryobulanops cam-
phora. It has been prejtared by the action of
sodium or of alcoholic potash on common cam-
phor. Borneol is a monad alcohol, forming
ethers. When heated with HCl in a sealed
tube CjoHi/Cl (camphyl ehloride) is fmiiicd.
By heating borneol witli F.jOgit is converted
into a hydrocarbon borneene{CioHi6)- Borneol
forms small transparent crystals, smelling like
(aniphor and pepper; melting at 198", and
boiling at 212^ Its alcoholic solution is dex-
trorotary. Heated with nitric acid it is con-
verted into ordinary camphor.
bbr'-ne-site, s. [From Borneo (q.v.).]
Chcm. : O.X.C7Hi40g, a crystalline sub-
stan{'e melting at 175'. Jt occurs in Borneo
caiiutcliouc.
bbr'-nine, s. [In Ger., &c., bnnriae: from
Von Born, an eminent mineralogist of the
eighteenth century.]
Mia.. A mineral, called also Tetradvmitc
(-1-V.)-
% The Britisli jMuscum Catalogue calls this
also Burnite, but Dana limits the latter term
to a perfectly di.stinct mineral.
born'-ihg rod, a. [Boning Kod ]
bbr'-nite, s. |In Ger. hornit. Named after
Von Born. ] [Bounine. ]
Min, : An isometric, brittle mineral, occur-
ring massive, granular, or compact. The hard-
ness is 3, the sp. gr. 4 4— 5'5, the lustre metallic,
the colour between red and brown, the streak
jiale greyish-black, slightly shining. Compo-
sition : Copper, 00—71 ; sulphur, 21-4— 2S 24 ;
iron, 6'41— 18"3. It is a valuable ore ofcopi)er
found in Cornwall, where the miners call it
horse-flesh ore ; at Rou Ifjland in Killarney,
in Ireland ; in Norway, Germany, Hungary,
yiberia, and North and South Aiuerica. (Dana.)
[BORNINE.]
^ bor'-nyn, v.i. [O. Fr. bvmir = to burnish.]
[Burn, f.J To burnish, (Prompt. Parv.)
^ bor-nyst, pa. par. [Burnished.] (Eui\
Eftg. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Pearl, 77.)
b6r-0-cal'-9ite, s. [Eng. , &c., horo(n) ; calcite. }
Min.: The same as Eorouatrocalcite and
Ulcxite (q.v.),
bbr'-on, s. [From bora3) (q.v.).]
Chemistry : A triatomic element, symbol B.
At. Wt. 11. It occurs in nature combined in
tlie form of boracic acid B(0H)3 and its salts.
Boron is obtained by fusing boric trioxide
B2O3 with sodium. It is a tasteless, in-
odorous, brown powder, a non-conductor of
electricity; it is slightly soluble iu water,
])ermanent in the air ; burnt in chlorine gas it
forms boron chloride BCI3, a volatile, fusing
liquid, boiling at 18-23, sp. gr. 1'35; it is de-
comjiosed by water into boric acid and hydro-
chloric acid. When amorphous boron is
heated with aluminium the boron dissolves in
it, and separates out as the metal cools. The
aluminium is removed by caustic soda. It
crystallizes in monoclinic octohedra, which
sciatch ruby and corundum, but are scratched
by the diamond; the sp. gr. is 268. Heated
in oxygen it ignites, and is covered with a
I'oating of brown trioxide. Amorphous boron,
fused witii nitrate of potassium, explodes.
Boron forms one oxide B2O3, obtained by
heating boric acid to redness ; it forms a glassy,
hygroscopic, tiansparent solid, volatile at
white heat. It dissolves metallic oxides,
yielding coloured beads (see Borax-hcatis).
Boron unites with fluorine, forming a colour-
less gas BF:j, having a great affinity for water.
It carbonizes organic bodies ; 700 volumes are
soluble in one volume of water, forming an
oily fusing liquid. Amorphous boron com-
bines directly with nitrogen, forming boron
nitride BN, a light amorphous white solid
which, heated in a current of steam, yields
ammonia and boric acid.
bbr-6-na-tr6-cal'-9ite, s [Eng., &c.
boro(n) ; natro(n) ; calcite.]
Min. : The same as Ulexite (Dana) (q.v.).
bbr-6'-ni-a, s. [Named after Francis Borone.
an Italian servant of Dr. iSibthorp, the botanist
and traveller in Greece.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Eutaeen- (Rueworts). The species are
]iretty little Australian plants, flowering all
the year, and generally sweet-scented.
bbr-6-sil'-i-cate, 5. [Eng., &c. boro(n); sili-
cate. ]
Borosilicate of lime: A compound consisting
of a borate and a silicxite.
Min. : The same as Datolit* (q.v.).
bor'-ough (1), ' bor'-ow, ^ bor'-row (gU
silent), * bor-ewe, * borw, * borwe,
- borwgb. borgh, ^ borghe. * borg,
burgh, ^ burghe, ^ burw, *burie,
.«. & a. [A.S. hurh; genit. Imrge ; dat.
l>iJTl(! ; genit. plural bvrga =^ (1) a town,
a city ; (2) a fort, a castle ; (3) a court, a
));daee, a liouse ; hargi^a. hill, a citadel;
Inirgh, burig, hvrug, huruh, hnreg=ti city;
hurh = a hill ; Iccl. burg = a fort, a borough ;
8w. & Dan. borg = a castle, a fort, a strong
place; O.S. hurg ; Dut. & Ger. hilrg =
a castle, a stronghold; M. H. Ger. burc;
O. H. Ger. purnc, pvrc ; Goth, haurgs;
Lat. burgns = a castle, a fort ; Macedonian
^vpyos Qmrgos); Gr. Tnj'pyo? (purgos) = a tower,
especially one attached to the walls of a city ;
plural = the city walls with their towers ;
<}}vpKo<; (jihvrko:^) = same meaning. From A.S.
heorgan = (1) to protect, (2) to fortify ; beorh^
beorg = a hill; jMn'so-Goth. bairgan = to
hide, preserve, keep ; bairgs = a nmuntain ;
Ger. berg = a mountain. [Bero.] Compare
alsoMahratta, &c.,p6or, piir = a town, a city.]
A, As substantive :
I. In England:
1. Formerly :
(1) Gen. . A town, a city.
" Notheli's tliiLiiiic tliai priUede fa.ste, til tliay wer
passed tlie borwuh.' —Sir J^'muub. (ed. Herrtiige), 1,767.
f&te, fat. fSre, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son; mute, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rAle, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = ltw.
borough— borrow
G37
In sense I. 1. (1) it might be used of foreign
towns and cities.
" Sitlien the seite and the asHiiut watz sezetl at Troye
The borgh bntteiied ami brent , . . ,"
Sir Oaw, ami the Gr Knight, i. 2,
* (2) Spec. : A walled town or other fortified
place, also a castle.
2. Now: A town, coiporate or not, which
sends a burgess or burgesses to Parliament.
" For you have the whole borottgh, with all its love-
makhigs andscamlal-inoiigeries. contentions and coii-
tentmenta."— CMr?j//c .■ 8<irlor Resartus. bk. ii., ch. 9.
II. In Scotland (tlie form burgh being gene-
rally iLsed) :
1. An incorporated town.
2. In the same sense an I. 2,
III. In Ireland : The same as in England.
" . . . . all the cities and borouglis in Irelan'L"—
JIacaulajj : UUl. Eng., ch. xii,
IV. !':'■ the United States : An incorporated
town or village.
B. Js adjective : Pertaining or belonging to
or in any way connected with a borough. [See
the subjoined compounds.]
borough-court, 5. A court of very
limited jurisdiction, held in particular bur^'hs
or suburbs for convenience sake, by prescriji-
tion, charter, or Act of Parliament. (Black-
stoiie: Comment., bk. iii. 6.)
borougli Englisli, borough-eng-
lish, s. [Called English (us opposed to
Norman) because it came from the Anglo-
Saxons, and borovgh because prevalent in
various ancient boroughs (Blackstone).^ A
custom existent in some places by which on
the death of a father the youngest son inherits
the estate to the exclusion of his older
brothers. Similarly, if the owner die witliout
issue, his youngest brother obtains the pro-
perty. (Blaolcstone : Comm., i., Introd., § 3 ;
Cowel, &c.)
borough-head, s. The same as a head-
borough, the chief of a borough, a constable.
borough-holder, s. A head-borough, a
borsholder.
borough- kind, a. [BoRoucn English. ]
borough-man, ■^. A burgess, a citizen.
borough-master, ^.
*■ 1. A burgomaster.
* 2. The head of the corporation in certain
Irish boroughs.
3. One who owned a borough, and was able
to control tlie election of iis member before
the Reform Act (1832).
borough-monger, s. One who tries t<:)
make money out of tlie patronage uf a
borough.
" No office-clerks with busy face.
To make fools wonder as they pass,
Whisper dull nothings in his ear,
'Bout some rogue borough-monger there,"
Cooper: The Retreat of Aristippus, epist. 1.
borough-reeve^ s. [Reeve is from A.S.
<jer^fa = (1) a companion, a fellow ; (2) a reeve
or sheriff, the fiscal officer of a shire, county,
(»r city ; (3) a steward, bailiff, an agent.] A
■TiscaI officer in the Anglo-Saxon boroughs,
sometimes called also port-reeve, and crrc-
sponding also to the shire-reeve of the county
■districts.
borough - sessions, s. Courts esta-
blished in boroughs under the Municipal
Corporation Acts of 1835. They are held by
the recorders of the respective courts, and are
generally quarterly.
borough-town, s. A corporate town.
■ bor'-ough (2) (gh silent), s. [A.S. horh= (1)
a security, pledge, loan, bail. (2) one who
gives such security, a surety, bondsman, or
debtor ; borg = a loan, a pledge. ] [Boeeowe. ]
Old Etiglish law :
1, A pledge or security given by ten
freeholders, with their families, for the good
conduct of each other ; a frank-pledge.
[See No. 2. See also Frank-pledge.] [Bor-
BOWE. ]
2. The association of ten freeholders, with
their families, giving such a pledge. Accord-
ing to Blackstone, this system of giving frank-
pledge was introduced into England by King
Alfred, having already, however, existed in
Denmark, and, for a long time before in Ger-
many. Those associated together were bound
to hand up, on demand, any offender existing
in their community. Tlie organisation was
often called a tithing, its head was denomi-
nated head-borough or borough-head, or bors-
holder, i.e., boi'oughs elder, and was sup-
posed to be the discreetest man in the fra-
ternity. {Blackstone: Comment, Introd., § 4.)
Ten such tithings made a " hundred."
* bor'-OW (1), s. [BoROL'GH (1).] A borough,
a city.
' bor'-ow (2), '^ bor'-owe, s. [Bokrow, s.]
{Siivnser: Moth. Hub. Tale, 851.)
bor'-ow-en, * bor'-6w-yn, v.t. ^Borrow,
'('.] {Prompt Farv.)
bor'-ow-er,
Parv.)
[Borrower. ] {Prompt,
"■' bor-ow-^ng, *■. & a. [Borrowing.]
bor'-ra, '^ bor'-radh, s. [From Dan. berg =
a strong place (?).] [Borough (1).}
Archoiol. : A term used in the Highlands of
Scotland for a congeries of stones' covering
cflls. They have been supposed to be burial-
places of heroes or skulking places of rob-
bers, but were more jtrobably receptacles for
plunder. [Bourach, Brugh.]
" Borra, or borrndh, is jiIho a pile of stones, but
differs from a cairn iu many respects, viz., in external
flKure, being always obloug, in external construction,
imd in its size and design."— Siai/st. Ace Scotland,
xiv. 527. Kelpelton: Argyleshirc.
bor'-rach {ch guttural), s. [Bourach.]
bor'-ra -fhi-o, b6r-a'-9hi-d, s. [From Sp.
horachio and borracha = ii li^athern bottle;
Ital. horracia = (1) coarse, bad .stuff, (2) a
\'esscl for wine in travelling.] [Borachic]
* bor'-radh, s. [Borra.] {Scotch.)
bor'-ral tree, s. An expression of doubtful
origin' and nieiining. Tlic suggestion that it
is the same as Biiurtree (q.v.) is due to Dr.
Jamieson ; it has been gencniUy adopted,
though there is no evidence for it.
"Round the auld borra f-trrc.
Or bourock by the burn side."
Ilogg : Brownie of Bodsbeck, i. 216-17.
bor'-rel, "* bor'-ell, ^ bor'-reU, s. & a.
[Old Fr. buret = a kind of coarse woollen cloth ;
Low. Lat. bttrellus =the cloth now described.
Conii'iire Fr. bure, Mirat = drugget ; Prov.
bnre! — brown.]
A. As substantive :
1. OffabHcs {genially of the for in borel) :
(1) A coarse woollen cloth of tbrown colour.
{Chaitcer.)
(2) A light stuff witli a silken warp and
woollen woof. {Fleming.)
2, Of the wearer of such fabrics :
(1) One of the inferior order of peaaantr}' ; a
rustic.
(2) A layman as distinguished from a clergy-
man.
B. As adjective :
1. Made of coarse cloth.
2. Belonging to the wearer of such cloth,
viz., to one of the peasant class ; rude, rustic,
clownish.
(1) Old English:
" Huw be I am but rude and borrell."
Spenser: Shep. Cal, rii.
(■J) Srjytch :
"... whilkare things fitter for thim to iudee of
than n, bon-el man like me."— Scoff : liedgauriilet,
ICL Jl-I.
3. Belonging to a layman.
borrcl-folk, borel-folk, s. pi.
1. Rustic people,
2. The laity as opposed to the clergy.
[BUREL-CLERK.]
"Our orisouna ben more effectuel,
And more we se of goddis secre thinges
Than borel folk, although that thay ben kinges."
Chaucer: C. T., 7,451.
borrel-loon, s. A term of contempt for
a low, uncultivated rustic. {Scotch.)
borrel-man, s. An uncultivated peasant.
Bor'-rel-ists, s. pi [From Borrel, the founder
of the sect.]
Ch. Hist. : A Christian sect in Holland who
re.iect the sacraments and other externals of
Christian worship, combining this with aus-
terity of life.
bor'-rer-a, s. [Named after Blr. William
Borrer, F.L.S., an eminent cryptogamic bo-
tanist.]
Bot. : A genus of Lichens containing species
which grow on trees or the ground, and are
branched, busliy, or tufted little plants, one
species farinaceous. Several are British.
bor-rer'-i-a, a. [Bokrera.]
Bot. : A genus of Cinehonads, of which one
species, Borreria ferniginea and H. podya,
both from Brazil, yield a bastard ipecacuanha.
■' bor'-ret, s. [From Dut. borat = a certain
light stuff of silk and fine wool. {Seioel.).^
Bombasin. {Scotch.)
" Bombasie or borret.t. narrow, the single peece cont.
xv. elns— XX L"- Rates, A. 161L Boratues, ih. 1670.
p. 7.
^ bor -row (1), * bor'-rowe, * bor'-ow,
* bor'-owe, * bor'-ewe, * bor'-we,
■borw, ""borh, "* borgh, *borghe(E»f7.).
borow, * borweh, * borwgh, "^ bowrch,
* borgh, "" borch {Scotch), s. [A.S. borh.
genit. borges = (1) a security, pledge, loan, or
bail, (2) a person who gives security, a surety,
bondsman, or debtor {Bos^vorth) : Hw. borgen
= bail, security, surety; Dan. Sz Dut. borg :=^
pledge, bail, trust, credit ; Ger. borg = credit,
borrowing.]
1. Of things:
(1) A pledge, a surety.
" Aiul thar till into borwch draw I
Myn herytage all halily.
The kiiig thocht he was traiat Inewch
Sen he in boiorch hva landis drewch."
The Bruce\eA. Skeat), bk. i., 625-28.
" This was the first sourse of shepheards sorowe,
riiat now nill be quitt with baile nor borrowc."
Spenser : Shep. Cat , v
(2) The act of borrowing or taking as a loan.
" Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure
The borrow of a week."
Shakesp. : Wint. Talc, i. C.
2. Of Beings or persons : A suretj', a pledge,
a bail ; one who stands security.
" He that biddeth borroweth, & bringeth himself in
det,
For bejigers borowen euer, and their borow is God
almighty.
To yeld hem that geuetli hem, & yet usune more."
ncrs Plow., fol. 37, b.
" But it he Hue in the life, that longeth to do wel.
For I dare be bia bold borow, that do bet wll he
iieuer.
Though dobeat draw on him day after other."
/bid., fol. A7, b. (Jamieson.)
IF Special phrases: (1) Iliire here my faith
to borwe : Have here my faith for a pledge.
{Chaucer.)
(2) Ixiid to borwe : Pledged. (Chaitcer.)
(3) .SY. John to boi-rowe ; Sanct Johne to boroice,
or to borch : St. John be your protector or
cautioner ; St. John be or being your security.
" Thar leylTthai tuk. with conforde iuto playn,
Sanct Jhone to borch thai suld meyt haiue a«ayn,"
Wallace, ui. 33C.
" ^'i^'i niony fare wele, and Sanct John^ to borowe
Of falowe and frende. and thus with one assent.
We pulht up Siiile and furtli oiir wayis went."
King's Quair, li 4. {Jamieson.)
bor'-row, • bor'-rowe, * bor'-owe, * bor-
we, * bor'-ow-en, * bor'-wyn, • bor-
ewe, ^boriwen. *bor'-o-wyn (Eng.),
bor -row, * borw, * borch, * borgh
(Scotch), vt. [A.S. borgion = to borrow to
lend (Somner) ; Icel. & Sw. borga ; Dan.borge;
Dut. & Ger. borg^i = to take or give upon
trust. From A.S. 6or^ = a loan, a pledge l
[Borrow, s.] i » .
I. Of giving security :
1. To give security for property.
" Thare borwyd that Erie than his land.
That lay into the kyngia hand. "
Wyntoun, vii. 9, -"l.'i.
2. To become surety for a pei-son.
"Gif any man ftorrowes another man to answer^to
the soy te of any partie. either he borrowrx him as
hailifoi-theummand borgh, . . . then aught he that
r.w'if.';'^^"'^'^*^"^*^" appeare, and be drschai^ed as
law will. —Baron Courts, c. 38.
IL Of asking in loan :
1. Lit.: To ask and obtain money or pro-
perty for or upon loan, with tlie implied
mtention of returning it in due time.
(1) Of money:
'*. . . the goveiTiinent was authorised toborrowtwo
millions anda hii\V-jfacaulo?j : Jlist. Eng., ch. xx,
(2) Of property :
" Then he said. Go, borrow thee vessels abroad of all
thy neighbours.-— 2 Kings iv. ;t. *»"i«JJui oi an
1 In Exod. xi. 2, - . let everv man
imrrow of his neighbour, and everv woman of
her neighbour, jewels ol silver, mid jewels of
gold, the translation is incorrect. The mar-
boll, boy^; pout, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f
-cian, -tiau=siian. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -gion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus, -ble, -die &c =bel del
638
borrow— bosh
ginal rendering ask is accurate. The Hebrew
verb is bti)D (shaal), the ordinary one for ask,
in the seiisf of rcquL-st to be given, and is
rendered ask in Ps;dni ii. S, &c., and dedrccl
in 1 Sam. xii. 13.
2. Fig.: Of taking without the obligation,
or in some eases even the possibility, of re-
turning what is appropriated. Used —
(a) In an indifferent sense.
"These verbal signs tliey sometimes borrow from
others, and sometimes make themselves." — Locke,
" While heuce they burrow vigour : . , ."
Thomson: The Seasons; Autumn.
(6) In a bad one.
" Forgot the blush that virgin fears impart
To modest oheeks, and burrow'd one from art."
Cowper : ExpostuUition.
Hence (c) not to borrow is more honourable
than tu do so.
" It gives a light to every age,
It gives, but borrows none."
Cowper : 0. //, ; The Light and Qlory of the Word.
" Itself a star, not borrowing light,
But in its own glad essence bright."
Moore : Fire- Worshippers.
* bor'-row (2), s. [Borough (1).] (Scotch.)
[BORROWMAIL.]
borrow - mail,
(Scotch.)
bor'-rowed, pa. par. & a. [Borrow, v.]
As particijiial adjective :
1. Obtained on loan.
". . . on a borrowed horse, which he never returned,"
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xviii.
2. Not genuine ; hypocritical.
" Luok, look, how listeniug Priam wets his eyes.
To see those borrow'd tears that Sinon sheds ! "
Shakesp. ; Tarquin and Lucrecc, 1548-49.
borrowed days, *. [Borrowing "Days.]
(Scotch.)
" March said to Aperill,
I see three hogs upon a hill ;
But lend your three first days to me.
And 111 be bound to gar them die.
The first, it sail be wind and weet ;
The next, it sail be snaw and sleet;
The third, it sail be sic a freeze,
Sail gar the birds stick to the trees. —
But when the borrowed dims were gane,
The three silly hogs came hirplin hame."
Gto&s. to Compl. of Scotland. [Jainieson.)
bor'-row-er, * bor'-6w-er, * bor'-ware»
s. [Eng. borrow; -er.]
* 1. One who is bound for another ; a se-
curity, a bail.
" Borware (borower. P.). Mutilator, C.F. sponsor,
Ca.th."—J'rompt. Paro.
2. One who borrows ; oue who obtains any-
thing on loan. In this sense it is opposed to
lender.
"... an iudispeusahle compensation for the risk
incurred from tlie bad faith or poverty of the state,
and of almost all private borrowers, . . ." — J. S. Mill .-
Political Economy, (1848), vol. i., bk. i,, ch. xi., § 3,
p. 207.
3. One who takes or adopts what is another's,
and uses it as his own.
"Some say that I am a great borrower; however,
none of my creditors have challenged me for it,'" —
Pope.
* bor'-row -gange. * bor'-row-gang,
* borgbC-gang, s. [A.S. horli = & pledge,
a surety (Borrow, s.), and 0. Scotch gauge
= the act or state of; from Sw. suff. ■gS.ng,
as in edghng = the t-aking of an oath.] A state
of suretyship.
" The pledges compeiraml in courts, either they con-
fes their borrowganqe (cioitionane) or they deny the
same "—Reg. Maj.. iii., ch. 1, § 8.
* bor'-row-bood,- s. [Eng. horrovj, and suff.
-7ioo(/ = state 'of.] The state or condition of
being security.
bor'-row-ihg, " bor'-wyng, pr. par., a.,
& s. [Borrow, v.]
A, tfc B. As present participle c& participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. ^s substantive : The act of obtaining on
loan ; the act of taking or adopting what is
another's as one's own.
borrowing days, * borouing dais,
s. pi The last three, ibiys of March (old style),
which March was said to have borrowed from
April that he might extend his power a little
longer. He had a delight in making them
stormy. {Scotch.) [Borrowed Days.]
". . , be cause the borial blastisof thothce froroitin//
dais of Marehe bed chaisslt the fragrant flureise of
euyrie frutu tree far athuurt the feildis." — Oompl. of
Scotlatid, p. 58
" His accoimt of himself la, that he was bom on the
borrowing 'huis : that is, "n mie of the three last days
of Maith, lf!68. uf the Tear that King William came
in."— y'«)-. of nil km u hue!. Dinnfv. Stat'.st. Ace, i. 57.
bor'-row^-toun, bor'-ough's tiSiS^n, s
& a. ['Eng. borough's ; toica.] (Scotch.)
A. As suh--t. : A royal burgh. (Scotch.)
"... like the betherel of some tincieiit borough's
town summoning tu a burial, . . ."—Af/rs. Legatees,
p. 26
B. As adj. : Of or belonging to a borough.
"... i)o;-ro7«g^o«n kirks being alwayes excepted," —
Acts Cha. L (ed. 1814), vL 142.
bors'-hold-er, s. [Considered by most au-
thorities to be a corruption of English
borough's elder, but by some (see quotation
below) to be connected with A.S. borh =
security. ] A name given in some coun-
ties to the fanctionary called in others the
tithing-nian, the head-borough. He was
chosen to preside over a tithing for one year.
The office is supposed to have been instituted
by King Alfred. By the statute ofWinchester
the petty constable, with other functions,
dischaiges those of the ancient borsholder,
though it has been carried out only in some
Tilaces. (Blackstone : Comment., Introd., 6 4,
bk. i. 9.)
"Tenne tytbings ma.ke an hrmdred ; and five made
a lathe or wapentake ; of which teiiue, eacli oue was
bound for another ; and the eldest or beat of them,
whom they called the tythingman or borsJtolder, that
is, tlie eldest pledge, became surety for all the rest. "—
Spenser on Ireland.
bort, 5. [Etym. doubtful; perhaps fiom 0.
Fr. bord, boot = bastard.]
Lapidary work : Small fragments of dia-
mond, split from diamonds in roughly reducing
them to shape, and of a size too small for
jewelry. Bort is reduced to dust in a mortar,
and used for grinding and polishing.
* bor'-iill, pa. par. [Born.] (JVycliffe (Pur-
vey) : Matt. ii. 1 ,)
bor'-iir-et, «- [From Eng., &c. 'bor(on), and
suff, -uret]
Chem. : A combination of boron with a
simjile body.
* borw, * borwe, v.t. [Borrow, v.] (Piers
Plow. : Vis., V. 257.)
* borw, s. [A.S. heorh = (l) a hill, a moun-
tain, (2) a fortification, (3) a heap, buiTOw, or
barrow.]
" Fast byside the borw there the bam was inne."
IViUitim of Palerne, 9.
* bor'-wage, s. [0. Eng. borw(e), and suff.
-age.] Suretyship, bail.
" Borwage (borweshepe, K. borowage, P.). Fide-
jussio, 0. F."— Prompt. Parv.
* borwch, 0. [Borrow, s.] (Scotcli.)
* bor'-we, s [Borrow, s.] A pledge, a
security.
" When ech of hem hadde leyd his feith to horwe."
Chaucer : C. T. ; The Knight es Tale (ed. Monis), 764.
" Borwe for a^nothira person, K. borowe, H. P. Fide-
jussor, sponsor." — Prompt. Parv.
^ bor'-wen, jitt. par. [Bergen.] Preserved,
saved.
"... ben borwen, and erue, thurg this re '."
mory of Gen <t Exod., 3,044.
"^ bor'-we-shepe, s. [O. Eng. borive, and
sutf. -shepe = -shvp.} Suretyship. (Prompt.
Parv.)
'^ borwgb, s. [Borough (1).] A town. (Sir
Fc-ntmb., ed. Herrtage, 1767.)
* bor'-won, v.t. [From borwe (q.v.).] To
bail ; to stand security for.
" Bur won owt of preson, or stres&e (borvyn, H.
borwne. P.). Vador, Cath." — Prompt. Parv.)
* borw'-ton, s. [From O. Eng. borw(e) =
a borough, and ton = a. town,] A borough
town.
* bor'-wyn, v.t. [Borrow, v.^
* bor'-'wyiige, pr. par. , a. , <£- s. [Borrowing.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* b6r'-;^n, v.t. [Bore, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bi>r'-yhge, pr. par., u., d s. [Boring.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bos, * bus» pres. indie, of v. [Behove.] Be-
hoves.
" Me bns telle to that tolk the tene of my wylle."
Ear. Eng. A Hit. Poems (ed. Morris): Cleatmcss, 687.
** bos, a. & s. [Boss.]
bos, s. [Lat. bos, genit. bovis = an ox, a bull,
a cow. In Fr. bcBuf ; Wallon bofif; Prov.
bov, bnou; Mod. Sp. buey ; O. Sp. boy; Port.
boi ; Ital. bove ; Bas Br(;t. &« ; Gr. pov's (boiis),
gen. /3069 (boos); which Donaldson thinks an
imitation of the sound of bellow, and akin
to Gr. fiodio (boao) — to bellow, ^ovs (bov-s)
would thereforfe be = the bellowing beast.
But with g substituted for b (a not uncom-
mon change) ^ovs (bovs) is = Lett, gohic,
Zend gdo, Mahratta gaya, Sansc. o<5.] [Beef,
Cow.]
I. Ordinary Language :
* 1, Lit. : A yearling calf.
* 2. Fig. : An overgrown sucking child.
(HalUwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
II. Technically :
1. Zool. : The typical genus of the family
BovidEe, and the sub-family Bovina. Bos taurus
is the common ox ; B. Scoticus, eithei' a variety
of the former, or a distinct species, is the
Chillingham ox, of which a few individuals
still exist in a half-wild state. B. Indicus is
the Zebu or Brahminy bull.
2. Pahmnt. : In the Upper Pliocene Mam-
malia of France the genus Bos makes its
appearance under the form of Bos elatiis. In
the Ui:)i)er Pliocene Mammalia of Italy Bos
etrtiscns occurs. Among the Early Pleistocene
Mammalia of Britain are the Urus (B. jrrimi-.
genius) ; it still exists in the Mid. Pleistocene
and in the Late Pleistocene. Among the Pre-
historic Mammalia is found B. longi/rons of
Owen, and among the Historic Mammalia
introduced is the " Domestic Ox of Urus
type," about A.D. 449. (Prof. Boyd Dawkins,
Q. J. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi, (1880), pt. i., pp.
379-405.) Professor Dawkius thinks that the
B. longifrons was the ancestor of the small
Highland and Welsh breeds of domestic
cattle. (Ibid., xxiii. (1867), p. 184.)
bo'-^a, bou'-za, s. [Turk. bOzah; Pers. bdzd,
bozah.] A drink used in Turkey, Egypt, &c.
It is prepared from fermented millet-seed,
some other substances being used to make it
astringent.
* bosarde, s. [Buzzard.]
t bos'-cage, *bos-kage, s. [In Mod. Fr.
bocage = grove, coppice ; O. Fr. boscage, bos-
caige, boschage; Sp. boscage; Prov. boscalge ;
Low Lat. boscagium =■ a thicket.] [Bosky.]
I, Ord. Lang. : Wood, woodlands, spec.,
underwood, or gi'ouud covered with it ; thick
foliage.
" The sombre boscage of the wood." — Tennyson,
II. Technically :
* 1. Old Law : Food or sustenance for cattle
furnished by bushes or trees. (Cowel, Bum,
&c.)
* 2. Painting: A representation of land
studded with trees and bushes, or shaded by
underwood.
"Cheerful paintings in fetwiting and banqueting
rooms, graver stories in galleries, landskips, aud bos-
bos'-Cbas, s. [Lat. boscas ; Gr. poaKa^ (bos-
kas) = a kind of duck.]
Ornith. : An old genus of ducks, containing
the Mallards and Teals.
^ bose, * boce. * boos, * booc, a. [Prom
A.S. b6s, bdsig = a. stall, a manger, a crib, a
booze.] A stall for cattle.
"Booc or boos, netystalle (6oce, K bose, netis stall,
H P.) Boscar, Catli. bucetuTn, presepe." — Prompt.
Parv.
bos'-e-a, a. [In Dut.,"Dan.,& Sw. 6osea; Fr.
hos^. Commemorating Ernst Gottlieb Bose, a
German who published a botanical work in
1775, and Caspar Bose, who sent forth one in
1728.]
Bot. . A genus of plants belonging to the
order Chenopodiacea? (Chenopods). • Bosea
Yervamora, or Tree Golden-rod, is an orna-
mental shrub from the Canary Islands.
bos-el '-a-phus, i*. [From Lat.'&os = an ox
[Bos], and Gr. e\a(^09 (eto.p?ios)= a deer.]
Zool : In some classiiications, a genus
of larfre bnbalme antelopes. Bi.sclaphus
trugoaioichis is the nylghau. [Antelope,
Eland.]
bosh (1), 5. [Of unknown etym.] An outline,
a i-ouyh sketch.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot
or. wore, wolf. work. whd. son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a. qu — kw.
bosh— boss
639
"A man who has learned but tlie boaJi of an argu-
ment, tlifvt hiia only seen tlie shadow of a Bylloeisni, " —
Student, ii. 287.
^ To cut a hosh : Td make a show; to as-
siiine an appearance of importance.
bosh (2), s. [Turkish losh = empty, vain, nse-
less.] Stuff, trash, empty talk, nonsense,
folly. (Used also as an interjection.)
bosh (.Si, hosch, s. [From Bosch =' sHerto-
f/e?t?joKc/t = Boi's-le-Duc, Holland, whei'e tiist
manufactured.] A trade name for a mixture
of bnttei' and prepared animal fjits, imported
into this country from Holland and sold as a
cheap genuine butter. It is a mixture of oleo-
margarine with a small propoi-tion of butter.
t hosh, r.T [Bosh, s. (1).] To cut a dash, to
flaunt (N.KD.)
hosh» v.t. [Bosh, i-. (2).^ To spoil ; to hum-
bug. (Slany.)
ho'-shah, ■^-. [Turk, hoshah.]
Weaving : A Turkish-made silk handker-
chief.
hosh'-bok» s. [From Dut. hosch = wood,
forest; and 6f)fc=goat.] TrageJaphvs sylva-
ticus, an antelope found in South Africa.
bosh'-es, ti. [From Ger. &osc/f«u^= a slope.]
Metallurgy : The sloping sides of the lower
part of a blast-furnace, which gradually con-
tract from the belly, or widest part of the
furnace, to the hearth.
* bos'-ine, s. [0. Fr. hosine, liisme ; Lat.
hucdna — a crooked horn or trumpet. ] A
trumpet, {Ayenh., 137.)
bosjemanite (as bosh'-es-man-ite), s.
[From tlie Bosjenian liver in Soutli Africa, a
cave in tlie vicinity of which stream is covered
by the mineral to a depth of six inches.]
Mill.: Amineral occurring in silky, annular,
or capillary crystals, as also in crusts of in-
florescence. It tastes like alum. Composi-
tion : sulphuric acid, 35 "85-36 '77 ; alumina,
10-40-11 -5^; protoxide of iron, 0'-106 ; prot-
oxide of manganese, 2"lii-2'.:> ; magnesia, :i'69-
5-94 ; lime, 0--0-27 ; soda, O-OSS ; and water,
44'2tJ-46. In addition to South Africa it is
found in Switzerland, California, &c. (Dana.)
'^bosk« v.t. [Busk.] (Allit. Poems: Delvge,
351.)
tbosk, '^boske, *busk»tf. [In Prov. 7josc ;
Sp. & Fort, huscjue ; Ital. hosco ; Low Lat.
hoscus, huscus — a thicket, a wood. Coynati.'
with F)-. hois = a wood. In Ger. biisch, honch ;
Dut. hosch = a wood, a forest ; O. Icel. hvskr,
hitskl ; Dan. husk,] [Bush.] A bush, a
thicket, a small forest.
" Meantime, through well-known bnsk and dell,
I'll lead wliere we may shelter well."
iicott ; Lord a/ the /ales, vl. 16.
* boske-adder, s. An adder, serpent.
(Wickliffe: Kj.^uI. iv. 3.)
bos'-ket^ bos-quet (que as ke), bus-
ket, s. [Fr. & Prov. hnsqnet ; Ital. bosdu-tto.
Dimin. of Prov. hose; Ital. hosco.]
Hortic. : A grove, a comiiartment made by
branches of trees regularly or irregularly dis-
posed.
bosk'-l-ness, s. [Eng. hosky ; -ness.] The
quality or state of being bosky or wooded.
{HawtkoDie.)
bosk'-^, a. [Eng. hosk; -y. In Fr. hosquet.]
Bushy, woody, covered with boscage or
thickets.
" And with ea^:h end of thy blue bow dost crown
My boskif acres, and my unshrubb'd down."
Shakesp. : Temp., iv. 1.
" Well will I mark the boski/ bourne."
Scolt : Lord of the Isles, v, 21.
bos'-om, * b6'-|t6inc, boo'-gom, "* bo-
§em, *bd'-9um, s. & q. [A.S. h6sm = (i)
the bosom, (2) (chiefly in compos.) a fold or
assemblage of folds in clothes ; Fries. h6s7)i ;
Dut. boezem; (N. H.) Ger. busen; M. H. Ger.
h-uosen; O. H. Ger. puosam.]
A. As siihstantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) The breast of a human beiug, male or
female, but more usually of the latter.
" Tlierefore lay bare your bosom."
Shdkcsp. ■ Mcr. of TVit,, iv. 1.
(2) The portion of the dress which covers
the breast.
"Put now thine hand into thy froswn. And he put his
haud into his bosom :• and when he took it uut, behold,
his hand was leprous as snow." — Exodus, iv. 6,
2. Fignratively :
(1) Of the breast viewed as the seat of
emotions, such as the appetites, desires, pas-
sions ; the appetites, inclinations, or desires
themselves.
(a) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the
appetites, the desires, or auything similar.
" Our good old friend.
Lay comforts to your 6aKom, . . ,"
Shakesp. : Lear. iL 1.
" The meanest bosom felt a thirst for fame."
Thoinson: Liberty, pt. iii.
(&) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the
passions ; the gratification of the passions
themselves.
" And you shall have your bosom on this wretch,
Grace of the duke, revenges to your heart
And general houour."
Sltakesp. : Meas.Jor Mi-as , iv. 3.
"Anger resteth in the bosom of fools."— jEccZes.
vii. 9.
(c) Of the breast viewed as the seat of
tenderness or affection ; the affections them-
selves.
" Their soul was i>oured out into their mother's
bosoTTt." — Lamentations, ii. 12.
" To whom the gi'eat creator thus reply'd :
O Son, in whom my soul bath chief delight.
Son of my bosom. Son who !\rt alone
My word, luy wisdom, and effectual might"
Milton : P. L., bk. lii.
(2) Of the breast viewed as the repository
of secrets ; secret counsel or intention.
" She has mock'd my folly, else she finds nut
The bosom of my purpose "
Beau. & Fletch. : Wit at sev. IT., ii., p. 271.
" If I covered my trauBgressionr. as Adam, by hiding
mine iniquity in my bosom." — .Jol'. xxxi. ;ja.
(s) Of anything which enr.loses a person or
thing. s]iecially in a loving manner, as an
object of affection can be clasped to the breast.
Enclosuii?, embrace, compass. ,
" . . they which live within the botom of that
church . , . ."—Hooker.
(4) Of any close or secret receptacle, as the
bosom of the earth, the bosom of the deep.
"A fiery mass of Life cast up froni the great bosom
of Nature herself."— Corf^^e." J/eroes, lect li.
^ (.0) Of a bay.
" Thar is, with an ile invironyt on athir part
To brek the storme tind wallis of every art
Within, the wiLttir in ane bosiim gain."
G. Doug ■ Virgil, xviii, b.
(6) (By metonymy) Of a bosom-friend.
"Hot. Whither in such haste, my second self?
Andr. T faith, my dear bosotn, to take solemn leave
Of a most weeping creature."
/'Hrs'. part of Jeran. (0. PI ), iii. G7.
II. Milling : A recess or shelving depression
round the eye of a mill-stone.
B. As adjective :
1. Pei-taining to or connected with the literal
human breast.
2. Pertaining to the human breast in a
figurative sense ; confidential, completely
trusted.
bosom- barrier, s. A barrier against
brutality produced by the emotions of the
human bosom.
" Who through this bosotn-barrier burst their way.
And, with revers'd ambition, strive to sink?"
young : JfigTU, 5.
bosom-cheat, s. One clasped affection-
ately to the bosom, but all the while a cheat.
" A pleasing bosom-cJieat , a sjiecious ill,
Which felt the curse, yet covets still to feel."
Pamell : The Rise of Woman.
bosom-Child, s. A very dear child.
" Dear bosom-child we ciiU thee."
Wordnoorth : To Sleep.
bosom-folder, s. A plaiting machine or
device for laying a fabric in flat folds, suitable
for a shirt-bosom. (Knight.)
bosom-friend, s. [Eng. hosom; friend.
In Dut. hoezem-vriend.] A friend so much
loved as to be welcomed to the bosom.
" A bosom-secret and a bosom-f 'fiend are usually put
together."- Sowift, vol, ii., Ser. 2.
bosom interest, ' bosome-interest,
3. The interest which lies closest to the
heart.
" No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
Our bosom interest ; go pronounce his present
death.
And with his former title greet Macljeth."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 2,
bosom lover, * bosome-louer, s. One
so loved as to be clasped to the bosom.
" Which makes me think that this Antonio
Being the bosom lover of my lord.
Must needs be like my lord."
Shalcesp. : Mer. of Vvniic, iii. 4.
bosom-secret, s. A secret locked or
hidden within the bosom.
"And must he die auch death accurst.
Or will that bo&om.-secret burst?"
Scott : Tlie Lord of the Isles, v. 26.
{See also examxile under bosom-friend.)
bosom-serpent, s. A person taken
affectionately to the bosom, who, in return,
iuflicts upon it an envenomed wound.
" A hosom-sei-pent, a domestic evil,
A night-invasion, and a mid-day devil."
Pope: Januari/ and Ma//, 47, 48.
bosom-slave, s. One taken to the
bosom, but all the while a slave.
" Let eastern tyrants, from the light of heaven
Secludg their bosom-slaves, meanly possess'd
Of a mere, lifeless, violated form. '
Thomson : Seasons ; Spring.
bosom-vice, s. The vice which one
clasps to his liosom ; i.e., which he loves with
intense love ; the easily besetting sin.
"... thev foolishly imagine that inclination and
biass to another sin will be excuse enough for their
darling, and bosom-vice."— Soadly : Of Acceptance,
Ser. 7.
bos'-dm, v.t. [From bosom, a (q.v.).]
1. To hide "in the bosom," in a figurative
sense, i.e., within the thoughts.
" Bosom w]}' jny counsel.
You'll find it wholesome. '
SJiakfsp. : Henri/ VIIL, i. 1.
2. To hide am^ng material things which will
conceal the secreted object from view. (Used
sj^ecially of trees or shrubs thickly surround-
ing a house or other edifice.)
" More pleased, my foot the hidden margin roves
Of Como, bosoni'd deep in chestnut groves."
Wordsworth : Descriptive Sketches.
bos -omed, pa. par. & a. [Bosom, v.]
" Or from the bottoms of the bosam'd hills.
In pure effusion flow."
Thomson : Seasons ; A utuTnn.
bos'-om-ing, pr. j^ar. & a. [Bosom, v.]
^ bo'-son, s. [Corrupted from boatswain (q . v. ). ]
A boatswain.
" The barks upon the billows ride,
The master will not staj[ ;
The meri-y boson from his side
His whistle takes, ..." Pope,
boss (1), * bosse, * bos, * boce, s. [In Fr.
hosse=a. boss, bunch, lamp, knob, swelling,
relievo ; Prov. bossa ; Ital. bosza = a swelling.
In Dut. bos = bunch, tuft, bush. Mahn,
Wedgwood, and Skeat all connect it with
N. H. Ger. hoczc)i = to beat; M. H. Ger.
l)6zeii ; O. H. Ger, pOsan, pozjan.] [Boss (2).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) Anything protuberant :
(a) Gen. : A part rising in the midst of any
material body
" Boce or boos of a booke oi other lyke {booce, H.).
Turgiolum, V^."— Prom.pt. Parv.
(b) Spec. : An ornamental stud ; a shining
prominence raised above that in which it is
fixed. (Used frequently of the prominence
on the middle of a shield.)
" Thus as he lay, the lamp of night
Waa quivering on hia armour hright.
In beams that rose and fell.
And danced upon his buckler's boss."
Scott ; Bridal qf 2'rieri)ia,in, iii. 2.
^ The boss of a hridle.
"This ivory, intended for the bosses of a bridle, was
laid up for a prince, Jind a woman of Caria or Ma?onia
dyed it" — Pope.
(2) A ball, or some such ornament.
" The Mule all deckt in goodly rich araj'.
With bells and bosses that full lowdly rung.
And costly trappings that to ground "downe hung. "
Spenser: Moth. ffab. T., 582-4.
(3) Anything thick : A thick body, whether
protuberant at one part or not.
" If a close appulse be made by the lips, then is
framed M ; if by the boss of the tongue to the palate
near the throat, then K. '—Holder.
(4) A conduit, a projecting pipe conveying
water.
"Stowe tells us that Bosse alley, in Lower Thames
Street, was so called from 'a bosse of sijring i^ater
continually running, which standeth by Billinsgate
against this alley.' Lond., p. 104. This bosse must
have been Bomething of a projecting ijipe conveying
the water [a conduit]."— JVarea. ,
2. Figuratirdy:
•[ A silver shield with boss of gold : The daisy,
the silver shield being the white florets of the
ray, and the boss of gold the yellow florets of
the disk, which in the aggregate constitute a
convex knob. (Poetic.)
" The shaiie will vanish, and behold !
A silver shield with boss of gold."
Wordswurth . To the Daisy.
boil, boy; pout, jov^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing,
-cian, -tlan — shan. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
640
boss— bot
IL Technically :
1. Machinery ;
(1) An elevated or thickened portion, usually
-around an aperture.
(2) A swage or stump used in shaping sheet-
metal.
2. Arch. : In Gothic architecture, the pro-
tuberance in a vaulted ceiling formed, by the
BOSS.
junction of the ends of several ribs, and
iierving to bind them together ; usually ela-
borately carved and ornamented.
3. Masonry :
(1) A mortar- bucket slung by a hook from
the round of a ladder.
(2) A short trough for holding mortar,
hung from the laths, and used in tiling a roof.
4. Saddlery: Thu enlargement at the junc-
tion of the branch of a bridle-bit with the
mouthpiece.
5. Ordnance : A plate of east-iron secured
to the back of the hearth of a travelling-forge.
6. Bookbinding : A metallic ornament on a
liook side to receive the wear.
boss-fern, s.
Bat. : A book-name for varioiis species of
Nfi-hruflinm. {Britten & Holland.)
^ boss (2), "^ bos, * bois» ^ boiss, * bo9e, a.
& s. [From Eng. hoss {\) (q.v.). Wedgwood
.suggests comparison with Bavarian buschen,
hoschen, hosscn = to strike so as to give a
hollow sound; Dut. hossert; Ital. bussare = to
knock or strike.]
A. As adjective (of the forms boss, bos, and^
bois) :
1, Hollow.
"Andperait theioishillatthebradesyde."
Doug. : Virgil, 1j, M,
"And bos bucklerla coueiit with corbulye."
Ibid., '1-M, 2^.
% A hos window : A large window, forming
a recess ; a bow window.
ill the bos tpi-ndotv, ,
—PUscottie: Chron.,
" Into the boss window, . . ."—Ibid. (ed. 1768), p 153,
2. Empty. (Lit. or fig.)
" Or ahou'd her paunch for want grow boss."
Aloriaon.: Poems, p. 08.
' ' He said, he gloom'd. and shook hXa thick boss head. "
Ra-msay : Poems, i. 285.
3. Resonant ; sounding in a hollow manner.
B. As substantive (of the forms boss, boiss,
a7ui boce) :
1. Gen. (of tJie forms boss and. boce) ; Any-
thing hollow.
" The Houlet had sick awful cry'is,
Thay corrospondit in the skyin,
A3 wind within a boce."
HiJvH: Watson's Coll.. ii. 26.
2. Spec, (of the forms boss, boiss, and boce) ;
(1) Lit. Of things :
(a) A small cask.
"... twa chalder of mele— out of a boce, thre
chalder of mele out of his [jiniale ; thre lualvysy boch,
price o6 the pece, viija. v}d."—Act Boni. Cone, A. 1489,
p. 123. [Jamiesan.)
(b) A bottle of the, kind now called a " grey-
beard ; " a bottle made of earthenware or uf
leather.
" Thair ia aiie pair of bossis, gude and fyiie.
Thiiy hald aue gallonn-full of Gaskan wyne."
Dunbar : Maitlatid Poems, p. 71.
(2) Fig. Of persons. Plur.: A despicable
or worthless character.
H Generally conjoined with the epithet avid
= old.
"I si-u/ik Ui ymi, afld Hosm of ponlitioun "—
f.pnd'ntf/ : Worlcii (ed. 1.W2), p. 7i. {Jamicmn.}
•[ (1) The /.OS..- of the body : The forepart of
the body, from tlie chest to the loins.
(2) The boss of the side : The hollow between
tlie ribs and the haunch. (Jamieson.)
tb6ss(l), *b65e, *booce, v.t. [From loss
(1), s. (q.v.) ; O. H. Ger. bozen, possen = to
beat.] To beat oat, to render protuberant.
"To booce or boce out as workmen do a holowe
tliynge to make it seem more apparent to the eye " —
Putsffi-aoe.
boss (3), s. &0 a. [Dut. haas = a master.]
A. As subst. : An employer, a master.
(Bartlett.)
B. ^sar?j. .-Chief ; most esteemed. (Bartlett.)
hoss {2X v.t. [Boss (3), s. & a.] To manage, to
control ; to be the master of. (Bartlett.)
bos'-sage, s. [Fr. hossage, from hosse — a
bos.s, a protuberance.]
Architecture :
1. Projecting stones, such as quoins, cor-
bels roughed out before insertion, to be
finished in situ.
2. Rustic work, consisting of stones wliich
seem to advance beyond tlie plane of a buikl-
ing, by reason of indentures or channels left in
tlie joinings.
''bossche, s. [Bush.] (Sir Ferumhras (ed.
Herrtage), 2,887.)
*bosse, .". [Boss.]
bossed, pa. par. k a. [Boss (1), v.]
As adjective :
1. Ord. Lang. : Furnished with bosses arti-
ficially made.
"Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss'd with pearl."
Shakcsp. : Taming of the Shrew, ii. 1.
2. Bot. : Roimded in form and with an umbo
or buss more or less distinctly projecting from
its centre, so as to make it resemble many
ancient and modern shields.
bos-SX-£8'-a, s. [Named after M. Boissieu-
Lamartine,' who accompanied La Perouse in
his voyage round the world.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
sub-order Papilionaceas. The species are
(irnaniental slirubs from Australia and Van
Diemen's Land.
boss'-ihg, pr. jjc/.r., o.,& s. [Boss (1), v.]
A. & B, As present participle £' participial
adjective : (See the verb).
C. As substantive :
1. The act of ground-laying the surface of
porcelain in an unfinished stnte, to form a
basis of adherence for the colour, which is
deposited by the pencil, by cotton-wool, or by
stencil, according to the mode.
2. The substance laid on in the ground-laying
<lescribed under 1, It is a coat of boiled oil
to bold the colour. The oil is expelled by the
b(^at of the enamel-kiln, and the colour vitri-
fied. The bossing is laid on with a hair-peneil,
and levelled witli a boss of soft-leather.
"bos'-sive, u. [Eng. boss; -ive.] Crooked,
- deformed.
"Wives do wor&e than' miscarry, that go tlieir full
tune of a fnol with a bossiva h\Tih."— Osborne : A dvo.e
to his Son (1058), p. 70.
'^ boss'-ness, s. [Eng. &o.s.s(2); -iiess.] Hollow-
nesR, emptiness. (Scotch.)
*b6s'-sy, a. [Eng. boss (1) ; -i/.]
1. Furnished with a boss or bosses ; studded.
" Hia head reclining on the bossy shield."
Poj/e : Homer ; Iliad x. 173,
2. Protuberant : in relief.
"Cornice or freeze, with boss2/ acnlptnrps praven."
Milton: P. L., i. 716.
' bost, *bds'-teil, v.i. [Boast.] (Chaucer:
Lcgeiidc of Good Women.)
' bost. ^. [Boast, s.] (Prompt. Faro.)
bos'-ter, ' bos'-tur, * bos-tare, bos-
towre, s. [Boaster.] (Prompt. Pare.)
bos-trich'-i-dse, s. pit, [From Lat., &c. bos-
trichvs (q,.v.).]
Fntom. : A family of Coleoptera (Beetles) of
the section Pentaniora. The chief genera re-
jiresentcd in Britain are Bostrichus, Tomicus, ■
Hylesinus, Scolytus, and Hylurgns.
bos'-tri-chiis, .■=. [P'rom Lat. bostryclnis; Gr.
p6a-Tpu,yo? (bosfrvchos), as subst. — (1) a curl or
lock of hair, (2) anything twisted or wreathed,
(8) a winged insect.]
Entom. : A genus of Coleoptera (Beetlfl.'i)
belonging to the family Xylophagi. The species
are found on old trees, in which the larvie of
these insects constrnct burrows just under
the bark, feeding as they proceed upon the
woody matter. Bostrichus dispar., domesticus,
and ca^pucinus occur in this country.
bos'-try-chite, s. [Lat. bostrychites ; Gr.
^ocTTpvx^TTii {bostruchites) =^ a precious stone,
now unknown.] [Bostrichus.]
Old Lapidi'vy work : A gem in the form of a
lock of hail'. (Anh.)
bost-wys, o. \yi[e\.hwystus = \)n\ia\, fero-
cious.] Rough, fierce. (Ear. Eng. Allit.
Poems (ed. Morris) ; Pearl, 814.) [BorsTous.]
bo'-^um, .-. [Bosom.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bos'-wel'-li-a, s. [Named after Dr. John
Boswell, of Edinburgh.]
Bot. : A fine genus of terebinth a ceo us trees
belonging to the order Amyridacea)(Amyrid3).
They have a five-toothed calyx, five petals,
ten stamina, a triangular three-celled fruit
with winged seeds. The leaves are compound,
Boswellia thurifera, called also B. serrata, fur-
nishes the resin called Olibanum [Olibanum],
which is believed to have been the frankincense
of the ancients. [Frankincense.] It is found
in India, as also is B. glabra, the resin of which
is used instead of pitch.
bos-wel'-li-an, a. [From Boswell, the bio-
grapher of Dr. Jolinson.] [Boswellism.]
Relating to Boswell, composed in the style of
Boswcll's celebrated biography ; characterized
by hero-worship and absence of critical facult)'.
t b6§'-Tvell-i§in, o-. [From James Boswell of
Auchinleck in Ayrshire, who was born in
Edinburgh, October 29, 1740 ; published his
celebrated Life of Johnson in 1790, and died
May 19, 1795.] Biography written with the
enthusiasm for its subject and the photo-
gi'aphic accuracy of delineation which con-
stitute so marked a feature of Boswell's Life
of Johnson.
"■ bot, prct. of V. [Bite.] Bit, cut.
" Tho tliat Hwerd wer god it noght ne bot . . "Sir
Feruinh. (ed. Herrtage), 5a&.
bot (1), ... [Boot (1).]
" Bryjig bodworde to bot blysse to vus aUe."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 473.
bot (2), -s. [A.S. hcot ■=. threat, promise.]
" Loke ye bowe now bi bat, bowez fast hence."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems; Cleanness, 944.
bot (3), bott. s. & a. [From O. Eng. bot = bit,
jiret. of bite.]
A. As substantive (generally plural) : The
larvaj of the bot-fly and other species of
CEstrus. [Bot-fly.]
" . . . . liis horse . . . begnawn with the bots." —
Shalcesj}. : Tarn,, of Strew, iii 2.
". . . . to give poor jades the fio^s." — !bid.,\ffen. IV.,
ii. 1.
If Bots on it: An execration. (SJialces-p. :
Per... ii. 1.)
B. As adjectlr^: Producing the larvse called
bots.
bot-fly, ^.
Entomology :
1. Singular: One of the names given to
any species of the genus (Estrus, or even of
the family (Estridffi. These insects are some-
times called also Breeze-flies, Brize-flies, and
Gad-flies, the last of these names not being a
properly distinctive one, for it is applied £dso
to the TabanidiB, a totally distinct family of
dipterous insects. The bot-fly, which has at-
tracted most notice, is Gasterophilus equi, often
called the gad-fly of the horse. It is a downy
two-winged fly, which in August deposits
from 50 to 100 eggs on the legs, the back of
the neck, and other parts of a horse accessible
to the animal's tongue. Slightly irritated by
them the horse licks the part affected, witlx
the effect of bursting the egg and transferring
the minute larvai to its mouth, whence they
make way to the stomach and grow to be an
inch long. They are ejected with the food,
spend their chrysalis state in the earth or
dung, and emerge perfect insects but with no
]>roboscis capable of being used for feeding
inn-poses. It is not food they require, it is to
propagate their species and die. A similar
tS,te, f5,t, fare, amidst, vrhat, fall, fatber; vre, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, iinite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
bot — taotargo
641
insect is CEstrus hem,rrlwidalis. Sheep oxen
&c. have parasites of an analogous kind'
{Breeze-fly, Brize, Gad-fly, CEstkid-e
tESTRUS.] '
2. I'tural : The English name for the family
ot CEstnilae.
'tiOt.mnj.&pi-ep. [But.] (Morte ArtUurcW;
The Bmce, v. 91 .)
T Bot anil, lotaiid: As well as.
" I hav a bow, hot and a vyse."
Burboiir: The Uruca (eiL Skcat), v. 5D;.
Botgif: [Bor if.]
Bot if: Unless, except.
"Bot if ye Ijothe for-thyuk hit aare "Sir
Feritmb. (ecL Herrtage), 3W.
hot-ai;-lack-ite, s. [From the Botallack
mine in Cornwall, where it oecnrs.]
Min. : A variety of Atacamite occurrin" in
tnn crusts of minute interlacing crystals
closely investing killas. (Dona.)
*'bof-a,-aa,pnp.&ioiij. [BOT-AXD.] (Scotch.)
ftot-an'-ic, * bot-an'-ick, a. k s. [in Fr
boiamque; Sp., Port., & Ital. bolanico ; L;it'
icitamcns ; Gr. ;3oTa>.i/(ds (botaniko^) = of
herbs.]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to plants or to
the study of them.
r. "r ' ■: *li^*, '^ii'^ieiifc bo/anick liook mentiouea bv
OtaleiL —Cudwoi'tli : (litvlL St/st., \}. -i-l^.
*'B. As substantive: The same as Botanist
<q.v.).
^,'w''''i"''''yj!:'"'''' ""'•"''=• • • • is by all io/^,i,rf-,
or herbarists, I have >eeii, acknowledged."— J/. 6'iisitu-
4)011 ; Of Crediiliti/, Ac, p. 8U.
botanic-drawing, s. The art of re-
presenting plants for scientilic study To
■enable tlie ligures to be used for the purpose
•now mentioned, every elfort must be put
■iorth to ensure accuracy in the delineations
Ac. Microscopic representations of the fully-
expanded flower and of the fruit when ripe
■or, If possible, of the organs of fruotiflcation at
successive stages of development, shonl.l be
.superadded to render the drawing conii>letc
■iUiidltij.)
botanic-garden, .<. A g,arden laid out
Ifor the seientihc study of botany. Sometimes
the several plants are arransjed, to a certain
extent, according to their places in the natural
system and, in any case, opportunity is ob-
tained for seeing the plants pass tliroiigli their
several stages, ami obtaining their Uoweis
fruit, &c., to anatomize and to figure.
botanic physician, s. A physician
whose remedies consist chiefly of herbs and
roots. Akin to an herbalist ; but many her-
balists have had no medical education wliilst
any proper " physician " has enjoyed that
advantage
bot-an'-i-cal, r-. [Eng. fiote/iic; -f.n The
same as Botaniu (q v.)
". . . the earliest io^rtjiicrti researches of Sloane "—
Macuulny ; Hist. Eng., eh. iii,
»i,',!iT'!' ,""?■ "!■ "" ■?"''' '"""s "> value for to beyond
'd, V. l,".'""" °™»- -^.f""-"-- -f™?- o/Saicncl 3rd
bota^ical-geograpby, s. A compari-
son of the plants of different regions of the
globe, showing the range and distribution of
each. [Phyto-qeogeaphv.]
S)Ot--an'-I-cal-ly, atZi'. [Eng. botanical; -hi.]
Alter the manner adopted in botany ■ as
botanists are accustomed to do,
,„i'I^°°'' '■"■?»" "'..science, wlio is bomalcall,/ or other-
wise mquisitue. "-Oortj, Xewa, Au;ust 18, 1863.
+ bot-an'-ics, ^. [Botanic] The same as
Botany (q.^.).
bot'-an-ist, s. [Fr. botaniste.] line who
collects and scientific.illy studies plants.
t For the names of various botanists see
tlie article Botany, part 1 (Hist.).
" Thus botfinius. with eyes acute
lo see prolific dust minute. '
Joncn : The Enchanted Fruit.
bot'-an-ize, i-.i. & l. [Fr. botanUer; Gr.
^oTai'if(o(!jotaii,^o) = to root up weeds.] [Bot-
any.]
A. Tntrcms. : To collect plants with the
object of examining them scientilically.
B, Trans. : To examine botonically.
bot'-an-iz-er, o. l^ng. holaniz(e) ; -er.l One
who botanizes.
bof-an-iz-ing, j'l: imr., n., & s. [Botanize.]
A. As present participle: In senses corre-
sponding to those of tlie verb.
B. As adj. : Searching for or examining
plants ; used for, or connected with, sucli
examination.
C. As iubst. : The act or operation of col-
lecting, and afterwards scientiiically examin-
ing, plants.
* bot'-a-nS, .?. [Ital. botlana.] A piece of
linen dyed bine. (Scotch.)
'•Botatmi or peeces of linnlu litted blew, the peace
—111 1, —lintex, A. icil.
" Botanocs or blew lining."— /iafcs, .\. 1670.
' bot-an-ol'-6-ger, s. [From Gr. Boravo-
Aoyeo) (botanologeo) = to gatlier herbs, Xow
superseded by botanist (q.v.).]
-' b6t-an-6l'-6-gy, s. [Gr. ^oTaraXoyeo. (bo-
tanologeo) = to gather herbs.] A discourse
regarding plants. (Bailey.) Xow superseded
by the term botany (q.y.).
" bot'-an-6-man-9y, ^^ [In Gr. /Soravona,.-
■reia. (botanonuinteia) ; Porcci/i) fto/mie) = grass,
fodder and fiavreU (manfeiti) = divination.]
Divination by means of herbs, especially by
means of sage (Salvia) or by tig-leaves The
inquirer wrote his name and the question he
wished answered on the leaves. Afterwards
he exposed these to the wind, which blew
some of them awa.y. Those which remained
were then collected, and tlie letters written
on e.%ch were placed together, so as, if possible
to bring coherent sense out of tliem and any
sentence constructed out of them was supposed
to be the reply sought for.
". . . the numberlesa forms of imposture or ijrnor-
nS.o;! li;' "■'I'""'"""")', imomaucy, aiithmomaucy,
IwA i' °,^' '"'••""miimi/. keijtoloiuaucy," 4c._
:3mdh: litct. t^ the Bible, HA^. j< ^^.
bot'-an-y, s. & a. [Gr, /Sorii^, ((io?fme) = grass-
fodder ; ^oo-Kui (bosko) = to feed, to tend cattle
or sheep. ]
A.Assubslan. : The science which treats of
plants. It embraces a knowledge of their names
their external and internal organizations, their
anatomy and physiology, their qualities, their
uses, and their distribution over the world
witli the laws by which this distribution is
regnlated, or the geological occurrences bv
winch it has been brought about.
History : Prom the remotest antiquity plants
must have been at least looked at, aiid to a
certain extent studied ; and it is repni-ted in
Scripture regarding Solomon, tliat •■ he spake
of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon
even unto the hyssop that springeth out of
the wair (I Kings iv. 33). If his" sayings on
that subject were put in writing they have
perished ; the first important scientific iiotices
regarding plants which have reached our time
are in Aristotle's Inquiries Conarninq Ani-
mals about B.C 347. Theophrastus, who suc-
„M'L'""1 '" ^■■^- ■■';"• S''™ g'-eat'attention
;h„nt Q^i knowing, however, it is said, only
about 355. Phny, among the Romans, was
also interested m botanical study, as in natural
tfnZ severally. The Arabs gave some at-
tention to botany; but up to the year A.D.
1231 according to Spreiigel, only about 1 400
plants were known. After the revival of
„u^\' Conrad Gesner, who died in 1665,
collected materials and made drawings for a
histoiy of plants. Matthew Lobel, a Dutch-
iiiiin at the court of Queen Elizabetli,
attempted a natural classification of plants
and some of his orders are still retained'
Caesalpinus, a Roman physician attached to
the court of Pope Sextus VI., made various
botanical discoveries. About A.D. 1650 the
microscope began to be used forthe examination
of plants Grew and Malpighi flourished in the
same century ; and in 1686 Ray published the
mst volume of his Systema Plantarum. About
1,35, Linmeiis gave to the world his celebrated
bystema s\atura!, the botanical portion of
which contains his artificial system which is
even uow obsolescent rather than obsolete
AS a rule, his classes were founded on the
number, position, &c., of the stamens, and
his orders on the number and character of the
pistils. He founded twenty-four classes, viz
(1) Monandria, (2) Diandria, (3) Triandria'
(4 Tetrandria, (5) Pentandria, (ej^Hexandr™,'
,i) Heptandria, (S) Octandria, (9) Enneandria
:iO) Decandria, (11) Dodecandria, (12) Icosan'
dria, (13) Polyandria, (14) Didynamia (16) Te-
trad.vnamia, (fl6) Monadelphia, (17) Diadelphia,
(IS) Polyadelphia, (19) Syngenesia, (20) Gyn-
andria, (21) Monrecia, (32) Dirccia, (23) Pol.v-
gamia, and (24) Cryptogamia. (See these
worrls for further details, and for the orders
into which the several classes are divided.)
Besides his artilieial system of classification
Linmens attempted a natui-al one. In 1789,
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu published his
Genera Plantarum, in which, following in the
direction in which Lobel, Ray, and Linnaus
himself had led, he elaborated a natural
system, the essential features of which are
still retained. In Lindley's Vegetable Kinii-
dom, published in 1867, the classification is
as follows : Class I. Thallogen.-., II. Acrogens,
III. Rhizogens, IV. Endogens, V. Dictyogens,
VI. Gyninogens, and VII. Exogens.
Modern botany, or phytology, as it is
sometimes called, comprises a number of
subordinate sciences.
LiiKlley, in the main following Decandolle,
divided itinto Organography, or an explanation
of the exact structure of jJants ; Vegetable
riiysiology, or the history of vital phenomena
wiiich have been observed in them ; Gloss-
ology, formerly called Terminology, or a defi-
nition of the adjective terms used in botany
and phytography, or an exposition of the i-ules
to be observed in describing and naming
plants. (/)!(rod. ioBof., 3rd ed.,1839.Pref) All
these are introductory to Systematic Botany,
wdiieh is the classification and description of
the several classes, orders, families, genera,
species, varieties, i-c, ot plants in regular
arrangement.
Thome, author of the recognised text-book
ot botany m use in the technical schools of
Germany, divides the science into— I. Mor-
phology, or the Comparative Anatomy of
■i"^,' • • "y^'ology. which is concerned
with their vital phenomena ; III. Botanical
Geography ; IV. Palaiophytology ; V. Vege-
table Pateontology ; VI. Classification of
Plants; and VII. Practical or Applied Botany
Robt. Brown, jun., in hisil/airaai of Botami
published in 1874, divides it into— I Genernl
Anatomy or Histology of Plants : 1. Or-rano-
graphy 2. Jloqihology, 3. Organogenesis
4. Phytotomy ; II. Physiological Botany ■
III. Vegetable Chemistry ; IV. Nosology or
Vegetable Pathology ; V. Teratology, a study
ol abnormalities ; VI. Taxology, Taxonomy
Classification, or Systematic Botany ■ 1 Ter-
minology, 2. Glossology; VII. Phyto'- geo-
graphy ; VIII. Palajo-phytology, Geological
Botany, Vegetable Palieontology, or Fossil
Botany ; IX. Medical Botany ; X AcTicul-
tural Botany; XI. Horticultural Botany
and XII. Industrial Botany. (See t\\esa
terms. See also Plant, \"eoetable King-
dom, &r-. &c.)
B. .4s culjective : In which good botany
fBOTt'NV bIy'T*' "'*'"'<'''""S plants abound.
numw^?" ^^''r '-.^ ", fS° ""^^"'^ from the
(^r^Z n ' "'' r'i"'? aiscovered there when
Captain Cook's party landed in 1770. ]
i„;f!;" "^".^^J"'^- •■, -An inlet of the sea five miles
long and broad, about five miles sonS^ nt
Sydney in New South Wales. *
B. As adj. : Growing at or in any other wav
connected with Botany Bay. (See the cmn
pounds which follow.) ^ ''™'
Botany-Bay Kino : A gum which exudes
from the bark of an Australian tree, Bue^mh^s
resimfera, and other species ot the genSs It
Of c"atlSfr"lin<;* "^^ 1"°^"*- "^e thos'e'
Botany-Bay Tea : The English name of the
San^wf^r^f"""' ™,''™'Sreen climWng-
bd-tar-go.
tSp. bota.rga = a kind of pati-
htS *^^ ^f Of iSe^uin'^rSaJLqTn
«k.;r,rla"lair?-iher^£T'\^
relshing sort of food, bling a sausag^madl
of the roes of the mullet fish, and eaten with
oil and vinegar. It is much used on thi
llttn^. *"' Mediterranean as an incentive
r The French editor of Rabelais says-
th7muriXpSed'Sth'Sl'f,T''-''" ""> ""I "^ of
but their exciting of thirat"^ *" recommeud them
mea^'^Sh i'mTdre'ri^ ^S"'"' ¥■'»"»■' >"'
tongues, tofarj™, SS™ ^amr".'"', ""'S," '^^*^
imiuersofwine^-oSS^SseS, b'f.'ctS" '""^
hffll fcXn. '-i,.. ,^^, ■ _ imiuersofwme."_03cI(//
41
642
"botaurus— bothrencnyma
■' Botargo, jviichovies, puffins too, to taste
The Maroiieaii wines, at meals thou hast"
Beath: Clarnstellu, in Jliujwuol'. (luintess. of Poetry,
vol. ii., p. 16. [Narcs.)
bo-ta'U-rus, s. [From hos = an ox, and
taums= a bull, a fanciful ori^nri invented to
account for the O. Fi: and Mid. En^;. form
botor. ]
Oniith. : A genus of birds belnngins to the
family Ardeid» or Herons, and the sub-family
Ardeince or True Herons. It contains the
Bitterns. [Bittern.]
* bot'-card, s. [Etym. not apparent ; proba-
bly a corruption of or niiswriting for hattart
(q.v.).J Akindof artillery used in the time of
James V. (Scotch.)
"Two great caunou thrnwii-iumithetl Mow and her
Marrow with two gi'iiat Botcards."—PilscotCie, i). 14*
Uitmieson.)
bot9h (1), * bocoh-in, ^bocch-yn,
*" bocch-en, v.t.. [In Dut. botsen = to
knock, dash, strike against, clash with ; from
O. L. Ger. hotzeii = (1) to strike or beat, (2) tn
repair.]
1. Lit.: To patch in any way. (Wydiffc :
2 Chron., xxxiv.)
2. Fig. : To put together clumsily.
" Go with me to my house,
And hear thou there how many fruitless pranks
This ruffian hath hotch'd up, that thou thereby
Miiyat smile at this."
Shiifcosp. : Twelfth Night, iv. 1.
" And botch the words up fit to their own thoughts."
Shakcsp. : Httmlet, iv, 5.
bot9h (2). v.t. [From botch (2), =. (q.v.).] To
mark with botches.
" Yooiig Hylas, botck'd with stains too foul to name,
In ci-adle here renews his youthful frame."
Garth.
bot9h (1), *bot9lie (1), s. [From hotch, ».
(q.v.).]
1. A patch.
2. A part, of any work ill-finished, so as to
appear worse than the rest.
" With him.
To lejive no rubs or botches iu the work,
Fleauce, his son, must embrace the fate."
Shukesp. : ilacbeth, iii. 1.
3. A part clumsily added.
"If both those words are not notorious botches, . . ."
—Dryden.
" A comma ne'er could claim
A place in any British natue ;
Yet, making here a ijerfect botch.
Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch."
Smift.
bot9h (2), * bot9lie (2), ^ bohche, * boccbe,
^ boche, * boshe, s. [Fr. hosse ; 0. Fr.
boce. = (1) the boss of a buckler ; (2) a botch,
a boil. ] A swelling of an ulcerous character,
or anything similar on the skin ; a wen, a boil,
"Bohche, sore (botcTie, P.). Ulcus, Cath." — Prompt.
Parv.
" Botches and hiaius must all his flesh imboss.
And all his people." Milton : P. L., bk. xii
botched (1), * botcht, pa, ■par. [Botch
(1):^-]
" I see, I see, 'tis eouusel given in vain,
For treason botclU in rhyme will be thy bane "
Bryden : Absalom & AvhUophel, pt. ii.
bot9hed (2), pa. par. [Botch (2), v.]
* b6t9he'-ment, * bd9h'-ment, s. [Eng.
botche — hotch (1) = a patch ; and Eng., &c.,
suffix -ment.]
" OocTiment (botchement, P.) Additarrtentum, am-
pHficamentuTTi, . . . ."—Prompt. Parv.
b6t9h'-er (1), *b6t9h'-ar, *bot9h'-are,
* bochchare, s. & a. [Eng. hotch (l), v. ;
-en]
A. As substantive : A mender of old things,
especially clothes ; an inferior kind of tailor.
" Botchare of olde thinges, P. Resartor." — Prompt,
Parv,
" Botchers left old cloaths iu the lurch.
And fell to turn and patch the church."
Ilndibras.
. a botcher's cushion,
Shnkesp. : Coi-iol. ,
" Publishing some bofchcrty mingle-mangle of col-
lections out of ut\iKT."—JIarllib. : Trarial. of Comen.,
1642, p. ;(0.
^ b6t9h'-er-y, s. [Eng. botcher ; -y.] The re-
sults of botching, clumsy workmanship.
"If we speak of base botrbi-ry, were it a comely
thing to see a great lord, or a king, wmn sleeves of two
parishes, one half of worsted, the other of velvet?" —
\Vo7-ld of lyondera, 1608, p. 235.
b6t9h'-ing (1), pr.par., a., &s. [Botch (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. 'par. £ partlcip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. ^s suijstaiitLve : The act of mending old
clothes ; the act of bungling.
" Nor is it botching, for I cannot mend it."
Browne: Britaiuna't. Pastorals, b, i. s.
bot9h'-mg (2), i^^- 2J«r. [Botch (2), y.]
t b6t9h'-y, «. [Eng. botch (2)^ -y.] Marked
with botches.
"And those bolls did run? say so; did not the
geuer.il run then? were not that a botchy core." —
Hhnkcsp.: Trail, and Cress., ii. 1.
^ bote (1), * bot (Eiig.), bote, " bute (Scotch),
s. [Boot (1), s.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. (See hoot.)
2. A remedy.
" And be borrugh for his bale, and biggen hym bote
And so amende that is niysdo ' and euermore the
better." Piers Plow. Tia , iv. 89, 90.
3. Restoration, amendment,
i. 1
"Bate of (or, P.) heltlie. Salus."— Prompt. Part).
5. A saviour, the Saviour.
" Bot ther on com a bote as-tyt."
Ear. Eng. AJlit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Pearl, 645.
II, Laio : An Anglo-Saxon term, still in use,
meaning necessaries required for the carrying
on of husbandry. The corresponding word of
French origin is estovers or estoiiviers, from
estoffer = to furnish. Such necessaries in
certain cases may be taken from the estate of
another. There are many kinds of bote. Thus
ho2ise-hote is a sufficient allowance of wood to
repair or to bum in the house. If to burn, it
is a.Jire-bote. So plough-bott and cart-bote are
wood to be employed in making and repairing
all instruments of husbandry ; and hay-hota
or edge-bote is wood for repairing hay-edges
or fences. [See also Kin-bote, Man-bote,
Theif-bote.]
' bote (2), s. [Boot (2).]
' ' Bote for a inannys legge (bote or cokvr, H. coker, P. )
Bota, ocrea." — Prompt. Parv.
"* bote (3), s. [A.S. hodian = to command, to
announce; &orf= command.] A message.
"Charlis siiit to thee this sond ; thou ne ge(te)3t
non othre bote."— Sir Ferumb. (ed. Hen-tage), 401.
*bote (1), s. [Boat.] (Spenser; F. (?., III.,
viii. 21.)
'^bote, *b6'-teii, v.t. [From bote (\), s. (q.v.).
In Sw. bota.l To boot, to amend.
* bote, pret. ofv. [A.S. bat, pret. of hitan = to
bite.] Bit.
"... that he 6oiG his lippes."
Piers Plow. Vis., v, 84.
* bote, conj. [But. ]
'""bote-yif, conj. But if, except that.
* bo'-tel (1), * bot-elle (1), s. [Bottle.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bot-el (2), * bot-elle (2), s. [O. Fr. hotel]
A bundle, a feed of hay. [Bottel (1).]
"Botelle of hey. Fenifascis."— Prompt. Parv,
* bot'-el-er, s. [Butler.] (Prompt. Parv.)
■^ bote'-less. * bote'-lesse, o. [Bootless.]
"* bdte'~man, s. [Boatman.] (Spenser: F. Q.>
II. xli. -Hj.)
* bot-en-eix, v.t. [Botnen.] [Piers Ploio.
Vis., vi. 194.)
* b6t'-er-a,S, v. [Buttress.] (Piers Plow.
Vis., V. 598.)
* bo't-er-as, ■>. [Buttress.] (Prompt. Parv.)
*b0te~rel, o. [0. Fr. botorl.] A toad.
"... namore thanne the &o(erf/."
Aycnbile, p. ISi.
bote-roll. ^ bot'te-roll, "" baute-roll,
5. [Etymology doubtful.]
Her. : The same as crumpet (q.v.).
B. As adjective : Bungling, unskilful.
" Bochchare, or vncrafty (botcliar. P.). Iners, C, F."
— Pi'omjjt. Parv.
b6t9h'-er (2). 5. [Eng. botch (2), s., from the
spotted ax)i->earance of the skin.] A young
salmon ; a grilse.
" Formerly grilse, or botchers, were fur more plenti-
ful than they have been since the passing of the
Fishery Laws."— rimes, Aug. 26th, 1875.
■* botgh -er-ly, a. [Eng. botcher ;^ -ly.] Like
the work of a liotflier, patched in a clumsy
way ; blundered.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we. wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p5t,
or. wore, wolf^ work. who. son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian. ». oe-e; ey = a. qu^kw.
* b6t'-er-ye» s. [Buttery.] (Prompt. Parv.)
"Botcr'/r Ciilarlam, bo'i:r/ii,piiicernaculum.{promij-
tuarium.. P.)." — Proinpt. Parv,
* bot-ew. s. [From O. P'r. bateau.] A kind
of large boot.
" Botew. Cotarnux, botula, a-epita."—Proinpt. Parv.
both. * bothe, ^ boathe, * bathe, ' bethe.
* bo-then, ' bo-thene, -^'bb''t'hyn(Enff.),
baith, '^ bathe, *■ bayth, "* bald (Scotch),
pro., a., & conj. [In Icel. bathir, hoithi ; Sw.
bttda ; T) a.r\. baade ; Mi j.-so-G oth. hajoths ; Dut.
&(N. H.)Ger. heide ; O. II. Ger. pede.] Two
taken together.
^ It i.s opposed to the dibtributives either =
one of two, and neither = none of two. (Prof.
Bain.)
A. As pronoun :
" During his ride home, he only .said, wife and bairn
baith, mother and son Oni'Ji-iinu', sair to abide!" —
Scott: Guy Jfanneri/ig, ch ix.
S. As adjective :
C. As conjunction (followed by and) : It is a
conjunction with a cei'tain disjunctive force,
i.e., separating the two conjoined members
and bringing each into prominence.
"... so that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the
word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks." — Acts
xix. 19.
" That botlie his soule and eek hemself offeude "
Ch-iiicvr: C. T., 3,097.
"That are both his and mine."
Shakcsp. : Jfacb., iii. 1.
^ bothe, s. [Booth.]
* bot'h-em, s. [Bottom. ]
both'-em-les,
[Bottomless.]
" both'-en, .«. [Cf. A S. bothen = rosemary ;
darnel (Somner)?]
Bot. : A composite plant. Chrysanthemum
segctum.
^ White bothen, Cnrysanthemum humntlie-
nium,.
both'-er (Eng.), *bath'-er ISc), v.t. & i.
[JEtym. unknown; the first examples known
occurinthe writings of T.Sheridan, &wift, and
Sterne. Wedgwood suggests connection with
pother, and Dr. Murray asks if bother could be
an Anglo-Irish corruption of that word.]
A, Trans. : To tease, to vex, or annoy one
by making continual noise, by dwelling on the
same subject, by continued solicitation, or in
any other way.
" With the din of which tube my head you bo bother,
That I scarce can diatiuguish my right ear from
t'other." Swift.
B. Jntrans. : To make many words.
" The auld guidmen, about ths grace,
Frae side to side they bother."
Burns: The Holy Favr.
both'-er, s. [From botlicr, v. (q.v.).] The act
of rallying, or teazing, by dwelling on the
same subject. (Colloqnial.)
bo-ther-a'-tion, s. [From Eng. botJier, and
suk -ation.] The act of making bother.
(Vulgar.)
bo'th-ered, pa. par. & a. [Bother, v.]
bo'th-er-ing, i'r. par. [Bother, v.]
' both'-ie, s. [Bothy.] (Scotch.)
■ bothll, ^. [Bothul.]
* bothne, ^both'-ene, s. [Low Lat. bothena
= a barony, or ten-itory ; Arm. bot = a. tract
of land.] (Scotch.)
1. A park in which cattle are fed and in-
closed. (Sketie.)
2. A barony, lordship, or sheriflfdom.
"It is statute and ordained, that the King's Mute,
that is, the King's court of ilk Bithenc, that is of ilk
schirefTedome, sfilbc balden within fourtie dales." —
Skene: Assis. Beg. Dav.
* bot'h-om, ^ bofh-um, * bofh-e-um, s.
[From Fr. i)f)(f(ojt = button, bud, germ.] [But-
ton.] A bud, particularly of a rose.
" Of the bothom the swete odour."
Ttu: /lomauni of I lie /iose.
" Thiit nyght and day from hir ahe stalle
ficK/wjrts and roses overalle."
Ilnd.
* bofh-on, v.t. [Button, ;>.]
" Bothoii clothys (botvnyn, K boton, P,). Botono,
fibula." — Prompt. Parv.
both-ren'-chy-ma, .•^. [From Gr. ^69pos
(hothros) = a pit, and eyxvM-a (enghxima) = an
bothriocephalus—bottle
643
infusion ; eyxito (eiigheo) = to pour in ; iv (en),
and xtw (cheo) = to pour.]
Bot. : Pitted tissue, called also porous tissue
or basifomi tissue, or dotted ducts, and liy
Morren Taphrenchyma. It consists of tubes
which, when viewed under high microscopic
power, seem full of holes, whicli, however, are
only little pits in the thickness of the lining.
It is of two kinds, articulated and continuous
bothrenchyma. The former is well seen when
its tubes are cut across in a cane or other
woody-looking endogen ; the latter consists of
long, slender, inteiTupted pitted tubes, found
often in connection with spiral vessels in the
roots of plants. What Lindley called granular
woodij tissue he ultimately reduced under the
second of these types of bothrenchyma.
bbth-ri-6-;5epli'-al-us, s. [From Gr. j3o9-
ptW {bothrion) = a small kind of ulcer, dimin.
of ^66po<; (bothros) — a hole, a pit, and Ke^aKi^
(kepMle) =the head.]
Zool. : An intestinal worm belonging to the
class Scolecida, and the order Tseniada or
Cestoidea. Bothrioceplialiis latus is the Rus-
sian tapeworm.
both-ro-den'-dron, $. [From Gr. fi66po^
{bothros) = a pit, and SivSpov {dendron) = a.
tree.]
Palceont. : A tree with dotted stems found in
the coal measures.
**b6'th-ul, *bo'th-ie, *bo'th-el, bud-
dle, s. [Dut. buidel^ii purse, because it
bears goals or goldiiis = gold coins ; gulden, a
punning allusion to its yellow flowers. Cf.
Wei. hothell= rotundity ; a bottle, a blister.]
Bot. : An old English name for the plant
genus Clirysanthemum.
If GhrysantheTnum segeUtm is still called
huddle in Bast Anglia.
" Bothel, bwldle, chrysanthemum. Bothul, hothul,
vaccinia." —Prompt. Parv.
* both-um, s. [Bottom.]
bo'th-^, bd'th-ie, * bS,tli-ie, * bdo'th-ie,
s. & a. [From Icel. budh; Gael. 6uWi = a
hut, a booth, a tent ; both = a flask, a hut ;
bot = a house.] [Booth.] {Scotch.)
A. As mibstantive :
1. Gen. : A booth, a cottage, a hoveL
2. Specially :
(1) A wooden hut.
" Fare thee well, my native cot,
Bothff of the blrkeii tree ! "
Jacobite Helics, ii, 1B9.
(2) A summer shieling. (Johnso^i.)
(3) A hut of boughs or othei' material built
for the purpose of hunting.
(4) A place where agricultural labourers are
lodged upon a farm.
B. As adjective : Of which bothies are the
essential feature.
1[ The bothy system : The system of lodging
farm labourers in bothies. Whether this is
the best method of housing them has been a
matter of public discussion. The Rev. Dr.
Begg, of Edinburgh, lias been one of the
greatest opponents of bothies.
* bo'-tie, a. [Booty.]
* bot'-il-er, * bot'-lere, s. [Butler.] (Chau-
cer: a T., 16,(320.) {Prompt. Pdrv.)
^bot-ine, s. [From Fr. bnttin6=a. half-boot,
a buskin.] A buskin. (0. Scotch.)
*bot-inge, pr. par. & s. [Boot (1), v.]
* bot-less, '^ bute-lesse, a. [Bootless.]
* bot-me (1), s. [BpTTOM.]
" Dotme, or fuudameut {botym. P.). Ba^is." -
Prompt. Parii.
" And in the pannea botme he hath it laft "
Chaucer: C. T., 13,249.
* botme (2), s. [0. Fr. bouton, baton = a but-
ton, a ball.]
"Botme of threde, infra in Clowchen, or clowe
(botym, P.)."— Prompt. Parv.
^ botme-les, «.. [Bottomless. ]
"" bot'-nen, v.t. [Boten, Boot (l), v.] To
better, to cure, to amend, to repair.
" Bllsful for thei were botned."
William of PaUme, 1,065.
' bot'-nmge, pr. par. & s. [Botnen.]
A, -Is pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As subst. : Amendment, healing
* bot'-ome.
[Bottom.]
EOTRYCmUM.
1. Botrnchiuin tunaria. 2.
Barren ijinuule. 3, Portion
of fertile x^iimule
■*bot-on, o. &L r. [Button.]
*?jot-6wre, s. [Botaprus.] A bittern.
" Botoiore, liyrde {botore, K. P.), OnocroculiLS, boto-
riiis, C. i'."— Prompt. Paro.
bo tree, a. [Peepul-tree.]
bot'-roph-is, s. [From Gr. jSorpus (batrus) =
a cluster or bunch of grapes, 6</)is {ojihis) = a
serpent (?). ]
Bot. .- A genus of Ranunculace^ (Crow-
foots), allied to Cimieifuga and Actaea. Its
roots are used in America as an antidote to
the bite of the rattlesnake.
bot-rych'-i-iini, «. [Gr. ^dTpl;? {boimfi) = a
bunch of grapes, to which the branched
clusters of capsules bear some resemblance.]
Bot. : A genus of ferns belonging to the
order Ophioglos-
saceie (Adder's
Tongues). The
capsules, which
are sub-globose
and sessile, are
clustered at the
margin and on
one side of a pin-
nated rachis ; the
frond is pinnate,
with Innate pinuEe
and forked veins.
Botrychium luiia-
ria, or Common
Moonwort, occurs
in dry mountain
pastures in Bri-
tain and else-
where. B. virgin-
icuvi,&n American
species, is called
the Rattlesnake
Fern, from its growing in such places as those
venomous reptiles frequent.
bot-ryl'-U-dse, t>. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bo-
tryllits (<-l.v.).]
Zool. : A family of moUuscoids belonging to
the order Ascidise, and containing the com-
pound Ascidians, that is, those which, united
together by their mantles, rise generally in
stellate form round a common canal. All
are marine.
bot-ryl'-liis, s. [Mod. Lat. Dimin. formed
from Gr. Corpus (botrus) = a cluster of grapes.]
Zool. . A genus of molluscoids, the typical
one of the family Botryllidaj (q.v.). The
individuals are of an ovoid form, but are
united in radiated bunches. They are found
on seaweeds, &c.
b6t'-ry-6~gen, i. [From Gr. porpv; (botrus)
= a cluster of grapes, and-j/erfaio {gennad) =
to beget, to engender.]
Min. : A monoclinic, translucent mineral,
with a hardness of 2—2-5, a sp. gr. of 2-039, a
vitreous lustre colour, and hyacinth-red as
the normal colour, though yellow specimens
also occur. Compos. : Sulphate of protoxide
of iron, 19; sulphate of sesquioxide, 48'3;
and water, 32-7 = 100; or sulphuric acid,
36-53— 37-87; sesquioxide of iron, 24-77—
26-50 ; magnesia, 5-69— 8-95; lime, 0-91— 2-76,
and water, 30—90. It occurs in a copper
mine at Fahhen, in Sweden. {Dana.)
b6t-ry-5id'. a. [From Gr. porpv; (batrus) = a
cluster of grapes, and elSoy (eidos) = form,
shape.] In form resembling a bunch of
grapes.
"The outside is thick set with botryoid efflorescen-
ciea. or small knolis. yellow, bluish, and pun)le, all of
a shining metallick hue.' — Woodward.
b6t-ry-6i'-dal, a. [Eng. botryoid; -al (Min.,
(£'c.).J The same as botryoid (q.v.). {Phillips.)
bot'-ry-b-lite, s. [in Ger. hotryolith, botrio-
ht. From Gr. Corpus {botrus) = a. cluster of
grapes, and At'Sos (lithos) = a stone.]
Min. : A variety of Datolite or Datholite
(q.v.). It is so called from the botryoidal sur-
face of its radiated columnar structure. It
is found at Arendal, in Norway.
b6t-ry-ta'-5e-se, s. pi [Fi-om Mod. Lat. bot-
rytis (q.v.), and Lat. fern. pi. adj. suffix -ac€£V.]
Bot. : A division of fungi containing the
species popularly called Blights and Mildews.
The sub-order is named also Hyphomycetes
(q-v.).
bo-tryte', s. [In Ger. botryt, from Gr. ^oTpu?,
{botrus) = a cluster of grapes, and suffix -ite
(.If m.) (q.v.).]
Mia. : The same as Botryogen (q.v.).
bo-try'-tis, 5. [From Gr. jSorpus (boirws)=a
cluster of grapes.]
Bot. : A genus of fungi, with clusters of
minute globular seeds or seed-vessels. Tliey
grow on rotten hei'baceous stems, decaying
fungi, living leaves, and similar localities.
The muscadine disease which destroys so
many siJk-wornis is caused by one species,
Boiiytls bossiana. B. inji'daai^, which causes
the potato disease, is now removed to the
genus Peronospora (q.v.). {Treas. of Bot.)
bots^ S. pi. [BOT.]
" bott, * botte, canj. [But. ] (Morte Arth u re. )
bott, bot, a. & a. [BOT.]
bott-lianuner, s.
Flax-working : A wooden mallet with a
fluted face, used iu breaking flax upon the
floor to remove the boon.
* botte (1), i". [Bat.]
* botte (2), s. [Boat.]
bot'-tel (1), s. [O. Fr. botel, dimin. of botte =
a bunch or bundle ; Gael, boiteal.) A bundle
of hay. (StormoiUh.)
" bot-tel (2), s. [Boutel.]
^ taotte-ler, s. [Butler. ]
* botte-ral, s.
Her. : [Boteroll.]
Bott'-ger (o as e), s. & a. [The person re.
leired to was a Saxon luanufactuier, by whom
the ware called after him was llrst made.]
A. As subst. : The person alluded to in the
etymology.
B, As adj. : Mad.- by Buttger.
Bottger-ware, s. The white porcelain
of Dresden. Made origiually by Bottger, of
Saxony, in imitation of the Chinese. It is
now made -an the old castle, once the resi-
dence of the Saxon princes, at Meissen on the
Elbe, fifteen miles below Dresden.
bot'-tliig, s. [Etyin. doubtful.]
Mi:taUnrgy : The act of restopping the tap-
ping-hole of a furnace after a part of its charge
has been allowed tu flow therefrom. The
plug is a conical mass of clayon the end of a
wooden bar.
bot'-tle (1), * bot'-teUe. * bot -6Ue. * bot-
el, s. & a. [In Sw. butelj ; Icel. pytia ; Ger.
& Fr. bouteille ; Gael, hotul; Wei. potel (these
two last being from Eng. ?) ; Norm. Fr, hu-
tuille; Prov. hotella ; Sp. hotella, botilla=-a
bottle ; boiija := an earthen jar ; Port, botelha;
Ital. bottiglia ; Low Lat. biiiicula, batilui,
puticla ; Mahratta boadhule, hoodJiula = a
leathern bottle.] [Boot (2), s.]
A. As substantive :
I. Literally: A vessel with a relatively small
neck adapted to hold liquids . The first bottles
were of leather (Josh. ix. 4.) Such leatliern
bottles are mentioned by Homer, Herodotus,
and Virgil, being in use among the Greeks,
Egyptians, and Romans, as they still are in
Spain, Sicily, Africa, and the East. Eaiihen-
ware bottles followed (Jer. xiii. 12); these are
generally furnished with handles, and are
called flasks. Modern bottles are chiefly of
glass,' and glass bottles have been found at
Pompeii. They are blown into the I'cquisite
sliape, the whole process of mauipulatiou
being divided among six persons.
" BoteUe vesselle. If/er, obba."— Prompt. Parv.
" The shepherd-a homely curds,
Hia cold thin dritik out of his leather bottle,
Is far heyoud a prince's dclicates."
SJiakesp. : 3 Hen. YI., li 5.
'.'He threw into the enemy's ships earthen bottles
filled with serpents, which put the eiew in disorder."
— Arbuthnot un Coiiis.
II. Flgundivthj :
1. Anything like. a bottle.
^ Blue Bottle : [Bluebottle.]
Whit-e Bottle: A plant, Silenc inflata
2. As much liquor as can be held in one
■ bottle.
bSil, bo^; poiit. j^^l; cat, 96X1, chorus, 9hin. bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist-
-Clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cio'us - shus. -die, -tie, &c. L de?.
-ing.
-tei.
644
bottle— bottom
" Six. bottles apiece hud well ■;'
B. As aOjcctivi: : Pertaining to such a ^'esscl
or anything similar. (See the compouiids.)
* bottle-ale, s. & a.
A. As svbstantiir: Bottled ale.
" Selling cheese and primes,
And rtitnil'd hottU-alc."
Beaum. & Flet. : Ca/itoin.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to bottleil ale.
'The Myrmidnusiire i\ohottle-alchoaaes."—ShaJccsp.:
Twelfth A' ight , % 'i.
bottle-boot, s. A leather case Lo hold a
iDOttle wliile corking.
bottle-brush, bottle brush, ^. .'^ a.
A, As substantive :
1. Gen. : A "brush with which to clean
Ijottlfa, or anything similar.
2. Bot.: A.i)\im.t, E(inhdu'ni arvensc. (Prior.)
B. As adjective: Pertaining to such a brush.
Bottle-brn^h Coralline, Bottle brush Coralline
Zool. : The calyptoblastic hydroirl, Thui-
aria Tkiiia. It has a waved stem, with the
branches didiotoiimusly divided, the cells
adpressed or imbedded in the sides of the
branches. It is fairly common uu British
and European coasts.
bottle-brushing, a. & s.
Bottle - brushing machine : A dc\ ice for
cleansing the interior of bottles. The brushes,
fixed on a rotating .shaft, are inserted into the
bottles, and rotation imparted by nteans of
the treadle. The operator may take a bottle
in each hand, cleansing two at once.
bottle-bump, A. The Bittern. (Ogilvir.)
bottle-case, s. & a.
A. -4s subst. : A case for bottles.
B, As adj. : Pertaining to such a case.
Bottle-case loom: A machine in whidi the
wicker cover is placed upon deniijolms and
carboys. This is, howc"\'er, almo.st entirely
done by hand, and is the work of a basket-
maker.
bottle-charger, s. An ajjparaturf for
charging bottles with a liquid under pressure,
as, fur instance, with air containing carbonic
acid, and with a graduated amount ef syrup.
bottle-companion, s. A companion
over the bottle; a companion who drinks
with one.
bottle-faucet, 5. A fau-
cet adapted to the nses of a
bottle. Sometimes it has a
threaded hollow stem to trans-
lix the cork.
bottle-filler, s. An appa-
ratus for Jilling bottles, [Bot-
TLING-MACHINE.]
bottle-fish, s.
Ichthyol. : A fish, Saccophar-
ynx ampidaceus, like a leathern
bottle, with a very long linear
tail. The bottle-like portion
of the animal can be inflated.
It occurs in the Atlantic, but
is rare.
t bottle-flower, s.
Lot, : A plant, Centaurea
cyanus.
bottle - friend, 5. A
"drinking friend, whose at-
tachment to one is manifested chiefly by
drinking with him, (Johnson.)
bottle-glass, n. The ghis.^ of which
It is composed of sand and
- glass,
bottles are made,
alkali.
bottle-gourd, s.
Bot. : A gourd, Lagenaria. vulgaris, called
also the White Pumpkin. The Hindoos culti-
vate it largely as an article of food. There
are several varieties. One is the Sweet Bottle-
gourd ; another is used as a buoy in swimniing
across Indian rivers, transporting baggage, &c.
bottle-head, s.
Zool. .- A Cetacean, Hijpcroodon hiilens.
bottle-holder, ^.
1. Of persons :
(1) Lit. : One who holds a bottle to refresh
a pugilist, to whom he is second or supporter.
(2) Fig. : Any one whu seconds another in
an enterprise.
^ The late Lord Palmerston once apxjlied
the term to himself in an electoral passage at
arms with a butcher at Tiverton, and the
nickname stuck to him in some of the comic
periodicals for a time.
2. Of things: An adjustable tool for grasp-
ing the bottle by its liase while finishing the
tnp
bottle-imp, s. An imaginary imp in-
habiting a bottle. [Cartesian-devil.]
"... the letter would poison my very existence,
like the (lotHf- 1 III /•, until I s^mild ti-ansfer it to some
l>t:raoii truly tiujilified to receive it." — De Quincey :
Wurks (2iid ed.}, i. loC
bottle-jack, s.
1. Cidinai'y apparatus : A roasting-jack of a
bottle shape, suspended in front of a fire, and
gi\'ing a reciprocating rotation to the meat
wliich depends thei'efrom. It is operated l>y
(•lock-work mechanism.
2. A form of lifting-jack, so called from its
resembling a Ijottle in shape.
bottle-znaker, bottle maker, s A
maker of bottles.
bottle-moulding, s.
Gl-ass- making : The act or art of moulding
glass. The xirocess is adopted with jnost
kinds of merchantable bottles of staple kinds.
The bulb of glass on the end of the blow-tubc
is partly expanded, and then placed between
the parts of an iron mould which is open to
receive it. The parts are closed and locked,
and the bulb then expanded by the bi-eath to
completely fill the mould. (Knight.)
bottle-nose, bottlenose, s. a Ceta-
cean, the Bottle-nosed Whale (Hyperoodon
hidens).
^ Immediately after Mr. John Bright entered
,Mr. Gladstone's govennnent in 18(JS, becom-
ing Pi'csident of the Board of Trade, a corre-
spondent in Nairn jietitioned him tn give
Government aid in destroying bottle-nosed
wliales, which, he alleged, were very destruc-
ti^'e to lieriings. The reply of Mr. Bright was
unfa\'ourable.
" A species of whales, called liottlenoms, have some-
tiine-s run !i-groiiiid duiins? the tide of ebb. been taken,
and oil ex.tr.icted from them,"— 7^ Row: Dmnbartons.
atatist. Act- , iv. -JUG.
bottle-nosed, a. Having a nose nar-
row at the lja.se and protuberant towards the
apex.
"Oh, mistress! I have the bravest, gravest, .-lecret,
suhtiJe, bottle-nosed knave to my master, that ever
gentleman had."— J/ariowe ; The Jew of Malta, iii. 3.
Bottle-nosed Whale. [Bottle-nose.]
bottle-pump, -5. a device for withdraw-
ing the fluid contents of a vessel without
pouring. This is done by compressing an
elastic bulb, which drives air into the bottle,
expelling the liquid through the pipe and
nozzle,
bottle-rack, 5, A rack for storing bottles.
The rests are so arranged that by inserting
the bottles alternately neck and butt, a
greater numl)er may be stored within a given
space. The hinged frame is for the purpose
of securing the bottles in place during trans-
portation.
' bottle-screw, ^ bottlescrew, ;■. A
corkscrew.
"A good butler always breaks off the point of his
hnttUscrcw in two days, by trying which is hardest,
the point of the screw or the neck of the bottle."—
tiwift.
bottle-Stone, bottlestone, s.
Min.: A variety of Obsidian (q.v.). (Brit.
Mvs. Cat.)
bottle-stopper, s. A device fur closing
the mouths of bottles. It usually consists of
a cork and a means of holding it in place
.(gainst the luessuie of the bottle's contents.
In some cases a comjiosition is substituted
for the cork,
t bottle-swagger, s. Swagger produced
by imbibing the contents of the bottle.
" When at his heart he felt th^ dogger.
He reel'd hia wonted bottle-swagger."
Burtis : Tam Hamsun's Elegy.
bottle-tit, ci.
Ornith. : A name for a bird, Pariis candatu^.
bottle-tom, bottle torn, s.
Ormth. : One of the names for a bird, the
Long-tailed Tit-mouse (Parus caridatns).
bottle-washer, s. A device for cleansing
the interior of bottles.
' bot'-tle (2), * bot'-el. s. [From 0. Fr. botel :
dimin. of bottc=a bunch, a bundle; Wei.
poteL] [Bottle (2), v.] A bundle of hay or
straw.
" Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle ofluin:
good hay, sweet hay, hatn no fellow. "Shakesp. : jliids.
jYi;/ht's Dream, iv, 1,
bot'-tle (1), v.(. [From bottle (1), s.] To put
into a bottle, to enclose or confine within a
bottle.
" You may have it a most excellent cyder royal, to
drink or to bottle." — Afoi-liiner.
" When wine is to be bottled off, wash your bottles
immediately before you begin, but be sure not to drain
tlieui. "— .Swt'"'-
bot'-tle (2), v.t [From bottle (2), s. In Fr. hoi-
teler = to bind hay; Wei. X'Otelv..] To make
up straw in small parcels or "windlins."
(Scotch.)
bot'-tled (1), pa. 2^ar. [Bottle (1). v.]
" Their, prison'd in a i)arlour snug and small.
Like bottled wasys upon a southern wall."
Cowper : Retirement.
bot'-tled (2), 31a. par. [Bottle (2), ti.]
b6t'-tling(l),3>r. ;jar., a.,ks. [Bottle (1), r.]
A. & B. Aspr. par. £■ participial adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As subst. : The act or operation of pour-
ing into a bottle, or enclosing within a bottle.
" . . . . and insijected.
At annual bottlings, corks selected."
T. Warton : I'rogr. of Discontent.
bottling-macliine, s. A machine for
filling bottles and corking them.
bottling-pliers, s. pi. Fuel's specifically
adapted for fastening wires over the corks auil
necks of bottles and for cutting off the sui-plus.
bot'-tling (2), pr. par., <.«., &s. [Bottle (1), r.]
" bot-tOCk, a. [BCTTTOC'K.]
bot'-tom, * bot'-tome, ' bot'-ome, "^ bot-
im, ^ bot'-3^m, ■ bot'-em, *^ bot'-un,
" bot'-iim, * bo'-them, * bo'-tbom,
' bo'-thum, * bot-me (Eng.), bot'-tom,
* bod'-diim (ScotcJi), s. & a. [A.S. bolm — a
bottom; Icel. & O. Icel. hotn ; Sw. &o?(eu;
Dan. bvnd ; 0. Dan. bodn ; O.S. bodom:
Dut. bodem; (N. H.)Gev. boden ; M. H. Ger.
bodem ; O. H. Ger. podvm, pjodam ; Gael, boni
= a sole, a foundation ; Ir. bona = the sole of
the foot ; Wei. bon — stem, base, stock ; Fr.
fond; Sp. & Ital. /ondo; Vovi. fundo; Lat.
fundus — the bottom of anything ; Gr. Truflju?/!'
(puthmeii) =. the bottom of a cup, of the sea,
or of anything, the same as ^uS6s (buthos) =
the depth ; Mahratta bood = the bottom of
anything. Skeat cites Vedic Sanscr. bndhna
=. ilepth.] [Fundament.]
A. .^s substantive :
I. Ordinary Lang iiage:
1. Literally:
(1) Gen. : The lowest part of anything,
" . . . , nt the botto7n oi the altar."— Lev. v. 9.
«[ In this sense it is opposed to the top.
■' Aud the veil of the temple was rent in twain from
the top to the Vottom."'-Mar/c xv i^b.
(2) Specially :
(a) The circular base of a c;isk, of a cup,
saucer, or other vessel.
" , . Imn-els with the bottoms kiiocktd out , . . .
—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xiii
" But, said the guide, it will do if tiken up and put
into a vessel that is sweet and gond ; for then the dirt
ivill sink to the bottom, awd the w.ater by itself come
out more clear."— B»»y(i)i .- P. P.. jit. ii.
(&) The bed or channel of the ocean, a lake,
a river, or the situation of the water imme-
diately in contact with it.
"... now it is imi>ossible on a moderately shallow
bottom, which alone is fcavourable to most living
creatures."— /'«'"i('i" : f'oyage round the iVorld (ed.
1870), ch. xvi., p. a45.
(c) The lowest part of *> valley, u. dale, .i
hollow, low ground.
" Broun muris kythit thare wis.iinyt mossy hew,
Bank, bray and boddum blanschit ^vox and bai-e."
Doug, : Virgil, 201, 7.
" A narrow brook, by rushy banks conceal' d.
Runs in a bottom, and divides the field."
Ooioner : Needless Alcrm.
(d) The seat, the hips, the postei-iors.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of things material :
(a) A ship, used by metonomy for the hull
in distinction from the masts.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fill, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there, pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, riile, full ; try, Syrian, jb, ce = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
toottom— iQoucn
645
" A "bawbiiiic veSsei was he captain of.
With wliicn such ecathful {grapple did he make
TVith the luoet noble bottom of ovir fleet. '
Shakesp. : 7'weffih Night, v. l,
(&) A ball of thread wound wp togethei'.
" This whole argument will be like bottoms of tlireid.
close wound ui}.~—/iuc/n.
"Silkworms finish their bottoms in about fiftetii
days. ' ' — Mo rtimer.
(2) Of things not material:
(a) That on which anything ipsts In the ■
example the nietai)lioi' oon-esjionds to —
" So deei>, and yet no clear, we inigtit behold
The giTivel bottorn, and that bo'totn jrold."
Drydeii: Dua'.h of n very i/naiig Oinfteimiti, 35, ZC:
(b) The foundation, the groundwork, the
most important support.
"On this Biiiiiiositioii my reiconiiiira proceed, ami
cannot be affected by objections wliioli are far from
being built on the Biime bottom."— Attm-burij.
(r) The deepest ]iart.
"I do see the bottom ol Justice Shallow."— .Sftafte,<p..-
2 Meii. It'., iii. 2.
"His projwsals and arguments should with freedom
be examined to the bottom." ^Loaki^.
(d) The real snp])ort, the prime mover.
" He wrote many thinirs which are not published in
his name ; and was at the bottom of many excellent
counsels, in which he did not iy[)])e.\.r."—Adilieoii.
(t) A bound or limit beneath or in any
direction.
" But there'G i)o bottom, none.
In my voluptuousness." Shnkes/}. : Mavb.. iv. 3.
(/) A hazard, chance, or adventure ; in
metaphor, that of embarkation on board a
ship. [See (!)«.]
" He began t« say, that himself and the prince were
too much to venture m one boCtoiJi." — ClivrewJLon.
"We are enibarkei.1 with them on the same bottom.
nndmust be pjvrtakei's oi their happiness or misery/
^Spectator.
(3) Of a horse: Power of endurance.
3. In special phrases :
(1) At hottoiii:
(a) Lit. : At the bottom of any material
tiling.
" A drawer it chiuicerl at bottom lined."
C'jwper : The Retired Cat.
(h) Fig. : FundamentiiHy, on looking how a
superstructure of character, argument, &c.,
is based.
"Over this argument from experience, which at
Dottom is his ai'g\iment."— r/yjiriit/i; Frag, of Science,
3rd ed.. iii. 54.
(2) Bottom of a lane : The lowest end of a
lane. (Johnson.)
(3) Sottomofhi'fr: The grounds or dregs of
beer. (Johnson.)
II. Technically :
1. Fort. : A rinnilar disc with holes to hold
the rods iu the formation of a gabion.
2. Shiini'riijhtliig: The planks forming the
floor of a ship's hold.
3. Ordnance: One of the plates by whieh
grape or canistei- is built up into a cylinder
suitable fnr loailing into the gun. Cast-iron
tops ami bottoms for grape ; wrought-iron fur
canister,
•t. Mining (pi. bottoms): The deepest work-
ings,
5. Metallurgy (jil. hottoms) : Heavy and im-
pure metallic products of refining, found at
the bottom of the fnrnace in some of the
stages of the copper-smelting pi'ocesses.
B, As adjective: Pertaining to the lowest
2iart of anything in a literal or figurative
sense.
bottom-beds, s. pi
Geol. : A name sometimes given to the
Longniynd mrks- of Lower Cambrian strati-
gi-aphical position.
bottom-discharge, ^. & a.
Sottom- discharge water- wheel : A tuibine
from which tlie water is discharged at tlie
bottom instead of at the sides.
bottom-flsMngfS. Ground-anglin;^'(q.v.).
bo'ttom-fringe, s. A fringe at the bot-
tom of a curtain, a cloud, or anything. (Lit.
". .as roof, the azure Dome, and around me, for
walls, four azure-flowing c urtains— namely, of the
Four azure Winda, on whose bol!< ni-fringes also I have
seeu gilding. " — C'arli/le: Sartor /iestirtus, bk. ii,, ch. ix.
bottom-glade, s. a glade in the luwcr
pai-t of a valley, a dale.
" Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts.
That brow this bottom-gladc . . ."
Milton : Comug.
bottom-grass, s. The luxuriant grass
gi-owing in a bottom or glade.
bottom-heat, 5. Artificial teii]])erature
beneath the surface of the soil in a fon-nig-
house.
bottom-ice, s. Ground-ice (q. v.).
bottom-land, s. Alluvial land of whicli
a bottom is composed.
bottom-lift, :!.
Milling : The deepest lift of a mining-pr.mp,
or the lowest pump.
bottom-plate, s.
Printing: A plate of iron belonging to the
mould of a printing-press, on which the cur-
1 iage is fixed.
bottom-rail, ^.
Arch.: The lowest horizontal rail of a
framed door.
bottom-tool, s.
Wood-txirning : A turning-tool having a
bent-over end. for rutting out the buttoms of
cylindrical hollow wurk.
t bot'-tom, v.t. & (. [From holtovi, s. ('i-V.).
In Dut. hodemen = to put a bottom to a c^isk ]
A, Transitive:
^1. To base, to build up. Followed by o/(.
(Lit. &jig.)
"Pride has a very strong foundation m the mind,
it ia bottomed upon self-love."— 6'o??i(f/-.
"The grounds upon which we bottom our reasoninj.'.
are but a part ; something is left out which aliould a^i
into the reckoning "—Locki:
"Action 18 supposed to be bottomed upon princi|il'' '
— Atterbury.
2. To put a. biitloin upon a ra.sk, into a
chair, &c.
"^3. To twist upon a "bottom" or ball.
(Lit. d'fig.)
" Theiefore, as yon unwind bei love from hiiii.
Lest it should ravel and be good to iiniie,
You must provide to bottont it on nie."
Shakfsp. : Two Gent, of Vnruna, in. 2.
B. In-trans. : To have as a bottom or Iui.m^. ,
to rest upon as its ultimate support.
"Find out upon what foundation any pro]>ositiiiii
advanced, botto»}is ; and observe the intermediate ide.iM
liy which it is .joined to that foundation upon whifh
it IS erected.' —Locki:
% Machinery : Cngs are said to bottom wlicn
their tops iinphigc upon the periplieiy of tiie
cd-ac'ting wheel A ]>istou which strilccs or
touches the end uf its cylinder is said tn
bottom.
bot'-tomed, pa. par. & a. [Bottom.]
A. As past paiticij'h: : In senses ruri'e-
sponding to those of tlic verb.
B. As partiripinj adjective: Having a bot-
tom of a particular character ; as, a llat-
bottomed boat, a cane-bottomed chair.
"There being prepared a number oi JUit-bottomrd
boats, to transport the land forces under the wing and
protection of the great navy."— fliicon.
bot'-tom-ing, pr. par., a., & 5. [Bottom, r.
(q.v.).]
A. & B. As ^jrcHiit participle & pariicipiid
adjective : In senses corresponding to tliose of
the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. Civil enginceriiuj :
(1) The foundation of a road-bed.
(2) The act of laying a foundation for a road.
2. Railroad engineering : Ballasting beneath
and around ties.
bottoming-hole, s.
(Ha^S'iiialing : The open mouth of a fui'-
nace at which a globe of crown gloss is ex-
posed during the progress of its mannfactnre.
in order to soften it and allow it to assume an
ulilate form.
bOt'-tom-leSS, a. [Eng. lottovi, ,aud suif.
■less. In Sw. bottcnloss ; Dan. bundles; Dnt.
hodejnloos ; Ger. hodenlHs.]
Strictly : Without bottom ; or, viorr loo.'-cly,
fathomless in depth, though really having a
bottom. U^ed —
(1) Less Jig. : Of places or things conceived
of as without bottom, or as fathomless.
"Wickedness may well be compared to a 6oHo«/?cw
pit, nito which it is easier to keep oiie'.s self from fall-
ing, than, being fallen, ta give one s self any sfciy from
falling infinitely."— Sidnei/.
"... but all, were it only a withei-ed leaf, works
together with all ; i-^ borne forw.ird on the bottotntes.",
shoreless flood of Actum, and lives through i)eii>etu.al
metamorphoses.'- CaWff?e.- Sartor jRcsartus, bk. i,
ch. ii.
(2) Mou fia. : Of anything infinite in degree,
m time, or both, even though uot closely re-
sembling a int, a vessel, or an ocean.
"Him the Almighty Power
Hurl'd headlong flaming from th' etht iv;l1 sky
To bottomless perdition. '
Milton : f. i , bk. i.
bot'- tom - most, a. [Eng. bottom; most.]
Noting that which is at the very bottom ;
lowest.
bot'-tdm-ry, ^ bot'-tom-ree, s. & a. [From
Eng. bottom, and sutfix -ry. In Sw. bod-
meri; Dan. hodrnwie; Dut. bodemery ; Ger.
hodmcrci.]
A. As substuii,tivi.\ Comm. ct- Naut. Law:
A contract by which tlie owner of a vessel
borrows money on th' securil,\' of the bottom
or keel, by which, a part being put for the
whole, is meant the ship itself. [Bottoji, s.,
A., 2 («).] If the ship be lost the lender loses
all his juoney. If, on the coutn-.-y, it returns
in .safetv, he receives back the prineipiil, with
interest at any rate which may .be :igreed
upon between the parties, and this \\ as allowed
to be the case even when the nsniy hnvs
were in force. Bottomry is sometimes cor-
rupted into bnvimarec. (Sec the conii'ounds,)
" A capitalist might lend on hottuinr'/ or on i>ei-soiinl
security : but, if he did so, he ran a great risk uf losing
interest and prtiicipai."— jUdcutt^i.'/ .■ ^^<«f- ^-"Q-. ch.
xix.
B, As adjective: Relating to such a con-
tract; as bottomry bond, bottorary contract,
bottomry money, &c.
" bot'-toned, -^ bot'-oned, a. [Old form of
buttoned. See also Bottoky.]
Her. : Having bottonies. buttons, round
buds, or knots, generally in threes. Essen-
tially the same as trejfled, i.e. trefoiled.
bot'-ton-y, ' bot'-on-e, * bot'-ton-e. s.
[From O. F. hotone (Mod. Fr. bavtonvi') — fur-
m'shed with buttons or buds ; O. Fr. boton.
= buttim, a bud ; Mod. Fr.
bouto)i.'\ [Button.]
Her : A bud-like jiro-
.iection, of which in general ^
three are together. The
may be seen in the cin,-,
bottony, which is a cross
each of the four extremi-
ties of which terminatLs \\\ CEOSS botioxv.
three bud-hke prominences.
They present a certain remote resemblance to
the leaf of a trefoil plant.
botts, a. [Bot, s.]
bot'-Ul-i-form, «. [From Lat. botidtis^=^
sausage, and forma = form, shape.] Sausage-
shaped. (Hcnslow.)
^ bot'-um, '^ bot'-une (?), s. [Bottom.]
(Prompt. Pari'.)
- bot-un, a. [Button.] (Prompt. Parv.)
"" bo'-tun, v.t. [Boot, v. ; Bote, v.] (Prompt.
Parv.)
" b6t'-m*e (1), s. [Bqtter.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bot-ure (2), s. [Botaurus.] A bittern.
(Mortc Arthur, ISO.)
'' bot'-ur-flye, o. [Buttebfly.] (PromiU.
Parv.)
" bot-wrythe, " bot'e-wright, s. [From
(,). Eng. bot = boat, and lurythc = wright.] A
shipbuilder, a shipmaster. (Prompt. Parv.)
' bot-xuryn', s. [Button.] (Prompt. Parv.)
' bot-ym, ■>. [Bottom.] (Prompt. Parv.)
" bot-yn, v.t. [Boot, v. ; Bote, d.] (Prompt.
Pare.)
' bot-ynge, 5. [Booting.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bot-yr, s. [Butter,] (Prompt. Parv.)
bou^h, * bouche, ^ bouge, * bowge,
'* budge, s. [Fr. bouche = mouth, . .
aperture.]
1. Old. Lang, d: Law. (Of all the forms
given) : An allowance of food or drink,
specially of the kind described in the phrase
which follows.
"... that brought bougf for a country lady or two,
that fainted, he said, with fasting." — ii. Jonton:
Masijuc of Loue Jicst., vol. v , p. 404.
•[ In the ordinances made at Eltham, iu the
17th of Henry VIII., under the title Boiiche of
boil, bo^; pout, jowl; cat, cell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-clan, -tjan = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tiou, -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -tie, &c, = bel, tel.
646
bouchet- boiilden
Cinirt, the queen's raaids of honour were to
liave, "for tlieire honch in the morning, one
cliRt lofe, one nianc-het, two g9,llons of ale,
dim' pitcher of wine." P. 1(54.
Bouch, Boudw of Court, i Bonchc in Court:
An aUowance of meat or drink to a servant or
attendant in a palace. (Minsheu tC Kersey.)
A certain allowance of jirovision from the
king to his knights and servants who at-
tended him on a military expedition. (Wkor-
(on.)
" They had bonch of court (to wit, meat and drink),
and great wages of aixpeuce by the day." — SCowe : Sur-
vey of London, bl. 1,, 4to, sign. C c , 2.
"... with a goiid allowance of dyet, .a bouchc in
cnurt as we use to call it." — Piittfiiham : Jrt of Eng-
lish Pocsie, bk. i., ch. xxvii. {.Varei.)
2. Tech. (Of the form '. lOuche only) :
Ordnance : A cylinder of copper in which
the vent of a piece of ordnance is drilled. It
has an exteri )T screw-thread cut on it, so that
it may be icmoved when the vent becomes
worn, or a new bouche substituted.
bou'-Qhet (t silent), s. [Fr. houchet]
Hort. : A kind of pear.
* bou'-Qhing, s. [BasHiNc]
Mech. : The gun-metal bushing of a block-
sheave around the pin-hole.
*bouclit(l), ^ bought, v.f. [Icel. hvlita.;
Ger. bucken = to beml, tn bow, to stoop.] To
fold down. (Jamiesoh.)
boucht (2), v.t. [From houclit = a fold.] To
enclose in a fold. (Scotch.)
"^ boucht (1), * bought (1), s. & a. [Bight.]
(Scotch.)
boucht-knot, s. A running knot ; one
that can easily be loosed, in consequence oi
the cord being doubled (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
boucht (2), bought (2), s. [Bught.] A
sheepfold. (Scotch.)
^ boucht'-iAg (eft. guttural), pr. par. [Bought.]
bouchting-blanket, s. A small blan-
ket, spread across a feather-bed, the ends
being pushed in under the bed at botli sides,
boucht^ng-time, boughting-time,
s. That time in the evening when the ewes
are milked. (Scotch.)
" 0 were I but a shepherd swain !
To feed my flock beside thee,
At bouqhting time to leave the plain,
In milking to abide thee."
Katkerine Ogie : Berd's Coll , i. 246.
bouck, v.t. [Bttck.] (Scotch.)
bouck'-ing, a . [Bucking . ] (Scotch . )
* boud, prei. of V. [Boot.] (Scotch.) Were
fated.
"To save thir soula, for they boud die "
Border MinstreUy, iii 140. (Ja^nieson.)
^boud, "^bowde, s. [Etymology doubtful.]
A wee\T.l breeding in malt. (Johnson.)
" Botode, TaaAie-wocrae {boude of malte . . .) G-urgu-
Ito." — Prompt. Parv.
boudoir (pron. b^od'-war), s. & a. [Fr.
bmidoir; from bowder = to manifest chagrin to.]
A. As suhstaii. : An elegant cabinet con-
nected with the apartments of a lady to which
she may retire when she wishes to be alone.
B. ^s adjective : Fitted for a boudoir ; such
as are seen in ladies' boudoirs.
". . . in her graceful treatment of little boudoir
Bubjecta, . . ."—Ttmes.Oct. 30, 1875.
*bou-el, " taou-ell» * bou-elle, s. & u.
[Bowel.]
* bouf, 5. [Beef.] (Ji'iUiam ofPalerne, 1,849.)
b6u'-gain-vil-lsB-a» s. [From BougaiuvHle,
the eminent French' navigator, who, between
the years 1766 and l76;i, circumnavigated the
globe.]
Bat. : A genus of Nyrtaginacege (Nyctagos).
BotigainviU(sa speciosa and glabra grow in
British gardens. B. speeiahilis is a climbing
shrub or small tree from troiJical South Amer-
ica. (Treas. ofBot.)
b0U-gar§, s. 31L [From A.S, bugoji, hedgan
= to bend. Or from Tjincolnshire dialect
hulkar = a beam. (Jomit-sun.).'] [Balk,]
Cross spars, forming part of the roof of a
cottage, used instead of latha, on which wat-
tling or twigs are placed, and above these
sods, and then the straw or thatch. (Scotch.)
" With boiigars of bamis thay beft blew cappis,
Quhill thay of bernis made briggla,"
Chr. Kirk, at. i-(.
bouge, *bo^ge» v.t [Bulge.] To swell
out.
"Their ship 6o»/7erf . , ," — Backluyt.
bo^ge (1), * bo^ge, s. [Com];)are Fr.
a middle of a barrel or cask.]
Naut. : A rope fastened to the middle of a
sail to make it stand closer to the wind.
boiige (2), s. [Budge.] (B. Jonson: Masques
of Court.)
' bouge (3), * bo^ge, s. [O. Fr. boge, bouge ;
Lat. bulga.] [Bulge.] A swelling, a heap.
" Bowge. Bidga." — Prompt. Parv.
' bou'-ger-on, s [Fr. bougiron.l A sodo-
mite.
" If ther be caatel or cltee
Wherynue that ony bougerons be."
Romaunt of the Rose.
*" bou'-get, s. [From Fr. bougette = a budget,
a small bag; dimin. of bouge =■ a. budget, a
bag.] [Budget.]
I. Ord. Lang. : A budget.
" With that out of his bouget forth he drew
G-reat store of treasure, therewith him tn tempt."
Spenser: F. Q., III. x. 29.
II. Her. : The representation of a vessel for
carrying water.
bough (gh silent), * bughe, * boe, * bowe,
* bouh, ^boghe, ^bogh, *bog, s, [AS.
bog = an arm, a shoot ; boh = an arm, a back,
a shoulder, a branch, a bough ; O. Icel. bdgr
= the shoulder of an animal, . . . ; Sw. bog =
the shoulder ; O. H. Ger. puac = the shoulder.
Skeat points out its affinity to Gr. ttjJxus
(pechu^) = the forearm, and Sansc. hdhus =
the arm.] A large arm or branch of a tree. '
1. Literally :
" Every soldier was to put a green bough in his hat. "
—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
2. Figuratively:
"All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his
houghs, and under his branches did all the beasts of
the'field bring forth their young." — Ezek. xxxi, 6.
"^ boughen, v.i. & t. [Bow, «.]
bought, *boughte (pron. bat), prct. & pa.
par. o/buy (q.v.). [In Dut. bocht.]
" Like Dian's kiss, unasked, unsought.
Love gives itself, but is not bought."
Lonqfellow : Endymion.
X Bo^ight and sold notes.
Among brokers : A note rendered to a party
with whom the broker has made a financial
transaction, giving particulars of the purchase
or sale, as entered in his books.
bought (1), s. [Bought.]
"^ bought (2) (gh silent), s. [In Dut. bogt ; Sw.,
Dan., & L. Ger. bugt=.Q. bend, a turning, a
coil.] [Bight.]
1. A twist, a link, a knot.
"Immortal verse.
Such as the melting soul may pierce,
111 notes, with many a winding bought
Of linked sweetness, long drawn out."
MUton: L' Allegro.
2. A flexure.
" The flexure of the joints is uot the same iu elephants
.IS in other '(luadrupeds, but nearer uuto those of a
man ; the bought of the fore-legs not directly back-
ward."— Browne : Vulgar Erronrs.
3. The part of a sling which contains the
stoue.
bought, boucht (gh, ch guttural), v.f [From
bought, s. (q.v.).] To enclose in a fold. (Used
of ewes for milking.) (Scotch.)
" At milking beasts, and steering of the ream.
And bouchting in the ewes, when they came hame."
lioss : Selenore, p. 31.
bought'-lhg, pr. par. & a. [Bought.]
boughting-time, s. [Bouchting-time,
s.]
*' bough-ty (pron. baw'-ty), a. [From bought
(2), s. (q.v.).J Bending.
bou'-gie, s. [From Fr. bougie — a wax candle,
a bougie; Pro v. bogia ; Sp., Port., & Ital
hvgia = a wax candle ; so called from Bougie,
a town of Algeria, where such candles were
first made.]
Surgery : A smooth, flexible, elastic, slender
cylinder, designed to be introduced into the
urethra, rectum, or oesophagus, in order to
open or dilate it in cases of stricture or other
diseases. It is formed either solid or hollow.
and is sometimes medicated. It was originally
made of slips of waxed linen, coiled into a
cylindrical or slightly conical form by rolling
them on a hard, smooth surface. Bougies for
surgical purposes are said to have been in-
■^'ented by Aldereto, a Portuguese physician.
They were first described in 1554 by Amatus,
one of his pupils. The slenderer forms of
bougies are adapted for the urethra, the larger
for the rectum, vagina, and oesophagus
«[ An armed bougie is one with a piece of
caustic fixed at its extremity.
"bou'-gOUn,s. [Etym. unknown.] Some kind
of musical instrument.
bou-i-lle (11 asy), s. [From Fr. 'boiiilllr= to
boil.] Meat stewed with vegetables. (Mesle.)
bou-i-llon (11 as y). s. |Fr.] [Bouille.]
1. Ord. Lang. : Broth, soup. (Johnson.)
2. Farriery : A fleshy excrescence on a
horse's foot. (Buchanan.)
* bo^k (I) (0. Eng.), bouk, bulk (Scotch), s.
[Icel. buki- = the body ; from bulka = to swell.]
[BouKE, s. ; Bulk, v. & s., Bilge, Billow,
Bulge.]
1. The body.
" The clothred blood for any leche-craft_
Corrumpeth, and is in his bouk i-laft."
Chaucer : C. T ; TJie Knightes Tale, ISST-B.
2. Bulk. (0. Eng.) (Chaucer.) (Scotch.)
bouk (2), s. [Buck (2), s.] (Scotch.) A lye
for cleansing or whitening foul linen.
bouk (1), v.i. [Bulk, v.] (Scotch.)
b5iik (2), * boii'-ken, v.t. [From bouk (2), s.
(q.v.).] To dip or steep foul linen in a lye ;
as, "to bouk claise." (0. Eng. d- Scotch.)
"... applied to their necks and arms blanching
poultices ; or had them boukit an' graithed— as house-
wives are wont to treat their webs in bleaching "—
Gl^nfergus, lii. 84, {Jainieson.)
*b6iike, s. [A.S. buc = a solitary and secret
place, the belly (Somner) ; Sw. buTc ; Dan.
bug; Dut. &Mifc = the belly.] [Bouk (1), s.]
A solitude.
" Under the bowes thei bode, tbes barnes so bolde,
To byker at thes barayiies, in houkes so bare."
Sir Gawan and Sir Gal., i. 1
bo^'-ing, * boiick'-ing, pr. par., a., k s.
[Bouk (2), v. Bouckino.]
As substantive : A placing in lye. (Scotch.)
bouklng- washing, s. Bucking ; a
washing in lye. (Scotch^ [Botjkit- washing.]
"... and she and I will hae a grand bouking-waah-
ing, . . ."—Scott: Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. xvii.
bou'-klt, bifv^-'-klt, pa. par. & a. [Bulked.]
(Scotch.y
A. As past participle: Bulked out; swollen.
(See the verb.)
B. As participial adjective : Bulky, large.
[LlTTLE-BOUKrr, Muckle-boukit.]
" In hir bowldt bysyme. that hellis belth __
The large fludis suppis thria in ane swelth.
Doug. : Virgil, 82, 15.
boukit-washing, «. The same as Bouk-
ING- WASHING (q.V.).
'^ bouk'-sum, u. [Buxom.] (Scotch.)
' bouk-y, a. [Bulky.] (Scotch.)
b6ul, b6ol, biile, s. [Bool (2).] (Scotch.)
Anything hoop-shaped.
ll Boul of a pint stoup : The handle of a pint
stoup.
To cows to the. liand like tlie boul of a pint
stoup : A proverbial expression applied to any-
thing which takes place as easily and agreeably
as the handle of a drinking vessel comes to
the hand of a tippler. (Scott : Gloss, to Anti-
quary.)
bdu-lan'-ger-ite, s. [in Ger. boulangerit,
from Boulanger, a French mineralogist.]
;ifi?i.. : A mineral (SPbS.Sb^Ss) existing in
plumose crystalline masses, as also granular
and compact. Its hardness is 2-5—3, its sp.
gr. 5"T5— 6 ; its lustre metallic ; its colour
bluish lead-gray. Compos.: Sulphur, 18 "2;
antimony, 23-1 ; lead. 587 = 100. Found in
France, Germauy, Bohemia, and Tuscany.
Embrithite and Plumbostlb are considered by
Dana as identical with Boulaugerite.
bdul'-den, pa. par. [Bolden (2).] Swelled,
inflated. (Scotch.)
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her. there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
, boulder— bouncing
647
"boul'-der, * bowl'-der, s. & a. [Wedgwood
derives this from the S\v. dialectic word ?>»?-
Jiirsten = the larger kind of pebbles, as opposed
to kloppersten = the smaller ones. "With this
Skeat agrees. Connected with ^•w.huUra =
to make a loud noise, to thunder ; Dan. buldre
= to racket, rattle, make a noise, to chide, to
bully ; Dut huhhrcn =■ to bluster, rage, or
roar. From Sw. hulUr — noise ; Dan. bulder
= noise, tumbling noise, bustle, brawl. So
called from the noise which boulders make
when rolled over a rocky or pebbly beach by
a stormy sea or a river in flood.]
A. As stibstaiitivc :
I. Orel. Lang, (of the form howlder) : A word
of Scandinavian origin, used, according to
Jamieson, in Pi-rthshire, where the term
•' bowlder-stane " was applied to "the large
single stones fiiund in the earth by those
who make roads. " Probably the term was also
employed elsewhere than in Perthshire.
IL Geo?. (o/(/ie/(rm boulder) : The adoption
' by geologists of the local word houldcr has
' given it universal curr,ency. It is used to
signify a large, rounded block of stone, which,
whether lying loose on the surface of the
ground or imbedded in the soil, is of different
composition from the rocks adjacent to which
it now rests, and must, therefore, have been
transported from a lesser or greater distance.
From the last-mentioned facts, boulders are
often called erratic blocks, or, simply, erratics.
£B0ULDI3R-F0RMATI0N, BOULDER-PERIOD. ]
B. As adjective : Marked by the jiresence
of boulders ; acting as boulders do.
boulder-Clay, s. A clay stratified or
unstratified, belonging to the boulder forma-
tion (q v.).
boulder-formation, boulder for-
mation, s.
Geol. : A formation consisting of mud, sand,
and clay, more frequently unstratified than the
r-'verse, generally studded with fragments of
ro(.'ks, some of them angular, others rounded,
with boulders scattered here and there through
the mass. When unstratified, it is called in
Scotland tiil (q.v.). As much of the material
has been transported from a greater or less
di.stance, it is sometimes called drift. The
ol<l name dllnriinn, being founded on now-
abandoned hypotheses, has become obsolete.
[Diluvium.] Tlie formation exists only from
the poles to about 40°nl latitude, unless where
the Alps or other high mountains in warmer
climes have originated boulder formations of
their own. The nearer the poles one travels
ttie larger are the erratic boulders. The rocks
on which they rest are fuiTowed and scored
with lines, as if ice with stones projecting
from its surface had heavily di'iven over them.
[Gr.ACiATioN.] Fi'Nsil.s, where they exist, hidi-
cate a very cold climate. [Bol'Ldlr-period.]
boulder-head, 5.
Hydraulic Emjlneering : A work of wooden
stakes to resist the encroachment of the sea.
boulder-paving, s. Paving witli round,
water-worn boulders, set on a graded bottom
of gravel,
boulder-period, boulder period, s.
Geol. : The jieriod specially characterised
by the scattering over all the colder parts of
the world of erratic blocks or boulders, many
of them transported by ice. It comprehended
si>ecially the Pleistocene jieriod, but extended
into the Post-pleistocene. It is now generally
called the Glaviul Period (q.v.).
" . . . iu the soutlierii hemisphere the Macrauchenia.
also, lived long siihsequently to the ice-trausporfciiig
boulder-period." — Diirvdn: Voyage round the iVorld
(ed. 1870), ch. viii., p. 174.
boulder-stone, ^ bowlder-stone, s.
The same as Boulder (q.v.). (Scotch, chiefly
the Perthshire dialect.)
boulder-ivall, b.
Maaoni-y : A wall made of boulders or flints
set in mortjir.
boul'-der-ing, a. [Scotch and Eng. boulder ;
-ing.] A term used only in the subjoined
compound.
bouldering-stone, ».
Metal-working : A smooth flint stone, used
by cutlers to smooth down the faces of glazers
and emery-wheels.
* boule.
[Bowl.]
■ bou-le'-na, 5. or interj. [Bowline.] A
sea cheer, .si;j:nifyiiig "Hale uy the bowlings."
(Gloss, to Covipluynt of Scotland .) (Jamieson.)
"Thau ane of the niarj-nalis begnu to hall and tr.
crj-. aud al the inaryiiaiis ausuert of that sam^n
sound— Boulena, boulena."—Compl. 0/ Scotland, p 62
{Jamieson.)
* bou'-lene, s. [Bowline.] "The semicir-
cular part of the sail which is jiresented to
the wind." (Gloss, to Complaynt of Scotland).
More probably the bowline, i.e., the rope fas-
tened to the middle part of the outside of a
sail.
"Than the master quhialit and cryit, Hail out the
mane sail boulene." — Compl, of Scotland, p. G'2
bou'-let (t silent), t bou'-lette, s. [From
Fr. boulct = (1) a bullet, . . . (2) . . . , (3) see
def.]
Veterin. : The fetlock or postera-joint of a
horse when bent forward, being out of its
natural position,
bo'ule-vard, .V. [Fr. boulevard, hovlcvart =
(see def. 1.); O. Fr. houlevert, boulever=;i
bulwark; Sp. baluarte; Ital. balv.ardo ; Ger.
bollwerk. ] [BULWAJiK. ]
1. Originally : The horizontal surface of a
rampart, between the internal talus and the
banquette.
2. Ncnv : A promenade planted with trees
surrounding a town ; or, by an extension of
the signification, a fine broad street planted
with trees running through the middle of a
town. In the wide sense last mentioned the
street called TJnter den Linden, at Berlin, is
a boulevard.
* bou'-lim-y, s. [Bulimy.]
* boult, '^boulte, v.t. [Bolt (1), v.}
^ bd'ult-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bolted (1).]
" He has been bred i' the wars
Since he could ilraw a sword, and la ill achool'd
111 boulted laiiguivge : meal and bnui together
He throws without distinction, . . .'"
Shakesp. : Coriol., iii. 1.
* boul-tell, s. [0. Fr. * hnldel = a meal-sieve,
from huleter = to sift by bolting.]
1. A 'kind of cloth specially prejiared for
sifting.
2. A bolting sieve.
3. Degree of fineness determined by the size
of the meshes of such sieve. (X.E.D.)
boult' er, s. [Etym. unknown.] A long fish-
ing line, on which a number of hooks are set.
bd'ul-tm, * bo'ul-
tine, s. [An arbi-
trary variant of late
M. E. holtel, bowtell,
probably from Eng.
holt, with dim. suff.
-cl.]
Arch. .
1. A convex
moulding, whose
periphery is a quar- boi'ltin.
ter of a circle.
2. The shaft of a clustered column or pillar.
- bo'ult-ing, jw. par. & a. [Bolting (1).]
*■ boulting-hutch, s. [Bolting-hutch.]
* boun, * boune, ''' bown, '' bowne (Eng )
* boun, * boune, ^ bown, ' bowne,
* bone (Scotch), a. [From Icel. biiinn =
prejtared, ready, jia. par. of bun = to prepare.]
1. Prepared, ready.
■* . . . aboute sexti thousand,
Alle fioMTifo batayle, , . ."
William of Palerne, 1,087-8.
"The squire— to find her shortly maks him buwn."
Ross : Ifelsnore, p. 93,
•;■ Ueddy boun : A tautologj- for boun = ready.
" Go warn his folk, and haist th.iiiu off the toiin,
To kepe him self I sail Le reddtf boun."
H'aliace, vii. 25S. MS.
2. Prompt, obedient. (Morris.)
3. Finished.
" With centyl gemmez an-vndei- pvgtit,
With uantelez twelue on b;isyii,'Vj"(i,i."
£«r. £ng AUit. Poems (ed Morris}, Penrl, 9!)l-2.
■[ Bound, in the expression "bound for a
place," is corrupted from Old Eng. boun.
[Bound.]
*■- boun, * boune, "^ bou-nen, ^ bounne,
bowne, v.i & t. [From boun, a. (q.v.).]
A. Intransitive:
1. To prepare, make ready.
2. To hasten.
" Now bomies the bolde kynge with his heste
kuyghtes." Morte A rthare, 3,591,
3. To depart, to go.
" And then the kyuge kenely commandyde hys knyghtei
flor to byde with their blonkez aud bowne no for-
thyre." Slorte Arthure, 935-6.
B. Transitive :
1. To prepare, make ready.
" To bou7ie mo hemes."
Joseph of Arimathie, 472.
2. (Reflexivehj) : To prepare one's self.
" To hataile he 6ounn« bym . . ."
Morte Arthure, 783.
boun9e, ^ boiin9lie, * bounse, * boun-
sen, ''" bun'-sen, T.i. & J. [Dut. bonzen =
to bounce, to dismiss; L. Ger. bunsen — to
knock or to fall with a hollow noise ; H.
Ger. bumsen (same meaning) ; &i(7)is, interj. 3=
bounce. Imitated from the sound of a knock,
blow, or fall.] [Bounce, s. Bump.]
t A. Trans. : To drive suddenly and forcibly
against anything ; to beat violently.
" And wilfully him throwing on the gras
Did beat and bounce his head and brest ful sore."
Spenser: F. Q., III. xi. 27-
B. Intransitive :
I, L iti rally :
1. To knock against anything so as to make
a sudden noise. Used —
(1) Of one beating himself or another.
(2) Of a person knocking at a door.
"Just as I was putting out my light, another
bounces as hard as he can 'kiioc^."— Swift.
(3) Of the throbbing of the heart.
" The fright awakened Arcite with a start,
Against his bosom bounced his heaviuy heart."
Dryden : llie Fables; Palamon and Arcite, bk. i.
2. To spring suddenly forth, even when
there is no collision with anything.
" Nay, master, said not I as much when I saw the
porpus how he bounced and tumbled? "—Sftaftesp.;
Pa-iclt'S, ii. 1.
II. Figuratively :
1. To be strong, bold, or, if the female sex,
over-masculine. (Used only in the pr. par.)
[Bouncing.]
2. To boast. (Colloquial.)
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
(2) Specially :
t (a) To threaten, to bully.
(b) To utter falsehood, as boasters are con-
tinually temjited to do when sounding their
own jiraises.
boun9e, s. [Dan. bums = a bounce ; Dut.
bons = a bounce, a thump (imitated from the
sound).] [Bounce, v.]
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally :
(1) A sudden and heavy blow or thump ; a
knock at a door.
" When blustering Boreas tosseth up the deep,
And thumps a louder ftonncc, ..."
Ford : The Lover's Melancholy, i. L
" I heaj'd two or three irregular bouncex on my land-
lady's door, aud on the opening of it . . ."—Addison.
(2) A sudden crack, the noise of an explosion.
" Two hazel nuts I threw into the flame,
And to eacli nut I gave a sweetheart's name ;
This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd.
That in a flame of brightest colour blaz'd."
Gay.
(3) A sudden spring. (Generally followed
by out.)
2. Figura.tively :
(1) A threat. (Colloquial.)
('!) A lie suddenly, boldly flung forth. (Col-
lo.i,na1.)
II. TechvicoVji : The large spotted Dog-
fish, Scyllimn Catnh/s.
b6un9'-er,5. [Eng. bounc(e); -cr.] A boaster;
one who, speaking of his exploits, so exag-
gi^ates as to be chargeable with lying; one
much larger than ordinary ; a thumper.
b6un9'-mg, ;ir. par. & a. [Bounce, r.]
A. ^s present partlcip>le : In senses corre-
sponding tu those of the verb,
"Their wealth the wild deer io/»/ic/)f3 thro' the glade "
Thomson : Castle of indolence, il 17. *
B. As adjective : Rude, strong ; if of the
feminine sex, then ovev-inasculine in aspect
or manner.
" Forsooth, the bouncing Amazon "
Shakes}}. : Mid Mghfs Dream, ii. l.
Bouncing Bet: \i->\aTit,Saponaria officinalis.
(American.)
boil, boj^^; poiit, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; Bin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion^shun; -tion, -sion — zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, ic. ibel del.
648
bouncingly— bounder
* bou'Ii-9mg-ly, m/y. [Eug. bonncinp; -hj.]
With vain liousting, so as to make an un-
founded assertion.
" Pigrhius said, hounchigly. the judgement of the
apoatnlical ace, with a council of domestick ju'iests, is
fcir incire cerbiin than the judgemeut of an niiivers;il
council of the whole earth sans pope,"— flarroMi; On
the Pope's fiupremai:y.
boiind (1), • b6unde. s. [In Mod. Fi-. home =
a limit. From Norm. Fr. hundc, hoiine, hojine
= abound,alimit ; 0. Fr. bonde,bonvc, ho'ltic;
Low. Lat. hodma, hodcna, honna ; Arm. hoiui
=■ a boundary, a limit ; hod-en, hod = a taft, a
cluster of trees which may be used to mark a
boundary. CT. also Wei. honn^= stem, ba.se.
stock ; Gael, hoiui = a sole, a foundatiun,
Ijottoni, base.] A boundary, a limit, a i-im-
fine. Usc'l —
1. Lit.: Of material limits :
(a) Set up or conventionally arranged by
man.
" The princes of Judah were like them that remove
the bound," — Jlos. v. 10,
"Assyria, and her empire's ancient bounds."
Milton: !'. IL, bk. iii.
(&) Prescribed by God in nature.
"He hath compassed the waters with boiimU, until
the day and night come to an end-"— J'oft xxvi. in,
" On earth's remotest bounds how welcome here 1"
CampbcU : Gertrude of Wyoming, pt. i, 21.
2. Fig.: Of liinits not formed by any material
thinff :
" And hast thou cross'd that unknown river,
Life's dreary bound 'i"
Bunvs: Elegy on Captain M I/enderson.
1[ Crabb thus distinguishes between boicnds
SLud boundary : — "Bounds is employed to d<--
signate the whole space including the outer
line that confines : boundary comprehends only
this outer line. Bounds are made for a local
purpose ; boundary for a political purpose :
the master of a school prescribes the i>o»jt'/s
beyond which the scholar is not to go ; the
parishes throughout England have their bound-
aries, which are distinguished by marks ;
fields have likewise their boundaries, which
are commonly marked out by a hedge or a
ditch. Bounds are temporary and changeable;
toundarles permanent and tixe<.l : whoever has
the authority of prescribing bounds for others,
may in like manner contract or extend them
at pleasure ; the boundaries of places are
seldom altered, but in consequence of great
jSolitical changes. In the figurative sense
bound or hounds is even more frequently used
than boundary : we speak of setting bounds or
keeping within bounds ; but to know a bound-
ary : it is necessary occasionally to set
bounds to the inordinate ayjpetites of the best
disposed childrLU, who cannot be expected to
know the exact boundary for indulgence."
(Crabb: Eng. Syn.)
bound (2), s. [From Bound (2), v. (q.v.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1, A leap, a spring, a jump.
" AH, all our own shall the forests be,
As to tlie boiLtid of the roelDuck irnn 1"
Ilemans ; Song of Emigration.
2. A rebound ; the leap of something flying
back by the force of the blow.
"These inward disgusts are hut the first bound of
this ball of contention."— /Jecit^ of Piety.
II. Technically :
1, Dancipg : A spring from one foot to the
other.
2. Mil. : The path of a shot comprised be-
tween two grazes. [Ricochet-fikjng.]
bound(l), "'' bownd, 1?.^ [From&o(nit?(]). s.
(q.v.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. To limit, to terminate. Used of limits—
(1) Produced by material obstacles pre-
venting extension.
" Of that magnificent temple which doth bound
One side of our whole vale with gr.andeur rare "
Wordsworth: Farewell.
(2) Produced by obstacles to cxteiisiun tn-
advancement not of a material character.
" Thus Heaven, though all-sufficient, shows a thrift
In his economy, and bounds his gift,"
Drydcn ; Flennora, T.'.-ji'..
" Vast was his empire, ahsoUite bis power.
Or bounded only by a law."
Cowper : Task, bk. vi.
2. To indicate the boundaries of.
IL Ueom. : In the same sense as Xo. 1.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes bctv^'cen tlie
verbs to hound, to limit, to confine, to circum-
scribe, to restrict :—" The first four of tlie.se
tei'ms are employed in the proper sense of
parting off certain spaces. Bound applies tn
the natural or political divisions of the earth :
countries are bounded by mountains and seas ;
kingdoms are often hounded by each other."
" Limit applies to any artificial boundary : as
landmarks in fields serve to show the limits of
one njan's ground from another ; so may walls,
jjalings, hedges, or any other visible sign, be
converted into a limit, to distinguish one spot
from another, and in this manner a field is
said to be limited, because it has Ivhiits as-
signed to it. To confine is to bring the limits
close together ; to part off one space absolutely
from another : in this manner we confine, a
garden by means of walls. To circumscribe is
literally to surround : in this manner a circle
may circumscribe a square : there is this dif-
ference however between confine and circum-
scribe, that the former may not only show the
liviits, but may also prevent egress and in-
gress ; whereas the latter, which is only a line,
is but a simple mark that limits. From the
proper acceptation of these terms we may
easily perceive the ground on which their
improper acceptation rests : to hnnnd is an
action suited to the nature of things or to
some given rule ; in this manner our views are
hounded by the objects which intercept our
sight: we bound our desires according to
lirinciples of propriety. To limit, confine, and
circumscribe, all convey the idea of control
which is more or less exercised. ... In as
much as all these terms convey the idea of
being acted upon involuntarily, they become
allied to the term restrict, which simply ex-
presses the exercise of control on the will :
we use restriction when we limit and confine,
but we may restrict without limiting or con-
fining: to limit and confine are the acts of
things upon pei-sons, nrpei'sons upon persons ;
but restrict is only the act of persons upon
persons .... Bounded is opposed to
unbounded, limited to extended, conJi7ied to
expanded, circumscribed to ample, restricted
to unshackled." (Crahh : Englisk Synon.)
bound (2), V. i. & t. [From Fr. bondir^=. to
leap; 6. Fr. bondu\ bundir = to resound;
connected with Lat. homhitn = to buzz, to
lium; bombiis = a humming, a buzzing.]
[BoMBUs, Boom.]
A. Intransitive :
1. Of man or the inferior animals: To leap,
jump, to spring, to move forward by a suc-
cession of leaps.
" Whom my fond heart had imaged to itself
Bounding from clifi'to cliff' amidst the wilds."
Heimins : Tlie Siege of Valencia.
" Now, while the birds thus sing a joyous soug.
And while the young lambs bound
As to the tabor's sound,
To me alone there came a thought of grief."
Wordsworth : hitiinalionn of JmtnortuUty.
2. Of things:
(1) To rebound.
"And the mighty rocke came bounding down
Their startled foes among."
Memans : Hong of the Battle of Morgartcn.
(2) To throb, run.
" My mother's blood
Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
Bounds m my father s."
Sliakesp. : Trail, i Cress., iv. 5,
B, Transiiioe : To make to bound.
"If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse
for her favours , . ."—Sliakesp. : Hen. V.. v. 2.
" Whose veins boaiid richer bluod than Lady Blanch ?"
Ibid. : King John, ii 1,
bound (1), * bond {Eng.), bound, bund
{."Scotch), pret, pa. far., & a. [In A.S. & Dan.
hunden ; Dut. gehonden ; Ger. verbunden ;
Gatli. bundans.] [Bind.] ■
A. As 'preterite o/bind (q.v.).
"... and laid the wood in order and bound Isaac
hia son , . ." — Gen. xxii. 9.
B, As post jiarticiplc & participial adjecticr
o/bind, y. (q.v.) :
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
" Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be boutul
in heaven . . ."—Mat. xviii. 18.
2. Abnormal: Pregnant, (.'icotvh.)
" Ful priuely vnknaw of ony wicht
The woman niydlit with the God went boujid."
J)oug. : Virgil, 2^1, 41.
3. ■'Sjirc. (pa. par.): Under legal or moral
obligation to do something; or, more rarely,
to abstain from doing it.
"... they no longer thought themselves bound to
obey hiui."~Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xli,
"... I shall not consider you as bound to any at-
tendance . . ."—Ibid., ch, xxiv.
4. Tn compos. : It is often used in composi-
tion, as ice-hound, rock-houjid, treat he r-hound,
&e. (q.v.).
bound-bailiff, s. A bailiff of humble
character, used to serve writs and make
arrests and executions, in which he is gene-
rally adroit. He is called bound because he
is bound in an obligation with sureties for the-
execution of the duties belonging to his office.
Bum-bailiff is generally supposed to Imply a
vulgar mispronunciation of bound-bailiff, but
from this view "Wedgwood emphatically dis-
sents ; so also does Skeat, though less de-
cidedly. [BUM-BAJLIFF.]
bound-stane, .-. [Bounding-stone.]
bound (2), c [Developed from boun (q.v.).]
1. Of persons : Prepared or ready, and in-
tending to go.
" A chieft^t^, to the Highlands bound,
Cries, 'Boatman, do not tarry !"
Campbell : Lord V'llin's Daughter.
2. Of things: In process of being directed
towards. (Used specially of shii)s voyaging to
any particular port or homeward.)
" Eager, with tearful eyes, to saj' farewell to the May-
Flower,
Homeward boutid o'er the sea, and leaving them
here in the desert "
Longfellow : Tlie Courtship of Miles Standish, v.
bou'nd-ar-y, s. & a. [From Eng. hound;
-ary.]
A. -4s substanticc :
1. Ordinary Langu/f.gc :
t 1. Literally. Of things material:
(1) A visible mark indicating the limit.
(2) The limit thus marked ; the line sejM-
rating two districts, territories, countries, &c.
[Boundary-line.]
" That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of
Louth and Meath, . . ."—Macautay : His',. Eng., ch.
XVI.
•[ Often in the plural.
" Had ravaged Ulsters boundaries.
And lighted up the midnight skies."
Campbell: O'Connor's Child, xft
2. Fig. Of things not material : Whatever
separates or discriminates between two im-
material things.
" Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our
thoughts. " — Locke.
^\ For the distinction between bounds a.n6.
boundary see hound, s.
II. Geom. : The extremity of anything. It
is called also a term. {Euclid, bk. i., def. 13.)
A figure is that which is enclosed by one or
more bouudaries. (Ibid., def. 14.)
B. -4s adjective : Marking a limit.
boundary-line, s.
Shipbuilding: The trace of the outer sur-
face of the sivin of a ship on the stem, keel,
and stern-post. It corresponds with the
outer edge of the rabbet in those parts of the
structure.
^'bo^nde, ' bondc, s. [A.S. hunda.} A
man bound to an estate, a seif. (Arthur £
Merlin, 691.) [Bonde.]
bou'nd-ed, pa. par. [Bouxd (1), v.]
bou'nd-^n, *b6n'-den, j>". par. & a. [A
pa. par. 'of bind (q.v ). A.S. buiiden = knit ;
forbunden = united, joined, allied, obliged,
bound, engaged. In Dan. ftiow^eu = bound,
tied, fastened; Dut. gehonden.]
A. As past participle :
1. Bound.
2. Bound, obliged ; under obligation.
" I rest much bounden to you ; fare you well."
Hhakesp. : As Voti Like It, i. 2.
B. As participial adjective: Bound to ; to
which one is bound. (Now chiefly or only in
the expression " houmlca duty.")
"... their bounden duty of gratitude for the mercy
shown them." — Arnold: Hist. Home, vol. iii., ch. xlv.,
IJ. 291.
boft'nd-en-ly, adv. [Eng. hounden ; -hj.]
Dutifully, in a dutiful manner ; so as to admit
and act upon obligation.
"Your ladishii^pes daughter, most boundenty ohe-
Ctiewt." — Trujisl. of OdiUi's Hennons (1jS3), Epist.
Dcdicat.
bou'nd-er, * boU'nd-'iire, s. [Eng. hound;
-er.]
1. Of Beings or persons (of the form bounder);
A Being or a person wlio bounds or limits
anything.
fate. fat. fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we. wet, here, camel, her, there; pins. pit. sire^ sir, marine; go. pof,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e, ey = a. qu = kw.
Bounding— bounty
649
" Now the bounder of all these, is only God himself ;
who IS the (louiHie^ of all thiugs," — Fotherby : Atheo-
miistix, p. 274.
2. Of things (of tlie forms 'bouncler and
* boundure) : A boundai-y.
"The boundure of Alevaiuler's inarch into ludia
heiiii; iu the tract obsuuie,' —.-i/r T. IlerbtTt : TraoeU,
"Kiiigdoiris are buand within their bounders, as it
were in bauds; and shut up within tlieiv limits, as it
were in \>r\no\\,"— Fotherby : AHieoiuasitx, l}. 274.
bou'nd-ing (1), pr. -pur. &, a. [Bound (1), v.]
" Deei> woes roll forwiinl like a gentle flood,
Who being stopp'd, thi- bounding banks o'erflows."
fiJiakcsp. : Targuhi & Liicrucc.
bou'nd-ing (2), pr. jk< r. , ». , & s. [Bound (U), r. ]
t>ounding-stone, s, A stone to play
with. It is called also a honnd-stone, (Lit. &
"I am past a boy ;
A sceptre's but a pltty-thiiig, and a globe
A bigger bounding-atone." Dri/dnn.
bou'nd-less, c. [Eng. Iwund, and su(f. ■les'i
= without.] Without ljound.s ; liiiiitk-s.'s.
Used—
1, Of space or anything measurable liy
actual space.
(1) Strictly. Of space or the universe : With-
out any bounds.
" Are there not balms
In nature's boundless realm."
Jlemans: The Vespers of Palermo.
(2) LoosEly .■ Of anything vast in extent,
though really limited.
" Or British fleets the boundless oceaji awe."
Un/dcn : Ei/istle to Dr. Cliarleton, 2G.
2. Of things immaterial or ahstraet, not
measurable by actual space.
(1) Of time.
"Though we make duration boundless as it ia, we
cannot extend it beyond all being. God fills eternity,
(2) Of power, the human desires, or any-
thing.
" Boundlesa rapacity and corruption were laid to his
charge." — Macaulasi : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
"The news was received in London with 6oU7id?efi5
exultatioii "—Ibid., ch. xviii,
% Crabb thus distinguishes between hnund-
Jese-. V nbou nded, uu 1 i m ited, and i n fi nite :
'* Bovndless, or without boiuids, is applied to
infinite objects which admit of no bonnds to
be made or conceived by us. Unbounded, or
not boinided, is applied to that which might
be bounded. UiUiviif-eil, or notlimitcd, applies
to that which might be limited. Infinite, or
not finite, applies ti) that which in its nature
admits of no bounds. The ocean is a bound-
less object so long as nobounds to it have been
discovered ; desires are often unbmuided
whicli ought always tu be houndt^d; and power
is sometimes unlimited which is always better
limited ; nothing is infinite but that Being
from whom all finite beings proceed." {Cmbb :
Eng. Synon.)
boii'ud-less-ly, n(ft'. [Eng. ho^lndlcss ; -hj.]
Limitlessly ; so as not to be confined within
any bounds.
"- . , can your constitution be so boundlessli/ nmor-
ous . . ."—M'lrston: Thu Fawne, J) ■i'l (l^OG).
bo^'nd-less-ness, 5. [Eng. boundless; -ness.]
The quality of being boundless, i.e., without
bounds ; limitless in any respect.
"God has corrected the boitndlessnu-'S of his volui>
tuoua desires by stinting his capacities. "—i'ouWi,
* bound '-stone, s. [Eng. bound ; and stone.]
1. A boundary mark.
2. A bounding-titonc (q.v.).
''• bo^e, a. [BouN.]
■ boti.n'-sen, v. [Bounce, v.]
* bount, v.i. [Bound (2), v.] (Scotch.) To
spring, to bound.
" As bounting, vp mounting,
Aboue the flelds so fair,"
Durel: Pilg., Watson's Coll.. ii. 40.
^ bount'-e, * boiint'-ee, * bount'-ie,
* b6wnt'-e, s. [Bounty.] Worth, goodness,
kindness.
" He hatl feyle oft" full gret bonnt6 "
Barbour, ii 228.
bount'-e-ous, * bb'ilnt'-y-uous, bount-
e-vous, ' bont'-y-vese, a. [From O.
Eng. bountr ; and sutf. -ous.] Full of bounty,
liberal, beneficent, generous, munificent.
(Chiefly ijoetic or rhetoric.)
" BoTitj/vese {boniityuous, P.) Jfunificus, liberalis,
largos." — Prompt. Paru.
Used—
1. Of persons.
" Bounteous, but almost bounteous to a vice."
Dryden: Fleonora, 86.
2. Of God or of natui'e.
" Evei"y one,
According to the gift which boutitront nature
Hath m him closed." !iku!cesp. : Macbutli, iii. L
3. Of anything emanating from the bounty
of a Being or of a i)erson.
'■ This was for you a precious greeting.
For both a bounteous, fruitful meeting."
Wordsworth: The White Doc of Ri/lstone, a.yli.
bount'-e-ous-ly, * bount'-e-otise-lye,
adv. [Eng. bo animus ; -ly.] In a bounteous
manner, generously, liberally, largely.
" Fie bounteously bestow'd unenvy'd j;ood
On nie." Dryden.
t bount'-e-oiis-ness, bount'-y-uous-
nesse, * bont'-y-vas-nesse, s. [Eng.
bounteons ; -)iess.] The'r|uality of being boun-
tiful; liberality, munificence.
" Bon't/vrixiiense (boan' iiuousnesse. P.) Munificentia,
liberalitas, largitas." — Prompt. Paro.
" To thy blest hand, and bouiitcousness of mind,
Has i^iv'ii extensive powers unslacken'd rein, '
^ Boyse : Ode.
■ bount'-eth, >. [Bountith.]
bount'-e-VOUS, a. [Bounteous.] (Lydgatf :
Sto-nj of Thebes, 1,:372.)
'■■ bount'-ie, s. [Boqnte, Bounty.]
b6unt'~i-ful, a. [Eng. bounty ; fid(l).] Full
of bounty, liberal, generous, munificent,
bounteous. Used —
I. In an acticc sense :
1. Literally:
(1) Of persons.
" With him went Spra^je, ai bvintlfa'- ai hr.ivi "
Dryden : Jnnics Jfirabiliji, 694.
(2) Of God.
" God, the bountiful author of oui- being."— iocfcc.
2. Fig.: Of nature or anything personified.
" He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed ; for
he giveth of his bread to the pour." — Proo. xxii. 9.
% Sometimes the thing given is preceded
by o/and the recipient of the gilt by to.
"Our king spares nothing to give them the taste of
that felicity o/ which he is so bountiful to his king-
dom."—/)r^(Zc».
II. In a passive sense : Liberally supplied,
given, or furnished ; as in such an expression
as " there was a bountiful supjily of dainties."
bount' -i-ful-ly , adv. [Eng. bountiful; -ly.]
In a bountiful manner, bounteously, liberally,
abundantly, largely. Used —
1. Of alms given by man.
"And now thy alms is giv'n.
And thy poor stirveling bountifully fed."
Donne.
2. Of large blessings bestowed by God.
3. Of similar blessings unconsciously be-
stowed by anything in nature.
" It is aflfli-med, that it never raineth in Egypt ; the
river bouiUifully requiting it in its inundation." —
Brown ; Vulgar £rroars.
■■ b6unt'-i-ful-ness, .". [Eng. bountiful ;
-ness.] The quality of being bountiful ;
liberality, generosity, munificence.
* bount' - i - hood, ' bount' - 1 - head,
■ bount - y - hed, ' bount' - 1 - hed,
* boiint -i-hede, 5. [Eng. bounty; and
sufRx -hood or head ; O.HlMg.hede.] Goodness,
virtue, generosity.
" How shall fraile pen. with feare disparaged,
Conceive such suveraine ghiry and great liountyhed >"
Spauer: F. Q.. II. x. 2.
^ boiint'-ith, "^ bount'-eth, s. [Bounty.]
(0. Eng. d- .Scotch.) A bounty given in addition
to stipulated wages ; something given as a
reward for service oi- good offices.
"... my curse, and the curse of Cromwell, go wi' ye,
if ye gi'e them either fee or bountith . . . . —Sc3tt
Heart of Midlothian, ch. viii.
-^ bount'-ry, * bount'-ree, s. k a. [Perhaps
corrupted from bourtree. It has been sug-
gested th;it the first element is bound fl). s.
Irom the f.n-t that elder trees are jdanted'tu
mark boundaries.
A. A.'i snhbt. : The Common Elder-tree (.SfOH-
bucns uigra).
B. As adj. : Pertaining to or consisting of
the shrubs described under A.
bountry-berries, s. pi. Tlie berries of
the Elder-tree.
" BourUry-gutu are formed of the elder tree, the soft
pith being taken out; and are chai-ged with wet
IMiper."- /J/acftwood's Mag., Aug, 1821, p. 35.
boii'nt-y, "^ bount -ee, ^ bount- e,
* b6^t-e', s. & a. [In Fr. bontc = goodness,
kindness, benignity. From Norm. Fr. boxnitee,
he nntvi = goodness (KeUiam) ; O, Ft: bontett ;
Pr(.v houtat: Sp. bondad ; Fort, bondude ;
lUl. bonia; Lat. &o?ufrts = goodness ; bonus
= good.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordt nary Language:
1. Goodness, excellence, kindness, benefi-
cent feeling in the abstract or in general ; the
quality of being kind.
<1) Gen. ; In the foregoing sense. '
"In world nisnonso wyter iii.m
That ul hire bounte tulle con.
Hpcc. Lyr. Poetry (about 1300), Alysotiu. 29, 30. {Spec.
Ear. Eng., Morris & Skeat, pt.u.)
* (2) Spec. : Valour. (Scotch.)
" That thus the king of Tngland.
Throu voi-schip and throw strinth of hand.
And throu thiur lordes gret bounte,
Discomfit in his owne ouiitre,"
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), xviii. 56:J-8.
2. Such beneficent feeling carried into
action, specially in the direction of alms-
giving ; the act of giving money or other
favours graciously or munificently ; an act of
kindness, generosity, liberality, mnnificence.
" For {as I seide) loo, that was she
That dide to nie so gret bou7ite."
The Jioviauiit of tlie Rose.
3. That which is given liberally or munifi-
cently.
* (1) A good deed ; a special deed of valour
resulting from the "goodness" of the indi-
vidual. (Scotch.)
"To do ane owtrageons hnunte."
Barbour: The Bruce (ed. Skeat), lii. 132.
(2) Alms, a donation of money, or anything:
similar, the result of generosity.
" To worth or want well-weigh'd be Bounty ^iven."
Pojic : Mor. Ess., lii. 229.
(3) Success resulting from the Divine good-
ness ; welfare.
" Of ln.^n so hard [sted] as wes he
Thateftirwart com to see bounte."
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), ii. 4J-8.
II. Technically:
1. Ch. it Civ. Hist. : A grant or benefactioni
from the state to those whose services indi-
rectly benefit it. and to whom, therefore, it
desires to accord some recompense, or at
least recognition.
IT Queen Anne's Bounty: A bounty to the
more poorly-endowed livings in the English
Church. It was conferred by a royal chartei-
confirmed by Queen Anne (2 Anne, ch. II),
and provides that all the revenue of first-
fruits and tenths shall be vested iu trustees
for ever, and used as a ])erpetnal fund for
augmenting the endowments of poorer livings,
and for advancing money to incumbents for
rebuilding parsonages thereon. The trustees.
administering it have been formed into a cor-
poration, and when applied to for grants act
on rules which they have framed for the ad-
ministration of the tru.st.
2. Laic, Comni., £ Polif. Econ. : A premium
paid by Government to the producers, ex-
porters, or impoi-ters of certain articles, or to
those who em]>loy ships iu certain trades.
This is done either with the view of fostering-
a new trade during its infancy, or of protect-
ing an old one which is supposed to be of
special importance to the country.
The history of i>ounties affecting British
connncrce naturally divides itself into two
lieriods. During the first of these, statesmen,,
and the educated classes generally, believed
in the advantage of bounties, and they were-
paid on the exportation of corn, of linen,
and other commodities, and in connection
with the herring and whale fisheries. They
were denounced by Adam Smith and other
political economists. To tax the Bi'itish
public that goods may be benevolently fur-
nished to the foreigner at unremunerative-
rates cannot possibly make the nation richer ;
and if a manufacture or a fishery cannot pay
its way unaided, it should be abandoned, and
the money whicli it has locked up be turned
into more profitable channels. These views-
having been ultinately adopted by tlie legis-
lature, the bounty on the exportation of corn
was abolished in 1815, and that on the exi)ort-
ation of linen and several other articles in
1830. In the last-mentioned year the bounty
on the exportition of herrings was swept
away, that paid on the tonnage of the vessels.
employed in whale-fishing having ceased in
1824.
The second period in the history of bounties-
boil, bo^; porit, j<5^1; cat, 96!!, chorus, chin, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f»
"Clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -slon = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -clous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = -bel, del.
650
bouquet— iDourignlonlsm
atrectins British commerce is in certain re-
si.octs tlie antitliesis of the former one. The
British manufacturer, standing manfully on
his own resources, is in certain cases exposed
to unduly severe competition, bounties to the
foreign manufacturer enabling him to send
his goods into the country at rates which he
would otherwiyc find mirennmerative. Tlte
system has been tor many years before the
public in connection with our home and
colonial sugar industries. The sugar bounty
in Germany, France, Austria, Russia, Hol-
land, and Belgium is not a direct one, but
is paid on the principle of returning on ex-
portation the sum charged as inland duty.
In consequence of mechanical improvements,
the quantity of sugar actually extracted from
the beetroot is greater than the estimated
yield on which duty is paid. Thus thei-e is
paid by the Government a greater sum as
ilrawback than it receives as revenue ; the
result is a large bounty on exportation.
Negotiations for the abolition of these
■bounties have been carried on by the British ,
Government for many years. A Parlia- I
mentary committee enquired into the matter
during three session.s, and reported in August, I
1880, that the effect of these bounties has |
been practically to extinguish the loaf-sugar j
refining trade in this country, and to check
and endanger the sugar-growing industry in
our colonies ; and recommended that the
government should invite the sugai'- produc-
ing power.^ to a conference, and that in re-
newing or negotiating commercial treaties,
they should "take into their consideration ,
the propriety of stipulating for such liberty
of action as will enable them, in the last
resort, to impose a countervailing duty,"
On the 4th of November, and at greater
length on the 2nd of Decemlier, ISSU, the
Board of Trade explained its views on the
subject, stating that the government were
willing to enter into negotiations or take part
in conferences with sugar-producing countries
for the abolition of the bounty on the export of
sugar, at the same time stating "that the
projiosal to impose specific duties in this
country, in order to countervail the bounties
given in certain foreign countries on sugar or
other articles, cannot be entertained."
An International 8ugar Bounties Conference
was held, on the invitation of the Belgian
Government, at Brussels in 189,-, but throngli
the attitude of France and Russia the con-
ference separated without any practical re-
sults. In March, 1902, a Sugar Convention
was held at the same place, when the con-
tracting parties, Germany, France, Austria-
Hungary, Belgium, Holland, and Great Britain,
undertook, subject to ratilication, to discon-
tinue bounties during the duration of the
Convention, and to impose a special duty on
imports into their respective territories of
sugars from countries that grant bounties.
Ill November, 1902, the Brussels Convention
received the approval of the House of Com-
mons as a preliminary to ratification.
to6u'-quet (quet as ka), s. [Fr. hovqnet =
(1) a thicket, a clump or plantation of trees,
(2) a posy of flowers. The same as bosquet;
Prov. bosq.'ct ; Si', bosqnete ; Ital. bosdietto ;
Low Lat. boscum.] [Bosk.]
1, A nosegay, a buuch of flowers.
2. An agreeable i)erfume, emanating from
flowers, wine, or essence.
bou'-quet-in, X [Fr. hovquetln, probably at
BOUtjl'ETIN.
first houcestaln, Troy, hoctfgu ; Ger. t^tuniboolc.']
A ruminatuig mannual {L'apiu ibex).
[Borage.] (Mu
" From heights browsed by the bouudiiig bouque/in."
Campbell : Tfteodric.
:'■ bour, s. [Bower.] (Chaucer: C. T., 401.)
* bour'-ach (1), s. [Bourock.]
1, An enclosure.
2. A cluster of trt-es.
bour-ach (2), ^ bor'-rach, s. [Gael.
ht(amch'(see d^f.) ; from '"('cr = cattle,] A
band put round a cow't, hinder legs at milking.
(Scotch.)
* bour'-ach, 'J.I. [From homack (1), s. (q..v.).]
To crovvd together confusedly, or in a mass.
(Scotch. )
* bour'-age (age as ig),
sheiL )
bou'r-bee, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The spotted
Whistle fish or AVeasid fish (Motelln vulgaris,
or Jl/. quinquecirrhata). (Scotch).
Bou'r-bon, s. & a. [Fr. Bourbon, the name
givL'u in 1642, in honour of tlie royal family of
France, to the island mentioned under A. 1,
previouslycalledMascarenhas,orMascareigne.
A. As substantive :
1. Geog. : An island in the South Indian
Ocean, east ofMadaga.scar, the capital of which
is St. Denis. It is now called Reunion.
2. Whiskeyfrom Bourbon County, Kentucky
(Anier.).
3. A factious Democrat. (Avier.)
B. As adjcrtirc: Growing in the island
described under A. 1, or connected with it.
Bourbon palm. .s.
Bot.: The palm, genus Latania, Two species,
the L. rubra, or Red, and the /-. borbonica, or
Coninion Bourbon Palm, have been introduced
into hothouses in Britain.
bo'ur-boul-ite, s. [From Bourhoule, in the
department of Puy de D6me, in France.]
Hfin. .- A ■\'ariety of Melanterite. It is a
friable, greenish mineral, partly soluble in
water. Composition : Sulphuric acid, 35'22
— 38'04; sesquioxide of iron, 5-08— S-2;j ; pro-
toxide of iron, 12-99— 16-OS ; and water, 12-99
—40-80. (Dana.)
" bourd, '^ bourde, * borde, s. [From. 0.
Fr. bourde = a jest, pleasantry ; sujiposed to be
a contraction of bohort = a mock tournament,
knightly exercise ; from 0. Fr. hot = a blow, a
stroke, and hoide = a baxTier, the lists.
(Skeat, 171 Clmuver: Man ofLawes Talc, Gloss.).]
A jest, joke, jeer, mock, sport.
1. Okl English :
" Whau Garaelyu was i-set in the justices stede,
Herkneth of a bourde that GamelJ^l dede."
Chuuce)-: C. T., 851-2.
2. Scotrh : [BOURE.]
"... ane o' the inasou-callants cut a ladle ou to
have a bourd at the bridegroom, , . ," — Scott: Anti-
qaary, ch. iv,
■ bourd (1), * bourde, boor-don, bor-
dyn, v.i. [From hourd, s. (q.'\'.).] To jest,
to joke.
" /ioordon, or pleyyu' (bordyn. P.) Ludo, Jocor." —
Proinpt. Parv.
" Be wary then, I say, and never gie
Encouragement, or bourd with sic as he."
Jiamsay : Poems, ii. 175.
* bourd (2), v.t, [BooBD, v.'] To accost.
* bourde, s. [Board.] (Morte. Arthure, 730.)
*" bourde-ful, a. [O. Eng. bourde, and full.]
Plciyful, joking.
" This is vudurstondun of ,a dedly leesing,
Not of a bourde/ul leeaiug."
IVicliffe: Wisdom, Y. 11.
* bour'-der, * bour -dour, s. [From 0.
Eug, bourd; -cr.] A jester, a joker. (Huloet.)
•* bourdes, s. , sing, not pi. [O. Fr. behorde-'i,
pi. = a tournament. Skeat, however, thinks
tliat like many other war terms it may be of
Teutonic origin.] Tilting, fencing with lances.
" I'or he wasatte a bourde.^ ther bachilera pleide."
fVifliam of Palcrtie, 1,-177.
"^^ bourd -ing, * bour-dyng, 3>r. -par. & s
[Bourd, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the ■\'erb.)
B. As subst. : A joke ; sport.
"And efte m her bourdi/vff that baythen in the
morn." Sir Gaw. ami the Gr. Knight, 1,404.
'• bourd-ly. adi'. [O. Eng. bourd; -ly.] In a
lilayful, joking, or trifling manner.
" Bourdfy. A'utfaciier."—Ortus Vocab,
^ bour'-don (1), s. [Fr.] A staff. (Chaucer.)
bOUr'-don (2), s. [Fr. Ixnmlon = a hum-
ming or drone of a bagpipe ; Lat. hurdo = a
drone-bee.]
Music :
1. A pedal stop on an organ.
2. A bass reed on a harmonium, with some-
thing of the cliaracter of the organ bourdon.
* 3. A drone bass like that jiroduced by a
bagpipe or by a hurdy-gurdy. [Burden.]
* bour'-don (3), s. [Sp. bordon — a kind of
verse, a refrain ; Gael, burdan.] [Burden.]
The burden of a song.
Bour'-don (4), s. k a. [Named after Mr.
Bourdon of Paris, who invente.d the barometer
described below in 1840.]
A. As siihstnntive : Thu inventor mentioned
in the etymology.
B, As ajJJective : Invented by hiin.
Bourdon barometer, s. A barometer
consisting of an elastic flattened tube of metal
bent to a circular form and exliausted of air,
so that the ends of tlie tubes separate as
the atmospheric pressure is diminished, and
approacli as it increases. The Bourdon is
commonly known as the metallic barometer,
although the aneroid is also metallic, and both
holosteric. (Kii ight.)
'^ bou'r-don-asse, s. [Comp. Low Lat. liir-
dones, ph = pilgrims' staffs.] A kind of orna-
mented staff.
" Bourdonasses were holow horse-men's staves used
in Italy, cunningly painted."— /&«;., F f , 6 h.
^ boure (1), s. [Bower.] (Sir Ferumh. (ed.
Herrtage), 1,336.)
boure (2), s. [Corrupted from bourde = a jest
(q.v.).] A jest. (Scotch.)
" Oflf that boure I was blyth ; and Laid to hehald."
Houlate, 1. 7, V. the v.
'' bourg, s. [Borough.] A city.
"For the bourg watz so hrod and so higge alee."
Ear. Eng. AlJit. Pjem.s (ed. Morris) ; CIcuTmess. 1,177.
bourge-ois (l) (pron. bourj-wa), s. &: a.
[From Fr. bourgeois = a citizen.]
A. As siibst. : A French citizen ; a citizen
of any country.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a citizen.
" To get out of one rank in society into the next
above it is the great aim of Enslish baurgeoijs life."—
.r. S. Mi'l : Pom. Econ. (ed. 1848}, vol. i., bk. i.. ch. xi.,
§ 4, p. 208.
bour-geois' (2), bur-geois', s. [Ger. bour-
geois, horgois, borgis.] Probably from some
French printer called Bourgeois.] [Bour-
geois (1).]
Printing : A size of tj'pe between brevier
and long primer. Brevier, 112 ems to the foot ;
bourgeois, 102 ems to the foot ; long primer,
90 ems to the foot.
These two lines, for example, are
in Bourgeois type.
bourge-oi-sie (pron. bourj -wa-ze), s.
[Fr. bourgeoisie ~ freedom of a city ; citizens ;
body of the citizens.] The citizens taken col-
lectively.
"The Commons of England, the Tiers-Et'vt of
France, the bourgeoisie of the Continent generally."-
J S Mill ■ Polit. Econ. (ed. 1848), Prelim. J2cmarks
V. ii
t bour'-geon, * biir'-gen, ' bur -geon, v. i.
[From Fr. hourgeonner = to bud ; from hour-
qcon (q.v.) ; from Arm. brousa, broTisa =
to bud.] To sprout, to bud, to put forth
branches.
" Heaven send it happy dew,
Earth lend it saiJ anew,
Gaily to bourgeon, and broadly to grow."
Sco-t: Lady of the Lake, ii 19.
bour'-geon, biir'-geon, s. [From Fr. bour*
geon ~ a bud; Arm. bro^is, bronsa = a bud;
hrousen, bronsen = a single bud. (Mahn.).^ A
bud.
" Furthermore looke what is the nature that forked
trees have in their boughes, the same hath the vine in
her eyes tuid burgeons."— IfoUaiid : Plinie, bk. xvL,
ch. 30.
* bour-ie, s. [Burrow.] (Scotch.) A hole
made in the earth by rabbits, or other animals
that hide themselves there ; a buiTow.
" . . . . faire hunting of ottars o»it of their bouHcs."
—Monroe: Ixles, p. 39. {Jamieson.)
bou-rign'-i-on-ism (g silent), s. [Xamed
from ildme. Antoinette Bourignon, daughter
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, oamel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or. wore, W9lf, work, wh6, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fuU-- try. Syrian, se, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bourn— bout gate
65]
of a Lille merchant. She was born in 1616,
was physically ugly to the last degree, but very
eloquent. She xiublished twenty-two volumes",
Poiret, a French Protestant divine, wrote her
life.]
Theol. & CK Hi'if. ; A system of doctrine
emanating from Mdme. Bouri^ion, men-
tioned in the etymology. She attributed to
Christ a twofold human nature, one produced
liy Adam, tlie other born of the Virgin Wary,
and believed that nature corrupt. She. denied
the decrees of God, believed in the existence
of a good and of an evil spirit in every man
before he was born, attributed to man an in-
finite will, and considered that perfection was
attainable. Slietauglit that religion consisted
in internal emotions, not in knowledge or
practice. The Scottish General Assembly
censured these tenets in 1701.
bdurn (1), b6urne, s. [Fr. home = limit;
from O. Fr. bodnc : Low Lat. bodinct.]
[Bound.] A bound, a limit.
1. Literally : Used either of the sea or of a
line on land marking the boundary of a
country.
" And where the land slopes to its wat'ry bonrn,
Wide yawiia a gulf beside a ragged thorn."
Cowper ; A'eedless Alarm.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of the world unseen.
*' The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
No traveller returns. "
Shakesp. ." Hamlet, lii. 1.
(2) Of intellect, emotion, or anything.
" I'll set a, bourn how far to he beloved."
SJtakeitp. : A nf. & Cleop., i. 1.
"To make the doctrine of multiple proiiortions
their intellectual bouTvie."—T//7idaU : Frag, of Science
(3rd ed.), vii. i;!6,
^ bourn (2), s. [Burn (2).]
* bourne, *bume, s [Barn (2), Bairn.]
A man.
" Where wystez tliou euer any bourne abate
Buer ao holy in hys pr.iyere."
Ear. Eng. AlUt. Poems (ea. Morris) ; The Pearl, 617-18.
Bourne'-moiith, s. & a. [From Eng. hoiirne,
and moath.]
A. As suhfitantivc :
Geog. : A watering place in the south of
England, in the west of Hampshire.
B, As adjective: Pertaining to, or existing
at Bournemouth.
Bournemouth beds.
Geol. : Certain beds of Middle Eocene age,
in the vicinity of Bournemouth. They are
called also Alum Bay beds, and are arranged
with the Lower Bagshot strata.
bourn'-less, a. [Eng. bowrn; aud suffix -Zess.]
Witliout a bourne, without a limit.
b6ur'-ndn-ite, s. [Named after its dis-
covei'er. Count Bournon, a mineralogist.]
Mineralogy :
1. An orthorhorabic, brittle, opaque mi-
neral, of hardness, 2'5 — 3*; sp. gr., 57 — 5'9 ;
metallic lustre, with coloiu- and streak grey,
or iron black. Compos. : sulphur, ITS— 20'45;
antimony, 23-79— 29-4; lead, 38-9— 42-88 ; and
copper, 12'3— 15'16. First found at Endellion,
at Wheal Boys, in Cornwall, whence it was
originally called hy Count Bournon Eiulelleiiie.
It has since been found in Germany, Austria,
and Italy, as well as in Mexico and South
America.
2. Bournonite of Lur.as : A mineral, called
also Pibrolite (q.v.).
bdur-non-it nick-el glanz, s. [From
Ger. bournonit [Boltrnonite] ; nickel, and
glanz = Eng. glance (2), s. (qv.).]
Mill. : A variety of UUmauuite from the
Harz mountains.
bdur' - ock, b6ur' - ach, b<$^ - rock,
bour'-ick, s. fA.S. heorh = a hill, a moun-
tain, and dimin. suffix -ock; Sw. 6orgr — a
castle, a fort]
1. A confused heap.
"'About this bit bourock, your honor,* answered the
undaunted Edie; 'I mind the higging o't.'" — Scott:
Antiquary, ch. iv.
2. An enclosure. (Used of the little houses
which children build for play, particularly
those made in the sand.)
" We'll never big saudy bovn'ocks together."— ijam-
aay: Scotch Prov., p. 75, (Jamieson.)
3. A cluster, as of trees.
" My trees in bourachx owr my ground
SLall feud ye frae ilk blast o' wind,"
F-frgusson: Poems, ii. a2. [Jaynieson.]
b6ur'-rans, s. [From Russ. borei = the
noith-wuifl.] The name given to the fierce
snow-storms that blow from the north-east
over the steppes of Russia. (SturyiioiiJIi.)
bourse/ burse, 'j. [Fr. bourse; Prov. bor'^a;
iSp. bolsa ; Ital. borsa : Ger. borse ; Lat. byrsa ;
Gr. ^vpaa. {biirm) = the skin stripped off a
hide, a cow's skin, the skin of a live animal,]
An exchange where merchants, bankers, &c.,
meet for the tr.uisLU-tion of financial business.
(Used speciidly of tlie French institution cor-
responding t(; the English Stock Exchange.)
bour'-tree, ' boor-tree, bore -tree,
" boun'-tree, ^ bo^er'-tree, s. [On the
English border called burtree. Skinner thinks
it means bore-tree, i.e., that it can easily be
bored into a hollow tube, the pith being ex-
tracted.] ]'he elder-tree (Smnbucu.^ nigra).
{Scotch.) Formerly it ■was much jilauted in
hedges of barn-yards.
" The SitmbiKnis nigra [e\(ieT tree, Eng.)ia no stranger
in many places of the parish. Some of the trees are
very well shaped, and by the natural bendiug of the
branohta cause an aji'eeable shade, or bower, exhibit-
ing an example of the propriety of the name given to
tiiat species of plants m Scotland, namely the Bower-
tree." — P. Killearn ■ Stirling Stutisf. Ace, xvi. 110-11.
" SaTn'juciui nigra, Bourtree or Bore-tree Scot.
AusV—LigJiffoot, p. l,i;!l.
" Or, rustlin', through the boortries comin',"
Barns : Address to the Deil.
bourtree-bush, s. a very common
Scottisli designation for the elder. [Bour-
tree.]
" We saw -one hut witli a peat-stack close to it, and
one or two elder, or, -is we call them in Scotland,
bourtree bushes, at the lo«' %\\h\e-GUdL." —Lights and
Siiadows, \>. 173.
bourtree-gun, &. [Bulntry-gun.]
^ bousche, s. [Bush.] The sheathing of a
wlieel. {Scotcli.)
* bou^e, * bowse, v.i.k i. [Booze, v.]
A. Transitive :
1. To drink.
" Then bouses drumly German water."
Biirna : The Twa Dogs.
2. To hoist, to raise up, to lift up, to heave.
(S.utrh.)
" . . . aa we used to bouse up the kegs o" gi]) and
brandy lan^ ayue, . . ."—Scott : Antiquary, ch. viii.
B. Intransitive : To drink deeply.
" There let him bouse, and deep cai-ouae,
Wi' bumpers flowing o'er."
Jiurns: Scu'rJi Di'tnk.
*■" bou^e (1), ». [Booze.] (Spaiser: F. Q.)
b6u5e(2), ^. [Etym. doubtful]
Mining: A name given in the North of
England to lead ores.
* boui^'-ing, pr. par. & a. [Booze.]
* bousing-can, s. [Bouzing-cax.]
bou-sour, * bows'-towre, a-. [In o.
S^v. byssa, boasa = a mortar, an engine fur
throwing bombs; byssor, bossar= an engine
for throwing large stones instead of bombs ;
byssa = a box. ] A military engine anciently
used for battering walls. (Scotch.)
" And browcht a gyne, men callj d bowstowre,
For til assayle ttiat stalwart towue."
Wyntoun, viii. M, 23. [Jamieson.)
bous'-sin-gaul-tite, s. [From J. B. Bous-
singault, a French geologist and scientific
traveller.]
Min. : A sulphate of ammonia with part of
this alkali replaced by magnesia. It occurs
about the boric acid fumaroles of Tuscany.
{Do.na.)
* bous'-ter, s. [Bolster.]
* bous-tous, " bous-touse, t bous-ti-ous,
a. The same as Boistous (q.v.).
boii-stroph-e'-ddn, «. & s. [Gr.^ovtTTpo^rihou
(boustrophedon), adv. = turning, like oxen in
ploughing ; /3ovs (hoiis) = an ox, and trTpe'^co
[strepho)= to twist, to turn.]
A. As adj. : Written alternately from left
to right and from right to left ; pertaining to
writing of this kind.
"... he [Prof. Sayce] regarded as written in the
usual boustrophedon manner which the Hittites af-
fected. First came the animal's head, . . ," Time.-,
Oct 6, 1830. TAe Hittite Inscriptions.
B. As subst.: Writing first from left to right,
and then from right to left, as cattle ploughed
successive furrows in a field. The early Greek
writing was of this kind.
^ bou'-sum, «. [Buxom.] (O.Scotch.)
"■ bous'-y, a. [Boozv.j
" Each bousy farmer with his simp"riug dame."
King.
bout (I), bought, s. [From Dan. bngt = a
bend, a turn. A different spelling of Ught
(qv.;.]
1. Gen. : A turn, as much of an action as is
performed at one time without interruption ;
a single part of any action carried on at suc-
cessive intervals. (Johnson.)
" A weasel seized a bat ; the bat begged for life : says
tlie weasel, I give no quarter to birds ; says tlie bat, I
am a mouse ; look on my body : so she got off for that
lout."—L'Fstraiiffe.
Used—
(1) Of the extent of ground mowed while
the labourer moves straiglit furward. (Scotch.)
(2) Of as much thread, or anything similar,
as is wound on a clew while the clew is held
in one position. (Scotch.)
2. Sjiec. : A contest, challenge, or assault of
any kind. Used —
(1) Of a drinking challenge, or of a sitting
together for drinking jfurposes.
" Many a wassail bout
Wore the long winter out."
Longfellow: The Skeleton la Arinour.
(■2) Of a contest by word of mouth, or by
means of material weapons.
" We'll let Tallard out.
If he'll take t'other bout.'
Swift .- Jack Frenchman's Lamentation.
(■'•) Of an assault, whether by man or by th*^
forces of nature.
" Si)r'ak on our glens in thunder loud.
Inured to liide such bitter bout.
The w.arrior's pbiid may bear it out,"
Scott: Lady of the Lake, iv. l
(4) Of a game.
" The play began ; Pas durst not Cuama chace.
But did intend next bout with her to meet."
Sid^iey.
boiit (2), s. [From bout, v. (q.v.).] A sudden
jerk iu entering or leaving an apartment ; a
hasty entrance or departure ; the act of coming
upon one witli surprise. (Scotch.)
bout, ^'bowt, v.t. [From holt, v. Or con-
nected with Fr. Itoi((cr= to xmt, arrange, . . ,
dri\(_' ; Sp. botar = (v.i.) to rebound, (v.t.) to
turn or drive out.] To spring, to leap.
"Judge ^in her heart was sair ;
Out at her mow it jxiat was like to bout."
Ji'jss ; Helenore (ist ed.), \\ 17. [Jamieson.)
^ bout (1), prep. [Contracted from aboxd.l
"Deeiie busied &ot(( worke . . ."
Spenser: F. Q., HI. iil 14.
bo^t (2), * boiite, jjrcj?. [A.S. hutan =
without.] Without, excluding. (0. Eng. &
Scotch.) [But.]
"And bjiitf eny lining lud left was he one,"
William ofPaleme, 21L
" Thou art the life o' public haunts :
Bout thee, what were our fairs and rants ? "
Hurns: Scotch Drink.
* bou-tade', s. [Fr. boiUade = a flight of
genius, a whim, freak, or fancy. A word
formed, according to Littre, in the sixteenth
century, from the Sp. and Ital. bortee, from
borter, being the old form. In Prov., Sp., &
Port, botar J Ital. bnttare.] A caprice, whim,
or fancy.
" His [Lord Peter's] first boutade was to kick both
their wives one morning out of doors, and his own
too." — SxoifC: Tale of a Tub.
bou'-tant, *. [Arc-boutant.]
bout-claith, s. [Scotch form of bolt-cloth qt
bolting-clot'h (q.v.).] Cloth of a thin texture.
(Scotch.)
"Twa stickis of q.uhite boiUdailh."— Inventories. A.
15"3, p. 217.
"^ boute'-feu, s. [Fi-. boute fm = (l) (Ord-
nance) a linstock, (2) (fig.) an incendiary, a
firebrand ; from bonter= to thrust, and/ew =
fire.] An incendiary ; a firebrand.
" Animated by a base fellow, called John a Cliamher,
a very boutefeu, who bore much sway among the
vulgar, they entered into open rebelhon. "— flaco/i.
" Beside the herd of boufefeiis.
We set on work within the house."
__- , . «_ - w,, ,w. _ Hudibras.
bou-tel, bot-tel, s. [Bowtel.]
bo^t'-gate, s. [Eng. (a)bout; gate.]
1. Lit. : A circuitous road, a way which is
not direct. (Scotch, from aboiit, and gait =
way.)
boll, b^; poftt, jtfftrl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this;
sin, as; expect, ^enophon, e^t. -ing,
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -?ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -slous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, dei.
652
boutisale— bow
" Nyry. v/hn )iail aye
A inhul the truth of Kydby's tale to try,
]VJiide sliil't Ijy b'lut wites to put aH'the day,
Til Jiiglit Mud fa'auii then Iju forc'd to stay."
/.Vi.sv //dcnorc. p. 7<'.
2. Figuratively :
(1) A eircuniveiition, a ik'ceitful coui'.'ie
(Stvldi.)
". . . that the bontijates and deceites of the liearte
of Jiiau are infinite; . . '—liracc: Eleven tieriii. (iJ'Jl),
sign. T.,2, ru
(2) An ambiguity, or an eijui\'Oi_-Lition, in
discoiii'se.
"... yea. eyther iuausntTe, or oath, to his judge or
Eiiperiuur, that liee may vse a lumi'jad; of speacli (luii.-
phtbologiii], whether through a diveise aignilicaDiuii y>i
the word, or tliroiigh the diverse intention oi the
aaker, . . ." — lii>. Forbes : EabuUis, \i\>. IIB-I'J.
''■ bou'-ti-sale, s. [Fj-nm Eji;;. hooty, and >('/'.'-]
A snly of Itouty ; :i .sale nt a clieap rate, as
booty or ]ilnnder is generally sold.
" To .s|ieak nothing' i>f the great boutisali: of colleges
and eliaiiti-ies "—Hir J. liayward.
*lJout«-riines(pr(m. bu'-riin-a),s. fil, [Fr.
hovt = end, and ruuii = rhymed, /■;/(((' = a
rhyme.] The last words or rhyiiie.s of a mini-
ber of verse.s givpn to be tilled up. (Johnson.)
'^ IjOUV'-rage, .^. [From 0. l^r. hovmUjc, hcr-
raifjc ] [hnviZRAOR.] Drink, bevert-^e.
" . . tni)ay for foreign linnvnigr which supplants
the consumption "if the- growth of our own estates." —
Cultodrii Papers, p 181.
■* bouwen, v.t. & I. [Bow, w]
"boux-ome, ' boux-vme, u. [Bux<im.]
* boux-om-ly, ado. [Buxomly.]
bduz'-ing, i'r. par. & a. [BooziNc ] (Siin'^^:r.)
bOUZing can, s. A drinking can.
■' -■Vnd in his liaiid did heare a boinint/ t-an."
Spenser : F. Q., I iv. 22
bo'-vate, s. [Low Lat. hovata ; fi'om (']a.ss,
Lat. hos; genit. ftouis = an ox.] One-eigbtli
of a cariicate or ploughland. It varied fium
10 aci'es to IS acres.
"The b(^vate or oxgaug represented the tillage . . .
of one ox of the tejim. thiit is. it waw the share of the
tilled l.iiid appropriated to the owner of one of the
eight asEocii^ted oxen contributed to the co-iperatii e
eight-ox plough."— J^V.fts .t Queries, Dec 18, ISBG. p. 48L
* bov'-e-se, s. pi. [From Lat. hn^, gr-mt. hovh
=■ an ox ; and fern. pi. snftix -ar.]
Zool. : Thety]iii'al division of tliesub-family
Bcvinee. It contained the uxeii proper and
other cattle.
Bov-ey coal, s.
Geo}.: "Coal" or rather lignite from Bovey
Tracy, a parish of Devonshire, about '6\ niile.s
Kouth-west of Chndleigh. It belong.s to the
Pliocene period, and that sub-division of it
called on the Continent Aquitanian. There
have been found in it the fruits of a pine (the
Sequoia Couttsicr), jiarts of the leaf of a palm
(Sahal mnjor\ and other fossils. (Quart. Jovr.
Geol. Soc, vol. xviii. (1802), p. ;ifl9, &c.)
t bov'-i-ciil-ture, s. [From Lat. bos, gcnit.
bovis = an ox, a bull, a cow ; and cnltvrd. =^
tilling, cultivating, tending ; cultiihi, sujiine
of coIo = to till, cultivate, tend.] The breeding
and tending of cattle for food ; the occupations
of the cattle-breeder, tlie grazier, and the
butcher.
". . . . between the old epoch of hnv!etdti<ri- nnH
the new."— Ziflf'/^/ Telegraph, 4th Dl.; , IBTG.
T30v'-id, a. & s. [BoviD.c]
A, Abadj. : Pertaining to the Bovidfe(q.v.).
B. Assubst.: Any individual of the Bnvidse
(q.v.).
bov'-i-dse, s. p]. [From Lat. has, genit. hovi'^
= an ox ; and fern, pi, suffix -'/lc]
"*" L Formerly: A family of ruminating ani-
mals, containing not iiieiLdy the oxen but
many other animals now }ilaced in other
families. It was subdivided into Bovina,
Cervin;i, Giraffina, Moschina, and Camcliua.
2. Xai" : A fanidy of ruminating animals,
consisting of sjiccirs with simply rounded
hoiTis, whicli are, not twisted in a spiral
manner. Tliere are no lachrymal sinu.ses.
It contains tlie genera Bos, Bison, Bubalus,
&c- Ovibo.s (Musk-ox), gcuerally ranked
under Bovidte, i.s by sonie'^placed with the
Ovid..'.
3. J'i'lirnnt : The oldest known are various
species of Bos, Hemibos, and Aniiihibos in
the Ujiper Mioreiii; of Indin. Tiie geneiM Bos
and Bison arc found in the Pliocene. Foi' the
order in which the several species of the
former genus appear see Bos (Pala30)U.).
bov'-i-form, a. [From Lat. /(Os, genit. bovis
= an ox ; and Jorma = loi-m, sliape.] Of the
form of an ox. (Cudwortk.)
ito'-vine, a. lU s. [Lat. bovL)ius.]
A. As I'djectivn. :
1. Of. 01- pertaining to, tlie Bovidie ; resem-
bling an ox.
2. Stolid, dull.
B. Assubst.. Any individual of the Bovidse
(q.v,).
bo-vis'-ta, s. [A barbarous name formed by
Billenias", frtmi the Ger. bojist = a puck-list or
puck-ball.]
Th>f. : A gemis of fungi, of the order Gastero-
mycetes or Lycoperdace;^. Bovista gigantea
(Gigantic Bovista) has a ]iileus eighteen,
twenty, twenty-three, or even more inches iu
diameter.
btJ^ (1), bdwe, " b<5w'-en, * bouwe»
bow'-yn, bo-gen, ''' bu-wen, ' bu-
geil; v.t. & i. [A.S. b'U'jan, bigan, beogaii =
tn bow, to bend, to stoojt, to give way, to re-
cede, to avoid, flee, submit, or yield (Bos-
irorth); Icel. lmigja=^io make to bend; Sw.
hoiii = to bend ; Dan. bote ; Dut, biiigen- ; Ger.
hinicn, bengiiii; O. H. Ger. biiigan, jnocan ;
<joth. hlugaii. Skeat connects it with Sclav.
hi.'ga = to flee ; bugtl=^ to terrify ; Lat. Jifq'm
— to flee ; Gr. 4^evyto (jyheiigo) = to flee'
Sansc. bhvg, bhngdml = to bend.]
A. Transitive :
1. Lit. : To incline, to cause to l>eiid, to
turn. (Often with doion.)
"Ourbolde kynge Jiowes the hlonke be the bryghte
brydylle." Morte ArCJiure, 2,2.il.
SjicciLdli/:
(1) 0/ things : To cause to deviate from
straiglitness, to make crooked or curved.
" We bow thing.s the contrary way to make them
come to their njitixral straightuess."- fiifco/i.
(2) 0/ persons : To incline the head or body
in token of reverence, submission, or conde-
scension. (Often reflexively.)
2. Figuratively:
(1) To turn, to incline, to exercise strong
influence in changing the disposition or pro-
cedure.
"For troubles and adversities do more bote men's
minds to religion." — Bacon.
" Not to bow and bi.is their oiiinions." — Fuller.
(2) To depress the soul, the spirits, the
courage, &e.
" Fear bowed down his whole soul, and was so
written in his face that .all who saw him could read."
Miieualay : Hisf. Eiig., ch. ix.
B. Intransitive :
1. Got. : To bend, to suffer flexure, to stoop
.s|)ontaneously or under pressure. (Used of
jiersons, of animals, or of things inanimate.
< tften followed by down.)
" . . . . likewise everyone that boivetJi down upon
hi> knees to dTmk."—Jtulgej vii. 5.
2. Specially. Of persons :
(1) To stoop, to incline the head or body
for the sake of expressing respect or venera-
tion for. (Lit. £: fig.)
" Riither let iny head
Stoop to the block, than the-se knees bow to any,
Wave to the God of heaven and to my king."
Shakexp. : 2 J/etL 17., iv. 1.
(2) To bend one's steps or one's way, to go,
to walk.
" Boun after a strem that dryly halez,
I bowed in blys, bred ful my braynez."
/:'(*■ En<f. AUit. /'oc/fts (ed. MoiTis); The Peurl, 123-2G.
(3) To bend to, to obey ; to acquiesce iii.
" The hatl bowel to his bode, bongre my hyure."
Ear. Etiff. Ailtt. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Patience, 5G.
"I bow to heaven's decree."
JJcinaiis: The Abencerrage.
bow (2), 1'.^ [From Eng. bi>w (2), s., in the
sense of an instrument for setting the strings
of musical instruments in vibration.] To
play with a I'ljw.
"... also, that where no directions are given, the
]ia«s:»ge sliould be bowed, that is. the notes should be
alternately played by an u]) and down bow." — titann r
■1- liarrett : Diet. Mus. Ter>m. p. 01.
btffc- (1), s. & rt. [From bo\i\ v. (q.v.).]
A, ^s substantive :
1. Of things:
(1) A curve, bending, or zigzag in a street.
T[ A street in Edinburgh was forinerly called
the " West-ioty." [B., example and note,]
" As he rode down the sanctified beuds of the Soie
Ilk caxline was fiytiiig and shaking her pow."
Scott : Bonny Dundee.
Ci) PI. (bows): Sugar tongs. (Scotch.) So
called probably from their being bent.
2. Of persons: An act of reverence or ac-
quiescence made by bending the body.
" Some clei-gy, too, she would allow,
Nor quiirrell'd at their awkward bow."
Swift.
B. As adjective: Pert:iining to or consisting
of a curve, bending, or zigzag in a street ;
curved, crooked.
"At the upper oi northern end of the "West-bow
street, stands the publick Weigh-house." — J/uilland :
Hist. Edin.. p. 181.
% Jamieson considers that the West-&ow
mentioned in the example has undoubtedly
been so called from its zigzag form ; but that
theNether-&o!y, at the head oftheCanongate in
Edinburgh, m;iy have been so named because
of a gate wliich may have previously existed
there.
^ In composition usually pronounced bow.
bow-back, s. An arched or crooked back.
" On hia bow-back he hath a battle set
Of bristly pikes, that ever threat his foes."
Sfiakesp. : Tenits * Adonis, G19-20.
bow-bent, a. Crooked.
" For onee it was my dismal bap to hear
A Sibyl old, bowbent with crooked age.
That far events full wisely could ijresage."
Hilton: CoUepe Exercise.
bow-file, s. A curved file ; a riffler.
bow-kail, s. & a. [Bow refers to the cir-
cular form of the plant (Jamieson), and kail is
Scotch for cabbage.]
A, As substantive : Scotch for cabbage.
" Poor hav'rel Will fell aff the drift.
An* wander'd thro' the brrw-Jcail,
An' ixiu't, for want o' better shift,
A runt was like a sow-tail,
Sae bow't that night."
Sums: Halloween.
B. As adjective : Of or belonging to cabbage.
" Poor Willie, wi' his bow-kail ruut.
Was brunt wi' jjrimsie Mallie."
Burns: Ballovaeen,
bow-leg, s. A crooked leg. *
" Who fears to set straight, or hide, the imbau<lsome
warpiugs of bow-legs i" — Bp. Taylor : Artificial Hand-
someness, p. 60.
bow-legged, a. Having crooked legs.
bO'W-pen, s. A metallic ruling-pen, whicli
has the part intended to hold the ink bowed
out to the middle.
bow-pencil, s. A form of compasses of
the smaller kind, whicli are capable of delicate
adjustment for describing minute circles and
arcs of small radius. Tlie mode of adjustment
is similar to the bow-jien. A black-lead
pencil pared down to a small size, or the lead
from a pencil, is clamped in the socket, and
is advanced as it wears or is shaved away in
shariiening.
bow-wlndow, s. [Generally considered
a coiTuption of bay-window; but Skeat con-
siders the two words distinct.] A bowed
window ; a window so shaped as to be bent
or bowed.
\>bvr (2), ■ bowe, bouwe, s. & a. [A.S.
hoga = (\) bow, an arch, an arched room, a
corner, a bending, a band, (2^ anj'thing that
bends, a horn, a tail ; from bigau = to bend
(Bow, v.). In Icel. bngi = a'bow; B>w.b8ge;
Dan. biie; Dut. boog ; (N. H.) Ger. bogen ;
O. H. Ger. bogo, pogo.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of various instr-uments :
(1) An instrument for propelling an arrow.
[11., 1.]
". , . take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver
and thyfiow." — Gen. xxvii, \i.
«y Bowes and bilks : A ]dirase used by the
English, in former times, for giving an alann
in their camp or militai'y quarters. (Jamieson.)
"Tlie Inglische souldeariu war all asleip. except the
watch, whiclie was sklender, and yit the schout i-yises,
Bomcs and Billis ! Bowes and Billisl whiche is a sig-
nifioLtiouu of extreiin defence, to avoyd the present
danger in all tonnes of ware." — Knox, p. 82. '" To your
hows and battle-axes." (Jatnicson.)
(2) An appliance for x^ltiyiwg a musical in-
strument. LIl. 8.]
(;i) A yoke for oxen, an ox-bow.
" As the ox hiith his bmo, sir, the horse his curb, aiid
the falcon her I>e]la, so man hath his desii-es.' —
Shakesp, : As i'on Like Jt, iii. ;),
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian. s&, oe - e. ey — a, qu = kw.
bow— toowalyn
£53
2. Of anything arched like a bent how:
I)) The rainbow.
" I do set my bojv in the cloud, and it shall be ff>r .1
token of a covenant liet^fen me iukI the ejiitli, " —
Oeru i\. 13.
(2) An arch ; a gateway. (Scotch.)
"And first in the Thrnte of the Bow war slayiie,
David Kifk, and David Baibour, l>eiug .it the fi-o-
veistis baok." — Knox: Jlht., p. 82.
"The horsemen and sum of tho-se that aoiiUl have
put ortlour to utheria. ovei'ode thair x»ure bretlirein at
the entres of the Jfetlierbow (i.e-, the lower ai'ch)." —
Ibid., p. 190.
(3) The arch of a bridge. (Scotch.)
"The falliuc downe of the three bowit of the brig of
Tay be the greit wattir ;iiid of Lowis Vairk on the 2(i
of Det-embir iu anno 157^." — ^fS, ipioted. Muses Thve-
nodie, i\ 81,
3. Of anything looiicJ, or doiihlcd : The
doubling of a stiing in a slip-knot. Johnson
thinks that tliis inay be a eurruption of hiyht.
"Make a knot, and let the .second knot l)e with a
bQU>."—Wkie7nan.
4. Of a mcajiurc of distance: The length of
an ordinary bow, wliich was used in ascer-
taining the distance from a mark in taking
aim.
" Jfo, no, Kate, you are two botoes down the wiude."
li. Greene, in Hurl. Mis., viii. a84. (Narei.)
II, Technically :
1. Archery : An instrument for projecting
an arrow. It consists of a strip of wood or
other material, the ends connected by a string.
The bow is bent by retraction of the string,
L. CROSS-BOW AND ARROW. '2, LONG-BOW AND
ARROW.
and the recoil imparted to the latter projects
the arrow. In its simple state, and when
large enough to be used for military purposes
or for destroying large animals, it is known a.s
the long-bow ; when mounted transversely in
a stock, it is a cross-bow. The former is ex-
clusively adapted for shooting arrows ; while
bolts, or even round projectiles, may be thrown
bv the latter. (Knight.) [For the history of
bows and arrows see Archery. See also
Arrow.]
2. Hat-vmlcing : A piece of clastic wood,
six feet long, and having a eatgnt string
-stretched between its extremities. The vi-
bratmg string operates upon the felting-hair
on a grid called a hurdle, lightens up the
fibres, assembles them into a bat, and drives
out the dust. [Bowing.]
3. Music : An appliance with which the
strings of certain musical instruments of the
viol class are set in vibration. It consists of
various forms of buws.
a number of long horsehairs stretched iipon
an elastic rod, which are tightened by a nnt
and screw. The bow is believed to be of
British origin. It was originally curved,
whence its name. The old form is still seen
in the rebeck or rehal of Algeria.
" Their instruments were various in their kind ;
Some for the boio, and some for breathing wind."
Dryden : The Flower & the Leaf, 357.
4. Drawing : An elastic slip for describing
cm-ves ; an arcograph.
5. Machinery : An elastic rod and string for
giving reciprocating rotation to a drill. [Bow-
drill.]
G. Husbandry: The bent piece which em-
braces the neck of an ox, the ends comin;; up
tlirough the yoke, above which they arc
fastened by a key.
7. Saddlery : The arched forward part of a
saddle-tree which straddles the liorse's back.
8. Vehicles: A bent slat to suppoit_ the
hood, canopy, cover, or tilt of a vehicle ;
otherwise called a slat.
9. Weapons: The arched guard of a sword-"
hilt or of the trigger of a tire-arm.
10. Lock-making : The loop of a key which
receives the fingers.
11. Naut.: An old nautical instrument for
taking angles. It had one large graduated
arc of 90°, three vanes, and a sliauk or staff.
12. Mctsonry : A projecting portion of a
building of circular or multangular plan.
Tlie bow-windows of English domestic archi-
tecture are known as oriels.
B, ^s adjective : Pertaining to a bow iu any
of the foregoing senses. (See the subjoined
compounds.)
% Obvious compound : Bow-making, (Stoiner
£• Barrett: Mns. Diet., p. 61.)
bow-bearer, s.
1. Generally: The bearer of a bow.
2. Specially : An under-officer M a forest.
who looked after trespasses aifcLting "vert
or venison." (Cowcl, duc.)
bow-boy, s The boy bearing a bow,
Cupid.
". . . . with the blind dow-to.y's butt-shaft."
Shakesp, : Itoineo and Juliet, li. 4,
boW'Case, s. A cover or case for a bow.
bow-compasses, ■''.
Mathematical instrinnents : An instrument
for drawing curves of large radius. It con-
sists of a pliable strip wliicli is bent by screws
to any curve. An arcugiaph.
" bow-draucht, " bow draughts,
* boghe-draghte, s. A bow shot ; the
extent of an arrow's flight.
"With Btvenythe thay reculede that host a-b.ai.'lc;
more tliaii a lii/'j/'r-druff/i'i- '
S>r F<:ru).,br"i (ed. Herrtage), S.OiO.
bow-drill, s. A drill operated by means
of a bow, the cord of which is given one-or
more turns around the handle of tlie drill, and
alterinite revolution in oiip()site directions
imparted to it by alternately reciprocating
the bow backward and forward.
* bow-hand, s.
1, The hand that holds the bow, the left
hand.
"Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand and very
far from the mark."— >V^(,'«,ver : On Ireland.
^ To he too much of the boiv-hand, or to be
much of the boiu-hand : To fix it iu any design.
" /lie I hope so,
I ain much o' the bow-hand else."
Beau. & Flet. : Coxcomb, i. L
2. Music : The hand that holds the bow ;
also a term used in describing the power and
skill with which a player on a bow instru-
ment produces his tone. (Stainer & Barrett.)
bow-instruments, s.
Mnsir : A term including that class of
stringed instruments which are played by
means of a bow. The violin, violoncello,
double bass, &c.
bow-iron. s.
Vehicles : The staple on the side of a wagon-
bed which receives the bows of the tilt or
cover.
bow-length, .';. The same as Bow (2), a„
A., I. 4(q.v.). {Karcs.)
bow-pin, s.
Husbandry: A cotter or key for holding in
place the bow of an ox-yoke.
bow-saw, s. A saw having a thin blade,
kept taut by a straining frame in the manner
of a bow and string. A sweep-saw or tnmiug-
saw. [Frame-saw, Drug-saw,]
"Axes, eitch, dras-snw.boio-saio, &.i:."— Depredations
on the Clan Campbell, p. 52.
bow-shot, H. [Bowshot.]
bow-string, s. [Bowstrino.]
bow-suspension, a. & a.
Bow-svsimision trnsH : A bow-shaped beam
used to strengtliei; a girder beam.
bow-wood, s. [So called because the
Indians use it for making Itows.J
Bot : An American name for the Osage
Orange, Macliwa aunnitlitra. It is not a
genuine orange, but belongs to the Moraceai
(Morads or Mulberries, &c.).
bo^(3), s. [From Icel, Mffr; Dan. ?wt'; Sw.
hog; Dut. hoeg.\ [Bough, Bowline, Bow-
sprit.]
1. Naut. £ Ord. Lang. : The stem or prow
of a vessel, the more or less rounded anterior
extremity or fore-end of a ship or boat.
*\ Sometimes in the plural.
«[ On the boio : On the part of the water or
land within 45" on either side of a line drawn
from stern to stem, and produced till it reaches
the horizon.
1l (1) A bold bow : A broad bow. (Johnson.)
(2) A lean boiu : A narrow thin bow. (John-
son.)
2. Fig. : The oarsman who pulls the oar
neart'st the bow.
bow-Chaser, s.
Naut. : A gun tired from the bow of a ship,
engaged at the time iu chasing another one.
(Totten.)
bow-fast, s.
Novt. : A hawser at the bow, whereby a
ship is secured alongside a wharf or other
object.
bow-grace, bow-grease, s.
K'int. : A fender made of junk and ropes,
lapping around the bow as a protection
against floating ice. It is called also bon-
grace.
bow-grease, s.
No.ut. : A corruption for bovj-grace (q.v.).
bowlines, ^.
Ship-buildiug : Cnrvc-^ representing vertical
sections at the bow-end of a ship.
bow-oar, i.
1. The oar nearest the bow of a boat.
2. The same as Bow (3), 2.
bow-piece, s. A piece of ordnance car-
ried at the bow of a ship.
bow-timbers, s. "pl.
Ship-building: The timbers whirh go to
form the bow of a ship
'bow (4), a. [Bought.] (FiersPloic: Vis.,3'2.)
bow (5), s. [Boll (2). s.] The globule which
contains the seed of flax. [Lintbow.] (Scotch.)
bo^ (6), >\ [Corrupted from boll, s. (q.v.).
(Scotch.).'] Aboil; a dry measure which con-
tains the sixteenth part of a chalder.
" Four bows o' aituieal, twa bows o' beer, and twa
bows o' pease "Scott : Old JlortahCy, eh. xx.
" b<S^(7), boWe, s. [O. Sw. bo, hu = a herd, li
flock ; Gael. ho=CL cow.] [Bos.] (Scotch.)
1, A herd of cattle ; whether enclosed in n
fold or not.
" Seuin yomig stottia, that yoik bare neuer nane,
Brocht from the bowe, in offeraiid brittin ilkane."
Doug.: I'ii-gil, 1G3, iS.
2. A fold for cows. (Jamieson.)
Bow (8), 5. & a. [From Boiv (Stratford-le-Bow),
in the East end of London.]
A, -4s siihst. . The place mentioned in the
etymology.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to Bow, first manu-
factured at Bow.
Bow-dye, .^. A dye of scarlet hue, supe-
rior to madder, but not so fixed or permanent
as the true scarlet.
bow'-a-ble, a. [Eng. bow, v., and suff. -able]
Capable of being bent, flexible, pliable, yield-
ing, influenced without much ditticulty.
' If bhe be a viiKiu, she is pliable or bowable."—
Wodroephe : I'r. Gram. (1623), p. illi
"' bow'-all, s. [The same as Bole (1), s.] A
square 'apei-tnre iu the wall of a house for
holding small articles.
' btf^-alle, s. [Bowel.] {Prompt. Farv.)
'■ bo^'-al-yn, v.r\ [Bowel, v.] {Prompt.
Parv.)
boll, bo^; pout, jowl; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, ^tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiiu. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. - bel, del.
654
bowand— taowered
* bow'-and, * bow-ande, «. [A.S. Itugende
= bowing.] [Bowing.]
* bow'-bert, *^ bow-bard. u. & >. [Etyni.
uncertain, perhaps from 0. Fr. bobert ~ a
stupid fellow, a lout.)
A, ^5 adj. : Lazy ; inactive.
" Of thayr kyiid tlmmc list swarmis out bryng,
Or in kaiiies iiicluae tlijire hoiiy dene —
Or fra thiire hyfftoyiddir iu a I'out
Exyellis the bowhert best, the feuyt drone Iw.''
Uoiig. ■ Virgil, 2C, :IG.
B. As subst. : A dastard; a person destitute
of spirit.
" That ye sal euer sa dullit and bowbardU he,
Vuwrokm sic iuiuris to suflir liere?"
Bung. : Virgil, 391, 12.
* biJ^'-den, pa. par. [Bolp.sn.] {b'coU-h.)
biS^'-digh-i-a. s. [From Bowdich, wlio
was born at Bristol in 1790, went to Cape
Coast Castle in tlie West of Africa in 1814,
commencefl an exploration of that continent
in 1822, and died 10th Jan., 1824.]
Hot. : A genus of Papilionaceffi. The species
are trees, with altei'nate, unequally pin-
nated leaves. Bowdichia virgllioides, which
has fine blue flowers, is common in Brazil.
Its bark is known as Alcorno Bark.
boftr'-dler-i^m, s. [Bowdlerize.] Expurga-
tion ; emasculation ; the act or practice of an
editor who removes from the writings of an
author passages considered to be indelicate or
offensive.
"At the age, when bowdleriem, as a moral pre-
caution, would be desirable."— /"(iW Mall Oazette,
Aug. 4, 18G9.
bo^-dler-i-za'-tion, s. [Bowdlerize.] The
expurgation of a Uterary work ; bowdlerisni.
b6\<r'-dler--ize, v.t. [Fi-om the Rev. T. Bow-
dler, D.D., who published an edition of
Shakespeare (1818) for "family reading."] To
expurgate ; to lemo^■e indelicate or offensive
passages from ; to emasculate. (Used also
intransitively.)
b6^'-dler-iz-er, s. [Eng. bowdleriz(e); -er.]
One who bowdlerizes.
* bowe {!), ^'. [Bough.]
1, A bough. (MorteArthure,l,'i'il.) (Prompt.
Farv.)
2. PI : The shoulders.
" Seyne bowes ot wylde bores with thebratme lechyde,"
J/orte Arthure, 188.
* bowe (2), 5. [Bow (2), s.]
b^ed (Eng.\ bd^'d, bdi^'t (Scotch), pa.
par. & a. [Bow, v.]
1. Bent.
"Bowed down by t^TTOT."— ilacaulay : Hist. Eng. ^
ch. xii.
2. Crooked. (Scotcli.)
3. Arch. : Arched, curved. It is called also
emboived.
bow-el, * bdrtr'-elle, ^bdw'-alle, *b<5w'-
ale, * bou-el, ^ b6^'-al~^, *baw'-el-ly
(pi. bowels), s, [From O. Fr. boel (m.), boelle
(f.) (Mod. Fr. boyan); Prov. budel; Ital.
hiidello ; Low Lat. hotelhis = a bowel ; Class.
Lat. botellus = a. little sausage, dimin. of 6o;?t-
lus=. a. sausage.]
1 1. Sing. : One of the intestines of man or
the infei-ior animals, an entrail. (Used chiefly
in medical works, and in composition.)
". . . retaining the mass longer in its passage
through the bowel . . ."~Ci/cl. Priwt. Med., iv. 570.
" Bowalle, or bowelle {bowaly, K. H, bawelly. P.)
Viacits." — Prompt. Parv.
II. Plural (bowels) :
1. Lit. : The intestines or entrails of man
or of the inferior animals.
" He smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed
out his bowels." — 2 Ham. xx. 10.
2. Figuratively :
(1) The seat of pity or tenderness.
(2) Pity, tenderness, coinjiassion.
"For my Mas-ter, you must kn(jvv', is one of very
tender bowels, especially to them that ure fifniid."—
Buiii/an: P. P., pt ii.
'■ Having no bowels in tlie point of ninuing iu debt,
or borrowing all he could. —Clarendon.
(3) The inner part, or the midst of anything.
(Specially in the phrasf, " The &ow'C?s' of the
earth. ) "And pouring war
Into the bowels of ungr.itefiirE.ome."
Slt'tkcsp. : Cor. iv. 5.
bowel-complaint, s.
Med. : Disease of the bowels causing di-
arrlio^a.
bowel-galled, «.
Farriery : A term applied to a horse when
the girth frets the skin between the elbow of
the forelegs and the ribs.
bowel-hive, bowel hive, bowel-
hyve, s. & a. [From Scotch hives (pi.)
— an eruption. [Hive.] So called because
those afliictcd with the disease have often a
swelling in the side.]
A, -4s substantive :
1. An inflammation of the bowels, to which
children are subject. (Scotch.) According to
some, it is owing to what medical inen call
intiissvso'pfio, or one part of the intestines
being inverted; others give a different ac-
count of it.
". . . and the rickets in children, which they call
the bowel-h!/ve."—Pennecutk: Twceddale, p. 7.
" The disease, called, by mothers and nurses in Scot-
laud, the bowel-hiue. is a dangerous inflammatory
bilious disorder; and when not soou relieved, very
frequently proves fatal. It is l>rought on by disorders
of the milk, by exposure to cold, and living in low,
cold, damp situations. "— Curtis.' J/edicul Observ., p
187. '■
2. The same as Bowel-hive Grass (q.v.).
B. As adjective : Of use in the disease de-
scribed under A.
Bowel-hive Grass :
Popular Bot. : A jdant, Alchemilla arvensis.
It is not of the grass family but allied to the
Rosaceae, though very ditlerent in appear-
* bowel-prier, s. One who prys into
the bowels of animals, slain as sacrificial vic-
tims, for the purpose of divination.
" Aiid verily, Homer seemeth not to be ignorant of
this difl'erence whereof we speak ; for of diviners and
soothsayers, some he calleth o'hajvottoXov?, i.e.,
augurs,^ that is to say, authouis or obseirers of birds ;
others tepeiy, that is to say, boiael-//riers, that spie
into the inwards of sacrifices. "—i/o?ia«<i.' Plutarch,
* bdw'-el, V. t. [From boiml, s. (q.v.).] To take
the bowels from, to disembowel ; to evisce-
( rate. (Ain-sworth.)
" Bowaylf/n', or take owte bowalys. £viscero, Cath."
— Prompt. Parv.
t bd^'-elled, pa. par. & a. [Bowel, i'.]
A. As past participle : (See the verb.)
B. -4s adjective : Hollow, like the interior
of the abdomen with the bowels removed (?).
Or having on its walls bowel-like veins.
" But, to the boweU'd cavern darting deep,
The mineral kinds confess thy mighty power."
TkoTTiAon: Seasons; Summer.
b6^-el-less, a. [Eng. bowel ; suff, -less.']
Without bowels, in a figurative sense, i.e.,
destitute of compassion.
" Miserable men commiserate not themselves ; bowel-
less unto others, and merciless unto their own bowels "
— Browne : Chr. Morals, i. 7.
t b<J^'-el-ling, * bd^'-al-yng-e, pr. par. &
s. [Bowel, v.]
A, As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As subst. : The act of disembowelling or
removing the bowels.
" Bowalynge. Evisceracio, exenteracio." — Prompt.
Parv, •
bdw'-elj, 5. p>l. [Bowel, s.]
bow'-en-ite, &. [From Bowen, an American
mineralogist, who first described it in 1822.]
Min. : A variety of Serpentine. It is apple-
gi'eeu or greenish-white in colour, and akin to
Xeplirite.
b6^'-er (1), *bowre, *bour, ^ boure, s.^a.
[A.S. bur = a bower, a cottage, a dwelling, an
inner room, a bedchamber, a storehouse (Som-
iicr)(Bosworth); O.S. & Icel. b&r ; Sw. bur —
a cage, a bower ; Dun. buur = a cage, a pitfall
to catch birds; N. H. Gcr. bauer—a. cage;
M. H. Ger. biir; O. H. Ger. piir. From A.S.
buan = to inhabit, to dwell, to cultivate, to
till; j\I<_eso-Goth. &ai(a*i = to dwell.]
A. As substantive :
* 1. Originally : A chamber.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
" And othre m.aydens elleuene ; burdes brighte on
bonrc ;
XV. thar were of hem ful euene ; duellyng iu that
toure." Sir Pcrnmb. ied. Heirtage), l,3J6-7.
(2) Spec. : A lady's chamber ; a retired
chamber, such as ladies were wont to possess.
"Resoundis thro baith iwtlice, boure, and hall."
„ ^, , Boug. : VirgU, 472, 44.
2. Aea;i ;
(1) A cottage.
" Courtesie oft-times in simple bowres
Is found as great as in the stately towrce."
,„^ , . Transl. of Ariost., xiv. 62.
(2) Any residence.
" Like Mars, god of war, enflamed with ire,
I forced the Frenchmen t' abandon their bowers."
„ ,_ Mir. /or Magistrates, V. 2m.
3. Now :
(1) Lit. : An arbour, a shady retreat in a
garden made by bending and twining branches
of trees together.
(2) Fig. : A blissful place, blissful circum-
stances.
" On steady wings sails through th' immense abyss,
Plucks amaranthine joys from bowers of hlisB."
Cowper: Hope.
1[ A bower differs from an arboiir in this
respect, that the former may be either round
or square, whereas the latter is long and
arched.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a bower in
any of the senses of the substantive.
bower-birds, s. pi.
Ornith. : The name given to certain birds of
the Australasian genera Ptilonorhynchus and
Chlamydodera of the family Sturnidae (Star-
lings). The English name is given because
these birds are in the liabit of building bowers
or "runs" as well as nests. The best known spe-
cies are FtiloTwrhynchns holosericeus, the Satin
and C. macnlata, the Spotted Bower Bird.
bower-cod, s. The smallest of the cod
family of fishes. It is called also Power-cod.
bower- eaves, s. pi. The projectinff
cavity of interlaced branches in an arbour.
" Look out below your bower-eaves."
Tennyson : Margaret, 5.
b6w-er(2), boo'-er, s, [Bowyer.] (Scotch.)
(Acts, Chas. I. (ed. 1S14), v. 540.)
* b<S^'-er (3), * bowr, * bortrre, ^. [Fromi
bow = to bend ; and sutfl.x -er.]
Anat. : One of the muscles which move the
shoulder.
" His rawbone arraes, whose mighty brawned boiors
Were wont to rive Steele plates, aud helmets hew."
Spejiser: F. Q., I. viiL 41.
bdw'-er (4), s. [From how (3).] An anchor
cast from the bow of a vessel.
bower-anchor, s. The same as Bower
(4). s. (q.v.).
h6^-er (5),
(q.v.).]
1. A farmer, a peasant.
2. In euchre, one of the two highest card.? ;
the second or third highest when the joker' is
used, [Euchre.]
bower-mustard, boor's mustard,
a. A plant, Thlaspi arverise.
* b^w'-er (6), s. [Bowess.]
b<Jwer, * bowre, v.t. & i. [From bower (1),
s. (q.v.).]
A. Traiisitive :
* 1. Oft]iefo7in bowre : To inhabit, to dwell
in, to nes^e iu.
" gpredding pavilions for the birds to bom-e."
Spenser : F. Q., VI. x. 6.
t 2. Of the form bower :
(1) Lit. : To embower, to enclose and shade
with branches or foliage.
" Know ye it, brethren ! where bower'd it lies
Under the purple of southern skies V "
Bemans: A Voyager's Bremn of Land.
(2) Fig. : To enclose.
" Thou didst bower the spirit of a fiend
In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh."
Sliakesp. : JiuTneo and Juliet, iii. 2.
B. Intrans. . To grow, to dwell upon, to
repose upon.
" Which though it on a lowly stjilke doe bowre."
Spenser : F. q , VI. i. 4.
B^'-er-bah-ki-a, s. [From Ur. J. S.
Bowerbank, an eminent naturalist, who
flourislied in the middle of the 19th century.]
Zool. : A genus of Ascidioid Polyzoa, be-
longing to the family Vesiculariada;. B. im-
hricata is found abundantly on the chains of
the steam-ferries at Southampton and Ports-
mouth. (Johnston: Brit. Zooph.)
bow'-ered, pa. par. & a. [Bower, v.J
[A corruption of Eng. hoor
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se
sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
, oe = e. ey = a. qu — kw.
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bowering— bowline
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tbtf^'-er-ing, pr, par. & a. [Bower, <;.]
'■ He keeps n. gnnleu where the spices breathe,
Its bowering bonlerskiss the vale beneath."
PLLrneU: The Gift of Poetry.
t biSw'-er-y, a. & s. [Pnun Eiig. hou-er ; -y.]
A. As adj. : Full of bowers, abouinlini^ in
bowers, elmraeterised by the prevalence of
bowers.
" More happy ! lakl where trees with trees eiit ^iiiVl
III bower.'/ iirches tit;ii)l)le tu the whiil."
Itrii'inu: h'ljix-. (a .Mr. E. J-'e/itou.
" Laiulakips how gay the b'lw ri/ trottw yields,
Which thought c-reatea, ami livvish fauuy IjuiUls ! "
Tickell.
" Distracted wauders now the bowery walk."
Thomson: .'•ieusoiis ; Sprtiiff, 516.
B. ^s siibst. : A free translation by an Eng-
lish wit of Prairial (Hay Harvest), the 9tJi
month of the French Republican year.
t b6w'-ess, * b6^'-er, * bdw'-et, s. [From
hotigh, s., orig. with siiff. -er, nftti clianged to
the feniinine form -ess, frnni tlic fart tlnit the
females of birds of the Falcon fiimily are best
for sporting jiurposes.]
Falconry : A young hawk when it begins to
get out of the nest. It is called also boivct.
[Brancher(2).]
btfw -et (1), o. [BOWESS. ]
b6^'-et (2), ■'•bow-ett (0. Eng.), «. A lan-
tern. [BuAT.] {Scotch.)
" [BouGE.] To swell out.
biS^ge (1),
[Bulge.]
biS^ge (2), v.t [BiLOE.] To cause to bilge,
to perforate ; as, to bowge a ship.
" So offensive and dangerous to bowge and pierce any
euemie ship which they do encounter."— i^oi/a/id.
b<J^ge, s. [From Lat. bulga.] A leathern
knapsack.
" Bowge. Balga." — Prompt. Parv.
b6^'-ger, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The puffin,
or coulter-neb ; a bird, Alca arctica {Linn.).
" The Dowger, ao called by thoae in St. Kilda, Coulter
Neb, Viy those on the Farn Islands, and in Cumwall,
Pipe, is of the size of a pigeon."— ^l/a7'((n,- St. KiUta,
p. y4.
*bdw'-gle» ^bu-gill, s. [O. Fr. hngU ; Lat.
hucuhts^^a. young bullock, a steer, Biniin.
of 60s = an ox.] A wild ox. {Scotch.)
" And lat no bowgle with his buateous homis
The ineik pinch ox oppress, fur all his pryd.'*
Dunbar : Thistle aiul Rose, at. 16.
btf^'-ie, * b6^'-y, s. [Fr. huie = a water-
pot, a pitcher {Cotg.).']
1. A cask with the head taken out. {Scotch.)
" God knows, our bowie-i, and our pipkins, and our
draps o" niilk, and our bits o' bread, are nearer and
dearei- to us than the bread of life."— iScoK.- Heart of
JfUllothiiin, ch. xiv.
2. A small washing-tub.
"Item, aue cryt bowie, ourgilt.— Item, ane grj-t
watter pott,— Item, aue gryt bowy."—Coll. q/" Inven-
tories, 71, 72.
3. A milk-pail.
" To bear the milk bougie no pain was to me,
When I at the bughting forgatherd with thee."
Ramsay : Poems, ii. 105.
bow'-ie, «. [Named after Bowie, its inventor.]
bowie-knife, s. A weapon used in tlie
south and south-west parts of the United
States.
b6^'-ie-fu, s. [Scotch howie, s. (q.v.), and
fu = Eng. full] {Scotch.)
1. The fill of a small tub or dish.
" Thar botoiefu's o' kail, fu' Strang,"
Rev. J. Nicol : Poems, i. 143
2. The fill of a broad shallow dish ; specially
one for holding milk.
" Davie brought me a hale bowi^u milk."— Brownie
of Bodsbech, ii. 45
"'Davie's Pate,' said he, *niak that bowiefu u'
cauld plovers change iilaces wi' yon sau^faut in-
stantly.' "—Perils of Jfan, 1. 30.
hS^'-iv^ (1), pr. par., w., & s. [Bow, v.]
A. & B. As pr. ijar. <& partieip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As suhst. : The act of bending, causing
to stoop, or stooping.
"... was that himself should obtain grace by the
bowing of his ki.^'es to God."— Uooker : £ccl. Pol, bk.
v., ch. Ixvi,, § 9,
bow'-ing (2), a. [From &ow (2) (q.v,).]
1. Music :
(1) The act or art of managing the br.w
in playing on stringed instruments so as not
only to bring out the best tone tlie instru-
ment is culpable of, but also so to jthrase the
passages played that the be^^t possible cha-
racter may be impai-ted to the music. {Stamer
& Barrrtf.)
(2) The particular manner in which a phrase
or passage is to be executed, and the sign by
which such a manner is usually marked.
{Grove : Diet. Alusic.)
2. Hat-making : \ mode of separating the
filaments of feltmg-far, and distributing them
lightly in an openwork frame, called a basket.
The oval sheet of fur thus obtained is worked
by pressure, and a rubbing jerking motion,
which causes the fibres to interlace (felt), so
that the sheet of na]>ping can be handled and
shaped by the succeeding processes. {Knight.)
'bdw'-ing-ly, cti/c. [Eng. ftowinj/ ,- -ly.] Ina
Ijowing manner, so as to bend. {Huloet.)
" bow'-It, a. [From bow {2), and 0. Scotch
suffix -it = Eng. -ed.] (.•Scotch ) Provided with
bows.
Bowit and schoffit : [Scliajfit is from sheaf, in
the sense of a " sheaf " of arrows.] Provided
with bows and arrows.
" Bot all vthiryeineu of the realme betuixt xvj. and
sexty yens salbe sufficiaudly bowU and sdiaffU, with
suerde, buklare, and knyfe. "— /"tf W. Ja. L, A. 1425,
p. li>,
^bdw'-it, pa, par. [Etym. doubtful. It may
be bowit (i) = furnished with a bow. Jamie-
sou thinks it may be a figurati\'e use of Dut.
boitwen = to build.] Furnished with a bow (?).
Secured, enlisted. {Jamivion.)
" Sen thay ai' bowit and bruderit in our band."
Sege Mdin. Caste!, Poems l6Ch Cent., p. 2B9.
bowk, v.i. [BoLK, Belch.] To belch.
bo^k, bouk, 5. [Bulk.] Bulk, body. {0.
Eng. cC- Scotch.)
" . . . . and down fell the burdaue wi' a' his bowk
abuue me." — ScoCt : Bride of l^ammermoor, ch. xxiv.
* b6\*rk'-ing, s. [Bucking.] The process of
boiling in an alkaline lye in akier. [Bucking.]
bowl (1), *bolle, a. & a. [A.S. bolUi = SLT\y
round vessel, cup, pot, bowl, or measure ;
Icel. bolli ; O. Dut. ftoZZe = bowl ; O. H. Ger.
yolla ; Gael. hoi. Akin to howl (2) (q.v.).]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A hollow vessel for holding liquids. It
is shaped like the lower part of a cone re-
versed in position. Its depth is less in pro-
poi-tion to its wiilth than is the case in a cup,
whieh it also, as a nUe, exceeds in size.
[Wassail-bowl.]
" Where wine and spices richly steep,
In massive bowl of silver deep."
Scott : Jlarmion, i. 30.
2. The hollow part or concavity of any-
tiiing. Used for the hollow part or concavity —
■* (1) Of a scale.
" Bolle of a balaunce, or skole {scoole, H.). Lanx,
Cath." — Prompt. Parv.
t (2) Of a spoon.
" If you are allowed a large silver spoon for the
kitchen, let half the bowl of it oe worn out by constant
scraping. "—Swift.
(3) Of a pipe.
" And whene^'e^ the old man paused, a eleam
From the bowl of his pipe would awhile illume
The silent group in the twilight gloom.')
Longfellow ■ Tlie Bailding of 'the Ship.
*(4-) Of a basin or fountain for containing
water.
"But tlie main matter is bo to convey the water, as
it never stay either in the bowl or in the cistern."—
Bacon.
(5) Of a pint stoup. {Scotch.) [Boul.]
II. Scripture : The calyx of a flower or its
representation in architecture.
" Three bowls made like unto .%luionds. with a knop
and a flower in one branch ; nnd three bowls made like
almonds in the other branch."— £jrot(. xxv. H3.
B, As adjective: Designed for the manu-
facture of bowls.
bowl-machine^ ^■. A machine for making
wooden bowls.
bowl (2), *bowle {Eng.), hool {Scotch), s. &
a. [From Fi-. bonle = a ball, a bowl, a globe,
a sphere, a marble, a taw ; Prov., Sp., & Port.
bola ; Dut. bol ; Lat. bulla — {I) a bubble,
(2) a boss.] [Boil, Bowl (1).]
A. .4s substantice :
I. Ordinary Langiiage :
(i) Literally :
1. Gen. : A ball of any material for rolling
along a level surface in play. [
" Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground,
I've tumbled past the throw. '
Shakes p. : Cor-iol., v. 2.
"Madam, we'll play at bowls."— Ibid., Richard I!.,
iii. 4.
2. Spec. . A marble or taw for playing with.
(1) Sing. : A single marble.
(2) Plural :
(a) Marbles taken coUectiVely.
{b) The game of marbles.
(ii) Fig. : An old person of much rotundity.
{Contcinptiiottsly.) {Scot<!h.)
" Some said he was a camsheugh bool."
A. fVUson: />oe»/w (1790), p. 203.
^ In this sense it is often conjoined with
au^cZ = old. An auld boolean old fellow.
{Jcnnieson.)
II. Tech. Knitting-machine : A roller or
anti-frictiou wheel, on which the carriage
traverses. A "truck," in Nottingham par-
lance.
B. --Is adjective: Designed for bowls, in
w^hich bowls are iilayed.
* bowl - alley, s. [Bowling-alley.]
{Earle : Microcosmographla.)
bowl, * bow-lyn, v.t. & i. [From bowl (2), s.]
A. Transitive:
1. To roll as a bowl.
2. To pelt with anything rolled.
" Alas 1 I hiui rather be set quick i' the earth,
Aiid bowl'd to death with turnipa."
Sliakesp. : Jler. Wii^es, lii. 4.
B. Intransitive :
1. To roll a ball or bowl on a level plane.
2. To play a game at bowls.
—Shakesp. : Love's Labour
3. To move along smoothly and rapidly like
a bowl or ball. (Generally followed hy along.)
C. In special p/ivTw^«. ■ Cricket :
1. To bowl, v.t. & i. : To deliver the ball at
the striker's wieket. (See ex, under bowler.)
2. To bowl, or bowl out, v.t. : To put out the
striker by bowling down his wicket. (For
example see bowler.)
* bow'-land, a. [Probably the northern form
of pr. i)ar. of the verb Bowl ; cf. glitterand,
trenchand.] Hooked, crooked.
" Witli handls like to bowland hirdis clews^"
Doug. : Virgil, 74, 52
*" bowl'-der, s. [Boulder.]
■^ bowlder-stone, ». [Boulder-stone.]
"^^ bowlder-iirall, *. [ Boulder- wall. ]
bowled, pa. par. & a. [Bowl, v.]
bo'wl-er, s. [Eng, bowl; -er.]
1. Gen. : One who plays at bowls,
" Who can reasonably think it to be a commendable
calling, for any man to be a profest bowler, or .archer
or gamester, and nothuig elser"— B;j, Sanderson:
Serm,., p. 217.
2. Cricket: One who delivers the ball or
bowls.
"Five bowfcrs were engaged . . . who bowled 66
overs and three balls for 72 runs."- rijjies, Aug. 26th,
t bow'-less, a. [Eng. how, and suff. -less.]
Without a bow.
^ b6^'-lie. * b<S^'-ly, * b6o -lie, a. [in
Ger. 6wcA:e;igr = crook-backed, humpbacked;
Dan. bugle, hide = a sweUing, a tumour ]
Crooked, deformed.
"That duck was the first of the kind we had ever
seen ; and many thought it was of the goose species,
only With short bowly legs."— ^ an. of the Par., p. lai,
bowlie-backit, boolie - backit, a.
Humpbacked. (Often used of one whosu
• shoulders are very round.)
bow'-line. ^ bow -ling {Eng.), bou-lene
{bcoteh), s. & a, [From Eng. bow, and line
{Img is simply a corruption of line) ; Icel.
hdglina = howline ; Svf.bogliiio, boUna ; Dan.
bouline, hongline ; Dut. boelijn, boeglijin ; Ger
boleme; Fr. bouline; Sp., Port., & Ital. boHna.]
A. As substantive :
Nautical :
^ 1, Originally : The line of the bow or bend.
^ 2. Next : A slanting sail to receive a side
wind.
bito, b^; poiit, j6t^1; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion=:zhun. -tious. -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -gle, &c. =bel, gel.
656
bowling— bowwow
3. i^'rnn : A rope fastened to the middle part
of till' outside of a sail, and designed to make
the sail .stand sliarp or close to tlie wind. It
is fastened to three or four parts of the sail,
whicli are called the hovMnrj -bridles (q..v.)-
•[ On a hov'Hnc: Sailing close, or close-
hauled to the wind.
B. As adjective: Designed
for a bowline, used in con-
nection with a bowline, or
in any other way pertaining
to a bowline.
"bowline-bridle, s.
Ktiut : The span which
-connects the bowline to
several cringles on the leech
of a square sail.
bowline-knot, a. bowline kxut.
Nant. : A peculiar knot
by which the bowline-bridles are fastened to
the cringles.
bow'-ling, pr. 2Mr., u., & s. [Bowl, v.]
A. & B. As 2J''?se«i ixirtlcij'h & •participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to tliose of
the verb.
C. As s'distcnitive :
1. The act of throwing bowls or playing at
bowls. (The Act 8 and 9 Vict, c. 109, ren-
dered it legal.)
"This wise gfime of bowling doth make the fathera
aurpasse theiv children in ajnah toyes and most deh-
cate dogti-ickes. As fli-st for the postures. 1. Handle
your bowle. 2. Advance your Itnwie. 3, Oliarge your
bowle. 4. Aynie your bowle. 5. Discharge your bowle.
6. Plye your bowle ; in which Ijist posture of plying
your bowle you shall iierceive mauy varieties and
divisions, as wringing of the necke, lifting up of the
sliouhlera, clapping of the hands, lying downe of one
side, running after the bowle, making long dutifull
.scrapes .md legs, &c." — John Taylor: Wit and Mirth
(1629). sign. D, 8, b.
" Many other sports and recreations there be much
in use, as ringing, bowling, shuoting." — Burton : A>iat.
of Mel., 266.
2. The act of delivering a ball at cricket.
3. The "long-bowling" described by Strutt
is evidently the game now cfl.Ued skittles.
(Narcs.)
bowling-alley, s. A covered space,
called also a bowl-alley, provided with a
passage or alley of smooth planking on which
.to roll the balls, used for the game of bowls
when a bowling-green is unobtainable. Such
an alley was commonly attached to mansion-
houses.
bowling-green, s. A green, or level
piece of greensward or other ground kept
.smooth for bowlers.
"... and, on tine evenings, the fiddles wore in
attendance, and there were morris dances on the
.elastic turf of the bowling green." — Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ch. iii,
bowling-ground, s. Ground for bowl-
ing. A more general word than howling-green.
"That (for six of the nine acres) is counted the
subtlest bowling-ground in all Tartiiry," — B. Joiison:
Mos<iues.
"^ bowlne, pa. par. The same as tolne (q. v.).
bowlf, s. pi. [Bowl (2).]
Ijow'-man (1), s. [Eng. how (2), s. ; and t)w»i.]
One who shoots with a bow, an archer.
" The whole city shall flee, for the noise of the horse-
men and bowmen." — Jer. iv. 29.
bo^'-man (2), s. [Eng. how (3), s., and '>nan.]
The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat.
^ Bowman's root :
Bot. : (1) An onagraceous plant, Isnardia
alternifolia.
(2) A rosaceous plant, Gillenia trifoliata.
{America n. .) {Treas. of J'''>t.)
i 'b6^^m, t bd^ne, "* bowune, a. [Boon, a.]
t btf^Ti, t bd^ne, t bo^n, "^ bon, v.t. & ;.
[From hnvn, boun,a.. (q.v,).] [Boun, Bown.]
A, Trans. : To prepare. (Not extinct, but
£till used in pi.n^-try referring to bygone times.)
^ Sometimes it is reflective.
" Before some chieftain of degree,
Wlio left the royal revelry
To bowne him for the war."
Scott : Marmlon, v, 20.
"B, In trim.?. : To hasten, to hurry.
" Su iiiouriieil he till Lord Dncre's band
\\"f re bowning back to Cumberland."
ticott: La;/ of the Uint Mnis'rel, v. 30.
*b6^nd. T.i. [From 0. Eng. hown, v. = to
j^repare.] To lead by a direct course.
" And tiLUght the way that doea t» heaven hownd."
Upeiiaer : F. <l., I, x. 67.
- bdwnde, s. [Bound (1), s.]
" Bownde. or marke. Meta, limes." — Prompt. Parv
bow'-net, bow net, s. [Eng. hoio ; net.
From A.S. hoganct ; Irom hoga = a bow, an
arch ; and net.] A kind of wicker basket,
with another one inside it, used for catching
lobsters and crawfish. There is a li]i to pre-
vent the return of the entrapped crustaceans.
It is called also a bow-wheel. (Todd.)
"* bdwn'-te, s. [Bounty.] (Barbour : Tlie
Bruce, viii. 23.)
' bowr, s. [From Eng. how — to bend, and
suffix -cr.'] The muscle which bends the
shoulder ; a muscle of the shoulder. fBowEn
(3).]
^ bdwre, .>. [Bower.]
''^' b6w'-rug-ie, s. [A corruption of Fr. hovr-
geois.'] Burgesses, the third estate in a Par-
liament or Convention. (Scotch.)
" Assemblit ther clerk, barown, and botortigie."
Wallace, viii. 4, J/S. {Jam/eson.)
'^ bows, s. p>^- Sugar-tongs. [Bow.] (Scotch.)
"^ bdwse, "' bouse, v.i. [Booze.]
1. Ord. Lang. : To booze, to bonze, to ca-
rouse. [Booze.]
2. Naut. : To pull, to haul, to haul upon.
1[ (1) To bowse away : To pull all together.
(2) To bowse upon a tuck : To pull in a par-
ticular direction.
bow'-shot (Eng.), ^ bd^'-schote (Scotch),
s. [Eng. bow; shot. In Dut. boogschot.] The
di.stance wliicli an arrow propelled from a bow
traverses before coming to the ground.
" . . . . and sat her down over against him a good
way ofT, as it were a bow-shot," — Gen, xxi. 16.
" Three bowshots &ir.
Paused the deep front of England's war."
Scott ; Lord of the Isles, vi. 13.
bo^'-§ie, a. [From Fr. bossu ~ humpbacked,
hunchbacked.] Crooked. (Scotch.) (Jamie-
son.)
bd^'-sprit, bolt-sprit, s. [In Sw. hogsprol;
(N. H.) Ger. hvgspriet, hogsprlct; L. Ger. bog-
sjyret ; Dut. hoeg^n-iet, from &oe^ =the bow of
a ship, and spriet = Eng. sprit. Boltsprit is
corrupted from bovjsprit. In Johnson's time,
however, it was the more common form of the
word. ]
Nmit. : A spar projecting forward from the
l)Ows of a vessel. It supports the jib-boom and
flying iib-boom, and to the bowsprit and tliese
EOWSPniT.
spars the fore-stay, fore topmast-stay, &c., are
secured. It is tied down by the bobstays and
by the gammoning. It is stayed laterally by
the bowsprit-shrouds. It rests upon the stem
and the apron. The part which rests on the
stem is the bed ; the inner part from that
point is the housing ; the inner end is the
heel ; the outer end the head or bees-seating.
The gammoning is the lashing by whicli the
bowsprit is secured to the knee of the head.
The martingale [Martingale] is a si>ar de-
pending from the bowsprit end. and is used
for ree^'ing the stays. The heel-chain is for
holding out the jib-boom, and the cruppei'-
chain for lashing it down to the bowsprit.
The bowsprit has heel, head, fiddle or bees,
chock, gammoning, bobstays, shrouds, mar-
tingale, and dolphin-striker. Bowsprits are
standing, that is, permanent, as in large
vessels or sloops ; or running-in bowsprits,
as in cutters. (K)ught.)
■*■ bdws'-sen, v.t. [Booze.] To drench, to soak.
" The water fell into a close walled plot; upon this
wall was the frantick person set, and from thence
tumbled headlong into the pond; where a strong
fellow tossed liini up and down, until the patient, by
forojSoiiig his strength, bad somewhat foi-got bis fury :
but if thLTf a])peared Bmall amendment, ho was bows-
soied again and again, while there rem.ained in him
any hope of life fur recovery."— Cto-ew ; Sui-v. of
Corn w.
b^w'-ster, b6\*r'-star, s. [Bolster.] i^Tar-
ras: Poems,]). 74.) {Jamieson.)
* bow'-sting, s, [From Eng. ho i'.- ; and Scotch
sting.] A pole to be used as a bow.
" Valit [i.p., picked] bowslingis. price of the scoir
vi lb. Scottis money." — Aberd. iieg.. A, 1551, v il,
bow'-String, s. & a. [Eng. hov: ; string.]
A, As subst. : The string of a bow.
1. Literally :
" Sound will be conveye<l to the e.ir by striking on
a bowetring, if the horn of the bow be held to the ear."
Sacoii.
" The bovhRtring twang'd ; nor flew the shaft in vain."
Po2)e ; Boiner's Iliad, bk. xi., 4BL
2. Figuratively :
" He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's bow-string, and
the little haugman dare not shoot at him."— Shatcesp. :
Much Ado, ill. 2.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to tlie strirg of a
bow, resembling the string of a )jow. (See
the compounds.)
bowstring-bridge, s.
Arch. : A bridge in whicli the horizontal
thrust of the arch or trussed beam is resisted
by means of a horizontal tie attached as nearly
as possible to tlie chord-lhie of the arcli.
(Knight. )
bowstring-girder, 5.
Arch. : An arched beam resisting thrust ; a
horizontal tie resisting tension and holding
together the ends of the arched rib ; a series
of vertical suspending bars by wliich the
platform is hung from the arched rib ; and a
series of diagonal braces between the siis-
liending bars. (Knight.)
bowstring-hemp, s. [So called liecause
the fibres of the leaves are used for bow-
strings by the natives of the country wliere
they grow. ]
Bot. : An English name for Sanseviera, a
genus of LiliaceHj. It is called also African
Hemx:i. The species are stemless perennials,
with whitish or yellowish green clusters of
flowers. They occur in Africa and Southern
Asia. Sanseviera Boxburghiana is the Muorva
or Marvel of India, the fibres of which are
used iu the manufacture of string.
bow'-String, v.t. [From hoicstring, s. (q.v.).]
To strangle by means of a bowstring. (Web-
ster.)
t bow'-Stringed, pa. par. & 0. [Bowstring,
v.]
A, As past participle. (See the verb.)
B. As participial adjective : Furnished with
a bowstring. (Edinhvrgh llecicw.)
* b6\t^~suni, '-1. [Buxom.] (Scotch.)
' bow'-sum-nes, *b6w'-sun-es, «: [Bux-
OMNESS.] (Scotch.)
bo^'-?3^, a. [Bo us v.]
b<S^t (1), bdwtt, s. [Bolt.] A bolt. (Scutrh.)
", , . . and sex ivne bowttis." — Inventories, A. 1530,
p. 300.
"A foora bowt is soon shot."— Ramsay : S. Prop.,
p, 10. iJaTUieson.)
bowt (2), 5. [Bout (1),] As much worsted as
is wound upon a clue, while the clue is held iu
one position.
" Jiowt of worried."— Abcrd. Reg.
b^T^^'t, Jia ;>«'"■ [Bowit.] (Burns: Halt owcen.)
bo^'-tel, btfM^'-tell, s [Etym. doubtful.
The first element is said to be Eng. bolt (1). 1
Architecture :
1. Generally of the fo'nn bowtel : Tin.- shaft
of a clustered pillar ; a shaft attached to ths
jambs of a door or window,
2. Genendly of the foi~ni bowtell : A plain
circular moulding.
bo^'-ting, a. [From bout (1), (q.v,).]
bowting-claith, s. Cloth of a thin
texture. [Boutclaith, Boltinc-clotu.]
bow'-wood, .9. [Eng. bovj ; vjood.]
Bot. : (1) Centanrca nigra, (■!) Cciitovrco
scdbiosa. (Ger. App.)
bo^'-w6\^, s. & a. [Imitated from the bark-
ing of a dog.]
A. As substantive :
1. The sounds emitted by a dog in barking.
2. A highly expressive but ludicrous appel-
lation for the dog itself.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e ; ey — a, qu = kw.
bowyer— box
657
" Nor aome reproof yourself refuse
From your aggrieved bout-wow."
Cowper: On a Spaniel called Beau; Beau's lirpl if.
B. ^« adjective : Relating to the sounds
emitted by a dog, or to anything similar.
If Pkihl. Tlhe. bow-wow theory of the origin
of language : A ludicrous name given by Prof.
Max Miiller to the philological theory that the
several languages, or at least the primitive
one, originated from the Imitation of the
sounds emitted by animals or the other
sounds of nature. He shows that -while there
was undoiibtedly such an origin to a few
words, cuckoo for instance, the immense ma-
jority of the vocables in every known lan-
guage had a diflferent origin. Another theory,
that which teaches that the original words
were interjections, is similarly derided as the
pooh-pooh theory. {Science of Lang. (1801),
p. 344, &c.)
bow'-yer, *bow-yere, * bower, s. & a.
[From Eng. bow, and suffix -yer, the same
which exists in lawyer.]
A. As substantive :
1. An archer, one who uses the bow as his
weapon of war or for amusement.
" Bowyere (bowt/ere, P.), Arcuarlug, arcJiUenens,
Diet."— Prompt. Parv.
2. One whose trade it is to make bows.
" Good bowB aud shafts shall be Ijetter known, to the
commodity of shooters ; and good shooting may, pei-
chance, be more occupied, to the profit of all bowyers
and fleichers." — Ascayn: ToxophUus.
3. Boioyer's musta.rd : [A corruption of
Boor's Mustard.] A plant, Thkt^pi orvcnse.
*\ The Bowyers were formerly one of the
London City Companies.
B. As adjective :
1. Of a single person : Skilled in archery.
" Call for vengeance from the bowyer king."
DryUen : Homer ; Iliad i.
2. Of aggregations of persons : Consisting of
archers.
" When, with his Norman bowyer hand,
He came to waste Northumberland."
Scott : Marmion, ii. 15.
box (1), v.t. & i. [In Icel. hyxa ; Dut. boksen.
Skeat considers this to be from Dan. baske =
to beat, strike, or cudgel ; Sw. hasa = to
baste, to whip, to beat, to flay, to lash. He
considers it another form of posh. ] [Box (1),
s., Baste, Fash.]
A. Transitive. Of persons : To strike witli
the clenclied fist.
" CleoxHitra waa in such a rage with him, that she
flew upon him, and took him by the hair of the head,
mid boxed him well-favouredly." — yorth: Plutarch,
p. 783.
B. Intransitive :
1. Of persons: To engage in a pugilistic en-
counter.
" And tells them, aa he strokes their silver locks.
That they must soon learu Latin, aud to box."
Cowper: Tirocinium.
2. Ofaninuxls : To strike with the paw.
" A leopard is like a cat ; he boxes with his forefeet,
as a cat tfoth her kitlins."— Grew.
box (2), v.t. [From box (3), s. (q.v.).]
1. To enclose in a box,
2. To enclose or confine in anything box-
like.
" Box^d in a chair, the beau impatient sits.
While spouts run ulatt'ring o er the roof by fits. "
Svn/t.
3. To furnish with boxes; as, "to box a
wheel. "
4. To wainscot, to pannel with wood.
(Scotch. ) (Jamieson. )
^ (1) To box a tree : To make an incision
into it with the view of obtaining its sap.
(2) To box of: To divide into tight com-
partments.
box (3), v.t. [From Sp. boxar=. to compass
about. ]
Nautical :
1. To turn the head of a vessel to larboard
or starboard by bracing the headyards aback.
2. To name all round. (Only in the phrase
which follows.)
^ To box the compass : To name the points
of the compass in their order all round.
box (1), *b6xe (1), s. [From box (1). v. (q.v.).
In Dan. bask = a stripe, a blow ; Sw. has —
a whipping, a beating, a flogging.] [Box (1).]
A blow ^ven with the hand. (Much used
formerly in the phrase, "box of the ear;"
now, " box on the ear" is the expression em-
ployed.)
" For the box o' th' ear that the prince gave you, he
gave it like a rude ^Tiuce."—Skakesp. : 2 1/en. J F'., i. 2.
"There may happen concussions of the brain from a
box on the ear."— tViseman : Surgery.
box (2) *boxe(2), s. & a. [A.S. Mx, box =
the box-tree (Somner) ; Dut. boks ; Ger. buchs;
Lat. huxus, bvxnm ; Gr. ttu^os (puxos) = the
box-tree, spec, the pale evergreen species.]
A. As substantive :
1. Orel. Lang. & Bot. : The English name of
Buxus, a genus of plants belonging to the
order Euphorbiaceae (Spurgeworts). The com-
mon box-tree is Buxus sempervirens. In its
wild state it is ;i small tree, which may still
occasionally be seen growing on dry, chalky
hills in the south of England. It occurs also
on the European continent, in Asia, and even
in America. It is au evergreen. A dwarf
variety of the box is used as an edging in
gardens. The leaves of the box are said to be
poisonous to the camels which eat them ; the
seeds have been used in intermittent fevers
and some other diseases. [Bcxus. ]
2. Ichthyol. . A fish of the family Sparidee.
% (1) Bastard box: A Milkwort, Polygala
chamiebvj^us.
(2) Dwarf box : The small variety of the
box used for edgings in gardens. (Lyte.)
(3) f!rey box : The name given in the Aus-
tralian colony of Victoria to a Myri:aceous
plant, Eucalyptus dsalbata.
(4) Ground box: The same as Dwarf Box
(q-v.).
(5) Prickly box : An abnormal liliaceous
plant, Ruscus aculeatus. It grows in Epping
Forest.
(6) Red box : The name given in New South
Wales to Lophostemon australis.
(7) Sjmrious box : The name given in Victoria
to the Exicalyptus Imcoxylon.
(8) Tasman ian box : Barsaria spinosa.
B, As oxViective : Consisting of box, made of
box, resembling box.
box-elder, box elder, s. The English
name of Negundium, a genus of plants belong-
ing to tliH order Aceracea; (Maples). It re-
sembles Acer, but has pinnate leaves. The
Ash-leaved Box-elder, Negundium america-
nwm, rises to the height of thirtj-live feet,
and is an ornamental tree.
box-holly, box holly, s. A name for
Ruscus aculeatus. [Prickly Box.]
box-slip, 5.
Carpenter's tools: A slip of box inlaid in the
beechwood of a tongueing, grooving, or mould-
ing plane, in order that the edge or the quirk
may possess greater durability. The edges
and quirks are rabbets or projections, which
act as fences or gages for depth or distance.
(Knight.)
box-thorn, s. The English name of
Lycium, a genus of Solanaceae (Nightshades).
They are ornamental plants. The mllow-
leaved species, Lycium barbarum, so called
because it comes from Barbary, is valuable
for covering nt^ked walls or arbours. The
European box-thorn, L. europoimn, which is
spiny, is used as a hedge-plant in Tuscany.
The small shoots are said to be eaten in Spain
witli oil and vinegar.
box-tree, * box-tre, s. The same as
Box (2), A. (q.v.).
" On a tall box-tree spyd the god of love."
Fawkes: Bion, Idyl. 2.
box (3), *boxe(3), boyste,s. &a. [A.S. box
= a box, a small case or vessel with a cover ;
Dut. bus = a box, an urn, the bowel of a gun ;
(N.H.)Ger. biiclise ; M. H. Ger. biikse; O. H.
Ger. buhsa, puJisa; Low Lat. buxis ; Class.
LaL puxis, pyxis; Gr. Trust's (pi'ris) = a box of
boxwood, or a box in general.] [Pyx.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Lit.: A case made of wood, card-board,
metal, ivory, or any other material, and
generally provided with a lock. It is used to
hold articles securely and in order, and keep
them from dust.
(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
" Box or boyste." — Prompt. Parv,
" Atjout his shelves
A Ijeggarly account of empty boxes."
Shakesp. : Rom. & Jul., v. l.
If For boxes of various kinds, see ballot-box,
hat-box, &c.
(2) Specially :
(a) A case or receptacle into which money
Is put ; more fully called a money-box.
"So many moe, so everie one ■was usetl,
That to give largely to the boxe refused.
Spenser : Mother Hubberds Tale, 122S-4.
(&) The case in which a mariner's compass is
protected from injury.
2. Figuratively :
t (1) Gen. : A small house. {S&inewhat con-
temptuously.)
" Tight boxes neatly sa-shH and in a blaze
With all a July smi's collected rays."
Coioper: lietirement.
(2) Spec. (Shooting-box, Hunting-box, Fishing-
box): A small house to be occupied during
the shooting, hunting, or fishing season.
3. In Theatres, Opera-houses, dtc. :
(1) Originally :
(a) Sing. : A space partitioned off and hold-
ing a certain number of sitters. It is still
used in the same sense in the expressions
private-box, opera-box, stage-box.
(6) Plur. : The aggregate of the partitioned
off' spaces described under (a).
" She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring :
A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing."
Pope .■ £pist. to Mrs. Blount, 53.
(c) The occupants of the portion of a theatre
described under (a).
" Tis left to you ; the boxes and the pit
Are sovereign judges of this sort of wit." Dryden.
(■2) Now : A part of a theatre which they
occupy, or even a part of a theatre in which
the seats are not partitioned off.
II. Technically :
1. Machinery :
(1) A journal-bearing. It usually consists
of two brasses with semi-cylindrical grooves ;
one piece rests upon the journal, which lies
in the other piece, [Cab-axle, Pillow-stock.]
(Knight.)
(2) A chamber in which a valve works.
(3) [Stuffing-box.]
2. Hydraulics :
(1) A pump-bucket ; a hollow plunger with
a lifting- valve.
(2) The upper part of a pump-stock.
3. Locksmithing : The socket on a door-jamb
wliich receives the bolt.
4. Drainage : A drain with a rectangular
section.
5. Tree-tapping : A square notch cut into a
sugar-tree to start and catch the sugar-watier
(in the Western States of America), or the sap
(in the Eastern). It is considered more
wasteful of the timber than 1;apping with the
gouge or the auger. (Knight.)
6. Weaving :
(1) The pulley-case of a draw-loom on which
rest the small rollers for conducting the tail-
cords.
(2) The receptacle for the shuttle at the end
of the shed.
7. Printing: A compartment in a "case"
appropriated to a certain letter.
8. Founding : A flask or frame for sand-
moulding.
9. Vehicles:
(1) The iron bushing of a nave or hub.
(2) The driving-seat of a coach or close
carriage ; also called box-seat.
10. Vice-making : The hollow screw-socket
of a bench-vice.
B. As adjectii^e : Pertaining to, consisting
of, or resembling a box in any of the above
senses.
Box and tap (Machinery) : A device for cut-
ting wood screws for carpenters' benches,
clamps, or bedstead-rails.
box-beam, s.
Metal-working : A beam of iron plates secured
by angle-iron, and having a double web forming
a cell. [GiEDER.]
box-bed, ».
1. A bed, in which the want of roof, curtains,
&c., is entirely supplied by wood. It is en-
closed on sides except in front, where two
sliding panels are used as doors. (Scotdi.)
(Jamieson.)
"Their long course ended, by Noma dra^viog asWe a
sliding pannel, which, opening behind a wooden, or
box-bed, as it is called in Scotland, admitted thein into
an ancient, but very mean aiiartmeut. "—Sco« ■ The
Pirate, ciu xxxviii.
boil, bo^; po^t, j6wl; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f;
.cian, -tian = shan. -t&on, -sion = shun: -tion, -slon = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel del
42
658
boxed— boy
2. A bed resembling a serutoii- or chest of
drawers, in which the canvass and bed-elothes
are folded up during the day. It is called also
a bureau-he(l. (Scotch.)
box-car, &.
Railroad Engineering : A closed car intended
for freight.
box-coupling, s. A metal collar or
small box used to connect two pieces of ma-
chinery. (Ross iter. )
box-days, s. pi.
Scot.s Lata : Two days appointed by the judges
of the Court of Session during the spring
vacation, two during the summer, and one at
Christmas, for the lodgment of papers ap-
pointed by the Lord Ordinary in the previous
session to be deposited in the Court,
box-drain, s.
Hydra%diG Engineering ; An underground
drain built of brick and stone, and of a rect-
angular section.
box-frame, s.
Carjientry: A casing behind the window-
jamb for counterbalance-weights.
box-girder, s.
Arch. : An iron beam made of boiler-plate,
the four sides riveted to angle-iron .
box-iron, s. A hollow smoothing-iron,
heated by a hot iron within.
box-keeper, s. The attendant in a
tlieatre who admits to the boxes.
box-key, s. An upright key used for
turning the nuts of large bolts, or where the
common spanner cannot be applied.
box-lobby, s. The lobby leading to the
boxes in a theatre.
box-lock, s.
I.ocksmithivg : A rim-lock fastened to the
side of a door without mortising.
box-making, o. Making or designed to
make a box.
Box-making Machine, s.
Machinery : A machine in which the bottom,
side, and end pieces are set in phice and their
nails driven by advancing punches, which sink
them into place. (Knight.)
box-metal, s. An alloy of metals used
for bearings. It consists of copper, 32; tin,
5. Strubing's box metal is of zinc, 75; tin,
18 ; lead, 4.5 ; antimony, 2"5.
box-opener, s.
1. Ord. Lang. : A person who opens boxes.
2. Carp. : A tool with a forked claw and a
hammer-head, for tearing open boxes by lifting
their lids, drawing nails, &c. Some combi-
nation tools have also a p'richer and screw-
driver.
box-plaiting, s. A device to fold cloth
alternately. The fold is so formed, that it is
caught and secured by the needle-tliread, and
the material is moved aloiig by the feed for a
new plait.
box-scraper, s.
Carpi. : A tool for erasing names from boxes.
It is a mere scraper with an edge xiresented
obliquely, or works after the manner of a
spoke- shave.
box-setter, s.
Wheelwrighting : A device for setting axle-
boxes in hubs so as to be perfectly true.
box-sextant, s.
Mathe-m.. Instruments : A small sextant in-
closed in a circular frame. Used principally
for triangulating in military reconnaissance,
&;c.
box-slaters, s. pi.
Ord. Lang. & Zool. : An English name for
Jdothea, a genus of Isopodous crustaceans,
iNicholson.)
box-staple, s.
Corp.: The box or keeper on a door-post,
into whirli is shot the bolt of a lock.
box-strap, s.
Machinery : A flat oar, bent at the middle,
to confine a square bolt or similar object.
box-tortoise, i. [So named because the
animal can withdraw the head and limbs with-
in its box-like shell.]
Zool. : Any tortoise of the genus Pyxis.
box-turning, u. Turning, or designed
to turn anything.
Box-turning Machine, s. :
Turnery: A lathe specifically adapted for
turning wooden boxes and lids, for matches,
spices, or other matters. Such lathes have
convenient chncks, rests for the side-turning
and for the bottoming tool which gives the
flat bottom.
boxed (1), pa. par. [Box (1), v.]
boxed (2), pa. par. & a. [Box (2), y.]
boxed-Shutter, s. A shutter which
folds into boxes on the side of the opening
or in the interior face of the wall. (Ogihie.)
'box-en, a. [A.S. hvxen.]
1. Of box ; consisting naturally of box.
2. Made of box.
3. Resembling box.
" Her faded chteka are changed to hoxeti hue."
Dr/jderi : Cryx A Alcj/one.
box'-er (1), 5. [Eng. lax; -er. InDut. bokser.]
One who boxes ; one who fights with his
fists.
" Thrice with an ann, which might have made
The Theban boxer curse his trade."
Churchill : The Ohost, b. iv.
box'-er (2), 5. [From Col. Boxer, R. A., Superin-
tendent of the Laboratory at Woolwich Ar-
senal, who invented the diaphragm shrapnel
in 1852.]
boxer-shrapnel, s.
Ordnance : A shrapnel as modified by the
successive improvements made on it by Col.
Boxer, the shrapnel-shell for breech- loading
and muzzle-loading guns.
" In firing the suh-sequent twelve rounds oi boxer-
shrapnel their destructive effect was fully shown,
especially upon two targets, which were nearly de-
stroyed.'—rimes, Aug. 26th, 1875.
box'-haul, v.t. [From box and haul. (So
called because, in carrying out the evolution,
the head yards are braced aback.)]
Naut. : To make a ship wear or veer short
round on the other tack.
box'-haul-ing, pr. pnr. & s. [Boxhaul.1
Naut. : The art or method of making a
vessel change from one tack to the other
by bracing the yards aback.
bojc-I-a'-na, s. pi. [Formed from Bng. hox-
ing (\), on' analogy of fistiav/i (q.v.).J The
literature of boxing ; noties or anecdotes about
boxers or boxing.
b6x'-i6g (1), pi\ par., ft., & s. [Box (1), -y.]
A. & B, .'1.5. pr. par, & particip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C -4s substantive : The act of fighting with
tlie fists.
boxlng-matcli, s. A match between
two persons who fight each other with fists.
box'-xng (2), p-r. par., »., & s. [Box (2), v.]
A. & B. As pi', par. & particip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
I. The act of enclosing in a box, or con-
fining in any way.
^ 2. The act of cupping a patient.
"Boxing or cupping, . . ."—Citstcll of ffeaZth, 1595.
{HalliweU : Contrib. to Lexicog. )
II, Technically:
1. Joinery: The casing of a wimlow-frame
into whicb inside shutters fold.
2. Shipwriqhting : The scarf-joint uniting
the stem with the keel.
3. Carpentry :
(1) Wains cotting. (Scotch.) (Sir J. Sinclair.)
(2) The fitting of the shoulder of a tniinn
in the surface of the timber, which is mor-
tised for the reception of the tenon.
Jr. Tree-tap] dng : A mode of cutting a dcrp
and hollow notch into sugar or pine trees tn
catch the flow. The noti-li differs in the re-
spective cases, but in each a piece is lioxed
out, and the process thus ditters from the
boring or tapping of the maple and from the
hacking of the j>ine.
1 PL (boxings). Boxings of a windovj : Two
cases, one at the right, the other at the left
side of a window, into which boxed- shutters
are folded.
Boxing-day, Boxing Day, s. The
26th of December, the day after Christmas,
unless when Christmas falls on Waturday'^
in which case Boxing-day is on Monday,
and the Bank Holiday is kept on that day!
Boxing-day is so called because on that day,
in London 'and elsewhere, every person of
respectalile position is applied to by postmen,
newspaper-buys, errand-boys, tradesmen, and
others with whom he may have had dealings
during the year, for " Christmas-boxes," that
is, small Christinas gratuities in ackngwledg-
ment of any services which they may have-
rendered, beyond those which he was entitled
to claim, or any care they may have showK
in doing their ordinary duty.
"The Zoological Gardens had a larger number of
visitui's yesterday than they have ever received on
Boxing-dag."— Times, Dec. 28, 1880,
Boxing-night, Boxing Night, s. The-
night succeeding "Boxing-day," the night in
most years of the 26tli of December. It is
the special night at English theatres for the
production of the Christmas pantomimes.
" box-um, "^ boxome, «. [Buxom.]
*box-uni-ly, adv. [Buxomly.] (William of
Palerne. 332. )
^ box-um-nes, s. [Buxomness.]
box'-wood, 5. & a. [Eng. box (2), s., and
IVQOd. ]
A, As siibstantive : The wood of the box-
tree. It is very hard and smooth, and is not
liable to warp ; hence it is used extensively
by turners, engravers, carvers, flute-makers,
cabinet-makers, &c.
IT (1) American boxwood: A plant,, Cornus
fiorida.
(2) Jamaica boxwood : Teeovia pentaphylla.
B, As culjective : Made of boxwood; resem-
bling boxwood.
boy (1), "" bo^e, * b6ie, 5. & a. [From E. Fries>
boi, boy = a boy ; O. Dut. boef= a boy {Mod.
Dut. boef= a knave, a rogue, a convict) ; IceL
b6fi=a. knave, a rogue; (N. H.) Ger. bube=^
a boy, a lad ; M. H. Ger. hitohe, pube ; Lat.
pupus = a boy, a child. Cf. Sw. pojke= a boy ;
Dan. p)oj = a smutty boy. Cf. also Arm. bugel,.
hiigul = a child, a boy ; Gael, bucach = a boy ;
Wei. bachgen ; Pers. batch; Hindust. ftac/jcfta
= a child. J [Pupil.]
A, As substa7itive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. A male child f)-oni birth to the age of
pubei-ty, especially if he has passed beyond,
the age of infancy ; a lad.
(1) Gen.: In the foregoing sense.
" And the streets of the city shall be full of bogs and
girls playing in the streets thereof." — ZecJi. viii, 5.
(2) Spec. : A page, a young seiwant. (Often
in a somewhat unfavourable sense.)
" 'Mong boys, grooms, and lackeya,"
tihnkesp. : lien, VIII., v. 2.
2. The term is sometimes used of a man.
(Common in Ireland.)
" And reu t on rode with fiowez holde."
Ear. Enq. AlIU. Poe>ns {ed. Morris); Pearl. 80S.
(1) In affectionate familiarity. Thus sea-
men are often addressed by their captain, or
soldiers by their leader when going into
action, as "boys."
"Then to sea, bogs, . . ." — S?iakesp. : Tempest, il. 2.
(2) In contempt for a j'oung man, the term
being intended to reflect upon his immaturity
of character or of judgment.
" Aiif. Name not the god, thou bog of tears !
Cor. Bog ! 0 fclave '
Roy 1 false hoimd !
If you have writ your annals true, 'tis there
That, like an eagle in adove-cote, T
Flutter d your Volscians fn Corioli.
Alone I did it. Bog ! "
Shakesp. : Coriol., v. 6.
''Men of worth and parts will not easily admit the
familiarity of bogs, who yet need the care of a tutor."
II. In special expressions or ji^irases, such as —
(1) Angry hoy : The same as Roaring Boy
" Sir, not so young, but I have heard aome speech
Of the angrg bogs, and seen 'em take tobacco."
Ben Jonson: A/chon,, iiL 4.
(2) Rnaring boy: One of a set of lawless
young men who, during the reign of James I.,
took a ideasure in committing street outrages,
like the Mohawks of a somewhat later time.
They were called also angry boys, terrible boys,
angry roarers, i<r.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, ^here ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, w^ho, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
boy^brabejum
659
"The king mindlug his ffports, many riotous de-
meanours crept into the kingdom ; divers sects of
TJclous persons, going under the title of roaring hoz/n,
liravadoes, roysters, Ac, commit many insolencies." —
Wilson: Life<ifJas. I. i^Yar^s.)
(3) Terrible hoy : The same as Roaring Boy
(q.v.).
"The doubtfulneaa of your plirase, believe it, sir,
would breed you a <iunrrel once an hour with the ter-
rible boys.'' — BenJonson: Epiccene.i. 4.
(4) Boy's Mercury : The female plant of
Mercurialis anmia.
B. As adjective ; Being a boy ; in any way
pertaining or relating to a boy.
"The palte boy senator yet tingling stauda."
Pope : Dunciad, iv. 147.
boy-bishop, s.
Ecclesiol. : A very youthful functionary in
the MediEcval Church, chosen in some, if not
in all, cathedrals on the 6th of December (St.
Nichi>las's-day), and retaining office till Inno-
cents'-day. the 28th of the same month. St.
Nicholas was said to have been deeply pious,
even from infancy. He was, therefore ,
held up as a model for imitation by boys.
The boy-bishop elected on his day was chosen
by the suffrages of children. Once appointed,
he had to "hold up the state of a bishop
answerably, with a crozier or pastoral- staff
in his hand and a miter upon his head." He
was attendcil by a dean and prebendaries, also
children. Puttenham describes him as "a
bishop who goeth about blessing and preach-
ing with such childish terms as maketh the
people laugh at his foolish counterfeit
speeches." He was called also a harm-bishop.
(Old Eng. harm is the same as the Scotch
bairn., meaning a child.) [Nick.]
* boy-blind, a. Blind as a boy, undis-
cemiug.
boy's love, s. A popular name for the
southernwood, Artennisia Abrotanum. [South-
ern wood. 1
boy's play, *boyes-play, s. Play such
as boys engage in, trifling.
*boy(2),s. [Bow.] A bow. {Citevy Cltase, 60.)
bS}tt ^•*- [From hoy, a. (q.v.).]
1. To treat as a boy. {Beaum. & Flet. .-
Knight of Malta, ii. 3.)
2. To act as a boy, in allusion to the practice
of employing boys to act the parts of women
on the early English stage (?). Founded only
on the subjoined example.
"Antony
Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see
Some Bqueakuig Cleopatra boy my greatness."
Shaicesp. : Antony A Cleopatra, v. 2.
Schmidt, in his Shakespeare Lexicon, considers
the word boy as forming, with Cleopatra, a
compound noun, giving this explanation, " I
shall see some boy performing the part of
Cleopatra as my highness."
3. To get with male child. [Girl, v.]
*b^'-ase, ■?. [Eng. hoy; -age.] The condi-
tion of a boy ; youth, boyhood.
b6^-ar, b6i'-ar, s. [Rugs, hojarin; O. Slav.
boljarUi, boljar = a nobleman ; from bolli =
great, illustrious (Afa7»t).]
In Russia: A Russian nobleman, a person
of rank, a soldier ; what in the west would be
called a baron.
b65^-au (au as 6), s. [Fr. boyau = (1) a gut,
(2) a narrow house, an apartment, (3) see def ]
Fortif. : A trench of zigzag form, to avoid
an enfilading fire, leading from one parallel of
attack to another, or to a magazine or other
point. Such trenches are often called boyaus
of cam/in. iiii ication.
B^'-Cott, vj. [Named from Captain Boycott,
of Lough Mask House, in Mayo, land agent
in 1880 to Lord Erne, au Irish nobleman.
The former gentleman having given offence
about agrarian matters to the people among
whom he lived, during the land-agitation of
188G-81, no one would gather in his crops. The
case being reported in the Press, about sixty
Orangemen, belonging to the north of Ireland,
each man carrying a revolver, organised them-
selves into a " Boycott relief expedition," as if
the captain had been a beleaguered British
camp in Afghanistan or Zululand. The
Government gave them a strong escort of
cavalry, besides foot-soldiers and constabu-
lary, artillery also being added on the return
journey. The crops were gathered in and
sent away, and the captain himself brought
off to a region of greater security.]
In Ireland during agrarian excitement: To
put a person outside the pale of the society,
high and low, amid which he lives, and on
which he depends ; socially to outlaw him.
In one form or another similar practices have
been common at all periods of history, in all
parts of the worhl, and in all classes of
society.
-' They advise that men who pay iull rents shall be
Boycotted: nobody is to work for them, nobody is to
sell them anything, nolwdy is to buy anything of
them."— Scotsman, Dec. 4. 1880.
Boy'-cott, s. & a, [From Capt. Boycott.]
[B0\'C0TT, I'.]
A. As suhstaiiiive :
1. The land-agent mentioned in the etym
oi Boycott, V. (q.v.).
2. The act of " Boycotting." [Boycotting.]
" They also do not feel warrfUited in regarding the
threat of Boycott as one which cornea within the
Act, as it does not refer to violence."— rJT)ie«, Dec, 9,
1880; Ireland : The Land Affitatian.
B. As adjective : Pei-taining to Captain Boy-
cott, or arising out of the Boycott case.
" Tlie Boycott police-tax will be levied . . ."—Echo.
Nov. 26, 1880.
Boy'-cot-ted, pa. par. & a. [Boycott, v.]
Boy'-cot-ter, s. [From Eng. proper name
Boycott, and suffix -er.] One who takes part
witli others in putting another outside the
pale of all society.
"The Boycotters have obtained a victory.'— r/iM^s.
Dec. 16, 1880 ; Ireland.
Boy'-cot-ting, pr. par. & s. [Boycott, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As subst. : The act of socially outlawing
one. [Boycott, v.]
"The system nf Boycotlinfi is carried out nuTe ex-
tensively in the country."— rtmes, Dec. 16, 188ij. [The
Land Agitation : Ireland.)
Boy'-cot-ti^tm, s. [Eng. proper nameBoyo'tt ;
-ism.] The plan of operations carried on
against Captain Boycott. [Boycott, v.]
" The latest victim of Bo.vco(fwm is Mrs. . . , who
refused to accept rents from her tenants at Griffith's
valuation."— fic/w, Dec. 7, 1880 : Tlic State qf Ireland.
* b^'-de-kyn, o>. [Bodkin.] (Chancer : C. T.,
3,958.)
bo'-yer, s. [Fr. hoyer ; Dut. hoeijer ; Ger.
bojer; from boje — a buoy, which these vessels
were used for l;iying.] [Buoy.]
Natit. : A Flemish sloop with a castle at
each end.
* b6y'-er-y, s. [From Eng. 601/; -ery.] Boy-
hood.
"They called the children that were past infant;y
two years, Irene : and the greatest boyes, Melirenes ;
as who would say, ready to go out of boyory. Tlie boy
who was made overseer of them was commonly twenty
years of ^e," — iVorth : Plutarch, p. -12.
•[ Probably not intended by Noi-th for per-
manency in the English tongue.
bo^'-hood, s. [From boy, and suffix -hood.]
The state of being a boy ; the time of life at
which one is appropriately called a boy.
^ Johnson, quoting an example from Swift,
says, "This is, perhap.*!, an arbitrary word."
It is now firmly rooted in the language.
"* boy-is, s. i'l [In O. Fr. buie = a fetter ; Ital.
boia.] Gyves.
" In pnesoune, fetterd with b'^i/is eittaud."
Barbour ■ TJie Bruce, x. "63.
b6^'-ish, a. [Eng. hoy; -ish.] Characteristic
of a bny ; suitable to a boy ; puerile, trifling.
'■ la his a boyish faidt, that you should deem
A whiping, meet and ample punishment,"
Beaumont : Psyche, c 13, s. 239.
b6y'-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. hoyish ; -ly.] In a
boyish manner ; as a boy is accustomed to do.
(■Johnson.)
boy'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. hoyinh; -ness.] The
quality of being boyish ; the behaviour of a
boy, puerility. (Johnson.)
" bo^-ism, *- ['Eng.boy; -ism.] Puerility.
■' He had complained he was farther off by being so
near, and a thousand such boyisms, which Chaucer re-
jected as below the subject." — Dryden : Pref. to FabUs.
t boy'-kin, s. [Eng. hoy ; and dim. suff. -l-in ]
A little boy. (Used as a term of atfectioii.)
" Where's my boykln } "
Brome : New Academy, i. 1.
Beyle's law. [Law.]
t bo^'-ship, s- [Eng. hoy; and suffix -ship.]
A dignified title of mock respect for a boy.
" Or must hie boysJiip prey
On all uTiT seniorities'/"
Beaumont : Psyche, 1. f 5.
"boyste, s. [BoisT.]
*boy'-Ston, «.i [0. Eng., from hoist.]
0. Med, : To use a. cupping-glass. [Ble-
DYNGE BOYSTE.]
" Boyston. Scaro, ventoso."— Prompt. Parv.
* boy's'-tous, * bous-tous, * boystoyse
tt. [Boistous.]
* b6^'-stous-hesse, *boys-towes-nesse,
S. [BOISTOUSNESS.)
" Boystouiesnesse {boystousne'^i'\ P. ). Ruditas."—
Prompt. Pan:
'^boys-tows, Q. [Boistous.]
" Boystows. Rudis."— Prompt. Parv.
* boystows garment, ^. A cloak for
rainy weather.
" Boystows garment ■ Birrus."— Prompt. Parv.
* boys'-trous, t?. [Boisterou.s.]
0/ a club : Rough, rude.
" His boystrous club, bo buried in the gi'ownd."
Spenser : F. <i., I. viii. 10.
'' boy-ul, S. [Bothul.]
" Bot/ul or bothul, herbe or cow^ope {hothil, H.,
V)oyl, P.). Vaccinia, C. F., menelaca, marciana, C
F."~Proinpt. Parv,
^boz-zom, ^boz-zum, 5. [Eng. &05om (?).]
A name for two allied plants
1. Chrysantliemuvi h: n ca at hanum.
2. Yellow bozzum (Chrysanthevium segetnm).
Bp. An abbreviation for Bishop.
Br.
Cheni. : The symbol formed (from the two
initial letters of the word) for the element
Bromine.
'*bra,y.(. [Bray.] (0. 5co(cft.,)
^ bra, s. [Brae] (O.Scotch.)
' bra -syd, s. [Bbae-side.]
* bra, u.. [Beaw.] (0. Scotdi.)
■* br^b'-ble, v.j. [From Dut. hrahhdcn = to
sputter, to speak hastily.] To quairel, to
wrangle.
"This is not a place
To brabble in ; Calianax, join hands "
Beaum. & Ft. : Maid's Tragedy.
* brab'-ble, s. [From brabble, v. (q.v.).] A
<iuarrel^ a clamorous dispute, a wi'angle, a
broil.
" Here in the streets, desperate of shame and state,
In private brabble did we apprehend him,"
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, v. L
^ brab'-ble-ment, ';. [Eng. hrabhh ; -nient.]
A noisy dispute, a quarrel, a broil. [Brabble,
s.]
or make report of a qnarrell and hrablement
between him and another, . ,
p. 44.
—Ilolland: Plutarch,
'^ brab -bier, 5. [Eng. 6ra&6Z(e) ; -e/'.J A quar-
i-clsome, no-,sy fellow.
"We hold our time too precious to 'be Bjwut
With such a brabbler." '
Hhalzcfp. : King John, v. 2.
'' brab'-bling, * brab'-ljfng, pr. par., a., &
41. [Brabble, v.]
A«&;B. As present participle i&particip. adj.:
Ill senses corresponding to those of the verb.
" If brabbling Makefray, at each fair and 'size.
Picks quarrels for to shew his valiiuitize."
Bp. Hall : Salirci, iv. i.
C As substantive : The act of engaging in
noisy wrangling ; a quari'el, a broil.
" I omit their brabblings and blasphemies."
&^r J. Ilarington : Treatise on Play, about 1597.
* brab'-bling-ljr, * brab'-ling-ly, adv.
[Bng. brcd>hling ; -ly.] In a brabbling man-
ner ; quarrelsomely, contentiously.
"... yet we wil deale herein neither bitterly nor
hrablingly, nor yet be carried away with auger &
heate : though he ought to he reckened neither bitter,
nor brabler y* speaketh y« truth. '—/eweM .■ Defence of
the .ipologie, p. 44.
bra-be'-jiim, bro-be'-i-um, s. [In Fr.
brabei; Port, brahyla; Gr. ppa-^elov (brabeion)
= a prize in the Grecian games, which the
elegant racemes of flowers are worthy to have
been.]
Bot. : African Almond, a genus of plants
belonging to the order Proteacea (Proteads).
Brahejum sUJhitum, the common African Al-
mond, is a tree, about fifteen feet high, from
the Cape of Good Hope. The colonists call
bSil, bos^; poiit, j<Swl; cat, 9011. chorus, ^bin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e:^t, -ing,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion^shun; -tion, -sion = zhusi. -tlous, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -pie, &a = bel, p§L
660
brace— bracelet
the seeds wild chestnuts. They roast and
eat them.
* brace, ^ brae, s. [.VS. arhrm- o. icei.
brak ; 0. H. Ger. gebrch.] A lireaking, crash-
ing, a noise thence I'esulting, or "3iin]>ly a
noise. (Ormulum, IjlT'^i.)
brac'-cate, a. [From Lat. hroxcatus, hracatvs
= wearing trowsers.]
Ornilh. : Furnished with featliers down to
the toes (as the legs of sonn» birdsj.
bra9e, s. & a. [in Fr. hrace, J>rasse = a fathom ;
bras = an arm ; brace = an arm, as of the wn ;
a lance (Kdham) ; Prov. hraftstt, also hrnsse,
brcise, braise, brache = an annfui, an embrace,
a fathom; Sp. & Port, hio^o — ii fathom;
Lat. hrachia = the two arms extended; hra-
chium = an arm.]
A, As sicbstantire :
I. Ordinary Language :
"* 1. An arm of the sea.
"The brace of Sejnt G^eorge that ia an arm of the
see." — MaundeviUe, p. 126.
* 2. A measure of length, perhaiis a
fathom.
"A tombe of speckled stone a brace aitd a half
Mgli/'—IIakluyt.- Voyages, ii. 21L
3. That which supports anything, or holds
it tightly together.
"Brace, or (of. P.) a balke Cnau:, liarainentiim,
C. Y."— Prompt. Parv
(1) Any armlike sui'pnrt of a material struc-
ture, [Clasp.]
(2) A cord or ligament keeping anything in
a state of tension, or preventing anything
from slipping down.
(fx) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"The little bones of the ear-drum do in atraiiiing
and relaxing it, as the lir/X'-'-, of the war-druin do in
that. " — De rha nt.
Q}) Spec, (pi.): Two straps to keep trowsers
up; suspenders, "gallowses."
*4. That which defends any person or thing,
armour. Spec, for the arms.
" Keep it, my Pericles ; it hath been a shield
'Twixt me and death (and pointed to thishrace) "
Shakesp. : Pericles, ii. 1
5. A pair, referring primarily to the two
arms. [See etym.]
" Brace of hovniAys."— Prompt. Parv.
(1) The word is greatly used in this .sense
by sportsmen when speaking of the number
of (certain) birds shot, in which case brace is
used either as singular or plural.
"He is said, this summer, to have shot with his
own hands, fifty brace of pheasants."— ^ddwon.
(2) Sometimes employed of men, but then
contemptuously.
6. The state of being held tightly tugetlier ;
tightness, tension.
"The most frequent cause of deafness is the laxness
of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or ten-
sion."— If older.
7. The state of being defended as if by
armour ; warlike preparation.
" So may he with more facile question bear it,
For that it stands not in such warlike brace."
Sluzkesp. ; Othello, i. ".
IL Technically :
1. Carpentry :
(1) A diagonal stay or scantling, connecting
the horizontal and vertical members of a
truss or frame, to maintain them at a pre-
scribed angular relation.
(2) PI. (braces) : The timbers of a roof which
serve to "strut" or prop the "backs" or
principal rafters into which the upper ends
are framed.
2. Cabinet-making : A stay for a trunk-lid
or similar duty.
3. Shipvjrighting : One of the eye-bolts on
which the hooks of the rudder are secured ;
the gudgeons or googings.
4. Naut.: A rojie passing from the end of
the yard to another mast, and serving to trim
the yards fore and aft.
5. Music :
(1) One of the cords of a drum by which
the heads are stretched.
(2) A vertical line, usually a
circumflex, coupling two or
more staves together, and de-
signed to indicate that the
music thus connected is to be
performed simultaneously by in-
struments, voices, or the two
hands of one playing such an
instrument as the jnanoforte. ('
iii=3
6. Borivg-tools : A revolving tool-holder,
one end of which is a swiveled head or shield,
which rests in the hand or against the chest
of the operator ; at the other end is a socket
to hold the tool. Called also a stock, more
l)articularly in metal-working. The various
kinds of brace in this sense are the angle-
hrrirc. which is a corner-drHl, the crank-brace,
the hand-brace, and the Uver-hi-ace. They
may be held in the hand or made to act by
machinery.
7. Vehicks :
(1) An iron strap passing from the head-
block, behind and below the axle, and forward
to another portion of the running-gear.
(2) A jointed bar by which the bows of a
carriage-top are kept asunder, to distend the
carriage-top cover.
(.3) A thick strap by which a carriage-body
is suspended from C-siirings.
8. Printing :
(1)_A printer's sign; a crooked line con-
nectmg several words or lines. In poetry a
triplet is occasionally so marked. Johns'ou
gives the following inst^nnce —
" Charge Venus to comm.iiid her bod.
Wherever else she lets him rove. )
To shun my house, and field, and grore : J.
Peace cannot dwell with hate or love." j Prior.
(2) The Stays of a printing-press, which
ser\'e to keep it steady in its position.
9. Mining : The mouth of a shaft.
B. -4.5 acijectii^e : Pei-taining to a brace in
any of the foregoing senses.
braee-drill, s.
Metal. : A boring-tool shaped like a brace,
the rotation being communicated by the revo-
lution of the handle.
brace-pendant, a.
Kmit : A short pendant from the yard-
anus, to hold the brace-block.
* brace-piece, s. The mantle-piece. (S'\)
"... the shelf below th6 brazen sconce above the
brace-piece." — Ayrs. Legat., p. 233.
bra9e, ^ bra'-9in, * bra'-^J^n, v.t. [From
brace, s.<q.v.); O. Fr. bracier.l
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. Of things material: To make taut
or firm by braces,
" Bracyn, or sette streyte. Tendo." — Prompt. Para.
(1) Of vjooden beams or anything similar:
To support, to prop.
(2) Of defensive armour for the body: To
fasten tightly on ; to make to embrace the
body.
" Since he braced, rebel's armour on "
Scott : Lord of tTie Isles, iii. 5.
" Bat for helmets braced and serried spears ! "
Hemans ; Siege of Valencia.
(3) Of offensive vwapons or equipment for the
body : To fasten on tightly.
"And some who spurs hsid first braced on."
Scott: Lord of the Isles, vi, -21.
(4) Of a drum : To make tense ; to strain up.
(5) Ofthf yards of a vessel. [II. 2., iVai((.]
2. Figuratively :
"' (1) Of a person or an aninutl : To embrace,
to encompass.
" For higge BuUes of Basan brace hem about."
Spenser: Shep. Cat., ix,
(2) Of a place personified. [Corresponding
to I., 1, (2).] To cause to embrace, to make
to surround, to place around.
" Mont Blanc is the monarch of mountains,
They crown'd him long figo,
On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds,
With a diadem of snow.
Around his waist are forests braced."
Byron : Manfred, 1. 1.
(3) Of the nerves, or of tlie mind, as depending
on them. [Corresponding to I. 1 (3).] To
render tense, to impart vigour to. Used —
(a) Of the ner\'es.
" Ne were the eoodly exercises spar'd,
That brace the nerves, or make the limbs alert "
Thonuon : Castle of Indolence, iL 9. •
{b) Of the mind as dependent on the nerves.
" And every moral feeling of his soul - . ,.
Streiigthen'd and braced, by breathing m content.
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. i.
"... more salutary bands which might perhaps
have braced his too delicntely-constituted mhid into
steadfastnesa and uprightness." — J/actSK^a.'/-' -^w/-
Enrj., ch. XV,
(c) Yet more fig.: Of the "nerves" of a
government or other collective body.
"In truth to trace anew the nerves of that paralyaed
body would have been a bard task- even for Ximeues "
—Macaulay : Hist. JJng., ch. xix.
II. Technicaily :
1. Carpentry, Joinery, <^c. :Toaflix "braces"
to beams ; to hold them together, or support
them.
2. Kaut (of tlie yards) : To move around by
means of braces.
" Then the yards were braced, and all sails set to the
west-wind."
Longfellou): Courtship of Miles Standlsk, v.
% (1) To brace about: To turn the yards
round with the view of sailing on the contrary
tack.
(2) To brace in: To haul in the weather
braces, so as to bring the yard more athwart
ship.
(3) To bra^ sharp: To cause the yards to
have the smallest possible angle with the keel.
(4) To brace to : To check or ease off the
lee braces, and round in the weather ones, to
assist in tacking.
(5) To hrace vp : To haul
in the lee braces, so as to
bring the yard nearer the
direction of the keel.
bra9ed, pet., par. & a.
[Brace, v.]
I. Ord. Lang. : (See the
verb. )
n. Uer. : Interlaced. i^^Au..!..
bra9e'-let (1), s. [in Sp. brazaUte; Port.
bracelete ; Ital. braccialetto ; all from Fr.
bracelet, properly brachelet ; dimin. of O. Fr.
hro/ihile (Kelltam) ; Low Lat. brachih ■=■ an
armlet, from brachinni = the arm.] [Braces,
Brachial.]
L Ordinary Language :
* 1. A piece of defensive armour for the arm.
(^Johnson.) A "bracer." [Bracer.]
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BRACELETS.
2. An ornament for the wrist, generally
Avorn by ladies. It is distinguished from an
annlet, the latter, as its name implies, being
worn on the arm and not on the wrist.
" With bracelets of thy hair , . ."—Shakesp. : Mid.
Jfight's Dream, L 1.
" With amber 6racc7e(s. bends, and all this knavery,''
— Ijid.: ¥am. of Shrew, iv. S.
II. Technically:
1. Scripture :
(1) As worn by men :
(a) An armlet worn as the sjTubol of sove-
reign power. The Heb. word is *T7^3^M
(etsadlmh), from i^jj (tsaadh) = to ascend.
[Ariilet.] "^
"... and I took the crown that was npon his head,
and the bracelet (armlet) that was on his arm . . ."
2 Sam. i. JO.
(b) As the rendering of the Hebrew word
^ns (pathil), from '?riS (pa.thal) = to twist
together. Gesenius and others believe it to
mean a string by Avhich a seal ring was
suspended.
"And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelete . . .*' —
Gen. xxxviii. IS.
"... the signet, and bracelets, and staff" — Ibid., 25.
(2) As worn 0)i tlte wrist by women for
ornament :
(a) The rendering of the Hebrew word TDS
(tsamid), from ID^ (tsamad) =. to fasten, to
bind together.
"I put the earring upon her face, and the bracelets
upon ner bandit" — (teiu xxiv, 47.
"... bracelets, rings, earrings." — ffutnb. xxxi. 50.
"And I put ftraccWs ui>on thy hands . . ." — Ezel:
xvi. 11.
(6) The rendering of the Hebrew word m*^
(Slierah) = a chain, from TW (sharar) = to
twist, to twist together ; to be strong.
" The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers."—
Isaiah iii. 9.
(c) The rendering of the Hebrew word VCn
(chliachh), which Gesenius thinks means in the
example a clasp, buckle, or pin for holding a
lady's dress together.
f&te. fat. fare, amidst, what. i^ll. father ; we. wet. here, camel, her, there ; pine. pit. sire. sir. marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh&. son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, ciir, rule, full ; try, Syrian. 39, ce = e ; ey = a. qu — kw.
bracelet— braehydiagonal
661
". . , and brooglitirtt(;cfc(«,njMi eaniugs, Hiitl rings,
and tablets, n-ll Juwela oi gold." — t'xwi. xxxv. '2%
2. Her. : The same as harruUt (q.v.).
* teace'-let (2), a. [From Low Lat. bracehts
= a hound [Brache], and -let, dimin. suthx,]
A hound or beagle of the smaller or slower
kind. (Wharton.)
*bra'-9er, *bra'-ser, *. [From brace, v.
(q.v. ). In Sw. bi-assar.^
X, Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : That which hraces anything up, a
handage.
2. Spec. : A defence for the arm, a brassart
(q-v.).
*' Thorowe bracer of bro^vne stele and the bryghte
niayles." MttHe Arthure, 4,247,
" Brasers "bumyste boiatet in aondrya"
/frW., 1,859.
IL Old Medicine :
1. A cincture, a laandage.
" When they affect the belly, they may be restrained
by u bracer, without mnch trouble."— Wiseman.
2. A medicine of constringent power.
'bra'-9e^ s. -pi. [Beace, s.]
^br^ch, ^brache, >i. [In Dut. brak; (X.H.)
Ger. brack, brache; 0. H. Ger. brueco ; Fr.
braque = a "brach, a setting dog, a setter ; a
blmiderer, a giddy person ; Prov. brae ; Sp.
braco; Ital. & Low Lat. bracco = a. setting
dog. Cf. Scotch racfie — a dog that discovers
and pursues his prey by the scent ; Icel. racke
= a keen-scented dog.]
1. Originally : A bitch hound, a female
hound.
'■ There are in Ehigland and Scotland two kinds of
bunting dogs, tvnd no where else in the world; the
first kind is willed ftrache, and thia is afoot-scenting
creature both of wilde-beaats, birds, and flahes alao
which He hid among the rocks. The female hereof in
Eiigliuid 13 caUed a brache: a bracha ie a mannerly
name for all hound-bitches." — Gcntleinan's Jtecreatton,
p. 28. {Jamieson.)
" Truth 'sftdoginuHttokeniiel ; he niuafc bewhipiied
out, when Lady the brach may stand by the ftre and
Btiuk."— SAuft^. : Lear, i. 4.
2. Afterwards: A kind of dog pursuiDg its
prey l>y the scent.
^ brache.
[Breach.] (Scotch.)
* br^h'-ell, s. [From brach (q.v.).] A dog ;
properly, one employed to discover or pursue
game by the scent. (Jamieson.)
"About the Park thai aet on bi'eid and lenth.
A hundreth men charsit in amies Strang,
To kepe a hunde that thai hod thaim aiuaiig ;
In Oillialand tliar was that brachell brede
Sekyr off sent to folow thaini at flede."
WaUace, v. 25. MS. (Jamieaon.)
bracb-el'-yt-ra, s. pi. [From Gr. ^aaxvs
(brachus) = short, and ekvrpov (elutron) = a
cover ; one of the two wing-cases of a beetle.
[Elytron.] Animals with short wing-cases.]
Entoiji. : A large group of beetles cliarac-
terised by having the elytra so short that they
do not nearly covez" the abdomen. Some make
them a subsection of Pentamera, the tarsi of
most, though not all, of the genera being five.
Others, w^e think more justly, consider them a
section by tlieraselves. connecting the Coleop-
tera with tlie Derinaptera (Earwigs). The
Brachelytra have lai^ge membranous wings
folded under the small elytra. They fly well.
They are sometimes called Cocktails, from a
habit they have of setting up their tails in a
threatening attitude when menaced. The
families are Pselaphidas, Tachyporidffi, Sta-
phyliuidK, Stenidie, and OmalidEe(q.v.).
br3>ch-el'-y-troTis, a. [Mod. Lat. brachdii-
tiia); Eng. snfl". -ons.] Belonging to, or con-
nected with, the Brachelytra (q.v.) ; having
short wing-cases.
* br^h'-en, s. [Bracken.]
* br&Ch'-et, s. [O. Fr. brachet ; dimin. of
braque.'] [Bbach.] A honnd.
" Brachetes bayed that best, as bidden the maysterez."
fiir Gaw. and the Green Knyght, 1,608.
brSrCb'-i-al, o. [In Fr. brachial ; from Lat.
brachialls'= of or belonging to the arm ; bra-
chiiim ; Gr. ^paxUav (brachidn) ■= the arm. ]
1. Science generally : Pertaining to the arms,
or to one of them.
1 (1) The b^^achial artery :
Anat : The portion of the axillary artery
between the shoulders and the elbow.
(2) The brachial plexus: [From Lat. plexus
= a fold.]
Anat. : The junction of the first dorsal and
the lower cervical nerves from whicli those of
tlie arm issue.
2. Bot. : Measuring twenty-four inches long,
or what is conventionally assumed to be the
length of the ann. (Lindlcy.)
br^ch'-i-ate, «. [From Lat. brachial u3 =
with ai-m-like branches; b-rachlxim ; Gr. ^pa-
Xtcoc (brachion) = the arm.]
Hot.: Presenting a certain Tesemhlame to
the extended arms of a man ; that is, having
liorizontal branches standing fortli nearly at
right angles to a stem, and which, moreover,
cross each other alternately ; having opposite
branches decussate. (Liiulley, ttc.)
bracll-in'-i-dse, s. pi. [From brachinus
(q.v.)O
Entoni. : A family of jiredatoiy beetles be-
longing to the section Truncatipennes. It
contains the British genera Brachinus, Tarns,
Lamprias, Lebia, Dromitis, &c.
brach-i'-n&s, s. [From Gr. ^paxvvot {^a-
cfiuno) = to shorten.]
Entoni. : A genus of beetles, the typical one of
the family Brach inidae (q.v.). The species have
their head and thorax comparatively narrow.
Their chief peculiarity is a power which they
possess of expelling from their hinder ex-
tremity a pungent acrid fluid with a loud
report. Hence Latreille called them Bombar-
diers, or Bombardier Beetles. Aboait five
species occur in Britain, Brackimi^ crepitans
being the most common. [Bombardier.]
brach' -i-o-nid, s. [BRAcmoNir'-E.j
Zool. : Any Rotifer of the family Brachion-
jlUc (q.v.).
bracb-i-on'-i-dfle, o. pi. [From brachionas
(4.V.).]
Zool. : A family of Rotifers, with a broad
shield-shaped lorica, and short jointed.
brach-i'-6n-us, s. [Gr. ppa;^tw»' (brachion),
genit. ppaxLovo^ (brachioiios) = an arm.]
Zool. : The typical genus of the family Bra-
chionidge (q.v.), with several species. B. nr-
ceolaris has been found in London water.
br&ch-x-6p'-6-d9, s. pi. [From Gr. ppaxtwi'
(brachion) = the arm, and oblique cases of
TTous (pons), TToSos {podos) = a foot. Animals
with arm-like feet. The reference is to two
lung ciliated arms developed from the sides
(.if the mouth, which are used to create cur-
rents in the water and bring food within
reach of their mouth.]
Zool. & Palteont. : Oue of the great classes
into which the molluscous sub-kingdom of the
animal kingdom is divided. The Brachiopoda
are bivalves, with one shell on the back of the
animal, and the other in front : these are
called dorsal and ventral valves. The two
valves are never equal in size. They difler
from the Conchifera (called also Lanielli-
hranchiata), or ordinary bivalves, iu uniformly
having one side of the same valve symmetrical
with the other. In technical language, the
Brachiopoda are inequivalve and equilateral,
while the True Bivalves are equivalve and in-
equilateral. The organisation of the Brachi-
opoda is inferior to that of the True Bivalves.
They are attached to bodies by a pedicle
which passes as the wick does in an antique
lamp, whence the older naturalists called
them " Lamp-shells." The shell is lined by
an expansion of the integument or mantle.
They are very important in a geological point
of view, existing from the Cambrian rocks till
now ; but culminating apparently both in
generic and specific development in the Si-
lurian. In 1875 above 1,800 fossil species
were known, more than 900 of them British.
In 1879 Dr. Alleyne Nicholson made a much
liigher estimate, considering that nearly 4,000
extinct species had been described. The
recent species are compai-atively few. They
are all marine, occurring chiefly in the deep
sea. The families are--H(l) Terehratulidte, (2)
Spiriferidse, (3) Rhynconellid^, (4) Orthidfe,
(5) Productidpe, (6) Craniadffi, (7) Discinidce,
and (8) Lingulidee (q.v.). (Woodward i£' B,
Tate.)
A slightly different classification ranges the
Brachiopods in two sub-classes —
(1) Inarticuktta ©r Tretenterata : Fain. (1)
Craniadae, (2) Discinidye, (3) Lingulida?.
(2) ArticuUita: Fain. (1) Terebratulida, (2)
Rhynconellidse, (3) Theciidte, (4) Spiriferidiv,
(5) Pentameridse, (6) Strophonienidae, and (7)
Productidffi.
bracli-i-6-pode,brach-i-o-p6d,5. [Bra-
chiopoda.] A mollusc belonging to the class
Brachiopoda (q.v.).
■T The age of brachiopods : The Silurian
period.
brach-i-op'-o-dous, a. [Eng. brachiopod(e) ;
-ous.] [Brachiopoda.]
1. Having arm-like feet.
2. Pei-tainiug to the Brachiopoda.
brach'-X-um, s. [Lat., an arm, particularly
the foreai-m, from the hand to the elbow. In
Gr. ^paxiiov (brachion).^
Bot. : An ell, ulna, twenty-four inches, con-
sidered to be the average length of the arm in
men.
Brach -man (1) (ch silent), *. [Bramin.]
Brach'-man (2) (ch silent), s. [Brahman.]
bpach-y-cat-a-lec'-tic, s. [Lat. brachy-
mtakcticuM ; from Gr. jSpaxufaTaAi^KTos (bra-
chnkatalektos), as adj. = ending with a short
syllable, short by a foot ; Ppaxvs (brachus) =l
sliort, and ifaToATj/cTt/cds (katalektikos) =lfia\in<^
off", stopping.] [Catalectic]
G-reck & Latin Prosody : A verse wanting a
foot ; a verse wanting two syllables to com-
l)\eie it.
■ brach' -y-5e-ph£u.-ic, a. [From Gr. |8paYu's
(bruchus) ^ short, and Eng. ceplmlic (q.v.}. J
Anthropol. : Having a short head ; noting a
skull in which the proportion of the breadth
to the length is as 4 to 5,
'■ . . . tbose (crania] exhumed from the Drift, and
belonging to the brachycephalic tyvQ." — Dartoin :
Descent of Man, vol. L (1B71), pt. i., ch. iv., p. 125.
brS.ch-^^eph'-al-y, s. [Fi-om Gr. ppaxv-
Ke>paKos (brachukephalos) =■ (1) short head, (2) a
certain fish.]
Anthropol. : Shortness of head. It is op-
posed to doHclwcephaly.
* "Welcker ^ds that shoi-t men Incline more to
brachj/cephaly, and tall men to dolichocephaly . . ."—
Darwin: Descent of Man, vol i, (1671), pt. i., cli. iv.,
p. 148.
br^ch-yy'-er-a, s. pi. [Gr. ^paxv<: (brachus)
— shoi-t, and Kepas (keras) = a horn. Short-
horned animals.]
Entom. : A sub-order of Diptera, consisting
of two-winged flies with short " horns " or
anteiinic, liavingonly three joints, tlie last one
commonly with a long bristle. It contains
seven families— (Estridie, Muscidse, Dolicho-
pidte, Syrphidee, Therevidai, Leptida;, Stratio-
myda), Bombyliidse, Anthracidse, Acroceridae,
Empidae, Hybotida, Asilidae, Mydasidai, and
Tabanidai. (See these terms ; also Brachy-
STOMA, Notacantha, and Tanystoma.) The
sub-order Brachycera includes the greater
part of the Dipterous order.
brach-y9'-er-us, s. [Gr. jSpaxus (brachus) ==
short, aud ice'pM (keras) = a horn. Animals
with short "horns" or antenna.]
Entom. : A genus of Cnrculionidfe (Weevils)
consisting of wingless, very rough insects,
living on the ground. They occur iu Africa
and the South of Europe.
brach-y-chi'-ton, s. [From Gr. Ppaxvs (bra-
chus) = short, and x^Twf (chiton) — an under-
garment.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Sterculiadse (Sterculiads). It consists
of trees found in the more tropical parte of
Australia. Brachychiton acerifolium is called
the Flame- tree, its red flowers having an aspect
like flame when viewed from a little distance.
The aborigines make fishing-nets from its
bark. B. populneum is used for a similar
purpose, besides which its seeds are eaten.
(Treas. of Bot.)
brach-3?-c6'-ine, s. [From Gr. iSpaxv'j (&ra-
chus) = short, and KojaTj (kome) = the hair.]
Bot. : A genus of composite plants. Tribe,
Subuliflorae. Brachycome iberidifoUa is the
Swan Eiver Daisy.
bra«h-y-di-S,g:'-6n-al, s. [Gr. jSpavus
(brachus) = short ; and Eng, diagonal (q.v.).]
Geoi.t. : The shortest of the diagonals in a
rhombic prism. (Used also as an adj.)
"... the shorter lateral or braehydiagonal . . , the
longer lateral or macrodijii^onal (of a rectangular
I)ri3in with replaced edges and angles]."— iJana .-
Mineralogy (5th ed.), lutrud., p. xxv.
b^, boy ; pout, %^l ; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9hiu, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, af ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-oian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiiu. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
6(>2
braehyglottis— bracket
brach-y-gl6t'-tis, ■ s. [From Gr. ppa-xv;
(brachiis) — short, and yXwTTi? (ijloltU) = the
glottis, the mouth of the windiiijie.]
Bot. : A genus of composite iilants allied to
Senecio. The leaves of Braehyglottis Forsteri,
called by the natives of New Zealand Puka-
Puka, are used by them for paper.
'^ brach-yg'-raph-er, s. [In Ger. hrachy-
grapli; from (jr._ Ppax"? (hrachns) = short ;
and ypa<(}(ii (gra/pho) = to write.] A shorthand
writer.
"At last, he asked the brachygrap'hi'r, whether he
wrote the uotes of that sermon, or aoiuethliig of his
own conception." — Qayton: Notes on D. Quixote, i. 8.
* brach-;yg'-raph-y, s. [in Ger. brachy-
graphle; from Gr. ^pa.xv<s (brachiis) = short;
and ypcu^T) (graphs) = delineation, writing.]
Shortliand writing, stenography.
" All the certainty of those high pretendei^e, hating
what they have of the first principles, and the word of
God, may lie circumscribed l>y as small a circle as the
creed, when brachygrapki/ had con&ned it withiu the
compass of a \yeiaiiy."—Ola,nviUe.
br&cb-yl'-O-fey. «■ [I" Gr, ^paxvKoyia (bra-
ch-ulogia) = brevity in speech; ^paxvXoyioi
(brachulogeo) = to be short in .speech ; Ppaxvs
{brachus) = short, and Aoyos (logos) = a word,
speech.]
Khet. : Brevity of speech, expression of
■one's meaning in few words ; laconic speech,
like that of the ancient Si>artans.
% Brachylogy of ccnnjyarisoyi : A figure of
■speech used principally by the Greek iioets,
but also found more or less in all languages,
in which the object of comparison is not
■compared with the proper corresponding ob-
ject, but is directly referred to the thing or
person of which that object would be, if ex-
pressed, the attribute. Thus in the lines —
" They for their yciimg Adonia may mistake
The soft luxuriauue of thy golden hair."
the hair is compared directly with Adonis.
brach'-y-o-dont, a. [Gr. ^tiaxv^ (brachus)
= short, and oSoifg (odoii^), genit. oBouto^ (odon-
tos) = a tooth.]
Biol. : Having molar teeth with low crowns
(as the deer) ; noting molars with low crowns.
[Hypsodont.]
brSiCh-y-o-pi'-na, a. [From hrachyops
(q.v.).]
Palceont. : A tribe or a family of the Am-
phibian order Labyrinth odonti a. It has a
parabolic skull, and the orbits oval, they
being central or anterior. The genera are
Brachyops, Micropholis, Rhinosaurus, aad
Bothriceps. [Brachyops.]
brach'-y-6pS» s. [From Gr. ppaxv<; (brachus)
= short, and bij/ (ops) or u>^ (ops) = the eye,
face, countenance.]
Palceont. : A genus of Labyriiithodouts, the
tyincal one of the family Brachyopina. The'
only known species, Brachyops laticeps (Owen),
is from rocks of probably Triassic age at
Maugali, in Central India.
brScb-J^-pin'-a-cSid, s. [Gr. ^pa^w's (bra-
chus) - short, and Eng. pinacoid.]
Crystall. : In the orthorhombic system, the
plane parallel to the vertical and brachy-
diagonal axes.
* brach-y-p6d-i'-nse, s. pi [From Gr.^paxw?
(brachus) = short ; and ttous {pous), ttoSos
{podos) = a foot.]
Ornith. : The name given by Swainson to a
sub-family of his Merulida (Tlirushes).
br^ch-^-pO'-di-um, s. [From Gr. $paxv<:
(brachus) = short, and ttous (pous), genit. ttoSos
Ipodos) = a foot, in allusion to the sliort stalks
of the spikelets.]
Bot. : A genus of Graminaceae (Grasses), of
which the English book-name is False Biome
Grass. There are two British species, the
Brachypodium sylvaticutn or Slender, and the
B. pinnatum or Heath Brome Grass.
br^ch-yp'-od-ous, a. [Brachypodium.]
Bot. : Having a short " foot " or stalk.
brach'-y-pri§in, s. [Gr. ^paxv's (brachus) =
short, and Eng. priim,.]
Crystall. : The prism of an orthorhombic
crystal that lies between the unit prism and
the brachypinacoid.
br&ch-jfp'-ter-aB, s. [From Gr. ^paxvin-e-
p<K (brachupteros) = short - winged ; ^paxv?
(brachus) = short, and Trrepoets (pttroeie) =
feathered, winged ; from irrepov (pteron) ~ a
wing.]
Ornith. : Cuvier's name for the diving birds
now ranked under Colymbidse, Alcadse, and
their allies.
brach-jrp'-ter-OUS, a. [From Gr. /Spaxun-repo?
(brachupteros) = short-winged.] [Brachyp-
TER^.] Short-winged. (Brande.)
brach-^'-ter-yx, s. [From Gr. ppax^^
(brachus) = shoit ; and rrripv^ (pterux) = a
! wing ; from irrepoy (pteron) = a wing.]
Ornith. ■ Horsfield's name for a genus of
Ant-thrushes (FormicarincB), in which the
wings are so short as to render flight short
and feeble. Brachypteryx montana, the typi-
cal species, is found in Java. It is the Moun-
taineer Warbler of Latham.
brSiCh'-y-piis, s. [Brack ypodin^.]
Ornith. : The typical genus of the family
Brachypodinae (q-v.).
brS-cb-y-se'-ma. s. [From Greek ppaxv?
(brachus) ■=■ slioft ; and <Tr\p.o. (serm) = a sign,
a banner. So called because the vexillum or
standard is very short. ]
Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants.
Brachysema latifoliuvi is a handsome climber
from Australia.
brS-cli-y-stel'-ma, s. [From Gr. ^paxu's
(brachus) = short,' and tniKp-a (stelnyi) = a
girdle, a belt.]
Bot. : A genus of Asclepiadacea (Ascle-
piads). The edible roots of various species
are used in South Africa as a preserve.
brach-ys'-to-clirone, s. [In Fr.
chrone. ; Gr. fipax'-o'TO'; (brachistos) = shortest,
and xpofo? (chronos) = time.]
Geom. : The curve of quickest descent, i.e.,
the curve starting from a given point in which
a body descending by the force of gravity
will reach another i^oint in the curve in a
" shorter time than it could have done had it
traversed any other path. The curve in ques-
tion is the cycloid (q.v.).
brSiCb-jrs'-to-ina, s. [From Gr. Ppaxva-Toixo';
(brachustovios) = having a narrow mouth ;
/3paxus (bra-chus) = short, and (rrofia (stojna) =
the mouth.]
1. A tribe of dipterous insects belonging
to the sub-order Bracliycera (q.v.). It Is so
named because the proboscis is short. The
tribe contains the families Dolichopidae, Syr-
phidae, Therevidse, and Leptidse (q.v.).
2. Brachystoma of Meigcn : A dipterous
genus of the division Tanystoma.
br3,ch-yt'-el-^9, s. [Gr. jSpaxuTeXi]? (brachu-
teles) = ending shortly ; Ppaxvs (brachus) =
short, and xeAos (telos) = end, extremity,
referring to the small development of the
thumb.]
Zool. : Spix's name for a genus of American
monkeys, which he separates from Ateles.
bracb-^-ty'-pous, a. [From Gr. ppaxv^
(brachus) = short, and tutto? (tupos) = a blow,
the impression of a blow, a type ; tutttoi (tupto)
— to strike.]
Min. : Of a short form-
bragli-y-ur'-a, s [From Gr. Ppaxu's (brachus)
= short, and ovpi (oura) = the tail.]
Zool. : A sub-order of Decapodous Crusta-
ceans, containing those families in which the
abdomen is Converted into a short-jointed tail
folding closely under the breast. The common
edible crab (Cancer 3)agrur«5) is a familiar
example of this structure. The sub-order
contains four families (1) Oxystomata, (2)
Oxyrhyncha or Maiadse, (3) Cyclometopa or
Canceridse, and (4) Catometopa or Ocypodidse.
bracb-y-iir'-oiis, a. [Beachyura. ]
1. Gen. : Short-tailed. (Pen. Cycl.)
2. Spec. : Pertaining to the Brachyura or
short-tailed Crustacea. [Brachyura.]
bra'-9ing» pr. par., a. , & s. [Brace, v.]
A. As pr. par. .- In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. As adjective : Imparting tone or strength.
" I found it clear and strong— an intelleotuiil tonic.
as bracing and pleasant to my iniud as the keen Air of
themomiUins was to my \ioAy."—Tyndall: Frag. <^
Science, iiL 41.
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Long. : The act of bracing ; the
state of being braced.
2, Engln. : Any system of braces ; as, the
" bracing of a ti;uss."
bracing-chain, o.
Vehicles : The chain which ties together the
sides of a waggon, to prevent the load from
breaking them apart. (Used especially in
wood and freight waggons.)
* brack, s. [leel. & Sw. brak; Dan. brcek — a
brake, a break, a chink, a fissure ; Dut. braak
= a breaking, a burglary, a break. Cf. A.S.
brecan = to break, to bruise (Somner).^ A
breach, a break, a flaw, a broken part.
" The place was but weak, and the bracks fair ; but
the defendftnta, by resolution, suyiilled all the defects.'*
— Bay ward.
"Let them compare my work with what is t-aughtiu
the schools, and if they find in theirs many bracks
and short eude, which cannot be .spun into an even
piece ; . ■ ." — Digby.
br^ck'-en, t brach'-en (ch guttural),
* braik'-in * breck'-en, * breck'-an
(Scotch), * brak-en, * brak-an. * brak-
ane (O. Eng.), s. & a. [From A.S. bracu,
genit. sing, and nom. pl. braccan (Skeat). In
Sw, brdken = fern ; Icel. brakne = fern ; Dan.
bregne = fern, brake.] [Brake (2), s.]
A. As substantive :
1. Gen. : A fern of any kind. (0. Eng.).
"As best, hyte on the bent of braken & erbes "
Ear. Eng. AltU. Poems (ed, Morris) ; Cleanness, 1675,
2. Spec. : The name universally given in
BRACKEN (PTERIS AQUILINA).
Scotland to the fern generally called in Eng
laud a Brake (Pteris aquilina). [Brake (2).]
B. As adj. : Consisting of the "bracken"
or brake fern.
" The bracken bush sends forth the dart.'
Sco(t : Lady qfthe Lake, \. 9.
bracken-dock, s.
Entom. : PhyUopertha horiicola, the larva of
which feeds largely on grasses.
brSck'-et, s. & a. [0. Fr. braguette = a cod-
piece; Sp. hragueta-3. cod-piece, _ braga r-
a pair of breeches. ""
The meanings have been
intiuenced by the false etym. from Lat. brack-
iu7)i = the arm.]
A. As substantive :
1. Carpentry, &c.:
(1) A cramp-iron holding things together.
(Wedgwood.)
"This effect was aided by the horizontal arrange-
ment -aiiow brackets of lunny rare luauuscripts." — De
Quiucey : tt'orks (ed. 1863), %-ol. ii , p. 239.
(2) A lateral projec-
tion from a wall, jtost, or
standard, to strengthen
or support another ob-
ject. Of the jiarts of a
bracket — a is the sole, b
the wall-plate, c the rib,
d a snug or flange. This brackei-.
desciiption of support is
also adapted for shelves, coves, sofflls, and
seats. (Knight.)
" Let your shelves be laid upon brackets, being about
two feel wide, and edged with a buleLII lath. — Mor-
timer.
2. Gas or lamp fitting :
(1) A projecting device for supporting a
lamp.
(2) A gas-fixture projecting from the face of
a wall.
fate» fat, fare, amidst, wbat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur. rule, fuU; try, Syrian, se, oe=e. ey = a, ciu = kw.
bracket— bradypus
663
3. Architecture : I
(1) An omanieut in the shape of a console |
standing isolated uiiou the face of a wall.
(2) A support placed beneath the eaves or
the projection at
the gable of a
~ building. Its
' full name is a
roof-bracket.
[Bracketed.]
4. Ship-bit tiding : A
timber knee in a sliii)'s
frame supporting the grat-
ings.
5. Mach'mery :
(1) Gen.: Various kinds
brackets are used in ma-
chinery, such as shafting-brac-
kets, pendent brackets or lumgers,
walhbrackets, wall-boxes, and ped-
ERACKET. *^^"^ brackets.
(2) Spec. In steam-engines :
(a) The ineces by which the boiler of a
locomotive is maintained in position.
(b) The pieces which hold and guide the
slide-bars.
6. Ordnance :
(1) The cheek of a mortar-bed.
(2) The caiTiage of a ship's or casemate gun.
7. Printing (pi): The signs or marks which
follow [ ]. They are used to enclose a
word or sentence, to isolate it from the other
matter.
" At the head of each article, I have referred, by
figures included in brackets, to the page of Dr. Lard-
ner'e volume, where the sectiou, from which the
abridgemeut is made, hegius." — Paley : Evidences,
pt. ii., ch. vi.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to or consisting
vf a bracket in any of the foregoing senses.
bracket-cral), s. A hoisting apparatus
designed for attachment to a post, wall, &c.
bracket-light, s A light projecting
from a side wall.
bracket-shelf, s. A form of console for
supporting a pier-glass or other object.
bra'ck-et, v.t. [From bracket, s. (q.v.).]
1. To place within brackets, to connect by
brackets. [Bracket, s., 7.] {Barker.)
2, To couple names with a bracket in a list
of successful candidates, to denote equal
merit.
bra'ck-et-ed, pa. par. & a. [Bracket, v.]
1. Ord. Lang. : (See the verb.)
2. Arch. : The bracketed style is one of which
brackets are a prominent feature.
br^'ck-et-ing, pr. par. & s. [Bracket, v.}
A. As present participle : (See the verb. )
B. As substantive : A skeleton support for
mouldings. This plan is commonly adopted
in making the arches, domes, sunk panels,
coves, pendentive work, &c., at the upper
parts of apartments. (Knight.)
brSiCk'-isll, a. [From Ger. brack; Dut. brak
= brackish.]
Of water : Partly fresh, partly salt, as fresh
water becomes when it flows over saline soil
or the sea obtains occasional access to it.
•' Afl Bpriugs ill deserts fouud seem sweet, all brackish
tnough they be,
So midst the wither'd waste of life, those tears would
flow to me." Byron : Stanzas for Music.
br^ck'-ish-neSS, s. [From Eng. brackish;
-ness.] The quality of being brackish, the
quality of being partly fresh aud partly salt.
"All the artificial straiuings hitherto leave a brack-
ishneta in salt water, that makes it unfit for aiilmal
uses." — Cheyne,
BrS.ck'-le-Slia]ii, s. & a. [From the place
mentioned under A.]
A, As subst. . A bay near Chichester, i:i
Sussex.
B. As adj. : Occurring at or near the bay
mentioned under A.
Bracklesham-beds, s.
Geol. : The middle division of the Bagshot
series . The Bagshot series has been separated
into three divisions : the Upper Bagshot is
nearly the same age as the Burton series
(q.v.). The Bracklesham beds occur at
Brackleshara Bay [A.], and also at Brook, in
the New Forest. They consist chiefly of dark
green sands and brown clays. Among the
bracts.
fossils found in them are Ctrithiuingiganieum,
Valuta Selseyensis, Conns deperdiius, Pleuro-
tovui. attenitata, Strcpsidura turgida, Cardita
plauicostata, Cardium porulosum, Pectuncidus
pulviyiatiis, Ntimnndites kevigata. The plant
beds of Alum Bay, &c., are Lower Bagshot.
br3.cks, s. [Braxy.] A disease of sheep.
* brack-y, a. [From Ger. brack.] [Brackish.]
lirackish.
" The hracky lovin.\s\.ms." —Drayton : Polyolb., song xi.
" The Itracky mai-sh." — Jbid., aong xiv.
bra'-con, s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Eiitotii. : A genus of Ichneumons, with a
hiatus between the mandibles and the clypeus,
and a lengthened ovipositor. Several occur
in Britain. [BBACOKiDiE.]
bra-c6n'-i-dse, s. pi. [From bracon (q.v.).]
Entom. : A family of the Ichneumon tribe of
Hymenoptera, distinguished from the true
Ichneumon flies by having a single recurrent
nerve in the fore-wing, instead of two.
hract (Eng.), "br&c'-te-a (Lat.), s. [In Ger.
bracktei; Fr, bractee. From Lat. bractea = a
thin plate of metal or gold-leaf.]
1. Bot. : A leaf growing uimn the flower-stalk.
Those which occui)y this situation have, as a
rule, a different size, form, and appearance
from the ordinary
leaves. There are
cases, however, in
which it is diffi-
cult to decide to
which of these a
particular foliace-
ous expansion is to
be referred, and at
times a yet greater
uncertainty pre-
vails as to whether
one of those situ-
ated close to the
flower is a bract or
a sepal. The involucre in composite jilants,
the great spathe in Aracete, the palese of
grasses, the scales of catkins, &c., are all
bracts.
2. Zool. : A part of a hydrozoon, somewhat
resembling the bract of a plant. [Hydro-
PHYLLIA.]
br3.C'-te-al» a. [Lat. bractealis= of metallic
plates ; from bractea (q.v.).]
1. Pertaining to a bract. (Brande.)
2. Furnished with bracts. (Brande.)
br3iC'-te-ate, a. & s. [Lat. bracteatv^ =
covered with gold plate ; from bractea (q.v.).]
A. As adjective. In Bot. : Famished with
bracts. (Brande. )
B. As substantive : A silver coin formerly
current in Scotland.
brac'-ted, u. [Eng. bract; -ed.]
Bot. . Furnished with bracts or with a
bract.
brS.c'-te-6-lae, s. pi. [Plural of Lat. bracteola
= a thin leaf of gold ; dimin. of bractea (q.v.).]
Bot. : Small bracts.
brac'-te-ol-ate, a. [From Lat. bract€ol(a);
and Eng. suffix -ate.] [Bracteole.]
Bot. : Furnished with small bracts or bract-
lets. Applied especially to involucres, which
have an outer row of such foliaceous append-
ages. (Lindley.)
brS.C'-te-dle, s. [From Lat. bracteola; dimin.
of bractea (q.v.).]
Bot, : A small bract, a bractlet.
bract'-less, a. [Eng. bract; and suffix -less.]
Bot.: Without bracts. (Webster.)
br^Ct'-let, a. [From Eng. bract ; and dimin.
suffix -let.] A small bract. Used specially of
the exterior bracts of an involucre. When
these exist it is then said to be bracteolate a
the base, (Lin/lley.)
* hrOr^fn, v.t. [Brace, v.]
" Bracyn, or sette streyte. Tendo."— Prompt, Parv.
brS.d, pa. par. [Brade (2).] (Scotch.)
br^d, a. & in compos, (compar. * brcedder,
*bradar). [A.S. &rdd = broad, large, vast
(Bosworth) ; as, Bradford = the broad ford ;
.Bradpa^e = the broad gate.] Broad. [Broad.]
(0. Eng. & Scotch.)
A. As a separate word :
" Quheii thai war passit the watir frrati."
Barbour: The Brace (ed. Skeat), m. 46/.
" And wele bradar thar-efter aoyn."
Ibid., IV. 128.
B. In compos. : (See etymology.)
br3.d, *brod, * brode, s. [Icel. broddr =
any pointed piece of iron or steel; Sw. brodd
= a frost nail, a blade ; Dan. brodde = a spur,
an ice spur, a frjst nail. Cf. also A.S. brord
= (1) a prick or point, the first blade or spire
of grass or corn, an herb (Somner), (2) a sword ;
Dan. braad = a prick, a prickle, a thoru, a
sting ; brod = a prick, a thoru, a sting.
[Brod, v. &.S.; Bristle.]
1. A thin, square-bodied nail which, instead
of a head, has a lip or projection on one side
only. Brads are of different lengths, of the
same thickness throughout, but they taper in
width from the lip to the point.
"Brode, hedlese niiy\e."~ Prompt. Parv.
2. (PI.) Money. (Slang.)
brad-awl, s.
Joinery : A small boring-tool with a chisel-
edge. Used for opening holes for the inser-
tion of nails.
brad-driver, e. A brad-setter (q.v.).
brad-setter, s.
Joinery : A tool which grasps a brad by the
head, and by which it is driven into its ap-
pointed place.
* brade (1), v.t. & i. [From A.S. bregdan, bre-
dan = to weave, ... to gripe, lay hold of,
draw, take out.]
A. Trans. : To draw. (Used specially of
pulling out a knife or sword.) [Braid, v.]
" Wyiidyr his hand the knyff he bradit out."
Henry the ilinstrel: Wallace, hk. i., 2, 25.
B. Intrans. : To extend.
" He were a bleaunt of blwe, that bradde to the erthe."
Sir Gaw. and the Qr. Knight {ed. Morris), 1,928,
* brade (2), * brad, v.t. [From A.S. brmdan
= to roast; Dut. brade n ; O. H. Ger. brdtan;
(M.H.) Ger. braten = to roast.] To roast.
" The king to souper is set, served in halle,
Briddes brauden, aud brad, In hankers bright."
' Sir Gawan aiid Sir Gol,, ii. l.
* brade, a. [Braid, a. ; Broad.] (Ear. Eng.
Allit. Poems, ed. Morris ; Pearl, 13S.)
Br^d'-ford, s. & a. [A geographical name,
evidently from A.S. 6rdrf = broad, and Eng.
ford ; the same as Bkoadford.]
A, As substantive : Various places, the best
known being Bradford in Yorkshire, the seat
of the woollen manufacture ; another is
" Great " Bradford-on-the-Avon, in Wiltshire.
B. As adjective : Connected with Bradford ;
found near Bradford.
Bradford clay, s. . [From Bradford in
Wiltshire, where the clay is well developed.]
Geology : A marly stratum occurring in de-
pressions above the Great Oolite and below
the Forest Marble. It is characterised by the
numbers of stone lilies (Apiocrinus rotundus),
which occur in it, also by Terebratula digona,
T. cardium, and T. coarctata. It is well seen at
Bradford in Wilts, also near Tetbury Road
Station, but the crinoids do not occur at the
latter locality.
* bra'-dlt, pa. par. [Brade.]
brad-3^-p6d'-i-dse, s. pi. [From bradvvus
(q.v.).]
Zool. : A family of mammals belonging to
the order Edentata. It contains tlie Sloth
and its allies.
brad'-y-podf (Eng. ), br^d-yp'-o-da (Mod.
Lat.), s. pi. [From Gr. fipaZvirov^ (bradupous)
= slow of foot ; ^paSvs (bradus) = slpw, and
TToi/'s (pons), TToSoy (podos)= afoot.]
Zool. : Slow-footed animals. Blumenbach's
name for an order of mammalia, containing
the genera Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, Manis
and Dasypus. Cuyier substituted the term
Edentata, from the absence in these animals
of incisor teeth.
brad'-y-piis, s. [Mod, Lat. bradypus; from
Class. Gr. ^poSvTrovs (bradupous) = slow of
foot.] [Bradypods.]
bSil, b6^; p^t, jtf^l; cat, 9011, cboms, 9lUn, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -mg,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = Bhun; -tion, -§lon == zh&n« -tioos, -slous, -cious = shas. -ble, -le &c*;=beL eL
664
brae— Brahma
1. Zool. : A inainmalian genus, the typic<a]
one of the family Bradypodicla! (q.v.). It eon-
tains the Ai, or Connnon Sloth (Bradijpus
tridactylus), and other species. The only
other genus is Cholopus, originally written
(incorrectly) by lUiger Choltepus (q.v,).
2. Pcdreont. : Various genera and species of
the family are found in South America. They
are gigantic as compared with the modern
sloths. The most notable are Megatherium,
Mylodoii, Scelidotherium, and in the Post-
Pliocene of North America Megalonyx. (See
these words.)
brae, ^ bray, * bra, .s. &, a. [Icel. hm, A.S.
hrdu\ brraw = the eyebrow. " The word must
have passed through the sense of eyebrow to
'brow of a hill, but no quotations illustrating
the change appear. In s|Miken use hrae U
mainly Scottish, but is employed in literary
English." (N.E.D.)]
A. ^s substantive :
I. X iteralhj :
1. An acclivity, a slope, an incline, a steep
bank ; whether constituting —
(1) The side of a hill.
" Eiitryt in aiie narrow place
Betulx a louchside ami a Ora "
Barbour: the lirur.e (ed. Skeat). lii, 100.
(2) The bank of a river.
" Endlaiig the vatter than yeid lie
On ather ayde gret qujiiitite :
He Baw the hrayU liye standaiid
The vatter hoU throu slike i-viiaiul.'
Tilt! Bru.ee (ed. Skeat), vi. V6-8.
2. A hill.
"... Twa men I saw ayont yon 6rae,"
Jiosa : Helcnore, p. 60. (Jamiesin.)
3. The upland, hilly, or highland parts of a
country. Used —
(1) .4s a separate ivord (chiefly in the plural) :
"Thin Reb said he tried him with Erse, for lie cam
ill his youth frae the braes of Gienlivat — but it wadiia
do." — S€Ott : Antiquary, ch. ix.
(2) III compos. : As Braemar.
II. Figuratively : Used of the hill of fame.
" Should I but dare a hoije to speel,
Wi' Allan or wi' Gilbertfield.
The braes of fame."
Bums : To William Simpson.
B. A» adj. : Of or belonging to a " brae" in
any of the foregoing senses.
brae-face, *. The front or slope of a hill.
(Scotch.)
" If a kill be built to a brae-face, or the side of a
rock, it cau have but three \ents."—JIaxioeU : .•<el
Trans., p. 19t
brae-head, s The summit of a hill.
(Scotch.)
"All the boys of Gamock assembled at the brae-
head, which conunands an extensive view of the
Kiliiiamock road," — Ayrs. Legatees, \>. 282.
brae-laird, braes-laird, s. a pro-
prietor of land on the southern declivity of
the Grampians. (Scotch.)
"In Mitchell's opera, called 'The Highland Fair," a
Braes Laird is introduced as the natural and here-
ditary enemy of .1 Highland chieftain."— ^'o(e /j-ojn
Sir Walter Scott, in Jamieson.
brae-side, '^' brae syd, s. The dedivity
of a hill. (Scotch.)
"Ane comimny of fresch men cam to renew the
bftttell, taking thair advantage of the brae syd." — Pitt-
scottie : Cron., p. 105.
brae -man, bray'-m^n, s. [Scotch hrae ;
and Eng. man.] One who inhabits the
southern side of the Grampian Hills. (Scotch.)
"Humanity strongly invites you to know
The wurm-wasted braeman's fate, laid in yon grave."
Train: Mountain J/use, ^ 10. {JaTuieson.)
'^ bra-en-gel, s. [Bkangill.] (Scotch.)
brS,g, * brag'-gen. if.i. & t. [Wei. hraglo =
to brag ; brae = boastful ; Ir. bragaim = I
boast ; Gael, bragaireachd = empty pride,
boasting. (Skeat.)}
A. Intransitive :
1. To boast, make ostentatious pretences,
swagger.
'•He bosteth and braggeth with many bolde othes."
— I'. Plowman, 8,5fl5.
"Thou coward! art thou bragging to the stars?"
Shakesj}. : Midsum^. 2\'. Dream, iti. 2.
(a) With 0/ before the object.
" Verona brags of him
To be a vh-tuous and well-goveni'd youth."
Shakesp,: Rom., and Jul., i. 5.
(&) On was frequently, though improperly,
used for of.
" Yet lo ! in me what authors have to brag on,
Keduc'd at last to hias m my own dragon,"
Po2Je : Dunciad, iii. 285.
* 2. To sound, make a loud noise.
■'Whaune the voyceof the tromiw ... in youreeris
hi-iiggith al the piiple shal cry with mooat out-crye."—
Wickliffe: Joshua, vi. 5.
"... the child brags in herbelJyalready; 'tis yours.'
— Shakesp. : Love's, Labour Lost, v. 2,
B, Transitive:
1. To blow loudly
" 2. To praise anything excessively or osten-
tiitiously.
" You shall have a lame jade, bridle and brag it up
ami down Smithfteld." — Nashe : Plata Percival,
3. To rei)roach, upbraid.
" Kyle-Stewai-t I could hae bragged wide.
For sic a iinir."
Burns : The Auld Farmer's Salutation.
br^g, ■ brS.gg, bragge, s., .., & adv.
[Bkag, v.]
A. ..-Is substantive :
1. A boast, an ostentatious pretence.
"A kind of conquest
Csesai' made here ; but made not here his brag
Of ' came^' and ' saw,' and ' overcame.' "
Shakesp.: Cymbeliite, iii. 1.
2. The thing or matter boasted of.
" Beautj' is nature's brag."
Milton; Conius,'iATi.
3. A game at cards.
"But the late Eevereud Doctor Robert Douglas,
ininiaterof Galashiels, assured the author, that the
hwt timi? he saw Andrew Gemniells he was engaged in
a game ii.t irrto with a gentleman of fortune, distinc-
tion, antl birth." — Scott: Advt. to Ant'.qiui.ry,\>. \iii.
B. .1-? adjevtivc :
1. liL a had sense : Boastful.
" Hi schulde nouglit beren hem so bragg."
Piers Plowman's Crede, 70G.
2. In a good sejise : Brave.
". , , boldest and &ra(7)7esi in armes."
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), \iCHS.
C. As adverb:
1. Boastingly.
■' Hy schulde nought beren hem so bragg ne [belilen]
so heyghe." Piers Plow. Crede, 70C.
2. Proudly, conceitedly.
" Seest howe brag yond Bullocke beares,
So Jimirke, so smoothe, hia pricked eares ? "
Spenser: The Shep Cat, li,
"^ brag'-an9e, s. [From Eng. brag, s., and
suffix -ance.] Boasting, arrogance.
bra-gSn'-ti-a, ». [Named after the Duke of
Braganza.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
natural order Aristoloehiaceu.^- (Birthwoits).
Bragantia tomentosa, a species growing in
Java, is very bitter, and is used in that island
as an einmenagogue. The roots of 5. Wallichii,
rubbed up witli lime-juice, are used in the
West of India as an appliance in snake bites.
* brag'-at, s. [Bragget, .s.]
brag-ga-d6'-9i-6, ^ brag-ga-d6'-9hi-o, s.
[Brag, v. A word invented by Spenser
(Skeat).^
1. -4s a proper naine (of thcfonyis Braggado-
cio and Braggadochio) : The name given by
Spenser to one of his imaginary knights, "Sir
Braggadochio," who is always boasting of the
heroic deeds he has done and intends to do,
but is all the while a coward at heart.
"Shoe, that base Braggadochio did afl'ray,
And made him fast out of the forest roune ;
Belphoebe was her name, as f. lire as Phosbus sunne/'
Spenser: F. Q., III., v. 27.
2. A cowardly boaster.
■' Elevated to offiue. whether the office be a clerkship
in the Customs or a Uaptaincy-General, he becomes
forthwith a braggadocio, self-a^aertiug and insolent,
often grasping and extortionate." — y'imes, June 3, 187U.
3. Empty boasting.
^ brag'-gard, s. [Braggart. ]
' br^g'-gard-i§ni,6'. [Eng. braggwd; -ism.]
Boastfulne^ss, bragging.
"Why, Valentine, what braggardit,m is thisV" —
Shakesp. : Two Gent., ii. 4.
t brag'-gart, * brag'-gard, ^. [From Eng.
brag ; and suffix -art, -ard.]
A. As subst. : A bragger, boastful fellow.
" Who knows himself a braggart.
Let him fear this, for it will come to piss.
That every braggart shall be found an ass."
SJtakesp. : All's Well, iv. S.
"... a shallow braggart conscious sincerity"—
Carlglc: Heroes, Hero-worship, Lect. ii,
B. -Is adj.: Given to bragging; boastful,
vainglorious.
" The King with scorn beheld their flight,
' Are these,' he said, ' our yeomen wight.
Eiich braggart churl could boast l>efore,
Twelve Scottish lives hia VvUdric borel'"
Scott : The Lard of the Isles, vi. 24.
^ brS,g'-gart-ly, ad?!. {'Kw^.- braggart ; -ly.]
Like a braggart, boastful.
"A proud, vain-glorious, and braggartly sinrit"—
Chapman : Bonier, bk. iii.
bragged, pa. par. & a. [Brag, v.]
A. As pa. par. : In senses corresponding to
those of the verb.
B. As adj. : Boasted, vaunted.
" Auf. Wert thou the Hector
That was the whip of your bragg'd progeny.
Thou shouldst iio^ 'scajie me here."
Sfuikesp. : Coriolanus, i. ff,
brag'-ger, s. [Eng. bragg; -cr.] One who
brags ; a vain, ostentatious pretender ; a brag-
gart.
"A bretoner, a braggerf."
Langland: P. Plowman, 4,104.
" Such as have had opportunity to sound these bray-
gers thoro'ighly, by having HOinetiines endured the
penance of tneir sottish comimny, have found them iu
converee empty and insipid. —A'outA.
" brag'-ger-y, &■. [Eng. bragger; -y.'\ Vain
show, iiomi*.
" All the nobles of the Frenche courte were in gar-
mentes of many colours, so that they were notknoweu
from the braggery."— Hall : Henry v'JIJ, an. 12.
br3-g'-get, * brag-gat, *brag-at, ''bra-
.got, bra-gett, ^bra-ket,£. [y^cX.hragot
= a kind of mead ; Cornish brcgaud; Ir. &7-a-
cat : Wei. brag ; Gael. & Ir. hraich = malt, fer-
mented grain. Connected with brew, A.S.
breowan (Skeat).] A kind of mead ; a liquoi'
made of honey and ale fermented, with spices,.
&c,
" Bruqctt, drynke {bragot or braket, K H. P.) Jtfel-
librodium, bragctwn." — Pr-nnpt. Pay^.
" Hir mouth was sweete as bragat is or meth,
Or hoord of apples, l.iyd in hay or heth."
Chaucer : The Miller's Talc, :;261-62.
brag'-ging, ' brag'-mg, pr. par.,u.,ks.
[Brag, v.]
A. & B. -4s pr. par. & part. adj. : In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive:
1. Boasting, arrogance.
" Howl>eit he nothing at all ceased from his brag-
ging, but .still was filled with pride, breathing out fire
in his rage against the Jews, and commanding to bajite
the jouniey. '~2 Maccabees, ix, 7.
2 Loud blowing, noise.
brag'-gmg-ly, adv. [Eng. bragging ; -ly.] In
a bragging manner, boastfully, ostentatiously.
" None bewail more braggingly Genn^iicMn death iit
outward show, then such as in their harts are most
glad." — Grenewuy : Tacitus; AmuUes,j>. 58.
brag'-gir, s. [Etym. doubtful. Cf. Gael, braigh
— the toj), the summit, or braigh, v.= lo give
a crackling sound ; Dan. brage = to crack, to-
crash, brag, bragen = crack, crash, crackling
noise.] The name given in the island of Lewis
to the broad leaves of the Alga Marina.
"They continue to manure the ground until the
tenth of June, if they have plenty of Brnggir, i.e. the
broail leaves growing on the top of the Alga Marina."
—Martin: West. J sL, T^. hi.
IT Britten and Holland are unable to decide-
what species of seaweed is meant by Alga,
marina. Can it be Fucus iwdosiis ?
'■' brag'-ing, s. [Bragging, s.]
bra-gi'te, s. [Fi-om Bragi, an old Scandma-
vian deity (?) ; and sutf. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Min. : Bragite of Forbes and Dahll. Pro-
bably altered Firein. It occurs imbedded in
orthoelase in Norway and Greenland. Or a
variety of Fergusonite (q.v.).
■ brag;'-less, a. [Eng. brag; -less.] Without
boasting or ostentation.
"IHo. The bi-uit is, Hector's slain, and by Achillea.
Ajax. If it be so, yet bragless let it be ;
Great Hector was a man as good as lie."
Shakesp. ; Troil. and Cress., v. 9.
■ "arag'-ly, odr. [Eng. brag; ~ly.] In a
uianuer worthy of being boasted of, finely.
" Seest not thilk hawthorn studde.
How bragly it Ijeginnes to budde,
And utter his tender head i"
Spenser: Shep. Cat., iii
brag'-wort, breg'-wort (Scotch), s. [Brag-
get.] (Scotch.) Mead, a beverage made from
the dregs of honey.
"To learn that the Scottish bregwort, or mead, so-
lilentiful at a harvest supper, is the self-same drink
with which the votaries of Kiinmon cheered them-
selves may well Alarm a devout mind," &,c.— Black-
wood's Mag., Jan., 1821, p. 405.
Brab'-ma, * Bra-ma, t Brah'-man, s.
[Ger.&;c.,i)*rama, Brahvia; in Mahratta and the
Sate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p6t»
or. wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
Brahma— braid
66&
BRAHMA.
modern languages of India, Brdhmd, fj'oni Saii-
Ri-rit Brdhnmn, not Bralimdn = a member of
the Hindoo sacred caste,; \)nt(l)NeiU. =forr(-,
]iower, will, wish, the propulsive force of crea-
tion ; (2) Ma5c. ; (ft) Self; (b) The being Brahma
(^see def.). {Max Miiller : Chips from a Ger-
nmii Workshop, vol. i. (1867), pp. 70-1.).]
HUuht Mythol. : The first person of tlie
Hindu triad, the others being Vishnu and Siva.
Speaking broadly, tlie first is the Creator,
the .second*
tlie Preser-
ver, and the
third the De-
stroyer. The
first is scarce-
ly worship-
ped, excepl
at Poklier, in'
Ajniere, and
Bithoor in
theDoab,the
residence of
the infamous
Nana Saheb.
He is repre-
sented as a
man of a red
colour, with
four faces.
He lias in
general four hands, in one-of whii.-li he holds a
portion ofthe Vedas, iu one a lustral vessel,
in one a rosary, and in one a sacrificial spoon.
For the present state of his worship see Brah-
MANISM.
Brab'-mai (2), s. & o. [Brahmapootra,]
Bralima - lo'wl, s. i Brabuapootra*
rowL.]
Brahzna Somaj, a. [Somaj.]
Brah'-man, Brab'-min, ' Bra'-min»
* Brach-mfin, s. & a. fin Sw. &c. , Bramin ;
Ger. Bramine, Brachmatie ; Fr. Braniiii, Bra-
mine, Bracmana; Sp. & Port. Bramin, Bra-
mine, Brachmane ; Ital. Bramino ; Lat. pi.
Brachmcaiae, Brachmanps ; Gr. ppaxixave-;
(Brachmamn) ; Mahratta Brahman ; Sanscrit
Brahman, not Bralnnan = Brahma ((\.\.) =
a member of the sacred caste, frojii Brahman
= Brahma (q.v.).]
A. As snhstantive :
1. Originally: One of the Aryan conquerors
of India who discharged priestly functions,
whose ascendency, however, over his fellows
was intellectual and spiritual, but not yet
X'olitical or supported by the caste system.
2. Now: One of the four leading castes of
India, the others, theoretically at least, being
Kshatryas (Warriors), Vaisyas (Merchants),
and Sndras (Labourers), not ri;ckoning out-
casts beyond the pale. [Castk.] [For the
rise ofthe Brahmans see Brahmanism.] The
Brahmans in many places at present are about
ii tenth part of the community. They are tlie
most intellectual of all castes, having great
mental subtlety. They are admirably adapted
for metaphysical .speculation and for mathe-
matical reasoning ; but throughout their vast
litei-ature they have almost uniformly told
monstrous myths in lieu of history. Nor do
they care much for natural science. In these
two respects they fall short of the avei'age
European mind. [Brahmanism.]
"The worshippers of Agui no longer form a diatinct
class, a few Agiiihotra Brahmans, who preserve the
family, may be met with," — H. H. Wllaan: Religionnf
the nitidus.
B. As adjective : In any way pertaining to a
member ofthe caste described xmder A.
^ Brahmana beads, Brahman's heads : A
name given iu India to the corrugated seeds
of Elseocarpus, used by the Brahmans and
otliers as necklace.s. Tliey are sometimes
worn as beads by children in East London,
liaving been brought from India by .sea-
faring relatives or friends.
Brahman bull, Brahminy bull, 5.
The Zebu, a variety of the Bos taurus, or Com-
mon Ox. It is distinguished by having a
large fatty humji on its shoulders. Divine
honours are paid to it in India, and it is
deemed an act of piety to turn one loose in the
streets, without any provision for its main-
tenance. It therefore helps itself from green-
grocei-s' stalls or from gardens. It is not, as
a rale, dangerous to pedestrians, hut at times
has warlike encounters with its humped com-
peers, besides systematically persecuting all
cattle destitiiti^ of a hump. It is unpopular
with those wlio are not of the Hindoo faith,
but they dare not for their lives openly injure
it, though the writer has heard of one being
killed, suspicion falling on a European whose
garden the divine beast had robbed.
Brah-m^n-ic, Brah'-nun-ic, a. [From
Brahman, Brahmin, and suff. -ic. In Fr.
BrahTnaniqne.] Pertaining to Brahmans or to
Bralimanism.
"... the corrmjtioii of the BraJiTiiinic religion." —
MosJieim : Ch. Hist., trans, by Murdoch, ed. 1865, p.
716. (Note. I
"The earlier systems of Brahmanic philosophy."—
Max Miiller : CIn/js from a Germiin iVorkshop, voL i.
(1667), p. 225.
Brah-m^n'-i-cal, Brah-min'-i-cal, a.
[From. Brahmanic, Brahminic ; -al.] The same
as BRAHiMNic (q.v.).
Brah'-man-ism, Brah'-mm-ism, s.
[From Eng., &c. Brahman, Brahmin, and suft".
-ism: In Ger. Branianism ; Fr. Brahmxinisme.]
Theol., Hist., £■ Phil.: The system of reli-
gious belief and practice introduced and pro-
pagated by the Brahmans. This gi'eatly varied
with the lapse of agts, but to every successive
form of it the name Brahmanism may be ap-
plied.
The earliest inhabitants of India seem to
have been mainly Turanians. [Turanian ]
When, at a very remote period of antiquity,
tliese entered the peninsula, an Aryan nation
nr tribe existed in Centrid Asia, X. W. of
India, speaking a language as yet unrecog-
nised, which was the parent of nearly all the
jiresent European tongues, our own not ex-
t'ejited. At an unknown date a great part of
this Aiyan nation migrated to the north-west,
and settled in Europe, the remainder taking
the contrary direction, and entering India by
the way of the Punjaub. [Arvan.] Admiring
the glorious Eastern sky, they applied to it,
and to the elements of nature, glowing ad-
jectival epitliets ; these gradually became
abstract substantives, then the qualities ex-
pressed were personified, and gods ruling over
the sevei'al elements were recognised. Thus the
sky was first called Deva, adj. =(1) bright,
then (2) brightness, next (3) the Bright God ;
or, if the ad,iectival meaiung be retained,
Divine. Tliis is the familiar Lat. Deus = God.
Similarly Dyaus = the sky, is Gr. Zeiis (Zeus),
genit. Aids (Dios), from At? (Di^)^ Latin Dies
■piter = Jupiter. Other divinities worshipped
were, Agni = fire (Lat. ignis), Surya ~ the
sun, Ushas = i\n- dawn [Gr. i^ws (eosj], Mariit
= ^,t)nni (Lat. Mars), Brithivi = the earth,
Ap = ihr waters, Nadi = the rivei-s, Vamna
= the sky [Gr. ovpai'ds (pnranos)], Mitra =
the sun, and Znrfra = the day. These gods
are invoked in tlie 1,017 hymns of the Rig-
Veda, the oldest Aryan book in the world.
Dr. Hang, of the Sanscrit College at Poonah,
thinks the oldest of these mayliave been com-
liosed and uttered from 12400-2000 B.C., or at
least from 2000 tu 1400 B.C. Mux Miiller, the
translator of the Rig-Veda, more moderately
<iates most of them between 1500 and 1200
B.C., believing the collection to have been
linished about 1100 B.C. [Rig-Veda, Veda.]
Whilst the Aryans were in the Punjaub a
religious schism took place amongst them,
and a large number of them left India for
Persia with feelings so bitter that what their
former friends left "behind called gods they
transformed into demons. The venerable
Deva = God, was changed into daem = an evil
f^pirit. Iran (Persia) was the place to which
the seceders went, and there their faith deve-
loped into Zoroastrianism (q.v.). (See also
Zend-avesta.)
The Rig-Veda was followed by three more,
the Yajnr-veda, the Sdma-veda, and the Atlia-
roa-vcda, each with a Sanliita or collection
written in poetry, and Brahmanas and Sutras,
prose compositions ; but these are not so
valuable as tlie Rig-Veda for tracing the old
beliefs.
From about 1000 to 800 B.C. collections
were being made of the old sacred literature.
From about SOO to 000 B.C. the Brahmanas
were composed (Dr. Haug thinks between
1400 and 1200 B.C.). Then the Sutras (exe-
getical compositions), which follow, make
Brahmanas as well as Mantras divine.
The exact date of the two great epic poems
— the Ramayana and the Mehabharat— is un-
known ; but the former is believed to be the
older. By the time that it appeared the con-
.stellatiou of Vedic gods had set, and one of
deified heroes was aiisiug or had arisen.
Rama, the deified King of Ayodliya (Oude),
the hero of the former poem, is still exten-
sively woi-shipped, along with his friend and
follower, Huuooman, the monkey god. So is
Krishna, the hero of the Mahabharat.
During the period of the Brahmanas, the
Brahmanic priesthood had risen to great
power ; during that of the Sutras they were in
quiet enjoyment of their caste dignity. By
the sixth century Booddha had arisen to
preach the equality of all castes, and his
system was dominant in India from about 250
B.C. till 750 A.D., that is, for a thousand
years. [Booddhism.]
When Brahmanism reasserts its sway the-
Hindoo tnad of gods — Brahma, Vishnu,
and Shiva— have arisen (see tliese words).
Nay, Brahma has become almost obsolete,
and the respective advocates of Vishnu and
Shiva are at variance. Between the twelfth
and the sixteenth centuries monastic reformers
formed sects, some Vishnuvite, others Sivaite.
Xew sacred books, called, however, Puranas
(meaning old), are penned to advocate the
tenets of conflicting sects, and, tliough contra-
dicting each other, are accepted as divine.
The Mohammedan invasion somewhat re-
pressed their quarrels. [Puranas.] At
present, the worship of Vishnu under the
forms of Krishna and of Rama, and of Siva
under that of the Lingam ; with the veneration
of Sukti, the power and energy of the divine
nature in action ; to whicli must be added the
adoration of Huuooman, Rama's friend ; and
in many places of aboriginal Turanian gods, are
the most prevalent forms of popular Hinduism.
Reformers are falling back on the Vedas, and
Christianity obtains converts from it in every
part of the land. [Somaj.]
Brab'-man-ist, s. [From Eng., &e. Brah-
man ; and sutf. -ist.] A professor of the Brah-
manic faith. [Brahmanism.]
" Ber^hard, in his ' Physical Atlas,' gives the follow-
ing division of the huiniui race iicc-ordiug to religion
. . . UrahmanistH . . . i;i'4 per cent" — .Max JildUcr :
Chips from a Oerman iVorkshap, voL i,, p. 215. (Note,;
Brah-ma-pdo'-tra^ BrS.h-ina-pu'-tra,
s. & a. [Sansc. Brahma (1) (q.v.).,*and pootr'a, ,
putra = a son.]
A, -4s suhst. (Geog.): A very large river,,
rising in south-west Thibet and falling into
the Bay of Bengal.
B. As adj. : Pertahiing to the river de-
scribed under A.
Brahmapootra or Brahma-fowl, s.
A variety of poultry, so called from their being
supposed to have been imported from the
neighbourhood of the Brahmapootra river.
Brah'-mm-ee, s. [Eng., &c. Brahmin; -ee.]
A female Braliman.
Brah'-min-ess, s. [Eng., &c. Brahmin ;
•ess.'\ A female Brahman, a Brahminee.
braid (1), ^braide, ^brayde, 'brai'-den,
*brei'-den {Eng.), braid, *brade,
^brayd (Scotch), v.t. & i. [A.S. bredan = to
bend, fold, braid, knit, gripe, lay hold of,
draw, drive, or take out or away (Bosworth) ;
bregdan = to bind, knit, vibrate, or draw
forth (Bosworth); O. Icel. bregdha, brigdha =
(1) to braid with, (2) to broider ; (int.)— to
start quickly; O. Fris. breida, hrida ; O.L.
Ger. bregdan; O.H. Ger. brettan.]
A. Transitive :
"I. Of sudden mx)vement (scp O. Icel. bregdJm):
To draw out quickly. (Used of the un-
sheathing or brandishing of a sword or similar
weapon.)
"Then thia byrne hraydci owte a 'bTa.Ti<i."~Anturs
<if Arthur, X.
" Wudyr his baud the knyff he bradit owt."
tyairace,i. 223. (M.S.)
% It is sometimes used reflexively.
To braid erne's self: To depart quickly. [B.,
" Hee bredde an ai on his barm and bratdes htm
than." Alisaunder (eii. Skeat}, 1,004.
"'^ II. Of more or less circular movement ; To
turn about, to turn round.
" Aue Duergh braydU about, besily and bane
Small birdis on broche. be aiie brigh fyre."
Gawan and Gol., 1.7. (Jamiemn.)
^III. Of movement taking tlie form of assault :
To attack, to assault. (RiuUhnan &Jamieson).
* 1[ To braid down : To throw down, to beat
down. (Skeat.)
"To the erth he braj/d him downe."
I'wiiitie and Gaw., 3,248,
hSU, bo^; poiit. j6^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion - shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, A:c. = b^l, del/
braid— brain
IV. Of the intei-^oinding of things together:
1. To weave or entwine together ; to twine,
to twist, to plat.
"... and .the nicest maiden's locks
Leas gracefully were braided "
IVordswoTth : Excur , bk. vi.
2. To intertwine or interlace around any-
thing.
"This hall, in which a child I played.
Like thine, dear Redmond, lowly laid,
The bramble and the thorn mn.y braid :
Or, passed for aye from me and mine.
It ne'er may shelter Eokehy's line "
Scott : Rohehy, v. 11.
* B. Intransitive {of rapid movement) :
1. To move quickly ; to take a series of long
steps in rapid succession. (Scotch).
" And as he hraclis furth apoun the bent."
Doug. : Virgil, 381, 2i
" Syne down the brae Sym braid lyk thunder."
Evergreen, il. 183, at. 7.
2. To rush.
" As bliue with his bumes he braide into prese.
And demened him dou till with dentes ful rude."
William of Palerne (ed. Skeat), 8,848-49.
3. To awake, to spring ; to start, to start up.
" Than the burde in her bed braide of hur slepe.
And whan shee wakyng was shee wondred in hert."
Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 724-5.
4. To break out ; to issue with violence.
"And all enragit thir wordiB gan furth brade."
Doug. : Virgil, 112, 29.
*■ Furth at the ilk ijorte the wyndls brade in ane
route." Ibid., 15, 35.
" Ou ayde he bradis for to eschew the dynt.
Ibid., 142, 3. IJamiesotu)
5. To cry out.
" Right in his wo he gan to braide."
Chaucer : Dreme, 662.
^ (1) To hraid vp the head : To toss the liead
as a high-mettled horse does, to carry the
head high.
*' I wald na langer beir on Ijrydil, hot braid up my
lieid :
Thair micht no mollat raak me moy, uorhald my
month in." Dunbar: Mait. Poems, p. 5.
(2) To hraid up the burde : To put up the
leaves of the table (?). A phrase used by
James 1. {Juinieson.)
braid (2),
[Breed, v.i.]
braid, * braide, * brayde, s. [From A.S.
bragd, hregd ; O. Icel. bragda, bragth= a. sud
den motion, trick, sleight, look, or expres^
sion.] [Beaid, v. (q.v,).]
* I. Of s^idd-en motion, or of anything sudden :
1. A sudden motion, a start, a rush, a
charge, a sally.
" Go we ther-for with strengthe of hond ; we willen
make a braide."
Sir Fei-umbras (ed. Herrtage), 3,122,
2. Au assault, a thrust, aim to strike ; an
attack, an invasion.
" . . .If the Scottie kyng mistake in any braide
Of treaou in any thing, ageyn Henry forsald."
/I. Brunne, p. 138.
" Syne to me with bis club he maid ane braid."
Doug. : Virgil, 451, 41. [Jamieson.)
3. A reproach, a taunt, upbraiding.
"And grieve our soiiles with quippes and bitter
braids." ' Jiob. E. of Huntingd.. hi. 1., 1,60L
4. Sudden fate.
•* By-thenk ye wel of that brayde, that touchede duke
Myloun." Sir Fei'umb. (ed. Herrtage), 2,008.
5. A moment of time.
^ At a braid. At a brayde : At a start, at
once.
" And vcbe Ijest at a brai/de ther hym best lykez."
Sar. Mng. Allit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 539.
In a hrayd: In a moment.
" Baltazar in a brui/d bede vns ther-ot"
Ear. Eng. Atlit. Poems (ed. Morris) ; Cleanness, 1,507.
6. A grimace.
" And grymly gryu on hym and blere.
And Bydtis braydes mak hym to fere."
flichard Halle de IlnmpoUe, 2,220-7.
7. The cry of a newly-born child. (Scotch.)
(Craig, Jamieson, &c.)
II. Of something woven :
1. Gen. : Twist, plaiting.
" Nor braids of gold the \ arled tresaes bind.
That fly disorder'd with the wanton wind."
Pope : Sapplio and Phaon, 85-C.
" Then hasten we, maid.
To twine our braid."
Moore : L. R., Light of the Harem
■^ 2. Spec. :
(1) Braided gold. (Scotch.)
"In the fyrat a belt of crammasay hernesait with
^old & braid." —Jnve iitor ins, i> 8. {Jamiesoit.)
(2) A narrow woollen fabric used for binding.
* braid (1), a. & s. [From A.S. bragd, bregd =
deceit, fiction; Icel. bragdh^fmnd, deceit;
from A.S. brediin = to weave, . to draw
(as into a net).] [Braid, s.]
A. As adjective ; Deceitful.
" Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Marry that will, I live and die a maid."
Shakesp. : All's Well, iv. 2.
B. As suh':-ta)itive : Deceit, anything de-
ceitful.
" Dian rose with all her maids
Blushing thus at love his braids."
Greene : Neoer too Late, 1,616.
' braid (2), * brade, a. [A.S. br<M = broad. ]
[Broad.]
1. Broad.
" 'Ay, ye might have said in braid Scotland, gude-
wife,' added the hiXdler."— Scott : Redgauntlet, let. x.
2. Plain, intelligible,
" And yit f orsoith I set my besy pane,
(As that I couth) to make it brade and plain."
Doug. : Virgil, Pref. 5, 4.
braid-band, u-. [Broad-band.] (Scotch.)
braid-bonnet, s.
1. A Scots bonnet, usually of dark blue
wool with a short thick tassel.
2. A bonnet piece (q.v.).
braid-cast, adv. [Broadcast,] (Scotch.)
braid-comb, s. A large comb for a
woman's back hair.
'braid, * brade, ady. [Broad.] Widely.
" The heuinly portis cristallyne
Vpwarpis brade, the warld till illumyne."
Doug. : Virgil, 399, 25.
braid'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Braid.]
"Of mantles green, and braided hair."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 4.
" G-olden tresses wreathed in one.
As the braided atreamlets nm ! "
Longfellow. Maidenhood.
bra'id-er, s. [Eng. braid ; -er.]
1. Gen. : Tliat which braids.
2. Spec.: A sewing-machine attachment
provided with an opening to guide and lay
a braid on the cloth under the action of the
needle. The braid-guiding opening may be in
the presser and in advance of the needle-hole,
or in the cloth-plate, or in a separate attach-
ment secured to the cloth-plate.
braid'-ing, pr. par., u,, & s. [Braid, v.]
A. & B, As pr. par. <& part. adj. : In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of making braids.
2. Braids taken collectively.
"A gentleman enveloi^ed in raustauhios, whiskers,
f^Tr collars, and braiding, . . ." — Thackeray. {Good-
rich & Porter.)
braiding-machine, s.
Machinery :
1. A machine in which a fabric is made by
the laying up of three or more threads by
a plaiting process. Mecliauisin guides the
thread-holding bobbins in a serpentine course
to interlace the threads.
2. A braider (q.v.).
Braid' -i§m, s. [See def.]
Therapeutics: A name sometimes given to
hypnotism (q.v.), from Mr. J. Braid, a Man-
cliester surgeon, one of the early investigators
of the subject.
Braid' -ist, s. [Eng. Braid(ism); -ist.] One
who practises hypnotism ; a hypnotist.
braid'-nes» ». [Broadness. ] (Scotch.)
bra'-ie, bray'-ie, u. [Scotch brae ; suffix -ie
= Eng. -y.]
1. Sloping.
2_ Hilly.
■ braie, * brai'-in (1), v.t. [Bray.]
^ brai'-in (2), v. [Bray (2), v.]
braik, v. [Cf. Dut. broimkluest = nausea,
qualm ; braalcdrank = vomit.] To vomit.
(Scotch.)
"Sche blubbirt, bokkit, and braikit atill."
Lyndsay: S. P. R., ii. 87.
* braik (I), s. [Probably the same as Eng. hrag,
s. (q.v.). Or from Icel. braka = to make a
noise.] A threat. (Scotch.)
" All thocht with braik, and boiat, or wappinnia he
Me doith awate, and mauace for to de '
Doug. : Virgil. 374, 32.
braik (2), s. [Break.] (Scotch.)
braik (3), s. [O. Sw. braaka, from braaka, \.
= to break.] (Jamieson.) [Brake (1), s.]
1, A kind of han-ow. (Scotch.)
" While new-ca'd kye ruwte at the stake.
All' powniea reek in pleugli or braik."
Bums : Epistle to J. Lapraik.
2. An instrument used in dressing hemp,
&c. (JamiesoTi.)
* braik'-in, s. [Bracken.]
^ braik'-it, a. [From Ir. hreac, &refc = speckled,
pied, motley.] Speckled. (Scotch.)
brail, '^ brayle, s. [From O. Fr. braiel,
braiol, braioele, braieul = a band placed round
the breeches ; O. Fr. braie, braye = breeches ;
Frov. hraya; Sp. & Port, braya ; Ital. braca ;
from Lat. braca (sing.), bra^te (pi. ) = breeche3.]
[BREECnKS.]
1. Falconry : (1) A piece of leather with
which to bind up a hawk's wing ; (2) Tlie mass
of feathers about the fundament of a hawk.
(Cotgrave .)
2. Naut. (pi. brails) : Ropes used to gather
up the foot and leeches of a sail, preparatory
to furling.
^ The brails of a gaflf-sail are for hauling
the after-leech of the sail forward and uj*-
ward, previous to furling : towards the head
(pedk-braiU) ; neck (throat-brails); and luff
(foot-brails). The lee-brails are hauled upon
in furling.
brail, v.t. [From brail, s. (q.v.).]
1, Falconry : To fasten up the wing of ^
bird, to confine It from flight. (Lit. & fig.)
2. Naut. : To haul up into the brails, to
ti'uss up with the brails. (Followed by up.)
" Cheerily, my heartiea ! yo heave ho !
Brail up the inainBail, and let her go."
Longfellow; The Golden Legend* v.
brain, * braine, ^ brayn, * brayne, s. &
a. [A.S. broigen, brageii, bregen ; Dut. brein ;
0. Dut. bregen; 0. Fries, brein. Perhaps
cognate with Gr. ^p€'•yJu,a {bregma), ^peyfio^
(bregmos), ^pexjw^os (bT-ec/imos), jSpe^iaa (brechmxi)
= the upper part of the head.]
A. As s^distantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally : The soft mass contained within
the cavity of the skull, the encephalon. [II.,
1.]
"Proceeding from the heat-oppressed drain.
Shakesp : Macb. ii. 1.
(1) In this sense it may be used in the plural,
when the brains of different individuals,
human or animal, are compared to each
other.
", . . at no period of life do their brains jwrfectly
nsree."— Darwin : Descent of Man, vol i. (1871), pt. i,,
ch. i., p. 3,
(2) When only one individual is referred to.
"Voices were heard threatening, some that hia
brains should be blown out, . . ."—Macaulay ■ Bist.
Eng., ch. xii.
2. Figuratively : The intellect,
". . . the ftrain devise laws . . ."
Shakesp. : Mer. qf Ven., i. 2.
T[ In this sense used also in the plural,
"... to beat this from hia &rflin«, . . ."
Shakesp. : Ben. VIII., lii. 2.
T[ To cudgel the brains: To stimulate the
faculty of attention, with the view of solving
an intellectual difficulty which could not be
satisfactorily disposed of in one's ordinary
listless mental state.
n. Technically:
1. Anat. : That part of the nervous system
contained within the cranium, or encephalon,
the central iiart of the nervous system, com-
posed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and me-
dulla oblongata (q.v.). It is formed by the
continuity of the fibres of the spinal cord
upwai"ds to the cephalic centres.
% (I) Compar. Anat. : The centre of the
nervous system in the lowest of the animals
which possess a brain is in the fonn of a
double cord; a step higher, and knots or
ganglia are developed on one extremity of the
cord. Such is the rudimentary structure of
brain in the lowest vertebrata. In the lowest
fishes the anterior extremity of the double
cord shows a succession of five pairs of
ganglia ; in the higher fishes and amphibia
the first two become fused into a single
ganglion ; then follow only three pairs of
symmetrical ganglia. This carries us up in the
animal scale to mammalia (q.v.) ; for instance,
in the dog and cat we find a single ganglion,
cerebellum, then three jiairs following each
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall» father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt,
or, wore, w^lf, work, who, son ; miite. cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
brain— braith
667
other, and the primitive ganglia of ojiposite
sides, at first separate, become united liy
means of transverse fibres, comraissiu'es (covi-
mismra — a joining), for associating in func-
tion the two symmetrical portions. Hence
the deduction that the brain in the lower
animals consists of primitive cords, primitive
ganglia upon these cords, and commissures
which connect the substance of adjoining
ganglia and associate their functions.
(2) Human Anatomy :
(«) In tlie fcetus : In the human fcetus, the
earliest sign of the spinal cord is a pair of
minute longitudinal tilaments side by side ;
on the anterior extremity of these five pairs of
minute swellings are seen, not in a straiglit
line, as in fishes, but curved on each other to
correspond with the future cranium. The
posterior pair soon become cemented on the
middle line, forming one ; the second pair
also unite ; the third and fourth, at first dis-
tinct, are soon veiled by a lateral develop-
ment arching backwards to conceal them ;
and the anterior pair, at first small, become
less and almost lost in the development of the
other pairs ; so that the architecture of the
human brain is the same as that of the lower
animals, but progressive. [Archencephala.]
(h) In the adult : In the adult the primitive
cords, described under 2 (a), have become the
spinal cord, at the upper extremity they
separate under the name of crura cerebri ; the
first pair of ganglia, developed from the pri-
mitive cords, have become the cerebellum ;
tlie second imr (the optic lobes of animals)
become the corpora quadrigemina of man ;
the tliird pair, the optic thalami, and the
fourth, the corpora striata, are the basis of
the hemispheres, wliich, the merest lamina in
the flsh, have become the largest portion, the
cerebrum, of the brain iu man ; the fifth pair
(olfactory lobes), so large in the lowest forms,
tlwindle into the olfactory bulbs of man. The
brain is composed of fibres or fasciculi ranged
in some parts longitudinally, in others inter-
laced at various angles by cross fibres, and
connected and held together by a delicate
areolar web, which is the bond of support of
the entire organ. It is enveloped by three
lining membranes, the dura mater, the arach-
noid, and the pia mater (q.v.). The brain
substance is of two kinds, differing in density
and colour, a grey or cineritions or cortical
substance, and a white or medullary sub-
stance. The grey substance forms a thin
lamella over the entire surface of the convolu-
tions of the cerebrum, and of the lamina of
the cerebellum, hence it has been named
cortical ; but it is likewise fonnd in the centre
of the spinal cord through its entire length,
thence through the medulla oblongata, crura
cerebri, thalami optici, and corpora striata ;
also in the locus perforatus, tuber cinereum,
commissura mollis, pineal gland, pituitary
gland, and corpora rhoniboidea. As clearly
shown by I)r. Sieveking, there is a peculiar
property in the white matter of tlie brain,
namely, the great elasticity of the medullary
substance, and the resiliency afforded by this
is the counterpoise of the rigid structui'es
enveloping the brain, and whicli do not, as
erroneously supposed, remove it entirely from
the influence of atmospheric pressure.
The microscopic elements of the brain are
white nerve-fibres from ^^Vo to Y^hijo of an
inch in dianteter ; grey nerve-fibres, one-half
or one-third less than the white in diameter
(Heule); nerve-cells, between ^so and yb^su of
an inch in diameter ; and nerve-granules, be-
tween yJg^ and To^go of an inch in diameter,
with a variable number of pigment-granules.
The division of nerves into cranial and spinal
is purely arbitrary, for with respect to origin,
all but the first (the olfactory) proceed from
the spinal cord or its immediate prolongation
into the brain.
The weight of the human brain, according
to Scemmering, is '2, lbs. 5^ oz. to 3 lbs. 1 oz.
7 drs. ; Dr. Aitken says from 30 to 52 ounces,
with a bulk of from 65 to 84 cubic inches.
Dr. John Reid states that there is an average
difference of 5 oz. 11 drs. in favour of the
male brain. According to Scemmering, tlie
largest brain of a horse is I lb. 7 oz. ; that
of an elephant dissected by Sir Astley Cooper
iiad a weight of S lbs. 1 oz. ; and Rudolxihi
found that of a common whale (Balcena mysti-
cetus), 75 feet long, to weigh 5 lbs. 10^ oz.
The average sp. gr. of healthy brain is 1036 ;
mean of grey matter, 1'034; of white, 1*041.
Its blood supply is derived through the 2''^^-
mater membrane.
2. Ckein. ; The chemical constituents of
the brain are albumen ; fatty matter, includ-
ing two acid compounds containing a large
amount of phosphorus, from eiglit to ten
pai-ts in 1,000, or one-twentieth to one-thirtieth
of the whole solid matter ; also salts, and
from four-fifths to seven-eighths of water.
3. I'hysiol. : The organ for manifestation
of the intellectual faculties, such as the emo-
tions, the passions, and volition, and also of
sensation. The evolution of nerve-force con-
nected with mijid emanates directly from the
hemispherical ganglia. The spinal cord, by
its connection with the brain, is the essence
of combined movements. The brain alone fur-
nishes conditions necessary for intelligence ;
the spinal cord for movement ; and together
they connect the balancing and co-ordination
of motor and sensific power.
4. Path. : The chief diseases of the brain
are— abscess of the organ, aphasia (in which
the anterior lobes are affected, with difficulty
of expressing thought), apo^^lexy (q.v.), brain
fever, cancer, concussion and compression,
epilepsy, hydrocephalus, hysteria, headache,
induration, insanity, iiaralysis, softening, sun-
stroke, and tumours (q.v.).
B. As adjective: Relating to the brain in
any of the foregoing senses. (See the com-
pounds which follow.)
1[ Obvious comjxnuid: Brain - develojmient
(Danvin: Descent of Man, pt. i., vol. i.).
brain-born, «. Generated l^y one's own
brain or mind.
" Each liath his paiig, but feeble sufferers groan
"With brain-born dreams of evil all theii' owii "
Byron : Chilcte Harold's Pilfjriniagu, ii. 7.
brain-bred» «. Engendered in or sprung
from the brain.
"love's brain-bred girle."— J^. Taylor : Works (IC30),
p. 111.
brain-case, s. The part of the skull
which encases the brain.
^ brain-child, s. An idea.
"A brain-child of my own " B. Jonson: New Inu.i. \.
brain-fever, s. A term in common use
for inflammation of the lining membranes of
the brain, meningitis; or of the brain itself,
cerebritis. These are generally found in con-
junction, seldom separate, and are termed
phrenitis, or encephalitis. Often associated
\n) with tuberculosis, or scrofula ; sometimes
ib) with gnut, rheumatism, or syphilis ; in the
first instance generally in the case of children
and delii^ite young females, in the others
cliiefly in adult males ; very frequently, also,
from injury, or as a consequence of previous
diseases. Brain-fever is characterised by
violent headache, intolerance of liglit, excite-
ment, extreme sensitiveness, hypersemia, de-
lirium, convulsions, and coma. These are the
symptoms oi cerehral irHtation, which is often
followed by cerebral depression. So real is
the delirium that it cannot be distinguished
from true i)erceptions.
brain-pan, s. The same as Brain-case
(q.v.). [Brainpan.]
* brain-wood, «. [Brainwood.]
brain-worm, s. {Fig.) A worm infesting
the brain. (Used in controversy contemptu-
ously of an adversary.) (Milton : Colasterion.)
brain-wright, s. One who thinks or
devises for another. {HalliweU : Cont. to Lex.)
brain, v.t. [From hraiii, s. (q.v.).]
1. Lit. : To dash out the brains.
" There thou may'st brain him."
Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. 2.
2. Figuratively :
(1) To defeat. (Used of a purpose, &c.)
" That brained my purpose;"
Shakesp. . Measure for Measure, v. 1.
(2) To conceive in the brain, to understand.
"Tongue and brum not." Shakesp, : Cymbeline, v. 4.
braindge, r.i. [Etym. doubtful.] To rusli
rashly forward.
" Thou never braindg't, an' fetch't, an' fliitkit, '
But thy auld tail thou wad hae whiskit."
Bums: Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare ilagaie.
'^ brain'-ish, a. [Eng. 6mi*i; -is/t.] Brainsick.
" Iu this brninish apprehension, kills
The unseen good old luan." Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 1,
brain-less, ^ brain' -lesse, *brain'-les,
a [Eng. brain, and suft. -less.] Without in-
tellect, dull, stupid. (Fig,)
" If the dull brainless AJax come safe off."'
Shakesp. : Trail., i. 3.
* brain'- pan, * brain'- panne, ?. [Eng.
brain; pan.] The pan-lil<e cavity containing
the brain ; skull.
"My brain-pan had been clef t. "— ^ftafte^p. ■' 2 Uen.
VI., iv. 10.
brain'-sick, u. [A.-S. brmgen-sedc]
1. Of person? : Of diseased brain or mind ;
not quite in one's mind, with the intellect
touched; flighty, one-sided, injudicious.
" What ! more fools atill ! Be ruled by me and gc
back, who knows whither such a brain-sick feUow will
le^ you V "—Buni/an : P. P., pt. 1.
2. Of things : Produced by a diseased brain
or mind.
" Because Cassandra's mad ; her brain-sick raptures
Ciiuuot distivste the goodness of a quarrel."
Shakesp. : Trail., il- 2.
* brain'-sick-ly, adv. [Eng. brainsiclc ; -ly.]
In a brainsick manner, in such a way as one
of diseased brain or mind might be expected
to do ; with lack of sound judgment.
" You do unbend your noble strength, to think
So brainsickli/ of things."
Shaki-sp. : Jfacbeth, ii. 2.
brain '-sick-ness, * brain'-sick-nesse.
s. [Eng. brain; sickness.) Sickness, or any
affection of the brain, accompanied by more
or less of mental disease.
"... brainsick nesse they entitle promptitude,
quicknesse, and celeritie." — Holland : Plutarch, \). 77.
{Jiichardson.)
brain'-Stone, s. [Eng. brain; stmie.]
Zool. . A name fur the ^enus of corals called
bSil, bdjl-; po^t, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9liin, benph; go, §em; thin, this; sin,
-cian« -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious
BRAINSTONE.
by naturalists Jleandrina, in which the surface
resembles the convolutions ur meanderinga ol
the human brain.
^ brain-wood, * brayn-wod, a. [O. Eng.
brayn ; Eng. 6mtJi ; -icod, it'ooti = mad.] Mad,
out of one's mind.
" Than brayde he braynwod."
WiKiam qf Paleme, 2,008.
t braird, s. [Bkeer.] (Scotch.)
1. Sing. : The first appearance of grain above
ground after it is sown.
2. PI i()\ (brairds): The coarsest kind of flax.
[Breard.]
t braird, v.t. [From braird, s. (q.v.).] To
spring up as seeds. (Ogilvie.)
* brais, v.t. [From Fr. bras = the arm,] [Em-
brace. ] To embrace.
" And leif aiie uthir thy baggis to brais!"
Dunbar: Bannafyne Poems, p. 56, at. 8.
braise, a. [Braize.]
braise, v.t. [Fr. braider, for braise = hot char-
coal.] To cook in a braising-pan.
brai^'-ing, s. & a. [Braise, v.]
Cookery : A term given to p. jtrocess of cook-
ing meat, which combines the advantages of
baking and stewing. Properly speaking, it is
performed in a braising-pan, which is a stew-
pan with a closely-fitting lid constructed to
hold live embers, so that the meat can be
cooked from above and below simultaneously,
though it is often done in an ordinarj' sauce-
pan kept tightly closed.
braising-pan, s. A pan for cookins
meat as described in Braising (q.v.).
brait. s. (Etymology doubtful. Dr. Murray
considers that the woid is a Hiistake for bort
(q.v.).]
Jewelry : A rough diamond.
* braith. a. [O. Icel. brdthr = swift, head-
ong furious ; O. Sw. brather ; Sw. brdd ; Dan
brad.] \ lolent, severe.
" M.'.t?"''^'''^ braUJihUw, aU byratvt owt of bind ■
Butless to ground he smat hiui quhar he atud "
Wallace, xi. in, MS. {Jamieson.)
as; expect. Xenophon, eyist, ~iug
■cious = shus. -ble. -die, kc. = -b^i^ d^"
668
braithfull— braky
* braith - full. * breith'-ful, i- ^l^ng.
bmithiq.y.) ; suffix -Mil).^ ^Imi-p, violent.
■'In sum the greyf .-md ire dyd fast lialiound. ^_
Basyt wyth braithfull atimgis full unsound.
Uouff. : Viryil, 379, 22.
* braith'-ly, * braith'-lie, c. & adv. [O.
Icel. hradhUgr.]
A. As adjective : Violent, impetuous, fierce,
wrathful.
" This goddes went, qiihare Eolus tlie kyng
In guusty cauis, the -wiudia loud quhisliiig
Aiid braiChlif tenipeHtis, by his power refraiiya "
Sotig. : Virgil, 14, 46.
B. -4s admrh : Violently, with great force.
" WnesB a word he iiiyclit bryiig out for teyiie ;
The Ijailfull ters bryet braitldiy fra hye eyne "
Wallace, vi. 208, MS. Al&o lii. 875. {Jami^soti.)
braize {Eng.\ braise, braze (Scotch), s.
[A.S. ha;i-s, &ea/'s— a perch, a wolfish or vora-
cious tish (Somner) ; Sw. hraxen = a bream ;
Dan. & Dut. hrasem = a hreani ; Ger. brassea
= a bream.]
1. Eufilish (of the form braize) : Braize, the
name of the Pagru.s genus of fisheK, and specially
of the s]ieeies Pagrus imhjaris or Common
Braize, called also the Becker, the Pandora,
and the King of the ^ea-bicams. It belongs
to the family Sparidjc. It is found, though
rarely, in the British .seas.
2. Scotch(oftlie forms hraise and hra-ze): The
roach (Lettcisciis rutilus), one of the Cyprinidy^.
" Salmon, iiike, and eels of difi'erent kinds, frequent
the Enriok and Blane; but no ttfih in greater abun-
dance, at a certain se-isou of tne year, than the braise
(roaoli, Eiig.). Vast shoals come up from Lochloinond,
and by nets are caught in those sands." — /'. Killearn,
Stirlings. statist. Ace. of Scotland, xvi. 109.
* brak, ^""f/. ofv. [A.S. hroir, pret. of hrcccin.']
[Break, v.] Broke.
" I trow at Troye whan PiiTua hrak the wal."
Chancer: C. T., Man of Lawes Tale, 288.
'* brak, s. [From Dut. 'braak = a breaking;
O. Icel. hrak = breaking, uxaroar.] An out-
break, uproar, riot.
"Ane uther sorte startis up faithles. every year
embrayssing with great brak the faith of the starkast
imrty," — /f. Winyett: Fiist Tractat. Keith's Jlmt.,
App., p. 208.
* brake, pret. ofv. [Break, v.]
"... he brake his mind to hia wife and children. "—
Bunijan : P. P., pt i
brake <1), break (Eng.), braik, break
(Scotch), s. & a. [In {N. H.) Ger. brache;
L. Ger. brake = an instrument for breaking
flax ; Dut. braak = breaking, burglary, brake.
From Dut. hreken; Ger. brechen = to break.]
[Break, v.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Origiiially : An instrument or machine to
break flax orhemp. (Johyison.) Itis toothed.
" When it is dry euoneh, break it with your breaks,
.tiid aiterwards rub and scutch it," — Maxwell: Sel.
Trans. , p. 362.
2. A cross-bow.
"And Bumme -scholde schete to the frensche rout
with gunner and bowes of brake." — Sir Fcrumbras,
3,203.
" Not rams, nor mighty brakca, nor slings alone."
Fairf. : Tas&o, xviii. 43. Also sL 64.
3. An instrument of torture.
"Had I that honest blood in my veins again, queen,
that your feats and these frights liave drained from
Hie, honoiir should pull hard ere it drew me into these
brakes."— fieaa. A Fletch. : Thierry & Tfieod., v. 1.
4. The handle of a ship's pump. (Johnson.)
5. A baker's kneadiug-trough. (Johnson.)
6. A sharp bit or snaffle, a horse-bit. (Cole,
Johnson, £r.)
7. A machine in which horses unwilling to
be shod are confined during the operation.
(1) Lit. Of horses : In the foregoing sense.
(2) Fig. Of -persons: A restraint, a curb of
any kind upon libert}', the appetites, the
passions, &c. (or this may be the figurative
sense corresponding to I., 6).
*' Dvest, you still for man should take him,
And not think he had eat a stake,
Or were set up in a brake." B. Jo^won,
8. A large and heavy kind of haiTow, chiefly
used for breaking in rough ground. (Scotch.)
" A jjair of han'owa, or brake for two horses, on the
bent eonsti-uction, 1795, £2 23.; 1B09, £i."—\ViUon :
Jienfr., p. 87.
II. Technically :
1. Machi)iery :
(1) The kneading-machine used by bakers.
It consists, in some teases, of a pivoted lever
operating on a bench.
(2) Any other machinery for oMccting the
same purpose.
(3) A friction-strap or band applied on the
periphery of the drum of a hoisting-machine,
rrane, or crab.
2. Hydraulics : The extended handle of a
lire-engine or similar pump, by which the
power is applied. (Used especially of an ex-
tended handle at which a row of men can
work together.)
3. Vdiiclcs:
(1) A vehicle for breaking horses, consisting
of the running- gears, and a driver's seat,
without any carriage-body.
(li) A rubber pressed against the wheel of a
veliicle, to impede its revolution, and so
arrest the descent of the vehicle when going
down hilL
(:-:) The part of a carriage by wliich it is
enabled to be turned. The fore-carriage.
i. Railroad engineering : A contrivance for
.stopping the motion of a car-wheel by fric-
tion applied therein Railway bi-akes are of
various kinds. There are hand-brakes, air-
brakes, &c.
A hand-brake is put in action by a winding
drum cttnnecting chains and levers, the power
of the brakesman being applied to a hand
wheel in thecariiage. The air or atmosplieric
brake ojierates by means of compressed air.
It can bring a train running forty-tive miles
an hour to a standstill within 2.50 feet.
" A n\miber of gentlemen, representing various rail-
way companies, attended at Ipswich, oil Wethiesday,
to witness a trial of a brake, the invention of Mr. Sul-
livan, M.P. The arrangement is especially atlapteU for
application to railway carriages which are already fitted
witli the ordinary hand-brake. . . . Stopiiages were
made in short sjwice, and with much steadiness." —
Weekly Scotsman, May 17, 1879.
5. Basket-inaking : An iron crotch with a
.sharp-edged re-entering angle, adapted to peel
the bark from osiers drawm therethrough.
B. -4s adjective : Adapted to, pertaining to,
or in any way connected with a brake.
brake-beam, s.
Vehicles: The transverse beam connecting
the shoes of opposite wheels. A brake-bar.
brake-block, s.
Railroad engineer in ij : The block attached
to the brake-beam and holding the shoe or
rubber.
brake-sboe, s. That part of a brake
which is brought in contact with the object
whose motion is to be restrained.
brake-sieve, s.
Mining : A rectangular sieve operated by a
forked lever or brake, from which it is sus-
pended in a cistern of watei' for the agitation
of comminuted ore. The meshes are of strong
iron wire, ^ of an inch square. The brake is
supported by a rolling axis, [Jigger.] The
poorest light pieces are cuttings. Pieces of
poor, sparry, heavy ore are chats. (Knight.)
brake-wheel, s.
1. Railroad engineering : Tlie wheel on the
platform or top of a carriage by which tin;
brakes are put in action.
2. Mudiincry : A wheel having cams or
wipers to raise the tail of a hammer-helve.
brake (2), s. & a. [L. Ger. ferafcc ^^ brake,
brushwood ; connected with Ger. hra-clie —
fallow-ground ; Dut. braak (ad,i.) = fallow ;
Dan. brak = fallow, unploughed ; and, per-
haps, with Dan. hregne = fern-brake. Of also
Wei. brivg, brygan = growth, brake ; Arm.
&rrtfc,7)rM(/ = heath, heather ; Ir. &Gael./r(wic/t
= heath ; Prov. brn = heath.] [Bracken ]
A. As substantii'c :
1. A thicket of brushwood or fern ; a place
overgrown with prickly or thorny shrubs, with
brushwood or with feni.
(1) Literally:
(ft) Overgrown with prickly or thorny
shrubs, as brambles and briars, or witli brush-
wood. [CANE-ERAKt:.]
"That seem 'd to break from an expanding heart :
'The untutor'd bird may found, and so construct,
And with such soft materials line, her nest,
Fixd m the centre of a piickly braktt.'"
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk, v.
(b) Covered with a growth of the fern de-
scribed rinder 2.
" And now at distance can discern
A stirring in a brake of feiii ;
And instantly a dog is seen
Ghuicing from that covert irreen."
Wordi.ioorth : Fidelity.
(-2) Fig. : Trials, difficulties, afflictions.
■ If I'm tratluc'd by tongues, which neither know
My f.iculties nor person : let me sjiy,
Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
That virtue muBt go through."
Shakesp. : Hen. VIII., i. 2.
2. The English name of Pteris, a genus of
ferns belonging to the order Polypodiaceai.
[Pteris.] It is so called from growing-
abundantly in such brakes as those de-
scribed under No. 1. The common brake,
called, more especially in Scotland, the
bracken, is very abundant in woods and
on heaths, and constitutes quite a feature
of the scenery in such localities. It is the
commonest British fern. It is very abundant
in Epping Forest, and is the only fern that is-
eonnnon there. If an excursionist allow
himself to be benighted in the forest it will
aid him in picking his steps to know tliat
wherever the brake or bracken grows the
spot is presumably dry, wherever it is absent
the place is i)resumably marshy. It is an
excellent covert for game, and where deer
exist they love to be among it. The country
]ieople believe that, taken medicinally, it will
destroy worms, and that to lie upon it will
cure the rickets in children. Its leaves are
used for thatching cottages. Its astringent
quality has led to its employment for dressing
and preparing chamois leather, and the ashes
are useful in the manufacture of soap and
gla.ss. It is sometimes spelled also brakes.
" Motley accoutrement — or iwwer to smile
At thorns, and brakes, and brambles — and in truth.
More ragged than need was."
Wordsworth : .Vuttinif
Tf Brake of the wall : A local name of tlie
fern Polypodium vulgair.
•f Rock brakes : A name of the Parsley Fern,
Allosorus crispus.
brake-feni« s.
1. Pteris aquiline.
2. Any other fern. (Ray.)
brake-nightingale, brake nightin-
gale, s. A book-name for the Nightingale
(Philomela lusclnia). [Nightingale.]
' brake, * brak, a. [Dan. & Dut. hrak ; Ger.
brack.] Brackish ; somewhat salt.
"The entreUis sik fer in the fludis brake.
In your reuerence I sail flyng and swake " i
Doug. : Virgil, 13.5, 29.
* bra'ke-bushe, s. [Eng. brake ; O. Eng.
hushe.] A brake of ferns.
" B)-ttftp6«sft«, or f emebrake. Fillcetam, filif:ariu.tn."
—Prompt. Parv.
brake'-hop-per, s. [Eng. brake; Iwpper.^
Ornith. : The Grasshopper Warbler (q.v.).
brake'-less, a. [Eng. brake (\); -less.] Un-
provided with a brake for checking motion.
brake-man, brake's-man,^. [Eng. brake,
V. ; inan.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A man whose business it is
to put on the brake, when it is required, in
railway travelling.
2. Mining : The man in charge of the wind-
ing engine.
■ brak-en, * brak-in, s. [Bracken.]
" brak-ene, ^brakenesse, s. [Brake (i).]
A baker's pounding or crushing instrument.
"Bi-ay, QT briikene. Baxteris instrument. Pinsit,
CF."— Prompt. Parv.
* brak'-et, * br^g'-get, s. [Bragget.] A
sweet drink made of the wort of ale, honey, ami
spices. It is called also bragwort.
" Hir mouth was swete as braTc^ or the meth,
Or herd of apples, laid in hay or hetb."
Chaucer : C. T. ; Miller's TaU.
" One that knows not neck-beef from a pbe.isant,
Nor canuot relish braggat from ambrosi.i."
Jieuum. d- Fl. : Little Thi<^.
brak'-i:&g, pr. par. & s. [Brake, v.]
A. As present participle : (See the vei b.)
B. As substantive :
Flax-manufacture: An operation by which
the straw of flax orhemp, previously steeped
and grassed, is broken, so as to detach the
shives or woody portion from the hare or
useful fibre. [Flax-brake,]
braking-machine, s. A machine for
braking flax or hemp after rotting, to remove
the woody portion and i^ith from the fibre.
brak'-y, o. [From Eng.&rafc(e); -y.]
1. Lit. : Tliorny, prickly, brambly ; over-
iini with brushwoml and fern.
i^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot»
or, wore, wplf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
brakyn— bran
659
2, Fig. : Choked up with other and rougher
things ; left in obscurity, hidden from view.
"Redeem arta from their rough and brak// seats,
where they lie hid and overgrown with thorns, to a
pure and open light, where they may take the eye, and
may he taken by the hand." — Hen Jorison.
* brak -3^ vj. [Break, v.]
" Brakyn' aiunder cordys and ropia and other lyke.
ItamiM>."—P7-omjjt. Parv.
Dat. broken: O. Icel.
* bra-kioi* v.i. [O.
braka.] To vomit.
" Brnkf/n. or caatyu, or spewe. Vomo, C'.ith evomo."
— Prompt, i'aro.
"^ bra'-kynge, pi-. r^>r, d- s. [Brakvn.]
A. Aspr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As s-ubst : The act of vomiting.
" Brakynge, or parbrakynge. Votnitu-s. erornitus." —
Prompt Parv.
* braid, pa. par. [From Sw. prald = be-
decked ; prd,la. = to cut a figure, to boiist.]
Decked, dressed ; a term used of a woman,
who is said to be—
" Rycht braivlie braid."
Maitland Poems, p. 319.
* bral-len, vA. [Brawl, v.i {Town. Mysteries.)
bra'-mg. (1), o. [Lat. brama.}
IchthyoL : A genus of sjun^'-finned fishes
belonging to Cuvier's family 8quamipenues,
meaning Scaly-finned fishes, now i.itlled Chie-
todontida;. U contains but one species, the
Brama Itnii, which is common in the Mediter-
ranean, wlience an occasional straggler finds
its way to the British seas.
* Bra'-ma (2), s. [Brahma.]
Bra'-mah, s. & a. [From Mr. Joseph Bramah,
who was born at Stainborough, in Yorkshire,
on April 1.3, 174t', and died December 9, 1814.
See A.]
A. As subst. : Mr. Bramah, who invented
the Bramah-lock, the Braniah-press, &c.
B. As adj. : Invented by Mr. Bramah.
Braxnah-lock, s. A lock patented liy
Bramah, in England (17S4 and 1798), having a
number of slides which are adjusted iu the
manner of tumblers, by means of a steppetl
key, so that the slides of unequal length sliall
be brought into a position where their notches
lie in the same plane, that of the locking-
plate. [Lock. ]
Bramah-press» s. A maciiine designed
to turn to account Pascai'.s Law [Law] of the
equality of pressure in a mass of liquid, by
using water under pressure to produce a
mighty force. It was patented by Mr. Bra-
mah in 1790. It is called also the Hydrauliu
or Hydrostatic Press. It consists essentially
of a large, very strong cylinder, in the collar
of which a cast-iron piston or ram works
water-tiglit. Above the ram is a movable
cast-iron plate, and at some distance liigher
than it a fixed one, both being kept iu their
places by four strong columns. The portion
of the cylinder beneatli the ram is full of
water, and is connected by a pipe with n
small forcing pump. When the latter is put
in action it compresses the water in it, and
that pressure transmitted by the pipe to the
large cylinder in which the ram works, acts
equally on every part of it [Pascal's-law],
with the practical effe(;t of enormously in-
creasing the original force. Thus, if the
diameter of the piston in the forcing-pump is
an inch, and that of the ram in tlie cylinder
four feet, then the iiressure on the latter is
(12 X 4) 2 = 2,304 times greater than that ex-
erted by the former. Goods to be pressed- -
bales for cloth, for instance, or beet-roots, are
placed on the lower or movable plate, and
are forced up against the fixed one. The por-
tions of the Menai tubidar bridge were raised
to their positions by means of a powerful
Bramah-press.
bra-xna-tke'r-i-um, 5. [From Brama, old
spellingof BRAHMAH(q.v.); Gr, ei]piov{tlierion)
= wild animal.]
Zool. & PaJoJont. : A genus of Antilopidie,
consisting of a gigantic species withfour horns.
It is allied to Sivatherium, which also is four-
horned. Both occur in the Upper Miocene, or
Lower Pliocene l»eds of the Sewalik hills iu
India.
br^m'-ble, " brem-bil {Eng.), bram-ble,
brS,in-i]ile, bram-inles {Scotch & o. Eng.).
s. & a. [A.S. bremel, brember, braimbd, brenibel
= (1) a brier, a blackberry bush, a bramble, a
mulberry ; (2) a tonnenting (Bosiuorth). In Sw.
brovibdr = a blackberry; Dan. bramber; Dut,
braam; L. Ger. brmnmel-bcfrc ; (N. H.)Ger.
brmnbcere; O. H. Ger. brdmal, brama, f.,
brdmo, m.]
A. As siibfitantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Of plants:
(1) Generally :
(a) The blackberry or any allied plant.
[II. 1. Bot.]
" Doth the bra'tnbJe cumber a garden ? It makes the
better hedge ; where if it chances to prick the owner,
it will tear the thief."— (?reer.- Cosmologia Sacra,
bk. iii., ch. 2.
(&) The common dog-rose, Bosa canina.
[Bramble-Flower.]
(2) Fig, : Any thorny shrub.
" The bush my bed, the bram.ble waa my bow'r.
The wooda can witness many a wof ul store,"
Upenser.
2. Of animals: The same as brambling and
bramble-finch (q.^'.).
II. Technically :
1. Botany :
(1) The blackberry, ii?(?)ys/ni/icosiis, or any
closely allied species of the same genus. The
shrub now mentioned runs into a number of
well-marked varieties. Hooker and Araott,
in the 7th edition of the British Flora {IS55),
enumerate seven ; R. suberectus, or the Erect ;
It. frutieosvs, or the Common ; B. rhammi-
folius, or the Buckthorn-leaved ; R. carjiini-
folivs, Hornbeam-leaved ; B. corylifolins, ur
the Hazel-leaved ; R. ijlondiibmis, ftr the Gland-
ular ; and R. ca^siits, or the Dewberry Bramble.
R. saxatilis, or the Stone Bramble, is ni;iile
a distinct species. The above are British
sjiecies ; the foreign oufs also arc numeruiis.
The raspberries are associated witli the bram-
bles in the same genus Rubns.
^ Bine hramblp (so called from the blue
bloom on the fruit) : A bonk-natne for Rubii^
ca'sivs. (Britten & Holland.)
Heath bramble : Rubns coisius. (Lyte.)
Mountahi b)-amble : Bvbns Chanuniwrius.
(Treasury of Bot.)
Stone Irramble : A book-name for Rubns snxa-
tilis. (/. \Filson.) (Britten tC Holland.)
(2) The fruit of the bramble, called also
blackberry.
t (3) A book-name for the whole genus
Kubus, though it contains the raspberry as
well as the bramble.
2, Scriptvre :
(1) The rendering of Heb. ItpM (atad), trans-
lated bramble in Judges ix. 14, 15, and thorns
in Psalm Iviii, 9. The former jiassage shows
that it was little regarded, the latter that it
was thorny and used as fuel. Atad is supposed
to be tlie same as Arab, ansnj = a kind of
buckthorn, and is probably a rhamnaceous
plant. Zizyjihns spnio Cbri.iti, liecause it is
thouglit that from it was made tlie crown nf
thorns, which for purposes of insult and tor-
ture was placed around tlie sacrcil forehead
of Christ immediately before his crucifixinn
(John xix. 2, 5). '
(2) The rendering of the Heb. nin (chhoah)
in Isaiah xxxiv. 13, probably a thorny tree nr
slii'ub of the genus Prunus.
(3) [Bramble-bush (2).]
B, As adjective : Consisting of or pertaining
to the Blackbeny (Rnbns fruticosns) or any
allied species of the genus. (Sec the com-
Ijounds.)
bramble-bonds, s. pi. -Bonds" or
bands made of the long shtiots of the bramble.
Tliey were formerly used for thatching rool'.->.
(Ogilvie.)
bramble-bush, .-. [In Ger. Irambecr^
bnsch.']
1. Ord. Lang, d' Bot. : The same as Bramble
(q.v.).
2. Scrip. : The rendering, in Luke \\. 44, of
the Greek word jSaro? QKiios)=-a. bramble-
bush. (Liddell d.- Scott.)
bramble-finch, s. The same as Bram-
bling (q.v.).
bramble-fiower, ^ bramble-flour, 5.
1. The flower of a bramble, Riihw^fruficn^.ut^.
"^ 2. The dog-rose, Rosa cnniiia.
" The bram,bU-fioiir tlxat berest the red lieiie
Chaucer : V. T., i::.67G.
bramble-loop. s. The loop or curve
made by the stem of a bramble when the
extremity of the long and feeble branch ibos
rooted itself in the ground.
"We have heard of cows th.at were said to be
mouse-croye, or to have tjeen walked over by a shrew-
mouse (an ancient way of accounting for paralysis).
>>eing dragged thiough the bramble-loop . . ." — Prof.
Jiuckman, in Treas. of Bot. (article Rubus).
bramble-net. &. A net to catch birds.
t brS,m-bled, a. (Eng. brambl(e); -ed.]
Thickly grown over with brambles.
" Beneath yon tower's uuvaulted gate.
Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor."
T. tVarlon: Ode Hi.
bram'-bling, • bram'-line, s. [Ger.
bramling.] A bird, Fringilla nioatifringilUi,
called also Bramble, Bramble-finch, Moun-
tain-finch, and Mountain-chaffinch. [Moun-
tain-finch, Fbixgilla.]
t bram'-bly, «. [Eng. brambl(e); -y.} Full
of brambles.
" Hark, how they w.irble in that brambly buali.
The gaudy goldfinch, and the si^eckly thriiah."
A. PhUlips. Past 4.
^ brame. s. [Cf. O. Eng. breme = severe,
sharp ; A.S. bremman = to rage, to roar.]
Sharp passion.
" But that shee still did waste, and still did wayle.
That, through long langnoiir and hart-burning brame.
She shortly like a iiyned ghost became,"
Spenser: J-'. Q., III., ii- 52.
bra'-mi-a, s. [From brami, the local name
of the plant,]
Bot. : A genus or sub-genus of plants be-
longing to the order Scrophulariaceie (Fig-
worts). Bramia serrata has a slimy i)enetrat-
ing odour. It is used in Brazil in the pre-
paration of bark for rheumatic patients.
(Lindley.)
t Bra'-min (1), s., t Bra'-min-ee, .., &c.
[Brahman, Brahminee, &c.]
Bra'-min (2), Brach'-man (cJt silent), s.
[In Ger. (sing.) Brachman'e, Bramiiie ; Lat.
Brachnianus (pi. Bruchmani); Ta.li Brahinana ;
O. Pali Barnhana, Bahmana, Babliana.] An
ancient Indian sect mentioned by the Hindoo
Buoddha, the Greek historian Arrian, and the
Latin father Ambi-ose. and generally identified
by the classic writers with the Gymnosophists.
It is matter of dispute whether they were
identical with the members of the Indian
sacerdotal caste now universally known as
Brahmans or were of Booddhistic origin. Col.
iS\kes strongly maintained the latter view.
(Joi'rual Roy. Asiat. Soc., vol. vi., p. 361, &c.)
br3,'m-mle, br3.m-mles. s. [Corruption
from Eng. bramble.] [Bkamble.] (Scotch £
N. of Eng. Dud.)
bran, ^br^nne. ^bren.s, [From Fr. bran
=:(l)the thicker part of the Iiusk of ground
corn, (2) sawdust, (:i) ftt-cal matter ; O, Ft.,
Pr., & 0. 8p. bren = bran ; Low Lat. brannum,
broDiuim, bren; Wei,, Ir,, & Gael. bran=^
bran, husk ; Arm. brenii.]
1. Lit. : Tlie skins or husks of ground corn,
especially wheat, separated from the flour.
The nutritive value of these husks increases
as we proceed from the outside of the grain
toward the interior, Theouter skin, or coarse
bran, is ^crj" indigestible, owing to the pre-
sence of a liiynr of silica. The inner skins,
railed pollards, are more nutritious, contauiing
from 1^ to 15 per cent, of nitrogenous matter,
and from 20 to 30 per cent, of starch. Unless,
however, they are ground very finely, they are
apt to set up irritiition of the bowels and
diarrhaia. Tliongh rich in nitrogen, bran ap-
pears to }iossess but little nutritive power. It
may be of use to tliose who are well fed, and
need a laxative, but to the 'poor who need
nourishment it is of ^ery little use. It is,
however, of some connnercial value, being
largely employed in the tL-eding of horses_and
cattle, and in brightening goods during the
processes of dyeing and calico-printing.
"The citizens were driven to gi-eat distress for want
of victuals ; bread they made of the coarsest bran, . . ,"
— lluyward.
2. Figuratively :
" Xaturp hath meal and bran, contempt and grace
I'm not their father ;
bran-duster.
Shakesp. : Cymbclh
Milling : A machine in which the bran, as
turned out of an ordinary bolt, is rubbed and
fanned to remove as nnich as possible of the
flour which yet adheres to it.
boil, b6^; poiit, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-cian^ -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -^ion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
670
bran— branchiferous
bran, adv. [A contmction from braml.] (Used
only in the expression hran-new.)
^ Bran-new, i.e., brand-ncio : The brand was
the fire, and hraiuX-new was newly forged,
fresh from the fire. Tt was equivalent to
Shakespeare's^j'c-neu'. (Trenc'i : English Past
£ Present, pp. 170, ISO.)
". . .1 pair of bran-)iew velveteens, instead of his
ancient thicksets." — Scott : Bride of Lammcrtnoor,
eh. i.
* branc, s. [Etymology doubtful.] A linen
vestment like a rochet, formerly worn by
women over their other clothing. (Ogiluie.)
'^ br^nc'-ard, s. [Fr. brancard = a litter, the
shafts of a vehicle.] A horse-litter.
" The gentleman . . . proposed, that he would either
make use of a Vioat to Newport or Oatend, or a bran-
card to St Omer'3 "—Life of Lord Clarendon, iii. 8LH.
brangh, "" branche, "* braunch,
"^ braunQlie, ^^ & a. [From Fr. hranche ;
Prov. branca (f.), and brenca (m.) ; Ital.
branca ; Low Lat. branoa = the claw of a pre-
datory animal ; Wallachian brence = a fore-
foot ; Arm. brank = a branch ; Corn, hrech =■
an arm ; Wei. braich = (1) an arm, (2) a branch,
(3) a verse.]
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit : A shoot of a tree or other plant
especially one from the main boughs, whirh
again divides into minor branches or branch-
lets.
" Braticho of a tre Palmes, C. F. {ra^mis, rainus-
cuius. P.)." — Prompt Parv.
"And then he pearcheth on some braunch thereby,"
Speiuer : The Fate of tlie BiUtiTfile.
"By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their
habitation, which sing among the branches."— Ps. civ.
12.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of things material :
(a) Anything extending hke the branch of a
tree from a central column or other support,
as the divisions of a chandelier or anything
similar.
" Ajid six brandies shall come out of the sides of it;
three branches of the candlestick out of the one side,
and three branches of the candlestick out of the other
side." — Exod. xxv. .32.
(&) Anything joining another one, to which
it is subordinate.
(i) A chandelier, perhaps viewed as con-
nected with, and subordinate to, the roof
from which it hangs.
(ii) A river tiibutary to a larger one ; a
vein, artery, or anything similar joining
another larger than itself; a tributary, an
affluent.
" If, from a main river, any branch be separated and
divided, tlien, where that branch A.O'Va first bound itself
with new banks, there Is that part of the river, where
the b-ranch fovsaketh the main stream, called the head
of the r\\er."— Raleigh.
(iii) A subsidiary line of railway,
(iv) A division of a stag's antler,
(v) A certificate held by a brother of Trinity
House, or by a pilot licensed by Trinity House.
(2) Of things immHterixtl or abstract. Sjyec. .
(a) Of human or other descent.
(i) Any part of a family descending in a
collateral line.
" His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock
planted in Scniersetsnire, took to wife the widow."—
Careic.
(ii) Offspring.
'■ Great Anthony ! Spain's well-beseeming pride,
That mighty branch of emperours and kings."
Crashaw.
(b) A part of a whole, a section or division
of a subject or anything similar.
" It will be desirable to begin with this branch of the
subject." — Lewis : Astron. of the Ancients, ch. i. § 2.
II. Techniccdly :
1. Bot. : One of the divisions into which a
stem separates. ]\Iany names are applied to
different modilications of branches, and it is
on the character of the branches sent forth
that the classification of plants into li'ees,
shrubs, under-shrubs, and herbs, at lenst in
part, depends. [See these terms.]
2- Arch. : Arches in Gothic vaults, consti-
tuting diagonals to other arches arranged in
the form of a square, and themselves form-
ing a cross.
3. Fortification :
(1) The wing, or long side of a horn or crown
work.
(2) One of the parts of a zigzag approach.
i. Blacksmith's -u'orfc ; One of the quarters
or sides of a horseshoe.
5. Harness-inaking : One of the levers at-
tached to the ends of the stiff bit of a curb-bit,
and having rings or loops for the curb-chain,
the cheek-straps, and the reins. [Curb-bit.]
6. Mining : A small vein which separates
from the lode, sometimes reuniting. A leader,
string, or rib of ore running in a lode.
7. Hydraulics : The metallic piece on the end
of a hose to which the nozzle is screwed.
8. Gas-fixtures : A gas-burner bracket.
B, As adjective: Pei-taining to the arm of
a tree, or to the projecting part of anything.
branch-Chuck, 6.
Turning: A chuck having four branches,
each of which lias a set screw whose end may
be made to impinge upon the object.
branch-leaf, s a leaf growing on a
branch.
branch-line, s A subsidiary line of
railway.
branch-peduncle, s. A peduncle grow-
ing from a branch.
branch pilot, s. A pilot holding a
Trinity House certificate of competence.
branch-spine, s.
Bot. : A spine on the branch of a plant, such
as in the sloe, as distinguished from a leaf-
BBANCH-SPINE.
spine, of which an example is presented by the
holly thorn.
branch-work, o. [Branched-v^ork.1
branch, v.i. & t. [From branch, s. (q.v.)]
A. I)itransitive :
1. Lit. Of trees : To separate into actual
branches.
"... therefore those trees rise not in a body of any
height, but branch near the ground. The cause of the
pyramis is the keeping in of the sap, long before it
■ branch, and the spending of it when it beginueth to
branch, by equal degrees, "—^(tron.
2. Fig. : To separate into divisions. Used —
-1) Of material tilings. Spec, of a. stag's
horns : To separate into antlers.
(2) Of things immaterial or abstract :
"... that would best instruct us when we should,
orshouldnot, ftrojicMutofartherdiatinctions."— iocAe.
^[ To b-ranch out :
(1) Lit. Of trees : To separate into branches.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) Of things matericd: To separate into
divisions widely apart,
"The Alps at the one end, and the long range of
Appenines that pass through the body of it, branch
out on all sides, into seveiul different divisions." —
Addison.
(b) Of speaking or writing : To be diffuse,
through not confining one's self to the salient
points of a subject.
" I have known a woman branch out into a long dis-
sei-tatiou upon the edging of a petticoat." — Spectator.
B. Transitive :
"^ 1. To adorn with needlework, representing
the branches of trees.
" In robe of lilly white she was arayd,
That from her shoulder to her lieele downe raught ;
The trains whereof loose far behind her strayd,
Braunched with gold and perle moat richly wrought."
Hjjcnser : P Q., II. ix. ly.
2. To part anything into divisions of branch-
like form.
" . . , and are branched into canals, as blood is." —
Bacon.
branched, pec. par. &o. [Branch, v.]
1. Ordinary Language : (See the verb.)
2. Bot. : Sejiarating into many branches of
some size. If they are small the term used of
the plant is rajnulose.
branched'Work, ;;.
Arch. : Carved or sculptured branches or
leaves in monuments or friezes.
bran'ch-er (1), s. [Eng. branch; -er.]
1. That whii-h slioots out into branches.
(See example under No. 2.)
2. One who develops fruitful progress in
various directions.
" If their child bo not such a speedy spreader and
brancher, like the vine, yet he may yield, with a little
longer expectation, as useful and more sober fruit than
the other."— lyoKort.
bran'ch-er (2), s. [Fr. branchier.]
Falconry : A young hawk.
" I enlarge my discourse to the observation of the
eires, the brancher, and the two sorts of lentners." —
WaUon.
bran<fh'-er-y, s. [From Eng. branch ; -er; -y.']
Bot. : The ramifications of the vessels dis-
persed through the pulpy part of fruit.
brS^n'-chi-se, s. pi. [in Fr. branchies. From
Lat. branchia = a gill of a fish ; pi. branchice
= the gills of a fish ; Gr. ^pdyxt-oi/ {braTigchion)
= a fin ; pi. ppiyxf-a {brangchia) = the gills of
a fish.]
Zool. : The gills of fishes and various other
inhabitants of water. They are the apparatus
for enabling the animal to extract air from the
water, instead of being dependent for respira-
tion on the atmosphere.
bran'-chl-al, a. [In Fr. branchial; Mod.
Lat. branchialis ; fi-om Lat. branchia ; Gr.
^payxLa {brangchia) = the gills.]
1. Pertaining to the gills of a fish or other
aquatic animal.
2. Performed by means of gills.
^ (]>Bra7ic/iMit arches: Four bony arches
wliich bear the branchiae in fishes ; they are
connected inferiorly with the hyoid arch,
and above are united with the base of the '
skull.
(2) Branchial basket: The gill-supports in
the lamprey (q.v.).
(3) Branchial heart : A dilated vascular canal
specialised for the supply of blood to the '
gills.
(4) Branchial sac : The respiratory chamber
in the Tunicates.
(5) Branchial sinus : A vascular sinus into
which blood passes from the visceral sac in
Tunicates on its way to the gills.
(6) Branchial tuft : A tuft of contractile
filaments, serving as gills, in some tube-
dwelling chsetopods.
bran'-chi-a-ta, s. pi. [Fi-om Lat. branchice ;
Gr. PpdyxLo. {bmngchia) — gills.]
Zoology :
1. A primary division of vertebrated
sub-kingdom. It contains the Fishes and
Amphibia. It is contra-distinguished from
Abranchiata, which comprises Reptiles, Birds,
and Mammals.
2. A division of Annelids, containing the
Tubicola (Tubewornis), and the EiTantia
(Sandworms).
3. A name sometimes given to the division
of Gfasteropodous Molluscs, now commonly de-
nominated Branchifera^ or Branchiogasterop-
oda (q.v.).
bran'-chi-ate,. a. [From Lat. branchios; Gr.
jSpayxta {brangchia) = the gills.]
Zool, . Ha\dng gills. (Index to DaVxis' Nat.
Hist.)
^ The Branchiate, or Branchiferous Anne-
lida, consists of two orders, the Tubicola and
the Errantia. The Abranchiate Annelides,
distinguished from the former, are also divided
into two— the Suctoria, or Leeches, and the
Scoleina, or Earthworms. {Dallas: Nat. Hist. ^
pp. 94, 95.) [BRANCHIFJiROUS.]
brah-chir-er-a, s. [From Lat. branchice =
gills, and /ero = to bear. Gill-bearing animals.)
Zool. In some cla.'^sifications : An order of
gasteropodous molluscs, including all the
species breathing by gills, whilst the air-
breathers are ranked under the Pulraonifera,
or lung-bearing molluscs. The Branchifera
are divided into two sub-orders, the Opistho-
branchiata and the Prosobranchiata (q.v.).
" The gasteropoda form two natural groups, one
bi-eathing air (pulnionifera)and the other water (firaji-
chifera)r— Woodward : MoUusca, p 08.
brS-n-chif'-er-ous, a. [In Fr. branchifhe.
See branchifera, and sulf. -ows.J
Zool. : Having branchise, breathing by gills.
[Branchiate.]
" The developments of the hranchlfcroits gasteropoda
may be obsei'ved with nmch facility in the comuiou
river snails (Paludina)."— iroorfioiu-f/ ; MoUusca, p. 98.
fate, fav, fa,re, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae. oe = e ; ey = a. qu ■— kw.
branehiness— brandied
671
oran^h-i-ness, s. [From Eng. branchy, and
>nif -ness.] The quality of being branchy,
the tendency to divide into branches, or the
aspect presented when such division has taken
place.
br^nQh'-mg, pi', par, & a. [Branch, v.]
" Environ'd with a, ring of bi'ancMntf elms."
Cowper : The Task, bk. i.
bran-chi-6-g^s~ter-op'-6d-a, s. pi [Fiom
Gt. ^pdyxia ibrangchia) =^gills, yaor^jp {gasteii
= the belly, and n-oSe's (pocles), pi. of ttous (pons)
— a foot. ]
Zool. : A name sometimes given to those
gasteropodous molluscs which breathe by
gills. {Huxley : Classification of A mmals.
Glossary.) It is the same as branchifera
. ^^-^■^•
'bran'-chi-o-pod, a. & s. [Branchiopoda.]
A, As adj. : Pertaining to the Branchio-
poda ; gill-footed.
B, As s^ibst. : Any individual of the
Branchiopoda.
bran-chi-6p'-6d-a, s. pi. [From Gr.
^pdyxio. (hrangchU'.) = yills, and iroSe's {pode>'),
pi. of TTOu? Q^ous) = a foot.] Having branching
attached to the feet.
1. Cuvier's first order of the sub-class
Entomostraca, The genera included under it,
such as Cyclops, Cypris, Apus, Limnadia,
Branchipus, &c., are now generally ranlied
under several orders, viz., Copepoda, Ostra-
coda, and Pliyllopoda. Milne Edwards places
them under two, the Phyllopoda and the
Cladocera. [See these terms.]
2. A division or "legion" of the sub-class
Entomostraca. It includes the order Clado-
cera, Phyllopoda and Trilobita, perhaps with
Mesostoma.
brSih'-clii-o-pode, e. [In Fr. branchiopode.]
[Branchiopoda.]
Zool. : An animal belonging to the old order
Branchiopoda.
brS-n-chi-OB-o-dous, a. [From Eng,
branchiopocUfi), and suft*. -oits.]
Zoology :
1. Having branchiie attached to the feet.
2, Pertaining to the branchiopoda.
bran-chi-os'-te-g^l, a. [In Fr. branchios-
lege ; from Or. ppdyxt-aibrangchia) = gills, and
o-Teyos (stegos) — a roof ; from a-Teyw (slcgo) — to
L-over closely ; suif. -al.}
Zool. : Pertaining to the membrane covering
the gills.
Tl Branchiostegal rays. Ichthy, : Parts o£
the hyoid apparatus supporting this mem-
brane, (flvxley : Classification of Aiiivuils.
Gloss.)
br^n-chi-6s'-te~gi (Mod. Lat), bran-chi-
OS -te-gans {Eng. ), s. pi. [From Gr. ^pdyxi-o.
' brangchia) = gills, and a-Teyo^ (stegos) = a roof ;
from o-re'-ya) = to cover closely.]
Ichthy. : An old order of fishes with free
branchite nnd a caitilaginous skeleton, it
was suppressed by Cuvier. (Gnff.: Cuvicr,
vol. X., p. 19, and note.)
bran-Chi-os'-te-goiis^ a. [From Gr. ^pdyxia.
(brangchia) = gills, (JTeyo? (stegos) = el roof,
and Eng. sutT. -o^ls.]
Zoology ;
1. Covering the gills. [Branchiostegal.]
2. Possessed of a membrane covering the
gills.
br^n-chi-os'-tom-a, s. [Tn Fr. hrancMos-
tome. From Gr. ^pdyxia. (brangchia) ~ gills,
and a-TOfjLo. (sioTna) ~ the mouth.]
Ichthy. : Costa's name for the very anoma-
lous genus of Vertebrates now called Amphi-
it.xus (q.v.).
bran-chi-6t'-6-ca, s. j^l. [From Gr. ppdyxia
{brangchia) = branehia ; and toko^ (tokos) =
bringing forth, birth ; tUtuj (tlkto) = to bring
forth.]
Zool. : The name given by Professor Owen
to a division nf the Vertebrata comprehending
Amphibia, Fishes, and Fish-like Vertebrates.
brS-ii - chi - pod'- id-se. s. pi. [From Gr.
fipdyxia (br'iiigchia) = gills ; ttous (poiis), genit.
Tro5o9 (podos) = a foot; and Lat. fern. pi. suff.
•idee.]
Zool. : A family of Entomostraca belonging
to the order Phyllopoda. It contains the
genera Branchipus and Artemia.
br3A'-clut-pus, s. [From Gr. ppdyxia (brang-
chia) = gills, and ttou? (pons) = a foot.]
Zool. : A genus of small Entomostraca, the
typical one of the family Branchipodidce.
Branchip'us stagnalis inhabits tlie ditches near
Blackheath and other places.
braft'-chi-reme, s. [From Lat. branchice =
gills, and revint, =a.n oar.]
Zool. : An animal which has legs terminating
branohireme (chirocephalus diaphands).
in a bundle of setiform branches, constituting
a respiratoiy apparatus.
bran'-chite» ;-. [Named after Prof. Branchi,
of Pisa.]
Min. : A variety of Haitite. It is colourless
and translucent, and is found in the brown
coal of Mount Vasa, in Tuscany.
brangh'-less, u. [From Eng, branch, and
suff. -less.]
1. Lit. : Without branches.
2. Fig. : Without any valuable product ;
naked.
" If I lose mine honour,
I lose myself ; lietter I were not yours,
Than yours so branchless."
Shakesp. : Ant. it Cleop., iii. 4.
branph'-lety s. [From Eng. branch, and
-let, a diminutive suffix.] A small branch.
{Crabb.)
brangh'-y» "^ braun?h'-y, a. [Eng. branch ;
-!/.] Full of branches, widely spread.
Wycliffe: 4 Kings,
" The fat earth feed thy brancliy root."
Tennyson : The Talking Oak.
^ br^n-corn, s. [Eng. bimi{d); cor?i.] Tlie
smut in wheat, pi'obably the fungus called
Ustilago segetnm. [Brand, s. I., 5.]
brand, ^ brond, * broond, s. [A.S. brand,
brond = a burning; brvrnan, byrnan = to
burn ; Icel. brandr — (1) a brand (2) a sword-
blade ; O. H. Ger. brant ; Fr. + brand — a
large sword wielded by both hands ; Prov.
hran, hranc; Ital. brand o ; Dut, Dan., & Sw.
brand = a fire-brand.]
L Literally:
1. A piece of wood burnt or partially burnt,
a bit of wood intended for burning.
" The taylis of hem he wyuede to the taylis, aud
broondis he boored in the myMi\."~n')/c/iffe : Jitdgca
XV 4.
" Recalled the vision of the night.
The hearth's decaying brands were red,
Aud deep and dusky luetre ahed."
Scott ; Lady of the Lake, i. 34.
2. Used for a stafl' or stick, generallj'.
" In pensive posture leaning on the brand,
Uotoftarestiug-staffto that red hand."
Byron : The Corsair, i. 6.
3. A mark made by or witli a hot iron.
(Used to mark criminals to note them as such
and infamous.)
'■ aerks convict should be burned in the hand, both
because they might taste of some corporal punish-
ment, and that they might carry a brand of iufainy,"
— Bacon.
4. A mark burnt in upon or affixed to goods
to denote their quality, or an animal as a
means of identification.
" The most favourable report that can be made is,
that makers of the best brands of finished iron would
not accept lower prices than the trade 3CRle."—JIlni>itj
Review, Oct. 17, 1S60.
5. A disease in vegetables by which tieir
leaves and ttMider bark are partially destroyed,
as though they were burnt ; called also barn.
1[ "Brands" are the same as blights, and
produced chiefly by Mucorace* and similar
fungi. [Blight.]
II. Figuratively :
1. A stigma, a mark of disgrace.
" Where did his wit on learning fix a bravd.
And rail at arts he did not understand?"
Dryden.
" By what strange features vice has known.
To single out and niavk her own I
Yet some there are, whose brows retain
Leas deeply stamped her brand and st-ain."
Scute : Jiokeby, iii. 15
2. A sword, fi'om its bright, flashing ap-
pearance. (Obsolete, except in poetry.)
" With this brand humyshyd so bright."— rowrai^jj
Myst., p. 21C.
•' He laught out his brond."
WiUiamof Palerne, 1,244.
" Thou, therefore, take my brand, Excalibur,"
Tenni/son: Slorted' Arthur.
* 3. A thunderbolt.
" The sire omnipotent prepares the brand.
By Vulcan wrought, antf arms his potent hand,"
Granville.
brand-goose, s. Tlie brent-goose (q.v.).
brand-iron, brandiron, branding-
iron, s.
1. An iron instrument used for branding
or marking anj thing.
" Marks e'en like branding iron / to thy sick heart
Make death a want, as sleep to weariness ? "
IJemaiu : Siege of Valencia.
2. The same as Andiron (q.v.).
brand-neTV, «. [Brandnew. ]
brand, * bran'-di-en, * brond-yn»
^ bron-nyn, v.t. [Brand, s. In O. Dnt.
branden.]
1. Lit. : To burn a mark into a person or
thing with a hot iron, to burn a person or
thing with a hot iron so as to produce a mark
or depression.
" Bronnyn (hrondyn, P. ) wythe an yreu. Cauterizo.*"
— Prumpt. Parv.
" Several women were sent across the Atlantic, after
being first branded in the cheek with a hot Iron." —
Macaiilay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
2. Fig. : To mark as infamous, to stigmatise^
to impute anything to, with a view to render-
ing anyone infamous or odious.
"Our Punick faith
Is infamous, and branded to a proverb."
Addison.
" Would do the heart that loved thee wrong,
And brand a nearly blighted name."
Byron : Remember him wliom Passion's Power.
* briind'-ed (1), • br^nd'-it, va. par. & a. A
misreading for braMdee?= embroidered. (i\r.i';.Z).>
" Here belt was of bluuket, with birdes ful bolde.
Branded with brende golde, and bokeled ful bene."
Sir liawun A Sir Oof., ii. 3,
brand'-ed (2), pa. par. & a. [Brand, i'.]
1. Marked with a branding-iron, stamped.
2. Of a reddish-brown colour, as though
singed by fire. A branded bull is one that is
almost entirely brown.
" Twixt the Staywood-bush and Langeide hill.
They stealed the broked cow and the branded hull.*
Minstrelsy oj the Border, i. 233.
** brand'e-lede. * brS,n -lede, *" br^n'-let»
s. [Brander.]
" Brandelcde Tripes."— Promp. Parv.
* br^nd'e-let. * brandellet, s. [Probably
a dimin. nf hrande.] Some pait of the arms or
accoutrements of a knight, perhaps a short
sword.
"And also his brandellet 'bcjn."—R. Cfcur de Lion, 322.
* brand' -en, pa. par. [Brander, i\] Grilled.
brand'-en-biirg, s. [The <-liief town of the •
province of Brandenburg, Prussia, about 3S
miles W.S.W. of Berlin.]
1. A kind of button with a loop ; a frog,
2. Parallel braiding or embroidery such as
is worn on hussar jackets and pelisses,
3. See extract.
"Twas a 'shopman' be meant hy n. BrandeTiburp,
dear." Moore : Pudge Family, xii.
brand'-er, * brand -reth, s. [A.S.brand-
reda; 0. Icel. brandreidh; Dan. brandrith=.
brand-iron.]
1. Generally:
(1) One who brands.
(2) That with which anything is branded, -a
branding-iron.
2. Spec. : A trivet or iron used as a stand
for a vessel over a fire ; also, in Scotland, a
gridiron.
" Til this Jak Bonhowme he mad a crown
Of a brandreth all red hate."
Wyntown, viii. 44. 4L
t brand'-er, v.t. [Brander, s.] To broil on a
gridiron, to grill. (Scotch.)
" The Scots also sjiy to brander, for to broil meat."
—Sir J. Sinclair, p. 172.
"Ou ay, sir, I'll brander the moor-fowl that John
Heatherblutter brought in this niomine." — SeoM -
Waverley, ch. Ixiv.
t brand'-ered, pa. par. & a. [Brander, v.}
Cooked on a gridiron, grilled.
brand'-ied, a. [Brandy, s,] llixed or con-
cocted with brandy.
boil, hS^ ; pout, jtf^l ; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, ^enophon, exist, -inff,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -i^ion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, - cle, &,c. = bel ceL
672
branding— brank
lOrand'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Brand, r.]
A. & B. ^s pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
senses correspo riding to those of the verb.
C. As siihstantwe :
1. Literally : The act of marking with a
branding-iron. This penaltj' was inflicted, for
various offences, on offenders who had once
been allowed benefit of clergj'. It was abol-
ished by 3 Geo. IV. c. 38
2. Figuratively : The act of marking with
infamy, .stigmatising.
" brandlrne, t brandiron, s. [A.s.
branillser)i ; M. H. Ger. Wantizea.] A roast-
ing iron, a gridiron. {Hnloet.)
brand'-ish, braund-ish, " braund-ise,
■ braund-ysch, r.t. & l. [Fr. hrandir ; itr.
par, hraiidhsaut ; O. Fr. brand = a sword.
Brand. ]
A. Traiisitive :
1. Liferalhi : To wave or flourish about.
" Tlieii fierce .^iie.is, brandishing his blade,
111 diiat Orailoclius Mini C'rethon laid."
I'o/ic: Homer's {Had, hk. v. 1. 669-70.
" He brand/sJiiix his plisiiit length of ^ihip,
EesouiuUiijj oft, and never heard in vain "
Covrper : The Tahk, bk. iv.
2. Figuratively ; To flourish about, disphiy
ostentatiously, parade.
" He who shall employ all the force of his reason
only in hrandishinfj of ayllaigisius, will discover very
little." — Locke.
B, Intransitive : To be flourished about or
waved.
" Above the tide, each broadsword briRht
Was brandishi itff like beam of lijht."
Scott : The Lady of the Lake, vL 18.
"^ br^nd'-isll, s. [Brandish, v.] A flourish,
waving.
"lean wound with n.brnndish and never draw how
for the matter."—/*, .fonson : Ci/ntJUa's Revels.
br^nd'-ished, pa. par. & a. [Brandish, v.]
" Brave Macbeth,
Disdaining fortune, with his braridish'd steel,
Like valour's minion, i-arved out hia pas.'*;iye."
Shakesp. : Macbeth, i. 2
brand'-ish-er, s. [Eng. brandish; -er.] One
who brandishes nr flourishes about.
"But their auxiliary bands, those brandisherx of
siKjares
From many cities drawn are they, that are our
hinderers,
Not aufferinit well-rays'd Troy to fall."
Chapman : JJoitier's Iliad, b. ii.
brand'-isb-ing, .■'. [Brandish, v ]
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of flourishing or
waving about.
2. Arcli. : A name given to open carved
work, as of a crest, &c.
br^nd'-i-site, .s. [In Ger. brandisit. Named
after Clemens Grafen von Brandis, of the
Tyrol.] A mineral — a variety of Seybertite.
It occurs in hexagonal prisms, yellowish grr-en
or reddish grey.
* br^n'-dis-sen, r.t [Brandish.]
* bran'-dis-sende, 2>r. par. [Brandish, i".]
""bran'-dle, *■ bran-le, r.t. & i. [Fr. bran-
diller = to shake, waver.]
1. Transitive : Tn shake, move, or confuse.
"It had like to liave brandled the fortune of the
day." — Bacon
2. Intran.siti vc : To be shaken, moved, or
affected witli fear ; to lie unsteady.
"Princes cannot be too suspicious when their live.s
are sought ; and aubiecta cannot be too curious wlieu
the state brandies." — Ld Northampton : Proceeil.
against Garnet, sign. Gr. g. b.
" br^nd'-liDg, s. [Eng. brand, and diinin.
suffix -ling.']
1. A small, red-colnnred worm, used as ii
bait in fishing, so called from its colour.
"The dew-worm, which some also call the lob-woim,
and the brandling, are the cliief."— Walton.
2. A local name for salmon parr.
brand-new (ew as u), brand newiFnq ),
brand new, brent new {Scotch), a. [Eng.
brand, s., and new.] So new that the marK^
fif manufacture have not worn off; perfectly
new. (Coninidnly, but improperly, pronounced
as if bran-neii\)
" Waes me, I hae forgot,
With hast of coming aff, to fetch my coat.
What sail I do V it was almaist brand niiw."
Jioss : I/elenore, p. 511.
1" In Scotch it is sometimes written breut
lie IV.
"Xae cotillion brent ncjvirne France "
* brS,nd'-rith (1), e. [Beander.]
brand' -rith (2), s. [Probably the same as the
previous word.] A fence or rail round tht-
opening of a well. (Provincial.)
"^ bran'-diir, s. A misreading for hravdnr =
embroidery. (X £'.!>.).]
" His brene, and hia basnet, biimeshed ful l>ene ;
With a brandiir abought. al of brende goUle."
liir Oaui. and bir Oul. {Jamieson.)
br&n'-dy, * brand-wine, ^ bran'-dy-
wine, s. &■ a. [In Fr. brandevin ; Gael, (from
'Eng.) bran ndaiak ; S\v. branviii ; Dan. ftrwi;-
deviiii ; Ger. bra ndwein,braiintwein. Thetii'st
part is from S\v. branna ; Dan. brasnde ; Diit.
hramJen, all ;= to burn, to distil. Sw. brand
=■ brand, tire-brand ; Dan., Ger., & Dut. brand
= fire, burning, nrnflagration. [Brand, v. &.s.]
The second part is from Fr. & Sw. vin ; Dan.
viin ; Ger. wein ; Dut. «'i/».] [Wine.]
A. As substantive :
1. Formerly. (Of the forms hrandyvnne and
brandifinc, etymologically meaning burnt or
distilled wine.) [Brandv-wine.]
2. Noiv. (Of the form brandy, being the
adjective in the foregoing compound dis-
severed f]'om its associate wine, and made to
stand alone as a substantive.) A spirit pro-
duced by the distillation of both white and
red Avines, X)repared chiefly in the south of
France. The bi'andy most esteemed in Eng-
land is that of Cugnaf, which is obtained by
distilling white wines of the finest quality.
An inferior kind of si)irit i^ frequently pre-
pai'ed from tin- "marc;" of grapes and the
refuse of wine vats. "When first distilled it is
as colourless as alcohol, and continues so if
kept in bottles or jars. When stored in casks,
however, it acquires from the wood a pale
amber tint, and in this state is sold as pale
brandy. The dark eoloiir of brown l>randy is
produced artificially, to please the public taste.
by means of a solution of caramel, and this i.s
frequently added in excess to give a nrli
apxiearance to a brandy of low quality. A
large proportion of the brandy sold in this
country is simply raw grain spirits flavoured
and coloured. The spirit is exported from
England and Germany into France, where it is
redistilled and converted into French brandy.
Brandy improves in flavour by being kept,
but loses in strengt,h. Genuine brandy con-
sists of alcohol and water, with small quan-
tities of oenauthic ether, acetic ether, and
other volatile bodies produced in the process
of fermentation. The value of brandy as a
medicine depends on the presence of these
ethers and other volatile products ; when,
therefore, it is adulterated with raw grain
spirit and water, the amount of these ethers
is so reduced that the brandy becomes almost
valueless for medical purposes. British, or
imitation brandy, is prepared either by flavour-
ing liiglily-rectified spirit with essence of
Cognac or by distilling the spirit with bruised
prunes, acetic ether, argol, and a little genuine
brandy, and adding to the distilled spirit
tincture of catechu and spirit-colouring. This
is said to be greatly improved tiy keeping.
The strength of Imindy as sold varies from
proof to 30 or even 40 under proof, but by the
Act of Parliament, 42 & 43 Vict., c. 30, § 6, all
brandy sold below 25 n. p. is considered to be
adulterated with water, unless the purchase)",
at the time of the jnirchase, is informed of its
exact, strength.
B. As adjective : Consistingof orcontaining
brandy, resembling brandy, designed for the
sale of brandy, or in any way pertaining or
relating to it. (St'c the compounds.)
brandy-ball, s. A kind of sweetmeat
made in the form of smjil balls.
brandy-bottle, s.
1, Lit. : A bottle full of brandy, or designed
to hold brandy.
2. Fig. : A name fur the common yellow
water-lily, Nvphar hitea.
" Flowers large, smelling like brandy, which circuni-
Btance, in conjunction with the fiaj{on-.')hai)ed seed-
vessels, has led to the name brandy-bottle."— Hooker ^
Arnott : lirll. Flor. (ed. 1855), i>p. 15, 16.
brandy - fruit, s. Fruit preserved in
brandy or other alcoholic spiiit. (Ogilvie.)
brandy-pawnee, s. [From Eng. brandy ;
and Hind, pane.p, pdni = water.] Brandy
and water. (Anglo- Indian.)
* brandy-Shop, «. A shop for the sale
of brandy, a liquor-shop, a public-house.
" Forgets his pomi), dead to ambitious fires,
And to some peaceful brandy-shop retires ;
Where in full gills his anxious thoughts he drowns.
And quail's away the care that waits on crowns."
Additon: The Play House.
A thin, wafer-like
brandy-snap,
ginger-bread biscuit.
brandy-wine, s. [The original form in
which the word brandy appeared in the
English tongue.] Brandy. [BmANDV, etym.,
A. 1.]
" It has ijeen a common saying, A hair of the same
dog ; and thought that brandy-wtiie is a common relief
to such," — Wiseman.
bran'-dy, v.t. [Braxdv, s.]
1, To mix with brandy ; to fortify (as wine)
with brandy.
2. To refresh with brandy. (Dickens: Pick-
wick Papers, eh. v.)
" brane. 5. [Bran.]
* brane'-wod, ^. [Beaixwood.]
" bran-gill, braen-gel, s. [Fr. branle ;
O. Fr. hransle = "a brawle, ordaunce, wheieiii
many, men and women, holding by the hands,
sometimes in a ring, and otherwhiles at
length, move all together. " (Cof grave.). ]
[Bransle, Braul.]
1. (0/ //le /orm brangill) : A kind of dance.
" Viistert Troyanis. and sj ne Italianis,
And ^'iin do doubil brangillis iuid ganit>ettifl."
Doug. : t'irgiJ, 476, 1.
2. (Of the form l>raengel) : A confused
crowd.
" Well, you see how the're sparkiii' along the aide o'
that green upwith, an' siccan a bra en gel o' them, too."
— at. Patrick, ii. 91. (Jami^ison.)
"^ bran'~gle, s. [Fr. brank ; or perhaps only a
variant ot vjr angle (i^.w.).'] A dispute, quarrel,
litigation.
" The payment of tithes is subject to many frauds.
brangles, and other difficulties, not only fioiu jKipists
and dissenters, but even from those who profess them-
selves x>rotestants. " — Swift.
*■ br^'-gle, * bran'-gil, v.t. & i. [Fr. hranler,
brandiltcr = to shake, move.] [Brandle, r.]
A. Trails. : To shake, applied to the mind ;
to confound, to throw into disorder.
" Thus was the nsuriwr's [B. Balliol's] faction
br angled, then tjonnd up again, and afterward
divided again by want of worth lu Balliol their head."
Hwine: Hist. Doug., i>. 64.
B. Intransitive :
1. To menace, to make a threatening ap-
pearance.
" With ane grete spere, quharewith he feil mischenit.
Went brangland throw the feild all him allone."
Doug. : Virgil, 347, 10.
2. To shake, vibrate.
" The schari) jKiint of the brangland siiere
Throw out amyddis of the scheild can scbere."
Doag. : Virgil, 3^, 16.
3. To wrangle, squabble, dispute.
" Thus wrangled, brangled, jangled they a month.
Only on pai>er, pleading' all in print."
Brovnviiig : Ring aiid Book, i. 241.
t bran'-gle-ment, s. [Eng. brangle ; -nient.]
A brangle, a squabble.
" WTiere Yarrow rows among the rocks.
An' wheels an' boils in mony a linn,
A blithe youny shephenl fed his flock.
Unused to branglement or din." Hogg.
t bran'-gler, s. [Eng. Iran gl(c); -er.] One who
brangles ; a quarrelsome, litigious person.
". . . audthispooryoung^entlemaii (who was habited
like any prince), banished ironi his own land, wiis tirst
draw^l into a quarrel \)y nYwle branglei; . . ." — ^cott :
Mimastery, eh. xxviii.
*■ brah'-glifig, V- i>0''-. "■, & s. [Brangle, v.]
A. & B, As prvsait participle £ participial
odjectivr : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
" When polite conversing shall be improved, com
pany «ill be no longer i)estereil « itli diUl story-tellers
nor brangliiig disputers," — Swift.
C. As siibstantln: : Quarrelling, squabbling.
" Noise and Norton, brangling and Breval.
Pope : Ihinciad, ii. 233,
branit, pa. par. [Brawxed.] (Scotch.)
brank, (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.]
Bot. : An old nnme for the buckwheat,
Fagopyrmn esculent inn.
"Buckwheat, or brank, is a grain verj' useful and
mlvaiitageous in dry barren lands."— J/or«mcr.
brank (2), s. [Brank, v.] In some parts of
England and Scotland, a kind of bridle, a
scolding-bridle, an insti-uinent used for the
fate, fat, f^e. amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce — e. ey^a. qu = kw«
brank— brass
673
punishiueiit i.l' Druids. Itconsisteil of a liend-
piecx', whifli enclosiiatheliead of the oiliiinl'jr,
and a sluii'ii iron,
wliicli enteietl tlie
mouth and ri'-strainetl
thetoiiguc, [Brank>.J
" brank new, ((.
[Brand-nlw.J
"Then tliei-« «■.«>, the
fmiiier's IwiU, -vvi' the
titlit hills Iff ycuiimii
with the bi-niik imw
hlues ami lniL-kf-kiua." —
St. Jioiuiii, ch. ii.
t brank, • brahk-
en, V t. & I. [Ill
Gael, brauf/ic-i, hraii-
f/fw, braitcas=^n .sort
uf jiillory ; hniurj =
a horse's halter ; Ir.
hruicms = a halter ;
Dut. piviifjer = a cil-
lar ; Ger. juviiger = i-utAMi.
a iiillory ; M. H. Ger.
hit.iniji:ii, in-iuigmi = to braidv.j (ScuUh.)
A, Tianbitive: To hrklle, tu jv.strain. (Lit.)
" — We sail ;^;ii liritiik yiiii.
Before that time trewly."
HiJiic UvUly Hungs, p. aS.
B, IiLtra)isitlve :
1. Lit. : To raise and tuss the head, as
spurniny the bridle. (A})iilied to liorses.)
" Oner al the iilauia ln-ayia the HtainpaiiU Ktedis,
Flit t^'alyeanl in thare liartlis ami werely weilis,
Apuuu tbare stiate horn IjrydilliB brankiuid fast,"
Duug. : i'irffU, a85, 35.
2. Fig..
(1) To prance ; to caper.
" This (lay hev hrunkaii wouer ttvka iiis hurne,
Tu strut a gentle spaik at ELliiihui-gh urnMh,"
Uuium/i: I'otiins, ii. 177,
(2) To bridle up one's self, dn-sb ohl'.s .self
finely. It is said uf women, when they wish
to ap]iear to advantage —
" Thay lift thair jfouii aboiie thair seliaiik,
Hyue 'yk aue bryiUit (.'at thai briLiik."
Maitland Puuiilh, \>. 180.
* brahk-ing, * br^'k-and, pr. por.
[Brank.] {Morte Artkure, ISOI.)
brauks, o. pi. [Brank, o.] (Scutch.)
1. A sort of bi-idle. (ifteii used by country
lieotile iu riding. Instead of leather, it has on
eacli side a piece of wood joined to a halter, tu
which a bit is suinetinies added ; but more
fre(pieiitly a kind uf woudcn noose resenibUny
a muzzle. (Jtniiivi"in.)
" These tliey set uu lim-aes thatliiul many yeai'ibefine
been ihioiii'il ti> the di'iulgiiiy of the cart ami pkjii^'h.
withHiiilKiiiateatl uf saiUlle.s, hriinks ami haltei'M iiinteail
of bi'iiUes." — Mviitruae : Mem., \it. ii. , cli iii., p. 166.
2. A pillniy; or, peiiiaps, only the plural
of /';■".)<./.■.
"When tbe woiiiuii. after be was binhoii, etood u|>
oiiue ami a^aiii befuiv the (lenple, and coiifnintetl bun
with thia, be ordered her tinij^ie tu he pulled unt with
jjineevs : and, wlien nut (jl)eyed, eaiiHed her to be put
111 tlie bra'tiKn. . . ."—//oiuit- ■ Jndgeineiitis im Parsc-
citton, II. 'M. Biographltt ticotlcitmi
^ Anciently this seeiits tu have been the
coniiiinn wiidI for a bi'idle. Within tliesi'
few years an iron bit was jueserved m
the steeiile of Forfar, formerly used, in that
very i)lace, for torturing' the unhappy crea-
tures who wern accused uf witchcraft. It was
called tlie luktclis hraiiLfi. (Jaiiiieson.)
i^rank-ur-sine, brahc'-ur-sine.
* brSjalce ur-syne, s. |[n Fr. immc-
- firsijie, hrauqiir-nrdiiie, hriijirhr-iirsLiie ; Ital.
hnuLCOi'suia : Up. & Puit. hraiica iir^i^iu, ;
from Low J^at. Iinnnv. = a claw, and Class.
Lat. iirsina, noiii. fern, uf ■in-^inns — of or be-
lonLtiu'^i to a bear, Kr.s/f.s' = a beai'. lier;iuse its
leaves are .su]iinised to resemble the rlaw>
of a bear. In Ger. bareiiLlan = a bear's claw. J
JJutuiiij :
1. Bcar's-breech, a -spccn-s of Acantlius.
" Acanthus is called of the harhanis wryters bnijica
iirsina, in English braiike nrsi/'if." — Tm-in-r ■ J/erbitl.
2. An umbelliferous }ilant, Heracleuni aiihon-
dyllaiii. It is common in Britain.
tarahk'-y, brank'-ie, u. [Brank, o., B. 1.]
Proud, lively. (Scvlrli).
" Whare hae ve been Hae braw, hid?
Whare hae ye la-en sae lT<iiiKn: O?
O, whare hue ye been wae bnnv, JadV
(Janie ye by Killiecrankie, O'' "
Burim: Tlie Jiattlii vf KilUecrankiti.
* branle.
[BKAN.SEL.]
bran'-lin, bran'-^hg, brS,n'-let, brS-n-
lede, bra,n'-nOCk, .^. [Probably so
named from the reddish-brown colour.]
[Branded, B.,-2.] A fish, the So.li>w buliiuiln-,,
also called the ,'^uink-t («i. v.). {:>cotch). [Parr.J
bran-nxng, s. [Bra^-, s.]
l>ijciii<l : Preparing cloth for dyeing by
s.eepitig ill a vat of soui' bran-water.
bran'-nock, a. t'Eng. biaud = of a reildish-
brown colour, and diniin. suffix -ooli.] The
same as the Branlin (q.\'.).
bran'-ny, c [Br\x, s.] Having the appear-
ance of bran ; containing an admixture of bran.
"It hL-i.anie HeriJigiiious, and waa, when I a.iw it)
L-uvered witli white branny hcales."— frw.«H*t(/i-
bran -sel, " bransle, + branle, o. [Bran-
cull, S.J A kind of dance.
" Now iiiakini; layes of love and lovers paiiie,
Branales, Balhwlu, virelayes, mid veraes vaine."
S2>cii»ir. F <i„ III. X. 3.
"The Queen coniniands Liuly Fleiuini; to tell ber
\\ here she led the last bruiLlt!."—!ioott : Abbot, ch. x.\xi.
brant (1), s. [Properly fi'om hnand, in the
('um])ouiid braiul-Jbx. In Gei'. braiuJfncits ;
Dut. brawl ro^: Dan. brand raen ; Sw. braiiih
rdf, so calh d from its reddish-brown colour. J
[Branded (2j, 2.] A variety of fox, smaller
than the common lurm (Vulpeb indgaris), and
distiiiguishcLl by having tlic pads, ears, and
brush black.
brant (2), u,. & s. ibkam-iii (2), 2.]
A. -4^ adj. : TUv, same as Bran-ded (2), 2
(q.^.). A reddish brown.
B. AssubU.: The Brant-tux Oi.v.J.
brant-fox, s. [Brant (1), a.] "?
brant (3), s. & a. [Brent.]
" I have given yuu brant and beaver,"
LongfMow : 2'he Hi/ng of Uiaautka, L
brant-goose, o. [Brrnt-guosl:.]
brant (l). ■'. & s. [Brent, a.]
A. As adj. : Steep, ]irecipitous.
" A I II. in may . . . cit unn brant hill •Mii^,"—Asdiai)i:
Ti'.aiji/u/iis.
B. --Is ^I'bsf : 1,1 K. Yorkshire: A steep
lull. {Pro/. 1'hLllij.s : JUci,6, etc., oj YoHcshiri',
p. 202, )
bran'-tail, .■■. [From the colour of tin- tail.
Branded (2), 2.] A iirovmcial name fur the
licdstart, I'lacnicuio. i nli'iUa. [Redstart.]
' brant'-ness, s. [Eng. \ Sr. hmnt ; -ness.]
ISteepness.
t bran'-u-lar, u. [Brain. J PerUuuing to the
brain, ccreb'ral.
' branyd, a. [Brainkd, «,] Full of brains.
" iinini/it, <ir full of biayne. C'erobi'oaus, ixrebro
jjlenun." — Prunipt. Pari'.
■ bras, s. [Brass.]
"/;<.'.•.( Brasse v.) A',-; ■-/■n.„q,C Pari).
•■ .A.t aftfi Hiiuiier ijoth this noble kyns,'
To ,-ec tbia liora uf l-raii, with al his luute."
Chaucifr: C. T., lOOlij-l",
"Of uin, ufjjulde, of niliU'i, and intK."
.«ot-// <.'J iifn und £xod., 4G7.
' bras-pott, brass-pot, 6. A brazen
pot.
" Brus-jiott. Jimola, Brit.'' — Prompt. Para.
' bras-and,i'r, i-ur. [BRAhi.,, v.] Embraciuy;.
" HecLuluL thidder with liei' childer for l-eild
Rjui all ill \ane and ahont the altiire Hwai itief,
Jirasaiid the gud-hke yimtye in thare anueh '
Dv,<glas: Virgil, oh, -l-l.
• brasche, v. t. [Probablv Irum Fr. brevhe = a
breach.] [Breach.] (.^cc/i./t.)
1. LitcruUij:
(1) To make a niilitary breach in.
" , when be luul brascTu-d and wmie theboiiee, . , .
— i',f/-.i-'>f'>:- Cron., \). 'MS. (Januesou.) {Bradied is
tlie word in ed, 1723.)
(2) To assault, tu atta.-k.
"It wna siMjkeii that tliey abould have brtisJiitti'lC
wall wliitn thai' batter w.us made, , . ."—Buniuitync
Journal.
2. Flfj. : To assault, to attack.
■• Wli.ise breast did be.ire, braah't with diauleasure's
dait-
Jfore : Tnif Cranjix. p. W5. [Jamicsoi...)
■ brase. * brass, v.t. [Fr. hras = tlie arm ;
{rvi)br(t^her — to(cni)br.fce J [Bkalj.^ f.J
1. To bind, tu tie.
" Enrill f^i-; sjudisl hat* thiH ioiiell hint.
About lua sydia it briuiin, or lie stynt."
Doiiylas: yirgd.MH, 12.
1. Tu bind at tlie edge, to welt.
"^brase, s. [O. Hw.brasa: O. Dut. hrusi: = a
live coal.] A live cual. (Ant. Arthur^ \y. (j.)
' brased(l), brasit, ^ brazed, r" par. Hi
a. [BkvsE, v.'\ Builiid, welted, biaccd.
■■ Sj ke giftia eik he lud liniiL' with hini syne,
Hynt.ind d^lii.^rit fium the Tno.uie yv\\\,u<:. ^
Alia rycbe yunnent Uramt with rifh yohl wjre.
Douglas: Virgil. XJ, ol.
' brased (2), a. [Brass ] Brai:eii.
■■ Braoyn (braaed. P.) Ercus, uncus."— Prompt Pa>\<.
- bra-sell, s'. [Brazil (1).]
■' Jiramlt, tre tu dye with, braslV —Palsgrave.
^ bra'-^en, ^bra-syn, u,. [Brazen, a.]
" JSrojsgn' (bniaed. P.) Ereas, enens"— Prompt Pare.
" He removed the hij,-!! pbices, and brake the iuniges,
and cut down tlieyruves, and lirake in iiieuc the &;-osc«
seryent that Moseb had made. — - Kings, xviii. 4.
* braseris, ^ brasaris, s. -pi. [O. Fr. bras-
sart, bnnsnal, fruin hra-i = the arm,] \ ain-
braces, armour for the arms. [Bracer.]
■■ Quheji thia was said he hab but mare abade
'I'lia ki.'iiiins l)urdoun.-> brocht, and before thaynie laid
With all thai-e Inu'iies) and braserin by and by."
DaiKjlas: Virgil, l-U,
* brash (1), a. [Compare Ger. & Dut bLU^ax.iv
— sharp, tart, impetuous ; Sw, & Dan. barsk ;
L. Ger. basic, liubcli.] Hasty in temper, im-
petuous. (IJrosc.)
br^Sh (2), a. [Bret, hresl:, bmsfc = iKigile,
brittle.] Fragile, brittle, frail. (Auwrlmii.)
~ brash (1), ' brasche, h [Brash, v.;
Brla(_h, s. ; Bresciii::.]
1. Literally :
(1) All attack, a militaiy assault on a place.
" Thraiseat the liak wall wes the /iJ-(t(,.7,L' they [,'iuie
Sege JCdiub. Castet. Pueni, Kith cent, p. -I'si [JanucSun )
(2) A sudden illness. (Uanis)
2. Fitjurativdy :
(1) An effort.
"The h\st brash c wna made by ,i letter o( tlie pi Jnis
wet of our laijydome."— J/uics Thrcn., Int., \i. viu
(JaniiesoiL)
(2) A transiiiiit tit of sickness.
"... but he baiiii.i tlie s.'ivini5' pift, and he j;ot two
terms' rent in ai i ctr. He got the fivht brash at Whit-
sunday jmt ower wi' hiir words and iiiimiy ; . . ." —
Scutt: KedgnanlU'l, let. \i.
(3) Watery eructation from the stomach.
[Water-brash.]
brash (2}. s. [From hixu.h (2), a. Cf. also Fr.
briiche = lircach.]
Ucoloijij :
1. As an inil> j-endent 'i-nrd : A p]-oviucial
English word ;ipplieil Lo liic mass uf broken
and an^'ulai tiagnicrits lying above most rucks,
and evmeiitly }iruduced by their disintegra-
tiun. It is called also laibble.
"... Iiut it [the alluviunij often iiasse-i downwards
into a iij.i.sb ot bi'ikuii and aut^ular li.ii:iiienta derived
frojii tbt sulijacent ruck Tu tliia ni.iss the ]u-uvincial
name of "ruljhle " ur " /iMts/t" iB given in many parts
of Eufland, . . .'—Lgvll. J/uu. oy [Vcc/i. (ed. 18J:ij, cli.
2. I)L .:inn]io6. : The wurd cornbrash is used
fur the u]iper division uf the Luwer Oolite,
which cunsists of clays and rab-iireous sand-
stones jJHssing downwards into tlie forest
marble. [Cuhnbrash.]
br^sh'-y (1), * bra'ush-ie, «. [From brash,
s., and sntlix -y.\
1. .Stormy.
"We've hrusli'd th
Ri.e. J. SiwI Punnis, i. in, {Janiie^on.)
2. Delicate in con=.r.ta\,iuii, subject to fre-
quent ailments. (6'co^7i.)
brash'-y (2), s. [Brash (2), s.] Full of rub-
ble, composed of rubble.
bra'-§i-er (1), bra-zi-er, s [Fr. hno^iu-
= a lire uf live cuals ; Sii. bia.^-ro; fruni Fr.
braise = burning cinders ; Pruv, & Sp. hrrfsa ;
.Itfil. braciii, bruscia, Invgla ; O. Ger. I>ias~:
tire ; tiw. brasa = Uvr hre ; U. Sciind. hrasa =
tu suhler. Cf. also Gael, i^m^/t =: cuiitlagra-
tiun. (Little.).] An upeu pan for burning
wuud or coal,
"It IK tliuught they had iiu chimiiey.s, hut were
w.Linied with coals on brasmrs.' —Arbalknot.
bra'-si-er (2). ' bra'-si-ere, * bra'~sy-
ere, ;>■. [Brazier, 2.]
" lirasgere. Erurius.' —Pnjn.pC. Purv.
bra'-^il, s. & a. [Brazil.]
bra-sil-et'-to, a. [BhAziLEi-ro.]
bra-§il'-in, ..-. [Brazilin.]
brass, * brasse, " bras, * breas, ' bres,
s.&a. [Etyni. unknown. tSkeat &ays that
It Is from Icel. brasa ^ to harden by hie ;
boil, bo^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem;, thin, this; sin,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion. -sion — ^hun; -i,1ot. -«iA^ = zbun. -tious. -slous.
as ; expect, Xenophou, exist, ph ~ f .
-cious-shiis, -gle, le, &r. ^ qqI^ ei.
43
674
brass— brassmith
lyj-nm — to ttaine ; Dan. hratta = to fry ; pos-
sibly coiiiiected with Sausc. hhrajj ~ to fry.
Accoi'ding to Dr. Murray there is no evidence
of any connection between the two.]
A. As snbbhnitlfe :
1. Ordinarij Lang7iage:
1, Literally:
(1) The yellow- eolonrt-d compound metal,
eonsi.sting of an alloy of copper and zinc,
described under 11. 1.
t (2) Any article made of brass, a. brass
fitting. (Genei-ally in the plural.)
" The very scullion ivlio cleans tlie brasses. — //o^-
kinsoii. [(.iowlrich A Porier.)
{A) A monumental brass. [11. 3.]
" If not hy them on muiminental brass."
Thomson : Liberti/, v.
(4) Musical ijistriinients of brass, as distinct
from those of wood. [Brass-b.\.np, 1 (2) (/>),]
(5) Money, both in Old English and in
modern slang, on account of the use of tlie
metal iu the coinage. [Tin, Coppers.]
"Ani.1 bere here br<is at thi bitkke, to caleys to
selle." i'iera Plow. : TVk., iil. 135.
2. Figiirativelii : Hardness, the tyi)ical
quality of the metal. It is frequently in the
Bible mentioned alontj with iron in a similar
sense, as iu the following cases —
(1) Strength for defence or attack.
"I will niiike thine horn iron, and J will jiiake thy
hoofs brass: laid thou shiilt beat in pieces many
lieople . . ."—Micah iv. 13.
(2) Obstinacy in wickedness.
"They are all grievous revolters, walking with
slanders : they are brass and iron ; they are all cor-
rupters."— Jar. vi. 28.
(3) Effrontery, iniiiudence, shamelessness ;
incapability, like that of brass, either to yield
or to change colour in circumstances wiiere
an ordiuaiy being composed of flesh and blood
would do so.
" Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy
neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass."— Jsa.
xlviii. 4.
"... his forehead of brass and his tongue of veuoin
. . ." — Macaiility : Jlisl. Eng., ch, iv,
II. TecliRicaUy :
1. Metal. ; An alloy of copper and zinc.
(1) In ancient tivies: It is said that when
the Roman consul Munimius, after capturing
the celebrated Grecian city of Corinth, bar-
barously burnt the place to the ground, in
B.C. 146, various metals, fused in the con-
flagration, became united into a compound or
alloy, called from the circumsUmcesuow stated
Corinthian brass. This is often sujiposed to
have been the first discovery of brass itself,
but Assyriulogists consider it to imve been
mentioned iu cuneiform inscriptions, both
Chaldean and Assyrian. (See* an elaborate
dissertation on the subject by Francis Lenor-
niant, in the Bib. Arch. Soc. Transact., vol. vi.,
1S78, 334-417.) [2.]
(2) In moiJern times : Before zinc was ob-
tained in its metallic form brass was manu-
factured fx'oni calamine (native carbonate of
zinc) mixed with copper and charcoal. Even
now this process is easier than the direct
fusion together of the two metals. The pro-
portion of co[)per and zinc vary. Ordinary
brass is a yellow alloy of copper'and twenty-
eight to thirty-four i)er cent, of zinc. The
density of cast brass is 7'S to S'4; that of
brass wire 8"54. It is harder and yet more
fusible than copper, more sonorous and a
worse conductor of hetit. It may l>e turned
upon a lathe. It is extensively used for can-
dlesticks, handles of doors, the framework of
locks, niatheniatical instruiuL-uts, &;c., while
in the state of wire it is niuch used in 2>iu-
making. [Dutch Gold.]
2. Sori'pt'are ; The Heb. word for "brass "is
mrn: {mchUoshnth), from ^ii: (nachha?h) — to
shine. The metal thus designated evidently
occurs in nature, foi' it is dug out of hills
<Deut. viii. 9) and "molten out of the stone"
(Deut. xxxiii. 20), whicli the artificial alloy,
iii'ass, never y«t has been. In most parts of
thy Old Testament " brass " should he altered
into "copper," though occasionally iu the
later books of the Old Testament it may be
bronze. In the New Testament, in 1 Cor.
xiii. 1, and Rev. ix. 20, the rendering is
XaA/cbs ('.7(((//,U5) = (1) copjier, (2) bronze ;
whilst in Rev. i. and ii. it is x^^i^o^^^^^o^
(chalkoJihanoit), itrobably = frankincense of a
deep colour.
3. Arch. (pJ.) : Monumental engravings on
b]-ass ])Iatcs let into slabs in the pavements of
ancient churches, representing tlic eftigies.
MONliMKNTAL
BRASS.
coats of arms, &c,, of illustrious ]icrs{ina<j
{(iliiss. of An-h.)
4. Mach.: A jiillow, bear-
ing, {'(dlar, box, or bush
supjiortinga gudgeon. Thi.'
nauK! is applied from its
being sometimes of brass,
though in various instances
it is f)f bronze.
5. Milling: Iron pyrites.
The name, which is a mis-
nomer, is given from the
lustre, which resembles
that of brass.
B. As adjective: Con-
sisting more or less of
brass ; brazen, resend>liug
brass, in any way pertain-
ing or relating to brass.
% Compounds of obvi-
ous signihcation : hrass-
houiul (Carhjh : Sartor Ile-
sartus, bk. ii. , ch. v,) ; brass-hoofed (Pope :
Homer's Iliad, xi. 19); hrass-'jiavtd (Spenser:
F. Q., I. iv. 17); hrass-stiidded (Longfellow :
Co art-ship of Miles Sta nd ish, i v.) ; hras-<-
throated (Lmig fellow : The Spanish Student, iii.
1) ; brass-vis^ged (Tien Jonson : Every Ma)i out
of his Humour).
brass-band^ .s.
1. Literally :
(1) Gen. : A hand of musicians performing
ujiou instruments of brass.
(2) Spec. :
(a) The smaller variety of the military hand,
enqiloyed chiefly iu cavalry I'egiments, OJi ac-
count of tlie greater ease with wdiieh brass in-
struments can be played on horsehack. Those
used are various : cornets, saxhorns, euidio-
niums, one or more bombardons, &c. (drove.)
(h) One of the divisions of the " wind " of a
full oi"chestra, consisting of trumpets, horns,
tnimboucs, and occasionally an ophicleide,
[Band.]
2. Figuratively. In political controversy , con-
teviptuously : A party or a section of a party
acting noisily in concert. Some years ago
exti'cme Protestant controversialists denomi-
nated a knot of Roman Catholic members of
Parliament voting together "the Pope's brass
band."
. brass-foil, s. ^'ery thin heaten sheet-
hrass, thinner than latten. It is called also
Dutch gold.
brass-furnace, .=;. A furnace for fusing
the metallic constituents of brass. These are
melted in cf'ucibles, the copi)er being first
melted, and the zinc then added piecemeal, as
it is vapourised by an excess of heat. The
moulding-trough is on one side of the pouring
or spill-trough, and the furnace is ou tlie
other. There is a core-oven, heated by the
furnace, and serving to dry the cores for the
faucets or other hollow articles which are cast.
(Knight.)
brass-powder, s. A powder made of
brass, or anything resembling it. Two kinds
are made.
1. Red-coloured : Ground copper filings or
precipitated powder of copper with red ochre.
2. Hold-coloured : Gold-coloured brass or
Dutch leaf reduced to powder.
^ They are mixed with pale varnish, or else
they can be applied by dusting over a sur-
face which has been X'l'eviously covered with
varnish. (Knight.)
brass-rule, s.
rri'iUing : Brass strips, t}-pe-high, used by
printers for cutting into lengths to separate
ad\'ertisenients and columns ; also for page-
rules and table-work (technically known as
rule and figure work). (Knight.)
brass, v.t. [From brass, s. (q.v.).]
Melailiirgtj : To give a brass coat to copper.
"^ bra's-sage, s. [O. Fr. brassage.] A fine
formerly 'levied to defray the expense of coin-
age.
^ bra's-sart (pi. brassarts), s. [Fr. bras-
sard.] [Bracer.] Plate armour for defence
of the arm, reaching from the shoulder to the
elbow.
bra's-sate, .?. [From Eng. braiis(ic) ; -ate.] A
salt of brassic acid (q.A'.).
brasse, y. [A transposition of harse. Of.
L. Ger. brasse; H. Ger. brcuiseit = the bream.
(Ma.hii.)'] [Bream.]
Ichthy. . A kind of perch, Lucioiierca.
brassed, jxt. par. & a. [Brass, v.]
& a. [Corrupted from Eng.
bras'-sel-ly, ,
bachelor.]
brasselly-buttons, s. rCormpted from
bachelor's buttons (Lychnis dlurna).^ (Sib-
thorp.)
bras'-sc^, s. pi. [Brass.]
'^ bra'S'Set, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A casque
or liead-piece of armour.
bra's-si-S(, s. [Named after Mr. Brass, a gar-
dener who collected seeds and i)lants in Africa
for Kew Gardens.]
Bot. : A genus of Orchids, consisting of four
species growing on trees. The flowers are
large, and pale-yellow, with brown sijots.
bras'-sic, a. [From Lat. hrassica (q.v.), and
Eng. suftix -ic] Pertaining to or derived frtmi
the genus Brassica (q.v.J.
brassic acid, s, Brassic acid or erueic
acid, C-22^4-20-2- An acid extracted from colza
oil by saponification. It is solid at ordinary
temiieratures, but melts between SO' and 32°
C. It ciystallises from an alcoholic solution
in beautiful long needles. Brassic acid occurs
also iu the oil of white mustard and of rape.
bra'S-si-ca, 5. [Lat. brassica; Celt, hresic =
a wvbbage. j
Uot. : A genus of cruciferous plants contain-
ing several well-known culinary herbs. There
are three wild species in Britain : Brassica,
oleracea (Sea Cabbage), the original of the cab-
bage of our gardens [Cabbage] ; B. monensis,
the Isle of Man or Walhtlower Cabbage ; and
the B. campestrls or Coiumon Wild Navew.
The B. na-pus, the Rape or Cole-seed, and the B.
rapa, or Connnon Turidp, have here and there
rooted themselves s]iontaneously, but they are
not indigenous. The colza of the Dutch is
B. campestrls ; B. prcumx is the Sunnner Rape of
the Germans ; and !>'. elongoM is cultivated in
Hungary for its oil. The various cultivated
species, as a rule, require a loamy soil, well-
manured, and with plenty of water. [Bras-
SICACE^E, BRASSICID.4i:.]
" They adorned him |the poet laureat] with a new and
elegant garlaud, composed of vine-leaves, laurel, and
britsslca, a sort of cabbage i " — Pope : Of the Pvet
Laareat.
bras-sic-a' -96-88, s. pi. [From Lat. hrassiea,
and fem. pi. adjectival suffix -acetc]
Bot. . An order of plants, more generally
called Crucifene (Crucifers). It is placed by
Lindley under his Cist-al Alliance. The
sepals are four, the petals four, cruciate; the
stamens six, two shorter than the other foui-.
Ovaiv superior, with jiarietal iilacenta;. I^'uit,
a sili'que or silicule one-celled or spuriously
two-celled, seeds many or one. It consti-
tutes Linuicus' order Tretradynamia. Lindley
di\-ides the order into five sections— Pleur<i-
rhizeic, Notorhizeje, Orthoplocea?, and Diple-
colobeae. The Brassicaceic or Crucifers an
one of the most important ordei-s in the whoL-
vegetable kingdom. About l,7::iO species an-
known. Their chief seat is in the temperati.-
zones. Many genera and species occur in
Britain; none are poisonous. Among the
well-known plants ranked under the order
may be mentioned the wall-flowe)-, the stock,
the water-cress and other cresses, the cabbage,
the tuniip, &c.
bras-sif'-i-dae, s pi. [From Lat. brassica
(q.v.).] A family of Crueifeious plants of the
sub-order or section Orthoplocea;. Type,
Brassica (q.v.).
brS^S'-si-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. brassia
(q.v.).] A family uf Orchids. Typical genus,
Brassia (q.v.),
t brass'-i-ness, 5. [Eng. brassy ; -ncss.] The
quality of beiug brassy.
brass'-ing, [>r. par, & s. [Brass, v.I
Metallurgy : The art of giving a brass coat
to copper.
bras-smith, brass-smith,.^. [Eng. ijjcas;
smith.] A smith working iu brass.
"Has he not seen the Scottish briismii/Iis Idea .
—CarlijJe : Hartor /iesartics, l»k. ii . ch. iv.
fate, mt, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, worl:, wh5, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey - a. qu = kw.
brasswork—brave
675
brass-work, s. [Eug. brass ; work.] Work
in brass.
"... old oak can'iiigs, i^osswoj-ft, clocks and candel-
ftbra, cliairs," &.K.~Tinu:s, Sept. 3th, 1876. (Advt.)
t l>raS8'-y, a. [Eug. brass; -y.]
1. Lit. : Resembling brass.
ame aiMtrks of a brassy pyrites in it."— Woodward.
" The part in which they lie is near black, with
""' '■' ■Titea
2. Figuratively
(1) Hard as brass ; unfeeling.
" Loasea,
iiercluiut ( ,
And pluck commiseratiou of bis state
From brassy bosoms, and rough lieai-ts of flint,"
Shakes/j. : Mer. of Venice, iv. 1.
(2) Impudent.
bras'-sy, bres-sie, s. [Cf. Eng, trapse.] A
fish, the common wrasse {i.' rmiikibrns Tinea).
(Scotch.)
* br&st, * braste, ' brasten, * brastyn,
V. [Burst, v.] To bui-st. (Prompt. Parv.)
" But with that ijerciug ouitte flew open quite, or brast."
Spenser: F. Q., 1. Tiii. 4.
" Mycht nane Iwhald his face,
The fyrie spai'kis brasting from his ene."
Doug. : Virgil, 399, 44.
*brast, iia. par. & a. [Burst, x'<^- par.]
" 'Mid wounds, and clinging darts, and hiuces brast,
And foes disabled in the brutal fray."
Bgron : Childe Harold, i. 78.
^brastle, v.i. [A.S. brastlian, barstlian; M.
H. Ger. brasteln — to crack, crackle.] To
crack, to make a crackling noise, to be broken.
* brast-ynge, pr. par. [Beast, v.] (Gaw.
Doug., 39.)
*bra'-sj^-ere, s, [Brazier (2).] (Prompt.
Parv.)
* bra'-syle, a. [Brazil (1).] (Prompt. Parv.)
* hrsk'-^^n, pa. par. & a. [Brazen.]
br^t (1), *^' bratt, s. [Wel. brat = a rag, pina-
fore ; Gael, brat ; Ir. brat = a mantle, cloak.]
1. A L-loak, mantle.
" Ne had they Imt a sliete
Which that they might wrappeu hem in a-nigbt,
And a bratt to walken in by day-light."
Chancer : C. T., 16,847.
2. An apron, pinafore. (Provinc. d> Scotch.)
A Uan Kainsay : Getii. Sliepherd,
3. Clothing generally. (This seems merely
to be an oblique sense of the same word, as
used to denote an apion whicli covers the rest
of one's clothes.) (Scotch.)
that is, only as much foud and raiment as nature
ci&vea.~ —Scotch Presb. Moij., i», 36,
" God bless joiir Honours a' your days,
Wi' sowps o' kail and brats u claiae."
Hants : Earnest Cry and Prayer.
4. Scum. It does not necessarily signify re-
fuse ; but is also applied to the cream which
rises from milk, especially of what is called a
sour cogue, or the floatings of boiled whey.
" Brat, a cover or scurf." — Statist. Ace, xv. 8, N.
T[ The hit and the brat: Food and raiment,
(Scotch.)
br^t (2), s. [Etyni. doubtful. Said by some
to be tlie same as brat (1), but probably the
same as brood ]
I. JAtrralhj:
1. A child, originally not used contemptu-
ously.
" 0 Israel \ 0 household of the Lord I
0 Abraham's brain/ 0 brood of blessed seed !
0 chosen sheep that loved the Lord indeed ! "
Oascoigne: De Profundis.
"1 shall live tn see the invisible lady, to whom I
was obliged, and whom I never beheld since she was a
brat in hanging sleeves," — Swift.
2. A child, said contemptuously.
" This brat is none of mine :
Hence with it, and, together with the ilam.
Commit thom to the tire."
Shakesp.: If'tnter's Title, ii. 3.
" I gne command to kill or save,
Can grant ten thousand pounds a year,
And make a beggar's brat a peer," Swift.
3. Tlie young of any animal ; otrspring
"Jupiter summoned all the birds and beasts before
him, with their brats and little one-, to see which of
them had the prtsttiest children."— L'A'sl range.
II. Figuratively: Offspring, jiroducc.
"The two late conspiracies were the bral.\ a.ud off-
spring of two coiitiury factions,"— ,'>wh(7(,
brat (3), ^. [Etymol. doubtful. Possibly a
slioileiied form of brnttio:.]
In Coal-mining : A thin stratum of a foarse
mixture of coal and carbonate of lime or
pyrites, frequently found lying at the roof of
a seam of coal.
■ brat9h'-art, s. [The same as Brachell
Ol-v.), or fonned direct from Fr. braclie = a
hound.] A whelp ; the young of an animal.
" That bratchart in a busbe was Ixjm ;
They faud a monster on the Jnom,
War faced than a cat"
Montgonterie: Waison's Coll., Mi. IS.
^ brat^h'-el, s. [A dimin. formation from
Brakk, s. (q.Y.).] The husks or refuse of flax.
(Scotch.)
" She could not help expressing her unfeigned pity
for the Lowlanders, whom, what are called flax-mills
and fulling-mills, precluded from all the social delights
of locating and skutching, the blaze of a bratdiel. and
above all, the aui)erlative joys of a waulkiug."— CTtin-
Albin, i. 75, 77.
brat-ful, a. [In Sw. brdddful = hTimf\il,
from bru<lil = a, briin, 0. Eug. bretful, brerd-
ful, from brerd = brim, Bretful.] Brimful.
"Til heor Ba^ees and heore Balies wereu bratful I-
crommet. ' Piers Plow. : A Prolog., 41.
^ brath, * brothe, f. [O. Icel. bradhr =
impetuous, eager.] Impetuous, hasty, eager.
' bratb, * brathe, s. [0, Icel, bradh = vio-
lence.] Wrath, tierceness.
" III the brath of his breth that brennez all thinkez."
AllU. Poems; Cleanness, 1. 916.
" brath -ly, ' brothe -ly, ^ brothe'-lych,
cuio. [Brath.] Eagerly, hastily.
" Bratlily thai this Verk bigan." — Cursor Mundl, 2240.
brat'-tSiCh, s, [Gael, hratach, bruttach.] A
banner, a Hag, an ensign, colours.
" It is natural I should like the Rutbveiis, the Lind-
says, the Ogllvys, the Oliphants, and so many others of
our bi ave and noble neighbours, who are sheathed iu
steel of my making, like so many Paladins, Iwtter than
those naked, snatching mounturineers, who are ever
doing us wrong, esiMciaily since no Ave of each clan have
a rusty shirt of mail as old as their brattach."— Scott ;
fair Maid of Perth, cIl vi,
br^t'-ti9e, s. [O. Eng. hretrigr, bretasce, bru-
tnske, &c. ; O. Fr. brcte.^rhc = a wooden out-
work.] [Buttress, BRErnce, Bretasce.]
Miaiitii. A planking on the inside of a mine
shaft or gallery,
"Aa everybody knows by this time, the workings of
the Hartley Mine were reached by a single shaft the
diameter of which was 12ft. For purposes of ventila-
tion this was divided into two equal iiarts by a wooden
partition, called iu mining language a brattice, which
ran down it from top to bottom, "—r^n**, Jan. 28, 1862.
brSt-ti-9ing, 5. [Brattice, s,]
1. The act or operation of putting up brat-
tices.
2. Brattice-work, brattices.
' ' A telegraphic message, sent last night to TTie Times,
stated that a fall in the shaft on Saturday night had
pre\-ented the sinkers going ou with the removal of the
ruins of the bratticing." — Tim,es, Jau. 21, 1862.
briit'-tish-mg, s. [Brattice, s.] Brattice
work ; a crest of open carved work on the top
of a shrine.
^ brat'-tle, * brat'-tyl, v.i. [Probably
onomatopceic : as ratth (q.v.), but compare
brastle above,]
1. To make a clashing or clattering noise ;
to run tumultuously.
" Branchis brattlyng, and blaiknyt schew the brayis
With hii-stis harsk of wa^gand wyndil strayis."
Doug. : Virgil, 202, 28.
2. To advance rapidly, making a noise with
the feet,
"Daft J.ossie, when we're naked, whatll ye say,
Gitr our twa herds come brattling down the hi-ae,
■ And see us sae?" Jtamsay : Puotis, ii. T,i.
bra,t'-tle, *brat'-tyl, a. [Brattle, v.]
1. A clattering noise, as that made by the
feet of horses, when prancing, or moving
rajiidly. (Kudd.)
" Now by the time that they a piece had ta'en,
AU in a brattle to the gate are gane."
Jioss : Helenore, p. 96,
"Thou need na start awa sae hasty,
Wi' bickering brattle."
Barns : To a Jfotae.
2. Hurry ; rapid motion of any kind.
"Baiild Bess &ew till him wi' a b7-attle.
And spite of his teeth held him
Close by the craig." Rainsay : Poems, L 261.
3. A short race.
" The sma' droop- rum pi' t, hunter cattle.
Might aiblins waiur't thee for a brattle ;
But sax Scotch miles thou tiy't their mettle,
An' gar't them whaizle "
Barns: A aid Farmer's Salutation.
4. Fnry ; violent attack.
"Or silly aheep, wha bide this brattle
0' winter war,
And through the drift, deep-lairing sprattle,
Beneath a scaur."
Bums : Winter Night.
* br&tt'-lifig, pa. par, & a. [Brattle, v.}
Noisy ; creating a noise.
"A brattlin Imud unhappily
Drave by him wi" a ijiimer.
And heels-o'er-goudie coupit he,"
Cltristmas Baing, Skinner's Jfisc. Poet., p. 127.
* brau'-i-tie, *■. [Brav[tv.]
1. A show, a pageant.
"All curious pastimes and conaaita
Cud be imagijiat be man,
Wes to be sene on Edinburgh gaits,
Fra time that braullio began,'
Buret: Entry Q. Anne, IVatson's Coll., ii. 5.
2. Finery in dress or appearance.
" Syne she beheld ane heuinly sicht,
Of Nymphs who supit nectar cauld ;
Whois brauities can scarce be tauld."
Barcl: Entry Q. Anne, Watson's Coll., ii. T.
^ braul, * brawl, s. [O. Fr. braiish — "a.
totter, swing, shake, shocke . . , also a
6raw?e or daunce." (Cotgrave.) Brangill, 8.]
A kind of dance.
" It vas aue celeat recreation to behold ther lycht
lopeue, galmoudiug, stendling bakuart and forduart,
dansand base dausis, i>auuans, galyaidis, turdions,
braalis aud bnmglia, buffons, vitnt uiony vthir lycht
dausis, the quhilk are ouer prolixt to be rehei-siL" —
Comjil. S., p. 102.
" Menstrel, blaw up ane brawl of Fi-ance ;
Let se quha hobbils best."
Lyndsay: S. P. Rejrr., it 20L
" Moth. Will you win yom: love with a. French brawl /
Arm. How meanest tbou, brawling in French?"
Shakesp. : L. L. lost, iiL L
* braun, c. [Brawn.]
^ braunche, ^ brawnche, a. [Branch.]
^ braunched, a. [Branch, s.]
" Braunched as a tree, branchu." —Palsgrave.
^ braunchi, ^ braunchy, a. [Branchy.]
^' braun-dise^ v.i. [Brandish, v.] To fling
or prance about (as a horse).
" That hee iias loose in no lime ludes to greene,
To byte ne to braandise ne to break no wowes.'
Alisaunder (ed, Skeat), 1121-22,
^^^""*'ri*e (au as 6w), ^. [From Mr. Braun,
of Gotha. (Dana.)] '
Min. : A native sesquioxide of manganese,
Mu.j O3. It is crystallised or massive, in the
former case tetragimal. Hardness, 6- -65 ; sp.
gr., 4-75— 4-82 ; lustre, sub-metallic colour,
and streak dark brownish black. Compos. .
Protoxide of manganese, 86-95 ; oxygen, S-08
~9-S5; baryta. 0-24— 2-25 ; silica, a trace
8*63 ; and water, 0-95— 1 '00.
^braush-ie, a. [Brashy, a.] stormy.
bra-va'-do, bra-va'-do, * bra-vade', s.
[8p. & Ital. brav'ata; Fr. b-ravade.'] [Brave ]
An insolent menace ; defiance ; boastful be-
haviour.
"The steward departed without replyiug to this
bravade. otherwise than by a dark look of acorn "—
Scott : Abbot, ch. xxxi.
" The English were impatient to fall on. But their
general had made up liis'mind, and was not to Ije moved
by the bravadoes of the enemy ur by the murmurs of
Ills own soldiers.'— J/ac«wZa.y.- /lUt. Eng., ch. iii,
hra.'ve (Eng.), brave, braw, bra (Scotch),
a. [Fr. brave = brave, fine, gay ; compare
Gael, hreagh = tine.]
1. Daring, courageous, high-spirited, fearless.
"None but the brave deserve the fair."
Dryden: Alexander's Feast, 1. 15,
" S^^i^'.^'^ *^^ brave, whose names beloiiE
To the high sjuiutity of song l -
Ilemans : iVallaoe's Innocation to Bruce
2. Gallant, noble.
"I'll prove the prettier fellow of the two
And wear '•'" ■'■■-- '^^
i.. y<">c uuc iJieiji,ier leiiow 01 tne two
And wear my dagger with a braocr grace,''
Sliakesjj. : Mcr. of Veil., iii. 4.
boil, boy; pout, j6^1; cat, ceU. chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ^ine
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion - shiin ; -tiou, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -slous = shus. -ble, -tie \c = bel tel
C70
brave— bravo
" And where irall juajiy a hraoe tree stood,
That used to epreiul its boughs and ring,''
Wordsworth: White Uoe of Jil/letone, yii.
3. Slio-wy, grand, gaudy, gay.
" Rings put upon his fingers.
And braoc attendants near him when he wakes ;
"Would not the l>eggar then forget himself ? "
Shakesp. : Tani. of the Shrew, Induct., j
" Nearer and nearer .ir they hear,
Bnears, pikea, and axL-s flash in air.
How might you see tlic tartans brave,
And plaids aaid plumage dance and wave."
ficoU : LniXi] oftiie Lake, ii, 16.
4. Excellent, fine. (It i^ppears to lie n^ied
simply to express excellence or pre-eniineneo
in any point or quality in men or thing-s.)
" Vol. O that's a brave man. he writes hnive ver^ei,
srj'':iltH hruve wuids, swears brave oaths, and bre^iks
ilit'iji bravely, ^nite tmverse. athwart the heart of liis
tovei , .11 .1. pnisuy tilter, that spurs his liorsu but on
one Hide, breaks his staff Idte a nLiblc- goose : but all's
l-rimi; that youth uiniuitfl, and fulU' guides Who
coiues here';"— ,S'ftQfces/j. ; As Voa L/kc It, iii. 4
5. Hiind.'^onie.
" A~»(jn wns horn to him called Absolom, who was the
bravest iniLn perhaps in the world ;— he was a man of
the greateat perfection from the crown of biN head
unto the sole of his foot."— Z)('ofcso/i : liermons, p, li>9,
6. Pleasant, agi-eeahle.
" O Peggy, diuna say nie na ;
But grant to me the treasure
Of love's return ; 'tis uuka fyra'.
When ilka thing yields pleasure."
A . Nicol ; Poems, li39, p 27
"'A fine evening, su',' was Edward's salutation;
'Ow, ay, sir, 'ee bra night,' replied the lieutenant, in
broad Scotch of the most vulgar description. "—,ifi;or( :
Wavei-Jet/, ch. xxxix.
7. Stout, able-bodied.
" Five bonnie lasses round their table.
And seven braw fello\vs, stout an' ah]e."
Biirnfi : A Dedication to iiavin JJumilton.
8. In Scotch : Often used intensively, .some-
times as a superlative, when jomed by tlie
copula to another word, whether adje<ti\H or
adverb ; as, brate and able, abundantly able
for any work or undertaking ; braw u)ul wcel,
in good health ; braw and soon, in full time,
" {■::■. 1 1 1 ly, neist day. when noun comes on, appears,
And Limiy, what he could, his cour.age cheerfe ;
I.ijukd f/raw aaid canty, wlian she came in by,
Aud say-, Twice welcome, Eydby, here the day."
Jioss: J/elenore, p. 52. (Jitmiuson.)
*T A word which came originally from the
Romance languages, entering English in the
Ifitli cL'utuiT, while the corresponding term
ill Gennan, orav, entered that language in the
17th ccntiu'y. (From the Sdect Glossary, i». 24.)
bra'v<e» s. [Brave, «.]
1. A brave person, a c-hief. (Used especially
amongst the IndLan.s of North America.)
"t'diiie U) parley with Standish, and offer him fui-s .at,
a present :
Friendship was in their looks, but in their hearts
there was hatred.
Dravtis of the tribe were tliese, and brothere gigantn.
in stature." Longfellow: Miles Standiiih, \ i\
■■ 2. A hectoring, bullying fellow.
" Mot-fcrrttfcs like theo may fight, but know not well
To^nanage this, the litst great stake." Uryden.
* 3. A boast, brag, challenge, defiance.
" And 30 in this to bear me down with bnivi-s,
*Ti3 not the difference of a year or two. "
Shakesp. : Tit. And., li. 1.
^ i. Bravado.
" Tu call my lord maior knave :
Besides, too, in a brave."
WUts Recreation, 1C54,
brave, v.t. k l. [Brave, a.]
A. Trans-itive :
1. To defy, challenge, dare, set at defiance.
(1) Of iiersons.
"^ure I shall see yon heaps of Trojans kill'd,
Kise from the .shades, and brave me uii the field "
Pope: Jlomcr's Iliad, bk. x,xi., 1. C4, bO
(2) Of things personified.
*" Where braving angry winter's stonas.
The lofty Ochils rise."
fiariia: Where Braving A ngrn Winter's SCurmn.
" But no man had in larger measure that evil courage
which traues and even courts disgust and hatred."—
Jtfacaulayi IliBt. Eng., ch. xi.
* 2. To risk, venture on.
*' In braving arms against thy sovereign."
Shakesp. : King Idcnxrd II , n. 3.
* (1) To firesent a boastful .show of.
"Both particular persona and factions are aptenougli
to flatter tliemselvea, or, at least, to brave that which
they believe not."— Bacon.
* (2) To make fine or showy, to adoni, set off.
" Oj'it. Face not me : thou hiwt braved many men ;
brave not me ; I wiil neither be faced nor brnved. I
say unto thee, I bid thy master cut out the gown, but
I did not bid him cut it to pieces. Ergo, thou liest." —
Hhakesp. : Twining of the Shrew, iv. 3.
:S (3) To give courage to, encourage.
B. iiitransiiinc : Toswiigger about, show oil.
" As at Troy most da.stards of the G-reekes
Did brave about the corpea of Hector colde."
Spenner : Jiameji (^ lloxn:.
1[ Crabb thus distinguishes between the
verbs to brao'',, to defy, to dare, and to chal-
lenge: — ''y^e brave things; we rfare and chal-
lenge persons ; we de/y persons or their ac-
tions : the sailor ?j;'at'es the tempestuous ocean,
and very often Irraves death itself in its most
terrific form ; he dare.'i the enemy whom he
meets to the' engagement ; he defies all his
boastings and vain tin-eats. . . Brave and
defy are disjiositions of mind which display
themselves in the conduct ; dare and challenge
are nrndes nt action: we brave a .stoj'm by
meeting its \'in]encc, and bea'ring it ilnwn with
superior fon-c ; \vh. defy the malice of our
enemies by piu'suuig that line of conduct
which i.s mo.st calculated to in(n'easeits bitter-
m.'S-^. Til brave cnnveys the idea of a direct
and ;iersuij;i] apiilicatmn of liiice to force ;
defying is carried on by a more indirect and
circuitous mode of jii-ocedure ; men brave the
daiigrrs which thi'caten them with evil ; they
defy the ;mgi-y will which is set up to do them
harm. To (/i'/-eaud challeiiye a-m both dii'ect
and ]iersuua] ; but the former consists either
of actions, words, or looks ; the latter of
words only. . . . baring arises from our con-
tempt of others ; rjinllenging arises from a
high o]iinion of ourseh'es : the former is
mostly accomimnied with imbecoming expres-
sions of disrcsjicct as well as aggravation ; the
lattei' is mostly divested of all angry per-
sonality. . . . We dare only to acts of vio-
lence ; Ave challenge U) any kind of contest in
which the skill or the iiower of the parties
are to be tried." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
braved, pa. par. & a. [Brave, v.]
brave'-ly, adv. [Eng. hro.ve; -ly.]
1. In a giji'd sense: In a bra'ie manner;
cour;;^eousiy, valiantly,' nobly.
' Ke.'wd it witli J our high and worthy deeds ;
T\i^^ bravel;/ done, if you bethink you of it,"
lihak'':^/! : Mitch Ado about Nothing, v. 1.
" Gone they ni'e, bravely, though misled,
With a dear father at their hea*l ! "
Word^'ivoi-th : White Doe of Rylstone, c. 2.
2. In a had ^oi-se :
^ (1) Cistentatiously, defiantly.
". . bri'ke I'oith in a courageous couplet or two
upon Sir Richard filackmure : he has [jrmted it with
his name to it, and hrnve'y assigns no other reason,
than that the said Wir Eicliard has abused Dr. Swift."
—Pope ■ Le'J'jr to Jeroas 11716.)
" (2) Gaudily, finely, gaily.
"And she . . . decked lierselfe bravely to allure the
eyes of .ill men that should see lier "—Judith x. 4.
+ brave '-ness, s. [Eng. brave; -ne^^.] The
(piality of being brave ; bravexy.
bra'v-er-y, ' bra'v-er-ie, i. [Eng. brave;
-ry. Fi. hrncci it.]
I. Life, oily :
1. In rt'gnnd secsc ; The quality of being
brave ; couriige, valour, high siiirit, fearless-
ness
" Juba, to all the brai'ery of a hero.
Adds softest love, and mure than female sweetness "
Addison.
2. In a bad sense :
* (1) The act of braving, bravado ; false as-
sumption of real bra'\'i^iy.
" In which time one Tait, a follower of Cesford, who
as then w.is of the Lord's party, came forth in a
bravery, and called tu the upposite horsemen, asking
if any of theiw had cnurage to lireak a lance foi his
mistress ; . , ," — ,'^ pots wood, p. 287.
"boiiie of bis boldiers, however, w]io o))3erved him
closely, whisjiered that all his bravery wiiaputon.' —
Macaiitai/: Jlist. Jiiig.. cli. xviii.
* (2) ^Sliowine^.s, gaudiuess. si)lendour.
" If he [the guo*.l yeoman] uhance to appeal in clotlies
above his iTink, it is to gmce some L'reat man with Ins
service, and then he hlusheth at liis own iiritcm/ "—
Fuller . Holy State, bk. ii., cli. 18
" . . tlieie tlie loniana, with their wives and
children, and all tlieir Irravery, cungi-egated iieriudi-
cally from their different cities to glorify him." —
Orote. .fl/a£. o/r;r--c.'e(lB46), vol. i., pt. i., ch L, p 62.
* (3) Ostentiition, show.
" I'll court bis favoui-s :
But, sure, the }/ravery uf ins grief did put me
Into a t.iweriiig passion. '
Sliakesp. ■ Ifamh-t, v 2.
" Letpriii'jes choose ministerf more seiisilile of duty
than of rising, iuid such as love business rather upon
conscience thiumpun bravery." — Jiacon.
*(4) Fiuedies^.
■" . , . my estate, I wot not how, hath of late been
somewhat insuttlcient to maintain the expense of
those bravcriea, wherewith it is incumbent on us, who
are chosen and .selected spirits, to distinguish ourselves
from the vulgar." — Seott : Monastery, ch. xi'l.
* (5) A showy person.
" A man that is the bravery of his age." — Beaamont
A- Fletcher.
II. Fig. ;
language.
Applied to fine diction or ornate
eat off with the buskry or bravery of language.-
lotlied and adorned with the husk and bravery ot
beautiful and big wordH."— J/' (Kurd.- Contendings,
pp. ;t24, ;f56.
^ Crabb thus distingiiishes between bravery,
courage, and valour: — "Bravery lies in the
blood ; courage lies in the mind : tlie lattei"
depends on the reason ; the former on the
l-ihysical temperament : the first is a species
of instinct ; the second is a virtue : a man is
brave in pvopoi-tion as he is without thought ;
he has courage in proportion as he reasons or
reflects. Bra,very seems to be something in-
voluntary, a mechanical movement that does
not depend on one's self : covrage requires
conviction, and gathers stiength by delay ; it
is a noble and lofty sentiment : the force of
examjde, the ehanns of music, the fury and
tumult of battle, tlie desperation of the con-
flict, will make cowards brim:; the ctmragc-
ous man wants no other incentives than what
his own mind suggests. ... It is as possible
for a man to have courage without bravery as
to have bravei'y without courage: Cicero be-
trayed his want of bravery wlieu he sought to
shelter himself against the attacks of Cata-
line ; he displayed his courage when he laid
open the treasonable purjioses of this con-
sjiirator to the whole senate, and charged him
to his face with the crimes of wliich lie knew
him to be guilty. Valour is a higher quality
than either bravery or courage, and seems to
pai-take of the grand characteristics of both ;
it combines the fire of bravery witlj the detei'-
niinatiou and firmness of courage : bravery is
most fitted foi- the soldier and all who receive
orders ; courage is most ndajited for the gene-
ral and all who give commands ; valmir tor
the leader and fi-amer of entei'i>rises, and all
who carry great projects into execution ;
bravery requires to be guided ; courage is
equally fitted to comnuind or obey; valour
directs and executes. Bravery has most rela-
tion to danger ; courage and valour include in
them a particular reference to action : the
brave man ex]ioses hiuiself; tlie courageous
man advances to the scene of action which is
before him ; the valiinit man seeks for occa-
sions to act. The three hundred Spartans
who defended Thermopyle were brave. So-
{■rates drinking the hemlock, Regulus return-
ing to Carthage, Titus tearing himself from
the arms of the weeping Berenice, Alfred the
Great going into the cainp of the Danes, w-ere
CO nrageons. Hercules destroying monsters,
Perseus delivering Andromeda, Achilles run-
ning to the ramparts of Troy, and the knights
of inore mo'lern date who have gone iii quest
of extmordin.ii'y adi'entin'es. are all entitled
to the ])eculiar appellation of valiant."
(Crabb : Eng. .iynon.)
* brav'-iirg, ^ir. par., «., & s. [Brave, v.]
t A. & B. Ai. i>r. par. k p niiciplal adj. ; In
senses coiresponding to those of the verb.
" Barbarossa sent a braving letter tu Saladiu, . ."
—Fuller : //oly tVar, bk. v , ch i;(,
" The Florentines and Senoys are by the eara ;
H.L\ e fui^fht with eixiuil foiliiiie, and cuiitinae
A Ornuinj/ w.ar
Sltakes/j. : AU's Well that Fiuts Writ, i. 2.
* C. As ^'djbb'ntii- : Bi'avado, boast, show.
■■ Witli 3U proud a stmin of tiireat^ .and In-ui'lngs. '
Chajmuin,
* brav'-ing-ly, adv [Eng. braving, a. ; -hj.]
Ill a braving manner ; defiantly.
" lirariiiqli/. in your epistle to .Sir Edward Hobby,
you end t{\m."—Sheli.lon -. Mirncbs of Aiitivhriit, p. 40.
brav-i-tie,
[Old Fr.
brav'-i-ty,
branir ]
1, In a good sense : Courage; bravery.
"Let lis put on countge in thir sad times ; lir.tve
times for the chosen sukhere of Jesu.s Christ tj shew
their cuiii-a«e into; oft'eruig bra\e opportunities fur
shewing forth the bruvi'i) or spirit iii suffering,"— Jo.
Welwuod's Letter, Walker .■, Remark. Pugs,, \i 2.(.
2. Inabcal sense : An outward show ; pomp.
bra'-v6(l), s. [Ital. bravo.] \ bandit, an out-
law, an assassin.
"For Iwlduess like the bmruQ^ ,uid bfuiditti, is
seldom employeil. Ijut upuu de-spei.ite servi^et "— «.^-
vemiHciU of tl^e Tongue
"Tlie bravo was sent tu the Tuwei:"— Ma eaulay :
Eist. Eng., ch. vi.
T[ At first, while as yet not naturalised, it
had the plural hravL *
"Hired fencers, c.illeil bran, . . "—Morisan
Itinerary, pt. -2 , p nr. [Trench : On same Def. i" oar
Jing. Diet., ji -J'J.)
Nares has the plural bravoc-:.
bra'-vd(2), s. [Bravo^ inter].] A cheer, a
hurrah.
Ghte, f^t, fare» amidst, 'nrhat, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot.
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, tlill ; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw^
bravo— braxy
677
bra'-v6, interj. [Ttal. hravo (m.), brava (f.) =
brave.] Excellently ! well or bravely done !
iUf/sic : Well or bravely clone. An exclama-
tion of applause, which from Italy its native
land has made way into this country. For a
female performer (acco-rding to Italian usage)
it should be hrara, and for more than one
performer brari.
bra-vii'-ra, s. & ft, [Ital. hrarura; Fr. 6ra-
voure= sp'irit, bravery.]
A. As substantive :
1. lAl. In m.vsU- : An air requiring great
skill and spirit in its execution, each syllable
being divided into se\ijral notes. It is distin-
guished from a simple melody by the intro-
duction of florid passagL^s. (Sfnrnrr (0 lim-rctt.)
A style of both music and exet-ntion designed
to task the abilities nf the artist. ((Jmir.)
"The duet in whieh Mary obtains the King's pro-
mise to befriend Clifford contains h, bravitra for Mist.
Pyne which ia very pleasing, . . ."Sat. Iteoiew, Dec.
14, 1861.
2. Fig. : A lively display.
"... and yon, I, and a few others, wlio liave wit-
nessed his [(joleridg:e'a I (p-and hravunisot dLsplny, were
to have the naiial fortune of ghost-aeers, . . ."-De
Quince// ; It'orkti (ed. 1863), vol, li., p. 50.
B. As adjf'i-firc : Pertaining to or connected
with the execution of a bravura.
" His bravura powers are of the must surprising
sort, and as a concerto player he has an aplomb ana
fire almost phenomenal. "—C'or)i/ti» Mag., Jan., 1867,
p. 35.
bra'W, bra', «. [Brave, a.]
braw-warld, ><- (Scotch.) Showy, gaudy.
"... these fine gallants, with their golden chains
anil looi>ed-\ip bonnets, with braw-warld dyes and
devices on them." — Scott : Qnentiii Duruiard, ch, iiL
[Broider.] Em-
* braw - den, pa. pir.
broidered.
* braw'-der-er, s. [Broiderer.] An em-
broiderer.
* braw-en, i"'. jnf?", [A.S hrowcn, pa. par. of
brcowcni = tn cook, brew (?).] Cooked.
" For fault of cattle, corn and gerse.
Your banquets of most nobility
Dear of the dog brawen in the Merse,"
I'olwarl's Flytlmj, Watson's Coll., iii. 9, 10.
brawl, * brail, "^ brawl -yn, v.i. & t.
[Brawl, s.~\
A. Intransitive :
■* 1. To be in or fall into confusion.
" The Erie with that, that fechtand was,
Qubeii he hys fayis saw brawlajid sua.
In hy apon thaim gau he ga."
Barbour, xii. 132. MS.
2. To quarrel noisily and tumultuously.
" What nttlys the t'l bralle."
Tuwiielei/ .]fi/Ht., p, 150.
" Brawl}/n', or i*U-y\v<.'n' Litiffo.jitrtjo. Quern pliira
in atTyveu."—l'roj)Liil Pun-.
*3. To contend, to strive.
" Aganys him to brawle . . ."
Barbour: The Bruce (e± Skeat), i. 573.
4. To create n disturbance, especially' in
any consecrated ground or building. [Brawl-
ing, C. 2.]
to. Of running ^vnter, to make a noise, to
babble.
"As he lay along
Under an oak, wliose antique root peeps out
Upon the brook that braivls along this wood."
Stiakesp. : As I'ou Like It, ii. 1.
" So through the Plymouth woods John AUlen went on
his errand.
Crossing the brook at the ford, where it brawled over
pebble and shallow."
Longfellow: MUe.^ Standiah, iii.
'' B. Reflexive : To boast, brag, sliow off.
" Evere wiu-e thes Bretons hnigpers of olde !
Loo '. how lie brawles hyme for hys bryghte wedes."
Jforte Arthur f. 1,;!49.
* C. Trans. : To cry or clamour down, over-
power by noise.
" Their battering cannon charged to tlie iuouth.s.
Till their soul-fearing clamours have brawl'd down
The flinty ribs of this conteioptuous city."
Shakcsp. : K. John, ii. l.
brawl (1), s. [Etym. uncertain; Wei. bnnol,
brol = a boast ; bioUo = to boast, vaunt ; bra-
gal = to vociferate ; Dut. bralleii = to brag,
boast; Dan. huillr = tu prattle, jabber. Pro-
bably brawl is a frequentative of brag (Skeal).']
A noisy quarrel, a disturbance, a tumult.
" He flndeth, tliat controversies thereby are made
but brawls ; and therefore wishetb, that in some lawful
assembly of churches, all these strifes may be decided."
Hooker.
" , . , . in a moment a brawl began in the crowd,
none could sayhowor where,"— JMcawiay; HUt. Bug.,
ch. xiiL
brawl (2), s. [0.'V:.n,::..brangill,braul; Tr.branle;
O. Fr. bransle, fruiu branshr = to totter ;
Mod. Ft. branler.] An old round dance in
which the performers joined hands in a circle ;
a country dance. [Braul.]
" Then first of all he doth demonstrate plain
The motions seven that are in nature ifouud.
Ilpward and downward, forth, and back ag tin.
To this side, and to that, and turning round ;
Whereof a thousand brau-l-K he doth compound.
Which he doth teach unto the multitude, ^
And ever witli a turn they must conclude."
Sir John /lames : Orclu-stra (IBOV),
" 'Tis a French brawl, an aiiish iniitatiou
Of wliat you really perform In battle."
Jlussiiigvr . J'ic(".ri% iL2.
^ brawl (3). " broil, brole, " brol, :^.
[Low Lat. brolhis, in"/;.'.'] \ rhilil, progeny.
"The leeste brol of hi« hloml. '
Litiiglnatl J^u-rs Plow , 1,?67,
" And for the delight thou tak'st in I'ey^ar'*
And tiieii brawlg." Javi d Crew {O I'l ), x 357
brawl'-er, ' brawl-ere, s. [Eng. brawl;
-er.] One who brawls, u noisy wumgler, a
quarrelsome fellow.
"firawh-rc Litigittor, litiffiosiis, Jitrgosii& ' — Prompt
Part:
" To sneak evil of no mati, t-> be no brawlers, but
gentle, B ho wuig all meekness unto all men."' — iTiii**'
iii. 2.
brawl'-ing, pr. jvr., <.-., k s. [Brawl, v.]
A. & B. As present participle £ participial
cuJjertira : In senses corresi>onding to those of
the verb.
"It is better to dwell in a corner of the house-top,
than with a brawlin'/ woman and in a wide houi.e." —
Prov XXV. 24.
" Whether in after hf^ n-tired
From brawliii'i storms '
Tenni/son . Oeh- to Hfemerif.
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang.: X(.'i->y ur tumultuous wrang-
ling, a disturbance.
" Brawlynge. Ji-rghn.t, h/iqinni.' -Prinnpt. Pare.
" She troubled was, alas '. that it might be.
With tedious brawUngs ut her parents dear."
Sidneg
2. Lam : Tlie offence of (.[iiarrelling or creat-
ing a disturbance in a chun-h or churchyard,
or of beluning ru-tuusly, nKlec<^ntly, or vio-
lently in anv certifieil I'hxrH of worslii]i. By
18 and ly Vi'-t , c. SI, it is punishul.le by ji
fine notexceeding £5, or inipi-isoument for any
period not beyond two months. (IVIi^rton.)
t brawl'-ing-ly, rulv. [Brawltnt., a.] In a
brawling or quarrelsome manner,
braw'-lit, pa. jMr. or a. [Etym. unknown,
but possibly a misprint for ft/'O"-'/ (7 = em-
broidered.] Perhaps marbled, mixed, orparti-
coloured.
" Bot ye your wyfe am! Iminis can tak ua reat.
Without ye counterfeit the worthyest
Buft brawlit hois, coit, dowhlet, ".wk and scho,
Your wyfe and bairns conform jjihh i,l- tlitiirtn."
L. Saotland's Lum.-ii'. fol. T.i,
brstw'-ly, braw'-Ue, ailr. {Smtrii ) [Brave-
ly.] Excellently, very well,
" , . . the hrigg ower Warrock burn is safe eneugh.
if he hand to the right side. But then there's Heavie-
aide-brae, that's just a murder for pest-aittle— but
Jock kenB the ronAbrawly."— Scott. Gmi Maiuu-riug,
ch. xi.
" But Tarn kenn'd what was wti.if fu' brawlie ;
There was iit' wiuauuie wc-mjli ,iiul walie."
Burn.'.: Tain O'Shanter.
brawn, braun, ' braune, " brawne, s.
[O. Fr. braoii = a sbce of flesh ; O. H. Ger.
brdto, prdto, accu^. brdtnn ,■ M. H. Grcr. brdte
= a piece of flesh; <) H. Ger 2''>'dtaii : Ger
braten = to roast, boil.]
* 1. Muscle,
"Bruivnooi mann;y-3 leggys r,r annys. Jfi'jicultis,
lacertus, pnl/ja, CF." — Prom/jt Pint'.
" And hadde a noble visage for the noones.
And formed wel of braioues and of boones."
Chaucer: Lcgcnde of (foode H'omen; Dulo.
* 2. l\Iuscular strength.
" The boist'rous hands are then of use, when I
With this directing head those hands apply ;
Brawn without brain is thine." Dr}/d<-iu
** 3. It is applied to the arm, the calf of the
leg, A-(.'., from their being so muscular.
" Yit, thocht thy brauim be lyk t«a barrow ti-ammis.
Defend the, man "
Lyndsay : ii'orks (ClialuL ed.), li. 193.
4, The flesh of a boar.
" Brawne of a bore. Aprina." — Prompt. Parv.
"The best age for the boar is from two to five years,
at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for
braw n," — -l/o r timer.
% It was also used generally for flesh of any
animal.
" Brawne of a checun, H chekeu, P. Pulpa, C, F."
— Prompt. Parv.
"Take braune at capons or hennes, . . , —Libcr Care
Cocorutn, p. 12.
5. The flesh of a boar salted and preserved.
" Biforn him stont the brami of to&kid swjti."
Chaucer: C. T., ll,5GC.
"Christmas puddnigs, hroAsn, and abundance of
Bpiritudus liquors, , . .—Li.Mliot: Silas Mwrner.
" 6. A boar.
" Brokbrestede as a brawne. witli In-ustils f ul large "
Jtorte Arthure, l.VVi.
*i The word still sm-vivcs in this sense in
some dialects.
brawn, r.t. [Brawn, s.]
" 1. To make muscular, to strengthen,'
"Custom and long continuance in slavery hiive m
luu-dened and brawned their shoulders, [that] the j nkt-
doth not -viTing them so uvich.'—B'uller : UoUi War
(1GU9), p, IVS.
2. To salt or preserve the flesh of a boar.
"^ brawn-faU'n, o.. Having tlie nnisclcs
fallen away ; shrunk in the muscles \ en-
fcL-bled.
■■ The hrawn-faXV n anna and thy declining back
To the sad burthen of thy years shall yeald."
Drayton : Pastorals, Eel. 3.
^ brawncb'-yng. s. [Brandishing.]
" Brawndyschynge [brawnchyng, K.) \'ibracio"~
Prompt. Pafv.
* brawn-dish, "' brawn'-dysch,
"" braundesche, * braundeschyn, v,t.
[Brandish.]
* brzlwn'-dysph-ynge, s. [Brandishing.]
"Brawndyschynge (brawncliyng, K.} Vibracio."—
Prompt. Pari'.
* branrned, it. [Brawn, s.] Brawny, mus-
cular.
" His rawhone armes, whose mighty bratowed bo>vi-B
Were wont to rive Steele plat&s, and heUnets hew.
Were clene consum'd." Spenser: F. Q., I. viii. 41.
•^ brawn'-er, s. [Eng.bruwn; -er.] A boar
killed and prepared for the table.
" Then if you would send up the brawners head,
Sweet rosemary and Imys juround it spread "
JCiiig.
brawn'-i-ness, s. [Eng. branuiy ; -ness.]
1. Literally: The quality of being brawny ;
muscular strength.
" He was rather below the middle 8tfl.tui'e, but the
bre.idtli of his shoulders, length .and brawnincsx of his
arms, , . . ' — Scon : Fair Maid of Perth, ch. JL
2. Figuratively : Applied to the nihid —
strength, force, power.
"This brawni^iesi and insensibilitjr of mind, ia the
beat armour .against the common evils 6>nd accidents
of life."— iocte.
brawn'-y, f'. [Eng. brawn; -y.]
1. Oril. Lang. .- JVIuscular, full of muscle ;
strung, hardy.
" Whose bruwni/ shoulders, and whose swelling «hest,
And lofty stature, far exceed the rest?"
Pope: ZfOTfier's //iocf, Iii. 291-2.
" Thither the brawny carpeutccs repair."
Dryden: Annas Mirabdis, 142.
2. MeO. : For definition see example.
" The x*aiii (in phlegmonous erysipelas] is Hevei'e and
accompanied with a sensation of burning heat, while
m consequence of the etlXision which takes place on
the subcut;ineoii3 cellular membmue. the affected
I>art8 communicate a peculiar feeling, which ha* been
expressed by the term brawny."— C yd. Pract. Med.,
IL 107.
brawny-built, a. Of muscular build.
" Broad-backed, and brawny-built for love'8 delight,"
Dryden : The Hind a>ul Pwntli^r, iii.
braw^, s. pi. [Braw.] Dress ; finery ; show ;
gaudy apparel, (Scotch.)
" ' Ay, Madge.' said Sharpitlaw, in a coaxing tone ;
'and ye' re dressed out in your brawa, I see ; these are
not your every days' claiths ye have on."— Scott :
Heart of Mid-Lothian, ch. v.
brax'-y, brax'-e^, brax'-it, bracks, s. &
u. [Possibly contracted from A. 8, braxsvocnes
= tlve "breaking" sickness, the falling sick-
ness, epilepsy ; from bra.c = bi'oke, pa. tense of
brecan = to break ; Gael. bragsaidJi = braxy.
Cf. also A.S. broc = disease, affliction, nusery ;
and Gael, breac =sniall-pox.]
A. As substantive :
1. A disease in sheep. This term is fre-
quently applied to totally different disordcr.s,
liut the true braxy is undoubtedly an intes-
tinal affection, attended with diarrhea and
retention of the urine. After young sheep
liave been weaned, they are apt to gorge them-
selves with grass, turnips, &c,; this produces
a kind of cohe, which usually ends in deatli.
Again, when a lean flock of sheep is placed
suddenly on rich food, or on coarse pasture of
an indigestible nature, irritation and intlani-
mation of the bowels set in, and this fre-
quently proves fatal. In both c>ises the slicep
are said to die of braxy. The duration of the
disease is very short, in some cases tenninating
fatally in twenty-four hours. Hilly land is
favourable to the produiition of braxy, and
hence we find it far more jirevalent in the
bSil, bo^; poiit, jow^l; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f.
-clan, -tlan = shan. -tion, -slon = shun; -tion, -sion^zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. ^b9l, del.
678
bray— brazen
Higlilaiids of Scotland than in any other part
of the country. The treatment of the disease
is one of very great difficulty, hut it may to a
certain cxttint be prevented by regulating the
animal's diet, and sheltering the Hock during
severe winter weather.
" . . . . braxi/ ur braxU, or the sL-kiiess ... . '—
Prize Essai/, JIi</hl. Soc, iii. 340.
" Maiiy lire cut oft' by a disease which ia here called
the brazes." — Par. of tech not : Forfurs. statist. .Ice,
iv, 8,
" Another malady meys u]>on tlie sheep here.
Amoug the shepherds it la called the bracks." — Par. of
Barrie, Ibid., iv. 242. {Jiimiusan.)
H Dumb braxy : The dysenteiy in sheep.
" The dumb braxy .... is distinguished from
sickness by the season of the year in which it apitears
and by dysentery m tlie coiiiuion form of .i Idoody
Hnx."— A'ss, Jlighl. Soc, iii. -J16, (Jainies&ji.)
2. A sheep which has died of braxy.
" While Highlandineu hate tolls and taxes ;
While nioorlan' herds like guid fat braxics."
Bums: E/jistleto Willinm Himpson,
3. The mutton of such a sheep.
B. ^-5 adjective : Of or belonging to a sheep
which has died of braxy.
% Braxy-mntton : The flesh of a sheep which
has died of braxy. As the duration of the
disease is very short, it may be assumed that
the structures of the body have not been
affected by it, and that the disease has been
limited to the intestines. Every part of the
sheep therefore is eaten, except the liver, the
kidneys, and the intestines. As to its being
wholesome food, Mr. J. Willison, one of the
largest sheep-farmers in Scotland, wlio has
had seventy years' experience, says, ' ' In
flavour braxy resembles grouse or black-game
more than any food 1 have ever tasted. It is
wholesome and very digestible, and in my
long experience I have never known of any
man, woman, or child having any disease or
disorder of the human system from eating
biuxy. It should, however, be well cooked."
bray (1), ^brayn, *bray-yn (1), v.t. [O.
Fr. breier, brehier ; Vt. broyer ; (M.H.) Ger.
hreche)i = to break small, pound. Cognate
with A.S. breccm = to break.]
1. Lit. :
(1) To pound, or grind small, to beat fine.
" Brayvn, or stampyn in a mortere, Tero. Braynn,
as baxters her pastys (brann, vide in knedying, K.)
Pinso, C&th."— Prompt. Parv.
" I'll burst him ; I will bray
His bones ns in a mort;ir " Chapman.
*(2) To break hemp or flax with a brake.
" I bray in a brake, aa men do hemve. Je broyi:." —
Palsgrave.
2. Fig. : To divide into minute parts ; to
investigate closely or carefully.
"... how the savour oE the word is more sweet,
being brayed, and more able to nourish, being divided
by preaching, than by only reading proposed." —
Hooker: Eccl. Pol, bk. v., ch. xxii., § 12.
bray (2), ''brayne. '^bray'-yu (2) (Eng.),
bra (Scotch), v.i. & t. [0. Fr. bralre; Low
Lat. brag ire = to bray ; bragare = to cry as a
child. A Celtic word : compare Welsh bragal
= to cry out ; Gael, bragh = an explosion.
(Skeat.y]
A. Intransitive :
1. To make aloud, harsh noise, like an ass.
"Brayyn insowndeiirH^/"'' i" sowndynge. P.) Barrio,
Ca.th."— Prompt. Parv.
" Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass ? or
loweth the ox over his fodder"? "—fob vi. 5.
2. To make any harsh, discordant noise.
"Arms on armour clashing, brai/d
Horrible discord." Milton: P. L., bk. vi,, 209.
" Till the huge bolts rolled back, and the loud hinges
brayed."
Scott: The Vision of 7Jon Boderick, v. 12.
*3. To make a noise, cry out.
"She cried and brakle right lowde."—J/eWirt.
" The horryble tjTant with bludy mouth sal bra."
Dung. : i'irgil, xxii 13.
B. Transitive. :
1 1. To uttfcir licirslily, or loudly.
" The kettle-drmu and trumpet thus bray out
The triuiuph of his pledge.
Shakesp. : Ilanilet, i. -i.
* 2. To cry out at, to upbraid.
* 3. To gasp out.
" Brales out her latest breath, and up her eiei doth
seele. ' Spenser : P. Q , 11. i. 38.
*bray(l), s. [Brav(i), y.] a pestle.
" Drav. or brakene, baxteris instrument. Piiisii,
C.F.' —Prompt. Parv.
bray (2), s. [Bray (2), v.']
1. The harsh noise of an ass.
" Of peace or ease to cre.atures chid as we,
Meantime, noise kills not. Be it Daiiple's bray.
Or be it not, or be it whose it may."
Vowper ■ The .Yvn/frss Alarm.
'^ 2. A noise, crying out.
" So QT&tbray, so grot crieyug."—.^ fisfiwnder, 2,175.
t 3. Any harsh, discordant sound.
" Boiafrous untun'd drums.
And harsh resounding trumpets' drea^lful bray."
Slutkesp. : JUchard 11., i. 3.
bray (3), ''■ braye, s. [Brae.] (Scotch.) (Bar-
bour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), vi. 77.)
"On that steep bray Lord Guelpho would not then
Hazard his folk." Fairfax: 2'asso, ix, UO.
^ bray (i), s. [in Mid. Eng. fansse hrayc, from
Fr. fausse firttie = a low ranipait encircling
tlie Ijody of a place. Of. also Scotch brae.]
[Braie.]
Fort. : A tower or blockhouse in the out-
works before the port.
" Order was fii veil that bulwarks, brays, and walls,
should be raised in hia castles and strongholds on the
seii-s Jde, "— id. Herbert : Hist. K. Henry VJII., p. 28.
"'brayde, s. [Braid, s.]
^brayde (1), v.t. [Braid (l), v.} (Sir Gaiv.
and the Gr. Knight (ed. Morris), 1,(309.)
*brayde (2), v.t. [Braid, s.] To upbraid.
" I brayde or lay the wyte of any faute to a mans
charge. Jereprouche." — Palsgrave.
bray'-er (1), s. [Bray (i), v.']
1, Ord. Lang. : One who brays or beats in a
mortiir, &c.
2. Printing: A wooden muUer used on the
ink-table to temper the ink.
bray'-er (2), :;. [Bray (2), v.'] One that brays
like an ass.
" ' Hold, ' ery'd the queen, ' A cat-call each shall win ;
Equal your merits ! equal as your dm !
But that this well-disputed game may end,
Sound forth, my brayers, and the welkin rend."
Pope: The Hunciad, b. ii.
bray'-er-a, s. [From Dr. Brayer, a French
physician," who discovered the valuable quali-
ties of the plant.]
Bot. : A genus of Rosacea;. Brayera anthel-
viintica is a tree indigenous to Abyssinia. It
has been used, not only in that country but
here, as an anthelmintic, and with good
effect. It in called Cusso, Cabotz, or Kousso.
bray'-ing (1), "bray-ynge (1), vr. par., a.,
& s. [Bray (1), y.]
A. & B. As pr. par. £ partlcip. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As substayitive :
1. Ordinary Langtiage: The act of pound-
ing or grinding small.
" Brayynge, or stanipynge. Tritura." — Prompt.
Parv.
2. WooUen - manufacture : The process of
pounding and washing woven cloth in scour-
ing-stocks, to remove the oil apx'lied prepara-
tory to carding ; and also soil acquired in the
course of manufacture.
bray'-ing (2), ^ bray-ynge (2), bray-
inde, s. & a, [Bray (2), n.J
A, As substantive:
1. The act of making a harsh noise, as of
an ass.
2. The harsh noise or bray as of an ass.
"This bird ia commonly called the jackass ijenguin.
from its habit, while on shore, of throwing its hea4.i
backwards and making a loud strange nol^e^ very like
the braying of an ass," — Darwin : I'oynge round the
(t'orWIed. 1870), ch. ix., p. 190,
B. -4s dxljectlve :
1. Making a har.sh noise like an ass.
Cowper : John GUpiiu
2. Making any harsh noise.
"The braying trumpet and the hoarser drum,
Unite in concert with increased alarms.'
Byron : Elegy on .Vcwslead Abbey,
' braying-ropes, s.jjI Part of the har-
ness of a hursL'. (Ualllwell.)
^brayle, e. [Brail.]
bray'-men, s. ;//. [From Scotch bray, the
same as Scotch brne (q.v.).] The name given
to those who inhabit the southern declivity
of the Grampian hills. (Sajtch.) (Jamiesou.)
"brayne (1), v.t. [Brain, v.t.]
brayne (2), v.t. & i. [Bray (2), v.]
^ brayne, ' brayn, ''brane. s. &a [Brain,
A. As substantive :
" ■ Nay, by God ! ' sayde they. ' thy drj-nk is not good.
It woldeinake inaimes brayne to lien in his hood.'"
Chaucer: C.T., 59L1-4.
" Collyn, I see, by thy new taken taake.
Some sacred fury hath enricht thy braynes."
Spenser : F.Q. ( \'er8e8.)
B. As adject I ve : Mad, furious.
" He waxis brane in furoure bellical.
So desirus of dedis mareial,"
Douff. : Virgil, 398, 16.
'' brayned. * bray'-nyd, «. [Brain, v.(.]
"* bra'yne-pS,li, s. [Brain-pan.] (Spenser:
F, Q., VII. vi. 30.)
'"^ brayn'-ing, pr. par. [Braining.]
* brayn '-isshe, a. [Brainish.]
" Braynhslui, hedy, folisshe, selfe-wylled. Testu." —
Palsgrave.
'* brayn '-les, a. [Brainless.]
" Braynles. Incerebrosus."— Prompt. Parv.
* brayn-Tvod, * brayne-wode, u. [0.
Eng. brayn, brane — hram, and icij, wode-=
mad.] (0. Eng. £ .Scotch.) "Brain mad"—
i.e., mad, furious, in a state of fury.
"Than brayde he brayn-wod and .alle his bnkkes
rente." William of Palerne, 2,m6.
" He swa maukyd, as hrayne-wode,
Kest fftst with the stwmpe the blode
In-til Willame Walays face."
Wyiitown, viii. 13, 5L
^ brayn'-^d, pa. 'par. [B rained .]
* brayn'-yn, v. t. [Brain, v.]
" Braynyn' {)3Ta.yne, P.) Excerebro."— Prompt. Pa
* brayn'-ynge, pr. par. & s. [Braining.]
* brayste, 1'. ^ & i. [Bra.ste.] To burst. {Duke
Jiowlande and Sir Ottuell, 9S(j.)
* bra'-zars, s.pl. [Braseris.] Armour for
the arms.
braze, s. [Braise.] A roach.
braze, i\t. [From Brass, s. In Fr. 6raser.]
1. Literally :
(1) To fix or solder in with an alloy of brass
and zinc.
" If the nut Ije not to be cast in brass but only hath
a Worm brazed into it, this niceness is not aoabsolutely
necessary, because that worm is tirst turned up, and
bowed into the grooves of the spindle ; and you may
try that before it is brazed in the uut."—.\/oxoii.
(2) To cover or ornament with brass.
" Full on the lance a stroke so justly sped,
That the broad falchion lopp'd its brazed head."
Pope : J/onier's Iliad, xvi. 144-5.
2. Fig. : To harden, to be hardened.
"I have so often blushed to acknowledge him, that
now I am brazed to it."~Shakesp. : King Lear, L l.
" If damned custom hath not braz'd it so.
That it is iiroof and bulwark against sense."
Shukesp. : Jlamlct, iii. 4.
*[ In the Globe edition it is brass'd instead
of hraz'd.
bra'-zen, bra'-^en, a. [A.S. brmsen, bresen
= (1) 'brazen, mad'e of brass, (2) strong, power-
ful. (Bosworth.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Made in wliole or in part of brass.
". . . inscribed on brazt-n tiblets . . ." — Leinis:
Ear. Rom Hist. (1S55), ch. v., § 7, vol. i., p. H".
2. Fig. (chlefiii injwetry):
(1) 0/ an liiMrnment resounding Ukehrass:
Loud, inakuig noisy clangour.
" With loud and dissonant clangour
Echoed the sound of their brazfn drum fruiti ceiling
and casement," Longfellow : Entngeline, i. 4.
(2) 0/ the larynx or " throat " In a domineer-
ing man: No more feeling than a trumitet
would do the nature or elfect of the sounds
whicJi it sends foi-th. (Contcniptnonbly.)
" T mourn the pride
And avarice that makes man a wolf to man :
Hear the faint echo of those brazen throats.
By which he speaks the language of his heart."
Cowper: The Tusk, bk. iv,
(3) Of the son nds sent forth by an instrument
ofbrnS'i: Loud, boisterous.
" Trumx)eters,
With brazen din blast you the city'.'^ ear ;
Make mingle with your rattlnig tabourines.''
Shakesp. : Ant. ,t Cleop., iv. 8.
(4) Of the forehead : As unal)ashed as if
made of brass : possessed of effrontery, impu-
dent, iminodcst.
"Talliot continueil to fi-eqnent the court, appeared
daily witli brazen front before the princess whose
rum he had plotted, . . .'—Macuulay : Hist. Eng.,
fate, fat, 1^6, amidst, what, fall, father : Ave, wet, here, camel, her, there ;
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, care, unite, cur. rule, full; try.
; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t,
Syrian, ae, oe - e : e'v = a. qu — kw.
brazen—breach
If The re;tl ;iul;jertive hnaeii is noiv more
rarely used tliaii it once was. It is being
gi-aiUuilly ilisplaceil hy tlie substantive hnvis
used adjeetively. The same prneess is at wurk
with fjohk-ii, ha-dieii, &c.
IL Srrtj^fin-ii iC Theology : In the earlier \n\fi
of the Old TestiiiKeiit, hrnziin, ill the authorised
version, means made of copjter ; in some of tlie
later parts it may mean made nf bronze. No-
where, attparently, in the Old Testament does
it gni,'nify ituule of what we now eall " brass,"
[Brass.] Connected with the Jewisli tabernacle
and the worsliip there olfered there were
"brasen" (or copper) vessels and iitensils, as
" brasen " r,:,isers (Num. xvi. 3il), j>ot.s (Lev. vi.
28X a "grate of network" (Exod. xxvii. 4.
XXXV. 1(3, xxxviii. 4), ru^f/s (iliid. xxvii. 4), a
lurer (ibid. xxx. IS). (See also brazen-altar,
br((se)i-sca, and hrusen-%-rpe)U.)
^ (1) Brazen age.
Myth. : The third of the four ages into which
liistory was fancifully divided, each marking a
uew stage in the progress of degeneracy. [Age.]
(2) Brazen altar, brasen altar.
Jewish worship : (a) Can iiecied with the
iabenmcle : An altar of " shittim wood," over-
laid with plates of brass ((.■nppt'ir).
(b) Connected vilth the. temple: An altar of
burnt-oflFering, all of brass (bronze or copiier ?).
(3) Brazen dish.
Mining : The standard by which other
dishes are gauged in England.
(4) Brasen sea.
Jewish worship : A large reservoir or tank of
"brass" (bronze or coiiper?), connected with
Solomon's temple, containing at the lowest
estimate about 10,000 gallons. (1 Kings, vii.
20 ; 2 Chron. iv. 5.)
(5) Brasen serpent.
Jewish History and Theology ; A serpent of
"brass" (copper?), placed upon a pole and
elevated in the sight of the .Jewish people in
the wilderness, that those bitten by fiery ser-
jients looking at it in faith might be cured.
(Num. xxi. 'J.) Jesus draws a parallel between
the lifting up of the serpent (upon a pole) and
his own lifting up (upon the cross), as the
object of faith for the attainment of eternal
life. (John iii. 14, 15.)
* brazen-browed, a. Ilavinga forehead
as incapable of blushing as if it was composed
of brass ; sliameless, impudent.
" Nooii-day vices, and brazoi-brawed iniquities."
Browne: Chr. Mur. i. 35.
brazen-clawed, a. Having claws of
brass, or as capable of inftirting injury as if
one liad such claws.
" Deinouii pruiluce them doubtless, hriizeii-clavfd."
Coivper ■ Seadless Alarm.
brazen-coloured, a.
Of the clouds : i )f the colour of brass ; brassy.
" The clouds retiu'ii into the hues itf niu'Iit,
Save wliere their hrazen-vjloarft i-dgi;s ctreak
The verge where brighter iiionis were wont to
break." Byron : Jleaocii mul Earth, i. a.
brazen-face, s. An impudent person,
one i)ic.i|)able of being put to shame. [Vidgar.)
" Well said, brazen-fncu .' hold it mit,"
S7iakcs/j. : Merry Wives, iv. 2.
brazen-faced, a. As incapable of feeling
abashed or blushing as if tlic face were of
brass.
" What a brazen-faced varlet ai't thou, to deny thou
kiiowest me :"— .s7/«A-c-v/y. ; Lcitr. ii. 2.
brazen-headed, «. Having a liead or
top literally of brass.
" O'erthwarted with the hrazen-lieadvd sitear."
Tennyxoii : <£iione.
brazen-imaged, a. Resembling a brazen
image in being nninufactured by man.
" yhe-wolf I whose lirazen-imitifd dujjs iiuiiart
The milk of coiitiiiest yet withui the dmue."
Byron: Childe Harold, iv. ss.
bra'-zen, r.t. [From brazen, a. (q.v.).] Ini-
l>udeutly to maintain , (Generally followed by
d out, the mntfcrout, or some such cvpression.)
" When I reprimanded him fur his tricks, he would
talk Hauuily, lye, aud Itruz'-n it out." -Arbitthnot.
t bra'-zen-ly, adv. [Eng. brazen ; -ly.] In a
brazen manner ; shamelessly, impudently.
". , the newest F age'lnnts' crus;ule . . which
6rfiz«)i7i/ capei-3 about. "—T'tjnee, lathDec, los ^ (Ktirl
Blind: T/te Jews in iiermamj.)
t bra'-Zen-neSS, s. [Eng. hmzni ; -nrss.]
The (piality of being brazen.
' 1. Of bein^ made literally nf brass, or of
a]i]iearing like liniss. (Jnhiisoii.)
BRAZIER (,1).
2. Of manifesting brazen impudence. (John-
bra'-zi-er (1); s. [Brasier (I).] A pan to
hold coals.
bra'-zi-er (2),
+ bra'-si-er
* brasyere. s
[Formed fr«m
braze, v., or hmss,
s., with the snttix
-ier^-er. Cf. (jlaz-
ier.] An artilicer
who works in
brass.
' Brasyere. Erm
iir."~ Prompt. I'ai-.
"The halfpen,_
and farthings iu
En^'laud, if you
should sell them to the brazier, you would not lose
above a penny iu a shiWiaQ." -Swift.
bra-zil' (1), bragi-il', * bra-syle, s. & a.
[Fr. hresil ; said to be from braise = burning
cinders, the wood called in Fr. brSsil being
tiame-coloured ; perhaps a corr. of the Oriental
name of the dye-wood (N.E.D.). It is not de-
rived froniBrnzil, the country in SonthAmerica,
having had the name, which occurs in Chaucer
and other writers, before the discovery by
Europeans of the western continent. The
reverse process has taken place : the country
has been callcfl from the wood, not the wood
from the country.] [Brazil (2).]
A. As substantire :
Bot., Comm.,ii:r. : A kind of wood used for
dyeing, and extensively imported into England
from the Wcfit Indies. The best q-ualities of it
are said to be proiUu^dby Cu-sidjiinia i--i-}iiiHdii.
Otlier kinds are derived fj'om the '.'. hrasiliensis
and C. crista. The former lias timber whicli
is elastic, tough, and durable, and wliit'.h takes
a fine polish. Itis of a fine orange I'lihiur, full
of resin, and yields by infusion a fine, full
tincture.
" Him uedeth not liis colour for to dien
With firanil, ne with jjTain of Portinyal."
Linen in fJie MS. of Chaneor's C. T., in rakirh the .Vioi'x
;»c/.'.v('k Tate is followed by that of th.' ,Van. {Tyriohitt )
" Orasyln. liando. Dice, ui:/ liffuinn Alexandri-
ntim."—rrwnpt. Faru. (about A. U I44i)|.
^ Both the foregoing examples are earlier
than the discovery of Brazil, the country.
[Brazil.]
B. -4.5 od]. : Containing or constituting the
Wood described under A.
brazil-wood, s. The same as hrasH (1) A
Ol-v.)
Bra~zir (2), 5. & " [In Sw., Dan. & Ger.
B'rnsilien; Dut. Th-azdie; Fr. Bn-sil ; >i\<. Sc
Port. Bri'sU, Br«zil; It.al. BrnMh. From
brazil (1) (q.v.).] [Brazil-wood.]
A. As substantive:
III nri. : \ country which wns lirst sighted by
the I'ortuguese Admiral Pedro Alvarez de
Cabral, on May 3, 1500, some time later be-
came a Portuguese colony, and on Oct. 12,
1S22, was declared an independent State. It
is situated in the great eastern angle of South
America, between lat. 4^30' N. and 3.5^40' W.,
and long. 34°49' and 72° W., and contains an
area of about :?,275,326 square miles.
B. --I> Of?;. ; Of or belonging to the country
de.scnbed under A.
Brazil-nuts, -5. j>i.
Bi't.. Comm., (Cc. ; The seeds of a Bi-azilian
tree— the Brrtholtetia excelsa. It belongs to
the order Lccythidacete. The "nuts" or
seeds ai'e largely exported fi-om Pani, whence
they are sometimes called Para-nuts. They
are eatable, liesides which they yield on x'^i'es-
sure an oil used by watchmakers and artists.
Brazil-tea, ''.
Bot., Cnmni., .IV. ; A tree— the Mate (Ilex
l\(nigiifni,:)i-~isX tlie Inaves of which are used
in Soutli America as a substitute for Chinese
or liidiau tea.
Brazil-wood, s.
Bot., Cnmw., iCr. ; A name often given to the
dye-wood hrasil (1), which occui's in the
country of Brazil, thougli it is imt from it
tliat the name was originally derived. [Brazil
(1), etym., def., &>■.]
braz-il-et'-to, s. [In Fr. brhiXette ; Port.
brasilete; dimin. of hrasil (q.v.).']
Bot. . An English name of Cresnlpinia, a
genus of legunnnous plants con.stitutiug the
typical one of the sub-order Cicsaliiinieii:',
The Narrow-leaved Braziletto, C. sappan, fur-
nishes the .sajipan-wood used in dyeing reil.
[Sappan.] ''. aeinana, the :\lysore Thorn, is
so spinous tliat it constitutes an impenetrable
fence. Hyder Ali jdanted it around fortitied
places. It is a scandent shrub. There are
other species from the East or West Intlies or
South America.
brazilletto - wood, s. The wood nt
Cirsalpinia brasiliensls. It is used for cabinet
w(uk.
Bra-zil '-i-an, a. & s. [In Ger. hrazilianisch ;
Fr.Bresilien{s. &;a. m.), Bre-'illiennnis. & a. f.).]
A. As adjective : Pertaining to Brazil.
B. As SidjMinitlvi'. : A native of Brazil.
"In the land of the /irazilians."~Da7-Win : Voyage
round the World, ed, 1S70, ch. xxi., p. 498.
bra-zil-in, s. [From Brazil, and suff. •in.']
Chem. : A colouring matter, C2:tH2g07, found
in Brazil-wood. It crystallizes in yellow
prisms, which give a crimson colour to a solu-
tion of ammonia. Brazilin is converted by
nitric acid into stvphnic acid, or trinitrore-
sorcin, C6H(N 0.2)3(6 H)o.
braz'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Braze, v.]
A. & B. As present jMrticiplc & participial
adjective: (See tlie verb).
C. As snhi<fa})tive :
Meted. : The act of soldering together the
surfaces of iron, copper, brass, &c., with an
alloy composed of brass aud zinc, sometimes
with the addition of a little tin or silver. The
suifaces to be united must be rendered per-
fectly clean and bright. The alloy, in granular
form, is usually wetted with gi-ound borax
and water, dried, the pieces placed in contact
and exposed to the heat of a clear forge-tire,
causing the solder to flow between them.
This may be assisted by the use of a soldering-
inm. (Knight.)
brea9li, ■'' brea9lie, ^ bre9he (Eng.),
^ brache (Scotch), s. & a. [A.S. briee,
bryce, brece, gel'rice = ii breaking; Sw. brack
= a breach; Dan. brdk ; Dut. breuk ; Ger.
hri'ch = a. breaking, a rupture ; Fr. bris^a,
breaking; breche (see A., I., 3 d)\ Sp. &
Pnit. brecha; Ital. brecr.ia. Breccia, Break.]
A, As sidistautivc :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The act of breaking, or of breaking out.
(1) The act of breaking,
(it) A material thing :
(i) Gen. : In the foregoing sense,
(ii) Spec. : The breaking of a wave right
o\cr a vessel.
(/)) Anything imvuUerial :
" From the i)o.s8ible breach of such an oath."— 5'co« :
/lob Boy, Introd.
" A deliberate »reac/i of tiLith."— Early Rom. Hist.,
ch. xii., pt. i., S 16.
(2) The act of breaking out ; an assault.
"This breach upon kingly power was without pre-
cedent. — Chtrendon.
2. The state of being broken.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
" Could never keep the.se hoys away fnnn church,
Or tempt them to an hour of Halibath breach."
Wordsworth : The Brotliers.
(•2) Spec. : Bereavement.
3, That which is broken. Spec. .
(1) 0/ things material :
(") Th^ shattered portion of a dilapidated
house : the ground after an eaHhquake, or
anytliiug similar,
"Thi' iirii-sts hiul not reiiaired the bre.acJies of the
Imu^ie —-J lyings, xii il.
■■Thou ii.ust iiiJide the cirth to tremble : thou hiist
bviik-u if . heal tlie breaches thereof ; for it shaketh "
/'.f'lliii. I\, 2.
(b) A broken limb, or anything similar.
t (c) An opening in a coast ; a cliff, or any-
thing similar.
"Till full he dashes on the rocky moumla,
Where, thro' a shapeless breach, his stream resounds "
Bums: WrUtenwUh a Pencil ; Fulls of Fyers.
(d) A liole, chasm, or rent in a fortification
made by battering guns, or anything similar^
foi- the jun-pose of giving entrance to a storm-
ing party.
bSil, boy; poftt, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian., -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious. -sious = shus. -\\\q. -die, &c. = bel del.
680
breach-bread
"(.'rowdfl of snil'ir'i .iini camp folio wera cJime into
the city through the brrac!i."—AIacauhij/ ; Nisr. Knf/.,
ch XVI.
(2) Of tliiinis immnlrrial or ahstract :
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"A wholesome toiigiip is a tree of life ; but pervcL-'e-
iieas therein is a. bri'df/i in the si'v-it." — Prov., xv. 4,
(h) Spec: Broken friemlsliip ; difference be-
tween people nnitiially alienated ; quarrel.
"To flnisli it ; that ao nntiniely hrench
The Prince him selle halfe seemed to offend. "
Spenser : F. II ,U.x 68.
1[ The inetnphnr Ijeing that of a broken bone ;
the expression "to licuia breach " is common.
"The Act of Suin-emncy would lie the means of heal-
ing the fatil hrencli which it had caused. "—J/kciui^k;/ ;
ilixt, Ell -I , ch, vi.
T[ Ritte of hrachc : Source of dissension.
(Scotch.)
". . . than leif ony mre of hrnch^,"~Q, ifarj/'s
Left, to Elizabeth, Jau. 0. 1561. {Keith's Hist., p. 2U.)
11. LoM'-.
1. Enr). Lavj :
(1) Breach of close-, i e.. of what is enclosed in
fact or in the eye of the law. The entry into
another man's land. {Blackstone : Comvunt.,
bk. iii., ch. xii.)
(2) Breach of covenant : The violation of a
■\vi'itten agreement. (Blockstone : Comment,
bk. iii., ch. ix.)
(.3) Breach of fluty : Violation of the duty
incumbent upon one rightly to discharge the
functions imposed upon him by the office or
trust which beholds. (Blackstone: Comment.,
bk. iii., ch. ix.)
(4) Breach of the peace : Offences against the
public, involving ]iersonal violation of the
peace, or incitement or provocation to others
todoso. (Blackstone: 'r'omme)it.,bk.iv.,ch. xi.)
(5) Bre-dcli of pound : The act of breaking
into a pound> or any similar place, to rescue
one's cattle or other property there enclosed.
(Blaclcsione : Comvient., bk. Iii., ch. ix.)
(6) Breach of prison : Escape of a prisoner
from prison by breaking the building, or in
any other way. (Black-^tone : Comment., bk.
iv., ch. X.)
(7) Breach of2)ro^nise :
(a) Gen. : Violation of one's pledged word,
especially if the promise be written down.
(b) Spec. : Breach of jiromise of marriage.
An action lies for it on the part of either
man or woman, though, as a rule, only the
latter is believed to be substantially injured
or deserve damages.
(8) Breach of trust: The violation of one's
duty as trustee, or anythuig similar.
2. Scots Laic. Breach of arrestment: The
act of paying aw;iy money in one's liands on
which a legal arrest has bf-en laid, thus show-
ing cont6mi)t for the law or its administrators.
^ Crabb thus distiuguislies between breach,
lireaJc, gap, and cliasm : " Tlie idea of an open-
ing is common to these terms, but they differ
in the nature of the opening. A hreach and a
gap are the consequence of a vioh^ut removal,
■which destroys the connection ; a break and a
choLStn may ari.se from the absence r)f that
which would form a connection. A breach in
a wall is made by means of cannon ; gaps in
fences are commonly the effect of some violent
effort to pass throagli ; a break is 'made in a
page of printing by leaving off in the middle
of a line ; a chasm is left in writing when any
words in the sentence are omitted. A breach
and a chasm always miply a larger ojiening
than a break or gap. A gap may be made in a
knife ; a breach is always made in the walls of
a building or fortification ; the clouds some-
times separate saas to leave small breaks; the
ground is som-etimes so convulsed by earth-
quakes as to leave friglitful chasms. Breach
and chasm are used morally ; break and gap
seldom otlicrwise tlian in application to na-
tural objects," (Crabb: Eug. Sijnon.)
B. As arljcrtive : Designed for breaking
through the wall of a fortification. (See the
compound whicli follows.)
breach-battery, s.
MIL : A battery erected for the purpose of
breaching the wall of a fortification.
breach, v.t. [From breach, s. (q.v.). Origi-
nally to hreak and to hrcach were but different
■ways of spelling the same word. (Trench:
English Past and Present, p. 65.).] To make a
breach, i.e., a hole or gap in the wall of a
fortification, in a reef of rocks at sea, or any-
thing similar.
'■Moreover, in an iitoll once brcnchrd on opxjosite
sides, from the likelihood of the oceanic and tidal
L-uru-iit--- iHtSHiiiii straight tflrough tlie lireaehes, . , ."
—Diirwhi. Voirigerounil the World {iA. 1%1U), ch. xk..
p. -177.
t brea9h'-ful, r-. [Eng.&rrac/i; /h?(0-] F^iH
of breaches. (Webster.)
t brea9h'-y, f . fEng. hrcach ; -y.] Tt^nding
or jirone to make brea(^hes in fences, walls, or
any tiling similar. (Uoliovaij.)
bread (1), ^ breed, " bred, ' brede (Eug.).
bread, breid, bred, brede (Scotch), s.ko.
|A.S, bread, breoii =a lut, a fragment, liread ;
O.a. brOd; led. hrandh; .Sw. A: Dan. iirod ;
Dut. brood; Ger. hrod, brot]
A, As substantive :
I. Ordinary Ban giuige :
1. Lit. : Wlieat or other grain, moistened,
kneaded into dough, made into loaves, and
baked. [II.]
" And tlior-iii bread find other ineten."
Star?/ of llcii. d- F.xod., '2.070.
2. Pig. : Fund in general.
(1) Meiins of snpporting life ; maintenance,
liveliliniiil.
" Give lis this day our daily bread."— 3fall. vi. 11.
(2) Manna.
" And gnvest them bread from heaven for their
hunger,'— A'tfft, ix, 16,
(3) A kind of food on which bees feed.
[B RE-BREAD,].
3. In special ph raises :
(1) Bread ami bntter :
(a) Bit. . Slices of bread covered with
butter,
(&) Fig. : Moans of li^'ing, esp. in the phrase
To ([uarrel with one's bread-and-butter.
(c) Used al(ril). : Childish ; pertaining to, or
characteristic of, a schoolgirl.
(2) Bread and cheese, brcad-and-chccse :
(a) Lit. :
(b) Fig. : The young leaves and shoots of
the Hawthorn (Cratccgns oxijacantlia), wliich
are sometimes eaten by cliddren in spring.
(Britten d Holland.)
(3) Bread and milk, 'bread-and-milk :
(a) Lit. .-
(6) Fig. : A plant, Carclamine pratensls.
(4) Bread and salt :
(a) Lit.:
(b) Fig. : Oaths were formerly sworn by
them, perliaps as symbolising the necessaries
of life.
"I will tnist hiin better that offereth to sweirp by
bi-ead and salt, than him that offereth to sweare by
the Bible,"— fi. Jlich : Descr of Ireland, p 29,
(5) Bread and water : The necessaries of life.
" . . , and he bliall bless thy bread, and thy water."
— Exod. xxUi. 2r>
(0) Bread and icine: The elements in the
Holy CommuuHin.
"She swore ^'y bread and wine she would not break."
ShakesjJ. & Flet. : Two Noble Klnsmcfn, iii, 5.
(7) Cuckoo's bread : A plant, Oxali.'^ Acctos-
ella.
(8) Tartar 'bread : Tim fleshy root of a plant,
Crambe tatarica. (Treat; of i int.)
(9) To be in had bread : To be in a plight or
dilemma. Probably it meant originally to be
on shoi't allowance.
II. Technircdiy :
1. Baking: Loaves or cakes made from the
flour of wheat, rye, or some other grain, and
baked.
(1) Hist. : The art of baking bread is veiy
ancient. It was known to tlie Egypti.ms, the
Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, and other
nations. In England, bread w;is made with
yeast in ny.U Machinciy was used in its
jiroduction in l.'^OS Aer;ited bread was made
in 18."iii. having been in use some years earlier
in the United States.
(2) Modern process of mannfiicf)ire : There are
two kinds of bread, lea^'cncd and unleavened.
]jc;i\'ened, or fei'inenteil Itreiid, is prepared by
mixing tr>gethei- certain quantities of flour,
warm water, salt and ^'■'^■'^t. o'' i''aven. After
the laiise of some tiniq fermentation sets in,
and tlie dough, or sponge ;is it is called, be-
comes permeated with carlionic acid gas, a
small (iuantity of alcoJiol being also formed.
As soon as the mass is in a brisk state of fer-
mentation, fresh portmns of flour and water
are added, and the wliolc thoroughly mixed or
kneaded. The dough is next cut and shaped
into loaves, and these, after being left for
about two hours, during which they swell to
nearly ilouble their size, are then ready for the
o\en,' The heat of the oven checks the fer-
nii'utation. and exjiels all the alcohol, and
most of the r-ju-bouic acid gas.
'j'he art of bread-making consists in pro-
ducing a light, }iorons crumb, and a pale-
coloured crust. The crumb should consist of
dexti-ine, starch, gluten, and from 35 to 40
Iter cent, of water. The crust should consist
almost entirely of dextrine.
Leaven, which is now seldom used in this
countrj-, is a mixture of flour, potatoes, and
water, kept in a warm place till it begins to
ferment.
Unleavened, or unfermented bread, is of
two kinds. In the one, flour and water only
are used, and this produces a heavy and
compact bread. In the other, an acid and a
carbonate are added for tlu* purpose of dis-
engaging carbonic acid gas, which, in imitation
of yeast, raises tlie dough and renders the
bread light and porous. The substances used
are carbonate of ammonia or carbonate of
soda, in combination with hydrochloric or
tiirtaric acids. None of these ingredients are
deleterious ; but by far the best is ciirbonate
of ammonia, as it is entirely driven off in
the oven.
Aerated bread is prepared by forcing pure
carbonic acid gas into the dough contained in
a strong iron vessel. When this carbonated
dough is intrpducetl into the oven the gas
expands and escapes, leaving the bread light
and porous. Brown bread is ordinary white
bread with from l,j to 20 per cent, of fine bran.
■\Vhole meal bread, made from unsifted
ground wheat, is the only true brown bread,
being richer in nutrients than white bi'ead.
The amount of nitrogenous matter in white
bread varies from D tc S per cent., whilst in
whole meal bread it rises to 14 per cent.
The adulteration of bread is carried on to
a large extent, more especially in London.
The quality of a loaf is very frequently judged
by its whiteness ; when, therefore, an un-
scrupulous baker has used an inferior or
damaged flour, he finds that by adding alum
or sulphate of copper, he is able to produce a
loaf equal in whiteness to one made from the
finest flour. These two substances are, how-
ever, dangerous adulterants. They not only
render the bread indigestible, but wdien taken
into the system for any length of time, ai-e
apt to disorder the stomach and produce
various diseases. It should also be remem-
bered that sulphate of copper is a poison.
Boiled rice, beans, and potatoes are also
frequently used to adulterate bread. They
are harmless in themselves, but are added for
cheaimess, and to increase the weight of the
loaf, these substances retaining more water
than wheat flour. In a recent exiieriment, it
was proved that when half-a-pound of rice
flour was substituted for half-a-ponnd of
wlieat flour in a two-pound loaf, the loaf was
found to contain five per cent, more moisture
than that found in a loaf made from pure
wheat flour. [Ship-bread, Cassav.. ;read-]
2. Theology:
(1) The first of the two elements in the
communion.
1 To hreak hread : To partake of the com-
munion.
"And upon the first day of the week, when the dts-
ciplea came together to break bread, Paul preached
unto tliem. "—^c^s, x\- 1.
(2) Witli reference to the descent of manna
in the wilderness. Christ or his death ac-
cepted by faith as the spiritual nourishment
of the .soul.
" I ain the bread of life."— J'oftn, vi. 35. (See the
whole passage, 31 — 58.)
3. Zool. : Crnmb of bread sponge. [Cri'JIB,]
B. As adj. : Consisting of or resembling
bread, or in any way pertaining or relating tu
It.
^ Compound of obiHOus signifiGation: Bread-
crnsl. {Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk, i., eh. iii.)
bread-artist, s a contemptuous ajv
pellation for one whose tlioughts arc exclu-
sively occupied wdth the routine of labour for
his daily bread,
" Here, circling: like the gin-horse, for whom partial
or total bliudimss is no evil, the Jiread-arl ht ijau travel
contentedly round and round, still fancying that it is
forward and forward," — Carlifle : Surtor Jtosartus, bk.
ii., cli. iv.
bread-crumby s. A fragment of the soft
part of bread ; spec. , if broken off from the rest.
ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, sou; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. otu = kw.
bread— break
681
"... my supper (6)*c(wi-c>-Km6 hoilfd in milk)."—
Carlyle : Sartor Rtmartui, i(k. ii. , ch. ii.
bread-ftmit, s. & n.
A. As hi'hM. : The fruit of tlie tive desc-ribed
beln\\-. It is alinut the size and shape of a
child's head. . Tlte surfaee is reticuhited ; the
sltin is thick, the eatahle part, lying between
it and tlie core. The latti-r is 8n('t\v-\vhlte, and
about the same consistir-nce as new bread. It
is first divided into three or fuur parts, and
then roasted, or it may be taken boiled, or
fried iu palm oil. It is ex:tensivel>' used in
the South Sea Islands and elsewln-rii. but is
not much appreriated by Europ'.-aiis.
B. As aclj. : Producing the fruit described
under A.
Bnirul-fniU tree : The Eiiglisli name of
Artocarpus mi:ha, a tree of tlie order Artit-
carpaeeie. [Artocarpus.! It has pinnatifid
leaves with sinnations, whilst tlic allied Jack-
fruit, Artoixirpus intiyjrifnlin. as its name im-
ports, has them, as a rait', entire. Some, how-
ever, tliink the two species not properly dis-
tinct. For the fruit nf tlie broad-tree see
above. [Bread-fruit.] The wood is useful ;
the inner bark may be nnule into cloth ; the
male catkins serve for tinder, and the juice for
birdlime, or as a cement f-ir broken crockery
The tree grows in the Snuth Sea Islands and
in the East Indies. From the former place it
was introduced into the West Indies iu 1793,
and tlieuce to South AmerKM. [Blighia,
etym.]
bread-knife, s. A knife for ruttiug bread.
A special form is pivoted at one end to a
post on a table, and used by a vertical motion.
■^ torcad-lepe, s. [A.S. brewl, and leap =
a basket.] A bread-basket.
"... ine drempte ic bar bread-lepcs thre " — Story of
Gen. A Exod., 2,orB.
bread-making, a Making or designed
to be used in making brt-ad,
Bread-makiiit) rtmchine : A machine iu wliich
tlour and water arc mixed and kneaded. In
some niachines of this cliarar-ter the dough is
rolled flat and cut into loaves, which are laid
aside to rise before baking. [Bread.]
bread-nut, s.
Bot. : The Euglisli name of Brosimum, a
genus of plants doubtfully placed at the end
of the Urticaceai (Nettleworts). Tlie fruit of
tlie Brosiinitm Alimstrtini, or Jamaica bi-ead-
nut, tastes lilce clipfsnut, and has been used
to sustain negroes and otliei-s during times of
scarcity.
bread-rasp, s. A rasp used by bakers
in removing tlie burned crust of loaves and
rolls, especially of French rolls.
bread-room, s.
Naiit : A "room," or portion nF the hold
of a ship .separated from tlie rest, and designed
to furnish a place fur the broad and biscuit
on board.
bread-root, 5.
Bot. : The English n;ime of tlte Psoralea
esculeiita, n pai)iliona('rous jOant with i[uinate
lea\'i's and doiisL- axdlary sjjikes of flowers.
It is cultivated in Missn'iri for its roots, which
are eaten lilte potatoes.
bread-slicer, s The same as hrecul-
TciiLfe (n-v.)
t bread-study, s. An appellation for a
profession, calling, or occuijation, viewed as a
means of gaining a li^'elihood.
" Is it uot well that there should l»e what rte taill
Prufessious, or (irc<id-.-itiidic» (lirodzwccke), preap-
pointdd -aaT — Carlyle : Sartor Jiesarlii^, bk, ii., ch. iv.
bread-Stulf, s. The materials used in
making bread.
t bread-tree, s.
1. The same as bread-fruit t7'ec (q. v.).
2. The name gi^-en iu Xorth Australia to
Gardenia edulis, called also Alibertia ed-nlls.
bread (1), v.t. [Bread, s.]
1. To dress with bread-crumbs for cook-
ing.
2. To clean by rubbing with bread-crumbs.
* bread (2), v. & s. [Braid.]
* bread (3), v.t. [A.S. hrcedan, gebr(^dan ; Sw,
briida; Dan. brede ; Gev . Ireiteti..] To make
broad, to extend, to spread.
bread '-ber-ry, *'. [From Eng. bread, and
perhapa the Eng. border dialectic -wordberry
= to .beat; O. Sw. haeria ; Icel. bcria =
" bruised bread."] That food of children
Avhich ill England is called " pap."
" Where Ijefore a peevish imrae would been seen
trippijii; up stares and down stares -with a poaset or
berry for the laird or Lidy." — Mercur. Calcd., Jan.,
1661, p. 8. [Jamiiison. )
"- bread'-chip-per, s. [En^^ hrecul : cltii'jier.]
One who chips bread ; a bilker's servant ; an
under butler.
"No abnae, Hal, o' my honour; no abuse. — Not to
dispraise me, and call me pautler, and brend-chijjper.
and I know not wiiAtY'—Shiikesp. : 2 Men. IV., ii. 4
t bread-corn, "^ bred-corne, s [Eng.
hn:ail ; com. In Ger. hrodkorn.] Corn or
grain of which bread is made. Spec, corn
to be ground into bread-meal for brown bread.
(Skeat.)
"There wa.s not one drop of beer in the town : the
bread and bread-corn summed not for six days."—
JTayioard.
bread'-ed (1), a [Bread (1), v.] Dressed
with bread-crumbs.
* bread'-ed (2), pa. par. & a. [Braided.]
" Her golden lockes she roundly did uptye
In brea'led triimels, that no looser heaves
Did out of order stray about her daintie eares "
Spenser : F. Q., II. ii. 15.
t bread'-en, a. [Eng. bread; -ol] Made of
bread.
^ Breadeiigod : A contemptuous appellation
for the wafer used in celebrating the mass.
" Antichrist! ans, and prieati nf the breadcn god "
Rogers on the Creed (I58.i), Pri^f.
" He coiuulted with the oracle of his breaden god.
which, becaiwe it answered not, he cii-it into the fire."
— Bp. flail : Jfoinar of th^ Afarriod (Hergy. iii. 8,
"The idolatry of the mass, and adoration of the
breadcn god."— Made : A f)ostacy qf the Latter Tiniex, P.I.
% Ti-ench says it occurs as late as Oldham,
(Trench: Eng.' Past and Present, p. 118.) It
is still sometimes employed by extreme Pro-
testant controversialists-
bread'-less, a, [Eng. brp.a/l ; and suff, -less =
witliout.] Without bread; not having been
able to obtain bread.
"^ bread'-lin-gis, adv. [Seotr'li bread = broad,
and suffix -liiigis.] Broadwise, with the flat
end of a sword or other weapon.
"... and straik ane of them brradlingis with his
sword." — Dannatynes Journal, p, I7a.
* bread-sword,
,Sco^J/^.)
[Broadsword. ] (0.
breadth, ^ bredethe. " bredth,
^bredthe, * breed, *breede, "brede,
R. & a. [A.S hrif'^ln, hrfhdn; from brad =
broad. In Sw. hmhl ,■ Dan. brede ; Dut.
hired te ; Ger. breitr : Mieso-Goth. braidei.]
[Broad, a. ; Bee.vd (2), v ]
A. As siibstantlce :
L Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. Of thill its Drnterial : Tlie v,'i(lth of
any surface or solid, as rnntradi.stinguisliL-'d
from tlie lengtli of the former and the length
and thickness of the latter. In general it differs
from length by being less iu amount than it, and
from thickness by being more, or bj' being on
the surface while thickness is represented by
a certain amount of depth. [Handbreadth.]
"That he destroied this lond In brede & in length."
Ji. Rrunnv, p. 41.
" , . . & the length was as large a*! the brpdth of
it, ... & the le^ht and the brcdtlui, & the heygth of it
werequall." — BiHe(lbb\), Apoc. cxxi.
". , . that a man niyght nat se the bredethe of an
acre of land fro hym " — Bernars : Fronsurt. Cronycle,
vol. i., ch. 131.
2. Fig. Of things not wnfrrial :
(1) Ccii. : Mentally conceived of as vast in
literal breadth.
"... the bvaU:, and the lengthe, and the highnesse,
and the depnesse . . ."—ir.;/c/(;?e (Purvey) : ^^jft. iii. 18.
" May be able to comprehend with all saints what i.s
the breadth, and len'ith, and depth, and height . and
to know the luve of Christ, whicn passeth knowledge,
. . ."Sphes. iiL 18, Vi.
(2) ^pec. Of a dootrim or statement : Absence
of careful limitation.
II. Technically:
1. Shipir righting : The thwart measure of a
ship at any designated place. The beam is
the extreme breadth ; that is, at the widest
part.
2. Painting: " Breadth " of eff"ect, or simply
" breadth," i.s the quality of giving prominence
to the leading features of a painting by colour's
massively laid on, bright lights, dark ^Imdows.
and similar eff'ects. rather tli^in crowding tht-
canvas with a multiplicity of less important
details.
B. Af< adjectire: Of or belonging to th.
widtli of anything ; marking the widtli.
breadtb-line, s.
Shipvjrightiiio: Aline of the ship lengthwise,
following the curve indicated by the ends o!
the timbers.
t breadth'-less, a [Eng. breadth ; and suff.
-less.'\ Witliout l)readth.
"The term of latitude is breadlhless line "
More : Song of th-; Soul, ii. ii. 2.
bread'-"Wm-ner, s. [Eng. bread; winver.]
1. Lit. (of persons) : One who, by means oi
his labour, wins bread. Specially used of a
father winning "bread" for his wife and
children.
"We were saddled with his family, which was tliL-
first taste and preeing of what war is when it comes,
into our hearths, and among the breadwinners."— Ann.
o.fthe Par., p 102.
t2. Fig. : Any instrument of a profession,
by the use of which one earns a sustenance.
(Janiieson.)
"'I'segaug hame— and then get my bread-winner'
fhe meant his fiddle]. '—Scott : Bride of Lannncmiuor,
ch. xxiv.
break, * breake, ' breke, * brek-en,
" bree-ken, " brak-yn, * brek-yn (pret.
broke, i brake, *'brec,^brek, brok,'- brae, "'brwc ;
pa. par. hroken,\ broke, ' hmk, ''' iliroken),v.t. & /.
[A.S. brecan, pret. bne^,gcbraic,y>a. par. broceu^
gebrocen = (I) to break, vanquish, overcome,
weaken, open, move, excite, produre ; (l') to
sail (Bos war til.) ; O.S. brecan; Icel. brdka ;
bralM; Sw. braka, brd.ka ; Dan. brmkke ; Dut.
breken, rerbreken; O. Fries, breka ; Moiso-
Goth. brikan; Ger. hrerhen =to break, bracken
= to make into crumbs ; 0. H. Ger. prechan ;
Lat. frango, from the root frag [Fragment] ;
Gr. jtr^yw^xt (rhcgnnmi) = to break. Cf. also
epeiKto (creiko) = to rend, to shiver ; Sansc,
hhrag, pragr=.in break; Heb. ]rG (}inr(Cj)=
to break. irt'aA" was manifestly imitated t'roni
the sound nf wood, or some other material
substance, iu process <if being fractured.
Brciik was originally the same word as brr-nh,
and it is cognate with wreck.] [Breach,
Wreck.]
A, Transitive :
I. Literally. With a material thing for an
nhirrt :
1. To cause any material thing to separate
into two or mure fr;tgnients by means of a
blow tjr otlier violeiu'c applied to it wdilch
uvt-rcomes its cohesion.
(1) To do so by the hand or hr an in-
strument which jiroduces an irregular frac-
ture instead of a t^ut.
" The voice of the Lord brpaketh the cedars ; yea, the
Lord breakcth the cedars of Lebanon. "—/'«. xxix. h.
^ It jnay be used also of anytlung com-
pn.s<.'d of separate portions or atoms more
loosely cohering than is the case in a material
thing of ordinary tenacity.
'■ . . . . the Puritan warriors .... never failed to-
destruy and break in pieces whatever force wiw opposed
to them."— J/ac((i(?rt.v.- Ilist. Eng., ch i
(2) To do SO by means of an instrument
causing a clean cut instead of a fracture.
[See T 1. To break a deer.]
2. To burst open anything closed or ob-
structed by applying furce to it, t<i clear a
passage, to make a hole through anything.
" Into my hand he forced the tempting gold,
While I with modest struggling ftrofce his hold."
"0 could we break our way by force I " Milton.
3. Of tlie bones ajtd joints: To break the
bones or to dislocate the joints. [See C. To
break one's arm, leg. ttc]
4. Of a blow, a falling body, dc. : To inter-
cept, to arrest tlie descent or the progress of,
to mitigate the sm-erity <n- lighten the effect^
of a fall. (Lit. d: fig.)
"As one condenm'd to leap a precipice.
Who sees before his eyes the depth below .
Stops short, and look.'j about for some kind shrub
To break his dreadful fall, " Dryden.
" She held my hand, the destind blow to brrak
Then from her rosy lips began to speak." Ibid.
5. Of light : To penetrate, to pierce, tu
diffuse itself among.
" By a dim winking lamp, which feebly broke
Tht gloomy vtipour, be lay stretch'd along."
Dryden.
II. Figuratively: To tame, to subdue, to
teach to obey, to render more or less docile or
manageable.
bSil, b^; poiit, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-clan. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion--shun; -tion, -sion = zhun, -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
682
break
1. IVUh cue uj ilia iitjerlor itiiiincds for its
ohJKd:
" To hreak the stubborn colt, to bend the bow."
Dryden.
" Such ft hoi'se is well broken :...." — Darmin ■
Vojiage roiuut Ous World (ed. 1&70), th. viii., i). 15:J.
Ij 111 this Sfiisi.' often followed liy in, esjie-
eially wheTi used of a horse as yet uutanied.
[8ee bre.ih-ni ]
2. With mail for Ue object :
(1) To ttniie, to subdue.
" Why, til en tJima canst nut //rfik hev to the lute?
Why, no ; for »he hath broke the lute to me."
,v;(a/L.'.v7i. . rum, uftlm Hhren; ii. 1.
■; Often followed by of in such au expres-
sion as to " lii'duk a jiersnn of a habit."
(2) To disniiss from office.
" I nee a great orHcer broken."— Siaift.
(3) To reucler bankruiit.
"Attracts all fees, and little lawyers bretiks."
Drj/den.
"A coninmnd or £all to be libera), all of a sudden
impoverishes the rich, breaks the merchant, and shuta
up every private man's exchequer."— So u^/i.
3. With 6(11 immaterial ihinfj for its ohjcd :
(1) Of the health •or strength: To impair, to
shatter. [C 14(2)(&).]
" Have iLut -"LHie of hia vices weaken'd his body, aud
broke Ills IkmUIi ? "—Tillotson.
(2) Of the will or the temper of one of the in-
ferior <
nils, or of man:
" Behold young Juba, the Numldian prince,
With how much care he forms himself to glory.
And bveuku the flerceuess of his native temper."
Aiklison,
"For to bend .and break the .spirits of men gave him
plea.sure ; . . ." — .\[acaulay : Hist. Hiig., ch, viil.
(3) Oftlie heart, tlm feelings, or emotions :
" ni brave her to her face,
I'll give amy amger its free coui-se Jigainst her ;
Thou ahalt see, Phceuix, how I'll break her pride."
I'Jiilips.
t (4) Oftlhe "brains," or iMelhct: To injure,
to weiLkeii.
"If any dabbler in poetry dares venture upon the
experunent, he will only hreak his brains, "—/'ertoji.
(5) Of the voice: [B., II. 4.]
(6) Of an}/ immaterial thing capaMe of viola-
iion : To vinLate, to infringe ; to act contrary
to. U^rJ rpccialhj —
(a) Of liours.
" Lovei's break not hours.
Unless it be to come before their time ;
So much they spur their expedition."
Shakesp. : 'J'uio GeiU. of Verona, v. 1.
(6) Of promises, vow.s, contracts, or any-
thing similar.
" When I break this oath of mine."
SJtnkesiJ. ; Love's Labour Lost, v. 2.
"... and I said, I will never break my covenant
with you-'—Jadg. li, l.
(c) Of laws, human or Divine.
" Unhappy man ! t.o break the pious laws
oi n.ature, plsajing in his children's cause."
Dri/deii.
(7) Of any inimntcriol thing rapahlc ofliaring
its continuity intc^rnpted : To interrupt for a
greater or less length of time. Used of—
(a) Peace.
" Did not our worthies of the house.
Before they broke the peace, b>-ea7c vows ':"
JJudlbras.
(b) Sleep.
" Some solitary cloister will I choose.
Coarse uiy attire, ajid short shall be my sleep,
Broke by the melancholy midnight bell."
Dryden.
(c) Speech, or the voice.
■' Break their talk, Mistress Quickly ; my kinsman
shall speak for liiuiself."—6'/M(t«'yv,.- Mer. \] infx, iii. 4.
" The father was so moved, that he could only com-
mand his viiicv. bi'oke with sighs and sobbings, so far
a^ to bid her proceed."— .-It/rifso n.
('0 Sik'iice.
" The poor shade shiv'ring stands, and must not Jjrenk
His painful silence, till the mortal siKnii.."— Ticket!.
(e) A fast. [Breakfast.]
(/) Company or comiianionship.
"Did not Paul and Barnabas dispute with that ve-
hemence, that they were forced ty break comvimy."—
A/terbnr.'/.
B. Intian^itn-e:
I. Or<liiionj Langvage :
1. Of material things:
(1) To sejiarate into two or more portions,
generally with some sudden nes.^; and noise,
in con.seqiiciice of force applied to produce the
rupture.
"... and like agl.-iaa
Dal break i' the rinsing."
Shakeip : Hen. VIJI., i. 1.
(2) To open, as an abscess does wln-n it is
about to discliar^^^' pus.
"Some hidden abscess in the mesentery, hri^ilnui
some few days after, w.as discovered to be an apostcuje."
— II aP veil.
(3) To curl over and fall to pieces, as a wave
upon the sea-shore,
" At last a fallinif billow stops hia breath.
Breaks o'er hia head, and whelms him underneath."
Hnid,',!.
"... that tumult in the Icarian sea, dashing and
breaking among ita crowd of islands." — Pope.
(4) To burst as a stoi'in, lain, thunder, &e.
" The clouds are still above ; and, while I s|ie;ik,
A second deluge o'er our heads may break."
Urj/den.
(5) To appear with suddenness, vehemence,
or noise, or with a combination of these.
" It is your banner in the skies
Through each dark cloud which breaks."
Ilemans: OvienGlyndwr's War-Song.
(6) To make way with force and noise.
"Where the channel of a river is overcharged with
water more than it can deliver, it necessarily breaks
over the b.ank3 to make itself room."— Hale.
2. Of the morning, the day, dr. . To dawn ;
to open.
(1) Of the literal morning.
" The day breaks not, it is my heart."
Donne.
" See heav'n its sparkling portals wide cli.sp]ay.
And break upon thee in a flood of day,"
Pope: Slessiah, 97.
(2) Fig. : Of the morning of knowledge, of
prosperity. &c-
" Ere our weak eyes discerned the doubtful streak
Of light, you saw t,Te'''t Charles'a morning Irreak."
nryden : To Sir Robert Howard.
3. Of sleep : To depart.
"... and his sleep brake from him." — Dan. ii. 1.
4. Of human action or agency : To come forth
with suddenness, and, perhaps, with noise ;
to issue vehemently forth.
" Whose wonnda, yet fresh, with bloody hands lie
strook.
WTiile from his breast the dreadful accents broke."
rope,
5. Of darkness (lit or Jig.): To dissipate, to
break up.
"At length the darkness begino to break; and the
counti-y which had been lost to view as Britain re-
apiiears as England."— J/ncrtH?fl.v.' Hist Eng.. ch. i.
6. Of the human heart : To sink into melan-
choly, if not even to die of sorrow.
" A breaking heart that will not break."
Tcnnijson : The Ballad of Oriana.
7. Of man himself vr otlier living beings :
(1) To give way suddenly by the pressure of
external force.
"... wherein whoso will not bend must break."—
Carlyle : Sartor Iienur( us, bk. ii., ch. ii.
(2) To fade, to decay, to decline in health
and vigour.
" See how the dean begins to break ;
Poor gentleman ! he drops apace." — Swiff.
(3) To become bankrupt.
" I meant, indeed, to pay you with this ; which.
if, like an ill venture it come unluckily home, I
break, and you, my gentle creditors, lose." — Shakesj), :
2 Hen. /}'., Epilogue.
" He that puts all uixni adventures, doth oftentimes
break, sind come to poverty.' — Bacon.
" Cutler Bjuv tenants break, and houses fall.
For very want he could not build a wall "
Pope: Moi: Ess., iii. !^:\.
(4) To commence words or action with some
suddenness, vehemence, and noise.
"Everyman,
After the hideous storm that follow'd, waa
A thing inspir'd ; and, not consulting, broke
Into a general prophecy."
iifiak€.ip. : Hen. VIJI, i. 1.
II. Technicallii :
1. Cricket. Of a ball: To twist, generally
from the off" side of the wicket.
2. Billiards :
(1) To make the first stroke in a game. [C.
39.]
(2) The balls are said to hreak well or badly
for a player, ac(Hn'(ling as after a stroke they
fall into a fa\nurable or an unfavourable jiosi-
tion for the jilayer's next stroke.
3. Horse-racing : In a ti-ntting-race a horse
is said to break when he alters his pace, even
for a moment, into a gallop.
4. Music (of a hai/'s roicji): To lose tlie
power of uttering " cliildish treble" nntes
and begin to emit instead of these manly
tenor, baritone, or bass.
C. In h)H'clal I'll rase-'- and comjM^tvds : In
some of which break is transitive, while in
others it is intransitive.
1. Break i/mir spn-larle.^ : [A translation of
the French name Cass-j-lunettes.] A vulgar
name for a plant, tne Blue-bottle or Corn-
bottle (Centaurea- Cyanns).
2. To Inral a bottle: To open a full bottle ;
e^iiecially when it is meant only to take out
part of its contents. Hence, a broken bottle,
one out of which pai-t of its contents has
already been taken. (Scolrh.)
3. To hrettk a deer, tn In-eak a stag : To ap-
portion the body of a slaughtered deer ainoiig
the men and animals held to be entitled to
share in it.
" Or raven on the blasted oak.
That watching, while llie deer is broke,*
His morsel chiiiiis with nullen croak ';"
f<cott : J.adg of the Lake, iv. 5,
* Xote hji Scott. — " Everything belonging to the chase
was iriatter of sulenmity among our .ancestors ; but
nothing was more so than the mode of cutting, or,
aa it was technically called, breaking, the shiufihtei-ed
stag. The forester had hia al lotted poi-tion, the hounds
had ft certain .allowance, and, to make this division aa
general aa possible, the very birds had their share
also."
4. To hreak a Jest : To crack a .jest or joke ;
to utter a jest unexpectedly.
" You break jexCs as braggarts do their blades,
which, God be thanked, hurt not."— Shtikesp. : Much
Ado about Ji'uthlng, v. 1.
5. To break a. jonrney : To intennitit ; tem-
porarily to rest from it.
"... or by the Stokes Bay rouie, breaking the
journey at Basingstoke. Winchester, G-oaport. or Ryde
going or returning."— rfmejt, Sept. 8, 1876,
6. To break a. lance : To enter the lists for a
tournament, or more serious combat. (Lit
£Jig.)
" What will you do, good grey-beard? break a lance.
And run a tilt at deatli within a chair ''. "
hhake'-p. : 1 Henrg VI., iii, 2,
7. To breei.k a park : To open a parley.
" Rome's emi)eror, and nephew, break theparle."
SJuikesp. : Tit. Andron., v, 3.
8. To break a stag : [To break c rfeen]
9. To break a xvard : To utter a word ; to
make disclosure.
" Dro. £. A man may break a word with you, sir,
and words are but wind ;
Ay, and break it in your face, so he break it not
behind" Sltakesp. : Comedy of Errors, iii. 1.
10. To break across :
Tilting : Through unsteadiness orawkward-
ness to suffer one's spear to be tui-ned out nf
its direction and to be broken across the body
of an advei'sary instead of by the prick of
the point. (Xares.)
" One said he brake across, full well it ?<! mi^ht be."
Sidney: Arcadia, bk, iii., p, 278.
11. To break avay : To escape from the con-
trol of the bit. Used —
(1) Lit. : Of ahorse.
" He break away, and seek the distant plain ?
No. Hia high mettle, under good control."
Cowper : Table Talk.
Or (2) Fig. : Of a man.
' ' Fear me not, man, I will not break away. "
Sliakesp. : Comedy of Errors, iv, 4.
12. To break bvik (Eng.) ; to break bulk,
bonk, or hoxoke (Scotch) :
(1) XauticaJ, £c. :
(a) To destroy the record or bulk of a cargo
or a load by removing a portion of it ; to un-
pack the goods for the purpose of selling any
jiortion of them,
" Accusit — for brakyng of bouk within this havyne,
& laying certane geii" on land,"— ^iej-rf. lieg., A. i645,
V. 19.
(b) To transfer in detail, as from boats to
carts.
■^(2) 0. Low: The separation of goods in
the hands of a bailee. This rendered him
liable to a charge of felony. (IVharton.)
13. To break cover :
Of game : To break forth or rise from pro-
tecting cover.
14. To break down, v.t. & i.:
(1) Trans. : So to assail, batter, or strike a
structure that it falls.
(ft) Literally :
". . and brake down the walls of Jerusalem."
(ft) Figuratively :
"This is the fabrick which, when God breaketh
down, none can build up again."— Bio- /ie( .- Theory.
(2) Intransitive :
(a) Lit. : To break and fall, to be disabled.
(b) Fig.: To fail in an enteriu'ise, to give
w;iy, to be weakened or impaired.
"One breaksdawn uftenenou-h iuthe constitutional
eloquenceof the admirable Pym, with his ' seventh Iv
and lastly. "—C«/-7//^'; Hero Worship, Lect. v.
15. To break forth :
(1) Followed by upon, or standing alone: To
rush out upon ; to make an assault of anv
kind. ^
"-'•>.,■ 's^t' the Lord J>reak fo7-th uimn them."— Exod.
(2) FoUon-cd by into, or standing alone :
late, fat, fare, amidst, -what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, poty
or, wore, W9U, work, who, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full : try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = Uw.
(a) Of persons, or of t], I tigs personified: Sud-
denly to utter words, or ptrfonn actions.
"... hreaJi forth into siiigriuii, aud cry aloud, thou
that lii.lst not trav.iil with chiVtL'—haiah liv. ].
(/') Oflhivgs: Suddenly to is';Uf forth; to
rush mit ; suddenly to become visible or
audible. (Lit. d-y?;/.).
"Ur who shut nil tlif seawith doors, when it braJ:e
'orth, as if it h/ul IkuwI out of the woiul)!'" — Joii
ixxviii, 8.
16. To break from : To break or <;o away
from a person or thing with some degvet.- ul
Tehemenee or tletermination.
" How didst thou seom life's meaner charms.
Thou who could' St break /r(nn Laura's anus."
Jioscommon.
" This cnst'iiu makes bigots and pcepticks,and those
that hrcii?: rni", it are in danger of heresy," — Locke.
17. To break ground :
(1) Ordhiory Language :
(a) Lit.: To loosen the (■nliesion of the
particlfs of the vegetable ^uil by ploughiug
it u].., to plough,
" When the ^.ni?e of com falleth, men generally pive
over surplus till.iiie, and brcaJ; no more sromid than
will serve to snppfy fiieir own tniii." — Carcw.
(&) Fig. : To make a first rough eomnience-
ment of an inquiry- or project.
(2) Tcchnicalhi :^
(a) Forfif. ; To open the ti-encdies or begin
the works uf the siege.
(?») Xant. : To bring the anchor up from the
ground in which it is infixed.
18. To brcaJc in, v.t. & L .
(1) Troiisit;vc:
(a) Of a ■uriiidov, a door, i£\\ : To drive in by
violence.
(b) Of a Tiorsf : To tame, 'to t*ach obedieuce
to.
(2) IntroTisitive '
(p) O/jK'-v-asr J. flnter without proper in-
tiiiiatii'ii of (.jiif's comiLj, to intrude upon.
{Lit. <L\]ig-)
" TliJG, thif isie: " ft^y awhile.
Let ui liuT bred im upon hiiu."
JCSivnz Samson Aji'-niflc':.
"The d^.L-tor is a jteOEZJi. tl-iTi -uith a dt-c-ii Mii^-e.
and a luML'L-t^r.'J ilH"- l-T^sats "i u^xin couVfrsitmii.
and driven d'WTj illbef.T-hzni.' — Addhon.
(b) Of iJuTi^s: IrT'r-.i^tibly tu enter the
mind. Used rf-er. —
(i) Of light: To illmninate. (Lit. <S: fig.)
" j4nd yet u-ttLliikt. a. >*-ani of light breaks in
Ou ujy depHrt-jjL' ~ nL" Addison,
(ii) Of calamity: :'ruddenly to affect.
" CaliLLTiTlits may '* ijcsufc^t nt h.iud, ruid readiest to
break ./^i BuiMenly 'n]->ij u-, wLilIi imt, in rt-iiftr".! >'i
tiiuee 'ji earctauEtaunifi, may imairiLie tL- be t'lrthe^t
off. ' — If -juker.
(u3) Of " i^'ri'O.ii." i.e., xcoirmnlsh .ftcVing, or
onyt'i'itg slmi!"f : To overcome, to njuke way
into the mind inesi.stibly.
■ I feel tilt wjuuji brrakinff in upon me.
And melt ttlfjut luy heart, my tears will flow."
AoditoTi.
19. Tol>reo.k into:
(1) Lit.: To ent^rby bipakiri;.' a hole, or by
forcing a passage agaiu.-t auy nbsti-uction.
". . . . and thtu break into his Bon-in-Iaw's house."
—2 Ben. VL, iv, 7
"And tiey eame up into Jodah. and braJce into it."
—2 Chron. xxl 17.
(;2) Fig. : To enter .suddenly and in-esistibly.
■' Aliuit-ljty Piwer by wh'<i-<f most w]-e command,
H-;!jpltr,"."fi.r]jni, uiicertaJn here I etaud;
Takt tliii f-^Jiit ^-hmmering of thyself away,
Or break int.-j Luy boul with perfect day."
A rbuthnot.
20. To hrmk Jail : To break out of the jail
in which one is confined, (h'oodrich d' J'ortcr.)
21. To break JolRts :
Masonry, Brlckloying, d'c. : To lay bricks,
shingles, or anything similar, so that the
jointfc. in one course do not euiucide with th^ ise
in that previously deitosit^d.
22. jf'o break loose :
(1) To escape from captivity.
" Who would not, flndiitf: ^^ay, break loose from hell,
Though thither doom'd? T.'<ou wouldst thyseli, uo
aoubt.
And boJdlj- venture to whatever place
Farthest- u^m jiain." MUf-n : P. L., bk. iv
(2) To shake off moral or other restraint.
" If we deal falsely in covenant with God, and hreak
lj>ose from all our engagements to him, wc release God
from all the promijies he haa made to us." — TUJ-otsoit.
23. To break off, v.t. & i. .
(1) Transitive:
(a) Lit. . To detach from, as to break a
break
branch from a true or a geological sjiecimen
froiu a rock.
Qi) Fig. : To dissever one thing from an-
otJier, to tenninate abruptly.
... and break t,ff thy rius by rightet'-usness."—
Dan jv. 27.
". ■ . . and Piirseiia, indignant at the treachery of
the Taryuiiis, brciki- "_ff his conne.Mou with theio." —
Lewis. Ear. lloiu. Hist. (1855), ch. xii., pt. i., § 5,
Vol. ii., p. la.
(2) Jnirnusitire :
(a) Of things inntc-ial : To come apart from
anything with whirh it was joined.
(/') Figuroticdy:
(i) To separate from with violence or effort.
" I must from this enchanting queen brenk off.''
Shakusp. : A7it. &■ Clevp., i. 2.
(ii) To desist abruptly.
" Wlieii jou begin tti consider whether you may
safely take one draught more, let that be accounted a
sign late euuiigh to break off.''—Tuylor.
(iii> To leave off speakhig.
"Even here hmk-' -.j/'.iud Lwimeaway."
^i,nh-.p. . mOi. FII , iiL 7.
24. To hnvk one's arm : To dislocate or frac-
ture one of the bones which form its hard
portion.
25. To break one's back :
(1) Lit. : To diftloL-ate. or make an approach
to dislocating, the verttln-te which suiipoil it.
" T had rather crack my sinews, break my back.
Than you should such dishonour undergo."
Shake^p. ; Temped, iiL L
(-) Fig. : To disable one's fortune.
" 0. mauy
Have 6ro7;e fheir backs wjth laying manors on "em.
For this great I'lOmey."
Shakcs/i. ■ Hen. VIIL, i 1.
26. To break one's brain.^ : To drive mad.
" XiT his palmers so well sorted as I would have had
tlieni, but all in confusion, that break »iy braiiu to
underbtaud t\i%ia."—Pepys Diary (1G61).
* 27. To break or brekc one's day : To fail h-
pay upon the stipulated ilay.
" Whan he so trewe is nf tiindiciuiiu
That m no w j-se he hrel.-- "■_■! lux d/if/,"
(li-iiicer: C. T. (ed. ??kc;itl, Gr.iii].C, 103Et~10.
28. To break one's fast : To eat after a certain
time of fa.'^ting or altstineuce.
" Ntiw can I break my fast."
Stuikctp. : Tvw l.er>t. of Ver.. ii. 4.
29. To break one's hrad : To break the skin
of one's head, or in an extreme sense of the
phrase, to fracture the skull.
" Weak soul I and blindly to destruction led :
She break her heai-t ; she'll sooner break your head."
Dryden.
30. To break one's heart :
i(l)Lit.: To rupture the heart; a rare
disease, but one which occasionally occu^^.
(2) Fig. : To > ;inse one to die, or at least to
give way ti.> great de]ires:>ii'n of spirits by in-
riirting cruelty or being the cause nf culamitv.
l\^cd—
(a) Of a yierson :
" Were such the w ife had fallen to my x>art,
I'd break her spirit, or Td break kcr heart."
Burns : Thf Heiipeckd Husbands
(b) Of a beidy of jK-Ojiie taken eoJIccfiicly :
" The defeat of thut day was much greater than it
then appeared to be, ;Liid it even broke the heart of his
army," — Clarendon.
31. To break one's loj : To dislocate or to
fractuie one or more ot the bones of which it
i-, .-oiiJiMKp.L (Used nou-reflexi^"eIv or re-
tlexively.)
■'Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the
first, and of the other which was crucified with him."
— John xix. 32.
32. To break one's mind: To open one's
mind, to make a communication to one.
" I. who much desir'd to know
Of whence she was, yet fearful huw to break
My mind, adventur'd humbly thus b.i si>ejik "
Bryden.
33. To break one's neek : To dislocate it, to
dislocate or start from their relative jiositions
and conjunction two or more of the vertebne
uf the neck.
" I had as lief thou didst break his itcdt as his
finger." — Shakj-gp. : Asf/ou like It, i. L
31. To break one's spirit : To suMue the
si-tirit, to euu-e one to rease from offering re-
sistance. (F<M example, see J-uuk one's heart, 2.)
35. To break open: SiK-eessfuUy to apply
force with the intention of o]ieniug. (Used
of a iloor, of a lockfast chest, &:c.)
36. To breaJcout, v.t. & i. :
(1) Trans. : To break with the effect of
making any material thing fall or come out, as
to break out a pane of glass.
(2) Intransitii'e :
(If) Of material things, or of things in the
6S'd
eoncretc : To burst foi-th ; to e>c ipc from con-
trol ; to come suddenly forth with moi e or IcbS
of violence, to appwir suddenly.
"If fire break o(l^aud catch in thorns . . ."—Exi.d.
xxii. f>
" The flood hreakefh out from the inhabitant ; even
the waters fortotttii of the iovt."—Job. xx>iii 4.
" Observe those st^rs bn-aking out over the white
surface."— rj/ !«;«/( Frag, uf bcienev (l!rd ed.) iv, W.
(b) Ofpersiu.s:
(i) To bm^t through moral i-estraiut
(ii) To give way to passion.
"Hethiiught it sufficient to correct the multitude
M-ith bharp words, and brake out u.X<.< tliia choleiick
spee ch . " — KnoUfS.
(c) Of immaterial things, or of things in tJte
abstract: To come with suddenness and vio-
lence.
"From whence at length these worJa broke oitf."
Butter: Budibras, iL 740.
"There lieing so many ways by which a smothered
truth is apt to liJaze and break out." — South.
37- To break sheer:
Nant. : Of a s/ii^j; To sheer clear of its
anchor ; to be forced by wind, wave, or cur-
rent from its positiou.
38. To break ^qiiaws : To cause trouTde, give
offence.
" Give yourself ten thousand ail's.
That with me shaJl break no s'juares." Swift.
39. To breed: the bails:
Billiards: To lead off, or make the first
stroke in a game. [II. 2.]
40. To break the bands which buid one :
(1) Lit. : To rend asunder such bauds.
{-) Fig : To cast off" restraint or authority'.
"Let us brca): their bands asunder, and ca,-taway
their cords from us.' — Ps. ii. 'S.
41. To break the ice :
(1) Lit.: To fracture actual ice.
(2) Fig. : To break through icy stiffness ; to
break through reticence or hesitation about
speaking of a deUcate matter, or engaging in a
delicate enterprise.
" • I will not," said Lochiel, ' break the ice. That is a
point of honour with uie."'~.\/acaulay : Hist. £ng.,
ch. xviii,
12. To break the neck :
(1) Lit. : To dislocate the neck. [33.]
(2) Fig. : To destroy.
•^ To hnak the neek of any v:<\rk : To finish
the worst or greater paii of tlie tjisk.
43. To break through, v.t. & i. .
(1) Transitive :
(o) Lit. With a material thina for an object:
To etlcct a breacli thi\tugli ; tu make way
through any material thing.
"The three mighty'meu brake through the host of
the Philistines, . . ."—2 .Sttvi. \xiii. IG.
"As deer break tJirougb the broom."
■'^■x-cr : Lady of the Lake, vi, 18.
(h) Fig. With a thing not material for the
nhj, , / ; To burst forth, overcoming all ob-
stacles in tlie way of iimgctss.
" Sometimes his anger breaks through all disguises,
And spares not gods nor men." JJenhatn.
(2) Intrans. : (Produced by the omission of
an objective after the tnusitive verb.) For-
cibly to make way through anything.
"He re.iolved that Balfour should use his utmost
endeavour %'• break through with his whole IxKly of
horse. - — Clarendon.
44. To break tq\ v.t. i l .
(1) Transitive:
(a) To lay nj.en.
" Shells l>triiji- k.di.'ed amongst miueral matter, when
this comes tu Ije l-r'.Kr up, it exhibits impressions of
the shells,' — ir-.&tOrurJ.
* (6) To eonnnit a burglary.
"If a thief l>e found breaking np, and l-e smitten
that be die, tljtre shall uo blood be shed lur him."
Exod. xxii. 2.
(c) To fracture, and at tlie same time turn
up. (Used specially of land wlien first it is
ploughed, or when it is ploughed nfier it has
long lain fallow and become hard and not
easily i.enetrable.) (Lit. d fig.)
" SfW to youriehes in righteousness, reap in mercy:
break up juur f:iUo« ground."— //oi x, 12.
* (d) To cai've.
(i) Lit. ; In the foregoing sense.
" Boj et, you can carve ;
Break up this cjiimu."
s/iriAcj./i .• Love's Lab. Lost, iv. 1.
(ii) Fig. : To examine, tu dissect.
"An it shall please j-ou t^i break up thi<. it shall
seem to signify '—.Sft(iAci!/j. : J/er. of I'entce, u. i.
"(c) To opeu an eccltsiastical convention
with a sermon.
"Tlie asseiiililys-nte down the t^eiitv-first •■! Novem-
ber, HV.S, and v\<3 .Mr John Bell, miiii-ter i.f the town
did break up the assembly." — '•nth Me>n p -iT
bSil, boy: pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, ben^h: go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xsnonhon, exist, -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tioD, -sioa — shun; -tion. -sion — z'.ija. -tio-as. -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die. .^c. = bel. del.
384
break— breakage
(/) Tn dissnh'p, to scatter iu fniginentw ; to
disbaml.
" He threatened, that the tradesmen wnnKl be/it out
his teeth, 11 hv. did not retire, and break np the
meeting." — ArbiithtLot.
"After takini; the strong city of Belgrade, Solyman,
returning tu Uuni.t)nitiiioi)le, tirola- ii/i his :u-iiiy, and
there lay still the whole year following." — Knoltei :
Hint, of the Ttirl-i.
(g) To tcrniinatc- (Used of household ar-
rangements, &c.) (Lll. & fig.)
"He bviil-i (*/* house, turns out of doors his man),
. :'—llfrb<;t.
{•!) Intrans'dirc:
(«) To lose cohesion of its separate parts ;
to go to ]iii-'ces, (Useil of a wrecked vessel,
an empire 1 incoming reduced to fragments, &c.)
" . . . . they thought — or, at least, their master
thought — that 'lurkey was ahout to break up, . . ." —
Thnes, Nov. 9, 1875.
(h) To cease ; to intermit.
" It is credihly atBrmed, that upon that very day
when the iivfr first riseth, gi-eat plagues in Ciiiro use
suddenly to break iip."—/Jacon : jVaturat //iaton/.
(c) To be dissolved, to separate. (Used
especially of schools.)
" Our army ia dispers'd already :
Like youthful steers miyok'd, they took their courses,
East, west, nortli, soutli ; or, like a school broke up."
Shakesp. : 2 J/i-/i IV., iv. 2.
". , . , as soon as the coiapnny breaks tip " —
Walts.
(f?:) To hegin to give way, fail, be impaired.
(U.sed of health.)
45. To break upon : To come suddenly and
violent^.
" . . . . that those raya .... may be ^wrmitted to
enter the eye, and to break ujyon the retina without
producing the least luminous impression." — Tyndall :
Frag, of Sdence (ard ed.), ix. 28i
46. To hreaJc tipon the wheel : To punish hy
stretching a criminal upon the wheel, and
breaking his bones with bats.
47. To hrealc with :
*(l) To make a communication to ; to open
one's mind to,
" stay -with me awhile ;
I am to break with thee of some affairs
That touch me near."
SJiakesp. .• Two Gent, of Ter., iii. 1.
t (2) To intimate dissent from an opinion, or
from those holding it.
" , . . . and would brertk with any church In the
world upon this single point: and would tell them
plainly, if yoiu: religion he too good to be examined, I
dcubt it is too bad to be believed."— ri^^o^Bon (3rd ed.,
1722), vol. i., ser. iv.
(S) To quarrel with ; to cease to be friendly
with.
" Can there be anything of friendship in snare-s,
hooks, and trepans? Whosoever breaks with his friend
upon such terms, has ennucrh to warrant him in bo
doing, both before God and man." — South.
% (<t) Crabb thus distinguishes between to
trpjik-. to rack, to rend, and to tear: — "The
forcible division of any substance is the r-nm-
mon characteristic of these terms. Break is
the genei'ic term, the rest specific : every
thing roc/cf'/, rent, or tor)) is broken, but not
vice verso.. Break has, however, a specific
meaning, in which it is comparable with the
others. Breaking requires less violence than
either of the others : brittle things may be
broken with the slightest touch, but nothing
can be rac/jct/ without intentional violence of
an extraordinary kind. Glass is "quickly
hrolpii ; a table is racked. Hard substances
only are broken or racked ; but everything of a
soft texture and composition may be rent or
torn. Breaking is performed by means of a
blow; -rackiiig by that of a violent concus-
sion ; but rending and tearing are the conse-
quences of a pull,"
(b) To hrmk, to bridse, to squeeze, to pound,
and to crush are thus discriminated : — " Break
always implies the si^paration of the compo-
nent parts of a body ; bruise denotes sinijily
the destroying the continuity of the parts.
Hard, brittle substances, as glass, are broken,;
soft, pulpy substances, as flesh or fruits, are
bruised. The oiieration of bruising is per-
formed either by a violent blow or by ]ires-
sure ; that of squeezing by compression only.
Metals, particularly lead and silver, may be
bruised ; fruits may be either hruisnl ur
squeezed. In this latter sense brvise ai)plies
to the harder substau'rs. or indirntes a violent
compression ; squeeze is used fiN' soft sub-
stanches or a gentle compression. The kernels
of nuts arc bruised ; oranges and applies are
■squeezed. To pound is properly to bruise in a
inurtar so as l<i produce a separation of jiarts ;
to crush is tlie nmst violent and destructive of
all opi'ratinns, winch amounts to the total dis-
persion of all the jiarts of a body. What is
broken jnay be made wliole again; what is
bruised i>v sqaencfl may bij jv.->tnn.'a to its
former tone and consistency ; wliat is ponndeil
is only reduced to smaller parts for conve-
nience ; but what is crushed is destroyed."
(c) The following is the distinction between
tn break, to burst, to craek, and to spVt : —
'•Break denotes a forcible separation of tin-
constituent parts of a body. Burst and cruvk
are ononiatopeias, or imitations of the sounds
which are matle in bursting and cracking.
Splitting is a species of cracking that takes
)ilaee in some bodies in a similar manner
without being accompanied with the noise.
Breaking is generally the consequence of some
external violence ; everything that is exposed
to violence may without distinction be broken.
Bursting arises mostly from an extreme ten-
sion ; hollow bodies, when over filled, burst.
Cracking is caused by the application of ex-
cessive heat, or the defective texture of the
substance; glass rrnrks ; the earth craj;ks ;
leather cracks. Splitting may arise from a
(."■ombination of external and internal causes ;
wood in particular is liable to split. A thing
may be broken in any shape, form, and degree ;
Imrsting leaves a wide gap ; cracking and
splitting leave a long aperture ; the latter of
which is commonly wider than that of the
former." (Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
break, * brake* * brek, * breke, s. & a.
[A.S. gehrec, gebrcec, gebrece = a breaking,
crash, noise. In Dut. breaJc; Sw. brott ; Dan.
brud ; Ger. breehen, br^ich.] [Break, v.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Languccge :
1. The act of breaking.
(1) Lit. : The act of breaking any material
thing.
(2) Figuratively :
(a) The act of breaking anything not ma-
terial ; a breach.
(b) The act of breaking forth.
% The break ofd«y.
2. The state of being broken.
"Our reformed churches agreeing soundly in all the
substantiall points of faith, & without break of com-
munion, , . ."—Forbes.- Daf&xce, p. 5.
3. The portion of anything broken through.
(1) hit. 0/ things material :
(a) Gen. : An opening, passage, gap, or hole
through anything.
"... through the breaks and openings of the woods
that grow about it"— Addison.
"... the cuiTents in the transverse &i*e«fcs which
connect the longitudinal channels, . , ." — Dar-win :
Voi/age round the World(G^ 1870), ch. xv., p. 32.
Q}) Specially :
(i) A kind of farrow in ploughing. (Scotch.)
"The field which is designed for hear gets two fur-
rows ; the one a breai:, the other clean." — surv, Banffs.,
Api). , p. 37.
(ii) Of a hill: A hollow part. [In Icel.
brecka is = a declivity.]
(iii) A division of land in a farm. (Scotch.)
"They shall dung no part of their former cruftiiiLC,
till these four new breaks are brought \i\. Let theni
give ten or twelve l)ulls of lime to each acre uf their
oat-leave break." — Maxwell: Set. Tra,}u., p. 216.
(iv) Of a figure drawn : An interrupted por-
tion.
"The suirounding zones likewise show traces, as
maybe seen in the dra-wing (fig. sa), of indentations,
or rather breaks, . . ." — Darwin : Descent of J/an
(1871), pt. ii , ch. xiv., vol. ii , p. l.'J6
(v) Of anything written or printed: A line
to mark that the sense is suspended or that
something is omitted.
" All modern trash is
Set forth with num'rous breaks and dashes."
Swift.
(2) Fig. Of things neA material : A pause,
an interruption.
" Thy uoustaut flow of love, that knew no fall,
Neer rougheii'd by those cataracts and breaks
That humour iiiterpused too often makes."
Cowper : Oti the Itvceipt of my Mothers Picture.
4. That which breaks. [II. 10, 11.]
II. Technically :
1. Cricket : The twist of a ball as it is
bowled, grner.ally spoken of a twist or turn
from the oil' side.
3. Billiards: A ]ilayer's turn in the game ;
also the number of ]ioiiits scored by a player
continuously without a miss.
3. Flax manufacture : An instrument for
taking the rind oft' flax. (It is also written
brake ami broik.) (Scotch.)
4. Agric. S Maeli. : The same afi break-liarrow
(q v.).
5. K'Dif : A sudden change of level, as of a
deck. The breuk of a poop-deck is where it
ends forward.
6. Arrli. : A projection or n'cess from the
sui'face or wall of a building.
7. Baking : A wooden bench on which
dough is kneaded by means of a levei" called a
break-staff. Tlie weight of the person, often
in a sitting posture, is thrown upon the staff,
which moves in a semicircular orbit around
the bench, keeping up a saltatory motion by
its flexibility and the daneino; action of the
operator. By this means the dough is worked
up very dry, and makes the best kind uf
crackers. (Knight.)
8. Fortlf : A change from the general direc-
tion of the curtain near its extremity in thfe
construction with orillons and retired flanks.
[Brisure.]
9. Geril. : A "fault," or rather a dislocation,
in which there is a very great npciist or down-
cast.
" To describe faults of this kind we want some new
technical word. They are neitlier anticUnals unr syn-
clinals, nor are they faults in the technical sense of
the «'ord. The word break, if geologists would con-
sent to use that word technically, might perhaps serve
lor their designation."— /'(■»/. Hedgviick, in Q. J, Gaol,
Soc, viii. (1852), pt. i., 39.
10. Printing: The piece of metal contiguous
to the shank of a type, so called because it is
broken off in finishing. [See also I. 3.]
11. TcUgrophy : An apparatus to interrupt
or ( haiige tlie direction of electric currents.
It is called also a rheotome or a commutator.
12. Engineering : The same as Brake (q.^'.).
13. Baib'-a>j carriages, vehicles, £c.: A break-
van (q.^- ).
U. Music:
(1) Of the ht(m^xn voice: The point of junc-
tion in the quality of tenor, soprano, and alto
voices, A genuine bass voice has no break.
The lower range i^ called voce di petto, or chest
voice ; the upper, voce di testa., or head voice ;
and the place of junction is called the break.
(Stainer ft Barrett.)
(2) Of the clarinet: An interruption in the
tone of the instrument between b flat and b
natural. (Stainer £ Barrett.)
(Z) Of an organ stop: The sudden alteration
of the proper scale-series of the pipes by re-
turning to those of an octave lower in pitch.
(Stainer <& Barrett.)
^ For the distinction between break, gap,
chasm, and breach, see Breach, (Crabb : Eng.
Synon.)
break-down, s,
1. Lit. : The state of being broken and fall-
ing do\\Ti. (Used of a coach or anything
similar.)
2. Fig. : The failure of anything,
"Bnt of the break-down itf my general aims, . . ." —
Robt. firowning: ParaceJsus.
3. Tejih. : A kind of dance.
break -harrow, s A large harrow.
(Scnteh.)
" Then harrow again with a break-liarrow, or larger
harrow than ordinary, and spare not.'— Maxwell : ■'Sej.
Trans., p. 249.
^ It is called more simply a break, or broke,
[Brakk.]
break-in, 5.
Carp. : A hole made in brickwork with a-
ripping chisel, and designed to be a receptacle
for the end of a beam or anything similar.
break-iron, ';.
Carp. : The iron screwed on the top of a
plane-bit to bend upward and break the-
shaving. Its edge is from -^ to 3^^ of an inch
from the edge of the cutting-bit.
break-joint, s. A structure in which
the joints of the parts or courses are made to-
alternate ^vith unbroken surfaces, as in the
continuous railroad rail, in bricklaying, shing-
ling, and numerous other mechanic arts.
break-up, s. The act of breaking up, the
state of being broken up.
"The break-up and densidation of both of these." —
Q J Geol. Soc, xxiiL, pt. i., 410.
break'-a-ble, a. [E^^L^ hreok, andsuff. -able.l
Able ti.> be broken, (Ct-fgrnre.)
break'-age, o. [Eng. hrark, and Eng., &c.
sutf. -age.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1, The act of breaking anvtliini:;.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot^,
or. wore, wolf, worlc, whd, son; miite, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. £e, ce = e. ey=:a. qu = kw.
breaker— bream
685
"In all the cpci-ts uf chiUlieii, were it uiily in their
wanton breakageii aaid defacements, jm. hIkiII discern
a creative instinct."— Carli/(e : .^urior KcMrtus, bli. ii.,
ch. ii.
2. The state of being broken.
". . . though no doHljt the ,ifi;i;ulHtiu)i uf a lofty
^.liff womil be more rapid fmiii tlie '.■;■„/.■, .i/e of tlie
Ifitleii ii-a.ginenta."~J)ttrwiit : Ori'im uJ S/J-iUivx led
IS-iy). ch. ix., p. SBG.
3. Damage dniif to crurkery or other goods
by being broken in iraiLnitii.
4. A money eompensiition for su(.'h damags.
II. Nant.: The leavin^i: ..f euiiity spaces in
stowing the hold. (Sm^jth.)
break'-er, brek'-er, * brek'-ere, 5.
[Eng. break; -er. In M. H. Ger. bivduvrc]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. One wliu breaks anything.
(1) Lit. : One who breaks any material thing
((t) As an independent word.
"The breaker is come up before them: they bave
broken «p, fuid have pftaaed tlnough the gate, . , ."—
J/ic'uA ii. 13,
{h) Often in composition; as, "an iniage-
hrmker."
(2) Fig. : One who viohates a promise, a
kw, human or dl^■lUL■. or anything not made
of matter. (Often also in composition ; as,
"a lsL\v-b>^mktr," " a Sabbath-6/ra/.c;'.")
". . . if thoLibe a h;'eaAe?- of the law, . . ," — Iiom.t\
25.
cuveuftut-&rea/i:e)'j{, . . ."
2. (Cliiejty in compos.): An jininial which
.breaks anytliing. [Bone-bueaker.]
3. An inanimate thing wliich does so.
4. A crested wave broken into foam while
passing over a sand-bank, or flinging itself
with fm-y on the shore. (Generally in theplnr.)
'"Old aiilors were amazed at the composure which
he jireserved ftinidst roaring breakerx
const." — Mactialau : Hist. Eiig., cb. vii.
. perilous
0. A i)ier or some similar structure placed
ill a riwr to jn-event the ice from injuring the
siililiiirt-^ of the arches.
II. Tcrhntcally :
1. Navt.: A small cask fi-rsliip's use. Em-
ployed for bringing water absurd in boats, or
citiitaming water for a binit's crew. (In this
sense ])robably a con-, of Sp. hint'i-n, han-ica =
;l small cask or keg.) Tlie gang-ciLsk i.-. kept
on deck, and contains the diinking-uatei lor
vhe ship's company, being reiflenished from
day to day from the tanks.
2. Flax-rnanufactiirf : The first carding-
maehine which operates upon tlie ]iarcels of
tow from a creeping-sheet. Tlie linihlier is tlie
liital (;arding-machine, and opciates upon a
la]) formed of slivers of line. (Knight.)
ibreak'-fast, * breke'-fast, a. & a. [Eng.
hra'lc; fiht.]
A. As suh',tuuticc :
I. LiteraUy :
1. The art of breaking a fast, that is, nf
wding after having been for some time without
fond specially the fii'st meal in the day,
" , . . ivhile my wile and daughters employed them-
wlvts 111 in-uvuhjiii breakfast, . . ."—OoldsiiuCh : Viear
of \V<tk^Ji.:ta. ch. iv.
2. The time when the first meal of the day
is eaten.
3. That wliicli is eaten when the fast is
brokeji.
(1) At the first meal of the day.
" A good piece of bread would be ni'ten the best
brciikfast, for my young mastei."~/.'K'^'-.
(2) At any meal which breaks the teniporajy
fast of a man or a beast.
" H;ul "[ been seized by a hniiy;ij linn,
1 would have Iwen a !ir'-al,fa*' to the beitst,"
S/iake>,p. ■ Two <i<-n'. of IViv-)ui, \ 4.
II. Fig.: That which s;ttisfips one's appe-
tite, desire or aspiration of tlie human soul at
tlie commencement of one's lareer, [Corre-
rsjioiiding to 3 (2).]
" Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bsid supijer." —
B. A-< adjectirc: Pertjtiniiig to tlie first menl
^if the day, or to the time or place where it is
■eaten.
" One mom he caine not to her hand
Ashe W!Ui Mout tit I'Knie,
And, on her fiH.;t'r jieu'li il. to sbind
Picking his hri'i/rfn^r i;niiiili "
Cow per : KiiHnfh "ii a llnflhri'iist.
" /lrr/iJ:f.is' time bnwever. is .thMi\v a cheerful stage
of the d.iy ; . . "—[)<■ y liiwe// W'ui-ka, iwX ed., L 91).
breakfast-parlour, s. v parlour de-
signal for the acconnnodatiou of a lamilv at
bre.ikfast.
" How jocund was their breakfast-parlour, fann'd
By you blue water s breath."
CamjJbelt: Theodric.
break-fast, v.L & /. [Eng. hrmU; fast.]
A. IiUruiis. : To eat the first meal iu the
day.
t B. 'Trans. : To provide orfurnisli with the
first meal in the morning. {Miiloii.)
break'-fast-ing, pr. par., u., & s. [Break-
fast.]
A. & B. As present jmrtiripJc tt participial
f"!iy< ttoe : 111 senses corresponding to those of
the verlj.
C. As substantive :
1. Gen. . The act of t.aking the first meal in
the day.
2. Sjicr. : The act of doing so as one of an
invited breakta^it-ijarty.
"No break' nsiiiiqs with them, wliich consume a
great deaJ of time."— iord C'lte^terJUld.
break -ing, - break -yng, '* brek'-yng,
pr. par., a., & s. [Break, c]
A. & B. As present partid/iJe d: participial
("Ipxtlm : lii sejises correspondmg to those of
the verb.
" As if it bore all peace within.
Nor left one breaking heart behind : "
Moore ; 27m; Fire- Worshippers.
Ci As sxtbstantive :
I. Ordinary La II gauge :
1. OfoAi act :
(1) Tlie act of fracturing anything.
"And breaking ol windows, whicli. you know, maketh
breaches :' " Swift : TJu^ Famous Upeeelt- Maker.
(:2) The act of coming fuitli suddenly.
"And Jacub was left alone; and there wrestled a
man with him until the breaking oi the day,"— Wwji.
xxxii. 2i
"Until the breaking of the ligbt."
Tenitgson : To
-'^(3) Thear't of vomiting.
" rirdhini'f «r parbrakynge. Vomitus, eoomitus."—^
Frum/Jt. Fan:
2. Of a state : The state of being broken or
fractured.
(1) (icii. : In the foivgoing sense.
" Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach
ready to fall, swellinH; (tut in a high waH. whose break-
ing Cometh suddenly at an instant." — Isaiah xxx. 13.
{;!) Spec. : Bankruptcy.
II, M'o'jihnb iiuiiiiijiirhire : A ]irorcss in the
worsted or long- wool manufa(;ture. The
(■(Miibed sli\'eis are laid upon a travelling-
apron and joined endwise, to make continuous
lengths.
Breaking ofarrcstnwiit :
Scots I.iiir : The contempt of the law slmwn
by an uiivstee, who gives over to the debtor
money or griods on which an arrestment has
legally been made.
breaking-down, s. & a.
A. .1-^ s'llistantire : The act of fiacturing
and crusliing downwards.
B. As I'll /lift ire : Friicturiiig and making to
fall ; rolling so as to consolidate. [Ureaking-
dowii rollerb.]
Breaking-clown rollers :
Mct"J. : Hollers used to consolidate metal
by roiling it while hot.
breaking-engine, s.
Muchiiwrii : The lirst of a senes of carding-
machines, to recei\-e and act on the lap fi'oin
the lapper ; it lias usiuilly ntiii'ser ch)thing
thaji the finishmg-cards. [Cakoino-machine.]
breaking -frame, o.
Wi>i Ui:'{-inuni.ij'iri lire : A machine in whieli
sli\ej-s of Ii'ii--itii|iled wool aiv ])liinked oi-
s]ihced togi-tlirr ;iiid then drawn out to, mi\ .
<-i;,dit times tlieir original length. The slivers
are made by hand-conjbs, and tajier tovvar<ls
each end. Each is had lapping half its lengtii
upon tJie pi'eceding .sliver, and the passage
between rollers ot gradually increasing speed
attenuates the sli^'er. {Kntgkt.)
breaking-in, ^.
1. The act of bursting suddenly in upon.
(Lit. <^-Jig.)
"They cnme upon me as a wide bnaking in of
waters : . . ' — Jub xxv 14.
3. The act or process of taming a yodng
liorse.
breaking-joint, s.
Arch. : The ^num as Break-joint (q.v.).
breaking-machine, s.
Vkis-iiiannkixtiire : A maclii::-; for shorten-
ing Hax-staple, to adapt it to be worked by a
certain kind of machinery. Long-flax or h ng-
line becomes cut-tlax or cut-line. The ma-
chine is also known as a cutting-machine or
flax-breaker.
breaking-out. breaking out, s. The
act of suddenly breaking forth or appearing
"... lettei-s informing him uf t)ie hrcakin;i out of
scarlet lever anion;,' liis cliildren."— y^Kt^ic?; . Fray, uj
^eieaee, yrd ed., .\i. ai-L
break'-man. o. [Bkakeman.]
break-neck. ^ breake-neck, o. ^ a.
[Eng. hrad. , ncrk.]
"* A* A^ suhstantire :
1. A fall by which the neck is broken.
2. A precijiice fitted to break the neck Oi
any one who falls o\'er it. (Lit & fig.)
" I must
Forsake tlie court ; to do t or no, is cert;iin
To me a. bruii.hiie< /. "
bliakesp. .■ Winter's Tale, i. i
B, As adjei-tii'e : Fitted to break the neck ;
in which the neck is likely to be broken.
"Alas, and the leaps from raft to raft were too often
of a i»rt'«ft"i3(;fc chai'acter ; . . ." — Carlj/le : Sartor Jie-
sartus, bk. lii., ch. ix
" Tliifi way the chamois leapt : heruimble feet
Have baffled me ; my gains to-day will scarce
ilepay my break-neek ti-avail "
Fijroii : Ma-iifred, i, 2.
■ break'-prom-i^e.s. [Eng. break; prouLise.]
One who haljitiially breaks his promise
" I will think you the most pathflticai break-promise
and the most hollow lovt:i:"~Shukcsp. : .1* J uu Liku
It, iv. L
break'-sbare, s. [A corruption of braxy (?)
(ipv.;.] DiarrJicea iu sheep. (Ogilrie.)
break-Stone, s. [The Eng. translation of
Lat. ^njijiiiifti = a plant, anciently supjiosed
to disMih'e " stones " — i.e., calculi in the
bladder.]
1. ]'<-i> Hi't. : Anv jilant of the genus Saxi-
flaga(^iaxllragc). (I'l tur.)
2. rivipinella Siuifraga. (Prior.)
3. Alchemillo arvm^is. (Priv,.)
4. Sagina procantbefis. (Prior.) (Britlen <&
JIulhnid.)
^ Par^leii hreiik^fiin,e : AJeheniillo. arcensis.
(In Sruthind and in Sitfvlk.) (Britten d' Hol-
land.)
' break'-V^^, s. [Eng. hrod. ; vow.] One
who habituall)' breaks any vows which he may
make.
" Th.it daily break-vow, he tliat wins of all,
Of kings, of 1 itfc'yai .1. ohl men, young men, luaido."
•ihakesp. .- King John, ii. J.
break '-wa-ter, s k a. [Eng. break ; water ]
A. .-I^ •.niist.'ntln: :
Ord. Lang. tC' Hydraiil. Engineering : A pier,
wall, mole, sunken liulk, or anything similar,
])hired at the enti;im>e of a harbour, at the
ex].osLd part of an anchorage, or in any .such
situation, willi the view of deadening the
force of the \va\-cs wldch roll in from the
ocean. The tn'eakw;iter of Cherbourg was
commenced in 17«4 ; it is 4,120 yards long.
'J'he ti]-st stone of I'lyniouth b]-eakwater was
laid on the IJth August, ]X12. Its length is
5,2s(i feet ; iU lireadth, -.iiH) feet at the bottom,
and iniwardsof 30at the top. Its cost has been
estimated at aliout 12,000,000. Important
breakwateis have also been constructed at
Holyhead, Poitland, Do\er, and other places.
^.MoLt; (lOO
"... at low water its smnniit it, left dry, and it
nngbt tlien lie mistJikeii lur a 6rei(fcw((/.-j' ere^ed by
Cyli.i'ean wi.i knien "— />ii*-/(i/,( ; Voi/age ru^tnl Ike
\\'--rtd (ed. 18711). cli XXI., p. VJ^
B. A^ndpxtire: Pei-taiuiug to the structure
described under A.
breakwater-glacis, s.
Eydranlie Engineci ing ; A stonn pavement.
The sloping stone paving next the sea in piers
or bieakwateis.
bream, brem. ^ breme, s. [Fi-. brenn- ,
Proyinc Fr. Imnne; O. Fr. hre^un: ; L lj;it'
hresniia, hro.nmn^: >^w. hr.uen ; Dan. & Hut.
bro^eni; O. L. (\'-\ . bres^nno ; (X. H.) Ger.
braji^en; M H. (Jer. hndiscm, hra.-„ne. pmh.^r,
j>ndi^me; O II. (^^r. hntch.'>c, brahsiiia, bwA-
i-enu'.] [Bar.s, Ba^-^i-:.]
h.hthjiolniiy ,[ (inlinary Language :
1. sper : The t_';i]-j, Bream. ^/(/v'„z,-s/y,r/„m.
It IS of a yellowish-white colour, .vhich
boil, boy; po^t, jcJwl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gexa; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tioi*, -=ion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious. -sious = shus. -ble, -die, ■'<.>■. = ijsl del.
G8i3
bream— breast
changes, tlii'(iuy:h ;ige, to a yellowish-bvowii.
Tlie sides are goUleii, the cheeks and gill-
covers silver-white, tlie fins light-(;oloiired,
tiiij^ed, the ventral (ine with red and the others
with brown. It is found in the Regent's
Canal, in London, and in the Hied way and the
Mole. It is songlit after by anglers, who, how-
ever, consider the flesh insipid.
"And many a (>rem jukI inmiy n luce in atewe,"
Chaucer: C. T., Prol., ^50
" The bream, being at full growth, is a larjje fish."—
IValtori : A ng/er.
2. (^mi. : Tlie English name of the several
fishes belonging to the family Cyi)rinid8e and
the genus Abi-aniis. Three, are described
by Yarrell as British ; (1) the Bream or Carp
Bream (Abramis hramn), already described
(see 1) ; (2) tlie AVhite Bream or Breamflat
(A. hllcca) ; and (3) the Pomeranian Bream
{A. BngfieuhagU). Though the White Bream
is common on the Continent, yet it is rare in
England ; the Pomeranian Bream is still rarer.
3- [Sea-bream.]
bream, t broom, v.t. [Etymology doubtful.
Cf. Ger. hreiiiieii = to burn. (Mahn.y] To
burn ooze, seaweed, &c., from the bottom of a
vessel. ,
bream'-ing, pr. par. & s. [Bream, v.]
A. As i)rese lit participle : (See the verb.)
B. As substantive :
Naut. : The act of cleansing the ooze, shells,
seaweed, &c. , from the bottom of a ship by a
flashing fire and scraping.
tbrear, fbreare, s. [Brier.]
"... by a narrowway,
Scattred with bushy thornea and ragged brearcs."
Spenser: F. Q., I. x. 85.
breard, s. [Breer (2).] (Scotch.)
X. Sing. : The first appearance of grain.
2. Pi. : The short flax recovered from the first
tow, by a second hackling. The tow, thrown
off by this second hackling, is called backings.
"To be aold, a large qiiantity of white and blue
breardu, fit (or spinning yam, 4 to 6 lib. i>er spindle." —
£dinAitrgh £i'ening Courant, Sept. 1, 180i.
breas'-kit, o. [Brisket.] (Scotch.)
breast, ^ breaste, "^ brest, ^ breste, s. & a.
[A.S. bi'eost = the breast, tlie mind ; O. Sax.
hnost ; Icel. brjost ; Sw. brost ; Dan. bryst;
Dut. borst ; McKso-Goth. trusts (pi.) ; Ger.
brust. From A.S. herstan— to burst ; O. Sax.
&res(«/(.] [Burst, v.] Hence the bre^ast is
the part which bursts out, that is, swells out
beyond the paiis around.
A, As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) Sing. : Tlie fore part of the human body
in either sex between the neck and the ui>per
paii of the abdomen ; also the analogous part
in animals.
"Sal glideu on hise bre«t nether."
Sfor// of Gen. it Exod., 370.
(2) Plur. : The mamniEe, pajis, or protuberant
glands existing in the female sex of man and
the higher animals, and in a ludimentaiy state
also in the male sex. They are designed fur
the secretion of milk,
". , . or why the 6j-cas(s tliat I shoiild suck?"— yoi»
iii. 12.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of symbols or associations directly con-
nected v'lththehunwii breast:
^' (a) Of the breast viewed as psse)iti€d to good
sin{ii'tig : A musical voice ; voice in general.
" Prny ye stay a little ; let's hear him sing, be has a
fine hrectsL"—/}van7n. X- Flet. : Pilgrim, iii, 6.
" Which said ciueritstei-s, after their breanf-t are
chauged, &c."—Str//pe : Lffe of Ahp. Parker.p. 9.
^ To hare a good hrcast: To have a good
voice ; to be a good singer.
" In aiuging, the sound is originally produced by the
action of the limgu; which are bo essential an oiyan
in this respect, that /w hav a good breast wasfornierly
a coniiiiou peri]ibrasis. to denote a good singer."— //wf.
of J funic, vol, iii., p 466. i^'ares.)
(6) Of the breast viewed as the seat of the emo-
tions, of the apprtites, of conscience, of courage,
d;c. .•
(i) As the seiit of the emotions in general.
" If happiness h;ie not her seat
And centre in the breast."
Burns: Epistle to Davie, v.
" Ni'ddless was written law, where none opprest ;
Tlie l.\w u£ man wiw written in liis lirmist."
Iiru'leii: Ovid.
(ii) As the rej'usitory nf secrets.
^ To make a clean breoift :
(a) To confess all that one has kept secret
about anything what he has been charged
with, or which, without being accused, he
still feels constrained to reveal ; to make a
full and ingenuous confession.
"... to make a eU-an breast of it Ijefore ahe died.*—
Scott : St Hunan's Well, cli. xxxviii.
(h) To tell one's mind bluntly or without
circmnlncution.
"To speak truth I'm wearying to nj.'ik a clean brenti
wi' him and to tell hiin o' hisi uimatuiatity to his o^vn
doohter." — The Ea'ail, iii. 101.
(2) Of remoter resemblances to the human
breast : The surface of the eartli, or anything
similar.
" XTpou the h: nast of new-created oirth
Slan walk'd,'
Wordsworth : Excitrsion, bk. iv.
" So have ye seen the fowler chase,
O'er Grasiiiere's clear unruffled breast."
Wordsworth : Blind Jlighland Boy.
II. Technically :
1. Machinery, &c. :
(1) The part of an object against wliich the
breast pushes in some machines, such as the
breast-dnW, 6re«sf-plough, &c,
(2) A bush connected with a small shaft or
siiindle.
2. Agric, &c. : The forward part of a
plough's mould-board.
3. Metal., £c. : The front of a furnace.
4. Sheet-iron Ware : As applied to milk-cans,
coftee and tea pots, and similar articles, this
word denotes the bulging or rounded top
which intervenes between the lid or cover and
the cylindrical portion which forms the body
of the vessel.
5. Vehicles : The middle, swell, or bulge of
a nave or hub.
6. Hydraul. : The curved wall up to which
the floats of a water-wheel work, and which
prevents, as far as possible, the waste of
water.
7. Carp. : The lower side of a hand-rail, a
raiter, the rib of a dome or of a beam.
8. Architecture :
(1) That portion of a wall between the win-,
dow and the floor.
(2) That portion of a chimney between the
flues and the apartment.
9. Mining : The face of a coal-seam at which
a miner is working.
B. As adjective : Peiiaining to the breast in
any of the foregoing senses. (See the sub-
joined compounds.)
breast-band, s.
Saddlery : A band passing across the breast
of the draught animal, and to which the traces
or tugs are attached. It is a substitute for a
collar.
breast-beam, s.
1. Shipwrighting : A beam at the break of a
quai-ter deck or forecastle.
2. Weaving: The cloth-beam of a loom.
3. Railroad Engineering : The forward trans-
verse beam of a locomotive.
breast-beating, s. The act or x^ractice
of beating the breast. (Lit. £fig.)
. hreaat-heating, brow-beatiiig (against walls),
jllowings of blaaphemy and the like. stanipiuEs,
amitings, lireakages of furniture, if not arsonitself V" —
lioii-bellowings of blaaphemy and the li
amitings, lireakages of furniture, if not
Carlyle: Sartor Resarlus, bk. ii., ch. vj
breast-board, s.
Rope-malcing : A loaded .sled to which are
attached the end yarns at tlu- foot of the walk.
As the yarns are twisted into a strand they
become shorter and draw tlie sled towards the
head of the walk, the load on the sled main-
taining the necessary tension. The yarns are
usually shortened one-third by the twisting,
and lose about thirty per cent, in so doing.
The twist is, however, nece-ssaiy, to give the
requisite rigidity, to prevent the fibres sliding
on each other, and to iiartially exclude wet.
The addition of tar incireases the power of ex-
cluding water. (Kmght.)
^ breast-bundle, ^ brest-bundel, o.
A girdle or band lor the breast.
" Whether foryete '^baI the . . . womman spouse of
'hii!)res!-bundcl."—iyickliffe: Jcr. ii. 32.
breast-casket, s.
Kavt. : The largest and longest caskets, i.c ,
a sort of strings placed in the middle of the
yard. (Johnson.) [Casket.]
breast-chain, s.
Saddlery : A chain reaching between the
bame-rings, its loop passing through the ring
of the neck-yoke, to support the tongue. In
carriage-harness the hame is destitute of the
rings, and the strap is passed around the
lower part of the collar. [Neck-yoke.]
breast-collar, s.
Harness: A pulling strap wliich passes
around the breast of the horse ; a substitute
for a collar, which encircles the neck and
rests against the shoulders. In some cases
the breast-straj) is padded, and the two pieces
are connected by a snap. A plate upon it
holds the breast-nngs and tug-buckle pieces.
breast-deep, a. or adv. Sunk so deeply
that water, snow, earth, or whatever else the
person is in, reaches as high as his bren.st.
" Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him ;
There let him stjind, and rave and cry for food."
Sltakesp. ; TUus Andron., v, 3.
breast-drill, s.
Metal-working : A drill-stock operated by a
crank and bevel-gearing, and having a piece
against which the workman bears liis breast
when engaged in drilling.
breast-fast, s. [Breastfast.]
breast-harness, s.
Saddlery : A horse-gear arranged to pull by
a band in front of the breast, instead of a
collar.
breast-height, s.
Fortif. : The interior slope of a parapet.
breast-high, t*. or adv.
1. So high as to reach the breast of a person.
"The river itself save way uuto her, so that she «ii>*
straight breast-high."— Sidnet/.
2. Said of scent wlien it is so strong thai
the pack can follow it with their heads erect.
breast-hook, ». [Breasthook.]
breast-knees, s. pi. Timbers placed in
the forward part of a vessel across the stem
to unite the bows on each side. (Stoi-month.)
breast-line, s. The rope connecting the
]"iontoons of a military bridge in a straight
direction.
breast-locks, s. pL The part of the
mane of a lion or other animal hanging down
from the breast.
" And as a lyon sculking all in night,
Pane off in pastures ; and come nome, all dight
In iawes and breast-lochs, with an oxes blood.
New feasted on him."
Cliapman : Homer's Odyssey, b. xxiL
breast-mouldings, &. pi
Carp. : "Window - sill mouldings ; panel
mouldings beneath a window.
breast-peat, s. A peat formed by the
spade being pushed into the earth horizon-
tally. (Scotch.)
"A perpendicular face of the moss fis] laid bare,
from which the digger, standing on the level of the
bottom, digs the peat, by driving in the sijade horizon-
tally with his arms ; this peat is designed breast-peat."
—Agr. Surv. Peeb., p. 208.
breast-plate, s. [Breastplate.]
breast-plough, s.
Agricult. : A shovel whose handle has a
cross-piece applied to the breast, and used
for paring turf or sods.
breast-pump, &.
Surgical (also knoivii as antlia lactea or
antlia mammaria) : A pump having a cup
adapted to fit over the nipple, in order to
withdra^\' milk from the mamma when tliis
cannot be effected in a natural way.
breast-rail, *. [Breastrail.]
breast-strap, a. & a.
A. As fiubstantive :
Saddlci^j : A strap passing from the hame-
rings or from the gullet of the collar, to sup-
port the tongue or pole of the vehicle.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a strap.
Jlreust-sfrap liariiess :
.Saddlery : That which has a strap around
the breast instead of a collar. The breast-
collar is supported from the withers, and at
its reiir ends receives the tug-straps. Other
forward attachments are made to the breast-
straps, which are connected to the neck-yoke
or tongue.
Breast-strap .^hdc :
Harness: An iron loop which slips on the
breast-strap, and takes fiom the latter the
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; p:ae, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. pot,
' or, wore. wQli, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce ^ e ; ey = a. <iu -^ kw.
breast— breath
t>87
wear of the ring on the end of the neck-yoke.
Tlie eiHis of the breast-straii are passed through
tlie rings on the harness.
breast-summer, s.
Ciirpentnj : A beam inserted flush with the
honse-front which it su[»ports, and resting at
its ends upon the w;dls and at intermediate
points upon pilhirs or columns. Common in
store fronts. Written also, incorrectly, hres-
sutncr, brest-svmiiuT. [Bressomer.]
t>reast-wall, ».
Masonry :
1. A wall built breast-high.
2. A wall erected to maintain a bank of
earth in position, as in a railroad cutting, a
sunk fence, &c.
breast-wheel, s. &a.
A, As svbst. : A wheel to which the water is
admitted about on a level with the axle, and
maintained in contact with it by a hrcui>ting,
or casing, which incloses from 60" to DO" of
the periphery of the wheel. The wheel may
have radial or hollow buckets. The peripheral
inclosiire is sometimes called breasting or
solemg, and the casing at the ends of the
wheel is called shrouding. (Knight.)
B. As adj. : Pertaining to such a wheel.
Breast-wheel steam-engine: A form of ro-
tary steam-engine in which a jet of steam is
made to impinge upon the floats of a wheel
rotating in an air-tight case. The first steam-
engine of this class was one of the earliest on
record. (Knight.)
breast, v.t. & i. [From hreo^t, s. (q.v.).J
A. Transitive:
t 1. Lit. : To place the breast of one person
against that of another one, or against that of
au animal.
(1) In the foregoing sense.
(2) To mount a horse by applying a person's
breast to the side of the horse, in order to get
on.
2. fig. : To oppose breast to breast, or breast
to any obstacle opposed to one's progress.
"The hardy ywiss
Breasts the keen air, and carols, aa he goes."
(Joldamltli.
"Isle of the free ! 'twas then thy champions stood,
Breoiting iHinioved the comlmfa wildest flood."
liemans: liestoration of the Works of AH to Italj/.
B. IntraTisitive :
Of a horse : To spring up or fnnvard. The
use of tlie word is derived from tlie action of a
horse's breast when he leaps forward. (Scotch.)
"Thou never hip. and sten't, and brcastit.
Then stood to bla,w."
Bums : 77ie AuM Farmer's Salutation.
breast'-bone, s. [Eng. breast ; bone.] The
bone in which the ribs terminate in front,
what is called anatomically the sternum.
" The Ijelly shall be eminent, by shadowing the flank,
and under the breastbone." — Peacham.
breast'-ed, pa. imr. & a. [Breast, v.]
A. As pa. par. : (See the verb),
t B. As adjective :
In compos. : Having a breast of a particular
character, as well -breasted, single and double-
breasted, &c. (Used of pei-sons or things.)
" Singing men we\l-bi-easted."—Fiddes : Life of Card.
WoUey, App. p. 128.
breast'-fast, i. [Eng. breast; fast.}
Naut. : A large rope to affix a ship by her
side to a quay or to another vessel.
breast'-book, s. [Eng. breast; hook.]
Nant. : A thick piece of timber .shnjied like a
knee, which is placed across the stem of a
vessel to unite the bows on either side, and
strengthen the whole forepart.
breast'- le, s. [Eng. breast, and Scotch and
0. Eng. diniin. suff. -ie = Eng. -y.] A little
breast. (Scotch.)
breast'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Breast, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. and adj. : In senses
corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As svbstaiifii'e :
1. Mill. : The curved masonry against which
tin' shuttle side of a breast-wheel works, and
■wliicli prevents the water from slipping past
tliii wheel.
2. Pajm'-maldng : The concave bed against
whiiih the wheel of a rag-engine works ; be-
tween the two is the throat. [Rag-ekgine.]
breast'-knot (/,■ silent), s. ' [Eng. breast ;
knot.] A knot (ir bunch of ribands worn by
wumen on the breast.
" Our ladies Imve still faces, and our men hearts;
why may vie not hope for the wjiiiie achievements
froui the iiiiluence of this breustknut !"— Addison :
Freeholder.
breast'- less, a. [Eng. breast, s. ; -less.]
Having no brea-ts (that is, not included
among the mnnimalia) ; de]irivf(i of breasts
(as tlie mythif- Amazons were said to be).
breast' -pin, s. [Eng. breast ; pin.] A pin
worn nn the breast to fasten the dress, for
ornament; a scarf-pin.
breast-plate, s. [Eng. breast ; plate.]
1. Ordinary Langnage :
1. Literatly. Of j'lates of a material kind :
(1) Ofimn:
(a) Armour in the form of a metallic plate
worn upon the breast.
" ' Oauist shield, helm, breantpfate, and. instead of those,
Five Rhavp smooth stones from the next brook he
chose." Cowley.
(b) Such a plate, not for defence but for
symbolic purposes, on the breast of the Jewish
higli priest. Itwas made of richly-embroidered
cloth, set with four rows of precious stones
each engraved with the name of one of the
twelve tribes. (Exod. xxviii. 15-2it, xxxix.
8-21.)
" And he put the breaafplafe upon him ; also he put
in the breastplate the Urim and the Thuramim." —
Lev. viii. 8.
(■2) Of animals:
(a) A plate upon the breast of the apoca-
lyptic locusts.
" And they (the locusts] had breastplates, as it were
breastplates oi iror.." — itov. ix. 9.
(ji) A plate of shell covering the breast of
a tortoise or other chelonian reptile.
" While staying in tliis upiier region, we lived en-
tirely uijon tort«ise-meat ; the breitst-ptate roaattiil (as
the liauchos do came cim ciiero) with the flesli on it is
very iiood." — Dar^oin : Voyage round the World (ed.
laroi. ch. xvii , p. i;77.
(e) A leather band worn round the neck of
a horse, attached to the head of the saddle
and to the saddle-girths. (Used only for riding
purposes.)
2. Fig. Of defence not material: Means of
defence against spiritual assault.
" . ... having on the breastplate of ri^teousness."
Fphes. vi, 14.
II. Boring instrvments : A plate which re-
ceives the hinder end of a drill, and by which
pressure is applied. Formerly held against
the breast, it still retains its name, even when
otherwise supported. [Breast-drill.]
breast-rail, s. [Eng. breast ; rail.]
Ari-h., Xaiit-.ttc. : The upper rail on a bal-
cony, or on the bivastwork of the ipiartf r-dc;ck
of a vessel, or any similar place.
breast -rope, s. [Eng. breast; roj^e.]
1. Kant. : The same as breast-band (q.v.).
2. Plural: Those ropes in a ship which
fasten the yards to the parrels, and, with the
l)arrels, hold the yards fast to the mast.
(Harris.)
breast'-work, s. [Eng. breast ; work.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : A rude fieldwork thrown up as
higii as the breast, or any heiglit for the pur-
pose of defence ; ;i parapet. [II. 1.]
"Sir John Astley cast up brecuttworks, and made a
redoubt for the defence of his TueiL."— Clarendon.
2. Figuratively :
" In fact, this watery brcastworJ:. a penwudicular
wall of water carrying itself as true as if eontrnlled by
a mason's plumb-line." — De Quincey; Works {2nd ed.},
1 103.
II. Technically:
1. Fortif. : A hastily-constructed parapet
made of material at hand, such as earth, logs,
rails, timber, and designed to protect troops
from the fire of in enemy.
2. Arch. The parapet of a building.
3. ShipbviUlivg : A railing or balustrade
standing athwartshi]is across a deck, as on
the forward end of the quarter-deck or round-
house. The beam supporting it is a breast-
beam.
breatb, * breeth, * brethe, ^ breth, s.
[A.S. brdith; 0. H. Ger. ^rradan.]
I. Ordinary Language :
(i) Of man and the other animal n-eation :
1. Literally :
(1) The air drawn in and expelled by the
lungs in the process of respiratiou. [II. 1.]
" Urethe. Anelitus, alitits. apiramen."— Prompt. Parv.
** O messager, f ulfild of dronkenesse.
Strong is thy breth, thy lymes faltren ay "
Chaucer: C. T., 51D1-92.
(2) The act or power of breathing, or of
resi)i ration.
" He giveth to all life, and breath.' —Acts xvil 2.'>.
(3) A single respiration : hence used figu-
ratively for an instant. [2 (3).] /)( a breath
=. at one and the same time, together.
" You menace me, and court me, in a breath. '
Bryden.
^■(4) An odour, smell, exhalation.
"Theftref/ie of the bryuston hi that hit blende were."
Allit. PoeJns: Cleanness, 1. 967,
2. Figuratively :
(1) Life ; that which gives or suppoits
vitality or inspiration iu anything.
" That liadde his breth almost byuomen,"
Jimnaunt of the Rose.
" Quench, oh quench not that flame ! It is the breath
of your being.
Love is life, but hatred is death."
Lont^eltow : Children of tlie Lord's Supper.
(2) Time for breathing (lit. ov fig.), a respite,
pause.
" Give me some breath, Bome little pause, my lord.
Before I ijositively syeak,"
^ikesp. : Richard III., iv. 2.
(3) The duration of a breath, an instant.
[1 (3)-]
(4) Words, language, anything uttered .
"Evil was this world's breath, whmh came
Between the good and brave ! "
Jlcmans : The Kaiser's Feast.
(5) Mere air ; emptiness.
" Vows are but breath, and breath a vapour is."
lihakesp. : Love's L. iMst, iv. 3.
"CoTenants being hut words and breath have no
force to oblige." — Ifobbes : Leviathan.
* (15) Rage, fary.
" His brode eghne
That fuUe brymly for breth brynte as the gledys."
Jfortr Arfhure, 116.
(7) Opinion, sentiments ; tendency of
thought. For it seems often merely to resjiect
a partial expression of one's nund. " I wad
fain hear his breath about this business."
(Scotch.)
(ii) Ofnatnre:
1. Lit. : Air gently in motion ; a vei-y slight
breeze.
"Anon out of the north eat the noys bigynes,
When lx)the brethes con blowe vpun bio watteres "
£arly Eng. Allit. />()(;»« (ed. Morris) ; Patience. I. i:)n.
"'Not a breath otv/\uCi ; a solemn stillness ; all nature'
fast asleep. "—S. Smith: Lefterit, No. 250.
2. FignrativeUi :
". . . and atthesametimeojjen.asitwere, awindow
to the outer world through which an occasional breath
of every day English sentiment might flutter the self-
absorption of university Wie.''— Times, Nov. 17, 187I.
II. Technically :
1. Physiol. : For details regarding the or-
ganic machine on the aetion of which bre.ith-
ing depends, see Lungs. For tlie i-rn.rs.s of
b]-eathing itself see Respiration. Fnini 3oO'
to 400 cubic feet of air are drawn into the
lungs in 24hnur.s. Theair expired is different,
both iu volume and composition, fiom that
which was respired Each hour an. adult
man takes in 450 to 550 grains of oxygen,, and
emits in the same period about G;i2 grains of
carbonic acid, about 45 to 50 grains of nitro-
gen, and 9,720 grains of watery \'apour.
Hence a continued supjtly of fresh air, laden
with oxygen, is needful to maintain life. For
the want of it, out of 146 prisoners shut up
in the " Black Hole" of Calcutta, whicli was
not a liole at all but only a roonj too small
for its occupants, 123 perished in eight hours
as did 260 out of 300 Russian iirisonc-rs con-
fined iu a cave after the battle of Austerlitz
[Air.]
2. Music : Tiie signs to mark where breath
is to be taken are— ' *■ ^. (Giorc.)
III. Ln special phrases :
1. Below one's breath: The same as under
one's breath.
2. Ill breath :
(1) Breathing, alive.
*' When your first queen's again in brrnth."
Siiakesji- : Wintei-:\ Talc, v. 1,
{■2) Able to breathe.
" I am scarce in breath, niv lord. ■*— NZiaftcsu, ■ Kin,
Lrar, ii, 2. i • • ./
3. Ont of breath: Breathles.s, exhausted.
4. Under ones breath : Very quietly, in fear.
tot:, bo^; pout» jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this
~cian., -tian = shan. -tlon, -slon = shun; -tion, -sion
sm, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -iug.
zhuii« -cious, -tlous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. A:c. ibel del
688
breathable— breathing
"The result .if the adventure naeil to lie sijukeu ai
ii'iuler '<iir hr-Mi'li and m aeoret." — //. iJUlar: -ivhijuLs
and Siihoobiiiix'ers, p. GO.
5. With hated breath: In a liiinible, subser-
vient voice.
"Shall I bend low, and in a hontbnan'a key,
WUh baU-d Oreu.tl>, and whispuriii^ huiubleness,"
HhaKimp. : Mer. qf I'vuice, i. 'J.
3. Breath of life : The soul.
"Yet one duubt
Pursues me [Adam] still, lest all I cannot die :
Lest that iiuie bruii.lh of life, the spirit uf man
Which Gad inspu-ed, cannot together ijeriah
With this coi'pureal clud,"
Miltnn : Par. iMXf, x. 782—791.
7. To take o I ^.'''i breath {I it. 01- Jig.): To pause,
to recover one's self.
8. 2'o catch one's hreath : To prevent one
from breathing freely.
9. To hold one's hreath: To be eagerly ex-
pectant.
breath-figure, 5, A figure produced by
the breath, after a coin or anything aiinilar
has been laid upon a plate of smooth metal or
glass. The figure is that of the coin. Elec-
tricity may have to do with its production.
"breath-giver, s. He who gives life, or
the power of breathing ; God.
"Peace, wicked woman, peace, vnworthy to breath,
that doest nut acknowledge the breath-ffloer ; irtost
\niworthy to ba.\ie a tuuijue, which speakest against
him, through whom thou speakest." — Sidneif : Arca-
dia, p. 263.
breath '-a-ble, a. [Eiig. tireath{e); -aUe.]
That may be breathed, fit to be breathed.
" The expulsion of cai-bouic acid from the blood, and
the taking in of an equivalent amount of oxygen from
the air, go on so long as the air is breathable. ' — Corn-
Mil Mug'j.zine, 1862, p. 485.
i breath'-a-ble-ness, *. [Eng. Irreathahle ;
-ness.] The quality of being breathable, or fit
to be breathed.
breathe, ^ breath, - brethyn, ' brethe,
v.i. & t. [Breath, s.]
A, Intransitive :
1. Literally. Ofbeiags:
I. To inhale or exhale air, to respire.
- Wi/cl'iffe :
" Srethtm, or oudyn. Spii'o, anelo, aspiro." —
Prompt. Pari!.
t 2. To have the power of respiration, to live.
"... he left none reinaininf,', but utterly destroyed
all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel com-
manded."— Joshua X. 40.
II, Figuratively :
1. Of persons : To take breath, to recover
oneself.
" He presently followed the victory so hot u[K)n the
Scots, that he sufTered them not to breathe, or gather
themselves together again." — ,Spe?tser; State of Ire-
land.
2. Of things :
(1) To pass as air, to be exhaled.
" Shall I not, then, be stifled in tlie vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome nir breathes in."
Shakesp. : Romeo arul Juliet, iv. 3.
(2) T<j live ; to be actively in motion.
"Deep thoughts of majesty and might
For ever breathing there."
Eemans : Erijrl Wen.
B. Transitive :
i. With a cog noJe object :
I. Literally: To inhale or exhale.
" G-lad are they who therein sail.
Once more to breathe the bahny gale."
Wilson : Isle of Palins, iii. 208.
II. FigurativeJ/y :
1. To emit as a breath, to set in motion
softly : to exhale, to be redolent of.
(1) Of an" or wind.
" Place me where winter breather hi.s keenest air '"
Vowper : Table Talk.
(2) Of music.
" And, as I wake, sweet music brcathe^."
Milton : 11 Penseroso.
(3) Of odours.
"His altar breathes
Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers "
JliUon : P. L., bk, ii.
2. To declare ur express,
(1) By sj-eech.
("} hi r> bad sense: To threaten.
"Sume recommended caution .and delay; others
breaiheil iiothmg but war." — Jfacaulu}/ : ifist. Eng.,
ch XXV i.
(Ij) Of jiraijEr^ or voirs : To utt*r softly.
" I have toward heaven breathnl a secret vow,"
Sh'ikesp. : Jfcr. of Venice, iii. 4.
("2) Bv outwniTl sii,nis.
" Andhiswhole figure bri>atlip,d intelligence "
IVordsworf7i : Excurslmi, bk. 1.
3. To set in jnotion or act upon ^\■it]l the
breath.
" They breathe the flute or strike the vocal wire."
Prior.
ii. With an object not cognate :
I. Likrally :
1. To give tinie or rest for breatliing to.
" Aftei hiin came spiimiig hard
A gentleman, almost forspent with sijeed,
That stoijp d by ine to breathe his bloodied horse. "
.•ihake:,jj. : lllen. IV., 1. 1.
2. (Re/lexlvely) : To take recreation ; to take
exercise.
" I think thou was created for men to breatlm them-
selves upon." — fihakesp. : Ali'x Well, li, 3. (N^ares.)
" , . . . they had also of auncient time divers other
Manor houses of lesse cost and capacitie, planted in
divers parts of this country, in wnich they used to
breathe themselves."— Lainbarde : Pera-mb. of Kent,
JJ. 239.
3. To put out of breath ; to exhaust.
"Chri.stian be^an to pant, and said, 'I dare say this
is a, breathing \\\W"—Jiun{/an: P. P., x>t. ii.
II. Figuratively :
1. To allow to rest for a time.
" Tho, when no more could nigh to him approch,
He breaxh'd his sword, and rested him till day."
Spenser: F. q., VI. xL 47.
2. To give air or vent to.
"She sunk down at her feet in fits, so that they
were forced to breathe a vein." — Richardson : Clarinsa,
vol. viii., lett. 29.
C, In special phrases :
1. To breathe again :
(1) Lit. : To take breath afresh.
(2) Fig. : To recover one's senses or cour-
age, to be relieved in mind.
2. To breathe out :
(1) Lit. : To emit as breath.
" She is called, by anci;jnt authors, the tenth muse,
and by Plutarch is couj pared to Caius, the son of
Vulcan, who breathed out nothing but flame." — Sped.
(2) Figuratively:
(a) To exhale. [B. i. II. 1.]
" Whan thei shuld brethen out ther soulis in the
boaom of ther modrls." — Wgcliffe : Liimenf. ii. 12.
(b) To utter threateningly. [B. 1. II. 2 (1).]
" So desperate thieves, all hopeless of their lives,
Breathe oat invectives 'gainst the uificers."
Shakesj}. : 3 Hen. VI., i 4.
" AiTtl Saul, yet breathing out threateuiugs and
slaughter . . ."—Acts is.. 1.
3. To breatlie into : To cause to pass into as
a breath.
" He breathed into ua the breath of life, a vital aeti^'e
sxiirit; . , ." — Decay of P let {i.
* 4. To breoXhe after : To aspire to, aim at.
"We disown ourselves to lie his creatures, if we
breathe not after a resemblance to him in what he
is imitable,"^C7i«7-»ocfc,- Discnvrses, ii, 269.
5. To breathe one's last : To die.
breathed, pa. par. & a. [Breathe, -y.]
1. Gen. : In senses corresponding to those
of the verb.
" Each heart shall echo to the strain
Breathed in the wari'ior's praise."
Ilemans : The Crusaders' War-Song.
II. Specially :
* 1, Full of breath ; having good breath or
wind ; stout.
"Thy greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags." —
Shakesp. : Tarn of Shre.w, Induct , ii.
2. Wanting in breath ; out nf breath.
"Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret-room, a
little breathed by the journey up." — Dickens: Bleak
House.
■* breathe'-wian, '^ brethe -man, 6-. [Eng.
hreothe ; -maji.] One who blows a horn,
trumpet, &c.
"Bremly the brethemen brapges in troximppes."
Morte Arthure, 4,107.
breath -er, * breth-ere, s. [Eng. &reai7i(e);
-er.}'
1. Literally :
t 1. One "Who breathes, or lives.
" When all the breathers of this world ai-e dead.
You still shall live." ^hake.'tp. : Sonnets, 31.
' 2. One who utters or publishes anything.
"Saul, yit brelhere, or blowere, of mau.assis and
betyijg, or sleyng, into disciplis of the L'^rd, cam nygh
to the princes of prestis. and axide of hem ei)istlia
into Damaske. to synagogfs." — Wi/cViffe : A rta ix. 1.
" No particular scandal once can touch.
But it confounds the breather."
SlLa/cesjJ. : Mcas. for Mens., iv. 4.
II. Figvralivehj:
t 1, An inspirer ; one that animates or in-
fuses by inspiration.
" The breather of all life does now expire."
.VorrU.
2. That which puts out of breath or ex-
hausts. {Colloquial.)
" Ifa a breaflier." — Dickens : Dombeii an-d Son.
3. An exercise gallop, to improve the Wind.
{Colloquial.)
"... for the faninus Worcu-stershire jockey gave
\\i\\ihi& breiUher." — Daily .Vews, Sept 11, 18/8.
' breath'-fal, a. [Eug. hreath; ful{l),^
1, Literally: Full of breath or wind.
" And eke the bre'ithfnU bellowcs blew amaiue.
Like to the ^lorthren winde, that none could heare."*
Spenser: /'. q.. IV. v. 38.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Full of odour.
" Fresh Costmarie, and hreathfuU Caniomill."
Spenser : A/uiopotmos, 105.
(2) Full of life ; living.
breath'-ifig, ' breth-inge, * breth-ing,
* breth-ynge, pr. par., a., i: s. [Bbeathe.]
A. & B. As pT. par. (I particip. adj.: In
senses coirespondiiig to those of the verb.
" But, oh 1 the life in Nature's green domains.
The breathing sense of joy! where flowers are
sijringjng." Uei/ians : TIm Release of I'oMo.
C. As substantive :
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Literally :
(1) The act or process of inhaling and exlial-
ing breath ; respiration.
"ThelabonouR breathing neceisSfiry iu high regions
would, we have some reason to bolieve, increase the
size of the chest "—Darwin: Origin of Species led.
1859), ch. vi., p. 198.
(2) The breath.
" 'Tis her breathing that perfumes."
Sliakesp. : Cj/^nbeline, n.%
(.3) Air in gentle motion; a very light
bi'eeze, a brcatli of air.
" No gentle breathingn from thy distant sky
Came u'er his path, and wliisper'd ' Liberty ! ' "
HerivanS : JSlys'ium.
" Vjist as it is, it auswei-s as it flows
The breathings of the lightest air that blows."
Cowper : Retirement,
(4) Exercise taken to promote ease of respir-
ation.
" Here is a lady that wants breathing too "
Shakesp. : PeiHcles, li. 3.
(.5) A breathing-place, a rent.
" The wai-mth distends the chinks and makes
New breathings whence new noiu'ishuient she
takes." Dryden.
2. Figuro.tively :
(1) An aspiration or earnest desire, accom-
panied by secret prayer for anything.
"Thou hast heard my voice; hide not thine eai'at
my breathing, at my cry." — Lam. iii. .'i6.
(2) Any gentle influence or insiiiration, as
"the breathings uf tlie spirit."
(3) Utterance, publicity by word of mouth.
" I am son-y to give breathing to iny pui^pose."
SJiakesp, : Ant. & Cleop., i. 3,
II, Technically :
(1) Grauimar:
(tf) Aspiration ; the sound x^roduced by the
use of the letter h.
(b) Qreelc Grammar : A mark placed over
the initial vowel of a word to denote aspira-
tion. There are two kinds : (a) the rotujh
lireathlng {syirltus asjier), indicated by a
turned comma ('), signifies tliat the vowtd is
to be pr<mounced as if preceded by the letter
h, as auTos (pronounced liavtos) ; (|8) the
.■iiuooth breathing (splriivs /ejus), indicated by
a comma over the vowel (' ), signifies tbe
absence of any aspirate, as au-rbs (pronounced
autos).
(2) Huntin.g : This word, applied to the
stag, lias the same meaning as at gaze. [Gaze,
6-.]
breathing-place, ^.
1. An (uitlet or >ent for breathing or the
passagrc (if air.
2. A place for tiikhig breath ; a pause.
"That ciesura, or breirOnna-jAare, ill the midst of
the vei-9L\ neither Itali-in nor Siianish have, the
French and we almost never fail of." — Sidncg : Dejem.e
of Poesy.
breathing-pore, s.
1. Lul. : A I'Oi'C in the cuticle of plants.
2. Eutoin. . A spiracle.
breathing-space, s. Rooui or time for
breathing, or n->co\'cniig one's self.
" There the v)assio!i3, crainp'd no longer, shall have
scope i\nd iireathing-<piirr."
Tennyson: Lov?csiey Hall.
breathing-time, s. A time or spac^e fcr
rt-cnvering one's breath (/t^. if- yjf/.); a pause ;
relaxation.
" This hrunthmg i mic the matron took : and then
lieaunied the thread of her discoiU'se a^.ain."
Ilriiden : The Hiiul and Panther, iii.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work. wh6, son; miite. cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. Ee, cb = e. ey-a. qu — kw.
breathless—breech
" W(; have grown wise enough to Bhiiuk from un-
necessary inteiJoieiii-'f in lin-cign lirawls; and it lie-
hoves \is to turn tliis liiqipv bruatlting-timn to the beat
acconnt."~iJ«i/.y Ti.!i-(/i-it/,h, Nov, l, leco.
breathing-While, s. The space of time
in which oue could take a breath ; a moment,
an instant. [Breath, 4.]
" Bud and be lilasted in a brenthinff-whilc."
^halcca/j. : Venus ct Adonis, 3,142.
M
breath' 'less, l-.. [Eng. breath
I. Literally :
1. Wanting in breath ; out of breath.
" Urging his followers, till their foes, beset.
Stand faint and breathless, but undaunted yet."
Hemans : The Abencerrage, c. i.
2. Dead, lifeless.
" Defends the breathless carcass on the ground."
Pope : Jlovter's Iliad, xvi.
3. Attended with exhaustion or want of
breath.
" How I remember that breathless flight."
Longfellow: The Golden Legend, iv,
II. Figxirativehj : Excited, eager; holding
one's breath in anxiety or eagerness.
" Thronging round him, breathless thousands gaze,"
Hemaiu: The Abencerrage, ii,
breath'-less-ly, oaU. [Eng. Ireatkless; -ly.]
In a breathless manner.
breath'- less - ness, s. [Eng, hreathless ;
-ness.] Breathless condition ; want of breath.
"Methinks I hear the soldiers and busie offl:er«
when they were rolling that other weighty stone (fm-
such we inobably conceive), to the mouth of the vault
with iuuch toil and sweat and b-reathlessncss, how
tiiey bragged of the hureness of the place,''— Bj^. /lall :
fVor/a, 11. 270,
' breath'-y, a. [Eng. ireath;
air or wind, windy.
^] ■ Full of
"Lightning is less flamy and leas breathy."— Swan ■
Speculum Mundi (1G35), p. 1S6.
brecc'-i-a (cc as ^h), s. [Ital. breccia ; Fr.
bridle = (1) a breach, (2) a fragment]
1. Building, Conm., tS;c. : A kind of marble
composed of a mass of angular fragment's,
closely cemented togetlier in such a manner
that when broken they form breehes or
notches.
2. Geol. : The word has now a more extended
signification. It signifies a rock composed
of angular as distinguished from rounded frag-
ments imited by a cement of lime, oxide of
iron, (fee. The fragments of course are derived
from pre-existing rocks. Presumably these
are not far off, for if the fragnifuts had been
transported from a distance by water, their
angles would have been rounded off. There
are quartsite breccias, ferruginous breccias,
volcanic breccias, bone bi'eccias, &c.
". , , faced with barricades of limestone rock, inter-
mixed with huge masses of breccUi, or pebbles imbedded
in some softer substance which has n.ardeued aromid
tbein like mortar," — Scott : Hob Roy, ch. xxxii.
" I noticed that the smaller streams in the Pamiias
were paved with a breccia of yiones."— Darwin : ['oi/age
round the World (ed. 1370), ch. vii,, p. 134,
brecc'-i-a-ted (cc as 9h), a. [Breccia,]
Abounding in breccia ; consisting of angidar
fragments cemented together.
"There are many points in Auvergiie where igneous
rocks have beenforceclhysiibsequeiitiujectioiitfirough
clays and marlylimcatonea, in such a manner that the
whole has become blended in one confused and brec-
ciatedianss." — Lyell : Princ. of Oeol., in. 259.
brecc-i-6- (cc as 9h), jjre/. [Breccia.] Of,
belonging to, or in part consisting of a breccia,
breccio-conglomerate, s.
Petrol. : A rock consisting partly of angular
and partly of rounded materials. (Rutletj.)
* brech, ». [Breach, Breech.]
brech'-am, brech'-ame (eh guttural), s.
[Etym, doubtful; cf, "a,S. Seorf/aji, = to pro-
tect 1 the second element is prob. Ent;- havie
(q-v.).] ThecoUar of a draught-horse, (^f'tch.)
* brech'-an, ^ breck'-an (Si-otdi), ^
[Bracken. ] Fenis.
" Far dearar to me yon lone gleno' green brecJcan,
Wi" the bum etealiug under the laug yellow broom."
Burns : Caledonia.
* breche, «. [Breech, Breach.]
* breck, * brack, s. [Breach.]
1. A gap in a hedge, (Bailey.)
2. A piece of unenclosed arable land ; a
sheep-walk,
* breck'-en, *. [Bracken.]
* bred, "" breid, a. [Bread.]
1. Bread.
" Bre-l. kalues fleis, and flures bred.
And buttere. hem thu iiuudes bt-d."
Storiff Opii. ami Exod., 1,013-1-t.
'■ Qidiow understand ye that is writtiu be S P.iull,
Wear iiioiiyaiic breid and .iiie body?"-jV. Wini/ct ■
<luestions : Keith's Jlist,, App., p. ^"2.
2. A loaf or mass of bread by itself, whether
large or small. (The term is still vulgarly
n.sed by baktrs in tlii.s sense.) {Srvkh.)
" Quhy use ye at your Commuiiionn now four, now
thre coiipis, and nnjuy briHdig-l"—,\. Winyec: Ques-
ti'inx; Keith's Hist., App., p. ■2:i2.
H It is sometimes distinguLslied by its relar
ti\-c size.
"Imprimis, daylie xiiij <in-l bred. To the lavander
iij gret bred. Summa ot hr,;d, lix gret breil."— Royal
JJatisehold: Chalmers t, Mary, i. 178, 179,
' bred-wrigte, s. [O. Eng. bred =
bread, and lorigkt (q.v,) = a maker,] One
who makes bread, a baker.
" Quath this bred-wrigte, ' litheth nu me.'"
Story of 6en. and Exod., 3,077.
bred, po. far. & a. [Breed, )-.]
A. & B. As j)a. par. A: purtUip. adj.: In
senses coiTesponding to those of the verb.
"Their malice was bred in tham."— Wisdom, xii. 10.
" Not so the Borderer -.—bred to war.
He knew the battle's dm afar."
Scott : Jfarmton, v. 4.
■y Often in composition. [Half-bred, III-
bRED, Well-bred.]
bred-sore, .-. A whitlow.
bred'~ber-gite, s. [From Bredberg, a Swedish
ntnieralogist.J
Miu. : A variety of garnet, described by
Dana as Lime-magnesia Iron-garnet. It is
from Sala in Sweden.
^ bredde, pret. & pa, jiar. [Breed,] Bred,
generated. (Prompt. Parr.)
" It wu-mede, breddr, and rotede thor,"
Story of il.:ii. and Exod., 3,.142.
■ bred-dit, pa. jmr. or a. [Braided.] Covered,
as tliough with embroidery,
" The duvria and the windois all war bredtlii
With massie gold, quhairof the l",\ nes scheddit."
Palice of Honour, iii. C8. (£din. ed., 1579 )
brede (1), v.t. & i. [Breed.] {Prompt.
Parr.)
* brede (2), v.i. [A.H. Jird'dan = io extend,
spread ; or perhaps = brei'i), grow,] [Breed,
0., B., y, (2).] To spicail out, to extend.
" And blomys briclit beeyd tliame bredis."
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), xvi. 68.
■^ brede (3), * breden, v.t. [A.S. brmdan.]
To roast, burn.
" Hia floesce he gan breden.'—Layainon, iii. dl.
" Man and hous thei brent Mid bredUen."—Arthour
and Merlin, p. 270.
'brede (4), ^ breid, v. [Breed, c] To re-
semble.
'brede (1), s, [Braid, s.] a braid, a piece of
braiding or embroidery.
In a curious brede oi needlework, one colour falls
away by such just degrees, .and another rises so insen-
sibly, that we see the variety, without being able to
distinguish the total vnnisbing of the one from the
first appearance of the other." — Addison.
" Half-lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede."
'Tcn/iysoH : Princess, vi. 118.
brede (2), s. [A. 8. hrerd^a brim, ... a
shore, a bank.] A limit.
" The burue blessed hym belyue & the bredez passed "
Gau>. .t- thr Gr. Knight, 2,071.
■^ brede (3), pa. par. & 5. [A. S brtkle = roasted
meat (Somner).] Roast meat.
■ brede (i), "^ bred, .s. [Bread.]
' brede-huche, ^ bredhitithe, s. A
lump of bread.
" Brede-huche {bredhitithe. P.) Turrundula, UG-, in
tnrgeo." — Prompt. Pnrv.
* brede (5), s. [A.S, bred = a plank, a board.]
A small tiible.
" Brede, or lytylle boixle. Mensula, tabella, asseru-
lus.' — Prompt. Pari'.
^ brede - chese, "" bred - chese, s.
[Provinc. Eng. of Eastern counties bred = a.
braid used to press curd for cheese ; or bred
= a braid-platter ; ehe.-^c = Eng, cheese.] A
cheese freshly taken from tlie pi:ess or seized
on a " bred," or broad platter. Oi'''iy.)
" Brcdechese {bredchese, P.). Jamtata {junctata.
P.)." — PromjJt. Parv.
* brede (6), s. [Breadth, Bro\d.] Breadth.
"Tlie brigge ys , , , on bredr fouity fete."
Sir Ferumbras, 1,688,
" Brede or squarenesse, croissure." — Palsgrave.
* bredir, s. pi. [Brother.] Brethren.
^'bredis, s. pi. [Jamiesnn says this is cer-
tainly the same with /y brede as used by
Chaucer, which TjTwhitt renders chrfrnd.
Thus brondyu in bredis is "branched out."
But it appears more probable that the MS.
has been mis-read, and that we should read
brondyn in bredir = embroidered, as with
braids.] [Brede (1), s.]
" The birth that the ground bure was brondyn iu
bredis.
With gerss gay as the gold, and granis of grace.
JJoulaf'i. 1. S. JIS.
bredthe, ^^ [Breadth,] Ereadtli,
" Bredthe of anythyiiL', largeur."— Palsgrave.
" bred-yn (1), v.t. [Breed.] (Prompt. Parv.)
" bred-yn (2), v.t. [Broaden J (Prompt.
Parv.)
*bred-ynge (1), pr. par. & s. [Breed, v.}
(Prompt. Parv.)
^ bred-ynge (2), pr, par. & s. [Bredvn (2).]
(Prompt. Parv.)
^ bred-ynge (3), pi\ par., a., & s. [Braiding.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
bree (i), brie, brew, broo (Scotch), s.
[A.S. hriir; Diit. brij ; Ger. hrei ; O. H. Ger.
bn, brio; M. H. Ger. br!, brie.] [Brew (1), s.]
1. Broth, soup.
" The priest 8.aid grace, and all the thraug fell tee.
And ply'd their cutties at the smervy bree."
Ross : Helenore, p, 116.
" Good beef and mutton iu be broo,
Dight spits, and then biid the rosts to."
Sir Ege'ir., p. 6C.
2. Juice, sauce.
3. Water, the sea ; moisture of any kind.
" Brent in the bre with the brenie lowe."
Destruct. of Troy, 12,514.
" A" ye douce folk, I've borne aboon the iiroo.
Were ye but here, what would ye -ay or do !"
Burns: 7 he Brigs of Ayr.
' bree (2), ^ broo, s. [A corruption of O. Fr.
brigue; O. Eng. ftrjijc = contention, quarrel.]
Hurry, bustle, tumult,
" Nae doubt, when ony sic j^ioor chiel" as me
Playa tricks like that : ye 11, lu a hurry, see
It thro' the parish raise an unco hn e.'
S/iirrrj . /"oems, p. 67.
bree (3), s. [Bre.] Jhe eye-brow.
breea, s. [Bray (3), s.]
In East Y(rrkshirf: : Tlie bank of a river.
(Prof. Phillips: Rlcert<, dtc, of Yorkshire, p.
202.)
breech, brS^h, * brek, ^ breke,
* bryfh (both sing, and pi,), * bry9he
(sing,), breeches (pi.) (pron. bri9h'-e§E
{Eng.\ breekf, breik^ (pi.) (Scotch), s. &
a. [A.S. hrdc, brec (pi, brcc, brt^c] = breeches,
trowsers, a gii-dle ; O. Icel. br6lc (pi. brmkr) ;
O. Dan. brog ; But. broek ; 0, Fries, brec; M,
H, Ger. bnioch ; O. H. Ger. pruoh ; Provinc.
Fr, brougues; Lat. braca, bracca (sing.), bracoi,
braccoi (pL), all = trowsers, breeches; Gael.
briogais ; Ir. brog. The relation between the
Teutonic and the Celtic forms is not clearly
made out.] [Brogue.]
A. As snbstantire :
I, Ordiiurnj Lan gunge :
1. Literally :
(1) A garment worn to cover the lower part
of the body ; drawers. (Originally used of the
dress of women as well as of men, but now
conilned to the latter.)
(a) Very r.irely in the singular,
"The wommeu weren breech as well as men."--
Maundeville : Voiage, p. 250. '
" Thivt you might still have worn the petticoat,
Aiid ne'er had stol'n the breeth from Lancaster,"
Shakrs/i. : 8 I/en, VI., v. 5.
(b) Now only in this sense iu the plural.
", . . . and shall have hiien 'jreot/tes upon their
lonis ; they shall not gird theuiselves with auythinK
that causeth sweat. "—/.'zeft. xlh- l'.
"Young, royal Tany Breeks."
Burns : A Dream.
" . . . . stoles, albs ; chlamydes, togas, Chinese silks,
Afghauu shawls, trunk-hose, le.tther breeches. Celtic
phllibega . . ."—Carhjle. Sartor Resartns,hk.. i.,ah.v.
Il The Jewish priests wore linen breeches
(Exod. xxviii. 42, xxxix. 2k ; Levit. xvi. 4). In
classical times breeches were worn only by
the non- Roman and nun-Grecian nations.
(2) Slug. : The hinder part of the person,
cnvered hy the trowsers. (Hayward.)
2. Figuratively :
(1) The hinder part of anj-thing. [II, 1.]
boil, boy; poiit, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, 9hin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, eyist. ph = f,
-ciaTi. -+ian — shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion. -sion — zhiin. -clous, -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, kc - bel, del.
44
690
breech— breed
(2) To have the breeches, 'lo icear the breeche-'i:
To be master. (Said of wives wlio rule tlirir
luisljiintls )
"Tereiitui.. being a most cruel "uiiuiu, mid wenr'nig
lier IiuhIjiukVs breev!ics."—i\'oreri : Plntnirh. (Ck-n-o )
" Come. Lnpez, let's yive our wives the breeches too,
For tlii'v wjI! have 'eiii."
lieaimi & Fletcher : Worn f}i Pleased. \. ?..
II. Ttichnieally :
1. Fircaniis and Ordnavrc : The rear portion
of a gun ; tlie part behind the rliamber.
2. Shijihuihling : Tlie outei' ;tnglt' of a Icnee-
timber ; tlie inner angle is tlu- thrift.
B. As aiVirrtivv : Pertaining tu a breech in
any of the w'-n-sew given under A.
breech-band, &.
Harness: The same as breeching, s. (2)(q.v.).
breech-ljelt, ^ breche-belt, brek-
belt, s. A belt or girdle used to sustain the
breeches ; a waist-belt.
"His breche-belt all tobvast "
Ilitntti/iig of the Hare, 205.
breech-block, s. a movable piece at
the breech of a breech-luading gun, which is
withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge and
closed before tiring, to receive the impact of
the recoil. [Fire-arm.]
breech - girdle, "^ brech - ^urdel,
^ brech - gerdel, ' break - girdille,
"* breg-gurdel, ''^ brich-gerdel, * brek-
gurdel, ^ bre-gurdel, " bri-gurdel,
^ bry-gyr-dyll, s. [Eng. brvvh; O. Eng.
bref/i, hn-che, &c.= breech, Rud f/irdle.]
1. The same as hreech-belt.
"Small trees thiit beii iiou In'cif than a maniies
breekijirdi.Ue."—Af'iumleuille, i>. 5ii
" Jeremie's brech-.gerdel rotecle beziile the wetere "—
Ayenhite of Inwit (ed. Morris), \i. 2 •:•
2. The waist, the middle. [Breogurdel.]
breech-loader, s. A fire-arm in which
the charge is introduced jtt tlie rear instead nf
at the muzzle. In small arms the barrels may
be hinged, or the breech ]iiay be opened and
closed by means of a movable block of metal ;
in artillery the breech is closed by a screw i>r
a wedge. The use of breech-loader-- goes back
to the sixteenth century; indeed, it is prob-
able that that form of arm is abmit as old us
the muzzle-loader. In the modem form, liow-
ever, it is of quite recent introduction. The
Prussian ]ieedle-gun, wliicli dates from about
1840, was the first breecb-loading rifle used
as a military weapon. The soldiers of all
European armies now use breech-loaders.
[Magazine-rifle.]
"Another and still more iinportjvnt lesson of the
present war ia foimd in the use at once of intrench-
u\^\\tA\^.\\Cbrl^cch-lf>ad^irs."— Times, Dec, V2. 18"?.
breech-loading,'-'- Made to be loaded
at the breech.
Breech-loaduig gitn or cannon: A gun or
cannon made to be loaded at the breech in
place of the muzzle.
Brccrli-lcadiiuj rifie : A rifle made to be
loaded at the breech,
breech-pin. s.
I'l re-arms : A plug screwed into the rear
end of a barrel, forming the bottom of the
charge-chamber. Otherwise called a breech-
plug or breech-screw.
breech-screw, s.
Fire-arms: The plug which closes the rear
end of the bore of a fire-arm barrel. The
parts are known as the plug, the face, the
tenon, the t;rng, and the tang-screw hole.
'fc>reech-sight, s.
Fhe-iinns: The hinder sight of a gun. In
conjunction with the front sight it serves to
aim the gun at an object. It is graduated to
degrees and fractions, their lengtli on the
scale being equal to the tangents of an arc
having a radius equal to the distance between
the front and rear sights. The hmit sight is
merely a shoi-t piece of metal screweit luln
the gun, usually at the muzzle, but some-
times between the trunnions, or uii one of the
rimbases, with its upper edge p;u'allid to the
bore of the gun. The rear siglit may be de-
tached, having a circular base htting the base
of the gun, or may slide through ;i slotteil lui;,
and be retained at any given height by a set
screw. The breecli-sight, the tangent scale,
and the pendulum are merely ditl'eient forms
of this device. (Knight.)
breech-wrench, s.
Firc-i'riii^ : A wrench used in turning out
the breech-iiiu of a fire-arm.
bree9h (or as bri9h), v.t. [From breech, s.
(q.V.).]
I. Ordinary Language :
1, To put into breeches.
2. To whip uiion the breech.
11. TechniraUy:
Of a gun : To fit with a breech ; to fasten
with breeching (ci.v.),
breeched (or as bri9hed) (Eng.), breeked
{Scotch). [Breech, v.]
I. Ordinary Langnagc :
I. Literally :
(l) Wearing, or having on breeches.
'■ Bat I can perceive that the idea, romantic as it is,
IS .stroiicly feffc by the I due-coated. v&6.-breeked crea-
tures, wlio are wanted juat now to reinforce the maimed
armies of the Eniijeror." -fla'dy A'aws, Sept. :j, 1870.
(■J) Pat into breeches ; hence grown up.
(3) Whipped on the breech. (Bectum. £ Fl.)
■"■ 2. Figuratively : Covered, hidden.
"There, the miirderei'*,
Steei/d ill the colours of their tviide, their diiggei-s
Uumaimerly breerh'd with gore."
aiiakesp. : Macbeth, ii. '-i.
II. Technically :
Of guns : Having a breech.
■^ bree9h'-er, s. [Breech ; -en]
1. One who breeches.
2. One who flogs on the breech.
" Fessenr. A whipijer, acoarger, brcecher." — Cotgrave.
breeches (pron. brl9h'-e§t), s. pi. [Breech.]
breeches-bible, s. a name given to a
bible printed in lOTD, and so called from the
reading of Genesis iii. 7 : "they sowed figge-
tree leaves together and made themselves
lu-pcches." As a matter of fact, this bible has
no more distincti^'e right to the name than
WicUlifle's version, in which the same words
are also found.
bree9h'-mg (or as bri9h'-ing), jjr. par., u.,
& s. [Breech, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As svhstantivc :
I. Ordinary La n.gufige : The act of whipping
on the breech ; the state of being so whipped.
" Memoraiiduiii, that I owe Anamuestes a breeching."
— Brewer: Liiiguii, iii. 1.
II. Techuic'illy :
1. Ordnance: A rope secured by a thimble
to the breech ing-loop of a ship's gun, and
attached by its ends to ring-bolts on each
side of the port-hole, serving to limit the
recoil of the gun wdien fired. The breeching-
loop occupies the jdace of the ordinary
cascabel.
2. Harness: The portion which comes be-
hind the buttocks of a horse, and enables him
to hold l.)ack the vehicle in descending a Inll.
It is called also a breech-band.
3. Furnace: A -bifurcated smoke-pipe of a
furnace or heater.
breeching-hook. 5.
Vehicles : A loop or hook on the shaft of a
carriage for the attachment of the strap of
the breeching, liy which the horse bears back-
wardly against the load in descending a hill.
breeching-loop, s.
Ordnanrr : The looii of the cascabel in ships'
guns, througli which the breeching goes to
prevent the recoil.
breed, brede, '^ breden, * bredyn,
"^ breede, v t & i. [A.S brrdun = to nou-
rish, keep warm ; Dut. hmedrn = to brood,
hrni'ijen = (1) to batch, iucubnte, (2) to brew ;
(>. II, Ger. prviiln), ,- Ger. hruiru ; Wei. }n->r,i
— hot, warm ; bryduiw = to hciit, inflame ;
Lat. for'cre =■ to cherish, nourish. The word
is closely connected with breiu (q.v.).] '
A. Traubitirr :
I. Literally :
1. To procreate, generate, beget.
i (1) Of human beings:
(2) Of animals : To beget, generate, bring
foi'tli.
(?,) Of fowls : To hatch.
" Dredipi or hetch3^l', as hyrdys. PuUifico.'' —
2. To cause to exist.
" If the bun ftreed maggots in a dead dog." — Shakesp. z
Mainlet, ii. 2.
3. To produce, bring into existence.
" Ther I was bred, also that like day,
And foatred iu a rock of miirble gi-ay,"
Chaucer: C. T.. 1,081-2,
II. Figuratively:
1. To educate, instruct, form by instruction.
" Chaiged my brother to breed me well."
Shakes}/. . A s you like It, L i.
" To breed up the sou to coininou sense,
la evermore the parent's least expence."
Dryden : Juvenal.
2. To rear np.
" Ah wretched me I by fates iiverse decreed
To bring thee forth with pain, with '^ire to breed "
JJrydnn.
3. To raise or continue a breed.
" We breed the sheep and we kill it.
Coleridge : TJie Frb-nd, p. 118.
4. To produce, give birth to.
(1) Of material things:
" That ever Rome should brefd thy fellow."
Shakes/} : Jiiliiui (Avxnr, v, 3.
"... the worthiest divine Cliristeudum hath bred
for the space of some hundreds uf years."— y/ooAcr,
(2) Of immaterial things: To occasion,
cause, give rise to, originate.
" Thy love excedeth
MesTire, and many a peine bredc.fh."
Goiver : C'onf. Ainnii.. i. 60,
" The danger hid. the place uuknowne .and wilde,
lireedea dreailfull doubts. Oft fire Li without smoke."
Spenser': F. Q., I. i. 12.
5. To be the birthplace of
" The imiierioUB seas breed moustei's '
Shukeap. : Ctjnd)eli.ne, iv, 2,
" It bred worms aud s,ta,iik.."— Exodus, xvi, 20.
6. To contrive, plot, hatch.
" My sou Edgar! Had he a hand to wTite this? i*.
heart and braiu to breed it m r "—Shakesj?. : Lear, L 2.
B. Intransitive :
I. Literally :
1. To bear, give birth to young.
" To sitteii and soupeii ....
Aiid breden as bui^die swyn "
Langlitiui : PitTjt /"Zow., 1,075.
" Here nothing breeds."
Shakenp.: Titux And., ii. 3,
2. To raise or continue a breed or kind.
3. To have birth, be procreated or produced.
(1) Of animate beings :
" To the harte and to the hare
That hrediis in the rise."
Avowing of Arthur IT.
(2) Of inanimate things :
" Bloames bredeth ou the bowes." — WriglU : Lijm
PoemR, i>. 45.
II. F'iguratively :
1. To be the birthplace or origin of living
things. (Compare our expression to becvrnx
alive with.)
" It rniauna] wirmede, bredde and rolede. "— •S/'cirv of
Gen. and Rxiid.. '),:!4'2.
2. To take its i^rigin or cause from, arise, be
produced, or originated from.
" Heaven rain gmce
On that which breeds between them."
Sfuikesp . Tempest, iii. L
^ To hreed of to breid of, to braid of:
1. To resemble.
"Ye breed of the miller's dog, ye lick your mouth or
the i"ike be ope." — Ferguson: Scotch Proverbs, p. Sa
" v.- breed o' the gowk, . . ."—/bid., p. 35.
2. To appear, to be manifest.
" Sum schames to ask as braids of ine."
Dini'iar : Bannatyne Poems, i). 46, st, ?•. (Jamieaon.)
*' Crabb thus distinguishes between th&
verbs to breed and to engender .-— " To breed is
to bring into existence by a slow operation, to
engender is to be the author or prime cause
of' existence. So, in the metaphorical sense,
frequent ([uarrels are apt to breed liati'ed and
animosity Whatever breeds acts
gradually ; whatever engenders produces im-
mediately as cause and effect. Uncleanness-
breeds diseases of the body ; want of occupa-
tion breeds those of the mind ; playing at
chance games engenders a love of money."
{Crabb : Eng. Synon.)
^ breed-bate, n. a quarrelsome person,
one who i;auses (piarrels and disturbances.
" No tell-tale, nor uu Itreed-6a(e,"—S/K(.^es/j ; Merry
' breed (1), ' brede, s. [Bread.]
"And straw her oige faire and soft as silk,
And yeve hem suijre, honv, breed, and mylk."
Chaucer: 10,9!
" Snfficiantly at his lyvj'iig.
Vit may he i.'i) his breed begping ;
Fro dore to doie, he may go trace."
7'he Rumaunt of tlie R
fate, fat, fare, amidst, ivhat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or. wore, woll, work. who. son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. cs = e. ey = .". qu = kw.
breed— bregge
691
breed (2), s. [Breed, v.]
I. Literally ;
1. A sulxlivision of yjiecies ; a class, a caste,
a kind.
"Butter of kiiie. aiiel milk of sheep, with fa.t of
lambs, andiamsof tlie Oyjadot Bixsh&i-L."—Deut. xxxiL
14.
"The grefLter uumljer of ineu wpre of a mixetl breed,
between Negvo, Indian, and Spiiuiard." — Darwin.:
Voj/age Hound (he World |ed. V^~'<), ch, iv,, p. 71,
2. A family ; a generation (generally con-
temi>tuously).
" A cousin of his last wife's was proposed : but John
would have no more of the breed. —Arbuthnot : Ulst
of John Bull.
3. Offspring.
"Since that the truest issue of thy throne
By his o\ni interdiction stands accursed,
And does bhispheme bis breed."
atta/cesp. : Macbeth, iv. 3.
II. Fi.jnrativdy:
'' 1. Produce of any kind ; result, increase.
" For when did friendship take
A breed fur barren nietiil of his friend ? "
Hhaki-bi>. : Mer. of Venice, i. 3.
* 2. Tlie act of breeding ; a brood.
* breed (3), * bread, '' breede, ^ brede,
•"breid, s. [Breadth.]
1. Breadth, width.
" Within the terajile of mighty Mai's the reede?
Al ijeynted was the wal in lengtli and breede."
Chaucer: C. T., 1971-72.
2. A breadth of cloth, woollen or linen.
{Scotch.)
" Of claith of silver— con teniny threttielang breiddis,
seviu sehort brcidw, four lang and .small breidis. and
tua small and sehort breidis." — Inuentories, A. 1578,
p. 211.
*' Ye maun sleeve-button't wi' twa a*.lder-beads :
Wr unchristeued fingers maun plait down the breeds."
Jivmuijis Aitttsdalc and Galloway Song, p. 111.
_ ^ {Jamieson.)
breed'-er, s. [Breed, v.t.]
I. Literally :
1. That which breeds or produces young.
" You love the breeder better than the male."
Shakesp. : 3 Uen. V/., ii. 1.
"Get thee to a nunnery; why would'at thou be a
breeder of sinners ? "—Shakesp. : ifamlct, iii, l.
2. A female that is prolific, and good at
breeding.
_- Jl^J'ignvatively :
f 1. That which produces anything, the
cause or origin.
" Give sentence on this execrable wretch,
That hath been breeder of these dire events."
Sliak^ep. : Titus Andron., v. 3,
" Time is the nurse and brcrder of all good."
Ibid. : Two Gent, of Ver.. iii 1.
2. One wlio devotes himself to the breed-
ing and rearing of stock.
" Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always
accompanied by an elongated heixO.."— Darwin ; Origin
Hf Hpecies (ed. 1859}, cli. i., p. 11.
t 3. Tlie person or country which gives 1 -ii-th
to and rears anything.
" Time w,a3, when Italy and Rome have been the
best breeders and bringei-s up of the worthiest men."
— Axcham : Schoolmaster.
breed'-ing, *" bred-ynge, ' brod-ynge,
pr. par., a., & s. [Breed, i\]
A. & B. As -present participle (.aid pariieipial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C, As s^ibstantive :
I, Literally :
1. The act of procreating or giving birth to.
2. The art or practice of raising or continu-
ing a breed or kind.
" It would indeed have been a strange fact, had at-
teiition not been paid to breeding."— JJarwin . Origin
of Species (ed. 1859), ch. i., p. 31
II. Figuratively :
1. Education, nurture, rearing.
"She had bar breeding at my father's charge."
Shakesp. : A It's Well, ii. 3.
" Why was my breeding order'd and prescrib'd. "
Milton : Agonistes.
2. Manners, deportment, education.
" Politely learn'd, and of a gentle race,
Good breeding and good sense gave all a grace."
Cotoper: Hope.
t breed'-lihg, s. [Eng. hreed; -Ung.] One
born and bred in a place, a native (N.E.D.).
Used by Macaulay as a proper name for an
inhabitant of the Fens.
"In that dreary region, covered by vn.st flights of
■ ,11 savage population, known oy the
name of the Brcedlings, then led an amphibious life."
wild fowl, ahali savage population, known o^ the
.7s, then lei ' "
—Macaulay : HtaL JCng , ch. xi.
* breef, "' brief. * breif (pi. hreeves). s
[Brief, s.] A short sentence nsed or worn as
a charm or an amulet, (Scotch.)
" Ye surely hae some warlock-firo'c/,
Owre human heaits :
For ne'er a bosom yet was prief.
Against your arts."
Burns. Epistle to Jaines Bmiih.
"Being demaunded for what cause my Lord kept
the characters so well, dei)ones, that, to his oppinion,
it was for no good, because he heard, th,at in those
parts where my Loi-d wjia. they would give sundry
folks breeves."—Vowrie : Conspir. Cant's Hist. Perth,
i. 216.
breek (generally in the plui-al), s. [Breech,
s.] (Scotch.)
"'Why.' said he, 'you know. Baron, the proverb
tells ME, " it's ill taking the breeks off a Highlandman,"
and the boots are here in the same pjjdicament."—
Scott: Waferley, ch, xlviiL
breek-brother, s. A rival in love.
" Rivalis. q^ui cum alio eandeiu amat, a breek-
brother." — Despaut. Oram. Edia., 1708, p 3i
breek'-less. a. [Scotch hreel:, and Eng. suff.
-less.} Without breeches, without trowsers.
(Scoic/j.)
breeks, s. yl. [Breek.]
* breem, '^ breexue, a. & adv. [Breme, a.]
" That foughten breeme, as it were boores tuo ;
The brighte swerdes weute to and fro."
Cltaaccr: C. T., 1,701-2.
^ breer, * breard, "^ brere (pa. par. * brerde,
* hrairdit), v.i. [Breek (2), s.l To germi-
nate, to shoot forth from the earth. (Applied
especially to grain. ) (Scotch. )
" The eoniis croppis, and the here new brerde,
Wyth gladesum g,armont reuescing the erd."
Doug.: r/r^i/, -luo, 27.
" Whuddlii hares, 'maiig brairdit corn.
At ilka sound are startin.'
Jtev. J. Nicol : Poems, ii. L
breer(l), s. [Briar.]
"He sprang o'er the bushes, he dash'd o'er the breers."
Wint. Eo. Tales, ii, 215.
" Breers, brambles and briers. "
Vorks. Marshall.
breer (2), * braird. * brere, ^ breard, s.
[A.S. hrerd = the edge, point.] (Scotch.)
[Brehd(2).]
1. Lit. : Tlie first appearance of grain above
ground after it is sown ; a bud, a shoot.
" Blosme on bough and brcer on rys."
Castle of Love, 123.
" Brere, new aprung corn," — /indd.
"There is no breard like midding breard."— S. Prov.
Kelly, p. 328.
^ A fine hreer : An abundant germination.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Applied to the first appearance of the
seed of the word after it has been sown in the
ministry of the gospel.
"If left free, the braird of the Lord, that begins tn
rise so green in the land, will grow in peace to a plenti-
ful harvest." — A*. Oilhaim, i, 195.
(2) Applied to low-born people who suddenly
come to wealth and honour, in allusion to the
stalks of corn which spring up on a dung-hill.
breer'-ing, j)r. 3)ar. & a. [Breer, v.] Coming
througli the ground, as new corn and other
grain. (Scotch.)
"A braw night this for the rye, your honour; the
west park will be brerring bravely this e'en,"— Sco« ;
Old Mortality, ch viii
breese, ^>. [Breeze {'i), s.]
* breeste, s-. [Bre.\«t.]
" Breestf of a beste. Pectus." — Prompt. Parv.
* breeste-bone, s. Breast-bone.
" Breeste-bone. Torax,VG. iti tor gueo."— Prompt.
Parv. '
breeze (1), *brize, s. [Fr. hrise; Sp. brisa;
Port. hri:ti =ithe north-east wiud ; Ital. hrezza
— a cold wind.]
1. Lit. : A gentle gale, a light wind.
"We find that these hottest regions of the world,
seated under the equinoctial line, or near it, are so
refreshed with a daily gale of easterly wind, which the
Spaniards call breeze, that doth ever more blow
stronger in thq heat of the day " — Raleigh.
" His voice was steady, low, and deep,
Like distant waves when breezes sleep."
Scott : Rokehy, vi 19.
f 2. Fig. : A slight quarrel or disturbance.
^ Crabb thus distinguishes between breeze,
gale, blast, gnst, storm, tempest, and hurricane.
All these words express the action of the
wind, in different degrees and under different
circumstances : "A breeze is gentle ; a gale is
brisk, but stead>' . we have breezes in a calm
summer's day ; the mariner has favourable
gales which keep the sails on the stretch. A
blast is impetuous : the exhalations of a
trumpet, tlie breath of bellows, the sweep of
a violent wind, are blasts. A gust is suddai
and vehement : gtists of wind are sometimes sei
violent as to sweep everything before thfim
while they last. Storm, tempest, and hui^icaim^
include other particulars besides wind. A
storm throws the whole atmosphere into oom-
raotion ; it is a war of the elements, in wliielB
wind, rain, and the like, conspire to disturb
the heavens. Tempest is a species of stornt
which has also thunder and lightning to add
to the confusion. Hurricane is a species of
storm which exceeds all the rest in violeucc
and dni-ation. " (Crabb : Eng. Synon-)
breeze (2), s. [0. Fr. brese ; Fr. braise =
cinders.]
1. Brick-maJcing : Refuse cinders uficd for
burning bricks in the clamp.
" Here the rubbish is sifted and sorted "by wanien
and children, and the ashes called ' breeze ' are sold Mv
the defendant to be used in Ijrickmakiug. "— ^iA<fe
Dec. 9th, 1879.
2. Small coke (Iji thisseiise used in the plural
" The manufacture of the small coke called brevet.'
L'rc.
breeze-oven, *.
1, A furnace adapted for burning «oa5-4iiBt
or breeze.
2. An oven for the manufacture of breeses
or small coke.
breeze (3), * breeze, s. [A.S.brimsa; DuL
hrems ; Ger. brcTnse ; 0. H. Ger. bremo ; front
0. H. Ger. hrenian = to Inun. Skeat says
tlie original form of the word must have beeie
brimse^ A gad-fly. [Brize.]
"Yon ribaudred nag of Egn^t,—
The breese upon her, like a cow in Juue.
Hoists sail and flies."
Sliakcsp. : Ant. and Cleop., aal U.
breeze-fly, ^>. [BREr^zE (8).]
t breeze, v.i. [Breeze (1), .s,] To blow gently
or moderately.
"For now the breathing airs, from ocea!i bona.
Breeze up the bay, and lead the lively uuxa."
JSitrlvw.
•[ In nauticcd phrase, to breeze u^i =10 h^a
to blow freshly.
"It was very dark, the wind breeding up eTiarper
and shariier, and cold as death." — Daily Telcsrapiu
Jan. 10, 1881.
t breeze'-less, a. [Eng. breeze; -less.} Un-
disturbed by any breeze ; still, calm.
" Yet here no fiery ray inflames
The breezeless aky."
W. JiicJtardson : Poena.
"A stagnate breezeless air becaliaa my souL"
Shenstone : Poenti.
breez'-i-ness, s. [Eng. breezy ; -ness.] The
quality or state of being breezy (q.v.X
breez'-y, a. [Eng. breez(e); -y.]
I. Literally :
1. Rising into a breeze ; gently moviTig;.
" The budding twigs spread out their iwa.
To catch the breezy air."
WordswortJi : Lines Written in Early Sprimg.
2. Ruffled by breezes.
" Oh how elate was I, when, stretch'd beside
The murnnirmg coui-se of Amo s hreezy tide."'
Cowper : Translations of the Latin Poems nf Miltaa:
On the Death of Damon.
3. Blown ui)on by breezes, open, exposcufi
to the breezes.
"The seer, while zephyrs curl the swelling dee^i,
Basks i»n the breezy shore, iu gratef^al sleep,
His oozy limbs." Pops.
II. Figuratively : Soft and gentle, liks s.
breeze.
" How shall I tell thee of the startling thrill
In that low voice, whose breezy toaiea couM filL**
flemans-: A SjJirifs Retarrt.
*bref-li, ^ breve-Iy, ctdp. (Brhsply.]
"^^ brefF-nes, s. [O. Eng. bref=Wit't; -mestl
Brevity, shortness. {Coventry Mycteriee, p. 79.)
* breg-aundc, s. [Brigand,] IMsriz Ar-
thure, -2,09(5.)
"• breger.s. [O. Fr. trlgueur = a quaTrelsotne,
contentious, or litigious person ; O. Fr. brigv.e
= contention.] [Brige.] A quarrelsome or
litigious person ; one giveu to broils ami
bloodshed.
" Sic men than, ye ken tiian,
Amaijgs our selfs wese,
As bregers and tygere.
Delyts in bind to be."
BureVe Pilgrim, ifatvon'sVoU., ii. tt
* bregge, v.t. [A contracted form oTabregge =
abridge.] To shorten, abri^lgc.
boil, boy; pout, jowl; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist. -Ing.
Hsian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious — shiis. -ble, -die, &e. = bel deL
692
breggere— brennar
'breg-gere, s. [BREcriE, v.] An abridger,
shortener.
•• Breggereot'\'iji\h^><."~WlcM!ffe: Praf. Epist.,i 72,
"* breg-gid, jot- par. [Bkegge. ]
* breg-ging, ^ breg-gyng, -pr. -par., a, &s.
[Bregge, v.]
A. & E. As pr. par. & partic. adj. : (8ee
the verb.)
C. As subst : The act of abvidying, short-
ening, or contracting.
"The LoM God of oostig schal make an eiidyiig and
a brer/gyng^— Wickliffe : Isa. x. 23 (Purvey).
bry-gyr-dyll.
* breg-gur-del,
[Breech-girdle. 3
1. The waist-belt.
2. The wal.t, the middle.
"Into the hreggurdel him [ri^rtl."
Sir Femmbras, 2,448.
breg'-ma (pi. breg'-ma-ta), s. [Gr. ^pe^/xa
(bregDia) = the top of the head ; from ^pe'^w
(breclio) = to be wet or soft, because the bone
in that part is longest in hardening.]
Anat. : The sinciput, or upper part of the
head immediately over the forehead, where
the parietal bones are joined.
br^'-hon, ^ bre-hoon, s. & (t. [Irish
breathamh, hreitkeamli =■ a judge.]
A. As subst. : Amongst the ancient Irish,
an hereditary judge.
"As for example, inthecaseof murder, the Bj*eftooJZ
that is theyr judge, will compound Ijetweene the
murderer and tne irendea of the party murtiiered." —
Spenser : State of Ireland,
"The Breftons Tvere, iu North Britain and Ireland,
the judffBs appointed by authority to determine, on
stated times, all the controverbies which happened
within their lesiJective districts. Their courts were
usually held on the aide of a hill, where they were
seated on green banks of earth. The hills were called
niute-hltls. The office belonged to certain families,
and was transmitted, like every other inheritance,
from father to son. Their stited salaries were farms
of considerable value. By the Brehon law, oven the
most atrocious offenders wtre not punished with death,
iinprisonmeut or exile ; but were obliged to pay a fine
called Eric. The eleventh or twelfth part of this fine
fell to the judge's share ; the remainder belonged partly
to the King or Superior of the land, and partly to the
person injured ; or, if killed, to his relations." — Dr.
Macpherson: Critical Dissertatiofis, D. 13.
B. As adj. : Pertaining or relating to bre-
hons or brehon law.
brehon-law, s. The ancient, unwritten
law of Ireland, answering to our common
law. It was abolished in the reign of Edward
III.
* breid, v.i. & i. [Braid,]
* breid, * brede, s. [A. S. hvcedu — breadth.]
[Breadth, Broad.] Breadth, Avidth.
" And all this warld off lenth and hre'ul-,
In xij yher, throw his douchty deid."
Barbour : The Bruce (ed. Skeat), t 531-32.
1" On byeid : In breadth.
" That folk our-tuk ane mekill feld
On breid, quhar mony [a schynaudl scheld."
Sarbour : The Bnice (ed. Skeat), xii. 439-40.
*breif, * breve, *breue, *brew, v.t.&i.
[Brief, v.]
1. Trails. : To compose.
" Quhen udir folkis dois flattir and feny4,
Allace ! I can bot ballattis breif."
Dunbar : Bannatyne Poems, p. 65.
"And in the com-t bin present in thir dayis.
That ballatis breuis lustely and layis,"
Lyndsay : Warkis, 1502, p. 185.
2. Intrans. : To write, to commit to writing.
" Grlaldlie I wald amid this writ haue breuit."
ralice of Honour, iil, 92.
* breif, s. [Breef, Brief, s.]
* breird, a. [A.S. brerd = an edge, border.]
[Brerd.] The surface, the uppermost part, op
top, of any thing, as of liquids. (Scotch.)
" We beseech you therein to perceive and take up
the augrie face and cmbbed countenance of the Lord of
hosts, who has thi; cup of his vengeance, mixed with
mercy and justice, in hishand, topro]}ine to this whole
land ;— of the wliiL-h the servants of his own house, and
ye in speciall, has gotten the bretrd to drink." — Decla-
ration, &c.. 1596. [Meluille's MS., p. 27'J.)
* breird'-iAg, s. [Breer, v., Breer (2), .t.]
Germination. (Used metaijliorically in rela-
tion to divine truth.)
"I find a little breirding of GodS seed in this town."
—Rutherford : Lett., pt. 1., ep. 7:i
breis'-lak-ite, s. [Named after Breislak, an
Italian geologist, who was born of German
parentage at Rome in 1748, and died on Feb.
15, 1826.]
Min. : A woolly-looking variety of alu-
minous pyroxene. It is called also Cyclopeite.
' breith, a. [Bright.] (Scotch.)
" The breith teris was gret payu to behakl,
Bryat fra hla eyn, I* he his tale hacl tald,"
Wallace, ^'iii. ia70, MS.
breit'-haiip-tite, s. [In Ger. breWiauptit.
Named after the Saxon mineralogist Breit-
haupt. ]
Mineralogy :
1. An opaque, hexagonal, brittle mineral,
called also Antimonial Nickel, Antimoniet
of Nickel, and Hartmannite. The harduess is
5 '5 ; the sp. gr., 7*541 ; the lustre metallic, the
colour coi>in'r-red inclining to violet. Com-
position : Antimony, 59"706 — 6T'4 ; nickel,
■27 -054— 28-946 ; iron, 0-842—866 ; and galena,
6'437 — 12-357. Occurs at Andreasberg, in the
Harz Mountains, and has appeared crystallised
in a furnace.
2. The same as Covellite (q.v.).
* breith'-ful, a. [Braithful.]
"All kynd of wraith and breUJifall yre,"
Douglas : Virgil, 428, 7.
bre-jeii'-ba, s. [From a Brazilian Indian dia-
lect.] One of the names given by the Bra-
zilian Indians to a kind of cocoa-nut, called
by them also the Airi, from which they manu-
facture their bows. (Lindley.)
"^ brek, s. [Breach, s.. Break, v.'] (Scotch.)
I. Literally : Breach in a general sense.
" That the said maister James walde not mak him
subtennent to him of the said landis, nor enter him
tharto, & tharfore be aucht nocht to pay the said
soumez becauss of the brek of the said promitt," — Act.
Dom. Cmic, A. 1491, p. 228.
(1) Wattir brek : The breaking out of water.
" The bume on spait hurlis doun the bank,
Vthir throw ane wattir brek, or spait of flude,
Ryfand vp rede erd, as it war wod."
Doug : Virgil, 49, 18.
(2) Brek of a ship : The breaking up of a
vessel, from its being wrecked ; also, the ship-
wreck itself.
" Gif it chance ony ship of ather of the parties afoir-
said sufferand shipwrak to be brohin, the aaidis gudia
to be saiflie keipt to thame be the space of ane yeir,
from the newis of the shipwrak, or brek of the ship to
be com-ptit."— Balfour's Pract., p. 643.
II. Figuratively:
1. Quarrel, contention of pai'ties.
" It is to be provided for remede of the gret hrek
that is now, & apperand to be, in diuerss partis of the
realnie ; and specially in Anguse betuix the erle of
Buchane & the erle of Eroule & thai- partijs." — Pari.
Ja. JIJ. 1478, ed. 1814, p. 122.
2. Uproar, tumult.
"For all the brek and sterage that has bene."
Doug. : Virgil, 467, 21.
* brek, * breke, v.t. & i. [Break, w.] To
break.
" Syne pert brek doune the wall."
Barbour -. The Bruce {ed. Skeat), ix. 322,
TI To brek aray : To break -the ranks or line.
" Luke he in no vay brek aray."
Barbour : The Bruce, xii. 217.
* brek'-and, j>r. par. [Break, v.] Breaking.
(Northern.) (Barbour: The Bruce, Hi. 699.)
* brek-ben'-ach, s. [Gael, bratach — a ban-
ner ; beannuichte — blessed ; Lat. benedictiis.]
A particular military ensign.
"The Laird of Drum held certain lands of the Abbot
of Arbroath for payment of a yearly reddendo, et
fereudo vexillum dicti Abbatis, dictum Brekbenach,
in exercitu regis."— O^d CTiart.
^ breke, * breken, * brekyn, v.t. & i.
[Break, v.']
'breke, s. [Break, s., Breach, s.] The act
of breaking ; a breach, fracture.
^ brek'-il, a. [Brittle,]
^ brek'-lasse, a. [O. Eng. brek = breeches,
and sufF. -Usse = less= without.] "Without
breeches ; naked.
" brek'-yl, ft, [Brittle.] (Prompt. Pan'., p.
177.)
^" brek'-ynge, s. [Breaking, s.] A breaking,
fracture.
" Brekynge. Fracaio."— Prompt. Parr.
bre-luche', s. [Fr. brehtche.] A French floor-
cloth of linen and worsted.
'* brem'-bil. " brem'-ble, * brem -mil,
■'' brem-ber, s. [Bramble.] A briar, a
& a. [From Bremen, a city iu
" Brcmbil and thorn It sal te yeiM."
Cuitio'r Jfundi, 92-t,
" breme, '■ breem, * breeme, * brim,
* brime, * brym, *bryine, a.&odv. [A.S.
breme, bryme = famous, notable ; bremynan =
to roar, la.ice ; Dut. brommen ; M. H. Ger.
brimmen ; (J. H. Ger. breman ; Lat. fremo ;
Gr. j3p€>w (bremo) all = to roar, rage.]
A. As adjecti re :
1. Famous, splendid, widely spoken of.
"Thilke feste was wel breme
For ther was alle kunnes yleo "
Florice and Blaunch, 792.
2. Fierce, furious, raging,
"Of the br I' in cibestes thtit beres ben called."
William of Paleme{t<l. Skeat), 1699.
3. Sharp, severe, cruel.
" But eft, when ye count you fieed from feare,
Comes the brerrte Winter, with chamfred browes."
Spenser: TheSliep. Cal., ii.
" Or the brown fruit with which the woodlands teem :
The same to him glad summer or the winter breme."
'JTiomson : Oastle ty* Indolence, ii. 7.
i. Full, complete.
" Vchonez blysse is breme & beste."
JEar. Eng. AllU. Poetnsied, Morris); Peart, 863.
B. As adverb : Boldly, loudly.
* breme, s. [Bream.]
"Breme, fysche. Bremulus." —Prompt. Farv.
^ breme-Iy, >■ brem-ly, "^ brem-lich,
* brim-ly, * brym-ly, * bremli, * brem-
lych, CK^y. [O.Eng. &re7?ie, a.; -?^.] Furiously,
tiercely.
" Bremly his bristeles he gan tho arise."
William of Palerne, 4,342.
". . , his brode eghne,
" That fuUe brymly for breth bryute as the gledys."
Morte Arthurs, 116.
Br e -men. s.
Gennany.]
Bremen-blue, s. A pigment made of
carbonate of copper, alumina, and carbonate
of lime.
Bremen-green, s. A pigment akin in
composition to Bremen-blue.
' brem'-myU,!>. [Bramble.] (Prompt. Parv.)
brem-stoon, * brem-ston, s. [Brimstone.]
"And evermore, wher that ever they goon.
Men may hem knowe by smel of breTustoon."
Chaucer: C. T., 12.212-3.
^ bren, * brin, ^ bryn, s. [Bran.]
" Bren, or brj/n. or paley^ Cantabrum, furfur,
Cath," — Prom/Jt. Parv.
* bren, * brenn, * brenne, "- bren-nyn,
* hriu, v.t. & i. [Burn, D.] To burn. (Lit.
djig.)
" The more thine herte brcnneth in fier."
The liomaunt of the Rote.
" Closely the wicked ilaine his bowels brent-"
Spenser: F. Q., IU. viL 16,
* brend, * brende, "^ brent, pa. par. & a.
[Bren, v.]
1. Lit. .' Burnt.
" Brent child of fier hath mych drede."
T/ie Jlomaunt of the Rose.
2. Fig. : Burnished so as to glow like fire.
" Branded with bre^ule gold, and bokeled ful bene."
Sir Gawan and Sir Ool., ii. 3.
*" brend-fier-rein, s. Rain of burning
fire.
' ' Sone 80 loth wit of sodome earn
Brend-ficr-rcin the buige bi-nam."
Story of den. & £xod., 1,110.
* brene (1), ^. [A.S. bryiie = a burning.]
Burning, fire.
"... bol of 6re)ic ou-tbolyinde."
Dan Michel, in Spec. Ear. Eng. (MoiTis & Skeat),
pt. ii., p. 100, Ime SO.
' bren'-e (2), bren'-ie, s. [Birnie.] Corslet,
habergeon.
" With his comly crest, clere to boholde ;
His brene and his biisnet, burneshed ful Ijene.
Sir Gawan and Sir Gol., ii. i
* breng-en, v. [Bring.]
■' brenn, c [Brek, r.]
"* bren-nage, s. [O. Fr. brenage, brenaige;
Low Lat. brennagi^cin, branagium.] [Bran.]
Old Law : A tribute paid by tenants to their
lord in lieu of bran, which they were bound to
furnish for his dogs.
* bren-nand, * brin-nand, pr. par. & a.
[Brenning.]
"^ bren-nar, s. [Bren, v.] One who sets on
fire or burns anything.
fate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; miite, ciib, cUre, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey=a. qu=kw.
brenne— bretheling
693
"Brennar, or he that aettythe a thyiige a-fyre.
CambuBtor.'— Prompt. Parv.
* brenne, u.t. & %. [Bren, r.]
" In oulpouiis well arrayeiX for to brenne."
C/iauctrr: Tim Knightes Tale, 2,3153-9
* bren'-ning, Tbren'-nyng, * bren-
nyage ; ^ bren -nand, * brin -nand
(North), pr. jmr., a., & s. [Bren, v.]
A. & B. As-prcs'.'kt partleipU A participial
adjective : In senses corrcsiiomUug to thobe of
the verb.
" Of hrenn.i/ng fyre a blaayiiy hronde."
The Jlvmaimt of tlie Rose.
C. As substantive :
1. Lit. : The act of burning, the state of
being burnt.
" Aa doth a wete brond in his hnmnjing."
C/iaucer: C. T., 2,339-40.
t 2. Fig. : The state of earnest desire.
" The laase for the more wyimyng,
So coveit i3 her brennyng."
llie liomaunt of the Rose.
*bren'-ning-ly, ^bren'-nyng-ly, ^bren-
nyng-li, adv. [Old Eng. hrenning ; -Jy ]
Hotly, fiercely, strongly.
" Love hath hia firy tlai-t so brenningly
Yatiked thurgh my trewe careful hert."
C'iiaucer . The Knightea Tale, v. 1,566.
* bren'-ston, ^ brun -stone, s. [Brihi-
STONE.]
brent, * brant, a. [A.S. hmvd — steep, high ;
0. luel. hrattr ; Sw. brant, bratt ; Dan. brat
= steep.]
1, Literally :
* 1. Steep, high, precipitous.
"Hyghe boiikkez aud brent "Sh- Gawnlne, 2,165.
"The gi'ai>e3 grow on the brant rocks so wouder-
fully." — Ascham.; Lett, to Raven.
2. Straiglit, unbent.
" My hak, that sumtJ^ne brent he3 beue.
Now cruikia lyk aue <;amok tre."
J\laifland : Poems, p. 193.
II. Fig. : Now in S<--nti;h applied especiallj-
to the forehead, in the sense of high, smooth,
unwriukled.
" Your locks were like the raven.
Your hounie brow wius brent."
Burns : John A nderson, mu Jo.
brent-brow, s. A smooth, unwriukled.
brow.
* brent, * brente, * brende, pret. of v., pa.
par., & a. [A.S. beriuni, breitnaii. = to burn.]
[Brend, Burn, Burnt.]
A. As jiret. of V. : Burnt. (Lit. & fig.)
" Of cruell Jmio the drede brent her iuwart."
Doug. : Virgil, :i4, C,
B. As past participle and adjective :
1. Lit.: Burnt, baked.
"A wal imade of brent tile." — Trevisa, L 22L
2. Fig. : Burnished.
" The boigh watz al of brende golde bryght."
Alia. Poems, Pearl, 983.
* brent, s. [Of uncertain etyni.; ^w.hraMgas
and Ger. hrandgans have been suggested, but
the first name = sheldrake, and the serond =
velvet duck. Some authorities consider tlie
word to be the same as Brant (1), s. (q.v.).]
Ornith. : The brent-goose, Bernido brenta,
the smallest of the wild geese. It is a winter
■visitant to Biitain. [Brand-goose.]
brent-goose, s. [Bkand-goose.]
* brent-new (ew ns u), a. [Brandnew.]
'■ Warlocks and witches in a dance:
Nae cotillon brent-new frae France."
Bums: Tain 0' Slianter.
bren'-thi-dae, bren'-ti-de§i, s,pl. [Mod.
Lat. brenthus, hventus ; sufi'. -id(e, -ides.'l
Entom. : A family of beetles belonging to
the section Rliyiichoplioi a, and the sub-.sectinn
Eecticornes. Tliey resemble CurcnlionidiC
(Weevils), but have straight and moniliform
antennse. They are loug, with long snouts.
bren'-thiis, bren'-tus, s. (From Gr. ^peV^os
(hrenthos) = nil unknown water binl nf stately
bearing ; ^pei'dvo^at (brentJntomai) = to cock
up one's nose.]
Evtovi. : A genus of beetles, the typical one
of the family Brenthidie O-i-v.)-
* bren'-y, s. [Birnie.]
*bren-y-ede, * bryn-y-ede, a. [From o.
Eng. hrene, breiiy = a cuirass. Birnie.]
Armed with or wearing a <iurass,
"I salle to batelle the biynire. of breni/eOe knyehtes."
Morte Arthure, 316.
* breord, s. [Brerd ]
"■ breost, ' brest, ^ breest, s. [Breast.]
'^ breost-bane, a. [Breast-bone.]
' breost-broche, ^ breest-broche, s.
[O. Eug, breost = breast, and broche — brooch.]
A brooch worn on tliL- breast.
"The hn-'-s'-
werk of dyuer.*.
•rochf of dom tliou shalt make with
cuioura," — Wickliffe : Bxod. xxviii. 15.
* breost-plate, a. [Breastplate.]
'' breothan, v.i. [A.S. abreotu.n, abreotfov,
chveufhan — to bruise, break, or destroy.] To
fall, to perish. {Layo.inon, o,8U7.)
^' bre-phot'-ro-phy, s. [Gr. ^pe(l>oTp6<})eLov
(prephotropheion) =ix nursery or hospital for
children ; ^pe^ths (brephus) = a child ; Tp6r(>eLov
{tropheioii)= &. nursery, place for learning;
rpe'i^w {trephd) = to rear, nuj'se.] A nurseiy
or hospital for childien.
'' breq-uet'-9hain, «. [Etyniuiogy doubtful.
Cf. O. Fr. braq\ie = the claw of a crab.]
[Bracket.] A chain for securing the watch
in the vest pocket to a button or buUou-hole
of the vest.
* brerd (1), s. [Etymology doubtful. (?) A.S.
brerd.] According to Jamiesou, the whole
substance on the face of the f^arth ; but it
may be a copyist's error for breid — broad.
" I will noght turn myn enteut, for alt this warld
brerd. Gawan and OoL, iv. 7.
* brerd (2), ^brerde, "■ breord, - brurd, s.
[A.S. brerd ~ the edge, side ; O. H. Ger. bract,
brort. Cf. brai7'd.] An edge, margin, or brim
of a vessel, &e.
-iVlfkn_ff-t- ■ HxvJ
brerd-ful, * breord-ful, ^ brurd-ful, a.
[O. Eng. hn'rd, and suffix /«/(/).] [Bretful.]
Full or lillrd to tlie brim.
" Er veil hothoHi watz bnirdfn! to the bnukez eggez."
£ar. Eiiy AllU. Poemi, ; Cleanness, i(83.
"^ brere, v.i. [Breer, v.]
* brere, «. [Briar.]
" Brere, or brymmeylle (bremmyll, or brymbyll. P.).
Tribulus, vepris." — Pro^npt. P<irv.
* bres, a. [Brass.]
*" bresche, s. [Breack, s.] A breach.
"The bresche was nut maid so grit upouii the day.
but that it was snfficieutly repaired iu the night' —
Knox : Hist., p. 226.
^ brese.
[Breeze (3).] (Proiupf. Parv.)
* bre-sed, a. [Cf, Scotch birs = bristle.]
Rough, like bristles,
"Eeiide hla bren-d brovez, hly-cande greiie."
Ottw & the (fr. KniglU, ;iCiJ.
' bre'-sen, v. [Bruise, r.]
*^ bress, s. [Brace.] The chimney-piece, tht-
back ot the firei>lace.
"The t
a' that,
J£ntail, ii. 277.
"^ bress, s. pi. [Bristle, s ] Bristles.
"As bress of aue bryin balr 1h.< l>eid is als ttift."
Dunbar: ilai'l" ml Poems, i> -18.
* bres'-sie, s. [Bras.^v. ?. ; cf. ^t. H. Ger.
brassen = tlie bream (']-v.)."J A tish, supposed
tn be the Wrasse, or Old 'Wite, Lobrm tinea
(Linn.). (Javiieson.)
"Tiirdus vulgatissiuius IrVillougbboei ; I take it to
be the sjiuie our fishers call a brcsfie. a foot loug,
swine-lieaded, and mouthed and backed ; broad-bodiea,
very fat, eatable,"— S?6&«?d .■ /'ife. 12^.
bres'-som-er, bres'-snm-er, brest -
sum-mer, breast -sum-mer, s. [Eug.
breast, and summer; Fr. somviier = a. rafter, a
beam.] [^l-mmer (2), s.] A beam supporting
the front of a building, 4,c.. after the manner
BRESSOMER.
of a lintel. It i> distinguished fr^m a lintel
by its hearing the whole suiierstructnre of
wall, tScc, instead of only a small portion oi-er
an opening ; thus the beam over a common
shop-front, which carries the wall of tlji-
house above it, is a bressumer ; so, also, is thr
lower beam of the front of a gallery, &c., upon
which the front is supported.
* brest, *brast, * brestyn, 7irei. of v. &)<a,
par. [Brest, v.] Burst, dashed, broken awaj',
" With the cloudis, heuyunyfl. son and dayts lycht
Hid and Irrest out of the TroLauis sycht ;
Derknes aa nycht beset the see about. "
Bong : Virgil, 15, 46.
* brest, ■ breste, * brast, ^ brist, ^ brast-
en, !'«.&'. [^.^.herstan.] [Brist, Burst, y.]
I. Trans. : To break to pieces, destro)',
burst.
"The wyu shal breste the v/yu\%&s&\i\i."—Wgcliffe:
Mark ii. 22. (Puroey. )
" Breste downe {brast. P.). Sterno, dejicio, obruo."—
Prompt. Parv.
" Breste clottj'd as plowmen. Occo."—Ibid.
II. Intransitive :
1. To burst, break to pieces.
*' So wolde God myu lierte wolde brest."
Chancer: C. T., 6,665.
2. To break out. (Lit. & fig )
" Brestyn a\vti, Erumjn, er acta."— Prompt. Parv.
*■ Wheu they shall see the elect so shining in glorie,
they shall brest forth in crying. G-lorie, glorie, glorie,
and notbing aliall be heard but glorie euer more," —
RoUock: On 2 Thes., pp. 32-8,
brest (1), breast, s. [Breast, s,]
Arch. : That member of a coluiuu called also
the torus, or tore .
brest-summer, i, [BressomerO
* brest CD, s. [Burst.] {Ear. Eng. Allii,
Poems; Cleanness, 229.)
* brest (3), s. [Prom Dan brost = default
(fPay).] Want.
"Brest or wantynge of uede {atuede; F,) Indi-
genda." — Prompt. Parv.
^ breste, v. [Brist.]
brest'-ing, s. [Beest.] (Scutch.'^.
" brest-yn, v.t. & i. [Brest, v.]
'^^ brest-ynge, pr. par., a., k s. [Brest, ■
(See
A. &o B. As pr. par, dt pari tap. adj. ;
the verb.)
C. -4s subst. : The act of burstings dashing
down, or breaking in pieces.
" Brest !ingc, <«i»-a m brekynge." — Prompt. Pain'.
" Brestynge dowiie. Prostracio, coiiitcrnaclo."'—Jbid.
bret, s. [Burt.] A fish of the turbotkind;
also called hurt or brut.
"Bret, aaiuou, cougui-, sturgeoiui."
Book of Ifurture, 688,
'^ bre-tasce, *■' bre-taske, * bre-tage,
^ bri-tage, * bru-tage, * bre-tays,
'^^ bre-tis, * bret-tys, ""bry-tasqe, "^bru-
taske, s. [0. Fr. bretedie, bretesque, bertesclte;
Ital. bertesca, baltresca ; Sp. & Port, bertresca;
h. Lat. bretechia, breteschia, bertesca.'] A battle-
ment, rampait.
" Betrax of a walle {bretasce, K bretays, A.P.) /Vo-
pugnaculum." — Prompt. Parv.
" Atte IftBte hii seude
Al the brutaske witlioute,"
Robert of Gloucester, p. 63C,
* tare-tas-ing, "" bre-tas-ynge, s. [Bre-
tasce.J a battlement, rampart.
bretess^ (as bre-tes-sa'). a. [Fr.]
Her. : Having embattlements on eacli side.
* bre-tex'-ed, a. [O. Fr. bretescher; Ital.
bertf:scare = to embattle.] Embattled.
" Every tower bretexed was so cleue." — Lydgate,
{ irjt^.j
* bret -fol, * bret'-full, a. [Properly breydful
= full to the brim ; A.S. brerd = brim, edge ■
and Eng. fidl.} Full to the brim, perfectly
full. [Brerdful.]
" His wallet lay before him in bin lappe,
Bretful of iiardous come from Rome all bote "
Chaucer : Pral. C. T., «89.
" With a face so fat, as a full bleddere,
Blowen bretful of breatli-"
Piers PUrwman's Crede, 1. 442.
* breth, * brethe, 5. [A.S. broith.] [Breath.]
1. Lit. : The breath.
2. Fiy. : Rage, wrath.
" I see by my ahaddow, luy ah.ip has the wyte
Quhame aall I hleine in ttiis breth, a besum tliat I be 1 "
Hoiilate, 1. C. Jilfi.
* breth'-e-ling, * brith -e-ling, s. [O.
Eng. brothel, aud dimui. t,utf. -Hag.] A low
fellow.
boil, b^; po&t, j^^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = £,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tiou, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tlous. -sions = shus. -ble, -die. &c. = bel, del.
694
brethen— brevipennate
" Thral vuljuxsiim, Atheling britheling." — Old Eng,
MiBcelt. ted. Monia), p. 184.
*l)re-^en, * bre'-thyn, v.t. & i. [Breathe.]
* lireth'-ir, * breth'-er, * Ijreth'-ere,
lireth'-ren, s. jil. [Brother.] Brothers.
*' Tho brethere seckes hauen he flit,"
Slori/ of Gen. & £xod., 2,213.
" Twft hretliir war fhito) that land,
That w.ai- the baitlieat ort' haiuL"
Barbour : 2'he Brace (ed. Skeat}, iii. 9-".
* Ibreth'-ir-hode, * breth'-ur-hede»
* "breth'-er-hede, s. [Brotherhood.]
"Or with a brethurhede be witliholcle ;
But tlwelte at boom, aiul kepte wel his folde."
Chaucer: C T., 613-14.
*lH^tb-ly, ccclv. [From 0. Eng. hrctli ; and
Eog. suffix -ly.\ Angrily.
"Ffro the wagande wynde owte of the weste rysses,
£retMy bessoiBCS with byrre in berynes saillea."
Morte Arthure, 3,C60-1.
lireth -r^n» s. pi. [Brother, Brbthir.]
" Peace be to the brethren, and love with faith, from
God the Father and the Lord Jesos Christ." — Eplies.
TI. 2&
Brethren in WJiite:
€li. Hist. [White Brethren.]
Brethren of Alexius :
Gh. Hist. : A sect in the fourteenth eentury,
Ihe same as Cellites (q.v.), {Moslieim : Ch.
Bist., cent, xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 30.)
Brethren and Sisters of the Community :
Ch. Hist. : A name given to the laxer of the
TYanciscan sect, as distinguished from tlie
Brethren of the Observation, who were the
stricter Franciscans. (Mosheiin : Ch. Hist.,
lient. xiv., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 24.)
Brethren of the Free Sinrit :
Ch. Hist. : A sect which first attracted notice
In the eleventh century. By Mosheim it is
adentified with the Paulicians and the Albi-
genses, the Beghardas, the Beghin^e, the Adam-
ites, and Picards. In the thirteenth century
^ej spread themselves over Italy, France, and
Germany, They are alleged to have derived
Iheir name from Bom. viii. 2 — 14, and to have
professed to "be free from the law. They are
cLai^d with going to prayer and worship in
a state of nudity, and were treated with great
severity both by the Inquisition and by the
Hussites. (Mosheim: Ch. Hist., cent, xi., pt.
ii., eh. v. ; cent, xiii., pt. ii., eh. v. ; cent, xv.,
pt^ iL, ch. v., § 2.)
Brethren of the Holy Trinity :
Ch. Hist. : A fraternity of monks who lived
in the thirteenth century. (Mosheim : Ch.
Hist., cent, xiv.)
Brethren cftlie Observation :
Ch. Hist. : The stricter Franciscans, or
Kegular Observantines. [Brethren of the
Community.] (JVfosftem ; Ch. Hist., cent, xiv.,
pt. ii., ch. ii., § 34.)
Brethren of the Sack :
€7i. Hist. : A fraternity of monks who lived
in the thirteenth century. (Mosheim : Ch.
Eist., cent, xiii., pt. ii., ch. ii., § 19.)
* bret'-6n-er, * bri'-ton-ere, s. [Eng.
B'riton; -er.] A native of Britain or Brittany,
a Breton.
"A bretoner, a hX!\%^er."—Langland: Piers Ploio.,
i(.I04.
"brets, *bret-tys, "^ brits, s. pi. [A.S.
hryttas, hrittas = Britons.] Britons, the name
given to the Welsh, or ancient Britons, in
general ; also, to those of Strathclyde, as dis-
tinguished from the Scots and Ficts.
" Of laugagis in Bretayne sere
I fynd that sum tym fyf tbare were :
Of SreCti/s fyrst, and Inglis syne,
Peycht, and Scot, and syne Latyne."
Wjjntoun: Cron., i. 13. 41.
bX'ett, s. [Britzska.] a short terra for britz-
ska, a four-wheeled carriage having a calash
top and seats for four besides the driver's seat.
* bret-tene, *" bret-tyne, v.t. [Brittene.]
bret'-tige, s. [Brattice, 5.]
Min. : A vertical wall of separation in a
uiimng-shaft which permits ascending and
descending currents to traverse the respective
compartments, or permits one to be an upcast
or downcast shaft, and the other a hoisting
shaft ; otherwise wiitten hrattice. Also a
Ijoarding in a mine, supporting a wall or roof.
■' bret-tyne, v.t. [Brittene.]
'^ bret-tys, ». [Bretasce.] A battlement.
#=\=^
"And dwria and wyndowys gret alsua.
To mak defens and bretcijs."
Wtjntowv, viii. 26. 23a
* breuk, s. [Aj^parently the same with bruick
(q.v.).] A kind of boil. (Scotch.)
" She had the cauld, but an' the creuk,
The wheezlock an' tbe wanton yeuk ;
On ilka knee she had a breuk."
MUe aboon Dundee, Edin. Mag., Jmie, 1817, p. 238,
breun'-ner-ite (eu as oi), a. [Named aftei-
M. Brenner.]
Min. : A variety of Ankerite (Brit. Mus.
Cat.). The ferriferous variety of Magnesite
(Danu). It is called also Brown-spar.
'^" breve, a. [Brief, a.]
" Withinne this breue tretis. "— rfte RooJce of Qainte
Essence (ed. Fumivall), p. 1.
"Jesu spak with wordis breue." — Hymns to the
Virgin, p. 55.
breve, *■ breyfe, s. [Breif, Brief, s.]
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : A writ, a summons, a proclamation.
" His breyfe he gert stiede for-thi
Til dwmmownd this Eallyole bodyly."
yV'i/ntown, viii. 10, 37.
2. Spec. : A brief from the Pope ; an episco-
pal letter or charge ; a letter of indulgence.
" The b}-eve rather than the bull should have larger
dispensatioji. " — Lord Herbert: Mist, of Hen. VI J I.,
p. 227.
" Neither the popes themselves, nor those of the
court, the secretaries and dataries, which pen their
bulls and breves, have any use or exercise in Holy
Scriptni-e,"— Bisfto^j Bedell: Letters, &c., p. 356.
II, Technically :
1. Miisic : A note
or character of time,
equal to two semi- breve.
breves or four minims.
It was formerly square in shape, but is now
oval. It is the longest note in music.
" Yea, and eyes buried in pits on each cheek.
Like two great breves as they wrote them of yore."
Ji. Browning.
2. Printing: A mark [■— •] used to desig-
nate a short syllable or vowel.
* breve, v.t. [Breif, v., Breve, s.] To tell,
narrate briefly or shortly.
" As hit is breued in the best boke of romaunce,"—
Sir Gaw. & the dr. Kniglit, 2,521.
* breve'-ly, adv. [Briefly,]
"A tretice in Engliscb breu^ly drawe out of the
book." — The Book of Quinte Essence, p. 1.
* breve'-ment, s. An accountant, a book-
keeper. (O)-d. and Regulations, p. 71.)
^ brev'-en, v.t. [Lat. brevds.] To shorten,
abbreviate.
* brev'-er, .'. An accountant, a book-keeper.
(Ord. and Regulations, p. 70.)
brev'-et, ^ bre-vette, s. & a. [In O. Fr.
irievet, a dimin. form of breve.]
A, As substantive :
1. Generally :
* (1) A little breve or brief.
" He bonched hem with his brevet."
Langland: Piers Plow., prol. 72.
"I wol go fecche my box with my bj-evettes."
Ibid., xiv. 55.
(2) A royal warrant, conferring a title, dig-
nity, or rank.
" The brevet or privilege of one of the xienuitted
number consequently brings a high iirice in the
market"— J". S, Mill: Economy {ed. 1848), vol. i.,bk. ii.,
ch. ii., g 7, p. 277.
2. Specially : An honorai-y rank in the army
conferred by royal warrant.
"Capt, and Breuei-Major Joseph Poole, R.A., to he
Brigade-Major in South Africa.''— &'a;e»e, Nov. 2nd,
1880.
". . . , endeavoured to remedy them in the higher
ranks by a system of bi-evets ; but brevet, thougli it
carries army rank, and consequently a valued claim
to command in the field, carries no rank in the regi-
ment, and no pay anywhere." — Paii Mall Gazette,
May 1, 1865.
B. As adjective :
Mil. : Conferring or carrying with it an
honorary rank or positioiL (For example see
the quotation under the following word.)
t brev'-et, v.t. [Brevet, 5.]
Mil. : To grant an honorary rank or i30si-
tion to.
"A brevet rank gives no right of command in the
particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs."
Scott in Webster.
t brev'-et-9y, s. [Brevet, s.]
Mil. : An honorary rank or position ; the
state of holding a brevet rank.
* bre-vet-owre, s. [O. Eng. brevet = a little
brief, and suffix -ojore = our = Eng. -er.] A
carrier of letters or briefs.
" Breuetowre. Brevigerulua, Ca-fh."— Prompt. Para.
'" brev-i-all, s-. A breviary. (Wright.)
bre'-vi-a-ry, s. [Lat. hreviarium ; Fr. bre-
viaire ; &er. brevier; from Lat. brevis = short.]
[Brief, a.]
^ 1. Lit. : An abridgement, epitome.
" Creaconiua, an African Irishop, has given us an
abridgment, or breviary thereof."— A yllffe.
2. Eecles. : A book containing the Divine
Office, which every Roman cleric in holy
orders, and choir monks and nuns are bound
to recite daily. [Office (2).]
"My only future views muat be to exchange lance
and saddle for the breviary and the confessional," —
Scott: Eair Maid of Perth, ch. xvii.
*.bre'-vi-at, * bre -vi-ate, s. [Brevjate, v.]
1. An epitome, compendium.
"It is obvious to the shallowest discourser, that the
■whole comise) of God, as far as it is incumbent for
man to know, is comprised in one breviatol evangelical
truth." — Decay of Piety.
2. The divine office, or some part of it (?).
■' Wearied with the eternal strain
Of formal breviats, cold and vain."
Hogg: Queen's Wake.
"" bre'-vi-ate, v.t. [Lat. breviatus, pa. par. of-
breviare ■=:^ to shorten; from hrerls = 'shovt.]
To abridge, shorten, abbreviate.
"Though they brevia^e the text, it is he that com-
ments upon it." — He^pyt : Puner. Serrn., 1658, x>. 92.
'" bre'-vit-a^ture, s. [Low Lat. breviatnra =
a shortening ; from hrevloMs, iia. par. of bre-
viare ; brevis = slwrt.]
1. A shortening, an abbreviation.
2. A note of abbreviation. (IVright.)
brev'-i-^ite, s [From Brevig in Norway,
where it occurs.]
Min. : The same as Xatrolite (q.v.).
bre-vier', s. [From having been employed
in printing breviaries.]
Printing : A size of type between bourgeois
and minion. Bourgeois, 102 ems to the loot ;
brevier, 112 ems to the foot ; minion, 128 ems
to the foot.
This line is printed in brevier tj-pe.
brev-i-lih'-gui-a (u as w), s. pi [Nent.
pi. of Mod. Lat. hrevilinguls ; from Lat. brevia
= short, and lingua = a tongue.]
Zool. : A tribe or section of Lacertilia
(Lizards) having their tongues short. They
are called also Pachyglossa. Example, the
Geckos and Agamids.
t bre-vil'-o-quenge, s. [From Lat. hrevilo-
quentia = brevity of speech, breviloquens =
speaking briefly, brevis (mas. and fem.), breve
(n.) — short, and loquor = to speak. ] Brevity
of speech, (Mainider.)
brev-i ma'-nu, tised as ado. [Lat. hrevi
(ablat. sing. fem. of brevis) = short, and mami.
(ablat. sing, of 'm,anv.s) = a hand. Lit, with
a "short hand."]
Scots Law : Summarily. (Used of a person
who does a deed on his own responsibility
without legal authorisation.)
t brev'-i-ped, o. & s. [In Fr. brempkde, from
Lat. 5'reris = .short, and pe--^, genit. pedis = a
foot.]
A. -4s adjective: Having short "feet,"
meaning legs.
B. ,^s siibstantive :
Of birds : A short-legged bird. (Sinort.)
t brev'-i-pen, s. [From Lat. brevis — short,
and penna = a feather, in pi. = a wing.]
Of birds : A short-winged bird. Example,
the Ostrich.
brev-i-pen-na'-tse, s. p?. [From Lat. brevis
= short, and pe nna tiis ^ fcatlmred, winged;
penna = a feather, a wing. ]
Ornith. : A family of Natatorial Birds, con-
taining the Penguins, Auks, Guillemots,
Divers, and Grebes.
brev-i-pen'-nate, a. [From Lat. brevis =
short, and pennattis — feathered, winged, from
2Mnna = a feather, a wing.]
Ornith. : Short-feathered, short-quilled
(Brande.)
fete, ia.t, fare, amidst, what, tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, S^^rian. se, oe = e ; ey = a. qu --= kw.
brevipennates — brexia
&Jo
brev-i-pen-na'-te§, -v jji. [Brevipennate.]
Ornith. : Shoit-wiiiged binls.
brev-i-pen'-ne§, s. [in Fr. brevij->e)iiie, from
Lat. hri I'is = Hhort, and peuua = a feather, a
wing. ]
Ornith.: The name given by Cuvier to a
family of hinls, which he chisses under Grallre,
from the typical families of which liowever
they differ in having wings so short as to
prevent them flying. Example, tlie Ostrich
and its allies.
brev'-i-ty, s. [in Fr. t hrcrUe ; Sp. hrcvUhol ;
Port. brevU^iide; Ital. hrevitti ; from Lat. hre-
vitas = shoi-tness, from brevis = short.]
t 1. Gen. : Shortness ; as, the brti-Uy of
human life.
2. >^iiec. : Conciseness of statement in words
or written composition.
" Viiipl, stiulying brcaiti/, aiid bavhig the commaiitl
of his uw)i language, cuuld bring tliose words into a
narrow coniijasa, which a translator cauuot render
without circumlocutions." — DryUcn,
"... brevity is the .soul uf wit."
Hhakcsp. : Hamlet, ii. 2.
brew (as bru), * brue, brew-en, * brou-
en, I'.t. & i. [A.S. brenivan ; Dut. brotnrcit;
Icel. brugga; Dan. hnjgge ; Sw. brygga ; O. H.
Oer. pnhyou; Ger. brauen.}
A. TTanaith-e :
1, LiteraUy :
^1. To cook.
2. To prepare a liquor from malt and hops,
or other materials, hy a process of boiling,
steeping, and fomenting. [Brewing, II. 1.]
3. To convert into a liquor by such x^ro-
cesses.
" I boughte liir barly inalte : she hrewe it to aelle."
Langland : Piurs Plowman, v. 219.
4. To prepare, concoct.
" Take away these chalices. Go brew me a pottle of
sack finely."— SfttttesM ■' -I/ct// ll'ices, iii. 5.
II. Fig. : To contrive, plot, set on foot,
foment.
■' Uya wyf . . breived the childys deth."— iS'eftn
Sages, 1,384.
" Thy doghtur bryht as blome.
That bruwyd hath all tbys care."
Le Bone Florence. 686,
B. Intransitice :
1. Lit. : To perform the duties or acts of a
brewer.
" I keep his house ; suul I wash, wring, brew, bake,
Acour. dre.ss meat and driuk, make the beds, and do aJl
myself."— Sft(tA(.'s/>. : Merrij Wlven. i. 4.
2. Fig. : To be set on foot, started, pre-
pariag.
" Your b.ail1e now brewf/s.'
Towrdfi/ Mijstvrirs, p. 314.
" Here's neither bush nor shrub, tu beai- off any
■weather at all, anil another storm brewing,"— ShakesiJ. ■
Tertijjcst, ii. 2.
^ brew, ' brewe, 5. [Etym. doubtful.] A l^ind
uf bird.
"Cuilewe, br'-mr, quayle, . . ." — Bokeof Keniing, in
Babees Book, p. 271.
brew (as bru) (l), s. [Bree.] Broth, soup.
brew (as bru) (2), s. & a. [Brew, v. ]
A. As substantive :
1. A manner or process of brewing.
2. A product of the process of brewing, any-
thing brewed or concocted,
" Trial would be made of the like brett< with potatoe
roots, or bun- roots, or the jiith of artichokes, which
are uourishiiig meats." — liacon.
B. As adjective. : In composition.
brew-house, "^brewhous,*. A house
or place where brewing is earned on.
" In al the tomi nas brewhoui iie biveriie
That he ne visited with his'solas,
Ther as that any jjaylard taiwter was."
Clnuicer: C. T., S,234.
brew-kettle, s. The kettle or vessel in
which the wort and hops are boiled in the
process of brewing.
* brew-lede, i. The leaden cooling vessel
used in brewing.
+ brew-age (pron. bru'-ig), s. [Eng. brev;
and suffix -age.l A mixture, a concoction of
several materials, drink brewed.
" The infernal brewage that goes round
Froui lip to lip at wizaida' mysteries."
Beddocg : The Bride's Tragedy, v. 4.
brewed (ew as u), pa. vf^. & «. [Brew, v.]
brew'-er, '^ brew-ere, '" breow-ere (ew
as u), 5. [Eng. breic ; -cr.] One whose call-
ing or occupation is to brew beer.
"In the years 1851 and 1861 the cowkeepers and
milksellers amounted to 14,a86 and 17.064 ; . . . malt-
sters (masteru and men), 10,560 iUid l(i,677 : brewers
(masters and men), 17,380 and 20,352.'— f.V»irt(d Report
/W)-1861, vol. iiL, 37.
brew^-er-y (ew as ii), 5. [Eng. hrmr ; -ani.]
1, Aplacewlierebeei'is brewed, abrewhtiuse.
" And particularly of the concerns of the breivery."
—Boswelt . Li fit of Johnson.
2. Breweis collectively ; the brewing tiade.
* brew-et.
iBrewis.]
brew'-ing (Eng.), brew'-in' (.5co(c/i) (ew as
u), W- it"'-, 0.., & s. [Brew, y.]
A. & B* ^s present participle & pariiAipiol
(xljcctirr, : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
" He saw mischief was breunn,"
Biinu: The Ordination.
C. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
I. Literally :
(1) In tlie same sense as II. 1 (q.v.).
(2) The quantity of beer brewed at one
operation.
" A brewing of new beer, set by old beer, maketh it
work again, "^^(t con.
* 2. Fig. : The act of mixing ditferent things
together.
" I am not able ^x> avouch anything for certjiiuty,
such a breunng i\iid sophistication of them they make,"
—Ilollaml.
II. Technically:
1. Liquor manufacture : The art of making
beer. This term is also applied to the first
operation of the distiller, viz., the extracting
of the wort from grain, malt, or any other
saccharine snbstance.
(1) History: According to Herodotus, the
Egyptians made wine from barley. The Greeks
learned the process from tliem, and, according
to Xenophon, used a barley-wine. Tacitus
informs us that beer was a common beverage
among the Germans, and Pliny adds that it
was so among all the nations of Western
Europe.
(2) Modern viethods of operation : By the Act
43 and 44 Vift, , c. 20, the brewer is no longer
contintd to the exclusive use of malt and
sugar, but is at liberty to make use of any
matei'ial capable of being employed in the
production of beer. An excise duty of 8s.
is charged on every thirty-six gallons uf wort,
of a specific gravity of 1,055°, and so in pro-
liortion for any difference m quantity or
gravity, thirty-six gallons at 1,057" being
deemed to be the produce from two bushels
of malt. The act fuiiher defines tliat forty-
two pounds weight of malt or corn of any
description, or twenty-eight pounds weight nf
.sugar, sliall be considered the equivalent of a
bushel of malt. A special allowance, how-
(■\L'r, is made when syiiips are used. The
Orown has the iinwer to charge the duty,
(.'ither directly on the worts produced, or by
calculation on tlie estimated produce from
the materials used. There are six operations
in brewing, viz., grinding or crushing,
mashing, boiling, cooling, fermenting, and
cleansing.
(i) Grinding: The malt or com is bruised
or crushed by smooth met-al rollers, and left
in a heap for a few days before brewing, by
which it becomes mellow, and is more easily
exhausted by the water in the mashing.
(li) Mashing: The crushed or bruised malt
is now thrown into the mash-tun, and watei-
added at a temperature of from 158" F. to
17:^° F. After a maceration of three or four
hours, assisted during the first half liour by
constant stirring, the liquid portion is strained
off through finely-perforated plates in the bot-
tnni of the mash-tun, into the nnderback, and
pumped into tlie copper. In mashing, the
aim of the brewer is, not only to dissolve out
the sugar in the malt, but also to cause the so-
called diastase contained in the malt to act on
the starch and convert it into sugar. If the heat
of the mash-liqnor stands below 140° F., the
diastase will be inactive ; if above 185'^ F., it is
apl to be destroyed. A medium temperature
of 105° F. is found to be the most suitable for
mashing.
(iii) Boiling : As soon as all the wort is col-
lected in the copper, the hops are added, and
the whole boiled for about three hours. The
object of boiling is to coagulate and precipitate
the excess of albumen present, and to extract
the aromatic oil and bitter of the hop.
(iv) Cooling: In order to prevent as much
as possible the formation of acid, it is neces-
sarv to cool the woit us quickly as possible.
Thfs is done by exjiosing it to a current of air
in large shallow vessels, or running it over
refrigerating pipes.
(v) Fermenting, or fermentation : As soon as
the temperature has fallen to 60° F. the wort
is run into the fermenting vats, and yeast
added. In about four hours ferment^ition
begins, and is allowed tn continue for fort.y-
eight hours, when the yeast is skimmed off and
the beer run into large casks. Fermentation
is the most delicate operation of the brewer,
as on it chiefly depends the quality and con-
dition of the beer. His aim is, not to decom-
pose all the sugar in the wort, but to leave a
sufficiency to give body to the beer and keep
up the evolution of carbonic acid gas.
(vi) Chansing: The ordinary practice in
cleansing is to run the liquid from the fer-
menting vats into a series of casks placed with
their bung-holes slightly inclined, so thatthe
yeast still generated may pass over into
\-cs.sels placed to receive it. The object of
cleansing is to check the action of the yeast.
Wlieii sugar is used it is dissolved in the
co]iper. Tlie finished beer varies in specific
gravity from 1,002° to 1,030°, and cont^uns
from four to twenty-four per cent, of proof
spirit, together with a sugar, called maltose,
dextrine, colouring matter, and various salts.
2. Kaut. : A collection of dark clouds por-
tending a storm.
brewing-tub, .s\ A tub for brewing.
"... \vc shall thou have the loan of his Lidcr-jirt-'S
and brewiiig-t libs for nothing." — Goldsmith: \'icar uf
Wakejleld, oh. xvii.
* brewis, -^ brouwys, * browesse,
* brewet, s. [A.S. briii\ &?')'ft'es =^ Tirewis,
the small pieces of meat in bmth, pottnge,
frumentv (Somner, Bos worth) ; (N.Ii.) Ger.
&rei = pottage ; M. H. Ger. /)/■?, brie; 0. H.
Ger. pi'i, pi I" ; from A.S. brcott-an = to brew.]
[Brew, Brel:, Brose.]
1. Broth ; liquor in which beef and vegeta-
bles have been boiled. (Eng. £ .Smich.)
" What an ocean of brewis shall I swim in : "
Beaumont & Fletcher : Dioclesinn.
2. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat
fiottage, made of salted meat.
■ brew'-ster, * breu'-ster, * brewe-stere
(ew as u), 6. [Eng. hrei'- ; and O. Eng. fcm.
term, -ster.]
1. (Feminine) : A female brewer.
"Bakei's, Bochers, and Bremters iaor\ys."
Langland : Piers Plowiinai, Prol.
2, A brewer of tlie male sex, or without
reference to sex at all. (Trench.)
brewster- sessions, o. pi.
La !'• ; Sessions for granting licenses to
publicans.
brew'-ster-ite (ew as u), s. [Named after
Sir David Brewster, the ennnent natuial
philosopher, with suff. -lie (Min.) (ci.v.).]
Min. : A monoclinic mineral with a hard-
ness of 4 5—5 ; a sp. gr. of 2-432— 2-45;j ; a
lustre pearly on some faces and on others
vitreous, a white colour and weak double re-
fraction. Compos. : Silica, 53*04 — 54-;}2 ;
alumina, 15'25— 1T'40; sesquioxide of iron
0-08— 0-20 ; barvta, tJ-Oo- 0-80 ; strontian, 8*32
—9-99; lime, O'SO- 1-35, and water, 12-58-
14-73. It is found at Strontian, in Argyle-
shire, at the Giant's Causeway, and on the
continent of Eurojie. (Dana.)
brew-ster-li'-nite, brew-ster'-line,
brew-sto'-line (ew as ii), s. [Xamed
after Sir David Brew.ster. The second part
may be from Lat. Unea = line, or Gr. AtVoy
(;i;iO?0 =flax, a flaxen end, a thread; suflix
-ite{Min.)(ci.v.).']
Min. : A new fluid of unknown composi-
tion, first found by Sir David Brewster, and
occurring in the ca\ ities of various crystals
in Scotland, Brazil, and Australia.
brex'-i-a, 5. [From Gr. ^pe'^t? (brexis) = a,
wetting, ^pe'xto (brecho) — to wet, possibly
because the fine large leaves afford one a pro-
tection against rain.]
Hot. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
the order BrexiaccLc (Brexiads). The species
b^, bop-; pout, j^i^l; cat, 90!!, chorus, chin, bench; ^o^ gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing,
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -^on^^zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -tie, .Vc. .= bel, tel.
696
brexiacese— brick
are Madagascar treL's, commonly railed by-
gardeners ThenpliMstiih. They liave firm,
spiny, or entire leaves, and axillary giet'ii
flowers.
brex-i-a'-9e-£e, s. 2'^- [From ^lod. Lat.
hrexia (q.v.), feiii, pi. adjectival suffix -acet«.]
Bot. : Brexiads, an order of plants placed
by Lindley under his Furty-third or Saxifranal
Alliance. He distinguislies tlieni as Saxi-
fragal Exogens, with nmsolidated styles and
many-leaved calyx, altrrnate leaves, and non-
albumen. In 1S4'.>, four genera were known
and six speyies. (Llndhy.)
brex'-i-ads, s. jjI. [!Mod. Lat. hrexia (q.v.),
and Eng. pi suffix -ads.]
Bot. : The English name of the order Brexi-
acese (q.v.). (Lindley.)
* brey, v.t. [A S. bregean, bregan = to
frighten.] To territy
" But a serpeut fill wgly,
That byi!_'id thaiae all stautland thare-by."
Wyntown, vi. 4, 36.
^breyde, v t. [Braid (1), r.] (I'ro'npt. Parv.)
*brey-dyji, v.t. [Braid (1), v.] To upbraid.
(Fro'iiipt. I'aro.)
* breyel, o. [Brothel.] {Prompt. Parv.)
* breyfe, ^. [Beeve, s.]
* breythe, v.i. [Braid (1), v.] To rush.
"And breathed nppe into lus brayn and blemyst hifl
myude."
Har. Eiig. AllU. Poems (ed Murria) ; Cleanness, 1,421.
brez'-i-lin, s. [Brazilin.] The same as
Brazilin (q.v.).
bri'-ar, s. & a. [Brier.]
briar-root, s. [Brier-root, Kup.]
briar-rose, t>. [Brier-rose.]
brlar-tootli, .>. [Brier-touth.]
t Bri-ar'-e-an, ". [From Lat. Brhin-lus =
pertaining to Bi-iareu^, and Eng. suffix -a^i.]
1. Class. Myth. : Pertaining to Bi'lareus, a son
of Ccelns and Tellus, or uf .Ether and Tellus,
who had a hundred hands and tifty heads.
2. Ord. Lang. : Having a hundred hands.
bribe, -^ brybe, ;». [O. Fr. bribe = a present,
gift.]
* 1. Robbery, plunder.
"Brylwry, or brybe. AIa>iticu7um."—Prfinj/r Parv.
2. A reward or consideration of any kind
given or offered tn anyone corruptly, with a
view tu influence his judgment or eoiiduet.
" i!lo. Why ciLU accuse me ? wherein am I guilty V
I'ork. 'Tis thought, my lord, that you touk bribes of
France,
And, hem^ protector, stay'd the soldiers' pay ;
By means w-liereor, his highness hath lost France."
Shakesp. 2 Hun. (7., iii. L
t bribe-devouring, ft. Eager for bribes.
^ bribe-pander, s One who procures
bribes..
t bribe-worthy, a. Worthy of a bribe ;
worth bribing.
bribe, brybe, ^ bry-byn, v.t. & i. [O. Fr.
briber. ]
A. Tro.n^itivi :
* 1. To plunder, pillage, rob, -or steal.
" Ther is no theef v/ithoute a lowke
That heU'ftth hym to wasten and to aowke
Oi that he brybe kan, or borwe m.iy "
Chancer, a. 'T.. 4,41".
" Brylit/n. Manticalo, latrocliior.' —/'nonpf Pars.
2, To gi\'e or ofter tn any ^lerson a reward
or eonsiileration of any knul, with a view to
influence his judgment or conduct ; tu hire
fur a corrupt purpose ; t'j secure a vote by
illegal or corrupt means.
■* Or would it be iKissible to bribe a juryman or two
to starve out the KSt."~ilacaalay : Jltst. JCng., ch.
xxii,
:-j. To influence or bring over tv one's side
in any way.
" How jiuw'rful are ch.Lste vows ; the wind .itul tide
You brib'U to combat on the Eiigliah aide,"
Dri/den.
B. Intrans. : To nfler or give briber.
" The bard may supplicate, hut cannot /o-lfir "
Proloi/iie tn U'jud-naturvd J/aii.
t bribe'-a-ble, bri'-ba-ble, a. \ Kw^. hrihc;
MMil ablt.] Capable uf'ljtiii,^ ]irihi.'d , upen tu
a bribe.
: e\ecti}r&'."~£dwards: Polish C"/.
[Bribe, s.] One who receives i
t bri'-bee,
bribe.
"... were scheduled as bHJiecs without being ex-
amined,"—r/re BuslQii Election Times, JMarch aj, 1870,
t bribe'-less_, a. [Eng. bribe, and suff. -Ics.^.]
Free from bribes ; incapable of being bribed-
^ brib'-en, v.t. or i. [Bribe, v.}
brib'-er, * brib-our, * bryb-our» ' bryb-
oure, "^ brey-bowre, s, [O. Fr. hriheur
= a beggar, a scrap-craver, also a greedy
devourer ; briber = to beg ; and this from
bribe = (1) a lump of bread given to a beggar
{Cotgr.), (2) a present, a gift; briba (anc.
MSS.).= bullet ; from AVelsh briw = a morsel
a fragment."]
* 1. A thief, robber, plunderer.
" Alle othere in bataille heetli ybnlde /in/bniir.-..
Pilours and pyke-hemeys, in'eclii; paibhe rtrUMisi-df "
Langlaivl : P. PIohmihui. xxiii. ^u;
" Who saveth a thefe when the rope is knet,
With some false turiie the bribour will him quite "
Lydgate.
*" 2. A low, beggarly fellow.
" That pedder brybonr, that scheip-keipar.
He tellis thame ilk aue caik by caik."
Bannatyne Poemi, p. 171, st 7.
3. One who offers or gives bribes.
* J:, He who or that wliicli in any way influ-
ences or tries to influence corruptly or wrong-
fully.
"Affection is still a briber ot the judgment; and it
is hard for a man to admit a reason against the thing
he loves ; or to confess the force of an iirgumeutagaiuat
an interest."— Sou(//,
brib'-er-y, ^ bri'-ber-ie, * bryb'-er-y, ^.
[Eng. bribe ; -ry.]
1. Ordinary Langvcjc :
* 1. Robbeiy, theft, x^lunder. [See cpiotation
under Bribe, s., 1.]
2. The act or practice of bribing, nrof gi\'inj:
or offering bribes ; the aet of receiving bribes.
"For the congregation of hypocrites shall be deso-
late, and (4re shall consume the tabernacles of bribery "
— Job XV. 34.
II. Law : Bribery by a candidate or any
ageut of his at a parliamentary or municipal
election voids the seat acquired through its
aid. If it has been practised by the aspirant
himself it incaj)acitates him from being elected
again within seven years. The extensive pre-
valence of bribery may be punished b>' the
temporary or ])ermanent disfranchi-sement of
the corrupt place. It w,is hoped that the
establishment of the bailut would strike a
blow at bribery, but n-vebitinns made after
the general election ui Ifssd slmwed that it
had failed to do so, and by tlie Coirupt
Practices Act (1S83) the expenses uf tlie can-
didate and ills agents are limited tu a certain
sum, regulated by the number of tlie electui-.
hTlh'-lhgf pr. -par,, u.., k s. [Bribe, r.]
A, & B, As pr. piir. & 2>(irticip. adj. : (.See
the verb.)
C. As sn}>sf(fnf!v : The act of giving or
ofl'ermg a bribe, bribery.
bric-a-brac (a as a), s. & a. [Fr.]
A. As subst.: Fancy ware, curiosities, knick-
knacks.
■' I've no taste for bHc-d,-brac."—CornldU Man., Jan.,
1367, p. 117.
B. As adj. : Pertaining tu or containing
curiosities, knick-knacks, i:c.
" The ohl chiii.a. the lace and «\ass. were all for sale
In fact, the chief show-huuse in Brock wixsubr/c-n-hmc
shop. FinaUy. she took us into a room ami lutni-
duced us to ' Mign Vader ' "—Daily Telegraph, Jan, :.
''■ briche, ^ bruche,
breach, ruptui-e.
[Breach, s.]
A
*briche. ^bryche, "-. [A.S. brice,brii^-ii —
fragile.] Weak.
" Now ys Pers bycome hnirlio.
That er wiis bothe stoute and rvche,"
Hubert of lirnnDo.
*bricht, * brycht {<\h guttural), i«. & .s.
(Scotch.) [Bright,]
1; Used substantively foi- a young woman,
strictly as conveying the idea of beaut>'.
" Wallace hyr saw, as he hi.i eyne can ca>,i.
The prent oJfhirt'bim puuyeit at thi? lait.
t-'o aaprely, tlirouch bewtt oft' that hn/rht.
With gret wuess in presence bid he mycht "
WallHce. V. tWT, MS,
brick (1), *brique, s. <t a. [O. Fr. briq'N' =
(1) a fragment, (2) a brick; ft. Did. hn,d:„
bricke =: a fragment, bit; brirl.-, ]injrl-=i[
tile, brick. Compare A S. hric<>. bryn-'— brit-
tle, a breaking, from breraa = tu break,]
A. As snh^tfrnticc :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Literally:
(1) A mass uf clay and sand, tempered and
burnt in a kiln, made in a rectangular shape,
and used in building. [II. 2.]
"Ye shall no more yive the people striiw to make
brick, as heretofore : let thein go and gather straw for
themselves " — Exwl., v. 7.
" Not a brick was made hut some man hatl to think
of the making of that brick."— Carl yle : Heroes and
llero-worshiiJ, lect. v.
(2) Bricks collectively, as a material.
"AuKUBtus was accustomed to boast that he had
found nts capital of brick, and that he liad left it oi
marble." — Gibbon : Decline & Fall, i. 44,
2. F iguratively :
(1) A species of loaf, so called from its
shape somewliat resembling a bi'ick. It is
applied to bread of dilfcrent sizes; 'a<, a
jjenny bride, a half-qiioiteni brick, a fancy
bri< k.
"... a penny fti-ict, on which wemadeacomfoi-table
meal,' — SmoUet, Roderick /tundom.
(2) A good fellow. (Colloquial)
•Hesa dear little brick."— Thackeray,
II. Technically :
1. Arch. : A moulded and burned block of
tenii)ere.d clay. The word i^ also applied to
the lilock in its jirevious conditions, as a
moulded jilastic mass, and as a diied block in
which the water, hygrometrically combined
with the clay, is driven off. When this con-
dition is accepted as a flnality, the block so
dried is an adobe. The burning of the pre-
viously dried brick drives off the chemically
combined water, and for ever changes the
character of the mass. An adol>e may become
re-saturated with water, and resume its idas-
ticity ; a brick may become rotten and disinte-
grated, but not plastic. Air-brick i& an iron
grating tlie size of a brick, or a perforated
brick, let into a wall to allow the passage
of air. Arch-brick usually means the hard-
burned, partially vitrilied brick from the
arches of the brick-clam]) in which the Are is
made and manitained. A brick made voussoir-
shaped is known as a coinpass-brick. A cap-
'jilinj-hrifk is one for the upper couree of a wall ;
diiiLer, a ln'ick from an arch of the clamp, so
named from the sharp glassy sound when
struck ; a coping-brick, one for a coping
course on a wall ; Jeather-edged brick, of pris-
ni.itic Ibrni, for arches, vaults, niches, etc.;
fre-bridc, made of intractable material, so as
to resist fusion in furnaces and kilns ; hollou-
brick, with openings for ventilation ; stocks,
a name given to the best class of liricks, and
also locally to peculiar vaiieties, as gray-
^^toeks, red-stocks, etc. PlcUjuj, place, sandal,.
^'■iiiv! brick, are local terms applied to imper-
fecth' burned or refuse brick. Bricks vitri-
tied liy excessive heat are termed burr-bricki>
or burrs. (Knight.)
2. Hibt. : Bricks were manufactured at a
reiiK.'te period of antiquity by the Egyptians,.
tlie Babylonians, the Assyrians, &c., aiid some
of them being inscribed with written cha-
racters have been nfiinceless value in cou"\-ey-
iug histori(; facts to the jiresent age. About
A.D. 44 bricks were
Pertaining to bricks or brickwork.
made in England by
the Eomans, and ii»
A; D.SSti by the Anglo-
Saxons under King
Alfred. Under Henrv
VIII. and Queen Eliza-
beth the manufacture
greatly flourished.
The size was regu-
lated Ijy Charles I. in
1020.
3. Tier.: A charge
re.semijling a billet,
but showing its thick-
ness in perspective.
B. As adjective :
brick-bat, a. [Brickbat.]
brick-axe, s.
Brid.loying: An
axe with twu ends,
which are presented
like chisels. It is used
in chopping off the
soffits of bricks to the
saw-kerfs, which have
been pi'eviously made-
in the brick to the re-
quired deptli, in order
to prevent the brick,
from spalling.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p6t,
or. wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, fixU; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
brick— bricklayer
697
brick-built, c Built or L'onbtructed of
tyiL-k.
" Vi;t. eiiter'd in the brich-bu-ilt tuwii, he try'd."
Driideii : Juv. Sat.. 10.
bl^ick-burner, s. One whose trade or
occuijatiuu it is to siiperinteud the burning of
tricks ill the kiln.
brick-clamp, s. A stack of bricks in
order for burning.
brick-clay, b.
1. 0x1. Lung. : Clay used for making brick.
"lubsevved it in pits Wrought fur tUe and brick-
clay.' — ti'oo hrard
2. Geol. : The term brick-clay occurs fre-
quently in descriptions of Scottish j^eology,
whilst the term used for the somewhat similar
deposits in the valley of the Thames is lirick-
earth, or the pi. brick-eartJis (q.v.). Most
of the Scottish brick-clays are of inter-glacial
age, and some of them enclose arctic shells.
Dr, Robert Brown believes the fossiliferous
laminated or brickchiys of Scotland attribut-
able almost solely to the sub-glacier rivers
depositing, at the bottom of tlie sea, clay in
which moUusca burrowed. (Q. J. Geol. Soc,
Sxi. 175, xxvi. G94, and xxxiv. 826.)
brick-dolour, brick Colour, s. & a.
A. As siihst. : The colour of brick. [B.]
B, As adj. : Dull scarlet mixed with grey.
brick-dryer, s. An oven in which green
bricks are dried, so as to fit them for building
up in clamps or kilns for burning. A series
of drying-chambers are separated from each
other by iron-folding doors, through which
chambers a railroad track is laid. Under one
end of the structure is a furnace, and liot air,
of increasing degrees of temperature, is intro-
duced successi\ L'ly into the sepai'ate cham-
bers. (Knight. )
brick-dust, brickdust, o. Dust made
or arising from pouinled bricks. (Lit. (t'juj.)
"Thi3 iiipeiiiuus riutliur, being thus sharp set, got
together a convenient quautity of brickdusC, and dis-
posed of it into 3ever;d papers, "—i^jecfrt (or.
brick-earth, s.
1. Ordinary Language : Earth used for brick-
making.
2. Geology :
(1) The term is sometimes used in the
singular.
"Frum the sub-ac'rial ooiiditious under which the
brick-earth was formed."— Q J. Geol. .S'oc, xiii. 63.
(2) PL (bi id: -earths) : A term specially used
of two beds or series of beds, the Upper and
the Lower Bi'ick-earths. The names were
given by Mr. Searles Wood, juii. The latter
are especially interesting. They exist near
Loiidoji at n ford, Gray's ThiiiTOck, Crayford,
Erith, and Wickham. Bi^bide.s freshwater and
terrestrial shells, &c.. they i-ontain no fewer
than twentv-fnur species of maniniais, among
others the W(.lt/rft,(Ks /m/)m,v), the Beaver(f_V/^?t-;-
fiber), and the Wild Cit (Felis '-<ttH^), a fossil
liorse (Eqims fossil is), a Uy;i^ii;i (llncena sjiekea),
and yet more remarkable EIei>hos oiitiqnu:^,
VTin}i<}''niusa,\i>.Xpnscui:,Blinniceri'sticliiir}iimis,
leptcrhinus and megorhluui^, niidHijjpopotamvs
fnajor. Prof. Boyd Dawkins considers them
Pleistocene and Pre-glacial H<^ believes that
in a descending order the following is the
sequence of the several beds :— (1) Post-gla-
cial deposits, climate severe, but gradually
becoming temperate ; (2) Glacial deposits,
climate sevei-e ; (::!) Lower Brick-earths nf
Thames Valb\v, climate comparatively tem-
perate ; (4) Forest bod of Norfolk, climate
temperate. (',), /. GroJ Soc, xxiii. (ISiiT)
91-109.) iMr. dearies W.iod, jnn., on some
points differs from Prof. Boyd Dawkins.
{ma., 394-417.)
brick-elevator, s. An apparatus for
raising materials used in construction. End-
less chains are carried ()\-er wheels above and
below, and tiie material is carried up on
boxes supported by frames attached to the
chains.
brick-field, ». A field in which bricks
are made.
"Tile newer deposits of the brick-field." — Q. J. Geol
liior., xix. 304.
brick-furnace, s a furnace for burn-
ing bricks. In Ilofrnnnn's annular brick-
luuiace there is a lenti.tl chimney and remov-
able divisions for separating the annulns into
different rliamV.ers. These are filled and
emptied through doors. The chambers being
(■h;tiged with brick, heat i^ applied to one
chamber, and the volatile material thence re-
sulting is led Lhrongli the next one, so as to
heat and dry the bricks in the next in series,
The bricks in cliamber one being burned, the
tire is applied to uuniber two, and so on to
the end.
brick-kiln, a. [Brickkiln.]
brick-layer, s. [Bricklayer.]
brick - machine, s'. A machine for
making bricks. Many such maehiin.'.-) exist
diverse in tyi)e from each other, patents for
their construction in the aggregate amounting
to hundreds, having been taken oat in Eng-
land or in the United States. In one of these,
a patent clay-tempering and ta ick-making ma-
chine, invented in 1S81 by Mr Bakewell, of
Manchester, the clay, after being tempered, is
compressed into the proper form by a com-
bination of levers. By Messrs. Cooke and
Cunningham's machinery 1,800 bricks can be
made in an hour. A duty on bricks was im-
posed in 1784. At first the rate was 2s. (ja. a
thousand ; various alterations were subse-
quently made upon it, and finally the Act 13
and 14 Vict., c. 125, § (J, passed iii 1850, swept
the tax away. In that year the number of
bricks made in England was 1,700,000,000.
brick-maker, s. [Brickmaker.]
brick-making, s. The operations of
brick-making may be said to consist in— Pre-
paring the brick-earth, tempering, moulding,
drying, and burning. The qualities of bricks
maybe thus enumerated :- Soundness, that
is, freedom from cracks and flaws ; hardness,
to enable them to withstand pressure and
stfain ; regularity of shape and size, to enable
them to occupy tlieir proper place in the
course ; infusibility, in those intendt-d for
furnace-work. Fire-Jiricks are made from a
compound of silica and alumina, and the clay
owes its refractory quality to the absence of
lime, magnesia, potash, and metallic oxides,
which act as tluxes. Hollow bricks are made
for I'urposes of warming, ventilating, and re-
moving moisture from the wall. In some
cases the hollows form flues, or shafts for
ventilation, or discharge of dust from the
upper stories In other cases the hollows
have no mechanical function other than to
form air-chambers for wanntli, as it is well
known that an imprisoned bodv of air is a
veiy poor conductor of heat. (Kuiglit.)
". .a dark greyish-blue clay worked for bHck-
makiiij." — Q. J. Oeol. .S'oc , xxxiv. 326.
t brick-mason, 6-. A bricklayer. (Ogil-
vie.)
bt'ick-mould, s. A biix in which clay
for bricks is moulded into shajie It is some-
times of wood lined with imn or brass;
sometimes it is made of sheet-iron in four
pieces, rivetted together at the angU's, and
strengthened with wotid at the sides only
brick-moulder, s One who moulds
bricks.
brick-nogging, ^. & a.
A. As substantii'e :
Biiilding : Brick and stud work. [B,]
B. -4s adjfctire : Consisting of brick and
stud work.
If A brick-nogging wall or partition is one
in which the spaces between the timbers or
ted'
— , I , ! HI'
EKICK-^TJGG1NL; WALL.
scantling are filled np witli brick laid iu
moi-tflr. In a brick-nogging partition the
wooden portions are called noggiiyg-pieces.
brick-pit, s. a pit from which bricks
are dug.
"The brick-pit at Lexden is situated . . ."— Q. J.
Geol. Soc. xix. (1863).
brick-press, s. a kind of brick-machine,
which etfects its ob.iect by compressing the
bricks into sluipe. [Brick-machine.]
brick-red, s. a redrlis'i colour, like that
uf bricks. (Used also attribatively.)
BRKK-IKIMMER.
brick-triittmer, s. [Trimmer]
Arch. . A brick arch abutting against a
wooden trimilier
in front of a fire-
place, to guard
against accidents
by fire.
brick-trow-
el, s. [Trowel ]
A trowel used by
bricklayers.
brick-truck,
s. A truck with
■\v i il e tires t u
travel over the
fiat surface of the
brick-yard in
moving brick from the hack to the kiln.
brick-wall, 5. & a.
A. As snhst. : A wall of brick.
B. -is rnlj. : Consisting of such a wall.
" And they, that never pass their brick-wall bounds,
Tu range the rteUU, iiiid treat their lungs with aii."
C'owper : The Task. bk. iv.
brick-wise, a. or ndr. Arranged like
bricks in a wall ; so l;nd that tlic joints do
not come immediately over eacli other.
brick-work, s.
Briddaiji)ig : Wnrk executed in brick. Th.-'
standard size for English brick is 9 x 4i x l'j
inches, and walls are described as half-brick,
brick, brick and a half, &c., in tliicknes.-,.
The 1 Miter walls of ijiodci'n houses are generally
brick or brick and a half thick, tlie system of
leases for ninety-nine > ears having given rise
to the practice of building houses only suf-
ficiently strong to last till the lease falls in.
brick-yard, s. A "yard" or enclosure,
or simply a place where bricks are made.
■ brick (2), s. [Corruiition of break, s. (?). )
Bri-ck of land : A division, a portion dis-
tinguished from other portions.
" The bricks of land viider written, vi^',.. tliat brick of
liind lyaud Ui>vth iiud auUth."— ^L-ra I'arl. Janivs I'.,
vii,, p. 516. {Jamieaoii.)
brick, v.t. [From bride, &. (q.v.).]
BuikUiiQ :
1. To lay or construct with bricks.
"The -te.xturi comes to kiiow where he is to be laid,
and whethei his grave is to be plain or bricked " — Swift.
2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick-wall by
smearing a wall with red ochre, cutting divi-
sions in it, and filling the latter with plaster.
bfick'-ba-t, s. [From Eng. brid:, and bul(l), s.]
1. urd. Loi'j. : A broken jnece of brick.
2. Building:
across.
brick'-ihg, s.
brickwork oh a
Half a brick when it is cut
[Brick, s.] The imitation of
plastered or stuccoed surt:ii_e.
brick-kiln, * bricke-kill, s. [Eng. btidc,
and kiln.] A chamber iu wdiich .^^reen bricks
are loosely stacked, with spaces bct:\^-i.'cn tliem
for the passage of the heat, and in ■sVhich
tliey are burnedby fires placed eitherin ari.-hed
furnaces under the floor of the kiln, or in
fire-holes placed in the side walls.
" Draw thee waters for the siege : fortifie thy stl'ong
hokles, goe into clay, and tread the nmrter ; make
strong the b7'ickc-kiU."—Xf(,hum, iii. l-L (Old fiihle. )
" Moses took the ashes of the furnace, perhaps the
brick-kiln iu which the wretched a!aVes were labouring,
cast them luto the air, and wliere they fell the skin
broke out iu boils." — Mihnan: Ilist. of Jews, vul, L,
bk. il., p. 83.
brick '-lay-er, s. [Eng. hrid;, and layer.'i A
iiian whose traile it is to lay or set bricks.
"In the course of a Vmndred and twenty veara, the
daily earnings of the brirUayer have riaen'frouj half
a cruwii to four and tenpeuce."— J/tica«Za,v ; Elst. £ng.,
ch. iii.
bricklayer's-hammer, s.
Briddnying: A tool having a hammer-head
and a sharpened peen, forming an axe for
dressing bricks to shape.
bricklayer's-hoist, s. A winch, and
tackle for lilting bricks and mortar iu building
bricklayer's-itch, s.
Med. : A disease to whicli bricklayers are
subject, caused by the particles of brick-ilust
entering the skin and producing great irrita-
tion.
bricklayer's-labourer, s. A labourer
who assists the bricklayer by supplvin^,' him
with bricks, moiiar, &c.
boil, \3^; ptfut, jd^l; cat, cell, chorus, cMn, bench; go, gem; thin, thts; sin, as; expect, Xenophoii, exist, ph-f,
-cian, -tian = shan. -taon, -sion = shun ; -tion. -sion = zhun. -cious, -tiotts, -sious = shiis. -ble. -die. kc = bel. del.
bricklaying— bridge
bricklayer's - trowel,
TROWEL.]
[Brick-
Ibrick'-lay-ing, s. [Eng. hrick, and laybifi.]
The art or trade of building witli bricks, or uf
laying or setting brieks.
" Wlio is to judge how much cotton-spinning, or dis-
tributing goods from the stoi'es. ur brickla-ilnn, or
chiinney-sweeping ia fquivalent to ao much plough-
ing?"— r, a. jfiU : Poliric'il Ikonomy (ed. 1848), vol. i.,
bk. ii., ch. i., § 3, p. 24G.
^ The implements of the bricklayer are a
trowel, for spreading mortar and breaking
bricks wlien a piece smaller than a whole
brick is I'eqnired ; a hammer, for making
openings in the bri(;k-work and for driving or
dividing bricks,- for which purposes one end is
formed like a common liammor, and the other
is broad and flattened, somewhat after the
manner of an axe ; the plumh-rnle, made
generally of wood, having a longitudinal open-
ing down its middle and a xdummet suspended
from its upper end, for carrying walls up per-
pendicularly ; the level, consisting of a long
horizontal arm, having a perpendicular branch
carrying a vertical arm from which a ]>lummet
is suspended ; a large square, for laying out
the sides of a building at right angles ; a rod,
usually live or ten feet long, for measuring
lengths ; cfimpasses, for traversing arches and
vaults ; a line and line-jnus, for keeping the
courses straight and level as the work pro-
gi-esses ; and a hitd, for carrying bricks and
mortar to tlie workman. (Knight.)
* bric'-kle-ness, s. [O. Eng. hrickU; -ness.]
Tlie quality of being brickie or fragile, brittle-
ness. (Barret.)
brick'-ly, ^ bric'-kle, ' bro-kel, '■ bro-
kle, ^ bru-kel, ^ bru-kle, a. [O. Dut.
br okel = fvagWe, brittle; A.S. hrice, hryce=^
brittle, hrecaii = to break.]
1. Lit. : Brittle, fragile, easily broken.
"The parke oke is the softest, and fur more spalt and
irickle than the hedge oke. '—Harrison : Ejigland,
p. 2-31.
" But th' Altare, on the which this Image staid.
Was, 0 Kreat pitie ! built of brickla clay."
Spenser : Ituim nf Time, 498-a
2. Fig. : Fickle, variable, uncertain, un-
steady.
"The 6Hct7e and variable doctrine of John Calvin in
his institutioDs." — .S'(n/;;e(on.- Fortress of the Faith
(1565), f. 24, h.
" ... when I think how lam to fend for ye now
in thae brickii/ times."— Scoir.- OZcl Mortality, ch. vii.
brick'-ma-ker, s. [Eng. bride ; tnctker.'] One
whose trade it is to make bricks.
"They are common melaypits; but the brickmaJcers
pick them out nf tJae clay. " — Woodward.
brick'-mak-ing, -.t. & s, [Brick-making.]
brickmaking-machine, s. A machine
for making bricks. [Brick-machine.]
"blTLCk'-nog-gmg, s. [Brick-nogging.]
■brick'-work, «. [Brick- work.]
■*'brick'-y, a. [Eng. brick; -?/.] Full of or
composed of bricks. (Cotgrcive,.)
bri-col', * bri-cdl'e, .>. ,[Px. hricoU.l
Military :
1. Harness for men employed in dragging
lieavy gujis, when horses, &c„ -cannot be used
■or jirocured.
2. A sjtecies of engine of war, tlie same as
a springold.
"Some kind of bricol it seemed, which the English
and Scots failed n.n Espringnlil, the Hhot whereof K
Edward tiie fii-st esuaiied saire at the siege of Strive-
Ih\."—Ca7nden; Retaaines.
* brict,
1,910.)
* brid, ^ bridde, s. [Bird.]
" The kiny to souper ie set, served in halle,—
Bi-iddvn branden, and bnul, in bankeii* bright."
.^ir Gawun and Sir Gal., ii. 1.
"As briddes doou, that men in cage feede."
Chaucer : 0. '1'., 10,925-6.
"With briddes, lybardes, and lyouns."
Jtomaivnt of the Rote.
" That me thought it no briddis suiige.' /bid.
■ brid-devjmer. s. [0. Eng. brid = bird,
and devyner = diviner.] An augur.
Jo:
• brid-lime, ^. [Bird-lime.]
brid -al, " bride-ale, * bri-del, ■ bred-
ale, ^ brid-ale, * brid-hale. bryd-
aJe, " bruid-ale, s. & a. [Properly Eng.
Jrride, and ale ; ale being the common term for
[Bright.] (Story of <
a feast. Compare church-ale, leet-ale, scot-ale,
A. As substantive :
1. Lit. : The nuptial ceremony or festival,
" The fole maydenea .
weren beset wythoute
p. 2-M.
" A man that's bid to bride-ale, if he ha' cake
And drhik enough, he need not vear (fear) his stake."
Hen Joason : Tale of a Tub, ii. L {/fares.}
2. Fig. : Any union.
" Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
The brutal of the eai-th and aky." J/erbert.
IT A craw's bridcd : The designation given to
a fliglit of crows, if very numerous. (Scotrh.)
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a bride, or a
bridal ; nuptial, connubial.
" And let them eeke bring store of other flowers.
To deck the bridale bowers."
tipeiiser; Epitluitamiov, 4G-7.
If Ordinary compounds are bridM-bed,
bridal-cake, f bridal-feast, bridal- floicers, bridal-
hymn., brldal-riiig, bridal-song, bridal-wreath.
* bridal-cheer, ' bridale cheare, s.
The wedding feast.
" And askt him where and when her bridale cheare."
Spenser : F. q , V. ii. a.
bridal-knot, s. The bond of marriage.
" Be joy and happiness her lot!—
But she hath Hed the bridal-knot."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, iv. 14.
t bridal-link, s. A bridal-knot, mar-
riage.
" The imion of our house with thine.
By this fair bridal-link/"
Scott : Lord of the Isles, ii. 4.
■* bri~dal'-i-ty, * bri'-dal-tee, a. [Eng.
bridal; -ity.] A bridal, a marriage.
" Atquintin he.
In honour of this bridaltee.
Hath challeng'd either wide countee."
B. JoTison : Underwoods.
-"' brid'de, s. [Bird. ]
^ briddes-nest, i^. A plant. [Bird's-
NEST.] (Cockayne, iii. ;jlo )
* briddes-tunge, s. A plant. [Bird's-
TONGUE.] (Cockayne, iii. 315.)
bride (1), * brid, • brude, ' br yde, ^ bur de,
" buirde, * berde, s. [A.S. bryd; icel.
brndkr ; Dut. bruid; Hw. & Dan. hnid ; O. H,
Ger. prut ; Ger. braut, all = a girl, a bride.
Compare Wei. pn'orf; Bret, pried = a spouse
(Skeat.)}
1. Literallii:
^ (1) A girl ; an unmarried female. [Bird.]
" He wayted a-boute
To haue bi-holde that burde, his blis to encrese."
Williunt. of Palerne (ed. Skeat}, 683.
(2) A woman newly man-led or on the point
of being married.
" Were it better, I should rush in thus.
But where is Kate ? where ia my lovely bride f "
Shakeip. . I'aiiung of the Shrew, til 3.
2. Figuratively :
(1) That on which one fixes his affections,
and which becomes as near and dear to him
as a wife.
" The youth went do\vn to a hero's grave.
With the sword, his bride."
llemans . The Death-day of Korner.
(2) Applied in Scripture to the Church, as
the bride of Christ, to denote the close union
between them.
"The Spirit and the bride say, Come." — /Jet'. \xii. 17.
bride (2), s. [Fr. = bridle, bonnet-string.]
1. Ordinary Language:
* 1. A bridle, a rein.
2. A bonnet-string ; one of the threads con-
necting the pattern in lace.
II. Mai. : Tln-eady membranes preventing
the escape of pus in abscesses.
" At the maturation of tlie pustule the bride rup-
tures."—Ajtcy. .Uelro/j. (1845).
* bride-ale, s. [Bridal.]
* bride-bowl, v. A bowl of spiced in-
gredients formerly^ handed about with cake
at bridals.
"Lord Beaufort comes in— calls for his hed and
brtde-buwl."—/Sen Jonson : New Inn, v. I.\i-^.}.
" bride-bush, s. A bush hung out by
the ale-house at briilals.
bride's-cake, .^. [Bridecake.]
* bride-cup, s. A bride-bowl (q.v.).
" Get our bed ready, chamberlain.
And host, a brule-cup." Den Joitson : New Inn. v. 4.
bride's-maid, s. [Bridesmaid.]
bride's-man, s. [Brideman.]
"^ bride, v.^ [Bride, s.] To make a bride of,
to wed.
" I knew a man
Of eighty winters, this I told them, who
A lass of fourteen bride-J.,"
Beaam. & Flct. : Two Nob. Kinsmen.
bride'-bed, 5. [Eng. bride, and bed.} The
marriage-bed.
" I hoped, thou shouldst have been my Hamlet's wife ;
I thought tliy bride-bed to have deck'd, sweet maid,
And not have strew'd thy grave."
SJiakesp. : Hamlet, v. 1.
bride-cake, s. [Eng. bride, and cake.] The
cake distributed to the guests at a wedding.
bride'-^ham-ber, s. [Eng. bnde, and chavi-
ber.] The nuptial chamber.
"Can the children of the brldcdmmber mouru, as
long as the bridegi'oom is with them ? "—.Mutt. ix. 15.
■" bri'd-ed, v^- P<'-''- & «• [Bride, v.] Made a
bride ; wedded.
bride -groom, * bride-grome, "^ brid-
gume, ^ bred-gome, s. [A conuption
of A.S. bf§d-guriia, from bryd = hrk\e, and
guma = man ; Dut. bruidegom ; Icel. bn'td-
gumi ; Sw. brudgumme ; Dan. briidgom ; O. H.
Ger. brutegovw ; Ger. irdiitigavi.] A man
newly married or on tlie point of being
married.
"The wyse maydines . . . yedeu in mid the bred-
gome to the hxeda.\e."—AycnbUe of Inwit (ed. Morris),
p. 235.
^ bri-del, s. [Bridle, s.]
" He streijeth of the bridel right auoon.
And whan the hors was loos, he gan to goon."
CJiaucer : T}ie Reeves' Tale, 4001-62.
" bride'-la5e, s. [Eng. bride ; and lace.] A
kind of broad riband or small streamer, often
worn at weddings.
bri-del'-i-a. s. [Xamed after Piof. Briedel.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Euphorbiaceffi, and the section Phyllan-
the;'_'. The bark of the Asiatic Bridelias is
astringent.
^ bride '-maid, s. [Eng. bride; and viaid.]
A bridesmaid ((pv.).
^ bride'-man, s. [Eng. bride ; and man.] A
man who attends on the bride and bridegroom
at a wedding ; a best man.
" My vertuous maid, this day lie be your bride-maTi.''
Beaum. & Fletch. : A Wife for a Moueth, v. 1.
bride^'-maid, s. [Eng. hnde, and maid.]
An unmarried woman who attends on the
bride at her wedding.
""bride'-Stake, s. [Eng. 6riY/c; and sto/.-e.] A
stake or pole set in the gi'ound, round which
the guests at a wedding danced.
"Round about the brifle$take."—Ben Jonson.
bride'-wain, 5. [Eng. bride, and man (q.v.). ]
1. A wain or waggon loaded with household
goods, travelling from the house of the bride's
father to her new home.
2. A carved chest for the bride's clothes
and household linen.
3. A meeting of the friends of a couple about
to be married, for the purpose of raising a
little money to enable the young folks to
coniraence housekeeping.
bride'-well, s. [Originally a palace or hos-
pital built near St. Bridget's, or St. Bi idc's
Well; subsequently converted into a work-
house.] A house of correlation for disorderly
persons or criminals ; a prison.
" Si.ch as in London commonly come to the healing
of the Mastei-s of lSridewell."—Ascham : Schoolmaster,
bride'-WOrt, .^. [O. Eng.&ridp, and worf (q.v.).
So i-idled from its resemblance to the white
feathers worn by brides (Pnor), or perhaps
because it was used for strewing the houses
at wedding festivities.] Two plants, viz.—
1. Spiroia Ulmario, L.
2. Spira.'a salicifoliu, L. (Loudon: Arbore-
tum.) (Britten £ Holland.)
bridge, " brigge, *^ bregge, * brugge,
■' brygge (Eng.), *brig (Scotch <£■ North of
Eng. dial.), s. &, a. [A.S. brycg, brlrg, bryc,
brie, brig ; Icel. bryggja, bru; Sw. brygga, bro ;
Dan. brygge, bro; Dut. bmg ; Fries, bregge;
(X. & M. H.) Ger. bi-iicke ; 0. H. Ger. pirucca.]
A. As substantive :
I, Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. :
(1) In the same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).
ffate, fat, f^re, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there;
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; miite, cub. ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
Syrian, ae, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
bridge— bridle
699
(2) Anytliiny laid across a stream, j^ap, or
liollow. to atturd means of iiat^in;^ o\'er.
" Thai drou it fa tree] then .uitl iiiful n. hrig
Ouei- a litel burn tu lig." Vui-nfii- MmuU, s.CMj,
2. Fhj.: Anything similar tu a literal bridge.
[11. 1.]
1[ (1) Of the nose: Tlit; nitper bony jiart of
the nose.
" The i-iiiaiiig gently the hridr/e of the nose, doth
prevent the deloimity of ,i ^uldle nose. "— fl(tco/t.
(2) To hrmk down a bridge hehuid one:
Mil. : To do as described with the view of
preventing an enemy from following. It has
the additional effect of preventing one's self
from easily letreating again across the water.
{Lit. <i:pj.)
" He hiul broken down all the hri-lf/cs behind him.
He hai.1 been so false to one side that lie must of Jiejes-
sity be true to the other." — MucaaUiy : Hist. Jin;/., ch.
XX.
II. TcchnicaVy :
1. Arch, : A structure consisting of an arch
or series of arches supporting a roadway above
it, designed to unite the two banks of a ri\'er
or the two sides of an open space.
(1) History of bridges: Bridges seem to have
existed in Cliina from a period of considerable
antiquity. The word bridge does not occur
ill the authorised yersiuu of the Bible. Tem-
porary bridges, for military purposes, were
constructed before permanent structures for
the convenience of the inhabitants were
erecteil. The former were often of buats.
Thus (Jyrus constructed such bridges about
53(5 B.C., Darius Hystaspes about 41^*0, and
Xerxes about 480 B.C. Bridges of stone or
brick seem to have been first used by the
Romans ; there were none erected in Greece
till after the Roman conquest. The first
Roman bridge is said to have been one span-
ning the Tiber between the Jauiculum and the
Aventine llountain, built by or under Ancus
Martins. Now they are universal in properly-
civilised countries, though in couutiies of im-
perfect civili?,;Ltion even yet they arc few. In
India they are nut numerous, and most of
those wliich exist have been erected since the
occupatiuji of the country by the British.
London Bridge, in its oldest form, existed
about A.D. <)7S, a new one was built of wood
in 1014, yet another in 1209, and the present
structure was conqileted in 1S31. Old We^it-
uiinster Bridge was opened in 17.!>(i, old
Blaekfriars in ITGO^Vauxhall in ISlti, Waterloo
in 1817, Southwark in 1819, Chelsea in 1858,
Tower Bridge in 1894. TheTay Bridge, afTord-
ingdirect lailway connection between Dundee
and Fifeshire, was opened on May 31st, 187S.
Its lengtli was about two miles. On Sunday
evening, December 28, 1879, a great part of it)
fell during a terrific storm, a train disappearing
with all tlie passengers in the rivei- beneath,
A new bridge was opened in June, 1SS;7. Tlie
Forth Bridge was opened March 4, 1S90.
(2) CoiL',! ruction and parts of a modern
bridge: A bridge is generally made of wood,
of iron, of stnue, ur of brick. Tlie extreme
supports of the arches at tlie two ends are
caXliidhutnieiits or abutments ; the solid parts
between the arches piers, and the fences on
the sides of the road or p;itlnv;iY -j^arapets.
(3) Different kinds ofhridgeb: Among these
may be' mentioned a bascule-hridge, a hoat-
hridge or bridge of boats, a bowstring-bridge, a
chain-bridge, a draw-bridge, a Jioating-b ridge,
Rpjing-bridge, a foot-bridge, a furnace-bridge,
a girder-bridge, a latticc-bi idg>', a pontoon-
bridge, a raft'lridge, a ropc-hridge, a s/:eit!-
bridge, a suspension-bridge, a swing-bridge, a
swivel-bridge, a trestle-bridge, a truss-bridge, a
tabular-briflge, a viaduct, a weigU-bridge. (See
these words )
2. Shlj'hnlhUng : A partial deck extending
from side to side of a vessel amidships. It is
comiuon in steam vessels, affording a con-
venient station for the officer in command,
and extends over the space between the
paddle-boxes. It is also known as the hui-ii-
cane-deck or bridge-deck.
3. Milling: The platform or staging by
which ore, limestone, fuel, &c., are com'cyed
to the mouth of a snielting-furnace.
i. Metallurgy, furnaces, hoUcrs, &e. :
(1) A lower vertical partition at the back of
the grate space of a furnace. [Water-bridge,
Hanoing-bpidge.]
(2) The iniildle part of the fire-bars in a
marine boiler, on either side of which the
iircs are banked. {Admiral Smyth.)
(;i) The luw wall of division between the
fuel-chamber and hearth of a reverberatory
furnace.
(4) The wall at the end of the hearth to-
wards the stack, compelling the caloric cur-
rent in jiuddling to ascend and then descend
towards the foot of the stack.
■i. Music: A thin wooden bar ])laced be-
neath the strings of a musical instrument to
elevate them above the sounding-board and
to terminate at. one end their vibrating por-
tion. The tone of an instrument is laigely
influenced by the position of the bridge.
5. Ordnance: The pieces of thnber between
the traii^joins of a gun-carriage.
6. Horology : A piece raised in the middle
and fastened at both ends to the watch-plate,
and forming a bearing for one or mure pivots.
When supported atone end it is a cock.
7. Engraving : A board resting on end-
cleats, used by an engraver to sjian the plate
on which he is working, to support the hand
clear of the jilate.
8. Electricity: A device used for measuring
the resistance of an element of an electric
circuit. [Electric-bridge. ]
B. As adjective : Peiiaining to a bridge in
any of the foregoing senses.
bridge-board, s.
1. Carp. : A notched board on which the
ends of the steps (technically the treads and
risers) of wouden stairs are fastened. It is
called also a notch-board.
2. The bridge of a steambont. [A., II. 2.]
bridge-equipage, s. An "equipage"
designed to accompany armies in the. field and
provide them with materials whence to con-
struct bridges across any rivers which may-
impede them in their pr<igress.
bridge-gutter, bridged gutter, s.
A gutter formed of boards covered with lead
and supported on bearers.
bridge-head, s.
Fortif. : A work commanding the extremity
of a bridge nearest to the enemy ; a tete depont.
bridge-master, s. One who has charge
of a bridge, a bridge-warden.
bridge-over, o.
Corp : A term showing that certain parts
lie acro.ss and re^t on others ; as, common
joists, bridge-over binding-joists, &:c.
bridge-pile, s.
Civil Knginirrnig : A jiile driven to support"
a timber of a bi-idge.
bridge-i'ail, ^.
Railroading : A railroad -rail having an
arched tread and lateral foot flanges. It was
adopted by Brunei for the Great Western
Railway. It is laid on a longitudinal sleeper
in cross-ties. Felt saturated in pitch, or its
equivalent, is placed beneath the rail over the
sleeper, and gives a certain resiliency to the
tr.ick. The other rails are known an edge-rails
and foot-rails (q.v.). (Knight.)
bridge-stone, s.
1. Ma''ioni^j : A stone laid from the pavement
to the entrance-door of a liouse, spanning a
sunken area.
2. Road-making : A flat stone serving as a
bridge across a gutter or narrow area.
bridge-train » s. A military bridge com-
posed of portable biiats. The same as bridge-
cqnipage, ot pmdoon-hrldge or (raiij. (q.v,). A
bridge-equi]nnent or pontoon-train, consisting
of a military bridge composed of portable
boats.
bridge-tree, s.
Milling : The beam which supports the
spindle of the runner in a gi-inding-miU. On
the up]ier surface of the bridge-tree is the
socket of the spindle. The bridge-tree is
capable of ^-ertical adjustment, to vary the
relative distance of the grijiding-surfaces, by
moving the runner towards or from the bed-
stone. Tlie adjusting device is called a lighter-
screw. (Knight.)
bridge-truss, s. A stnicture of thrust
and teiLsion pieces, forming a skeleton beam,
in a viadnet. It has several varieties : the
lattice, the arched truss, or combination of
arch and truss, tlie deck-truss, in which the
road-bed is on the straight stringers. (Knight.)
bridge-ward (1), s [Eng. bridge, and
ward (2), s.]
Locksmithing : The main ward of d. ke;',
usually in the plane of rotation.
bridge-ward (2). ^ brigge-ward,
* brigge-warde, 5. [K\\<^. bridge ; O. Eng.
brigge, and ward (1), s.]
1. The warden or keeper of a bridge.
2. A number of men set to guard a bridge.
" That nyght as it fnl by cjia,
The brigge-warde furyete \vas "
air Ferumhrax, 3,559.
bridge, v.t [From Eng. bridge, s. (q.v.).]
1. Lit : To build a bridge over a river, a
valley, or road.
" Came to the sea : and, over Hellesisont
Bridgiiiff hla way, Europe with Asia joined."
Milfon: P. L , bk. x.
2. Fig.: To establish a passage across any-
thing.
" Till. hHdqcd with Moslem bodies o'er
It bears aloft their slippery tread."
Moore : Lalla liookh ; The FtrL'-ll'arshippers.
bridged, jjtt. l^ar. & a. [Bridge, v.]
bridged-gutter, o. [Bridge-gutter.]
bridge'-less, a. [Eng. bridge, and suff. -less.]
Without a bridge. (Southey.)
bridg'-ihg, jt. par., a., & s. [Bridge, v.]
A. & B. ^s present participle & participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As suhhtantivr ;
Cari'. : Short cross-pieces connecting adja-
cent floor-joists to pre\-ciit lateral deflection.
[Chi_mni-:v.]
•" Single bridging has one pair of diagonal
braces at the inid-lengtli of tlie joists. Double
bridging consists of two pairs of cross-liraces,
dividing the joist into three lengths.
bridging-floor, s.
Ci'rp. : A floor in which bridging-joists are
used without guders.
bridging-joist, s.
Bnilding : A joist in a double flour, resting
upon the binder or binding-joist, and support-
ing the floor ; a floor-joist.
bridging-piece, .:>.
Carp. : A strut-i)iece nailed between joists
or beams, to prevent lateral deflection ; a
strutting or straining piece.
^"bridg'-y, a. [Eng. bridg(e); -y.] Full of
bridges. (Slierwood.)
bri'-dle, ' bri'-dell, ^ bri'-del, ' bri'-dil,
" bry'-dylle, s. & a. [A. 8. bridcl, hridels,
hvfjdel; Icel. beisl ; Sw. /Wm/ ; Uan. hidsel;
But. breidel; M. H. Gcr. bvitvl ; O. H. Ger.
bridel. h, ittil, priddel ; Fr. bride; O. 'Fv.bri-
del: Prov., Sp.,&Port. bridn; Ital. hriglia =
a bridle, and predelki = the headstall of a
bridle.]
A. As sidystantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit.: In the same sense as II. 1.
2. Fig. : A curb or restraint of any kind.
■'.... that place, M'hicli some men fancied to be a
bridle upon the city.' — Clarendon.
". . . . a continual ij-ttZte uu the tou^e."—ira«s.
II. Technically :
1. SojldUry : A head-stall, bit, and bearing
or riding rein, completing the head-gear of a
horse's harness. The modern bridle of Europe
and America consists uf thefoltowingpieces : —
The crown-ijiece, the brow-band, the cheek-
strap, the throat-latch or lash, the rein, and
the bit. .Sometimes also there is a nose-baud
and a hitching-straii.
2. Moxldnerij :
(1) A link attachment, limiting the separa-
tion of two ]iieces.
(2) Ofaslnh' valve : The flanges which keep
it in place, and serve to guide and limit its
motion.
3. Nautical :
(1) One of the ropes by which the bowline
is fastened to the leech of a sail.
(2) A mooring-hawser.
i. Agric. : The piece un the forward end of
boil, bo^; pout, j6^1; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^ist. -ing.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tlous, -sious = shus. -die, -kle, &c. - del, k^l.
700
bridle — lOrler
BRIDLE-BIT.
a plougli-beani, to which tlie draft-shackle is
attached ; the ch^^vis ; nlso called the muzzle
or plough-head.
5. Firr-firms : That piece in n gun-lock which
serves to Viind down the sear and tumbler,
and prevent their lateral motion. (Knhjht.)
B. ^s (t'ljerjlve: Pi^rtaiuing tn a bridle.
(See the compounds which follow.)
bridle-bit, s\ A bit connected with a
liridie. Sucli bits are seen in Assyrian and
Egj'ptian ]iaintings and sculptures, ;ind are
subsequently mentioned by Xeni^phnn. Bri-
dle-bits may be classed under three heads :—
snaffles, curli-bits,
and stiff-bits. The
snatfle has two bars,
jointed together iu
the middle of the
mouth, and has rings
at the end for the snaffleV
rein. It sometimes
has cheek-pieces, to
keep the ring from
pulling into the
mouth of the animal.
The curb-bit con-
sists of the following
parts : — Clieek-])ieces or branches with eyes for
the cheek-straps and bir the reins, and holes
for the eurb-chain ; a mouth-piece, uniting
tlie cheek -pieces and forming the bit proper ;
sometimes a bar iiniting the lower ends of the
branches ; a curb-chain. The elastic bit con-
sists of a eliain covered l)y closely coiled wire
1 iptween the bit-rings. Another form of elastic
bit is made of twisted wire with a soft rubber
covering. (Knight.)
bridle-cable, 6.
ymit. : A cable proceeding from a vessel to
the middle of another cable which is moored
at each end.
bridle-cutter, ^. One who makes bridles,
spurs, &.C. {Johnson.)
bridle-hand, s. The hand which holds
the bridle when one is riding ; tlie left hand.
" The Gaucho, when he is goluj to use the Inzi.!,
keeps a siiiaU ooil in his bridle-liaii'i ." —Darwin : Voy-
age round the World (ed. 1870), ch. iii,, p. 44.
bridle-maker, s. a maker of bridles.
{Booth.)
bridle-path, s. A path sufficiently wide
to allow of the x^assage of a horse, though not
of a cart.
bridle-port, s.
ShipbiiUding : A port in the bow for a main-
deck chase-gun ; through it mooring-bridles
or bow-fasts are passed.
bridle-rein, s. A rein passing from the
hand to tlie bit, or from the cheek-hook to
the bit, or, in Wiigon-harness, from the top of
the haines to the bit.
" Selected ehjimpioiis from the ti'ain,
To wait upon nis bridlp-rein."
Scott: Lord of tTie Isles, vi 21.
bridle-way, s. A horse-track, a bridle-
path.
bri'-dle, ■* bry'-del-yn, v.t. & i. [Prom
hridle, s. (q.v.).]
A- Transitive :
1. Litcralb/. Of a horse or any similar animal :
(1) To restrain by means of an actual bridle.
(2) To furnish or etiuip with a bridle.
" The ateeda are all brldh'd, and aiiurt to the rein."
•Ji'irnn : Sifffc of Corinth, 22.
2. Fiij. : To curb, to restrain, to govern.
" But the thoughts we cannot bri-lli;
Force their way without the ^vill,"
Ji'iron : Fare thei- well.
B. Tntrnnsltirr : To holdup the head and
draw in tlie chest, as an expression of jiride,
scorn, or resentment.
" Dick heard, and tweeilling, ngliug, bridlinq.
Turning short round, ■-ti utting, and Bideliiis."
Cow per : /'iin-nifi-tniiff Anticipated.
% In this sense it is often followed by up.
[Bridling.]
bridle~in, v.t. To hold in or restrain by
means of a bridle or curb. {Lit. (C-fig.)
" I hriiUp-io my stinL.'L.'l[ug muse with pain,
That longH to lamuli into a bolder strain."
AddiH-in : A Letter from Italy.
bri'-dled, pa. jKir. & a. [Bridle, o.i.]
bri'-dler, s. [Eng. hri<l/(<.') ,■ -er.] One who
In-idles or curbs an annual, a j^i^rson, or any-
thing. (Lit. d.' firj.)
" The prel:ite>^ bo.iat tlieiuselve-- the only brldh-rs of I
suhisiu."— ,l/(i;uu.- Ji<.'. is •!! of CIl Guy., bk. i., ch. vii,
brid'-ling, j?r. -par., a., k s. [Bridle, v.']
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding tu those of the verb.
B. As participial odjee.tin' :
" He swells his lifted chest, and backward flings
His bridling iieok between his towering wiugn "
Wordsivarth- A'/ninng M'ulk
C. As suhstantirc : The same as brldhaij-np
(q.v.)
bridling-up, s. The act of proudly rear-
ing the head.
" By her hridling-np I perceived that she expected
tu be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distafl', but Mrb.
Tranqaillii»,"~y(tWcv.
Brid'-lihg-ton (generally pron. Biir'-ling-
ton), " Brel'-ling-ton, s. & f<. [From 0.
Eng. Brdliug (etym. doubtful), and toii=^
town. ]
A. As substantive :
Gcog. : A market town and parish on the
sea-coast of Yorkshire, lat. CA" N.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to or found at
or in the place named under A.
Bridlington crag, 5.
<!eol. : A deposit belonging to the Newer
Pliocene. It consists of sand and blui.sli i-lay
with fragments of various rocks. It contains
molluscs, of whicli four s]iecies are extinct,
Natica occlusa, Co.rdlt" analis, Nucido. Cobbol-
dice, and 'I'ellina ohliqnn ; most of the remain-
ing .spu'uips are arctic shells. It appears to
ha:'e been deposited during the period of tlie
greatest cold.
bri-doon', 0. [From Fr. hridon = a snaffle.]
Saddlery : The snaflEle-bit and rein used in
European military equijinients in connection
with a curb-bit which has its own rein.
brief, * breef, ^ bref, * breve, breff, a.
rO. Fr. brief; Fr. href; Sp., Port., & Ital.,
brc7Mi ; Lat. brevis ; Gr. ^pa-xps (brachus) =
short.]
A. Of things :
1. Oflcmgnage: Short, few, concise.
" A play there is, my lord, some ten words long,
Which ia as 6W^f as I have known a play ;
But by ten words, my lord, it is too long.
Which makes it tedioiis."
Sliakesp. : Mid Ji'lght's Bream, v. 1.
2. Of time: Short in duration, not lasting.
" But man, proud man,
Drest in a little 6Wef authority."
Hha'nesp : Mean, for Jfeas., ii. 2.
t 3. Of length, size, or extent : Sliort, narrow,
contracted.
" The shrine of Venus, or straight pight Minerva,
Postures beyond bri^f na^ture."
a/iakesp. : Cymbel., v. 5.
B. Of2)ersons : Concise in language ; short,
abrupt.
"To finish the iiortrait. the bearing of the gi-acious
Duikcau was brief, bluff, and conseciueutial, . . ." —
Sa>tt : Heart of Midlothian, ch. xliv.
K In brief (O. Icel. on brefa) : Shortly, in
short, briefly.
" In brief, we are the King of England's subjects,"
Shakesp. : K. John, iL l.
To he brief: To apeak briefly or shortly,
without many words.
brief, bref, brefe, ^ breve, s. [In Dan.
brev; O. H. Ger. hriaf : O. Fr. href; Sp., Ital.,
&Port. breve.] [Brief, a.]
I. Ordinary Language :
^' 1. A short abstract ; an epitome.
"I doubt not but I shall make it plain, asfarasa
euin or brief can make a cause plain." — Bacon.
" Each woman is a brief of woman-kind."— OfO-i/rj-y
■'^ 2. A writing of any kind.
" Bear this sealed bri^f
With winged haste to the lord marshal."
Sluikesp. : 1 Hen. IV., iv. 4,
II. Techniecdly :
1. Eccles. :
(1) A papal letter or licence.
"A bag fuUe of brtfes . . ." — Townley Mi/sterifs,
p. ao9.
"The ji,])0'*tolica! letters are of a twufnUl kind .and
difference; viz., some are called briefi, bec^iuse tbey
are comprised iu a short and compendious «.iy u£
writing.' —Anliffe.
(2) An ejtiscopal letter or charge.
'■ Then also (if occasion be) shall . . Ur!'-f.-i, Cita-
tions, and Excommunications be read."—/?""/., of Coiu-
inon Prayer ; Jiiibric in Communion .Scrvive.
2. Lew:
(1) Eng. lair:
(ft) (Sec definition in quotation.)
" A writ whereby a man is summoned to answer ta
any action : or it is any nrecept of the king m writing,
issuiny out of any court, whereby he cominauda any
suing to he done." — Cowol.
(b) The abstract of the evidence, &c., given
to the counsel, to enable them to plead a case.
"It seems, indeed, from the reports of the trials that
he did iis little as he could do if he held the briefn at
all, and that be left to the judt;es the business of brow-
beating witnesses and i>ri8onera. " — Macaulay ' Bi^t.
Eng., ch. xi.
* (c) A royal proclamation for the meeting
of parliament.
" Over alle hys loud hys bref was sente
To aselea a comuyu parliiuent."
Seuen Sages, 3,213.
* (d) Letters patent, authorising any char-
itable collection for any public or private
purpose.
" Ahriefwus read in all churches for relieving the
French Protctants, who came here for protection
from the nnhenrd-of cruelties of the king.'— i^ueij//! :
Memoirs, ii. 262.
(2) Scots law : A writ directed to any judge
ordinary, requiring and authorising him to
hear a "case before a jiuy and give sentence
thereon.
3. iMi'sic. [Breve.]
t brief-man, s.
1. One who prepares briefs.
2. One who copies manuscripts.
t brief (I), v.t. [Brief, a.] To write con-
cisely ; to set foith briefly,
brief (2), v.t. [Brief, s.]
1. Tu gi\e a brief to (counsel).
2. Todraw up in the form of acounsers brief.
brief -less, o. [Eng. brief, and suff. -le^s.y
Having no briefs ; without clients ; unem-
ployeil. (Said only of barristers.)
"If the king notiSed his pleasure that a briert''/;.':
lawyer should be made a judge." — Macaulay : Biat
Fng., ch. iii.
brief-less-ness, s. [Eng. ftriefiess ; -ness.]
The state of being biiefless or without clients.
brief- ly, * bref-ly, ^ breve -ly, a.dv.
[Eng. brief; -ly.]
1. Of language: In few words, concisely,
shortly.
'■ T" aey brefli/, . . .' —Mn-lin, I..n. la^t.
A plain blunt show of briefiy -simkeu seeming "
Byron : A Sketch
2. Of time : Shortly ; in or after a 'short time.
brief -ness, * brefl-nes, s. [Eng. brief;
-ness.] The quality of being brief or shoi-t.
Used—
1. Of language: Conciseness, brevity.
" I hope the briefness of your answer made
The speediuess of your return."
Shakesp. : Cymbeline, ii. 4,
2. Oftinie: Shortness
•' We passe ovyr that, breffnes of tynie consj'derynge."
—Covi'-ntry Myst., p. 79.
3. Of length, size, or extent : Shortness, nar-
rowness.
bri -er. bri -ar, ^ bry -ar, * breere,
*brere,s. &a. [A.S. &rer= a briar ; Ix. briar
= a prickle, a thorn, a briar, a pin ; Gael.
jrrca.s; gen. ^.li-raris — a bush, a shrub, a thicket,
a wrinkle, a plait ; Wei. 2>'i'V^, VU'^'V'' = covert,
brushwood.]
A. As suistantive :
I. Ordinary Language:
1. Literally:
(1) Hen. : A thorny or a prickly shrub, with-
out precisely indicating the species.
"But that that ia bryugiuge forth thorues luid:
firej-is is repreuable . . ." — Wicliffe : Ebreicls, c. 6.
'■ Wliat subtle hole is thi--,
Whose mouth is coverd with rude-growing brierjf
.^h<i'^'-':p. : Titns Andron., ii. 3.
(2) .Spec. ; The same as II. Bot, 1.
" From off this irier pluck a white rose with me."
Shakesp. : 1 Ben. VI., ii. 4.
2. Fig. : Anything sharp or unpleasant to
the feelings.
"... leaue vs your frlendes in the briers and betray
vs, , . ."—Stow: Edward VI. (1552).
"... some harsh, 'tis true,
Pick'd from the thorns and briers of reproof."
Cowper : Task, bk. vi,
IL Technically:
Bot. .- Various species of British roses of
larger growth. Spr., the Dog-rose (Rosa
canina). (Treas. of But.)
T 1. Sliijhlhi scented brier, or briar: Rosa
inodnni. (Hnnkcr cV Arnott.)
2. SmiiU-jloi'-c red sweet brier, ov bricw : Rosa
micra)itha.
thte, fat, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p6t»
or, wore, wQlf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, w, ce = e. ey = a. qu = kWa
brierd— briggen
701
3. True sweet hricr, or briar : The Eglantine
(liosa nihtijiiLijsn.)
B. As oiljactive: Pertaining to any of the
plants ilesLTiT)ed under A.
brier-bush, * bryer-bushe, ' brere-
bushe, s. Two roses—
1. Rosa rauliui.
2. Rosa arvcnsis.
brier-rose, briar-rose, s. A rose
{Rosa canina). (•'^pec. on ike Eag. hor(Jcr.)
" For, from their shivered "brows diEpIayed,
Far o'er tlie unfathomable ijlade,
All twinkling with the dew-drop sheen,
Tlie briar-ro«c fell in streamers grefii."
Scott. Lady of the LuTcc, i. 11-
brier -scythe, £.
Agric. : A stont, short-lilacled scythe in a
nearly straight handle, and used for <_-uttiii^'
down brambles and the like.
brier-tooth, ct. Resembling tlie teeth of
a brier leaf.
BrU'i'-tooth son:: A saw whose interdental
spaces are deeply depressed by oblig_ue filing
on alternate sides. [Gullet-saw.]
i brier-tree, s. a rose {Rosa ccmlna).
^ brierd, v.t. [Breer, v.] To germinate.
{Scotch.)
" Eueii as the husbandman after he has casten the
seede in the ground, his eye is on the gru\md to aee
how the come briiirdes."-~Rollock : On 2 TJk^s., p. 152
bri'-ered, a. [Eng. brier; -ed.'\ 8et with
briers. (Chattertoii.)
ibn-er-y, a. & s. [Eng. brier ; -y.]
A. As adjccticc: Full of briers; thorny.
(Lit. d-fig.)
"It taketh no rote in a briery place, ne in marice,
neither in the aande that fteetetn awaye. but it re-
quireth a pure, a tryinme and a aubatauncial grounde."
— Udal: James i.
B. As substantive: A place where briers
grow. {Webster.)
'■ brieve, s. [Beief.]
l)rig(l), *breg, *bryg,s. [Bridge.] {Saotoh,
Yorkshire, and North of England.)
1. Lit. : A bridge.
" Corspaj-tryk raias, the keyis weile he knew,
Leit brefigis doun, and portciUess that drew."
WaUace. i. 90. MS.
" The brig waa doun that the eiitrii suld keipe."
Ibid., iv. 226. MS.
2. FUj. ; A ledge of rocks running out from
the coast into the sea. Example, Fi lev Brig
(ill East Yorksliiie). (Prof . Phillips : Rivers,
dr., of Yorkshire, p. 262.)
;brig (2), s. [CVinti-acted from Eng., &c., hrtgan-
titic (q.v.).]
Nant. : A ve.sscl with two masts, square-
rigged on both. I8N0W.]
_,
^
-
-4-
y
i, ^^^^^^
^"^M
^^fe
^^te
■"^^Sft
H^^S*"
" . . . . though the arrival of a brig in the port Wiis
ft rare event.'— -l/acttuia^ .' Hint. Eng., eh. xiii.
Tl Hrrmaphrodite bng : A two-masted vessel,
squai'e-rigged forward and with lore and aft
sails on the mainmast.
S>ri-ga'de, brig'-ade, *bri'-gad, o\ & a
fin Sw. brigiul; t)an., Dut., Ger., & Fr.
brigade; Sp. (rif/arfa = brigade, sheltfr ; Port.
hrigada; Ital. & Low Lat. brigaia = a com-
pany, a troop, a crew, a brigade. From O. Fr.
brlgue = contention, quaiTel, dispute, faction ; /
Ital. briga = trouble, disquiet ; Ital. & Low »
Lat. brigare = to strive, to shift, to be busy.]
A. As siibstaiitirc :
1. Mil. . A portion of an anny, whether
horse, foot, or artillery, under the command
of a brigadier. An infantry brigade contains
from three to six battalions ; tlie cavalry
brigade, three or more regiments and a bat-
tery of horse ai-tillery; an artillery bi'igade
two or more batteries. Infantry and cavalry
brigades, when permanently formed, are com-
manded by major-generals.
" Here the Bavarian duke his brigades leads."
Philips.
" la there any general who can be responsible for the
obedience of a brigade/"— Burke: Siu>. qf Speech on
the Aryny Estirruites.
2. Fig. : An aggregation, meeting, or union
of several hosts as for warfare. (PoetU:)
"Thither, wing'd with si>eed,
A Dumeroua brigade husteii'il : as when bauds
Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arni'd."
Milton: r. L., hk- i.
3. A band of persons, organised for some
special purpose, wearing uniform and under
discipline; ^^.b nfire-hrigLidn, &c.
B, As adjective: Pertaining to some kind
of brigaile.like one of those described under A,
•■ Brigade depots are to be considered a portion of a
force to L>e inspected . , . ." — 27ie Queen's Orders and
Regiiiatians (1873), § 5,
brigade-major, s.
Mil. : X statf officer attached to the brigade
and nnt tij the personal staff of the officer by
whom it is commanded. He issues the orders
of that officer to the brigade, and is the
channel through which are transmitted to
him all reports and correspondence regarding
it. He has to inspect all guards, outposts,
and pickets furnished by the brigade. Xu
officer under the rank of captain can hold the
appointment. {Queen's Regulations and Orders
fM- the Army {lS7:i), § 5.)
bri-ga'de, v.t. [From Eng., &c. brigade, a.
(q.v.).]
Mil. : To form into one or more brigades.
"It [brevet rank] gives precedence when corps are
brigaded."— James : JfU. Diet. (4th ed,), p. 61.
bri-ga'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Brigade, v.]
brig-a-dier', s, [In Ban. bHgadeer; Fr.
hrigadicr; Port, brigade Iro ; Ital. brigadiere.]
Mil. : An abbreviation of brigaiUcr-gentral
(q.v.). It is in common use in tiie Anghi-
ludian army, the forces located in various
i-antonmeuts being in charge of brigadiers.
'■ . . . .to raise the best officer in the Irish army
to the rank of Brigadier." — Macaulay : Ilist. Eng,,
ch. xiv.
brigadier-general, a.
Mil.: A military officer of intennediate
rank, which is local or temporary only, be-
tween a major-general and a colonel. He is
generally the senior colonel of a number of
battalions temporarily brigaded together and
not commanded therefore by a major-gene-
ral. He may wear the same uniform as the
latter.
"Brigadiers temporarily appointed .... are at
liberty, however, to wear the uniform and appnint-
nients complete, as laid down for a Brigadier-G<-neral."
Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Ar^ni/, § 12.
brig-a-dier'-ship, ^■. [Eng. brigadier ; -ship.]
The office or rank of a brigadier (q.v.).
bri-ga'-ding, pr. par., a., & ^. [Brigade, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb).
B. As adj. : Pertaining to the formation of
men into brigades.
"... regiments finding their way on to the gi'ound
as they mustered, with seemingly small attention to
the brigading r^ilations prescribed in the War-office
memorandum."— Z)f((7(/ News, July 24, I37i.
C. -Is subsi. : The act of forming men into
brigades.
^ brig'-an, .-■. [Brigand.]
"^ brig-an-^ie, s. [Brigand.] Robbery, de-
predation, violence.
"... thair be way of hame sukkin, brigancie and
foi-thocht feUony, maist vyldlie, -v-nmercifullie and
treaaoimablie slew and murtherit him, . . ."—Acts J a
VL. 158-i (ed. 1814), p. aOD.
brig'-and, * breg'-aund, * brig'-an,
■^ brig'-ant, s. [Fr. brigand; Low Lat. hri-
goiis = a light-armed soldier; Ital. brigante,
pr. par. of brigare = to strive ; briga ; 0. Fr.
brigue = strife.]
■* 1. A light-armed soldier.
"Bekyrde with ftrt-ffaHrw^ez of fesse in thalaundez."
Morte Arthurc. 2,096.
"Besides two tbniisand archers, and brigans. so
called in those d;iys of an armour which they wore
named brigandines "—IToUnsli., ii.. N n, 5 b.
2. A robber, a bandit, an outlaw.
" Lure on the brukiiU brigands to their fate."
Byron : Lara. w. xl
brig'-and-age, s. [Fr. brigandage = robbery;
from 'brigand.] The practices of brigands;
robbery, theft.
"... which not only brings them to neglect their
proper trades . . . but in time inevitably draws them
on to robbery and brigandage."— Warburton : Alli^
antic of Ch. and State (1st ed.}. p. 129.
* brig -and-er, *' bryg -and-er, s. [Bri-
GANDINE (2).]
"He anone apparaylled hyin with the knyghtes
apparayll, and dyd on hym his brugaiiders.'-Fabyan,
bk. vii., ij. 02J.
t brig'-and-ess, s. [Eng. brigand; and fern.
sufF. -es's (q.v.).] A female brigand.
"These briifindr^;-!'-: have an average of eighteen
crimes against them in common with the men.' — Pall
Mall Gazette. May 12, 1865.
* brig'-and-i9e, s. [Brigand.] Brigandage.
* brig'-and-ine (1), s. [Brigantine.]
'' brig'-and-ine (2), * brig'-and-er, s. [Fr.
hriqaiuUnc ; Ital. brigantlna ; from 0. Fr.
hrigoii'l ; Low Lat. brigans = a light-armed
suldier.J [Brigand, Brikoanetyne.]
1. A coat of mail composed of light, thin
jointed scales ; also a coat of thiUj pliant plate-
armour.
"They have also armed horses with their shoulders
and breasts defenced, they have helmets and brigan-
dines."— llokluyt: Voyages. i.G^
" Nur wavLug plume, nor crest of knight :
But burnished were their cordlets bright,
Their brigantinen, aud gorgets light,
Like very silver shone."
Scott : Marmion, v. 2.
2. A jacket quilted with iron, much worn
by archers during the reign of Elizabeth and
James I.
* brig'-and-i^m, s. [Eng. brigand, and suff.
-ism (q.v.).] Brigandage.
"' brig'-ant, s. [Brigand.]
* brig'-ant-ine (1), s. [Bbigandine (2).]
"Their defensive armour wa.s the plate-jack, hau-
berk, or brigantine." — Scott : ^'otu tu J/arinlon. st. lit
brig'-ant-ine (2), s. [Fr. brigantln; Ital.
brigcndui' — a pirate-ship ; Sp. bergantin.]
[Brigand.]
* 1. A pi rate-ship.
"Tlie brigantines of the rovers were numerous, no
doubt; but none of them was iaiac." — JIacaulai/ :
Uist. Eng., ch. xxv.
2. A two-iuasted vessel brig-rigged on the
erigantike,
foremast, and schooner-rigged on the after or
main mast.
brig -bote, * briig'-bote, s. [O. Eng.
iirif/ = bridge, and bote (q.v.).] For def. see
the quotjition.
" Brig-botc, or briigbote. signifies a tribute, contribu-
tion, or aid towards the mending of Ijridges, whereof
many are freed by the king's charter, and hereupon
the word is used for the very liberty or exemption
from this very ttihute."— Blount : Glossographia.
^'brige, *^bryge, s. [O. Fr. brig-ne; Ital.
hrlga ; Sp. & Port, hrega = a dispute, quarrel]
A quarrel, a contention.
■'jMyne adversaries han bygonne this debate and
brige." Chaucer : Jlelibeiis, p. 187,
[Bridge.] A
brigg, * brigge, ^ brug,
bridge. (Scotch.)
* brig'-gen, * breg'-gen, v.t. [Lat. breviare;
Fr. {a)bre\Kr.] [Abridge.] To shorten,
abridge, cut short.
"He wild haf briggid the fals leue and enoure."—
Langtoft : Chronicle, i*. 2^7.
i>6ll. bo^; pout, j6^1; cat, gell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = i;
-Clan, -tian^shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bel del.
702
briggeward— "brigtlike
* brig ge- ward, '' brig'ge-warde, s.
[Briiji;i:-ward.J
*■" brig'-houss, .\ [Scotrh ;<;•(■;/ = )jridge, and
ElJi,^ hottsv.] A toll-house. (.S/.'C"!.)
"... to low
Hir by the brif/JiotLHn to the will."
Barboar: r/ie .Zfnire (eii. Skeat}, xvh, 409.
bright ((7/; silent), briht, bricht, brict,
' brigt, brith, ' brit, bryght, * bryht,
* bryth, a., oilr., & s. [A. 8. hturht ; ( *. Sax.
berht ; Gnth. ha i rhts ; Icel. hjartr : O. H. Ger.
pemht ; M. H. Ger. Mrht = tihin'mg. Cognate
with Saii.sc. hhrdj = to shine ; Lat. Jlagro = to
flame, blaze {Skcat.).^
A. As adj. {Of all the foregoiinj fonns) :
I. Literally :
1. Shedding light, luminous, clear; opposed
to clarL.
" She saw theriniie fi lithful schiev
Also brith so it were liay." J/ctvclok, 586.
"As the souue with his beinys qwhjin he is most
brylh." Coventry Mi/sleffcs, p. 117.
2. Radiant, reflecting light, shining ; op-
posed to dull.
" Now I am a devyl ful derke
That was au auiigelle bri/ght."
Ooveiitrn Mysteries, p. 21.
"... a presence firifir'*'
Returns to her."
Wordsworth: The White Doe of R!ilstOTU!,iv.
3. Clear, pure, transparent.
" Boukez bene of beryl bryght."
AlliC. PaeiYts; Pearl, 110.
" From the brightest wines
He'd turn abhorrent." Tliorason.
4. Unclouded, clear.
"And why they piue beneath the hrigMest skies."
Thomson: Seasons; Whiter.
" The evening bright and still,"
Pope: Satires, iii. 13S.
5. Resplendent with beauty or charms.
" How fareth that byrde brygJU / "
Jirli: of Toloiise. 843.
" 0 Liberty, thou goddess heav'nly bright."
Addhon.
6. Gay ; of brilliant colours.
"Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew."
Pope : Spring, 31.
II. Figuratively :
1. Cheerful, gay, hap}iy.
" BrigJU hours atone for dark ones past."
Moore : LaUa Itookh ; The Fin:- WorKhijipers.
"To-day the grave is bright for ine."
Tennnson : In Memor., 73.
2. Witty, clever, highly accomplished ; as
we say, " a'drfij/ii idea," " a ftrip/ti genius."
" Great iu arms, and bi-ight in ai-t."
Anonjpnotts.
*' If xmrts alhire thee, think how Bacon shin'd,
The wLsest, brightest, meanest of mankind,"
Pope: Ess. on Man, iv. 2S2.
*3. Clear, plain, evident.
"That he may with more ease, with brighter evi-
dence, and with surer auocesa, draw the learner on." —
Watts : Improvement of the Mind.
* i. Distinct, clear, audible.
" God sente a steuene brigt and heg."
Stori/ of Octi. & Exod., 2,780.
5. Illustrious, noble, celebrated.
" This is the worst, if not the only stain
I' th' brightest annals of a female reign."
Cotton.
B. As adv. {Of the forms bright, brighte,
and biihte) : Brightly.
" Thau sulOe we brighte sen
Quilc yure sal Gou quemest ben."
Story of Gen. & Exod., 3,7C3.
The moon shines bright."
Shakesp. : Mer. of Ten., v. 1.
C. ^s s%d}st. (0/f?ie/onn.s bright, brigt, and
briht) :
1. Brightness.
" Swilc the sunL'es brigt.
Is more thani>e the I'liojies ligt."
Story of den. A- Exod., 143.
" Drawn round about thee, like a radiant shrine,
l>ark witli excessive bright Thy akirts appear."
Milton: P. L., bk. iii.
2. A jilant, Ufntnu'ndus Ficaria, L., called
by Gerarde Chrbdonln. (JJntten <£■ Holland.)
H Obvious coni]iounils are hrujht-hn'wn,
hright-ljurniiiri, hright-volovrrd^ hi ii/ht-mird,
hrifjht'fxn'd, hrlght-rj'rajil, hrighl-lnno;!, hrtght-
luii'.d, bright-red, hri'jht-shiniiifj : ahso hright-
dy>:d, and hright-Unied (Carlyh). The fuiluw-
ing are less frequent —
bright-curling, a. Shining with l.-right
curls.
"... br"j7it-ci>r7iiir/ treases."
LongfellQW. The Children of the Lord's Sapjjer.
bright-harnessed^ u. "Wearing bright
or .shining armour.
"And all about the courtly stable
Eright-harness'd angels sit in order si;i-\ice;ible "
Milton : Ode •>ii th^ JS'-itiaity.
bright-Studded, «. Studded brightly,
as the sky with ytars. ^
" Bright- studded to dazzle the eyes."
Cuwpcr : Gratitude.
* bright (jjh silent), ' briht, r.t. [Bright, a.]
To make briglit or clear. {Lit. c&fig.)
"Al isase nuutayeanluue, thet schlreth aiidbrl7Ueth
the heorte. "— .tl Hcj-CH Jiiwle, p :;84
" The sun In'igiifis all the b\U'ghe, and the brode valis."
Lestr. of Tniy [ed. Donaldson and Pautou), 814.
Bright's-disease, s. [Xamed after Dr.
Bright.] [Albuminuria.]
bright -en {gh silent), *brih-ten, v.t. & i.
[A.y. heorlilnn, brihtan.]
A. Traiisitive :
I. Literally :
1. To make gradually bright or clear (fre-
quently followed by uji).
"Full fain was he when the dawn of day
Began to brighten Cheviot gray."
Scott : Lai/ of the Last Alinstrel, ii. 24.
"The purple moniing, rising with the year.
Salutes the spring, as her celestial eyes
Adorn the world, and brighten up the skies."
Dri/den
2. To cause to shine or sparkle.
" And tears bedew'd and brighten'd Julia's cheek."
Campbell : Thcudrie.
II. Figuratively :
1. To make bright or cheerful, as though
by removing or dissipating the shadows of
care or trouble ; to relieve from gloom.
" Hope ele\'ates, and joy
BrigJit ens his cTest." Milton ■ P. L., bk. ix.
■'' 2. To make clear or plain ; to explain.
"This word is deosk, auh iiime the gode yeme hu ich
hit wuUe on brihten"—Ancren Hiwle, p. 148.
3. To make illustrious.
" Tliere were two honours lost; yours and your son's.
For yours, the God of heaven brigh'cn it I "
Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., ii. :i
" The present queen would IriglUen her character, if
she would exert her authority to instil virtue.s into
her i^eople." — Surift.
+ 4. To make less dark or grievous ; tu alle-
viate.
"An ecstasy, that mothers only feel.
Plays round my heart, and brightens all my son-ow."
Philips.
to. To make sharp or witty, tu enliven.
(Generally with up.)
' ' Yet time ennobles or degi-adet each line ;
It brighten'd Craggs', and may darken thine."
Pope: Satires, iv. 45.
B. Intransitive :
1, To become gradually bright or clear ; to
clear up.
" The flowers begin to spring.
The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing."
Pope : Sirring, 72.
2. To become spirited, lively, cheerful, or
less gloomy,
(1) Of ■persons (generally ajjplied to the coun-
tenance) :
" On me she bends her blissful eyes
And then on thee ; they meet thy look
And brighten like the star that shook
Betwixt the palms of paratlise,"
Tennyson ■ In Memor.
(2) Of tilings (applied to style of language) :
"How the style brightens, how the sense refines."
Pope : Essay on Criticism, 421,
bright'-ened {gh silent), pa. par. & o.
[Brighten.]
A. & B, As past jifirticlple and pnrfirijdnJ
adjcclirr : 111 senses corresponding to tliuse of
"the verb.
" Thus I presumptuous : ,ind the Vision bright,
As with a smile more brightened thus replied."
Milton: P. L., viii a68.
bright'-en-ing {gh silent), pr. par., u., & ;,.
[Brighter.]
A. &, B, As presp.nt participle £• partivijilid
adjrctire : In senses corresponding to thoso uf
the verb,
"Enid listen 'd briglttening as she lay "
Tenni/son: Enid, 7i'i.
" You cannot shut the windows of the sky,
Through which Aurora shews her brighti-ning face."
Thomson ■ Castle of Indolence, ii. ;!,
C. ^5 substantive :
1. The act of making bright or clear.
2. The process or state of becoming bright
or clear.
bright- ly {gh silent), * bright -like,
^briht-llche, brlght'-liche, "brigt-
like, arf^'. [Eng. bright; -ly.]
I. Lit. : Brilliantly, splendidly, clearly.
" Safely I slept, till brightly da^vning slione
The morn, conspicuous on her golden throne."
Pope
" Its battled mansion, hill and plain,
On which the sun so brightty shone."
Scott ■ Jlokeby, ii. 28.
II. Figurati
* 1. Clearly, audibly.
" Tho so spJic God brightUke
That alle he it herden witterlike."
Story of Gen. A Exod., 3,49L
* 2. Plainly, clearly, perfectly.
"Theune achule ye^l this brilitUche understonden.
Anin-en Jiiwle, p. 154.
1 3. Cheerfully, gaily.
" He faced this mom of farewell brightly."
Tennyson : Enoch Arden, 183.
^ Obvious compound ; Brightly-coloured
{Darwin).
brightly-headed, a. Having a briglit
or gleaming jtoint.
" Thus below
A well-joiTi'd boord he laide it, and close by
The bright I y-headed shaft."
Chapman : J/omer's Odyssey, bk, xxL
bright'-ness {gh silent), * bright'-nes»
"^ briht' -nes, ^ briht-nesse, bricht^
nesse, "^ brict-nesse, * brit-nesse, s.
[A.S. bryhtnesse, beorhtnessc]
I, Lit. : The quality of being bright ; lustre,
brilliancy, clearness.
" A gold ring that wit brigTitnes Bcain,"
Cursor Mitndi, 3, .120.
"A sword, by long lying still, will contract a rust,
which shall deface its brightness." — South.
t II. Figuratively :
1. Cheeifulness, comfort.
" Vex'd with the pre-sent moment'.? heavy gloom.
Why seek we brightness from the years to come."
Prior.
2. Sharpness, aeuteness.
"The brightness of his parts, the solidity of his
judgment, and the candour and generosity of his
temper, distinguished him in an age of great i>olite-
ness." — Prior.
% Crabb thus distinguishes between bright-
ness, lustre, splendour, undbrilliancy: "Bright-
ness is the generic, tlie rest are specific tenns :
there cannot be lustre, splendour, and bril-
Hancy without brightness ; but there may be
brightness where these do not exist. These
terms rise in sense ; lustre rises on brightness,
splendour on lustre, and brilliancy on splendnnr.
Brightness and lustre are applied properly to
natural lights ; splendour and briUivncy have
been more-commonly applied to that which is
artificial: tliere is always more or less bright-
ness in the sun or moon ; there is an occasional
lustre in all the heavenly bodies wlien tliey
shine in their unclouded brightness; there is
splendour in the eruptions of flame from a
A^olcano or an immense conflagration ; there is
hrillianci/ in a collection of diamonds. There
may be both splendour and brilliancy in an
illumination : the splendour arises from the
mass and richness of light ; the brilliancy
from the variety and brightness of the lights
and colours. Brightness may be obscured,
lustre may be tarnished, spjlendour and brilli-
a.ncy diminished. The analogj' is closely pre-
served in the ligurative application. Brightness
attaches to the moral character of men in
ordinaiy cases, lustre attaches to extraordinary
instances of virtue and greatness, splendour
and brilliancii attach to tlie achievements of
men. Our Saviour is strikingly represented
to us as the brightness of His Father's glory,
and the express image of His person. Tlie
humanity of the Eughsh in the hour of con-
quest adds a lustre to their victories which
are either splendid or brilliant, accnrding to
the numbei- and nature of the cirrunistanees
which render them remarkable." {Crabb:
Eng. .Si//io?i.)
■ bright-some {gh silent), o. ("Eng. bright,
and suft'. -soine (q.v.) ] Bright, clear.
" Let the bHghtsmne heavens be dim."
Marlowe : Jew of Malta, ii. 2,
' bright -some-ness, * bright -some-
nes {gh silent), s. [Eng. hrightsmii: ; -iits> ]
The quality of being brightsome ; brightness
"So that by the brightsomenes of the gold tie
flowei-s appered so freshely that they seined a& they
were growyng in dede."— //u??: Chronicle; Jlcn. VII:.
anno 19.
bri-gose, • bry-gOOS, a. [Low Lat. hrigosns ,
Ital. brigoso; from Low Lat. hriga = strife, con-
tention.] [Beige.] Contentious, quarrelsome,
tL'uding to cause contention.
"Which two words, as conscious that they were
very brigose and severe (if too generally taken, there-
fore), he softens them in the next immediate words by
an apology. ■'—/'MHe?' .■ Moderation i^ the CJi. of Eng.,
p. 324.
" brlgte, adv. [Bright.] Clearly.
'■ brigt-like, ndr. .[Brightly.] {Story of
Gen. and Erod., 3,491.)
fate, fat, tare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, potj,
or, wore, wolf, work, who. son : mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. ce — e. ey = a. qu = kw.
brigue —brimmer
* brigue, s [Fr. hngue ; Ital. & Low Lat.
hriijn; bp. hrrfja = strife, contention; Gael.
& Ir.^ hri, bri'ih — nw^ti; power.] [Ckige.]
Solicitation, (.-anvaasinj^' fur power or office,
enuilution.
"The pulitiuks of the court, the brl/jnrs of the car-
diJiala, the tnaks of the couclavo. "— ic/. Chesterfield.
* brigue, v.i. [Fr. hriguer; Ital. hrigare; Sp.
hrcfjtir = to contam}, strive.] To solicit, cau-
vaw>, iitrive for.
" Viju may conclude, if you please, thut I am too proud
tu l»-iffiie for !iu admiasiou into the latter."— //«rrf.
silent), 2>r. 'par., a., & s.
tbrig'-uing {n
[BRIGUb:, v.]
A. & B. -Is I
senses eorrespui
C. As substantive : Canvassin:
iutrijfuin
■. )'{>T. and 2K(.)ti<ip. ad] .
ling to those of tlie \'erb.
In
soliciting.
—Carlyle ;
* brik, * brike, s. [A.S. 6ric = a fracture,
breaking.] [Brkauii, s.] A breach, violation
of, or injniy dune to anyone. (Scotch d? 0.
Eng.)
"That sum men and women pi-ofesaing monastik
lyfe. and vowiny vii'ginitie, may after mary but bri/c
ofoonacieuce." — A'. Wiiii/et: Qnese. Keith, Api)., li. 2iS.
* brik-cane-tyne, s. [Brigandine (2).]
A V(_-]y curiously-L'orrupted spelling of hn-
gainhuc.
"Assignls continuacioun of dais to pref that the
said Schir Moiigo haid the brikcanctuncs conteult In
the smuniondis, & the avale." &G.~Act. Dam. Cone,
A. 1489, p. 132.
"" brike, a. [Brik.] A breach, fracture.
* bril, s. [Etymology uncertain.] The merry-
thought of a fowl. (Scotch.)
" 08. quod \-uIgo bril appellatur, adeo in hac ave cum
pectore connexuni est. ut nulla vi avelli queat." —
Hibb. Si:ot., p. SO.
brill, prill, s. [From provinc. Eng. pearl (?).]
Ichthyol. : A flat-fish, PU^ironeutcb rhombus,
resembling the turbot, but inferior to it in
flavour, besides being smaller in size. It is
common in the markets.
bril-lan'te (pron. bril-lyan'-ta), o.dr. [ital.
& Fr. brillaiite.]
Music: Brilliantly; in a showy, sparkling
style. (Stainer ami Barrett,)
bril'-li-an9e, bril'-lian9e, bril'-li-an-
9y, brir-lian-9y, s. [From Eng. briUuni(t),
'ce : -cy.]
1. Lit. (Of inatcrial things): The state or
quality of being brilliant, lustre.
2. Fig. (Of things imt material) :
" .... all those striking events which give interest
and briHianc// to the Koniau history, particularly in
the pages of Livy," — Lewis: Ear. Horn. Ilixt., eh, iv.
dictioi.
" Often also our tjilk waa g.ay ; not v/ithowt brillhiiic.i/,
and even fire." — Curljjie: Sartor Jlesartas, bk. ii.,
ch ill.
^ For the distint "''on between brUUancy,
brightness, lustre, and spleitdour see Bright-
ness.
bril'-li-ant, bril'-liant, a. & .- Hn 8\\.
briljKiit' s. ; Dan. hrillhut, .s. ; Ger, briUant,
s. ; fSp & Ital. hril/aiitr, a. & s. ; Port. /j/-,7-
huntr, a. & s. ; Fr. hrlllaii', s., and brillant,
pa. par. of Irrlller ; Frov. & Sp. brillar ; Port.
brilhar ; Ital. tirillare = to sliine. From Lat.
bcrillii.'^, hci ylhi^ ; Gr. ^vJ^v-VAos (beruUvi) ]
[Beryl. ]
A. As adjective :
1. Literally. (Of anything material capable
of rejecting light): 'Shining very brightly,
emitting splendent rays, sparkling, highly
lustrous.
" Keplete with many a brilliant simrk."
Dorset.
2. Figuratively. (Of things not 'nutterial):
Lustrous, shining, si)ai'kling, fitted to excite
admiration.
" Coniburj' waa not a man of brilliant parts . . . ."
—Macaiday : Hist. Eng., ch. ix.
B. As substantive :
I. Ordinary language :
(1) Lit. : The same as II. 1. •
*(2) Fig.: A person of illustrious reputation.
" In deference to his virtues, I forbear
To shew you whiit the re^t in orders were ;
This brilliant is so spotless and so bright.
He needs not foil, but shines by hi-s own proper
light." DryUeii.
II. Technically :
1. Diamond-cutting : A diamond of the finest
cut, consisting of lozenge-shaped facets alter-
nating with triangles. The variations are
known as thp half brilliant, the full brilliant,
the split or trap "brilliant, the double brilliant
or Lisbon cut. [Cuti'ing-gems.] A diamond
cut as a brilliant has two truncated portions,
one above and one below the girdle, which is
at the largest circumference. The upper por-
tion, which projects from the setting, is called
the bizt_t, and is one-third the whole depth of
the gem. The remaining two-thirds are em-
bedded. ThfV are called the culassc. (Knight.)
2. Printing: A very small type, smaller
than diairiond.
3. T''<'hric : A cotton fabric woven with a
small raised pattern, and i)rinted or plain.
4. Pyiotech. : A form of pyrotechnics for
making a bright light. The filling is gun-
powder 1(3 and steel-filiugs 4 ; or gunijowder
IQ, and borings 6.
bril'-li-ant-ly, adv. [Eng. brilliant; -/«/.]
In a brilliant manner, lustrously, shiningly.
(Lit. £ fig.)
" No other large Irish town is so well cleaned, so
well paved, bo brilliantly lighted." — Macnulay : Jlisi.
Eng., ch. xvi.
bril'-li-ant-ness, s. [Eng. brilliant; -ness.l
The quality of being brilliant, lustre, splen-
dour. (Johnson.)
brill^, s. [Cf. Ger. brille; Dut. brd = a pair
of spectacles (Mahii).! The haii' on the eye-
lids of a horse. (Bailey.)
brim, ^ brimme, ' brym, ' brymme, s.
[A.S. brim ; Icel. hnm = surf ; M.H. Ger.
brcui; Ger bram-c, brame := a border. From
Sansc. &/i7'a7)i = to whirl ; JI.H. Ger. hri' men —
(1) to ruai', (2) to border ; Lut. frcnvi = to roar.]
I. Lit. : The edge or border of anything.
Used—
1. Of a stream. : A bank or shore.
" A balgh bergh bi a bonke the brymwr by,iviie "
Sir Onwum: :»,17-2,
" Not lighter does the swallow skim
Along the smooth lake's level brim."
Scott: Miiriiiiiiii, \L 15.
2. Of a fountain: The edge or brink.
"It told me it was Cynthia's own,
Within whose cheerful brims
That curious nymph had oft been known
To Imthe her suoivy limbs." Drayton.
3. Of any vessel : The upper edge.
" Thus in a bason drop a shilling.
Then fill the vessel to the brim." Swift.
" Froth'd his bumpers to the brim,"
Tennifson ■ Old Venr. 10.
4. Of the Iwrizon : The margin.
" As the bright sunne, what time his fierie teme
Towards the westerue brim begins to dmw."
Spenser: F. Q., V. ix. 36.
5. Of a liat : The edge or leaf.
"... seehig that his liat
Was moist with water-drops, as if the brim
Had newly acoop'd a rminiiig stream."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk 1.
6. Of a pit : The edge or side.
" He his ne to the brimme
H.T.th lelde."
Gower: Coi\f, Amant., ii. 29"..
*II. Fig : The edge or brink of anything;
as, the hrini of tlie grave, but in this sense we
now use Jirinl;.
" I was in the very pangs of death and brought
downe to the very b)-imvie ot the grave." — Hall; Oi,
Hard Texts (1633), i>. 211.
'"brim (1). a. [A.S. hrcme, b ry m€ = {a.mous,
celebrateii.] Well-known, spoken of, public.
"That thou doathold me in disdain.
Is brim abroad, and made a gibe to all that keep this
plniii." Warner: Albion's Englaml.
* brim (2), * brym, ^ bryme, ' breme, a.
[BREaiE.]
1. Raging, swelling. (Applied to the sea.)
" The yeir cf Giod i. M, iiii. c. Ixxxvi j'eris cei-taine
maruhandis wer piisisand Iwtuix Forth and Fhindeiis
(quheu hiistelie come sic nne thud of wviul) that sail
mast and taikillis wer blaw in in the bi-ym seis. throw
quhilk the schin beleuit nocht hot sicker deith "—
Jiellemt. : Cro«., ok. viii, c, 20.
2. Fierce, violent.
"The brim battil of the HarLuv."
Evergreen, i, 90.
3. Stern, rugged. (Applied to the countt^n-
ance.)
" But this sorrowfull botemau wyth br>/me luke
Now thii', now thaire within his weschell tuke "
-Oou-g. : Virgil, 174, 20.
L Denoting a great degree either of heat or
of cold, as we say, " d, fierce heat."
" Vulaanis oistis of brym flambis rede
Spredaud on bred vpblesis euery stede.'
Doug. : Virgd, 330, 48.
t.
t brim (1), V.
A. Trans
overflowing.
& i. [Brim, s.]
To fill to the brim ; to fill to
"This said, a double wreath Evander twin d :
And poplars black and ^hitu his twupleb bind ;
Then Irrinu his ample bowL ' Dryden.
"Arrange the boaul and brim tlie gLis^."
Tennyson: In Mem-r.. 106, la
"A beaker, brimm'd with noble wine."
Ibid. : Dan Dream, 56
B- Intrans. : To be full to the brim, or to
overflowing. (Seldom used except in the
present participle.)
" The /jj-;»n»'-i'7 glasses now are hurl'd
With dire mtcut."
Philips.
'brime, " brimen.
[M. H. Ger. hrimmen;
brim-
O. Icel.
tbrim (2),
men, v.i.
hriina.]
1. To be fruitful, to bear fruit.
" Gnii biquu-ul H.itres here stede,
.\iid erthe Onmi'n and beren dede."
Story of (-icnenia and ExoduS. 117.
2. To be in heat. (Said of swine.)
"The sonner wol thei brimme a.y&l'ii.
And bringe forth pigges moo "
i'alladius, iii. l,07<i
" brime, s. [A.S. brim, brynirne = shore (of
the sea), &c.] Pickle, brine. (Scotch.)
" brim'-ell, a. [Etymologj^ doubtful ; ? A.S
brynic= fierce.] Rough, boorish ('?).
" Laith we war, but owther ofTens or cryme,
Ane brimellhody suld interstrike my ryme."
Douglas: Virgil, 19, 12.
* brim '-fin, v.t. [Eng. brim; atid fill.] To
fill to the brim, orto overflowing. (Lit. & fig.).
"His iamnation will be the sooner wrought up. the
cup of his iniquity 6rimj?;;e<;." — Adams: The Jilacke
iJevill. 161.% p. 71.
■' brim'-f illed, ^ra. par. [Brimfill.]
* brim-fir, * brim-fire, v. [Another form
of brinfirc = burning-fire, or = wild-tire, i.e.,
brimstone.] For definition see etymology.
" For mannes sinne thus i t is went,
Brent with brimfir, fuiiki'u and shent "
Story of (icncsi.^ and Exodus, 754,
brim'-ful, a. [Eng. hri>n. and fulQ).^
1. Lit. : Full to thebriin, overflowing.
my h.'nul,
■l/Sfii - fato.
" Her brimful eyes th.it ready stood,
And only w.iuted will to «ee)i a flood."
Dryden: Sigismoiida .L- Guiscardo, 681, 682.
2. Fig. (oft he feelings, dr.) ;
(1) Overflowing, full.
"Hvlif.irt
Jirimful of those wild t.iles "
Tennymn : Dream <j/ Fair Women, 182.
" (-1) Completely prepared ; in full and coin-
ph'te number.
" Our legions are brimful, our cause is ripe."
Sluikesp. : Julius Collar, iv, 3.
t brim'-ful-neSS, s. [Kng. brimful; -ness.]
The quality or st,^te of being brimful. (In the
example the accent is on the second syllable
as if brim were an adj. qualifying /w/ncs*-.)
" The Scot on his unfurnisli'd kingdom
Came pouring, like a tide into a breach,
"With ample and brimfulni'ss of his force."
Shakesp. : Henry V., i, 2.
"The good old king at parting w
His eyes brimful of tears "
brim'-less, a. [Eng brim;
brim ; having no brim.
fs.] Without e
" They [the Jews] wear little bhack b' hnless caps, as
the Moors red."—/,, Addison: State of the Jews, p. lit.
* brim'-ly, * brjrm'-ly, a. & adv. [Brim.]
A. As adjective : Fierce.
"That brymly best so cruell and uuryd."
Sniij), & Carols (ed. Wright), p. 26.
B. As adverb :
1. Fiercely.
" His brode eghne
That fulle bryrnly for hreth brynte as the gledya."
Mortc Arthure, IIC.
2. .Clearly, distinctly.
"A man sees better, and diseema movebrimlti his
colours.'"— /^u(/e»7i<f?«.- The Art of Poetry, p.' 256.
(Trenx:hon some def. in our Eng. Diet., p. 18.)
brimme, u,. [Breme.]
t brimmed, o. [Brim.]
1. Having a brim or edge. (Obsolete except
in compounds, as broad-briinnwd, wide-brim-
lurd, narrnvj-hrinimed , &c.)
2. Full to the briin or edge, almost over~
flowing.
" May thy brimmed waves for this
Their fall tribute uever miss."
Milton ; Comus.
'^ brim-men, v.i. [Brim (2), v.]
brim-mer, s. [Eng. brim; -er.]
1 1. A glass or drinking vessel fiUed to the
lirim, a bumper.
" Round to his mates a brimmer fillp."
Scott: MarmioTL
boil, TaS^i pa&t, jtf^l; cat, ceU, cliorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enopbon, «?ist. -ing.
-cian,, -tlan = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tlou, -slon = zhun. -oions. -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -file. &c =bsl del
704
brimming— bring
" \VTien healths go round, and kiiitlly hr
* 2. Aliat.
'• X(
V takes his brimmer oil."
Jirome: Hongn, 1601 (Xftrcs.)
brim'-ming, ". [Brim, r.]
1. 7.(7. ; Filled to the brim.
" Ami twiue hesides her beestings never fiiil
Tu ^t^rt■ the dairj with ;i brimvuiKj pail. '
Drydnn.
"T loved the hrimmhig wave that Bwani
Thro' quiet me;ido\vfl ronnd the mill."
Tcnmison : The MiUer's Jjuiii/hter
2. Fig. : Oyerftowing.
"Her lyew . . , Avere nil hrimmmg over with
\e?.\>."—K'nhr<Je!i : IIVi/rT Jhibies, ch. vi.
'brims, brim'-sey, s. [A.s hriiii$c;0.
Ltiit Sncin-ii:.] [BREEf^E.] A gad-fly.
brim'-stone, * brem'-ston, " brim'-ston,
* brim-stane, brim -stoon, * brin -
Stan. * brum'-ston, ^ brun'-stane,
^ brym'-StOOn, s. [O. Tc^l. hremn^frlnu,
from hroiua = to bum, and btcinn — a .-itone ;
Sw. hrdnnateii.']
1. Ore?, Lang. : Burnt-stone, sulphur.
" It rayued five ira heven and briinstane."
Jianipole: Prick ofC'uisc, 4853.
"The whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and
ha.nnng."—Dent. xxix. 2:!.
^ Vegetohle hrimstnup: The inflammable
spores of two flnwerlcs.s plants, Lucofiodiinn
clavatmii and Liicofodivm Si'Uuju. Tliese are
used on the continent in tlie manufacture of
fireworks. {Treats, of Bot.)
2. Entovi. : A species of butterfly, so r'alled
from its bright canary or brimstone colour,
the Jihodocera Rhamna.
" It is very interesting to watch the female lirim-
stone hovering about the hedge."— jVciOJiinn; Jirit
Butierjiies, p. 147.
[Brimstone,
brimstone-butterfly,
2.]
brimstone-match, s. a match the tip
of which is steeped in sulphur.
"The vapour of the grotto del Cane is geoerally
supposed to be sulphureous, though I can see no reason
for such a aupposition ; I put a whole bundle of lighted
bririuitoae matches to the smoke, they all went out in
an instant." — Addison on Italy.
brimstone-moth, s. A species of moth.
Ruoiia craUegata, one of the Geometer.'^. It
derives its name from its bright yellow colour.
" The curious twig-like caterpillars of the Srhnstone
Jlotfi."— Coleman. : fVoodlanUs, Heatlis, <6c., p. 112.
brimstone-wort, s. [So called from "its
yellow sap or liquor, which quickly waxeth
hard or dry, smelling not much -unlike brim-
stone " (C"iiis) ; or fron: the sulphureous odour
of the leaves {><lninci\ Prior.) {Britten &
Holland).^ The plant Peucedaiium officinale.
* brim'-ston-ish, a. [Eng. hrhnstonic) ; -isli.]
Somewliat resembling "brimstone in nature or
appearance.
brim'-Ston-y, a. ['Eng.l)rimston(c); -y.'] Full
of or resembling brimstone ; sulphureous;.
"This continual fiery ur brivistoni/ spirit."
Trjjon: Way to H'eiZWf, p. 72.
* brin, '* brin-nen, v.t. & i. [Burn, y.]
{Scotch.)
brm (1), S. [From Dan. & Sw. hryn ; O. Icel.
hriui = the eyebrow.] The eyebrow, {l-'rumi'l.
Fa I V.)
brin (2), s. [Etymology unknown.] One of
the inner radiating sticks of a fan. The outer-
most ones, which are Larger and longer, are
called panaches. (Knight )
* brinch, v. t. [Etym. doubtful.] To drink
to in answer to a iiledge, to pledge.
"I carouse to Prisius and brinch you."
Lillij . Mother lionibie.
* brin'-ded, a. [A variant of hrandrd (q,v.).
Icel. hrandottr = hTmd\ei\, ljrandr= n fYanv,
breniui =- to burn; A.S. bynian, hrhinan r=z
to burn.] Of different colours, streaked,
spotted.
" Thrice the bruuled cat hath niew'd,"
fihak(isi> : Macbeth, iv. 1.
" My bruuled heifer to the stake I lay."
Dri/deit
t brin'-dle, a. & s. [A shortened form of
brindled (q.v.).]
A, As adjective : Brindled.
"The fir-it a brimlle, the second a yellow."— J/;ss
Mil/nrd : Our Village. I , cs.
B. Afi si'hstniifire: The state of being
Turindled, spottedness.
" A natural brineUe."—Jilc7tardsov : OJn,-h<.a
bHndle-moth, s. .-V name applied to
several kinds of inotlis from their streaked
ami spottol appearance. The best known is,
perhaps, the Brindle Beauty, Biaton hirtaria.
brin'-dled, a. [An extended quasi-diminutive
form of br,,nkd. (Sl.rnl.)-]
" Where mountain wolves and briiidled lions roam. "
Popi! : Odyssey, x., 242.
' And there the wild-cat's hrimlled hide
The frontlet of the elk ad.inis."
ticott: Lady of the Lake, i. 27.
brine, briyn, 'bryne, s. [A.S. Irrgnt; 0.
i)ut. hrijii; Diit. li'/THi = brine, pickle.]
I. Lltrrally :
1. Gen. : Water strongly impregnated with
salt.
" Brijue of salt, Salsttgo." — Proinpt. Paro.
"A mariner. . . with incrusted fcW»ie all rough."
Vowper: Odyssey, .-cxiii. 278.
2. Spec. .-
(I) The sea, the ocean.
" Not long beneath the whelming hrin-e.
Expert to swim, he lay."
Cowper • T7ie Castaway.
* (2) Applied to t^ars, from their saltness.
" What a deal of brine
Hath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Eosaliue."
Shakesp. ; Rom. and Jul., ii. 3.
'^11. Fig.: Unfrnitfahiess, barrenness.
"He shall dwelle ... in the loud of briyji and vn-
habitable."— fricWjfe: Je>: xvii. 6.
brine-evaporator, s. An apparatus
for evaporating brine so as to produce salt.
brine-gauge, s. An instrument for
testing the amount of salt in a liquid. [Sali-
NO.METLR.]
brine-pan, s. The pan or vessel in
which the brine is kept while being evapo-
rated in the process of manufacturing salt.
"A minute cnistaceous animal (Cancer sallntcs) is
said to live in countless numbers in the brine-pa/vt at
Lymingtun " — Darwin: Voyage roaiid tlui World {edL
1870). ch. jv., p. 67.
brine-pit, s.
1. Literally: A pit or receptacle in which
brine is collected, a brine-well.
"The salt which was obtained by a rude process from
brine pits was held in no high estimation." — Macaulay :
Hist. Eng., ch. iii.
'"2. Figuratively:
"And made a brine-pit with our bitter tears."
Hhakesp- : Tita^ Andron., iii. i.
brine-pump, s.
Marine engineering .• A pump for changing
the water in the boilers, so as to prevent an
excess of saturation of salt.
brine-shrimp, brine-worm, s. A
small entomostracan, Artemiasidiiin, living in
the brine-pans or salt-pans. [Artemia.]
" The little creature is a sort of shrimp, and is coui-
tnonly known as the brine-shrimp." — Gosse: Rom. of
A'at. Hist , p. 74.
brine-spring, s. A spring of water satu-
rated with salt.
"The brine-springs of Cheshire are the richest in
our country."— Z,//cii.- Princ of Geal., ch. xvii.
brine-valve, s.
Boilers: A blow-off valve ; a valve which is
opened to allow water saturate^'i "'ith salt to
escape from a boiltr.
brine-worm, s. [Erine-shrimp.5
t brine, ;• t [Brine, s.] To steep in brine, to
piclvle, cure.
"Some Cometh, some brineth."—Tusser.
"- brin'-fire, s. [Brimfire.] {Story of Gen. S:
Exod., 1,1(J3.)
bring, ^ brehg, * brlnge, * briiigen,
bryng, "^ brynge (])ret. brought, " brohte,
''' bnigt, * brogte, "• broHe ; pa. par. brought,
'^lirogt), v.t. [A.S. bringan; But. brenijni ,■
Goth, hriggau ; O. H. Ger. }>riiigan; Ger.
hrlngen.]
I. Of material things :
1. To bear, carry, convey to the place where
the sjic'tlier is, or is supposed to be, as op-
pn.sed to laking tn another place.
" The trumpery in my house, go, bring it hither."
Shakesp. .■ Tei.i],rst, iv 1.
2. To lead, conduct. (Used of persons.)
(a) Lit : To a jdace or ]ierson.
"Ill bring ynn where you shall hear music." —
SJiakesp. : Two (-•'■■I't., iv. 2.
^ To bring fnrirard on a journey: To help
on, concUiet. (3 John 6.)
(&) Fig. : To a mental state.
"Sithen ghe brocte us to woa,
Adain t.af hire nauit- (.mim."
Story 0} i.ieiie>.is & Exodus, 1. 2.17.
3. To carry in one's own hand, or with one's
self or itself.
1[ Followed l')y the preposition to of the
place or person to which or to whom the
thing or person is carried or conducted.
Before a person the prejiuiiition is usually
emitted.
" Bring me, I pray thee, a mor-sel of I 'read in thine
hand." — 1 Kings, xvii. 11.
L To attract, draw with it.
"The water ascends difficultly, .and brings over with
it some part of the oil of vitriol." — S'nvi'ni : Qptlcks.
5. To induce, persuade, prevail on. {Fig.)
" I cannot bi-ing
My tongue to such a paue."
Shakesp, .■ Coriol., ii. !!.
"The king was brought to consent to a marriage
between the Lady Mary, eldest daughter and pre-
sumptive heiress of the Duke of York, and William of
OTunge."— Macaulay ; Hint. Eng., i. 220.
^ Also used reflexi\-ely.
" It seems so preposterous a thing to men, to make
themselves unnappy in order tu happiness, that they
do not easily bring themselves to it " — Locke.
II. Of immaterial things:
1. To procure, cause, gain for one.
"There is uothinc will brina you more honour, and
more esLse, than to ifo what right in justice you may."
— Bacon.
2. To cause to come. Especially iu such
plirases as the Iniiowing.
"But those, and more than I to mind can briny."
JDryden,
% Frequently with hack.
" Bring back gently their wand'ring minds."— iocftfi.
3. To lead by degrees, draw, guide.
"The imderstfindmg -li.mid be brougJU to the diflfi-
cult and knotty partt^ uf knu« ledge by insensible
degrees. "—Locln:.
III. Tn special phrases :
1. To bring ahui't :
(1) To cause to change from the party of
one's opponents to one's own party.
" Now my new benefactors have brought me about.
And I'll vote against peace, with Spain or without."
Swift : An Excellunt jVew Song.
(2) To cause, effect, bring to pass.
" It enabled him to briny about seveial great events,
for the advanfcvfie of the imhlie^."— Addison : Free'
Jiolder.
* (3) To eomi-.lete.
" How many hours bring about the day,
How many days will finish up the year,
How many years a mortal man may live,"
Shakesp. . 3 Henry VI., ii, 5.
* 2. To bring again : To bring back.
"The Lord said, I will bring again from Bashan ; I
wiU bring my people again from the depths of the
Bea." — Psalms, Ixviii. 22.
tS. To bring down.:
(1) Lit : To cause to make a literal descent.
"So he brought down the people unto the water." —
Judg. vii. 5.
(2) Fig. : To humble, abase.
"And I will tread down the people in mine anger,
and make them drunk in my fury, and I will bring
down their strength to the earth."— /'saiaft, Ixiii. 6.
4. To bring forth :
(1) To bear, produce, give birth to. {Lit. &
%.)
"... thy seed, that the field bnngeth forth year by
year." — Deutj^ xiv 22
"The good queen.
For she is good, hath brnaght you forth a daughter."
Shiikejip : Winter's 2'ale, ii, 3.
(2) To lead nut, deliver.
"And Moses said unto God. Who am I. that I should
go unto Pharaoh, and that I should fcrinfii /o?-(ft the
children of Israel out of Egypt ? "—Exodus, iii. 11.
5. To bring forward :
(1) To produce.
(2) To assort, produce as a statement.
(3) To liasten, promote, forward; as, to bring
forward the harvest, or the business.
6. To bring home :
(1) Ordinary Language :
(a) Lilcralhi :
(i) Gen. : To bring to one's house. (Used
specially of a bride.)
*(ii) Spec. : To briug into the world, to give
birth to.
" Margaret, our young queine, broucht liome ane
gone." — Pitscottiu : Cron., p. 2i)G.
(b) Fig. : To jirove conclusively.
"Several pii^.nners to whom JeftVeys was unable to
br^ing Iwine thi' charge of high treason were convicted
of misdemeanours, and were sentenced to scourging
not less terrible than tliat which Oates had under-
gone."—.)/ncfl«7((.v.- Hi'^t Eng.. i. C49.
(2) A'(Mi^ ; To bring home the anchor = to
Site, fat, fare, amidst, what, tall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pdt,
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6. son ; miite, ciib, ciire, unite, ciir, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw^
bringer— brisk
work in the cable and raise the anchor to its
position at tlie side of, ur on tlie ship.
7. To bring in:
(I) To produce, aflord a return.
" The 8ole measiireof aU lua courtesies is, what retiini
they will make hmi, auj, what revenue they will bnmj
him (/(." — South.
* (-3) To gain over.
" Seud over mto that realm such a strong power of
men, as should i)erforce brimj in all that rebellious
o-out, and loose people," — Spciiser : Ireland.
(3) To introduce into Parliament.
"It was resolved that a Resumption Bill should be
brouoht in." — Maciiiday : Hint. £ng., ch. xxv.
(4) To return a verdict.
(5) To introduce.
' ' Since he could not have a seat an>oug them himself
he would briiij in one who had nn>re merit." — Tatler.
8. To bring off :
(1) To procure an aequittal ; eleai* ; malce to
escape.
'"Set a kite upon the bench, atwfl at is forty to one
.ne'U bring off d. crow at the Ixir," — L'Sslninge.
(J) To accomplish, to cause to happen.
9. To bring on :
(I) To cause, give rise to.
(2) To hasten, further, foiward.
" ITel. Yet, I pray you :
But with the word the time will bring on summer."
Shakesp. : AU's Well, Iv. 4.
10. Tobring out :
t(l) To show, prove.
" Another way made use of, to find the weight of the
denarii, waa by tlie weight of Greek coins ; oat tlmai;
experiments bring out the denarius heavier." —
Arbuth^iot.
* (2) To expose, make manifest.
*■ Bring out his crimes, and force him to confest. "
Drydcn.
(3) To introduce into society.
"Begg'd to bring up the little girl, and ' out'
For that's the phrase that settles all things now."
Byron : Bon Juan, xiL 31.
<4) To publish.
11. To bring over : To convert to one's side.
" The protestant clergy will find it, perhaps, no diffi-
cult matter to bring great numbers over to the churclL"
Scoift.
12. 'Tobring under : To subdue.
"That sharp co^lrHe which you have set down, foi
the bringing under ot those rebels of Ulster, aud pre-
paring a, way for their perpetual reformation."—
Spenter : State of Ireland.
13. To bring to :
(1) Ofd. Lang. : To resuscitate, revive.
(2) Naut. : To check the course of a ship ; to
lie to.
" We brought-to in a nari'ow ann of the river." —
Darurin : Voyage Round the World {ed. 1870), ch.vii. p.
23G.
11, To bring up:
<X) Ord. Lang. :
■(«) To educate, rear.
" They frequently conversed with this lovely virgin,
•who had been brought up by her father in luiowledge."
— Addison.: Guardian.
■Qj) To raise, start; as, "to bring up a
subject "
(c) To cause to advance, bring forward.
" Bring up your army."
Sliukcsp. : Coriolanus, i. 2,
(d) To lay before a meeting, as " to bring up
a report."
(e) To reject food from the stomach ; to
vomit.
(2) Naut. : To cast anchor.
«^ To bring up tlie rear : To come last.
la. To bring word : To bring intelligence of
«,nytliing.
" AhA Benaiah brought the king word apain, saying.
Thus said Joab, and thus he answered me." — 1 Kings,
ii. 30.
^ (1) Other special applications of the word
«re bring to book [Book] ; bring to pass [P.^ss] ;
/bring to justice = to charge, bring to trial ; to
bring down the Jwuse =^to\)e enthusiastically
received; bring to nought == utterly destroy;
brin^ to reason = induce one to listen to
reason ; to be brought to bed, brought a bed'=-
to be delivered of a child ; to bring a person
on his way, or to bring him onward-^ to ac-
company him.
(2) Crabb thus distinguishes between to
bring, to fetch, and to co /■*■»/ .-—"To bring is
simply to take with one's self from the place
where one is ; to fetch is to go first to a place
and then bring it ; to fetch therefore is a
species of bringing. Wliatever is near at
hand is brought; whatever is at a distance
must he fetched : tlie porter at an inn brings a
parcel, the servant fetches it. Bring always
respects motion towards the place in which
the speaker resides ; fetch, a motion both to
air.l from ; airry, always a motion directly
from tlie place or at a distance from tin.'
place. . . . Bring is an action performeil
at the option of the agent ; fetch aud carry are
mostly done at the command of another.
Hence the old proverb, ' He who will fetch
will carry,' to mark the character of the
gossip and tale-bearer, who repoi-ts what he
hears from two persons in order to please
both parties." (Crabb: Eag. Synon.)
brihg'-er, ^ bring'-are, s. [Eng. bring ;
-er.] He who, ur that which, brings anything.
"Yet the first l/ringer of miwelcome news
Hath but a losing office."
Hhakesp. : 2 Henry IV., i. 1.
" Is he not .an eye to ua all ; a blessed heaven-sent
Bringer of Light V'^CaW^fe ; Heroes, lect. iiL
bringer in, s-. He who, or that which,
brings in or introduces.
" Lucifer is a bringer in of light ; and therefore the
harbinger of the aa-y." —Sandys: Christ's Passion,
.Xotcs, p 79.
bringer out, s. He who brings forward,
leads out, or i)ub]ishes.
"Sold. Mock not. EnobarbuB.
I tell you true : beat you safed the bringer
Oat oi^the host." Slutkesp. : Ant. & C'leop., iv, 6.
bringer up, s. One who rears or edu-
cates.
"Italy and Rome have been breeders and bringers
up of the worthiest men." — Aschain, : ."icJioolmaster.
brmg'-ing, * br^hg'-yhge, pr. par., u., &
s. [Bring.]
A. & B. -4s 2Jr. j3or. nnd partic. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. As substantioe : The act of conveying,
carrying, or fetching.
bringing-forth, s.
1. Tlie act of bearing or being delivei-ed of.
''' 2. That which is brought forth or uttered.
" Let liim be but testimonied in his own bringings-
forth, and he shall appear t') the envious a acholar,
_ _^.i. __ , _ _,..!__,. ^ yiia/cggp; Meoi. for
bringlng-to, s.
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Gen. : The act of canying or conveying
to.
2. Spec. : The act of resuscitating, or bring-
ing back to consciousness.
II. Naut. : The act of checking the course
of a vessel.
BHnging-to bolt : A screw-bolt or forelock-
bolt used in keying up a structui-e.
bringing-up, s.
1. Ord. Lang. : Education, rearing.
2. Printing : The operation of overlaying,
underlaying, or cutting portions of woodcuts,
so as to equalise the impression by giving pro-
per prominence to the dark and light portions.
brin'-ie, ^. [Birnie.]
t bri'-ni-ness, s. [Eng. briny; -ness.] The
quality of being briny ; saltness.
"bri'u-isli,a. [Eng. brin(e); -ish.} Somewhat
briny ; having the taste of brine.
" To hear and see her plaints, her brinish teai-s."
Sliakesp. : 3 Sen. VI., iii. l.
"The restless groans, brinish teaj^."—Bunyan : Pil-
grim's Progress, pt, 2.
t bri'n-ish-ness, s. [Eng. brinish; -^less.]
The quality of being brinish ; a tendency to
saltuess. (Johnson.)
brin'-jal, brin'-jall, s. [From Arab, bydend-
jttJi. = the egg-plant. (ForsMial.y] The name
given in parts of India to the fruit of the
Egg-plant {Solanmn Melon gena). .
brin-ja'r-rie, * bin-ja'r-ry, ben-ja'r-y,
ban-ja'r-y-, bun-jar-ee, 5. [From Hind.
bonjara, banjari.] A grain-merchant. (Anglo-
Indian.)
brink, "" brihke, * br^^nke, * brenke, s.
[Dan. & Sw. brink— an edge; IceL brekka —
a slope.]
1, Lit. : An edge, mai'gin, or border, as of a
precipice, or pit, or river,
" Vche a dale so depe that demmed at the brynkez."
E. Ji. Aim. Poems, ii. 384.
"Beside the brink
Of haunted stream."
Thomson : Seasons ; Summer.
2. Fig. : The edge, verge.
" To misery's brink."
Burns : To a Mountain Daisy.
% The brink of tlie grace : The verge or
point of death.
"The old man stood . . . upon the brink of the
grave."— Kobertson : Sermons.
"brink'-ful, a. [Eng. brink; fulQ).] FuUto
the brink or briin ; brimfuL
* brmt, pa. par. & a. [Burnt.]
^brint-stone, -brin-stane^s. [Brimstose.]
bri'-ny. a. [Eng. brin(e); -y.] Full of brine ;
excessively salt.
" Fool that he was ! by fierce Achilles slain,
The river swept him to tlie brim/ main."
Pope : Bonujr's Iliad, ii. IOfrl-5.
bri-d^he'. s. [Fr.] A kind of light pastry
made with flourj butter, aud eggs.
bri'-6-nine, s. [Bryony.] A chemical prin-
ciple extracted from bryony.
bri'-6n-y, o. [Bryony.]
bri-quette' (q as k), s. [Fr.]
1. A slab or block of artificial stone.
2. A brick-shaped block of fuel, usually oi
small coal and pitch.
bri-sin'-ga, s. Named in allusion to Icel.
Brisinga men = the necklace of the Brisings
of Scand. mytliology. {Cent. Diet.)
Zoot. : A genus ot Star-fishes, the typical
one of the family Brisingidse (q.v.). The only
species, that found in the Norwegian Seas,
resembles the fossil Protuster.
bn-sin'~gi-d0B, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bri-
singa, and Lat. fem. pi. sutflx -trfte.]
Zool. : A family of Asteroidece (Star-fishes),
with long and rounded arms and two rows of
ambulacral feet ; the ambulacral gi-ooves not
reaching the mouth.
brisk, a. [Wei. brysg= nimble, quick ; Gael.
hrin^'j ; Yr.brusgiie.} Lively, animated, active.
L'iCf/ —
1. Of persons:
(1) Active, lively.
(2) Gay, sprightly.
"A creeping youn^ fellow, that bad committed
matrimony with a brisk gamesome lass, was so altered
in a few days, that he was liker a skeleton than a liTiu;?
m,i n. " — L' Estrange,
2. Of things :
*(1) Vivid, bright.
" Objects appeared much darker, because my instru-
mdnt was overcharged; had it magnified thirty or
twenty-five times, it had made the object appear more
brisk and pleasant."— -jVewtoit.
(2) Gay, lively.
" Now I am recreated with the brisk sallies and nuick
turns of wit." — Pope: Letter to Addison (171S).
"These moat &r^*A: and giddy-paced times,"—SftaicS3J.,-
Twelfth Night, iL 4.
(3) Excited, sharp, rapid.
"Christian had the hard hap to meet here with
ApoUyon, and to enter with Lim into a brisk en-
counter . . ." — Bunyan : P. /*., pt, iL
(4) Clear, sharp.
" The air was br'tsk." — Disraeli : Venetia, ch. ii.
(5) Fresh, moderately strong. (Used of the
^vind.)
" "With fair weather and a brisk gale." —
Voyages, ch. vii,
. (6) Powerful, active.
" Our nature here is not unlike our wine :
Some sorts, when old, continue bi-isk aud fine."
Dc/iham.
brisk-ale» s. Ale of a superior quality.
(HaUiwell.)
brisk - awakening,
sharply or quickly.
Awakening
" First to the lively pipe, his hand addreast.
But soon he saw the brisk-awakening viol."
Collins : Tfie Passions.
brisk-looking, a. Having n brisk or
bright and animated appearance.
t brisk, * briske, v.t. & i. [Brisk, a.]
A. Trans. : To exhilarate, enliven, auunate.
(Generally with up.)
" I will suppose that these things are lawful and
sometimes useful and necessary for the relief of oui-
uatxires: for the brisking up our spii-its."— A:(M(h«7-
beck : Scrtnons, p. 223.
" I like a cupp to briske the siJirita "
FeUham: BcsoUies.
bSH, b^; pffat, jtfftrl; cat, 9eU, chorus, ^Mn, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f.
-«San, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiina -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, deL
45
706
brisked— brisyng
B. Intransitive :
1, To prepare oneself briskly, or with ani-
mation axxd speed.
"SuBun fyrisked up a little for the occasiou." — A.
Trollope: Tales of all Countries.
2. To come up quickly.
■* brisked^ n. [Eug. Jjrisk, v.t.] Exhilarated,
enlivened.
" SuchavastdifFereiice there is hi theai-teries newly
brisked in the fountain, jukI that in the veins lowered
and imiJoverished with its journey."— &ni£A,' On Old
Age, p. 109.
brisk'-et, s. [O. Fr. hrischet, bruschet (Skeat);
Bret, hrudied = the breast. The word is evi-
dently connected with breast.] That part or
the breast of an animal which lies next to the
ribs, the breast.
" See that none of the wool be wanting, that their
gums be red, teeth white and even, aud the bri^icet
skin Ted."—Jforiimer.
" An' spread abreed thy weel-fill'd brisket,"
Burns: The Auld Farmer's Salutation.
brisket-bone, *. The breast-bone.
brisk'-ly, adv. [Eng. hrisk; -ly.] In a brisk
or lively manner ; actively.
" We have seen the air in the bladder suddenly ex-
pj-nd itself so much and so briskly, that it inaiiifeatly
lifted up aome light bodies that leaned uxjon it." —
Boyle.
brisk'-ness, 5. [Eng. hrish; -Tiess.]
1. The quality of being brisk.
2. Liveliness, quickness, activity.
"Some remains cf corruption, though they do not
conquer aud extinguish, yet will slacken and allay
the vigour and briskness of the renewed principle." —
South.
3. Liveliness of spirits, gaiety.
"But the most distinguishing part of hia character
aeems to me to be his briskness, his jollity, and his
good humour." — Dryden.
* brisk'-^, a. [Eng. hrislc; -y.] Brisk,
" Most brisky juvenal aud eke most lovely Jew,"
Shakesp. : Mid. Wight's Bream, iii. 1.
' brisle, s. [Bristle, s.]
*brisle dice, s. A kind of false dice.
"Those bar size aces ; thoaeb-risle dice. Clovm-. 'Tia
like they brisle, for I'm sure theilebreede anger,"
Jfobody ami Somebody, 4to, G, 3 b, (Jfares.)
bri^'-mack, s. [Etym. unknown. Probably
Scandinavian.] One of the English names for
a fish, the Common Tusk (Bros'inus vulgaris).
bris'-sal, a. [Fr. trresUler = to break, to
shiver.] Brittle. (Scotch.) (Gloss. Sibb.)
* brlssed, pa. par. [Bruised.] (Prompt. Tarv.)
bris'-sel, v.t. [BiRSLE, v.] To broil (Scotch.)
bris'-sel, a. [Corrupted from bristly (?).]
brissel-cock, s. A turkey-cock.
*bris-seii, ui. [Bruise.] (Prompt. Parv.)
bris'-si-dSB, a. pi. [From Mod. Lat.
(q.v.).]
Zool. : A family of Echinoidea, more gene-
rally called Spatangidse. Their English name
is Heart-urchins.
* bris'-sour, * bris-soure, "^ brys-sure,
s. [Fr. hrisure = a broken piece.]
1. A shaking, contusion, collision.
"Brisyng, or brissoure, K., bryasynge, or bryssure,
H. Quassutio, contusio, coUisio." — Prompt. Parv.
2. A sore, a chap. (Halliwell.)
briS'-SUS, s. [From Gr. PpiVtro? (brissos),
^putro-o? (brussos) = a kind of sea-urchin,
(Aristotle.)]
Zool. : The typical genus of the family
BriBsidffi (q.v.).
* brist, " bryst, v. [Burst.]
bris'-tle (t silent), " bros-tle, " brus-tel,
*brys-tel, *brys-tylle, *brus-tylle,
*burs-tyll, s. [A.S. hyrst=a, bristle, with
dimin. suffix -el ; Dut. borstel ; Icel. h^vrst ;
Sw. & Ger. borste, all = a bristle.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A short, stiff, coarse hair,
particularly of swine.
" Two boars whom love to battle draws.
With rising brisih-^. and with frothy jaws.'
Drydun : Palamon. & Arcite, n. 204, 205,
U To set up one's bristles : To show pride or
temper.
2. Bot. : A species of pubescence on plants,
rebL'iubling stiff, roundish hairs or bristles.
Example, the stem of the Viper's Biigloss
(Echiwm vulgare).
bristle-fern, s. A modern book-name
for a species of fei-n, Trichomanes radicaiis.
bristle -grass, *. A species of gi-ass,
Agrostis setaceo.
bristle-moss, 5. A species of moss, Or-
thotrictihi striatwn.
bristle-pointed, a.
1. Orel. Lang. : Having points like bristles.
" As bristle-pointed as a thorny wood."
Marlowe : 1 Tamburlaine, iv. 1.
2. Bot.: Terminating gradually in a very tine
sharp point ; setose.
bristle-tails, ?. pi.
Entom. : A common raine for some of the
Thysanura (q. v.), ftom the filiform aitpendagea
of the abdomen.
bris'-tle (t silent), v.t. & i. [Bristle, s.]
A. Transitive :
t 1. Lit. : To cause to stand up, as the
bristles on a swine.
" Poor Stumah ! whom his least halloo
Could Bend like lightuiug o'er the dew.
Bristles his crest, and pomts his ears."
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iii. 17.
*''2. Figuratively:
(1) To raise, as in pride or rage.
" His heart bristled his Ikisoiq,"
Chapman : Homer's Iliad, i. 102.
*ir Sometimes with up :
" Which makes him prune himself, and hristlp up
The crest of youth,' Shtiliesj^. : 1 Henry I i'. , i. 1,
(2) To cover as with bristles, to siuTound
for protection.
" Bristle yourselves around with cannon."— Ca7'///?c ;
French Reoohition, pt. ii., bk. iii., ch. 4.
^ To bristle a thread : To fix a bristle to it.
B. hitransitive :
1. To stand erect as bristles on a swine.
"His hair did bristle upon his head."
l^cott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, ii. IC.
2. To stand thick and close together, as
bristles do.
' ' A forest of masts would have bristled in the desolate
port of Newry."— .1/acin(toy .- Sist. Eng., ch. xvi.
3. To be thickly covered, to abound in.
(Generally of something rough or homble.)
(1) Of material thi nris :
"The land soon bristled with castles." — Freeman:
Norm. Ctmn; ii. 193.
(2) Of imviaterial things :
" The twilight bristles wild with shapes."
Mrs. Browning : Dreams of Fxil':
1. To show pride and indignation, or defl-
ance. (Generally >vith vp.)
" The glover's youthful attendant bristled up with a
look of defiance. " — Scott : Fair Maid, ch. i.
bris'-tled (t silent), * bris'-teled, ^ bris-
tlede, pa. par. & a. [Bristle, v.t.\
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : Covered with thick hairs or bristles.
" With hia Amazonian chin he drove
The bristled lips before him."
Shakesp. : Corioh, iL 2.
2. Figuratively:
(1) St-anding erect as bristles.
" Paj:d, or boar with bristled hair."
Shakesp. : Mids. MglU's Bream, ii. 2.
(2) Thickly covered as though with bristles.
"Flashing with steel and rough with gold.
And bristled o'er with bills and spears."
Scott : Lord of the Isles, vi. 1-L
1 Section of Psiadia coronopus, showing bristle re-
ceptacle. 2. Stalk of Echium. 3 & 4. Plain and
Jointed bristles from Echium and the root of u fern.
II. Bot. : Echinate, covered with a kind of
pubescence or stiff hairs resembling bristley.
" The care are bristclcd or bearded." — Lyte, p 505,
bris'-tle-wdrts (t silent), s. pi. [From Eng.
bristle, and wort (q..v.).]
Bot. : Lindley's name for the endogenous
order Desvauxiaceae (q.v.).
bris'-tli-ness (t silent), s. [Eng. bristly;
-ness.l The state of being bristly or covered
witli bristles. (Booth.)
bris'-tling (t silent), pi\ par. & a. [Bristle,
t\i.]
1. Standing erect as bristles.
" With chatfring teeth, and briailing hair upright."
Dryden.
" Erect and bristling like a cat's back." — Eazlitt.
2. Thickly covered. [Bristle, II. 2.]
"Renowned throughout the world for its haven
6?*w(fKn£7 with innumerable masts." — Macaulay : Hist.
Eng., ii. 415.
3. Thick, close, rough.
"His bristling locks of sable, brow of gloom.
And the wide waving of his shaken plume "
Byron ; Lara, I. xi.
bns'-tl^ (t silent), a. [Eng. IrisUie); -y.]
I. Ord. Lang. : Thickly covered with bristles ;
rough, hairy.
" A yellow lion and a bristly boar." Pope : Thebais.
"If the eye were so acute as to rival the finest
microscope, the sight of our owuselves would affright
us; the smoothest akin would be beset with rugged
scales and bristly hairs," — Bentley.
II. Naiural Science : Echinate, furnished
with numerous bristles, as the fruit of the
Common Chestnut (Castanea vescd).
Bris'-tol, * Bris'-tow, * Bric'-stow, s
[Etymology doubtful.]
Geog. : A city and seaport of England on the
Avon, mainly in Gloucestershire, but partly
also in Somersetshire.
Bristol-board, s. A kind of thick paste-
board, with a very fine and smooth, sometimes
glazed surface.
Bristol-brick, s. A material used for
cleaning steel, originally manufactured at
Bristol, and made in the form of a brick.
Bristol - diamond, * bristow - dia-
mond, s. A species of rock-crystal, some-
times coloured, sometimes transparent.
Specimens of the latter kind have fre-
quently considerable beauty, only inferior to
diamonds. It is found chiefly in the St. Vin-
cent rocks near Bristol, and is also known as
Bristol-stone.
" Such bastard peaxles, Bristow diainonds, and glasse
bugles are these poortj pedlars, like pety-chapmen.faine
to stuffe their packets with." — Gatakor on Transub-
stantiation, 1624, p. 65.
Bristol-fashion, adv.
Naut. : Well, in good order.
* Bristol-milk, ■-. Strong waters.
Bristol-nonsuch, ».
Bot. : Lychnis chalcedonica.
Bristol-stone, c The same as Bristol-
diamond (q.v.).
"Although in this ranke but two were commenly
mentioned bj' the ancients, Gilbei-tus discovereth man j
more, as Diamonds, . . . Chrystall, Bristoll stones.
— Browne : Vulg. Errors, p. 78.
Bristol-water, s. The water from cer-
tahi springs at Bristol, or rather Clifton,
greatly in use for diseases of the lungs and
consumption. It is tepid, and contains iron
in combination with sulphur.
♦ brfs'-tow, 0. & s. [Bristol.]
A. As aOjcctlvc: Peitaining to or brouglit
from Bristol.
B. As substantive: A crystal set in a ring.
(Scotch.)
■'. . . the brooch of Rob Roy's wife, the Scottish
AmaaoBi Its circle appears to be of silver, studded
with what was once the vogue, bristow."— Edin. Eu.
Cour., 22ud Oct., 1818.
bris'-iire.s. [Fr. brisure = a. fracture, a broken
piece ; briser = to break.]
In Fortifieation : Any pari of a rampari. oi-
parai)et wliich deviates from the general
direction.
bris'-wort, bri'§e-wort, s. [Bruisewort.]
1. Symphytum officinale, L. (Cockayne, iii.
316.)
2. Bellis p>erennis. (Ibid.)
'bris'-yng, " brys-synge, s. [Bruipi^^g ]
" liris^/ng, or brissouie K ; bi-\seynge or biy&sure
H. Quassatio, contusio, a>Uino."~P)Ompt. Parv.
f9 te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur. rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, c» = e. ey=a, qu = kw.
brit— broach
70;
brft (1), britt, s, [Etym. unknown.]
Ichthy. : A local name for young herrings
and sprats, some of which were formerly made
a species, Clupea minma. The name is also
applied to the young of other fish.
" The pilchards were wont to pursue the brit, upon
which they feed, into the havens." — Carew.
'*Brit(2), s. [A.S.5/-3/( = a Briton.] ABriton.
Bnt'-ain, * Pry-dhain, s. [lutd.Britavma;
from Celt. Irlth, brit = painted. (Camden.).^
Originally the words Britain and Britany were
almost interchangeable terms. The island in
which we live.
" He [Henry VTI.] was not so averse from a war but
that he was resolved to choose it, rather tLiin to have
Britain [meaning what we call Eritanuy— the ancieut
AnnoricaJ carried by France, being so great and
«pulent a duchy and situate bo opportunely to annoy
England, either for coast or trade."— ifacon : JJlst. of
King Henry VII.
* Britain-crown, s. A gold coin worth
ahout five shillings. (SnelUng : Corns, p. 24.)
* Brit'-ain-er, s. [Eng. Britain ; -er.] A
native of Britain.
"The Britainera, Hollanders, and from the Azores
Islands."— /'eacft«jM.
Bri-tan'-ni-a, ft. [Lat.] Britain.
Britannia metal, s.
Comm. : An alloy of brass, tin, antimony,
and bismuth. It is used to make cheap
spoons and teapots.
"Britannia metal, which has almost superseded
pewter, and is undoubtedly far more beautiful, as in
appearance it nearly approaches silver, is comiioaed of
3^ cwt. of best block tin, 2S lbs. of martial regulus of
antimony, 8 lbs of copv>er, and 8 lbs of brass," — Wright :
Scientilic Knowledge (184C}, p. 60.
Bri-tSin'-niC, o. [Lat. hrltannicus = pertain-
ing to Britain.] Of or pertaining to Britain,
British.
"... having first well nigh freed us from Anti-
Christian thraldom, didst build up this Britannic
Empire to a glorious and enviable height, with all her
daughter-islands about her." — Milton : lieforTn. in Engl.
* britcll, s. [Breech.]
Inrite, brigbt, v.i. [Bright, «.] To become
bright or pale iji colour. (Said of barley,
wheat, or hops, when they grow over-ripe.)
* brith, it. [Bright. ]
brith'-er, s. [Brother.] Scotch for brother.
* britb-er-en, s. j}?. [Brother.] A form of
tlie plural of brother.
Brit'-ish» ^ Brit'-tish, a. & s. [A.S. bryttlsc;
bryt = a Briton.]
A- As adjective ;
1. Of or pertaining to Britain.
"Imploring Divine assistance, that it may redound
to his glory, and the good of the British nation, I now
begin. ■'—.U'j/^on ; Hist, of England, b. i.
2. Of or pertaining to the language of the
ancient inhabitants of Britain, or Welsh.
" What I here offer to the publiok. is an explication
of the antient BrifisJi tongue, once the common lan-
guage of Britain, and still preserved in the principality
of Wales." — Richards: Brit. Diet. Preface.
" Iren. The Gaulish speach is the very BrUtish, the
■which was very generally used heere in all Brittayiie
before the coming in of the Saxons ; and yet is retayned
of the Walshmeu, the Comiahmeu, and the Brittous."
— Spenser: State of Ireland.
B. As substantive :
The British : The inhabitants of Britain.
British-gum, s. A substance of a
brownish colour, and very soluble in cold
water, formed by heating diy starch at a tem-
perature of about 600° Fahr.
British-tea, i. a kind of "tea "made
from elm -leaves.
British tobacco, British herb to-
bacco. A plant, Tussilago farfara.
* brit'-nen, * bret'-nen. * bret'-tene,
* bret'-tyne, * brut'-nen, * brut-ten-
en, *bryt-tyne, v.t. [A.S. brytnian.} To
cut in pieces, break.
" Sythen he britnez out the brawen in bryght brode
cheldez." Sir Gawaine, 1611.
" The Uoughti duk . . . bet adoun burwes
And brutned moche peple."
William of Palerne, 1073.
Brit'-6n, u. & o. [A.S. Bryten, Bnjton =
Britain. ]
A. As adjective .* Pertaining to or inhabiting
Britain ; British.
"I'll disrobe me
Of these Italian weeds, and suit myself
As does a Brltonpeniant."
Shakesp. : C'l/mbeline, v. 1.
B. As substantive: A native of Britain.
" He hath done no Briton harm."
Shakesp.: Cymbeline. v. 5.
"Aspiring, thy commands to BritoJis bear."
Tliomson : Libert g. pt. L
britt, a. [Brit{1).J
brit'-tle, * bretil, * brickie, * brekyll,
" britel, " brotel, * brutel, "^ brotul, a.
[From A.S, frred(a?i = to break; Icel. brjota;
Sw. bryta = to break.]
L Ordinary Language :
1. Literally : Liable to break or be broken ;
fragile.
" The bretil vessel, forsothe, in the which it issothun,
shall be broken. ■-M'v/ci^, Leoit. vi. 22.
" If the stone is brittle, it will often crumble, and
Ijass in the form of gmveV—Arbiithnot.
2. Figara-tively : Not lasting, fickle, uncer-
tain.
" A brittle gloiy shineth in this face :
As brittU as the glory is the face ;
For there it is, crack d in a hundred shivers."
Sh^iketp. : JiicJu II., iv. 1
II. Metal. : This term is applied to those
metals which are not malleable. Arsenic, anti-
mony, bismuth, and manganese are, amongst
other metals, distinguished by this charact.-.
brittle silver ore, o. A mineral, called
also Stephanite (q.v.)
brittle -Star, s. The name of a long-
rayed starfish (Ophiocoma rosula). It is ap-
plied also to other starfishes of the order
Ophiuroidea (q.v.).
t brit'-tle, v.t. [From brittle, a. (q.v.).] To
render friable.
"Early iu the spring harrow it, to mix the clay
brought to top (which will be brittled by the winter
frosts) with the aahea, . . ."—MaxweU: SeL Trans.,
p. 109.
t brit'-tle-l^, adv. [Eng. hrittle; -ly.] In a
brittle manner, so as easily to break. (Sher-
wood.)
brit-tle-ness, ^ brot'-el-nesse, s. [Eng.
brittle; •ness.'] The quality of being brittle,
fragility ; tending to break easily. Used--
1. Literally :
" . . , in the tempering of steel, by holding it
but a minute or two longer or lesser in the flame, give
it very diff'ering tempera, as to brittleness or tough-
ness."—BoyKe,
2. Figuratively : Uncei'tainty, fickleness.
" Swich fyn hath fals worldes brotclnesse /"
Chancer: TroUus, v. 6.
brit'-tle-worts, s. pL [Eng. bi-ittle, and
tvort (q.v.).]
Botany :
1. The English name given by Lindley to
the order Diatomaceoe (q.v.)
2. A name forNitella and Chara, two genera
of Characese. [Characea:.] (Thomi : Bot.,
trans, by Bennet, pp. 20'J-3.)
brit'Z-Ska, s. [Russ. hritshka; Pol. bryczka,
dimin. of brylM = a freight-waj^gon.] A travel-
ling carriage with a calash top. It is so con-
structed as to give space for reclining while
travelling.
" In the evening I set out ... in Sir Charles's
English coach : my britzka followed with servants " —
Sir Ji. Wilson: Pr. Diary, 1813, ii, 66.
* brix-len, v.t. [O. Icel. brigsla.] To reprove.
{Ear. Kng. Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, iii, 345.)
(Stratmann.)
bri'-za, s. [Sp. & Ital. briza; Fr. brize ; Gr.
^pi'fa' (briza) — some kind of grain. Either
(1) Old ^olic for pi^a (rkiza), a root, or (2) PpCeoi
(britho), to be heavy, ... to incline or
droop to one side, as the deUcately-suspended
spikelets do.] Quaking-grass. A genus of
grasses with panicles consisting of awnless
spikelets much compressed laterally, and cor-
date-deltoid In form. Two species occur iu
Britain, the B. media, or Common Quaking-
grass, and the B. minor, or Small Quaking-
grass. The latter is very rare, but the former
is frequent. It is an elegant plant. B. maxima,
or Greatest Quaking-grass, a species from
Southern Europe, is sometimes sown as a
border annual.
* brize, s. [In Ger. bremse.'\ The breeze, breeze-
fly, or gad-fly. [Breeze.]
"A Brize, a scorned little creature,
Through hia faire hide hia angrie sting did threaten."
Spenser : Visions of the Worlds Vanitie, ii.
bHze,brizz, ^'.^ [Bruise.] To squeeze, press.
(Scotch.)
" 0 Jenny ! let my arms about thee twine.
And briathj bonny breast and lips to mine,"
A. Ramsay : Gentle Shepherd.
brda$li(l), br6o9h, *brd9he, *broch,i..
[O. F. broclie ; Mod. Fr. broclie = a spit ; Low
Lat. brocca = a pointed stick, from bj-occus =
a sharp tooth or point.]
I. Ordinary Language :
*1. Anything pointed, as a spit. [Torn-
broach.]
"BrooTie or spete, when mete is rpon it, P. VerU'
tu'in." — Prompt. Parv.
"He was taken into service to a base office in his
kitchen : so that he turned a broach, that had worn a.
QTOwn."— Bacon : Henry VII.
* 2. A pin.
" Ande now stondes a deuylle at myne hede, with a
longe brocJie, and puttes it in atte crowne of myne
hede ; ande anothire deuylle at my fete, with anothere
longe broche, ande puttes it in atte eoules of my fete ;
ande when they mete togedre at myn herte, I shalle
deye." — Gesta Romanorum, p. 407.
*" 3. A wooden pin on which yarn is wound.
(Scotch.)
" Hir womanly handis nowthir rok of tre
Ne spvndil vsit nor brochis of Minerve
Quhilk in the craft of claith making dois serve."
Doug. : Virgil, 273, IB.
* 4. A spur.
*5. Aspire or steeple. (Still
in use in some parts of the
country, where it is used to
denote a spire springing from
the tower without any in-
termediate parapet. [Spire.]
The term "to broche" is also
used in old building accounts,
perhaps for cutting the stones
in the form of voussoirs and
rough-hewing.)
"There is coming home stone to
the broach ten score foot and five."
— Acts relating to the Building c(f
South Steeple, &c., 1500-18; Arehceol.,
voL X. pp. 70-1. I
" In one lioures space ye broch of I
the steple was brent downe to ye
battlementes."— .4rcA(8o^, vol. xL
pp. 76-7.
* 6. A clasp used to fasten a
dress, so called from the pin
which formed a part of it. [Brooch.]
7. A jewel, ornament, or clasp, not neces-
sarily used for fastening. [Brooch.]
" A peire of bedes gaudid al with grene :
And theron lieng a irroch of gold ful schene."
Chaucer: C.T., 160-61.
" Of broclies ne of rynges."
King Alisaunder, 6842.
II. Technically :
*1. Thatching: A sharp-pointed pin of wood
used by thatchers to secure the gavels or
layers of straw.
" Broche for a thacstare, Pirmaculum. " — Prompt
Parv.
2. Candle-making : The sharp-pointed ridge
of wire on which short pieces of candles were
stuck.
*3. Liquor traffic: An instrument for tap-
ping casks.
4. Hunting : A start of the head of a young
stag, growing sharp like the end of a spit
(Johnson.)
* 5. Miisic : A musical instrument, the
sounds of which are made by turning round
a handle. (Johnson.)
6. Embroidery : An instrument used by em-
broiderers, and borne by their company on
their coat-of-arms.
7. Watchmaking, £c. : A tapering steel tool
of prismatic form, the edges of which are
used for reaming out holes. It is in use
among watchmakers, dentists, and carpenters.
"When smooth, it is called a buniishcr.
8. Locksviithing : That pin in a lock which
enters the barrel of the key.
9. Mason-work : A narrow pointed iron in-
strument in the form of a chisel, used by
boil, bo^; pout, jd^l; oat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious,
expect, Xenophon, exist, -mg.
cious = shiis. -ble, -tie, &c'= bel, teL
708
broaeh- broad
masons in hewing stones. It is called also a
{rii:!Cheon. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
broach-post, s.
Carpentry : A king-post.
- broacli-turner, " broche-tumer,
s. [Turn-broach.] A turnspit.
" As the broche-tumer that aitteth warme by the
fyre may let the spitte staiide, and Buffre the meate to
burne."— Sir T. Jlore : }¥ork€, p. 5-19.
broach, * broche, * brochyn, v.t. [Broac h,
«.]
A. Ordinary Language :
I, LlteraUy.
^ 1. To spit, transfix on any sharp instru-
ment.
"He felled men as one would mow hay, and some-
times broached a great Qinnber of them iipou his pike,
as one would carry little hti'ds spitted upon a stick." —
Bakewill.
* 2. To spur a horse.
" Ther lances alle forth laid, and ilk man broched his
stede." Robert of Brunne, p. 805.
3. To tap a cask.
"Brochyn', orsettynaveaselle&rocAc (a-6roc7tc, K.P.)
Attamino, clipsidro, KYLW."— jpronyo?. Pai'v.
" Barelle ferrere they brocJiede, and broghte theme
the wyue."
Jforte Arthure, 2,714.
II. Figuratively :
* 1. To pierce ; shed, as blood ; allow any-
liquid to flow.
"Cade. Brave thee! ay, by the best blood that ever
was broached." — Shakesp. : 2 Ilenry VI., iv. 10,
1 2. To open, produce,
" I will broach my store, and bring forth my store,'
—EnoUes.
3. To veut, make public ; start a subject ;
publish.
"This errour, that Pison was Ganges, was fiist
broached by JoBe^h.a&."—JtalelgJi.
* i. To commence, set on foot.
" And afterwardes they gan with fowle xeproch
To stirre up strife, and troublous contecke hroch."
Spejiser: F. Q., III. i. 64,
B. Teclmiadly :
1. Naiit. : To turn a vessel to windward,
" Then broach the vessel to the westward round."
Falconer : Shipwreck.
2. Masonry : To indent the surface of a
stone with a " broche," or puncheon, to rough-
hew. [Broach, s., II. 9 ; Broached.]
br6a9hed» -pa. par. & a. [Broach, -v.]
broached-stones, s, pi
Masonry : Stones rough-hewn, as distin-
guished from ashlar, or squared and smoothed
stones.
broached-work, s.
Masonry : Work rough-hewn, as distin-
guished from ashlar work.
br6a9li'-er, e. [Eng. Iroach, v, ; -er.]
I. Lit. :
I. He who, or that which, broaches.
* 2. A spit.
" On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they
turueU." Bri/den: Homer; fliadi,
II. Fig. : One who makes public or divulges
anything ; one who starts or first publishes,
"The first broacher of an heretical opinion."—
L'EeCrange.
brda9h'~ing, * broch-inge, 2?r, par., a, & s.
[Broach, v.]
A. & B. As present participle £ participial
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As suhstantive :
I, Literally:
1. Ord. Lang. ; The act of broaching or tap-
ping.
2. Masonry: The act of cutting or rough-
hewing.
"To hewinge, brochingo, and scaplyn of stone for
the chapel, 3b. id."~ClMpe[ Bill, 2)urliam Castle, 1644.
II. Fig. : The act of publishing or divulging.
broaching - thurmal, broaching -
thurmor, broaching -turner, s. A
chisel for executing bruached-work. (Ogilvie.)
broid, ^ brood, ^brod, *brad, *brode,
a., s., & adv. [A.S. brad; Icel, breidhr ; Sw.
& Dan. bred; O. H. Ger. preit; Ger. breit]
A. As adjective :
I. Literally :
1. Widely spread ; extended in breadth ;
wide.
" Brode or large of space. Spacloaus." —Prompt. Parv.
' ' And in his houd a brod myrour of glaa,"
Chaucer : C. 2'., 10,895-6.
" 2. Fully opened, full-blown.
"For brode roses, and open also."
Roniaant of the Rose.
3. Extending far and wide.
" So when the Sun's broad beam has tir'd the sight. '
Pope: Moral Essays, Epistle ii., 253, 254
II. Figuratively :
1. Open ; not hidden or concealed ; fully
exposed or developed.
" Now when broad day the world discovered has,"
Spenser: F. Q.,1. lii. 21.
2. Large, wide, extensive.
" Cunning, which has always a broad mixtui'e of
falsehood." — Locke.
3. Taken as a whole, not minutely examined
in detail; general.
"On the broad basis of acknowledged interest."—
Froude : Hist. Eng. (1858), vol. iv., p. 204.
' 4. Bold, free.
" Who can speak broader than he that has no house
to put his head in'l"^Hhakesp. : Tnnon, iii. 4.
5. Broadly marked, plain, strong.
"... his broad Scotch accent." — Macaulay : Eist.
Eng., ch. viii.
6. Coarse, obscene (said of language or
actions).
' ' If open vice be what you drive at,
A name so broad we'll ne'er connive at."
Dri/den.
^ Broad as long : Equal upon the whole.
"For it is as broad as long whether they rise to
others, or bring others down to theTii."—t' Estrange.
B. As substantive :
1. Naut. : A term for a fresh-water (gen.
reedy) lake, in contradistiiictinii to rivers or
narrow waters, especially the Norfolk broads.
2. IVood-iurning : A bent turning-tool, or
one formed of a disk with sharpened edges
secured to a stem. It is used for turning
down the insides and bottoms of cylinders in
the lathe. (Knight.)
C. As adverb : In such a phrase as broad
aioake = thoroughly awake.
" I have been broad awake two hours and more "
Shakesp. : TU. And., ii. 2.
^ Obvious compounds are b-road-baclced,
broad-breasted, broad-brivivud, broad-chested,
broad -fronted, broad - headed, broad - Iwrned,
broad- sliouldered, broad-spread, broad-spread-
ing, broad-tailed, broad-ivheeled, broad-winged.
broad-arrow, * brode arow, s.
1. Ord. Lang. : A broad-headed arrow.
"And ten brode ai-oioisiiildehe there."
Romaunt of the Rose.
2. Technically: The mark cut or stamped
on all government property and stores. It
was the cognisance of Henry, Viscount Sydney,
Earl of Romney, Master-general of the Ord-
nance, 1693 — 1702, and was at first placed only
on military stores. It is also the mark used in
the Ordnance Survey to denote points from
which measurements have bten made. [Ar-
row, Broad.
broad-axe, 5.
1. An axe with a broad
edge, used in hewing' round
logs into square timber.
One edge is flat, the other
bevelled. The handle is
bent sideways to save the
workman's knuckles.
* 2. A broad-edged mili-
tary weapon, a battle-axe.
"He [the Galloglas<!, or Irish
foot-soldierl, being so armed in
a long shirt uf mayle down to
the calfe of his leg, with a long broad-axo in his baud."
— Spenser : On Ireland.
broad-band, braid-band, s. Corn
hiid out in the harvest held on tlie band, but
not bound.
T[ 1. Lying in broad-band : Lying opened
up to dry when wet with rain.
2. To be laid in broad-band :
(1) Lit. Of corn : To be laid open. [1.]
(2) Fig. : To be fully exposed.
"... the very evill thoughts of the wicked shal be
siiread out and laide in broad-band before the face of
God."— £o^rf.' Last JOattcU, -p. G43. {Jamiesoii.)
broad-based, «. Having a broad or firm
base or foundation. (Lit. or Jig.)
" Broadrbased fllghta of marble staii-a."
Tennyson: Ravol. of the Arabian Nights, 3B.
broad-bean, ■'^■. A well-known legumin-
ous plant, Faba vulgaris.
broad-bill, s.
Ornithology :
BROAD-AXE.
1. A species of wild duck, Anas ciypeaza.
The shoveller.
EROAD-BILL (1).
2. The Spoon-bill, Platalca leucorodia.
3. Any bird of the subfamily Eurylsmina;.
t broad-blown, a. Fully blown, full-
blown. (Lit. (&fig.)
" His face, aa I grant, in spite of spite,
Has a broad-blown comeliness, red and white."
Tennyson : Maud, xiii, 1.
broad-bottomed, u,. Having a broad
bottom.
" . . . . in some of the level, broad-bottomed
xaXlays."— Darwin : Voyage roundthe World (ed. 1870),
ch. Jx., p. 197.
* broad-brim, broadbrim, s.
1, A hat with a broad brim.
"... half-buried under shawls and broadbrims." —
Carlyle : Sartor Resartus, bk. i,, ch. ix.
2. By metonomy, a Quaker, from the broad-
biimmed hats worn by tliem.
"... this, added to the rest uf his behaviour, in-
spired honest liroadbrim with a conceit" — Fielding:
Tom Jones, p. 332.
broad-cast, broadcast (£^"^.), braid-
cast (Scotch), s., adv., & a.
* A. As substantive : The act or process of
scattering seeds by throwing them from the.
hand as one advances over a field, in place of
sowing them in drills or rows.
B. As adverb :
1. Lit. . So as to scatter seeds in all direc-
tions.
2. Fig. : Widely spread, scattered freely or
indiscriminatfly.
" For sowing broadcast the seeds of crime."
LongfeUoio : Golden Legend, v.
C As adjective : Cast in all directions, in
pilace of being sowed in drills. (Lit. & fig.)
1[ Broadcast sower. Agric. . A machine for
sowing seeds broad-cast.
broad-cloth, s. ^- a.
A. As s^tbst. : A kind of fine woollen cloth,
exceeding twenty-nine iucjies iJi width.
B. As adj. : Made of bi-uad doth.
" Or else, be sure, your broad-dofh breeches
Wjll ne'er be smooth, nor hold their stitcli^."
Swtft.
broad-gauge, s. The wider distance or
gauge at which the rails of a railway were laid.
This was, in the case of the Gn-afc Western
Railway, seven feet, as again-st four feet Si
inches m the case of lines laid on the nariuw
gauge. The inconveniences caused to inter-
communication between lines by the difference
in gauge were so gieat that the "broad-
gauge " lias been abandoned. [Gauge.]
broad-glass, a. Glass in large sheettt for
cutting into panes.
broad halfpenny, s [Bord Hale-
PENNV.] (JVharton.)
^ broad-head, s. The head of a broad-
arrow.
broad-leaf, s. A tree, Tenniimlia lati-
folia, a iintive of Jamaica. The wood is used
for staves, scantlings, and shingles. It is
somrtimes mistaken for the almond-tree, from
the similai'ity of the fruit.
broad-leafed, u. [Broad-leaved.]
broad-leaved, a.
1. Lit.: Having broad leaves.
"Narrow .ind broad-leaved cyijrus grass."— iVood-
ward : On Fossils.
2. Fig. : Having a broad brim ; broad-
brimmed.
* broad-mouthed, «.
1. Lit. : Having a broad mouth.
2. Fig. . Chattering, talking freely or
coarsely.
fate, fat, f^e, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pdt,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, qu = kw.
broaden— broccoli
709
BROAD- PENNANT,
" ll»d any broad-mouHmd, slamVrous villain said it"
Southeme: DUappoiritinerU, L L
broad-open, a. Wnle open.
" To walk with ejus broad-open to ycur grave. "
- _ Dryden.
broad -pen- -
n a n t , .^ . a
swallow-tailed
tapering flag at
the mast-head of
a man-of-war. It
is the tlistinctivc
sign of a comuio-
dore.
broad-piece.
s. An obsoletL-
gold coin in use
before the guinea.
" . . . . tiioae who muttered that, wherever a broad-
piece was to be saved or got, this hero was a mere
tiuclio, a mere Hari>agoii,"— J/acauZa?/: Hist. Enq.,
eh. xlv.
broad-seal, s. The Great Seal.
" Is not this to deny the king's broad-seal t "
Sheldon : Miracles of Antichrist, p. 61.
"Under whose [the chancellor'sj hands nase all
charters, commissions, and grants of the king, cot-
rohorated or strengthened with the broadrseal7'—Jnt
SigilU, p. 3.
broad-seal, r.t.
1. Lit. : To seal with the Great Seal.
2. Fig. : To seal, to assure.
" Thy presence broad-seals our delights for pure."
B. JotmoJi : Cynthia's Revels.
broad-seed, 5, The English name of
Uliispermuiu, 11 genus of umbelliferous plants.
Tlie solit-ary species is from Barba^3^
broad-set, a. Thickly, strongly framed.
broad-sheet, broadsheet, s The
same us Broad-side, 3 ((i.v.).
" . . . . and oral recitation anticipated the advent of
the broadsheet and the hook." — Hkeat : Introd. to
Hhaaccr (ed. Bell).
broad-side, broadside, s.
\. The side of a ship as contra-distinguished
from its bow and stern.
" The vessel northwai-d veers
Till all its broadside on its [the whirlix>ol"s] centre
hears." Falconer: Shipwreck, o. L, 296.
2. A volley fired simultaneously from all
the guns on one side of a ship of war.
"The crash reverberates like the broadside of a man-
of-war through thelonely channels. "—-Drtruifw; Voyage
rouiul the World (ed. 1870), chap, xi., p. 246.
3. A publication consisting of one large
printed sheet constituting but a single page
or leaf.
"'Broadsides of prose and verse wi-itten in his praise
were cried in every s,txeQt."—S{acaulay : Hist. Ewj ,
ch. XV.
* broad-Sighted, a. Havinga wide view.
\ broad-speaking, u.
1. Speaking broadly or coarsely ; using
coarse or obscene language.
"The reeve and the miller are distinguished from
each other, as much as the lady prioress and the broad-
speat t Jiff, i.'ap-too tiled wife of Bath." — liryden-
2. Speaking with a broad accent.
'' broad-spoken, n. Broad-speaking;
using coarse or iiljscciie language.
broad-stone, broadstone, s.
Mcisonry : An ashlar.
broad -sword, broadsword (Eng.),
* bread svrord {Sndch), s.
1. A sword with a broad blade.
broadswords.
"From his belt to bis stirrup his broadsword hangs
down." Scott : Rokcby, i . 20.
t2. By metonfimy, tho.se soldiers who wi-re
armed with liroadswords
"The whole number of broadswords seems to have
heen under three thousand." — Macaiilay : Hist. Eng.,
ch. xiii.
broad-tool, s.
Masonry : A stone-mason's chisel, which has
an edge 3^ inches wide. It is used for finish-
dressing. Tools used for the preliminary
rougher work are the jjoint or piuich, the rush-
tool, and the boaster (q.v.).
broad-way,
highway.
A wide, open road or
broad-wise, broadwise, adv. in the
direction of the breadth, as contra-distin-
guished from lengthwise, in the direction of
the length. (Lit. &Jig.)
" If one should with his hand thrust a piece of iron
broadtoise against the flat ceiling of his chamber," —
Boyle.
" Too much of him longwise, too little of him broad-
wi.ir. and too many sharp angles of him anglewise."—
iJickoim : Our Mutual Friend, L 151.
broad'-en, v.l. d- 1. [Broad, a.]
A. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To become broader, to spread.
"Low walks the sun, and broadens by degrees."
Thomson : .'iecnons ; Su/m-jner.
2. Fig. : To >\iden out, become more diffused
or extended.
"His principles broadened and enlarged with time ;
and age, instead of contracting, only ser\'ed to mellow
aad npen his nature."— S. Smilai : Self-Ifelp, p. IB.
" Where Freedom broadens slowly down
From precedent to precedent."
Tennyson: Woi'ks (Strahan, 1872), p. 262.
t B. Transitive : To render broader.
broad'-en-ing,j3T. jir//-. £■ a. [Broaden, v.i.]
" When, lo ! her own, that broadening from her feet
And blackening, swallow'd all the land."
Tennyson : Guinevere.
t broad'- ish, a. [Eng. broad, and suffix -is7i..]
Somewhat broad.
" The under pai-t of the tail is singularly variegated
white and black, the black in long, broadish, streaks."
■~liusseU : Ace. of Indian Serpents, p. 27,
broad'-ly, adv. [Eng. hroad; -ly.]
1, Lit. : In a broad manner ; widely.
" Great Alphieus floud,
That broadly flows through Pylos fleids."
Chapman : Homer's Iliad, v.
2. Fifi. : Plainly, openly.
broad'-ness, * brood-nesse. (Eugiish),
brald'-nesse (Scotch), s. [Eng. broad;
■ness.}
* 1. Literally : The quality of being broad ;
breadth.
"Thel stigeden vp on the broodnesse of erthe."
}yyc!iffc : Apoc, xx. 8.
"... thre hredia in braid nesse, . . ." — Inventories,
A. 1562, p. 160. (Jamieson.)
2. Fig. : Coarseness ; or^ specially, indelicacy
of statement or allusion.
"I have used the cleanest metaphor I could find, to
palliate the broadness of the meaning." Dryden.
bro'ak-fee, s. [Brookei> (2).] (Scotch.)
1. A cow having her face variegated with
white and black.
2. A pei-son with a dirty face.
bro'ak-it, pa. par. [Brooked. J (Scotch.)
bro'ak-xt-neSS, 5. [Scotch hronldt ; -ness.]
1. Tlie quality or state of being variegated
with black or white spots.
2. The state of having a dii-ty face. (Scotch.)
brob, s. [Cf. Gael, hrod = a probe, a poker.]
Carp. : A peculiar form of spike driven
alongside a timber which makes a butt-joint
O
against another, to prevent the former from
slipping. (Knight.)
brob-ding-nag-i-an, brob-dig-nag'-i-
an, K. [From Lrohdi iigim'j, tlie name of an im-
aginary placr in ^^^vift's GuUi ce/.s '1 rrfrc?.s where
eveiything was of gigantie size.] Gigantic.
"Even the equestrian statue of the Iron Duke has
little human specks of figures standing out black
against the evening sky, under the horse's girth, like
a lirobdiffnagian fleld-raarshal among a crowd uf
cockney Lilliputians. "—iJaii^ Telegraph, May 30, 1864,
''■ bro'-bil-lande, pr. par. or a. [Comp. Ital.
horhogliare ; Sp. borbollar ; Port, borbulhar^
to burble, bubble.] Weltering. [Burble.]
" Many a balde manne laye there swykede,
Brobillunde in his hlode,"
MS. Line. A i. 17, f. 115 [HaUiwell).
broc (1), s. L^-S- hroc (?).J A menace (?).
"This was hire broc."— Lay amon, 21,u2j. {Strut-
*- broc (2), s. [Brook.]
* broc (3), s. [Breach, s.] A rupture.
^ broc (i), o. [Brock.] A badger.
broc skynne, s. A badger's skin.
" . that weuten abonte in broc skynnes and
skynnes of geet, . . :-—Wycliffe{PMTvey): Heb. xL 87.
bro-cad'e, *br6-ca'-do, s. [Sp. hrocado.]
1. A kind of silken stuff, variegated or em-
bossed with gold or silver flowers or other
ornaments. The manufacture of brocades was
established at Lyons in 1757.
" In tliis city [Ormm'\ there is very great trade for ■
all sorts of apices, drugges, siike, cloth of silke, brocado,
aud di'V'ers other sortes of marchandise come out of
Persia." — Hakluyt: Toyages, ii. 21&.
"... all the finest jewels and brocade worn by
duchesses at the halls of St, James's aud Vei-sailles."—
Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv.
2. In India : A cloth of gold and silver.
brocade-shell, s. A variegated species
of sliell, Conus geograpMcus.
bro-ca'-ded, pet. par. <& a. [Brocade, s.]
* 1. Brest iu brocade,
t 2. Worked in the style of brocade.
" A brocaded i>etticoat was stained." — Johnson :
Rambler, So. 157.
'• bro-ca'-do, o. [Brocade.]
■ br6c'-age, * brok'-age (age as ig), s.
[Broke, v. Brokerage.]
1. The management of any business by
means of an agent.
"He woweth hire by inene and by brocage,
And swor he wolde ben hlr owne page.
Chaucer : C. T. , 3375.
2. Agency for another.
" 1 entremet me of brocages :
I make pees and mariages."
Chaucer : Horn, of Rose, 6971.
"So much as the quantity of money is lessened, so
much must the share of every uiie that has a right to
this money be the less ; whether lie he landholder, for
his goods, or labourer, for his hire, or merchant, for
his brocage." — Locke.
3. TJie gain got by acting as agent.
" He made small choyce -, yet sure his honestie
Got him small gaines, but shamelea flatterie.
And fllthie brocage, and unseemly shifts."
Spense}-: Moth. Hitbb. Tale, 84D— 51.
4. The price or bribe paid unlawfully for
any office or place of trust.
"After some troubles in the time of King Richard
IT. it was enacted, that none shall bee made iustiee of
* brdc'-ale, - brSk'-a-ly-, s. [Break, v.]
Broken'fragments, broken meat.
" Brocalc, or lewynge of mete (brokaly of mete, P.)
Fragmentam, C'ouim. ' — Prompt. Parv.
broc'-ard, s. [Perhaps from Brocardlca,
Brocardicortini ojnts, a collection of ecclesias-
tical canons by BurkMrd, Bishop of Worms,
who was called by the Italians and French
Brocard. (ifeyse).] A principle or inaxim ; a
canon.
" The scholastic brocard, which has heen adopted aa
the tenth counter-proposition, is the fundamental
article in the creed of that school of philosophers who
are called ' the sensualists. '"—/"crrfeT-. J/e(ay7t., p, 261.
"* broc'-a-tel, broc-a-tel'-lo, s. [Sp. hroca-
tel ; Fr. brocatelle ; Ital. brocatello.']
1. A kind of coarse brocade, generally made
of cotton and silk, or sometimes of cotton only,
and used for tapestry, linings of cairiuges, &c.
"The Vice-Cliancellor's chair and desk, . . .
covered with brocatelle {a kind of brocade) and cloth
of gold." — Evelyn : Memoirs, ii. 4a.
2. A kind of clouded marble, called also
Sienna marble. The full name is Brocatello
de Sienna It is yellow-veined or clouded
with bluish red, sometimes with a tinge of
purple.
broc-cel-lo, s. [From Fr. brocatelle.']
Fabrics: A light, thin, silky stuff, used for
lining vestments. (Ogilvie.)
broc'-co-li, s. [Ital. broccoli = sprouts ; pi. of
hroccolo = a sprout.] A culinary herb, the
Jlrassicn oUracea ; a variety of the connnon
cabbage, var. botryfis.
" Broccoli,— Brassica cymosa.—TJie Brnssica Pompe-
iaii'i, nut Cyprin, was a cauliflower or broccoli accord-
ing to Dodonffius, p. 552; 'The third kind of white
coleivuites is very strange, aud is named Flowrie or
Cypresse Colewm-tes. It hath grayishe leaues at the
begmning lyke to the White ColeivuitL-s. and after-
warde m the middle of the same leaues, in the steede
of ye thicke cabbaged, or lofed leaues, it putteth forth
many amal white stemmes, gru'^^c and gentle, with
many ahoi-t branches, growing fur the most uart al of
one height, thicke set and fjistthr..ii- toirither These
little stemmes so growing toyllliei, are named the
hSU, bo^; p6Ut, jo^l; oat, 9011, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = fc
-ciano -tian = shan. -tion, ~iBi>»u = shun ; -t^ion. -^ion ^ zhun. -cious, -tioiis, -sious = shus. -ble, -die. &e. = bol. del.
710
broehan— brodyn
flower of these Colewiirtes.' There are white, green,
and purijle broccoli ; of the former, the varieties are
jnimeroiia, aiid every year brings forth a uew one. The
leaves of broccoli are of a deeiier green, and the heads
of a leES pure white, than those of cauliflowei-s."—
Delanu:r ; The Kitchen Garden, p. 63.
broch-an (1), * brachan, s. [Gael. & Ir. 6ro-
chan; Wei. hrwdian.] Thick gruel, porridge.
It differs from crowdie in being boiled.
[Crowdie.]
"When the cough affects them they drink Bfoc/fWH
plentifully, which is oatmeal and water boiled toge-
ther, to wnich they sometimes add butter." — Martin :
Weht. Jules, p. 12.
broch-an (2), s. [Etjnnology doubtful.] An
ai-ti cle of Highland equipment (?).
"... basket hilts, Andra-Ferraraa, leather targets,
brogues, broc/ian, and sporrans?" —,Sco((; Rob Jtoy,
ch. xxiii.
bro'-chan-tite, s. [From Brochant de Vil-
liers, a French mineralogist.]
Min. : An orthorhombio transparent or
translucent mineral, with its hardness, 3'5 — 4,
its sp. gr. , 3- 78 — 3 '90, its lustre vitreous, pearly,
on one cleavage face. Compos. : Sulphuric
acid, 15-8— 19-71; oxide of copper, 62-626-
691 ; oxide of zinc, 0— 8'181 ; oxide of lead,
1"03 — 105. It is found in Cumberland, Corn-
wall, Iceland, the Ural Mountains, Australia,
and Arizona. It can be produced artificially.
Dana makes two varieties— (1) Ordinary Bro-
chautite, (2) Warringtonite, with which
brongnartine may be classified. (Dana.)
* br69he, s. [Broach, s. Bbooch. ] A spit.
" , , , carry that ower to Mrs. Sma'trash, and bid her
fill my mill wi' mishing, and I'll turn the broche for
ye in the meantime ; and she will gie ye a gingerbread
snap for your pains." — Scott: Bride of LamTnej-moor,
ch. xii.
bro-Qh^, a. [Ft. hrocJie, pa. par. of hrocher —
to embroider.] Embroideredj embossed.
"... blak velvot broche with gold." — Inventories,
A, 1561, p. 147. (Jamieson.)
broche-goods» s. pi.
Fabric : Goods embroidered or embossed.
* brd9he, v.t. [Broach, •y.]
1. To i)ieree, spur.
" Then he broched his blonke, opon the bent bare."
Vwaine and Gawaine.
" And haeteliche ys swerd adrow ; and aye til him a gos.
To ban l-broched Boland thorw ; a caste tho his porpos. "
Sir FeruTnbras, 3389.
2. To stitch. (Scotch.)
* broched, pa. par. & a. [Bhoached.]
bro-Qhette', a. [Fr. hrochette = a skewer.]
In Cookery : A skewer on which to stick
meat.
* brd9h'-ing, * br69h'-yng, Vf- par., a., &
s. [Broaching.]
brocht (ch guttural), s. [Perhaps from break,
v., or cf. Wei. hroch = . . . froth, foam.] The
act of, vomiting.
" Ben ower the bar he gave a brocht,
And laid among them sic a locket.
With eructavic cor viewm."
Leg. Bp. St. Androis, Poems 16th Cent., p. 313.
brocht (eft. guttural), prei. & pa. par.
[Eroxtght. ] (Scotch. )
broph'-ure, s. [Fr. hrochure — a pamphlet ;
brocher = to sew, stitch. ] A small pamphlet,
consisting of a few leaves of paper stitched
together.
brock, "^brok, v.t. [Fromoreak, v. or s. (?).]
To cut, crumble, or fritter anything into small
shreds or fragments. (Scotch.) (Jamieson.)
brock (1), * brocke, * brok, * brokk, s.
[A.S. broc; Wei. hroch; Gael, broc — a badger.
Probably, as suggested by Wedgwood, from
Gael. hrecfA, Wei. brech = spotted, variegated.
ComparaDan. broc = a badger, broget=. varie-
gated.]
1. A badger.
" Broh, beat K. b'rocke. Taxiu, Castor."— Prompt.Paro.
" Bores and brockes that breketh adown myne hegges,"
Langland: F, Plowman, vi. 31.
"The thummart, wil'-cat, brock, and tod."
Burns : I'lm Twa Herds.
2. A brocket. [Brocket.]
* brock-breasted, ^ brok-brestede,
ff. Having a breast spotted or variegated like
a badger.
" Brok-brestede as a brawne, with brustils fuUe
large."— J/orie Arthurs, 1,095.
'■' brock - skin, ^ brock - skynne,
"■ brokskyiuie, s. A badger-skin.
" Thei wenten aboute inbrokakynnes^brockskynnes
P.], and in skynues of geet, nedy, anfjwysschid, tur-
mentid." — Wucliffe: Sebrews \i. ST.
* brock (2), * brok, s. [From Ger. brocke =
a fragment.] A fragment of any kind, speci-
ally of meat. (Scotch.)
" The kaill are sodden,
And als the laverok ia fast and loddin,
"When ye half done, tak hame the brok."
Bannatyne Poems, p. ICO, at. 10.
"I neither got stock nor brock (i.e, neitlier money
nor meat)." — Kelly : Scotch Proverbs.
'" brock (3), ■?. [Brugh.]
■■* brock'-ed, *brock'-it, a. [Brock (l).]
Variegated, spotted.
" . . . . and I wad wnss ye. if Gowans, the brockit
cow, has .1 quey, that she suld suck her fill of milk."
— Scott : Heart of Midloth,, cli. XKxix.
* brock'-el-b,empe, s. [From Eng. brock,
and hem2J.] The same as Brooklime (q.v.).
Brock'-en-burst, s. & a. [Named from
Brockenhurst, a Hampshire parish four and
a half miles NN.W. of Lymington.]
Brockenhurst series, s.
Geol. : A term applied by Professor Judd to
what was called by the Geological Survey
Middle Headon. Messrs. H. Keeping, E. B.
Towney, and others differ from Professor
Judd's views. (Abstract Proceed. Geol. Society,
London, No. 393, pp. 14^17.)
^ brock'-et, * brock-it, ^ brok'-it, 5. [0.
Fr. brocart.}
1. Ord. Lang. : A red deer, two years old,
according to some, but according to others, a
stag three years old.
" Heirdia of hertis throw the thyck wod schaw,
Bayth the brokittis, and with bnide bumist tyndis."
Doug. : Virgil, Prol. to bk. xiL
2. Zool. : Major Hamilton Smith called the
Subulonine group of his large genus Cervus
Brockets, instancing the Pita Brocket (Cervus
rufus), the Apara Brocket (C. simplicicornis),
and the Bira Brocket (C. nemorivagus), all
from Brazil.
* brock'-ish, a. [Eng. brock (1) (q.v.) ; -ish.'\
Like a badger ; beastly, brutal.
" Brockish \ioQVB."—Hale.
brock'-it, a. [Brocked.]
''- brockle, " brokele (Eng.), brocklie
(Scotch), a. [Brittle, a.]
" Of brokele kende." — Shoreham, p. J.
* bro'-cour, s. [Broker.]
" His brocoars that renne aboxite."
^ Gower, ii. 274.
t brod, V.t. [Prod, v.]
I. Lit, : To prick, spur,
"And passand by the nlewis, for gadwandis
Broddis the oxin witn spans in our handis."
Doug. : Virgil, 299, 26.
II. Figuratively:
1. To pierce.
" His words they brndit like a wumil,
Frae ear to ear."
Fergusson: Poems, ii. 82.
2. To incite, to stimulate. (Used of the
mind.)
"fl . , ,
Aganis Bomanis, to vertew thame to brod."
Doug. : Virgil, 159, 22.
brod (1), " brode (1), s. [Brad. ]
' brod (2), s. [Prod, h.]
I. Literally :
1. A goad, a spur.
1 ne'er a good ox." — Kelly :
2. A stroke with a goad, spur, or any other
sharp -pointed instrument. (Scotch.)
"Ane ox that repungnia the brod of his bird he
gettis doubil broddis."— Co-mpi. of Scot I., p. 43,
II. Fig. : An incitement, an instigation.
" Bridellis hir sprete, and as him lest coustrenis.
From hyr hart his feirs brod withdrawyng,"
Doug. : Virgil, 166, 2-2.
^ brod (3), * brode (2), s. [Brood.]
brod-hen, «. [Brood-hen.]
brod-sow, brod sow, a. [Brood-sow.]
^^ brod (4), "' brodde, s. [Board, s.]
1. Aboard.
". . . he copyit and affixt vpomi ane brod, . , ."—
Ads Ja. r/., 1598 (ed. 1814), p. 174.
2. An escutcheon on wliich arms are bla-
zoned.
•'Other abuses in hinging of pensilB and brode,
affixing of honours and arms, Bath crept in." — Acts Ass.
1643, p. 171.
3. The vessel for receiving alms in churches,
most probably from its being formerly a cir-
cular board, hollowed out so as to resemble
a plate. (Jamieson.)
brod-den, v.i. [From bmd, s. = brood, s.
(q.v.).l Tosprout. (Orrmdum, 10,769.) (Strat-
maiui.)
brod'-dit, pa. par. & a. [Brod (1), v.} (Scotch.)
As adjective : Sharp-pointed.
broddit aitis, s. pi. Bearded oats (?).
[Brod.]
"... Ixvi. boUe of clene broddU aitU, . . ." — Act.
Audit., A. 1478, p. 63.
broddit staff, s. A staff with a sharp
point at the extremity. (Gl. Sibb.) Also
called a pike-staff. (Scotch.) The same as
Broggit-staff (q.v.).
* brode, «. & adv. [Broad.]
A. As adjective : Broad.
" The brode ryver aom tyme wexeth dreye."
Chaucer : The KniglUes Tale, 3026-7.
B, As adverb :
1. Broadly, plainly.
"... but now frrod e sheweth the errour, . . ,"
Chaucer : Boethitis (ed. Morris), p. 49, line 1,298.
2. Broadly, wide awake.
"For though ye looke neuer so brode, and stara"
Cliaucer : C. T. ; The Chan. Yem. Tale (ed. Skeat), 1.420,
^ brode (1), s. & «.. fCorrupted from bord
(q.v.).]
brode - halfpenny, s [Bord-half-
PENNY. ] (H^A^riO)i.)
*^ brode, v.i. [From O. Eng. brode = broad, a.
(q.v.).] To publish abroad.
" Too hidden them battle, and brodet in haste
For to lache hyra as lorde, . . ."
Alisaunder (ed. Skeat), 122-3.
* brode (2), s. [Brood.]
"Brode of byrdys. PulUficacio."— Prompt. Parv.
^br6d'-e-kin,s. [Fr. brodequin; Sp. borcegin;
O. Dut. brosekin ; dimin. of hroos = a buskin ;
Lat. byi'sa = leather.] A buskin or half-boot.
"... instead of shoes and stockings, a pair of bus-
kins or ftrocieA-i/ifi." — Kchard: Hist, of Eng., ii. 836.
"* bro'-del, s. [Brothel.]
'' brode-quin, s. [The same as brodekin.'\
* bro-der, v.t. [Broider.]
* brod-er-ed (Eng.), * brod-er-rit (0.
Scotch), pa. par. & a. [Broidered.]
" With brodered workes."— Bible (1551), Judges v. 30.
" Item, ane gown of cramasy sating, broderrU on the
self with threidis of gold, . . ." — Inventories, A. 1542,
p. 80.
* br6d'-er-ie§, s. 'pi. [Fr. broderie = em-
broidery, embellishment.]
Music: Ornaments wherewith to cover a
simple melody.
bro-di-se'-a, s. [Named after James Brodie,
Esq., a Scottish botanist]
1. A genus of Iridacese or Irids. Brodicea
excoides is an ornamental Chilian plant.
2. A genus of Lihaceee or Lilyworts, appa-
rently belonging to the section Heinerocalli-
defe. The species are curious little plants
with blue flowers, from Georgia and Chili.
' brod'-i-en, v.t. [Braid, v.]
* brod'-in-stare, ' brod'-in-ster, s,
[From O. Eng. brodien = to braid, to em-
broider, and fern. suff. -ster.] An embroiderer.
"Certane werklmnes for ane broditistare."—Coll. In-
ventories, A. 1578, p. 238.
"Item, ten single blankettis quhilkis servit the
beddia of tlie brodinsters, quha wrochtupouu the great
ijfice of broderie." — Ibid., p. 140.
* bro-dir, s. [Brother.] (Scotch.']
brodir-dochter, s. [Brother-daugh-
ter.] (Scotch.)
' brod'-mell. brod male, s. [From A.S.
brod = brood, and O. Ger. Tnael = a consort, an
associate (?).] Brood (?).
" Ane grete sow ferryit of grises tbretty hede,
Llggmg ou the ground milk quhite, al quhite brod
male.
About hir imppis soukand." Doug. : Virgil, 81, 16.
'' bro-dyn, ^. [Brood.]
iate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; g6, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a, qii kw.
ftrodynge— broken
7H
•' Brodyn, as byrdys (aiid fowlea, P.). Fovea, fetifico,
C, F. in alci/on."— Prompt. Parv.
* bro-dynge,-S. [Brooding.]
"Brodt/nife of byrdys. Focio, Cath. {focacio, P)."
Pro-mpt, Parv.
* bro-dyr, * bro-dyre, ». [Brother.]
'broe, s. [Bboo, Bree, Brew, s.] (Scotch.)
-Brotli, soup,
" Tlie auld runt,
Wi boiling hroe, Johu Ploiighmaii brunt."
Tai/lor : Scotch Poems, p. 26.
tbrog, s. [A variant of brod = -prod.) A
pointed steel instrument nsed by joiners to
make holes in wood for nails, a brad-awl.
''The yoimg preacher, who was present in Mr.
Shirra's pew, was prayed for as a proinisiug labourer
^n the vuieyard, but. withal as much in need of a
thorougli handling in regard to style and manner, the
modiis operandi in reference to which being suggested
in the following petition, delivered with greatfervour :
— ' But oh ! please tak a broff and prod him weel, aud
let the wind out o' him."'— ^anwa^; Recollections,
Ser, 11., p. 59.
i brog, V.t. & i. [Brog, S.]
1. Trcois. : To pierce, stab, prod.
" ' And to see poor Grriz7y and Gmnibie,' said his
wife, 'tiiming back their iiecka to the byre, and rout-
ing while the etony-hearted villaiua were brogging
them on wi' their lances." "—Hcott : Monastery, ch. iii.
2. Intrans. : To browse about. (Yorkshire.)
bras' -an, *■ [Brogue.] A kind of strong,
coaise'slioe ; a brogue.
!fbrogged (Eng.), brog'-git (Scotch), pa.
■par. & a. [Brog, v.t.]
broggit-stalf, s. [Broddit-staff.]
' brog'-ger, 5. [Bodger.] a dealer in corn.
tor6g'-ging,i)r. par., [[.., & s. (Scotch.) [Brog,
V. & s.]
A. &B. As pr. par. (£*parUc. adj. : (See the
verb.)
"D'ye think I was bom to sit here brogging an
elshin through liend-leathei-. " — .Scott : JJeart of'JIUl-
iothian, ch. ii.
C. A'i suhst. : The act of pricking with a
sharp-pointed instrument.
brog'-gle, v.L [A frequentative formation
from hrog (q.v.).] To sniggle or fish for eels.
(North.)
brogue (1), ■' brog, s. [Ir. & Gael, hrog = a
shoe.]
1. A coarse, rough shoe. In the Lowlands,
■a shoe of half-dressed leather.
" I thought he slept ; aud put
My clouted brogues from off my feet."
SJiakesp.: Cgmbuline, iv. 2.
" A peasant would kill a cow merely in order to get
a pair u£ brogues."— ilacatiZay : J/tst. £ng., cli, xii.
2. A provincial accent : such a nianiii'V of
pronunciation as would be used by the wtiarers
of brogues.
"The Irish brogue, then the moat hateful of all
sounds to English ears." — Mucaulay : IlUt. Eng., ch. x
One wlio makes
brogue-maker,
brogues.
brogue (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Scotch for
a hum ; a trick.
" Then you, ye auld snec-drawing dog I
Ye came to Paradise incog.
An' pLiyed on man a cursed brogue."
Burns: Address to the Ddl.
t brogue, v.i. [Brogue (l), 2.] To utter in a
brogue.
" There Paddy hrogued ' By Jasus ! ' "
Byron: The Vision of Judgment, 59.
V.t. [Braid, Broider.]
^ broid, ' browd,
To plait the hair.
'broid'-ed, *brow-did, pa. par. & a. [In
older editions of the Bible forhmiiJcrrd (q.v.). |
To braid. Trench says tliat this word was
never used for plaiting the hair till our trans-
lators introduced it into the authorised yer-
sion of the Bible, 1 Tim. ii. 9. (Knyllsh Fast
ojicl Present, p. 198, note.)
"Eire yolwe heer was browdid in a tresae,"
Chaucrr: V. T., l.nsi.
"Not with braided haire, or gold, or pearles, or
costly aray."—l Titn. ii. 9.
* broid'-er, * brod-er, v.t. [Fr. hroder ; Sp.
& Port, horclar = to embroidei', literally to
work on the edge, to hem ; Fr, hord = the
edge.] [Embroider.]
1. Lit. : To embroider, ornament with
needle- work.
rl. Fig, : To cover as though with embroidery.
" Under foot the violet,
Cro'-OiB and hyacinth, with rich inlay
Broider'd the ground." Milton : Paradise Lost, bk. iv.
t broid'-ered, pa. par. k a. [Broider.]
I. Literally :
1. Covered with embroidery, embroidered.
"... another striijped me of my rags, and gave me
this broidered coat which you sea"— Bwn^aJi -■ The
Pilgrim's Progress, pt i.
2- >Vorked in embroidery or needle-work.
" In hoseu black, aud jertina blue.
With falcons broider'd on each breast."
Scott : Marmion, i, 8.
"f II. Fig. : Adonied with fine figures of
speech.
"Had she but read Euphues. and forgotten that
accursed mill and shieling-hill, it is my thought that
her converse would be broldere^l with as many and aa
choice pearls of compliment, .is that of the most rhe-
torical lady in the court of Feliciami."— 6'co«; Mon-
astern, ch. xxix.
^ broid'-er-er, s. [Broider, r.] One who
embroiders or works in embroidery.
" There mote he likewise see a ribbald train
Of dancers, broiderers, slaves of luxury."
}Vest: On ifis abuse of Travelling.
* broid'-er-ess, s. [See def.] Tlie feminine
fonn of broiderer (q.v.). (Hood: Midsummer
Fairies, xxxv.)
" broid -er-y, s. [Eng, broider ;-y; Fr. bro-
derie. ]
1. Lit. : Embroidery, oraameutal needle-
work.
" Her mantle rich, whose borders, round,
A deep and fretted broidery bound."
Scott : Marmion, vi. 3.
2. Fig. : Any ornamental covering resem-
bling embroidery.
" Bare broidery of the purple clover,"
Tennyson: A Dirge, 6.
broil (1), ^ breull, s. [O. Fr. brouiller = to
juinble, ti'oable, disorder, confound, mar, by
mingling togetlier, &c. (Cotgrave.) Sometimes
said to be (jf Celtic origin, though the con-
m.'ctioii is not clear.] A tumult, disturbance,
contention.
"Say to the king thy knowledge of the broil,
As thou didst leave it."
^_^ ."ihakesp. : Macbeth, i 2.
broil (2), 5. [Broil, v.]
1. Broiled meat.
2. Heated condition ; extreme heat. (Lit.
& Fig.)
broil, ^ broille, * broyl-yn, * bro-ly-yn,
v.t. & i. [M. Eng. hralhu, cog. wiili O. Fr,
hruiUer = to boil to i-oast ; prob. a frequent,
from O. Fr. bniir = to roa.st.]
A. Transitici! :
1. Lit. : To grill, to cook by roasting over
hot coals, or on a gridiron.
" Brolin/n', or broylyn'. Ustulo, ustillo, torreo.
(.'n.t\\."—Pro}npt. Pnrb.
" Some on the fli-e the reeking entrails broil."
Dryden.
2. Fig. : To heat greatly, to affect strongly
with ln*;it. (Said especially of the sun, and
used almost exclusively in the pr. part.)
[Broilinu, pr. ixir.]
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To perform the operation described
undej" A. 1.
"He cowde roste, sethe, bi-oiUe, and frie."
CJtaucer ; C. T., 385-6.
2. Figuratively :
(1) To be in the heat, to be subjected to heat.
" Where have you beeu broiling !—
Among the crowd i the abbey,"
Sliakesp. : Benry VJIf., iv. I.
* (2) To be heated with passion or en%'y.
" So that her female friends, with envy broiling.'"
Byron : Beppo, v, 69,
broiled, * broyl-yd, pa. par. & a. [Broil, v. ]
Cooked over hot coals.
" Broylyd mete, or rostyd only on the colys. Frixum,
frixatura."— Prompt. Paro.
br6il'-er, s. [Eng. broil; -er.']
I. Literally :
1. One who broils, or cooks meat by broil-
ing.
2. That on which food is cooked over hot
coals ; a gridiron.
"II. Figuratively: One who raises broils, or
quarrels. [Broil, s.]
" Wliat doth he but turn broiler and boutefeu, make
new hhels against the church, &c." — Hammond : Serm.,
J). 544.
broil'-ing, * broly-ynge, ^ broyl-inge,
pr. par., a., & s. [Broil, v.]
A. As present participle : In senses corre-
sponding to tliose of the verb.
B. As adjective :
1. Lit. : Cooking over hot coals, or on a grid-
iron.
2. Fig. : Heating excessively.
"As dry as three months of a broiling sun could
make them." — Shcrard Oaborit : Quedah, ch. xviii.
C. As substantive : The act or process of
cooking over hot coals, or on a gi-idiron.
br^l'-ler-iCj. e. [Fr. broidllerie = confusion.]
[Brulyie.] a state of contention.
"... have cast themselves, their comitry. and all
into confused 6roW;e;-ie, . . ."—Hume: JJist. Douglas,
p. 92, (Jamieson.)
*brok(l), 5. [A.S. hroc; 0. Icel. brokkr.}
1. Lit. : A poor inferior kind of horse.
" This carter, smoot and cryde as he wer wood.
' Hayt ! brok, hayt ! stot. "
Chaucer : C. T., 7,124.
2. Fig. : An old sword or dagger. (Ash.)
* brok (2), 5. [Brock.] A badger.
*brok (3), s. [A.S. broce; Tcel. broke. From
Eng. brook, v. = to use, to enjoy.] Use.
* brok (i), s. [Brook, s.]
"^ brok (5), s. & V. [Brolk, s. & v.] A frag-
ment. (Scotch.)
^ brok'-age (age as ig), s. [Brocage.]
* bro'-kar, s. [Broker.] (0. Scotch.)
* brok-dol, a. [A variant of hrokel — brittle.]
" BroTcdol, or frees (brokyl or f ves, H. brokillorfeers,
P.) Fragdis." — Prompt. Parv.
* broke, s. [Brook, s.]
-" broke, v.i. [Etym. doubtful. Perhaps from
O.S. bronken ; A.S. bnican = to have the use
of a thing. Compare Dan . brng = use, custom,
trade, business. (VKeai.')
1. To act as agent or middle-man for others ;
to act as broker.
" Prithee, what art thou ? or whom dost thou serve
QT broke toil"— Broine : City Wit, il. 2.
2. To act as a procurer, or go-between ; to
P*"^P- "He does indeed.
And brakes with all that cim. in such a suit.
Corrupt the tender lioiuiui- of a maid."
Shakesp. : All's Well, iii. 6,
3. To do business through an agent.
brok'-en, * broke, ^m. par. £;a. [Break, v."]
A. Oi'dinary Langvage :
I. Literally: Parted into two or more pieces
or fragments.
" 'Twas neither broken wing nor limb."
Bui-ns: JSpistle to J. Jiankine.
II. Figuratlvtly :
1. Of viaXcrial things :
(1) Of land:
(n) Opened up with the plough.
(b) Disconnected.
"On the two great continents in the norfhem hemi-
suhere (but not in the broken land of Europe between
them), we have the zone of i^jriietualiy frozen under-
soil in a low latitude."— OariwH ; Voj/age Round the
World (ed 1870), eh. xi., p. 249.
(c) Rough, intersectt'd with hills and small
valleys.
(2) Of animals : Weakened, enfeebled.
" More especially amongst broken and failing groups
01 organic heums:— Darwin : Ora/iu of Species (eU.
1859) ch. xiv., p. 4011.
(3) Of food. <£',:. : :\leat that has been cut
tip ; fragments of nip;it. Also applied to frag-
ments of food of any kind, not necessarily
meat.
"And they did all eat. and were filled: and they
touk up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets
full."— .l/(t^r vv. ;J7.
■1 Siniiliirly remnants of beer were formerly
called hrohcii-becr.
2. Of Immaterial things :
(1) Crushed in spirit.
(") Of persons :
", . , reduced in numbers ajidfij-oftcTi in spirit '—
Macaalay : Hist. £ng. ch, xiv.
(b) Of the Mart, djc. :
"A broken aud a contrite heart."— /'sti^/ii.s U. i7.'
(2) Uttered dis.jointedly, ejaculati.-d, uttered
in a broken voice.
" Broken prayei-s to God, that He would judge him
and this Cause."— Cor (^Ze : ffei'acs, Lect. vi.
3. Of promises. Jaws, d'c. : Violated, unful-
filled, unobserved.
boil, boy; pout. j6^1; cat, 9011. chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, ^enophon, exist, -ing,
-eian, -tian = shan. -t&on, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -gle, -kle, &c. = goi y-^ii
u^
brokenly— brombenzene
" Goii pardon nil oaths thn-t are hrokp to me ! "
^uikfijj. : llidi. it., iv. 1.
4. Of v'Cff titer : Rough, unsettled.
"The weather proved broken and rainy." — Scott:
Aiifigi-.ari/, cb. xxxvii.
5. Of health: Weakened, failing. [Broken-
down.]
B. Technically :
1. Comm. : Bankrupt. {Colloquial.)
■'. . . and whether Lintot be not yet6rofte?"—7'ope;
Letter tn Jerms (1"14).
"But he is abroad ; the place is to be sold.
John. Oh, lies. He was not broken."
Tonnyion : Walking to the Mail.
2. Mn^ic:
(1) Of a cadence: Interrupted.
(2) Of chords: Arpeggio.
(3) Of time: Unobserved, unkept.
" Ha, ha ! keep time : how sonr sweet music is,
When time 16 broke, iiud no proiwrtiou kept ! "
ts/uikes/J. : Jiich. 11., v. 5,
(4) Arranged for several instruments.
"And so, likewise, in that music which we call
broken-music or coiiaort-niuaic, sume consorts of in-
struments are sweeter than uthei-s, a thjny not suffi-
ciently yet observed."— BticoJi : U orks (ed. 170o). vol. i.
(5) Played on liarps. guiUirs, or lutes, be-
cjiuse the sounds of these instruments cannot
Ije sustained at will. {Stalmr & Barrett.)
d. PaintiDg. Of colours : Those produced
by the mixture of different pigments.
4. Arith. Ofaiiinnher: A fraction.
0. Dioptrics: The line into ■\vhicli an incident
ray is " broken " or refracted in crossing the
second medium.
6. NaAit. Of water: The contention of
currents in a narrow channel. Also, the
waves breaking on or near shallows, choppy
water.
7. Mil. : Cashiered. (Colloquial.)
8. Bot. Of a whorl : Not on the same plane,
but constituting part of an exceedingly sliort
spiral. (Treas. of Bot.)
9. Comp. Grammar. : Not distinct in soiuid
or ■\''alue.
"... exhibit the gi'eatest proclivity towards the
use of these broken vowels," — liemnes: Ctymp. Gj-am.
Aryan Lang, of India, vol. i. (lSj2), ch. ii., p. 141.
10. Of language: Not fluent, ungrammatical.
"Break thy mind to me in broken English."
liltukesp. : Henry (',, v. 2.
broken-backed, ^ broke bakkyde,
■^ broke-bak, a.
1. Ord. Lang. : Having a broken back,
crippled. {Lit. £fig.)
"Broke bakkyde. Qihhosus."— Prompt. Parr
"God s.ive yon alle, lordynges, that now here be !
But broke-bak scherreve, evel mot thou the ! "
Clutucer : C. T., 713-i;.
"A few e^-eii spi-awl-out helplessly on all sides, quite
broken-backed and dismenibevetL ' — Carlyle : Sartor
JlesarluB, bk. i. , ch. iv.
2. Nant. : The state of a ship so loosened
in her frame by age, weakness, or some great
strain from grounding amidships, as to droop
at each end, causing the lines of her sheer to
"be interrupted, and termed hogged. (Smyth.)
^broken-bellied, <.'.
1. Lit. : Ruptured.
2. Fig. : Deformed, corrupted.
" Such is our broken-bellied age, that this aslutia is
turned into vi-r.'nitla ; .and we term those most astute
which are mubl vmc-miti." — Sir M. Sandys: Essays,
p. 16S.
broken-down, a. "Which has failed or
become useless from breaking down, either
literally or from disease or other cause.
" I leit Osbaldistone Hall on the hack of a broken-
eton'n hunter, ^vlth ten t'l.imeaH in my purse." -Scott :
Rob Roy, ch. ii.
broken-footed, a. Having deformed or
crijipled feet.
" Or a man tliat is broken-footed or broken-handed."
— I.i-V. JiXl. 19.
broken-handed, a Crippled in the
liand. (Set! rpiotation under hroloi-footcd.)
broken-hearted, a. Having the sjiirit.s
brokt-n or crushed tlirough grief or anxiety.
[Bi;nREN,, A , II. li (!)(?;)/!
broken-legged, * broke-legged, u.
Having tin- leg or legs broken or crippled.
" If be be bljTid or bmhe-lrrjged.''
/Mnijland : Piers'piotmnan, 4,0B8.
+ broken-man, s. An outlaw, bankrupt.
". . . . belb-d tliebrnadsucird to his side, took to
the brae-side, and became a broken-man." Scott : Rob
Roil, ch. XXVI.
broken-space, d. &; a.
^ BroJce:i'Space aaic ; A fine hand-saw.
broken-Splrlted, a. Having the spirits
cruslied by fear or trouble ; broken-hearted.
" Humbled and broken-spirited, yet glad that they
had come off so well, they stole forth through the
cruwd of stern fanatics."— J/acaMf((v/ : Hist. Jiinff,, cl\.
xiu.
broken-Stowage, s.
Kaut. : The space in a ship not filled by her
curgo. (Wharton.)
broken-twill, s.
Fuhriva : A variety of twill or textile fabrics.
broken- winded, u. [Brokenwi.nded.]
t brok'-en-ly, adv. [Eng. broken; 4y.}
1. Not continuousl)\ interruptedly
" Sir Richard Hopkins hath done somewhat of this
kind, but brokenly and glauciiigly." — llakcwill.
2. In a broken or crushed state, broken-
hearled.
" And thus the heart will break, yet brokenly live nn."
Byron : C'hilde Harold's PUp., iii. ^2.
3. In broken language ; not fluently.
" Kinrj.—Q fair Katharine, if yoTi will love me
soundly with your French heart, I will be glad to hrar
you confess it brokenly with your Euglish tongue."—
S?utkcS23. : Hen. I'., v. 2.
t brdk'-en-ness, s. [Eng. hrol-m ; -ness.']
The qua'litv or state of being broken. (Lit. £:
fig-)
" Those infirmities that are incident to them [the
teeth] whether looseness. hoUo-wness, rottenness,
brol;cnness."—SmUh . Old Age. p. 85.
" It is the brokjniness, the ungrammatical position,
the total snbvei-sion of the period that charms me."
—drnii : Letter to Mason.
brok'-en-wind, s. l'£-y\g. trohcn ; wind.]
Farriery : A disease of the organs of respira-
tion in horses.
brok-en-wrind'-ed, ' br6ke'-w^ind-ed,a.
1, Farr. : Suffering from broken wind ; af-
fected in the organs of respiration.
2. Fig. : Dull, heavy.
" Brolcewinded murmurs, bowlings, and sad grones,"
Jlay : I^ucan, bk. v.
brok'-er, s. [in Fr, Tjrocanteur.l [Brocage.]
1, One who acts in business for another, a
middle-man, agent, or commissioner.
" Brokers, who, having no stock of their own, set
up and trade with that of other men ; buying here,
and selling there, and commonly abusing both sides to
make out a little paultry galu." — Temple.
2. One who deals in merchandise or securi-
ties, acting as agent between the seller and
the buyer, or between the importer and the
consumer. [Stock-beokeb..]
"■' 3. An agent generally, a go-between .
", . . a i^erson who had long acted as a broker be-
tween Jacobite plotters and people who dealt in
cutlery ami firearais." — Sfacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi.
1. A match -malcer, a ]'imp, a pander of
either sex ; a bawd, a procuress.
"Of brokaris and sic baudry how suld I write?
Of ciuham the fylth stynketh in G-oddis neis."
Hour/. : Virgil, 96, 51.
5. One who deals in old or second-hand
goods.
6. One licensed to value nr sell goods on
which distraint has lieen made.
brok'-er-age, s [Eng. broker; and suffix
-affe(q.v.).'J
^ 1. The business or profession of a broker.
2. The pay or commission received by
brokers.
" The compensation, which they allow in this plan
to their mastei-s for their brokerage, is. that if (after
deducting all the charges, which they imijose) the
anioxuit of the sales should be found to excee<l two
shillings and two iience for the current rupee of the
invniL'p account. It hhal! be taken by the Company." —
Burke : W'orlcs, vol, ii., p. 72.
''■ brok'-er-ly, a. [Eng. broker : -ly.] Like a
broker; hence, mean.
■' Wc had detenniu'd that thou shouldst ha' come,
In a Spanish suit, and ha' carried her sv : and he,
A brokerly slave, goes, puts it on liim--i.-lf "
Ben .fonson AlrhcniL^t. iv. 4,
*"brok'-er-y, ' brok'-er-ie, s. [Eng. broker;
-y.] The business or pursuit of a broker,
brokerage.
"Let them alone for me,
Bnsie their brains \vith deejier brokerie.'
Bp Hall : Sat. ii. -^i.
'■ brok-il, ct. [Brittle.]
■ brok'-Iflg, a. [Broke, v.]
1. Practised by brokers, pertaining to
brokers.
" Redeem from broking pawn the blemish 'd cro^vn.
Wipe off the dust that hides our sceptre's ^alt "
Sltakesp. : Rich. //.. ii. L
2. Acting as a broker.
'' brokke, r.i. [Etjinology doubtful. Coni-
]'are Scotch brok ; O. 11. Ger. brochon; Ger..
brocken.] To sing, carol.
" Aye the crokkere to brokke." — Slioreham, p. 106.
* brok-kette, * brok'-itt (pi. hrokhetlis,
hrokitti.^), s. [Brocket.] A red deer two
years old. (Dovg. : Virgil, 402, 19.)
"■■ brok'-king, j»". par. & a. [Brokke, v.l
Quavering, throbbing.
" He singeth brokking as a nightingale "
Chaucer; The Miller s Tale, v. 3,377.
1 Wright's edition reads : — " He sjnigeth
crou-yng as a nightyngale."
'■- brok-lembe, 6. [A corruption of hrooklimer
(fj.v.).]
"* brok-yll, " . [Brittle.] (Scotch.)
brok-ynge, pr. jjar. & s. [Brook, v.]
A. As present participile. (See the verb.)
"■ B. As substanfii'e : Digestion,
" Brokynge of raete and drinke." — Promjtt. Parv.
' brol, "broil, * broUe, 5. [Low Lat. broU-us,
brolla =■ poor, miserable, contemptible.] A,
brat.
"Of that beggares brol an abbot schal worthen."
Piers Plowman's Crede, 1,941.
" The leeste brol of his blood a barones piere.'
Langlanxi: Piers Plowman, 1,767,
" brol-y-yn, r.« [Broil, r.]
'■ brol-y-ynge, s. [Broilixg, s.]
" brom, s. [Broom,]
brom-a^'-et-ate, s. [Eng., &c. brom(in€)t
acetate.] A salt ot bromacetic acid.
brom-a-^et'-iC, a. [Eng. brom(ine), and
acf'tic.] Peitaining to or derived from bro-
mine aiHl acetic acid.
bromacetic acid, s. An acid ol»tainecB
from a mixture of crjstallizable acetic acid
and bromine in the proportion of equal equi-
valents, introduced intn a sealed tube, and
heated in an oil bath to 150^ C.
bro'-m?,!, s. [Eng., &c. brom(iiie); al(dehyde.}
Bromine, from aldehj'de.
Chemistry : Also called Tribromaldehyde-
CBrg'CO'H, obtained by the action of diy
Bromine, on absolute alcohol. It is a liquid
boiling at 17iJ°, and unites with water to form
a solid hydrate which melts at 43'. It is-
decomposed by alkalies into formic acid
HCO-OH, and bromoform CHBrj. It miitcs-
with hydi'ocyanicacid, forming CBrg'CH^Qjj
which, by the action of acids, is converted into
tribromolactic acid CBr3-CH(0H)-C00H.
By the action of nitric acid on Bromal it
yields tribroniacetic acid CBrs'CO'OH.
bro'-man-il, s. [From Eng. broinf^ine); and
Port, «)'// = indigo.]
Chem. : An aromatic compound called also
Tetrabromoqninone CfiBriOo or
O^C— C— Br
<n
^0— C C— Br
I I
c=c
I I
Br Br
It is prepared liv heating one part of phenol
C'6H5(OH) witli 'ten parts of bromine, tliree
parts of iodine and water to 100°. It crystal-
lises in golden yellow scales, which ai-e
sparingly soluble in carbon disulphide.
br6in'-S.r-gyr-ite, s. [In Ger. hrotmrgyrit ;
Eng,, A"f. Iii-o'in(inc) ; Gr. apyupos (argitros) =^
silve" ; and siiH. -ite (Min.) (q,v,).]
Mill, : The same as bromyrite C<l.v.).
bro'-mate, s, [Eng, hrom(me); -ate (Chem.).']
A salt of biomic acid (q.v,),
bro - ma -tog ' - ra - phy, ' bro - ma -
tol'-d-gy, s. [Gr. |3pw(ixa (brojiia), genit,
/3puJ|AaTos (br6ma/o.i) = food, meat; suff.
■riraphy, or -nlog^i.] A discourse, disserta-
tion, or treatise on aliments,
brom'-ben-zene, ^ [Eng., Sec. tirom(ine);
benzene. ]
tS,te, fat, fare, amidst, what, faU, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ;
or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son; mute, cub, oiire, unite, eur. rule, fuU; try.
pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
Syrian, se, oe — e ; ey = a, qu = kw.
brome—broncliie
713
Cliem. : A conipouTul called also phenyl-
■bromide GgHsBr. It is a liciuid boiling at
154°, obtained liy the action ot daylight o\\ a
mixture of bromine and benzene ; also by tbp
action of PBr-;, phosphous pentabromide on
phenol Cfil-li I tH)
* brome (1), .-. [Broom.] (Prn,npt. Parv.)
brome (2), s. & f. [In Fr. hrome. From Gr.
j8p6/xos (bromos) — a kind of oat.] [Bromus.]
A word used in tlie compound which follows.
brome-grass, -.
Bot. : The English book-name for the genus
Bromus (q.v.).
bro-mel'-i-a, 5. [In Fr. hrnmrlir. :N'amed
after Bromel'uis, who publislifd a Cj-othic flora.]
Bot. : A ■;Tmi-. (if plants, the typical one of
the order BronH/liaceic (q v.).
bro-xnel-l-a'-9e-0e, s. pi. [From Lat., &c.
hrom-elia (q.v.); and Lat. fern. pi. adjectival
suffix -acco-.]
Bot. : Br*.>iiiclworts, an order of endogenous
plants, plareil by Dr. Liudley under his Nar-
cissal Alliance.' Tlie calyK is sometimes
herbaceous-looking, but sometimes coloured.
Petals, three, coloured ; stamina, six or more ;
ovary, three-celled, many-seeded, as is the
fruit, which is capsular or succulent. The
stem is wanting or, if pri'scut, very short,
Sometimes it consi^t'^ of fibj'oiis roots, con.soli-
dated round a slender centre with i-igid chan-
neled leaves spiny at the e4ge or point. The
fruit is sometimes eatable. In 1847 Lindley
estimated the known species at 170, all from
America, wheucj? they have migrated to Africa,
the East Indle;>, and elsewhere. The well-
known pine-apple is the Bromelia Ananas.
[An'ANAs, PiNii-APPLE.] B'ipes are made in
Brazil from anotlier snecies of the same genns.
All tlie s|iecies of Bromeliacefp cjin exist witli-
out contact with the eartli ; they are tlierefore
suspended iu South America in houses, or
hung to the balustrades of bahonies, whence
they diffuse fragrance abroad.
bro'-mel-wdrts, s.i>l. [From Lat. bromelia,
and Eng. wort.]
Bot. : The English name given by Lindley
to the natural order Bromeliaceie.
brom'-hy-drins, s. pi. [Froni Eng., &c.
brow(i)ie); hydr{ote) : and suffix -iji (G/teiJi.)
(q.v.).]
<lictn. : Haloidethers formed by replacing
thf 1, 2 or 3 (OH) radicals in the triatomic
alcohol glycerin by Br. Monobromliydrin
CH-jBrCH(0H)CH2(0H), an oily liquid boil-
ing at l:iO°, obtained liy the action of HBr on
glymin C3H5(OH)3. Symmetrical Dibrom-
hydiiii. Cn2Bi-CH-COH)-Ctl2Br. a liquid boil-
ing at 219", obtained by the action of bromine
on monobromhydrin. Unsymmetrical Di-
bro mhydrin CH^Br-CHBr CH-iOH), boiling at
212' by the action of bromine on allyl alcohol
(CH.. = CH— CH..-(OH).) Tribromhydrin or
Allj'ltribromide (JH-^Br-CHBi-CH^Br, a crys-
talline substance melting at iri", and boiling at
220° ; it is obtained by tlie actiuu of excess of
bromine on allyl ludide. [Chlorhvdrins.]
bro'-mic, «. [From Eng., &<'. brom(ine), and
suffix -ic] Pertaining to bromine ; having
bromine in its composition.
bromic acid« s.
Chem. : HBrO^. A monobasic acid, forming
salts called bromates. When bromine is
dissolved in caustic potash a mixture of
bromide and bromatc of potassium is ob-
tained, which can be separated by crystalli-
sation, SBr^+OKIIO = DKBr-hKBrOa-tSHoO.
Free bromic acid can be prepared by
passing chlorine into bromine water,
Br2 + 5Cl2-h6H.)O=2HBrO34-10HCl. The acid
is best obtained by decomposing potassium
bromate by argentic nitrate acid acting on
the resulting arL^'^ntic broniate by bromine,
SAgBrU.j + :;Bi-.. + :;HgO = 5AgBr + 6HBrO;i.
Bromic acid is a strongly-acid liquid, redden-
ing and then bleaching litmus paper. On
concentration at 100' it decompo.-.es into bro-
mine and oxygen. It is decomposed by sul-
phur dioxide (SO-j), sulphide of hydrogen
(HnS). and by hydrobromi{! acid (HBr). Bro-
mates are Avith difficulty soluble in water, and
are decomposed on heating into oxygen ami
bromides.
bromic silver, s.
M'-i. : The .--ame as Bromyrite and Bromar-
gyrite(q,v.).
bro'-mide, s. [Eng. &ro7ft(i™-) ; -ide (Cheui.)
(q.v.).]
Cham.: A combination of bromine witli a
metal or a radical. Bromides are soluble in
water, except silver and mercurous bromides ;
load bromide is very slightly soluble. They
are detected in analysis by the foUomng re-
actions :— Argentic nitrate gives a yellowish
pii.i-ipitate of AgBr, insoluble in dilute nitric
acid, and soluble in strong ammonia. Chlor-
ine liberates bromine, and, if the liquid is
shaken up with ether, a yellow ethereal solu-
tion floats on the liquid. Heated with sul-
phuric acid and Mn(J2, bromides yield vapoui.^
uf Br, which turns starch yellow.
% Bromide of silver, Bromid of silver :
Mill. : The same as Bromyrite (q.v.)-
bro-min-a-ted, o. [Eii-j;. hromin(e); -oted.]
Combined with bromine (q.v.).
"Water ami its chlorinated and brominated con-
geners."—/'"«''»fs. Chcm. (ed. 1873), p. 944.
bro'-mine, 5. [From Gr. )3pu)jULOs (hromos) = a
stench ; Mod. Lat. bromium.]
1. Chem. : A non-metallic element. Sj'mbol,
Br: atomic weight, 80. Bromine was dis-
covered in IS^iJ by Balard in the salts obtained
by the evaporation of sea-water. Bromine is
Ulcerated from the sodium and magnesium salt^
by the action of free chlorine, and is separated
by ether, which dissolves the bromine. This
red-coloured solution is removed, saturated
with potash, evaporated, and heated to red-
ness, and the bromide of potassium is heated
with manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid.
The bromine is liberated in the form of a d^ep-
red vapour, which condenses into a dark,
reddish-black bquid. Sp. gi-., 2-97; it boils
at 63° ; its vapour di'iisity is 5*54 times that of
air. It has an irritating smell, and when in-
haled is poisonous. , It dissolves in thirty parts
of water, and the solution has weak bleaching
]»roperties. Bromine and hydrogen do not
unite in the sunlight, but do when they are
passed through a red-hot porcelain tube,
forming hydrobromic acid (HBr), which is also
obtained by the action of phosphorus and
water on bromine. It is a colourless, fuming
gas, which liquifies at 73% very soluble in
water. The concentrated solution cuutains
47 '8 per cent, of HBr, it boils at 12r.-, and lias
powerful acid properties : it neutralises bases.
forming bromides and w;iter. Hypubronjous
acid, HBrO. is only known in solutions ; it
has bleaching properties. Bromine can dis-
place chlorine from its comxjounds with oxy-
gen, whilst chlorine can liberate bromine from
its compound with hydrogen. Free bromine
turns starch yellow.
2. Pharm.: Bromine has been applied exter-
nally as a caustic, but rarely. Its chief offi-
cinal preparations are bromide of ammonium,
useful in whooping-cough, infantile convul-
sions, and nervous diseases generally ; and
bromide of potassium, now very extensively
used, especially in e]iilepsy, hysteria, delirium
tremens, diseases oi the thriiat and larynx,
bronchocele [Goitre], enlarged spleen, hyper-
trophy nf liver, fibroid tumours, &c. Also,
as an antaplirodisiac, foi' sleeplessness, gland-
uhrr swelling.s, and skin disea.ses. Ita altera-
tive powers are similar to but less tliau that
of the iodides. Its preparation is the same as
iodide of potassium, substituting an equi^'alent
quantity of bromine for iodine— GKHO + Bv,i
= 5KBr -I- KBrO;} + SHgO. It has a pungent
saline taste, no odour, and occui's in colour-
less cubic crystals, closely resembling the
iodide. As a hypuntic its usefulness is much
increased by combining it with morphia and
chloral hydrate.
"■ broxn -ing-hazn, s. & a. [A corruption of
Birmingham.] [Bro.mmagem.]
* Bromingham grout : Counterfeit money.
" III other places whole hues are liodily transferred,
and portioual parts of liiie-s luiuted into spurious
Brominffhifui gmats, as counterfeit money was c.illed
in thuse days." — Drt/den: Absalom and Achitoiihel,
pt. ii. (Note.)
bro'-mite, s. [In Giq
brom(im), and -ite {Mi-^
as BromjTite and Brom.
Eug., &c.
] The &ame
(q.v.).
brom'-lite, s. [From Broviley Hill, near
Alston, in Cumberland, where it occiu-s ; suff.
-ite(Min.)(q.y.).']
Min: An orthorhombic, translucent mineral,
with hardness 4— 4-5, sp. gr, 3*71 — 3-72, lustre
vitreous. It is colourless, snow-white, greyish,
pale cream-coloured, or pink. Composition:
Carbonate of bai-jta, 60'6:i— ij.y71 ; carbonatt
of lime, 30-19— 34-29 ; carbonate of strontia,
0—6 '64 ; and carbonate of manganese 0^9-18.
It is found near Hexham, in Northumberland,
and in Cumberland (etym.). It is called also-
Alstonite(q.v.).
bro-mo-ar-gen'-to-type, s. [Eng. Iromo r
from bromine (q.v.) \ Lat. argentim, and Gr.
TVTTos (iwjJOs)= type.]
Pliotog. : A photographic agent of verj' deli-
cate action made by nitrate of silver, bromide
of potassium, and again nitrate of silver,
brushed over pajjer.
bro'-mo-form, b. [From Eng. , &c. , broni^lne')^
mdform(ate), frnm Lat. fonnica=an ant.]
Clmn. : Bromoform CHBrg, or Tribromome-
thane. It is a heavy volatile liquid, obtained
by adding bromine to a solution of caustic
l^otash in ethyl alcohol. It boils at 102 .
Heated with caustic potash, it is converted
into potassium bromide and potassium for-
mate. ,
brd'-m6-q.lli-ndlie, s. [Eng., &:c., bromine,
and q^iinone.] [BROMAi^iL.]
' brom'-u-ret, s. [Bromide.]
bro'-mue, s. [In Fr. brome; Sp., Port., &
Ital. bromo ; Lat. bromos ; Gr. ^po^tos (bromosY
= a kind of oat, obvena salina.]
Bot. : Brome-grass. A genus of grasses
having two unequal glumes and two herba-
ceous glumelles, the outer one bifid and with
an awn from below the extremity. Brovius
moUvs, or Soft Brome-grass, is widely diffused
in Britain and abundant. Its seeds, when eateit
by man or the larger animals, produce giddi-
ness, and they are said to be fatal to poultry.
B. secalinvs, or Smuotli-rye Brome-grass, is-
common in rj'e and wheat-fields. When the
seeds are accidentally gi-ound with the flour,
they impart a bitter taste to bread, and are
narcotic like tlie seeds of Lutiinn temidentum.
The panicles are said to dye green. B. nsper,
oi- Hairy Wood-brome grass, is the tallest nt"
Britisli grasses ; it is found in moist woods
and hedge.s. B. sterilis, or Barren Brome-
grass, is common, and some other species are
not \ery rare.
brom'-yr-ite, .s. [From Fr. bromiire d' argent
= br(iiiiuict of silver, i.e., a combination of
bromine and silver.]
Min. : An isometric yellow, amber, or green
splendent mineral, witJi a hardness of 2 — 3 and
sp. gi-. of 5—8*6, consi.sting of bromine 4 — 2.G,
aiirl silver . 3—74, from Mexico and Cltili. It
is the same as hromargyrite, bromic silver, or
bromide of silver (q.v.).
bronphe, s. [Branch.]
brdii''Chi, s. pi. [Latinised word, from Gr.
^/joyxta (brongchio) = Ihe 'bronclnal tubes.]
Anatomy :
1. f-'en. : Any of the air-passages, great of
small, in the lungs.
" Thus a bronchus of the size of a straw . , ." — Dr..
C. J. Ii. WiUiams, in Cycl. P. M., art. BronoJdtis.
2. Spec. : The two great tubes into which,
the trachea divides beneath, just before en-
tering the lungs.
broh'-chi-a, t bron'-chi-se, s.pl [In Fr-
h ranches ; Med. Lat. hroncliifr. From Gr.
/SpoY^ta (brongcli ia), the bronchial tubes ,'.
^poyxo^ (brongckob), the traclioa, the windpijie.
Aldii to )3payx'oc (hrangchioa) = a fin, X'l. the
gills of fishes.]
Anat. : The bronchial tubes, the numerous
ramifications into which the two bi'onchi
dinde within the lungs.
bron'-chi-al, a. [From Gr. ^poy^ta (brcngJiw^
= the bronchia (q.v.).]
Med. : Belonging to the bronchus, or to the
bronchia (q.v.)
Bronchial respiration of Andral and Laennee
= A whiffling sound, .sometimes rising neaxlv
to a whistle, which is heard in the respiration
lit a certain stage of pneumonia. It resembles
the sound produced by blowing through a
crow's quill. (Dr. C. J. B. Williams, Cycl. P.
.1/., art. Pneumonia.)
Bronchial tii})es : The same as the bronchia
(q.v.).
bron'-chic, * bron'-chick, a. [From Gr.
ppo'vxo? (brongchos) - the windpipe, and Eng.
sufiix -(c] Bronchial; pertaining to the
bronchi.
boil, bcy.r poiit, jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenoj^hon, exist, ph = £
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhuu. -clous, -tious. -sious = shus. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, deL
714
bronchiectasis— bronze
bron-chi-ec'-ta-sis, 5. [From Gr. pp6yxo<;
(?iroji(y(/;M^)z=the \vimiijipe, ami eKTao-i? (ektasls)
=. extension ; iKTeivio (ekteino) = to extend ;
€K (ek) — out, and reiVw (teino) = to stretch.]
Med. : Dilatation oftlie bronchi. [Bronchi.]
The most important forms are : — (1) Thegeneral
or uniform, with cyliudrical or fusiform dila-
tation of a tnbe, or several tubes ; (2) The
saccular, or aniiiuUary [ A^epul], in which there
is abrupt dilatation of ;i tube at a particular
point or points. The breath and sputum are
fetid, and general liealtli impaired, followed by
lung consolidation, ulceration, abscess, or gan-
grene. Death may result from exhaustion, but
recovery may take place hy formation of a sort
of fibrous capsule, or from penetration of the
pleura and thoracic walls and discharge of the
contents outwards. Bronchiectasis is not un-
common, and is of interest and importance on
account of its alliance with some forms of
phthisis.
broh-chi'-tis, s. [Gr. ^poyxia (hrongchla) =
tlie bronchia, or ^poyxos {brongchos) = the
"bronchus or windpipe (q.v.), and Gr. tn? {itis)
{Med.), denoting inflammation.]
Med. : Inflammation of the air-tubes leading
to the pulmonary vesicles, accompanied by
lioarseness, cough, increase of temperature,
and soreness of the chest anteriorly. The
natural mucous secretion is at first arrested,
but increases afterwards, and is altered in
<[uality, becoming more coiiiuscular. Its
forms are ; — (1) Acute bronchitis, (a) of the
■larger and medium-sized tubes ; (b) capillary
bronchitis, and bronchitis of the tnbes gene-
rally— the peri-pneitmonia notlm of the older
wi'iters. (2) Chronic bronchitis. (3) Plastic
bronchitis. (4) Mechanical bronchitis, such
as knife-grinder's disease— carbonac-eous bron-
chitis or black phthisis. (5) Bronchitis
secondary to general diseases, such as measles
or typhoid fever. (6) Bronchitis secondary to
blood diseases. (7) Syphilitic bronchitis. All
varieties are generally preceded by fevcrish-
ness, but oftener by "a cold in the chest."
The uneasy sensations begin about the region
of the frontal sinuses, passing from the nasal
mucous passages, trachea, and windpipe to
the chest, with hoarseness, cough, and expec-
toration ; but in capillary bronchitis the
cough is dry and without expectoration. In
acute cases the sputum is tirst thin, then opaque
and tenacious, lastly purulent ; the breathing
is hurried and laborious, the pulse quickened,
and the skin dry. The danger increases in
proportion as the finer bronchial tubes become
involved, and instead of the healthy respiratory
sound we have sharp, chirping, whistling
notes, varying from sonorous to sibilant. The
sharp sound is most to be feared, as arising in
the smaller tubes ; the grave, sonorous notes
oi'iginate in the larger tubes. Sjutting of
blood sometimes occurs, and in severe cases
persons actually die suffocated from the im-
mense quantity of mucus thrown out ob-
structing the tubes and causing collapse of
the vesicular structure of the lungs. The ratio
, -of the respiration to the pulse is high, going
up to 60 or even 70 in the minute, with a
pulse-rate of 120 or 130. Chronic bronchitis,
or bronchial catarrh, is extensively prevalent,
especially among tlie aged, recurring once or
twice a year in spring or autumn, or both, till
It becomes more or less constant all the year
round.
bron'-cho, ». [Bronco.]
brohcli'-d-Qeie, s. im i^r. oroncfwcek. From
Gr. ^poyxoK^Kf] (hrongclwkeU) = a tumour in
the throat, goitre ; from ^pdyxos {brongcho.'^)
= the windpipe, and kjJAt) (kele) = a tumour.]
Medical : An indolent tumour on the fore-
part of the neck, caused by enlargement of
the thyroid gland, and attended by protrusion
of the eyeballs, anemia, and palpitation.
[Exophthalmic Goitre.]
bronch - 6 - phon'- ic, a. [Eng. 'broncho-
plion{y); -ic]
Med. : Pertahiing to bronchoiihony (q.v.).
br6hch-6ph'-6n-y, s. [in Fr. hronckcphonie;
Gr. ^pd■yxo? (brovgchos) = the windpipe, and
^tavr} (phone) = a tone, a sound, the voice.]
Med. : The natural sound of the voice, or
pectoral vocal resonance, over the first divi-
sions and subsequent larger sub-divisions of
the trachea— the larger bronchial tubes. The
French word hronchophonie, from which the
English bronchophony was derived, was first
introduced by Laennec. Bronchophony is
different from ijectoriloquy (q.v.).
bronch-o-pneu-mo'-ni-a, s. [From Gr.
^poyxo^ (broigclios) = the windpipe, and Eng.
pneuvionia.]
Pathol. : Inflammation of the substance of
the lung [Pneumoni \] associated with inflam-
mation of the air-tubes. ^Bronchitis.]
bronch-o-pneu-mo-ni'-tis, s. [Gr.
^po-y^os (brongclios) = the windpipe, and Eng.
pneitinonltis.]
Pathol. : The same as Bronchopneumonia.
brohoh-or-rboe'-a, s. [In Fr. bronchorhci'.
From Gr. ^poyxo? (brongchos) = the windpipe ;
and peo) {rhed), fut. pevaofiai (rheasomcd) = h-
fluw.]
Med. : Excess of the serous liquid thrown
out in bronchitis, especially in chronic cases.
brohch'-d-tome, s. [From Gr. iSpd-yvos
(brongchos) = the windpipe, and TOfj-ri (tome) =
a cutting.]
Surg. : A knife,used for bronchotomy, now
called tracheotomy.
^ br6nch-6t'-d-my, s. [In Fr. bronchotomie.
From Gr. ^pdyxos (Jirongchos) — the windpipe;
and rofj.^ (tome) a cutting, from ri^vdi (teimto)
= to cut.] An obsolete term for tracheotomy
(q.v.).
brohch'-us, s. [Gr. (Spdvxos (brongchos) = the
tracliea, the windpipe.]
Med. : The sing, of bronchi (q.v.). One of
the two great tubes into which the trachea
dn ides beneath.
bron'-co, bron'-cho, s. [Sp. hronco =
rude, rough.] An unbroken, or badly broken,
Indian pony or mustang. (Amer.)
brond, * bronde, s. [Brand, s.]
"As doth a wete hrond in hia breunyng."
Chaucer: C. 2'., 2,34a
^ See also Prompt. Parv.
* brond'-'ir-on, s. [From O. Eng. brond-=
braud (II. 2.), and Mod. Eng. iron.] A sword
^ bron-dyde, pa. par. [Brondyn, Bronnyn. ]
(Prnmiyt, Parv.)
"^^ bron-dyn, ^'. ?. [Bronnyn.] (Prompt. Parv.)
* bron-dyn, a. [From Fi'. bi'ande = heathy
furze, gorse, poor land.] Branched. (Scotch.'^
^ liroil-dynge^ pr. par. & s. [Bronnyn,
Beondyn, Brand, v.] (Prompt. Parv.)
brondynge yxen, a. [Branding-iron.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
bron'-gie, s. [Etymology doubtful, probably
Icelandic] The name given in Shetland to
a bird, the Common Cormorant [Phalacrocorax
carbo).
bron'-gnar-tine (gn silent), s. [From Alex-
andre Bro'ngniart. ] [Brongniardite.]
Mi-yi. : A variety of brochantite (q.v,). It is
found in Mexico.
bron'-gni-ar-dite (gn silent), s. [From Alex-
andre Brongniai-t, the very eminent mineralo-
gist and zoologist, nay, even " the legislator in
fossil zoology," born in Paris in 1770, died
October 14, 1847 ; sufF. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).]
Min. : An isometric, greyish-black mineral
with metallic lustre, having a hardness of
about 3, and a sp. gr. of 5"95. Composition :
Sulphur, 19-14— 19-38 ; antimony, 29*75—
29-95 ; silver, 24-46— 25-03 ; lead, 24-74— 25-05,
besides copper, iron, and zinc. Occms in
Mexico.
bron'-gni-ar-^tine, bron'-gni-ar-tin (gn
silent), s. ' [In Ger. brongniartin. From
Alexandre Brongniart. ] [Brongniardite.]
Min. : The same as Glauberite (q v.).
^ bron'-nyn, * bron-dyn, v. [Brand, v.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
bronze, v.t. [From Icel, &r(M)i = inflamma-
tion ; Moiso-Goth. bruiists = a. burning, con-
flngiation.] To overheat one's self in a warm
sun, or bv sitting too near a strong fire.
{Scotch.)
■ bron-ston, «. [BRnrsTONE.]
'* hrontf pa. par. [Brunt, Burnt,] (Scotch.)
(Doug. : Virg., 257, 11.)
* bront, s. [Brand.] (Sir i.'nvK, 1,584.)
bron-te'-l-dse, s. j:*?. [From ilud. Lat. bron-
teus (q.v.), and suttix -Ido;.}
Polmont. : A family of Trilobites, contain-
ing only the genus Bronteus (q.v.).
bron'-te-on, bron'-te-um, s. [Gr. /Spo^j-
T€ioi' {})ronteio}i).~\ A bi'ass vessel in the base-
ment below the stage in the ancient Greek
theatre, used to produce an imitation of
thunder.
br6n'-te-us» bron'-te^» s. [From Gr. ^p6v-
TT)s (brontss) = Thunderer, one of the "three
Cyclopes.]
Palceont. : A Devonian trilobite, with a
broad, radiating, fan-like tail. Type of the
family Bronteidae (q.v.).
bron-tol'-O-gy, s. [In Ger. brontologie; from
Gr. ^povTYj (bronte) = thunder, and Aoyos (logos)
. . . discourse.] A discourse or treatise upon
thunder.
bron-to-the-ri'-i-dsB, s. pi. [From Mod.
Lat. brontotherium (q.v.), and Lat. fem. pi.
sutl'. -id(B.]
Palceont. : A family of ungulate mammals
belonging to the order Perissodactyla, fonned
for the reception of the large North American
Miocene Mammals, with toes in number like
those of the Tapir, while in other charactei-s
these animals are like the elephant. The
family was founded by Prof. Marsh.
bron-to-ther'-i-tim, s. [Prom Gr. jSpovr^
(bronte) = thunder, and 0-qpiov (therion) = a
wild animal.]
Palceont. : The typical genus of the Bronto-
theriid^ (q_.v.).
bron-to-zo'-iim, s. [Latinised from Gr.
^povrn (bronte) = thunder, and foioi' (20071) =
a living creature.]
Palceont. : A genus of Deinoanurs, founded
on fossil footxjrints in the Trias-Bic Sandstones
of Connecticut. The length of the footpj-int
is about 18 inches, and of the stride 8 feet.
* bron-ys, * broun-ys, * brown-is, s. jyl
[From Fr. bra iule = heath, furze, gorse, &c.]
Branches, boughfl.
" Of sowpill wandia, and of bromiys sere,"
Dong. : VirgU, 362, 7.
" Brownis . . ." — Police of Honour. Prol., st. 9.
bronze, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dut. brons; Ger.
bronze; Dan., Fr,, & Port, bronze; Sp. bronce;
Ital. bronzo ; Low Lat. bronzium. Muratori
and Diez derive this from Ital. brunezza =
swartliiness ; brunazzo = brownish, swarthy ;
&r«7to = brown.]
A. As substantive :
L Ordinary Lang luige :
1. Literally :
(1) An alloy of copper and tin. [In the
same sense as II. 1. (q.v.).]
" As monumental broiizr unchaiigeii hia look."
Campbell : Gertrude of n'l/omhig, i. 23.
(2) A statue or a figure in relief cast in
bronze.
" How little gives tliee joy or pain :
A priut, ft Orouzf. a flow'r, a root,
A shell, a butterfly can do 't." PHor.
"... old Roman and French bronzes. . .'—Times,
September 9th, 1876. Advt
2. Figuratively :
(1) The colour of bronze, brown. [Bronzed. ]
* (2) Brazen effrontery, impudence.
" Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo ! Henley stands
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands."
Pope: Dunciad, iiL I99
II.
1. Metal., ArchceoL, S- Hist. : An alloy com-
posed of copper and tin, sometimes "with a
little zinc and lead.
(1) Archmol. <£■ Hist. : Bronze was in use in
ancient China, Egj^jit, Assyria, Europe, and
Jlexico. The tin used in parts of thf Eastern
world was brought from Cornwall or from the
peninsula of Malacca. [Bronze age.]
(2) CMracters, properties, and uses : Bronze,
as already stated, is an alloy of copper and
tin. It is harder and more fusible than copper
itself. The proportions of the two constituents
vary according to the purpose for which the
alloy is produced. The bronze for cymbals
is composed of 78 parts of conper and 22
of tin, that for cannon 100 parts of copper
^te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p3t,
or. wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cub, ciire. unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, oe = e. ey = a. qu = kxp.
bronze— broodn e
715
to 11 of till, that of English bell-metal about
SO of copper, 10*1 of tin, o'C of zinc, and 4-3 of
lead, and the Britisli bronze coinage 95 jiarts
of copper, 4 of tin, and 1 of zinc. Its average
density is 8"4. It oxidises very slowly, even
wlien the air is moist, which renders it well-
adajited for statues and similar works of art.
2. Cotton inanvfacture : One style of calico-
printitig peculiar rather from the character of
its colours than from any specific novelty in
treatment.
H. As adjective: Made of bronze, charac-
teiised by the presence of bronze in a literal
or figurative sense.
bronze age, s.
1. Archceol : The age of bronze, the second
of three ages believed by MM. NUsson, Steen-
strup, Forclihanimer, Thomsen, Worsace, and
other Danish archseologists to have followed
each other in the peninsula of Jutland and else-
where in the following order :— (1) The stone
age, (2) the bronze age, and (3) the iron age.
During the first stone, or sometimes bone, was
used for weapons and implements, the work-
ing of metal being as yet unknown. Then
weapons were made of bronze, the method of
alloying the two metals having been dis-
covered, but that of working in iron being
undiscovered. Finally iron took the place
of bronze. These views have been generally
adopted by geologists and archaeologists,
though some believe an age of copper to have
intervened between those of stone and bronze.
The allegation that the use of stone came
first, that of bronze next, and that of iron
last is not inconsistent with the fact that all
still exist contemporaneously in portions of
the world.
During the age of bronze the oak was the
dominant tree in Denmark, the Scotch-fir,
now extinct in that country, having flourished
during the earlier part of the stone age ; while
the beech was and remains the characteristic
tree of the iron age. Lake-dwellings of the
bronze period have been found in western
and central Switzerland, and one has been
discovered in tlie lake of Constance. Geologi-
oally even the stone age belongs only to the
recent period. (Lubbock, Lycll, dr.)
2. Fig. : The Age of Bronze: The unheroic
age of impudence, the age wanting in venera-
tion for what i.s good and great, the grovelling
age.
T Byron has a poem called "The Age of
Bronze," or Carmen seculare et annus liaud
mirahllls.
bronze-Uquor, s.
Clievi. : A solution of chloride of antimony
and sulphate of copper used for bronzing gun-
barrels.
bronze-powder, s. Finely pulverised
metal, or powder having a metallic base,
applied to the surface of paper, leather, and
other materials, for impai'ting a metallic colour
and lustre.
bronze, v.t. [From Eng. hronze, s. (q.v.). In
Sw. bronsera ; Dut. bronzen ; Ger. bronziren ;
Fr. bromer ; Port, bronzear.]
1. Lit. : To give metals a lustre resembling
that of bronze. [Bronzing.]
2. Fig. : To brazen, to render hard or un-
feeling.
" Art, cursed art, wipes off the indebted blush
From nature's cheek, aud bronzes every shame."
Young : Night Tit. 5.
*' The lawyer who hrovzes his bosom instead of his
.forehead."— *^co«, in Goodrich and Porter.
bronzed, pa. par. & a. [Bronze, v.t]
t Bronzed-skin : Addison's disease. Disease
of the supra-renal capsules, with discoloura-
tion of the skin, extreme prostration, loss of
muscular power, and failure of the heart's
action. Death occurs in from one year and a
half to four or five years, from asthenia, with
eveiy sign of feeble circulation, anaimia, and
general prostration. The discoloration of the
skin is characteristic, and covers the whole
body, especially the face, neck, and arms.
bronz'-ing, pr. mr., tt., & s. [Bronze, v.]
A. & B. As per. par. and particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
C. Assubst.: The process of giving a bronze-
like or antique-metallic appearance to the
surface of metals. The processes vary ; they
may be classed as coating with a melted alloy ;
coating with a metal in paste, solution, or
vapour; corrosion; coating with a gum, ap-
plication of bronze-powder, and painting.
bronzing-machine, s. A machine for
bronzing wall-paper or printed sheets.
bronz'-ite, s. [in Ger. bronzit. Named from
tlic pseudo-metallic lustre, which somewhat
resembles that of bronze.]
Mineralogy :
1. The ferriferous variety of Eustatite found
at Cape Lizard, in Cornwall, in Moravia,
2. A variety of diallage (q.v.).
3. The same as Seybertite (q.v.).
bronz'-y, «. [Eng. broiz^e); -i/.] Bronze-like.
br6o (1), a. [Bree.] Broth, juice.
broo (2), s. [Etymology doubtful, but pro-
bably a Scotch form of brew (q.v.).] Opinion
founded on report ; favourable opinion.
broogh, ^bro^lie, s. [In Fr. &roc7w = a
broach, a knitting-needle, a task ; O.Fr. broclie
= a lance, a needle, a packing-needle (Kelham);
Pro v., Sp., & Poi-t. broca; Ital. & Low I^at.
brocca ; Ital. brocco — a peg, a stump of a tree ;
Class. Lat. brochus, broccliiis = projecting
(used of teeth); Wei. procLO = to thrust, to
stab ; procian = a thrust, a stab ; Gael, brag =
= a probe, a poker.] [Broach, s. ; Prog.]
L Ordinary Langitage :
* 1. Lit. :
* (1) A sharp point. (Skeat.)
* (2) A pin. (Skeat.)
* (3) A spear.
"Breme was the broche In the brest pan."
J)cstr. of Troy, 10,S70.
(4) An ornamental clasp, with a pin, for
fastening the diess. It is called in the Bible
an 02tc/i (q.v.)
" Her gulden brooch such birth betray'd,"
Scott : Tlie Lady oS tlte Lake, i. 19.
*2. Fig.: Ornament.
" Laer. I know him well, he is the brooch, indeed.
And gem of all the nation "
Shakesp. : narnlct. iv. 7.
II. Painting : A painting all of one colour,
as in sepia or india-iuk.
* bro09h, v.t. [From brooch, s. (q.v.).] To
adorn as with a brooch.
" Not the imperious show
Of the fuU-lortuned Ciesar ever shall
Be broodi'd with me."
&haJce8p. : Ant. A Cleop., iv. 15.
brooched, pa. par. & a. [Brooch, v.t.]
brdod(l), *brod, "^brode, *brud,s. [A.S.
brod = that which is bred ; from A.S. bredan
= to breed ; Dut. broed ; M. H. Ger. bruot •
Ger. brut = a brood.] [Breed.]
1. Literally :
1. The act of breeding or hatching.
" Brode of byrdys Pulliftcatio."— Prompt. Parv.
2. Offspring, progeny.
(1) Of birds.
" Ich not fco hwan thu brelst thi brod."
Owl and Nightingale, 1,631.
"jEliaii discourses of storks, and tbeir affection
toward their brood."— Brown: Vulgar Errours.
* (2) Of other animals.
" The lion roars and gluts his tawny broad."
Wordswortli.
(3) Of human beings, but generally only
used in contempt.
" To that noble brood
Of Priamus his blood."
Treoisa .■ Polychron., i. 395.
3. That which is bred, a species generated,
a breed, a race.
(1) Of birds and other animals, &c.
"Among hero [beasts] al the brood is liche to the
samekynde." — Trevisa: Polychron, ii. 201.
* (2) Of human beings. (Most frequently
in an unfavourable sense. )
" Who yet will shew us good?
Talking like this worlds brood.
Milton : Translations, Psalm iv.
t (3) Generally of anything generated or
produced.
" Have you foi-gotten Lybi-i's burning wastes.
Its ImiTen rocks, parch'd earth, and hills of sand,
Its taiutai air, and all its broods of poison."
Addison.
4. A hatch, the number hatched at one time.
" A hen followed by a brood of ducka."— Spectator.
IT. Figuratively :
1 1. The act of brooding over anything.
" O'er which his melancholy sits ou brood."
Sliakes/j. : Hamlet, iii 1.
1 2. The produce, offspring.
" Such things become the liatcL and brood of time."
Shakesp. : 2 Henry I V., iii. 1.
t3. A number, hatch.
" A new brood of false witnesses, among whom a
villain named Daugerfield was the most conspicuous,
infested the {:oMrt&. —Mucaulay : BisC. Eng , ch. iL
brood-hen, s. A hen inclined to sit, or
kept for sitting on eggs.
"The auld brood-hen."— Scott : Bride of Lammcr.,
ch. vii,
brood-hen star, s. An old name for
the constellation Ursa Major.
" This conatellatiou [Great Bear] was also formerly
called the Brood-lieu in England,'— /'triui// Cyclop., vi.
610.
brood-mare, s. A mare kept for the
purpose of breeding from.
" 111 gie ye Dumple, and take the brood-mare my-
sell "—Scott: Ony bannering, ch. xxv.
brood-sow, * brod-sow, *. A sow
which has a litter. (Polwart.)
brood-stock, s. Stock or cattle kept for
breeding from.
t brood (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Any hetero-
geneous mixture among tin or copper ore, as
mundick, black-jack, &;c.
br6od, v.i. & (. [Brood, «.]
A. Intransitive :
I. Literally :
* 1, To sit as a hen on eggs.
" Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abysa,
Ami mad'st it pregnant." Milton : P. L., L SL
1 2. To breed.
" The happy birds, that change their sky
To build aud brood."
Tennyson : hi Memor., cxv. IS.
3, To cover for protection, as a hen covers
her chickens with her wings.
" They breed, they brood, instruct, and educate."
Dryden.
t II. Figuratively :
1, To settle down, envelop, cover.
" Above him firootis the twilight dim."
Tennyson. Two Coices, 263.
2. To meditate long and anxiously, to be
engrossed in thought or study.
" When with downcast eyes we muse aud brood,"
Tennymn : Earl// Sonnets, I.
(1) Genemlly with on before the subject
meditated ujion.
" When I would sit, and deeply brood
On dark revenge, aud deeds uf blood."
Scott : Marniion, vi. 6.
(2) Frequently with over.
" The mind that broods o'er guilty woei "
Myron : The Qiaour.
* B. Transitive :
I, Literally : To sit upon, as a hen on eggs.
II. Figuratively :
* 1. To cherish, brood over, meditate
anxiously and long over.
" You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne."
Dryden.
® 2. To produce, bring into oxteration.
' brood, * broode, ^ brode, u. & adv.
[Broad.]
"Crist «pak himself ful broode in holy writ."
Cliaucer: C. T., 739.
^ brood-axe, s. [Broad- axe.]
" Brood axe, or exe. Dolabrum." — Prompt, Parv.
brdod'-ed, a. [Brood, v.] Anxiously medi-
tated on.
" In despite of brooded watchful day,
I Would into thy bosom pour my thoughts."
Shakesp. : A'. John, iii 3.
* brood'-ful, ■' brode '-fuU «• [Eng. brood ;
/i(/(0.] Fruitful, prolific.
brdod -ing, * bro'-dynge, pr. par., a., & s.
[Brood, v.]
A. As pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B. As adj. : Broody, inclined to sit
C. As s^ibstantive :
1. Lit. : The act of hatching or sitting on
eggs.
" Brodynge of byrdys. Fodo."— Prompt. Parv.
2. Fig. : The act of meditating on or plot-
ting anything.
^ br6od'-ness, " brood -nesse, s>. [Eng.
brood; -ness.] The act of breeding.
" And he seide to Gad, Gad is Messid in broodnetse."
— Wycliffe : /J-'iff. xxxiu- 20. (furvey.)
boil, bo^; po^t. jo^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^st, -ing.
-cian -tian = shan. -tion. -«»ion - shun : -tlon, -sion = zhun. -cious. -tious, -slous = shiis. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, del.
716
broody— broscus
brood -y, brud-y, brood -le, a. [Eng.
hrood; -ij. A.S. (yroc/tffe = broudiiiy.]
1. Lit, : Ineliiieil or ready to sit on eggs.
"... bretila of fuwls which very rarely or never
become 'brood//.,' that ie, never wish to sit on their
egga."— Darwin: OrnjnVof Upecies (ed. 1859), ch. viL, p.
215.
2. Fig. : Sullen, moi'ose ; inclined to lirood
over matters. (Provincial.)
brook, * brooke, * brouke, * broke,
Taruk-en, "^bruc (£ii;/.), bruk, brwk
(Scotch), v.t. £• i. LA.S. brucan = to use, eat,
enjoy, bear, discharge, fulfil ; Sw. b-niTca —
to use of, to cultivate, to use, to be wont ;
Dut. rtrhrii Hen —. io use, spend, enjoy; Icel.
hruka; Gotli. brulrjon -■ to use, to partake of ;
(\.H,) Ger. 6ra(((:7('ci), gehrauchen ; M.H. Ger.
hn'icltcn ; 0.11. Gev. jiruhlian, pruclian ; Lat.
jruor = to enjoy.]
A. Transitive :
* 1. To use.
" So mote I brouken wel min eyen twey,"
Chaucer : The J^'onnes I'reates Tale, v. 15,306.
* 2. To continue to use, to enjoy, to possess.
"... Robert steward suld be
Kyng and bi-wk lallj the Rialte."
Jbid., XX,, 131-2.
*3. To retain on the stomach. (Used of
food and drink.) (Prompt. Parv.)
4. To endure, to stand, to support, to put
up with, to tolerate, to submit to, to be sub-
missive under. Used —
(1) Gen. : Of anything unpleasant.
" A thousand more mischances than this one
Have learned me to brook this patiently."
Shakesp.: Two Hent., v. 3.
(2) Spec. : Of an affront.
B. Intrans. : To endure. [A. 4.]
"... he could not brook that the worthy prince
Planffua wt\s by his chosen Tindates preferred before
him. '—Sidnei/.
brook, " broc, "" brok, *broke, s. &a. [A.S.
h'roc, hrooc : Dut. broek = a. marsh, a pool;
0, H. Ger. pruoch : Ger. hi'mch = a marsh, a
bog; perhaps conn, with A.S. hrecan ~ to
break, from the fact of the water breaking out
or forcjng its way through the earth.!
A. As substantive : A small stream, a rivulet.
B. As c(dj. : Pertaining to a brook ; growing
in a brook.
1 Obvious compound: Brook-side.
brook-betony, s. A plant, ScropJm-
laria aquatica.
brook-owzel, s One of the English
names for a bird— the water-rail (Rallus
aquatic 11^),
brook-tongue, s. [A.S. brocthnufj.'] A
plant — the L'icuta virosa. (Cockayne.)
t brook'-a^-ble, «. [Eng. brook; able.] Able
to be borne or endured.
brook'-bean, s. [From Eng. brook ; hecui.}
A name for the Menyanthes trlfoliata, the
Buck-bean, or Marsh-trefoil, a plant of the
order GentianaccEe, or Gentianworts.
brooked (1), pa. par. [Beook, v.]
brooked (2). brooket, brukit, bruket,
broukit, a. [In Dan. brofjet = variegated,
speckled, checkered, spotted.] (Scotch.)
[Brock.]
1. Of persons : Partly clean, partly dirty.
(1) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
"The bonle bruket lassie." — H. Bums : Letters
(2) Of a child which has wiped tears off its
face with a dirty hand.
" Cried, Let me to tho brooket knave."
Cock: Simple Straini.
2. Of sheep : Streaked or speckled in the
face. (Janiieson.)
brook'-ie, a. & s. [From brooked (2) (q.v.).]
(Scotch. )
A. As cuJj. : Dirtied with soot, sooty.
B. As subst. :
1. A ludicrous designation for a black-
smith, from his face being bei^Timed.
" The blacksmith niest, a rampan chiel.
Cam skelpin thro' the breem ;-
Till.' pridefu' ttiilor cockit's ee,
Baii't lirookic aa wauwordy."
T<irras : Poems, p. 6C.
1[ Hence the term is applied to Vulcan.
2. A designation given to a child whose face
is streaked with dirt.
brook'-ite, s. [Named after Mr. H. J. Brooke,
an Eu'i^lish ciTstallographer and mineralogist ;
suff. -(7r(J/(.ii.)((.i.v.).]
Min. : A native form of titanic oxide, TiO-j.
It is trimetric, brittle, and has a hardness nf
5*0 — 6 ; sp. gr., 4"12 — 4'23. Coiniiosition ;
Titanic acid, 94 "09 — 99 '36 ; sesquioxide of iron,
l-3fi— 4-50 : alumina, 0— 073, &c. It occurs
at Fronolen, near Tremadoc, in Wales ; on the
continent of Europe, in Sicily, in the United
Statt'.s, &c.
brook'-let, 5. [Eng. brook, and dimin. suff.
-^t'^J A little brook or stream.
" stood in her holiday dress in the fields, and the wind
and the brooklet
Murmured gladness and i>eace, God's peace."
Longfelloio : The Children of the Lord's Sujiper.
brook'-lime, s. [From Eng. brook, and A.S.
lim = that which adheres, cement.] The
English name of a Veronica or Speedwell,
Veronicabeccabnnga. The leaves and stem are
glabrous and succulent ; the latter is pro-
cumbent at the base, and i-ooting. The flowers
are in opposite racemes. The flowers are
generally bright blue, but in one variety they
are pink or flesh-coloured. The plant is com-
mon in ditches and watercourses. It Is some-
times used as a spring salad.
brook'-xnint, s. [A.S. broonlnte, hrocmyvte.]
The Water-mint, MenUm hirsnlo, or nqucfica.
brook -weed, s. [From Eng. brook; weed.]
The English name of Samolus, a genus of
plants somewhat doubtfully referred to the
order Priniulacese (Primworts). The capsule
is half inferior, and opens by valves. The
stem is eight or ten inclies high, with racemes
of numerous small white flowers.
^"brook'-j^, u. [Eng. brook; -y.] Abounding
in brooks.
" Lemster's brooky tract." D'tjcr.
"^ broom, v.t. [Bream, v.t.]
br^om, * broome, ^ brome, ^ brom, s. &
a. [A.S. brom; 0. Dut. brom; Dut. brem;
It. brum.]
A. As substantive :
1. The English name of a common shrub,
Sarothamnus (formeidy Cytisiis) scoparius, and
of the genus to which it belongs. The large
and beautiful yellow flowers of the broom
come out in this country from Ai^ril to June.
[Broom-tops.]
% (1) Butchers' Broom : The English name
for the Liliaceous genus Ruscus, aud specially
for the Jluscus aculeatus, which grows in
Britain,
(2) Irish Bromn : Sarothamnus patens, a
native of Spain and Portugal.
2. A besom for sweeping, so called because
it is occasionally made of broom, though other
material is often employed.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the plant
described under A, or to a besom. (See the
compounds which follow.)
broom-corn, s. A niime for two plants
of the order Graminacea? (Grasses).
1, Sorghum vvjgarc. Its panicles are made
into brooms for sweeping and into clothes-
brushes.
2. Sorghum saccharatum.
TI Broom-corn Sced-stripjjcr : A machine
like a flax-ripple, for removing the seed from
broom-corn. It is like a comb, o\'er which
the corn-brush is thrown, and the seeds
stripped off by pulling the brush between the
teeth. (Knight.)
broom-cypress, s.
Bot. : A name given to the plant-genus
Kochia, which belongs to the order Chenopo-
diaceee (Chenoiiods).
broom-grove, s. A grove composed of
broom ; a place o\'ergrown with broom.
broom-handle, s. & a.
Broom-hoMdlc machine : A lathe with a
hollow mandrel and internal cutters. The
stick is passed longitudinally through the
mandrel and rounded through its length,
broom-head, s. A clasp or cap for hold-
ing the bunch of broom-corn, so that a -worn
stuiiii) may bo reino^'ed and fresh brush sub-
stituted.
broom-plant, .■'.
Her.: "Planta genista."
broom-sewing, a. Sewing or designed
to sew brooms.
Broom-snnliig mnchine : A machine for
pressing a buncli of broom-corn into shape
for a broom, and sewing it in its flattened
form.
broom-tops, s. pi
PJinnn. : The fresh and dried tops of Saro-
thamnus Scoparius (Common Broom). There
are two officinal preparations ; the decoction
(Decoctum Scoparii), consisting of a pint cf
distilled water to an ounce of the dried tops ;
and the juice (sirens Scojx'.rii), made of three
ounces of the fresh expressed juice to a pint of
rectified spirit. They are valuable diuretics,
especially in cardiac dropsies. Scoparine and
Spartcia are the two active principles ; the
jiction of Sparteia is analogous to that of
Conia fq.v.).
broom-tree, s.
* 1. A broom slirub.
2, Baccaris scopo/ria, a Jamaican composite.
broom'-ing, s. [Breaming.]
Xaut. : The same as Breaming (q.v,).
+ br6om'-land, s. [Eng. broom; land.] Land
on which broom grows or adapted for its
growth.
"I have known sheep cured of the rot, when they
have not been far gone with it, by being put iuto
broomlands." — Alorlhner.
broom '-rape, 5. [Eng. broom; rape.]
Ord. Lang. 6.- Bot. : The English name of
Oi'obanche, a genus of plants constituting the
typical one of the order Orobanchacea; (Broom-
rapes). Eleven specii'S have been enumerated
as British. All are parasitic on other plants.
They grow upon furze, broom, a galium, on
thymus, a centaurea, a picris, on clover, milfoil,
on hemp-roots, &c. Some broomrapes confine
tliemselves to a single genus or even species
of plants, whilst others range over a consider-
able variety. The Greater Broomra]>e, one of
the eleven which grog's on leguminous plants,.
especially on furze, broom, and clover, is so-
destructive to the last-named genus of plants^
in Flanders that it prevents many farmers-
from attempting their cultivation. The Tall
Broomrape (Orohanche elatior), though pre-
ferring Centaurea scabiosa, also attacks clover,
as does the Lesser Broomrape (Oroba.nche:
viinor).
brdom'-Stafif, s. [Eng. broom; staff.] A
broomstick.
"They fell on; I made good my place; at length
they caine to the broomstuff tv me: I deHed 'en*
stm."— Shakesp. : Ho. yill.,\. 4.
broom'-stick, s. [Eng. broom; stick.] The-
stick which serves for a handle to a broom.
"At the cry of 'Rescue," bullies with swords and,
cudgels, and temn^aut hags with spits and broom-
sticks, pouretT ' " " "'"'
Eng,, ch, iii.
t broom'-y, a. [Eng. broom; -y.J
1. With much broom growing upon it.
" If land grow mossy or broomy, then break it up-
again," — Mortimer.
2. Pertaining to broom ; derived fron>
broom.
" The youth with hroom?/ stumps began to trace
The kennel edge, where whfeels had worn the place."
Swift.
broose, bruse, bruige, s. [Of unknown
origin.] A race at country weddings, who-
shall first reach the bridegroom's house on
letnrning from the place wliere the marriage
has been celebrated. Generally in the phrase
To ride or mn the broose. The custom is pro-
bably a survival from the days when marriage
by capture was common, and the bride was-
really carried off by the bridegroom and his-
friends.
" To think to ride, or run the briiise
Wr them ye name. "
li. Galloway : Poems, p. 156.
* br6ost, s, [The same as O. Eng. brast, s, =
a bui-st (?).] A burst (?), a spring. (,sVo(c/t.>
" The yaud she made a broost,
Wi' ten yauds' strengtli and mair."
Auld Gray Mare. Jacobite Itvlicf. i. 71.
broS'-CUS, ». [From Gr. ^i^piocrKO) (hlhrosco^
= to eat.]
Entovi. : A genus of beetles belonging to tho
family Harpaiidn^ Broscus cepJwIotes is found
on tlic sea-coaht in Britain. It is from nine
fate, fat, f&re, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, ptit,
or. wore, w^lf, work, wh6, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. £e, oe = e ; ey = a. <iu - lew.
brose—brotherliness
n?
lines to an inch in length. Its elvtra are
nearly smooth. When captured it feigns
death.
t)rdse, * brew-is, '^ brow-esse, * browes,
^ brow-yce, ^. & a. [Prom Gael, hrothas =
brose.]
A. As substantive :
* 1. A kind of food which is fat or greasy.
<0. Eng.)
" BroweBse {lirowes, H. P.). Adlpatnia, C. F."—
Prornpt. Paro. ■
"... browesse made with bread aud fat meat."—
Biiloet.
" That tendre browyce made with a mai-y-boon."
Lydgate ; Ord>:r of fooles. ( Wai/. )
2. A kind of pottage, made by pouring
boiling water on oatmeal ; stir-about. (:^ojt(:h.)
B. As adjective :
1. Pei-taining to brose ; fitted for making
brose. [Brose-meal.]
2. Suitable for taking brose. [Brose-time. ]
brose-mealy ^. Meal of jjease much
parched.
brose-time, s. Supper-time.
^bro'-sen, a. [From Old Eng. hrasten.]
[Brast.] Burst.
* bro-sen, v.t. [Bruise.]
bros'-i-mum, s. [From Gr. /Spwcrtjiios {bro-
sivws) ~ eatable ; ppoitris (bi-osls) = eatnig ;
^tjSpwo-KO) (bibrosko) = to eat.]
Bot : A genus of plants doubtfully referred
to the order Ui-ticacete (Ntttlewoi-ts). It eon-
tains Brosiimtm nlicastnivi, the Bread-nut of
Jamaica (q.v.), B. Galactodendroii, the Cow-
tree of South America, &c. [Cow-tree.]
bros'-mi-US, s. [Latinised from brosma,
iScand. name of the Torsk.]
Zool. : A genus of fishes belonging to the
family Gadidai. There is a single dorsal fin,
which is long, as is the anal one ; the ventral
tins are small and fleshy, and there is but one
barbule to the mouth. Bros'itims vulgaris, tlie
Torak, called in Shetland the Tusk and the
Brismak, is the only British species, and it is
confined to the north of our island.
brds'-site, bros'-ite, s. [From the Brossa
valley in Piedmont.]
Mi)i. : A columnar variety of ferriferous
Dolomite.
*bros-ten, "^hros-tyn, pa. pa. & a. [Bt'fwr.]
" That ^et aswuwue lay, bothe pale aod wan ;
For with the fal he bi-osten hiul hie arm."
Chaucer: V. T., 3,320-7.
*brostyn man, >-. A man ruptured.
" Brostyn man, yn the cod. Hernlosus, C. F."—
Prompt. Paro.
* bro-sure, s. [Brisure.] A fracture, break-
ing ; a part broken off.
br6§'-y, bros'-ie, a. [From Scotch &7'ose; -y.]
1. Semifluid.
2. Bedaubed with brose or porridge.
" Out o'er the porritch-piiigle takes a sten,
Ijftying the brosn weaus iipo' the floor
Wi' dousy heght."
Davidson : Seasons, p. 1
brosy-faced, ". A term used of the face
when veiy fat and flaccid. {Scotch.)
"A square-built 6rcw//-/ace(i girl." — St. Johiutouii, i.
240.
"* bros-yn, v.t. [Bruise, v.] {Prompt. Parv.)
toro'-te-kin, bro-ti-kin, ^. [Fr. brode-
qulii.] [Brodekin, Buskin.]
Generally pi. : Buskins ; a kind of half-
boots. (Scotch.)
"For I can mak schone, brotekiiw and buittis."
Lindsay: S. P. Ji., ii. 2^7.
" A pair of brotikitis on his feet, to the great of his
legs." — PUscottie, p. 111.
* brot-el, a. [Brittle. ]
*brot-el-ness, ^ brot-el-nesse, e. [Brit-
TLENESS.]
broth (pron. br4th), '^ brothe, s. [A.s. &
Icel. brodh; O. H. Gei\ pr6t; 'SI. H. Ger. brOt;
Ger. gebrdude, all = broth ; A.S. bre6wan-=^
to cook, to brew.] The liquor in which flesh
has been boiled ; a kind of thin soup.
" Brotlie. Brodium, U'juamen, C. F." — Prompt.
Parv.
*brotlie, ""broth, a. [Braith.] Angiy, fierce.
{Sir Gav)., 2,233.)
broth'-el, s. [This word, which orip. denoted
a persun, imt a place, was lung confused with
hordd "|.v.)) with which it has im etymolngifal
couuection. The original term was a ^;^.'/7^^■^
7to?(.sc ; brothel — a prostitute, from A.y. abrod-
heii= degenerate, base.]
I, Ordi)iary Language:
1. An abandoned, worthless fellow.
■' A brothel wliich Mioheas hight."
Gower : Cuiif. Ajn. iii., 173.
2. A prostitute.
"Styut, hrodels, youre i3Lyn."—Towneley Myst., p. 142.
3. A place of resort for prostitutes ; a
bawdy-house.
"Keep thy foot out of brothels."— Shakesp. : Lear,
iii. 4.
II. Lmo : In the Jfiddle Ages brothels were
allowed in certain places, especially in South-
wark, but they were legally suppressed by a
proclamation in the 37th year of Henry VIII.
To keep a brotliel is now an offence at com-
mon law.
' brothel-haunting, a. £ s.
A. As adjective: Frequenting brothels ; dis-
sipjtted.
B. As substantive : The act or practice of
frequenting brothels ; dissipation.
brothel-house, " brodelhouse, «.
A brothel.
■'They [the moukes] wrought off great wickednesse,
:ttid luade those eiidwnres little better thau brodel-
hoiisea. eapetially where ituuries were fai' oe."—Bol-
Uimhtid: J>eac. of EngJund, ch. xiii,
brothel-keeper, brothel-monger,
i One wliu keeps a brothel ; a pimp.
* broth'-el-ler, s. [Eng. brothel; ■cr.\ A
frequenter of brothels ; a dissolute fellow.
" Gauitaterb, jockeys, brotheJlers, impure."
Cvwper : The Task, bk, ii.
"'■ br6th'-§l-ly, a. [Eng. brothel; -ly.] Per-
taining to bruthels ; lewd, obscene.
* broth'-el-r^, s. [Eng. hrotJiel; -ry.]
1. Prostitution, le\vdnes.s.
" Shall Furia brook her sister's modesty,
Aiid prostitute her aoul to brothelry."
JIajstoH: fivoargeof Vill., i. 3.
2. Obscenity.
'■ Vl'itli brathelry, n.h]G to violate the eai' of a pagan."
— /i. .loiiaon.: Fox, Bedicatiou.
'"^ 3. A brothel, a iilace.
* brothe-l^, * broth-ly, ^ brothe-liche,
brothe-lych, adv. [Braithly.]
1. Hastily, quickly.
2. Fiercely, violently.
3. In wretched plight.
" Thay wer brotheJ'i broght to Babiloyn,
Ther bale to suffer."
Ear. Eng. AUit. Poems; Cleaiuieiss, 1,25G.
broth'-er, * bro-der, * bro-dire, ' bro-
dyr, '-' broith-er, ^ broth-ir, ' broth-
ur, broth-re, '^ broth-yr (idur. * bro-
dhru. * brothre, "^ hrothren, brethren, brothers),
s. [A.S. brodhor, brodhcr ; dat. s. bredher ;
nom. plm'. brodhru ; O. Icel. brddhar ; O.
Fris. brother, broder ; O. H. Ger. bruodar;
Goth, brothur ; Dan. broder ; Gael. & Ir.
brathair ; Wei. braivd, plur. brodyr ; Lat.
fratcr ; Gr. Apar^p {phrater); tiansc. bkrdti.
From a root ohar = to bear {Skeat).']
I. Literally: A son born of the same father
and mother.
•l The term is also frequently applied to
men who have only one parent in common,
but, strictly speaking, such are only lialf-
brothers.
" Brodyr by the modyr syde onely (aloiily by moder,
P.) Germanus." — Prompt. Parv.
II. Figuratively :
1. One closely resembling or nearly akin to
another in manner or character.
" He also that is slothful in his work is brother to
him that is a great waster." — Prov. xviii. 9.
2. One closely connected with another, an
associate, one of the same commuuitv
[Brother-in-arms.]
" The peers, however, by sixty-nine votes to fourteen,
acquitted their accused brother."— Macaulay : Uist.
Eng., ch. xix,
^ In these senses the plural was formerly in
the forms brethren and brotliers, but the latter
is now used almost exclusively.
3. Ill theological language: Man in general,
our fellow-men.
" Ulen and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of
the patriarch David. "— ,! cf a ii. 2ii.
A. In the Bible and elsewhere brother is
frequently applied to persons of n more dis-
tant degree of relationship. [Brother-bairx.]
" Because thou rvrt my brother, shouldest thou there-
fore serve me for uouifht?" — (r'eJi. xxix. 15.
t In these uses the plural is brethren only.
" Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother
called Mary? and his l»-<-rhi-cii. James, and Joses, iiud
Simou, and Judas?" — Matt, xiii. 55.
brother-angel, s. An angel viewed as
akin to a person whom it is designed extrava-
gantly to compliment.
" Thy brother-angels at tby birth
Strang each his lyre, and tuii'd it high."
Di-yden : To the Memory of Mrs. A. Kdligrcw, 44-5.
brother-bairn, s. The child of an uncle.
fUsed to denote the relation of a cousin.)
(Scotch.) [Brother, II. 4.]
" Sir Patrick Hamilton was brother-german to the
Earl of Arran, and sister and brother-bairn to the
king's majesty." — PUscottie (ed. 1720), p. 104.
1[ There was a corresponding word slbttr-
bairn (q.v.).
brother-beast, s. One of the bestial
fraternity viewed in its relation to another.
" And like the sheep, his brothrr-benxt, is slain "
Dryden: The Fables. Pahimon and Arcite, bk. i.
brother-brutes, a. Brutes to which man
is akin.
" No arts had made us opulent and gay ;
With brotJier-brutes the human nice had graz'd."
Thomson : Castle of Indolence, li. 51.
brother-daughter, s. A niece. (Scotch. )
brother - german. brother - ger -
main, s. A full brother.
% See the example under broiher-baim.
brother-in-law, s. The brotherof one's
husliand or wife ; a wife's brother, or a sister's
husband.
" His brotlier- in-law, the foolish Mortimer."
Shakesp. : 1 Jlen. IV., L 8.
brother-love, s. The love shown 1.iy
a bruther ; brotherly love.
"With a true heart
And brother-love l dn it."
Shakesp. : Jlenry VIIL, v. 3.
brother-son, s. A nephew. (Scotch.)
brother-uterine, s. One born of the
same mother but of a different father.
brother-warden, s. A warden acting
as one's colleague.
"Ill could the haughty Dacro brook
His brother-warden's migo rebuke."
Scott : Tfie Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 31.
■ bro^h'-er, v.t. [From brotlier, s. (q.v.).] To
admit to a state, and to the privileges, of
brotherhood in any corpm-ation or society;
or to make the mirthful imitation at a con-
■\'ivial party of the ceremonies of initiation
iiitu such a body.
broth'-er-hood, * brith-er-hod, *brith-
er-hed, * bro'th-er-heed, ;.. [A.S bro-
tliorhdd.]
*- 1. The state of being a brother.
(1) The state of being a brother in the literal
sense ; a son of the same immediate parent
as another.
(2) An association of men of the same pro-
fession, society, fraternity, religious profes-
sion, or religious order.
"... in pitee, love of brotherhod, and in love of
bro'herliod cha.Tite."—\Vy cliff e (Purvey). 2 Pet., i 7.
" There was a fraternity of men-at-arms called the
brot/ierhood of St. G-eorge. " — Baines.
(3) The relationship of a member of the
human family at large, viewed as a child, with
the rest of mankind, of one common Father.
" To cut the link of brotherJiood, by which
One common Maker bound me to the kind."
Cowper : The Task, bk. iii.
2. The love thence resulting.
"... finds 6roC7(erftood in thee no sharper spur."
Shakesp. : Jiicluird II., 1. 3.
t broth'-er-kin, s [From brother, s., and
diniin. suffix -Un. In Ger. IrUdp-clieu.] A
little brother. (Carhjle.)
broth'-er-less, a. [Eng. brother, and suffix
-less.] Without a brother.
" Cain. Who makes me brptherlcfs?"
Byron: Cnln, Iii. l.
broth'-er-like, a. [Eng. hrotlier ; like.] Like
a brother, what might be expected of a brother.
" Welcome, good Clarence ; this labrathcrJike."
Shakesp. : 3 Henry VI., v. L
t broth -er-li-ness. s. [Eng. brotherly •
-ness.] The quality of acting to one like a
brother. (Dr. Allen.)
b^ b^; pdiit, j<J^l; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f.
-cian. -tian = shan. -tiou« -sion-shiin: -tion. -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, ko — bel del
ria
brotherly— brown
broth'-er-ly, «• &.adv. [Eng. brother; -ly.]
A. As culj. : Like that of a brother ; natural
or becoming to a brother.
" Upon whose lapse, or error, aometliing more
Thau brotherly forgiveness may attend."
Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. vL
B. As adv. : Aftt^r tlie manner of a brother.
" Of the men he had loved so brother^//."
Scott . Linj of the Lout JJiyistrei. ii. 20.
* broth-er'-rede, ^ broth'-er-red-ine, s.
[A.S. brothorrwrlcii.} Fraternity. (0. Eng,
Horn., i. 41.) (Ayenb., 110.)
broth' -er- ship, s. [Eng. brother; ship.]
1, Brotherhood.
2. A fraternity, a guild.
* broth'-er-wort, s. [Eng. brother ; -icortJ]
Boi. : A name formerly used for Pennyroyal
and for Wild Thyme.
broth' -ihg, pr. par, k a, [Brothe,]
" The callonr wuje in cave is sought,
Mens brotfmig breists to cule "
A. Ifiime: Citron. S. /-., iii. 389.
brot'-u-la, s. [Etymology not apiiarent.]
iclithy. : A genus of fishes belonging to the
GadidiB, or cod family. B. barbaliis^ tlie only
known :^]>ecies, is from tlie Antilles.
* br0U9h, s. [Brooch.] (John ofTrecUn.)
* brouded, * browded, pa. par. & a.
[Browdyn, v. ; Broidek.] Embroidered.
(Chaucer.)
*broud-ster» s. [From Fr. hroder, to em-
broider, and O. Eng. fern, suffix -ster.'\ An
embroiderer. {Scotch.)
". . . harness-makers, tapesters, iiroiids^ers, taylors.'
— PUscottie, p. 153.
^brouet, s. [Bri;wet.] Pottage, caudle.
(Prompt. Burr.)
brougham (pron. brom or bru'-am), s.
[Originally from Fr. brouette, but mod'ilied by
the name of the very eminent Lord Brougham,
who wa.? born at Edinburgh September 19,
1778, and died at Cannes, in the south of
France, May 7, 1868.]
Vehicles : A two-wheeled closed carriage
with a single inside seat for two persons, or a
four-wheeled close carriage with two seats,
each adapted for two persons. The seat foi' the
driver is elevated.
brought, ^ broughte (pronoujiced brat),
*brogt, *brogte, ' brout,pret & jia. par.
[Bring.]
*brouke, *brouk-en, v.t. [Brook, v.]
(Chaucer : C. T.; The Kounes Pricstes Tale, 479.)
br^n'-kit, a. [Brooked (2).] (Scotch.)
* broun, «-. & s. [Browx.] (Sir Goau., 1,162.)
* bround, s. [Brand.] (Sege of Melayne (ed.
Heritage), p. 126, 1. 671.)
br^se, browse, &. [Etymol. unknown.]
Metal. : Partiallj' reduced lead ore mixed
with slag and cinders.
brous-s6n-et'-i-a, s. [Named after P. N. V.
Broussonet, a naturalist who travelled in Bar-
bary, and published a work on fishes in ITSii.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Urticacese (Nettle worts). Broitssoaetia
papyri/era is the paper-mulberry. It has 3 — o
lobed leaves. [Paper-mulberry.] There is
another species of the genus, B. simtnlata, or
Entire-leaved Broussonetia.
* brous-tare, s. [Browster.] (Scotch.)
* brout, pret. & pa. par. [Brought,]
t bronze, * brouys, s. [Browze, s.]
* brouze, v.i. [Browze, i'.]
brd^d), *br<J\^e, 5. &c'. [A.S. 6ri( = abrnw,
an eyebrow, an eyelid. Cf. also bruwa =■ the
eyelashes; O.S. hraha; Icel. bra. hrvu, bryn ;
Dnt. hraauw ; Goth, brahvj ; N, H. Ger. i^rawe,
bramie; M. H. Ger. brd, brdwc; O. H. Ger.
Iird, prdwa; O. Fr. brc ; Ir. bra, hrai ; Ir. &
Gael, abhra: Arm. ahraiit ; Pol. buvi ; Russ.
hrnv' ; Gr. o^pvy (aj'^hrus) =. tbe eyebrow;
tSansc. hhru.]
A. As suhst-autlve :
1. More or Usa literally (of the human body):
(1) The prominent ridge over the eye with
tlie hair upon it ; the orbital arch.
". , . the right arched beauty of the firow, . , .*" —
Shake&p. : Mer. Wives, iii. 3.
(2) The hair covering the arched prominence
above the eye. [Eyebrow.]
'■ Tis not your iuky brows, your black silk hair."
Shakesp. : As Vou Like U, iii. 5,
(3) Sing, or pi. : The forehead.
"... she kissed his irow, his cheek, his chin."
Shakesp. : Venus A Adonis, hd.
" With myrtle wreaths my thoughtful brows inclose."
Drydeii: Ovid's Amours, bk. i., eleg. i., 3^.
(4) Tlie countenance generally.
" To cloak offences with a cunning brow."
SJiakesp. : Lucrece, 749.
2. Figiiratively (of anything) :
(1) Aspect, appearance.
"This seeming 6row of Justice, . . ."
Shakesp. : 1 Hen. IT., iv, 3.
(2) The projecting edge of a cliff or hill.
" Yon beetling brow."
Scott : Rokeby, ii. 15,
^ To knit the fyrow : To frown, to scowl.
B. As adjective: Pertaining to the brow in
any of the foregoing senses.
brow-ague, s.
Med. : A disease, called also hemicrania, or
migraine. It is a combination of neuralgia
with headache, paroxysmal, and confined to
one side of the head or brow. The eyes are
extremely sensitive to light and the ears to
sound, the pulse very slow. Common in
childhood, with a tendency to diminish after
middle age. Women are more usually affected
than men. It is often due to mental excite-
ment.
brow-antler, s. The first start that
grows on a deer's head.
brow-band, s.
Saddlery : A band of a bridle, headstall, or
halter, which passes in front of a horse's fore-
head, and has loops at the ends through which
the cheek-straps pass.
brow- bound, a. Bound as to the brow^ ;
crowned.
" Waa brow-iound with the oak."
Shakesp, : Coriolanus, ii. 2.
brow-sick, a. Sick as to the brow.
" But yet a gracious influence from you
May alter nature in our brow-sick crew,"
Suckling. Prologue of the Authors,
br<f\^r (2), s. [From brew (q.v.). (Jamieson.).']
An opinion. (Scotch.) [Broo (2), s.]
If 1, An ill brow: An opinion preconceived
to the disadvantage of any person or thing.
2. Nae brow : No favourable opinion.
"I hae nae brow o" John; he was wi' the Queen
whan she was brought prisoner frae Carberry."—Mary
Stewart : Hist. Drama, p. 46.
* br^\^, v.t. [Trora brow, s. (q.v.).] To be at
the edge of ; to bound, to limit.
" Tending my flocks hard by. i' th' hilly crofts
That brmo this bottom glade." — Milton : Comus.
brdw-S.l'-li-a, s. [Named after John Browal-
lius, Bishop *of Aboa, who wrote a botanical
work in 1739.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Scrophulariace^ (Figworts). The species
are handsome plants with blue flowers,
brought originally from South America.
br<ST*r'-beat, v.t. [From lirow, and bmt.']
1. Lit. Ofiiersons: To beat down the brow,
or make one abashed by dogmatic assertions
or stern looks.
"The bar ani'' the bench united to browbeat the un-
fortunate Vl'hig." — ifacaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. v.
2. Fig. Of things : To bend the brow down
upon (?).
" Half God's good sabbath, while the worn-out clerk
Brow-beats nia desk below."
Tennyson: Early Sonnets II. (To J. M. R.)
bro^'-beat-en, pa. par. k a. [Browbeat.]
"It was, indeed, painful to ne daily ftrowCeafen by
an enemy." — Macaulay : Uiat. Eng., ch. vi.
brd^'-beat-ing, pr, par., a., & s. [Brow-
beat.]
A. & S. -4.5 present 'participle £ partici^nal
adjective : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As substantive: The act of abashing a
person by insolent Avords or looks.
"What man will voluntarily expose himself to the
imperious browbeatings and scorns of great men?" —
L' Estrange.
br<S^~den (1), brd^'-din (1), a. [Etym.
doubtful ; perliaps the same as browden (2), in
the sense of " netted "= ensnared. (N.E.D.).'}
" As scho delytfl into the low,
Sae was I broiodin of my bow."
Chelae and Slae, at. IS.
" We are fools to be hrowden and fond of a pawn in
the loot otoMs'ha.n.d,."— Rutherford : Letters, P. i. Ep. 20.
*■ brow'-den (2), 33a. par. or a. [Browdyn.]
(See example under browdyd.)
* br6\k^'-der-er, * bro^'-der-ere, .«.
[Bboiderer.]
"Browdyoure {browderere). InZextor, frigio."—
Prompt. Pa/rv.
* br6^'-din f2), 0. [From browdyn =f \a\\yo\-
dered(q.v.).] Clotted, defiled, foul, filtliy.
* br<i^-din-ster, * brow'-din-star, j--. [in
Dan. hrodere = to embroider; fem. suff. -s?f(r:=
Eng. -ster,] An embroiderer (male or female).
". , . the browdinstaris that wrucht uiKJun the
tapestrie of the crammosie velvoi£."— Collect, of In-
ventories, A. 1561, p. 150.
* brdTi'''-dm-ster-schip, s. [From Scotcli
browdinster ; suffix -sc/iijj = Eng. suffix -s/tij/.]
The profession of an embroiderer.
"... the office of browdinsterschip, and keping o^
his hienea wardrop."— >:lc(fi Ja. VI., 1592 (ed. 1814).
p. 608.
* br6^-dyd, pa. par. [Browdyn, v.}
"Browdyd, or ynbrowdyd (browdred. or browden,
P.) Intextas, acupictus. C. F. frigiatus. Us-"— Prompt.
Parv.
* br<J\tr'-d^, v.t. [A.S. bregdan= to braid,
pa. par. hrddim, brogden.] To embroider.
"Browdyn", orimbrowdyn' (inbrowdyr, P.) Intexo.
C. ¥. frigio, Ug. in frigiA.'— Prompt. Parv.
* brtJrir'-dj^n, pa. par. [Broider, r.] Em-
broidered.
" Scepter, ryng, and sandalys
Browdyn welle on Kyngia wys "
WyTaown, viL B. 446.
"^ bra5t?''-d^e, pa. par. [A.S. hrcl;dun = Xo
make broad, to extend, to expand.] Disijlayed,
unfurled.
" Thai saw sa fele browdyne baneris,
Standaris and pennownys."
Barbour, xi. 464, M.S.
[Browdyn, t.] Em-
* bri5^'-dyng,
broideiy.
" Of goldsmithrye, of hrowdyng, and of steel."
Chaucer : The Knightes Tale, 1,64a
* br6\ir'-d3?-OUre, s. [0.'Eng.bro\cdy(n); and
suffix -oure =■ or, -er.]
"Browdyoure (browderere. P.) Intextor, C. P,
frigio, Catb, Vg," —Prompt. Parv.
brtf^ed, «. [Eng. brow; -ed.)
In compos. : Having a brow as described in
the word preceding it, as darh-browed, low-
hrowed.
* br^T^'-esse, s. [Brewis, Brose.]
"Browesse {hrowes, H. P.) Adipatum, C. F."—
Prompt. Parv.
*^ br<R^'-ett, s. [Brewet, Brewis.] Pottage.
" Brourett. Brodiellum."~Prompt. Parv.
^ br^\^'-in, pa. par. [Brew, v.] Brewed.
"... to hauebakin breid, fircnW)? aill." — A<As Mary,
1555, ed. 1814, p. 495.
* br<J^'-lS, s. jiZ. [Brol.] Brats. (Scotch.)
" . . . hia dame Dalila and baatanl broiris f" —Jf.
Winyet's First Tractat, Keith's Bist., App., p. 200.
* br<$^'-itt, s, [Etym. doubtful. Cf. 'Wer.
briwod = driven snow.] A silver-bellied eel.
(Halliwell : Cont. to Lexicog.)
* brow'-Uen, v.t. [Brook, v.]
" Wel browken they hire service or labour."
Chaucer : Prol. to Legende of Ooode Women.
^ bri5T*r'-leSS, a. [Eng. hrow ; -less. ] Without
shame.
"So browless was this heretick [Mahomet], that he
was not ashamed to tell the world, that all he preached
■was sent him immediately from heaven "— i. Addison :
Life of Mahomet, p. 84.
bro^kTi, * br6^^e, * br6une, * broun,
*brun, a. , adv. ,&,s. [A.S. brun — brown, dark,
dusky; Icel. bi^nn ; Sw. brun; Dan. bruun ;
Dut. brnin; O. Fries, brum; (N. H.) Ger.
braim; M. H. Ger. brun; O. H. Ger. prun ;
Fr. & Prov. bnui ; Sp., Port., & Ital., brano ;
Low Lat. brunneus. From A. S. bryn-e = a
burning ; Icel. bruni = burning.] [Burn, v.]
A. As adjective :
I. Ord.Lang.: Of the colour produced when
^te, fS-t, f^re, amidst, what, £^11, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ze, oe = e. ey=a. qu^Uw.
brown— browse
7i9
certain aulistances— wood or paper, for example
—are scorched or partially burnt.
"I like the new tiie within excelleutly, if the hair
were a tliought browner."~Ska7cesp. : Much Ado. iii. i.
" Land of brown heath and shaggy wood."
Scutt : Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 2.
11. Technical! ij :
1. Oiytics: Brown is not one of the primary
colours in a spectrum. It is composed of red
and yellow, with black, the negation of colour.
2. Bot. : A genus of colours, of which the
typical species is ordinary brown, tinged with
greyish or bhu-kish. The other species are
ckestnut-brown,>h-cp-brown,hright-brown,rusty,
cinnaTTion, red-hrnwn, rufous, glandacemis,
Uver-colmired, sooty, and Ivrid. ( Lindley :
Introd, to Bot. (3rd ed., 1839), p. 4V8.)
^ Brown gmn-lree. [Gum-tree.]
3. Zool. : Brown Bee-luxwk. [Bee-hawk.]
B, As adverb : Into a brown colour.
IT 1. To boil brown. [To play brown.]
2. To play brovm: A phrase used of the
broth-pot when the contents are rich. It is
the same as to boil brown.
" Yere big brose pot ha-? nne played brown."
Remahis of jYithsdale Song, p. 102. [Jamieson. )
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang : The colour described under
the atyective brown.
" Tlie browns of a i>ictiire often present the appear-
ance of the bloom of a plvLLaJ'—Tyndall: Prag. of
Science, 3rd ed., vii. 146.
2. Painting: The chief browns employed
as pigments are Terra di Sienna, Umber, and
Bistre.
broTPn-bess, s. The name familiarly
given to the smooth-bore, flint-lock, musket
in use until the percussion fire-lock was intro-
duced in 1839. So designated from the brown
colour of the barrel, produced by oxidisation.
At first the musket barrels were kept bright.
It weighed 12 lb., and carried a leaden bullet
of fourteen and a half to the pound.
brown-^bill, brownbill, s. a kind of
halberd formerly used as an offensive weapon
by the English foot soldiers. Called bro^on
from its being generally left rusty, and thus
distinguished from the black-hill which was
painted black ; the edge in both cases was
kept sharp and bright. The brown rusty sur-
face, which was possibly oiled, corresponds to
the '• browning " of modern rifle barrels.
" And bromnhilU, levied in the city.
Made bills to pjias the grand committee."
Iludibrat.
brown-bread, s. [Skeat thinks it un-
certain whether it is from brown or bran.]
[Bread.]
brown-bugle, * browne-begle, «. A
plant, Ajuga reptans. [Ajuga.]
brown-coal, s. [Named from its brown
or brownish -black colour. In Ger. brauit-
kohle.l A variety of Lignite (q.v.).
brown-cress, s. A plant, the Water-
cress (Nast^trtium o^cinale).
brown-eagle, s. A name for the Golden
Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus).
brown-gannet, 5. a bird (Sula, fnsca)
from the South Seas. It is called also the
Brown-giill or Booby.
brown-glede, s. A name for the Ring-
tailed Harrier (Circus cyaneus).
brown-gull, S. [BROWX-gANNET.] A
name for the Brown-gannct.
brown gum-tree, s. The English name
of an evergreen tree, the Eucalyptus robiista,
from New South "Wales.
brown hematite, brown heematite,
S. [H.,EMAT1TE.]
Min.: (l)Limonite(q.v.). (2)Gothite(q.v.).
brown iron-ore, brown iron-stone,
s.
Mineralogy: (1) Limonite (q.v.). (2) Gotli-
ite(q.v.).
brown-jennet, brown-janet, ^\
1. A cant name for a knapsack. (Scotch.)
2. A musket. (Pickcn: Gloss., 1813.) (Scotch.)
brown-kite, s. A name for the Ring-
tailed Harrier (Cin-ns cyaneus).
brown-lizard, s. An eft, the Triton
vulgaris. It is not properly a lizard.
brow^n man of the moors, or muirs.
s. An imaginary being supposed to frequent
moors ; a dwarf ; a subterranean elf.
brown-mint, s. A plant, Mentha vi-Hdis.
brown-ochre, s.
Mill. . A variety of Limonite (q.v.),
brown-oiPl, s. A name given to the
Tawny Owl (Syntium stridula), called also the
Ivy Owl.
brown-paper, s. A coarse variety of
wrapping paper made from unbleached
material, such as junk, hemp, the refuse of
flax, &c.
brown-pink, 5. A vegetable vellow
pigment forming one of the yellow 'lakes.
(Ogilvie.)
brown-red, *. Dull red, with a slight
mixture of brown.
brown-rust, s. a kind of mst made by
or consisting of a small parasitic fungus, which
conveiis the farina of cereal plants into a
brown powder.
brown sandpiper, s. One of the Eng-
lish names for a bird, the Dunlin (Tringa
vaHabilis or alpina.)
brown-spar, s. [In Ger. braunspath.]
Mineralogy : (1) A variety of Chalybite. (2)
A variety of Magnesite. (3) Ferriferous Dolo-
mite. It gi-aduates into Ankerite (q.v.). (See
also Brossite and Tharandite.) (4) A variety
of Ankerite (q.v.).
brown-stout, s. A superior kind of
porter.
brown-Study, brownstudy, brown
study, s. A study of a gloomy complexion,
iu which the individual is absent in mind and
absorbed in meditations, and these of a profit-
less character. '
"Tliey live retired, and then they doze away their
time in drowsiness and brotiynstudies."~Norria.
" Faith, this brown study suits not \rith your black."
Case alier'd, iv. 1.
brown-ware, a.
Pottery : A common variotj of ware, named
from its colour.
brd^m, ^br6un,i'.f. & i. [From brown, a.
(q.v.). In Ger. hrdunen ; Fr. brunir ; Ital.
brunire.]
I. Trans. : To make brown.
II. Intrans. : To become brown.
" Whau note brouneth in haselo'E."
Alimuiulcr, 3,253.
"^browne, * brow-yn, v.t. [Brew, r.] To
brew.
" Browne ale. or other drynke (brwjm, K. P. bruwjTi,
H. broioyn, W.). Paiuloxor." —Prompt. Parv.
brtf^n'-e-a, s. [ISTamed after Dr. Patrick
Browne, who in 1756 published a Natural
History of Jamaica.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
leguminous order and to the sub-order Ctesal-
piniese. Brocaca coccinia (the Scarlet Brow-
nea) is a splendid evergreen tree from the
West Indies.
t br<$\^ed, i'O. par. & a. [Brown, v.t.]
Br<S\tm'-i-an, a. [Fi-om Dr. Brown, dis-
coverer of the " Brown ian motion" (q.v.).]
Pertaining to the Dr. Brown mentioned in
the etjiuology.
Brownian motion, Brownian
movement, s. A rapid whirling motion
seen in minute particles of matter, whether
vegetable or mineral. Its origin, is obscure.
It is sometimes called molecular motion.
"FiUppi proved him wrong, and showed that the
motion of tlie corpuscles was the well-known Brown-
ian ^notion." ~T yndall : Frag, of Science, Srded. xi
305.
brtf^m'-ie, brd^rn'-y, broun'-y, s. [From
Eng. brov:n, and suff. -y, as opp. to /air; -y.}
Scotch Mytliology :
1. In Shetland: An imaginary being, to
whom evil properties were attributed.
" Not above 40 or 50 years ago, almost every family'
had a Branny or evil spirit so called. M-hich served
them, to whom they gave a sacrifice for his service "
Brand: Descrip, Zetland, p. 112. (Jainieson.)
*2. In other parts of Scotland: A domestic
sjiiiit or goblin, meagre, shaggy, and wild
till lately supposed to haunt many old houses^
especially those attached to farms. He was
the Robin Goodfellow of Scotland. In the
night he helped the family, and particularly
the servants, by doing many pieces of
drudgery. If offered food or any other recom-
pense for his services, lie decamped and was
seen no more. The diffusion of knowledge
has been more potent in its operation, and
the " brownie " may now be reckoned almost
an extinct species. [Bawsy-brown.]
" All is bot gaistis, and elrische fantasyis.
Of brownyis and of bogillis full this buke."
Dong. : Virgil, 159, 26,
"... one mig^ht almost believe in brownies and
fairies, Lady Emily, when your ladyship is in pre-
sence."— Scott; Waverley, ch. Ixii.
brownie's stone, s. An altar dedicated
to a brownie.
" Below the chappels there is a flat thin stone, call'd
Bruwnie's Stone, upon which the antieut inhabitants
offered a cow's milk every Sunday." — Jlurthi : yVest,
Islands, p. 67.
br<S\tTl -ing, ^r. par., a., &s. [Brown, v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. £' particip. adj. : (See-
the verb.)
C. As substantice :
1. Gen. : The act or process of making any-
thing brown.
2. Spec. : A process by which the surfaces,
of gun-barrels and other articles made of iron
may acquire a shining black lustre. This
may be effected by chloride of antimony or in
other ways. One recipe for browning gun-
barrels is to mix sulphate of copper 1 oz.,.
sweet spirit of nitre 1 oz., with a pint of
water. (Knight.)
browning -liquid, s. The same a&
Bronzing-liquid (q.v.).
br<J\^'-ish, a. [Eng. brown; -ish.] Some-
what brown. [Browny.]
" A brownish giev iron-stone. lying in thin strata, is
poor, but runs freely." — IVoodward.
br^^n'-i^m, s. [From Robert Brown [1. Ch.
Hist.], and Eng., &c. suffix -isin.]
1. Ch. Hist. : The scheme of church govern-
ment formed by Robert Brown about A.D.
1581. He considei'ed that each congregation
of Christians should be self-governing, and
should be exempt from the jui-isdiction of
Bishops or of Synods. He was in favour of
the election by each congregation of a pastoi-,
but allowed others than him to preach and
exhort. Propagating these views in England
he met with so much opposition that he
removed to Holland, but ultimately he re-
turned to England and conformed to tlie
Established Church. His views, slightly
modified by Robinson, ai-e those of the Inde-
pendents or Congregationalists. [Congrega-
tionalism.]
"That schism would be the sorest schism to you;
that would be Brownism and Anabaptism indeed." —
Milton : Reason of Cli. Gov., B. i.
2. M&i. : The views of John Brown, founder
of tlie medical system called after him Bruno-
nian (q.v.).
br<S^rn'-ist, s. [From Robert Brown [Brown-
ism], and Eng., &c. suffix -ist.]
1. Ch. Hist. : A follower of Robert Brown,
mentioned above. The Brownists soon be-
came extinct in Holland and in England, but
the Congregation ah sts, who hold similar
views, are a flourishing sect.
2. Med. : A follower of Dr. John Brown.
" I had as lief be a Brownist as a politician."
Shakesp. : Twelfth Night, iii. 2.
brd^n'-ness^ s. [Eng. brown; -ness.] The
quality or state of being brown.
". . . that lovely, indeed most lovely, brownness of
Musidoruss iace-'Sidney.
br6^n'-wdrt, s. [Eng. broivn; wort. Im
Dut. & Ger. braunvnirtz.] Various plants
VIZ.— (1) The Penny-royal (Mentha Fulegimn)"
(2) Asplenium ceterach. (3) Scrophularia
aquatica. (Turner & Johnson.) (4) Scrophu-
laria nodosa. (Lyte £ Johnson.) (5) Prunella
vulgaris. (Cockayne.) (Britten & Holland.)
['Brownworte herbe (brother wort. P.) Pulio, veru-
leium ipuleium. P)."—PromiJt. Parv.
"" br<S^m'-y, a. [Eng. brown ; -y. ] Somewhat
brown.
■' Hifa browny locks did hang in crooked curls."
Shakesp. : Lover's Complaint.
br6^-p6st, s. [Eng. brow; post.]
Carp. : A beam which goes across a build-
ing.
brd^^te, bronze, ^brou?e. ^brouze,
* brooze, v.t. & i. [From O. Fr. bmv^icr =
to browse ; Sp. brosar = tii brush ; X H Ger
brossen = to sprout ; M. H. Ger. brozzen '•
boil, b^; p6iit, j<J^l; cat, ceU. chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. ?euophon exist, -ine
-clan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shiin : -tion. -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious. -cious = shiis. -ble, -gle' &c. = bel. g^t
720
browse— bruisewort
O. H. Ger. j>n':y-n ; Arm. hroiista = to eat, to
■^r-A-M. Fiuiji O. Fr. /y/u.ss, broiist.] [Browwe,
A. Transitifc: Tu nibble or eat off the
teiuler shoots of trees or shrubs, asdeer, go;Ltri,
and similar animals do.
" . . . . the fields betweiiii
Are dewy-fresh, browsed 1iy deep-uddoi'il kine."
Tennyson : The iiitrdeuer's DiuigMer.
B. Intransitive :
1. Of the higher quadrupeds : To feed upon
the tender shoots of trees or shrubs. [A.]
" Wild beasts there browze, and lujike their food
Her grapes and tender shoots."
Milton: TransUit. of Psalm Ixxx
t2. Of man: To feed npon.
" There is cold meat i' the cave : we'll broioxe on that."
Shakesp. : Cj/inbeline, iii, G.
br^w^e (1), s. & a. [From O. Fr. hrost, broust =
a sprout, a shoot ; fep. broza = dust that falls
frojn worm-eaten wood; M. H. Ger. hrosz ;
O. H. Ger. hroz ; Arm. hrous, hroTit^.l
A. As suhst. : The tender shoots of trees
and shrubs, regarded as food on which certain
animals browse or feed.
" Astoniah'd how the goats their shrubby browse
Gnaw pendent, " Philips.
B. ^5 adj. : Suitable for browsing upon.
■browse-wood, s. The same as A. , brush-
wood.
brd^^e (2),
* br6^§'-er,
[Brouse,]
[Eng. droius(e) ;
animal which browses.
-er,] All
br6^§'-ing, pr. yar., u., & s. [Browse, v.]
A. & B. -4s -pr. par. & particip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to those of the verb.
" The browsing camels' bells are tinkling. "
Byron: The Giaour.
C. ^s siCbstantive :
1. The act of nibbling or eating off the temler
shoots of shrubs and trees.
2. A place adapted for browsing, or where
it takes place.
". . . . for groves and ftrowsinsrs for the deer.
—EoiueU ; Lett., i. ii. 8.
br6^st, *browest, o. [From A.S. hredwan
= to brew.]
1. The act of brewing.
2. That which is brewed.
(1) Lit. : As much as is brewed at one time,
" , , , 'a sour browst o' sraa' ale that she sells to
iolk that are ower drouthy wi' travel to be nice ' , . ,"
— Scott: Old Mortality, ch. xlL
(2) Fig. : The consequences of one's con-
duct. (Generally in a bad sense.)
1[ An ill browst : Evil results of improper
conduct.
* br<Jws'-ter, * brows'-tare, * brous -
tare, s. & a. [Brewster.] A brewer. (0.
Eng. & Scotch.)
browster wife, s. A female ale-seller,
especially in a market.
" But browster wives and whiskey stille,"
Bums : Third epistle to John Zapraik.
■"^ broy'-dyn, pa. par. [Braid, v.} Ensnared,
entangled.
^ broy'-lyd, pa. par. [Broiled.]
" Broylyd. Ustulatxia."— Prompt. Parv.
Bru'-^e-a, s. [INamed after James Bruce, the
Abyssinian traveller, who was born at Kin-
naird in Stirlingshire on December 14th, 1730 ;
was consul-general in Algiers from 1763 to
1765, travelled in Abyssinia from 1709 to the
end of 1770, and died at home on April 27th,
1794.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Xanthoxylaceee (Xonthoxyls). The gn-t^u
IvATta of Brucea Sumatra IK' are intensely bitter
B. antidysimterica contains a poisonous iirin-
ciple called Brucia (q. v. ). The bark of another
species is bitter, and has qualities like those
of Quassia Simarouha. B.ferruginm is from
Abyssinia, and with B. siimatrana, already
mentioned, has been introduced into British
hot-houses.
■■bruche(l), s. [Broche, Brooch.] (Morte
Arthure, 3,256.)
' bruche (2), o. [Breach.]
brik'-Chiis, 5. [FromLat. hruchus; Gr, ^povKos
(broukos) or ppoOxos {hionrluis) = e wingless
lucutit, whiuh the modern bruchus is not. J
Eiitom. : A genus of b^rtlcs belonging to the
section Tetramera, and tin- family Rliynco-
]iliora or Cnrculionidffi. TIil- aiitfuiut are
fourt(;eii-jointecl, and are iiliform, serrate, or
pectinated, not geniculated as in the more
jiormal CurculionidEC. It (.-ontains small
beetles which deposit their hivvni in the germs
of leguminous plants, and when hatched
devour their seed. Brurhus I'isi is destructive
to the garden-pea, but is nut conimou in
Britain. Several other s]iecies, as B. Loti, B.
Lathi/ri, &c., also occur in our country.
bru'-5ine, bru'-5i-a, s. [In Ger. brucin.
Xamed from the plant Bracua aiitUlyseiiterica,
from whicli it is derived.]
Cheui. : (C.22'H.2e^'2^h)- An alkaloid found
along with strychnine in nux vomlac, also in
false Angustura bark. Brucine is a tertiary
base ; it is more soluble in alcohol and water
than strychnine, and is less bitter and poison-
ous. It forms crystalline salts, and turns a
bright red colour when moistened with nitric
acid.
Bru'-5ite, s. [In Ger. brucit. Named after
Dr. Bruce of New York, editor of the New
Amerieaii Mineralogical Journal.']
Mineralogy :
1. A rhombohedral translucent or subtrans-
lueent sectile mineral, with broad, often
tubular crystals, foliated, massive, or fibrous,
with the fibres elastic. Hardness, 2 '5 ; sp.
gr., 2 '35 — 2-46. Lustre between waxy and
vitreous, but on a cleavjxge face pearly, and
on the fibrous variety silky ; colours white,
greyish, bluish, or greenish. Compos. : Mag-
nesia, 62-89— r70 ; oxide of iron, 0 — 5 '63 ; water,
o9-48_31-43^"&c. Found at Sumaness in Unst,
the most northern of the Shetland Isles, in
Sweden, in the Ural Mountains, and in North
America, Variety 1, foliated ; var. 2 (Nema-
lite), fibrous. (Dana. )
2. The same as Chondrodite.
briick'-it, u.. [Brooked.]
bruck'-le, a. [Brickle, Brittle.] (Scotch.)
(Scott: Waverley, ch. Ixvii.)
* brudt'-ly", a. [Eng. hruckl(e); and sufBx -i/.]
Brittle. (HalUwell : Contrib. to Lexlcog.)
Bruck'-ner-el-lite, s. [Named after the
chemist and mineralogist Briickner.]
Min. : A mineral sepai'ated from the yel-
lowish-brown "brown coal" of Gesterwitz.
It crystallizes iu white needles from an alco-
holic solution. Oompos. : Carbon, 62*61 ;
hydrogen, 956; oxygen, 27'83 = 100. (Dana.)
■^ brud, ' bruid, " brude, ;>. [Bird, Bride. ]
^'brud-ale, 3. [Bridal.]
* briid'-er-it, a. [From Scotch &rodir = a
brother.] [Brother, s.] Fraternised.
" Sen thay are bowit and hruderit in our land,"
Siege Edin. Castel. Poems, 16th Cent., p. 239.
'" brud'-er-maist, a. [From Scotch brodir
= brother, and inaist = most.] Most bro-
therly ; most affectionate. (Scotch.)
" Quhais faythful brLii.lerm.ni.if freiiid I am."
Dunbar: Maltland Poems, "p. 92.
'^ brud-gume, ;-■. [Bridegroom.]
brud'-y, tt. [Broody.] (Scotch.)
^ brue, c. [Bree.]
-^ brug, * brugge, «. [Bridge.] (WiUi/xm of
Palerne, 1,674^)
briigh, * brogh, * brock, * brougb,
burgh, s. [Burqh.] (Scotch.)
1. An encampment of a circular fonn.
2. The stronger kind of " Picts' houses,"
chiefly in the north of Scotland
"We viewed the FechtB' Brough, or little circular
fort." — NeiIVs Jour., p. 80.
3. A burgh. (Scotch.)
" In some bit biiigh to represent
A biiilie name?
Burns : Epistle to J. La2JraiJc
I. A halo round the sun or moon.
■' For she saw round about the moon
A inickle brough."
The Fantu-r's Ha', 28. [Jainieson.)
brug-man'-si-a, s. [Named after Professor
S. J. Brugmans, author of botanical works,
one of which was published in A.D. 17S;j.]
Bot. : A genus of jilants belonging to the
order Solan a '_•<_-■ li_- (Xiglitshades). Bri'gmansia
arhorea, or tht; Dowiiy-stiilked Brugmansia, is
a small evergreen tree abmit ten feet high,
with large corollas protruding from a spathe-
like calyx nearly four inches long. The
flowers are pale yellow outside and white
within. They ai-e so fragrant that one tree
will perfume the air of a lai-ge garden. The
tree grows in Chili.
bru-gui-e'-ra, ?. [From Brnguiere, a Frencb
botanist.]
Bot. : A genus of RliizophoraceaB (Man-
groves). It consists of trees, natives of the
East Indies, the wood of which i^i used as an
astringent, as also for dyeing black. (Treas.
of Bot.)
* bruick, u.i. [Bruik, Brook.]
^ bruick, * bruik, s. [Icel. hnOc = a tumour.]
Akindof buil. (Svtrh.)
" Brukis, bylis, blobbis, and blisteris."
ItoulVs Otvrsing, (jl. Co^npl., p. 330.
"To heal bruick, byle, or blister."
Polwart: Flytlng. Watsons Coll., lii. IL
* bruik, * bruick, v.t. [Brook, v.] (Scotch.)
bruil'-zie (:: silent), „. [Beulyie.]
bru'-in, s. [The name of the bear in the
notable beast epic of the Middle Ages, termed
Eeineke- Fiichs (Reijnard the Foj^. (Trench:
English Past and Present, p. 61.) Brain the
animal was from Dut. bruin = brown, imply-
ing that the animal was of that colour.]
[Brown.] A familiar name given to a bear.
" Mean-while th' approach'd the place where Bruin
Was now engag'u tu mortal ruin."
Culler. S udibr us, I., u.lSl-%
bruise, ' broos-en, ^ broy-sen, * bre-
sen, " brl-sen, v.t. [From O. Fr. hrusscr,
hrussicr, bruser, brlser = to break, to shiver ;
Mod. Fr. briber; A.S. hnjsan = to crush.]
(1) To crush, indent, or discoloiu' by the
blow of something blunt and heavy.
" Fellows in arms, and my most loving friends.
Bruised underneath the yoke of tyranny."
Hhakesp.: Ilicjiard III., v. 3. ',
(2) To beat into pieces, to grind down.
" Ah if old chaos heav'n with earth confus'd,
And 3tai-3 with rocks together crush'd and bruis'd."
Waller.
To iruise along : To ride recklessly ^^thout
regard to damage to fences or crops, or sparing
one's horse. [N.E.D.)
bruise, s. [From bruise, v. (q.v.). In Ger.
hrausche.]
1. The act of bruising.
" One ai-ra'd with metal, tli' other with wood.
This fit for bruise, and that for blood."
ffudibras.
2. A contusion, an injury to, and discoloura-
tion on the body of a sentient being by the
blow of something blunt and heavy.
(1) I.iteralhj :
"... the sovereigii'st thing on eartli
Was parmaceti for an inward bruise"
Shakesp.: 1 Hen. ir., i. a
(2) Figuratively :
" To bind the bruises of a civil war."
Dryden.
bruised, pa. par. & a. [Bruise, v.t]
" With bruised arms and wreaths of victory."
Shakesp : Tarquln and Laorece.
brui'-§er, s. [Eng. briii3(e); -er.}
I. Ordinary Langiiage :
1, Of persons : One who bruises. Spec, a
pugilist. (Vulgar.)
"Be all the bruisers cuU'd from all ^t. Giles'."
Byron: Th-:: Cur^c of Minerva.
2. Of things: That whicli bruises or crushes.
II. Aviong Opticians: A concave tool used
in grinding lenses or the speculums of tele-
scopes.
brui§e'-w6rt, ' brui^e'-worte, ^ brAse-
wort, * bris'-wort, * br6oze'-w6rt, s
[Eng. bruise, and -wort] Various plants —
1. The Common Conifrey (Symphytum offici-
tude.) (Cockayne.)
2. The Daisy (JJdIis perennis.)
" The leaves stanmetl taketh away bruises and
swellintts if they be Inule theveun. whereupon it waa
called ill olde timt- On</Mi:wurl'j."—(icraid':: JJcrbal,
p. 512.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Sy-rian. se, oe == e. ey = a. qn — kw.
bruising— brnny
721
3. The Coiniuon Soapwort {Saponaria offici-
nolis), (Britten & HvUaad.)
briii^'-mg, /';■. pa., a., & .?. [Brtjise, ■y.^]
A. lV B, As present parliciple & partirlpial
adjc'iivu: In senses covrespoiiding to those of
the verb.
" They beat their breasts with mnny a. bruising Vlow."
Dry den.
C As siibstantivc:
I. Ord. Lung. : Tlie act, operation, or pro-
cess 'jf in.iai'iii'^c and discolouring the skin of
a sputieiit Ih'ihl:, or of crushing an inani-
mate body to ]>(>\vder, by a blow from a heavy
anil blunt mstiunient ; tlie state of being so
brniseil.
II. Leather vuinitfacture : The act of extend-
ing and nibbing on the grain-side of curried
leather after it has been daubed, dried,
grained, and rubbed with a crippler.
bruising-machine, s.
Agric. : A machine for bruising rough feed
to make it muris palatable and digestible for
stock.
bruising-mill, ^
Milling: A hand-mill in which grain for
feed, malt for brewing, and flax-seed for press-
ing, are coarsely ground.
bruisk, c [Brisk, Brusque.] (Scotch.)
bruit, ' brute, .=:. [Fr. bruit — noise, dis-
turbance, . . rumour, fame; Prov. briut,
hrluda; Sp. & Port, niido; Ital. bruito; Low
Lat. brugttus ; Arm. brUd ; cf. Vie}, briul =
chronicle, surmise, conjecture ; broth, brwth
= stir, tumult ; Gael. br2iidhneach = talka-
tive, babbling, locpiacious, broighleadh =
bustle, confusion.]
I. Ord. Lang. :
■'I. Noise, tumult.
" Than aioos soche brut and soche noyse."
Merlin, iii. 5(4.
t 2. Rumour, report.
" A bruit ran from one to the other that the king was
Bla.in."—Sid^ie!/.
"Upon some bruits he apprehended a feai-, . . ,' —
Sai/ward.
" And therefore being infonn'd by bruit
That Dog and Bear are at diapute."
liutler : Budibras, 1. i. 721-2.
IL Med. : The name given to various mur-
murs or sounds luard during auscultation,
sucli as cardiac bntit, placental bruit.
bruit, v.t. [From bmll, s.(q.v.). In Fr. hrnire
= to roar, rattle, or peal ; ehndter = to make
public ; Prov. brugir, hnizlr ; Ital, bruire =
to bustle, to rumble ; Low Lat. bmgire = to
rustle, roar, or rattle. Skeat suggests also
Gr. ^pvx<ioiiat (bruchaoyiai) = to roar.] To
runiOLii-, to rejiort, to noise abroad.
"... and thy wild name
"Was ne'er more bruifed in men's miads than now."
Byron ChiUlc Harold, ill. 37.
bruit'-ed, pa. var. & a. [Bruit, v.t.]
hrviit'-ih.g, pr. par. [Bruit, v.t.]
^briik, * bruken, v. [Brook, y.]
' bruk, * bruke, s. [Lat. bruchns; Gr.
^pouxos (brouchos) ; Ital. bruco.] A locust.
"As is bruk in his kyiide, that is the kyude of locust
or it haue v/enses."~Wlckliffe : Lev. xL 22.
* bru'-ket, * bru -kit, cc. [Brooked (2).]
* bru-kil, * bru-kill. * brii -kyl, * bro -
kyll, * brok'-lie, a. [Brickle, Brittle.]
* briik'-il-nesse, " bruk'-le-nesse.
* brok'-il-ness, s. [Brickleness, Brittle-
NESS. ]
brul'-ye, brul'-yie, brul'-zie (z silent),
s. [From Fr. ftrmtU/cr = to mix confusedly;
66 brouiller ■= to grow dark, ... to quarrel.]
A brawl, broil, fray, or quaiTel. (Scotch.)
"... like a proper lad of his quarter's that wiU not
«ry bai'ley in a brulzie."— Scott : H'avcrlei/, ch. ±10.
* brul'-ye, "^brul-yie, r.t. [From Fr. bruhr
= to burn.] Broiled, scorched.
" Within with fyre, that thame sa hrnlyeit."
Barbour: The Bruce, \y . \S1.
briil'-yie-ment, bruil-lie-ment, s. [From
Scotch bi-ulyie, and Eng. suff. -ment.]
1. The same as Brulyie (q.v.).
"And quat their bruJi/iement at anea."
Ramsay : Poe>ns, i. 260.
t 2. A battle.
" All hundred at this bruUU'-emcnt were killed."
Hamilton: Wallace, p. 45.
brul'-zie, s. [Brl-lyie.] (Scotch.)
Bru-mai're, s. [Fr. Bnunalre; fvoin bruina
, =the winter solstice.] The name adopted
in October, 1793. by the French Convention
for the second month of the republican year.
It extended from October 23rd to the 24th
November, and wa.s the seconti autumnal
month.
t bru'-mal, f. [In Fr. bmmal; Ital. brumale ;
from Lat. brumalis = pertaining to the winter
solstice; irom brnma.] [Brume.] Pertain-
ing to winter ; winterly.
"About the brtimat solstice, . . . ' — Browne : Vulgar
Errors, bk. iii., eh. x.
t brume, 5. [From Fi-. ?jrurtic = mist, fog;
Sp. & Port, bi'uma— a fog at sea ; Ital. brvvia
= winter ; Lat. bruma = (1) the shortest day
in the year, (2) the winter.] Mist, fog, vapour.
(Longfellow .)
Brum'-ma-gem, s. & a. [The word Birming-
ham altered. ]
A. -1.5 suhst. . An imitation or counterfeit
article.
B. A > (ulj. Of goods : Imita.tion, counter-
feit.
t briin, s. [Burn.] (Scotch.) A small brook.
' brun, brune, --'. [Brown.]
bru'-nel, s. [Frnm Mod. Lat. brnndla, pru-
nella.] [Prunella.] (Britten & Holland.)
^- bru'-nen, v. t. [Prom O. Eng. brv n -
[Brown.] To berunie brown.
brown.]
bru-net'te, "* bur'-nette, s. [Fi-. brumU<\
from ?;/•»*(. = brown.] A girl or woman of a
brown complexion.
" Your fair women therefore thought of this fashion,
to insult the olives and tlie brunettes."— Addison.
Brun-hil'-da, s. In the NlbelungaiUoK th.-
Queen of leelaud and wife of GuntliL-r, King
of Burgundy.
Astroii. : An asteroid, the 123rd fouiul It
was dis(-'<)\-ert;d by Peters on July 31st, 1x7 1'.
Bru'n-i-a, 0=. [Named after Cornelius Bruu, a
traveller 'in the Levant and Russia about tljr
end of the eighteenth and the beginning ni'
the nineteenth century.]
Bat. : A genus of plants, the typical one of
the order Bruniaceie (Bruniads). The sjie< les
are small, pretty, evergreen, heath-like sliruhs
or under-shrubs from the Cape of Good li^iw.
brun-i-a'-9e-se, ^'. pi. [From Jiod. Lat.
^;(()iia(q.v). ; and fern. plur. atlj. suff. -acca.'.]
Bot. : An order of plants classed by Lindley
under liis 55th, or Umbellal Alliance. They
liave a five-eleft calyx, five petals, five stamina,
inferior fruit, two or one-celled, with seeds
solitary or in pairs. Leaves small, imbricateil ,
rigid. A] ipearance heath-like. Nearly all from
the Cape of Good Hope. In 1847 sixty-fi\L-
were known. (Lindley.) [Brunia.]
^brun'-ied, a. [From bniny ; -ed.] Clotlni'd
with a coat of mail, protected against attack.
briin'-i-on, s. [From Fr. brugnon ; Ital.
brugna, p'rugna.] [Prune.]
Hart. : A nectarine, a novel variety of the
peach fruit.
Brun'-ner's gland^, 5. pi. [See def.l
Physiol. : Small compound glands in the
sub-mucous tissue of the duodenum and the
upper part of the jejunum, opening mtu tlie
lumen of the intestine. Named from the dis-
coverer. J. K. Brunner (1053-1727).
bru-no'-ni-a, s. [Named after Robt. Brown,
the celebrated botanist, who was born at
Montrose in 1773, and died in London in 185S,
Bot. : The typical genus of the order Bru-
noniacete (q.v.). The species are scabious-
looking blue-flowered Australian herbs.
bru-no-ni-a -9e-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat.
brunonia (q.v.) ; and fem. plur. adj. suffix
-acece.]
Bot. : Brunoniads, an order of plants placed
by Dr. Lindley under his 48th or Echial
Alliance. The ovary is ^superior and one-
celled, with a single erect ovule. The fruit is
a membranous utricle. The leaves are radical
and entii'e, the flowers are blue ; they are col-
lected in heads surrounded by enlarged bracts.
bru-no'-ni-ads, &. pi [From Jlod. Lat.
bntnonia (q.v.) ; and plur. suffix -ads.]
Bot. : The English name given by Lindley to
the order Brnhoniacea: (q.v.).
bru-no-ni-an, a. [Named after Dr. John
Brown, who was bom at Dunsfi in 1735, and
died iu London in 1788.] Pertaining to or
emanating from the person mentioned in the
etymology.
Brunonian theory.
Med. : A theory or rather hypothesis, ac-
cording to which tlie living system was re-
garded as an organised machine endowed with
excitability, kept up by a variety of external
ur internal stimuli, tliat excitability consti-
tuting life. Diseases were di\ided into sthenic
or asthenic, the former from aceunudated
and the latter from exhausted excitability.
[Sthenic, Asthenic] Darwin, author of the
Zoonomia, adopted the theory with enthusi-
asm, and Rasori introduced it into Italy,
where it flourished for a time, and then had
to be abandoned, as it ultimately was every-
where.
Bruns-fel'-§i-a, s. [Named after Otho
Brunsfels <if :\ffntz, who in 1530 published
figures of plants.]
r.nt. : A genus of plants belonging to the
oidrr Sohniaceee or Nightshades. The species
an- li;uidsome tropical shrubs, with neat foliage
and show'}- white or purple flowers. They
come from the West Indies.
* bruU'Stone, * brun'-ston, * brun'-
stoon (0. Eng.), brun'-stane (Scotch), s. &
a. Brimstone, sulphur. [Brimstone,]
brunstane-match, s. A match dipped
in stdplmr. (Srutch.)
'" brun'-ston-y, o. [Brunston.] Of or re-
sembling brimstone.
"Theithat snten on hem hadden fyry haberiouns,
,ind iacynctines and brunslony." — Wickliffe : Apoc. ix.
17.
Brun§'-wick, a-, & a. [See def,]
A. -Is sahst. : A city and duchy in Ger-
many.
B. As adj. : Pertaining t6 this city or
duchy.
Brunswick-black, s. A composition of
lampblack and turpeiitiue, used for imparting
a jet black appearance to iron articles.
Brunswick-green, s. [Eng. Brunsvucl-,
and j/ni-ii. In Ger. Br-mnsehweiger-griin. So
called because it was first made in Brunswick
by Gravenhorst.] A green pigment, prepared
by exposing copper turnings to the action of
hydrochloric acid in the open air. It is a
pale bluish green, insoluble, cupric oxy-
chlo'ride, CuCl3-3CuO-4H20.
" briin'-swyne, s. [O, Eng. 6ru!i. = brown;
and swyne = swine.] A porpoise.
" lirnnswyne. or delfyne. Foca, delphinu^, auUlus,
G&fii."— Prompt. Par v.
brunt, s. [Icel. bruna = to advance with the
heat of fire ; bremia = to burn.]
1. A violent attack, a furious onset,
"Brunt. Insultus, impetxis." — Prompt. Parv.
•; Now only used in the phrases : the brunt
of the battle = the heat of the battle, the
place where it burns most fiercely ; and the
brunt of the onset or atti'ck.
" These troops had to bear the firet brunt of the
onset." — Mucaulay : Hist. Eng., ch, xix.
■ 2. -V blow, attack. (Lit. djig.)
" And heavy brujit of cannon-hall."
Hadihras, pt. i., c. 2.
" Thy soul as ample as thy hounds are small,
Eudurest the brunt, and darest defy them all."'
C'oioper.- Expostulation,
1 3. A contact or conflict with.
"Our first brunt with some real affair of common
life."— ysiKtc Taylor.
"brunt, ' brun-tun, v.i. [Brunt, s.] To
make a violent attack, to rush upon.
'■ /:>'ii)ifi'<7, or make a soden stertynge (burtyn. P.)
Insilio, C^ith." —Prompt. Parv.
brunt, pret. of c, pa. par., & a. [Burn,
Burnt.] Sci-itcli for did burn, burnt.
' bru-ny, * bruni, " brunie, ^ brenle,
" breni, " brini, * bume, s, [Birnie.] a
corslet, a brea-stidate.
" He watz dispoyled of his bru/ny."
Gaw. .t- Green Knight, 860.
boil, b^; pout, jo^l; cat, 9011, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f,
-eian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tlon, -sion = zhiln. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -le, &c. = bel, eL
4^
722
briird— brustling
* bnird (1), s. [Brood.]
* brurd (2), s. [Brerd.]
* bnird-ful, a. [Brerdful.]
^ brus» V. [Brusch.]
* brus, s. [From 0. Scotch brns, hntscfi (q.v.).]
Force, impetus.
" And with his brus aud fard of -Aatir broun.
The dykj's and the schorys betia doiui."
Doiiff. : Virgil, 5.'., 34.
* brusch, " brus, v.t & i. [From Ir. & Gael,
hris = to break, or from Eng. bruise (q. v.).]
A. Trans, (of the forms brusch and brus) ;
To force open, to press up,
" Wpe he stwrly bruschyd the dure,
And laid it flatlyugia in the fliiie,"
Wyntoun, v. 9.'J.
B. Intrans. (of the form bmsnh) : To burst
forth, to rush, to issue witli violence.
*' The iiow cauerne of his wounde aiie fliide
Furth bruschU of the blaknit dedely blude."
Voug. : nrgil, 303, 10.
* brusch-alle, * brush-a-Iy, s. [Fr.
6ro?tssaii^ = brushwood.] [Brukh, s,] Brush-
wood.
*' BntachalJe [bntshaly, K.) f^armentiiin, Cath. ra-
•mentutn, Uff. in rado, ranui7i,a, arbastum." — Prompt.
Parv.
* bruse, V. & s. [Beuise.]
" That, through the brases of his former light,
' ' wreaice hi.s old deaj ' '
Upcnser : F. Q., I
He now unable waa to wrealce hi.s old deaiiight."
" " 'V. i. 39.
bruse, bruise, 6-. [Broose.] (.Scrj^c/i.)
1[ To ride the bntsc :
1. To run a rare on liorsebac-k at a wedding.
2. To strive, to contend in anything.
* bru§e'-wdrt, .-. [Bruisewort.]
brush (1), * brusche, '' brusshe, s. [O. Fr.
broce, hioche, hrosse = bruslnvood ; Low Lat.
irustia, hrvscia = underwood, a thicket.
Compare M. H. Ger. hroz = a bud ; Fr. hrmis-
sailles = brushwood.]
I, Ordi)iary Langziage :
1. Literally :
■*(1) Brushwood, underwood.
(2) An instrument for cleaning elothes, &c.,
by sweeping up or away particles of dirt, dust,
&c. Probably from the original implements
having been made of twigs or brooms.
" Wyped it with a brusslie." — Langlaiul: Piers
Plow,, bk. xiii., -Jijii.
(3) The pencils used by j)aintei'S.
" Aiirists, attend— your brtishes aud your paint —
Pioduce thein— take a chair— now draw a saint."
Cawper: Truth.
T[ To gie a brush at any kind of work, to
assist by working violently for a short time.
(Scotch.)
2. Figvrativchj :
* (1) An attack, assault.
" And teinpt not yet the brttsJies of the w.ir."
tihokcsp. ." Trail, and Creag,, v. 3.
(2) A slight skirmisli.
" He might, methinks. have stood one brtisJi with
them, and have yielded when there liatl )>een nu
remedy."— Bun^K)* ; P. P., pt. i.
II. Technically : Tlie bushy tail of a fox.
"As if he were a hunted fox, beginning to drooi)
his brush." — ifacnnillan's Mag., Aug., 1862, p. 28U-
^ Olivious compound ; Brnsh-maker.
brush-apple, «. The name given in
( Australia to Achras australis. (Treas. of But.)
brush-cherry, s. The name given in
Australia to TrodwcoriM laurina. (Trecis. of
Bot.)
brush-hat, s. a hat in which the surface
is continually brushed by ' a hand-brush
during tlie ]trocess of sizing, so as to bring a
nap to the smfaue.
brush-puller, s.
Agric. : A luacliine for pulling up brush-
wood by the roots.
brush-scythe, s. A long-handled bill
for cutting hedges, brushwood, kc.
brush-shaped, a.
1. CoiTesponding to Lat. mufircfrlforuus :
Shaped like a lirush— slender, and tenninated
by a tuft of long hair. Example, the style or
stigma of numerous coni}io.site plants.
2. Corresponding to Lat. aspergilliformls.
tASPERGILLirOKM.]
brush-turkey, i.
Orniih. : A large gregarious species of bird,
Talhgalla Lathami. It is an inhabitant of
Australia. It makes its iipst in large mounds
of brushwood, &c., which it collects, and from
which it takt'S its name.
brush wattle-bird, s. Tlie "Wattled
Honey-eater, Anthochwra caruaculati', one of
the Meliphaginae. It is from Australia.
brush-wheels, s. pi
1. Toothless wheels used in light machiuerj-
for driving other wheels by the contact of
anything bnishlike or soft, as bristles, cloth,
&e., with which the circumferences are
covered.
2. Revohing brushes used by turners,
lapidaries, silversmiths, &c., for polishing.
^ brush (2), s. [Breeze (2), s.] A locust.
(Wickliffr : It:a, xxxiii. 4,)
briish, '"'brusche, v.t. & i. [Brush, s.]
A. Transitive :
I. Lltn-ally:
1. To sweep or remove dust or dirt from
anytliing by means of a brush.
"Tlie i-obea to kepe well, and also to brnsche them
clenly. "—llabees /Sook{ed. Fiu'nivall), p. 180.
"He brushes his hat o' morning." — Shakvsp. : Much
Ado. iii. 2.
2. To remove with a light touch as with a
brush ; to sweep off.
3. To touch lightly or quickly, as in passing.
" High o'er the billows flew the massy load.
And near the ship came thuud'riug on the flood.
It almost brush'd the helm." Pojn:
^ J:. To paint or make clean, as with a brush ;
to decorate, renovate.
" I have done my beat to brush you up like youi-
1 1 ei gh boms . ' ' — Po pe .
II. Figuratively :
1. To set in motion or move as a brush ; to
cause to pass lightly.
"A thousand nights have brush'd their balmy wings
Over these eyes." Drj/den.
^ To brush iip or brush down : To tidy,
make neat and clean. To brush aside : To
remove from one's way. To brush aimy : To
remove.
" A lo.id too heavy for his soul to move.
Was ux>ward blown Ijelovv, and brush'd away by love."
Dryuen: Cymon and Iphigenia, 228, 229.
2. To thrash, beat.
". . . and yet, notwithstanding, they had their
coatssouQdly brushed by th.iiui."—Dunyan : P. P., pt. i.
B. Intransitive :
1, To move quickly by touching, or almost
touching, something in passing. (Generally
with the prep, or adv. by.)
" Nor took him down, but brusJi'd regardless by."
Dryden,
2. To pass lightly over, to skim.
" And brushing o'er, adds motion to the pool."
Drydo).
% To brush along: To succeed, fare (col-
loquial). To brush against : To touch, or come
in contact witli lightly.
brush-a-ly, ». [Bruschalle.]
brushed, pa. par. & a. [Brush, v.]
brush'-er, s. [Eng. brush ;-er.] One who
uses a brush.
"■ briish'-i-ness, s. [Eng. hnishy ; -ness.] The
quality of being brushy ; roughness.
" Considering the briuihiness and angulosity of the
parts of the air."—/?. More: Jmmort. of the tioul. b.
iii., Ax. 31.
briish'-ing, jrr. par., a., & s. [Brush, v.]
A. & B. As pr. 2^a,r. & partirip. adj. : In
senses corresponding t© those of the verb.
C. As subst. : The act of removing dirt or
dust by means of a brush.
brushing-machlne, $.
1. Hut-making : A machine for brushing
hats, to remove the dust after i:iouni'ing, or to
lay tlie nnp smoothly.
2. JVoolkii inanufucfvre : A machine used
to lay the nap on cloth before slicaring. It
has a cylinder covered with brushe.-;.
3. Flo. V man V fact (ire : A machine for scutch-
ing flax, in wliich the beaters are superseded
by stift' brushes of whalebone.
brush'-ite, s. [X;imed after Prof. G. J.
Brush, suffix -ite (Min.) (q.v.) ]
Min. : A monoclinic transparent or translu-
cent mineral, on some faces of its crystals
pearly, on others vitreous, and on others,
splendent. Hardness. •2—2-r} ; i5p. gr., 2'20S.
It is colourless to pale yellowish. Compos. :
Phosphoric acid, 39-95--41o0 ; lime, 3211—
3273 ; water, 25*05 — ■2(i'3;3, &c. It is found
among the rock guano of Aves Island and
Sombrero in the Carilibean Sea. (Dana.)
brush'-like, a. [Eng. brush ; like.'] Like a
brush.
brush'-WOOd, s. &a. [Eng. brush, and wood.\
[Bru.sh, s.]
A. As substantive :
1. Brush, underwood, low, scrubby thickets.
" The bruxhwood of the mountain of Summa wa&
800U in a fl;inie." — //ersvhcl : Pop. Lfcfurex, p. 27.
2. Small branches cut for tirewood, &c.
" Her scanty stock of briwhwood, blazing clear."
Coioper . The Task, Jik.iv.
* B. As adjective : Rotten, useless.
"What safety from such brushwood helps as these?"
JJrydt-n : Haliglo Laid.
t brush'-^, «. [Eng. brush ; -y.] Resemblingr
a brush ; rough, shaggy. (Boyle.)
"■' brus-it, jif. p)ar. [Low Lat. brvsdns, hntst-
us =. ornamented with needle-work.]
" With uedil werk brusit riche and fyue."
Doug. : Virgil, 298, 13.
"^ brusk, a. [Brusque.]
brusque (pron. brusk), a. [Fr. briisqve =
rude ; Ital. bruscu —■ siiarp, sour.] Roughs
rude, blunt, unceremonious.
"The si>eech verged on nuleness.butit was delivereii*
with a brusque openness th,it implied the absence ol
any jjersonal intention. " — u. Eliot: Felix Holt, ^. ei.
brusque -ness, * brilsk'-ness, s. [Eng.
brush, brusque; -ness.] The quality of being.'
brusque ; bluntness of manner.
*brussch-et, s. [Dimin. of brush (q.y.). C£
Fr. hrusc = buteher's-brooin.J A thicket,
underwood.
" And ill that ilke bmsschct . . ."
tiir Ferumbrus (ed. Herrtage), p. a4., 1. 800.
Briis'-sel^, s. [The capital of Belgium.]
Brussels-carpet, s. [Carpet.]
Brussels-lace, s. A kind of lace made
originally at Brussels.
"No, let a clijirming chinti, aud Brussels lace."
Pope : Mor. Ens. , Ep. u
Brussels-}wint : Brussels-lace with the net
work made by the pillow and bobbins.
Brussels-ground: Brussels-lace with a hex-
agonal mesh, formed by plaiting and twisting
four Haxeu threads to a perpendicular line ol
mesh.
Brussels wire-ground : Brussels-lace of silk
witli the meshes i)artly straight and partly
arched.
Brussels-sprouts, s. pi. The small
sprouts iir heads, each a perfect cabbage in
miniature, springing from the stalks of a
species of cabbage. They were originally in-
troduced into England from Belgium.
* brust, * brusten, inf. & pret. of v., pa. par.^
& a. [Burst.]
" Low i' the dust.
An' screechin' out prosaii: verse,
An' like U) brnst t"
Burns : Fariwst Cry a lul Prayer-
" Eftsoones shee grew to great impatience,
And into teriues of open outiTige brust."
Spenser: F. Q., III. i. 48.
* brust (1), s. [Breast.]
* brust (2), .'^. [A.S. hyrst = loss ; O. H. Ger.
&*»s/ = fracture.] Damage, defect. (J^ayo.-
tnon, 1,610.)
'' brus-tel, * brus~tle, - brus-tyl, ^ brus-
tylle, y. [Bristle, s.] A bristle.
" Bru^tyl of a swyne, K. P. Seta."— Prompt. Parv.
^briis'-tle, ' brus-tel, r.i. [A.S. brastlian.l
[Brestle.]
1. To make a crackling noise ; to crackle,
" He writeth with a slepy noise.
And britsfle'h jis a monkes poise,
Wliaii it is tluowe into the pauiie."
Gowcr : C.A., iL 03,
2. To rise up against one fiercely ; to bustle,
" I'll brustle np to hiin,"
Otviay : The Atli^ist. lOSi.
briist'-ling, pr. par., u., & ."i [Brustle, r.\
A. & B. As pr. jjar. & jKirlicip. adj. : In
senses corresponding to tlinse of the verb.
fate, fa.t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p6t^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son: mute, cul>, ciirs, unite, cur, rule, fiiU; try. Syrian. C3. oe = s, ey = a. qu = S£W,
brusur— brybe
723
C As subst. : The act of making a crackling
noise ; a crackling, rustling.
* brusur, * brusure, s. [Brisure.] a frac-
ture, a breaking of anything.
*brut, vA. [Fr. hrouter ; O. Fr. hrouster.]
[Browze.] To browze, graze. {Evelyn.)
*bru'-ta, s. [Lat. Iruta, n. pi. of adj. brutus
= 0) heavy, unwieldy; (2) dull, stupid, also
irrational.
Zool. : Linnseus's name for the second of his
seven ordei-s of the class Mammalia. He in-
cludes under it the genera Elephas, Triche-
chus, Bradypus, Mynnecophaga, Manis, and
Dasypus. In some classifications still used
(IS a synonym of Edentata.
* bru-tag, * bre-tage, s. [Fr. breteehe.^
A parapet of a wall, a rampart.
" Trwe tulkkes in toures teiieled wyth-iniie.
lu bigge bnitage of borde, bulde on tbe wallea."
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems (ed. Monia) ; Cleanness, 1,189-90.
bru'-tal, * bru'-tall, a. [In Dan., Ger., Fr.
and Port, 'brutal; 8p. lyi-iital; Ital. hrutale =
fierce ; all from Lat. brutus.'] [Bruta.]
1. Lit. : Pertaining to the inferior animals.
"To me BO friendly grown above the rest
Of brutal kind . , ."—Milton: P. L., bk. ix.
2. Figuratively :
(1) Of persons : Having a disposition like
that of the inferior animals.
(a) Gen. : In the foregoing sense.
(&) Spec: Fierce, cruel. [Brutality.]
" By brutal Mftriua and keen Sylla first."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. iiL
(2) Of ckaracter, action, or conduct : Charac-
teristic, or which might have been expected
from brutes rather than from men ; resulting
from ungovemed passion or appetite.
(3) Of the manners : Uni'efined.
" His brutal tnnuiieis from his breast exil'd."
Dryden : Cyinon and Iphigenia, 218-19.
" See how the hall with brutal riot flows."
Thomson : Liberty, pt. v. 160.
bru'-tal-i^e, v.t. [Brutalize.]
tbrii-tal-ism, s. [Eug^jnital: -ism.] Bru-
tality. ^
"From the lowest brutalism to the present degree
01 Civihz&tioji.'— Quarterly Review, kIv. 439.
bru-t^l'-i-tjr, s. [From Fr. hi-ntalitL In Dan.
brutalitet; Ger. brutalitdt ; Sp. bi-utalidad;
Port, brutalidade; Ital. bi-utalitd.]
1. The state of living like the lower animals.
"To sink it [human nature] lutothe condition of
orutality."— Addison : Spectator, No. 166.
* 2, Irrationality, lack of intelligence.
"If ye will not maintain schools and universities,
ye shall have a brutality."— Latimer : Sermon before
Edward VJ. {Jf.E.D.)
3. Animal nature, sensualitj'.
"The heavy brutality ... of the court of Lewis
XV. —John Morley : Voltaire (ed. 1886), p. 46.
i. Inhumanity, cruelty like that of the
brutes.
"Inhuman, hellish bi-utality,"—D^foe : Jiobinson
Crusoe (ed, 1870), p, 8a.
5. A savagely cruel action.
" The brutalUiea that were every day enacted.' —
John Morley : Diderot, 11. 228.
t bru-tai-i-za'-tion, bru-t&l-i-^a'-tion,
s. [Eng. bmtaliz{e) ; -ation.} The act of
making brutal ; the state of being made brutal.
bru'-tal-ize, brii-tal-i§e, v.t. & i. [Eng.
brutal; -ize; Fr. &ni(a;isej-= to treat brutally.]
A. Trans. : To render brutal.
" Strange ! that a creatnre rational, and cast
In human mould, should bratalise by choice
His nature." Cowper : The Task, bk. i.
B. Intrans. : To become brutal
"... he mixed, in a kind of transport, with his
countrymen, brutalized with them in their habit and
manners."— vl (Wiflon.
bru'-tal-ized, bru'-tal-ised, pa. par. or a.
[Brutalize.]
bru'-tal-iz-ing, bru-tal-ia-mg,2»'. par.,
a., & s. [Brutalize.]
A. & B. As pr. par. &• partidp. adj. : (See
the verb.)
C. As substantive : BrutaUzation.
bru'-tal-ly, adv. [Eug. brutal; -ly.] In a
brutaf manner ; cruelly or indecently, as a
brute rather than a man might be expected to
do.
"Mrs. Bull aimed a knife at John, though John
threw a bottle at her head, very brutally indeed," —
Arbvthnot.
brute, a. &s. [Fr. &rM((m.)and5n(/e(f.)(adj.),
and brute (s.) ; Prov. brut; Sp., Port., & lla.1.
bruio ; Lat. brutus = (1) heavy, unwieldy, im-
movable, (2) dull, stupid J
A* As adjective :
1. Literally :
(1) Inanimate, unconscious.
"... not the sons of &rw(e earth, . . .'—Bentley.
(2) Pertaining to the inferior animals ; irra-
tional.
"... which exalts
The brute creation to this flner thought."
Thomson: Seasons; Spring,
2. Fig. : Bestial ; resembling the inferior
animals, or some of them.
(1) In violence or cruelty.
" Srute violence, and proud tyrannick pow'r."
MiUon.
(2) In inability to appreciate the higher
emotions ; unpolished.
" One whose brute feeling ne'er aspires
Beyond his own more brute desires."
Scott: Marmion, li. 22.
B. As s^ibstantive :
1. Lit. : Any one of the inferior animals.
" Made nothing but a brute the slave of sense,"
Cowper : Progress of Error.
2. Figuratively :
(1) A man of coarse character, or deficient
in sense or culture ; an ignoramus.
"And get the brutes the power themsels.
To choose their herds."
Bums : The Twa Berds.
" While brawny brutes in stupid wonder stare."
Byron: T/ie Curse (if Minerva.
(2) The brutal part of the nature.
"Again exalt the lyrute and sink the man."
Bums : Sta/mas. ^TJ^e Prospect of Death.)
1 Compound of obvious signification :
Brute-like,
■' brute, s. [Bruit.]
'* brute, v.t. [Bruit, v.]
"This, onoe bruted through the army, filled them
all with heaviness."— inoHes.
'^ bru-tel, a. [Brittle.]
^' bru-tel-nesse, s. [Brittleness.]
* bru'te-ly, adv. [Eng. brute; -ly.] Violently,
like a brute ; rudely, impetuously. (Milton.)
"* bru-ten, v.t. [From A.S. l»-ytan = to break,
breotan = to bruise, to break ; Sw. bryta ;
Dan. bryde.] To break to pieces.
"... setteu al on fure
And do bruten alle the bnrnes, that )x now ther-inne."
William of Paleme, 8,759-60.
" brii'te-lieSS, a. [Eng. brute; -?ie55.] Bru-
tality.
" Thou dotard vile.
That with thy bratene&a shendst thy comely age."
Spenser: F. Q., II. viii. 12.
brii-ti-f i-ca'-tion, s. [Brutify.]
1. The act or process of brutifying.
2. Brutal or degraded condition. (N.E.D.)
t brut'-i-fy, v.t. [Lat. brutus ; i connective ;
and facto = to make.] To make brutal.
"Hopeless slavery efiectually brutifies the Intellect."
—J. S. Mm : PolU. Econ. (ed. 1846), voL t, bk. it, ch.
v., §2, p. 295.
* bru-til, u. [Brittle.]
bru't-ish, a. [Eug. brut{e); -ish.}
1. Pertaining to the inferior animals; animal,
bestial.
" Osiris. ThIb, Orua, and their train,
With monstrous shai^es and sorceries abus'd
Fauatick Efeypt, and her priests to seek
Their wand'ring gods disguis'd in brutish forms.*"
MiUon : P. L.
2. Resembling some, or the generality of
the inferior animals ; manifesting animal
rather than distinctively human character-
istics.
(1) In a coarse organisation leading to cntelty
or inhumanity : Rough, brutal, ferocious,
cruel, inhuman.
"Brutes, and brutish men, are commonly more able
to bear paiju than others. "—Grew.
(2) In ilie undue or unseasonable indulgence
of the appetites: Gross, carnal, indecent in
conduct.
" As sensual as tbe brutish sting itself."
Shaliesp. : As you Like it, ii. 7.
*'. . . he staggers to his table again, and there acts
over the same brutish BcenB."— South.
(3) In dullness or stupidity : Dull, stupid.
" Everyman Isbrutish in his knowledge." — Jer. r. It.
(4) In absence of knowledge or refinetnent:
Ignorant, uncivilised.
"They were not so brutish, that they could be ig-
norant to oaU upon the name of God."— Zfoofter.
t brut'-isll-ly, affv. [Bug. brutish ; -ly.] In a
brutish manner, after the manner of a brute
rather than a man, with cruelty, indecency,
stupidity, or brutal ignorance.
" . . . , and afterwards are carried brutisJUy into alt
palpable impiety."— ^p. Ball: Cont. Golden Oalf.
t brut'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. brutish ; -jicss.]
The quality of being brutal, resemblance to
the inferior animals in some marked respects ;
animality, brutality, savageness.
"All other courage, besides that, is not true ralour,
but brutixhneis." — Sprat.
tbi .t-i§lin,s. [Eng. 6r«((e); -ism.] A quality
or the qualities or characteristics of a brute.
^ brut-nen, v.t. [Britnen.]
brutte, v.i. & (. [Browse, v.]
A. Intrans. : The same as h'owse (q.v.).
" What the goats so easily bruited upon."
Evelyn : Acetaria, after sect. 82.
B. Transitive :
" The cow bTvts the young wood," Grose.
* brut-ten, v.t. [A.S. bryttan ; O. IceL brytja,
(Rob. Manning : Hist. Eng. (ed. Furnivall),
244, 10.) (Stratmann.).'\ To break.
* brut-ten-et, pa. par. [A.S. bryttan, bryttian;
Sw. bryta; Dan. hryde = to destroy ; A.S. brytse
= afi-agment; Eng. brittle.] Destroyed, slain.
" The emperour entred in a wey euene to attele
To haue bruttenet that bor and the abale seththen.'
WUllam. of Paleme, 20»-&
brut'-ting, pr. par. & s. [Brutte.]
A. As present participle : (See the verb.)
B. As substantive : Tlie act of browsing.
"Of all the foresters, this fhorn beam] ppeserrei
itself best from the bruttings oi the deer." — Evelyn, L
bru'-tiim fiil-men, a. [Latin. Literally, a
senseless lightning-flash or "thunderbolt."]
A threat which has a formidable sound but
ends by doing no damage.
* brux-le, v.t [Scand. hrixla = to reprove,
reproach.] To upbraid, to reprove.
"Thenne a wynde of goddez worde efte the wyghe
bruxlez. "
Ear. Eng. Allit. Poems {ed. Morris); Patience, 845^
* bruy'-dale, s. [Bridal.]
*bruze, v.*. [Bruise.] (Spenser: F. Q., IIL
ix. 19.)
" briiz'-^ng, s. [From Sw. bruza = to roar;
Dan. bruise = to roar, to foam ; Dut. bniisen
= to foam, to snort.] The roaring of a bear,
the noise made by a bear. (Scotch.)
" Mioling of tygers, bruiting of bears, &c." — Ur-
guhart: Babelais.
* brwk, V.t. [Brook, v.] (Scotch.)
* brwud, s. [Brand.] (Scotch.) (Wallace,
viii. 1,052.)
bry'-a, s. [Lat. brya; Gr. ppvd (brua) = a.
shrub — one of the tamarisks, Tamarix gallica,
africana, or orientalis.]
Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants.
Brya Elemis is the Jamaica or West Indian
Ebony-tree. [Ebony.] The rough twiggy
branches are used for riding- whips. (Treas. of
Bot.)
bry-a'-9e-se, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. hryujiL
(q.v.) ; and fern. plur. adj. suf&x -aceoi.]
Botany :
1. Gen. : Urn-mosses, a natural order of
Muscals, distinguished by having the spore-
cases valveless, with an operculum without
elaters. In 1846 Lindley enumerated forty-four
genera and, with a query, 1,100 species as
belonging to the order. They are found in all
humid climates, but abound in the temperate
rather than in the polar regions. [Bryuw.]
2. Spec. : A large group of acrocarpous
mosses having a double row of teeth, the
inner united at the base by a common plicate
membrane. It constitutes part of the order
Bryacese. [No. 1.] (Treas. of Bot.)
* brybe, v. & s. [Bribe.]
boil, b6^; po^t. Jtf^l; cat, 9011, chorus, 9liin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^t. -mg,
-cian, -tian-sh^n. -tion, -sion^shun; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = shus. -pie, -tie, &c. =pel, tel.
724
toryche— bubble
*Toryche, n. [A.S. ftryce = liable to break.]
Frail, vain (Grain), reduced, poor (Morris &
Skeat).
" Now ya Pers bycome bryche,
Tliiit er was bothe stoute and ryche."
Itobert of Brunne, 5,321-22.
* bryd, * brydde, s. [Bird .] (Pronvpt . Parv. ,
£c.)
*bryde, if. [Bride.] (Chaucer: C. T., 9,764.)
* bryde-lsrme, o. [BinoLiME.]
"* bry-del-yn, v.t. [Bridle, v.]
^ bry'-dille, ■- bry'-dylle, s [Bridle, s.]
(Prompt. Parv.)
* bryge, s. [Brtgue.] Debate, contention.
" Sri/ge, or debate {brygffyng, K.) Briga, discenslo."
Prompt. Pari).
^ brygge, s. [Bridge.] (Prompt. Parv^
* bryg-gyug, s. [Brigue.] Debate, conten-
tion. (See example under tr^/j/e. )
* bryght, * bryghte, * bryht, a. [Bright. ]
(Frompt. Parv., &c.)
* bryghte-swerde, s. A bright sword.
" Bri/ghte-gwerde. Splendona."— Prompt. Parv.
* bry-gows, s. [Low Lat. hrigosus = quarel-
some ; ferif/a = quarrel, contention.]
" bry-gyr~dyll, ^ breke-gyr-dle. s. [0.
Eng. & Scotch breefc = breeclies ; and gyrclh
= a girdle.] A girdle round the middle of the
body.
" Brygyrdyll. Lumbare, renale."— Prompt. Parv.
^ bryl-lore, s. [From O. Eng. bryllyn (q.v.) ;
and 0. Eng. suffix -are = -er. ] One who drinks
to a person's health, or who gives a toast.
" BryUare of drynke, or schenkare (drinkshaukere,
P.) Proplnator, prapinatrix."— Prompt. Parv.
*bryl-lyn, v.t. [From A.S. iyrlian = to
drink ; byrle = a cup-bearer.] To give a toast,
to drink to one's health.
* bryHyMge» V^- P"-^- & «. [Bryllyn.]
" Bryllynge of drynke (of ale, K.) Propinacio." —
Prom.pt. Parv.
^ bry-lock, s. [Gael, braoilag, breigWlac]
The whortleberry, or Vaccinium vitis idaea.
(Scotch. )
" Here also are everocks, resembling a strawberry,
and brylocks, like a red currant, but bout." — Papers
Antiq. Soo. ScotL, i. 71.
"* brym, * bryme^ a. [Brim (2), a.]
" Brym, or fers. Perm, ferox."~Prompt. Parv.
^ brym-ble. * brym-byll, ^. [Bramble]
(Hvloet.) (Prompt. Parv~)
*br^m'-ly, adv. [0. Eng. brim; and Eng.
Bnmx -ly.] Fiercely, keenly. (Wall, \u. 995.)
* brymme, a. & adv. [Brim, a. & adv.}
" Ther were, and also tbisteles thikke.
And breres brymme for to prikke."
The Jtomav/nt of the Rose.
* brymme, s. [Brim.] A flood, a river.
" A baigh bergh bi a bruke the brymme bysyde."
Sir Qaw., 2,11%
*bryTi, *briu, *birn, v.t. [Burn, v.] To
bum.
" And gert hia men bryn all Bowohane
Fra end till end, and sparyt iiane."
Barbour, ix. 296.
* bryne (1), s. [Brine, s.]
" Bryite of salt SaUugo, Cath. C.¥."— Prompt. Parv.
* bryne (2), s. [Sw. bryn = brim, edge, sur-
face.] (For def. see extract.)
* bryng, " brynge, *bryng-en, * br^ng-
ya^v.t. [Bring, v.] (Prompt, Parv., Chaucer,
kc.)
'* bryng-are, s. [Bringer.]
" Bryngare. Allator, lator."— Prompt. Parv,
*brynke, i. [Brink.]
* brynne, s. [Bran.]
* bryn-ston. ^ bryn-stane, * brynt-
Stane, s. [Sw. braensten.] [Brimstone.]
' bryn-ye, s. [Bbene, Birnie.]
* bryn-yede, a. [Brenyede.]
bry-ol'-o-gist, s. [From Gr. jSpuov (bruon)
a kind of mossy seaweed ; A670S (logos) = a
discourse ; and suffix -ist.] One who makes
a special study of mosses.
bry-6l'-6-gy, ;;. [From Gr. ^pvov (bruon) = a
kind of mossy seaweed, and \670s (logos) = dis-
coursf.] The department of botany which
treats of the mosses specially.
bry'-on-S^ (Eng.), bry-6n'-i-a (Laf.) s. [In
Dut. & Fr. bryone ; Itiil. brioiiia ; Lat. hrii-
onia ; Gr. ^pvtovla (bruunia), jSpuwinj (bruonf),
^pvu) (hruo) = to be full of, to swell or teem
with.]
I, Of the form bryony :
1. Ord. Lang. : A plant, Bryonia dioica,
which gi'ows in England. It has a large root,
white and branched. Its stem is long and
weak, with tendrils which enable it readily to
cling to bushes in the hedges and thickets
where it grows. The inflorescence consists of
short axillary racemes of whitish dioecious
flowers with green veins. The berries are red.
The plant abounds in a fetid and acrid juice.
2. Bot. . The English name of the genus
Bryonia. [II.]
IL Of the form bryonia :
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbits). (For Bryonia
(liolca, the Red-berried Bryony, see I. 1.) B.
alba, or Black-berried Bryony, which grows
on the continent of Europe, is by some be-
lieved to be only a variety of the dioica.
Several other species are found in our East
Indian possessions.
^ (I) Black Bryony : Two plants —
(a) Tamus Gom.munis. (Prior.)
t (6) Actma spicata. (Lyte.)
(2) Bed Bryony: Bryonia dioica. (Lyte.)
(Prior. )
(3) White Bryony : Bryonia dioica. (Lyte.)
(Prior.)
III. Of both forms. Pharm. .* An eclectic
medicine, much used in America but not in
this countrj', except by homoeopathic practi-
tioners.
bry-o-phyl'-liim, s. [Gr. ^pv'w (&™o) = to
be full of, to swell, to burst forth, and ^vWov
(phullon)= leaf. So named because if the
leaves are laid upon damp earth they will put
forth roots and grow.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Crassulaceae (Houseleeks), There are
eight stamens and four ovaries. Bryophyllum
calyclnum, the Large-cupped Bryophyllum,
has succulent, oval, crenate leaves, and long,
pendulous, cylindrical flowers. Its native
country is the East Indies, whence it has been
carried to other places. In Bermuda, where
it is naturalised and grows abundantly, it is
called Life-plant.
bry-O-ZO'-a, s pi. [Gr. /3puor (bruon) = moss,
and ((fov (soon) = animal.]
Zool. : The name given by Ehrenberg to a
class of moUuscoid animals, the peculiarities
of which had been previously observed by Mr.
J. V. Thompson, who had called thera Polyzoa.
bry-o-zo'-6n, bry-6-zd'-^d, «. & 5.
[Beyozoa.]
A. As adj, : Belonging to, or resembling,
the Bryozoa. (q.v.)
B. As subst. : Any species belonging to
the class Bryozoa (q.v.).
* bryr'-ie (yr as ir), s. [A.S. hryrdan = to
prick, goad, infuriate (?).j Madness. (Scotch.)
1 Lyk bryrie : Equivalent to the vulgar
phrase, "like daft."
" Fox if I open wp'my anger anes—
My tongue is lyk the lyons ; vbalr it liks.
It brings the fleah, lyk bryrie. fra the banes."
Montgomery : Poem^, p. 94. {Jamieson.)
* bryste, v.i. [Burst, v.]
* brys'-tylle, .s. [Bristle.]
" Brystylle, or brustylle {buratyll, P.). Seta." —
Prompt, Parv.
* brys-yde, a, [A.S. bry8an.'\ [Bruise, v.]
" Brysyde (briased, P.).
Prompt. Parv.
Quassatus, contusus."—
bry'-tasque, s. [From O. Fr. britask = a
fortress with battlements (JCeZ/mm) ; "a port
or portall of defence on the rampire or wall
of a town." (Cotgrave).'] A battlement.
" And the brytasaucs on the tour an heye . - ."
Sir Fervmbras (ed. Hen-tage), p. 105, 1. 3,315.
' bryt-tenc, * bryt-tyne, v.t. [Britnen.]
" bryt'-tlynge, pr. par. [A.S. hryttaiir=to
break; Sw. ftryto; Dan. &ryde.] Breaking up,
cutting up.
" Tu the qiiyrry then the perse went tn se the bryt-
tlynge utf the deare."' Vlieoy Chase.
bry'~um, s. [Gr. ^pvov (hi-uo7i) = a kind of
mossy seaweed,]
But. : A genus of mosses, the tyiiical one of
the family Bryacece (q.v.). Many species are
fomid in Britain.
* bry'-ze, s. [Brize, Breeze.]
T[ For omitted words commencing * bry- see
the .spelling bri-.
bu, bue, v.i. [From the sound.] To emit the
sound which a calf does. (Scotch.)
bu, boo, s. [From "Wei. 6o — a scarecrow.]
1. A sound meant to excite terror. (Scotch.)
" Boo is a word that's used in the North of Scotland
to frighten crying children," — Presbyterian Eloquence,
p. 138.
2. A bugbear, an object of terror. (Pres-
byterian Eloquence, p. 138.)
bu-kow, s. [From bu, and Scotch kow,
coiy = a goblin.]
1. Gen. : Anything frightful, as a scarecrow,
2. Spec. : A hobgoblin. (Scotch.)
bu-man, e. A goblin, the devil. (Scotch.)
[Bu-Kow.]
bu-at, boo-it, bou-at, bow-at (Scotch),
bOW-et (2), bow-ett, s. [Fr. hoete^a
box ; Low Lat. boieta.] A hand-lantern,
" Bouiett or laateme. Lucerna, lantema."— Prompt.
Parv.
M'Farlane's buat : The moon.
" He mvittered a Gaelic curse upon the unseasonable
splendour of M'Farlane's buat. '—Scott : Waverley, ch.
xxxviii.
bub (1), bob, s. [Prob. onomatopceic, and
intended to imitate the sound of a dull blow.]
A blast, a gust of severe weather.
" Ane blusterand hub, ont fra the north braying,
Gan ouer the foreachip in the bak sail ding."
JDoug. : Virgil, 16, 19.
*bub(2), s, [Etymology doubtful. Probably
connected with hiibbh, from the bubbling
or foaming of the liquor.]
1. Ord. Lang. : A cant term for strong malt
liquor.
" He loves cheap port, and double bub,
And settles in tne humdrum club. " Pnor.
2, Distilling: A substitute for yeast, em-
ployed by the distiller. It is prepared by
mixing meal or flour with a little yeast In a
quantity of warm wort and water. (Knight.)
*bub, ^.«. [A contracted form of 6i(&&Ze (q.v.).]
To bubble, throw up bubbles, foam,
" Rude Acheron, a loathsome lake to tell,
That boils and buis up swelth as black as hen.
Sackville : Induct. Mir. for Magistrates.
bu'-bal-ine, a. [From Mod. Lat. bubahts
(q.v.), and Eng. suffix -inc.]
1. Pertaining or relating to the buffalo
(q.v.).
2. Noting certain bovme antelopes, esp.
Alektphtis biibalis, and its allies (A. caanui, the
hartbeest, and A. albifrons, the blesbok)-
* bu'-balle, s. ['Lat. bubalus.] An ox. (Doug-
las.)
bu'-bal-US, s. [Lat. bubalus; Gr. ^ou|3aAos
(bouh'alos) = a kind of African stag or gazelle.]
t Zool. : A genus of Bovid8e(Oxen), to which
belong (Biibalus biihalis) the Common Buffalo
and {Bubalus Caffer) the Cape Buflalo.
bub'-ble, s. [Sw. bubUa ; Dan. boble ; Dut.
bobhd — a bubble ; bobbeleii - to bubble ; Ger.
bubbeln, poppehi. ]
1. ' Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : A small bladder or vesicle of water
filled with air.
2. Figuratively :
1 1. Anything unsubstantial or unreal ; a
false or empty show ; mere emptiness.
" Seeking the bubble reputation,
Even in the cannon's ujouth."
ShaJcesp. : As You Like It, ii. ".
late, iat, fare, ^midst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, th^re; pine, pit, sire. sir. marine; go, pot,
or, wore, w^lf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ee, oe = e. ey = a. Qu = kW.
bubble— bueconidse
725
"At Mauhood'B touch the bubble burst."
Hcott : liokebi/, V. 18.
f 2. A cheat, a fraud, a swindliDg project.
" lu truth, of !ill the ten thouaand bubbles of which
history hsia preserved the memory, none was ever mure
BkilfuUy luiffed iuto exlsteuce."— J/ucuHi«y .- Hist.
£ng., ch, xxiv.
* 3. A person cheated or victimised hy some
swindling' speculation ; a gull.
" CVase. dearest laother, cease to chide ;
G-aiiy"s a cheat, aud I'm a bubble." Prior.
*n. Li-ccUhig: The bubble of air in the
gla.ss spirit-tube of a level.
bubble and squeak, s. A mixture of
meat, greens, aud potatoes, which have beeu
already cooked, fried up together.
bubble-company, s. A sliam company
promoted for piupoaes of fraud and cheating.
" Siibble-cmnpanles for trading with the antipodes
have heeii the rage hefore,"— i'dmi»wro7i lievimo, Jau.
1B65. p. 231.
bubble-Shells, s. pi. A name for the
shells of the family BuUidse (q.v.).
bubble-trier, s. An instrument for
testing the delicacy and accuracy of the tubes
for holding the spirit in levelling-instrumeuts.
biib'-ble, v.i. & (. [Bubble, s.]
A. Intransitive :
L Literallij : To rise up in bubbles.
" The same spring suffers at some times a very
manifest remission of its heat, at others as manifest
an increase of it ; yea, sometimes to that excess, as to
make it boil and bubble with extreine heat." — Wood-
ward.
% To l)ubble and greet : To cry, to weep,
■Spec, if conjoined with an effusion of mucus
from the nostrils. {Scotch.)
"John Knox — left her [Q. Mary] bubbling and greet-
ing."— IValkci- : Remark. Passages, p. 60-
II. Figuratively :
1. To nin along with a gentle gurgling noise.
" Not bubbling fountains to tlie thirsty swain."
Pope: Pastorals; Autumn, 48.
* 2. To make a gurgling or warbling sound.
"At mine ears
Bubbled the nightingale." Tennyson.
* B. Transitive : , .
Fig. : To cheat, swindle.
" 'TiB no news that Tom Double
The nation should bubble."
Swift : Ballad.
bub'-bler, s. [Eng. bnbU(e); -er.]
^ 1. Ord. Lang. : A cheat, a bwindler.
" . . . the yTf.Lt ones of this port of the world ;
above all the .Te^^ .■', lubbers, bubblers, subscribers, pro-
jectors, direct.oi-s, governors, treasurers, etc. etc. etc. in
saecula saeculoruin." — Pope : Letter io Digby (li20).
2. IcMliyol. : ApUdonntus gmnnieiis, from
the Ol^io ii\ur ; named from the peculiar noise
it iiiukcb.
bub'-bling, ^ bub-blyng, * byb-blyng,
pr. par., a., & s. [Bubble, c]
A. & B. As present partirij.lr (£• participial
odjcctice: In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
" The crystal treasures of the liquid world,
Through the stiri'd sands a &u»&'if)j^ passage burst."
Thomson : Autumn.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of making a gurgling noise.
■*2. The act of dabbling in the water.
" Bubbli/ng or bybblyng in water, as duckes do.
Amphiboius,"—IIuloet. ( WriglU.)
* bub -biy, t
bubbles.
[Eng. bubU{e); -(02/-] FuU of
"They would no more live under the yoke of the
sea, or have their heads washed with this bubbly
spume."— if asAe; Lenten Stuffe {1595), p. 8.
bub'-bly-jock, s. [From hubble, v., II. 2, and
Jock, vulgar name for John.] The vulgar
name for a turkey-cock. (Scotch.)
* biib'-by (l), s. [Cf. Provinc. Ger. biihe ; 0.
Fr.poupe; Ptov. popa; Ital.pojjjja = a woman's
breast, a teat (Mahn).^ A woman's breast.
(Vidgar.)
t bub'-b^ (2), s. [A corruption of brother.]
Brother, A word applied to small boys.
(Colloquial.) (American.) (Goodrich (& Porter.)
bU-bo (1), s. [In Fr. & Sp. bubon; Port.
buhTio ; Ital. bubbone; Low Lat. bubo; Gv.
^ou^wl' (bonbon) = the groin.]
Med. : Hardening and induration of lymph-
atic glands, generally the inguinal, as in
the Oriental ur Levantine plague, syphilis,
gonorrhoea, &c.
bu'-bo (2), 5. [From Lat. bubo, genit. bnbonis
= an owl, specially the long-horned owl (Strix
bubo) {Liimoius). Cf. Gr. ^vas (buas), ^v^a
(huza) := the eagle-owl.]
Ornith. : A genus of birds belonging to the
family Strigidge, or Owls. They have a small
ear aperture, two large feathered tufts like
horns on the sides of the head, and the legs
feathered to the toes. Bubo 'maximus is tlie
Eagle Owl, or Great Owl. It occurs in Britain
and on the continent of Europe. The corre-
sponding American species is Bubo virgini-
onus.
bu'-bon, s. [In Fr., Sp., & Ital. bubon; from
Lat- ht'buiiii(m; Gr. ^ovfitoviof (boiibonion) =
a plant, Aster atticus, useful against a fiov^iuv
(bonbon) = a. swelling in the groin. This,
however, has no affinity to the botanical genus
bubon.]
Bot. : A genus of umbelliferous plants from
Southern Europe, the Cape of Good Hope,
and elsewhere. B. galbo.nu»i furnishes the
drug called by that name. [Galbanum.] In
parts of the East B. inamioiiicum is put
among clothes to imbue them with scent.
bu-bon'-ic, a. [From Gr. jSov^wy (bonbon) =
... a bubo, and Eng. suff. -ic] Of which
buboes or swellings are a feature.
%■ Bubonic Plague.. [Plague.]
bu-bo-ni'-nse, 5. pi. [From Lat. bubo, genit.
bubonis, and pi. fern. suff. -inoi.]
Ornith. : A sub-family of Sti'igidie (Owls).
It contains the Horned Owls. [Bubo.]
bu-bon'-o-^ile, s. [Gr. ^oujSui/ok^At) (6ow-
bonokvle) ; from fiovptov (houbd)i) — the groin,
and k-^Kt} (lelij) — a tumour.]
Med. . Incomplete inguinal hernia, or rup-
ture.
bu-bro'-ma, s. [Gr. jSou? (bous) = an ox ;
jSpiL^a (brovia) = food, as if producing food fit
for cattle.]
Botany : Bastard cedar. A genus of plants
belonging to the order ByttnehaceEe (Bj-tt-
neriads). B. guazuma is the Elm-leaved
Bastard Cedar. [Bastabd CEUAit. ]
' bu'~buk-le, a. [Corrupted from Eng., &c.
bu(bo), and (c<'r)lu'(n)cle.] A red pimple.
"Hia face is all bubuklea, and whelks and knobs." —
Shakesp. : Jlen. )'., iii 6.
bu-car-a-mSji'-gite, s, [From Bucara-
manga, where it was found.]
Min. : A resin resembling amber in its pale-
yellow colour ; sp. gr. about 1. Composition ;
Carbon, S:I'7 ; hydi-ogen, lO'S; oxygen, (j'5 =
100.
buc'-cal, a. [In Fr. hiiccal ; Port, bocal.^ From
Lat. bucca = the cheek wheu puffed out by
siieaking, eating, &c.]
Anat. : Pertaining to the cheek.
1[ (1) Buccal artery : A branch of the in-
ternal maxillary artery.
(•I) Buccal glands : Small glands situated
under the cheek, which secrete saliva.
biic-can-eer', bu-C9,n-eer', bii-can-ier',
s. [In But. boekaneer; Fr. 6oHC(t;i(fi(= a buc-
caneer ; Fr. boucaner = to cure flesh or flsh
by smoking it. From Caribbee Indian boucan
~ flesh or fish thus prepared.]
* 1. Gen.: The name given in the West Indies
to any one who cui-ed flesh or fish in the way
described in the etymologj'. Tliis was done
continually by the men described under 2.
2. Spec. : An order of men, not quite pirates,
yet with decidedly piratical tendencies, who,
for nearly two hundred years, infested the
Spanish main and the adjacent regions. A
bull of Pope Alexandftr VI., issued in 1493,
having granted to Spain all lands which might
lie discovered west of the Azores, the Spaniards
thought that they possessed a monopoly of all
countries in the New World, and that they
had a right to seize, and even put to death,
all interlopers into their wide domain. Enter-
prising mariners belonging to other nations,
and especially those of England and lYance,
natm-ally looked at the case from quite an
opposite point of view, and considered them-
selves at liberty to push theii' fortunes within
the prohibited regions. Being cruelly treated,
when taken, by the Spaniards, their comrades
made reprisals, and a state of war was es-
tablished between the Spanish governments
in the New World and the adventm-ers from
the old, which continued even wheu the
nations from which they were drawn were at
peace in Europe. The association of bucca-
neers began about 1524, and continued till
after the English revolution of 1688, when the
French attacked the English in the West
Indies, and the buccaneer^ of the two coun-
tries, who had hitherto been friends, took
different sides, and were separated for ever.
Thus weakened, they began to be supjiressed
between 1697 and 1701, and soon afterwards
ceased to exist, pirates of the normal type
to a certain extent taking their place. The
buccaneers were also called "filibnstiers," or
" filibusters"— a term which was revived about
the middle of the nineteenth century in con-
nection with the adventures of '"General"
Walker in Spanish America, [Filibusteb.]
buc-can-eer', biic-an-eer', v.i. [Prom
Eng.,* &c., buccaneer, "s. (q.v.)] To act the
part of a buccaneer ; to be a more respectable
pirate.
biic-can-eer'-xi&g, biic-an-eer -ing, pr.
par., a., & i>. [Buccaneer, i\]
A. & B. As pr. par. <& partic. adj. : (See the
verb.)
C. As substantive :
1. The act of doing as the historical bucca-
neers did. [Buccaneer, s.]
2. The act of committing semi-piracy, or
piracy outright.
t bUC-^el-la -tion, s. [In Fr. buccdlation;
from Lat. buccella, buccea = a small mouthful,
a morsel; bucca = cheeks, mouthful.] The
act of breaking into large pieces.
t biic'-^m-al, a. [From Lat. buccina = a
crooked ho'rn or trumpet, as distiuguished
from tuba = a straight one.]
1. Shaped like a trumpet. (Ogilvie.)
2. Sounding like a horn or trumpet. (Christ-
ian Observer.) (Worcester.)
buc'-^in-a-tor, 5. & a. [In Fr. buccinateur.
From Lat. buccinator = one who blows the
trumpet ; buccino = to blow the trumpet ;
buccina = a crooked horn or trumpet.] [Buc-
cinal.]
A, As substantive :
Anat.: The trumpeter's muscle, one of the
maxillary group of muscles of the cheek.
They are the active agents in mastication, and
are beautifully adapted for it. The buccinator
circumscribes the cavity of the moutli, and
aided by the tongue keeps the food under the
pressure of the teeth ; it also helps to shorten
the pharynx from before backwards, and thus
assists in deglutition.
B. -4s adjective : Pertaining to or analogous
to a trumpeter.
1[ Buccinator muscle : The same as A. (q.v.).
buC-9in'-i-d8B, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. Mic-
cinum =■ a whelk (q.v.), aud plur. adj. sufliK
-idee.]
Zool. : A family of molluscs belonging to
the order Prosobranchiata, and the bcctiou
Siphonostomata. They constitute paii of
Cuvier's Buccinoida. They, have the shell
notched in front, or with the canal abruptly
reflected so as to produce a varix on the
front of the shell. The leading genera are
Buccinum Terebra, Eburna, Nassa Puri)ura,
Cassis, Dolium, Harpa, and Oliva. Many are
British.
buc'-9in-'&m, s. [From Lat. buccino.] [Buc-
cinal,]
1. Zool. : The typical genus of the family
Buecinidffi (q.v.). In English they are called
Whelks, which are not to be confounded with
the Periwinkle, also sometimes called whelks.
Buccinum undatiim is the Common Whelk.
There are several other British species. The
Scotch call them buckles. [Bucky.]
2. Paloeont. : Species of the genus exist in
the cretaceous rocks, but it is essentially
tertiary and recent.
biic'-co, s. [From Lat. bucco ■= one who has
distended cheeks.]
Ornith. : The typical genus of the family
Bucconidae, or the sui.i-tamilv Bucconiua*
(q.v.). They belong to tlie old World, thougii
closely analogous genera are iu the New.
biic-cdn'-i-dse, s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. bucco
(q.v.) ; and fern. plur. ad,], suffix -idai.]
bfiU, bd^; po^t, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph^l.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -aion = zhun. -cious, -tious. -sious = shiis. -ble, -die, kr. — bel, del
726
buceoninse— bucket
Ornith. : A family of birds, sometimes called
!rom the stiff bristles around their bills
Barbets, and sometimes denominated Puff-
birds, from the puffed out plumage. They
have been placed as a snb-family Bucconinae,
under the family Pieidee (Woodpeckers), as
a sub-family of Alcedinidee, and as a family
under the order Scansores. The genns called
Bucco by Linnseus and Cuvier is the same
as Capito of VieiUot. [Barbet (1).]
ttuc-co-ni'-nte. s. pi. [From Mod. Lat. hucco,
genit. bucc(m(is); and fem, plur. adj. suffix
-ince.]
Ornith. : A sub-family of Bucconidee (q.v.).
■bn-^el'-las, s. [From Biicdlas, a Portuguese
village fourteen miles north of Lisbon.] A
white wine, somewhat resembling a hock, the
produce of a peculiar kind of vine cultivated
in Portugal. A genuine Bucellas should
contain not more than 26 per cent, of proof
spirit.
■bu-fen'-taur, s. [Ital. Tmcentoro, of unknown
etym., generally said to be from Gr. ^ou? (6o?ts)
= an ox, and KevTav(>o<; (kentauros) = a cen-
taur (q.v.). Neither *j8ovKeVToupos, nor the
monster, half man and half bull, supposed
to be signified by it, is found in Greek
mythology.]
Hist. : The state barge of Venice, in which
the Doge, on Ascension Day, wedded the
Adriatic by dropping a ring into the water.
The \ast BiLcentaur, huilt early in the eighteenth
century, was burnt by the French in 1798, but
some portions are preserved in the Arsenal.
bu'-9eph-a-lus, s. [Gr. )3ouKe'i^a\os (bou-
Xre^ftaios) = having a head like an ox. An
epithet applied to the steed of Alexander the
Great.]
1. A humorous name for a saddle-horse.
2. Biol. : A pseudo-genus of Trematodes,
founded on the larval stage of certain flukes.
"bu-^er'-i-dse, s. pi. [BucEROTicffi.]
l>u'-9er-os, s. [Lat. bucents; Gr. ^ovKepco?
(boukeros) = having the horns of a bullock, ox-
homed : )3ous (&ous) = an ox, and Ke'pas (keras)
= a horn.]
Omitii. : Hornbills, the typical genus of the
family Bucerotidae, or Buceridse (q.v.). The
best known species is Biiceros galeatus.
bu-9er-6t'-i-dse, bu-9er'-3t-d8e, s pi
[From Lat. -feuceros, and fem. pi. adj. suff.
•idte.]
Ornith. : Hornbills, a family of conirostral
birds. They have a huge bill, surmounted by
a casque. The plumage la gi-eenish black.
They are found in the tropics of the Old World,
and especially in. the Atlantic and African
islands.
Bu-ChS.n-a -ni-a, s. [Named after Dr. Bu-
chanan Hamilton, a well-known Indian bo-
tanist.]
Bot. : A genus of Anacardiaceee (Anacards).
BuchanoAiia latifolia is a large Indian tree,
the kernel of the nut of which is much
used in native confectionery. It abounds in
a bland oil. A black varnish is made from
the fruits. The unripe fruits of B. landfolia
are eaten by the natives of India in their
curries.
biich'-an-ltes (ch guttural), s. pi. [Named
after their founder.] An extraordinary sect
of fanatics, founded by one Lucky Buchan in
the west of Scotland in 1783. They appear to
have lived in the grossest immorality, and
they gradually diminished in number, the
last member of the sect dying in 1846.
{Chambers's Encyclopcedio..)
bu'-Chol-zite, s. [In Ger. bucholzit.]
Min. : A variety of fibrolite (q.v.). It is
from the Tyrol.
bucht (ch guttural), s. [Bought, s.] (Scotch.)
A bending, a fold, a pen in which ewes are
milked.
buch~U, s. [BUOKU.]
* buch'-y-ment, s. [From Fr. embikhe ; O.
Ft. embiische, embosche = ambush, and Eng.
suff. -meiit.] Ambush.
" Y leuede yond on a bttchi/ment ; sarasyiiB wonder
fale." Sir Fenimbrat (ed, Herrtage), i. 798.
bu'-9id-a, s. [From Gr. pous (pons) = an ox,
and €l5os (eidos) = form. So named because
the ripe fruit is shaped like the horn of an ox.]
Bot. : Olive Bark-tree, a genus of plants
belonging to the order Santalacese (Sandal-
worts). Bucida bvceras is the Jamaica Olive
Bark-tree, which grows in the island just
named in low swampy places, is an excellent
timber tree, and has bark much valued for
tanning.
buck (1), s. [A.S. boo = a beech-tree ; Icel. &
Sw. bok; Dut. beuke ; Russ. buk; Ger.buclie.]
[Beech.] A beech-tree. (Scotch.)
"There is in it also woodes of buck, and deir in
them." — Deser, of the Kingdome of Scotlande.
buck-finch, ^. One of the English names
for the chaffinch, Fringilla ccelebs.
biick (2), * bukke, s. [A.S. bucca = a he-
goat, a buck ; buc = a stag, a buck ; Icel.
bukkr = a he-goat ; bokki = (1) a he-goat,
(2) a dandy ; Sw. bock ; Dan. buk ; Dut. bok ;
(N. H.) Ger. hock ; ]tf. H. Ger. boc ; O. H. Ger.
pocK ; Low Lat. buccus ; Fr. bouc ; Prov.
boc; Sp. boque; Ital&ecco; Arm. buch; Corn.
byk ; Wei. bwch, bouch ; Ir. boch, poc ; Gael.
boc, buic ; Hind, bakra (m.), bakri (f.) = a
goat ; Mahratta bukare (n.), bakara (m.), ba-
kari (f.).]
1. Lit. OftJie inferior animals :
(1) A he-goat. [Bukke.]
(2) The male of the fallow deer.
" Buck3, goate. and the like, are said to be tripping
or saliant, that is, going or leaping, "—/"eac/iam,
(3) The male of various other mammals
more or less analogous to the foregoing. Spec. ,
the male of thfe sheep, the hare, and the
rabbit. (Used also attributively to denote
sex.)
" The same gentleman has bred rabbits for many
years, and has noticed that a far greater number of
bucks are produced than doea." — Darwin : The Descent
of Mart, voL i., pt. ii., ch. viii., p. 305.
(4) Used as a common name for the male
Indians of North and South America.
2. Fig. Of man : A gay, dashing young
fellow.
" Again, wert not thon, at one period of life, a Buck,
or Blood, or Macaroni."— Carfj/ie; Sartor Resartus,
bk. i., ch. ix.
buck- jumper, s. A bucking horse.
[Buck (2), v.]
buck-nigger, £>-. A negro man. (Bartlett.)
buck'8-beard» s.
1. An unidentified plant. (Mascal.)
2. A plant, Tragopogon pratense.
buck's-horn, s. A name sometimes given
to the plant genus Rhus.
*buck (3), s. [BuiK, BouK, Bulk.] The
body, a carcase. (Scotch.)
" Sic derth is raait in the euntrie that ane mutton
Imck is deirar and far surmountis the price of ane boll
of qviheit."—Acts Ja. VI., 1592 (ed. 181-11, p. 577.
buck (4), s. & a. [In Sw. byk; Dan. byg ;
(N. H.) Ger. bdicch, beuche ; cog. with Gael.
buac = dung used in bleaching, the liquor in
which cloth is washed, linen in the first stage
of bleaching ; Ir. buac = lye. (Skeat.)
A. As substantive :
I. Ordinary Language :
1. The liquid in which linen is washed.
" Buck t I would I could wash myself of the buck ! I
warrant you, buck ; and of the season too it shall
appear."~Sftafte8p. ; Mci-ry Wines, iii. 3.
2. The clothes washed in such a liquid.
". . . . she washes fiucAa here at home. "—SAaA-esp. ;
2 Ben. VI. , iv. 2.
^ To beat a buck : To beat clothes at the
wash. [Bucking.]
" If I were to beat a buck I can strike no harder."
Massi/nger : Virgin Martyr, iv. 3.
n. Tech. Sawyer's work and carpentry : A
frame of two crotches to hold a stick while
being cross-cut.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to a buck in any of
the foregoing senses.
buck-basket, s. A basket to hold linen
about to be washed.
" They convened me into a buck-basket."— S7takesp. ;
Merry Wives, ill. 5.
buck-board, s.
Vehicles: A plank bolted to the hind axle
and to a bolster on the fore axle, being a cheap
substitute for a bed-coupling and springs.
(Knight.)
buck-saw, 5.
Carp. : A frame saw with one extended bar
tofoimahandle, ^^
and adapted to ^ms:rTrj^j-rrrrTT^,
a .nearly vertical
motion in cross-
cutting wood
held by a eaw-
buck. (Knight.)
buck -wag-
on, buck-
waggon, i.
Vehicles : A
rude waggon formed of a single board i-esting
on the axle-trees, and forming by its elas-
ticity a spring-seat for the driver. (Knight.)
^ buck-washing, s. The act of washing
dirty linen, a laundry,
" You were beat meddle with buck-washing." —
Shakesp. : Merry Wives, iii. 3.
buck (1), * bouk-en, * buk-ken, v.t. [in
Sw. byka ; Dan. byge; (N. H.) Ger. bouchen,
bduchen, beitchen ; O. Fr. buer.] [Buck (4), s.]
I, Ordinary Language :
1, Literally : To wash clothes.
" Alas, a small matter bucks a handkerchief."
Pwritan, Sh. Sup., ii. 540.
2. Figuratively : To soak or deluge with rain.
" Such plente of water that the grounde waa there-
with bucked and drowned."— /"aft^a/z ,■ Chron., L 243.
II. Mining : To break or pulverise (ores).
biick (2), v.i. [From buck (2), s. (q.v.).J
1, To copulate as bucks and does.
2. To jump vertically off the ground, with
the head down and the feet close together.
(Said of horses.)
buck (3), v.i, [Bolke, Belch.] To gurgle.
^ To buck out : To make a gurgling noise
like that of liquids issuing from a straight-
necked bottle. (Jamieson.)
buck'-a-9y, biick'-a^sie, * buk-ke-sy, «.
[From Fr. boccasin — a kind of fine buckram
resemliling taffeta , . . callimanco. {Cot-
grave.).'}
i?'a&rics: A species of buckram or callimanco.
" Five quarters of buckacy, for a doubJate to littill
Bell, lOs."— -4 cce. Jofm Bishop ((f Glasgow, Treasurer to
K. James III., A. 1-174.
biick'-bean, * biick'-bane, * bog-bean,
s. [In Ger. backsbohne; Dut. bocJcsboonen.
From Eng. bog, bean; but cf. Dan. bukke, blad
= goat's Teg. ]
Ord. Lang. & Bot. : The English name of
Menyanthes, a genus of plants belonging to
the order Gentianacese (Gentianworts). Spe-
cially the name of Menyanthes trifoHata, called
BUCKBEAN,
1. Plant and flower. 2. Section of coi-oUa.
also Marsh Trefoil, a British plant common in
boggy ground. It has densely-creeping and
raatt€d roots, ternate leaves, and a compound
raceme or thjTse of white flowers, tipped
externally with red, and beautifully-fringed
within with white thread-like processes. An
infusion of its leaves is bitter, and is some-
times given in dropsy and rheumatism. In
Sweden two ounces of the leaves are sub-
stituted for a pound of hops. In Lapland the
roots are occasionally powdered and eaten.
bucked, pa. par. [Buck (1 & 2), v.]
buck'-et, * bok-et, s. & a. [A.S. buc = a
bucket, a flagon, a vessel or water-pot, a
pitcher ; Gael, buxxtid. Cf. also Fr. baquet =
a tub, a washing-tub, a trough.] [Back.]
f&te, fd.t, f^e, amidst, what, tkH, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, thSre ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pdt,
or, wore, wolf, work, wbd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, as, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw.
bucketful— buckler
727
A. As suhstantive :
I. Ord. Lang. . In the same sense as II. 1
<q.y).
IL TKhnically:
1. A vessel of wood, leather, or any suitable
-material, provided with a handle, and adapted
-for holding or canning water or other liquid
or solid material, or being hauled np.
2. Water-wli£els : The vane or float of a
water-wheel.
3. Hydraulic Engineering : The scoop_ of a
dredging-machine, which lias usually a hinged
"bottom, closed while raising mud, and then
opened to deposit tlie load.
4. Naut. : A globe of hoops covered with
canvas, used as a recall signal for whale-boats.
•{Knight.)
B. As adjective : Pertaining to a bucket in
the foregoing senses.
bucket-engine, s.
Hydraul. Engineering : A series of buckets
■attached to an endless chain, which runs over
sprocket wheels. It is designed to utilise a
stream of water which has a considerable fall
but only a moderate quantity of water.
bucket-book, s. A device for holding a
bucket against a tree to catch maple sap.
bucket-shop, s. An office for carrying
on speculations in grain on a small scale ; a
shop where betting is carried on.
bucket-valve, s.
Steam-engines : The valve on the top of an
^ir-pump bucket.
bucket-wheel, s.
Hydraul. Engineering : A wheel over which
passes a rope having pots or buckets, which
dip into the water of tlie well and discharge
their contents at the surface.
*uck'-et, v.t. & i. [BocKET, s.]
A. Transitive:
1. To dip up in buckets. (Often with out.)
2. To swindle. {Slan^.)
3. To over-ride (as a horse).
B. Intrans.: To over-exert oneself. {Slang.)
buck'-et-ful, s. [Eng. Tiucket; -/ii!(0.] As
much of anything as will till a bucket.
buck'-eye, s. (Eng. iuck, and eye.] The
American horse-chestnut, ^Esculus ohiotictis.
buck'-hom,s. [Buck's-hoen.]
buck'-hoiind, s. [Eng. buck (1), s., and
hound.] A small variety of the hound used
for hunting bucks.
biick'-ing', pr- J"""'. "•.&«■ [Buck (1), v.]
A. & B. As pr. par. S partidp. adj. (See
the verb.)
C. As substantive :
* I. Ord. Lang. : The act of washing dirty
clothes. This was formerly done by beating
the clothes in water on a stone with a pole
flattened at the end. (Nares.)
"Here iB a basket, be may creep in here, and tbrow
:foul linen upon bim, as if it were going to bucking. —
.SJtakesp. : Mer. Wives, iii. 3.
IL Technically:
1. Bleaching : The act of soaking cloth in a
lye. This alternates with crofting, i.e., with
exposing the cloth on the grass to air and light.
2. Mining : The act of breaking up masses
«f ore by means of hammers.
bucking-iron, ».
Mining : A massive hammer used in break-
ing up masses of ore.
bucklng-keir, s. An apparatus for re-
moving the dirt and grease from linen or
icotton by boiling it with lime in a pan.
bucking-plate, s. The miner's table on
which ore is broken.
* bucking-Stool, s. A washing-block.
"... no bigger than a toad upon a 6«ctiny-s(oo!."—
Gayton : Jfates on Don Quixote, lSl£. iii., ch. iii.
"buck -ing, pr. par. [Buck (2), u.]
t buck'-ish, ci. [Kng.'buck; -ish.] Pertaining
to a "buck " in a figurative sense, that is, to
a gay and frivolous young man. (Grose.)
+ buck -ifm, s. [Eng. luck ; -ism.] The
quality of a buck. (Smart.)
buck'-land-ite, s. [Named alter the very
eminent geologist. Dean Buckland, who was
born at Axminster, in Devon, in 1784, was
reader in mineralogy, and in M18 reader in
geology in Oxford University ; in 1818 became
F.R.S., was twice President of the Geological
Society, and died in 1856.]
Min. : Two minerals —
1. Bucklandite of Hermann: A variety of
Epidote.
2. BucMandite of Levy : A variety of Allanite
(Dana), called Orthite in the British Museum
Catalogue. The former authority terms it
anhydrous Allanite. It is found at Arendal,
in Norway,
biick'-le (1), 'boc-le, *bok-ele, ' bek-
iUe. *bok-ylle, * bo-cul, 'bok-ulle, s.
[O. Fr. bocle ; Fr. ioucle = the boss of a shield,
a ring ; 0. Sp. bloca ; from Low Lat. Imcula =
the boss of a shield; adimin. of (meat = the
cheek.) A link of metal, with a tongue or
catch, made to fasten one thing to another.
" BocJe or bocuUe (bocid, bokyll, or bode). Pluscula."
— Promiit. Parv.
"Fifti bolKlis of bras."— TTi/rfi^c; Exod. xxxvi. 18.
{Purvey.)
II From a very early period buckles have
been marks of honour and authority. [See
1 Mace. X. 89.)
"Ribands, bueklee, and other trifling articles of
apparel which he had worn, were treasured up as
precious relics by those who had foiight under him at
Sedgemoor." — Macaulay : Jfise. Eng., ch. v.
IF Compound of obvious signification :
Buckle-nudcer.
buckle-chape, s.
Saddlery : The part by which the buckle is
secured to the band.
buckle-tongue, s. The tongue or catch
of a buckle.
buck'-le (2), s. [Buckle (2), v.]
L Literally :
I. A bend, a bow, a curl.
* 2. The state of the hair crisped and curled ;
a curl.
" The greatest beau was dressed in a flaxen periwig ;
the wearer of it goes in liis own hair at home, and lets
his wig lie in buckle for a whole half yeaj."— Spectator.
II. Fin. ■ A distorted expression.
" 'Gainst nature armed by gravity,
His features too in buckle see." Churchill.
bfick'-le (1), * bok-el, ' bok-el-yn, v.t. £ i.
[Buckle (1), s.]
A. Transitive:
I. Lit. : To fasten with a buckle.
"Bohelyn, or Bpere ivythe Ijokylle. Plueculo."—
Prompt. Parv.
" Took from the nail on the wall his sword with its
scabbard of iron.
Buckled the belt round his waist, and, frowning
fiercely, deiiarted."
Longfellow : Courtship qf Mites Standish, iv.
II. Figuratively :
* 1, To confine.
" How brief the life of man
Runs his erring pilgrimage.
That the stretehmg of a span
Suckles in bis sum of age." '
Shakesp. : As you Like it, iii. 2.
^ 2. To join in battle.
" The lord Gray, captain of the men atarms, was for-
bidden to charge, until the foot of the avantguard
were buckled with them in iiouV—Hayward,
3. To join in matrimony. (Scotch.)
B. Reflex.: To set one's self to do anything ;
to prepare to do anything. (A metajihor
taken from the buckling on of armour)
" The Sarazin, this hearing, rose amain,
-\nd, catching up in hast his three-square shield
And shining neunet, soone him buckled to the field."
Spenser : F. Q., I. vL 41.
C Intran.siiive :
1. To be joined in matrimony, to wed, to be
married. (.Sco(c/t.)
" May. though it is the sweetest month in a' the
year, is t"ne only mouth that nobody in the north
country ever thinks o' buckling in." — Jteg. Salton, iii.
163.
" Is this an age to buckle with a bride?" Dryden.
2. To join in a contest with, to engage.
" In single combat thou ahalt buckle with rae."
Shakesp. : 1 Henry VL, i 2.
3. To apply one's self to any work ; to set
to.
" This is to be done in children, by trying them,
when they are by laziness unbent, or by avocation
bent another way, and endeavouring to make them
buckle to the thing proposed."— iocAe.
1[ To buelde to : To apply oneself vigorously.
• buckle-bosom, s. A catchpoll, a con-
stable,
•bnckle-beggar, s. A clergyman who
perf^?^ ir^gulfr^Sa'rriages ; one who rnar-
ries others in a clandestine and disorderly
manner. (Scotch.)
biick'-le (2), v.t. & i. [Fr. boucler = to buckle,
to ring, to curl.]
A. Trans. : To bend, put out of shape,
crinkle up.
"Supposing, therefore, a ship t" .'», !>'»*';?, ™,K
Lord Warden style, then even a ="!ft„S S"; :f °'
that pierced ,%ud buckled a slab i™"'<l ^i^^™ tojf
moval (for repaid) of a mass weighing we/ »X S'
and costing nearly £300, . . .'-Daily Telegraph, Aug.
10, 1804.
B. Intrans. : To bend, bow, get out of shape.
" The wretch, whose fever-weaken'd joints. ^
Like strengthless hinges, 5ucM8 under life...
Shakesp. : a Benry ir., 11. I.
buck-led (1), • boc-lyd, * bok-eled,
* buc-lede, pa. par. & a. [Buckle (1), v.]
Fastened with a buckle.
"Boclyd as shone or botys (bokeled, V.). Pluscu-
lotus."— Prompt. Parv.
"Now ban they buclede shoon."-P. Ploughman s
Crede (ed. Skeat), 595.
biick'-led (2), pa. par. & a. [Buckle (2), v.]
buckled-plates, s. pi.
Arch. : A form of iron plates for flooring,
having a slight convexity in the middle, and a
flat riin round the edge called the fillet. They
are usually square or oblong, and are laid
upon iron beams or girders, the convexity
being placed upward.
buck'-ler (1),
buckles.
buck-ler (2), * boc-el-er, * bok-el-er,
• bOC-ler, s. [O. Fr. Sorter ; Fr. bouclier, so
named from the bode or boss in its centre.]
I. Ordinary Langnage : A kind of shield,
anciently made of wicker-work, and covered
with skin or leather.
" With good swerd and with bocler by her side."
C au C. T., 4,016.
"On a« h h an th h he lance;
A third he h g d d ad mce. ...
Dryde The Fab a a dA ae,h&^ m.
[Buckle, v.] One who
BUCKLER.
^ 1. To give tlie bucklers, to yield the huckUrs :
To yield.
" I give thee the bucklers."
SItakesp. : .Much Ado, V. 2.
2. To lay down tlie bucklers : To cease to
contend.
" If you lay down the bucklers, you lose the victory.
Every ^Voma^^ in her ITumour.
3. To take up the bucklers : To contend.
" Charge one of them to take up the bucklers
Against that hair-monger Horace."
Decker: Satiromastix.
IL Technically :
1. The hard protective covering of some
animals, e.g., of the armadillo, turtles, and
some crustaceans, and esp. of the head plates
of Ganoids, and of the anterior segment of the
shell in Trilobites.
2. NautiAKd:
(1) Plur. : Two blocks of wood fitted to-
gether to si:op the hawse-holes, leaving only
sufficient space for the cable to pass through,
thereby preventing the vessel fi-ora taking in
much water in a heavy head-sea. They are
also called riding or blind lyncklers.
(2) Sing. : The lower half of a divided port
lid, or shutter.
^ Compounds of obvious signification :
B2icklcr-head, buckler-headed.
buckler-beak, «.
PalcEont. : A name sometimes given to a fish
which has a beak-shaped upper jaw. It is a
Jurassic Ganoid, allied to Lepidosteus, but
having a homocercal tail.
•boil, boj-; poiit, JtfSrt; cat, gell, chorus, 9hin, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, efist. -ing.
-cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhiin. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -le, &c. = bel, el.
728
touckler— bucolic
buckler fern, buckler-fern, s.
JU'I : A Qiodern book-name for tUc fern-
geaus Lastrea.
buckler-mustard, .5. The English name
of Biscutella, a genus of cruciferous plants.
They are small annual or perennial hispid
plants, with bright yellow flowers of no great
size. [Biscutella.]
buckler-shaped, a.
B"t. : Of the appearance of a small round
buckler. The term is akin In meaning to lens-
formed, but differs in implying that there is
an elevated rim or border.
buckler-thorn, s. A plant, the same as
Christ's-thorn (Palinrus acideahis),
biick'-ler, v.t. [From biocUcr, s. (q.v.).] To
defend tis with a buckler. {Lit. kfiy.)
" I'll buckler thee agaiust a million."
SJictkesp. : Turn, of Shrew, iii. 2.
" Call Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree ? "
Shakesp.: 3 Hen. IV., iii 3.
buck'-ler§, s.p?. [Buckler, s.]
buck'-liikg (1), * biick'-el-ing, jtr. par. ,v.,
& s. [Buckle (1), v.]
A. & B. As present partiripJe £■ participial
culjectivc : In senses corresponding to those of
the verb.
C. As sxibsiantive :
1. The act of fastening with a buckle ; the
state of being so fastened.
2. The act of engaging in a (.'oute^t
" . . .it was set up at the fixst buckeling "— Holland :
Livy. bk. viii., ch. 38.
buck'-ling (2), pr. par., a., & s. [Buckle (2),
v.]
A. & B. Asfresent participle & participial
adjective : Bending, bowing, causing to get out
of shape,
"... the danger of a plate dropping oflf is propor-
tional to the bucking power which breaks the sctfWa
or bolts."— fltt(7^ Telegraph, Aug. 10, 13C4.
C. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : The act of bending or putting
out of shape.
2. Tech. : The act of twisting or warping ;
the state of being twisted or warped.
"Ill fact, however, the tendency to twist or warp
technically called buckling." — Herbert Spencer .-
rsydwl., vol. ii.
biick'-mast, biick mast, s. [From Scotch
&Hcfc = the beech-tree, and mast; and A.S,
ni(este (?) = food, specially that on which ani-
mals are fattened, such as acorns, berries, and
nuts {Lye). In Ger. huchimist.'] The mast or
fruit of the beech-tree. iSkinner.)
buck'-ra, s.&o a. [Calabar-negro, ljiiGlcra = A
demon, a powerful and superior being. (-7. L.
Wilson.)
A, Assxibst. : A white man. (Negro-English,
whether African or American.)
B. As adj. : White. (Bartldt.) {Goodrich &
Forter.)
buck-ram, ^bok-er-am, s. & a. [In Fr.
boitoian': O. Fr. boiicaraii; Prov. hocaran ;
Ital. bucherame; M.H. Ger. buckermu. Imck-
eraii, buggeram ; how. IsSit. bucM}ifnv^. hoque-
rannus, boqiiena = goat's-skin. From Fr. bone
= a he-goat, or, in the opinion of some, derived
by transposing the letter r from Fr. bouracov.
baracan, ftorracaK, = barracan ; strong, thick
camlet.]
A. As substantive :
1. Ord. Lang. : A kind of strong linen cloth,
stitfened with gum, used by tailors and stay-
makers. {Lit. dt fig.).
" Our men in buckram shall have blows enough,
And feel they, too ' are penetrable stuff." "
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reaiewers.
+ 2. Bot. (PI. Buckrams): Two plants; (1)
Wild Garlic {Allium vrslmim) ; (2) Cuekow
pint {Arum maculatum). {Ger. Appendix.)
B. As adjective :
1. Lit. {of things): Consisting of the fabric
described under A.
"I have peppered two of them: two, I am siu-e, I
have paid, two rogues in buckram units. "— S/ititeiw. :
1/A'». /K., ii. 4. ^
2. Fig. {of persons) : Starched, stiff, precise,
fonnal, trim,
"A few bucki-am bishops of Itily, and some other
epicurean iirelates ''—Fulke against Allen, p. 301.
" One that not long since wa-> the buckram scribe,"
Beuam. Ji J'^let. : Span. Curate.
btick'-ram, v.t. [From buckram, s. (q.v.)]
To stiffen by means of buckram. {Gowper.)
buck'-shish, buck -sheisb, s. [Bak-
sheesh.]
biicks'-horn, t biick'-horu, * bukes
home, s. & a. [From Eng. buck's (possess.
case of buck), and horn,'\
A. As substantive :
I. Of British plants :
1. Sen^iera Coronopus.
" /Jukes Iiornes, or els swj'nes greae (grass), and has
leue'i ■-laterdL- jvs an hertys home, and hit groyes
gruijyug be the erthe. And hit has a letell whit floure
and yroyes iii the \v;iys"— M.S. Bodl., 356 Cockayne,
iii :;i.;, {Uritten & I/olhuid.)
2. Lycopodiuni cla^iatum. (Local.)
3. Plantugo coronopus.
4. Plantago maritima.
II. Of foreign plants : The English name of
a plant — the Lobelia coronopi folia, from the
Cape of Good Hope.
B. As adj. : Resembling the horn of a buck,
or resembling, in some particular or other, the
mmv typical of the plants now described.
^ Buckshorn plantain : [So called because
the deeply-cut leaves somewhat resemble the
horns of a buck.]
1. The ordinary English name of a plant —
Plantago coronopus — which has linear pin-
natifid or toothed leaves, and slender cylin-
drical spikes of flowers. It is not uncommon
on sterile soils, especially near the sea.
2. A name for an allied plant — Plantago
maritora, the Sea-side Plantago. Like the
former, it is a British plant.
biick'-shot, s. [From Eng. buck, and shot.'\
A kind of leaden shot larger than swan-shot.
About li30 or 170 of them weigh a pound.
They are specially designed to he used in
hunting large game.
biick'-skin, s. & a. [Eng. buck; s/aw.]
A. As suhstantive:
1. Ordinary Language :
(1) The skin of a buck.
(2) A native of Virginia. {Burns.)
2. Leather Manu fact. : A kind of soft leather,
generally yellow or gi'eyish in colour, prepared
originally by treating deer-skins in a particular
way, but now in general made from sheep-
skins. This may be done by oil, or by a
second method, in which the skins are
"grained," " brained," and "smoked." (For
details, see Knight's Diet. Mechan.)
B. As adj. : Made of the skin of a buck,
" . . .a pair of buckskin breeches," — Tatler, No, 42.
" buck-some.
[Buxom.]
^ buck -some-ness, s. [Buxomness.]
biick'-stall, * biick'-stal, s. [Eng. &mc7:;
and stall (q.v.).] A toil or net to take deer.
" Knit thy tome buck-stals with well twisted threds.
To be forsaken? " Brown ; Bt-iZ. Past., iL, p. 108.
bUCk'-thorn, s. [Eng. buck, and thorn.']
Ord. Lang. <& Bot. : The English name of
Rhamnus, a genus of plants, the typical one
of the order Rhamnacea; (Rhamnads). Two
species— the common Buckthorn {HJiamnus
caiharticus) and the Alder Buckthorn (it. fran-
gtda)—occ\\T in Britain. The former has
dioecious flowers, sharply serrate ovate leaves,
and terminal spines ; the latter has henna-
phrodite flowers, obovate entire leaves, and is
unarmed. The berries of the common species
are blaok, nauseous, and, as the specific name
imports, highly cathartic ; they afford a yellow
dye when unripe, as the bark of the shrub does
a green one. They are sold as " French ber-
ries." The alder buckthorn, again, has dark
punile purgative berries, which, in an unripe
sta.tc, dye wool green and yellow, and when
ripe bluish grey, blue, and green. The bark
dyes yellow, and, with iron, black. Of the
foreign species, the berries of the Rock-buck-
thorn, or Rhamnus saxatilis, are used to dye
the Maroquin or Morocco-leather yellow,
whilst the leaves of the Tea-buckthorn, B.
Theezavs, are used by poor people in China as
a substitute for tea. [Rhamnus.]
biick'-tooth, *buk'-tuth, s. [Eng. buck;
tooth.} Any tooth that juts out from the rest.
biic'-ku, buch'-u, 1 buc'-u, s. [Caffre(?),i
A Suutli Africim name for several species of
Barosma, especially B. crenata, crenulata, and
serrali folia. They belong to the order Rutacea;
and the section Endiosmieai. They have a
powerful and usually offensive odour, and
have been recommended as antispasmodics
and diuretics.
buck'-iim-wood, s. [IBukkum-wood.]
biick'-wheat, *^ bock -wheat, s. & a. [From
O. Eng, buck = beecii, which the " mast " of its
triangular seeds resembles. In Dan. boghvede ;
Dut. bockxveit ; Ger. huchtoeizen.'\
A. As suhstantive :
Ord. Lang. & Bot. : A plant, the Polygonum
Fagopyrum. It is found in Britain chiefly in
BUCKWHEAT.
the vicinity of cultivation, and is not really
indigenous here. Its native countiy is Asia,
where it is extensively cultivated as a bread-
corn. In Eiu'ope its flowers are employed in
the making of bread, also of fakes, crumpets,
&c., and its seeds for feeduig horses and
poultry.
B, As od'j. : Resembling buckwheat ; de-
signed to grind buckwheat.
buckwheat huller, s.
Grinding : A form of mill, or an oi-dinary
mill with a particular dress and set of the
stones, adapted to remove the hull from the-
grains of buckwheat.
buckwheat-tree, s. The Englisli name
of Mylocanmm, a genus of j'lants belongiiig
to the order Erieacefe (Heatlnvorts). The
Privet-like Buck wheat- tree, Mylocaryum Wgus^
trinum, is a native of Georgia.
biick-y, biick'-ie, ^ buk'-ky, s. [Of un-
ivniiwn origin; by j^ome it is connected with
Lat. buccinum {q.v.).^
1, Lit : Any spiral shell.
" Triton, his trumpet uf a Buckie.'
Jfti.^rs Threnodic, p. 2,
"Cvpraea pecticulus, or .Tohn o' t;rru,/.-i buclcy, is
found on all the shores of Orkney."— 3>i;? : Tour, p. 16.
Specially :
(1) The whelk (Buccinum undatum).
(2) The periwinkle (Turbo littoreus).
" And there wUl be partans and buckle^ "
MUson: S. Songs, i. 211.
^ (1} The dog-bucky {Purpura lapillu-s).
(2) The roaring-buckie {Bucdnum undatum)i
2. Fig. : A perverse or refractory person,
" Gin ony sour mou'd giraing biicJcp
Ca' me couceity keckliug chvicki'."
Jlamsay : Poejns, ii. 350.
^ (1) A deeviVs bucky or buckic : A pereon
with a moral twist in his nature.
"'It was that deei'il's bvckip. Callura Begg,' saict
A\ic\i.."— Scott : Waverley. ch. Iviii,
(2) A thrawn bv.cky : The same as No. 1, but
more emphatic, thrawn meaning twisted.
"^ bucled, a. [Buckle.]
bu-c6l'-ic, bu-c6l -ick, n. & s. [In Fr. Intco-
liqne, a. & s.*; 8p. & Port, bucolico, a. : bv-
coliai, s. f. ; Ital. huaolico, a., bucc6lica, s. t
Froniha.t.bueolicus ; Gv. ^ovKo\LK6<;{boukolikos)
= pertaining to shepherds, pastoral ; |3owk6A.os
(boukolos) = a cowherd, a herdsman.J
A. As adj. : Pei'taining to the life and oc-
cupations of a shepherd ; pastoral, rustic,
often with the imputation of deficiency in in-
telligence, culture, and refinement.
t B. As substantive :
1. A pastoral poem.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pc*^
or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ce = e. ey=a. Qu = kw.
iDueolical— budytes
729
Theocritus and Moschus had respectively written n,
bucolickoii the deaths of Daphnia aud Bioii"—Su(es
«)t Milton's Smaller Poems,
2. The writer of a pastoral poem.
"Spenaer is erroneously ranked as our earliest
English bucolick."—iVarton : Hist. JSng. i'uetri/, til. 51.
* bu-col'-i-cal, a. [From Eug. bucolic, a.,
aud suffix -at. J The sauie as bitcollc, a. (q.v.).
■■ Old Quintilian. with Ins lU'Ll.iiii^tions,
Theocritua with his bitmhcal U'latJuiis."
^kcUoH Poems, p. 19.
bud(l), * biidde, s. [From Wal. hudd = profit,
gain (?) (Jaiiiieson). Or from A.ti. lot = u .
remedy, . . . compeusatiou. (Skiii.ner.y] A
gift, spec, a bribe.
"Thay pluck the puir, as thay w.ar powand hadder ;
An.d taks buas ira men baith iieir and far."
Priests of Peblis, p. 24.
biid (2), ^biidde, s. [Apparently from Dut.
6o* — a bud, an eye, a shoot; 611(2= a core.
Fr. bouton = a button, a bud, a germ.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1 (q.v.).
"... every tree displays the Bame fact, for btulx
must be coDsidered as individual plants." — Darwin :
Voyage Round the World, ix. 203.
2. Fig. : The germ of anything.
" Boys are, at beat, hut pretty buds unblown."
Coivpcr : Tirocinium.
n. Technically :
1. Bat. (A Bud or Leaf-hud) : The germ of
futm'e leaves which arises from a node imme-
diately above the base of a le:if, or, in other
words, from the axil of a leaf. Any one ap-
pearing in a different situation is regarded us
latent or adventitious. A bud consists of
scales imbricated over each other, the outer
series being the hardest and thickest, as being
designed to afford protection to those witliiu
against the weather. In the centre of the scales
is a minute but all-important cellular axis, or
growuig point, whence the future development
is to take place.
" Buds are distinguished into Btsm-buds ( plumules),
lenf-bitds, it,nd Aower-buds." — Thome : Stvicl. & Physiol.
Bot. (trausl. by Bennet), ard ed., 13V9, p. h2.
2. Zool. : A protuberance, or gemmule, on
polypes and similar animals, which ultimately
develops into a complete animal.
bud-seales, *. v^-
Bot. : Scales protecting buds which persist
through the winter, lliey are dry, viscid,
covered with hairs, or smooth.
biid (1), v.t. [From biid{\), s. (q.v.).] (Scotch.)
To bribe.
'"I have nothing that can hire or bitd gTRCB ; for if
grace would take hire, It were no mure grace." — liiUher-
ford's Letters, 86.
bud (2), * bud'-diin, v.i. & t. [From b^ld (2),
s. (q.v.). In Dut. botten.}
A. Intransiti2-c :
1. Lit. (fif plants): To put forth buds.
"The rose ia fairebt when 'tiabudding new,
And love is loveliest when eiabalmed in tears. "
^cott : Lady of the Lake, iv, L
2. Fig. {of animals or of anything) :
(1) To begin to grow.
" There the fruit, that was to be gathered from the
conflux, quit;kly budded o\it." —Clarendon.
(2) To be blooming.
is. Transitive : [Budding, C. 1.]
bud (3), biide, r. inipers. Behoved.
" When first this w ar i' France lietMu,
Oui- blades bade hae a nieJdlin himd."
Ilogff : iScot. Pugtorals, p. 15.
biid'-ded, pa. par. & a. [Bud, v.]
''bud'-der, s. [Eng. bud; -er.] That wlilch
buds ; a plant, a flow^er.
" Now while the eai'lj budders are just new "
Keats : Endymion, 1. 4.
Bud'-dba, s. [Booddha.]
If BUddha is the spelling on Sir Wni. Jones's
system, and Booddha that on the rival system
of Gilchrist. Tlie former is more scientific,
but caiTies with it the disadvantage that many
readers mispronomice the word Buddho. An
Englishman is likely to pronounce tlie word
Bood'dha correctly, but where double o (00) is
inti-oduced for liis benefit, the Sanscrit and
Fall have only a single vowel.
Bud'-dhi^m, a. [Booddhism.]
Bud'-dbis-tic, a. [Booddhistic]
bud'-ding, v>'- i'f"'-' ^'- ^ ^- f^^^^ (2), v.]
A. & B. As J)!', par.d-padicip. oiJj. : In senses
conespoiiding to those of the verb.
" Xia true, your budding ilii^ is very charming."
Byron : Beppo, 39.
C, As substantive :
1. Hortic. : The operation of grafting a bud
from one plant upon the stock of some nearly-
allied species. A bud, with the leaf to which it
is axillary, is cut with a sharp knife from the
stem on which it grew. It is inserted into an
incision .shaped like a capital T (T) in the
stock of the allied tree, and then tied round by
a ligature of matting.
2. A variety of j-eproduction by fission.
[Gemmipakity-I (Rossiter.)
^ The so-called budding of yeast: A con-
tinual formation of sporidia, under special cir-
cumstances, in yeast. (Thome.)
bud'-dle, s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. Ger.
buttelu, biitteln = to shake. (Mahn.).']
Mining: An oblong, inclined vat, in which
stamped ore is exposed to the action of running
water, that the lighter portions may be washed
away. There are trunk-buddies or German
chests, stirring-buddies, nicking-buddles or
sleeping- tables, and buddle-holes or sluice-
pits.
btid'-dle, v.i. [From huddle, a. (q.v.).]
Milling : To wash ore.
budd'-le-a, budd'-lei-a, s. [Named after
Adam Buddie, a discoverer of localities for
many rare British plants.]
Bot. : A genus of plants belonging to the
order Scrophulariacese (Figworts). The species
are evei-;^reen or deciduous shrubs from
Africa, A.-iia, or America. BuddUa Neemdais
one of the most beautiful jdants in India. B.
iih'hosa, from Chili, is also highly ornamental.
i'lilly sixty species of Buddlea are known.
bud'-dling, pr. par. & 5. [Bi'ddle, y.]
A. -4s pr. par. : (See the verb.)
B, As subst. :
Mining : The act of separating ore from
the refuse by means of a stream of water
passing down an inclined trough or cistern.
'^ bude, v.t. [Bid, v.] To offer.
" How answerest thou a lautail womman, that budeth
the no wrouge."
Sir Ferumbras (ed. Heritage), 1,235.
* bude^ ^' budde, s. [Bowd.]
"Buddv, flye. '—Prompt. Parv.
* bu-del, s. [Beadle.]
bude'-light (gh silent), s. [From Bude, in
Cornwall, where Mr. Gurney, the inventor of
the light, lived.] An oil or gas burner supplied
with a jet of oxygen gas ; the flame is very
brilliant.
budge, * bOUdge» *•. (. [Fr. houger = to stir ;
Prov. bolegar = io disturb oneself; ItaX.buli-
care = to bubble up ; from Lat. bullire = to
boil. (Skeat.)2 To stir; to move from one's
place.
" I thought th' hadst scorn 'd to budge
For fear." Hadiirras.
^ bildge (1), s. [O. Fr boulge; Fr. bouge =
a budget, wallet, ortra^x-lling-bag ; Lat. h7dga
= a little bag ; from Gael, bolg, builg = a bag,
budget.] A bag or sack.
budge-barrel, s.
Milit. : A small barrel, used for carrying
powder from the magazine to the battery in
siege orsea-eoast ser\aL-e. The head was formed
by a' leather hose or bag, drawn close by a
string, so as to protect the powder from danger
of ignition by sparks.
b^dge (2) (Eng.), * buge (Scotch), s. & a.
[Etymology doubtful, but probably connected
with Fr. bouge = a budge, wallet.] [Budge
(1), s.-\
A. -4s substantive : A kind of fur made of
lambskin with the wool dressed outwards ;
formerly commonly worn as a trimming to
capes, cloaks, &c. (Lit. & fig.)
" Item, ane nycht gown of lyoht tanny dalmes, lynit
■with blak bugc." — Inventories, A. (1542), p. 78.
" A happy sight ! rarely do buflfe and budge
Embrace, eis do our aouldier and the juflee."
Gayton : Fast. Notes, iv. 15, p. 251.
B. As adjective :
1. Literally: Wearing budge-fur, alluding to
the lambskin fur v/oru by those who had taken
degrees.
" 0 foolishness of men ! that lend their ears
To those bitd^B doctors of the Stoic fur."
Milton : Comus.
*2. Figuratively: Looking learned, or like a
doctor ; scholastic, stern, severe.
" The solemn fop ; significant and budge." _
Gowper : Conversation.
* budge-bachelors, s. pi. A company
of men dressed in long gowns lined and
trimmed with budge-fur, who formeriy ac-
companied the Lord Mayor of London in his
inaugural procession.
*budge-face, s. "Well-furred— i.e., well-
bearded tace (?) or solemn face (?). (Naves.)
" Poor budge-face, bowcase sleeve, but let him passe."
Hcourge : HI., X.
* budge (3), s. [Etymology doubtful. Perhaps
connected with O. Fr. bougeon = a. bolt or
arrow with a large head.] A kind of bill ; a
warlike instrument,
"Nane vyle strokis nor wappinnis had thay thare, ^^
Nouthir spere, budge, star, pol-ax, swerd, nor mace.
Doug. : Virgil, 354,21.
*budge'-ness, ^. [Eng.hudge; -ness.} Stern-
ness, severity.
"ASaraforgoodnesse, a great Bellona tor budgenesse."
Stanyhurst, cited by Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, iii. 401.
budg'-er, s. [Eng. hudg(e); -er.] One who
budges.
'■ Li;t the first budger die the other's slave."
Shakcsp. : Coriotajms, i. 8.
biidg'-er-i-gar, s. [Native Australian name.]
Ornith. : A dealers' uame for M&lo-psittacub
undulatus.
biidg'-er-ow, biidg'-er-d, s. [A native
word.]
1. A large Bengal pleasure-boat.
t 2, A vessel called also a buggaloxn (q.v.).
biidg'-et, " bow-get, * bou-get, s. [Fr. bou-
(/e^te = a little coffer or trunk, diminutive of
Fr. bouge = a budget, wallet, or great pouch
(Cotgrave) ; O. Fr. boulge; from Lat. bulga = a.
little bag ; from Gael, bolg, builg = a bag,
budget.]
I. Ordinary Language :
1. Lit. : A little bag, generally of leather.
" His budget, often filled, yet always poor.
Might swing at ease behind his study door."
Cuu'per : Cltarii}f.
2. Fig. : A store, stock.
" It was nature, mflne. that brought ofTthe eat, when
the foxB whole budget of inventions failed him." —
L' Estrange.
II. Technically:
1. Parliament: The annual statement rela-
tive to the finances of the country, made by the
Chancellor of the Exchequer in the House of
Commons, in which is presented a balance-
sheet of the actual income and expenditure of
the past year, and an estimate of the income
and expenditure for the coming year, together
with a statement of the mode of taxation pro-
posed to meet such expenditure.
2. Her. Water-bouget : A water-bucket.
3. Tiling : A pocket used by tilers for hold-
ing the nails in lathing for tiling.
budg'-y, * budg'-ie, a. [Eng. budg(e) ; -y.]
Made of or resembling budge, well-furred —
i.e., well-bearded.
" On whose furr'd chiu did hanga budgie fleece."
Thule, or Virtue's Sistorie, by F. R. 1588, sign. R. 2. b.
t bud' -let, s. [Eng. hud, and dimin. suff. -let.]
A little bud.
"We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from
another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlett
which are its offspring."— Z>ar win.
Biid-ne'i-ans. Biid-nsB-ans, s. pi. [Named
after Simon Budny. who was deposed from
the ministry in 1584, though afterwards re-
stored to office.]
Ch. Hist. : A Unitarian sect, followers of
Budny (see etymology), who in the 16th cen-
tury flourished for a time in Russian Poland
and Lithuania. (Mosheivi : Ch. Hist.y cei:.^
xvi., §iii., pt. ii., ch. iv.)
^ bud'-ta-kar, s. [O. Scotch hud = a gift, and
takar = taker, receiver.] One who takes or
receives a bribe.
bu-dy'-te§, s. [From Gr. jSov^utjj? (houdutes)
= the wagtail.]
Ornith. -. A genus of birds, family Sylvid^
and sub-family Motacillinse. Or the Mota-
cillinse may be raised into the family Mot''-
cillidge. There are two British species, Bu-
dytesfiava (Motacilla Jiava, Yarrell), the Grey-
headed Wagtail ; and Budytes Rayi (Motacilla
Rayi, Yairell), Ray's 'Wagtail.
boil, boy; poiit, jo^l; cat, ^ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^st. ph = f,
-cian. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -sion — zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -die, -gle, &c. = del, gel.
730
buf— buffet
" Forte buen hire owen make."
Spccim. Ear. £ng. lyric Poetry (1300}. [MorrU £ Skeat. )
buf, baf» s. [Etymology doubtful. Cf. huff
(1), and Scotch ba/.] An expression of con-
tempt for -what another has said.
'•-Johann Kmnox ansuerit inaist resolutlie, buf,
baf."—JftcolBur7ie, F. 128, b.
* biiflf (1), * biiffe, s. [Ital. Ivffa = a puff;
O. Fr. (re)houffer — to repulse, drive back ;
Norm. Fr. huffe — a blow (Kelham).} A blow,
a buffet.
" Yet fio extremely did the buffe him quell.
That from thenceforth he ahund the like to take, '
Spenser: F. Q,., L xi. 24.
buff (2), * biiffe, o. & a. [A contraction of
&^(j^e = a buffalo.]
A. As siibstantive :
1. Ordinary Language :
■'1. A buffalo.
"We saw many Ruffes, Swine, and Deere."— Pwr-
chas : Pilgrimage, bk. v., c. 5.
2. A kind of leather prepared from the skin
of the buffalo.
" Co3tly his garb— hia Flemish ruff
Fell o'er his doublet, shaped of buff."
Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 16.
3. Applied also to the leather prepared from
the skins of other animals, as elks and oxen,
and even of man, in the same manner as the
buff-leather proper.
" A fool of a colder constitution would have staid to
have flead the Pict, and made buff of his akm."—
Addison : Spectator, No. 43.
•j A thick tough-felted material of which
military belts were made was also called, pro-
bably from the colour, huff. (Knight.)
* i, A military coat made of buff-leather.
" A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough ;
A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff."
Shahesp. : Comedi/ of Errors, iv. 2.
5. A colour intermediate between light pink
and light yellow.
t6. The bare skin. To he in hvff—ta be
naked.
II. Technically :
1. Medical : A greyish, viscid coat or crust,
called also &w/y-coa(, observed on blood drawn
from a vein during the existence of violent
Inflammation, pregnancy, &c., and particularly
in pleurisy. (Webster.) [Buffy-coat. ]
2. Mech. : A slip, lap, wheel, or stick
Hi'overed with buff-leather, used in polishing.
"The points are then set and the needles polished,
being held in the hand after the manner of pointing,
and rotating on a wheel covered with prepared leather,
which is called a buff." — Marshall: Needle-making, p.
34.
3. Military:
* (1) Sing. : The beaver of a helmet.
" They had helmets on their heads fashioned like
wild beasts necks, and strange bevers or buffes to the
same." — Eolland: Livy,
(2) PI. (the Bitffs): A name given to the
third regiment of the line from the colour of
their facings. In 1881 they were altered to
white.
" Th*> third regiment, distinguished bv flesh-coloured
facings, from which it had derived the well-known
-name of the Buffs, had, under Maurice of Nassau,
fought not less bravely for the delivery of the Nether-
lands."—J/aeauZdJ/.* jlist. Eng., ch. iii.
B. As adjective ;
I. Literally:
1. Made of buff-leather.
"... wearing the buff coat and JackbooiB of a
trooper." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv.
2. Of the colour described in A., I. 5.
"^ II. Figuratively : Firm, sturdy.
If Obvious compound : Buff-coloured.
buff-belt, 3. A soldier's belt, made of
buff-leather.
A military coat made of
buff-coat,
buff-leather,
"The rest of his dress was a loose buff-coat, which
had once been lined with silk and adorned with em-
broidery, but which seemed much stained with travel,
and damaged with cuts, received probably in battle."
— Scott: Abbot, ch. xx.
buff-hide, s. Buffalo hide or buff-leather.
buff-jerkin^ s. A leathern waistcoat,
one of a buff colour, worn by Serjeants and
catchpoles, and used also as a militery dress.
"0 heavens, that a Christian should be found in a
buff-Jerkin t Captain Conscience, I love thee, cn"^
is.m."— Malcontent (0. PI.), iv. 91,
buff-leather, s. A strong oil-leather
prepared from the hide of the buffalo, elk, or
ox. Formerly it was largely used for armour.
It was said to be pistol-shot proof, and capa-
ble of turning the edge of a sword. It was
tanned soft and white. Its place is now filled
by the leather of cow-skins for a common,
and of the American buffalo (bison) for a
superior, article. It is still, however, much
used in the sabre, knapsack, and cartridge-
box belts of European armies, as well as
occasionally to cover the buffers and buff-
wheels of the cutler, lapidary, and polisher,
(Knight.)
buff-Stick, s. [Buff (2), s., II. 2.]
buff-wheel, s.
Polishing : A wheel of wood or other mate-
rial, covered with leather, and used in polish-
ing metals, glass, i&c.
buff (3), s. [Etymology doubtful.] Nonsense,
foolish speech or writing.
" Or say it only gi'es him pain
ToreaJsic&wjf."
Shirr^: Poems, p. 338.
biiff (4), s. [From Eng. huff, v. (q.v.) (?),] A
term used to express a dull sound.
' buffe.
[Etymology doubtful.
buff (5),
Buf.]
Buffe ne haff : Neither one thing nor another ;
nothing at all.
" A certaine persone being of hym FSocrates] bidden
good speede, saied to hym againe neither buffe ne buff
fthab IS, made him no kind of answer]. Neither was
Socrates therewith anything discontented."— f7daW.'
ApophtJi., fol. 9.
■f[ To ken, or know, neither huff nor stye: To
know nothing. The phrase is used concern-
ing a sheepish fellow, who from fear loses his
recollection.
'" Who knew not what was Tight or wrong.
And neither buff nor sty, sir."
Jacobite Relics, i. 80.
buff(l), *boffen, *buffen, v.i. & t. [Fr.
bouffer; O.Fr.huffer; Sp. & Port. &w/ar ; Ital.
hiiffare = to puff; M. H. Ger. huffen ; Ger.
■pxiffen = to puff, pop, strike ; Dan. puffe = to
pop. Essentially the same word as p^iff (q.v.).]
* A. Intransitive: To puff, blow; hence, to
stammer or stutter.
" Renable nas he noght of tonge, ac of epeche hastyf,
Boffyng and meate waune he were in wraththe other
in stryf." Robert of Gloucester, p. 414.
B. Transitive : To strike, beat.
" A chieldwha'll soundly fri/jT our beef ;
I meikle dread him."
Bums : The Twa Herds.
T[ 1. To huff corn : To give grain half thrash-
ing. (Scotch.) A field of growing com, much
shaken by the storm, is also said to be huffed.
(Gl. Surv. Nairn.)
2. To huff herring : To steep salted herrings
in fresh water, and hang them up. (Scotch.)
biiff (2), v.i. [Probablya variant of pwjr(q.v.).]
To emit a dull sound, as a bladder filled with
*vind does. (Scotch.)
" He hit him on the wame a wap.
It bu/t like ony bledder."
Ch. Kirk, at 11.
% To huff out : To laugh aloud, (Scotch.)
buf'- fa -15, * buf-fa-loe, * buf-fo-lo,
* buf-fle, * buffe, s. & a. [In Sw. & Dut.
huffel; Dan. hoffel; Ger. hiiffel; Ft. huffie ;
Sp., Port., & Ital., hufalo ; Pol. haiool ; Bohem.
hxewol; Lat. hubalus; Gr. pov^a\o<; (houhalos)
= a species of African antelope, probably
Antilopus buhalus of Linneeus.]
A, As suhstantive :
I, Ordinary Lcunguage :
1. The European bison. [Bison.]
"... those neat, or buffles, called uri, or bisontes." —
Holland : Pliny, pt. 11, p. 323. {Trench.)
" Become the unworthy browse
Of buffaloes, salt goats, and hungry cows."
Dryden.
2. An ox-like animal, with long horns, un-
gainly aspect, and fierce countenance, domes-
ticated in India and southern Asia generally,
whence it has been introduced into Egypt and
the south of Europe. The domestic buffalo is
descended from a wild one still found in the
Indian jungles. It is the Bos hubalus of
modern zoologists.
3. Any analogous species. Spec. (1) The
Cape Buffalo (Bos caffer), a native of Southern
Africa, fierce and dangerous to those who
molest it, or even intrude upon. its haunts.
(2) Erroneously applied to the American bison .
II. Technically:
1. Zool. : The English name of the genus
Bubalus (q.v.).
"^2, Her. (Of the form buffaloe) : A name
given by some of the older writers on heraldry
to the common bull.
3. Cotton manuf. : A hamper of buffalo-
leather used in a factory to convey bobbins
from the throstle.
B. As adj. : Used as food by the buffalo ;
derived from the buffalo, or in any way per-
taining to it.
bufiiEilo-berry, s. A plant— .S/iepAeT-dia
argentea.
buffalo-clover, s. The English name of
a plant— the Trifolium pennsylvanieum. It is
so called because it covers the American
prairies, in which the North American
*' buffalo," or rather bison, feeds.
buffalo-grass, s.
1. A grass, Sesleria dactyloides.
2, The same as buffalo-clover (q.v.).
buffalo-robe, s. The skin of the North
American bison, with the hair still remaining.
(Webster.)
* buff -ard, s. [0. Fr. houffard ; from bouffer.^
[Buff, v.] A foolish, silly feUow,
" Yet wol she take a buffard riche of gret vilesse."
Lydgate : Minor Poems, p. 32.
buf-fel, s. [Bl-ffalo.] Aduek— theBuffel's-
head, i.e., Buffalo's head duck (Bucephala
albeola), a bird with a head looking large on
account of the fulness of its feathers. It is
found, in winter, in the rivers of Carolina.
buff'-er, s. to. Eng. huff = to puff, blow,
strike, stammer.]
I, Ordinary Language :
* 1. One who stammers or stutters.
" The tunge of bufferes swiftii shal speke and
pleynly." — Wickliffe : ysaiaft xxxii, 4.
t 2. A foolish fellow. [Buffard.]
IL Engineering : A cushion or mechanical
apparatus formed with a strong spring to
deaden the concussion between a body in
motion and one at rest. Buffers are chiefly
applied to railway carriages, there being two
at each end.
buffer-spring, s. That which gives re-
siliency to the buffer, and enables it to
moderate the jar incident to the contact of
two carriages or trucks.
buff'-et (1), *boff-et, *bof-et, *boff-ete,
s. [O. Fr. hufet — a blow on the cheek ; buffer,
hufer = to strike, puff ; Sp. & Port, bofetada.
The word is radically the same with bobet
(q.v.), and is closely allied to the Gael, hoc;
Wei. boch = cheek ; Lat. hucca.}
L Literally :
I. A blow with the fist, especially a box
on the ears.
" He had not read another spell.
When on his cheek a buffet felL"
Scott : Lay qf Last MiruCrel, iii. 10.
* 2. A blast of a trumpet, &c.
" They blwe a bofet in blande that banned peple."
Allit. Poems: Cleanness, S9o.
II, Fig. : Hardships, trials.
" A man that fortune's buffets and rewards
Has ta'en with equal thanks."
Shakesp. : Hamlet, ill. 2.
biiff -et (2), buff-et', ^ bof-et, * buff-ett*
*boff-et, s. [Fr. buffet: O. Fr. hufet; Ital.
buffetto; Sp. bufete; Low Lat. &w/e(«m = a
cupboard. ]
1. Ordinary Language :
* 1. A three-legged stool
"Bofet, thre fotyd stole {6ojfe( stole, P.) Tripos."—
Prompt. Parv.
2. A cupboard or sideboard, movable or
fixed, for the display of plate, china, &e.
" The rich buffet well-colour'd serpents grace.
And gaping Tritons spew to wash your face."
Pope : Mor. Ess., iv. 153,
3. A refreshment bar.
11. Music : An organ-case, a keyboard-case.
(Stainer £ Barrett.)
biiff-et, * bof-et-en, ^' buff-et-yn, v.t. & i.
[Buffet, s.]
A. TraTisitive:
1. Lit. : To strike with the hand, especially
on the cheek.
" Ha buffeted the bretoner aboute the cheekes."—
Langland: Piers Plow., ^,\i&.
" Ah ! were I buffeted a day,
Mock'd, crown d with thorns, and spit upon."
Cowper : OVney Hymns, xliii. ; Prayer for Patience.
2. Fig. : To strike or beat in contention, to
contend against.
" The torrent roar'd, and we (^ >JJ buffet it
With lusty sinews, throwing it aside,"
Shakesp. : Julius Cassar, i. 2.
fate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot,
or, wore, W9lf. work, who, son ; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se. ce = e. ey = a. qu = kw.
buffeted-bugabo
731
B. Intransitive :
1. Lit. : To box, contend, strike.
2. Fig. :
(1) To smite the mind or heart.
"Our ears are cudgell'd: not a word of his
But buffets better than a fist of France."
Shakesp. : King John, il, 1.
(2) To make one's way by struggling or
contention.
" strove to buffet to land in vam."
Temiyton.
(3) To struggle, contend.
" Year after year the old man still kept up
A cheerful mind, and buffeted with bonil,
Interest, and mortgages ; at last he sank."
Wordtworih : The Brothers.
bufif-et-ed, pa. par. & a. [Buffet, v.]
* By one of these, the buffo of the party."
Bj/ron : Don Juan, iv. 81.
; -er.] One who
+ buff-et-er, s. [Eng.
buffets. {Johnson.)
buff-et-ihg, * biif -f et-^rnge, *bof-et-
ynge, pr. par., a., & s. [Boffet, v.]
A. &B. Aspr. par. & partic. adj. : In senses
corresyonding to those of the verb.
C. As substantive :
1. The act of striking.
" Baffetynge. Alapacio.'— Prompt. Parv.
" Bofetynge. Alapizacio."' — Ibid.
2. A blow, a buffet.
"From the head these hysterick buffet'mgs de-
scended, and were plen tif uUy bestowed upon the mem-
bers.'—IFarftwretwi ; Doct. ofOra.ce, L 122-
* bufif-et-yn, * bof-et-yn, v.t. [Buffet, v.]
buf-fie, buf-fle, a. [Fr. &oit/e= blown
up, swollen, pa. par. of bouffer (t.) = to blow,
(i.) = to blow up.] Fat, puffed up. (Applied
to the face.)
* buf-fil, ^buff-ill, a. & S, [BUFFLE.l
A. As adj. : Of or belonging to the buffalo,
made of buffalo's hide ; buff.
"Belts called buffll belts, the dozen iii. s."— Sates
A. 1611.
B. As siibst. . A buffalo's hide ; also, buff
in colour.
"Hiugersof buffl,l," &C.—Sates A. 1611. IJamieson.)
* biiff-in, s. & a. [Probably so called from
resembling & ((/-leather.]
A. As siibst. : A kind of coarse stuff, used
for gowns.
" Grogeraine, bu^ffins, orsllke."
Dalton: Countri/ Juslitie (1620). HaUiwell : Cont.
to Lexicog.
B. As adj. : Made of this coarse stuff.
" My young ladies
In buffin gowns, and green aprons ! tear them off."
JUaaaing. : City Mad., iv. 4.
% The stage direction says, that they come
"in coarse habits, weeping." {Nares.)
* bu£r-ing, pr. par. & a. [Buff, v.}
buffing-apparatus, s. A mechanical
contrivance for deadening the shock of a col-
lision between railway carriages, consisting
of powerful springs enclosed in a case, the
springs being compressed at the time of col-
lision by a rod attached to thein, which, pro-
ceeding outwards, is terminated by cushions
called biLffers, placed there to receive the first
impact. [Buffer.]
Buffing and polishing inaehine: A machine
having a wheel covered with what is tech-
nically known as buff-leather, though not
usually made of buffalo-hide. The leather
holds the polishing material, crocus, rouge,
&c.
* bufif-le, * buffil, * bufle, s. [Ft. luffU -
a buffalo.] [Buffalo.]
1. Lit. : A buffalo.
2. Fig. : A stupid fellow.
•' Ho said to the three buffles, who stood with their
hats in their hands, ' TeU me, you waggs, is not my page
a gallant boy? Mark but the pleasant sport he
makes."— 77ie Comical History of FraTKion (1655).
{SalUtoell : Cant, to Lexicog.)
3. Ornith. : The same as Buffel (q.v.).
buffle-head, s. One who has a large
head, like a buffalo ; a heavy, stupid fellow.
buflSe-headed, a. Having a large head ;
like a buffalo ; heavy, stupid.
buffle-hide, s. The hide of a wild ox.
buf '-fd, s. & a. [Ital. hufo. Essentially the
same word as buffoon (q.v.).]
A. As subst. : A singer or actor in a comic
opera.
B. As adj. : Comic burlesque.
" Genial, earnest buffo humour. "-
Yeaet, eh. xUi.
Eingsley :
buf-fon, * buf-foon, s. [Ital. btiffo = a
humorous melody.] A pantomime d^nce.
"Braulis and branglis, buffoons, vitht mony vthir
}ycht d&usis."—Compl. S., p. 102.
buf-fon'-i-a, bu-fo'-ni-a, s. [Named after
Couut Buffon, the well-known naturalist.]
Bot. : A {Tenus of plants belonging to the
order Caryophyllacese (Clovewoi"ts). The se-
pals are four, as are the petals and stamina.
The capsule is one-celled, two-valved, two-
seeded. B. annua, or annual Buffonia, is
said to have been formerly found in Britain,
but it was not really wild.
buf-fdon', 3. & a. [Sp. bufon ; Fr. bouffon ;
Ital. bufOy bufoiie, from Ital. buffa = a trick,
joke ; Ital. buffare = to joke, jest, orig. to puff
out the cheeks, in allusion to the grimaces of
the jesters. (Skeat).]
A, As substantii^e :
1. A man whose profession it is to amuse
spectators by low antics and tricks ; a jester,
a clown, a mountebank.
" Part squandered on buffoons and foreign courte-
zans."—J/acau/a^.- Hist. Eng., ch, iii.
2. One who makes use of indecent raillery.
* 3. Buffoonery, scurrility.
" Closed with mummery and buffoon."
Cowper : Progress of Error, 153.
B. As adj. : Pertaining to or characteristic
of a buffoon.
" Next her the buffoon ape."
Dryden : Bind & Panther, i. 39.
♦ buffoon-bird, ^. The Xumidian Crane
(^1 ntkropoides virgo).
buffoon-like, a. & adv. Like a buffoon.
* biif-f&on', v.t. & I. [Buffoon, s.]
A. Trans. : To make ridiculous.
"Religion, matter of the beat, highest, truest, hon-
our, despised, buffooned, exposed as ridiculous."—
Olanville: Serm., ix. 343.
B. Intrans. : To act or play the part of a
buffoon.
buf-fdon'-er-jr, s. [Fr. boitffonerie.']
1. The art or profession of a buffoon.
2. Indecent or low jests and tricks ; scur-
rility.
" The carnival was at its height, and so
Were all kinds of buffoonery and dress."
Byron : Beppo, v. 21.
biif-fbon'-ing, pr. par., n., & s. [Buffoon*, t.]
A. tfc B. As pr. par. & participial adj. : (See
the verb.)
" Let not BO mean a style your muse debase.
But learu from Butler the buffooning grace."
Sir W. Soame's and Dryderis Art ^ Poetry.
C. As subst. : The act of behaving like a
buffoon, buffoonerj'.
" Leave your buffooning and lyin^ : I am not in
humour to bear it.' — Dryden : Amphitryon.
t buf-foon'-ish, «. [Eng. buffoon; -ish."} Like
a buffoon. (Blair.)
t buf-fdon'-i§ini, s. [Eng. buffoon; and suffix
-ism.] The conduct or procedure of a buffoon,
buffoonery. (Minsheu.)
t buf-f&on'-ize, v.i. [From Eng. buffoon, s.,
and suffix -ize.} To play the buffoon. (Min-
sheu.)
* biif-foon'-l^, a, [Eng. buffoon ; -ly.} Like
a buffoon, characteristic or suitable for a
buffoon ; low, scurrilous.
" Such men become fit only for toys and trifles, for
apish tricks and buffoonly discourse," — Goodman:
Wini. Ev. Conference, p. 1.
biiffs, s. pi. [Buff (2), s., II. 3.]
buf-fjr, ((. [From buff, a. & s. (q.v.).]
Med. : Of a buff colour ; consisting of what
is medically called buf (q.v.).
bufiEy-coat, s. A layer of fibrine at the
top of the coagulum, formed on blood drawn
from the veins of a patient during severe in-
flammation, and especially during pleurisy.
The term buffy is applied to it because the
red corpuscles being of heavier specific gravity
fall to the bottom, leaving the hghter- coloured
on the top. The buffy-coat varies from less
than one line to one or two Inches in thick-
ness. It is called also &i(/and size.
bu'-fo, *-. [Lat. bufo = a toa^l.]
Zool : A genus of Batrachians, the type of
the f^mWy Bufonidce (q.v.). The body is in-
flated, the skin wai-ty. the hind feet of mode-
rate length, the jaws without teeth, the nose
rounded. There are two British species--
Bufo vulgaris, the Common Toad or Paddock,
and B. ealamita, the Natterjack Toad. At
least eighteen foreign species are known.
[Toad.]
bu-fo'-iu-a, ;.. [Buffonia.]
bu-fon'-i-d£e, s. pi [From Lat. bufo = a toad,
and fem. pi. suffix -idoi.]
Zool. : A family of Batrachians. They are
distinguished from the Pipids by their pos-
sessing a well-developed tongue, and from the
Ranidae (Frogs) by the absence of teeth.
bu'-fon-ite. s. [Lat. I)h/o = atoad.] Literally
toad-stone ; a name given to the fossil teeth
and palatal bones of flshe.s belonging to the
family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose re-
mains occur abundantly m the oolitic and
chalk formations. The term bvfonite, like
those of " serpent's eyes," "batrachites," and
" crapaudines," by which they are also known,
refers to the vulgar notion that those organ-
isms were originally formed in the heads of
serpents, frcgs, and toads.
bug (1) biigge, s. & a. [In Dan. boiggelmis
= (bug-louse) := the insect called a bug ; Wei.
bwg = a hobgoblin ; bwgan = a bugbear, a
hobgoblin; bivgwth= to threaten, to scare,
from bw—a, threat, terror, a bugbear ; Ir. &
Gael, bocan = a bugbear ; Ir. pucka = an elf,
a sprite. Puck (Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's
Dream, ii. 1., 40, 148 ; iv. 1, 69; v. 438, 442).
Cf. Mahratta bagul = a bugbear, a boggle.]
A. As substantive :
1. Ordl.tary Language :
* 1. Of terrifying objects : An object of terror,
a bugbear (q.v.). (Lit. &flg.)
" Matrimony hath euer been a blacke bugge in their
sinagoge and churche." — j?a/e.- Votaryes (Pref.)
i /lichardaon.)
2. Of insects, whether contemptible or an-
noying :
(1) Of contemptible inscds : Any insect of
diminutive size, or in other ways contemptible.
" Do not all as much and more wonder at God's rare
workmanship in the ant, the ])oorest /)((ff that creeps,
as in the biggest elephant."— /ioi/e/'s : Haaman the
Syrian, p 74.
(2) Of annoying insects : The bed-bug (Cimea;
lectularius). [II.] Its unattractive form and
manner of life are too well known to require
description. The eggs, whirdi are white, are
deposited in the beginning of summer. They
are glued to the crevices of bedsteads or
furniture, or to the walls of rooms. Before
houses existed, the bug probably lived under
the bark of treos.
(3) Any similar insect.
" Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings.
This painted child of dirt which stinks and stings."
Pope : Prol. to Satires, iii. ao9.
II. Zoology:
1. The English name of the genus Cimex, to
which the bed-bug [A. I. 2. (2)] belongs.
2. The English name of the family Cimiuidse,
of which Cimex is the type.
3. The English name of the sub-order He-
teroptera, one of two ranked under the order
Heraiptera or Rhyncota. Most of the spe-
cies essentially resemble the bed-bug, except
that they have wings. Some suck the blood
of animals, and others subsist on vegetable
juices. Not a few species are beautiful, but
many have the same unpleasant smell which
emanates from the bed-bug.
B. As adjective : Pertaining to bugs, de-
signed to destroy bugs.
^ Obvious compounds : Bug-destroyer, bug'
powder.
bug-agaric, s. An agaric or mushroom
which used to be smeared over bedsteads to
destroy bugs. (Prior.)
bug (2), * bouge, s. & a. [Budge.]
bug-skin, s. A lamb's skin dressed.
". . . . ane hunilreth fiuflr sftirtnes . . . ."— Jcf. Dom.
Cone A. 1491, p. 199.
^ biig, a. [Big.] (More : Song of the Soiil, pt. ii.,
bk. ii., ch. iii., § 03.)
bug'-a-bo, H. [From Eng. bug (I), (q.v.) ; and
bo (q"v.).] A bugbear.
" For all the bugaboes to fright you."— Lloyd : Chit
Chat. ( aichartlso n. )
boil, boy; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9011, chorus, ghin, bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, ^enophon, e^ist. -mg.
-cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shiin ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shiis. -ble, -fle, &c. = bel, fel.
32
bugasine— Buhl
bug'-a-sine, 5. [From Fr. 'bo'-ro^.in = a kind
of liii{!''bLU'kmni resembling taffetii, also cal-
liinanco. (Cotgravc) ] A 'lame for calico.
[BUCKASY.]
" liugasines or calhco 15 ells the piece — is."~Rates,
A. lG7i*.
■bug'-toane (1), s. [From Eng. hnq ; and hane.}
A name given in America to Cimicifuga, a
plant of the order Eanuuculacese (Crowfoots).
It is called in England bugwort.
btig'-bane (2), s. [A cori'uption of hog-hean
(q.v.).]
bug'-bear, s. & a. [From Eng. lug (1) = an
object of terror (q..v.); arid hear = the animal
so called.]
A. As S2ihstantive : A spectre or hobgoblin ;
any frightful object, esjiecially one which,
being boldly confronted, vanishes away.
[BuG(l).] (Lit. <& Jig.)
" Invasion was the hugbear with which the court
tried to frighten the uation,"— J/acawiay ; Hist. Eng ,
ch. xxiii.
B. As adjective : Terrifyiug.
" . . . . such hugbear thoughts "—Locke.
*bug'-bear, v.t. [From inghear, s. (q.v.).]
To frighten with idle phantoms. {Abraham
King.)
*buge (1), s. [Bough.] (Story of Gen. and
Exod., 2,0i50.)
* buge (2), ^. [Budge, s.] (Scotch.)
biig'-ga-ldw, s. [Mah. bagala.}
Naut. : An East India coasting-vessel with
one mast and a lateen sail, which navigates
EL'OGALOW.
the Indian seas from the Gulf of Cutch. It
was in existence as early as the time of Alex-
ander the Great. [Budgerow.] (Journ. Roy.
Asiat. Soc, i. 12, 13.)
* bugge, a. [Bug (1), s.] A hugbear. [Bog-
garde.]
* bug-ge, * bug-gen, v.t. &