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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE
SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND
THE GIFT OF
HENRY W. SAGE
1891
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRAHY
3 1924 092 476 229
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092476229
EXPANSIVE
/ ^
CLASSIFICATION
Part I:
THE FIRST SIX CLASSIFICATIONS
BOSTON
C: A. CUTTER
1891-93
EXPANSIVE
CLASSIFICATION
INTRODUCTION FOR THE SMALLEST LIBRARY
The classification which I worked out for the Boston Athe-
naeum was the result of much study and thought, and it has
borne the test and received the improvements of five years' use.
As some features of the notation appeared to stand in the way
of its general acceptance, I devised another notation (to be used
with the same classification), which was put in use at the Gary
Library at Lexington, Mass. But a further modification soon
appeared to be needed. The Boston Atheneeum contains about
1 70,000 volumes. It is evident that a library, all whose books
could be put into a single room, all whose work must be done
by a single person, would not require and would never attempt
to use this elaborate arrangement ; consequently there have been
so many requests from persons interested in the lesser libraries
to have the Athenaeum classification, with the Lexington nota-
tion, adapted to their needs, that I have been led to prepare a
scheme applicable to collections of every size, from the village
library in its earliest stages to the national library with a million
volumes.
I purpose at first, in suggesting a plan for arranging the
smallest collection of books, to say briefly what should be done,
without any explanation or statement of reasons. Afterwards,
in showing how this simple plan can be developed into one
suited to the varied and complex purposes of a large library,
inasmuch as more technical language must be used, and disputed
questions must be considered, it will be necessary to define and
illustrate and argue at some length.
(I)
DIRECTIONS
For arranging and marking a very small library in such a way
that other books can be added to it without disturbing the arrange-
ment, and with as little change of m.arks as possible,
Divide your books into the following eight sections)! —
A Works of reference and general works
which include several of the following
sections, and so could not go in any one.
B Philosophy and Religion
E Biography
F History and Geography and Travels
H Social sciences
L Natural sciences and Arts
Y Language and Literature
Yf Fiction
Mark each book on the back with the letter of its section.
Put the same letter against the title of the book wherever it
occurs in the catalog, and use it in charging. Put it also on the
shelf (on a movable card), or over the range of shelves, which
contain the books of that class. The shelves are not to be
marked at all with alcove, range, or shelf numbers.
When you have got your books sorted into the eight sections,
arrange them within each class alphabetically by the authors'
names, except in Biography, which is to be arranged by the
subjects, that is, by the names of those whose lives are told. To
keep the books in this order, add to the class-letter the initial
of the author's name (in Biography of the subject's namie). In
the sections Biography and Fiction, and in all classes in a
library that is expected to grow rapidly, to distinguish different
authors whose family name begins with the same letter, add to
(2)
the initial a figure taken from Cutter's " Alfabetic order table,'
the method of using which will be fully explained further on.
Put this initial, or initial-and-figure, on the back of the book
under the class-letter ; put it also in the catalog ; and when a
class occupies several shelves put on each shelf a movable label
showing what letter begins it.
When marking the catalog separate the class-letter from the
author's initial by a period above the line (as A-B). If the quartos
and folios are shelved separately from the smaller books, use a
plus sign as a separation mark for them instead of a period
(asA+B), so that you will know which set of shelves to go to for
the book. If the folios are separated from the quartos, use + for
quartos and || for folios (as A||B).
When a book is added to the library, give it the proper class-
letter and initial, or initial-and-figure, so that it can take its exact
place on the shelves just as a new card takes its place in a card
catalog. By such insertion the volumes following it on the shelf
are pushed along. To allow of this, part of each shelf must be
left vacant in the first arrangement of the books. When any
shelf becomes full, divide the books between it and the next shelf,
so that each will have room for future growth. This process of
adjustment can be continued till all the shelves are filled.
Let the succession of books on the shelves be from left to
right, like the order of the words in a line of print, and from the
upper to the lower shelves, like the order of the lines in a page.
Let each class begin at the beginning (left) of a shelf, and, if
there is room, let it begin with the first (that is, the upper) shelf
of a range.
Dispose the classes about the room in such a way as to bring
the most used class, that is. Fiction, near to the delivery desk.
It is best to let the classes succeed one another in the alpha-
betical order of the letters by which they are marked, but this is
not necessary, if any other order is more convenient.
(3)
INTRODUCTION FOR LARGER LIBRARIES
A SHELF CLASSIFICATION,
is a scheme for arranging the books of a library so that simi-
lar works or works treating of similar subjects shall stand
together on the shelves.
The reason for classifying is that people often wish to see
many books on a subject at once ; either in order to read the
whole literature of the subject, or that they may examine it and
select the best works. A classified a,rrangement is also some-
times an assistance in finding a book whose author's name has
been forgotten, tho its subject is remembered. It also frequently
enables one to get a book without consulting the catalog to find
where it is placed, for when the classes are well defined one
knows just where a book of well-defined character must be. No
one, for example, would go to the catalog to find the place of a
life of Washington, or a novel by Dickens, or a history of France
in a library in which there were the classes Biography and Fiction
and French history, and an alphabetical sub-arrangement.
On the other hand, we must not expect too much from classifi-
cation. It will never enable us to do away with either the author
or the subject catalog. The first is the proper means of finding
a book of which the author's name is known. It is only occas-
ionally that the classification should be called upon to perform
this function! The phrases used above, " well-defined classes "
and books " of a well-defined character," are not to be disre-
garded. If the book wanted is one that might be put almost
equally well -under either of two classes, — and there are many
suph books, — one cannot tell in which class to look for it,
and time may be saved by consulting the catalog, which guides
(4)
us at once to the right place.. So it will be if one does not
know, or has forgotten, the character of the book, and therefore
does not know where the classifier would put it. Also, if a
man misremembers the subject of the book, or never rightly
comprehended it, he must not complain if it is not on the shelf
where he expects to find it. And if the class can be only vaguely
defined, and there is a considerable debatable land between it
and the next, the result is the same.
Nor can the inquirer dispense with the aid of the catalog if he
wishes to find all that there is in the library on a given subject.
It is plain that no shelf-classification can collect in one place
all that the library possesses on each subject ; because, in the
first place, there are in many libraries special collections, which
take books out of the general classification, so that to exhaust
the literature of a subject one must look both in the general
library and in the special or " parallel " library, and perhaps in
several special libraries ; and secondly, because some books treat
of several subjects and yet can be put in only one place, unless
in such cases another copy is bought for each additional subject,
which is generally out of the question ; and thirdly, because a
book on one subject may be bound with a book on another, and
if the volume is put in one class it is necessarily missing in
the other. But within the proper limits of its work, and in
connection with the catalog, classification is of the greatest
value as one of the keys that unlocks the treasure-house of
knowledge.
The gain from classification is greatest in libraries which
admit visitors to the shelves ; in them I consider it indispensable.
When, as in most town libraries, books are asked for by bor-
rowers on call slips, and brought by attendants, the advantage
is much less. But there is a gain. If the library tries to supply,
not merely entertainment, but instruction ; if the librarian gives
out, not merely books over a counter, but advice in reading
and assistance in investigation, he must have his library so
arranged that he can lay his hand on his materials at once. It
(S)
is not enough that, with the aid of the catalog, he can get any
one book (which can be done in a library absolutely unarranged),
but he must know where to go for each subject; he must (so far
as possible) find there whatever the library has on that subject.
And he wants to do this quickly. When inquiries are pouring
in upon him he must not be obliged to waste time in searching.
The quicker he can get together the books that will answer one
question, the quicker he can turn to the next applicant. Five
minutes' preparation on the dull day will be well spent if it saves
one minute in the busy day. It must not be overlooked that
however well a librarian may know the position of his books,
however independent he may be of catalog and classification,
when he dies or resigns he will take away his knowledge with
him. There is no way in which he can transmit part of it to his
successor so quickly and so effectually as by leaving the books
well classified. A new librarian or a new assistant who goes into
an unarranged library, undertakes a very hard task, and it will be
a long time before he can satisfactorily assist inquirers. In a
well-arranged library he can make some use of the books ,at once,
and become familiar with the resources at his command in a
comparatively short time.
A NOTATION
is a method of so marking the books that after they have been
used they can be restored to the proper class with certainty and
quickness, and that by looking in the catalog, where the same
mark is given in connection with the title of the work, one can
learn in what class the book is to be found.
If the notation is such that each book has a mark of its own
different from that of any other book, that mark will serve for
charging it to a borrower, and will identify it in various library
records.
I have drawn out three notations for use with the present set
of classifications, as I know that some persons object to one
feature of the one which I prefer. Their differences will be
(6^
explained hereafter under the heading " The three local lists,"
for they vary only in the " local list." How the first notation
came to be made, and how it differs from other notations,
is stated in an article which will be reprinted from the Library
journal in an appendix.
The Classification, then, assigns a book to its place; the
Notation keeps it in its place, and gives it a proper name by
which it can be known, called for, and recorded.
THE MARK
consists of two parts : [a) the class-mark, which shows in what
class the book belongs ; and (3) the book-mark,* which dis-
tinguishes that book from other works in the same class.
THE CLASS-MARK,
in the series of classifications set forth here, is
in the First notation
when the class is a subject (as History, Phil-
osophy, Science, the Arts) or a kind of litera-
ture (as Fiction, Drama, Poetry) ;
a LETTER, which
may be followed
by one or more
letters
a SINGLE FIGURE
TWO FIGURES
to distinguish books written in a certain form
(as Dictionaries, Encyclopccdias, Periodicals,
etc.) from other works in the same class ;
to distinguish books relating to a place (as
America, Africa, Egypt, Massachusetts, Bos-
ton, White Mountains, Lake George, the Mis-
sissippi) from other works in the same class.
The Second notation
differs from the first in this : that instead of distinguishing
PLACES by TWO FIGURES, it uses a VOWEL, which may be followed
by another letter.
* I am sorry to be obliged to use this term, which has another well-accepted meaning, but
there is no other suitable term ; work-mark is the letter which distinguishes the two works of
the same author in any section.
(7)
The Third notation
to distinguish places instead of two figures uses a letter,
which may be followed by another letter.
THE CLASS MARK .FOR SUBJECTS.
In the First notation, so long as we deal only with subjects,
letters alone are used. A single letter marks a great class
(J might serve for Government, for example). Another letter
added to it indicates a subdivision of that class (e. g. Jq Punish-
ment). A third letter marks a section of the subdivision (e. g. Jqc
Capital punishment); and, if the splitting up is carried any
farther, a fourth letter would mark a special part of the section.
These are arranged like the words in a dictionary :
B • Bcc
Ba Bed
Bb Bcda
Be Bcdb
Bca Bcdba
Bcb and so on.
THE LOCAL LIST.
But this is not the only way in which classes need to be broken
up into parts. Subjects vary according as they relate to different
countries. Thus in Zoology, there are not only books' which
treat separately of the Invertebrates and of the Vertebrates, of
Mammals and of Monkeys, but also books which describe the
animals of Africa, of Madagascar, of Borneo. So in the form-
class Literature, the form divisions marked by letters are Fiction,
Drama, Poetry, Oratory, and the like ; the local divisions are
English literature, French literature, German literature. These
differences in nature require a corresponding division on the
shelves when there is material enough to divide. Since the
flora of Africa is not the same as the flora of North America,
the books on it should not be in the same place in a botanical
library. As the fauna of the Arctic regions differs from the
fauna of the Tropics, a zoological library should not mix the
(8)
books upon them. The history and the laws and the language
and the literature of England are so diverse from the history,
laws, language, and literature of France that no general library
of size would for a moment hesitate to separate them. This
kind of subdivision it is desirable to mark in some different
way from the other, for two reasons : First, because it is different,
a division not by subject but by locality ; and second, because it
is suitable and convenient that the mark for each country should
be the same in all the different classes, and also that it should
not be used for any other purpose. We cannot employ the
letters for this purpose, for they are already taken for subject-
marks ; we therefore use figures. If, for example, 45 is the
mark for England, and
D is Church history, then D45 is English church history
F is History F45 is English history
G is Travels G45 is English travels
K is Law K45 is English law
N is Botany N45 is English botany
O is Zoology O45 is English zoology
Whenever one meets 45 one knows that it means England,
and that in this part of the classification we shall find books
treating of the subject to whose class-letter it is annexed, with
special reference to England. And, on the other hand, if we
wish to find the books about England in any class, we look for
41 in the series of numbers under that class-mark.
These numbers following a class letter are arranged before the
letters following a class letter ; that is, the divisions A 1 1 to A 99
precede the divisions A a to Az, thus, —
A31 Bii P26
A44 B39 P37
A72 B86 P99
A91 Bb Pm
Aa Bp Pr
Ad Bx Ps
Am Bz Pt
(9)
Though there are disadvantages in the use of letters to mark
local divisions, they will serve, and in one way they are superior,
as will be stated farther' on, in the chapter on " The three local
lists." When we use them, if, for example, e is the mark for
England, and
F is History, then Fe is English history
G is travels Ge is travels in England
Nz is local Botany Nze is English botany
Oz is local Zoology Oze is English zoology
We cannot say that whenever one meets e one knows that it
means England, because that letter is also used for many subject
subdivisions; but we can say that when we come to that part of any
class which contains the books treating of the subject locally, we
shall find all the books relating to England under the sub-mark e.
THE ORDER OF CLASSES.
It is not always necessary to place the main classes on the
shelves in the alphabetical order of the letters. If they are
arranged around a single room and class A (Reference books)
comes near the charging-desk on one side, division Yf (Fiction),
the most used of all classes, will be near it on the other. But it
may be that there are more books than can be got into one
room, and that to preserve this convenient placing some inter-
mediate class must be taken out and put into a side room. Or
it may be that the library occupies a house whose rooms cannot
be made to succeed one another in any very intelligible order.
The reason for wishing to put classes in the regular alphabeti-
cal order is simply that it indicates where any class can be found,
because every one knows that B follows A, C follows B, and so
on. But with regard . to the main classes it is easy for the
attendants to remember even a very considerable displacement.
When the public go to the shelves, a class out of place is a greater
evil because it requires explanation. In that case it is well to
put up a written or printed statement of the order of all of the
classes, and in the place where any one would naturally be looked
for to post a notice stating where it actually is.
(lo)
Though main classes, or a great division Hke Fiction, may be
placed out of order without any great harm, it is very undesirable
to so misplace a subordinate section of a class. To go to the
shelf and not find a group of books where its class-mark would
lead one to expect it to be, is a most disagreeable disappointment,
and should not be occasioned without a strong reason.
In putting books upon the shelf it is best, when there is room,
to begin a class or any large subdivision with a shelf ; if this is
done one comprehends the arrangement more easily and the eye
catches the successive class-labels more quickly. If it is neces-
sary after finishing one subject on a shelf to begin another on
the same shelf, a vacant space should be left if possible between
the two. The books can be kept apart by Crocker book supports.
Indeed, half a dozen subjects with only a book or two in each
can be put on the same shelf and yet be perfectly distinct, if each
has such a support before and after it.*
There is not always room to thus separate each subject from
its neighbor, but when this can be done, and each subject has its
own class-label, the use of the library is much facilitated.
The class-mark, then, keeps all the books of a class together;
the book-mark keeps them in their proper order within the class.
When a new book is added it is inserted where it belongs on the
shelf (just as a card is put in its proper place in the card catalog);
the books after it are moved along a little. In time the shelf
gets full ; then the books can run over on to the next shelf, or if
the shelves are generally full, the class can run over into the next
case or alcove, or be moved into a new room. For the books
with this notation are not fixed to any shelf ; they are only con-
fined to their place in their class. It makes no difference where
the class is placed ; they will be found in the same situation
relatively to the other books of the class, for which reason this
movable location is sometimes called a relative location ; the
other is called fixed.
* These supports can be procured of the Library Bureau, Boston, or of the inventor, the
Rev. H: Crocker, Fairfax, Vt.
(")
The fixed location may be compared to the line in the
directory which states that a man lives at 129 Grace street;
the movable to the army register, which says that he is captain
of Company C, 5th Regiment, M. V. The street is immovable.
The regiment may be marched from one part of the country
to another, and yet the man be easily found by his position in it.
In the same way books may be found by their position in a
certain class, though the class itself be transferred from one
alcove to another. If the man moves to a new street, a new
directory is needed ; but the army register does, not have to be
altered just because the regiment has been quartered in a differ-
ent town. So when books are moved under the system of fixed
location, shelf-lists must be rewritten and shelf-marks changed
on the catalogs ; under the system of movable location the old
class lists still hold good, and there is no changing of
marks.
A BOOK-MARK,
as I said, is designed to distinguish each book from the other
books in the same class ; to make it four methods are chiefly
in vogue.
1. The accession number* is used both for {a) charging (usu-
ally without the class-mark) and (b) arranging (with the class-
mark) ; e.g. a book may be charged as 129 or 4372, but marked
for arrangement as A 129 or C4372. If the accessions number
is different for each book, it serves the first purpose {a) well ; for
the second purpose {d) it is not so well adapted, because it leaves
the books on the shelves in no intelligent order, but just as they
happen to be added to the library.
2. What might be called the accession mark of the class
is used, that is to say, the books in class A are numbered A'l,
A-2, A-3, as they are added to the class. This makes shorter
* An accession book is a journal in wliicli boolcs are entered chronologically as they are
added to the library. In the margin are a series of numbers from i upward. The number
standing against any entry is the accession number of the book entered.
(12)
marks than the other, because the number in a single class would
seldom get into the thousands, but as a method of arrangement
it has the same defect as the first — it is not orderly, and there-
fore is of little use.
3, 4. For this reason the third and fourth methods are better —
to arrange each class in (3) approximate or (4) exact alphabetical
order.
3. The order of the alphabet may be approximately kept by
marking the books with the initial of the author's name, followed
by the accessions number of the initial, that is, the first book
by any author whose name begins with M is marked Mi, the
second one by an author with an M-beginning name, M2, the
third, M3, and so on.
4. Exact alphabetic order is maintained by Cutter's " Alfabetic-
order Table," which can be procured of the Library Bureau,
Boston. A full explanation of the method of using it is given
further on. This table uses a combination of letters and figures.
The letter is the initial of the author's name, and is followed by
certain figures which distinguish names that have the same
initial^ from one another, and keep them in the proper order.
I also compiled a table of figures alone, which ensures the same
result (described in the Library journal, v. 3, p. 248-251), and
used it at the Boston Athenaeum for a year or so. It worked
well ; but the table made with initials works better. Persons
who object to the combination of letters and figures might use
the numerical table.
THE USE OF ALPHABETIC ORDER.
As long as there are few books in a class (15 or 20) it makes
very little difference which plan is adopted ; but when the class
grows, and has 50 or 100 or 200 or 300, the alphabetic arrange-
ment is better, for two reasons : ist, with that order one can find
any book of which one knows the author's name without going
to the catalog. Miss Alcott's novels, for example, will be on one
of the first shelves of Fiction, Bret Harte's near the middle of
the class, Mrs, Oliphant's a little farther along, and Miss Yonge's
(13)
at the end.* Another advantage is that all the works of each
author are brought together, instead of being dispersed about
the shelves in the order in which they chance to come into the
library. In a class like Fiction or Poetry this is really neces-
sary ; in all classes it is convenient ; for it is sometimes as de-
sirable to get quickly all that a certain man has written in a
kind of literature, or on a subject, as to get all that there is on
the subject.
The simple numerical order is easier to apply in the first
instance than the alphabetic, but the latter saves time in the
end, and is always more satisfactory to an orderly mind.
There is, however, a great difference in this matter between
the libraries which, like college and proprietary and some smaller
town libraries, admit either the whole public, or some select part
of their public, to the shelves, and those which exclude all out-
siders, as do the larger town and the city libraries. And there
is a difference between those which are used much for browsing
and study and those which are used mainly for circulation. If
a reader goes often to the. shelves, he will find his convenience
greatly served by minute and thorough arrangement. If a
librarian in service of readers inquiring into subjects goes often
to the shelves, he will find his searching made easier by arrange-
ment, not merely arrangement by subjects, but under them by
authors. But if nobody goes to the shelves but the call-boys, if
books are always picked out on the catalog and sent for by
number, and are never looked for in situ, either by reader or
* When there are many books in one alphabet, as there usually will be in a small library
before it is subdivided, and will always be in Fiction and Biography, finding books is much
helped by putting on the shelves little movable tin guides, enamelled white, with letters (A, B,
C, etc.) painted in black on them. When the alphabet gets very long, whole names may be
painted on the guides, as Cooper, Dickens, Eliot, Scott, etc., noted names being taken first. The
labels can be procured of any large manufacturer of tin goods (e. g. G; H. Mason & Co., of
Boston), and the letters or names painted at the library. The Library Bureau supplies letters and
names already printed on cards, which go in tin holders fastened to the shelves, of this form
B A
C D
The arm A B goes above the shelf, C D below it. The angles B and C are made a little less
than right angles, so that the two arms incline slightly towards each other, and grasp the shelf
tightly. Similar labels should be used for names of classes and subclasses.
librarian, then, although for other reasons subject arrangement is
still preferable, alphabetical order is of hardly perceptible value.
Libraries might be arranged in an ascending series, with
reference to the need and gain of order. At the foot would
come those that are very small, and those that are sought merely
for recreation and not at all for study. Above them would come
progressively the larger libraries and the libraries of more and
more serious use, succeeding one another just in proportion as
they are larger or more studied. But a large library, frequented
by a frivolous public, would in this series come lower than a
much smaller library that was better used. The three factors,
size, use, and degree of shelf access enter in varying proportions
into each library's character, and by the resulting product its
managers can determine how minute shall be its classification,
whether there shall be any alphabetical sub-order, and if there is
any, whether it shall be approximate or exact.
Alphabetical order will not come in as a necessity in a closed
library till it is very large, till it has say 1,000,000 volumes. In
a library admitting readers to the shelves, it will be a need when
there are 100,000; and anywhere it is a convenience much
earlier. But it is of different value in different classes. In
divisions which have no more books than one can readily run
over with the eye, the help of alphabetical order is hardly
perceptible. When the books fill several shelves, the aid which
it gives becomes decidedly noticeable, and in a library of access
is worth whatever trouble it may give to apply it ; but even then
approximate order (in which the books are arranged by initials
only) is about as useful as exact order. In Fiction, however, and
perhaps in a few other classes, in which there are always a great
many books, I do not see how any library can dispense with an
order either absolutely or very nearly exact. There is nothing
to prevent thoroughly arranging this class, and any other that
seems to require it, and yet using the accession mark of the
class (see p. 1 1) for the rest of the library. The rfeasons for doing
so — I mean for arranging alphabetically part only of a library
(is)
— are (a) that it takes a fraction of a second less time to assign
the- accession number of the class than it does to put on the
author-mark ; (d) that the accession number is shorter, and (c)
that it is simpler. In a library of a very large circulation among
an illiterate populace, and with ignorant or constantly changing
attendants, these last two items are important. On the other
hand, with a small circulation, or with a charging system
that does not require the writing of call-numbers, or with a
large number of persons consulting the shelves rather than the
catalogs, the objections to author-numbers are insignificant
compared to their utility, and the whole library might as well
be so numbered.
DETAILS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE MARKS.
The method of using the marks is this : They are written on
the catalog card on the top line or in the margin near the top.*
Here they serve (like the street and number in a directory) as a
guide to the place where the book is to be found. They are also
put on the back of the book, so that one may know, without
opening the book, where to put it away after it has been used,
and so that as one stands before the shelves one can see at what
class and what part of the class one is looking, and running the
eye along the backs can easily pick out the particular book which
one is in search of.t
* They are put near the top that they may strike the eye readily. In a printed catalog the
mark is of course given in one line, as B'M48 ; but on cards I have preferred to put the class
mark and the book-mark on separate lines, as .jyj- „ or in a more elaborate classification .^ o
There is a slight advantage in thus emphasizing by position the distinction between class-mark
and book-mark.
t When books are covered the marks are written on the paper cover ; when they are left
uncovered sometimes printed labels are pasted on the back, sometimes written labels, sometimes
the marks are put on with white paint, sometimes they are stamped on by a binder with gold
leaf, as books are lettered. Painting disfigures the books, and the paint becomes soiled and
wears off; labels get dirty and drop off; lettering is the best, but is costly. If labels are used
they should be put at or near the top, even to the loss of uniformity in appearance, as they are
more quickly soiled at the bottom by the hand holding the book.
Here also the mark should be made in two or more lines, as it greatly facilitates finding
a book to have the class-mark stand alone. When one has once fflund a class one need
thereafter look at the book-marks only. Moreover, narrow backs will not always take the whole
of a mark in one line.
(i6)
FIRST CLASSIFICATION.
For a very small Library.
A Works of reference and works of a general
character covering: several classes
Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery
Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public,
such as the best dictionaries of languages and other sub-
jects ; encyclopaedias, both general and special, handbooks
of dates, dictionaries of biography and peerages, gazetteers,
manuals of statistics, books of quotations, concord-
ances, etc.-
B Philosophy and Religion
Includes Moral philosophy.
E Historical sciences
Includes Biography, History, and Geography and
Travels.
H Social sciences
Includes Statistics, Political Economy, Commerce, the
Poor, Chanty, Education, Peace, Temperance, the Woman
question, Politics, Government, Crime, Legislation, Law.
L Sciences and Arts, both Useful and Fine
X Language-
Y Literature
Includes Literary history. Bibliography, and the arts
that have to do with books.
Yf Fiction
To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark
of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the
book-mark alone.
(17)
Btit it is better to divide History into three classes, thus :
E Biography
To be arranged in the order of the persons whose lives
are told. On distinguishing between the collective and
the individual works see, forward, " The method of arrang-
ing biography."
F H istory
History includes the allied subjects : Antiquities, In-
scriptions, Numismatics, Chivalry and Knighthood,
Heraldry, Peerage.
G Geography and Travels
It will be noticed that there are gaps in the alphabetic order
of the letters used. C, D, I, J, K, M-W, and Z are not em-
ployed. The reason for this will appear later.
How the scheme works may be better understood from
SOME EXAMPLES: i, WITH AUTHOR-MARKS.
History.
Bancroft, G: History of the United Freytag, G. Pictures of German life.
States. F-B22U F-FSg
Bancroft, H. H. History of the Gardiner, S: R. Thirty years' war.
Pacific States. F-B22 F-Gi6
Boui GER, D. C: History of China. Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the
F-B66 Roman Empire. F-Gss
Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire. Green, J: R: History of the English
F-B84 people. F-G82
Burton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne. Green, J: R; The making of England.
F-Bgs F-G82m
Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich Hallam, H: View of the state of
II. of Prussia. F-Cig Europe during the Middle Ages.
Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng- F'Hic
land. F-D56 Higginson, T. W. Young folks' his-
DiCKSON, W. Japan. F'D56 tory of the U. S. F-Hs3
Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of Hildreth, R: History of the United
Russia. F-D68 States. F'H54
Duruy, V. History of Rome. F;D93 Hunt, W: History of Italy. F-Hoi
FiSKE, J: Beginnings of New Eng- Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada.
land. F-Fs4 p.jrg
Freeman, E: A. Historical geography Knight, C: Popular history of Eng-
of Europe. F'FSy land. F-K74
(i8)
Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th
century. F'L49
Lodge, R: Student's modern Europe.
F-L82
Macaulay, T: B. History of England.
F-Mii
Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought
from Alexander to the Roman
conquest. F"M27
Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's
empire. F-M27S
Marshman, J: C. History of India.
F-M3S
Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France.
F-M36
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Collections. F'8M3C
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Proceedings. F'8M3 p
Michelet, J. Hist, de France. F-MsS
Motley, T: L. History of the United
Netherlands. F-M8s
Parkman, F. France and England in
America. F"P23
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella. F'P92
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II.
F-P92 p
Ranke, L. von. Universal history.
F-Ri6
Rawlinson, G: Five great monarchies
of the ancient eastern world.
F-Ri9
Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon-
archy. F'Ri9 s
Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental
monarchy. F'Rig se
Schuyler, E. Peter the Great. F-Sch8
Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy.
F-Sy6
Winsor, J. Memorial history of Bos-
ton. F-9W73
Winsor, J. Narrative and critical
history of America. F'gWysn
YoNGE, Miss C. M. European history.
F-Y8
YoNGE, Miss C. M. Stories of German
history. F-Y8
EXAMPLES: 2, \A^ITH ACCESSION-MARK.
Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the
Roman Empire. F'l
Hallam, H: View of the state of
Europe during the Middle Ages.
F-2
Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada. F'3
Michelet', J. France. F'4
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella. F's
Hildreth, R: History of the United
States. F-6
Macaulay, T: B. History of England.
F7
Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng-
land. F-8
Bancroft, G: History of the United
States. F-9
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II.
F-io
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Collections. F'li
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Proceedings. F-i2
Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France.
F-I3
Knight, C: Popular history of Eng-
land. F-I4
Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich II.
of Prussia. F"i5
Motley, T: L. History of the United
Netherlands. F'i6
Rawlinson, G: Five great monarchies
of the ancient eastern world.
F'i7
Freytag, G. Pictures of German life.
F-i8
Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire.
F-ig
Gardiner, T: R. Thirty years' war.
F'20
Parkman, F. France and England in
America, F"2i
(19)
Marshman, J: C. History of India.
F-22
Dickson, W. Japan. F-23
YONGE, Miss C. M. European history.
F-24
Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon-
archy. F-25
Hunt, W: History of Italy. F-26
Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy :
the age of the despots. F'2 7
Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental
monarchy. F"28
Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th
century. F'29
YoNGE, Miss C. M. Aunt Charlotte's
stories of German history. F'3o
Green, J: R: History of the English
people. F"3i
Burton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne.
F-32
VVinsor, J. Memorial history of Bos-
ton. F-33
Boulger, D. C: History of China.
Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of
Russia. F'3S
Freeman, E: A. Historical geography
of Europe. F'36
Green, J: R: The making of England.
F-37
Bancroft, H. H. History of the
Pacific States. F'38
Ranke, L. von. Universal history., F-39
Schuyler, E. Peter the Great. F-4o
Lodge, R: Student's modern Europe.
, F'4i
Higginson, T: W. Young folks' his-
tory of the U. S. F-42
Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought
from Alexander to the Roman
conquest. F'43
Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's
empire. F'44
DuRUY, V. History of Rome. F'4S
WiNSOR, J. Narrative and critical
history of America. F'46
FiSKE, J: Beginnings of New Eng-
land. r'47
F-34
In arranging this list, the books have been supposed to come
into the library in about the order of their publication. Note
their alphabetical disorder.
THE RESULT OF USING THIS CLASSIFICATION
will be that the library will have eight undivided classes and
one class that has one subdivision. Within each class the books
will stand in alphabetical or accessional order.
The classes will be of very unequal extent. If it is like most
small town libraries, Fiction will absorb a quarter or half of the
books ; Biography, History, and Travels will be strong ; the
other classes will be comparatively weak. Language, for in-
stance, may not have even a single representative. This, of
course, does no harm. A class-mark that has no book to bear
it simply remains unused, and waits till its book comes in.
Language might indeed be combined with the next class, making
a compound class. Language and Literature, but I do not see
any advantage in so doing.
(20)
The books should be spread upon the shelves evenly, a large
class occupying many shelves, a small one proportionately fewer.
A part of each shelf, two-thirds if possible, should be left for
increase.* The classes may grow unevenly, but this will not
make much trouble, because an overfull shelf or an overfull case,,-
can run over on to the next.
THE VERY SMALL LIBRARY GROWS.
As a library increases, and books accumulate under each sec-
tion, it becomes worth while to divide some of the classes. This
is not true of all ; Fiction, for instance, is best kept in one
alphabet of authors ; t Biography should remain in one alphabet
of the persons whose lives are told;| but as soon as even a
* Leaving such room for growth removes the only objection to a " movable " as compared
with a "fixed" location, namely, that the books do not remain long enough in the same place for
any one to learn where to go for them ; in short, that a movable location interferes with a local
memory. In a measure this objection is correct. If no spaces were left, of course the whole
line would be pushed forward whenever new books were inserted, and supposing one end to be
fixed, the other end would advance fast in a rapidly growing library. The usual reply to this is
that we should cultivate a relative memory ; that is, that we should remember not on what shelf
of what alcove a book stands, but in what part of what class. This is undoubtedly good advice ;
but few people like to cultivate new habits. If, however, two thirds of each shelf is left for addi-
tions, both methods are equally permanent till the shelves are nearly filled, and both methods
equally require us to move the books and destroy the local memory when the shelves are entirely
filled. So far the two are on a par. The difference between them comes when the space is al-
most gone. Then, as books never come into the various parts of a library with uniformity, some
parts will fill before others, and the fixed location is reduced to either abandoning its classification
in these parts, or to an entire re-arrangement earlier than is strictly necessary, or to a partial
re-arrangement with the attendant cost of time and liabihty to mistakes in re-marking, and the
annulling of the local memory after all. But in the same circumstances the movable location, by
its flexibility, escapes all this, and yet interferes with the local memory no more. With the fixed
location when one moves books one must re-write the shelf lists and re-mark the catalog. With
the relative location one merely moves the books along. There is no need to re-write the class
list, because that has no connection with the particular shelves the books happen to be upon ;
and one cannot re-mark the catalog, because there has been no change in the marks.
It must be noted, however, that leaving great gaps for growth spreads the books over a
proportionately larger space, makes the. borrowers wait longer for the books which they have
sent for, and costs the attendants more steps, an important matter where the circulation is large.
The good manager, therefore, will try to balance the extra cost of service in loose packing against
the cost of frequent moving and the convenience of permanence of place, and to draw the line
so as to get the greatest advantage at the least cost. That line cannot be drawn at the same
place in all libraries.
t Some prefer an alphabet of titles. This probably facilitates finding single novels, as in
fiction titles are better known than authors ; but on the other hand it separates the stories of a
single author, and this seems to rae to outweigh the gain.
I Accurately speaking the class Biography is subdivided from the beginning ; the persons
whose lives are told are the separate subjects ; each one forms a sub-class ; every new person
put in adds a new subdivision to the class.
(21)
hundred histories get together it is well to pick out the books on
one or two countries and put them by themselves. First to be
separated should be our own country, then England, then France,
and Germany, and so on. If I am asked for a history of the
United States, it is not pleasant to have to search for it through
a whole bookcase of historical works, and find one here and
another there and a third elsewhere. I want to have them all
together, in the lower right-hand corner, or in some other definite
place. Then I can run my eye over them, select the one I had
in mind, tho in the hurry of the moment its name had escaped
me, and hand it to the inquirer without any delay. The same
thing might be said of hundreds of other subjects. While the
books are few, to be sure, one can remember them all and. their
places ; but as their number increases this becomes difficult and
finally impossible. The larger the library grows the more it
must be subdivided. The only real question is how soon shall
we begin. To make few classes saves time and thought at first,
not much, perhaps, but some. To subdivide afterwards costs
thought and time whenever it is done, and it costs a little more
time then than it would have taken at first, because work already
done has to be done over.
THE METHOD OF RE-ARRANGEMENT
is very simple. Suppose E is to be divided into E, F, and G ; the
books that are to remain in E need no change ; those which are
to go into F and G are picked out and brought together, the
Fs after the E. books and the Gs after the F books. The class-
mark is altered from E to F or G, as the case may be, on the
book and on the catalog, wherever it occurs, under author, sub-
ject, title, or in a reference. This is the most troublesome part
of the alteration ; it must be done with great care to avoid
omissions and mistakes. The book-mark needs no change ; the
books will stand in the same relative order in F and in G that
they had in E.
(22)
Now appears the reason why some of the letters of the alpha-
bet were not used at first, namely, that they were reserved for
classes to be inserted later. In the ordinary methods of
arranging and re-arranging libraries a small classification is
made at first with classes and class-marks chosen somewhat at
random, and with no provision whatever for growth, probably
because there is no prevision that growth is to come. The
consequence is that when a rearrangement is to be made the
old classification is thrown aside, an entirely new one is adopted,
and every book in the library has to be reclassified, a process so
long and costly that many libraries stagger on in the bonds of an
utterly insufficient classification, because they dread to make a
change, tho every year, by adding new books, renders the change
more necessary and harder to make. In the classification here
set forth, on the contrary, the classes chosen are parts of a care-
fully prepared whole, and the notation is such that other classes,
which are sure to be needed in a library grown larger, can be
intercalated without changing the classes already in use, except
by taking some books out of them.
PARTIAL RE-CLASSIFICATION.
It may happen that when a library is using one of the earlier
classifications it receives a large increase of books in some one
department. It should then re-classify that department accord-
ing to the appropriate section of one of the later classifications,
leaving the rest of the library under the earlier system till that
too grows. Suppose, for instance, that i,ooo volumes in English
history were bequeathed to a library that before had only twenty
works put without division under the mark F 45. A thousand
volumes of English history ought to be divided even to the
single reigns. And so the history of any other country must be
more minutely classified in proportion as the books upon it mul-
tiply. The consequence of this would be that an irregularly
growing library might contain in different parts examples of all
seven of the classifications.
(23)
SECOND CLASSIFICATION.
For a Library that has grown larger.
A Works of reference and works of a general
character covering several classes.
Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery
Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public.
B Philosophy and Religion
Includes Moral philosophy
E Biography
F H istory
F 30 Europe
F 39 France
F 45 England, Great Britain
F 47 Germany
F 60 Asia
F 70 Africa
F 80 America
F 83 United States
In F 30 will be put~ the works on Europe and any of its
parts (except France, England, and Germany); in F60
works on Asia or any of its parts, and so on.
History includes the allied subjects : Antiquities,
Inscriptions, Numismatics, Chivalry and Knighthood,
Heraldry, Peerage.
G
Geography and Travels
G30
Europe
G39
France
G45
England
G47
Germany
G60
Asia
G70
Africa
(24)
G 80 America
G 83 United States
In G 30 will be put works on Europe or any of its
parts (except, England, France, or Germany); in G60 will
be put the works on Asia or any of its parts, and so on.
G will contain general geographies and maps, collections
of travels, voyages round the world, and works on mathe-
matical geography and map-making.
H Social sciences
Includes Statistics, Political economy. Commerce, the
Poor, Charity, Education, Peace, Temperance, the Woman
question, Politics, Government, Crime, Legislation, Law.
L Physical sciences
Includes Science and Arts (treated in the same book),
Science (general works). Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry,
Astronomy.
M Natural history
Includes Microscopy, Geology, Physical geography,
Meteorology, Palaeontology, Biology, Botany, Zoology,
Anthropology, and Ethnology.
Q Medicine
R Useful arts
V Recreative arts, Sports and games, The-
atre, Music
In the broadest sense, the Fine Arts include Music,
but as ordinarily used the phrase means Plastic and
Graphic Fine Arts. The materials and methods of Music
are entirely different from those of Architecture, Sculp-
ture, Painting, etc., and the greater part of the works on
the " Fine Arts " do not include music. For these reasons
(2 5)
I think that what connexion there is (which is chiefly in
yEsthetics) is sufficiently recognized by putting Music
directly before Fine Arts.
W Fine arts
Includes Esthetics ; Landscape gardening, Architec-
ture, Sculpture, Carving, Casting, Ceramics ; Drawing,
Painting, Engraving, Photography ; Decorative arts.
Needlework, Costume, Furniture, artistic Metal-work.
X Language
Y Literature
Includes Literary history. Bibliography, and the arts
that have to do with books.
Yf Fiction
To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark
of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by
the book-mark alone.
ji@°" Some of the letters not used before appear here. In the
First Classification the class L contained all the books which in
this are put in M, Q, R, V, W.
With this classification the library will have 1 1 undivided and
3 slightly divided classes.
EXAMPLES, WITH AUTHOR-MARKS.
History. Freeman, E: A. Historical geography
Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's o^ Europe. F30-F8
empire. F-M27 Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the
Ranke, L. von. Universal history. Roman Empire. F3o-G3S
F-Ri6 Hallam, H: View of the state of
j~ ~ Europe during the Middle Ages.
^''''''^'- F30-HIS
Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of Hunt, W: History of Italy. F3o-H9i
Russia. F30-D68 Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada.
DuRUY,V. History of Rome. F30D93 F3o-Ir8
(26)
Lodge, R: Students' modern Europe.
F30-L82
Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought
from Alexander to the Roman
conquest. F3o'M27
Motley, T: L. History of the United
Netherlands. FscMSs
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella. F3o'P92
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II.
F30-P92P
Schuyler, E. Peter the Great.
F3o-Sch8
Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy:
the age of the despots. F3o-Sy6
YoNGE, Miss C.. M. European history.
F30-Y8
France.
Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France.
F39-M36
MiCHELET, J. Histoire de France.
F39-MS8
England.
Barton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne.
F4S-B9
Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng-
land. ' F4S-Ds6
Green, J: R: History of the English
people. F4S-G82
Green, J: R: The making of England.
F4S-G82 m
Knight, C: Popular history of Eng-
land. F45-K74
Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th
century. F45-L49
Macaulay, T: B. History of England.
F45-Mii
Germany.
Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire.
F30-B84
Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich II.
of Prussia. F47-Ci9
Freytag, G. Pictures of German life.
F47-F89
Gardiner, S: R. Thirty years' war.
F3o-Gi6
YoNGE, Miss C.. M. Aunt Charlotte's
storiesof German history. F47'Y8
Asia.
Boulger, D. C: History of China.
F60-B66
Dickson, W. Japan. F6o-D56
Marshman, J: C. History of India.
F60-M3S
Rawlinson, G: Five great monarch-
ies of the ancient eastern world.
F6o'Ri9
Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon-
archy. F6oR]9S
Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental
monarchy. F6o'Ri9se
America.
Parkman, F. France and England in
America. F8o'P23
WiNSOR, J. Narrative and critical
history of America. F8o'9W73
United States.
Bancroft, H. H. History of the
Pacific States. F83-B22
Bancroft, G: History of the United
States. F83-B22U
FiSKE, J: Beginnings of New Eng-
land. F83-FS4
Higginson, T: W. Young folks' his-
tory of the U. S. F83-HS3
HiLDRETH, R: History of the United
States. F83-HS4
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Collections. F83-8M3C
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Proceedings. F83-8M3p
WiNSOR, J. Memorial history of Bos-
ton. F83-9W73
Comparing this with the examples following the First Classifi-
cation, one can see how the class-marks are changed in re-classi-
fying.
(27)
THIRD CLASSIFICATION.
A Works of reference and works of a general
character covering several classes.
Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery
Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public.
B Philosophy
Br Religion and Religions (except the Chris-
tian and Jewish)
C Christian and Jewish religions
D Ecclesiastical history
E Biography
F History and subjects allied
Fo2 Ancient history, generally
F 03 Modern history, generally
F04 Medieval history, generally
Use the same place divisions as in Geography and
Travels (G).
The allied subjects are : Antiquities, Inscriptions,
Numismatics, Chivalry and Knighthood, Heraldry,
Peerage.
G
G.
sography and Travels
G30
Europe
G32
Greece
G35
Italy
G36
Rome, Roman Empire
G38
Switzerland
G39
France
G40
Spain and Portugal
G45
England, British Empire
G46
Netherlands
(28)
G47
Germany
G48
Scandinavia
<^54
Russia
G56
Austria
G59
Turkey
G60
Asia
G61
Palestine, Bible lands
G65
China
G66
Japan
G68
India
G 70
Africa
G71
Egypt
G80
America
G81
North America
G82
Canada
G83
United States
G95
Mexico
G97
West Indies
G98
S. America
G99
Brazil
H Social sciences
Includes Statistics, Political Economy, Commerce.
I Sociology
Includes Crime, the Poor, Charity, Providence, Educa-
tion, Temperance.
J Government, Politics
K Legislation. Law. Woman. ' Societies
L Science in general, and Physical sciences
Includes Science and Arts (treated in the same book).
Science (general works), Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry,
Astronomy.
(29)
M Natural history in general, Microscopy,
Geology, Biology
Geology here includes Physical Geography, Meteorology,
Paleontology.
N Botany
O Zoology
Q Medicine
R Useful arts in general, Metric arts. Extract-
ive and Productive arts. Chemical and
Electrical arts, Domestic economy
The general works on the Useful arts will include books
on Inv£ntions, Materials, Receipts, Trades-marks, Indus-
trial exhibitions, Patents.
The Extractive and Productive arts are Mining and
Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Animaliculture (in-
cluding Veterinary medicine, and Animal products). The
Chemical arts include Foods and drinks. Perfumery,
Dyeing, etc.. Glass-making, Explosives, Illuminants, and
Fuels. Domestic Economy includes Cookery.
S Engineering and Building
Includes Sanitary and Hydraulic engineering, also
Transportation (Canals, Railroads, etc.).
T Manufactures and Handicrafts
U Defensive and Preservative arts
Includes Art of War, Naval art. Shipbuilding, Life-
saving service. Fire-fighting, etc.
V Recreative arts: Sports, Theatre, Music
See note in the Second Classification.
(30)
W Fine arts
Includes Esthetics ; Landscape gardening, Architec-
ture, Sculpture, Carving, Bronzes, Ceramics ; Drawing,
Painting, Engraving, Photography ; Decorative arts.
Needlework, Costume, Furniture, Metal-work.
X Language
Y Literature
Yf Fiction
To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark
of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by
the book-mark alone.
Z Book arts
All about books ; their making (Authorship, Writing,
Printing, Publishing, Bookselling), preservation (Book-
collecting, Libraries), description (Literary history and
Bibliography), and reading.
Jie°-On this list the letters C, D, J, K, N, O, S, T, U, and Z
appear for the first time.
With this classification there will be 21 undivided and 4 sub-
divided classes.
EXAMPLES, WITH AUTHOR-MARKS.
History. Yonge, J/wj- C. M. European history.
Ranke, L. von. Universal history. F3o'Y8,
F-Ri6
Lrrccce.
Medieval history. Mahaffy, J: P. Greek life and thought
Hallam. H: View of the state of from Alexander to the Roman
Europe during the Middle Ages. conquest. Y^i-Mz-jg
Fo4-Hi^ Mahaffy, J: P. Story of Alexander's
empire. F32'M27s
Europe. ,
Freeman, E: A. Historical geography Italy.
of Europe. F30-F8 PIunt, ^\": History of Italy. F35-H9I
Lodge, R: Students' modern Europe. Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy:
F3o'L82 the age of despots. F35'Sy6
(31)
Rome.
DuRUY, V. History of Rome.
F36-D93
Gibbon, E: Decline and fall of the
Roman Empire. F36-G3S
France.
Martin, B. L: H: Histoire de France.
F39-M36
MiCHELET, J. Histoire de France.
F39-MS8
Spain.
Irving, W. Conquest of Grenada.
F4o-Ir8
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella. F4o-P92
Prescott, W: H. Reign of Philip II.
F40-P92P
Englattd.
Barton, J: H. Reign of Q. Anne.
F4S-B9
Dickens, C. Child's history of Eng-
land. F45-Ds6
Green, J: R: History of the English
people. F4S'G82
Green, J: R: The making of England.
F4S-G82ni
Knight, C: Popular history of Eng-
land. F4S-K74
Lecky, W: E: H. England in the i8th
century. F45*L49
Macaulay, T; B. History of England.
F45'Mii
Netherlands.
Motley, T: L. History of the United
Netherlands. F46-M8s
Germany.
Bryce, J. The Holy Roman Empire.
F47-B84
Carlyle, T: History of Friedrich II.
of Prussia. F47'Ci9
Freytag, G. Pictures of German life.
F47-F8g
Gardiner, S: R. Thirty years' war.
F47'Gi6
(3
Yonge, Miss C. M. Aunt Charlotte's
stories of German history.
F47-Y8
Russia.
Dole, N. H. Young folks' history of
Russia. FS4-D68
Schuyler, E. Peter the Great.
F54-Sch8
Asia.
Boulger, D. C: History of China.
F60-B66
Dickson, W. Japan. F6o-Ds6
Marshman, J: C. History of India.
F60-M3S
Rawlinson, G: Five great monarch-
ies of the ancient eastern world.
F6o'Ri9
Rawlinson, G: Sixth Oriental mon-
archy. F6o-Ri9S
Rawlinson, G: Seventh Oriental
monarchy. F6o-Ri9se
America.
Parkman, F. France and England in
America. F8o-P23
WiNSOR, J. Narrative and critical
history of America. F8o-9W73
United States.
Bancroft, H. H. History of the
Pacific States. F83-B22
Bancroft, G: History of the United
States. F83-B22
Fiske, J: Beginnings of New Eng-
land. F84-F54
Higginson, T: W. Young folks' his-
tory of the U. S. E83-HS3
Hildreth, R: History of the United
States. F83-HS4
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Collections. F83-8M3C
Massachusetts Historical Society.
Proceedings. F83-8M3p
WiNsoR, J. Memorial history of Bos-
ton. F83-9W73
2)
FOURTH CLASSIFICATION.
A Works of reference and works of a general
character covering several classes
Includes such works as are usually kept in the Delivery
Room or the Reading Room for the free use of the public.
B Philosophy
Bg • Logic
Bm Moral philosophy, Ethics
Br Religion
Bt Religions
Except Judaism and Christianity.
C Christianity and Judaism
Ca Jfldaism
Cb The Bible
Cc Christian theology
D History of the Christian Church
Includes ecclesiastical biography (collective works only; individual
biography goes always in class E).
E Biography
The individual biography should be arranged in the
order of the persons whose lives are told. On distinguish-
ing the collective biography from the single lives, see
" Method of arranging Biography," forward.
F History and allied subjects
Use the full place list. F02 Ancient history, F03
Modern history, F04 Medieval history. The allied sub-
jects are : Antiquities, Inscriptions, Numismatics, Chiv-
alry and Knightly orders. Heraldry, Peerage.
(33)
G Geography and Travels
Use the full place list.
H Social sciences (general works)
He Political economy
Hf Laboring classes.
Includes Slavery.
Hk Commerce
Ht Taxation
I Sociology
Ib Crime
Ik Education
J Government, Politics
K Legislation. Law. Woman. Societies
L Sciences and arts (general works)
Lb Mathematics
Lh Physics, Natural philosophy
Lo Chemistry
Lr Astronomy
M Natural history
/. e. Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology together.
Mc Geology
Geology here includes Physical Geography,
Meteorology, and Paleontology
Mv Biology
N Botany
O Zoology, Anthropology, Ethnology
Q Medicine
(34)
R Useful arts in general
Includes works on Inventions, Materials, Receipts,
Trade-marks, Industrial exhibitions, Patents.
Rc Metric arts
Includes the measuring of time, space, weight,
and value, also the metric system.
Rd
Mining and Metallurgy
Rg
Agriculture, Rural economy, Rural life
Includes Horticulture and Arboriculture.
Rj
Animaliculture, Animal products. Fisheries
Includes Veterinary medicine.
Rt
Chemical arts
Includes Dyeing and bleaching, manufacture of Explosives,
Foods and drinks, Glass-making, Perfumery.
Rt
Electric arts
Ry
Domestic economy
Rz
Food and cookery
s
Engineering and building
Sj
Sanitary engineering
Sl
Hydraulic engineering
Includes Water supply, Harbors, Rivers, Canals.
St
Transportation in general. Roads
Sv
Railroads
Sz
Aerial navigation
T
Machinery, Manufactures, and Handi-
crafts
U
Art of war
Un
Nautical arts
Includes Naval history. Navigation, Shipbuilding.
Uv
Lighthouses
Uw
Life-saving service
Ux
Shipwrecks
(35)
Uy Fire-fighting
V Recreative arts, Sports, Games, Festivals
Vs Gymnastics, Physical education
Vt Theatre
Vv Music
See note under Recreative arts in tlie Second CIassifica.tion.
W Fine arts
Includes Esthetics.
We Landscape gardening
Wf Architecture.
Wj Sculpture, Carving, Bronzes, Ceramics
Wp Drawing, Painting, Engraving, Photo-
Ws Decorative art [graphy
Includes Needlework, Costume, Furniture , Metal-
work.
X English language
Xd Dictionaries
Xg Grammars
X 1 1 Language in general
As almost all the books on language in small libraries, and a
very large part in all libraries, relate to the English language,
I have in this class made an exception to the rule that the
general precedes the particular, in order to secure the shorter
■ class-mark for the larger class. Any other language than Eng-
lish will be marked from the local list, e. g.
X 35 Italian language
X 39 French "
X46 Dutch
X467 Flemish
X 47 German "
(36)
This requires another exception to the rules of arrangement,
namely, that the subdivisions of English literature, Xd Diction-
aries, Xg Grammars, must of course be put with the other works
on that language, and before any of the other languages, although
in general the class letter followed by a figure (as Xii, X42) is
put before the class letter followed by a letter (Xd, Xg).
Of course, if any one prefers consistency of practice to econ-
omy of marks, he can use X for Language in general and X 45
for English language.
Y English and American literature
Yd English drama
Yf English fiction
Yj English juvenile literature
Yp English poetry
To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark
of the class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by
the book-mark alone.
Yi I Literature in general
For the same reason as in Language, economy of marks,
the special precedes the general- here. Other literatures
are marked as other languages are, e.g.
Y 35 Italian literature
Y 36 Latin literature
Y40 Spanish literature
Y41 Portuguese literature
Y54 Russian literature
Similarly
Y 39 F French fiction
Y 40 D Spanish drama
Y47P German poetry
But, as in Language, anyone who prefers can use Y for
Literature in general and Y 45 for English literature.
(37)
Z Book arts
All about books ; their making (Authorship, Writing,
Printing, Publishing, Bookselling), preservation (Book-
collecting, Libraries), description (Literary history and
Bibliography), and reading.
It may be noticed that in this Fourth Classification French
fiction Y 39 f, Spanish fiction Y 40 f, German fiction Y 47 f, and
so on, are taken out from the general collection Fiction Yf of
the First Classification. In college libraries this should be done
with the English versions of the novels as well as with the
originals ; but in town and city libraries it would probably be
best to separate only the originals and to leave together all the
novels now in English, whatever tongue they may have been
written in. Thus English translations of George Sand and
Balzac and Valera and Jokai will be treated as if their authors
wrote in English.
An intermediate course is possible, — to put all the translations
of the fiction of any literature immediately after all the originals,
marking them g instead of f, as
Y39F French fiction
Y 39 G English versions of French novels
I tried this in the Boston Athenaeum, and I cannot recommend
it. Neither do I condemn it; but the other methods are
preferable.
If a person using one of the earlier classifications has a doubt in regard to the meaning
and extent of any class, the uncertainty can often be removed by consulting the corre-
sponding class in one of the later and more fully developed classifications.
(38)
FIFTH CLASSIFICATION.
A General works, covering several classes
Reference books.
Ad Dictionaries
Except those which are put in X. If subdivided at all,
let the order be by languages, arranged alphabetically, as
Adf French dictionaries, Adg German dictionaries; but
Ad English dictionaries.
Ae Encyclopaedias
May be subdivided like Ad.
Ai Indexes
If kept together. Alphabet by the work indexed.
Am Museums (General)
As British Museum; but a zoological museum should
go in Zoology, an art museum in the Fine Arts.
An Notes and Queries
Ap Periodicals (General)
Includes Atlantic, Harper's, and the like, but not special
periodicals like the Journal of music. Library journal, His-
torical magazine. Popular science monthly, which go with
their respective subjects.
Aq Quotations, Allusions, etc.
Ar Reference books
Special collections kept in the Delivery Room, Reading
Room, or in any other special place. May be arranged
alphabetically or subarranged by character, as Are Ency-
clopedias. This mark Ar would not be needed unless
there were two collections of reference books. If there
were only one the marks Ad, Ae, At, etc., would suffice.
(39, 2d ed.)
As Sopieties (General)
As Berlin Academy, the Institut, etc.; to be arranged
alphabetically.
N. B. Whenever in class A the arrangement is by
countries or languages English will have no country num-
ber at all, as in class X, e. g. Harper's magazine would be
Ap, but a similar French magazine would be Ap 39.
B Philosophy
Ba Oriental
Bb Greek and Roman
Be Early Christian and Medieval
Includes Gnostic and Patristic.
Bd Modern
Witli tlie local list.
Bf Systems and schools running through several countries
or periods
E.g. Bfi Idealism, Bfm Materialism, Bfp Pessimism, Bfs
Scepticism.
Bg Metaphysics, Ontology
Bh Logic
Bi Psychology
BiPM Mnemonics
Bj Physiological psychology, mind and body
Includes Senses, Animal magnetism, Clairvoyance, Second sight
Telepathy, etc.. Sleep, Somnambulism, Phrenology, Physiognomy.
Bl Character
Includes Genius, Habit; effect of Heredity, Sex, and Tempera-
ment; Eccentricities, books of Characters.
Bm Moral philosophy
Bq Social Ethics
Includes Class feeling. Philanthropy, Conduct of life. Per-
nicious literature, Sexual morality.
Bqq Etiquette
Bqt Aphorisms, Maxims, Proverbs
Bqy Treatment of animals, Vivisection
(40, 2d ed.)
Br Religion; general works on Religion and
Bs Natural theology [the Supernatural
Includes works on God, Atheism, Theism, Panthe-
ism, Evil, Dualism, Creation, Providence, Prayer, Wor-
ship, the Soul, but not the Christian doctrines on these
matters, for which see Cc, etc.
Bt Religions
Btc Comparative mythology
Bu Superstitions, Folk lore
Bv Supernatural beings
Bw Demonology and witchcraft
Bx Apparitions, ghosts, spectres
Bxs Spiritism
Bz Local religions
With the local list or better the letter-marks given in the Seventh
Classification.
N. D. If the local list is used for local religions, use the
alpJiabetical %v^dL\N\%\or\% of Bz for the non-local religions, as BzF
Free religion, Bzt Theosophy, Bzsa Saint-Simonism ; but if the
letter list is used then Free i"eligion will be BzzF, and so on
C Christianity and Judaism
Ca Judaism -
Cad Talmud
Cb Bible (whole Bible)
Cbb Illustrative works. Works about the Bible.
Cbbd Dictionaries.
Cbd Commentaries on the whole Bible
Cbe Biography
Cbf Old Testament
Cbg Works about the Old Testament
Cbi Commentaries on the Old Testament
Cbk Parts of the Old Testament
All single books can be put here; but it is better if one has a
text of or commentary on one book to put it under its exact mark
as given in the Sixth Classification.
(41, 2d ed.)
Cbo Apocrypha
Cbp New Testament
Cbq Works about the New Testament
Cbs Commentaries on the New Testament
Cbu Parts of the New Testament
See note on Cbk
Cby Apocrypha of the New Testament
Cc Christianity
General and miscellaneous works
Anyone more solicitous of a short mark than scrupulous for logical
order could mark this C alone
CcE Fathers of the Church
/. e., Theological writers to the middle of the 8th century.
It is better to divide them into Greek, Latin, etc., as in the Sixth
Classification.
CcF Works on the Fathers collectively
Cd Later divines
With the local list.
Ce Evidences, Apologetics
Cf Doctrinal theology
Cj Creeds and ofiEcial catechisms
Arrange alphabetically by churches.
Ck Ethical theology. Christian ethics
Cp Ecclesiastical polity and discipline
Cr Ritual theology
Includes that part of Doctrinal and Ethical theology that relates
to rites and ceremonies. Under this head come Sacraments, Wor-
ship, Prayer, Sabbath.
Cu Ritual and liturgies of single churches
Cv Private collections of prayers
Cw Hymns
With the local list.
Cx Pastoral theology
Cv Preaching
Cz Sermons, arranged by languages
D Ecclesiastical history
Da Early church history
(42, 2d ed.)
Dp Medieval church history
Dc Modern church history
Dd Church history of countries
With the local list.
De Eastern Church
Df Other churches not CathoHc nor Protestant
Dg CathoHc Church
Dj Reformation
Dk Protestants
Dm Monastic orders, Religious confraternities
Dn Councils
Dp Persecutions and martyrdom
Dq Apparitions and miracles
Dr Heretics
Ds Missions, foreign and domestic
Dt Revivals, Salvation Army, etc.
Du Young Men's Christian Associations, etc.
Dv Sunday-schools
Dw Bible societies
Dx Ecclesiastical antiquities
Dy Ecclesiastical chronology, geography, and statistics
Dz Ecclesiastical biography
Collections only ; single lives go in class E; single lives of biblical
persons go in class Cb.
E Biography
The individual biography should be arranged in the order of the persons
whose lives are told. On distinguishing the collective biography from the
single lives, see "Method of arranging Biography," on pp. 131-137.
F History, Universal history
Periods.
FOl Prehistoric and very early history
F02 Ancient history
F03 Modern history (476 to the present time)
F04 Medieval history (476-1453)
(43, 2d ed.)
Fo5 Crusades (1095- 12 70)
F06 Renaissance (1400-1550)
F07 Modern modern history (1500 to the present time)
N. B. The history of any one country for these periods goes
^ under the country.
Countries.
Fi I to F99 History of single places
For marks for particular periods see the Seventh Classification.
Allied studies.
Fa Allied studies in general and works about history
Fb Historical miscellanies
Fc Chronology
Fd Philosophy of history
Fe History of civilization and culture
Ff Antiquities, manners and customs
With the local list.
Fi Inscriptions
With the local list.
Fn Numismatics
With the local list.
Fs Chivalry
Ft Knightly orders
Fv Heraldry
With the local list.
Fw Peerages, Nobility
With the local list.
G Geography and Travels
With the local list.
N. B. The maps of any place may be brought immediately after the
place by prefixing z to the author mark, e. g. G45. z a map of England,
G45 M3. z map of Manchester, England. But see Gz below ; also a
fuller note in the Seventh Classification.
(44, 2d ed.)
Ga
Ancient geography
Gb
Medieval geography
Allied studies.
Gd
Art of travel
Ge
Mathematical geography
Includes Surveying, Geodesy, Hydrography, Topography, Cartography.
Gs Surveys, of all sorts
With the local list.
Gz Maps
To be used if it is preferred to keep the maps together and not mix
them with geography and travels. E.g. Gz4^. a map of England, Gz i^
M3. a map of Manchester, England. But see G, above, and a fuller note
in the Seventh Classification.
H Social sciences
Hb Statistics
He Economics, Political economy
Systematic, general, and miscellaneous works arranged by the
countries of the writers.
Hf Laboring classes
Includes Trades Unions, Strikes, Arbitration, Cooperation, Profit-
sharing; also Slavery.
Hk Commerce, Trade, Business
Hm Money as a means of commerce
Includes Bi-metallism.
Hn Money as an object of commerce
Includes Banking, Pawnbroking, Finance (private).
Ht Taxation and public finance.
Includes Tarifs, Free Trade.
Hw Property
I Demotics, Sociology
Ib Crime, Criminal classes
Includes Temperance, Police.
Ie Punishment
Ig Charity, the Poor
(4S)
Ih Providence
Includes Savings banks, Insurance.
Ik Education
II Means of education other than schools and col-
leges
Includes Mechanics' institutes, Mercantile associations,
Lyceums, Reading clubs. Debating societies, Correspondence,
Universities, and University extension.
lu Schools
Ix Colleges
Iy Special schools
Iz Classes of persons educated
E.g. Blind, Deaf, Dumb.
J Civics, Government, Political science
Jb Kinds of political organization
E.g. Monarchy, Aristocracy, Republicanism, Socialism, Com-
munism, Nationalism, Nihilism, Anarchy.
Jk Political methods
E. g. Representation, Ballot, Caucus.
Jo Political rights
E.g. Freedom of speech, of the press, etc.
Jq Political questions not otherwise provided for
E.g. War and peace. Colonies, Emigration and Immigration.
Jt Constitutions and institutions
With the local list.
Ju Politics
With the local list.
Jv Administration
With the local list.
Jw Local administration
With the local list.
Jx Law of nature and of nations
Jy International law
Some lawyers say that there is no such thing as International
law ; but there are books upon it, which is all that concerns us.
Jz Treaties
(46)
K Legislation
Use K with the local list for both the legislation and the law of
countries, e, g.
K83 Legislation of the United States
K83 L Law of the United States
K841 Legislation of Maine
K841 L Law of Maine
I advise using the full list of marks given in the Sixth Classification.
Works on American law may be put with those on English law or
vice versa; but American laws (statutes) should of course be separated.
Kl Law
KW Woman
KX Societies not otherwise provided for
Includes Freemasons, etc.; Secret societies.
L Sciences and Arts together
La Sciences (Natural)
Includes works on Experiment, Observation, Instruments, Classifica-
tion and Nomenclature of science, and on the Laws ,of nature.
Lb
.Mathematics
Lc
Arithmetic
Ld
Algebra
Le
Geometry
Lf
Trigonometry
Lg
Calculus
Lgx
Kinematics
Lh
Physics or Natural phik
Lj
Electrics
Includes Galvanism and Magnetism.
Lk
Optics
Ll
Thermics, Heat
Lm
Acoustics, Sound
Ln
Pneumatics, Gases
Lnh
Hydrics, Fluids
(47)
Lns
Sterics, Solids
Lo
Chemistry
Lr
Astronomy
Lv
Solar system
M Natural history
/. e.. Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology.
With the local list for natural-history voyages and explorations.
Ma Museums of Natural history
With the local list.
Mb Microscopy
Mc Geology
With the place list for local geology and paleontology.
Md Mineralogy and Lithology
Me Crystalography
Mg Physiography, physical geography
Includes Meteorology.
Mq Paleontology
Mv Biology
Includes Darwinism and other theories of biological evolution.
My Botany and Zoology together
It may not be worth while to separate the books in this section from those in M.
My Local botany and zoology
With the place list.
Mz Marine natural history (botany and zoology)
N Botany
N Local flora
With the place list.
Na Botanical gardens, Herbaria, etc.
With the local list.
Nb Phytology, theoretical botany
Nc Phytography, descriptive botany
Nd Cryptogams
(48)
Nr
Phanerogams
Nz
Economic and Medical botany
o
Zoology
o
Local fauna
With the place list.
Oa
Zoological museums and zoological gardens
With the local list.
Ob
Comparative anatomy and physiology
Oc
Zoological psychology, Instinct
Od
Zoography, descriptive zoology
Odi
Invertebrates
Ot
Insects
P
Vertebrates
General works and all special works except :
Pe
Birds
Pg
Mammals
Pu
Economic, and Medical, and Parasitic zoology
Pv
Mythical zoology
Pw Anthropology and Ethnology
Pw Museums of Anthropology and Ethnology
With the local list.
PwA Geological man
Px Ethnology (primitive and historic
man)
Py Ethnography (races of men)
Q Medicine
Qa Anatomy and Physiology
Qh Hygiene
Qm Materia medica and Pharmacy
Qn Therapeutics (modes of cure)
Qs Surgery
General surgery and treatment of the ear, eye, teeth, hand, foot, skin ;
also Obstetrics.
(49)
Qy Medical jurisprudence
R Useful arts, Technology
The general works include Inventions, Materials, Receipts, Trade-
marks.
Ra
Exhibitions
With the local list.
Rb
Patents
With the local list.
Re
.Metric arts, Weights and measures
Includes the measuring of time, space, weight, and value ; also the
Metric system.
Rd
. Mining
Rf
.Metallurgy
Rfy
Rural life
Rfz
Rural estate management
Rg
Agriculture
With the local list for the history and condition of agriculture in
different countries, and for agricultural societies and agricultural
stations.
Rh
Horticulture
Rhf ■
Floriculture, Fructiculture
Ri
Arboriculture
Rj Animaliculture
General works on the taming and raising of animals, and all
special ones except :
Rjj Bees
RjL Fishes, Pisciculture
Rjz Dogs
Rk Beasts of burden
Rl Horses
Rm Cattle, Stock
Rn Cows, Dairy
Ro Veterinary medicine
Rp Animal products
(so)
RPF
Fisheries
With the local list.
RPH
Hunting for profit
Rps
Skins
Includes Tanning, Leather, Feather, Fur, Hair.
Rpv
Taxidermy
R«.
Chemical technology
Includes manufacture of Foods and drinks, Per
fumery. Dyeing, Glassmaking, Explosives, Illuminants,
and Fuels.
Rt Electric arts
All or nearly all of the works on electricity will come here
rather than in Lj.
Ru Telegraph
Rv Telephone
Rw Lighting
Rx Power, Motors
Ry Domestic economy
Ryt Toilet
Rz Food and cookery
S Constructive arts (Engineering and
Building)
S Engineering
With the local list for the engineering works of par-
ticular countries
Includes Tunnels, Earthwork, Masonry, Founda-
tions, Walls, etc.. Frame structures, Trusses, Bridges,
Roofs.
Sg Building x^
Includes Building laws. Carpentry, Painting and
Glazing, Varnishing and Gilding, Papering, Bell-
hanging.
(51)
Sj Sanitary engineering
Includes Domestic and Town sanitation, Sewage, etc.
Sl Hydraulic engineering
Includes Reclamation and protection of land. Dams,
Water power. Water supply, Harbors, Water-ways,
Rivers, Canals.
St Arts of transportation and communica-
With the local list. [tion
Su Roads, Highways, Streets
Sv Railroads
With the local list.
Sy Various kinds of railroads, as Syc Cable, Sye
Elevated, Syg Gravity, Syh Horse, Svi ^Moun-
tain, Sys Ship.
T Manufactures and Handicrafts
With the local list.
Ta
Machinery
Tf
Tools
Tg
Mechanic trades, Handicrafts
U
Art of war
UIO
Military biography
Collective biography only.
u
Military history
With the local list.
Ua
Battles
Alphabetically arranged.
Ub
Sieges
Alphabetically arranged.
Uc
Military organization, condition, and policy
With the local list.
UCA
Military art
Includes Strategy, Logistics, Grand tactics, Minor operations.
Engineering, Manoeuvres.
(5^)
Ue Military law, regulations, etc.
With the local list.
Uf The Service
Includes Staff, Signal service (not weather service, which goes
in Mg), Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Engineering corps. Militia,
Partisans.
Um Material, Munitions, Arsenals
With the local list for arsenals.
Un Nautical arts
Un 10 Naval biography
This is for collective biography; the lives of individuals go in
class E.
Un
Naval history
With the local list.
Uo
Naval battles
Arrange alphabetically.
Up
Naval organization
With the local list.
Uq
Naval manoeuvres, Tactics, Seamanship, Navigation
Ur
Naval law
With the local list.
Us
The Service
Ut
Equipment
Includes Navy yards. Ordnance, Torpedoes, etc.
Uu Ships, Shipbuilding-, etc.
Uv Lig-hthouses
Uw Life-savingf service
"^^
Ux Shipwrecks
Arrange alphabetically by the name of the ship.
Uy Fire extinction, Fires
Uz Protection against fire and thieves
(S3)
V Recreative arts, Sports, Games, Festivals
With the local list.
Va Fighting sports
Vd - Other outdoor sports
VI Boys' and girls' in- and outdoor games
Vm Indoor games and amusements
Vr Jugglery, Ventriloquism, Natural magic
Vs Gymnastics, Physical education
Vt Theatre
Vu Biography of actors and managers
Includes both collective and individual biography.
Vu History of the theatre
With the local list.
VuL Acting
Vv Music
Vw 10 Biography of musicians
Includes both collective and individual biography.
Vw History of music
With the local list.
VwA Theory
Vx Instruments (including the voice) and Instruction
Arrange alphabetically, as Vxv Voice
Vy Works of music
With the local list for National music.
Vya Instrumental music
Vz Vocal and mixed music
Includes both collective and individual biography.
W Art
W-l ^Esthetics
W 10 Lives, Bibliography, and Criticisms of artists and Speci-
mens of their works
Arrange alphabetically by artists.
(S4)
Wii History of art
Wi2 Ancient art
W13 Christian art
W14 Medieval art (476-1453)
W16 Renaissance art (1450-1550)
W17 Modern art
JV. B. These when limited to one country go under the
country.
W2 1 etc. Local history of art and collected specimens of na-
tional art
Wc Museums, Galleries, etc.
With the local list.
Wd Plastic and constructive fine arts
We Landscape gardening
Wf Architecture
WfIO to Wf99 Biography and History of Architecture
To be divided like W lo-Wgg; but Wf id contains only collec-
tive lives.
Wfd
Architectural drawing and modelling
Wfg
Orders
Wfk
Color, Polychrome
Wfg
Ornament
Wfs
Brick
Wft
Terra cotta
Wfy
Restoration
Public buildings.
Wg
Religious
Wh
Secular
Private buildings.
WlA
Commercial and industrial
WiM
Domestic
Wix
Parts of buildings
(ss)
Wj Sculpture
Wj 10 to Wj 99 Biography and History as in W 10, etc.
WjA Art anatomy and human proportion
WjK Color, Polychrome in sculpture
Wjo Ornament, sculptural
Wk Carving and Turning
Includes Stone, Wood, Ivory, Gems, Seals, Dies
Wkn Casting, Baking, Firing
Includes Bronzes, Glass, Keramics, Terra cotta
Wl Arts of design, graphic arts
Wm
Drawing
Wmb
Perspective
Wmn
Industrial or technical drawing
Wn
Drawings and their reproduction
Wp
Painting
With the local list.
Wpc
Color
Wpd
Materials and Method
As encaustic, enamels, oil, water-color, etc.
Wpj
Surfaces
As Walls, Ivory, Pottery, Glass, Textile fabrics.
Wps
Subjects
As Portrait, Miniature, Landscape, Marine, Genre, Animals, and
Flowers.
Wq Engraving and its history
With the local list.
Wr Photography
Ws Decorative arts, Ornament
With the local list.
The minor decorative arts can be put in alphabeti-
cally, as WsA Alphabets, WsH Home decoration, etc.
(56)
Wt Mosaic
Wu Needlework and textile decoration
Wv Costume and its adjuncts
Includes Canes, Fans, Hair-dressing
Ww Furniture
Wx Jewelry, Silver- and Gold-smithing
Wy Metal work
Wz Bric-a-brac
X English language
Xd Dictionaries
Xg Grammars
Xll Language in general
As almost all the books on language in small libraries, and a
very large part in all libraries, relate to the English language,
I have in this class made an exception to the rule that the
general precedes the particular, in order to secure the shorter
class-mark for the larger class. Any other language than Eng-
lish will be marked from the local list, e. g.
X 35 Italian language
X 39 French
X46 Dutch
X467 Flemish
X 47 German
This requires another exception to the rules of arrangement,
namely, that the subdivisions of English literature, Xd Diction-
aries, Xg Grammars, must of course be put with the other works
on that language, and before any of the other languages, although
in general the class letter followed by a figure (as Xii, X42) is
put before the class letter followed by a letter (Xd, Xg).
Of course, if any one prefers consistency of practice to econ-
(57)
omy of marks, he can use X for Language in general and X 45
for English language.
Y English and American literature
Yc Correspondence, Letters
Yd Drama, Dialogues
Yf Fiction
To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-
mark of the class Fiction, calling for and charging
novels by the book-mark alone.
Yj Juvenile literature
"^^-^ Similarly juvenile literature may be marked sim-
ply J, omitting the Y.
Yh lAles
Yp Polpry
Ys Speeches, Oratory
Yw Wit and humor, Parodies
Yz Dialects
Divide alphabetically, e. g. Yzd Dorset dialect.
Any other literature than English and American
will use the local list, putting the number between
the Y and the d, f, p, or other subdivision letter, as
Yll Literature in general
For the same reason as in Language, economy of marks,
the special precedes the general here. Other literatures
are marked as other languages are, e.g.
Y 35 Italian literature
Y 36 Latin literature
Y40 Spanish literature
Y41 Portuguese literature
Y 54 Russian literature
Similarly
Y 39 F French fiction
(58)
Y 40 D Spanish drama
Y47P German poetry
But, as in Language, anyone who prefers can use Y for
Literature in general and Y 45 for English literature.
It may be noticed that in this Fifth Classification French fic-
tion Y 39 F, Spanish fiction Y 40 f, German fiction Y 47 f, and
so on, are taken out from the general collection Fiction Yf of
the First Classification. In college libraries this should be done
with the English versions of the novels as well as with the
originals ; but in town and city libraries it would probably be
best to separate only the originals and to leave together all the
novels now in English, whatever tongue they may have been
written in. Thus English translations of Geor^ Sand and
Balzac and Valera and Jokai will be treated as ip fneir authors
wrote in English.
An intermediate course is possible, — to put all the translations
of the fiction of any literature immediately after all the originals,
marking them g instead of f, as
Y 39F French fiction
Y 39 G English versions of French novels
Y 40 F Spanish fiction , ,
Y40G English versions of Ffe«eh novels
Y 47 F German fiction .
Y 47 G English versions of EE&aeh novels
The other methods are preferable.
z
Book arts
Za
Authorship
Zd
Writing
Zh
Printing
Zk
Binding
Zl
Publishing and BookselHng
(59)
Zp
Private libraries
With the local list.
Zq
Public libraries
With the local list.
Zt
Bibliography
With the local list.
Zx
Literary history
■ With the local list.
Zy
Subject bibliography
• Add the class-mark of the subject,
as Zyw Bibliog-
raphy of art.
Zz
Reading
The local list may be used.
If a person using one of the earlier classifications has adoubtinregard to the meaning
and extent of any class, the uncertainty can often be removed by consulting the corre-
sponding class in one of the later and more fully developed classifications.
(60)
SIXTH CLASSIFICATION.
A General works, covering several
[classes, Polygraphy
Reference books.
Ad Dictionaries
Except those which are put in X. If subdivided at all
let the order be by languages, arranged alphabetically, as
Adf French dictionaries, Adg German dictionaries ; but
Ad English dictionaries.
Ae Encyclopaedias
May be subdivided like Ad.
Ai Indexes
If kept together; but indexes are usually put with the
works to which they respectively belong. Arrange alpha-
betically by the work indexed.
Am Museums (General)
As British Museum ; but a zoological museum should
go in Zoology, an art museum in the Fine Arts.
Ap Periodicals (General)
Includes Atlantic, Harper's, and the like, but not special
periodicals like the Journal of music. Library journal,
Historical magazine. Popular science monthly, which go
with their respective subjects.
Aq Quotations' An Notes and queries, etc.
Ar Reference books
Special collections kept in the Delivery Room, Reading
Room, or in any other special place. May be arranged
alphabetically or subarranged by character, as Ar Ency-
clopaedias. This mark Ar would not be needed unless
(6i)
there were two collections of reference books. If there
was only one the marks Ad, Ae, Ai, etc., would suffice.
As Societies (General)
As Berlin Academy, the Institut, etc. ; to be arranged
alphabetically.
N. B. Whenever in class A the arrangement is by
countries or languages English will have no country num-
ber at all, as in class X, e. g. Harper's magazine would be
Ap, but a similar French magazine would be Ap 39. Or
the initial of the language could be used, Apf standing
for a French magazine.
B Philosophy
Ba Oriental
Bb Greek and Roman
Be Early Christian and Medieval
Includes Gnostic, Patristic, and Scholastic.
Bd Modern
With the local list.
Bf Systems and schools running through several countries
or periods
E. g. Bfi Idealism, Bfm Materialism, Bfp Pessimism, Bfs Skep-
ticism.
Bg Metaphysics, Ontology
Includes works on the origin, limits, and classi-
fication of knowledge.
Bh Logic
Bi Psychology
Includes reality, nature, and origin of the soul,
also states and faculties of the soul.
BiPM Mnemonics
Bj Physiological psychology. Mind and body
Includes Senses, Physiological aesthetics.
(62)
BjR Phrenology, Physiognomy
Bk Physio-psychological obscurities
Includes Animal magnetism, Clairvoyance, Second sight,' Tele-
pathy, etc.. Illusions, Sleep, Somnambulism.
Bky Comparative psychology
That is, Zoological psychology. (Compare Oc Instinct.)
Bl Character
Includes Genius, Habit ; effect of Heredity, Sex, and Tempera-
ment; Eccentricities, books of Characters.
Bm Moral philosophy
Bp Family ethics
Bq Social ethics
Includes Class feeling, Philanthropy, Conduct of life, Per
nicious literature. Sexual morality.
Bqq Etiquette
Bqt Aphorisms, Maxims, Proverbs
Bqy Treatment of animals
Includes Vivisection.
Br Religion
General works on Religion and the Supernatural.
Bra Agnosticism
Bs Natural theology
Includes works on God, Atheism, Theism, Panthe-
ism, Evil, Dualism, Creation, Providence, Prayer, Wor-
ship, the Soul, but not the Christian doctrines on these
matters, for which see Cf, etc.
Bt Religions
Bta Origin of religions
Btc Comparative mythology
Practices running through several religions.
Btf Fetishism
(63)
Bti Idolatry
Btn Nature worship
Btq Holy places, Holy rites, Holy persons (in more than
one religion).
Minor beliefs.
Bu Superstitions, Folk lore
With the local list.
Special subjects can be arranged alphabetically, as BuA Amulets,
etc., Bub Botanic and zoological mythology, BuF Futurity (Fortune
telling, etc.), Buo Occult powers, Bup Place legends. But Time su-
perstitions (unlucky days, etc.).
Bv
Supernatural beings
BVF
Fairies, elves, brownies, kobolds, etc.
Bw
Demonology and witchcraft
With the local list.
BWD
The Devil
Bwp
Possession and exorcism
Bx
Apparitions, ghosts, spectres
Bxs
Spiritism
By Religions classified by character
/. e. General works on Bya Monotheistic religions; Byg Polythe-
istic religions ; Bym Mystic religions ; Byr Rationalistic religions.
Bz Local religions
With the local list.
Bz Non-local religions
N. B. Use the alphabetical %\i!aiL\v\%\Qm% of Bz for these, as Bzf
Free religion, Bzm Mormonism, Bzsa Saint-Simonism, Bzt The-
osophy.
C Christianity and Judaism
Ca Judaism
Cad Talmud
Cax Samaritans
Cay Essenes
(64)
Cb Bible
Cb Whole Bible, in the original texts
This is, O. T. Hebrew and N. T. Greek; chronologically
arranged.
Polyglots
Versions in general (collections)
English versions of the whole Bible (collections)
Single English versions
Arranged chronologically by the first issue of each version
and further by the year of issue of the copy. {See yth
Classification for details.)
Cbae Wycliffe's version, 1380
Cban King James' version, 161 1
Cbap Revised version, 1881
Cbav Private versions and revisions
The author marks of the collections (Cbac and Cbad) are
their dates. Works about the versions-in-general have author
letters. The original edition of each version (except in Cbav)
needs no author mark ; later editions have the year of publication
as author mark. Works about any one version go with it and
have the usual author mark.
E. g. Cbaa- 1657 Walton's Polyglot.
Cbaa' B14 Bagster's Bible of every land.
Cbad- An2 Anderson's Annals of the English Bible.
Cbae- 1850 Forshall's edition of Wycliffe's version.
Cbaf- 1838 Bagster's edition of Coverdale.
Cban- Authorized version, London, 1611.
Cban- 1624 Authorized version, London, Norton & Bill,
Cbap- i8go Revision of 18S1, a copy issued 1890. [1624.
Cbap- B91 Burgon's "Revision revised."
Private versions take the translators' names as author marks.
Works about a private version immediately follow the version.
E.g. Cbav G26 Geddes' version.
Cbav- G26P Prospectus of Geddes' version.
Cbax Versions in other languages than English
Arrange alphabetically, the name of the language supplying the
author mark.
E.g. Cbax- D2 Danish.
Cbax- D9 Dutch.
(6S)
Different versions in thfe same language are distinguished by
the translator's initial, as (in French)
Cbax- F88g The Geneva version.
Cbax- F88l The version of Louis.
Cbax' F88m Martin's version.
In marking a large collection of foreign versions it will be
necessary to give the dates (in full or by the Biscoe letters), and
the author mark will be divided, thus :
Cbax- G3L 1649 Luther's version, an edition of 1649.
Cbax- G3L 1854 Same, an edition of 1854.
Or the dates may be abridged by the use of the Biscoe date
letters.
Cbb Illustrative works, Works about the Bible
Cbbc Concordances
Cbbd Dictionaries
Cbbi Introductions
That is works treating at once of the origin, history, canonicity,
text, and versions of each of the separate books. Works on a
single book go with the text of the book.
Cbc Criticism
Includes general works, textual criticism, works on the canon,
evidences, authenticity, inspiration, lg;nguage, style of the Bible,
and on science and the Bible.
Cbcx Exegesis, Hermeneutics, Interpretation
Cbd Commentaries on the whole Bible
Notes on a single book or class of books or testament go
with the text of that book, class, or testament.
Cbdp Paraphrases.
Cbdr Analysis
Cbds Question books
Cbdx Philosophy of the Bible
Cbdy Morality of the Bible
Cbdz Theology of the Bible
Cbe Biography of biblical persons
Collections, at least. It is doubtful whether it is best to sepa-
rate the lives of single biblical persons from general biography.
Cbeh History of biblical events
Cbf Old Testament
Mss. or facsimiles of mss. of the whole Old Testament or of
single books will be marked by the supposed date of writing,
(66)
Cbfad
Cbg
Cbh
Cbhx
Cbi
Cbir
Cbj
Cbk
Cbkc
Cbkh
Cbkl
Cbko
Cbl
Cblc
Cbld
Cble
Cblf
Cblg
Cblh
Cbli
Cblj
Crlk
Cbm
Cbmd
Cbmi
Cbml
Cbn
Cb'ni
Cbn J
Cbnl
Gbnm
Cbnn
Cbno
Cbnp
Cbnq
e. g., if of the 5th century, .04, if of the 12th century, .11, i. e.,
.0400, .1100, the last two figures being left off as unnecessary.
to C-BFAX English versions
Chronologically arranged by the first issue of each version and
further by the year of issue of the copy. See Cbad to Cbax,
which is to be imitated mutatis mutandis.
Works about the Old Testament
Criticism
Exegesis
Commentaries on the whole Old Testament
Commentaries on a single book follow the text of the book.
Analysis
Biography
Octateuch
Pentateuch
Ten Commandments
Genesis
Exodus
Historical books in general
Joshua
Judges, I, 2
Judges, I
Judges, 2
Ruth
Samuel, i, 2
Samuel, i
Samuel, 2
Cbkk
Leviticus
Cbku
Numbers
Cbkx
Deuteronomy
Cblc
1-3 1
Joshua
ral
Cbll
Kings, I
Cblm
Kings, 2
Cbln
Chronicles, I,
Cblo
Chronicles, i
Cblp
Chronicles, 2
Cblq
Ezra
Cblr
Nehemiah
Cbls
Esther
Poetical books and poetical passages in other books
Cbmr Ecclesiastes
Cbmu Song of Solomon
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Prophetical passages and books of the Old and New
Testaments
Isaiah Cbnr Obadiah
Jeremiah Cbns Jonah
Lamentations Cent Micah
Ezechiel Cbnu Nahum
Daniel Cbnv Habakkuk
Hosea Cbnw Zephaniah
Joel Cbnx Haggai
Amos Cbny Zechariah
Cbnz Malachi
(67)
Cbo
Apocrypha
Cbni- 1850
Cbni- 1850- 2
Cbnin- 1819
Cbnix- C44- 183s
Cbnix- C45- 1831
Cbnix- Di4- 1839
Cbniz- C13
Cbniz- D37
Treat separate books of the Old Testament and of the New
Testament like the following example of Isaiah. '
Hebrew text, an edition of 1850.
another edition of 1850.
English, authorized version, an edition of i8ig.
Chippeway, an edition of 1835.
Choctaw, an edition of 1 831.
Dakota, an edition of 1839.
Calvin's Commentary on Isaiah.
Delitzsch's Biblical commentary on the prophecies of Isaiah.
In Cbk and Cbn, it is possible to assign three letters to each
book, the first for text, the second for versions, the third for com-
mentaries, as Cbkx Deuteronomy, Hebrew text, Cbky versions of
Deuteronomy, Cbkz works about Deuteronomy. In Cbu and
Cbv only two can be afforded, one for text and versions, the other
for commentaries, etc. In Cbl and Cbn each book has only a
single letter, and versions and notes must be distinguished by
adding another letter as in Cbad to Cbax. This of course may
be done, if preferred, in all cases.
Cbp
New Testament
Cbq
Works about the N
ew Testament
Cbr
Criticism
Cbrx
Exegesis
Cbs
Commentaries on the New-
Testament
Cbsp
Paraphrases
Cbsr
Analysis, etc.
Cbts
Biography
Cbu
Gospels and Acts
Cbud
Gospels
Cbuq
Cbus
Matthew
Mark
Cbuu
Cbuy
Luke
John
Cbvp
Acts
Cbw
Pauline Epistles
Cbwa
Cbwb
Cbwc
Cbwd
Cbwe
Cbwf
Cbwg
Cbwh
Romans
I, 2 Corinthians
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
Cbwi
Cbwj
Cbwk
Cbwl
Cbwm
Cbwn
Cbwo
Cbwp
I, 2 Thessalonians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians •
I, 2 Timothy
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Cbwq
Hebrews
(68)
Cbwr Catholic or pastoral epistles
Cbws James
Cbwt Epistles of Peter
Cbwu I Peter
Cbwv 2 Peter
Cbvvw Epistles of John and I John
Cbwx 2 John
Cbwy 3 John
Cbwz Jude
Cbx Revelations
Cby Apocrypha of the New Testament
For directions on author marks for the New Testament and its
books see notes under Cbav and Cbo.
Cc Christianity
General and miscellaneous works
Anyone more solicitous of a short mark than scrupulous for logical
order could mark this C alone.
CcE Fathers of the Church
Collected works of theological writers to the middle of the
8th century.
CcF Works on the Fathers collectively
CcG Greek Fathers
Works on particular subjects may be put here or under the
subjects, e. g. Augustinus de Deo might be in CcG or in
Cga. But whichever practice is adopted should be carried
out uniformly.
CcH Works on the Greek Fathers
Cci Single Greek Fathers
Alphabetically arranged.
CcL Latin Fathers
CcM Works on the Latin Fathers
CcN Single Latin Fathers
Ccs Syriac Fathers
CcT Works on the Syriac Fathers
Ccu Single Syriac Fathers
Cd Later theological writers
Collected works, but not works on special subjects. Use
the local list with alphabetical subarrangement ; tho chrono_
logical order would have some advantages.
(69)
Ce Apologetical theology, Evidences
Includes works treating together of the evidences of
natural and revealed religion.
Cf Doctrinal theology
The general works include Methodology and " encyclopaedia,"
works on the Criterion of truth in religion or rule of faith, on the
Development of doctrine, on Indifferentism.
Cg Systematic treatises
Cga to Cgz Particular doctrines
Both discussion and history.
Cga God
Cgb Trinity
Includes works on the divinity of Christ.
Cgc Human nature
Includes original state, fall, sin, free will.
Cgg Salvation, Soteriology, Christology
Cgh Person of Christ
Includes Preexistence, Incarnation, Humiliation, Ex-
altation. The works on the Divinity of Christ will go
better in Cgb Trinity.
Cgm Offices
Cop Priesthood, Mediatorship, Atonement, Satis-
faction
Life of Christ See Cbe
Cgr The process of salvation
Includes Grace, Calling, Election, Regeneration, Conver-
sion, Repentance, Faith, Justification, Sanctification, Works,
Perfection, Perseverance.
Ch Eschatology, last things
Cha Death
For Dance of death see W
Chd Intermediate state
Includes Sleep of the Soul, Descent of Christ into
Hades, Limbo, Purgatory and prayer for the dead. Future
probation.
Chi Second coming of Christ, Millenium
Chj Resurrection
Chk Judgment
(70)
Chl Rewards and punishments, retribution
Includes Comparative number of the saved and lost,
Future state of infants, of the heathen and heretics, of
certain noted persons.
Chr Heaven
Includes Degrees of blessedness, Recognition of
friends, the Beatific vision.
Chv Hell
Chx Duration of future punishment
Chz Universal salvation
Ci Doctrines of several systems, sects, or churches
CiA to Ciz Doctrines of a single system, sect, or church
E.g. Cic Catholics
ClF Friends
This is for the doctrines of a sect collectively; single doc-
trines go in the suitable subdivision of Co or Ch.
For the doctrines of a single country use the local list, as
Ci 47 German theology.
Cj Creeds and official catechisms
CjA to Cjz Creeds and catechisms of single churches
The mark of the three general creeds will be:
CjA Apostles' creed
CjAA Athanasian creed
CjAAA Nicene creed
Ck Ethical theology, Christian ethics
Cp Ecclesiastical polity and discipline
Includes Dedication of churches, Consecration of bishops.
Fasts and feasts. Jubilee.
Cqa to Cqz Particular churches
Cr Ritual theology
Includes that part of Doctrinal and Ethical theology that relates
to rites and ceremonies.
Cs
Sacraments
CSB
Baptism
CSE
Lord's Supper
CSH
Mass
(71)
CsK Confirmation
Csp Penance
CsM Matrimony
Csz Extreme unction
Ct Worship
Includes worship of Christ, the Virgin Mary, the saints,
images, and family worship.
Ctp Prayer
Cts Sabbath, Sunday
Cu Ritual and liturgies of single religious bodies
Arranged by sects alphabetically, subarranged by churches.
For full explanation of the details of marking see the Seventh
classification.
Cv Private prayer books
These may be arranged by the churches of the writers, or
simply in an alphabet of authors.
Cw Hymns
Hymns for both public and private use geographically
arranged like literature, with the local list.
Cx Pastoral theology, Clergy
Includes Calling, Education, Ordination, Marriage, Amuse-
ments, Prayer meetings. Missions, Revivals, Sunday schools
Catechising, Visiting.
Cy Preaching, homiletics
With the local list for sermons, arranged by language.
Cz Clergy of particular churches
Alphabetically arranged, as CzM Methodist ministers.
Historical sciences
Books on the historical sciences in general will be put in History (F).
D Ecclesiastical history
Periods.
Da Early church history, ist-5th centuries
Db Medieval church history, 6th- i6th centuries
Reformation. See Dj, below.
Do Modern church history
(72)
Places.
Dd Church history of countries, etc.
With the local list. Here come histories of single churches, as
1st Church of Boston, etc.
Churches.
De Eastern Church, Russian Church
Df Other churches not Catholic nor Protestant
As Dfa Armenian, Dfe Ethiopians, Abyssinians, Dfc Copts, Dfj
Christians of St. John, Dfm Maronites.
Dg CathoHc Church
Dh Catholics in various countries
As Galilean Church DL39, English CathoKc Church DL45,
German Catholic Church DL47.
Dj
Di Inquisition
Reformation
Reformation in France Dj 39, English Reformation Dj 45, etc.
Dk Protestants
Dl Single Protestant Churches and Sects
Such as Church of England, Protestant Episcopal Church, etc.
but not 1st Church of Boston and the like.
Appendix.
Dm Monastic orders, Religious confraternities
Dn Councils
Single councils to be alphabetically arranged, as Dnc Council of
Chalcedon, Dnn Council of Nice.
For a list see the Seventh Classification.
Dp Persecutions and martyrs
Dq Apparitions and miracles
Dr Heretics
d^^With classes Dm, Dn, and Dr three courses are possible,
to put in them (i)all the works on these subjects; (2) only the works
which treat of the councils, monastic orders, etc., of the whole
church, putting the councils, etc., of any one church under that
church, as Dgm Councils of the Catholic Church, Dgn Monastic
orders of the Catholic Church; (3) the general works and those
relating to the Catholic Church, putting councils, religious orders,
etc., of other churches each under its own church. This latter (3)
seems to me to suit best the Hterature (though not the logic) of
the subject.
(73)
Methods of Propagation and Maintenance.
Ds Missions, foreign and domestic
With (he local list.
Dt Revivals, Salvation army, etc.
Dv Young Men's Christian Associations, and the like
Dv Sunday-schools
Dw Bible societies
Related subjects.
Dx Ecclesiastical antiquities.
Dv Ecclesiastical chronology and geography
Dz Ecclesiastical biography
Collections only; single lives go in class E; single lives of biblical
persons may go in class Cb.
E Biography
The individual biography should be arranged in the order of the persons
whose lives are told. On distinguishing the collective biography from the
single lives, see " Method of arranging Biography," forward.
F History, Universal history
Periods.
F 01 Prehistoric and very early history
Fo2 Ancient history
F03 Modern history (476 to the present time)
F04 Medieval history (476-1453)
F05 Crusades (1000-1300)
F06 Renaissance (1450- 1 550)
F07 Modern modern history (1500 to the present time)
N.B. The history of any one country for these periods goes
under the country.
Countries.
Fi I /o F99 History of single places
The larger countries should be subarranged by periods. The tables
for this purpose are given in the Seventh Classification.
Allied studies.
Fa Allied studies in general and works about History
Fb Historical miscellanies >
(74)
Fc Chronology
Fd Philosophy of history
Fe History of civilization and culture
Ff Antiquities, manners and customs
With the local list.
Fi Inscriptions
With the local list.
Fn Numismatics
With the local list.
Fs Chivalry
Ft Knightly orders
Fv Heraldry
With the local list.
Fw Peerages, Nobility
With the local list.
G Geography and Travels
With the local list, e. g., G 30 Geography of Europe, G 60 Travels
in Asia, G 45 L Description of London.'
N. B. The maps of any place may be brought immediately after the
place by prefixing z to the author mark, e. g. G45. z a map of England,
G45M3. z a map of Manchester, England. But see Gz below; also a
fuller note in the Seventh Classification.
Ga Ancient geography
Gb Medieval geography
Allied studies.
Gd Art of travel
Ge Mathematical geography
Includes Surveying, Geodesy, Hydrography, Topography, Cartography.
Gs Surveys, of all sorts
With the local list.
(75)
Gz Maps
To be used if it is preferred to Iceep the maps togetlier and not mix
tliem witli geograpliy and travels. E.g. GZ45. a map of England, Gz 45.
M3 a map of Manchester, England. But see G, above, and a fuller note
in the Seventh Classification.
H Social sciences
Hb Statistics
With the local list for the statistics of countries,
but alphabetical subdivisions for the statistics of sub-
jects. The statistics of many subjects will go better
in the appropriate classes, as naval statistics in class U.
He Economics, Political economy
Systematic, general, and miscellaneous works arranged by the
countries of the writers.
Hd Population
He Production
With the local list. Also works on the ' Production and
exchange ' of a country.
Hf Laboring classes
Includes Hours of labor, wages.
Hg Trades' unions and guilds
Includes Strikes, Arbitration.
Hh Cooperation, Profit-sharing
Hi Slavery in general
Hi 54 Russian serfdorn
Hi 61 Bible slavery
HiA Slavery in the United States
Hiz Exchange of products
Hj Transportation and communication
Economically considered; as arts these come under
classes St, etc.
Hk Commerce, Trade, Business
With the local list. Includes books treating of Com-
merce and banking, Commerce and finance together;
also Advertising, Panics, Crises, Speculation.
(76)
Hkb Book-keeping
Hkc Commercial correspondence
Hl Joint stock companies
With the local list for single companies.
Hm Money as a means of commerce
With the local list for national currencies. Includes
Gold, silver, and paper money, Bimetallism, Credit,
Foreign exchange. Prices.
Hn-Hr Money as an object of commerce
Hn Banking
With the local list.
Hp Pawnbroking
Hr Finance, Private
With the local list. Includes Money-market,
Stocks and bonds, Stock-exchange.
Hs Distribution of returns
Ht Taxation and public Finance.
With the local list, the sub-arrangement chronologically
by the Biscoe numbers.
Hu Tarifs
With the local list.
Hv Protection and free trade
The local list may be used. (Corn laws Hv 45.)
Hw Property, Capital
Hx Landed property
Includes Unearned increment, Rent.
Hxx Public lands
With the local list.
Hy Personal property
Hz Consumption
Includes Luxury, economically considered.
Demotics, Sociology
B Crime, Criminal classes
Includes Duelling, Gambling, Intemperance and Temperance,
Juvenile crime. Prostitution, etc. ; Police, Prevention, Detection,
and Reformation.
Ie Punishment
Includes Capital punishment. Transportation, Prisons, etc.
(77)
Ig Charity, the Poor
With the local list.
Ih Providence
Includes Savings banks, Insurance.
Ik Education
II Means -of education other than schools and col-
leges
Includes Mechanics' institutes, Mercantile associations,
Lyceums, Reading clubs. Debating societies, Correspondence
universities, Chautauqua Societies, and University extension.
Ip Pedagogics
lu Schools
With the local list.
Ix Colleges, Universities
With the local list; the colleges in each country to be
arranged in one alphabet. Distinctive marks for colleges in
the U. S. are given in the Seventh Classification.
Iy Special schools
E.g. Law, Divinit}', Scientific.
Iz Classes of persons educated
E. g. The Blind, the Deaf, the Dumb, Indians, Negroes
Criminals.
J Civics, Government, PoHtical science
Ja General specialties
E.g. Social contract. Public opinion, Parties, Revolutions,
Social distinctions, the State, etc.
JB
Kinds of political organization
JB
Primitive government
Jc
Monarchy, Despotism
JD
Constitutional monarchy
JE
Aristocracy, Oligarchy
JF
Federation
JG
Republicanism
JH
Socialism
V
Communism
JJ
Nationalism
JK
Nihilism, Anarchy'
(78)'
Jk Political methods
Jl Representation
Jm Ballot
Jn Caucus
Jo Political rights
Jp Freedom of speech, of the press, etc.
Women's political rights. See Kg Woman
Political questions not otherwise provided for
Jq War and peace
Will include books on Non-resistance.
Jr Colonies
Js Emigration and immigration
Jt National constitutions and institutions
With the local list.
Under each country works on the institutions can either be
subdivided into periods to correspond with history, or arranged
chronologically by the Biscoe numbers in the class-mark.
Distinctive marks for the editions of the constitutions of the
United States and of France are given in the Seventh Classifi-
cation.
Ju National politics
With the local list.
To be arranged chronologically. May be marked either (i) with
the Biscoe dates, (2) with the dates in full, or (3) by the same
marks that are used for the period in tlie history of the country
(see F in the Seventh Classification).
Jv National administration
With the local Ust. For the marks distinguishing the departments
see the Seventh Classification.
Jw Local administration
With the local list. For the marks distinguishing the departments
see the Seventh Classification.
Jx
Jy
Law of nature and of nations
International law
Some lawyers say that there is no such thing as International
law ; but there are books upon it, which is all that concerns us.
(Subdivisions)
(79)
Jz Treaties
Collections
Arranged by names of editors.
Single treaties
Arranged chronologically by the Biscoe date-marks, the
letter being in the class-mark and the number serving as the
author-mark.
K Legislation
K with the local list marks ioth the Legislation and (by
adding l) the Law of the various countries, e.g.
K39
French legislation
L French law
English legislation
K 45 A Sessional papers
K39
K4S
For these no author-mark is needed; if any is used the
mark should be in the form
K45 A
1865
A7
1865 being the year, A meaning Accounts and papers, 7
being the volume number.
A = Accounts and papers
C = Committee reports
R = Reports of commissions
S ^ State papers.
K 45 E Debates and proceedings of Parliament
K 45 F Debates and proceedings of the Lords
K 45 G Debates and proceedings of the Commons
K 45 K Miscellaneous works about Parliament
K 45 L English law
General works (including Theory, Study, Reform, Codifica-
tion); miscellaneous works; and special works on Personal
rights (Torts), Possession, Contracts, Succession, Wills,
Remedy.
K 45 M Statutes
K 45 N Criminal law
K 45 o Common law
K 45 u Procedure
Includes Antiquities {e. g. Torture, Ordeal, Judicial
duel), Forms, Pleading, Evidence.
(80)
K 45 us Jury
K 45 uu History of courts
K 45 uv Organization of courts
K 45 uw Jui-isdiction of courts
K 45 V Admiralty law
K 45 \v Canon law
K 45 X Chancery law
K 45 Y Special subjects
{£■ g- Railroad law.) Including statutes on special subjects.
K 45 z Administration of the law, legal statistics
United States law will be K 83 l and U. S. statute law
K 83 M, but U. S. law so far as it would come under
the heads K 83 n to K 83 t will be mixed with the
English law in the corresponding divisions.
The law of France, Germany, Italy, etc., may require
a special arrangement and a different use of letters for
each country.
K 8^ Legislation of the United States
The divisions to be like those of English legislation, mutatis
mutandis.
For the Congressional documents (K 83 a) no author-mark is
needed. The lettering which comes on the volumes is sufficient
to indicate the place. The arrangement should be by Congresses
and under them by sessions, the earliest first. If any mark is
used it may be in this form
K83A
45.1
HE
that is, House Executive documents of the ist session of the 45th
Congress.
HE House Executive docs. SE Senate Executive docs.
HJ House Journal SJ Senate Journal
HM House Miscellaneous SM Senate Miscellaneous
docs. docs.
HR House Reports of com- SR Senate Reports of com-
mittees mittees
HS House Special reports SS Senate Special reports
K 83 L Law of the United States
K 841 Legislation of Maine
K 841 L Law of Maine
Works on American law may be put with those on English law or
vice versa ; but American laws (statutes) should of course be separated.
(81)
Special subjects under legislation in general
Kl Law, in general
Km Statutes of various nations compared
Kn Comparative criminal law, and so on
Kp Personal rights, Torts
Kq Possession
Kr Contracts
Ks Succession
Ksw ■ Wills
Kt Remedy
Ku Procedure '
Subdivided as in K45 UA to K45 z, mutatis mutandis.
Economy of marks might be attained (as in classes
X and Y) by using K 11l to K 11 u for general law
and Kl to Ku for English and American law ; and the
local list for all other countries. But it would be
necessary to distinguish the English statutes from the
American, as
K 45 M English statutes
K 83 M Statutes of the United States
K 844 M Statutes of Massachusetts
The economy of marks in a class so small as Law
usually is in all but special law libraries is hardly
worth considering.
Kv Trial'
General collections arranged alphabetically by editors'
names. Local collections with the place list, as : —
Kv 83- 9 Collections of trials in the United States
Arranged alphabetically by the editors' names.
Kv 83- A to z Single trials in the United States.
Arranged by the name of the person tried.
(82)
K
w
W
Oman
General and miscellaneous works, with the local list for the con-
dition of women at various periods and in various countries.
KwA Quotations and other collections about woman, and
Delineations of woman in literature and art.
KwB Body : Physiology, Hygiene, Therapeutics.
Better in class Q Medicine.
Kwc Soul : Psychology
KwD Intellect
KwE Education
KwEC Co-education
The last two may be in I.
KwF Emotions
KwG Morals, friendship
KwH Duties as daughter
Duties as wife. See Kwn
Kwi Duties as mother
Kwj Sexual relations
KwK Love
KwL Courtship
KwM Marriage
KwN Duties of husband and wife
Kwo Restrictions on marriage
E. g., relationship (sister, cousin, deceased wife's sis-
ter), caste, ability to support wife.
Kwp Primitive marriage, polyandry, etc.
KwQ Polygamy, etc.
Mormons. See B
KwR Adultery
Kws Divorce, separation
KwT ' Free love,' ' Spiritual wives '
Prostitution. See Ibp
Kwu Single life
Kwv The family
Kww Social relations
Kww Rights in general
^83)
Kwx Employment, labor
For women as Teachers see I.
For women as Librarians see Z.
KwY Legal rights
KwY Property
Kwz Political rights
Kwz Suffrage
Kwz Office holding
For Costume see class W.
Kx Societies (not otherwise provided for)
Many societies go under subjects, a historical
society under History, a geographical society under
Geography, a scientific society under Science, a
library association under Libraries, and so on. These
receive the class-mark of the subject, and are dis-
tinguished from other general works by prefixing 8
to the author-mark, e. g. (M being Natural history),
M" 8 B65 Boston Society of Natural History ; and
(G being Geography) G'8R8i Royal Geographical
Society of London.
Learned societies of a general character go in
class A, division s, e. g.
As" B45 The Academy of Berlin
As- M26 The Academy of Madrid
Kxc Clubs
With the loc^l list, as Kxc 45 l Clubs in London. Kxc 45 la
Athenaeum club. Or the l and la can be put into the author-
mark.
KXF
Freemasons
With the local list.
Kxc
Odd-fellows
With the local list.
Ky
Other secret societies
(84)
L Sciences and Arts together
La Sciences (Natural)
La includes works on Experiment, Observation, Instruments, Classi-
fication and Nomenclature of science, and on the Laws of nature.
Lb Mathematics, Number and space sciences
General works, and works which treat of Mathematics, Kine-
matics and Dynamics together, also works treating of Mathe-
matics and Physics viewed mathematically. The general works
include Tables, Problems, Instruments, Notation, and Study.
Lc
Arithmetic
Lci
Interest tables
Ld
Algebra
Ldl
Logarithms
Ldp
Probabilities
Le
Geometry
Led
Plane
Lee
Solid
Lel
Curvilinear
Ler
Conic sections
Lf
Trigonometry-
Lfp
Plane
Lfs
Spherical
Lg
Calculus
Lgd
Differential
Lgi
Integral
Lgq
Quaternions
Includes Constants, Instruments, Measurements.
Lgx Kinematics, Motion
Lh Physics or Natural philosophy
Lhp Hylics (general properties of substance)
Includes Ether, Atoms, Molecules, Molecular space.
Li Dynamics (force and matter)
Often called Mechanics.
(85)
Lib Statics (general laws of force and matter, result-
ing in equilibrium)
LiK Kinetics (general laws of force and matter,
resulting in motion)
Formerly called Dynamics.
LiM Kumatics (wave motion, vibration)
Liu Forces
Includes Attraction and repulsion, Cohesion and adhesion.
Gravitation.
Liz Energy
Lj Electrics
Includes Galvanism and Magnetism.
Lk Optics, Light
Lkc Color
Lks Stereoscope, stereopticon, and othef optical
instruments
Lkx Spectrum
Ll Thermics, Heat
Lm Acoustics, Sound
Ln Pneumatics, Gases
Lnh Hydrics, Fluids
Lns Sterics, Solids
Includes Strength of materials.
Lnz
Alchemy
Lo
Chemistry
Includes Chemical physics.
Log
Analysis
Lp
Inorganic chemistry
Lq
Organic chemistry
Lqy
Cosmography
That is, Astronomy and Geography combined
Lqz
Astrolosrv
(86)
Lr Astronomy
Includes Plurality of worlds, Celestial raeclianics, Cosmi-
cal physics, Nebular hypothesis, Instruments, Chronometry,
Reduction method.
Ls
Observatories and their observations
With the local list.
Lt
Stellar system
Lu
Comets
Lv
Solar system
Lw
Sun
Lx
Planets
Ly
Moon
Lz
Earth
M Natural history
/. e., Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology treated together.
With the local list for natural-history voyages and exploration.s.
Ma Museums of Natural history
With the local list.
Mb Microscopy
Mc Geology
With the place list for local geology and paleontology. The
word Geology is here used, as its subdivisions show, in its
broadest sense.
Md Mineralogy
Includes Mineral physics. Origin of minerals and mineral
forms, Descriptive mineralogy.
The works on the mineral resources of various countries
could be put here, but are better in Re.
Me Crystalography
Mf Lithology
Includes Composition, Lithogenesis, Micro-lithology,
Pseudomorphism, Disintegration, Descriptive lithology.
Mg Physiography, physical geography
With the local list.
(87)
Mh Aerology, Meteorology.
For Meteors see Lt. Includes Aeroscopy (weather ser-
vice), Aerochemy, Aerophysics, Aeroptics, Aerothermics,
Aerobarics, Trade winds, Whirlwinds, Storms, Aerohydrics
(Dew, Frost, Clouds, Fog, Mist, Rain, Hail, Snow), Aerelec-
trics. Climate.
Mj Hydrology
Includes Springs, Rivers, Lakes, Oceans, Ice.
Mk Geology of the surface
Includes Chemical, Mechanical (Erosion, Glacial action),\
and Organic action.
Ml Geology of the interior
Includes Terrestrial magnetism. Internal heat, Volcanoes,
Natural gas. Pressure and tension, Subsidence and elevation,
Raised beaches, etc.
Mm Petrographic geology
Includes Stratification (see Mq), Metamorphism, Eruptive
phenomena of the past, Unconformability, Mineral deposits.
Organic deposits.
Mn Structural geology
Treats of Mountains, Valleys, Rock basins, Caverns, Table
lands, Plains, Deserts, Islands, Coral islands.
Mp Economic geology
Includes Mineral, Agricultural, Sanitary, and Engineering
geology.
Mq Paleontology
Includes Paleobotany, Paleozoology, Micro-paleontology,
Stratigrafic paleontology (Archean, Paleozoic, Mesozoic,
Kainozoic, and Quaternary ages) ; but Local paleontology
goes in Mc.
Mv Biology
Includes Vitality, Protoplasm, Cells, Ontogenesis, Phylogenesis.
Mw Etiological theories
Includes the Special creation, Encasement, Adaptation
Transmutation, Evolution, and Selection (Darwinian) theories
My Botany and Zoology together
It may not be worth while to separate the books in this section
from those in M. My would include 'Rural hours,' 'Country
life,' etc. Compare Rfy.
With the place list for local botany and zoology.
Mz Marine natural history (botany and zoology)
With the place list for local seaside natural history.
(88)
N Botany
With the place list for local flora.
Na Botanical gardens, Herbaria, etc.
With the local list.
Nb
Phytology, theoretical botany
No
Phytography, descriptive botany
Nd
Cryptogams
Nr
Phanerogams
Nw
Flowers, Fruit, and colored leaves
Nx
Sylvae
Ny
Insectivorous and Parasitic plants
Nz
Economic and Medical botany
o
Zoology
With the place list for local fauna.
On
Geographical distribution
Ol2
Cave fauna
Oa
Zoological museums and zoological gardens
With the local list.
Ob
Comparative anatomy and physiology
Oc
Zoological psychology. Instinct
Od .
Zoography, descriptive zoology
Odi
Invertebrates
Ot
Insects
General works and all special works except :
Oy
Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps.
P
Vertebrates
General works and all special works except:
Pb
Fishes
Pc
Batrachians
Pd
Reptiles
Pe
Birds
Pg
Mammals
General works and all special works except :
Pl
Proboscidia
Pm
Ungulata (Equidae, Cervidae, Bovidae)
(89)
Pq Carnivora
Pr Canidae
Ps Felidae
Pt Primates
Pu Economic, and Medical, and Parasitic zoology
Pv Mythical zoology
Pw Anthropology and Ethnology
Pw Museums of Anthropology and Ethnology
With the local list.
PwA Anthropology (geological man)
Includes Origin and Antiquity of man, Fossil races and
their arts.
Px Ethnology (primitive and historic
, man)
Includes Unit)' or plurality of the race, its Place of origin,
Physical and Psychical characteristics of races. Customs and
Arts of primitive society.
Py Ethnography (races of men)
Q Medicine
Qa Anatomy and Physiology
Qd Physiology
Qh Hygiene
Qu Materia medica and Pharmacy
Qn Therapeutics (modes of cure)
Qp Pathology, Diseases
Qs Surgery
Qt Ear
Qu Eye
Qv Teeth
Qw Obstetrics, Gynecology
Qx Hand, Foot, Skin
Qy Medical jurisprudence
Qz Medical ethics
(90)
Useful arts, Technology
R General and miscellaneous works
With the local list for the local history and condition of the arts.
Ra Exhibitions
With the local list, with which the Biscoe letter may be used in the
author-mark to designate the particular exhibition, e. g.
Ra 39 p ■ M Paris exhibition of 1867.
Ra 39 p ■ Mc Same, catalogue.
Rai Inventions
Ram Materials
Rar Receipts
Rat Trade marks
Rb Patents
With the local list.
Rc Metric arts, Weights and measures
RcD Decimal or metric system
RcH Time, Horology
Res Space, Gauging, Lumber surveying
Rcw Weight
Rex Value, Cambistry
Rcz Extractive and productive arts
General and miscellaneous works.
Rd Mining
With the local list for mining laws.
Re Mineral resources and mines
With the local list.
Rf Metallurgy
Rfy Rural life
{See also My. Rfy includes the social side.)
Rfz Rural estate management
Rg Agriculture
With the local list for the history and condition of agriculture in
different countries, and for agricultural societies and agricultural
stations.
(91)
Rga Agricultural chemistry and physiology
Rgb Soils, Agricultural geology
Rgc Manures, fertilizers
Rod Irrigation, draining, etc.
Rge Machines, tools, fences
Rgf Farmers, laborers, accounts
Rgg Pests, weeds, insects, vermin
Rgh to Rgw Special crops
Rh Horticulture
With the local list for horticultural societies.
Rhf Floriculture, Fructiculture
Ri Arboriculture, Forestry
Rj Animaliculture
General works on the raising of animals, and all special ones
except :
RjA Taming
RjD Silkworms, Sericulture
Rjj Bees, Apiculture
RjL Fishes, Pisciculture
RjN Birds, Aviculture
Rjz Dogs
Rk Beasts of burden
Includes Asses, Camels, Elephants, Mules.
Rl Horses
Rm Cattle, Stock
Includes Bulls, Oxen, Goats, Sheep, Swine.
Rn Cows, Dairy
Ro Veterinary medicine
Rp Animal products
RpF Fisheries
With the local list.
RpH Hunting for profit
Rps Skins
Includes Rpt Tanning, Rpu Leather, Rpw Feathers, Rpx
Furs, RPY Hair.
Rpv Taxidermy
(92)
Rq Chemical technology
Includes Rqa Refuse products, Rqc Chemicals, Rqd Drugs,
Rqg Glassmaking, Rqk Cleaning, Bleaching, Dyeing, Rqp Per-
fumery, Rqso Soapmaking, etc.
Rr Foods and drinks, manufactured
Particular foods to be arranged alphabetically.
Rrx Brewing, Ale, Beer
Rs lUuminants and fuels
As RsA Artificial fuels, Rsc Candles, RsG Gas, Rso Oil
Rsp Peat.
RsR Explosives
As Rss Gunpowder, Rst Guncotton, Dynamite, Nitro-
glycerine, Giant powder, Rendrock, etc., Rsw Matches.
Rsx
Fireworks, Pyrotechnics
Rt
Electric arts
All or nearly all of the works on electri
rather than in Lj.
Rtd
Dynamos, Batteries
Rtg
Galvanoplasty
Rtl
Lightning rods
Ru
Telegraph
Rv
Telephone
Rw
Lighting
Rx
Power," Motors
For Electric railways see Sy.
Ry
Domestic economy
Ry
Household books, account books, etc,
With the local list.
Rys
Servants
Ryt
Toilet
Rz
Food and cookery
Constructive arts (Engineering and
Building)
(93)
s
Engineering
With the local list for the engineering works of particular countries,
Sa
Materials
Sb
Tunnels
See
Earthwork
Sc
Masonry
Includes Stone, Brick, Concrete, Mortars, Cement.
Sdl
Foundations
Sdr
Walls, etc.
Se
Framed structures, Trusses
Sf
Bridges and roofs
Building
For the artistic side of the subject see Wf Architecture, or all
the books can be put there. I prefer separation.
Sgb
Building laws
Sh
Carpentry
Shh
Stairs
Si
Painting and glazing
Siv
Varnishing and gilding
Siw
Papering
Six
Bell-hanging
Sj Sanitary engineering
Sk Town sanitation
With the local list for town sanitation, sewerage, and public
works (as streets and bridges).
Skd
Sewerage, Drains in general
Sl
Hydraulic engineering
Slp
Reclamation and protection of land
Slv
Dams
Slx
Water power
Sm
Water supply
Sma
Aqueducts
Smi
Irrigation
Smw
Wells
(94)
Sn
Harbors
Snl
Lighthouses
Their architecture ; for their management, lighting, history,
reports, see Uv.
Sp
Water-ways, Internal navigation
Sr
Rivers (care and improvement)
Ss
Canals
St Arts of transportation and communica-
With the local list. Ftion
Includes Stc City transit (cabs, herdics, omnibuses, etc.),
Ste Express, Stm Messengers, Stp Pneumatic despatch, Sts
Stages, Stt Traction (i. e. steaming on common roads).
Su Roads, Highways, Streets
Sv Railroads
With the local list.
SvE Enpineering:
SwK Rolling stock
Sx Operation
Sy Various kinds of railroads, as Syc Cable, Sye
Elevated, Syg Gravity, Syh Horse, Syi Inclined
or Mountain, Sym Metropolitan, Sys Ship.
Sz Aerodromics, Aerial navigation, balloons
Water transportation. See Sn to Ss and Un to Ux
T Fabricative arts, Manufactures and
Handicrafts.
With the local list.
Ta Machinery
Tb Motors and transmitters
Tc Steam engine
Td Pumps
Te Other machines
Tf Tools, including machine tools
Tg Mechanic trades, Handicrafts
Th Metal manufactures
(95)
Ti Casting, Founding
Tj Forging, Drawing
Tk Iron and Steel
For artistic ironwork see Wy.
Tl Copper, Brass, Bronze
See also in Art Wkp Bronzes.
Tm Tin
Tn Mineral manufactures
As Clay, Marble, Stone, Artificial stone.
To Vegetable manufactures
As Grains, Paper, Rubber, Celluloid, Lumber, Wood; but not
such manufactures as go in Tq-Tt.
Tp Animal manufactures
As Saddlery, Trunks, and other leather articles.
Tpx Miscellaneous manufactures
As Toys.
Tq Spinning
Tr Knitting
Ts Weaving, Textile fabrics
Tt Cotton
Tu Woolen
Tv Felting, Laid fabrics
Tw Clothes-making
U Art of war
U 10 Military biography
Collective biography only.
U Military history
With the local list.
Ua Battles
Alphabetically arranged, as Uag Gettysburg.
Ub Sieges
Alphabetically arranged, as Ubv Vicksburg.
Uc Military organization, condition, and policy
With the local list.
UcA Military art
Includes Strategy, Logistics, Grand tactics. Minor operations.
Engineering, Manoeuvres.
(96)
Udz Manoeuvres, reviews
Ue Military law, regulations, etc.
With the local list. Add c for courts martial, e.g. Ue 45
English military law, Ue 45 c English courts martial. To be
arranged alphabetically by the name of the accused.
Uf The Service
Includes Ufa Staff, Ufs Signal service (not weather service,
which goes in Mg), Ug Infantry, Uh Cavalry, Ul Artillery, Uj
Engineering corps, Uk Militia, Ul Partisans.
Um Material, Munitions, Arsenals
With the local list for arsenals.
Umf Fire arms
Un Nautical arts
Un 10 Naval biography
This is for collective biography; tlie lives of individuals go in
class E.
Un Naval history
With the local list.
Uo Naval battles
Arrange alphabetically.
Up Naval organization
With the local list.
Uq Naval manoeuvres. Tactics
Upn Seamanship, Navigation
Ur Naval law
With the local list. For courts martial add c to the country
number, as Ur 45 c English courts martial. Arrange alphabeti-
cally bv the name of the accused.
Us The Service
Includes both naval and merchant marine service.
Ut Equipment
Includes Ut (with the local list) Navy yards, Uxo Ordnance,
Utt Torpedoes, etc.
Uu Ships, Shipbuilding, etc.
UuR Armored vessels
Uus Steamships
UuT Yachts
(97)
Uux Unseaworthy ships
UuY Submarine boats
Uuz Diving bells and armor
Uv Lighthouses
With the local list.
Uw Life-saving service
With the local list.
Ux Shipwrecks
Arrange alphabetically by the name of the ship.
Uy Fire extinction, Fires
Uz Protection against fire and thieves
V Athletic and recreative arts
Includes Sports, Games, Spectacles, Festivals, and other
amusements.
With the local list.
Va Fighting sports
Includes Animal fights.
Vb Wrestling, Boxing, Fencing
Vc Archery, Gunning
Vd Outdoor sports in general
Ve Hunting and Fishing
Vf Aquatic sports except Fishing
Includes Swimming, Skating.
Vg Boating and Sailing
Vh Land locomotion : Walking, Running
Vi Wheeling
Vj Horsemanship
Vk Ball games
VI Other outdoor games
As Curling, Putting the stone, etc.
Vm Boys' and girls' in- and 'outdoor games
(98)
Vn Indoor games and amusements
Includes Billiards, Card games, Chess.
Vq Dancing
*&
Vr Jugglery, Ventriloquism, Natural magic
Vs Gymnastics, Physical education
Vt Theatre
Vu
Biography of actors and managers
Includes both collective and individual biography.
Vu
History of the theatre
With the local list.
VUL
Acting
Vup
Private theatricals
VUT
Tableaux vivants
Fine arts
Vv Music
Vw 10 Biography of musicians
Includes both collective and individual biography.
Vw History of music
With the local list.
VwA Theory
Vwp Harmony and Composition
Vwx Instrumentation
Vx Instruments (including the voice) and Instruction
Arrange alphabetically, as Vxv Voice
Vy Works of music
With the local list for National music.
Vya Instrumental music
Vz Vocal and mixed music
Vzc Songs
Vzo Opferas
VzR Religious music
(99)
W Art, Fine Arts
Wl ^Esthetics
WIO Lives, Bibliography, and Criticisms of
[artists and Specimens of their works
Includes both collective and individual biography. Arrange
the latter alphabetically by artists.
W 105 Monograrnists
Collective works only.
Wi I History of art
W119 Prehistoric art
Might also be put in Anthropology Pwr-Pwy.
W12 Ancient art
Chiefly the art of countries around the Mediterranean and
in the western part of Asia; and not including India, China,
and the rest of the extreme East, which will be marked by
the local list 64-6Q.
W121 Egypt
W122 Chaldsea, Babylonia, Assyria
W123 Persia
W124 Phoenicia and its dependencies
That is, Cyprus, Carthage, Sardinia.
W125 Judaea, Syria and Cappadocia (Hittites)
W126 Asia Minor
W127 Greece
W128 Etruria
W129 Rome
W13 Modern art
Modern is here used as opposed to Ancient, and includes
Medieval; compare W 17.
W14 Christian art
W 141 Catacombs
W 144 Christian symbolism, Christian iconography
Includes W135 Christ in art, W136 Madonna in art, W137
Saints in art.
W 149 Dance of Death
W15 Medieval art (476-1450)
W16 Renaissance art (1450-1550)
(100)
Wi7 Modern modern art
N. B. Modern, Christian, Medieval, Renaissance, and the later
Modern art when limited to one country go under the countr\'.
W21 etc. Local history of art and collected specimens of na-
tional art
Except such as come under W12-W129.
Wa Theoretical questions applicable to several arts (as
Imitation, Moral purpose), and subjects including
several arts (as Iconology, Emblems, Devices, etc.)
Way Restoration of objects of art
See also Wfy, Wjy, Wky, Wpy.
Wb Education in art
With the local list.
Wc Museums, Galleries, etc.
With the local list.
Wd Plastic and constructiye fine arts
We Landscape gardening
With the local list.
Wf Architecture
For the technical side of the subject see Sg Building ; or all the
' books can be put here. I prefer separation.
WfIO to Wf99 Biography and History of Architecture
To be divided like Wio-Wgg; but WfIO contains only collec-
tive biography; the single lives go in W 10.
Wfd Architectural drawing and modelling
Wfg Orders
Wfk Color, Polychrome
Wfg Ornament •
Wfs Brick
Wft Terra cotta
Wfy Restoration
(lOl)
Public buildings
Wg
Religious
Wgk
Cathedrals
Wh
Secular
Private buildings
WlA
Commercial and industrial
WiM
Domestic
Wix
Parts of buildings
E.g. Chimney pieces.
Wj Sculpture
W; 10 /(9 Wj 99 Biography and History of Sculpture
To be divided lilce W10-W99; but WjlO contains only collec-
tive biography; single lives go in Wio.
WjA Art anatomy and human proportion •
WjB Bas-reliefs
WjK Color, Polychrome in sculpture
Wjo Ornament, sculptural
WjY Restoration of sculpture
Wk Carving and Turning
Includes Stone, Wood, Ivory, Gems, Seals, Dies.
Wkn Casting, Baking, Firing
Wkp Bronzes
Wkr Glass
Wkt Keramics
Wkx Terra cotta
Wky Restoration
Wl Arts of design, graphic arts
Wm Drawing
N. B. The history of dravcing in any country to go with the
history of painting in that country.
(102)
Wmb Perspective
Wme Projection
Wmk Geometric drawing
Wmn Industrial or technical drawing
In general; but drawing for any one art goes with that art, as
drawing for architects Wfd; for carpenters Shd; for engineers
Sad; for machinists Taa; for photographing Wra; for stone-
masons SCA.
Wmr Pen drawing
Wmv Caricature and pictorial satire
Wn Drawings and their reproductions
Wp Painting
With the local list.
Wpc Color ^ ~ —
Wpd Materials and Method
As encaustic, enamels, oil, etc.
Wph Water-color
Wpj Surfaces
As Walls, Ivory, Pottery, Glass, Textile fabrics.
Wps Subjects
As Portrait, Miniature, Landscape, Marine, Genre, Animals, and
Flowers.
Wpy Restoration of paintings
Wq Engraving and its history
With the local list.
Wq 10 Biography of engravers (collections only)
Wqa Collections, cabinets
Wqc Wood engraving
Wqm Lithography
Wqp Chromolithography
Wqr Painter engravers
Wqt Etching
Wqy Restoration of engravings
(103)
Wr Photography
Includes Materials, Photographic chemistry, Silver processes.
Gelatine and pigment, Gelatine and printer's ink, Photolithog-
raphy, Photozincography.
Ws Decorative arts, Ornament
With the local list.
■ The minor decorative arts, can be put in alphabetically, as Wsa
Alphabets, Wsh Home decoration, etc.
Wt Mosaic
Wu Needlework and textile decoration •
WuA Tapestry
WuL Lace
WuT Textile fabrics
Wuv Carpets
Wv Costu'me and its adjuncts
Includes Canes, Fans, Hair-dressing.
Ww Furniture
Wx Jewelry, Silver- and Gold-smithing
Wy Metal work
Wz Bric-a-brac
Arts of Communication by Language
To bring together all arts that might be called arts of communication is not expedi-
ent. Commerce, for example, goes better in Political economy ; Railroads and other
means of transport with the Engineering arts; Telegraphy and Telephony in the Elec-
trical arts ; communication of thought and feeling by means of form and color is Fine
art; and by means of tone and time is Music.
X English language
Xd Dictionaries
Xg Grammars
(104)
X 11 Language in general
As almost all the books on language in small libraries, and a very large part in all
libraries, relate to the English language, I have in this class suggested an exception to
the rule that the general precedes the particular, in order to secure the shorter class-
mark for the larger class. Any other language than English will be marked from the
local list, e. g.
X35
Italian language
X39
French
X46
Dutch
X47
German "
This requires another exception to the rules of arrangement, namely, that the sub-
divisions of English language, Xd Dictionaries, Xg Grammars, must of course be put
with the other works on that language, and before any of the other languages, although
in general the class letter followed by a figure (as Xii, X42) is put before the class letter
followed by a letter (Xd, Xg).
In a library of limited circulation, or in any other where one might well prefer con-
sistency of practice to economy of marks, it would be better to use X for Language in
general and X45 for English language.
Languages may be arranged in three ways :
(i) By the local list, which has the advantage of corresponding with the rest of the
classification, but represents linguistic affinities very badly;
(2) Alphabetically, which is best for ready reference, and should certainly be
chosen for the dictionaries placed at the disposal of the public in the reference room,
but has the disadvantage — common to all alphabetic arrangement — that it is not
always obvious under what name a language should be entered, — e. g. Greek (Modern),
Modern Greek, or Romaic, — which doubt diminishes the readiness of reference;
(3) . Linguistically, for which a list will be given in the Seventh Classification.
Each language will be divided like the English (as X 35 Dan Italian dictionary,
X39G a French grammar). A full list of such divisions is given in the Seventh
Classification.
The word Philology in the titles of the 17th and i8th centuries is very comprehen-
sive, including Antiquities in its broadest sense. Language, and Literature. " Philologia
sacra" can generally be put with miscellaneous works about the Bible (Cbb), or about
one of the Testaments (Cbg, Cbq). " Philologia classica" may
(i) go entire in Xy 31A, which is the easiest mode of treating it, or
(2) it may be distributed, following the rule of chief contents. Any book will then
be put in Classic antiquities (FF31), Antiquities of Greece (FF32) or of Antiquities of
Rome (FF36), when there is more on antiquities than on anything else ; it will be put in
Classical languages (X31) if the work is prevailingly linguistic, or in Greek language
(X 32) or in Latin language (X 36) if it is confined to one of them ; and finally it will be
put with the works about Classical literature (ZY31), Greek literature (Zy 32), or Latin
literature (Zy36), if it relates to literature mainly. In this case, however, as these works
are usually more exegetical than historical, a separate group should be made by
adding a, e. g.
Zy 31 History of Classical literature
Zy 31 A Classical philology (exegetical portion).
(i°S)
There is also another method of disposing of " Philology " and other books which
similarly relate to a country in many aspects and cannot properly be classed under
either one of the subjects History, Description, Antiquities, Fine Art, the Useful Arts,
Language, or Literature. It is to give them the country mark simply without any sub-
ject mark prefixed, and to arrange them in a group by themselves, either at the end of
the whole classification or at the end of Geography. This appears to me the most satis-
factory way. To take an example from Oriental philology we should have.
Royal Asiatic Society's Transactions 60 ■ 8R
Sir W: Jones's Works 60 • J73
E: Balfour's Cyclopaedia of India 69 • 5B1
Horace Hayman Wilson's Works 69 • W69
Biblical philology then might be either Cbc or 61 ; Classical philology (except of course
such works as treated solely of language or of literature or of antiquities) would be 31 ;
Greek philology (with the same ^exception) 32; Latin 36.
This would have the merit of bringing together a number of works of nearly similar
character that otherwise would be separated.
Xx Oratory (Composition and Delivery)
Xxx Composition alone. See Zb Rhetoric
Xy Delivery, Elocution : Speaking and
Xyv Voice [Reading aloud
Xyw Enunciation
Xyx Impediments : Stammering, Stuttering
Xyy Gesture
Xz Speakers and Readers
/. e. books designed for pupils ; important collections of
[English] speeches would be Ys, and important selections of
[English] literature would be Y.
Y English and American literature
Or Y 45 ; see, under X, the remarks on the use of X and X 1 1 .
If Essays, Lectures, Ana, Thoughts, etc., are to have a division
by themselves, let it be Yb, but it seems to me better to put all
such works- (except perhaps Ana, which is a well-marked class)
with the general and miscellaneous works in Y (or Y45 if that
is used).
Yc Correspondence, Letters
So large a part of the interest of correspondence is biographical
and so many letters are published with the lives of their writers
("Life and letters"), that it is best to put all but purely literary
letters in class E Biography. But letters on any one subject will
be treated like any other work on that subject ; Liebig's Familiar
Letters on chemistry, for example, should be put in Chemical
technology.
(106)
Yd Drama, Dialogues, Monologues
Yf Fiction
To save time it is not unusual to omit the class-mark of the
class Fiction, calling for and charging novels by the book-mark
alone.
Yh Fables
Yj Juvenile literature
"^ Juvenile literature may be marked simply j, omitting the Y.
Yl Legends, Prose sagas. Folk literature (not Folk
lore). Fairy tales
It is not always easy to determine which books shall go here
and which in Bu. Yl should have those which are written with a
literary object; Bu those whose chief interest is in the popular
beliefs which they illustrate. The character of different libraries
will determine differently where the line shall be drawn.
Yp Poetry
Ys Speeches, Oratory
Yw Wit and humor, Parodies
Yz Dialects
Divide alphabetically, e. g. YzD Dorset dialect, Yzdd Dorset
dialectic drama, Yzdp Poems in the Dorset dialect.
Y 11 Literature in general
Or Y; see, under X, the remarks on the use of X and X ii.
Y 11 p Collections of poetry from several literatures
For the same reason as in Language, economy of marks, the special
precedes the general here. Other literatures are marked as other
languages are, e. g.
Y35
Italian literature
Y36
Latin literature
Y40
Spanish literature
Y4I
Portuguese literature
Y54
Russian literature
Similarly
Y39F
French fiction
Y40D
Spanish drama
Y47D
German drama
Y47P
German poetry
(107)
In college libraries the English versions of novels should be taken out from tha
general collection Fiction as well as the originals ; but in town and city libraries it
would probably be best to separate only the originals and to leave together all the
novels now in English, whatever tongue they may have been written in. Thus English
translations of George Sand and Balzac and Vaiera and Jolcai will be treated as if their
authors wrote in English.
An intermediate course is possible, — to put all the translations of the fiction of
any literature immediately after all the originals, marking them g instead of F, as
Y 39 F French fiction
Y 39 G English versions of French novel's
Y40F Spanish fiction
Y 40 G English versions of Spanish novels
Y 47 F German fiction
Y 47 G English versions of German novels
The other methods are preferable.
[|;^~'Works about any literature go in Zy, as
Y 47 German literature
Zy 47 History, of German literature
Y47D German drama
ZY47D History of German drama
Z Book arts
Za
Authorship
Zb
.Rhetoric
Zc
Indexing
Zd
Writing
Includes Zda Autographs, Zdc Character in writing, Zdk Calli-
graphy, Penmanship, Zdm Materials for writing, Zdp Alphabet,
Zds Shorthand, Zdt Takigraphy, Zdu Phonography, Zdv Visible
speech, Zdw Pasigraphy, Zdx Cryptography, Zdz Punctuation.
Ze Paleography
Zh Printing
For literary purposes, excluding therefore photographic, tele-
graphic, and dry-goods printing. Includes Zhc Composition, Zht
Type, Specimen books, Zhm Printers' marks.
With the local list for the history of printing.
Zi Incunabula : catalogs and history
Zj Incunabula : the books
(108)
Zk Binding and book preservation
Zl Publishing and Bookselling
With the local list for the catalogs of publishers, booksellers,
and auctioneers.
Zm Bookbuying, Bibliomania
Zn Private libraries
With the local list. Under Private libraries are to be put such
as are owned by a person for his own use (and that of his friends) ;
all others (club, society, proprietary, etc.), used by however small a
portion of the public, go in Zp. Here come also catalogs of
private collections which have been incorporated in public libra-
ries, but are catalogd by themselves.
Zp Public libraries
Here will come general works on libraries, even when they treat
of private libraries as well as public.
Will include works on Classes of libraries (as College, Histori-
cal, Law, Mercantile, Proprietary, State,- Sunday School, etc.),
Arguments for and against public libraries, library Legislation,
Founding of libraries.
Zpe Management, Administration
Zpf Building, its architecture and care
Zpi Personnel
Includes^PK Governing board, Zpl Librarian, Zfm Staff.
Zpr Finance
Zps Supplies
■Includes Zpt Furniture, Zfu Shelving.
Zpx Branches
Zpy Delivery stations
Zpz Delivery to schools
Zq Books
Zqa Acquisition
Zqb Selection, Zqc Purchase, Zqd Exchange, Zqe Gifts.
Zqf Incorporation
Zqg Collation, Zqh Accession and acknowledg-
ing, Zqi Shelf-listing or Class-listing, Zqj Stamping,
Pasting, etc.
Zqk Cataloging
'^ (109)
Zql Classification and notation
Classification of Knowledge is Bg, of Science is
Lak.
Zqm Conservation
Includes Zqn Stock taking, Zqo Binding accounts (for
binding see Zk), Zqp Injuries (heat, gas, insects, mutila-
tion, defacement), Zqq Thefts and losses, Zqr Weeding
out.
Zqs Use
Zqsq Qualifications for users
Age, residence, references, guarantors, etc.
Zqsp Payment or free use
Zqsr Regulations for visitors, readers, and bor-
Zqt Hours of opening [rowers
Zqts Sunday opening
Zqu Aids, guides, manuals for readers
Zqv Consultation, Reference use
Includes Reading-rooms for books and for periodicals.
Zqy Circulation, Loans
Number of books allowed, time, fines, sub-
lending, restrictions, renewals, extra books, extra
time, reservation, suspension of rules.
Zqyx Inter-library loans
Zqz ^ Charging systems
Publications of and about particular libraries
Excepting such as go better in previous places, as Zqp,
Zqs, Zqu.
Zr Reports, Statistics, Histories
With the local list.
Zs Catalogs and bulletins
With the local hst.
Zt Bibliography
Zu Remarkable books
Includes Zuc Condemned, ZuH High-priced, Zui Imaginary,
ZUL Lost, Zup Privately printed, ZuR Rare, Zuv Vellum-printed.
Zv Anonymous and pseudonymous books
With the local list.
(no)
Zw Subject bibliography
Add the class-mark of the subject, as Zwf Bibliography of hi
s-
tory, Zwf 45 Bibliography of English history, Zww Bibliography
of art.
Zx National bibliography
With the local list.
Zy Literary history
With the local list.
Zz Selection of reading
The local list may be used.
I@°"If a person using one of the earlier classifications has a
doubt in regard to the meaning and extent of any class, the
uncertainty can often be removed by consulting the correspond-
ing class in one of the later and more fully developed classi-
fications.
i^^Throughout this Sixth Classification the note " With the
local list " is to be taken as a suggestion of what may be done
rather than as advice to do it. In classes which in the ordinary
library are never likely to have more than a score of books the
lengthening of marks by the addition of the country numbers is
not to be recommended. But if such a class for any reason
grows large it will be worth while at the next opportunity (issue
of a new class list) to introduce local division.
Libraries develop so variously that it is impossible to give
any advice in such details that will apply equally to all.
(Ill)
INDEX
FIRST SIX OLASSIFIOATIONS.
An index will be given with each section of the Seventh
Classification (as one has been with Philosophy already issued),
and a full index to all, possibly annotated, will end the work.
But as it must be some time before these get through the press,
a temporary index is placed here to the subjects named in the
first six classifications. About as many more names have been
added of subjects which, tho not named, are of such importance
and frequent occurrence that classifiers ought to be provided with
a guide in their cases. When in doubt it has been thought
better to include than to exclude. No pretension, however, is
made to completeness. If any subject sought for does not
appear in the index, look for some class that includes it, e. g., not
finding Champagne look for Wine, not finding Fever look for
Disease.
Places are not usually included. They should be sought for
in the index to the local list. The mark for such subjects as
French language, German history, is to be made by adding the
number for France (39) to the letter for language (X) making
X39, and the number for Germany (47) to the letter for History
(F), making F47.
The names of places are given, however, in those cases where
under certain subjects the local list is not used, but another num-
ber is given to the country, e.g., Egyptian art is not W71 but
W121.
The number prefixed to any class letter shows the first classi-
fication in which that mark is used; thus Botany L, ^M, ^N
means that Botany is marked L in the first, M in the second,
and N in the third and following classifications.
It may seem to many at first glance that there is an unneces-
sary number of marks following many subject-names, and that
(112)
an excessive amount of change is implied by this number. But
one cannot have omelets without breaking eggs. One cannot
have simplicity of classing in a small library and then have ade-
quate exactness of classing in the same library when it has
become larger without altering the marks of many of the books
during the transition. But it is to be noticed that all the most
comprehensive books need no alteration ; thus a general work on
the Useful arts which is marked R in the Second classification
remains R in the Seventh. The general subdivisions need little
change. A Chemistry is Lo from the Fourth classification and
forever after; Civics has only the two marks H and J ; Demotics
only H and I ; Ecclesiastical history only B and D ; Commerce H
and Hk. Only the works on the more limited subjects, and not
all of them, need change at every advance in classification. Still
there is a lesson to be drawn from the long lines of marks in the
Index. Such a reference as L, ^R, ^S, *St (for Arts of commu-
nication) or B, ^C, *Cb, ®Cbb (for Concordances of the Bible) is a
warning against the inexpediency of selecting a too simple classi-
fication for a fast growing library. Always classify ahead of
your stock of books. I am tempted to say the farther ahead the
better.
The index is not intended as a substitute for the tables ; except
in the most obvious cases, it should be used not as an absolute
determinant of classification, but simply as a guide to the full
schedules of classes, a study of which will often be needed in
deciding upon the best place for any book.
(113)
INDEX.
Compiled by Miss Harriet E. Green.
Abbeys (architecture) L, 'W, "Wf, ^Wg
Abbeys (history) B, 'I), ^Dd
Abbreviations Y, 'Z, ^Zd
Abiogeiiesis L, 'M, "Mv, 'M vl
Abolition H, "Hr, 'HiA
Aborigines of America E, "F80, "JFSOS
Absolution B, ^C, "Cc, 'Gk
Academies (learned societies) A, =As
Academies, Private and public (educa-
tion) H, 31, 4lK, =lu, 'Iw
Academy of Plato B, ^Bb
Accent .X
(for any one language use the local list)
Accession (library economy) . .Y, 'Z, =Zq, ''Zqu
Accounts, Commercial H, ■'IIk, 'Hkb
Accounts, Farm L, =K, *Rg, "Rap
Accounts (library admin.). . . .Y, ^Z, =Zq, 'Zpr
Acoustics L, "Li-i, ^'Lm
Acoustics (architecture) L, ^W, "Wf
Acoustics (music) L, ^ V, *Vv, 'VwA
Acting L, =V, *Vt, ^Vul
Acts (statutes) K (and local list)
Acts of the Apostles. .B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbu, ''Cbbp
Administration, Local H, 'J, 'Jvf
Administration, National H, 'J, 'Jv
Admiralty law H, ^K, ^Ki,, '•Kv
Adulterations L, ^i, "Rs, 'Eq
Adultery H, ^K, =Ky, "Kwb
Advent, Second B,^C, "Cc, ^Cf, ''Chi
Adventures E, (in travel) G
Advertising H, "Hk
Aerelectrics L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, "Mh
Aerial navigation L, ^K, ^S, "Sz
Aerochemy L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, '■Mh
Aerodromics Ij, ^R, ^S, "Sz
Aerohy dries L, HI, "Mc, 'Mg, ^Mh
Aerolites L, "Le, 'Lu
Aerology L, =M, "Mc, =Mg-,^ 'Mh
Aeronautics L, ^R, 'S, "Sz
Aerophysics L, ^M, "Mc, =Mg, 'Mh
Aeroptics. L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, *Mii
Aeroscopy L, ^M, "Mc, 'Ma, '■Mh
Aerothermics L, "M, "Mc, =Mg, 'Mu
Esthetics L, ^W, = W-1
etiology (biology) L, ^M, "Mv, ^Mw
Affections B, ^Bl, 'Bis
African colonization H, "Hf, 'Hia
Aged, Pensions for H, ^I, 'In
Agnosticism L, ^B, ^Be, 'Bra
Agricultural chemistry L, ^R, "Rg, 'Rga
Agricultural geology L, ''R, "Rg, 'Rgb
or ^M, "Mc, 5Mg, 'Mp
Agricultural physiology L, =R, "Eg, 'Rga
Agricultural tools and machines
L, =R, "Eg, 'Rge
Agriculture L, "E, "Eg
Aid societies H, 'I, ^IG
Aid to theinjured L, =Q. 'Qs
Aids to readers Y,3Z, =Zq, 'Zqtj
Air (material) L, 'M, "Mc, ^Mg, 'Mh
Air (pneumatics) L, "Lh, 'Ln
Air engines L, E, n', 'Ta, 'Tb
Alabama claims H, 'J, = J Y
Alchemy L, "Lo, "Lnz
Alcohol, Manufacture of L, E, "Es, 'Rr
Alcohol, Use of 11, '1, 4iij
Ale L, 'E, "Rs, 'Rex
AlgEe L,^M,3N,=Nd
Algebra L, "Lb, 'Ld
Algebraic logic B, "Bii
AJhambra L, =W, "Wf, 'Wh
Aliens H, ^J, 'Jy
Allegories Yf, =Yh
Alloys h, "11, "Ed, Hit; 'Eft
Almanacs A, 'Aa
Almsgiving H, 'I, ^IG
Almshouses H, ^I, ^l6
Alphabet Y, % ^Zd, 'Zdp
Alphabets, Ornamental L, ^W, "Ws, 'WsA
Altruism B, "Bm
Alumni (biog.) E or Ix
Amazons Kw
Ambassadors H, ^J, ^ Y
Americana (bibliog.) Y80, ^ZSO, ^ZxSO
Americana (hist.) TSO
Americanisms Y, "Y83
Amos, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, =Cbk, 'Cbncj
Amphibia L, ^M, ^O, sp
Amulets B, 'Be, *Bt, ^Bu, 'Bua
Amusements (games) L, "V
Amusements (morality) B, "Bm, 'Bp, 'Bq
Amusements, Sunday B, ^C, "Cc, ^Ce, 'Cts
Ana , ; • ■ • ."^
Anagrams X or Zd
Analysis (chemistry) L, "Lo, 'Loo
Anarchy ' H, 'J, sJb, 'Jk
Anatomy (medicine) L, ^Q, 'Qa
Anatomy (art) L, ''W, "Wj, =Wja
Anatomy, Comparative L, ^M, ^O, 'Ob
Ancient art L, ^W, 5W12
Ancient geography E, 'G, *Ga
Ancient history E, ^F, ^F.Oa
Angels B, =Bt, ^Bv
Anglican Church B, ^D, 'Dp, 'Dc
Angling L, 'V, =Vd, 'Ve
Anglo-Saxon Y, "Y45
Animal fights L, ='V, =Va
Animal magnetism B, 'Bi, 'Bk
Animal manufactures L, "E, ^T. =Tg, 'Tp
Animal painting L, =W, "Wp, =Wps
Animal products L, ^R, *RJ, =Rp
Animal psychology L, ''L, ^M, 'O, 'Oc
Animaliculture L, ^R, "RJ
Animals, Cruelty to B, "Bsi, 'Bpz, 'Bcjy
Annuities (insurance) H, ^I, 'Ih
Anonymous books Y, ^Z, 'Zt, 'Zv
Anthropology L, "M, ^O, 'Pw
Anthropology (Palse-) L, =M, "O, 'Pwa
(114)
Antimasonry . h, 'k, srz s^xb
Antiquities, Biblical B, ^c, <Cn 'Cbb
Antiquities, General ' e ajr spj.
Antiquity , of man L, ^iM, 39 sp^ ^
Antislaveiy H, •'Hf, ^hi^^^
^'its. .^ L, =M, 30, sQt, "Oy
Aphonsms B, ■'Bm, 'Bcj, '^Bqt
Apiculture L, Hi, qi j sj^.; ,
Apocrypha. B, ^c, ^Cb, =Cbo
Apocrypha, N. T B, 30, ^Cn, 'Cby
Apologetical theology B, -'(;, -iCc =Ce
Apostles' creed B, 3C, ■'Gc, 'Cj '■Cj v
Apparitions B, 3Br, 4^^, s^'^
-^^PPles L, =R, 4K(} Jrjip
^lU'ii'ja L, ^M, 5Mz
Aquatic sports L, = V ^Yd syp
Aqueducts. . . . . . L, 'K, 3s,'4Se, '"Sma
Arbitration (labor disputes) H 4Hf 'Hg
Arboriculture L, ^i, ^rL sRi
Archasology E =F 'Ff
ArcliEBology, Biblical B, 3C, 4c;i5, ^Cbb
Archbishops (lives) B, 3D sj)^
Archbishops (office) b' 3c' scx
^I'oliery L, ^V, = Va,' ^Vc
Arches (architecture) L, ''W, ^Wf, 'Wbx
Arches (engineering) L, ^E, '^S, *Sp
Arohitectural ornament . . ..L, 'W, ■'Wf, 'VVfo
Architectural restoration. . . L, ^W, ■'Wf' ^Wfy
Architecture L ^vV ■•Wf
Architecture, Military L, ^R,''3U, '^UcA
Architecture, Naval. . . . . .L, ''R, 'XJ, '•Un, 'Vs
Arianism B, 3D, '^Dba
Aristocracy H,>J, 3Jb, 'Jb
Arithmetic, L, "Lb, 'Lc
Armenian Church B, 3D, 'Dj, ''Dfa
Armored vessels — L, =1!, 3XJ, -"Un, ^Uu' 'Udm
Army regulations L, =R, 3u, 'Uc
Arsenals L, "11, 'V, ^Um
Alt L, =W
Art anatomy L, '^ W, *W.J, ^Wja
Art, Ancient L, ''W", 5W12
Art, Christian L, 'W, ^W13
Art, Education in L, "W", 'Wb
Art, History of L, 'W, 'Wll
Art, Medieval L, =W, =W14
Art, Modern L, 'W, 'WIT
An museums and galleries L, ''W, ^Wc
Art of travel E, "G, 'Gd
Art of war L, -li, 3XJ
Art, Prehistoric L, =W, 'Wll, ^W119
Art, Renaissance L, ^W, 'WIC
Art, Restoration of objects of. . -L, 'W, ^Way
Art schools L, "W, ^Wb
Artesian wells L, =R, 33, -Si., %mw
Artificial fuels L, "R, "Rt, 'Rs, isrsa
Artificial ice L, "R, *Rt, 'Rs, 'SRri
Artificial stone L, =R, ^T, 'To, ^Tn
Artillery (guns) L, HI, ^U, =Um, '^Uma
Artillery (service) L, "R, 3U, 'Uf, ^Ui
Artists L, =W, 'WIO
Arts, Athletic L, "V
Arts, Book Z
Arts, Chemical R, "Rt, 3Rs, 'Rq
Arts, Decorative Ws
Arts, Electrical L, "R, "Rt
Arts, Extractive L, ^R, 'Rcz
Arts, Fine L, =W
Arts, Graphic L, °W, nVp, 'Wl
Arts, Industrial L, "I!
Arts, Metric L, =R, "Ro
Arts, Nautical L, =R, 30, "Un
Arts of communication by language X
Arts of transportation and communication
L, ^R, 3S, ■'St
Arts of design L, "W, ''Wp, =Wi.
Arts, Productive L, °K, '^Rcz
Arts, Recreative jj sy
Arts, Useful L 'R
Assaying L, ■<Lo,' i^Lop
Assassins |,-(;:;
Asses L, =1;, <\Y.}', 'mik
Assignats H, niK, nin:)'.)
Associations in general H 3^ ^j,;^^
Assurance n^ 3j^ 5j[[
Assyrian art .L, 'W, 'Wi2, HV122A
Asteroids L, "Lk, "-Lt
Astrology L, ■'Lit, OLejz
Astronomic instruments L, ""Lk
Astronomy l| 4Ljj
Athanasian creed B, 3C, Hie, 'Cj, '^C.jaa
Atheism B, 3Bk, =Bs
Athletics l, ^V
Atlases E, ^G, 'Gz
Atmosphere L, °M, ■•Mc, 'Mg, f-MH
Atmospheric electricity
L, =M, ■•Mc, 5Mg, <^Mhw
Atoms L, "Lh, 'Lhp
Attraction (physics) L, ■'Lh, i^Liu
Attributes of God B, ^iin, 'Bs, or Cga
Aurora borealis L, -M, ■'Mc, 3Mg, 'Mhx
Authorship Y, 'Z, ^Za
Avesta B, ■'Bt, 'Bze
Aviculture L, "R, ■'Rj, "iRjis-
Babylonian art L, -Vf, sW12, HV122
Baking bread L, =R, 4Rz
Baking pottery L, =W, ■'W.T, 'Wkn
Ball games L, =V, 'Vd, "^Vk
Ballads Y, "Tz
Ballet L, =V, "Vp
Balloons R, ^s, 'St
Ballot H, 3J, Khi, Mm
Banking H, ■'Hk, 'PIn
Bankruptcy H, ■'Hk
Baptism B, 30, "Cc, 'Ob, '^Csb
Bas-reliefs L, ^W, ■'W.i, ''W.7B
Base-ball L, =V, 'Vn, "^Vk
Bathing L, =(^), HJh
Batraohians L, ^M, 30, 'P, "^Pc
Battles L, "R, 3U, sua
Battles, Naval L, =R, 3U, =Uo
Beasts of burden L, ""K, *^-J, 'Bk
Bee culture L,'R,, nu, 5R,jj
Beer L, =^R, ■'Its, "^Rbx
Bees L, ''M, 'Ot, H)y
Bell-hanging L, =R, 'S, 'So, 'Six
Belles-lettres Y
Bible (vyitli subdivisions) B, '(', ■'On, 'C15
Bible societies 15, 3D, ' Dv, '^Dw
Bibliography Y, 'Z, s^t c
Bibhography, National Y, 3Z, 'Zt, 'Zx
Bibliography, Suljject Y, 'Z, 'Zt, 'Zw
Bibliomania Y, 3Z, 'Zp, <'Zm
Billiards L, =V, 'Vir, ^'n
Bimetallism H, ■'Hk, HIm
Binding V, 'Z, =Zk
Binomial theorem L, ■'Lb, 'Ld, ''Ldb
Biodynamics L, ''M, ''Jiv, '^Mvn
Biogenesis L, =j\l, ■'Mv, ''JIv.i
Biography E
Biography, Artistic E, - W, ' WIO
Biography, Bible B, 'C, ■'On, 'Cbe
Biography, Military E, 3U, 'UIO
Biography, Musical E, ■'Vv, 'VwKl
Biography, Naval E, 3U, 'Vv, 'UnIO
Biography, Old Testament B, <'u.i
Biography, Theatrical E, - V cj
Biological laboratories L, °M, ■'Mv, 'MvA
Biology L, =51, 'Mv
Birds L, ''M, 30, 3Pe
Birds, Care of L, 'K, -'R.r, "R.jn
Bishops, Consecration of B, 'C^ 'Ob
(115)
Black art L, % B, ^Bb, ''Bt, 'Bw
Blacksmith's work L, ''E, ^T, "To
Blasting L, ''B, ^S
lileaohing H, L, ''R, "Rs, ^Rqk
Blind, Education of L, H, I, ■'Ik, 'Iz
Blowpipe L, ■'Lo, "^LoD
Boating L, =V, '\'d, '^Vg
Boilers L, -R, n', ^Ta, "^Tc
Bone implements L, ^M, 'O, 'Pw
Book arts Y, ^Z
Book-binding Y, 'Z, 'Zic
Book-buying Y, % ^Zp, 'Zm
Book-keeping H, ■'Hk, 'Hkb
Book preservation Y, % ^Zic
Book-selling Y, ^z, ^Zl
Botanic gardens L, ^M, ^N, 'Ka
Botanic mythology . . . B, ^Bk, *Bt, ^Bu, 'Bub
Botany L, =M, ^N
Botony and zoology together L, ''M, ^My
Botany, Descriptive L, ^M, ^N, =Nc
Botany, Economic L, ^M, ^N, ^Nz
Botany, Medical L, ^M, ^N, =Nz
Botany, Theoretical L, ^M, ^N, ^Nb
Bovida3 L, "M, ^O, =Pg, 'Pm
Boxing L, =V, =Va, 'Vb
Boys' and girls' games L, "V, 'Vk, 'Vm
Brass L, =R, ^T, =Tg, 'Tl
Bread L, ^R, "Rz, 'RzQ
Brewing L, ''R, *Rs, 'Rkx
Bric-a-brac L, = W, ''Ws, ' Wz
Brick L, =R, ^S, 'Sc
Brick architecture L, ^W, *Wf, ^Wfs
Bridges L, R, 'S, 'Sf
Bronze L, ^R, ^T, =Tg, 'Tl
Bronze implements L, -M, ^0, *Pw
Bronzes L,^W, "Wj, 'Wkn, %kp
Brownies B, 'B«, -"Bt, 'Bv, ^Bvf
Brushes L, ?K, ^T, 'Tg, 'Tpx
Buddhism B, ^Bb, *Bt, 'By, 'Bz
Building L, =R, 3S, 5jiG
Building laws L, =R, 'S, 'Sg, 'Sgb
Business H, ''Hk
Butchering L, =R, ^T, ^Tg
Cabinet making L, '^R, ^T, =Tg
Cable roads L, "R, ^S, *Sv, 'Stc
Calculating machines L, •*Lb, 'Lc, ""Lcc
Calculus (in mathematics) L, ''Lb, ^Lg
Calligraphy Y, ^Z, 'Zi), 'Zdk
Calling, Doctrine of B, ^C, ■'Co, 'Cr, 'Cgb
Cambistry L, ^B, "Re, 'Rox
Camels L, ^R, "Rj, 'Rk
Canals L, =R, ^S, "Sl/Ss
Candles L, "R, ''Rs, ^Rsc
Candy L, ^R, -"Rz
Canidaj L, =M, ^O, ^Pg, 'Pb
Canon law H, =K, 'Kw
Capital H, "Ho, =Hw
Capital punishment H, ^I, ■'Ib, 'Ic
Card games L, "V, 'Vm, 'Vn
Caricature ^^,'W, "Wp, 'Wm, 'Wmv
Carnivora L, ^M, ^O, =Pg, '^Pq
Carpentry L, ^R, ^S, 'Sg, 'Sh
Carpets L, "W, " Ws, =Wu, 'Wuv
Carriages L, ^R, ^T, Tg
Cartography E, =G, =Gb
Carving L, nv, "W.J, =Wk
Casting L, ^R, ^T, 'Ti
Casting of bronzes, etc L, ^W, ''Wj, ^Wkn
Cat (zool.) L, =M, ^O, 'Pg, 'Ps
Catacombs L, "W, 'WIS, 'WI41
Cataloging, Library Y, ^Z, 'Zq, "^Zqk
Catechisms B, ^C, "Cc, 'C.j
Cathedrals L, =W, '*Wf, =Wg, ^Wgk
Catholic cliurch B, ^B, 'Dg
Catholic church in various countries
B, ^D, 5Dg, 'Dh
Catholics, Doctrines of. . .B, ^C, ■•Cc, 'Cf, 'Cio
Cattle L, "R, ■'Rj, ^Uu
Caucus U, 'J, 'Jk, 'Jn
Cavalry service L, ''R, 'U, 'Uf, 'Uh
Cave dwellings L, ^M, H), 'Pwa, °Pwg
Cave fauna L, ^M, ^O, '012
Caverns L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mq, 'Mn
Celestial mechanics L, *hR
Cells L, 'M, ■'Mv
Celluloid L, % 3T, 'To
Cement L, ni, ^S, 'Sc
Ceramics W, ■'Wj, 'Wkn, 'Wet
CervidsB L, ^M, ^O, 'Pg, 'Pm
Chaldean art L, 'W, =W12, 'W122
, Chancery law, English H, 'K, 'K45x
Character B, 'Bl
Character in wi-iting Y, ^Z, 'Zd, 'Znc
Charity H, ^I, 'Iq
Chautauqua societies H, ^I, ''Ik, '1l
Chemical analysis L, ''Lo, 'Loc
Chemical physics L, ■'Lo
Chemical technology L, ^R, ''Rs, 'Rq
Chemicals L, ""R', "Rs, 'Rqc
Chemistry L, ''Lo
Chemistry, Agricultural L, ^R, ''Rg, ^Rga
Chemistry, Inorganic L, ''Lo, 'Lp
Chemistry, Organic L, ''Lo, 'Lq
Chess L, =V, 5Vm, 'Vn
China painting L, "W, "Wp, 'Wpj
Chivalry E, ^F, =Fs
Christ, Atonement B, 'C, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Cgp
Christ, Divinity of B, C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgb
Christ, Life of B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, Cgg
Christ, Offices B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgm
Christ, Person of B, C, "Cc, *Cf, 'Cgh
Christ, Second coming of.B, 3C,"Cc, 'Cf, 'Chi
Christian art , .L, ^W, =W13
Christian ethics B, ^C, "Cc, 'Ck
Christian iconographv L, =W, 'WIS, 'W144
Christianity '. B, ^C, 'Cc
Christianity and Judaism B, 'C
Christology B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgg
Chromolithography.. .L, =W, "Wp, 'Wq, 'Wqp
Chronicles, Book of . .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbln
Chronology E, =F, 'Fc
Chronometry L, "Lb
Church fasts and feasts B, 'C, 'Ob
Church history B, 'D
Church history of countries B, 'D, 'Dd
Churches, Dedication of B, 'C, 'Cn
Churches not Greek, Catholic, or Protestant
B, 'D, 'Dp
Cider L, "R, "Rs, 'Eb
City transit L, =R, 'S, "St, 'Stc
Civics H, 'J
Civil engineering L, ^R, 'S
Civilization, History of E, °F, Fb
Clairvoyance B, 'Bi, 'Bk
Class feeling B, "Bm, 'Bp, 'Bq
Classical literature Y, "Y31
' Classification, Library Y, 'Z, 'Zq, 'Zql
Classification of science L, 'Di
Clay, Manufactures of
L, ^'R, 'T, 'Tn (see also Ceramics)
Cleaning, Chemical L, ^R, ''Es, 'Rqk
Clergy B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cx
Clergy of particular churches
B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cx, 'Cz
Clifi dwellings =M, ='0, 'PwA, 'PwM
Climate L, =M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mn
Clocks. L, "B, 'Re, 'RcH
Clothes-making L, ^R, 'T,. 'Tw
Clouds L, 'M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mn
Clubs H, 'K, 'Kx, 'Kxc
Coalmines L, =R, 'Rd, 'Rb
Co-education H, 'K, 'Kw, 'Kwbb
Cohesion L, *Lh, 'Litr
(116)
Colleges H, -'I, ^lu, nx
Colonies H, -'J, 'Jcv 'Jk
Color (physics) L, "Lh, ^Lk, "^Lkc
Color in ai-oliitectuie L, ^W, *Wf, =Wfk
Color in painting L, =W, ••Wk, ^Wpc
Color in sculptuie L, =W, ""Wj, ^Wjk
Colored leaves L, "M, ^N, 'Xo, 'Nw
Colossians, Epistle to.B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbu, ""Cbwh
Comets L, "Lb, 'Lu
Commentaries, Bible B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbd
Commerce H, -tpiK
Commercial architecture. . .L, ^W, "Wf, ='wr,A
Commercial correspondence H, •'Hk, 'Hkc
Commercial law II, ^K, -'Kl
Common law H, 'K, ^Kl, ^Ko
Communication, Arts of L, ^'E, =S, *St
Communism H, 'J, 'Jb, ^Ji
Comparative anatomy L, M, ^O, 'Ob
Comparative criminal law H, 'K, 'Kl, "^Kn
Comparative mythology B, ^Bk, ■'Bt, 'Btc
Comparative physiology L, -il, -0, 'Ob
Comparative psychology B, 'Bh, ''Bhy
Composition, Literary Y, 'Z, -7.A, ''Zb
Composition, Typographic. . .Y, 'Z, 'Zb, *'Zhc
Conchology L, ^M, 'O, -'Odi
Concordances, Bible. . .B, 'C, *Cb, -Cub, 'Cbbc
Concrete L, ^B, 'S, ""So
Condemned books Y, 'Z, 'Zx, 'Zu
Conduct of life B, ■'Bm, =Bp
Confectionery L. ^1!. ■'Ez, 'EzT
Confirmation B, K", *Cc, 'Ck, ^Csk
Confucius B, 'B, 'Bu, *Bt, =Bz
Congregationalism B. 'C, ■'Cc, 'Ci
Congressional documents H, 'K, 'K83a
Conic sections L, ■'Lb, 'Le, 'Lee
Consecration of bishops B, 'C, 'Cb
Constitutional law and history H, 'J, 'Jx
Constitutional monarchy H, 'J, 'Jb, 'Jd
Constitutions, National H, M. 'Jt
Constructive arts E, 'S
Constructive fine artn L, ''W, ' Wd
Consuls' reports (local) H, ■'He, 'He
Consumption H, "He, 'Hy
Consumption, Pulmonary Jj, ^Q, 'Qp
Contract, Social H, 'J, 'Ja
Contracts H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Kb
Convents B, 'D, -'Dm
Conversation (morals) B, ■'Bm
Conversation (rhetoric) X, 'Z, ■'Za, 'Zb
Conversion B, 'C, ■'Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgr
Conveyancing H, 'K, 'Kl
Cookery L, "^E, ■'Ez
Copper (manuf.) E, ^T, 'Tl
Copper-plate (eng.) L, =W, ■'Wp, 'Wq
Coptic church B, ^D, Dj, 'Drc
Coral islands L, =M, "Mc, 'Mn
Corinthians, Epistle to the
B, 'C, ■'Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbwh
Corn laws H, ■'Hx, 'Hv45
Correspondence universities. . . .H, 'I, ■'Ik. 'Il
Cosmetics L, ^E, ■'Ry, 'Eyi
Cosmical physics L, ''Be
Cosmography L, ■'Le, 'Lcjy
Costume L, ^W, "Ws. 'Wv
Cotton E, 3T, 'Tx
Councils B, 'D, 'Dk, 'Dn
Courts, Law H, 'K, 'Ke, 'Kit
Cows (agric.) L, ^E, ■'Ej, 'En
Cows (zool.) L, ^M, 'O, 'Pg, 'Pm
Creation B, =Bb, 'Bs
Credit H, ■'Ho, 'Hm
Creeds B, 'C, ■'Cc, 'Cj
Cricket L/V, 'Vd, 'Vk
Crime H, ^I, "Ib
Criminal law H, 'K, 'Ke, 'Kn
Criminals, Education of H, 'I, ■'Ik, 'Iz
Crops (agric.) L, =E, ■'Eg, 'Egh-Egw
Crusades E, ^F, 'F05
Cryptogams L, =A1 , 'N, 'Nd
Cryptography Y, 'Z, 'Zd, 'Zdx
Crystalography L, 'M, ■'Mc, 'Me
Curling , L, =V, 'Vd, 'Vl
Curvilinear geometry L, ■'Lb, 'Le, 'Lel
Cycling L, "V, 'Vd, 'Vi
Cyclones L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mg, 'Miip
Dairy L, ^B, "E.J, 'Rn
Dams L, =E, 'S, ■'Sl, 'Slv
Dance of Death L, =W, 'W13, 'W149
Dancing L, "V, 'Vm, 'Vq
Daniel, Book of B, 'C, ■'Cb. 'Cbk, 'Cbnn
Dark days L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mo, 'Miic
Deaf and dumb, Education of.. .PI, 'I, ■'Ik, 'Iz
Death B, 'C, ■'Cc, 'Cf, 'Cha
Decimal system L, ^E, ■'Ec, 'EcD
Decorative arts L, 'W, ■'Ws
Dedication of churches B, -(', 'Cr
Defensive arts L, =E, 'U
Demonology B, 'Be, ■'Bx, 'Bw
Demotics H, 'I
Deserts L, 'M, "Mc, 'Mo, "Mn
Design, Arts of L. "W, "Wp, 'Wl
Despotism H, 'J, 'Jb, 'Jc
Detection of crime H, 'I, "Ib
Deuteronomy, Book of.B,'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbkx
Devil B, 'Br, "Bx, 'Bw, 'Bwd
Dew L, =M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh
Dialects Y, 'Yz
Dialogues Y, "Yd
Dictionaries (among the books of reference)
A, 'Ad
Dictionaries, Bible B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbbd
Dies, Carving of L, ^W, 'Wk
Differential calculus L, "Lb, 'Lg. 'Lgd
Diseases L, °Q, 'Qp
Disintegration of stones
L, ^M, "Mc, 'Md, 'Mp
Distribution of returns H, "He, 'Hs
Diving bells and armor
L, ^E, 'U, "UN, 'Uu, 'Uuz
Divorce, ethics B, "Bm, 'Bp, 'Bq
Divorce, law H, 'K, 'Kws
Doctrinal theology B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf
Doctrines of sects B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cr, 'Ci
Documents, Public H, 'K
Dogs L, =E, "E.J, 'Ejz
Dog (zool.) L, 'M, 'O, 'Pg. 'Pm
Domestic animals L, "E, "Ej
Domestic architecture L, ^W, ■'Wf. ' Wim
Domestic economy L, -E, "Ey"
Dominicans B, 'D, 'Dk, 'Dm
Donkey L, n^, "Ej, 'Ek
Draining, Agricultural L, ^E, "Eg, 'Egd
Drains and sewers L, ^E, 'S, "S.J, 'Skd
Drama Y, "Yd
Dramatic music L, ''V, "Vv, ' Vz, 'Vzo
Drawing L, =W, "Wp, 'Wm
Drawing, Architectural L, 'W, Wf, 'Wfd
Drawing, Geometric. ..L, =W, "Wp, 'Wm, 'Wmk
Drawing, Industrial or technical, in general
L, =W, "Wp, 'Wmn
Drawings and reproductions. L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wn
Dress L, =W, "Ws, 'Wv
Drift remains .-.L, =M, 'O, 'PwA
Drifting (mining) L, "E, "Ed
Drill, Military L, ^E, ^U, 'UcA
Drilling and blasting L, ^R, ''Ed
Drills. L, ^E, ^S, "T, 'Tp
Drinks, Manufactured L, ^B, "Ro, 'Ee
Driving L, =V, 'Vd, 'Vj
Drugs (chera. technology) . . . .L, ^E, 'Es, 'Eqd
Drugs (pharmacy) L, =^Q, 'Qm
(117)
Druids (relig.) B, ^Be, "Bt, ^Bz
Druses (relig.) B, ^Br, "Bt, 'Bz
Dualism B, ^Be, 'Bs
Duelling H, =1, •'Ib
Duodecimals L, ■'Lb, ^Lc
Dust, Cosmic L, ■'Lk
Duties H, *flT, 'Hu
Duty B. *Bk
Dyeing L, =K, 'Rs, 'Kqk
Dynamics L, 'Lh, 'Lhi
Dynamite L, °K, *Rs, HiST
Dynamos L. R, ''Rt, '^Rtd
Ear L, =Q, ^Qs, ^Qt
Early churcli history B, D, 'Da
Early history E, ^F, 3F02, 'FOl
Early printed books L, ^Z, 'Zj
Earth L, "Lr, ^Lz
Earth closets L, ^R, ^S, ^S.J, '■Sk
Earthquakes L, "M, •'Mc, 'Mi-
Earthworks L, =R, ^S, ^Sbe
Eastern church B, 'D, 'De
Eastern question F59 or JuoO
Ecoentiicities B, 'Bl
Ecclesiastes, Book of .B, 'C, ''Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbmn
Ecclesiastical antiquities B, ^D, 'Dw, ""Dx
Ecclesiastical art L, =W, nV14
Ecclesiastical biograjDliy B, ^D, ^Dz
Ecclesiastical chronology and geography
B, ^D, 5Dw, <'Dy
Ecclesiastical history B, ^D
Ecclesiastical law H, ■'K, *Kl
Ecclesiastical polity B, ^(J, *0c, =Cp
Eclipses L, "Le, 'Lv
Ecliptic .L, *Le, 5Lv
Economic, botany L, ^M,. 'N, 'Nz
Economic geology L, °M, *Mc, ''Mp
Economic zoology L, ^M, '0, =Pu
Economics H, "'IJc
Ecumenical councils B, ^D, 'Dk, 'Disr
Eddas Y, ''Y4S
Education H. ^I, "Ik
Education, Art L, ^W, 'Wb
Egyptian art L, "W, = W12, *■ W121
Election, Doctrine of B, 'C, ■'Co, =Cf, Cgb
Elections H, y, 'Jk
Elective franchise H, ^J, 'Jo
Electric arts L, ^R, "Rt
Electric batteries. L, ^R, -iRt, 'Rtd
Electric lighting L, °R, *Rt, 'Rw
Electric motors. . . u L, "R, ''Rt, 'Rx
Electric power L, '^R, "Rt, 'Rx
Electric railroads L, ^R, ^S, *Sv, 'Sy
Electricity, Atmospheric
L, ^M, "Mc, sMg, '■Mhw
Electrics L, ''Lh, 'Lj
Electro-metallurgy L, ^R, *Rd, 'Rf, ^Rfr
Electrotyping Y, % =Zh
Elephants L, ^R. "Rj, ^Rk
Elevated railroads L, ^R, ^S, "Sv, ^Sye
Elevators L, "R, ^S, 'So, 'Sh
Elocution X, ''Xr
Eloquence X, 'Xx
Elves B, ■'Bt, =Bv, 'Bvf
Emancipation H, *Hf, <'Hia
Embalming E, ''F, 'Ff
Emblems L, ^W
Embroidery L, ^W^ "Ws, 'Wu
Embryology L, '^M, "Mv
Emigration and immigration. . .H, ^J, ^Jq, 'Js
Emotions B, ^Bh, 'Bi
Enamel painting .L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wpd
Enameling L. ^R, ^T, 'Tg
Encaustic painting L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wpd
Encyclopedias A, ^Ae
Endowment of research H, ^I, *Ik, 'Ix
Energy L, "Ln, 'Liz
Engineering L, ^R, 'S
Engineering, Hydraulic L, ''R, ^S, ■'Sl
Engineering, Military L, ^R, ^U, 'Uca
Engineering, Railroad L, ^R, ^S, •'Sv, 'Svb
Engineering, Sanitary L, ^R, 'S, 'Sj
Engineering corps L, ^fi, ^U, ^Uf, 'Uj
Engines L, =R, ^T, ^Ta, 'Tc
English and American literature Y
English correspondence Y, 'Yo
English drama Y, "Yd
English grammars X, ''Xg
English dictionai-ies X, ■'Xd
English fiction Y, "Yf
English language X
English letters Y, 'Yc
English poetry ; Y, ■■¥?
English versions of the Bible
B, =0, *Cb, 'Cbad
Engravers, biography E, ''Wp, ^Wq, 'WcjlO
Engravers, Painters- . .L, "W, "Wp, ^Wq, Wqk
Engraving L, =W, "Wp, =Wq
Engravings, collections
L, =W, "Wp, sWq, 'Wqa
Ensilage L, ''R, "Rq
Enthusiasm B, ^Bh, 'Bi
Entomology L, ''M, ^0, 'Ot
Enunciation X, 'Xy'W
Ephesians, Epistle to.B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbu, 'Cbwf
Epigrams Y, -' Yw
Epistles, Catholic B, =0, "Cb, ^Cbtj, 'Cbwe
Epistles, Pauline B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbu, 'Cbw
Epitaphs T
Equator L, "Lr, 'Lz
■Equidas L, ==M, ^O, =Pg, 'Pm
Equilibrium L, "Lh, 'Lnh
Equivalents L, "Lo
Erosion, Geological L, -^M, "Mc, 'Mk
Error B, "Bq, 'Bh
Eruptive phenomena L, ^M, "Me, 'Mm
Eschatology B, =C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Ch
Essenes B, ^C, "Ca, 'Cay
Esther, Book of B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbk, 'Cbes
Etching L, =W, "Wp, ^ Wq, 'Wqt
Eternal punishment B, ^C, "Cc, =Cr, 'Chx
Ether L, "Lir, 'Lhp
Ethical theology B, =C, "Cc, ^Ck
Ethics B, "Bm
Ethics, Christian B, =C, "Cc, 'Ck
Ethics, Medical L, ^Q, 'Qz
Ethiopian church B, ^D, =Df, 'Dfe
Ethnic religions B, "Bts
Ethnography L, "M, ^0, ^Py
Ethnology L, "M, "0, ^Px
Etiquette B, "Bm, ^Bpg, 'Bqq
Etrurian art L, nv, SW12, 'W128
Etymology X
Eucharist B, ^C, "Cc, =Ce, 'Cse
Evidence (law) H, ^K, sKi., 'Ku
Evidences of religion B, ^t!, "Cc, *Ce
Evil B, 3Be, =Bs
Evolution L, ''M, *Mv
Ex libris Y, ^Z, 'Zt, 'Zu
Exchange, Foreign H, "Hk, 'Hm
Exchange of products H, "He, 'Hiz
Exhibitions, Industrial L, ''R, 'K^
Exodus, Book of B, ^c, "C"E, =Cbk, 'Cbks
Exorcism B, 'Br, "Bt, =Bw, 'Bwp
Experiment, Scientific L, ^La
Explosives L, =K, "Rt, sRs, 'Rsb
Exposure of infants E, ''F, 'Ff
Extractive arts L, ^R, 'Rcz
Extradition H, ^J, sJy
Extreme unction B, ^C, "Cc, =Cr, 'Csz
Eye (surgery) L, ^Q, 'Qs, 'Qu
(118)
Ezekiel, Book of B, C, -iCb, -'Cbk, ''Cbnm
Ezra, Book of B, 'C, ■'Cb, sCbk, 'Cblq
Fables Y, ^yu
Fabricative arts L, ^K, 'T
Factories L, ^R^ 'T
Fairies B, 'Bk, *Bt, 'Bv, <'Bvf
Fairy tales Y, -^Yj, *Yl
Faith B, ^C, "Cc, =Cf, «'Cgk
Fallacies B, "Bg, 'Bh
Family H, ^K, =Kw, '^Kww
Family ethics B, "Bm, ''Bp
Farm accounts L, "E, ''Rg, ''Rgp
Farm laborers L, ^R, ■*Rg, ""Rgf
Farmers L, =R, ■•Eg, 'Rgf
Farming L, =R, "Kg
Farriery , L, "R, ^T, 'Tg
Fashion E, ''F, 'Ff
Fasting B, ^C, ■'Cc, ^Cii
Fasts B, 3C, "Cc, ^Ck
Fata morgana L, -M, ''Mc, ^My, 'Mhe
Fatalism B, *Be, =Bs
Fathers of -the Church B, ^C, ■'Cc, 'Cce
Federalists E, =E, ■'F83
Federation H, y , = Jb, "^Jp
Feeble minded. Education of . . .H, ^I, 'Ik, nz
Felidas L, =M, ^0, -Tg, 'Ps
Felting L, ^R, ^T, nv
Fences L, ^R, *Rg, 'Rge
Fencing L, "V, =Va, "^Vb
Fenians F42
Fermentation L, ■'Lo, 'Lq
Ferns L, =M, ^X, ^Nd
Fertilizers L, ^R, ■'Rg, 'Rgc
Festivals L, = V
Fetishism B, ^Bk, ■'Bt, ''Btf
Fiction Y, '^Yf
Field sports L, "V, = Vd
Fighting sports L, ^V, = Va
Finance, Private H, "Pc, =Hn, ^He
Finance, Public H, ''Ht
Fine arts L, =W
Fire arms L, =R, ^u, ^Um, 'Umf
Fire extinction L, =R, ^U, "Uy
Fire, Protection against . . .L, R, ^U, ''Uy, ^Uz
Fires L, =R, ^U, ■'Uy
Fireworks L, ''R, "Rs, 'Rsx
Firing (pottery) L, =W, *Wj, =Wkn
Fish culture L, "R, ■'Rj, sRjl
Fisheries L, ^R, "Rj, -'Rpf
Fishes L, =M, ^O, ^P, '^Pb
Fishing L, ''V, = Vd, '^Vb
Fiords L,'M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mnh
Flax L, ^R, ^T, 'Ts
Flint implements L, ^M, ^O, =Pw
Floriculture L, "R, ■'Rg, ^Rhf
Flower painting L, ^W, "Wp, ^Wps
Flowers L, "JI, ^N, 'Nc, 'Nw
Flues Sg
Fluids L, ■'Lh, 'Lnh
Fog L, "M, "Mc, 5Mg, 'Mh
Folk literature Y, ^Yl
Folk lore B, 'Be, "Bt, ^Bu
Food R, "Ez
Foods, Manufactured L, ^R, "Et, 'Rs, ^Rr
Fool ■ L, =Q, 'Qx
Forces of nature L, "Lh, ''Liu
Foreign exchange H, "Hk, ^Hm
Foreign relations H, 'J, ' Jy
Forestry L, =R, ■'Rg, ^Ri
Forging L, =R, 'T, =Tg, 'Tj
Forms of lavr H, 'K, 'Kl, *Ku
Fortification L, =R, 'U, =Uca
Fortune telling B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bu, '^Buf
Fossil races L, =M, 'O, =Pwa
Jossils L, ^M, "Mc, =Mq
Foundations L, "R, 'S, ""Sde
Founding L, =R, 'T, ^T(i, 'Ti
Foundling hospitals H, ^I, 'IG
Four dimensions L, "Lb, 'Lk, 'Lef
Fractures (surgery) L, -Q, 'Qs
Framing L, =R, 'T, ^Tg
Franchise H, 'J, ' Jo
Free love H, 'K, ^Kw, ^Kwt
Free religion . .B, 'Be, "Bt, -Bzf
Free thought B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cp
Free trade H, "He, =Ht, ^H v
Free will B, --C, "Cc, 'Cf. 'Cgc
Freedom of speech H, 'J, 'Jo, ""Jp
Freedom of the press H, 'J, 'Jo, <'Jp
Freemasons : H , 'K, 'Kz, "KxF
Fresco painting L, =\V, "Wp, =Wpi>
Fresh air charity H, 'I, 'Ig
Fret-work (architecture) . . .L, =W, "Wr, 'Wro
Friction L, "IjH, 'Lns
Friends, Doctrines of. . . .B, 'C, "Cc, ^Cp, ^Cif
Friendship B, "Bm
Frost L, "M, "JIc, 'M<i, 'Mh
Fructiculture L, =R, "Rg, 'Rhf
Fruit (botany) L, =M, 'X, 'Nc, "Nw
Fuels L, =R. "Rs
Fuels, Artificial L, =R, "Rs, <>Rsa
Functions (trigonometry). ..L, "Lb, 'Lf, ^Lpp
Funerals E, =F, 'Ff
Fungi L, =M. 'N, 'Nd
Furniture L, ^W, "Ws, 'Ww
Furniture (library) T, 'Z, 'Zp, '^Zpt
Furs L, "R, "R.T, 'Rps, ""Rpx
Future punishment B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, ''Chx
Future state B. 'C, "Cc, 'Cp, '^Chl
Futurity B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bu, ""Bup
G-alatians, Epistle to. .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbu, Tbwb
Galleries, Art L, =W, 'Wo
Galvanism L, "Lh. 'Lj
Galvanoplasty L, ^R, "Rt, "^Etg
Gallican church B, 'D, 'Dk39, "DLSg
Gambling H, 'I, "Ib
Game laws H, 'K, 'Kc
Games L, ^V
Games, Outdoor L, =V, 'Yd
Gardening L, =R, "Rg, 'Rh
Gardens, Zoological L, =M, 'O, 'Oa
Gas L, =K, "Rs, Rsg
Gas meters L, =R. "Rs, ^Rsh
Gas, Natural.' L, =M, "Mc, '■Ml
Gases ' ■■I'N
Gastronomy L, =R, "Rz, 'Rzz
Gauging L, =E, "Rc, 'Res
Gazetteers -'^'^
Gems (art) L, =W, "W.J, 'Wk
Genealogy ■ -^
Genealogy of the peerage Fw
Generation L, =M, '0,_P
Generative organs L, =Q, 'Qa
Genesis, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, ^Cbkl
Geneva confession B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cj
Genius ^' J?^
Genre painting L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wps
Geodesy ^^ l^' S""
Geognosy L, =M, "Mc, 'Mn
Geog. distribution of animals.. L, 'M, 'O. Oil
Geog. distribution of plants. . .L, =M, '^^".^11
Geography and travels E, G
Geokx^y. L, ^M. "Mc
Geology, Agricultural L, =B, "Rg, JRgb
Geometric drawing . .L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wm, 'Wmk
Geometry ^; '^^^r^'^
Geometry, Curvilinear L, "Lb, 'Le, °Lei.
Geometry, Plane L, "Llb, 'Lb 'Led
Germ theory of disease L. Q,_yp
Gesture X, Xyy
(119)
Geysers L, =M, OIc, 'Mg, 'Ml
Ghosts B, 3Bb, ■'Bt, 5Bx
Giant powder L, -E, *Es, 'Est
Giants L, =M, '0, =Pwa
Gilding L, =K, "T, ^Tg
Gipsies L, M, ^O, ^Py
Girders L, ''E, ^S, 'Sr
Glacial action L, -M, ■*Mc, 'Mk
Glaciers L, =M, •'Mc, 'Mj
Glass manufacture L, ^E, *Es, 'Eqg
Glass painting L, 'W, *^Yp, 'Wpj
Glazing L, 'E, ^S, ~Sg, 'Siv
Globes, Astronomical L, "'Lb, 'Ltq
Gloves L, =W, "Ws, -'Wv
Gloves, Manufacture of. . . .L, =E, ^T, 'Tg, 'Tp
Glue L, "R, 'Es
Gnostic philosophy B, ^Bc
Goats L, "E, "Rj, -T^M
God, Christian doctrine of
B, ^C, "Cc, 5Cf, 'Cga
God Non-Christian doctrine of. . . .B, ^Bk, *Bs
Gold (metallurgy) L, =E, ■'Ed, ^Ef, 'Efg
Gold (mining) L, 'R, "Rd, 'Rdg
Gold (polit. econ.) H, ^Hk, ^Hm
Goldsmith's work L, nv, "Ws, =Wx
Golf L, "V, =Vd, 'Vl
Gospels B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbud
Gothic architecture L, ^W, "Wf, =Wfg
Government H, 'J
Grace, Doctrine of B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgb
Grading L, ^R, ^S. =Su
Grafting L, =R, "Eg, 'Ehf
Grape culture L, ^R, ''Eg, 'Ehf
Graphic arts L, "W, 'Wl
Gravitation L, "Ltef 'Liu
Gravity railroads L, ''R, ^S, "Sv, =Stg
Greek and Roman philosophy B, 'Bb
Greek art L, W, 5W12, 'W127
Greek Fathers 6,^0, "Cc, 'Goe, 'Ccg
Greenback party (U. S.) H, ^J, 5Ju83
Greenhouses I', °R, "'Eg, ^Rh
Gregorian calendar L, ^R, "Re, 'Ech
Gregorian chant L, ''V, "Vv, ^Vz, 'VzB
Grottoes L, '^M, "Mc, 'Mnn
Guano L, =R, "Eg, 'Rgc
Guardians (law) H. ^K, 'Kl
Guerillas H, ^j, sjy
Guide books E, ^G, 'Gd (with local list)
Guilds H, "Hf, 'Hg
Guilds, Parish '. . .B, ^C, "Cc, ^Cx
Gun cotton L. =Es, "E, 'Est
Gun making L, =E, ^T, ^Tg
Gunnery L, "E, ^U, "Um, 'Umf
Gunnery, Naval L, ^E, ^U, "Un. ^Ut, 'Uto
Gunning L, "V, ' Va, 'Vo
Gunpowder L, -R, "Rs, 'Ess
Gutta percha L, ^E, ^T, 'To
Gymnastics L, ^V, "Vs
Gynecology ^t'Q, 'Qw
Gypsum L, ^M, "Mc, 'Md, 'Mp
Habakkuk, Book of . .B, ^c, "Cb, 'Cbe, 'Cbnw
Habeas corpus H, 'K, 'Kl
Habit B, =Bl
Haggai, Book of B, ^c, "Cc, ^Cbk, 'Cbnc
Hail L, "M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh
Hair, Animal L, ^R, "E.j, ^Ep, 'Ept
Hair, Diseases of L, ^Q, ^Qp
Hair dressing L, ^W, ^Wv
Hand L, "Q, ^Qa
Handicrafts L, =E, ^T
Handwriting T, ^Z, 'Zd
Happiness , B, "Bm
Harbor defence L, ^E, ^U, =Uca
Harbors (engineering) L, ^E, 'S, "Sl, 'Sif
Hardware L, ^E, 'T, 'Th
Harem H, "K, ^Kw, 'Kwq
Harmony L, 'V, "Vv, 'Vwp
Harness making L, ^E, ^T, =Tg, 'Tp
Hartford Convention F, ^F8i
Hasheesh L, °Q, 'Qm
Hats L, 'W, mv
Haulage L, "E, "En
Hay fever L, ''Q, sQp
Health L, "Q, sQh
Hearing L, °Q, 'Qd
Heat L, "Lh, 'Ll
Heating L, ^E, "Sj
Heaven B, ^c, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Chb
Hebrew language ". . . . Y61
Hebrews, Epistle to . .B, =C, "Cb, ^Cbu, 'Cbuq
Heliotyping L, 'W, "Wp, 'Wb
Hell B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Chw
Heraldry F, ^Fv
Herbaria L, "M, 'N, 'Na
Hereditary succession H, ^j^ s jg
Heredity L, ^M, "Mv, 'Mvx
Heretics B, ^D, 'De
Hermaphrodites L, ^M, -O, 'Ob
Hermeneutics, Bible. .B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbb, 'Cbox
Heroism B, "Bm
Herpetology L, "M, ^0, 'P, 'Pi>
Hibernation L, ''M, ^O
Hieroglyphics Y, ^Z, ^ZvU
Higher algebra L, "Lb, 'Ld
Higher education H, 'I, "Ik, 'Ix
Highways L, "E, ^S, "St, 'Su
Histology L, "Q, =Qa
Histology, Vegetable L, M, 'N, 'Nb
Historical sciences E
History E,/F
History, Ecclesiastical B, ^D
History, Military L, ^E, 'TJ
History, Naval L, ^R, ^U, "Un
History of civilization E, ^F, 'Fe
History, Works about E, ^F, 'Fa
' Holy Ghost B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgb
Holy persons, places, rites . . B, ^Bk, "Bt, 'Btq
Holy Roman Empire E, =F47
Homiletics B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cy
Homoeopathy L, ^Q
Horology L, "E, *Rc, 'EcH
Horse (agrio.) L, ^E, "Rj, 'El
Horse (zool.) L, ^M, ^O, 'Pg, 'Pm
Horse railroads L, ^R, 'S, "Sv, 'Syh
Horsemanship L, ^V, 'Vd, 'Vj
Horticulture L, ^E, "Eg, 'Eh
Hosea, Book of B, =0, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbno
Hospitals, management L, ^Q
Hot springs L, ""M, "Mc, 'Mll
Hours of labor H, "Hf
Housekeeping L, ^R, "Ry
Household books L, ^R, "Ry
Human nature (theol.). .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgc
Human proportion (art) L, ''W, "Wj, 'Wja
Humane societies H, ^I, 'Ig
Humor T, 'Tw
Hunting for profit L, ^E, "Ej, 'Eph
Hunting for sport L, ^V, 'Vd^ 'Ve
Hybridism L, ^M, "Mv, '*Mvx
Hydraulic engineering L, ^E, 'S, "Sl
Hydraulic machines
L, ^E, *T, 'Ta, 'Tb and Td
Hydrics, Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics, Hydro-
statics L, "Lh, 'Lnh
Hydrography E, ^'G, 'Ge
Hydrology L, =M, "Mc, 'Me, 'Mj
Hygiene L, ^Q, 'Qh
Hylics L, "Lh, 'Lhp
Hymenoptera L, ''M, ^O, 'Ot, 'Oy
Hymns B, "C, "Cc, 'Cw
Hypochondria L, ^Q
(120)
Hypocrisy B, "Bm
Hypsometry E, =0r, sQe
]°^ L, =JI, *Mv, <'Mj
Ice age . L, =M, mc, Hm
Ice manufacture L,'R, ms, '^Rki
Ichthyology L, =M .^O ^Py
Iconography L, nv, mvs, ^¥144
Ideahsm B ^Bfi
}^!o«y '..■.■■.■.'.lV^^qp
Mjoms. Y (with local list)
idiot asylums jj 3j s j;,^
Idiot schools H ^i' SJ2
Wolatry B,' ^Bb, "Bt, ^Bti
lUummants L ^K •'Rs
Illuminated books Y, ^Z,'-Zt' ''Zd
Illuminating L '^W '•Wp
Illusions B 5Bi ^Bk
Illustrated books Y, % ^Zt ^Zu
Imagination b' ^Bii 'Bi
Immigration ■ H, M, ^Jq, ^Js
Immortality B, K', ■*Cc, 'Cr, "^Ch
Impediments of speech x, 'Xy
Inclined plane L ■'Lii 'Li
Inclined railroads L, =E, ^S, -iSv/sSy, '"iSyi
Income tax jj 4jj j,
Incunabula, the books Y, % =Zh, ^Zj
Incunabula, the catalogs, etc. . . Y, ^Z, ^Zii, 'Zi
Indeterminates L, *Lb, 'Lg
Inaexes A ^ Ai
Indexing Y, 'Z, ^Za, 'Zc
India rubber L, ''E, ^T, 'To
Indians (ethnology) L, ^M,' ^O,' =Py
Indians, Education of H, ^l', ■'Ik, az
Indigestion L, =Q, 'Qp
Indoor games L, "V, =Vm, '^Vn
Induction B, ^Bg, <'Bh
Inductive coil L, -"Lh, ^L j
Industrial arts L, ^R
Industrial chemistry L, =R, ■'Es, ^Rq
Industrial drawing L, °W, ■'Wp, ^VVmn
Industrial exhibitions. . '. L, ^I!, 'Ra
Infallibility, Papal B, ^C, ■'Cc, 'Cr, K'<i
Infanticide E, =F 'Ff
Infantry L, =R, 'U, ^Uf, '^Ug
Ink manufacture L, ^R, ^T
Inorganic chemistry L, ■'Lo, 'Lp
Inquisition B, ^D, ''Di
Insanity. .■ L, ^Q, =Qp
Inscriptions E, ^F, 'Fi
Insect pests L, ''R, ■'Rg, 'Rgq
Insectivorous plants L, ^M, ^N, 'No, 'Nr
Insects L, ^M, ^O, 'Ot
Instinct L, "M, ^O, =00
Institutions H, ',1 , '.Jt
Instrumental music L, ^T, ''Vv, 'Vya
Instrumentation, Musical
L, ^V, ■'Vv, 5VwA, 'Vwx
Instruments, Astronomical L, ■'Lr
Instruments, Mathematical L, ''Lb
Instruments, Musical L, ^V, Vv, 'Vx
Instruments of precision L, ■'Lh
Instruments, Optical L, ''Lh, 'Lk, 'Lko
Instruments, Scientific L, 'La
Insurance H, 'I, 'Ih
Integral calculus L, ''Lb, 'Lg, ""Lgi
Intellect B, 'Bi
Intemperance H, 'I, ''Ib
Interest tables L, ■'Lb, 'Lc, "^Lci
Intermediate state (soul). B, ^C, ''Cc, 'Cf, ''Ohd
International copyright Y, % 'Zl,
International law H, ^ J, ' Jy
Interoceanic canals L, ''R, 'S, 'Sl, 'Ss
Inventions L, °R, ""Rai
Invertebrates L, ''M, 'O, 'Odi
Iron implements. L, ^M, 'O, 'Pw
Iron manufacture L, °R, ^T, 'Tk
Iron mining L, "R, 'Rd, 'Rb
Ironwork, Artistic L, ^W ■'Ws 'Wy
Irrigation L, ^R, ^s' ''Sl,''^Sma
Irrigation, Agricultural L, "R, ■'Eg, '^Rgd
Isaiah, Book of B, 'C, ■'Cb, 'Cbk, "^Cbni
Islands L, 'W, ■'Mc, 'Mg, "Mn
Isothermal lines L, ''M, ■'Mc, 'Mg
Ivory carving L, =W, ■'Wj, 'Wk
Ivoi y painting L, 'W, ■'Wp, 'Wp j
Jacobins E ^F SS
James, Epistles of. . ..B, ^c, ''Cb, 'Cbu, <^Cbws
Jansenists B, 'DiiSO
Jeremiah, Book of B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbk, *Cbnj
Jesuits B, 3D, "Dm
Jewelry L, "W, "Ws, 'Wx
Jewish art L, ^W, 'W]2, "W126
Jewish religion BSc, ■'Ca
Jews E, % 61
Job, Book of B, 3C, "Cb, 'Cbk, '^Cbmd
Joel, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, "Cbnp
John, Gospel of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbuy
John, Epistles of. . . .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbu, "Cbww
Joinery L, =R, 'T, 'Tg
Joint stock companies H, "He "He
Jonah, Book of B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbns
Joshua, Book of B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbk, "Cblg
Journalism ,. . .T
Judaism B, 'C "Ca
Jude, Epistle of B, ^c, "Cb, 'Cbu, <'Cbwz
Judges, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, "Cbld
Judgment, Day of B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Chk
Judicial duels H, 'K, 'Kl, ''Ku
Jugglery L, ^V,' ' V*B
Jurisprudence H, ^K, "Kl
Jury, Trial by H, ^K, 'Kl, "^Kus
Justification (theology). .B, ^c, "Cc, 'Cf. 'Cgb
Juvenile crime H, -^I, "Ib
Juvenile literature Y,' "Yj
Kaleidoscope L, "Lh, 'Lk, "^Lks
Keramics L, ^W, "Wj, 'Wkn, 'Wkt
Kilns, L, ^R, 3T, "Tif
Kindergarten H, 'I, "Ik, 'Iu
Kinematics L, "Lb, 'Lgx
Kinetics L, "Lh, "^Lik
King James' s version ( Bible) . B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbajst
Kings, Book of B, ^c, "Cb, 'Cbk, "Cblk
Kleptomania L, "Q, 'Qp
Knightly orders F, 'Ft
Knitting L, =R, ^t, "Te
Knowledge B, 'Bf, '=Bg
Kobolds B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bv, "Bvf
Koran B, 'Bh, "Bt
Kumatics L, "Lh, '^Lim
Kytology L, =M, "Mv, "Mvb
Labor H, "Hf
Laboratories, Biological. . . .L, ^M, "Mv, ""^JlvA
Laborers, Agricultural L, "^R, "Eg, 'Egf
Laboring classes H, "Hf
Lace L, ^W, "Ws, 'Wu, Wui.
Lacquering and varnishing L, °E, 'T, 'Tg
Lacrosse L, ^'V, ' Vd, "Vk
Lake dwellings L, M, 'O, 'Pwa, 'Pwk
Lakes L, ==M, "Mc, 'Mg. "Mj
Lamentations, Book of
B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, "iCBNL
Land locomotion L, '^V, 'Vd, 'Vh
Land, Eeclamation and protection of
L, =E, 'S, "Sl, "Slp
Landed property H, "He, 'Hw, 'Hx
Landscape gardening L, ^W, "We.
Landscape painting L, ''W, "Wp, 'Wps
Language X, "X 11
Lathes L, =R, 'T, 'Tf
Latin literature Y, "Y 3&
(121)
Latin Fathers 6,^0, 'Cc, ^Cce, 'Ccl
Latitude L, ■'Lb, 'L v, ''Lz
Law H, ^K, niL
Law, International H, ^J, ^Jx
Law, Martial E, ^ J, ' Jy
Law, Military L, =R, ^u, ^Ub
Law, Naval L, =i;, ^u, ^Ub
Law of nature and of nations H, 'J, ' Jx
Lawn tennis L, ''V, '■ Vd, 'Vk
Laws of nature L, 'La
Lead L, ni, "Rd, 'Rr
Lead poisoning L, ''Q, 'Qp
Leather manufactures L, ''R, ^T, ^Tp
Left handedness B, 'Bi, 'Bj
Legal antiquities H, 'K, ^Ke, 'Ktj
Legal medicine L, °Q, 'Qy
Legal procedure L, 'K, =Ke, ''Kv
Legal statistics L, ^K, 'Kb, 'Ku
Legal tender H, -"Hk, =Hm
Legends (see note in the 6th Classification)
Y, 'Y[local inark]L
Legerdemain L, 'V, 'Vr
Legislation H, 'K
Lent B, 'C, ''Cc, =Cr
Letters Y, ' Yc
Levees L, m, 'S, "Sl, 'Slp
Levelling E, "G, 'Gb
Lever L, ''Lh, *Li
Leviticus B, 'C, ''Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbkb
Liberty, Personal A, 'J, 'Jo, 'Jp
Librarians Y, % 'Zp, "Zpl
Libraries, Private Y, 'Z, 'Zn
Libraries, Public Y, ^Z, 'Zp
(For details see 6th Classification.)
Life (biology) L, =M, ■'Mv
Life, Conduct of B, "Bm, 'Bp, *Bq
Life insurance H, 'I, 'In
Life saving service L, ^R, ^U, ■'Uw
Light L, ■'Lh, 'Lk
Lighthouses, architecture. .L, ^R, S, *Sl, 'Snl
Lighthouses, service L, ^R, 'U, "Uv
Lighting, Electric L, "R, ■'Rt, 'Rw
Lightning L, '^M, -"Mc, 'Mq, 'Mhw
Lightning rods L, "K, ''Rt, 'Rtl
Lime L, ^R, 'S, %c
Limestone L, ^M, '■Mc, 'Md, 'Mf
Linen, L, ^R, 'T^Ts
Liquors, Distilled L, ^R, ''Rs, ''Rbb
Literary history Y, 'Z, 'Zy
Literature Y
Lithogenesis L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Md, '^Mp
Lithography L, "W, 'Wp, 'Wq, 'Wqm
Lithology L, ^M, "Mo, 'Md, ^Mp
Loan systems in libraries 'Z, 'Zq, 'Zqb
Local administration H, 'J, 'Jw
Locks L. ^R, 'S, 'Sl, <^Ss
Locomotive engines. L, ''R, 'T, 'Ta, 'Te
Logarithms L, ■'Lb, 'Ld, 'Ldl
Logic B, ■'Bh
Lollards B, ^Db
Longevity L, 'Q, 'Qa
Longitude L, ■'Lb, 'Lv, ^Lz
Lord's prayer B, ^C, ''Cb, 'Cbp, ^Cbtjd
Lord's supper B, 'C, ''Cc, 'Cb, ^Csb
Lotteries (ethics) H, 'I, ^Ib
Love H, 'K, 'Kw, 'KwK
Luke, Gospel of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbu, '^Cbutt
Lumber surveying L, ''R, ''Re, ^Rcs
Lunar rainbow L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mo, 'Mhc
Luxury (econom. considered) tl, ■'He, *Hz
Lyceums H, ^I, •'Ik, 'II
Machinery L, "E, 'T, 'Ta
Machines, Agricultural L, ^R, ■'Rg, ^Ege
Magic B, 'Bb, ■'Bt, 'Bu, ^Bw
(122)
Magic, Natural L, '^V, 'Vk
Magnetism L, "Lh, 'Lj
Magnetism, Terrestrial L, -Jl, "Mc, 'Mi,
Magyars E, ''FS?
Mahometanism B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bz
Mahiohi, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cbnx
Malaria L, ''Q, 'Qp
Malt liquors L, 'R, ''Rs, ^Rbx
Mammals L, ^M, 'O, 'Pg
Man, Geological , L, =M, 'O, 'Pwa
Man, Primitive and historic. L, ''M. 'O, 'Px
Man, Races of L, "M, 'O, 'Py
Mania L, ^Q, 'Qp
Manicheism B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bz, °Bzm
Manners and customs E, ^F, 'Ff, or E, ^G
Manoeuvres, Military L, °R, 'U, 'UcA
Manoeuvres, Military (reviews). L, ''R, 'U, 'Udz
Manoeuvres, Naval L, 'R, 'U, "Un, 'Uq
Manufactures L, ^R, 'T
Manures L, ^R, "Rg, 'Rqc
Manuscripts Y, 'Z, 'Zt, 'Zu
Maps : E, ^G, 'Gz
Marble L, ^R, 'T, 'Tn
Marine architecture L, R, 'U, "Us", 'Uu
Marine natural history L, ^M, 'Mz
Marine painting L, ''W, "Wp, 'Wps
Mariolatry B, C, "Cc, 'Cf, ''Cvc
Maritime law H, 'K, 'Kl
Mark, Gospel of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbtj, 'Cbus
Maronite church B, 'D, 'Dj, 'Dfm
Marriage H, 'K, 'Kw, '^KwM
Marriage of clergy B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cx
Marriage, Restrictions on ... H, 'K, 'Ky, ''Kwo
Mai>4ial law H, 'J, 'Jy
Martyrs B. 'D, *Dp
Masonry L, ^R, 'S, 'So
Mass : . . . .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cb, ^Csh
Massage L,'Q, 'Qn
Masses L, "V, "W, ' Vz, *Vzk
Matches L, ''R, "Rs, 'Rsw
Materia medica L, "Q, *Qm
Materialism B, 'Bfm
Materials, Building L, ^R, 'S, %A
Materials, Industrial 'Ram
Materials, Military L, ''R, 'U, 'Um
Materials, Strength of L, "Lh, 'Lns
Mathematical geography E, ^G, 'Gb
Mathematics L, "Lb
Matthew, Gospel of Cbuq
Matrimony, Sacrament of. .CsM (see Marriage)
Matter B, 'Bp, 'Bg
Mausoleums L, ''W, "Wf
Maxims B, *Bm, 'Bqt
Measures and weights L, ^R, "Ec
Mechanic trades L, ^R, 'T, 'Tg
Mechanical drawing L, ^R, 'T, 'Taa
Mechanical engineering L, ^R, 'T, 'Ta, 'Tc
Mechanics L, "Lh, 'Li
Mechanics' institutes H, 'I, "Ik, 'II
Medals E, '^F, 'Fir
Medical botany. ..L, "M, 'N, 'Nz, or L, ^Q, 'Qm
Medical ethics L, =Q, 'Qz
Medical jurisprudence L, ''Q, 'Qy
Medical zoology. .L, M, 'O, 'Pu, or L, ''Q, 'Qm
Medicine L, '^Q
Medieval art L, ''W, 'W14
Medieval church history B, 'D, 'Do, 'Db
Medieval geography E, ^G, 'Gb
Medieval history ■, E, 'F04
Medieval philosophy B, 'Be
Melancholy B, 'Be
Melody L, ^V, "Vv, 'Vwa, »Vwp
Memory B, 'Bh, 'Bi
Mensuration L, "Lb, 'Lc
Mental diseases L, ^Q, 'Qp
Mental philosophy -. '. . .B, 'Bh, 'Bi
Mercantile associations (educ.)..H, ^I, -Tk, ^II
Mercantile association libraries Y, ^Z, =Zp
Merchant marine service. .L, ^R, ^U, ■'Un, 'Us
Mercury (metal) L, "E, "Rb, 'Rp
Mercury (planet) L, *Lb
Meridian circles L, ''Lr
Mesmerism B, ^Bi, ''Bk
Messiah B, ^c, 4Cc, ^Cf, ^Cgii
Metagenesis L, ^M, 'O
Metal manufactures L, ^R, ^T, ^Th
Metal work, Decorative L, =VV, ■'Ws, 'VVy
Metallurgy L, m, "Rd. sRf
Metals, Chemistry of L, •'Lo, ^Lpm
Metamorphism L, =M, ■♦Mc, ^Mg, ''Mm
Metaphysics B, ^Bg
Meteorology L, ""M, "Mc, 'Mfi, 'Mh
Meteors L, -iLe, 'Lt
Methodism B, ^D, 'Dl
Metric art's L, '^li, '•Re
Metric system L, ^R, "Re, 'Rcd
Metropolitan railroads. L, ^R, 'S, ''Sv, ^Sy, 'Sym
Micah, Book of B, ^iC, ■*Cb, ^Cbk, ^Cbnt
Micro-lithology L, ^M, "Mc, ^Md, ""Mf
Micro-paleontology L, °M, •'Mc, 'Mq
Microphone L, ^R, ■'Rt, ^Rv
Microscopy L, ^it, ^Mb
Middle ages. See Medieval.
Migrations of animals L, '^M, ^O H
Mildew L, =M, 3jsr, ^Nd
Military art L, "R, ^U, 'U, etc.
Military engineering L, "R, ^U, =UcA
Military history L, ''R, ^IJ
Military-law L, "R, ^u, ^Ub
Militia L, ^R, ^lU, "Uf, 'Uk
Milk L, "R, "Rg, sRn
Milk analysis L, *Lo, ^Loc
Millennium 6,^0, fCc, ^Cf, "^Chi
Mind B, ^Bh, '■Bi
Mind and body B, 'Bi, 'Bj
Mind reading B, 'Bi, 'Bk
Mineral deposits L, ^M, -"Mc, ^Mm
Mineral manufactures L, ^R, ^T, "^Tn
Mineral resources and mines. .L, ''R, ''Rd, 'Re
Mineral springs L, ^Q, 'Qm
Mineralogy L, ''M, ^Md
Mines and mineral resources. .L, ^E, "Rd, ""Rb
Miniature painting L, ^W, ■'Wp, = Wps
Mining L, ^R, ■'Rd
Mining laws , L, ^E, ''Rd
Miracle plays Y [local mark] D
Miracles, New Testament. B,3C,*Cb,=Gbg,'Cbh
Miracles, Old Testament. B, ^C, ■'Cb, ^Cbq, ''Cbk
Miracles (ecclesiastical history) B, ^D, ^Dq
Mirage L, ^M, *Mc, =Mg, 'Mhi
Mirrors L, "Lh, ^Lk, 'Lks
Missions, Foreign and domestic B, ^I), 'Ds
Mist L, ^M, ''Mc, 5Mg. *Mh
Mistral L, °M, -"Mc, =Mg, ^Mhn
Mithraic worship. .B, ^Bb, *Bt, sBt635, 'Bz63.5
Mnemonics B, =Bipm
Moabitic stone X, ''X608
Modern art L, =W, =W17
Modern church history B, ^D, 'Do
Modern history F, ^FOS
Modern history (last four cent.). .F, ^FOS, =F07
Modern philosophy B, 'Bom, 'Bd
Moguls. E,-F69
Mohammedanism B, 'Bk, "Bt^ ^'&z
Molecules L, ''Lh, 'Lhp
Monarchy J, 'Jb, Vc
Monastic orders B, 'D, 'Dgm or Dk
Money as a means of commerce. .H, "Hk, 'Hm
Money as an object of commerce. H, ''Hk, 'Hn
Money market H,* Hk, 'Hn, ''Hr
Moruogamy B, 'Bp
Monolramists . .' L, ^W, =W10, 'W105
Monoliths E, ''F, 'Ff
Monopolies H, *Hk
Monotheistic religions B, 'Bk, ''Bt, 'Bya
Moon L, "Ln, 'Lv, ^Ly
Moraines L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'M j
Moral philosophy B, "Bm
Mormonism B, 'Br, ■'Bt, 'Bzmo
Mortar L, '^R, 'S, ^Sc
Mortuary customs E, "^F, 'Fp
Mosaic L, °W, "Ws, 'Wt
Mosses L, -M, 'I-r, 'Nd
Motion L, 'Lgx
Motors, Electric L, "^E, ■'Rt 'Rx
Mounds L, =M, 'O, 'PwA, ^Pwj
Mountain railroads L, ''R, 'S, ■'Sv, 'Syi
Mountains L, ^M, ■'Mc, =Mg, <'JMn
Jlules L, ni, *Rj, -M!k
Mummies E, ^F71
Municipalities H, 'J, 'Jw
Munitions of war L, °R, 'U, 'TJm
Murder H, 'I, ■'Ib
Museums, Art L, '^ W, ' Wc
Museums, Botanical L, -M, ■'N, 'Na
Museums (general) A, 'Am
Museums of natural history Ma
Museums, Zoological L, ^M, 'O, 'Oa
Mushrooms L, ''M, 'N, 'Nd
Music L, ^V, ■'Vv
Music, History of L, "V, ■'Vv, 'Vw
Music, Instrumental L, ^V, ■'Vv, 'Vya
Music, Religious L, ^V, ■'Vv, 'VzR
Music, Theory of L, ^V, •'Vv, 'VwA
Music, Vocal L, "V, ■'Vv, 'Vz
Musical instruction L, ^V, Vv, 'Vx
Musical instruments L, ^V, Vv, 'Vx
Musical works L, ° V, Vv, ' Vt
Musicians, Biog. of E, ■'Vv, 'VwlO
Mysteries (religious plays) . . . Y [local mark]D
Mystic religions. Mysticism. B, 'Br, ■'Bt, 'Bym
Mythology, Botanic.. . .B, 'Br, ■'Bt, 'Bu, *Bub
Mythology, Comparative B, 'Be, ■'Bt, 'Btc
Mythology, Zoological
. .B, 'Be, ■'Bt, 'Bu, ^Bub, or L, =M, 'O, 'Pv
Nahum, Book of B, 'C, ■'Cb, 'Cbk, ^Cbmtj
Names X
Narcotics L, ''Q, 'Qm
National administration H, 'J, 'Jv
National bibliography Zx
National character H, '.J, 'JA
National constitutions H, 'J, ' Jt
National institutions H, 'J, 'Jt
National politics H, 'J, ' Jtr
Nationalism H, 'J, 'Jb, 'Jj
Natural gas L, =M, ■'Mc. ^Mi-
Natural history L, ^M
Natural history. Marine L, =M, 'Mz
Natural history museums L, "M, Ma
Natural history voyages L, ^M 1 1-99
Natural magic L, "^V, 'Vr
Natural philosophy L, ■'Lh
Natural selection L, 'il, ■'Mv
Natural theology, B, ■'Br, 'Bs
Naturalization H, 'J, ' Jq, '^J s
Nature worship B, 'Bk, ■'Bt. ^Btn
Nautical arts L, "E, 'U, ■'Un
Naval architecture L, =R, 'U, ■'Ux, 'Uu
Naval battles L, =R, 'U, "Un, 'Uo
Naval biography L, "K, 'U, "Un, 'UnIO
Naval equipment L, "R, 'U, "Un, 'Ut
Naval history L, 'R, 'U, "Un
Naval law L, 'R, "Un, 'Ur
Naval manreuvres L, "R, 'U, "Un, 'Uq
Naval organization L, "R, 'U, "Un, 'Up
Naval service L, ^R, 'U, "Un, 'Us
Naval tactics L, ^R, 'U, "Un, 'Uq
(123)
Navigation L, ^E, ^U, "Un, 'Uq, 'Upn
Kavy yards L, "K, ^U, "Un, ^Ut
Nebular hypothesis L, ■'Lb
Needlework L, °W, "Ws, 'Wv
Negroes, Education of H, ^I, 'Iz
Nehemiah, Book of B, ^C, Cb, =Cbk, 'Cblb
Neolithic age L, ^M, ^O, 'Pw, 'Pwf
Neo-Platonists B, ^Bb
Nervous system Lj^Q, ^Qa
Nestorian church B, ^D, ^Dpn
Neutrals H, ^J, sJy
New Testament 6,^0, ■'Cb, =Cbp
N. T., Works about the.B, ^C, "Cb.sCbp, ^Cbq
Newspapers Y, 'Z, 'Zy
Nicene creed B, ^C, ■'Co, =Cj, 'Cjaaa
Nihilism H, ^J, sJb, 'Jk
Nitro-glycerine L, ^E, ■'Es, ''Est
Nobility E, F, ^Pw
Nomenclature of science L, ^La
Non-Christian religions B, ^Bk, *Bt
Non-local religions B, ^Bb, ■'Bt, 'Bz
Non-Jurors E, ^F45
Non-resistance H, ^J, 'Jq
Normal schools H, ^I, *lK, 'Ip
Northwest passage E, ^G14
Notes and queries A, 'A3!T
Numbers, Book of . , . .B, =C, ''Cb, 'Cbk, *Cbku
Numismatics F, 'FN
Nunneries B, 'D, 'Dgm, or Db
Nursing L, ^Q
Oaths H, ^K, =Kl
Obadiah, Book of B, ^C, -iCb, =Cbk, 'Cbnb
Observatories L, ■'Le, 'Ls
Obstetrics L, "Q, 'Qw
Occult powers B, ^Bb, ■'Bt, 'Bu, 'Bug
Oceans L, ^M, ■'Mo, 'Mg, 'Mj
Ootateuch 6,^0, ■'Cb, 'Cbk
Oddfellows H, ^K, 'Kz, ^Kxo
Oil L, =E, 5Es. ''Esc
Oil, Mineral L, 'M, ■'Mc, =Mg, 'Mp
on painting L, 'W, "Wp, ^Wpd
Old Catholics B, 'D, =Dgb, or Db
Old Testament B, ^0, ■'Cb, 'Cbf
O. T., Works about B, ^C, ■'Cb, =Cbg, etc.
Oleomargarine L, ^E, ■'Es, 'Rb
Oligarchy H, ^ J, Jb, 'Je
Omnipotence B, ^C, ■'Cc, 'Cr, 'Cga
Ontogenesis L, ^M, ■'Mv
Ontology B, 5Bq
Operas L, ^V ,^'Vv, 'Vz, 'Vzo
Optical instruments L, ■'Lh, 'Lk, 'Lks
Optics L, ■'Lh, 'Lk
Oracles B, "Bt, 'Btc
Oratorios L, ^V, "Vv, 'Vz, ^VzK
Oratory (art) X, 'Xx-Xz
Oratory (speeches) X, 'Xz, and Y, 'Ys
Orchids L, =M, ^N, =Ne
Ordeal by battle, fire, etc H, ^K, 'Kl, ^Kv
Orders of architecture L, ''W, ■'Wf. 'Wfg
Orders of knighthood E, ^F, 'Ft
Ordnance, Naval L, E, ^U, ■'TJsr, 'Ut, 'Uto
Organic chemistry L, ■'Lo, 'Lcj
Organic geological deposits.. .L, ^M, ■'Mo, 'Mm
Oriental philosophy B, 'Ba
Oriental religions B, 'Be, ''Bt, 'B?
Origin of man L, ''M, ^O, PwA
Origin of species L, ^M, ''Mv, 'Mw
Ornament L, ^W, ■'Ws
Ornament, Architectural . . .L, ^W, ■'Wf, 'Wfo
Ornament, Sculptural L, ''W, ■'Wj, =Wjo
Ornithology L, ''M, '0, 'Pe
Orphan asylums H, 'I, 'Ig
Orthography X
Ottoman empire E, ^F29
Outdoor sports L, ^V, ' Vd
(124)
Ozone L, ■'Lo
Paint L, ^E, ■'Es
Painter-engravers L, ^W, ■'Wp, ^Wq, 'Wqb
Painting L, "W, ■'Wp-Wpz
Painting and glazing L, 'R, 'S, 'Sg, 'Si
Paintings, Eestox-ationof . . .L, 'Vf, ''Wp, 'Wpy
Paleobotany L, ''M, "Mc, =Mq
Paleography Y, % ^Zv, 'Ze
Paleontology L, "^M, "Mo, 'Mij
Paleontology, Local L, 'M, "Mo, ^Mq
Paleozoology L, ^M, "Mo, M
Palimpsests Y, ^z, 'Zu
Palmistry B, "Bt, sBit
Pantheism B, "Be, 'Bs
Paper manufacture L, ^E, 'T, 'To
Paper money H, "Hk, =Hm
Papering L, "E, ^S, sSg, 'Siw
Parallax '. . .L, "Lb
Paraphrases, Bible. . . .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbd, 'Cbdp
Parasitic plants L, ^M, ^N, 'Nc, 'Nt
Parasitic zoology Pu
Parks, Public L, ^W^ nVia
Parliamentary debates H, ^K, ^K45m
Parliamentary practice H, 'K, 'Ki
Parodies Y, ^ Yw
Parties (in politics) H, y, 'Ja
Partisan corps L, =E, ^U, 'Uf, 'Ul
Pasigraphy Y, 'Z, =Zd, ^Zdw
Passion plays Y [local mark] D
Pastoral theology B, ^C, "Co, 'Cx
Patents L, ""E, 'Eb
Pathology L, ^Q, 'Qp
Patriotism B, "Bm, or H, 'J, 'J a
Patristic philosophy B, 'Be
Patristics B, ^C, "Co, 'CcE
Pauperism H, 'I, Ug
Pawnbroking H, "Hk, ^Hn, 'Hp
Peace H, =J(i
Peat L, ^E, "Es,' 'Esp
Pedagogics H, 'i, "Ik, ^p
Pedestrianism L, ^V, "Vs
Peerages p, 'Fw
Pen drawing L, ^W, "Wp, =Wm, 'Wmb
Penal law H, 'K, 'Kn
Penance 'B, ^C, "Co, 'Ce, 'Csp
Penmanship Y, ='Z, 'Zd, 'Zdk
Pentateuch B, 'C, "Cb, ^Cbk, 'Cbko
Perception B, 'Bh, 'Bi
Perfection, Doctrine of . .B, ^C, "Cc, "Cf, 'Cge
Perfumery L, ^R, "Et, =Es, 'Rqp
Periodicals (general) A, =Ap
Periodicals (special) under their subject, with '7
Pernicious literature B, "Bm, 'Bq
Perpetual motion L, "Lh, 'Lik
Persecutions B, 'D, 'Dp
Perseverance B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cge
Persian art L, ^W, SW12, 'W12a
Personal property H, "He, ^Hw, 'Hy
Personal rights H, ^K, 'Kl, 'Kp
Personality ; B, 'Bf, 'Bg
Perspective L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wm, 'Wmb
Pessimism B, =Bep, 'Bfp
Pests, Agricultural L, 'E, "Eg, 'Egg
Peter, .Epistles of B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbit, 'Cbwt
Petrographic geology L, ''M, "Mo, 'Mm
Phanerogams L, ^M, 'N, ^Nb
Pharmacy L, ^Q, 'Qm
Philanthropy (morals) B, "Bm, 'Bq
Philemon, Epistle to. . B, ^C, "Cb, =Cbu, 'Cbwp
Philippians, Epistle to.B, ^C, "Cv, 'Cbu, 'Cbwp
Philology X (see note in 6th Classification)
Philosophy B
Philosophy of history E, ^F, 'Fd
Phoenician art L, ^W, =W12, 'W124
Phonetics Y, ^Z, 'Zd, 'Zds
Phonography Y, ='Z, 'Zd. ^Zdu
Photography. l, ^W, "Wp, =We
Photohthography L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wk
Photometry L^ 4Lij j^jj
Photozincography L, =W, ■'Wp, 'Wk
Phrenology B, 'Bj, ^Bje
Phylogenesis L, ^M, ■•M\'
Physical culture L ^V *Vs
Physical geography L, "M, nMc.'^Mo
Physics, Physical sciences L iLh
Physiognomy B, =Bj, '^Bjr
Physiography L, =M, "xMc, 'Mg
Physiological esthetics B, ^Bi 'Bj
Physiological psychology B,' ^Bj
Physiology L, ^Q, <iQD
Physiology, Agricultural L, =R, "Kg, 'Rga
Physiology, Comparative L, =M, ^0, ^Ob
Physio-psychological obscurities .. B, ^Bj 'Bk
Phytography L, =iX, ^n, ^Nc
Phytology L, M, ^K, ^Nb
Pictorial satire L, °W, ''Wp, =Wm 'Wmv
JPjetism B, 3C, "Co, 'c'f, ^Cip
Pietists B, 3D 5Dl
P}gs L, =R, Rg, 5Rm
Pji'apy-,- L, R, 3U, "UN
Pisciculture L, "R, -iRj, sRji,
Place legends B, ^Br, *St, ^Bu, 'Bup
Plains \....L,^M, •»Mc, ^Mg, ^Mn
Plane geometry L, "Lb, 'Le, ^Led
Plane trigonometry L, "Lb, ^Lf, ^Lfp
Planets L, "Lb, ^Lv, '^Lx
Plants L, ^M ^If
Plastic arts L, "W. ='Wd
Playing cards L, ^V, = Vm", ^Vn
Pleading (law) H, ^K, =Kl, ^Kw
Plurality of worlds L, "Lb
Pneumatic despatch L, ^R, 'S, "St, 'Stp
Pneumatics L, "Lh, ^Lsl
Poetry T, "T [local mark] p
Poisons L, 'Q, ^Qm
Polar regions E. ^G-14
Polarization of light L, "Lh, 'Lk
Police H, 31, ••iB
Political economy H, "Ho
Political science, Politics H, ^j, etc.
Poll tax H, "Ht
Polyandry H, ^K, =Ky, ^Kwp
Polychrome in architecture. L, ^W, "Wf, ^Wfk
Polychrome in sculpture. . . L, ^W, "Wj, -'Wjk
Polygamy " L, 'K, 'Ky, 'Kwq
Polygraphy A
Polytheistic religions B, ^Be, "Bt, ^Byg
Pomology L, ^R, "Rg, ^Rhf
Ponds, Artificial L, ^W, =Wk
Poor H, 31, 5iQ
Popes (eocles. hist.) B, 'D, 'Do
Popes (eccles. polity) B, 'C, "Cc, =Cp
Population H, "He, 'Hn
Porcelain L, =W, "Wj, 'Wkn, ^Wkt
Portrait paintng L, ^W, ^Wp, ""Wps
Positivism B, 'Be, ""Bf
Possession, Demoniacal.B, 'Be, "Bt. 'Bw, ""Ewp
Possession (in law) H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Kq
Post office H, 3J, =Jv
Postage stamps H, 'J, ' Jv
Poultry. L, "R, "R.J, <'Rjn
Power, Electric L, "R, "Rt, 'Rx
Prairies L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mn
Prayer B, 'Be, 'Bs
Prayer, Christian doctrine of
B, 3C, "Cc, 'Ck, "^Ctp
Prayer meetings B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cx
Preaching B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cy
Predestination B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf. '^Cg
Pre-emption H, "He, =Hw, ''Hxx
Prehistoric art L, "W, 'Wll, 'W119
(12:
Prehistoric history E, ^P, "FOl
Prehistoric man L, =m', H ), 'Px
Preservative arts L, ^R 'U
Press, Liberty of H,'3J,'-'Jo
Prevention of crime H, 'I, "Ib
Piices H, "h'k, 'Hm
Prime numbers L, "Lb, 'Lc, 'Lcp
Primitive government H, '.J, 'Jb
Primitive marriage Kwp
Primitive society L, =M, 'O, 'Px, ^Pxp
Printers' marks T, 'Z, 'Zh, ^Zhp
Piinting Y, 'Z, 'Zh
Prisms L, "Lb, 'Le, ^Leb
Prisons H, 'I, "1b, 'Ie
Private libraries Y, 'Z, 'Zp, 'Zn
Private prayer books B, 'C, "Co, 'Cv
Private theatricals L, 'V, "Vt, ""Vup
Privately-printed books Y, 'Z, 'Zt ''Zu
Probabilities L, "Lb, 'Ld, ^Ldp
Proboscidia L, ^M, 'O, 'Pg, "^Pl
Procedure (law) H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Ku
Production' (polit. economy) H, "He, ^He
Productive arts L, ^R, ""Rcz
Progress E, ^P, 'Fb
Prohibited books Y, 'Z, =Zt, '^Zu
Projectiles L, =^R, 'U, 'Um
Projection Wme
Pronunciation ; X, 'Xy, ^Xyw
Property H, "He, 'Hw
Proportion, Human L, ^W, "Wj, 'Wja
Prostitution H, 'I, "Ib
Protection H, "He, 'Ht, "-Hv
Protection against fire and thieves
L, =R, 'U, "Uy, 'Uz
Protestants B, 'D, 'Dk
Protoplasm L, -M, "Mv
Proverbs B, "Bm, 'Bqt
Proverbs, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbml
Providence B, "Bb, 'Bs
Provident associations H, 'I, 'Ih
Psalms, Book of B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cek. '^Cbmi
Pseudomorphism L, ^M, "Mc, 'Md, ^Mf
Pseudonymous books Y, 'Z, 'Zt, ^Zv
Psychology B, 'Bl
Psychology, Comparative or Zoological
B, 'Bk {compare Oc Instinct), 'Bkt
Psychology, Physiological B, 'Bj
Public lands H, "He, =Hw, "-nxx
Public libraries Y, 'Z, 'Zp
Public opinion H, 'J, ^Ja
Public schools H, 'I, "Ik, 'Itj
Publishing Y, 'Z, 'Zl
Puoilism L, ^V, 'Va, 'Vb
Pulpit oratory B, 'C, 'Cy
Pumps L, =R, 'T, =Ta. ^Td
Punctuation Y, 'Z, 'Zd, 'Zdz
Punishment of crime H, 'I, "Ib, 'Ie
Purgatory B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, "^Chd
Putting the stone L, =V, ' Vd, <^ Vb
Pyramids E, =F, 'Ff?!
Pyrotechnics L, ^R, "Rs, 'Rsx
Pythagoreans B, 'Bb
Quadrature of the circle L, "Lb
Quakers, or Friends B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, i^Cif
Quaternions L, "Lb, 'Lg, ''Lqq
Question books, Bible. .B, 'C, "Cb, 'Cbb, '^Cbds
Quietism B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'CiQ
Quotations A, Aq
Races of men L, =j\l, 'O, 'Py
Radiation L, "Lh, 'Ll
Railroad engineering L, "R, 'S, "Sv, ""SvE
Railroads L, =R, 'S. "Sv, <'Sx-Sy
Rain L, =M, "Mc, 'Mg. "^Mh
Rainbow L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mh, ''Mhe
5)
Raised beaclies L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mg, *Ml
Rank, distinctions of H, ^J^ 'Ja
Rationalistic religions B, ^Bit, ■'Bt, ^Byb
Reading aloud X, 'Xt
Reading-books X, 'Xz
Reading clubs H, 'I, "Ik, ^II
Reading, Selection of Y. ^Z, ^Zz
Reason B, 'Bh, 'Bi
Receipts, Manufacturing L, ''R, ''Rae
Reciprocity H, "Hk, 'Ht, ^Hv
Reclamation of land L, 'R, ^y, *Sl, '^Slp
Reconstruction E, ^f83
Recreative arts L, ^ V
Redemption B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Chz
Reduction method L, *Lb
Reference books A, 'Ak
Reformation (eccles. hist. ) B, ^D, 'Dj
Reformation of crime H, ^I, "Ib
Refraction L, "Lh. 'Lk
Refuse products L, ''R, "'RQ, 'Rqa
Regeneration B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, ^Cgk
Religion B, ^Br
Religion, Free B, ^Bk, "Bt, ^Bzp
Religions B, ^Br, "Bt, ^Bt-Bz
Religious architecture L, W, "Wr, 'Wg
Religious confraternities B, ^D, ^Dm
Religious music L, ^V, "Vv, ^Vz, ^VzR
Remarkable books Y, ^Z, ^Zt, 'Zu
Remedy (in law) H, ^K, 'Kl, 'Kt
Renaissance (history) E, ^F, =F06
Renaissance (art) Ij, ^ W", ^ W16
Rendrock L, ^R, "Rs, '^Rst
Rent JI, He, ^Hw, 'Hx
Repentance B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, ^Cgr
Reports, Law H, "K, ^Kl, '^Kv
Representation H, ^ J, = Jk, Ml
Reprisal H, ^J, sJy
Reproductions of drawings. .L, 'W, "Wp, 'Wh"
Reptiles L, "M, ^O, sp, *Pd
Republicanism H, ^J, ^ Jb, 'Jg
Respiratory organs L, ^Q, 'Qa
Restoration, Architectural. . . L, ^W, "Wr, 'Wfy
Restoration of bronzes, etc.L, ''W, 'Wkb, 'Why
Restoration of engravings
L, 'W, "Wp, ^Wq, *Wqy
Restoration of objects of art in general
L, =W, 'Way
Restoration of paintings . . .L, ^W, "Wp, 'Wpy
Restoration of sculpture. . . L, 'W, "W.J, 'Wjy
Resurrection B, ^C, "Cc, =Cf, *Ci-ij
Retribution B, ^c, "Cc. ^Cf, ^Ohl
Revelations B, ^C, "Cb, ^Cbu, <^Cbx
Revenue, Public H, "Ht
Reviews, Military L, ^R, ^U. '^Udz
Revised version of the Bible. B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbap
Revivals 3,^0, "Cc, ^Cx
Revivals, History of B, ^D, ^Dt
Revolutions H, ^J, Ma
Rewards and punishments, Doctrine of
B, 3C, "Cc, sCf, 'Chl
Rhetoric Y, ^Z, 'Za, 'Zb
Rheumatism L, °Q, 'Qp
Riding L, ^V, 'Yd, <'Vj
Right-handedness B, 'Bj
Rites B, 3Be, "Bt, ''Btq
Rites, Christian B, 'C. "Cc, ^Cb
Ritual theology B, ^C, "Cc, ^Cr
Ritualism B, ^C, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Gib
Rituals and liturgies of sects . .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cw
Rivers L, ^M, "Mc, ^Mg, ^Uj
Rivers, Care and improvement of
•. L, =R, 3S, "Sr,, 'Sk
Roads L, ^R, 'S, "St, 'Su
Rock basins L, ^M, "Mc, ''Mn"
Rock drills L, ^R, 'T, "^Te
Rolling stock L, "R, ^S, "Sv, ^SwK
Roman art L, =W, =W12, 'W129
Roman philosophy B, 'Bb
Romans, Epistle to. . .B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbtj, 'Cbwa
Roofs L, =R, 3S, 'Sf
Ropemaking L, =R, n', ^Tg, ^To
Rose culture L, ^R, "Ro, ^Rhf
Rosicruoians H, ^K, =Kx, *Ky
Rowing L, =■¥, =Vd, 'Vg
Rubber manufacture. .' L, ''R, 'T, 'To
Runes Y, 3Y48
Running JL, ^V, 'Vd, 'Vh
Rural architecture L, ''W, "Wr, 'Wm
Rural estate management L, ^R, "Rg, 'Rfz
Rural life L, =R, "Rg, 'Rfy
Russian church B, ^D, ^Db
Russian serfdom H, "Hf, 'Hi54
Ruth, Book of B, =0, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cblg
Sabbath B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cb, 'Cts
Sacraments 2,^0, ^Cc, =Cr, 'Cs
Sacrifices B, ^Be, "Bt, *Bt(j
Saddlery L, ''R, ^T, 'Tp
Safe making L, ^R, ^T, ^Tg
Sagas, Prose Y, 'Y[local mark]L
Sailing L, ^V, =Vd, 'Vg
Sailing directions L, R, ^TJ, "TJn, 'Uq, 'Upn
Saint-Simonism B, ^Be, "Bt, 'Bysa, 'Bzsa
Saints E
Salt L, "R, "Rs
Salvage H, ^K, 'Kl
Salvation B, ^C, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Cgg
Salvation army B, ^D. ^Dt
Samaritans B, ^C, "Ca, ^Cax
Samuel, Book of B, ^C, "Cb, 'Cbk, 'Cblh
Sanctifi cation B, ^C, "Cc, ^Cp, 'Cge
Sanitary engineering ^> 'R, 'S, ^Sj
Sanitary science L, ^Q, ^Qs
Satire, Pictorial L, ^W, "Wp, ^Wm, 'Wmv
Savings bank H, ^I, *Ih
Scarlet fever L, "Q, 'Qp
Scepticism .B, =Be, 'Efs
Scholastic philosophy B, 'Be
School architecture L, ^W, "Wf, 'Wh
Schools H, 'I, "Ik, 'Iu
Science and religion (nat. tlieol.) B, 'Bs
Science and religion (Bible and science)
B, 3C, sCb
Science and religion (Christian evidences)
B, 3C, "Cb, 'Cbcs
Sciences and arts L
Sciences, Natural L, 'La
Scientific instruments .L, 'La
Sculptural ornament L, ^W, *Wj, 'Wjo
Sculpture L, =W, "Wj
Sculpture, Restoration of. . .L, ''W, "Wj, 'Wjy
Sea L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mj
Seals, Carving on L, ^W, "Wj, 'Wk
Seamanship L, % ^U, "Un, 'Uej, 'Upn
Seasons L, *Le
Second advent B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Chi
Second sight B, 'Bj, 'Bk
Secret societies K, 'Kz, 'Ky
Secular architecture ^W, "Wr, 'Wh
Selections of reading Y, ^Z, 'Zz
Senses B, 'Bj
Sepulture B, 'Br, "Bt, 'Btq
Serfdom, Russian H, *Hf, 'Hi54
Sericulture S, ''R, "Rj, 'RJD
Serpent worship B, ^Be, "Bt, 'Bts
Servants L, ''R, "Ry, 'Rys
Sewerage L, ''R, ^S, "Sj, 'Skd
Sex in education H, ^K, 'Kw, 'KwE
Sexual morality B, *Bm, 'Bq
Sexual relations H, ^K, 'Kw, 'KwJ
Sexual selection L, ^M, *Mv, 'Mw
Sheep L, "R, "Rj, 'Rm
(126j
Slielf listing Zqj
Shell heaps L, "U, ^O, 'Pw
Shelving, Library Zpu
Shipbuilding L, =1!, ^U, "Un, ^Uu
Ship canals L, m, ^S, ■'Sl, 'Ss
Ship railroads L, "K, ^S, ^Sy, 'Sys
Ships L, "E, ^r, 4xj]sr, svu
Shipwrecks L, Hi, ^U, "Un, 'Ux
Shoemaking L, =E, ^T, ^Tg
Shorthand Y, 'Z, ^Zd, ''Zds
Sieges L, =E, ^U, 'Ub
Sight L, "Lh, sLk
Signal (not weather) service. L,°E, ^U, ^Uf, 'Ufs
Silk manufacture L, =E, ^'l\ ^Tc ^Ts
Silkworms L, =1!, *E j, ^E JD
Silver (metallurgy) I,, =E, "Ed, ^Uf
Silver (minine) L, =E, ■'Ed
Silver (polit. econ.) H, "Hk, 'Hm
Silversmith's work L, ''W, ■'Ws, ^Wx
Simony B, ^C. ^Cp
Simoon L, ^M, ■'Mc, 'Mg, ""Mhn
Sin B, 3C, *Cc, 5Cr, '■Cgc
Singing L, -V, =Vx
Sirocco L, ''M, 'Mc, 'Mg, ''Miin
Sisterhoods B, ^D, 'Db
Skating L, "V, =Vh
Skepticism, (philosophy) B, ^Bfs
Skin L, ^Q, 'Qx
Skins L, "^E, "E.!, 'Rps
Slavery H, "Uf, 'Hi
Slavery in the U. S H, *Hf, ''Hi a
Sleep. L,-Q,5QAC(.nd Q,E,and (in Psychology) Bj
Snakes L, =^M, ^O, =Pd
Snow L, =M, *Mc. ^Mg, <'Mh
Soapmaking L, ^E, ■'Es, ''Eqso
Social contract H, 'J, 'J A
Social distinctions H, ^J, 'Ja
Social ethics B, ■'Bm, ^Bq,
Social sciences H
Socialism H, ^J, '^ Jb, Mil
Societies, (general) transactions A, 'As
Societies H, ^K, 'Kx
Socinians B, 'D, 'Dl
Sociology H, ^I
Socratic philosophy B, 'Bb
Soils L, =E, "Eg, 'Rgb
Sol fa system L, =V, *Vv, =Vx
Solar system L, ■'Lk, 'Lv
Solids L, *Lh, =Lns
Solitude B, *Bm
Somnambulism B, =B.i, 'Bk
Song of Solomon B, ^0, "Cb, 'Cbk
Songs (music) L, "V, =Vz, ''Vzc
Sophists B, 'Bb
Sorcery B, *Bt, 'Bw
Soteriilogy B, ='C, *Cc, =Cf, <^Cgg
Soul B,-'Bb,=Bs
Sound L, *Lti, 'Lm
Speakers and readers (books) X, 'Xz
Special creation L, "M, -'JIv
Species, origin of L, "M, ''Mv, 'Mw
Specimens of printing Y, ^Z, 'Zh, %tT
Spectacles (shows) L, 'Y
Spectacles (for the eyes) L, ^Lk
Spectres B, ^Be, -Bt, =Bx
Spectroscopy L, 'Lu, 'Lmb
Spectrum L, -tLH, 'Lk, '■Lkl
Speeches T, 'Ypoca.l markjs
Spherical trigonometry L, ''Lb, 'Lf, "^Lfs
Spinning L, =R, n^ 'Tg, 'Tq
Spiritism B, 'Bb, -Bt, 'Bxs
Spiritual wives H, 'K, 'Kw, 'Kwt
Spoils system H, ^J, 'Jv
Sports L, '^V
Sports, Fighting L, 'V, ' V A
Sports, Outdoor L, =V, 'Vd
Springs L, =M, ■'Mc, =S[g, ""iM,!
Springs, Mineral L, -(,), -"Qm
Staif (military) L, '^E, 'U, H'f, '^Ufa
Stage. >See Theatre.
Stairs L, =1!, ^s, ^Sci, "SiiH
Stammering X, ''Xyx
Stars L, *Lk, 'Lt
State, The H, 3J,<>Ja
Statics L, ■'Lii, "^Lib
Statistics U, 'Hb
Statute law H, ='K, 'K[local markjL
Statute law (comparative).. . .H, 'K, 'Ki,, '"Km
Steam engines L, ^E, 'T, 'Ta, ''To
Steamships L, =E, ^U, ■'Un, 'Uu, 'Uus
Steel L, -E, 'T, 'Tg, 'Tk
Stellar system L, ''Ln^ 'Ls
Stereopticou L, 'Lh, 'Lk, ^Lks
Stereoscope L, ''Lii, 'Lk, ""Lks
Sterics L, ''Lii, 'Lns
Stimulants L, -Q, 'Qm
Stock exchange H, ''Hk, 'Hn, 'He
Stocks and bonds H, 'Hk, 'Hn, 'Hk
Stoic philosophy B, 'Bb
Stone (as building material) L, ^E, 'S, 'Sc
Stone age L, ^M, 'O, 'Pw, 'Pwp
Stone carving L, =W, *Wj, 'Wk
Stone cutting L, =E, 'T, 'Tg, 'Tn
Storage batteries L, 'Lj
Storms L, ^M, '•Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh
Stoves L, =^E, *T, 'Th
Strategy L, =E, ^T, 'IToA
Stratification L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mm
Streets L, ^E, 'S, ■'St, 'Su
Strength of materials L, ■'Lh, 'Lns
Strikes H, ■'Hf, 'Hg
Structural botany L, -M, ^N, 'Nb
Structural geology L, ''M, ■'Mc, 'Mn
Stuttering X, 'Xyx
Subject bibliography Y, 'Z, 'Zy, 'Zw
Submarine boats. .. .L,^E, ^U, ■'Usr, 'Uu, 'UuY
Submarine telegraph L, 'E, 'Ku
Succession (law) H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Ks
Suffrage H, 'J, 'Jo
Sun L, Lk, 'Lv, 'Lw
Sunday B, 'C, ■'Cc, 'Ck, 'Cts
Sunday opening of libraries. . . Y, 'Z, 'Zq, 'Zqe
Sunday schools B, 'C, ■'Co, 'Cx
Sunday schools. History of B, 'D, 'Dv
Supernatural , B, 'Bb
Supernatui-al beings B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bv
Superstitions B, 'Be, ''Bt, 'Ba
Surfaces for painting L, =W, "Wp, 'Wpj
Surgery L, ^Q, 'Qs
Surnames X
Surveying E, ^^G, 'Gb
Surveys E, =G, 'Gs
Suspension bridge L, "E, 'S, 'Sf
Swedenborgians B, C, "Co, 'Cr, 'Ci
Swimming L, "V, ''Vd, 'Vp
Swine L, "E, "Ej, 'Em
Sylvjfi L, =M, 'X, 'Xc, 'Nx
Symbolism, Christian L, "W, 'W13, 'W144
Synonyms X (with local list)
Syriac fathers B, 'U, ''Cc, 'Ccic, 'Cos
Syrian art L, 'W, 'W12, 'W125
Tablelands L, 'M, ''Mc, 'Mg, 'Mn
Tableaux vi vants L, "T, 'Vt, 'V ut
Tactics, Military L, =E, 'U, 'tToA
Tactics, Naval L, =R, 'U, ''UN, 'Uq
Takigraphy Y, 'Z, 'Zd, 'Zdt
Talmud B, 'C, "Oa, 'Cad
Taming of animals L, "E, ■'E.T, 'E.JA
Tanning L, 'E, E j, 'Eps. 'Ept
Tapestrv L, =W, ''Ws, 'Wu, 'WuA
(127)
Tariffs H, *Ht, niu
Taxation H, ■'Ht
Taxidermy L, =R, "Kj, =Rpv
Teaching H, ^i, t^K, 'ip
Teclmical drawing L, "W, ♦Wp, 'VVmn
Teolinology L, ^R
Technology, chemical L, ''E, *Rs, ''Rq
Teeth ....L. =Q, HJv
Telegraph L, =R, ■>Rt, Hiv
Teleology L, 'M, *Mv, ^Mxz
Telepathy B, =Bj, ''Bk
Telephone L, ""R, *Rt, 'Kv ,
Telescope L, *Lr, 'Lbl,
Temperance H, ^I, =Ib
Templars E, ^F, 'Ft
Ten commandments. .B, 'C, ■'Cb, 'Cbk, ^Cbkh
Tenure of office H, 'J, 'Jv
Terra cotta L, "W, "Wj, HVkn, HVkx
Terra cotta architecture.. . .L, =W. ''Wf, 'VVft
Terrestrial magnetism. . .L, ^51, •'Mc, -'Mg, 'Ml
Textile decorations ^,^W, "VVs, 'Wu
Textile fabrics, manufacture. . . .L, ^E, 'T, ''Ts
Textile fabrics, design, L, ''W, "Ws, 'Wu, nVuT
Theatre L, "V, ■'Vt
Theatrical biography L, ^V, *Vt, 'Vtt
Theatricals, Private L, ^V, "Vt, ''Vup
Theism B, "Ub, 'Bs
Theology, Christian B, ^C, "Cc, 'Cr
Theosophy B, ^Br, *Bt, 'Bzt
Therapeutics I^, 'Q, 'Qn
Therraics, Thermodynamics L, ■'Lh, ^Ll
Thessalonlans, Epistle to the
B, ^C, *Cb, 'Cbit, Cbwi
Thieves, Protection against L, °R. 'Uz
Thorough bass L, ^V, *Yv, 'VwA, 'Vwp
Thunder and lightning . . L, ^M, ''Mc, 'Mg, 'Mi-iw
Tides L, 'M, ■'Mo, ^Mg, 'Mjb
Time arts .L, ^R, 'Ro, '■RcH
Time superstitions B, ^Bb, ■'Bt, 'Btj, 'But
Timothy, Epistle to. . .B, 'C, "Cb, =CBtJ, 'Cbwl
Tin L, "R, ^T, 'Tm
Tithes B, 3C, sCp
Titus, Epistle to 6,^0, "Cb, 'Cbu, 'Cbwo
Tobacco (its use) H, % "Ib
Toilet L, =R, *Ry, 'Ryt
Tombs B, ^Bb, "Bt, 'Btq
Tools L, =R, =T, 5Tf
Tools, Agricultural L, ^R, 'Re, 'Rqe
Topography E, 'G, 'G-E
Tornadoes L, °M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mhp
Torpedoes, marine. .L, ^R, ^U, "Uh, 'Ut, 'Utt
Torts H, 3K, sKl, 'Kp
Torture H, 'K, =Kl, 'Ku
Town sanitation L, =R, ^S, "Sj, 'Sk
Toxicology L, ^Q, 'Qm
. Toys, Manufacture of L, "R, ^T, 'Tpx
Tractarianism 13, ^D, 'Db
Traction L, "R, ='S, "St, 'Stt
Trade H, "Hk
Trade marks L, =R, 'Rat
Trade winds L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh
Trades unions H, "Hf, 'Hg
Transit instruments L, "Lh
Transmutation (alchemy) L, "Lo, 'Lnz
Transmutation (biology) L, =^M, *Mv
Transpoi-tation (polit. econ.) H, "He, 'H.J
Transportation, Arts of L, "R, ^s, "St
Transportation of criminals H, 'I, "Ib, 'Ie
Travels E, ^G
Treaties H, 'J, Mz
Treatment of animals B, "Bm, 'By
Trent, Council of B, 'D, 'Dnt
Trial by jury H, 'K, 'Kl, 'Kits
Trials H, 'K, 'Kx, 'Kv
Triangulation E, "G, =Ge
Trigonometry L, "Lb, 'Lf
Trigonometry, Plane L, "Lb, 'Lf, 'Lfp
Trigonometry, Spherical... L, "Lb, 'Lr, 'Lfs
Trinity '. .B, 'C, "Cb, =Cf, 'Cob
Troubadours (poetry) Y, 'Y39p
Troubadours (literary history) Zy'69p
Trunks L, ^R, 'T, 'Tp
Trusses L, ni, 'S, 'Sb
Trusts (polit. econ. ) H, "Hk
Tunnels L, "R, 'S, 'Sb
Turning L, ' W, 'Wk
Type, Printing Y, % 'Zh, 'Zht
Typhoons L, "M, "Mc, 'Mo, 'Map
Understanding B, 'Bh, 'Bi
Unearned increment H, "He, =Hw, 'Hx
Ungulata L, ^M, 'O, =Pg, 'Pm
Unitarianism . .B, 'C, "Cc, 'Cf, 'Cgl and CiUN
Universal history E, '^F
Universal salvation B, 'C, 'Cf, 'Chz
Universities H, 'I, "Ik, =Il
University extension H, '1, "Ik, 'II
Unlucky days B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bu, 'But
Unseaworthy ships. L, "R, 'U, *Un, 'Uu, 'Uux
Useful arts L, ''R
Vaccination L, ^Q, 'Qh
Valleys L, "M, "Mc, 'Mq, 'Mn
Value L, ^R, "Re, 'Rex
Variation of species L, ^M, 'Mv, 'Mw
Varnishing L, =R, 'S, 'So, 'Siv
Vedas B, 'Be, "Bt, 'Bz
Vegetable manufactures L, 'R, 'T, 'To
Vegetarianism L, ^Q, 'Qn
Ventilation ...L, ^R, 'S, 'Sj
Ventriloquism L, ^V, 'Ve
Vermin, Agricultural L, ''E, "Rg, 'Rqg
Vertebrates L, ^M, 'O, 'P
Veterinary medicine L, ^R, "Rj, 'Ro
Vibration L, "Lh, 'Lim
Village communities H, 'J, '.Iw
Visible speech Y, 'Z, 'Zd, 'Zdv
Vision L, "Lh, 'Lk
Vitality L, ^M, "JIv
Vivisection B, "Bm, 'Bqt
Vocal music L, 'V, "Vv, 'Vz
Voice (in singing) L, ^V, "Vv, 'Vxv
Voice (in elocution) X, 'Xyv
Volcanic showers L, ''M, "Mc, 'Mfi, 'Mhc
Volcanoes L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Ml
Voting H, '.1, 'Jm
Wages H, "Hp
Walking L, ^V, 'Vd, 'Vh
Walls L, ''E, 'S, 'Sde
War and peace H, 'J, ' Jq
War, Art of L, "E, 'U
Watchmaking L, ^1^, 'Kc, 'RcH
Wasps L, =M, '0, 'Ot, 'Oy
Water color painting. L, ^W, *Wp, 'Wpd, 'Wph
Water power L, "R, 'S, 'Sl, 'Slx
Water spouts L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mhs
Water supply L, "R, 'S, 'Sl, 'Sm
Water ways L, % 'S, 'Sl, 'Sp
Wave motion L, "Lh, 'Lim
Wealth H, "He, 'Hw
Weather service L, ^M, "Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh
Weaving L, ^R, 'T, 'To, 'Ts
Weeds L, "R, "Rg, 'Rgg
Weight L, 'R, "Rc, 'Rcw
Weights, Atomic L, "Lo
Weights and measures L, 'E, "Ec
Wells L, =E, 'S, "Sl, 'Smw
Wheeling (cycling) L, "V, 'Vd, 'Vi
Whirlwinds L, "M, Mc, 'Mg, 'Mh
Wills, law of H, 'K. 'Ke, =Kksw
Winds L, M, «Mc» 'Mg, 'Mh
(128)
"Wit and humor
Y,sT [local mark]wond Zy [local marklw
Witclicraft B, ^Bn, ibt sBw
Woman H^ ^K, 'Kw-Kwz
Wood carving L ^W ^ Wk
Wood engraving L, =W, m'p, %q, Wqc
Woolen manufacture L, °R ''T ^Tu
Works, Doctrine of B, ^C, ■•Cc, 'Cr, ''Cqb
Worlds, Plurality of L ■'Lit
Worship. B,' •'Bk, 5Bs
Worship, Christian doctrine of
„ • ■ •. B, 'C, "Cc, ^Cf, 'Ct
Wresthng L,'V, sVa, ^Vb
Writing T, 3Z, sZd
Writing, character in V, ^z, ^Zd, ^Zdc
Writing materials T, Z, ^Zd ''Zdm
Wycliffe's version of the Bible
B, ^C, "Cb, *Cbab
"Yachts 3xj^ 4Ui^^ sxju, sp^T
Yellow day, The L, =M, "Mo, ^Mg, ^Mhc
Young men's Christian association. B, 'D, 'Du
Zeohariah, Book of. . .B. 'C, "Cb, 'Obk, "^Cbnt
Zephaniah, Book of.. .B, ^C, "Cb, =Cbk, ^Cbnw
Zoography L, =M, ^o, sQd
Zoological gardens and museums
L,=M, 'O, sQa
Zoological mythology.. . .B, Br, ■'Bt, 'Bu, *Bub
Zoological psychology
B, sBi, '^Bky, (instinct). L, "M, ^O, ^Oc
Zoology L, ^M, 30 -P
ADDENDA.
Boat building L, "R, ^u, "Un, ^Uu
Gypsies L, =M, ^O, 'Px
Home decoration L, ^W, "Ws, ^Wsh
Indians, N. Araer F. =F80, 'F801
Infantry tactics L, "R, ^U, *Uf, ^Ug
PRELIMINARIES OF EACH CLASS
Every large class, as History, Education, Science, Architecture,
has in it certain works (such as Dictionaries, Periodicals, Atlases, or
Tables) of a general character, but differing in form from the other
books. These, for practical reasons, it is well to group together ;
and it is especially desirable to give them the same mark in every
class, so that they can always be found in the same part of the
class. It is also often convenient to collect in the same neigh-
borhood the books which treat of certain general aspects of the
subject, its history, for instance, its biography, its philosophy.
And, finally, it is well to separate from the books written by
single authors, which are arranged alphabetically by their author's
names, those that are the work of several persons, in which denom-
ination come periodicals and the publications of societies, when
kept together. The nine digits prefixed to the author-marks will
conveniently mark these preliminary divisions, thus :
(129)
1 Theory of the subject
2 Bibliography of the subject
3 Biography of the subject, i. e., lives of persons connected
with it
4 History of the subject
5 Dictionaries of the subject
6 Hand-books, etc., of the subject
7 Periodicals limited to the subject
8 Societies devoted to the subject
9 Collections of works on the subject by several authors
These numbers may be added to any class-number, e. g., Y Eng-
lish literature, Y • 7 an English literary periodical ; Zq Libraries,
Zq ■ 7 The Library Journal, etc., Zq • 8 The American Library Asso-
ciation, etc. ; Y44 French literature, Y44 • 9 a collection of extracts
from French writers, or a collection of the works of several French
writers; Fn Numismatics, Fn' 7" a numismatical journal.
This use of figures is readily distinguished from that in the locay
list because the form divisions and the collections are marked by
one figure only, whereas places are marked by two or more.
My experience has been that I very seldom have occasion to
use 1; 2 and 3 I do not use at all, preferring to put all subject
bibliography in Zw, and all biography in E; 8 is used for the
Charters, Rules, Histories, Proceedings, and many of the publica-
tions of societies, but it seems to me better to break up the sets
of many societies, whose works have only the coherence of a name,
and put the volumes under their respective subjects.
The advantage of having all the issues of a publication society
together is seldom great (unless the society confines itself to one
narrow subject), and is outweighed by the convenience of finding
each work with the subject which it specially illustrates.
BISCOE DATE-LETTERS
The chronological arrangement which is often desirable may
be marked either by the use of the date in full, which I think
best in arranging a large collection of Greek or Latin classics (as
Y36-C7g-1881 = Wilkins' edition of Cicero's De oratore, Oxford,
1881-92), or by an ingenious set of date-abbreviations devised by
Mr. W. S. Biscoe. His table is as follows (I have taken the liberty
to divide the A, which he uses for Antiquity, into 26 sections) :
(130)
A B. C.
Aa Beginning to 2000
Ab 1999-1000
Ac 999-900
Ad 899-800
Ae 799-700
Af 699-600
Ag 599-500
Ah 499-450
Ai 449-425
Aj 424-400
Ak 399-375
Al 374-350
Am 349-325
An 324-300
Ao 299-275
Ap 274-250
Aq 249-225
Ar 224 - 200
As 199-175
At 174-150
Ex. The battle of Salamis 480 b.c.
Caesar slain 44 b.c.
Columbus discovers America
The Civil War in the United States M6
The battle of Gettysburg
Au
149-125
Av
124-100
Aw
99-75
Ax
74-50
Ay
49-25
Az
24-0
B
A.D.-999
C
1000-1499
D
1500-1599
E
1600-1699
F
1700-1799
G
1800-1809
H
1810-1819
I
1820-1829
J
1830-1839
K
1840-1849
L
1850-1859
M
1860-1869
N
1870-1879
1880-1889
P
1890-1899
Ah
Ay or (exact date) Aye
C492
es M6
M63 '
METHOD OF ARRANGING BIOGRAPHY
The persons whose lives are told — the subjects of the biog-
raphies — are the subdivisions in this class. The names are
indicated like authors' names, by an initial and a figure or two
from the order-table, as
E Lives Ec6 Life of Clinton
Eab2 Life of Abbot Ecy Life of Cooper
Eb39 Life of Beecher Eem3 Life of Emerson
The subarrangement is, as usual, by the authors' names. As
there are seldom many lives of the same person, the initial of the
author's name is usually sufficient to distinguish them, and it
(131)
EcyS
EG76
2
EG76
A
EG76
Bl
EG76
Bll
EG76 •
Elm
.EG76 •
B6
EG76 •
C
is desirable to make the author-mark short, because the class-
mark must necessarily be long. Even when there are several
lives the authors' names are not likely to have the same initial.
If they do, a figure must be added. Different lives of the same
person by the same author are distinguished by adding the initial
of the title, e. g..
Gen. Grant's Memoirs
Gen. Grant's Memoirs, 2d copy
Arnold's Life of Grant
Badeau's Grant in peace
Badeau's Life of Grant
Badeau's Military history of Grant
Boston. Memorial of Grant
Coppee's Grant
Artists
It is best in most libraries to mass the individual lives in E, and
not distribute them in various classes to which they may seem to
belong, a warrior's life in the art of war, a physician's in medicine,
a statesman's in history, an ambassador's in international law, and
so on.
The reason is that a considerable number of lives do not illustrate
any class ; others illustrate several subjects, and one does not know
under which to put them ; and, moreover, it is a great convenience
to know that a life is sure to be in one definite class, and not to have
to pause to think in what class the man belongs. There is, how-
ever, an exception to be made to this rule in the lives of artists.
These generally contain so many specimens of the works, of the
artists that they ought to be put with Art. A similar exception
may be made with the lives of Actors and of Musicians, although
there is not so strong a reason for making it.
Autobiographies
There are many autobiographies, some of them called Recol-
lections, Reminiscences, and the like, in which the life of the
author serves merely as a cord upon which to string portraits and
anecdotes of his contemporaries. Such are Cockburn's Memor-
ials of his time, Greville^s Memoirs, Capt. Gronow's Reminis-
cences, Lennox's Celebrities I have known, Raikes' Journal, Red-
(132)
ding's Fifty Years' Recollections, Crabb Robinson's Diary.
Theoretically, if classed by their subject, these belong (at least,
the extreme cases) rather in the collective biography of the coun-
try and time than in the single biography. But for practical
convenience I incline to put them in the single biography. It is
really a question of where the line of demarcation between the
two classes should be drawn. All biographies have some inform-
ation about contemporaries ; almost all of these reminiscences
contain a little of the life of the author. The public will not
usually know how great is this modicum of life, and will expect to
find the work with the single lives ; therefore I would put them
there. This is analogous to putting the correspondence of a man
(meaning letters to as well as by him), which is really a collection
of works by several authors, under his name in individual biog-
raphy (or in English literature and letters, if that placing is
adopted).
It may be objected that he who is looking for the biography of
a country and a period is defrauded by the arrangement. True,
but so he is wherever the line is, drawn. All lives, as I said
above, tell something about contemporaries. This is a difficulty
that can be removed only by the catalog. There is the same
trouble in classing the lives of persons of great historical import-
ance. W: H. Hutton's " Simon de Montfort and his cause," and
J. H. Round's " Geoffrey de Mandeville, a study of the anarchy,"
are professedly much more historical than biographical ; any one
who was familiar with them would expect to find them in history ;
yet one may hesitate to put them there.* There are many simi-
lar cases. No library is completely equipped for service unless
either
(i) the lives are distributed on the shelves according to the
subjects which they illustrate, and the catalog contains an alpha-
betical list of them all; or
(2) the lives are put on the shelves alphabetically, and each one
is entered in the catalog under the subject or subjects which it
bears upon. As these lives which illustrate several subjects —
and they are many — can be put in the catalog under every one
of their subjects, but on the shelves can appear under only one,
as therefore arrangement of biography by subject can be com-
*The French Memoires i^our servir profess to be historical, and need not to be considered
here. '
(133)
plete in the catalog and can never be complete on the shelves,
while alphabetical arrangement can be equally complete in both
cases, we do the most thorough work by using order (2).
It may be asked why this argument does not apply to the
whole library and prove that arranging all the books in one
alphabetical order on the shelves is the best, if combined with a
classed catalog. The answer is that the argument holds good
and this arrangement is best wherever the ready finding of the
works of a known author is the most pressing need of the library.
But when the ready and comfortable investigation of subjects
is of more consequence, as it is in a majority of libraries, the
convenience of a single alphabet for all the books is not so great
as the convenience of the subject shelf-order, imperfect though
that be. A few libraries, used very little for study, form an excep-
tion. In biography, however, the balance seems to incline the
other way, and the single alphabet generally gives the greater
facility of use, with exceptions in favor of subject distribution in
purely educational libraries.
A single autobiography goes, of course, with other lives of the
autobiographer.
National Arrangement
It is a doubtful question whether it is better to arrange indi-
vidual biographies of persons of all nations in a single alphabet,
or to put all the American together, and all the English, and all
the French, and so on, by the use of the local list. I prefer a
single alphabet for all. The objects of the student of English
or French, or any other history, can be attained by putting into
the catalog, or keeping in the biographical alcove, a list — which
in this case should be chronological — of all the lives that relate
to each country, a method which has the advantage over national
arrangement on the shelves, that men whose lives interest two
countries, like Wm. Penn or Carl Schurz, can be mentioned
under both.
Lives of two persons are arranged by the first. Lives of three
persons are considered to be collections.
(134)
Collections
Single lives are arranged in one alphabet for convenience of
finding. But there are collections of lives (lives of the, chief
justices, of physicians, of statesmen, of contemporaries, naval
biography, military biography, female biography, family biog-
raphy, local biography, etc?) which ought to be separated from
individual biographies.* They would naturally go in the undi-
vided class E. To arrange them alphabetically the initial of the
class of people (Lawyers, Actors, etc), with a Cutter number,
would be used as the author-mark, two books about the same
class of people being distinguished by adding the initial of the
author's name. Dictionaries, Periodicals, Societies, and General
collections would precede, as in any other class.
The arrangement then would be :
E • 5 Biographical dictionaries, not of any one country or class
of persons, e. g.,
£■5078 Cooper's Biographical dictionary
E • 5G68 Gorton's Biographical dictionary
E' 7 Biographical periodicals, general, e. g.,
E" 7B52 The biograph and review
E ■ 9 Collections of lives, general in regard to both subject and
country, e. g.,
E'9Li6 Lamartine's Memoirs of celebrated char-
acters
E • A 1 Collections, limited as to subject, but not as to country,
to \ e. g., lives of physicians, lawyers, discoverers, mer-
E • Z I chants, families (.?), etc.
These may be treated in three ways.
I. They may be put as a 'preliminary' to the classes which
the subjects illustrate, and not in class E {e.g., the physicians
in medicine, the lawyers in law, etc.). If this is done they will
have the appropriate class letter followed by a • 3, e.g.,
Kl • 3 Lives of lawyers
N • 3 Lives of botanists
Q • 3 Lives of physicians
* Under the early classifications they might be put in tlie same alphabet as the single lives;
but this is not recommended; it certainly would not do in a large library.
(135)
Any subject, however small, can include its biography marked
in this way.
2. They may be put in class E.
a. Arranged in an alphabetical list by the English names of
the classes, e. g..
E-A Artists E
E • B Botanists E
E • E Eccentric persons E
E • En Engineers E
E • F Families (?) E
I
L
M
P
S
Inventors
Lawyers
Misers
Physicians
Scientists
b. Arranged in the order of the classification by the class let-
ters, ^.^.,
Philosophers
Biblical persons
Families (?)
Travelers
Lawyers
Scientists
Botanists
Zoologists
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
•B
•Cb
•E
•G
•Kl
■L
•N
•O
•s
Engineers
The best way probably is to combine i and 2a, that is, to put
the collections of lives that very distinctly illustrate a subject
under it (as collections of lives of philosophers under Philosophy,
because they are simply the biographical history of philosophy ;
to put in Art both the collections of lives of artists and the
single lives because they usually contain many reproductions of
the artists' work) ; but to put other collections which are not so
illustrative, or have no class to which they evidently belong, under
Biography in alphabetical order, as in 2a.*
* Both in 2a and 2b it will be necessary to use a second period before the author mark, as
E • E • W Wilson and Caulfield's Book of wonderful characters.
This will allow other classes of persons whose appellation begins with E, as En Engineers^
Eng Engravers, to be marked by using the first two or the first three letters of the name, which
could not be done without confusion if the author's or the title's initial were also to be added,
immediately to the E (as E ■ Ee " Eccentric biography or sketches of remarkable characters ").
(136)
EXAMPLES OF I.
] or c 3D7 Doran's Monarchs retired from business
K" 3J3 Jeaff reason's Book about lawyers
Kw ■ 3Ed9 Edwards' Life studies of famous women
L • 3Arl Arago's Biographies of distinguished scientific men
Lnz" 3WI Waite's Lives of alchemystical philosophers
Q "31-19 Hutchinson's Biographia medica
The following classes of biography have special marks pro-
vided for them in the classification : Artistic WIO, Bible Cbe,
New Testament Cbt, Old Testament Cbj, Christian Fathers Cci,
CcN, Ccu, Military UIO, Musical VwlO, Naval UnIO, Theatri-
cal Vu. Lives of kings and queens regnant may go with the
history of the. country ruled.
The subject collections will be followed by
Eii
^0
Collections, limited as to country but not as to subject
/. e.. Local biography, which will be arranged by the
E99 local list, e. g.,
J
E45 ■ 5St Stephen's Dictionary of national biog.
E45 ■ F95 Fuller's Worthies of England
ES3"5A1 Allen's American biographical dic-
tionary
E83 • 9Sp Sparks's Library of American biography
Finally come collections limited both by subject and country
(as English merchants, French generals, Dutch navigators, Ger-
man scholars). These may be treated in six ways.
3. They may be put with the subjects throughout the classifi-
cation, and not in E.
a. Not separated from the collections, so that Kl • 3 would
include lives of lawyers and lives of English lawyers.
b. Separated by the local list, thus : —
Kl • 3 ■ Lives of lawyers
Kl-339* Lives of French lawyers
Kl-345' Lives of English lawyers
Kl- 383 • Lives of American lawyers
4. They may be put in class E.
(137)
a. Arranged with the alphabetical subject divisions in one
alphabet, as
E ■ B Botanists, general and English
b. In the same order but separated by the local list, e. g.,
E ■ B' Botanists
E ■ B45 • English botanists
c. Arranged in the order of the classification and marked by
the subject letter alone, as
E • N Botanists, general and English
d. In the same order but separated by the local list, as
E • N • Botanists
E " N45 • English botanists
As before, the best plan is a mixture of i and 2. Whether
the local list should be used depends on the size of the library,
or of the part of it under consideration.
GENEALOGY, FAMILIES
Genealogy is either the pedigree of one man, in which case it
should go with his life, or the history of a family or of a collec-
tion of families. The latter, if it comprise the families of a town,
goes in local biography ; if it is a collection of noble or sovereign
families, has its place in Peerages (Fw). Other family biography,
wherever it is put, should be arranged alphabetically by the names
of the families. It may be treated as suggested in 2a or as in
2b, and in either case the name of the family would take the
place of the author-mark, e. g.,
E • F ■ B45 Bergen family
or
E-E-Ed23 Eddy family
This would give a single alphabet of families, which is recom-
mended for the same reasons that favor a single alphabet of
individuals.
But if any one objects to put Families among classes like
Artists, Botanists, etc., they can be put (with a • 3) among the
"preliminaries" of the class, e.g.,
E ■ 3C95 Cushman genealogy
E ■ 3Sel Sears genealogy
(138;
THE CUTTER AUTHOR-MARKS;
WHY AND HOW THEY ARE USED.*
It has been found convenient by librarians to arrange some
classes of books alphabetically. In Biography, for instance, if
the books stand on the shelves in the order of the names of the
persons whose lives they treat of, one knows that Adams will be
at the beginning of the class and Washington at the end and
Jefferson somewhere near the middle ; and one can go to the
shelf, and get the life one wants, without having to consult a
catalog first, which makes a saving, not only of time, but of
eyes and patience. Moreover, one will find all the lives of
Washington standing side by side, which often will not happen
on any other plan. In Fiction such an arrangement, either by
authors' names or by titles, is almost a necessity. In Poetry
and the Drama also it is useful ; and, in fact, in every class it is
better than an arrangement by sizes, which merely makes the
shelves look a little more orderly, or by accession-number, which
has no advantage at all.
But it is also found that the books must have some marks on
the back to keep them in order. The binders' titles will not do,
because they often do not contain the word by which the book
should be arranged ; and when they do, the arranger cannot
always see at a glance which of several words is the one to
arrange by. Moreover, we want some brief mark peculiar to
each book, and not belonging to any other copy, by which
to charge the volume to the borrower. Therefore I letter on
the lower part of the back of each book : —
1. In one line, the letters or figures that denote its class and
sub-class.
2. In another line, the initial of the author's name, followed
by certain figures (to be explained later on) ; this line stands for
the author's name.
3. In another line, the initial of the title (used only when
there are two works by the same author in the same sub-class).
4. In the same line, when there is more than one copy of the
*Some preliminary discussions on this subject may be found in Libya ly jonnial, 3: 24S.
302, 333; 4: 38-47.
(139)
same work, I put 2 for the second copy, 3 for the third, if there
is one, and so on.
Example in Knglish Fictio}t.
Class Class, Class,
and author author,
author. and title. title
and copy
Yf Yf Yf
.D36 .D36 .D36
r r4
Defoe's Defoe's Robinson
Novels. Robinson Crusoe,
Crusoe. 4th copy.
Books on the shelves are kept alphabeted by authors by mark-
ing them with the initial of the author's family name * followed
by one or more decimal figures assigned according to g, table so
constructed that the names whose initials are followed by some
of the first letters of the alphabet have the first numbers, and
those in which the initials are followed by later letters have
later numbers.
E. g., Gardiner, g16. Gore, g66.
&'j
Gerry, g36. Graham, g76.
Gilman, g42. Grote, g89.
Glover, g51. Guizot, g94.
If the books are arranged in the order of these numbers, of
course they will be in alphabetical order.
To use the table :
1. Find the first few letters of the author's name in the table ;
the figures following added to the initial are the mark,
E.g., for the name Holmes the table gives Holm 73, the mark is h73. Lowell
(Low 95) has l95, Tenney (Ten 'lb) t25. Hu.Kley is h98, Macaulay is m11,
Thackeray t32.
* In the case of authorless books (anonymous works, periodicals, government publications, etc.),
the alphabetical order is determined by the heading adopted for cataloging according to Cutter's
Rules for a dictionary catalog. British noblemen (except Lord Bacon) should be arranged by their
titles, and well known pseudonyms (as Geo. Eliot, Mark Twain, George Sand) should be used
instead of the real names. In biography the name of the subject of the life should be used
instead of the name of the author.
In the table at present published, (which can be had of the Library Bureau,) the consonants
are followed by only two figures. One is preparing for use in large collections of novels or
lives, in which the subdivision is carried ten times as far by adding another figure.
(140)
In printing a catalog the printer should be cautioned not to use the old style
figures (i, 2, 3, 4, etc.), in which the figure i is the same as the "small capital"
letter I.
2. Of names beginning with A, E, I, O, (J, and S, the first
two letters are to be used instead of the initial, and of names
beginning with Sc three letters are to be used.*
E. g., Abbot is ab2, Edwards ei>9, Ives iv3, Olney oi.d, Upton upl, Semmes
se5, Scammon sca5, Schopenhauer sch6.
In this way fewer marks are used for the same amount of distinction.
3. If the first letters of the name do not occur in the table
take the letters next previous in the alphabetical order.
E. g., there is no Dot in the table ; for Dotten, therefore, we take the number
of Dos, which gives d74 ; for Pecksniff the number of Peb ; for Manners the
number of Mam.f
4. If the number found is already in use, annex another
decimal.
E. g., if one wishes to insert Harrison between Harris h'24 and Harsnet h26,
a third figure makes Harrison h242, Harrisse h245, Harry h249. If, again,
there is a Harrison, Alfred, h242, Harrison, James, may be numbered with a
fourth figure h2424, Harrison, John, h2425, Harrison, Robert, h2427, and so
on. This can be carried to any extent.
In making such insertions it is necessary to consider in what part of the gap
the new name will best go, so as to leave room on one side or the other for
future insertions. For instance, between Bal 18 and Bald 19 there may come in
all the names beginning with Bala, Balb, Bale. There are nine numbers, which
we might divide thus : Bala 1-3, Balb 4-6, Bale 7-9. Then Balba would be
b184, and Balbo b185, Balbuena b18G, Balcarres b187, Balch b188. If Balboa
should come in it would go between iil85 and b186, i. e. b1853. I do not make
it b1851, wishing to leave room for another Balbo. Except in very large classes
like Fiction or Biography one rarely gets to the fourth figure. But bad judg-
ment in choosing the third figure may hasten the need of adding a fourth.
* For the vowels and S another table hns been made, in which the initials only are used
(Abbot A12, Ives I9). In this A and S are worked out to the third figure.
t Mr. R: ]31iss writes : " I find it useful to add at once another figure (=3 figs.) whenever
the author-table does not give a figure for any combination (as in the above case). It saves
trouble later," A 3-figure table is in preparation, by Miss K. E. Sanborn.
(141)
Avoid using the number 1 as long as other numbers are vacant, because when
it is once used nothing can be inserted before it ; one cannot put, for instance,
anything between 22 and 221. Zero is not used because it might be mistaken
for the letter o of a worli-mark; otherwise 220 would come between 22 and 221
5. The figures are to be considered as decimals, and arranged
on the shelf in the order h2, h21, h211, h211], h2112, h22, h23,
h233, h24, h3, and so on.
That is, all the numbers beginning with 2 come before a number beginning
with 3, and all the numbers beginning with 21 before any beginning with 22,
and all beginning with 221 before any beginning with 222 ; just as in a diction-
ary all the words beginning with ab come before words beginning with ac and
all the aca words come before the acb words.
Some persons are apprehensive that this decimal arrange-
ment will be hard to use, or at least hard to teach to stupid
assistants and (when the public are allowed to go to the shelves)
to a public unwilling to take the trouble to comprehend. It may
be so sometimes ; I can only say that I have never had any
difficulty with anyone, boy or girl, man or woman, when the
arrangement was explained as it is above. But if this is con-
sidered a serious objection to the use of these author-marks, the
difficulty can be entirely avoided by using two figures with the
initial in all cases, treating them as ordinals, and when two
names are to be represented by the same combination, so that
subdivision becomes necessary, starting a new series of ordinals
either from i to 9 or from 1 1 to 99, by putting a point after the
first two figures, e.g. H21.1, or H21.11. The stupidest attendant
could not fail to comprehend the order H34, H34.1, H34.2,
H34.3, H34.4, and so on. As it would be awkward to use two
decimal points (H34.2.1, H34.2.2), it would be well to use two
figures after the decimal point in very large collections, as Fiction
and Biography, thus, H34, H34.11, H34.12, H34.13, etc.
Of course this method does not allow infinite intercalation.
A time will come when some new name cannot be inserted in its
proper order, because its number is already occupied. But a
notation consisting of an initial followed by four characters pro-
vides places for so many names that this misfortune will not
(142)
occur soon or frequently. And when it does occur the ap-
proximate alphabetic arrangement that will here and there
result is very much better than no alphabetic order at all.
Further marks :
6. On the shelves three alphg-betical series should be made,
O including all books 25 cm. high or less, Q between 25 and 30,
F over 30. These will be indicated by the sign that separates
the class mark from the author-and-book mark, • for O and
smaller sizes, + for Q, || for F.
In small libraries it is best to make only one series of books under each
division ; the few books that are too large for the shelves can be turned down
very large books can be kept in some separate case. But in a library of size
and especially in a library that has many old books, there are likely to be so
many quartos and folios that provision must be made to keep them by them-
selves, and yet in juxtaposition with the smaller books of their class.
It is well always to mark the books for Q and F with the distinctive marks,
but these two sizes may often be mixed advantageously in a single alphabet on
the shelves, especially where there are only one or two folios with many quartos
or one or two quartos with many folios.
The three size-marks are for marking the catalog and the back of the title-
page ; they are not used in lettering the backs of the books ; in a majority of
cases the books' size is sufficiently shown to the attendant who puts them up by
the fact that a Q book will not go on an O shelf.
7. In numbering Q and F books a single figure will usually be
enough, because there will generally be few books of those sizes
in any class, and therefore fewer marks are needed to distinguish
them ; often the initial alone would be enough in F.
8. Different books by the same author in the same class are
distinguished by work-marks consisting of the first letter or
letters of the catch-title.
E. g. Dickens's Chimes d55c, Christmas carol d55ch. Cricket on the hearth
d55cr, David Copperfield d55d, Dombey and son d55do. (See p. 147.)
9. Other copies or other editions are noted by adding 2 or 3
or 4, as the case may be, to the work-mark.
E.g., another edition of Dombey and son d55do2.
(143)
10. The special mark for translations, for use in large libra-
ries or in large special collections in a small library, is the initial
of the language, a capital letter added (after a size-mark) to the
author-mark.
E.g., Goethe's dramatische Werke '05.5
" Dramatic works -gSS'E
" CEuvres dramatiques 'gSS'F
" Faust '055 F
" Faust, in English '055 f*E
II. If there are several translations distinguish, them by adding
the initial of the translator's name to the language-mark.
E.g., Faust, in the original '055 f
" English byAustin 'cSSF-Ea
" " " Bernays -GSSF'Eb
" " " Blackie 'oSSF-Ebl
" " " Bowen -oSSF-Ebo
" " " Brooks 'cSSF-Ebr
" French " Blaze de Bury 'aSSF-Fb
" Italian " Maffei •G55F'Im
These marks are long. But it must be remembered that the need for such
marks does not occur at all in a small collection of books and very rarely in a
large one. Moreover if anyone wants to avoid them altogether, he can do so
by giving up the exact arrangement of versions and simply numbering texts and
translations in numerical order as they are received, which is just as well where
there is no access to the shelves and almost as well even where there is, until
the number of editions and translations becomes very large, as is the case with
the classics in a college library, and with Shakespeare, Goethe, and Dante
in any large general library.
12. In Biography, which is to be arranged by names of the
subjects of the lives, distinguish different authors by adding
their initials.
E.g., Chadwick's Defoe '0360
Morley's Defoe "DBGm
Wilson's Defoe 'd-SGw
13. When, in a large collection, the number of editions of a
single work exceeds or is likely to exceed 9, the different editions
may be distinguished by adding the year of publication (usually
(144)
of the first volume, if there are more than one) instead of a
number 2, 3, or 4.
E;. g., Paradise lost, ed. of 1667 •im64p' 1667
" " reprint of same •m64p' 1667-2
" ed. of 17:W •m64p- 1732
" ed. of 1754 •m64p' 1754
Paradise regained •m64r
For economy of marks one miglit use the Biscoe date-letters instead of the
date in figures ; but I think that in general the superior intelligibility of the full
date makes up for the greater length of the mark.
14. If it is desired to keep a commentary on any work im
mediately after the work add to the work-mark a capital 'Y and
(if necessary) the initial of the commentator. For dictionaries
and concordances add 'Z.
E.g., Frehse's Worterbuch zu Renter's sammtlichen Werken would be 'rSI'Z
Clarke's Shakspere concordance (in a library which has no special mark for
Shakspere) 'shI'ZcS.
The various marks then are :
Class as Y
Size as ', + , ||
Author as D55 ■
Work as D
Copy or Edition as 2, 3, 4
" " " when very many as 1887
Translation (if into English) 'E
Other copies of Translation as '£2, '£3
Translation by another hand as (d being initial of
translator's name) 'Ed
Commentary or other illustrative work 'Y
Dictionary *^
Another . . as (p being initial of author of dictionary) 'Zp
jie" A table carried one figure farther is preparing. One
has already been made, by Miss K. E. Sanborn, in which
three fio-ures are given with the letters A and S.
(i4S)
Example showing how to treat a vokiminous author so as to
avoid long work-marl
cs :
MRS. M. O. W. OLIPHANT
(Her mark
is Ol35, so that Agnes would be OL35 ag)
a
Adam Gra;me
ho
House divided
0-
Odd couple
ag
Agnes
i
In trust
ol
Old Lady Mary
ah
Agnes Hopetoun
in
Innocent
om
Ombra
at
At his gates
it
It was a lover
op
Open door
b
Beleaguered city
J
John
P
Perpetual curate
br
Brownlows
jo
Joyce
ph
Phoebe junior
c
Caleb Field
k
Kirsteen
Pr
Primrose path
ca
Carita
1
Ladies Lindores
q
Quiet heart
ch
Chronicles of Carling-
la
Lady Car
r
Railway man
ford
lb
Laird of Nordlaw
re
Rector
CO
Country gentlemen
Ic
Last of the Mortimers
ro
Rose in June
cu
Cuckoo in the nest
li
Liliesleaf
s
Salem Chapel
cv
Curate in charge
lu
Lucy Crofton
se
Second son
d
Days of my life
m
Madam
si
Sir Tom
di
Diana
ma
Madonna Mary
so
Son of the soil
du
Duke's daughter
mag
Magdalen Hepburn
sq
Squire Arden
e
Efifie Ogilvie
mb
Margaret Maitland
st
Stories of the seen
f
For love and life
mc
Marriage of Elinor
su
Story of Valentine
fu
Fugitives
md
May
t
Three brothers
g
Greatest heiress
me
Merkland
w
Whiteladies
h
He that will not
mi
Minister's wife
wi
Within the precinct
he
Heir presumptive
mj
Miss Marjoribanks
wj
Wizard's son
hf
Henry Jocelyn
mr
Mrs. Arthur
y
Young Musgrave
hg
Hester
n
Neighbours
2
Zaidee
It will be seen that prolific as Mrs. Oliphant is, it is possible
to mark all her works (with one exception) without going beyond
the second letter. This, however, is on the supposition that the
library has all of Mrs. Oliphant's novels when it assigns the let-
ters, or at least that the classifier has a list of them so that he
can mark what he has so as to leave room for the others. This,
of course, cannot be in the case of an author who is still writing.
Suppose that Mrs. Oliphant should take " Acte " for her next
title. We should either have to alter the mark of Adam Greeme
to ad (which can easily be done in a card catalog, but not in a
printed catalog), or to let Acte come in out of order as ac But
if the next title should be " The saints' comedy," it could be
brought before Salem Chapel, which already has the s, only by
marking it rz. A little contrivance like this will get one out of
many difficulties; but when the library buys the successive novels
of an author as they appear, if they are numerous, it will here and
there get into violations of order, or use such long marks to escape
disorder, that it must in time seize the opportunity to renumber
these books which will be given by reprinting its catalog.
(146)
It is sometimes necessary when one has a pressure of names
in any part of the alphabet to make a little supplementary table,
so as to arrange them systematically. Thus if one had a num-
ber of names beginning with Saint or Sainte, the following
would serve.
Sa Sa
>ai
to
Sai ^ f Sa 2
Saint E
Sa 23
Sainte
Sa 27
Saint I
Sa24
Sainu
Sa28
Saint N
Sa25
Sais
Sa29
Saint S
Sa26
Sal
Sas
Sains ) ( Sa 21
Saint A Sa 22
MARKINGS OF SOME VOLUMINOUS AUTHORS.
No novel is included unless some other novel by the same
author begins with the same initial.
AiNSwORTH, W. H. c Cardinal Pole, ch Chetwynd Calverley, co Constable de Bour-
bon, cp Constable of the tower, cr Crichton, 1 Lancashire witches, lo Lord mayor,
m Manchester rebels, me Merry England, my Myddleton, o Old Court, ov Ovingdean,
s Saint James's, so South Sea bubble, sp Spanish match, sq Spendthrift, st Stanley
Brereton, su Star-chamber, t Talbot Harland, to Tower Hill.
Alcott, L. M. 1 Little men, li Little women, lu Lulu's library, m Modern Mephis-
topheles, mo Moods, s Silver pitchers, sp Spinning wheel stories.
CoLLixs, W": W. a After dark, al Alicia, an Antonina, b Basil, bl Black robe,
bn Blind love, d The dead alive, de Dead secret, f Fallen leaves, fr Frozen deep,
g Ghosts' touch, gu Guilty river, h Haunted hotel, he Heart and science, hi Hide and
seek, 1 Law and lady, le Legacy of Cain, m Man and wife, mi Miss or Mrs., mo Moon-
stone, my My lady's money, mz ]\Iy miscellanies, n New Magdalen, no No name,
p Percy, po Poor Miss Finch.
Cooper, J: F. h Headsman, he Heidenmauer, ho Home as found, hp Homeward
bound, j Jack Tier, ja Jack o' lantern, le Last of the Mohicans, li Lionel, m Mercedes,
mi Miles, mo Monikins, p Pathfinder, pi Pilot, pj Pioneers, pr Prairie, ps Precaution,
r Red rover, re Redskins, s Satanstoe, se Sea lions, sp Spy, w Water-witch, wa Ways
of the hour, we Wept of Wish-Ton- Wish, wi Wing and wing, wy Wyandottfe.
Craik, G. M. d Daughter of the people, di Diana, do Dorcas, 1 Leslie Tyrrell, lo
Lost and won, m Mark Denison's charge, mi Mildred, mj Miss Moore, mr Mrs. HoUyer,
t Two tales, tw Two women, w Winifred, wi Without kith or kin.
Dickens, C : b Barnaby Rudge, ba Battle of life, bl Bleak house, c Christmas books,
ch Christmas carol, ci Christmas stories, d David Copperfield, do Dombey and son,
h Hard times, ha Haunted man, 1 Lamplighter's story, la Lazy tour, li Little Dorritt,
m Martin Chuzzlewit, ma Master Humphrey's clock, me Message from the sea,
mr Mrs. Lirriper's lodgings, mu Mudfog papers, mv Mugby junction, my Mystery of
Edwin Drood, Oliver Twist, ou Our mutual friend, p Pickwick club, po Poor traveller,
s Sketches, sk Sketches of young couples, t Tale of two cities, to Tom Tiddler's
ground.
Disraeli, B. c Coningsby, co Contarini Fleming, t Tales, ta Tancred, v Venetia,
vi Vivian Grey, vo Voyage of Capt. Popanilla.
Dumas, A. a Abbaye de Peyssac, ac Act^, ai Ainsi soit-il, am Amaury, an Ange
Pitou as Ascanio, av Aventure d'amour, aw Aventures de John Davis, ax Aventures
(147)
de Lyderic, b Le batard de Mauleon, bk Black, bl Blanche de Beaulieu, bm Les blancs
et les bleus, bn Labouillie, bo La boule de neige, br Bric-k-brac, c Un cadet de famille,
ca Le capitaine Pamphile, cb Le capitaine Paul, cc Le capitaine Richard, cd Catherine
Blum, ce Causeries, cf C^cile, eg Charles le Tdmdraire, ch Le chasseur de Sauvagine,
ci Le chateau d'Eppstein, cj Le chevalier d'Harmental, ck Le chevalier de Maison
Rouge, cl Le collier de la reine, cm La colombe, en Les compagnoiis de Jdhu, co Le
comte de Monte-Cristo, cp La comtesse de Charny, cq La comtesse de Salisbury,
cr Les confessions de la marquise, cs Conscience, d La dame de Monsoreau, da La
dame de volupt^, de Le dernier roi des Frangais, df Les deux Diane, dg Les deux
reines, di Dieu dispose, dr Les drames de la mer, ds Les drames galants, f La femme
au collier de velours, fe Fernande, fi Une fille du regent, fj Le fils du forgat, fr Les
frferes corses, g Gabriel Lambert, ge Georges, gi Un Gil-Bias en Californie, gu La
guerre des femmes, h Histoire d'un casse noisette, hi Histoire d'une colombe, ho L'horo-
scope, i L'lle de feu, in Ingenue, is Isaac de Lacquedem, it Isabel de BaviSre, j Jane,
je Jehanne la Pucelle, 1 Madame de Chambla}-, m Madame de Cond^, ma La maison
de glace, mb Maitre Adam, mc Le maitre d'armes, md Les mariages du pfere Olifus,
me M^moires d'un aveugle, mf Mdmoires d'un m^decin, mg Le meneur de loups, mi Les
mille et un fantdmes, mo Les Mohicans de Paris, mp Monsieur Coumbes, n Nanon de
Lartigues, o Olympe de Clfeves, ot Othon I'archer, p Le page du due de Savoie, pa
Pascal Bruno, pb Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, pc Pauline, pe Le pfere Gigogne, pf Le pfere
La Ruine, pr Praxfede, ps Le prince des voleurs, pt La princesse Flora, r La reine
Margot, ro Robin Hood, rp Le roman d'une femme, rq La route de Vincennes, s La
salteador, sa Salvator, sb La San-Felice, so Souvenirs d'Antony, st Les Stuarts,
su Sultanetta, sy Sylvandire, t Le testament, tr Les trois mousquetaires, ts Le trou de
I'Enfer, tu La tulipe noire, v Le vicomte de Bragelonne, va La vicomtesse de Cambes,
ve Une vie d'artiste, Vi vingt ans apr^s, vj Vie et aventures de la princesse de Monaco.*
Edwardes, Annie, a Archie Lovell, at At the eleventh hour, b A ball-room repent-
ance, bl A blue-stocking, o Ordeal for wives, ou Ought we to visit her, p Pearl powder,
pi A play-wright's daughter, v A vagabond heroine, vi Vivian the beauty.
Edwards, Amelia B. m Miss Carew, mo Monsieur Maurice, my My brother's
wife.
Edwards, Matilda B. d Doctor Jacob, dr Dream of millions, f Flower of doom, fo
For one and the world, fp Forestalled, n Next of kin, no North country cousin, p Part-
ing of the ways, pe Pearla.
Eliot, G: m Middlemarch, mi Mill on the Floss, s Scenes of clerical life, si Silas
Marner.
Galt, J: a Annals of the parish, ay Ayrshire legatees, e Eben Erskine, en Entail,
r Ringan Gilhaize, ro Rothelan, s Sir Andrew Wylie, sp Spae-wife, st Stanley Buxton,
su Steamboat, sv Stories of the study.
Gaskell, Mrs. E.. C. c Cousin Phillis, cr Crawford, 1 Lizzie Leigh, lo Lois the
witch, m Mary Burton, my My lady Ludlow, r Right at last, ro Round the sofa,
ru Ruth.
Hawthorne, N. d Doctor Grimshaw's secret, do Dolliver romance, m Marble faun,
mo Mosses from an old manse, s Scarlet letter, se Septimus Felton, sn Snow image.
James, G. P. R. a Agincourt, ar Arabella Stuart, aq Arrah Neil, b Beauchamp, br
The bride of Landeck, bs The brigand, c Charles Tyrrell, co The commissioner, cp The
convict, d Darnley, de De L'Orme, df The desultory man, f The false heir, fo Forest
days, h Heidelberg, he Henry Masterton, hf Henry of Guise, hu The Huguenot, r
* In looking over a list of novels, I notice that authors who are now writing bid fair to far outstrip the dead in
the number of their works; still there is a limit to human powers; it is not likely that anyone will try the marker
with a more embarrassing array of titles than Dumas, and the list given above shows there is no serious difficulty
In dealing with his work.
(148)
Richelieu, ro Rose Dalbret, ru Russell, s Sir Theodore Broughton, sm The smuggler,
St The step-mother, su The string of pearls.
KiNGSLEY, C : h Hereward, hy Hypatia, w Water-babies, we Westward ho !
KiNGSLEY, H: h Harveys, he Hetty, hi Hillyars and Burtons, o Oakshott castle,
ol Old Margaret.
Lever, C: b Barrington, br Bramleighs, c Charles O'Malley, co Confessions of Con
Cregan, d Daltons, da Davenport Dunn, dd Day's ride, do Dodd family abroad, h Harry
Lorrequer, ho Horace Templeton, k Kate O'Donoghue, kn Knight of the Gwinne,
1 Lord Kilgobbin, lu Luttrell of Arran, o The O'Donoghue, on One of them, r Rent in
the cloud, ro Roland Cashel, s St. Patrick's eve, si Sir Brooke Fossbrooke, sj Sir Jasper
Carew, sy Tales of the trains, t That boy of Norcott's, t Tom Burke, tp Tony Butler.
Lytton, Lord, c Caxtons, co Coming race, d Devereux, di Disowned, e Ernest
IVIaltravers, eu Eugene Aram, ev Eva, 1 Last days of Pompeii, la Last of the barons,
le Leila, lu Lucretia, p Parisians, pa Paul Clifford, pb Pausanias, pe Pelham, pi Pilgrims
of the Rhine, y Rebel, ri Rienzi, s Strange story, st Student.
Marryat, Capt. j Jacob Faithful, ja Japhet, m Masterman Ready, mi Mission,
mo Monsieur Violet, mr Mr. Midshipman Easy, p Pacha of many tales, pd Percival
Keene, pe Peter Simple, ph Phantom ship, po Poacher, pp Poor Jack, pr Privateer's-
man, s Settlers in Canada, sn Snarleyow, st Stories of the sea
MuLOCH, Miss D. M. a Adventures of a brownie, ag Agatha's husband, av Avillion,
b Brave lady, br Bread upon the waters, h Hannah, he Head of the family, hi His little
mother, 1 Laurel bush, li Life for a life, Ij little lame prince, Ik Little Sunshine's holiday,
m Miss Tommy, mi Mistress and maid, my My brother and I, o Ogilvies, ol Olive,
t Twenty years ago, tw Two marriages.
Reade, C: c Christie Johnstone, cl Cloister and hearth, cm Clouds and sunshine,
CO Course of true love, g Good stories, gr Griffith Gaunt, p Peg Wofifington, pe Perilous
secret, pu Put yourself in his place, s A simpleton, si Single heart and double face,
w Wandering heir, wo Woman hater.
Reid, Mayne. b Boy hunters, br Bruin, bs Boy slaves, bt Boy tar, bu Bush boys,
f Flag of distress, fo Forest exiles, h. Headless horseman, hu Hunter's feast, y Young
voyageurs, z Young yagers.
Sand, G. c Cdsarine Dietrich, ch Le chateau de Pictordu, ci Le chateau des ddsertes,
CO Le compagnon de tour de France, cp La comtesse de Rudolstadt, cq La confession
d'une jeune fille, cr Constance Verrier, cs Consuelo, ct Contes d'une grand mere, cu La
coupe, d La derni^re Aldini, de Les deux fr^res, f La famille de Germandre, fl Flama-
rande, fr Francois le champi, h L'homme de neige, ho Horace, j Jacques, je Jean de la
Roche, jf Jeaune, 1 Laura, le L^lia,Iu Lucrezia Floriani, m Mile Merquem, ma Mile La
Ouintinie, mb Les maitres mosaistes, mc Les maitres sonneurs, md Malgr^tout, me La
mare au diable, mf Marianne, mg Marquis de Villemer, mh Ma soeur Jeanne, mi Mau-
prat, mj Le meunier d'AngibauIt, mo Monsieur Sylvestre, mp Mont Reveche, n Nanon,
no Nouvelle lettres d'un voyageur, p Le pdch^ de M Antoine, pe La petite Fadette, pi
Pierre qui roule, pj Le piccinino, s Le secretaire intime, si Simon, t Tamaris, te Teve-
rino, to La tour de Percement, v Valentine, va "\'alvedre, vi La ville noire.
Stowe, Mrs. m Mayflower, mi Minister's wooing, my My wife and I, o Oldtown
fireside stories, ol Oldtown folks, p Pearl of Orr's Island, pi Pink and white tyranny,
po Pogannuc people.
Thackeray, Miss A. L f Five old friends, fr From an island, fu Fulham lawn,
m Miss Angel, mi Miss Williams' divinations, mr Mrs. Dymond, o Old Kensington,
ou Out of the world.
(149)
Thackeray, W; M. b Book of snobs, bu Burlesques, c Catharine, ch Christmas
books, V Vanity fair, vi Virginians.
Theoriet, a. a L'affaire Froideville, am Amour d'Automne, an L'amoureux de la
pr^fete, au Au paradis des enfants, b Bigarreau, br Le bracelet de turquoise, c Charme
dangereux, co Contes de la foret, cp Contes de la vie intime, cq Contes pour les jeunes,
f La filleul d'un marquis, ti Le fils Maugars, fo La fortune d'Angele, m Mile Guignon,
ma Mile Roche, mb La maison des deux Barbeaux, mc Le mariage de Gerard, md Les
mauvais manages, mi Michel Verneuil, n Nouvelles intimes, no Nouvelles, o Les oeil-
lets, on L'oncle Scipion, r Raymonde, re Reine des bois, t La tante Aurdlie, to Toute
seule.
Trollope, a. a Alice Dugdale, am American senator, ay Ayala's angel, b Barches-
ter towers, be Belton estate, bf Bertrams, br Brown, c Can you forgive her? ca Castle
Richmond, cl Claverings, co Cousin Henry, d Doctor Thorne, dr Dr. Whortle's school,
du Duke's children, e Editor's table, eu Eustace Diamond, ey Eye for an eye, f Fixed
period, fr Framley parsonage, fs Frau Frohmann, h Harry Heathcote, he He knew he
was right, 1 Lady Anna, la Land-leaguers, lb Last chronicle of Barset, 11 Linda Tressel,
lo Lotta Schmid, m Marion Fay, me La mfere Bauche, mi mistletoe bough, o Old man's
love, or Orley farm, p Phineas Finn, ph Phineas redux, pr Prime minister, r Rachel
Ray, ra Ralph the heir, s Sir Harry Hotspur, sm Small house at AUington, t Tales of
all countries, th Three clerks, w Warden, wa Way we live now.
Trollope, T. A. b La beata, be Beppo the conscript, d Diamond cut diamond,
dr Dream numbers, du Dunton abbey, g Garstang grange, ge Gemma, gi Giulio Mala-
testa, 1 Leonora Casaloni, li Lindisfarn Chase, s Sealed packet, si Siren, st Stilwinches.
Trowbridge, J: T. c Chance for himself, cu Cudjo's cave, d Doing his best,
dr Drummer boy, n Neighbor Jackwood, ne Neighbor's wives.
Walford, Mrs. h Havoc of a smile, he Her great idea, hi History of a week,
m Mere child, mi Mischief of Monica, mr Mr. Smith, p Pauline, pi Pinch of experience,
s Sage of sixteen, st Stiff necked generation.
Wood, Mrs. a Adam Grainger, an Anne Hereford, c Channings, co Count Nether-
leigh, e East Lynne, ed Edina, el Elster's folly, 1 Lady Adelaide's oath, li Life's secret,
lo Lord Oakburn's daughters, m Master of Greylands, mi Mildred Arkell, mr Mrs. Hali-
burton's troubles, my Mystery of Jessy Page, o Orville College, os Oswald Grayi
p Parkwater, po Pomeroy abbey, r Red Court farm, ro Roland Yorke, s Saint Martin's
eve, sh Shadow of Ashlydyat. ss Story of Charles Strange, st Story of Dorothy Grape,
t Told in the twilight, tr Trevlyn Hold.
Yonge, Miss C. M. b Beechcroft, be Beechcroft at Rockstone, by Bye-words,
c Caged lion, ca Castle builders, ch Chaplet of pearls, cl Clever woman of the family,
cr Cross roads, cu Cunning woman's grandson, d Daisy chain, da Danvers papers,
di Disturbing element, do Dove in the eagle's nest, dy Dynevor terrace, h Heartsease,
he Heir of Redcliffe, ho Hopes and fears, 1 Lads and lasses, la Lady Hester, lb Lances
of Lynwood, li Little duke, lo Love and life, m Magnum bonum, mo Modern Tele-
machus, my My young Alcides, p P's and q's, pi Pillars of the house, s Six cushions,
st Stray pearls, t Three brides, tr Trial, tw Two guardians, tx Two penniless princesses,
ty Two sides of the shield, u Under the storm, un Unknown to history.
GREEK AND LATIN AUTHORS.
The great difficulty in the use of transliteration tables is that
one can never foresee who will write books, and after one has
used the best judgment in guessing the future one may find one-
self compelled to intercalate an unexpected name in some place
where intercalation means long numbers. But there is no such
drawback to their use for the classics. One knows just how
many names one has to provide for; the roll is made up ; one can
use a minimum of figures in assigning them symbols, without
fear that any new-comer will disturb the order.
The order adopted is : i , whole works, chronologically arranged ;
2, translations of whole works alphabetically arranged by the
languages ; 3, dictionaries, commentaries, and other illustrative
works; 4, selections ; 5, single works, each with the same divis-
ions that the whole works have.
The method of marking may be shown by an example : Paley's
Frogs would be marked Y for Literature, 32 for Greek, Ay for
Aristophanes, r for Ranae, 1878 because published in that year,
or all together Y32-A7R 1878. Rogers's translation of the
Lysistrata would be l for Lysistrata, e for English, and r for
Rogers, — thus: Y32-A7l-Er.
It will be noticed that the year is written in full. Mr. Biscoe's
scheme for giving dates briefly is admirable. But it has a defect ;
it is not self-interpreting; it does not suggest its meaning, but
has to be understood by a sheer effort of memory. Therefore, in
the classics, where editions are numerous, it seems better to put
on the backs of the books a mark which everybody can under-
stand at a glance, — the usual date, i886, 1494, etc. The greater
length of the mark is compensated by its greater intelligibility on
the shelf.
As few names of languages into which the classics are likely to
be translated begin with Y or Z, I use these letters to mark the
works about a classic, putting after the Y or Z the initial of the
modern author's name. (Any translations into Yoruba, or Zulu,
or the like, I should mark X.) In this notation Z is used for dic-
tionaries, Y for commentaries and other illustrative works.
Thus Saulcy's Campagnes de Cesar dans les Gaules would be
Y36'C2G'Ys; Ernesti's Clavis Ciceroniana would be Y36'
C7 ■ Ze.
I have not thought it worth while to lengthen the list by insert-
ing a number of obscure authors of whose fragments there is, so
far as apjDears in Engelmann's " Bibliothecaclassica," no separate
edition. If by chance a librarian should have to deal with a
pamphlet about any of these, it is easy to intercalate a number.
For example : if one had Leist's program on Alanus, he would
put it between Agrippa (A 15) and Albinovanus (A 16), and would
mark it A155. Sometimes it would not be necessary to use a
third figure, as there are vacancies among the two figure marks.
In such work Engelmann should be consulted, and a number
assigned in such a way as best to accommodate the other unnum-
bered writers. In certain cases, where such intercalation would
be difficult, I have made the lists complete.
For the Fathers of the Church a special list has been prepared.
Scholia on ancient authors and modern discussions of those
scholia I should put with the authors commented upon {e.g.,
Acron's scholia under Horatius, ¥36" H5YA); but as others may
prefer to put them under the name of the scholiast when known,
I have included scholiasts in the list.
I have several times risked a slight disturbance of alphabetical
order for the sake of giving a single character to a prominent or
voluminous author. For instance, I have assigned b to Boethius-
In the improbable case that any one should have something by or
about Balbus, Basilius, Bassus, Bellisarius, Blossius, or Bocchus,
he could not get the name before Boethius unless he marked it
A99, and he would probably put it out of order as Bi.
The names of some of the more common writers are printed in
small capitals, to facilitate finding them in the list. If any one,
glancing over them, wonders why for this purpose one was taken
and another left, let him compare together the various lists that
have been published of the 100 best novels or the ten most
important authors, — he will learn that it is not easy to select.
Greek Authors (Class mark Y32;
Achaeus
Al
Alexander Aetolus
A36
Antisthenes
ASl
Achilles Tatius
AI3
Alexander Aphrod.
A363
Antoninus
A52
Aelianus
AI5
Alexander Magnus
A37
Antoninus Liberalis
AS23
Aelianus Tacticus
a16
Alexander Trallianus
A38
Aphtlionius
AS3
Aeneas Gazaeus
AI7
Ammonius
A39
Apollodorus
A 54
Aeneas Tacticus
Al8
Anacreon
-A4
Apollonius Citiensis
ASS
Aeschines
AI9
Anaxagoras
A41
ApoUonius Dyscolus
A 56
Aeschines Socraticus
AI9I
Anaximenes
A42
Apollonius Pyrgaeus
AS7
Aeschylus
A2
Andocides
A43
Apollonius Rhodius
AsS
Aesopus
A3
Andromachus
A44
Apollonius Sophista
A59
Aetius
A3I
Andronicus
A4i
Appianus
a6
Alcaeus
A32
Antliemius
A 46
Apsines
a61
Alcinous
A33
Antigonus
A47
Aratus
A 62
Alciphron
A34
Antimachu's
A48
Arcadius
A63
Alcman
A3S
Antiphon
A5
Archestratus
A64
EXAMPLES OF I.
] or c 3D7 Doran's Monarchs retired from business
K' 3J3 Jeaff reason's Book about lawyers
Kw 3Ed9 Edwards' Life studies of famous women
L • 3 Arl Arago's Biographies of distinguished scientific men
Lnz" 3WI Waite's Lives of alchemystical philosophers
Q"3H9 Hutchinson's Biographia medica
The following classes of biography have special marks pro-
vided for them in the classification : Artistic WIO, Bible Cbe,
New Testament Cbt, Old Testament Cbj, Christian Fathers Cci,
CcN, Ccu, Military UIO, Musical VwlO, Naval UnIO, Theatri-
cal Vu. Lives of kings and queens regnant may go with the
history of the country ruled.
The subject collections will be followed by
■^^^ ] Collections, limited as to country but not as to subject
to ^ i_ e., Local biography, which will be arranged by the
E99 I local list, e. g.^
E45 • 5St Stephen's Dictionary of national biog.
E45 • F95 Fuller's Worthies of England
E83'5A1 Allen's American biographical dic-
tionary
E83 • gSp Sparks's Library of American biography
Finally come collections limited both by subject and country
(as English merchants, French generals, Dutch navigators, Ger-
man scholars). These may be treated in six ways.
3. They may be put with the subjects throughout the classifi-
cation, and not in E.
a. Not separated from the collections, so that Kl • 3 would
include lives of lawyers and lives of English lawyers.
b. Separated by the local list, thus : —
Kl- 3 • Lives of lawyers
Kl-339" Lives of French lawyers
Kl- 345 • Lives of English lawyers
Kl-383- Lives of American lawyers
4, They may be put in class E.
(137'
a. Arranged with the alphabetical subject divisions in one
alphabet, as
E • B Botanists, general and English
d. In the same order but separated by the local list, e. g.,
E • B" Botanists
E • B45 • English botanists
c. Arranged in the order of the classification and marked by
the subject letter alone, as
E ■ N Botanists, general and English
d. In the same order but separated by the local list, as
E-N" Botanists
E • N45 • English botanists
As before, the best plan is a mixture of i and 2. Whether
the local list should be used depends on the size of the library,
or of the part of it under consideration.
GENEALOGY, FAMILIES
Genealogy is either the pedigree of one man, in which case it
should go with his life, or the history of a family or of a collec-
tion of families. The latter, if it comprise the families of a town,
goes in local biography; if it is a collection of noble or sovereign
families, has its place in Peerages (Fw). Other family biography,
wherever it is put, should be arranged alphabetically by the names
of the families. It may be treated as suggested in 2a or as in
2b, and in either case the name of the family would take the
place of the author-mark, e. g.,
E • F • B45 Bergen family
or
E-E'Ed23 Eddy family
This would give a single alphabet of families, which is recom-
mended for the same reasons that favor a. single alphabet of
individuals.
But if any one objects to put Families among classes like
Artists, Botanists, etc., they can be put (with a • 3) among the
"preliminaries " of the class, e. g.,
E ■ 3C95 Cushman genealogy
E ■ 3Sel Sears genealogy
(138)
THE CUTTER AUTHOR-MARKS;
WHY AND HOW THEY ARE USED.*
It has been found convenient by librarians to arrange some
classes of books alphabetically. In Biography, for instance, if
the books stand on the shelves in the order of the names of the
persons whose lives they treat of, one knows that Adams will be
at the beginning of the class and Washington at the end and
Jefferson somewhere near the middle ; and one can go to the
shelf, and get the life one wants, without having to consult a
catalog first, which makes a saving, not only of time, but of
eyes and patience. Moreover, one will find all the lives of
Washington standing side by side, which often will not happen
on any other plan. In Fiction such an arrangement, either by
authors' names or by titles, is almost a necessity. In Poetry
and the Drama also it is useful ; and, in fact, in every class it is
better than an arrangement by sizes, which merely makes the
shelves look a little more orderly, or by accession-number, which
has no advantage at all.
But it is also found that the books must have some marks on
the back to keep them in order. The binders' titles will not do,
because they often do not contain the word by which the book
should be arranged ; and when they do, the arranger cannot
always see at a glance which of several words is the one to
arrange by. Moreover, we want some brief mark peculiar to
each book, and not belonging to any other copy, by which
to charge the volume to the borrower. Therefore I letter on
the lower part of the back of each book : —
1. In one line, the letters or figures that denote its class and
sub-class.
2. In another line, the initial of the author's name, followed
by certain figures (to be explained later on) ; this line stands for
the author's name.
3. In another line, the initial of the title (used only when
there are two works by the same author in the same sub-class).
4. In the same line, when there is more than one copy of the
*Some preliminary discussions on tiiis subject may be found in Library journal, 3: 2-J8,
302, 333; 4: 38-47.
(139)
same work, I put 2 for the second copy, 3 for the third, if there
is one, and so on.
Examfh- in English Ficlicm.
Class Class, Class,
and author author,
author. and title. title
and copy
Yf Yf Yf
.D36 .D36 -036
r r4
Defoe's Defoe's Robinson
Novels. Robinson Crusoe,
Crusoe. 4* copy.
Books on the shelves are kept alphabeted by authors by mark-
ing them with the initial of the author's family name * followed
by one or more decimal figures assigned according to a table so
constructed that the names whose initials are followed by some
of the first letters of the alphabet have the first numbers, and
those in which the initials are followed by later letters have
later numbers.
E. g., Gardiner, g16. Gore, g66.
Gerry, g36. Graham, g76.
Gilman, g42. Grote, g89.
Glover, g51. Guizot, g94.
If the books are arranged in the order of these numbers, of
course they will be in alphabetical order.
To use the table :
1. Find the first few letters of the author's name in the table ;
the figures following added to the initial are tlie mark.
E.g., for the name Holmes the table gives Holm 73, the mark is h73. Lowell
(Low 95) has l95, Tenney (Ten '.^5) t2.5." Huxley is h98, Macaulay is Mil,
Thackeray t32.
*In the case of authorless books (anonymous works,periodicals, government publications, etc.),
the alphabetical order is determined by the heading adopted for cataloging according to Cutter's
Rules for a dictionary catalog. British noblemen (except Lord Bacon) should be arranged by their
titles, and well known pseudonyms (as Geo. Eliot, Mark Twain, George Sand) should be used
instead of the real names. In biography the name of the subject of the life should be used
instead of the name of the author.
In the table at present published, (which can be had of the Library Bureau,) the consonants
are followed by only two figures. One is preparing for use in large collections of novels or
lives, in which the si^bdivision is carried ten times as far by adding another figure.
(140)
In printing a catalog tlie printer should be cautioned not to use the old style
figures (i, 2, 3, 4, etc.), in which the figure i is the same as the "small capital"
letter i.
2. Of names beginning with A, E, I, O, U, and S, the first
two letters are to be used instead of the initial, and of names
beginning with Sc three letters are to be used.*
E. g.. Abbot is AE"2, Edwards ed9, Ives iv3, OIney ol6, Upton upI, Semmes
se5, Scammon sca5, Schopenhauer sch6.
In this way fewer marks are used for the same amount of distinction;
3. If the first letters of the name do not occur in the table
take the letters next previous in the alphabetical order.
E. g., there is no Dot in the table ; for Dotten, therefore, we take the number
of Dos, which gives d74 ; for Pecksniff the number of Peb ; for Manners the
number of Mam.t
4. If the number found is already in use, annex another
decimal.
E. g., if one wishes to insert Harrison between Harris h24 and Harsnet h25,
a third figure makes Harrison h242, Harrisse h245, Harry h249. If, again,
there is a Harrison, Alfred, h242, Harrison, James, may be numbered with a
fourth figure h2424, Harrison, John, h2425, Harrison, Robert, h2427, and so
on. This can be carried to any extent.
In making such insertions it is rfecessary to consider in what part of the gap
the new name will best go, so as to leave room on one side or the other for
future insertions. For instance, between Bal 18 and Bald 19 there may come in
all the names beginning with Bala, Balb, Bale. There are nine numbers, which
we might divide thus : Bala 1-3, Balb 4-6, Bale 7-9. Then Balba would be
b184, and Balbo b185, Balbuena b186, Balcarres b187, Balch b188. If Balboa
should come in it would go between b185 and b186, i. e. b1853. I do not make
it b1851, wishing to leave room for another Balbo. Except in very large classes
like Fiction or Biography one rarely gets to the fourth figure. But bad judg-
ment in choosing the third figure may hasten the need of adding a fourth.
*For the vowels and S another table has been made, in which the initials only are used
(Abbot A12, Ives I9). In this A and S are worked out to the third figure.
t Mr. R: Bliss writes : " I find it useful to add at once another figure (=3 figs.) whenever
the author-table does not give a figure for any combination (as in the above case). It saves
trouble later." A 3-figure table is in preparation, by Miss K. E. Sanborn.
(141)
Avoid using the number 1 as long as other numbers are vacant, because when
it is once used nothing can be inserted before it ; one cannot put, for instance,
anything between '2'2 and li'2l. Zero is not used because it miglit be mistaken
for the letter o of a work-mark ; otherwise 220 would come between 22 and 221
5. The figures are to be considered as decimals, and arranged
on the shelf in the order h2, h21, h211, h2111, h2112, h22, h23,
h233, h24, h3, and so on.
That is, all the numbers beginning with 2 come before a number beginning
with 3, and all the numbers beginning with 21 before any beginning with 22,
and all beginning with 221 before any beginning with 222 ; just as in a diction-
ary all the words beginning with ai' come before words beginning with ac and
all the aca words come before the aci words.
jg^~ Some persons are apprehensive that this decimal arrange-
ment will be hard to use, or at least hard to teach to stupid
assistants and (when the public are allowed to go to the shelves)
to a public unwilling to take the trouble to comprehend. It may
be so sometimes ; I can only say that I have never had any
difficulty with anyone, boy or girl, man or woman, when the
arrangement was explained as it is above. But if this is con-
sidered a serious objection to the use of these author-marks, the
difficulty can be entirely avoided by using two figures with the
initial in all cases, treating them as ordinals, and when two
names are to be represented by the same combination, so that
subdivision becomes necessary, starting a new series of ordinals
either from i to 9 or from 1 1 to 99, by putting a point after the
first two figures, e.g. H21.1, or H21.11. The stupidest attendant
could not fail to comprehend the order H34, H34.1, H34.2,
H34.3, H34.4, and so on. As it would be awkward to use two
decimal points (H34.2.1, H34.2.2), it would be well to use two
figures after the decimal point in very large collections, as Fiction
and Biography, thus, H34, H34.11, H34.12, H34.13, etc.
Of course this method does not allow infinite intercalation.
A time will come when some new name cannot be inserted in its
proper order, because its number is already occupied. But a
notation consisting of an initial followed by four characters pro-
vides places for so many names that this misfortune will not
(142)
occur soon or frequently. And when it does occur the ap-
proximate alphabetic arrangement that will here and there
result is very much better than no alphabetic order at all.
Further marks :
6. On the shelves three alphabetical series should be made,
O including all books 25 cm. high or less, Q between 25 and 30,
F over 30. These will be indicated by the sign that separates
the class mark from the author-and-book mark, • for O and
smaller sizes, + for Q, || for F.
In small libraries it is best to make only one series of books under each
division ; the few books that are too large for the shelves can be turned down
very large books can be kept in some separate case. But in a library of size
and especially in a library that has many old books, there are likely to be so
many quartos and folios that provision must be made to keep them by them-
selves, and yet in juxtaposition with the smaller books of their class.
It is well always to mark the books for Q and F with the distinctive marks,
but these two sizes may often be mixed advantageously in a single alphabet on
the shelves, especially where there are only one or two folios with many quartos
or one or two quartos with many folios.
The three size-marks are for marking the catalog and the back of the title-
page ; they are not used in lettering the backs of the books ; in a majority of
cases the books' size is sufficiently shown to the attendant who puts them up by
the fact that a Q book will not go on an O shelf.
7. In numbering Q and F books a single figure will usually be
enouo-h, because there will generally be few books of those sizes
in any class, and therefore fewer marks are needed to distinguish
them ; often the initial alone would be enough in F.
8. Different books by the same author in the same class are
distinguished by work-marks consisting of the first letter or
letters of the catch-title.
E. o'. Dickens's Chimes d55c, Christmas carol d55ch, Cricket on the hearth
d56cr, David Copperfield d55d, Dombey and son d55do. (See p. 147.)
9. Other copies or other editions are noted by adding 2 or 3
or 4, as the case may be, to the work-mark.
E.g., another edition of Dombey and son d55do2.
(143)
10. The special mark for translations, for use in large libra-
ries or in large special collections in a small library, is the initial
of the language, a capital letter added (after a size-mark) to the
author-mark.
E.g., Goethe's dramatische Werke '055
" Dramatic works 'gSS'E
" CEuvres dramatiques 'gSO'F
" Faust '055 F
" Faust, in English '055 f*E
11. If there are several translations distinguish them by adding
the initial of the translator's name to the language-mark.
E.g., Faust, in the original '055 f
" " English byAustin 'GSSF'Ea
" Bernays •G55F'Eb
" Blackie 'GSSF-Ebl
" " " " Bowen 'cSSF-Ebo
" " " " Brooks 'GSSF'Ebr
"French " Blaze de Bury •G5.5F'Fb
" " Italian " Maffei -GSSF-Im
These marks are long. But it must be remembered that the need for such
marks does not occur at all in a small collection of books and very rarely in a
large one. Moreover if anyone wants to avoid them altogether, he can do so
by giving up the exact arrangement of versions and simply numbering texts and
translations in numerical order as they are received, which is just as well where
there is no access to the shelves and almost as well even where there is, until
the number of editions and translations becomes very large, as is the case with
the classics in a college library, and with Shakespeare, Goethe, and Dante
in any large general library.
12. In Biography, which is to be arranged by names of the
subjects of the lives, distinguish different authors by adding
their initials.
E. g., Chadwick's Defoe -DSec
Morley's Defoe '036 m
Wilson's Defoe "dSGw
13. When, in a large collection, the number of editions of a
single work exceeds or is likely to exceed 9, the different editions
may be distinguished by adding the year of publication (usually
(144)
of the first volume, if there are more than one) instead of a
number 2, 3, or 4.
E. g., Paradise lost, ed. of 1667 ^164?- 1667
" reprint of same •m64p- 1667'2
" ed. of 173-2 •m64p' 173'2
" ed. of 1754 •m64p- 1754
Paradise regained •m64r
For economy of marks one might use the Biscoe date-letters instead of the
date in figures ; but I thinlc that in general the superior intelligibility of the full
date makes up for the greater length of the mark.
14. If it is desired to keep a commentary on any work im
mediately after the work add to the work-mark a capital 'Y and
(if necessary) tiie initial of the- commentator. For dictionaries
and concordances add 'Z.
E.g., Frehse's Worterbuch zu Reuter's sammtlichen Werken would be 'rSI'Z
Clarke's Shakspere concordance (in a library which has no special mark for
Shakspere) 'sal'Zcb.
The various marks then are :
Class as Y
Size as *, + , ||
Author as D55
Work as D
Copy or Edition as 2, 3, 4
" " " when very many as 1887
Translation (if into English) 'E
Other copies of Translation as '£2, 'ES
Translation by another hand as (d being initial of
translator's name) 'Ed
Commentary or other illustrative work "Y
Dictionary '2
Another . . as (p being initial of author of dictionary) 'Zp
g@- A table carried one figure farther is preparing. One
has already been made, by Miss K. E. Sanborn, in which
three figures are given with the letters A and S.
(I4S)
Example showing how to treat a voluminous author so as to
avoid long work-marks :
MRS. M. O. W. OLIPHANT
(Her mark is Ot35, so that Agnes would be OL35 ag)
a
Adam Graeme
ho
House divided
Odd couple
ag
Agnes
i
In trust
ol
Old Lady Mary
ah
Agnes Hopetoun
in
Innocent
om
Ombra
at
At his gates
it
It was a lover
op
Open door
b
Beleaguered city
J
John
P
Perpetual curate
br
Brownlows
jo
Joyce
ph
Phoebe junior
c
Caleb Field
k
Kirsteen
pi-
Primrose path
ca
Carita
1
Ladies Lindores
q
Quiet heart
ch
Chronicles of Carling-
la
Lady Car
r
Railway man
ford
lb
Laird of Nordlaw
re
Rector
CO
Country gentlemen
Ic
Last of the Mortimers
ro
Rose in June
cu
Cuckoo in the nest
li
Liliesleaf
s
Salem Chapel
cv
Curate in charge
lu
Lucy Crofton
se
Second son
d
Days of my life
m
Madam
si
Sir Tom
di
Diana
ma
Madonna Mary
so
Son of the soil
du
Duke's daughter
mag
Magdalen Hepburn
sq
Squire Arden
e
Effie Ogilvie
mb
Margaret Maitland
St
Stories of the seen
f
For love and life
mc
Marriage of Elinor
su
Story of Valentine
fu
Fugitives
md
May
t
Three brothers
g
Greatest heiress
me
Merkland
w
Whiteladies
h
He that will not
mi
Minister's wife
wi
Within the precincts
he
Heir presumptive
mj
Miss Marjoribanks
wj
Wizard's son
hf
Henry Jocelyn
mr
Mrs. Arthur
y
Young Musgrave
hg
Hester
n
Neighbours
z
Zaidee
It will be seen that prolific as Mrs. Oliphant is, it is possible
to mark all her works (with one exception) without going beyond
the second letter. This, however, is on the supposition that the
library has all of Mrs. Oliphant's novels when it assigns the let-
ters, or at least that the classifier has a list of them so that he
can mark what he has so as to leave room for the others. This,
of course, cannot be in the case of an author who is still writing.
Suppose that Mrs. Oliphant should take "Acte" for her next
title. We should either have to alter the mark of Adam Grsme
to ad (which can easily be done in a card catalog, but not in a
printed catalog), or to let Acte come in out of order as ac But
if the next title should be " The saints' comedy," it could be
brought before Salem Chapel, which already has the s, only by
marking it rz. A little contrivance like this will get one out of
many difficulties; but when the library buys the successive novels
of an author as they appear, if they are numerous, it will here and
there get into violations of order, or use such long marks to escape
disorder, that it must in time seize the opportunity to renumber
these books which will be given by reprinting its catalog.
(146)
It is sometimes necessary when one lias a pressure of names
in any part of the alphabet to make a little supplementary table,
so as to arrange them systematically. Thus if one had a num-
ber of names beginning with Saint or Sainte, the following
would serve.
Sa Sa I Saint E Sa 23 Sainte Sa 27
Sai ) ( Sa 2 Saint I Sa 24 Sainu Sa 28
to \ \
Sains) (Sa2i Saint N Sa 25 Sais Sa 29
Saint A Sa 22 Saint S Sa 26 Sal Sa 3
MARKINGS OF SOME VOLUMINOUS AUTHORS.
No novel is included unless some other novel by the same
author begins with the same initial.
AiNSWORTH, W. H. c Cardinal Pole, ch Chetwynd Calverley, co Constable de Bour-
bon, cp Constable of the tower, cr Crichton, 1 Lancashire witches, lo Lord mayor,
m Manchester rebels, me Merry England, my Myddleton, o Old Court, ov Ovingdean,
s Saint James's, so South Sea bubble, sp Spanish match, sq Spendthrift, st Stanley
Brereton, su Star-chamber, t Talbot Harland, to Tower Hill.
Alcott, L. M. 1 Little men, li Little women, lu Lulu's library, m Modern Mephis-
topheles, mo Moods, s Silver pitchers, sp Spinning wheel stories.
Collins, W: W. a After dark, al Alicia, an Antonina, b Basil, bl Black robe,
bn Blind love, d The dead alive, de Dead secret, f Fallen leaves, fr Frozen deep,
g Ghosts' touch, gu Guilty river, h Haunted hotel, he Heart and science, hi Hide and
seek, 1 Law and lady, le Legacy of Cain, m Man and wife, mi Miss or Mrs., mo Moon-
stone, my My lady's money, mz My miscellanies, n New Magdalen, no No name,
p Percy, po Poor Miss Finch.
Cooper, J: F. h Headsman, he Heidenmauer, ho Home as found, hp Homeward
bound, j Jack Tier, ja Jack o' lantern, le Last of the Mohicans, li Lionel, m Mercedes,
mi Miles, mo Monikins, p Pathfinder, pi Pilot, pj Pioneers, pr Prairie, ps Precaution,
r Red rover, re Redskins, s Satanstoe, se Sea lions, sp Spy, w Water-witch, wa Ways
of the hour, we Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish, wi Wing and wing, wy Wyandotte.
Craik, G. M. d Daughter of the people, di Diana, do Dorcas, 1 Leslie Tyrrell, lo
Lost and won, m Mark Denison's charge, mi Mildred, mj Miss Moore, mr Mrs. Hollyer,
t Two tales, tw Two women, w Winifred, wi Without kith or kin.
Dickens, C : b Barnaby Rudge, ba Battle of life, bl Bleak house, c Christmas books,
ch Christmas carol, ci Christmas stories, d David Copperfield, do Dombey and son,
h Hard times, ha Haunted man, 1 Lamplighter's story, la Lazy tour, li Little Dorritt,
m Martin Chuzzlewit, ma Master Humphrey's clock, me Message from the sea,
mr Mrs. Lirriper's lodgings, mu Mudfog papers, mv Mugby junction, my Mystery of
Edwin Drood, o Oliver Twist, ou Our mutual friend, p Pickwick club, po Poor traveller,
s Sketches, sk Sketches of young couples, t Tale of two cities, to Tom Tiddler's
ground.
Disraeli, B. c Coningsby, co Contarini Fleming, t Tales, ta Tancred, v Venetia,
vi Vivian Grey, vo Voyage of Capt. Popanilla.
Dumas, A. a Abbaye de Peyssac, ac Act^, ai Ainsi soit-il, am Amaury, an Ange
Pitou as Ascanio, av Aventure d'amour, aw Aventures de John Davis, ax Aventures
(147)
de Lyderic, b Le batard de MauMon, bk Black, bl Blanche de Beaulieu, bm Les Wanes
et les bleus, bn Labouillie, bo La boule de neige, br Bric-k-brac, c Un cadet de famille,
ca Le capitaine Pamphile, cb Le capitaine Paul, cc Le capitaine Richard, cd Catherine
Blum, ce Causeries, cf Cdcile, eg Charles le Tdmdraire, eh Le chasseur de Sauvagine,
ei Le chS.teau d'Eppstein, ej Le chevalier d'Harmental, ek Le chevalier de Maison
Rouge, el Le collier de la reine, cm La colombe, en Les compagnons de J^hu, co Le
comte de Monte-Cristo, cp La comtesse de Charny, cq La comtesse de Salisbury,
cr Les confessions de la marquise, cs Conscience, d La dame de Monsoreau, da La
dame de volupt^, de Le dernier roi des Frangais, df Les deux Diane, dg Les deux
reines, di Dieu dispose, dr Les drames de la mer, ds Les drames galants, f La femme
au collier de velours, fe Fernande, fi Une fiUe du regent, fj Le fils du format, fr Les
frferes corses, g Gabriel Lambert, ge Georges, gi Un Gil-Bias en Californie, gu La
guerre des femmes, h Histoire d'un casse noisette, hi Histoire d'une colombe, ho L'horo-
scope, i L'ile de feu, in Ingenue, is Isaac de Lacquedem, it Isabel de Bavifere, j Jane,
je Jehanne la Pucelle, 1 Madame de Chamblay, m Madame de Cond^, ma La maison
de glace, mb Maitre Adam, me Le maitre d'armes, md Les mariages du pfere Olifus,
me Mdmoires d'un aveugle, mf M^moires d'un m^deein, mg Le meneur de loups, mi Les
mille et un fantomes, mo Les Mohicans de Paris, mp Monsieur Coumbes, n Nanon de
Lartigues, o Olympe de Cloves, ot Othon I'archer, p Le page du due de Savoie, pa
Pascal Bruno, pb Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, pc Pauline, pe Le pfere Gigogne, p£ Le pfere
La Ruine, pr Praxfede, ps Le prince des voleurs, pt La princesse Flora, r La reine
Margot, ro Robin Hood, rp Le roman d'une femme, rq La route de Vincennes, s La
salteador, sa Salvator, sb La San-Felice, so Souvenirs d'Antony, st Les Stuarts,
su Sultanetta, sy Sylvandire, t Le testament, tr Les trois raousquetaires, ts Le trou de
I'Enfer, tu La tulipe noire, v Le vicomte de Bragelonne, va La vicomtesse de Cambes,
ve Une vie d'artiste, Vi vingt ans aprfes, vj Vie et aventures de la princesse de Monaco.*
Edwardes, Annie, a Archie Lovell, at At the eleventh hour, b A ball-room repent-
ance, bl A blue-stocking, o Ordeal for wives, ou Ought we to visit her, p Pearl powder,
pi A play-wright's daughter, v A vagabond heroine, vi Vivian the beauty.
Edwards, Amelia B. m Miss Carew, mo Monsieur Maurice, my My brother's
wife.
Edwards, Matilda B. d Doctor Jacob, dr Dream of millions, f Flower of doom, fo
For one and the world, fp Forestalled, n Next of kin, no North country cousin, p Part-
ing of the ways, pe Pearla.
Eliot, G: m Middleraarch, mi Mill on the Floss, s Scenes of clerical life, si Silas
Marner.
Galt, J: a Annals of the parish, ay Ayrshire legatees, e Eben Erskine, en Entail,
r Ringan Gilhaize, ro Rothelan, s Sir Andrew Wylie, sp Spae-wife, st Stanley Buxton,
su Steamboat, sv Stories of the study.
Gaskell, Mrs. E.. C. c Cousin Phillis, er Crawford, 1 Lizzie Leigh, lo Lois the
witch, m Mary Burton, my My lady Ludlow, r Right at last, ro Round the sofa,
ru Ruth.
Hawthorne, N. d Doctor Grimshaw's secret, do Dolliver romance, m Marble faun,
mo Mosses from an old manse, s Scarlet letter, se Septimus Felton, sn Snow image.
James, G. P. R. a Agineourt, ar Arabella Stuart, aq Arrah Neil, b Beauehamp, br
The bride of Landeck, bs The brigand, e Charles Tyrrell, co The commissioner, cp The
convict, d Darnley, de De L'Orme, df The desultory man, f The false heir, fo Forest
days, h Heidelberg, he Henry Masterton, hf Henry of Guise, hu The Huguenot, r
* In looking over a list of novels, I notice that autliors who are now writing bid fair to far outstrip the dead in
the number of their works ; still there is a limit to human powers ; it is not likely that anyone will try the marker
with a more embarrassing array of titles than Dumas, and the list given above shows there is no serious difficulty
in dealing with his work.
(148)
Richelieu, ro Rose Dalbret, ru Russell, s Sir Theodore Broughton, sm The smuggler,
St The step-mother, su The string of pearls.
KiNGSLEY, C : h Hereward, hy Hypatia, w Water-babies, we Westward ho !
KiNGSLEY, H: h Harveys, he Hetty, hi Hillyars and Burtons, o Oakshott castle,
ol Old Margaret.
Lever, C: b Barrington, br Bramleighs, c Charles O'Mallev, co Confessions of Con
Cregan, d Daltons, da Davenport Dunn, dd Day's ride, do Dodd family abroad, h Harry
Lorrequer, ho Horace Templeton, k Kate O'Donoghue, kn Knight of the Gwinne,
1 Lord Kilgobbin, lu Luttrell of Arran, o The O'Donoghue, on One of them, r Rent in
the cloud, ro Roland Cashel, s St. Patrick's eve, si Sir Brooke Fossbrooke, sj Sir Jasper
Carew, sy Tales of the trains, t That boy of Norcott's, t Tom Burke, tp Tony Butler.
Lytton, Lord, c Caxtons, co Coming race, d Devereux, di Disowned, e Ernest
Maltravers, eu Eugene Aram, ev Eva, 1 Last days of Pompeii, la Last of the barons,
le Leila, lu Lucretia, p Parisians, pa Paul Clifford, pb Pausanias, pe Pelham, pi Pilgrims
of the Rhine, r Rebel, ri Rienzi, s Strange story, st Student.
Marryat, Capt. j Jacob Faithful, ja Japhet, m Masterman Ready, mi IVIission,
mo Monsieur Violet, mr Mr. Midshipman Easy, p Pacha of many tales, pd Percival
Keene, pe Peter Simple, ph Phantom ship, po Poacher, pp Poor Jack, pr Privateer's-
man, s Settlers in Canada, sn Snarleyow, st Stories of the sea
MuLOCH, Miss D. M. a Adventures of a brownie, ag Agatha's husband, av Avillion,
b Brave lady, br Bread upon the waters, h Hannah, he Head of the family, hi His little
mother, 1 Laurel bush, li Life for a life, Ij little lame prince, Ik Little Sunshine's holiday,
m Miss Tommy, mi Mistress and maid, my My brother and I, o Ogilvies, ol Olive,
t Twenty years ago, tw Two marriages.
Reade, C: c Christie Johnstone, cl Cloister and hearth, cm Clouds and sunshine,
CO Course of true love, g Good stories, gr Griffith Gaunt, p Peg Woffington, pe Perilous
secret, pu Put yourself in his place, s A simpleton, si Single heart and double face,
w Wandering heir, wo Woman hater.
Reiu, Mayne. b Boy hunters, br Bruin, bs Boy slaves, bt Boy tar, bu Bush boys,
f Flag of distress, fo Forest exiles, h. Headless horseman, hu Hunter's feast, y Young
voyageurs, z Young yagers.
Sand, G. c Cdsarine Dietrich, ch Le chateau de Pirtordu, ci Le chateau des ddsertes,
co Le compagnon de tour de France, cp La comtesse de Rudolstadt, cq La confession
d'une jeune fiUe, cr Constance Verrier, cs Consuelo, ct Contes d'une grand mere, cu La
coupe, d La dernifere Aldini, de Les deux freres, f La famille de Germandre, fl Flama-
rande, fr Frangois le champi, h L'homme de neige, ho Horace, j Jacques, je Jean de la
Roche, jf Jeaune, 1 Laura, le L^lia, lu Lucrezia Floriani, m Mile Merquem, ma Mile La
Quintinie, mb Les maitres mosaistes, mc Les maitres sonneurs, md Malgr^tout, me La
mare au diable, mf Marianne, mg Marquis de Villemer, mh Ma soeur Jeanne, mi Mau-
prat, mj Le meunier d'Angibault, mo Monsieur Sylvestre, mp Mont Reveche, n Nanon,
no Nouvelle lettres d'un voyageur, p Le pechd de M Antoine, pe La petite Fadette, pi
Pierre qui roule, pj Le piccinino, s Le secretaire intime, si Simon, t Tamaris, te Teve-
rino, to La tour de Percement, v Valentine, va ^'alvedre, vi La ville noire.
Stowe, Mrs. m Mayflower, mi Minister's wooing, my i\Iy wife and I, o Oldtown
fireside stories, ol Oldtown folks, p Pearl of Orr's Island, pi Pink and white tyranny,
po Pogannuc people.
Thackeray, Miss A. I. f Five old friends, fr From an island, fu Fulham lawn,
m Miss Angel, mi Miss Williams' divinations, mr Mrs. Dymond, o Old Kensington,
ou Out of the world,
(149)
Th/^ckerav, W: M. b Book of snobs, bu Burlesques, c Catharine, ch Christmas
books, V \'anity fair, vi X'irginians.
Theuriet, a. a L'affaire Froideville, am Amour d'Automiie, an L'amoureux de la
prdftte, au Au paradis des enfants, b Bigarreau, br Le bracelet de turquoise, c Charme
dangereux, co Contes de la foret, cp Contes de la vie intime, cq Contes pour les jeunes,
f La fiUeul d'ua marquis, fi Le fils Maugars, fo La fortune d'Angcle, m Mile Guignon,
ma Mile Roche, mb La maison des deux Barbeaux, mc Le mariage de Gdrard, md Les
mauvais manages, mi Michel Verneuil, n Nouvelles intimes, no Nouvelles, o Les oeil-
lets, on L'oncle Scipion, r Raymonde, re Reine des bois, t La tante Aurdlie, to Toute
seule.
Trollope, a. a Alice Dugdale, am American senator, ay Ayala's angel, b Barches-
ter towers, be Belton estate, bf Bertrams, br Brown, c Can you forgive her? ca Castle
Richmond, cl Claverings, co Cousin Henry, d Doctor Thorne, dr Dr. Whortle's school,
du Duke's children, e Editor's table, eu Eustace Diamond, ey Eye for an eye, f Fixed
period, fr Framley parsonage, fs Frau Frohmann, h Harry Heathcote, he He knew he
was right, 1 Lady Anna, la Land-leaguers, lb Last chronicle of Barset, li Linda Tressel,
lo Lotta Schmid, m Marion Fay, me La mhre Bauche, mi mistletoe bough, o Old man's
love, or Orley farm, p Phineas Finn, ph Phineas redux, pr Prime minister, r Rachel
Ray, ra Ralph the heir, s Sir Harry Hotspur, sm Small house at AUington, t Tales of
all countries, th Three clerks, w Warden, wa Way we live now.
Trollope, T. A. b La beata, be Beppo the conscript, d Diamond cut diamond,
dr Dream numbers, du Dunton abbey, g Garstang grange, ge Gemma, gi Giulio Mala-
testa, 1 Leonora Casaloni, li Lindisfarn Chase, s Sealed packet, si Siren, st Stilwinches.
Trowbridge, J: T. c Chance for himself, cu Cudjo's cave, d Doing his best,
dr Drummer boy, n Neighbor Jackwood, ne Neighbor's wives.
Walford, Mrs. h Havoc of a smile, he Her great idea, hi History of a week,
m Mere child, mi Mischief of Monica, mr Mr. Smith, p Pauline, pi Pinch of experience,
s Sage of sixteen, st Stiff necked generation.
Wood, Mrs. a Adam Grainger, an Anne Hereford, c Channings, co Count Nether-
leigh, e East Lynne, ed Edina, el Elster's folly, 1 Lady Adelaide's oath, li Life's secret,
lo Lord Oakburn's daughters, m Master of Greylands, mi Mildred Arkell, mr Mrs. Hali-
burton's troubles, my Mystery of Jessy Page, o Orville College, os Oswald Gray
p Parkwater, po Pomeroy abbey, r Red Court farm, ro Roland Yorke, s Saint Martin's
eve, sh Shadow of Ashlydyat, ss Story of Charles Strange, st Story of Dorothy Grape,
t Told in the twilight, tr Trevlyn Hold.
YoNGE, Miss C. M. b Beechcroft, be Beechcroft at Rockstone, by Bye-words,
c Caged lion, ca Castle builders, ch Chaplet of pearls, cl Clever woman of the family,
cr Cross roads, cu Cunning woman's grandson, d Daisy chain, da Danvers papers,
di Disturbing element, do Dove in the eagle's nest, dy Dynevor terrace, h Heartsease,
he Heir of Redcliffe. ho Hopes and fears, 1 Lads and lasses, la Lady Hester, lb Lances
of Lynwood, li Little duke, lo Love and life, m Magnum bonum, mo Modern Tele-
machus, my My young Alcides, p P's and q's, pi Pillars of the house, s Six cushions,
st Stray pearls, t Three brides, tr Trial, tw Two guardians, tx Two penniless princesses,
ty Two sides of the shield, u Under the storm, un Unknown to history.
GREEK AND LATIN AUTHORS.
The great difficulty in the use of transliteration tables is that
one can never foresee who will write books, and after one has
used the best judgment in guessing the future one may find one-
self compelled to intercalate an unexpected name in some place
where intercalation means long numbers. But there is no such
drawback to their use for the classics. One knows just how
many names one has to provide for; the roll is made up; one can
use a minimum of figures in assigning them symbols, without
fear that any new-comer will disturb the order.
The order adopted is : i, whole works, chronologically arranged;
2, translations of whole works alphabetically arranged by the
languages; 3, dictionaries, commentaries, and other illustrative
works; 4, selections ; 5, single works, each with the same divis-
ions that the whole works have.
The method of marking may be shown by an example : Paley's
Frogs would be marked Y for Literature, 32 for Greek, A 7 for
Aristophanes, R for Ranae, 1878 because published in that year,
or all together Y32 • A7R 1878. Rogers's translation of the
Lysistrata would be l for Lysistrata, e for English, and r for
Rogers, — thus: Y32'A7L-Er.
It will be noticed that the year is written in full. Mr. Biscoe's
scheme for giving dates briefly is admirable. But it has a defect ;
it is not self-interpreting; it does not suggest its meaning, but
has to be understood by a sheer effort of memory. Therefore, in
the classics, where editions are numerous, it seems better to put
on the backs of the books a mark which everybody can under-
stand at a glance, — the usual date, 1886, 1494, etc. The greater
length of the mark is compensated by its greater intelligibility on
the shelf.
As few names of languages into which the classics are likely to
be translated begin with Y or Z, I use these letters to mark the
works abotit a classic, putting after the Y or Z the initial of the
modern author's name. (Any translations into Yoruba, or Zulu,
or the like, I should mark X.) In this notation Z is used for dic-
tionaries, Y for commentaries and other illustrative works.
Thus Saulcy's Campagnes de Cesar dans les Gaules would be
Y36"C2G'Ys; Ernesti's Clavis Ciceroniana would be Y36'
C7 • Ze.
I have not thought it worth while to lengthen the list by insert-
ing a number of obscure authors of whose fragments there is, so
far as appears in Engelmann's " Bibliothecaclassica," no separate
edition. If by chance a librarian should have to deal with a
pamphlet about any of these, it is easy to intercalate a number.
For example : if one had Leist's program on Alanus, he would
put it between Agrippa (A 15) and Albinovanus (A 16), and would
mark it A 155. Sometimes it would not be necessary to use a
third figure, as there are vacancies among the two figure marks.
In such work Engelmann should be consulted, and a number
assigned in such a way as best to accommodate the other unnum-
bered writers. In certain cases, where such intercalation would
be difficult, I have made the lists complete.
For the Fathers of the Church a special list has been prepared.
Scholia on ancient authors and modern discussions of those
scholia I should put with the authors commented upon [e.g.,
Acron's scholia under Horatius, Y36' H5YA); but as others may
prefer to put them under the name of the scholiast when known,
I have included scholiasts in the list.
I have several times risked a slight disturbance of alphabetical
order for the sake of giving a single character to a prominent or
voluminous author. For instance, I have assigned b to Boethius.
In the improbable case that any one should have something by or
about Balbus, Basilius, Bassus, Bellisarius, Blossius, or Bocchus,
he could not get the name before Boethius unless he marked it
A99, and he would probably put it out of order as Br.
The names of some of the more common writers are printed in
small capitals, to facilitate finding them in the list. If any one,
glancing over them, wonders why for this purpose one was taken
and another left, let him compare together the various lists that
have been published of the 100 best novels or the ten most
important authors, — he will learn that it is not easy to select.
Greek Authors (Class mark Y32)
Achaeus
Al
Alexander Aetolus
A36
Antisthenes
A5I
Achilles Tatius
AI3
Alexander Aphrod.
A363
Antoninus
AS2
Aelianus
Als
Alexander Magnus
A37
Antoninus Liberalis
A523
Aelianus Tacticus
a16
Alexander Trallianus
A38
Aphtlionius
AS3
Aeneas Gazaeus
AI7
Ammonius
A39
ApoUodorus
A54
Aeneas Tacticus
Al8
Anacreon
A4
Apollonius Citiensis
AS5
Aeschines
AI9
Anaxagoras
A4l
Apollonius Dyscolus
A56
Aeschines Socraticus
Algl
Anaximenes
A42
Apollonius Pyrgaeui
A57
Aeschylus
A2
Andocides
A 43
Apollonius Rhodius
A58
Aesopus
A3
Andromachus
A44
Apollonius Sophista
AS9
Aetius
A3I
Andronicus
A45
APPIANUS
a6
Alcaeus
A32
Anthemius
A46
Apsines
a61
Alcinous
A33
Antigonus
A47
Aratus
A 62
Alciphron
A34
Antimachus
A4S
Arcadius
A63
Alcman
A3 5
Antiphon
(153)
AS
Archestratus
A64
Arcliilochus
Archimedes
Aretaeus
Aristenetus
Aristides
Aristonicus
Aristophanes
Aristophanes Byz.
Aristoteles
Arrianus
Arsenius
Artemidorus
Asclepiades
Astrampsychus
Athenaeus
Athenagoras
Autolycus
Babrius
Bacchylides
Berosus
Bion
Brutus
Callimachus
Callinus
Callisthenes
Cebes
Cedrenus
Chariton
Chion
Choerilus
Choricius
Cleanthes
Cleomedes
Coluthus
Conon
Constantinus Man.
Constantinus Porph.
Crates Thebanus
Cratinus
Critias
Ctesias
Damascius
Damocrates
Demetrius Cydonius
Demetrius Moschus
Demetrius Pepag.
Demetrius Phalereus
Demetrius Zenus
Democritus
Demophilus
Demosthenes
A65
a66
A67
a68
A69
A693
A7
A73
a8
A9
A9I
A92
A93
A95
A96
A97
A9S
B
B2
B4
b6
b8
C
cl
C15
C2
C25
t-'3
C33
C36
C39
C4
CS
c6
C7
C72
C73
c86
cSl
c8s
C9
u
Dl
DI7
Dl8
DI9
D2
D22
D25
D29
D3
Dicaearchus D38
Didymus D4
Dinarchus D45
Dio Cassius D5
Dio Chrysostomus 116
Diodes D65
DioDOKUS Siculus D7
Diogenes Apollo D75
Diogenes Laertius d8
Dionysius, Aelius D84
Dionysius Byzant. d88
Dionysius Halicarn. 09
Dionysius Periegetes D92
Diophantus D94
Dioscorides D95
Dositheus D97
Draco D98
Duris D99
Empedocles
E2
Epaphroditus
E23
Ephorus
E25
Epicharmus
E27
Epictetus
E29
Epicurus
E3
Eratosthenes
E4
Erinna
E43
Erotianus
E45
EUCLIDES
e6
Eudemus
E62
Eudocia
E63
Eunapius
E7
Euphorion
E76
Eupolemus
E78
Euripides
e8
Eustathius Antecessor
E9
Eustathius Mac.
E9I
Eustathius Thes.
E92
Galenus
Georgius Choerob.
Georgius Codinus
Georgius Gemistus
Georgius Pachymeres
Georgius Pisida
Georgius Scholarius
Glycas, J.
Glycas, M.
Gorgias
Gregoras
Gregorius Corinthius
Gregorius Cyprius
Hanno
Hapluchiris
G
G2
03
G5
g6
G7
G7S
G76
g8
g8s
G9
G9S
H
Hi
Harpocration h11
Hecataeus HI2
Plecataeus Abderita HI3
Hecataeus Milesius HI3I
Heliodorus Emesenus Hi 4
Heliodorus metricus HI5
Heliodorus poeta h16
Hellanicus HI7
Hephaestion h18
Heraclides HI9
Heraclides Ponticus H2
Heraclitus Ephesius H22
Heraclitus Mythol. H23
Hermes Trismegistus H24
Hermesianax H25
Hermias H26
Hermippus H27
Hermippus Smyrn. H28
Hermogenes H29
Hero Alex. H3
Hero Byzantius H31
Hero Ctes. H32
Herodes H33
Herodianus Ael. H34
Herodianus Mst. H35
Herodotus H4
Hesiodus h5
Hesychius Alex. H53
Hesychius Milesius H55
Hierocles Alex. h6
Hierocles gram. H62
Himerius H65
Hipparchus H67
Hippocrates Cous H7
Hipponax H75
Homerus h8
Horapollo H84
Hybrias h8s
Hyperides H9
lamblichus I
Ibycus 12
Ion 13
Isaeus 14
Isidorus Characenus 15
Isigonus 16
Isis 17
ISOCRATES 18
Joannes Alex. J
JULIANUS Imp. j6
Laurentius Lydus l
Leo diaconus l2
(I.S3)
Leo philosophus
i.23
Pacanius
p
Qu ntus Smyrnaeus
Q
Leonidas
L25
Palaephatiis
pl
Libanius
L3
Palladius
Pl2
Rhianus
R
Longinus
L4
Panyasis
Pl3
Rufus
RS
Longus
L5
Pappus
PI4
LUCIANUS
l6
Parmenides '
Pis
Sallustius
s
Lycophron
L7
Parthenius
Pl7
Sappho
S2
Lycurgus
l8
Paulus Aegineta
p18
Scylax
S2l
Lysias
L9
Paulus Silentiarius
PI9
Scymnus
S22
Pausanias
P2
Sesenus
S23
Manetho
M
Pediasimus
P2l
Severus
S24
Marcianiis
Ml 3
Phaedrus
P22
Sextius
S25
Marcus
Ml 4
Phalaris
P23
Sextus Empiricus
."^26
Marinus
MI5
Phanodermus
P23S
Sibyllina oracula
S27
Matthaeus
MI7
Phavorinus
P24
Simeo
S28
Maximus
M18
Pherecrates
P245
Simonides Amorginus
,S29
Maximus Tyrius
M2
Pherecydes Lerius
P25
SiMONiDES Ceus
S3
Megasthenes
M25
Philemon gram.
P259
Simplicius
S32
Meleager
MS
Philes
P26
Socrates
S3S
Memnon
M35
Philetas
P27
Solon
S4
Menander coraicus
M4
Philo Byzantinus
P28
Sophocles
ss
Menander rhetor
M42
Philo Judaeus
P29
Sophron
SS2
Menelaus
M44
Philochorus
P294
Soranus
SS3
Mercurius
M46
Philodemus
P296
Soterichus
SSS
Michael Acominatus
M48
Philolaus
P297
Stephanus Byzant. ,
S57
Mimnermus
M5
Philostratus
P3
Stesichorus Himer.
SS9
Mnaseas
M55
Philoxenus Cytherius
P3I
Stobaeus
s6
Moeris ,
m6
Phlegon
P32
Strabo
S7
Moschion
M65
Phocylides
P33
Strato
S7S
Moschopulus
my
Photius
P35
Suidas
s8
Moschus
m8
Phrynichus sophista
P36
Synesius
589
MuScEUS
M9
Phurnutus
P3S
Synesius Cyrenaeus
S9
Musonius
M95
Phylarchus
PiNDARUS
P39
P4
Syntipas
S9S
Nemesius
N
Planudes
P4S
Terpander
Tl
Nicander
N2
Plato
P5
Theanus
Tl7
Nicanor
.N25
Plotinus
PS5
Themistius
T2
Nicephorus Blem.
N3
Plutarchus
p6
Themistocles
T2S
Nicephorus Bryen.
N3S
Polemo Ant.
p61
Theocritus
T3
Nicephorus Gregoras
N4
Polemo Periegetes
P63
Theodoretus
T32
Nicephorus Sanctus
N4S
Pollux J., gram.
P65
Theodorus Ducas
T33
Nicetas Acominatus
N56
Pollux J., hist.
p66
Theodoras Gaza
T33
Nicetas Eugenianus
nGs
Polyaenus
p68
Theodorus Metochita
T34
Nicolaus Damascenus n7
POLYBIUS
P7
Theodorus Prodromu
s T35
Nicomachus Geras.
nS
Porphyrins
P75
Theodosius Alex.
T37
Nonnus Panopolitanus Ng
Posidonius
P78
Theodosius Tripolit.
T38
Nonnus Theoph.
N9I
Proclus
p8
Theognis
T4
Procopius Caesar
p81
Theon Alexand.
T44
Ocellus
Psellus
P85
Theon Smyrnaeus
.T4S
Olympiodorus philos
03
Ptolemaeus Chennus
p86
Theon Sophista
T46
Onosander
OS
Ptolemaeus Claudius
P87
Theophanes
: T47
Oppianus
06
Ptolemaeus Eordaeus
P88
Theophilus
T48
Oribasius
08
Pythagoras
P9
Theophrastus ,
.•TS
Orpheus
09
Pytheas
(154)
P9S
Theophylactus
' T53
Theopompus
T53
Trichas
T7
Xenophon Ephesius
x6
Thomas Magister
T56
Tryphiodorus
T74
Xiphilinus
x7
Tlirasyllus
Ts8
Trypiion
178
Tlirasymacluis
TS9
Tyrtaeus
tS
Zaleucus
z
Thucydides
t6
Tzetzes
T9
Zenodorus
Z2
Tiberius
T63
Zonaras
Z4
Timaeus Locrus
T65
Xenocrates
xl
Zosimus historicus
z6
Timaeus Sophista
t66
Xenophon
Athen.
X
Zosimus Panopolit.
z8
Works of Plato (¥32- P5).
E. g., the Gorgias is ¥32 • P5G, the Phaedo Y32 ■ P5PH.
Alcibiades primus
A
Erastae
ER
Minos
Alcibiades secundus
A
Eryxias
ES
Parmenides
p
Apologia Socratis
AP
Euthydemus
EU
Phaedo
PH
Axiochus
B
'Euthyphro
F
Phaedrus
PI
Charmides
C
Gorgias
G
Philebus
PL
Civitas {see Respublica).
Hipparchus
H
Politicus
PO
Convivium
CO
Hippias major
HI
Protagoras
Q
Cratylus
CP
Hippias minor
HJ
Respublica
R
Critias
CQ
De justo
J
Sisyphus
s
Crito
CR
Laches
K
Sophista
so
Definitiones
D
Leges
L
Th'eaetetus
T
Demodocus
DE
Lysis
LY
Theages
TH
Epinomis
E
Menex
M
Timaeus
TI
Epistolffi
EP
IVIeno
N
De virtute
V
Works of Plutarch (Y32 • P6).
E.,^:, the "Ue sera," ¥32' P6s.
Aemilius Paulus
A
Demetrius
D
Marcellus
M
Agesilaus
AG
Demosthenes
DE
iVtarius
MY
Agis
AH
Dio
DI
Moralia
M
Alcibiades
AK
Musica
MU
Alexander
AL
Erotics narrationes
E
Antonius
AN
Eumenes
EU
Nicias
N
Aratus
AR
Numa
NU
Aristides
AS
Fabius
F
Artaxerxes
AT
Flamininus
FL
Otho
De fluviorum at montium
Brutus
B
nominibus
FM
Pelopidas
P
Caesar
C
Galba
G
Pericles
PE
Camillus
CA
Gracchi
GR
Philopoemen
Phocion
PH
Cato major
Cato minor
CL
CC
Instituta
H
Pompeius
PO
Isis et Osiris
Publicola
PU
Cicero
CI
I
De pudore vitioso
PP
Cimon
Cleomenes
cj
CL
Lucullus
K
Pyrrhus
PY
Coriolanus
CO
Lycurgus
L
Crassus
CR
Lysander
Romulus
R
(155)
De sera numinis
vin-
Poetae lyrici
Y32P-9
dicta
s
Poetae satyrici
Y32P-9
Sertorius
SA
Poetae scenici
Y32D-9
Solon
so
Poetae sillographici
Sulla
SY
et parodici
Y32P'9
Themistocles
T
Rhetores
Y32-98R
Theseus
TH
Timoleon
TI
Scriptores
Scriptores rei accip-
Y32-9
Vitae
V
itrariae
Y32-98A
COLLECTIONS.
Scriptores astrono-
mici
Y32-98A
Anecdota Graeca
Y32-9
Scriptores biogra-
pliici
Y32-98B
Oratores
Y326
Scriptores commen-
tariorum
Y32-9
Poetae
Y32F
'■9
Scriptores epistolo-
Poetae aenigmatum
Y32P
'■9
graphi
Y325-9
Poetae Alexandrini
Y32P
■9
Scriptores erotici et
Poetae bucolici
Y32P-9
fabulae Romanae
Y32F-9
Poetae didactic!
Y32P
■9
Florilegia
Y32-9
Poetae epici
Y32P
-9
Scriptores geogra-
Poetae fabularum
Y32P
■9
phici
Y32-98G
Poetae gnomici
Y32P
■9
Scriptores gram-
Poetae hymnorum
Y32P
-9
matici
¥32-980
Scriptores liistorici Y32'98h
Script, historiarum
Alexandri Magni F32A-9
Scriptores historiae
Byzantinae
F32D'9
Scriptores rerum
inventarum
Y32.981
Scriptores mathe-
matici
Y32-98M
Scriptores medici
Y32'98m
Scriptores metric!
et musici
Y32-98M
Scriptores metro-
logici
Y32-98M
Scriptores rei mili-
taris
Y32-98M
Scriptores mytho-
logici
Y32L-9
Scriptores rerum nat.
et paradoxorum
Y32-98N
Scriptores paroerrii-
orum
Y327-9
Scriptores philosophi
¥32-98?
Scriptores physiog-
nomici
Y32-98P
An example from Homer's marks will show how the table is
applied :
COLLECTED WORKS. ^'''*''^'^- ^ast words On
translating Homer Y32-h8-ya-l
Opera. Lips., 1759 y32-H8-i759 Crusius. Greek and Eng.
Carmina, cur. Heyne. Lips., lexicon of Homer Y32-h8-zc
1802 Y32-H8-1802 Seber. Index vocabulorum
Church. Selections from
Homer y32-h8-9C
Whole works ; tr. into E7ig.
by Chapman Y32-h8-ec
Iliad and Odyssey; tr. into
Eng. by Cowper Y32-h8-eco
Iliad and Odyssey ; tr. into
in Homerum Y32-h8-zs
SINGLE WORKS.
Eng. by Ogilby Y32-h8-E()
CEuvres; tr. into French by
Dacier Y32-H8-FD
Qiuvres ; tr. into French by
Giti Y32-H8-FG
Werke ; tr. into German by
Voss Y32-H8-GV
Werke ; tr. into German by
Voss (another ed.) Y32-H8-GV-2
Arnold. On translating Ho-
mer Y32-H8-YA
Batrachomyomachia; tr. into
Eng. by Chapman Y32-h8b-ec
Hymni, etc. Lips., 1858 Y32-h8h-i858
Hymn to Ceres ; tr. into
Eng. by Lucas Y32-h8hc-el
Ilias. Lond., 1768 Y32-h8i-i768
Ilias. Lips., 1872 Y32-H8ri872
Iliad ; tr. into Eng. by
Chapjnan Y32-h8i-ec
Iliad ; tr. into Eng. by Pope.
172I Y32-H8rEP
Iliad ; tr. into Eng. by Pope.
1802 y32-H8iEP-2
Iliade ; tr. into Italian by
Monti Y32-h8i-I!W
(IS6)
Collins. The Iliad Y32-HSrYC
Ndgehbach. Anmerkungen Y32-hSi-x
Scholia in Iliadem Y32-H8rYSCH
Peiidergast. Complete con-
cordance to the Iliad Y32-h8i-zp
Odyssey ; [Or.] ; ed. by
Hay man. 1866
Odys.sey ; tr. by Bryant
Odyssey ; tr. by Chapman
Odyssey ; tr. by Pope
Y32-i-i8oD-iS66
y32'h8od-eb
Y32-h8od-ec
y32-hSod-ep
Latin Authors (Class Mark Y36).
Accius
a
Cato, M. P., censor
(-'45
Frontinus
F7
Acron
a1
Cato, Valerius
C48
Fronto
f8
Acta diurna
All
Catullus
CS
Fulgentius
F9
Adamantius
a1
Celsus
c6
^thicus
AI3
Censorinus
C65
Callus
G
Afranius
AI4
Charisius
c68
Gellius, Aulus
G3
Agrippa
Albinovanus
AI5
a16
Cicero, M. T.
Cicero, Quintus
C7
C7I
Germanicus
Gratius
GS
G7
Alcimus
AI7
Cincius, L.
C7S
Alcuinus
a18
Claudianus
c8
Hadrianus
H
Aldhelmus
AI9
Claudius Caesar
C82
Hegesippus
Hi
AlI.MIAXUS
A2
Claudius Quadigar.
C83
Historia miscella
H2
Ampelius
Annales maximi
A23
Columella
Commodianus
c8s
c86
Homerus Latinus
Horatius
H3
H5
Anthimus
A25
Consentius
C87
Hyginus, C. J.
h8
Apicius A3
ApoUinaris, see Sidonius
Corippus
Cornificius rhetor
c88
C89
Hyginus grammat.
H9
««rfSulficius
CURTIUS
C9
Idacius
I
Apuleius Madaurensis A4
Isidorus
IS
Apuleius L. minor
Apuleius Celsus
Aquila
Arusianus
A4I
A42
A46
A44
Dares
Dictys
Dicuil
Diomedes
u
Dl
D2
D3
Jordanes (Jornandes)
Juba
Julianus
J2
J3
J4
Arvales fratres
A48
Domitius Marsus
D4
Junior
JS
ASCONIUS
AS
Donatus, Aelius
DS
Justinus
J6
Asellio
A5I
Donatus, T. C.
d6
Juvenalis
J7
Auguralia
A58
Dositheus
D7
Juvencus
J8
Augustus Imp.
AUSONIUS
AviANUS
a6
A7
a8
Dracontius
Ennius
d8
E
Laberius
Lactantius Placidus
L
Ll
AVIENUS
A9
Ennodius
E2
Laevius
L2
Boethius
Caecilius Balbus
B
C
Epicadius
Euanthius
Eugippius
Eumenius
E3
E4
ES
e6
Licinianus
Livius Andronicus
Livius Patavinus
LUCANUS
L3
L4
L5
l6
Caecilius Statius
Caelius Aurelianus
Caelius, M. R.
Cl
cls
C17
Eutropiiis
Eutyches
Exsuperantius
e7
e8
E9
Lucilius, C.
Lucilius, C. S.
Lucretius
L7
l8
L9
Caesar
Calpurnius Siculus
Calvus
C2
C2S
C26
Fabius
Festus
F
Fl
Luscius
Lutatius
Luxorius
L92
L94
l96
Capella
C27
Firmicus
F2
Lvgdamus
L98
Capitolinus
Cassiodorus
Cassius Hem.
Cato philosophus
C28
C3
C35
C4
Firmicus jun.
Florus, Julius
Florus, P. Annius
Fortunatus
(157)
F3
F4
f6
Macer
Macrobius
Maecenas
M
Ml
MI3
Maecianus
Mis
PoUio, C. A.
P72
SiLIUS
s6
Mallius
M2
Pompeius, Sextus
P73
Sisenna
S63
Mamertinus
M25
Pomponius
P74
Solinus
s6s
Manilius
M3
Porcius
P7S
Spartianus
S67
Marcellus Empiriciis
M33
Porpliyrio
P76
Statius
S7
Marius Maximus
M35
Priscianus Caesarian.
P77
Suetonius
s8
Afartialis, Garg.
37M
Priscianus, Theod.
P77S
Sulpicia
S82
Martialis, M. V.
M4
Proba
P78
Sulpicius Severus
S84
Martianus
M5
Probus
P79
Symmachus
S87
Maximus Taurinensis
M59
Propertius
pS
Symphosius
S89
Mela
m6
Prosper
p8s
Syrus
S9
Merobaudes
M7
Prudentius
P9
Messala
m8
Tacitus
T
Musa
119
OUINTILIANUS
Q
Terentianus
T erentius Afer.
T2
T3
Naevius
N
Rabirius
R
TiBULLUS
TS
Nazarius
Xl
Rufinus
R4
Tiro
t6
Nemesianus
N2
Rufus Festus
KS
Trogus
t8
Nepos
N3
N4
Rusticius
r6
Turpilius
T9
Nepotianus
Rutilius, CI. M.
R7
Nero
N5
n6
Rutilius Lupus, P.
r8
Vagellius
V
Nigidius
Rutilius Rufus, P.
R9
Valerianus
Vl2
Nipsus
N7
Valerius
vls
Nonius
n8
Sallustius
s
Valerius
vl6
Novius
N9
Sabinus
si
Valerius, J.
V2
Sq.binus, Asellius
sU
Valerius Aedituus
V27
Obsequens
Sacerdo
Sl2
Valerius Antias
V28
Optatianus
Orientius
06
Salcius
S122
Valerius Flaccus
V3
07
08
Santra
S13
Valerius Maximus
V4
OVIDIUS
Scaevola
S133
Varro
V5
Scajvus
S14
Vegetius Ren., F.
v6
Scaurus, M. A.
sis
Vegetius Ren., P.
v61
Pacalus
p
Scaurus, Q. T.
slss
Velleius. See Paterci
lus
Pacuvius
pl
Scipio
sl6
Verrius
V7
Palladius
1-3
Scipio ^milianus
sl66
Vestricius
V7S
Paterculus, C. V.
Pis
Scribonius Largus
SI7
Vilius
V77
Paulus
PI7
Scribonius Libo
SI77
Victor, J. C.
V78
Pelagonius
PI9
Sedulius, C.
s18
Victor, M.
V79
Persius
P2
Sedulius, Scotus
SI9
Victor, S. A.
v8
Pevigilium Veneris
P2S
Seneca, L. A.
S2
Victor Sulpicius
V82
Petronius
P3
[Seneca tragicus, if
Victor Vitensis
V83
Feutingerana tabula
P35
separated
S2S]
Victorinus, Mar.
v8s
Phaedrus
P4
Seneca, M. A.
S3
Victorinus, Max.
v86
Phalargyrius
P42
Serenus, Sept.
S33
Victorius
V87
Phocas
P43
Serenus Sammonicus
S34
Vincentius
V89
Placidus
P4S
Sergius
S36
ViRGILIUS
V9
Plautus
PS
Servius
S4
Vitruvius, P.
V92
Plinius Secundus, C.
p6
Severianus
.S42
Vitruvius, R.
V93
Plinius (Valerianus), C
p6s
Severus, C.
S46
Volcatius
V95
Plinius Cascilius Se-
Severus, J.
S48
Vomanus
V96
cundus, C.
P7
Severus Sanctus
SS
Vopiscus
V98
Polemius
P7I
Sidonius
SS5
Vulcacius M.
V99
(^58)
Works of Cicero (¥36" C7).
E.j;., the Tusculanse, Y36' C7X ; the Orator, Y35'C7E.
SELECTION'S
A
Pro domo
LE
Cum Senatui gratulavil
: lse
Rhetorica
B
Pro Flacco
LF
Pro Sestio
LSF
De Claris oratoribvis
c
Pro Fonteio
LG
Pro Sylla
LSY
De inventione oratoria
D
De haruspicum respon-
Pro Tullio
LT
Orator
E
sis
LH
In Vatinium
LV
De Optimo genera ora-
De lege agraria
LI
Verrinae
LW
tionis
F
De lege Manilia
LJ
Epistolae
M
Ad 0. It. de oratore
G
Pro Ligario
LL
Ad Atticum
N
Paradoxa
H
Pro Marcello
LM
Ad Brutum
NB
De partitione 1
oratoria
I
Pro IMilone
LN
Familiares
NF
Rhetorica ad
Heren-
Pro Murena
LO
Ad Quintum fr.
NQ
nium
J
Philippicas
LP
Philosophica
P
Topica
K
In Pisonem
LPI
Academica
Q
Oratioxes
L
Pro Plancio
LPL
Cato, de senectute
R
Ad Antonium
LA
Pro Pompeo
LPO
De finibus
S
Pro Archia
LAR
Cum populo gratulavit
LPP
Laelius, de amicitia
T
Pro Balbo
LB
De provinciis con
sulari
-
De natura deorum
U
In Caecilium
LC
bus
LPR
De officiis
V
Pro Caecina
LCA
Pro Ouintio
LQ
Somnium Scipionis
w
Pro Caelio
LCB
Pro Rabirio
LR
Tusculanae
X
In Catilinam
LCC
Pro 0. Roscio
LRO
Politica
Y
Pro Cluentio
LCL
Pro S. Roscio
LRP
De legibus
YL
Pro Deiotaro
LD
Pro Scauro
LS
De republica
YR
Aeneis
Bucolica
ViRGILIUS (¥36' V9).
A Bucolica and Georgica
B Culex
BG Georgica
c
The foUowino;
cipal Fathers:
FATHERS.
table will serve for the marking of the prin-
Aeneas Gazaeus
Alexander of Lj'copolis
Aretas
Aristides
Athanasius
Athenagoras
Barnabas
Chrysostomus
Clemens Alexandrinus
Clemgns Romanus
Greek Fathers.
A Cyrillus Alexandrinus C8 Georgius Pisides G
A3 Cyrillus Hierosolymit. C9 Gregorius Nazianzenus G7
A6 Gregorius Nyssenus G8
A? T^-j Ai .„ ^...•„„o n Gregorius Thaumaturgus Go
' Didymus Alexandrmus U » a j
^° Diognetum, Epistola ad D7
^9 Dionysius Alexandrinus D8 Hegesippus H
Dionysius Corinthius D9 Hermas H2
Hermias H3
B
C Epiphanius
C5 Eusebius Pamphilus
Cl5 Evagrius
Hippolytus
E
E8
j:c) Ignsvtius
H6
J
Irenaeus
Isidorus Pelusinus
Justinus Martyr
Joannes Hierosolym.
Methodius
Nilus
1 2 Origenes
Is
O
J
Papias
Petrus Alexandrinus
Tl Petrus Chrysoloras
Polycarpus
M Procopius Gazaeus
N Socrates scholasticus
Synesius Cyrenaeus S9
P
p Tatianus T
p Theodoretus T3
p^ Theodorus T4
po Theophilus Alexand. T5
Theophilus Antioch. T6
S Theophylactus T7
Latin Fathers.
Ambrosius
A
Gregorius Maximus
GS
Novatianus
N
Arnobius
Augustinus
A4
A6
Hieronymus
H
Optatus
Hilarius Pictavensis
HS
Paulinus Nolanus, M.P.A. P
Basilius a
Beda Venerabilis B3
Bernardus ClaraevallensisB4
Isidorus Hispalensis
I
Petrus Blesensis
Prosper Aquitanus
P4
P9
Boethius
B6
Joannes Moschus
J
Ruffinus
R
Bonifacius
By
Joannes Damascenus
Js
Commodianus
Cyprianus
C9
Joannes Sarisburiensis
Julius Firmicus Materna
JS7
■J9
Sedulius
Silvester IL, Pope
S
S5
Ephraira Syrus
E
Lactantius
Lanfrancus
L
L2
Tertullianus
Titus Bostrensis
. T
T5
Firmicus
F
Leo L, the Great
LS
Fulgentius
F9
Victorinus
V
Marius Mercator
M
Vigilius Thapsicus
V7
Gregorius Turinensis G
Vincentius Levinensis V8
[End of Part i and of the continuous paging. In the Seventh
Classification there will be separate pagings for the several
groups of classes or in some cases for single classes. On pages
7 and 8 a second and a third notation were spoken of, which dif-
fered from the first (which marks places by two figures) by using
instead, the second a vowel followed by another letter, and the
third a vowel or consonant followed by another letter. These
two notations will be shown in a new Local list. J
(160)
LOCAL LIST
The chief characteristic of the notation used in the Expansive
Classification is that it ensures an easy distinction between divisions
relating to countries (which are marked by figures) and other divisions
(which are marked by letters), and that the figures denoting any one
country are with a few exceptions the same, in whatever part of the
classification they occur.
An attempt has been made in the following list not merely to put
together countries that adjoin on the map, but to arrange them in such
order that those which have most to do with one another shall not be
widely separated. But even the first object can never be attained, as a
country is generally bounded by three or four or five others, and in a
list it can stand between only two, and the position which brings it near
them tears it away from the others.* The second object is equally unat-
tainable, for neighborhood, historical connections, racial relationship,
and linguistic aflinities do not always coincide, and the juxtaposition in
the list is often imperfect in one or more of these points.!
The order here adopted, after taking up the World and its great
divisions, first those running east and west (the zones), then those run-
ning north and south (the lunes, — which bring in first the Pacific
Ocean with Polynesia and then the Atlantic), passing through the Med-
iterranean Sea and the Levant, and what is almost its synonym, the
Turkish Empire, enters Europe from the south, takes up successively
Greco-Eoman, Celtic, Teutonic, Scandinavian, Turanian, and Slavic
Europe, goes over to Asia through the Balkan Peninsula, crosses that
continent by the north and returning by the south leaps from India
across the Arabian Sea to Africa, which it circuits,, going south on the
* See, for instance, in the present arrangement, how Atlantis (261) is separated from the
western African islands (796-798), and Syria and Arabia (607 and 62) from Africa (70).
•j- For this reason in the Seventh Classification of Philosophy the ordinary order of the
local list is not adhered to in all parts. (Ba Oriental philosophy, instead of B 60; Bb Greek
and Roman philosophy, instead of B 31.) Note also the arrangement of countries under W12
History of ancient art.
(1)
east side and coming back to the north on the west coast, then taking
leave of Africa at the western islands, passes to America, which it
traverses from north to south.
The usual practice in this list has been, as elsewhere in the classifi-
cation, to put general inclusive subjects before the specific su.bjects that
are included, — Europe, for instance, before all the parts of Europe. But
here, as elsewhere in the classification^ occasional exceptions have been
made for special reasons. Sometimes it is as well to put a general sub-
ject between two of its parts. Nile Valley, for example, here follows
Egypt for the sake of allowing Egypt to have a two-character mark and
yet to come before Nubia and the other countries higher up the river,
which come later in the course that the classification is following around
the continent.
SYNOPSIS.
The World ii
Zones (running East and West) 13, 14
Lunes (running North and South) 15-29
Continents 30-99
Europe 30
Asia 60
Africa 70
America 80
THE GLOBE.
11 The WORLD
12 Voyages and Travels (col-
lections)
ZONES, (RUNNING EAST AND WEST)
13 Voyages /round the World
(2)
133 TROPICS
135 TEMPERATE ZONES
14 ARCTIC and ANTARCTIC
REGIONS
14
Arctic regions.
141, if these are separated from Arctic and Antarctic regions.
14
American Arctic regions
142, if these are separated from Arctic regions.
143
Greenland
144
European Arctic regions
145
Jan Mayen
146
Spitzbergen
147
Franz Josef Land
148
Novaia Zemlia
149
Antarctic regions
1491
Victoria Land
1493
Wilkes Land
1495
Enderby Land
1497
Graham and Trinity Land
1499
Alexander Land
LUNES (RUNNING NORTH AND SOUTH)
I. e. the great Oceans and adjoining Continents.
15 OCEANS AND ISLANDS
Here follow two or three continents together,
with the intervening oceans.
151 Africa and America
(3)
159 America and Asia
i6
Pacific Ocean and Islands
i6i
Hawaiian Archipelago
1611
Hawaii
1612
Kahulaui
1613
Molokini
1614
Lanai
1615
Maui
1616
Molokai
1617
Oahu
1618
Kauai
1619
Naliau
17
Polynesia
171
Marquesas
172
Tuamotu (Low Archipelago)
173
Society Islands
174
Hervey Islands (Cook's Archipelago)
175
Austral Islands
176
Tonga (Friendly Islands)
' Kermadeo Islands
< Samoa Islands (Navigator Islands)
177
Tokelau Islands (Union Islands)
178
Ellice Islands
179
Phoenix Islands
i8
Micronesia
181
Gilbert Group (Kingsmills)
182
Marshall Islands
183
Mulgrave Islands
(4)
184
Caroline Islands
185
186
187
Mariannes (Ladrone Islands)
Magellan Archipelago
Anson Islands
188
Palau (Pelew) Islands
19
Melanesia
191
192
194
Viti (Fiji) Islands
{ Loyalty Islands
( New Caledonia
New Hebrides
195
( Banks Islands
^ Queen Charlotte (Santa Cruz)
Solomon Islands
196
197
1977
198
Bismarck Archipelago
Admiralty Islands
New Ireland
199
New Britain
1999
Louisiade Archipelago
20
Papua (New Guinea)
21
Australia
All the colonies, towns, etc., may be arranged ;
under 21, or the following order may be adopted :
211
West Australia
212
North Australia
213
Alexandra Lane
214
South Australia
215
Queensland
(5)
216 New South Wales
217 Victoria
22 Tasmania
23 New Zealand
All the provinces, towns', etc., may be arranged alphabetically
under 23, or the following order may be adopted :
236 North Island (formerly New Ulster)
237 South Island (formerly , Middle Island)
238 Stewart Island (formerly South Island)
239 Chatham Island (Warekauri)
24 Asia and Africa
24 Indian Ocean
241
Laccadives
242
Maladives
243
Chagos Islands
244
Keeling and Christmas
245
New Amsterdam and St. Paul's
246
Kerguelen
247
Heard and Macdonald
248
Crozet
249
Prince Edward
25 Asia and Europe, Eurasia
25 Indo- Germanic
26 Europe and America
26 Atlantic Ocean
261 Atlantis
262 Azores
263 Cape Verde Islands
(6)
264
Ascension
265
St. Helena
266
Tristan d'Acunha
269
Bermudas
27 Europe and Africa
27 Mediterranean Sea
lere follow some places politically divided from
the countries to which they geographically belong.
271 Gibraltar {or in Spain)
272 Balearic Islands {or with Spain)
273 Corsica {or with Italy)
274 Sardinia {or with Italy)
275 Malta
276 Grecian Archipelago {or with Greece)
277 Crete {or with Greece)
278 Khodes {or with Asia Minor)
279 Cyprus {or with Asia Minor)
28 Europe and Africa and Asia, L e.
Eastern Hemisphere
29 Levant
That is, the parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia that surround the western
end of the Mediterranean.
29 Turkish Empire
(7)
SINGLE CONTINENTS.
30 EUROPE
(301-308 periods in History.)
309 Soutlierii Europe, Latin Races, Romance Languages.
Greco-Roman Europe, 31-36
Note. The divisions of Europe indicated by headings in the type used
above are not exact, but will serve to explain the order and make remember-
ing it easier.
31 Greece and Rome, 'Classic'
32 Greece
33 Byzantine Empire
(For South East Europe see 59 ; for Turkish Empire see 29.)
34 Modern Grreece
Celtic and Latin Europe, 35-44.
35 Italy
The independent state of San Marino, being surrounded by Italian
territory, may be marked 35 Sa5.
36 Rome, city, kingdom, republic,
and empire
Some persons may prefer, as the Roman history is mainly ancient
and the Italian history mainly modern, to reverse this order, making
35 Rome
36 Italy
37 Central Europe, Tyrol, Alps
38 Switzerland
39 France
Andorra and Monaco, though independent states, may, as they are includ-
ed within French territory, be marked as if they were a part of France.
39 An3 Andorra
39 M71 Monaco
The Pyrenees must be treated as part of France, 39 P99.
(8)
40 Spain, and The Peninsula
41 Portugal
42 Ireland
43 Scotland
44 Wales
For single places in Wales the mark will be 440 followed by the initial of
the place, e. g. 440 Sw Swansea.
449 British Isles (Great Britain and
Ireland) and Great Britain
(England, Scotland, and
Wales) and British Empire
449 is for Geography j in History use 46.
Teutonic and Scandinavian Europe, 45-62.
England, England and Wales,
British Empire
In Geography 45 is England alone ; British Empire is 449.
451 Britons, Anglo-Saxons, etc.
46 Netherlands
467 Seven Northern Provinces, Dutch Eepublic, Kingdom of
Holland
Luxembourg, though independent, will have to gb under 467.
468 Ten Southern Provinces, Kingdom of Belgium
Moresnet Neutral may as well be put under Belgium.
47 Germany, Teutonic Races
471 Early Germanic Races
(9)
45
Northern Europe.
48 Scandinavia
49 Iceland
50
Denmark
Including the Faroe Islands.
51
Vorway
52
Sweden
53
Northern Europe
(Works including Finnish, Lappish, Slavic,
Teutonic nations or several of them.)
531
North Sea
532
Baltic Sea
533
Goths
534
Esthonia
Turanian Europe.
535
Turanian race
536
Lapland
537
Finland
Slavic Europe, 639-59.
539
Slavic race
54
Kussia, Russian Empire
Includes Caucasus.
55
Poland
56
Austria-Hungary
57
Hungary
(10)
58 Bohemia
59 South-East Europe, Turkey in Europe
(in Geography), Balkan peninsula
The Turkish Empire is 29; the Byzantine Empire 33.
591
Bosnia
592
Herzegovina
593
Montenegro
594
Servia
595
Rumania
596
Bulgaria
59T
Rumelia
598
Albania
599
Bosphorus and Black Sea
60 ASIA
6oi
Turkey in Asia
602
Aleppo
603
Kurdistan
604
Armenia
605
Transcaucasia
606 Asia Minor
The separate states to be alphabetically arranged with all other places.
607 Syria
608 Phoenicia
609 Sinaitic peninsula
61 Palestine, Holy Land, Bible
62 Arabia [regions
63 South Western Asia
631 Bagdad, Califate of
632 Babylonia and Chaldea
633 Mesopotamia
634 Assyria
635 Persia
636 Media
637 Parthia
638 Baluchistan
639 Afghanistan
64 Central and Northern Asia, Russian
Asia generally
646 Turkistan
647 Caspian Sea
648 Transcaspian region
649 Kirghiz Steppe and Aral Sea
65 Siberia
66 Chinese Empire, China
All the subordinate states, provinces, cities, etc., can be alphabet-
ically arranged under 65, or the following order can be adopted. In
the latter case single cities in China proper will be marked 660,
followed by the initial of the place, e. g. 660 P36 Pekin.
664 Tibet
665 East Turkistan
666 Mongolia
667 Manchuria
668 Corea
669 Formosa
(12)
67 Japan
68
Further India
68i
East Indian Archipelago
6811
Philippines
6812, etc.
Separate islands
682
Moluccas
683
Borneo
6831
Sarawak
6832
North Borneo
6833
Celebes
6834
Sunda Islands
6835
Java
6836
Sumatra
684
Malay Peninsula
685
French Indo-China
686
Cambodia
687
Anam
6878
Cochin China
6879
Tonkin
688
Siam
689
Burma
6899
British Burma
69
India
Arrange all the provinces, ;cities, etc., in one alphabet ; or the
; following
order may be adopted :
691
Himalaya mountains and states
6911
Bhotan
(13)
6912
Sikkim
Belongs to the Bengal Presidency.
6913
Nepal
6915
Kashmir
692
Bengal Presidency
6921
Assam
6922
Behar
6923
Northwest Provinces
6924
Oude
6925
Pan jab
6926
Delhi
693
Bengal, Lower
6931
Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers
6932
Orissa
6933
Chutia Nagpor
6934
Bhagalkand
6935
Bundalkhand
694
Central Provinces and Berar
695
Central India
696
Rajputana
697
Bombay Presidency
6971
Indus River
6972
Sind
6973
Kachh (Cutch)
6974
Kathiawar
6975
Baroda
6976
Konkan
6977
Dekkan
(14)
6978 Haidarabad (Hyderabad)
698 Madras Presidency
6981 Maisur (Mysore)
6982 Malabar Coast
6983 Travancore
6984 Karnatic and Karimanal (Coroman-
6985 Tinnevelli [del) Coast
6986 Madura
6987 Trichinapalli
6988 Arkat, etc.
699 Ceylon
70 AFRICA
Africa is in such a cliangeable condition that one can hardly expect any
disposition of marks to be satisfactory a decade hence.
71 Egypt
72
Nile Valley
724
Nubia
725
Egyptian Sudan
Includes Dongola, Sennaar, Kordofan, Darfur, etc.
726
Abyssinia
727
Ethiopia and Choa
728
Somali
729
Galla
73 Equatorial Africa
All the countries, tribes, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabetically
or the following order may be adopted :
731 English East Africa
732 Lake region
Includes Uganda, Victoria Nyanza, and the Upper Nile region.
(15)
T33 German East Africa
T34 Zanzibar
T35 Eastern Islands
7352 Malie Archipelago or Seychelles Islands
7354 Amirantes
7356 Mascareignos
736 Mauritius or Isle of France
737 Reunion or Bourbon
738 Madagascar
739 Comoro
74 South Africa
All the countries, tribes, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabeti-
cally under 74. Or the following order may be adopted :
T41 Portuguese East Africa
Includes Makua, Quilimane, Sofala, Gaza.
742 English Central and South Africa
Includes Itaqua, Urungu, Mambua, Kazembe, Lobemba, Lobissa,
Lake Nyassa, Ulala, Barotse and Mabunda, Mashonaland, Matabele-
land, Kalahiri Desert, Bechuanaland.
743 South African Republic or Transvaal
744 Swaziland
745 Orange Free State
746 Zululand and Tongaland
747 Natal •
748 Cape Colony
Includes the Griquas, Pondos, Kaffirs, and Hottentots, also the
Basutos, tho politically separated.
749 German Southwest Africa
Includes Namaqualand and Damaraland.
749 West Coast
75 Lower Guinea, Portuguese West Africa,
751 Mossamedes rAnfiTOla
(16)
752
Benguela
753
Loanda
754
Congo
76
Congo Free State
761
Upper Guinea
762
French Congo, Biafra, Adamaqua
763
Cameroons
764
Niger Valley, Benin, Yoruba
765
Slave Coast, Dtihomey
766
Gold Coast, Asliantee, Ivory Coast
767
Liberia
768
Sierra Leone
769
Seneganabia
77
Sudan
78
Sahara
79
North Africa, Barbary States
791
Tripoli
792
Fezzan
793
Tunis
794
Carthage
795
Algeria
796
Morocco
797
Canaries
798
Madeira
80 AMKRICA
G 8o Geography of America
G 801 Discovery (general works)
(17)
G 802 Precolumbian discovery
G 803 Columbian discovery
G 804 Postcolumbian discovery
81 NORTH AMERICA
815 Atlantic Coast
816 La Nouvelle France
817 British America
818 Labrador
819 Newfoundland
82 Canada, Dominion of
All the provinces, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabetically under
82, or the following order may be adopted :
821 British Columbia
822 Northwest Territory
8225 Athabasca
823 Alberta
8235 Saskatchewan
824 Assiniboine
8245 Keewayden
825 Hudson Bay and Northeast Territory
8255 Manitoba
826 Ontario, Upper Canada
827 Quebec, Lower Canada
828 New Brunswick
829 Nova Scotia
(18)
8295 Prince Edward Island
829T Cape Breton Island
8298 St. Lawrence River
8299 The Great Lakes
Better in 90
83 United States
All the states, towns, etc., may be arranged alphabetically under S3, or the
following order may be adopted :
84-97 Separate States and parts of the country, namely :
84 New England or North Atlantic
841 Maine [States
842 New Hampshire
843 Yermont
844 Massachusetts
845 Rhode Island
846 Connecticut
847 Connecticut River and Valley
849 Appalachian Mountains
85 Middle Atlantic States
851 New York
852 Hudson River
853 New Jersey
^54 Pennsylvania
855 Delaware
856 Delaware River and Bay
857 Maryland [Bay
858 Susquehannah River and Chesapeake
(19)
859
District of Columbia
86
The South
86i
Confederate States of America
862
South Atlantic States
863
Virginia
864
West Virginia
865
North Carolina
866
South Carolina
867
Georgia
868
Savannah River
87
Gulf States
871
Gulf of Mexico
872
Florida
873
Alabama
874
Mississippi
875
Mississippi Eiver Valley
876
Louisiana
877
Texas
88
South Mississippi States, Old South
881
Arkansas [West
882
Tennessee
883
Kentucky
884
Missouri
885
Missouri River and Valley
89
The West
891
Middle Mississippi States
(20)
892 • Ohio -
893 Western Reserve
894 Ohio Eiver and Yalley
895 Indiana
896 Illinois
90 North Mississippi States or Lake
States. The Great Lakes
901 Michigan
902 Wisconsin
905 Lake Ontario
906 Lake Erie
907 Lake Huron
908 Lake Michigan
909 Lake Superior
91 Old North West
911 Minnesota
912 Iowa
92 The Plains
921 Dakota Territory
922 North Dakota
923 South Dakota
924 Nebraska
925 Kansas
926 Indian Territory
92T Oklahoma
93 Rocky Mountains, Rocky Mountain
States, Mining States
(21)
931
Montana
932
Idaho
933
Wyoming
934
Colorado
935
Utah
936
Nevada
937
New Mexico
938
Arizona
94
Pacific States
941
California
942
New North West
943
Oregon
944
Washington Territory
945
Alaska
946
Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands
ZONES OF THE U. S. ACROSS THE CONTINENT-
947
Northern zone
948
Middle zone
949
Southern zone
95
Mexico
95 Y9
Yucatan
/Spanish America
\ Central America, Bermudas,
96
< and West Indies together
/ West Indies and South Ameri-
\ ca together
(22)
961
Central America
962
British Honduras ( — Belize)
963
Guatemala
964
San Salvador
965
H onduras
966
Nicaragua
967
Mosquito Coast
968
Costa Rica
97
West Indies and Caribbean Sea
971
Bahamas
971]
Andros
9712
Great Bahama
9713
Abaco
9714
New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat.
9715
Watling (San Salvador), Landfall of Columbus
9716
Exuma and Yuma
9717
Acklin
9718
Mariguana (or Mayaguana) and Inagua
9719
Caicos and Turk
972
Great Antilles in general and Hayti
9723
Haytian Republic [(Hispaniola)
9725
Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo
973
Cuba
974
Jamaica
975
Puerto Rico, Caymans, Virgin Islands
976
Lesser Antilles
9861
Leeward Islands (North Caribbees)
9762
Anguilla, Barbuda, St. Christopher, Antigua
9763
Guadeloupe
9764
Dominica, Les Saintes, Maria Galante
(23)
976-5 Windward Islands (South Caribbees)
9766 Martinique
9767 St. Lucia,- St. Vincent, Grenadines, Grenada
9768 Barbadoes
9769 Tobago
977 Dutch West Indies
9773 Danish West Indies
9774 French West Indies
9775 Spanish West Indies
978 Trinidad
979 Spanish Main, Buccaneers
98 SOUTH AMERICA
981 Isthmus of Panama or Darien
982 Columbia
983 Andes (or in 994)
984 Venezuela
985 Guiana
986 British Guiana
987 Dutch Guiana
988 French Guiana
99 Brazil
yv. B. Subordinate parts of Brazil must be marked in two groups of
marks, separated by a size mark, as 99 • R Rio de Janeiro, 99 ■ B 14 Bahia.
991 Paraguay
992 Uruguay
993 Argentine Republic (La Plata)
(24)
994 Andes and Pacific Coast (or 983)
995 Patagonia
995 T Tierra del Fuego
996 Chili
996 J Juan Fernandez
997 Bolivia
998 Peru
999 Ecuador
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.
In ancient geography the countries will have the mark of the most
nearly corresponding modern country, e. g. Gallia 39, Mooritania 79,
Tangitana 795. In three cases it was possible to assign special num-
bers, Byzantine Empire (33), Roman Empire (36), Carthage (794).
PARTS OF A COUNTRY.
When a library gets large enough to make it worth while to sepa-
rate books about the parts of a country from books about the whole
country this may be done at first by merely making two groups, — (1)
the whole and (2) its parts, distinguishing the latter by adding the
letter z to the country mark, as
G45 • H31 Hawthorne's Our old home (England)
G45z • C81 Cornish's Manchester
G45z ■ H87 Hughes' Windsor Forest.
G45z • K74 C: Knight's London
G45z ■ K747 W: Knight's Lake District
G45z • M36 Martin's Old Chelsea
G45z • P85 Potter's. Lancashire
G45z • W14 Walford's Greater London
(35)
•K74
Knight's LoNDOJf
• W14
Walford's Greater London
• C81
Cornish's Manchester
•H87
Hughes' Windsor Forest
•K74
Knight's Lae.e District
•M36
Martin's Old Chelsea
•P85
Potter's Lancashire
The next step would be to take out the books about a few famous
capitals, such as London, Paris, Rome, Washington, New York, and to
mark them with their initials, as
G45 ■ H31 Hawthorne's Our old home
G45l-
G45l-
G45z •
G45z-
G45z •
G45z-
G45z-
Some other important places may from time to time be separated
from the mass.
The final step is to arrange under each country all the single places
(as cities, towns, counties, provinces, rivers, mountains, lakes, capes,
shores, and the neighboring seas and islands, etc.) in one alphabet, as in
a gazetteer. This will be done by adding to the country mark the
initial of the place's name, followed in a country where one has or is
likely to have many places, by one or two figures from the Cutter
Alfabetic-order-table.
CHIEF CITIES.
As the chief city (usually the capital) of a country has generally
most books written about it, and those books are more read than books
about any other city, it is desirable that its mark should be short. For
this reason use no number with its initial, either
(1) letting it stand in its proper alphabetical place without regard
to its mark, or
(2) putting it, as its mark demands, out of the alphabetical order of
its name, as the first of names beginning with the same initial, or
(3) substituting A for its initial and putting it first among the
single places, e. g.
(1) G45 ■ H31 Hawthorne's Our old home
G45L22-P8 Potter's Lancashire
G45 L ■ K74 .Knight's London
G45L95 ■ L9 Lowestoft guide
(26)
(2) G45 • H31 Hawthorne's Our old home
G4oL • KT4 Knight's London
G4o L22 • P8 Potter's Lancashire
G45 L'.)5 • L9 Lowestoft guide
(3) G40 • H31 Hawthorne's Our old home
G45A-K74 Knight's London
G45A-W14 Walford's Greater London
G45A • Al2 Aldershot described
G45C41-M.3 Martin's Old Chelsea
G45 L14 • K7 Knight's Laks District
G45L22 • P8 Potter's Lancashire
G45L95 • L9 Lowestoft guide
G4yM31 • C8 Cornish's Manchester
G45W72 • H8 Hughes' Windsor Forest
Where the public has access to the shelves (3) is the best plan, as
requiring least explanation, the order being always : works about the
whole country, works about the chief city, works about other places in
the country. Otherwise (1) or (2) may be preferred.
When there are two capitals or important cities (as Hartford and
New Haven, Albany and New York) each can be marked with its initial
alone ; but if the method of marking capitals with A has been chosen,
mark the most important A and the other Aa
E.g.
or
851 A
Albany
851 Ad2
Addison
851 N
New York
851 N18
Nassau
851 A .
New York
851 Aa
Albany
851 Ad2
Addison
PARTS OF A CITY.
In a few large cities it is worth while to separate books on partic-
ular buildings, or other parts of the city, from books on the city in
general, though it makes a long mark, —
E. g. 45 Lt. B2 Barrett's Tower of London
45 Lt. B4 Bell's Tower of London
(27)
PRINTING.
Print the mark G45 T32 • and similar marks in two groups, with a-
thin space between the country mark and the city mark, so that they
can be more easily read.
TWO COUNTRIES.
Books treating of two countries must generally be put with books
about the first, imless there is much more about the second ; thus books
about China and Japan go with general works on China, and books
about the United States and Canada go with works on the United
States.
Another arrangement is possible. For example 65 is Siberia and
66 China. By the rule that the most inclusive precedes, China and
Japan should come before China alone. Mark China and Japan 659.
Then the accounts of single places in Siberia must be marked 650, fol-
lowed by the initial of the place. If the zero were not inserted the
order would be wrong, thus :
65 • K36 Kennan's Siberia
659 • M45 Mayer's China and Japan
65Am • Rl Ravenstein's Russians on the Amur.
This is on the supposition that figures are to precede letters in the
notation, as suggested on p. 9, so that 65 followed by 9 could not come
after 65 followed by Am. But if the alternative suggestion, made
elsewhere, is followed, — to arrange all the country classes after the
corresponding subject classes, — this zero is not needed.
ECONOMY OF MARKS.
The classifier must use his discretion in regard to the fulness of hi&
marks. For a country like England, under which he will probably have
many towns and cities, it may be necessary to use two figures after the
initials of each town ; but for Saskatchewan or Madagascar, or even for
Spain and Portugal, the initial alone would generally suffice to distin-
guish all the places he is likely to have to deal with. A large library of
(28)
course needs more distinction than a small one, and a geographical or
historical library needs more in its specialties than a general library. For
such a one it will be worth while to take a list of the towns at least in
its own state and write down the least number of figures that will dis-
tinguish each town in the state from every other town.
MODIFICATIONS.
Severar modifications of the treatment of places under this list are
possible.
(1) In the United States instead of arranging places each in its
own state
(a) all places except the states and the greater divisions of the
country (New England, the South, the West) may be arranged in one
alphabet under the United States (83) ;
(b) all places including the states and the greater divisions of the
country may be arranged in one alphabet under 84 (85 to 97 not being
used at all).
(2) In each continent all the places (countries, cities, towns,
mountains, rivers, etc.) may be arranged in one alphabet. If this is
done, 31-59, 61-69, 71-79, 81-99 would not be used at all.
(3) In the world all the places could be arranged in one alphabet-
ical series, as in a gazetteer of the world. In this case of the local list
only 11, 12, and 13 would be used.
I recommend none of these modifications; and though I have
shown above how a library can use a few local divisions at first and
gradually subdivide more and more, I advise beginning the use of the
full local list at least as early as the Fourth Classification. I believe it
will be found nearly as easy in the application, fully as convenient in
use, and more economical in the long run.
THE RELATIVE ORDEE OF SUBJECTS AND PLACES.
Figures following a class letter are arranged hefore letters follow-
ing a class letter, that is the divisions A 11 to A 99 precede the divisions
Aa to Az, thus, —
(29)
A
B
P
A 31
Bll
P26
A 44
B39
P37
A 72
B86
P99
A 91
Bb
Pm
Aa
Bp
Pr
Ad
Bx
Ps
Am
Bq
Pt
The result of this will be that we shall have on the shelves
(1) general works on a subject, that is works treating of the whole
subject or at least of several of its branches, and treating it without
regard to country. E. g. Packard's Zoology.
(2) local works, treating of the whole subject^ or at least of several
of its branches, in relation to one part of the world.
E. g. DeKay's Zoology of New York.
(3) special works, treating of some branch of the subject without
regard to country. E. g. Scudder's Butterflies.
(4) special and local works, treating of some branch of the subject
with regard to one part of the world.
E. g. Edwards' Butterflies of North America.
This appears to me to be the most logical order. But three other
orders are possible, one of which may appear preferable to some persons :
{A) general, — Packard's Zoology.
special, — Scudder's Butterflies.
general local, — DeKay's Zoology of New York.
special local, — Edwards' Butterflies of North America.
{B) general, — Packard's Zoology.
special, — Scudder's Butterflies.
special local, — Edwards' Butterflies of North America.
general local, — DeKay's Zoology of New York.
( G) general, — Packard's Zoology.
special, — Scudder's Butterflies.
local, — making two divisions under each place, e. g. for North
America, —
[a) local general, — Richardson's Fauna Boreali- American a.
(30)
(b) local special, — Edwards' Butterflies of North America.
or for England
(a) general, — Harting's British animals.
(&) special, — Wood's British insects.
(A), {B), and (C) will all require that the order spoken of above be
reversed, that is, figures must in them follow letters, e. g. —
A B P
Aa Bb Pm
Ab Bp Pz
All B39 P45
A 31 B86 P99
This will bring with it another change in the order, namely that
the form sections. Dictionaries, Periodicals, Society publications, Collec-
tions, will follow instead of preceding the other general works on each
subject, e. g.
Figures first.
La • 5R6 Eodwell's Dictionary of science.
La • 7Q23 Quarterly journal of science.
La • P94 Proctor's Familiar science.
La • W57 Whewell's Inductive sciences.
t
Letters first.
La • P94 Proctor's Familiar science.
La • W57 Whewell's Inductive sciences.
La • 5R6 Rodwell's Dictionary of science.
La • 7Q23 Quarterly journal of science.
(31)
INDEX
This index is confined, for the most part, to such places as occur in the list. The mark for
any place which is not there must be made by adding its initial letter and a Cutter order-num-
ber to the mark of the country in which it is situated, as explained in p. 26, 27. Islands go
with the country off whose coast they lie, rivers with the country that contains the mouth or
the greater part of their course ; some doubtful cases, as well as some mountain chains running
between two countries, and some lakes and seas surrounded by two or more countries, have been
put into this inddx.
Abaco 9713
Abyssinia 726
Acklin Island 9717
Adamaqua 762
Aden, Gulf of . . . , 62 Ad3
Admiralty Islands 1977
Afghanistan 639
Africa 70
Africa and America 151
Africa, English East 731
Africa, English Central
and South 742
Africa, Equatorial 73
Africa, French 70 F85
Africa, German East 733
Africa, GermanSouthwest
749
Africa, North .'. 79
Africa, South 74
Africa, Portuguese East. ..741
Africa, Portuguese West. . .75
Africa, West Coast 749
Alabama 872
Alaska ,.945
Albania 598
Alberta 823
Aleppo 602
Aleutian Islands 946
Alexander Laud 1499
Alexandra Land 218
Algeria 795
Alps 37
Altai Mountains 99 A17
Amazon River 98 Ami
America 80
America and Asia 159
America, British 817
America, Central 961
America, Discovery of . . G 801
America, Columbian dis-
covery of G 803
America, post-Columbian
discovery G 804
America, pre-Columbian
discovery G 802
America, Geography of . .G 80
America, North 81
America, South 98
America, Spanish 96
Amirantes Islands 7354
Amur River 66 Am9
Anam 687
Andes 983 or 994
Andros 9711
Anglesea Island 45 An4
Anglo-Saxons 451
Angola 75
Anguilla 9762
Anson Islands 187
Antarctic regions 149
Antigua 9762
Antilles, Greater 972
Antilles, Lesser : . . .976
Appalachian Mountains. ..849
Arabia 62
Arabian Sea 24Arl
Aral, Sea of 649
Arctic and Antarctic re-
gions 14
Arctic regions 14 (or 141)
Arctic regions, American
14 (or 142)
Argentine Republic 993
Arizona 938
Arkansas 881
Arkansas Eiver 881 Ar4
Arkat 6988
Armenia 604
Ascension Island 264
Ashantee 766
Asia 60
Asia and Africa 24
Asia and Europe 25
Asia, Central and Northern. 64
Asia Minor 606
Asia, Southwestern 63
Asiatic Turkey 601
Assam ' 6921
Assiniboine 824
Assyria 634
Athabasca 8225
Atlantic Coast 81 5
Atlantic Ocean 26
Atlantic states, Middle 85
Atlantic states. North 84
Atlantic states. South 862
Atlantis 261
Austral Islands 175
Australia 21
Australia, North 212
Australia, South 214
Australia, West 211
Austria-Hungary 56
Azores 262
Babylonia 632
Baffin Bav 81 B14
Bagdad, Calif ate of .631
(32)
Bahamas 971
Balearic Islands 272
Balkan peninsula 59
Baltic Sea 532
Baluchistan 638
Banks Islands 195
Barbadoes 9767
Barbary states 79
Barbuda 9762
Baroda , 6975
Barotse 742
Basutos 748
Bechuanaland 742
Behar 6922
Belgium 468
Belize 962
Bengal, Lower 693
Bengal Presidency 692
Bengal, Bay of 69B48
Benguela 752
Benin 764
Berar 694
Bering Sea 946
Bermuda 269
Bhagalkand 6934
Bhotan 6911
Biafra 762
Biscay, Bay of 26 B
Bismarck Archipelago 197-
BlackSea 599
Bohemia 58
Bokhara 646 B63
Bolivia 997
Borneo 683
Bombay Presidency 697
Bosnia 591
Bosphorus .599
Bothnia, Gulf of 52 B65
Bourbon, Isle of 737
Brahmaputra River 6931
Bravo, Rio ..81B73
Brazil 99
British America 817
British Burma 6899
British Columbia 821
British Empire (for Geog-
raphy) 449
British Empire (for History)
45
British Guiana 986
British Honduras 962
British Isles 449
Britons 451
Bulgaria 596
Bundalkhand 6935
Burma 689
Burma, British (ksoi)
Byzantine Empire 33
Caicos 11719
California OJl
California, Gulf of 1)5 C12
Cambodia. 686
Cameroons "6:!
Canada, Dominion of 82
Canada, Lower S27
Canada, Upper 826
Canary Islands 797
Candia 277
Cape Breton Island 8297
Cape Colony 748
Cape Verde Islands 263
Caribbean Sea 97
Carnatio. See Karnatic.
Caroline Islands 184
Carthage. 794
Caspian Sea 647
Cat Island 9714
Cattegat 50 C29
Caucasus 54
Cayman Islands 975
Celebes 6833
Central Africa, English. . .742
Central America 961
Central Asia 64
Central India 695
Central Provinces of India..694
Ceylon " 699
Chagos Islands 243
Chaldea 632
Champlain Lake 843 C35
Channel, English 45 C36\Ethiopia 727
Channel Islands 45 C361 Euphrates River 633 Eu6
Dakota Territory 921
Damaraland 749
Danube Uiver 59D23
Darf ur 725
Darien, Isthmus of 981
Davis' Strait 81D29
Dekkan 6977
Delaware 855
Delaware Kiver and Bay. ..856
Delhi 6926
Denmark .5(1
District of Columbia 851)
Dominica 9764
Dominican Republic 9725
Dougola 725
Douro River 41 D74
Dutch Guiana 987
Dutch Republic 467
East Africa, English 731
East Africa, German 733
East Africa, Portuguese.. .741
East Indian Archipelago . . .681
East Turkistan 665
Eastern African Islands. . .735
Ecuador 999
Egypt 71
Egyptian Sudan 725
Eleuthera 9714
Ellice Islands 178
Enderby Land 1495
England 45
England and Wales 45
English Central and South
Africa 742
Erie, Lake 906
Esthonia 534
Chesapeake Bay 858
Chili 996
China 66
China Sea 684
Chinese Empire 6H
Choa 727
Christmas Islands 244
Chutia Nagpor 6933
Cochin China 6878
Colombia 982
Colorado ' 934
Colorado River 9.38 C71
Columbia, District of 859
Columbia River 944 C72
Comoro 739
Confederate States of America
861
Congo 754
Congo Free State 76
Congo, French 762
Connecticut 846
Connecticut river and valley
847
Cook's Archipelago 174
Corea 668
Coromandel Coast 6984
Corsica 273
Costa Rica 968
Crete 277
Crozet Island 24S
Cuba 973
Cutch 6973
Cyprus 279
Dahomey "f'-">
Dakota, North 922
Dakota, South 923
Eurasia 25
Europe 30
Europe and Africa 27
Europe and Africa and Asia. 28
Europe and America 26
Europe, Central 37
Europe, Northern 53
Europe, Slavic 539-59
Europe, Southeast .59
Europe, Teutonic and Scan-
dinavian 4-5-52
Europe, Turanian 535-537
European arctic regions... .144
European Turkey 59
Exuma 9716
Falkland Islands 995 F
Faroe Islands 50
Fezzan 792
Fiji Islands 191
Finland ."..537
Finland, Gulf of 5.37 F
Flanders 468
Florida 871
Formosa 669
France 39
Franz Josef Land 147
French Congo 762
French Guiana 988
Fi'iendly or Tonga Islands. 176
Farther India 68
Galapagos Islands 999 G
Galla 727
Ganges River 6931
Gaza 741
Georgia 867
(33)
German East Africa 733'
German Southwest Africa. 749
Germanic races, early 471
Germany 47
Gibraltar 271
Gilbert Group 181
Goths 533
Gozzo 275 G7
Graham Land 1497
Great Bahama 9712
Great Britain and Ireland. 449
Great Lakes 8299 or 90
Greater Antilles 972
Grecian Archipelago 276
Greece 32
Greece and Rome 31
Greece, Modern 34
Greenland 143
Grenada 9767
Grenadines 9767
Griquas 748
Gold Coast of Africa 766
Guadeloupe 9763
Guatemala 963
Guiana 985
Guiana, British 986
Guiana, Dutch 9s7
Guiana, French 988
Guinea, Lower 75
Guinea, Upper 761
Gulf of Aden 24 Ad3
Gulf of California 914 C12
Gulf of Guinea 761 G94
Gulf of Mexico 81 M57
Gulf Stream 26 G94
Gulf States (U. S.) 87
Haiderabad 6978
Hawaii 1611
Hawaiian Archipelago 161
Hayti, Island of 972
Haytian Republic 9723
Heard Islands 247
Hebrides 43 H35
Hervey Islands 174
Herzegovina 592
Himalaya mountains 691
Himalaya states 691
HinduKushmountains..64H58
Hispaniola 9725
Hohang-ho River 66 H68
Holland 467
Holy Land 61
Honduras 965
Honduras, British 962
Hottentots 748
Hudson River 852
Hudson Bay 825
Hungary 57
Huron, Lake 907
Hyderabad 6978
Iceland 49
Idaho 932
Illinois 896
Inagua 9718
India 69
India, Central 695
India, Central Provinces. . . 694
India, Farther 68
India, Northwest Provinces
6923
Indian Ocean 24
Inrlinn Territory 926
Indian!) 895
Indo-rinnn, French 685
Indo-Germanic 25
Indus River 0971
Ionian Sea 34 lo
Iowa 912
Ireland 42
Isle of France 736
Isle of Wight 45 W63
Italy 35
Itaqua 742
Ivory Coast of Africa 766
Jamaica 974
Jan Mayen 145
Japan 67
Japan Sea 67 J27
Java 6835
Java Sea 6835 J32
Juan Fernandez 995 J
Kachh (Cutoh) 6973
Kaffirs 748
Kalmlaui 1612
Kalahiri Desert 742
Kamtchatka 65 K12
Kansas 925
Kara Sea 148 Kl
Karimanal Coast 6984
Karnatic 6984
Kashmir 6915
Kathiawar 6974
Kauai 1618
Kazembe 742
Keeling Islands 244
Keewayden 8245
Kentucky 883
Kerguelen Islands 246
Kermadec Islands 177
Kiang, Yaug-tse River..66Yal
Kingsmill Islands 181
Kirghiz Steppe 649
Koukan 6976
Kordofan 725
Kurdistan 603
Kuro Siwo 16 K96
Labrador 818
Laccadive Islands 241
Ladrone Islands 184
Lake region of Africa 732
Lake States (U.S.) 90
Lanai 1614
Landfall of Columbus 9715
Lapland 536
La Plata 993
Latin races 309
Leeward Islands 9861
Les Saintes 9764
Lesser Antilles 976
Levant 29
Liberia 767
Lipari Islands 35 L66
Loanda 753
Lobemba 742
Lobissa 742
Loffoden Islands 51 L82
Louisiade Archipelago. . . 1999
Louisiana 875
Low Archipelago 172
Lower Canada 827
Lower Guinea 75
Loyalty Islands 192
Luxembourg 467
Mabunda 742
Macdonald Island 247
Mackenzie River 817 M19
Madagascar 738
Madeira 798
Madeira River 99 M29
Madras Presidency 698
Madura 6986
Magellan Archipelago 186
Magellan Strait 995 M27
JIahe Archipelago 7352
Maine 841
Maisur 6981
Makua 741
Malabar Coast 6982
Maladive Islands 242
Malay Archipelago 681
Malay Peninsula 684
Malta 275
Mambua 742
Manchuria 667
Manitoba 8255
Maria G-alante Island 9764
Marianne Islands 185
Mariguana 9718
Marquesas 171
Marshall Islands 182
Martinique 9766
Maryland 857
Masoareignos Islands 7356
Mashonaland 742
Massachusetts 844
Matabeleland 742
Maui 1615
Mauritius 736
Media 636
Mediterranean Sea 27
Melanesia 19
Merrimao River 844 M55
Mesopotamia 633
Mexico 95
Mexico, Gulf of 81 M57
Michigan 901
Michigan, Lake 908
Micronesia 18
Middle Atlantic States 85
Mining States of the U. S.. .93
Minnesota 911
Mississippi 873
Mississippi River Valley. .874
Mississippi States, Middle.. 891
Mississippi States, Noi-th. ..90
Mississippi States, South... 88
Missouri 884
Missouri River and Valley.. 885
Moldavia 595 M
Molokai 1616
Molokini ](!13
Moluccas 682
Mongolia. 666
Montana 931
Montenegro 593
Morocco 796
Mosquito Coast 967
Mossamedes 751
Mulgrave Islands 183
Mysore 6981
Nahau 1619
Namaqualand 749
Natal 747
Navigator Islands 177
Nebraska 924
Negro, Rio 98 N31
Nepal -r 6913
Netherlands 46
Nevada 9.36
New Amsterd ra I slands . . 245
New Britain 199
New Brunswick 828
New Caledonia 192
(34)
New England 84
New Guinea 20
New Hampshire 842
New Hebrides 194
New Ireland 198
New Jersey 853
New Mexico 937
New Northwest (U. S.) . . . .942
New Providence Island. . .9714
New Siberia Islands 65 N42
New South Wales 216
New York 8.")1
New Zealand 23
New Zealand Sea 23 N42
Newfoundland 819
Nicaragua 966
Niger River and Valley 764
Nile River and ValWy 72
North Africa 79
North Amei'ica 81
North Atlantic states 84
North Australia 212
North Borneo 683
North Caribbee Islands. ..9861
North Carolina 865
North Dakota 922
North Sea 531
Northeast Territory (Can) .825
Northern Asia 64
Northern Europe 53
Northwest, New (U. S.) . ...942
Northwest. Old (U. S.) 91
Northwest Provinces of India
6923*
Northwest Territory (Can.)
822
Norway 51
Nouvelle France 816
Nova Scotia 829
No vaia Zemlia 148
Nubia 724
Nyassa, Lake 742
Oahu 1617
Oceans and islands 15
Ohio 892
Ohio River and Valley 894
Oklahoma 927
Okhotsk Sea 65 Ok2
Old Northwest (U. S.) 91
Old Southwest (U. S.) 88
Oman, Gulf of 62 Oml
Ontario 826
Ontario, Lake 905
Orange Free State 745
Oregon 943
Orinoco River 98 Or4
Orissa 69-32
Orkney Islands 48 Or5
Oude 6924
Pacific Coast of South
America 994 or 983
Pacific Ocean and islands. . . 16
Pacific states (U. S.) 94
Palau or Pelew Islands 188
Palestine 61
Panama, Isthmus of 981
Panjab 6925
Papua 20
Paraguay 991
Parana River 98 P21
Parthia 637
Patagonia 995
Pelew or Palau Islands 188
Peninsula (Spain and Poi-
, tugal) 40
Pennsylvania .85-1
Persia ."ti:!,")
Peru 098
Philippine Islands (iSll
Phcenicia 608
Phoanix Islands no
Plains, The 02
Platte River 1124 P69
Poland - 55
Polynesia i7
Pondicherry ooSi)
Pondos 748
Porto Rico 975
Portugal 41
Portuguese East Africa. . . .741
Portuguese West Africa 75
Potomac Kiver 863 P
Prince Edward Island (Can.)
8295
Prince Edward Island (Ind.
ocean) 249
Puerto Rico 975
Pyrenees 39 P99
Quebec 827
Queen Charlotte Islands. ..195
Queensland 215
Quilimane 741
Rajputana 696
Red River 87 R24
Red Sea 62 R24
Reunion Island 737
Rhine River 47 R34
Rhode Island 845
Rhodes 278
Rio Bravo S1B73
Rio Grande 876 R47
Rio Negro 98 N81
Rocky Mountain states (U. S.)
93
Rocky Mountains 93
Romance languages 309
Rome 36
Rumania 595
Rumelia 597
Russia 54
Russian Asia 64
Russian Empire 54
Sahara 78
St. Christopher 9762
St. Helena 265
St. Lawrence, Gulf of. .8298 G
St. Lawrence River 8298
St. Lucia 9767
St. Paul's Islands 245
St. Vincent 9767
Samoa Islands 177
San Salvador 964
Santo Domingo 9725
Sarawak 6831
Sardinia, Island of 274
Saskatchewan 8235
Savannah River 868
Scandinavia 48
Scilly Isles 45 Sci
Scotland 43
Senegambia 769
Sennaar 725
Servia 594
Seychelles Islands 73.52
Shetland Islands 43 Sh5
Siara 688
Siam, Gulf of 688 G9
Siberia 65
Sicily 35 Sil
Sierra Leone 708
Sierra Madre Mountains
95 Sil
Sierra Nevada Mountains
941 Sil
Sikkim 0012
Sinai tic Peninsula 009
Sind 0072
Skager Rack 50 Sk 1
Slave Coast of Africa 765
Slavic Europe 539-.59
Slavic races 539
Society Islands 173
Sof ala 741
Solomon Islands 106
Somali 727
South, The 86
South Africa 74
South Africa, English 742
South African Republic. . .743
South America 98
South Atlantic states (U. S.)
862
South Australia 214
South Caribbee Islands.. .9765
South Carolina 866
South Dakota 923
South Mississippi states (U. S.)
88
Southeast Europe 59
Southern Europe 309
Southwest, Old (U. S. ) 88
Southwest Africa, German
749
Southwestern Asia .63
Spain and the Peninsula. ...40
Spanish America 96
Spitzbergen 146
Stanovoy Mountains. . . .(i5 St2
Sudan 77
Sudan, Egyptian 25
Sumatra 6836
Sunda Islands 6834
Superior, Lake 909
Susiana 635 Su
Susquehanna River 858
Swaziland 744
Sweden 52
Switzerland 38
Syria 607
Tagus Elver 41 T12
Tartary 666
Tartary, Gulf of 65 T17
Tasmania 22
Temperate zones 135
Tennessee 882
Tennessee River 882 T25
Terra del Fuego 995 T
Teutonic and Scandinavian
Europe 45-02
Teutonic races 47
Texas 87i'>
Thames River 45 T32
Thian Shan Mountains. . 04 T34
Tibet 664
Tigris River 633 T
Tinnevelli 6985
Tokelau Islands 177
Tonga 07- Friendly Islands. 176
Tongaland 746
Tonkin 6879
Transcaspian region 648
(35)
Transcaucasia 605
Transvaal 743
Travancore 6983
Travels (collections) 12
TricUinapalli 0087
Tristan d'Acunha 200
Tripoli 791
Tropics J :!3
Tuamotu Archipelago 172
Tunis 7o:;
Turanian races 535
Turk Island 0719
Turkey in Asia 001
Turkey in Europe .50
Turkish Empire 29
Turkistan 646
Turkistan, East 665
Tyrol 37
Uganda, Lake 732
Ulala 742
Union Islands 1 77
United States 83
Upper Canada 826
Upper Guinea 761
Ural Mountains 54 Url
Uruguay 992
Uruguay River 992 Ur8
Urungu 742
Utah 935
Venezuela 984
Vermont 843
Victoria, Australia 217
Victoria Land 1491
Victoria Nyanza. ., 732
Virgin Islands 975
Virginia 863
Viti Islands 191
Volga River 54 V8S
Voyages and travels (collec-
tions) 12
Voyages round the world. .13
Wabash River 895 Wll
Wales 44
Wallachia .595 W
Washington Territory 944
Watling Island 9715
West, The (U.S.) 89
West Africa, Portuguese. . .75
West Australia 211
West Coast of Africa 749
West Indies 97
West Virginia 804
Western Reserve 893
Wilkes Land 1493
Windward Islands 9765
Wisconsin 002
World 11
Wyoming 933
Yabloni Mountains 65 Yal
Yang-tse-Kiang River. .66 Yal
Yellow Sea. . . " 66 Ye3
Yellowstone Park 933 Ye3
Yellowstone River. . . .931 Ye3
Yenesei River 65 Ye3
Yoruba 764
Yo-Semite 941 Y7
Yucatan 95 Y9
Yukon River 945 Y9
Yuma Island 9716
Zanzibar 7.34
Zones of the U. S 947-949
Zululand 746
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