The writings of George Washington;

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THE WRITINGS

GEORGE WASHINGTON

VOL. XIV.

1 798-1 799

Of this Letter-press Edition
750 Copies ha ve been Printed for Sale

No...^M^^

August, 189J

THE WRITINGS

GEORGE WASHINGTON

COLLECTED AND EDITED

WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD

Vol. XIV.

1 798- 1 799

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK LONDON

27 WEST TWBNTY-THIRD STREET ' 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND

Sfee f mthetliotlitt f less

Ube Tknicfeerbocftci; pccsfi
\j. r. Putnam's sons
New York '

NOTE.

Mr. Sparks printed in his collection of Washing-
ton's " Writings " upwards of twenty-five hundred
letters, apart from his journals and memoranda. I
have increased the number of letters to more than
three thousand, and draw more freely on the diaries,
farm journals, and plans of compaigns and of army
organization. The difficulty lay principally in making
a proper selection from the weafth of material found ;
one that would preserve a proper balance between
the public and the private acts of the man, so display-
ing his character more fully than has been done.
If I have partially succeeded in this attempt, I am
content ; the result can be entirely satisfactory least
of all to myself, who in daily study for more than
four years have been brought to realize the man's
true greatness, and his relation to the history of
his times. I frankly confess to a certain feeling
of disappointment, as his reserve has left so many
of the important events of his career unexplained ;
but I am in part consoled by a knowledge that in
this new collection of his writings a patient study
will obtain much that is of value.

Again I thank the many kind friends who have
given me freely of their stores. Mr. Crosby, of
Boston, sent copies of all the important collection
of letters from Washington to General Lincoln, and
placed them at my disposal. Mr. F. B. McGuire,
of Washington, supplied me with the Washington-

vi NOTE.

Madison correspondence, since unfortunately scat-
tered. Dr. John S. H. Fogg, of Boston, Dr. Thomas
Addis Emmett, of New York, and the late Mr.
Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, have never refused
access to their stores ; while Mr. William F. Have-
meyer, of New York, has done a patriotic duty in
bringing together a splendid collection of Washing-
toniana, to which I was able to refer whenever I
desired. Mrs. Burton Harrison gave me copies of
the Washington-Fairfax letters, and heavy drafts
have been made upon the Historical Societies. I am
happy to record the public-spirited conduct of these
societies — with but two exceptions. The Long Island
Historical Society, of Brooklyn, and the New York
Historical Society, proved themselves to be historical
societies only in name.

One debt I can never sufficiently acknowledge.
There was one who first offered his counsel and aid,
and whose kindly encouragement, intelligent criticism,
and hearty sympathy in the undertaking made smooth
many rough places, and without whose co-operation
the work could not have been brought to a successful
issue under my editorship. To my father, Gordon
Lester Ford, who did not live to see the last vol-
umes, I owe the debt of gratitude, and in affectionate
remembrance of which I record his name in this con-
nection. My brother, Paul Leicester Ford, has been
as untiring in his assistance as he has proved learned
in American history.

Worthington Chauncey Ford.

Washington, D. C,

II August, 1893.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

PAGE

1798.

To James Anderson, May 22d i

His intention to withdraw from Mount Vernon — Has no
desire to change, or to employ one discontented with his con-
duct— Rights of a proprietor — Wishes to know the reason of
his complaints — Makes an offer.

To Alexander Hamilton, May 27th .... 6

Is disturbed by the troubles with France — A proposed tour
inexpedient — Does not think that France will come to open war
— Would serve at the head of the army, if called — Addresses
from the people — The government supported.

To Jeremy Belknap, June 15th 11

His American Biography — The Calverts — Richard Bland and
the history of Virginia.
To John Adams, June 17th 13

A visit to the federal city — Wishes him to make Mount Ver-
non his headquarters — Good wishes for his administration.

To James Lloyd, June 25th ..... 14

Marshall's return from France — Mysterious conduct of his
colleague — Flimsy performances of the French ministers.
To James Lloyd, June 27th 14

The full correspondence with the French ministry must carry
conviction to every mind.
To John Adams, July 4th 15

Had determined upon retirement — Will come forward in
case of an actual invasion — French have been led to believe we
are a divided people — The choice of general officers — The
greatest circumspection should be used in appointing the
general staff.
To James McHenry, July 4th 19

Is reluctant to assume further responsibilities — Reasons
against such an assumption — His sentiments in the Farewell x/
Address — Danger of appointing juvenile generals — Importance
of the general staff — Mode of warfare will be different —
Requirements to be demanded of ofificers — Conditions under
■which he will take the command.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

To James McHenry, July Sth 29

His letter may be shown to the President — The choice of
officers all-important — Reasons for a delay in appointments —
Dr. Craik recommended.

To Sir John Sinclair, July loth 32

History of early wheat in America — The Egyptian wheat a
failure.

To Timothy Pickering, July nth • • • • 33
Hamilton's fitness for command — Reasons for a southern
appointment — General Pinckney should be considered — His
own conduct.

To John Adams, July 13th 37

Sensations in receiving his appointment — Approves the wise
and prudent measures of his administration towards France —
Has determined to accept the call — Conditions and a reservation.

To Alexander Hamilton, July 14th .... 40
Manner in which he has accepted the command of the army
— Relies upon his co-operation — Action of Congress — Suggested
appointments — Pinckney's position.

To Henry Knox, July i6th 43

Will command the army — Relies upon his support — The
question of Major-Generals — Pinckney has the highest claims —
Former rank should be forgot in the new army.

To James McHenry, July 22d 47

Suggestions on the list of nominations — Carrington's fitness
for the office of Quartermaster-General — Sevier — Application of
Mr. Tayloe — Tallmadge and Ragsdale — Other applicants —
Edward Rutledge fit to command the artillery.

To James Anderson, July 25th ..... 52
His literary work — Is again in public life — The reasons —
Indignation against France — His gardener satisfactory.

To James McHenry, July 27th . . . . . cr
The Grayheads — Presentation of colors.

To James McHenry, July 29th ec

Overwhelmed with applications, introductions, and recom-
mendations — Would not a secretary be allowable — Wishes to
remain free from all engagements as to aids — Qualifications
required of aids — What progress has been made.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

To Henry Knox, August gth 58

His letter has given disquietude and perplexity in the extreme
— Misconceptions — How he received intelligence of his appoint-
ment— Could not have consulted him as to general officers —
Hamilton's claims — The Major-Generals — Why Lee com-
manded in 1794 — There has been no "management" in the
business to his knowledge — His friendship unchanged — No
room for dissensions — Danger of local distinctions and little
jealousies — Geographical distribution of appointments.

To Alexander Hamilton, August gth ... 65

Knox's letter — Pinckney still has the preference — McHenry's
unfitness for his responsibilities — Is kept in profound ignorance
of what is being done — Hopes to bring Hamilton in contact
with the secretary — Delicacy must yield to expediency — Harper
and aids — No foreigner will be a member of his family.

To James McHenry, August loth . . . . (yy
An outspoken letter of advice — His solicitude relative to the
formation of the army — Is left in ignorance of details — His
questions unanswered — His great interest at stake — Suggests
calling in an inspector — Easier to prevent than to rectify mis-
takes— Desires information on certain matters.

To William Vans Murray, August loth ... 71
His letters may have fallen into other hands — Little of
interest in his retirement — Turpitude of the French nation —
His call into activity — Spirit aroused in the people.

To Jonathan Boucher, August 15th .... 73
Has received his volume on the Revolution — Wishes for peace
and a good understanding between the two countries — Threat-
ening attitude of France.

To Bushrod Washington, August 27th ... 75
His illness— General Marshall's visit— The elections— His
fictitious correspondent, Langhorne.

To McDowell, September 2d .... 76

Course of studies for Custis — His indolence an obstacle — To
be admonished.

To James McHenry, September 3d .... 79
An attack of sickness— Difficulty of finding characters in
the south— Distribution of regiments— General officers— Cavalry
—Furnishing magazines— Regulations for the recruiting service.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

To Alexander Spotswood, September 14th . . 83

Overseers— Rawlins and his testimonials — The question of
wages — Rhodes — Brookes, the carpenter — The names of officers.
To James McHenry, September 14th ... 87

Delay in recruiting plans — Its evil effects — Reasons for a
fuller correspondence — Is left in ignorance of what is being
done — The Major-Generals — White's nomination — His reputa-
tion against it — Service — Small arms and artillery.

To James McHenry, September 16th ... 91

His disquietude — Wishes a copy of McHenry's letter to the
President — May be obliged to refresh his memory on the com-
pact.

To John Adams, September 25th .... 92

Representations of the steps and motives leading to his accept-
ing the command of the army- — Acts of the President to be
considered — Was not consulted before his appointment — Could
declare his views only after his nomination — Reasons for making
stipulations as to the general officers and general staff — Care
taken to express the stipulations — How they have been dis-
regarded by the President — The order of the Major-Generals —
Other appointments of questionable characters — His sole aim
to obtain able coadjutors- — The character of the war will differ
materially from the last — Why was the order not altered before
being submitted to the senate ? — Resolves of the Continental
Congress as to Rank not germane — Why they cannot control —
Fitness of Hamilton — Knox's claims — Spirit and enthusiasm of
the people evaporating — Consequences of the delay.

To James McHenry, September 30th . . . 104

Disappearance of opposition to the measures of government
— Inspects the sowing of divisions in the new army — Object
of the democrats.

To James McHenry, October ist . . . . 105

Can he with propriety retain his commission in the face of
the President's conduct ? — Desires to know the opinion of the
cabinet — Reported disgust of New England with Hamilton —
Is Pickering hostile to Knox? — Wolcott's letter to the Presi-
dent— Burn this.

To Timothy Pickering, October 15th . . . 107

Desires information other than that contained in the gazettes
— The embargo imposed by France — Gerry's panic and needed
explanation of his conduct — Decline of Federalist influence in
Maryland.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

PAGE

To Timothy Pickering, October i8th . . . io8

Arrival of Pinckney — Prospects of an actual invasion from
France — Duplicity of the Directory — Propriety of Gerry's con-
duct— Rumored intention of the Lafayettes to visit America —
Object of the Democrats.

To Henry Knox, October 2 1 St no

His sickness — Question of precedence — How the nominations
vpere made and agreed to — Incidental rank — The command of
separate corps in the last war — Wishes his co-operation — As to
serving as his aid.

To James McHenry, October 2ist . . . .114
Is opposed to intrigue — His letter to the President — List of
captains and subalterns.

To James McHenry, October 2 1 St .... I15

The question of rank and Knox — Officers to the southward
— Applications from the west — Interposition of members of
Congress — The meeting of the Major-Generals.

To G. W. Snyder, October 24th . . . .119

Spread of doctrines of the Illuminati — Not connected with
freemasonry.

To Timothy Pickering, October 26th . . .120

Welcome acceptance by General Pinckney — Correspondence
between the Department of State and the State executives —
Gerry's inexcusable secret negotiations — His vanity may pre-
vent an explanation.

To Alexander Spotswood, November 22d . . 121

Opinion of the alien and sedition laws— Recommends a way
of securing conviction — Policy of the opposition.

To General Lafayette, December 25th . . .123

Political situation in the United States— His own efforts to
prevent a breach with France— France has been deceived by
an American faction— The United States prepared for a fair
negotiation — Peace not favored because of Great Britain — His
re-appearance in a public station — Right of self-government —
Social.
To William Vans Murray, December 26th . . 128

Dandridge to be in the army — Envoy Logan and his mission —
The new session of Congress— Will be something to torture and
disturb the public mind.

xii CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

To David Stuart, December 30th . . . .132

Proposes that Custis go into the army.

To Bushrod Washington, December 31st . . . 134
Application of Blackburn — ^Judge Addison's charge on liberty
of speech and of the press — Evans on the alien and sedition
laws.

i;99.

To Patrick Henry, January 15th .... 136
Conduct of a certain party — State of Virginia has taken the
lead in factional opposition — Election of opposition candidates —
Attributed to the backwardness of leading characters — Necessary
to counteract the ends of faction — May become dangerous —
Urges him to come forward in some public capacity.

To Bryan, Lord Fairfax, January 20th . . . 140
His public employment — Reasons for taking it upon himself
— Methods of faction — Lady Huntingdon — The crops.

To James Washington, January 20th . . . 144

The German Washingtons — Offices not for foreigners.

To David Stuart, January 22d 146

Washington Custis and his indolence — The matter of a uni-
versity.

To James McHenry, January 27th .... 148
A uniform for himself.

To Timothy Pickering, February loth . . . 151
The report on relations with France — Need of the public for
enlightenment — Gerry's mischievous path.

To Alexander Hamilton, February 25th . . . 152
Zeal somewhat evaporated — Where the responsibility rests.

To Timothy Pickering, March 3d . . . .154
The appointments to France a surprise — How a dignified
course might have been taken.

To John Adams, March 3d 155

The nomination of Murray — What he can say of his fitness
and character.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV. xiii

To James McHenry, March 25th .... 158
A private and friendly letter — What retards the recruiting
service — Evil results of the delay — He, at least, ought not to be
left in ignorance — Inconvenience attending his acceptance —
Observations on the recruiting service — Effect of delay on the
quality of recruits — Influence of members of Congressin appoint-
ments— The case of Caleb Gibbs — The promotion of Lieutenant
Mercer — Rules in promotion must be observed, and feelings of
officers consulted — Proposes Custis as a lieutenant — A sugges-
tion as to the management of detail.

To Charles C. Pinckney, March 31st .... 167

Wishes copies of his various reports to the Secretary of War
— The garrisons on the frontiers of Georgia — Evils of lax dis-
cipline— Brigadier-General Washington — Delays in forming
the army — Presley Thornton — Marriage of Nelly Custis.

To James Welch, April 7th 170

Is not a person to be trifled with — Excuses will not be re-
ceived— Value of a character — In extreme want of money —
New debts will not pay old.

To James McHenry, April 23d 172

One day in the week for letter writing — Plan of disposing of
General Wilkinson's command — Ascertaining the intentions of
officers — Pay and rank of officers — The recruiting service — The
cases of Gibbs and Mercer — A chart wanted.

To John Marshall, May Sth 180

His election and a campaign story — Hancock's contest.

To Alexander Hamilton, June 19th .... 182
Recruiting, clothing, and arrangement of the southern
officers — Why France has succeeded.

To Archibald Blair, June 24th 183

A letter from Patrick Henry— Regret at Henry's death—
His political sentiments — Never suspected Henry of being
unfriendly — A striking proof of his friendliness.

To John Trumbull, June 25th 185

Has received some prints — Price on the Picturesque— How
a faction interprets the French Revolution — The people be-
ginning to see clearly — Changes in Congress — The French in
Louisiana.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

To Jonathan Trumbull, July, 2ist .... 189

An extract from a letter to John Trumbull — How the oppo-
sition will vote — True policy of the Federalists — Cannot come
forward himself — Charges sure to be made were he to become
a candidate — The absence of the President from the seat of
government causing comment.

To James McHenry, August nth .... 193

Bordley's Essays — A perplexing situation — Choice of diffi-
culties before the President — The charge of bribery — Should be
a punishment for such publications — The charge against Consul-
General Stephens — The absence of the President.

To Robert Lewis, August 17th 195

An unendorsed draft — Abatement of rent in case of necessity
— More negroes than can be usefully employed — Proposes to
colonize his western lands with them — An excessive drought —
The illness of Lawrence.

To Governor Jonathan Trumbull, August 30th . . 198
A different state of politics and greater unanimity desired —
Evil results of factional opposition — France in Louisiana and
the Floridas — Will not again ask for the suffrages of the
people — The Federal vote — Principles, not men, the true
policy.

To James McHenry, September 14th . . . 201

The offer of two months' pay — His private finances in need
of assistance — Will take only a reimbursement for expenses.

To James McHenry, September 15th . . . . 202

Rules as to rank.

To Alexander Hamilton, September 15th . . . 204
Disposition of the force — Troops at Natchez would excite
distrust in the Spaniards, and would result in hostility —
Position of the corps de reserve — Fort Wayne — An engineer
of real skill wanted — Most horrible mismanagement some-
where— Furloughs and small garrisons fritter away the strength
of the army— Armed vessels on the lakes— His sentiments
more for consideration than decision.

To Lawrence Lewis, September 20th . . . 209

His intentions to provide for the Custis children— Cannot
lessen his income, but offers an estate— As to building and
title — Keeping the staff in his own hands.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

PAGE

To Surges Ball, September 22d 212

The death of Charles Washington — The last of the children
by the second marriage — Is prepared to follow.

To William Vans Murray, October 26th . . . 213

A water-throwing mill — Affairs in Europe — Time for peace
Pennsylvania politics — His mission — The visit of Lafayette.

To James McHenry, November 17th . . . . 215

Is stricken dumb at the announcement of a determination to
send commissioners to France — Foresees some awful crisis —
The charge against Pinckney.

To James Anderson, December loth .... 217

His plan for managing the farms — Advantages of a settled
plan — Wishes the views of the overseers — Economy to be
practised — Butter — A visit to his western lands — Deeds and
number of lands — Settlement of old accounts.

Instructions for the Management of Farms . . 222

To Alexander Hamilton, December 12th . . . 241

Extracts from a Diary, December 7th-i3th . . 242

Last Illness and Death 243

Particular Account of the Last Illness and Death of

George Washington, by the Attending Physicians 255
Tobias Lear to William Augustine Washington, De-
cember 15th . 257

Tobias Lear to Burges Ball, December 15th . . 258

Proceedings in Congress 259

Mrs. Washington to President Adams, December 31st 266
Mrs. Washington to Governor Trumbull, 15 January,

i8cx) 267

Will of George Washington 271

APPENDIX.

To Lund Washington, August 20th, 1775 . . . 311
111 behavior of the Scotch at Port Tobacco— Simpson's mis-
management of the mill— The safety of Mrs. Washington —
The people of Massachusetts very indifferent — Cowardice at
Bunker's Hill— The lines of defence and operations— The
Massachusetts people suffer nothing to go by them that they
can lay hands upon— Farm work to be done — Building opera-
tions— The keeping of horses by overseers.

xvi CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

PAGE

The Washington Family

317

Will of Andrew Knowling, 1649 326

' Simon Heynes, 1628

334

' Lawrence Washington, 1581

336

' Robert Washington, 1619

341

' Lawrence Washington, 1619

344

' Elizabeth Mewce, 1676 .

347

' Samuel Thornton, 1666 .

348

' Margaret Sandys, 1673 .

348

' Philip Curtis, 1636 .

350

' Amye Curtis, 1636 .

350

' Richard Seymor, 1641

351

' Elizabeth Washington, 1622

353

' Walter Washington, 1597

355

' John Woodward, i6i2 .

• 355

' Sir Lawrence Washington, 164

3

361

' Reginald Graham, 1679 •

364

' Susanna Grahme, 1697 .

365

' Sir William Washington, 1643

366

' Catherine Curtis, 1622

367

' Dorothy Wassington, 1678

368

' Martha Hayward, 1697 .

374

' Lawrence Washington, 1661

378

' Elianor Pargiter, 1685

380

' Mary Washington, 1680 .

382

' Penelope Washington, 1697

383

' Elizabeth Sandys, 1698 .

385

' John Washington, 1677 .

391

' Lawrence Washington, 1675

398

' Lawrence Washington, 1697-8

402

' Augustine Washington, 1743

410

' Mary Washington, 1788 .

416

' Henry Washington, 1747-8

419

' Lawrence Washington, 1752

423

Aides-de-c.

imp ....

,

,

,

4.^2

Indexes :

Index of letters from Washington . . . 437
Index of Letters from Washington, Printed by

Sparks, Omitted in this Edition . . . 470
General Index . . . . . . .481

THE WRITINGS OF

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

TO JAMES ANDERSON,

Federal City, 22 May, 1798.

Your letter of the 19th inst. has been received, but
not with the surprise it would otherwise have occa-
sioned had I not been prepared in some measure for
the notice it gave, by the intimation contained in a
former letter (not now by me, and the date forgotten)
of your intention to withdraw from my employment at
the end of the year.

I shall repeat now, what I said upon that occasion
— viz — that I had no intention then, nor have I any
desire now, to part with you as a manager ; but
having made this declaration I shall add, (what I
believe I then did) that I have no wish to retain any
person in my service who is discontented with my con-
duct ; or who has any prospect more congenial with
their inclinations or their interest in the service of
another — and this I must presume to be the case with
you, for it can hardly be supposed that the reasons
you have assigned for leaving mine, are all that have
urged you to the measure. Strange and singular
indeed would it be, if the proprietor of an estate (than
whom no one can be so good a judge of the resources

2 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

as himself) should have nothing to say in, or controul
over, his own expenditures ; should not be at liberty
to square his oeconomy thereto ; nor should, without
hurting the feelings of a manager, point to such alter-
ations (admitting they were not the best, but such as
he might incline to adopt, or at least propose ;) espe-
cially too when it has been requested by that manager
over and over again to do so. It is a matter of regret,
and if these things should operate equally on others,
it might be a means of preventing my ever having
another manager — for I have no hesitation in declar-
ing that I shall never relinquish the right of judging,
in my own concerns (though I may be pleased always
to hear opinions) to any man living, while I have
health and strength to look into my own business —
especially as my sole inducement to give standing
wages was to prevent those complaints which might
arise from a difference of opinion and interference, if
a share of the crops was to constitute the reward for
service.

Having said this much upon general principles, I
am a little curious, I must confess, to know in what
instances your plans have been thwarted — that they
have been altered by yourself, cannot be denied. I
am equally desirous of knowing what improvements
have been obstructed or defeated by my withholding
the means of carrying them into effect ? It will not
be denied that you have planned your own crops
(except perhaps those at Dogue Run), and that you
have directed the carpenters, ditchers, millers and
coopers in their work. If I have interfered in either

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 3

it has been no further, that I can recollect, than by
expressing an opinion that shifting them from one
work to another, before anything was completed, is
a waste of time, and a backwarding of labor. Have
you ever been denied money when it was asked for ?
and have I not on a variety of occasions given it as
my decided opinion that to improve my farms by
lessening the quantity of tillage, by dressing the
smaller quantity more highly ; by hedging, and keep-
ing them clean ; by ditching and meadowing, would
be more agreeable to me than immediate profit ; and
that for want of a regular rotation system (adapted to
the nature of the soil, and to circumstances) my land
hitherto has been sorely pressed, and must ultimately
be ruined, if it is not adopted.

If all these things have happened, where have I
been deficient? or in what have you just cause to
complain ? If I cannot remark upon my own business
passing every day under my own eyes, without hurt-
ing your feelings, I must discontinue my rides, or
become a cypher on my own estate. And you will, I
am persuaded, do me the justice to say, that I have
never undertaken any new thing, or made any mate-
rial change, or indeed any change at all in the old,
without consulting with you thereupon ; and you must
further acknowledge, that I have never been tenacious
of any matters I have suggested, when you have
offered reasons against the adoption of them. If
your feelings have been hurt by my remarks on the
bad clover seed that was purchased, I cannot help
that ; my views and plan have been much more hurt

4 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

by it ; for it is a fact known to yourself, that field
No. 2, at D. R. would not have been sown with oats
but for the sake of the clover (with a view to carry-
ing on my rotation system at that farm) and that I
required only three or four days to have ascertained
by actual experim-ent whether it was good or not. In
a case where facts could be resorted to, there was no
occasion to exercise judgment.

But as it is not my wish to hurt the feelings of any
one, where it can be avoided — or to do injustice
in any respect whatsoever, the foregoing is to be
considered in no other light than as a reply to your
letter, and as a development of the principles on
which I have acted and shall continue to act. I shall
proceed then to suggest now what I intended to men-
tion to you some little time hence, and which was the
ground on which I proposed the plan of building
a house at the mill.

Two things have appeared very clear to me for
some time past ; one, that your attention is too much
divided, and called to so many different objects, that
notwithstanding your zeal and industry, with which
I always have been, and still am perfectly satisfied,
some of them must suffer : — the other, that my mill
and distillery, under the uncertainty of cropping of
late years, would with good management and close
attention to them, be found my best and most certain
support.

Under this conviction, under a belief that to carry
on the millering and distillery business to the extent
of which they are susceptible, would, of themselves,

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

be sufificient to occupy the time and attention of any
one person ; and under a persuation that if you were
relieved wholly, or in part from all the other duties
and perplexities of your present employments (still
retaining the salary and emoluments you now have)
that you would render these two branches more pro-
ductive than the whole now is to me. These con-
siderations then, had determined me to propose to
you to confine your attention to these objects and to
the Fishery ; if not altogether, at least in a great
degree ; to enable you to do which with the greatest
convenience was one of my motives for proposing
to build a convenient house at the mill. In this case
you would be relieved from the responsibility of
other matters, and in a great measure from the
trouble which is now attached to them, altho' I
should still expect and stipulate to receive all the
aid that could be derived from your knowledge and
advice in the management of my farms, especially at
the three nearest to the mill, and that you would ride
round them with me whenever required so to do,
and do business for me in Alexandria when called
upon for that purpose. I am induced, in some degree,
to make this proposition from another consideration ;
namely a belief that one of the overseers which I now
have, altho' he may obey orders, will never carry on
business to advantage if controuled by any one
except the owner of the farm, if by him.

If you are inclined to accede to this proposition, I will
give the three concerns above mentioned up entirely
to your management the ensuing year, under regula-

6 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

tions to be agreed upon, and will furnish you with
means to carry on the business to its utmost extent,
and shall, as mentioned before, only require your
advice and assistance occasionally in conducting the
other parts of my concerns. By a plan of this sort
you will be relieved from the most troublesome part
of your present occupations — from all the responsi-
bility annexed to them ; and from those remarks
which seem to be the source of your present uneasi-
ness and complaints.

So soon as you shall have given this proposition
due consideration, I shall expect to be informed of
the result, as decision and timely measures must
be taken on my part to arrange matters for the
new order, if you are determined to quit the employ.

I wish you well, and am your friend, &c.

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON.

Mount Vernon, 27 May, 1798.

My dear Sir,

Yesterday brought me your letter of the 19th
instant. You may be assured, that my mind is deeply
impressed with the present situation of our public
affairs, and not a little agitated by the outrageous
conduct of France towards the United States, and at
the inimitable conduct of its partisans, who aid and
abet their measures. You may believe further, from
assurances equally sincere, that if there was anything
in my power, which could be done with consistency,

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 7

to avert or lessen the danger of the crisis, it should
be rendered with hand and heart.

The expedient however which has been suggested
by you, would not in my opinion answer the end,
which is proposed — the object of such a tour could
not be vailed by the extensive cover to be given to
it ; because it would not apply to the state of my
health which never was better and as the measure
would be susceptible of two interpretations the ene-
mies to it, always more active and industrious than
friends wou'd endeavor, as much as in them lay, to
turn it to their own advantage by malicious insinua-
tions ; unless they should discover that the current
against themselves was setting too strong, and of too
serious a nature for them to stem, in which case the
journey would be unnecessary, and in either case the
reception might not be such as you have supposed.

But, my dear Sir, dark as matters appear at pres-
ent, and expedient as it is to be prepared at all points
for the worst that can happen, (and no one is more
disposed to this measure than I am,) I cannot make
up my vavsxd. yet for the expectation of open war, or,
in other words, for a formidable invasion by France.
I cannot believe, although I think them capable [of]
any thing bad, that they will attempt to do more than
they have done ; or that, when they perceive the
spirit and policy of this country rising into resistance,
and that they have falsely calculated upon support
from a large part of the people thereof to promote
their views and influence in it, that they will desist
even from those practices, unless unexpected events

8 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

in Europe, and their possession of Louisiana and the
Floridas, should induce them to continue the measure.
And I believe further, that, although the leaders of
their party in this country will not change their senti-
ments, that they will be obliged nevertheless to
change their plan, or the mode of carrying it on, from
the effervescence which is appearing in all quarters,
and from the desertion of their followers, which must
frown them into silence, at least for a while.

If I did not view things in this light, my mind
would be infinitely more disquieted than it is ; for, if
a crisis should arrive, when a sense of duty or a call
from my country should become so imperious, as to
leave me no choice, I should prepare for the relin-
quishment, and go with as much reluctance from my
present peaceful abode, as I should do to the tomb of
my ancestors.

To say at this time, determinately, what I should
do under such circumstances, might be improper,
having once before departed from a similar reso-
lution ; but I may declare to you, that, as there [is]
no conviction in my breast, that I could serve my
country with more efficiency in the command of the
armies it might levy than many others, an expression
of its wish that I should do so must somehow or
another be unequivocally known, to satisfy my mind,
that, notwithstanding the respect in which I may be
held on account of former services, that a preference
might not be given to a man more in his prime ; and
it might well be supposed, too, that I should like
previously to know who would be my coadjutors, and

[798] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

whether you would be disposed to take an active part,
if arms are to be resorted to.^

Before this letter can get to your hands, you will
have seen the resolutions and proposed address from
citizens of Charleston in South Carolina. Their pro-
ceedings will, I am persuaded, give the tone to other
parts of that State. Two or three very good ad-
dresses have already appeared from North Carolina,
one with the signature of a late Governor thereof
(Spaight.) All the most popular and hardy yeo-
manry of this State have come and are coming for-
ward, with strong addresses to the executive and
assurances of support. The address from Norfolk
(I do not mean the impertinent one from Magnien's
Grenadier Company) is a good one. The middle
counties of this State, with two or three exceptions,
have hitherto been silent. They want leaders ; but
I shall be much mistaken, if a large majority of them
do not forsake, if they have heretofore been with
those, who have pretended to speak their sentiments.
As to the resolutions, which were entered into at
Fredericksburg, it is only necessary to point to the
manager of them, and add that the meeting was partial.^

' "You ought to be aware, my dear Sir, that, in the event of an open rup-
ture with France, the public voice will again call you to command the armies of
your country ; and, though all who are attached to you will from attachment,
as well as public considerations, deplore an occasion which should once more
tear you from that repose to which you have so good a right, yet it is the
opinion of all those with whom I converse, that you will be compelled to make
the sacrifice. All your past labors may demand, to give them efficacy, this
further, this very great sacrifice." — Hamilton to Washington, 19 May, 1798.

' ' ' The present dangerous crisis of public affairs makes one anxious to know
the sentiments of our citizens in different parts of this commonwealth ; and no
one has a better opportunity to form an opinion of the central part thereof

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

From Georgia no development of the public sen-
timent has yet appeared ; but I learn from an intelli-
gent gentleman just returned from where he has been
some time for the benefit of his health, travelling,
going and returning slowly, and making considerable
hahs, that the people of that State, as also those of
South and North Carolina, seem to be actuated by
one spirit, and that a very friendly one to the general
government. I have likewise heard, that the present
governor of the first (Georgia) professes to be
strongly attached to it. These disclosures, with
what may yet be expected, will, I conceive, give a
different impression of the sentiments of our people
to the Directory of France, than what they have been
taught to believe, while it must serve to abash the
partisans of it for their wicked and presumptive
information.

Your free communications, on these political topics,
is so far from needing an apology, that I shall be
much gratified and thankful to you for the continua-
tion of them ; and I would wish you to believe, that,
with great truth and sincerity, I am always your
affectionate friend, &c.

than yourself. This will be my apology for giving you the trouble of a letter
at this time.

' ' Several counties above the Blue Ridge have come forward with warm
addresses and strong professions of support. From Norfolk two meetings (one
good, the other bad^ have had their proceedings detailed in the gazettes.
Meetings have taken place in a few of the middle counties with unpromising
results ; and an invitation was given for one in Davis's paper of the 15th, to be
held in Richmond ; but I have heard nothing more concerning it. Let not
any inquiries or gratifications of mine interfere with your more important con-
cerns. The devotion of a moment or two of leisure will suffice for, dear Sir."
— Washington to Edward Carrington, 30 May, 1798.

1 798] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

II

TO JEREMY BELKNAP.

Mount Vernon, 15 June, 1798.

Reverend Sir,

Your favor of the 29th ultimo, accompanying the
Discourse delivered on the day recommended by the
President of the United States to be observed for a
fast, was received in the usual course of the mail
from Boston, and the copies therewith sent were for-
warded agreeably to your desire. My best wishes
attend the prosecution of your American Biog-
raphy ; and, (not recollecting whether the request
was made before,) I desire I may be considered as a
subscriber to the first volume. To the proposal,^
which came under cover to me, I have fixed my
name, and will lodge the paper in the hands of a
gentleman in Alexandria for the convenience of
those, who may incline to become subscribers thereto,
and thereafter to return it to you.

My information, relative to the family of Calvert,
is more limited than the one detailed by you. I
know little more of it, than what is recited in the his-
tory of Virginia ; but I will send a transcript of so
much of your letter, as relates to this subject, to a
well-informed gentleman of my acquaintance in Mary-
land, Judge Chase, and give you the result.'

I know of no other histories of Virginia, than those
mentioned in your letter ; but I recollect well to have
heard the late Richard Bland, of Prince George
County, say before the revolution, that he was either

' Dr. Belknap died suddenly on the zoth of June, only five days after the
above letter vf as written.

12 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

possessed of or was collecting materials, and hoped
to furnish a more correct history of it, than any that
was then extant. He was very competent to the un-
dertaking, being a man of erudition and intelligence,
long a member of the councils of this State, and after-
wards a member of the first Congresses that were held
in Philadelphia. I cannot add, however, that he was
the author of the manuscript transmitted to you by
Carter B. Harrison. Colonel Bland, the person of
whom I am speaking, has been dead more than
twenty years.' Bishop Madison, with whom you
seem to be in the habit of corresponding, is as likely
to give information on the point sought after by you
as any one person I am acquainted with. To the
descendant of a gentleman, (the Honorable Richard
Corbin, many years deceased,) who it is said pos-
sessed some valuable notes relative to ancient trans-
actions, and the actors of those times in this State,
I will write ; and if any thing worthy of notice is
obtained, you shall be furnished therewith.

If I can render you any service in procuring mate-
rials for your valuable Biography, I shall feel pleas-
ure in doing it. I hope both life and health will be
dispensed to you by Him, in whose hands all things
are, until this and many others of your good works
are completed. For the Discourse, which you were
so obliging as to send me, and for the favorable sen-
timents with which it was accompanied, I pray you to
accept the best thanks of. Sir, &c.

• See the introduction to Bland's Fragment on the Pistole Fee Claimed by the
Governor of Virginia, 1753, edited by me.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. ij

TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
^ _ Mount Vernon, 17 June, 1798.

Dear Sir,

I have heard with much pleasure, that you con-
template a visit to the city designated for the perma-
nent seat of government of the United States, in
the course of the summer or early in autumn.

It is unnecessary, I hope, for me in that event to
express the satisfaction it would give Mrs. Washing-
ton and me to see Mrs. Adams, yourself, and com-
pany in the shade of our vine and fig-tree ; but I
shall request, that, while you remain in these parts,,
you will make Mount Vernon your head-quarters. It
is but about seventeen miles by land, and less by
water, from the Federal City ; and only half that dis-
tance from Alexandria, which is on the direct route
between them.

I pray you to believe, that no one has read the
various approbatory addresses, which have been pre-
sented to you, with more heartfelt satisfaction than I
have done ; nor are there any, who more sincerely
wish that your administration of the government may
be easy, happy, and honorable to yourself, and pros-
perous for the country.

Present, if you please, the best respects of Mrs.
Washington, Miss Custis, and myself to Mrs, Adams,
and Miss Smith. Accept them yourself, and be
assured of the high esteem and regard, with which.
I have the honor to be, dear Sir, &c.

14 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

TO JAMES LLOYD.

Dear Sir mount Vernon, 25 June, 1798.

Your favor of the 25th. ulto. has been duly received,
and I feel much obliged by your polite attentions to me.

I rejoice to hear of General Marshall's arrival, and
wish sincerely he had been accompanied by his
colleagues, for I believe no country will afford
them better protection than their own. The stay
•of one of them has a mysterious appearance, after
having jointly declared " that no one of them is
authorized to take upon himself a negotiation evi-
dently entrusted by the letter of the powers and
instructions to the whole," and that too after the
invidious distinction was made by the minister of
foreign relations, which ought in my opinion to have
filled him with resentment instead of complaisance.

I wonder the French Government has not more
pride than to expose to the world such flimsy per-
formances as the ministers of it exhibit by way of
■complaint and argument. But it is still more to be
wondered at, that these charges, which have been
refuted over and over again, should find men * * * '

TO JAMES LLOYD.
Sir, Mount Vernon, 27 June, 1798.

Accept my thanks for your favor of the 21st Inst
and its inclosure. When the whole correspondence
between our envoys and the French Minister of

' Incomplete.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 15

Foreign Relations and his agents is brought into
one view, and laid before the public, it will be ex-
tremely interesting ; and must, I conceive, carry
conviction to every mind that is open to it, of
what the French now are, and have been aiming
at from the beginning of their Revolution — or from
an early period of it at least ; and will at the same
time show them in what manner they have been
imposed upon by those whose objects were not to
be promoted by truth or a clear understanding of
matters.

Gen'l Marshall is so capable of making accurate
observations,, that I am persuade his information
may be relied on with certainty. With great
esteem, &c.

TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Mount Vernon, 4 July, 1798.

Dear Sir,

Not being in the habit, since my return to private
life, of sending regularly to the post-ofifice, (nine
miles from hence,) every post-day, it often happens
that letters addressed to me lye longer there on that
account, than they otherwise would do.

I have delayed no time unnecessarily since I had
the honor of receiving your very obliging favor of
the 2 2d ultimo, to thank you for the polite and
flattering sentiments you have been pleased to ex-
press relatively to me, and to assure you, that, as far
as it is in my power to support your administration.

i6 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

and to render it easy, happy, and honorable, you
may command me without reserve.'

At the epoch of my retirement, an Invasion of
these States by any European Power, or even the
probability of such an event happening in my days,
was so far from being contemplated by me, that I
had no conception that that or any other occurrence
would arise in so short a period, which could turn my
eyes from the shades of Mount Vernon. But this
seems to be the age of wonders ; and reserved for
intoxicated and lawless France (for purposes of Provi-
dence far beyond the reach of human ken) to slaugh-
ter its own citizens, and to disturb the repose of all
the world besides.

From a view of the past, from the prospect pres-
ent— and of that which seems to be expected, it is
not easy for me to decide satisfactorily on the part it
might best become me to act. In case of actual In-
vasion by a formidable force, I certainly should not
Intrench myself under the cover of age and retire-
ment, if my services should be required by my Coun-

' On the 28th of May a law was passed by Congress, authorizing the Presi-
dent, " in the event of a declaration of war against the United States, or of
actual invasion of their territory by a foreign power, or of imminent danger of
such invasion discovered in his opinion to exist, before the next session of
Congress, to cause to be enlisted, and to call into actual service, a number of
troops not exceeding ten thousand non-commissioned officers, musicians, and
privates, to be enlisted for a term not exceeding three years." Authority was
also given to the President to organize the army, with a suitable number of
major-generals and other officers, into corps of artillery, cavalry, and infantry ;
and, in short, to make every arrangement for preparing the forces for actual
service. This was called a Provisional Army. The measure was adopted in
consequence of the threatening aspect of affairs between France and the United
States. The causes and particulars are briefly stated in Marshall's Life of
Washington, vol. v., pp. 735-746.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 17

try to assist in repelling it. And if there be good
cause, which must be better known to the Govern-
ment than to private citizens, to expect such an
event, delay in preparing for it might be dangerous,
improper, and not to be justified by prudence. The
uncertainty, however, of the latter, in my mind,
creates my embarrassment ; for I cannot fairly bring
it to believe, disregardful as the French are of trea-
ties and of the laws of nations, and capable as I con-
ceive them to be of any species of Despotism and
Injustice, that they will attempt to invade this coun-
try, after such a uniform and unequivocal expression
of the sense of the People in all parts to oppose them
with their lives and fortunes.

That they have been led to believe, by their agents
and Partisans amongst us, that we are a divided
people, that the latter are opposed to their own Gov-
ernment, and that a show of a small force would
occasion a revolt, I have no doubt ; and how far these
men, (grown desperate,) will further attempt to de-
ceive, and may succeed in keeping up the deception,
is problematical. Without this, the folly of the
Directory in such an attempt would, I conceive, be
more conspicuous, if possible, than their wickedness.

Having with candor made this disclosure of the
state of my mind, it remains only that I should add,
that to those who know me best it is best known,
that, if imperious circumstances should induce me to
renounce the smooth paths of Retirement for the
thorny ways of Public life, at a period too when re-
pose is most congenial to nature, and a calm indis-

i8 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

pensable to contemplation, that it would be produc-
tive of sensations, which can be more easily conceived
than expressed.

The difficulty in which you expect to be involved,
in the choice of general officers, when you come to
form the army, is certainly a serious one ; and, in a
Government like ours, where there are so many con-
siderations to be attended to and to combine, it will
be found not a little perplexing. But, as the mode
of carrying on the War against the Foe that threat-
ens must differ widely from that practised in the
contest for Independence, it will not be an easy
matter, I conceive, to find, among the old set of
Generals, men of sufficient activity, energy, and
health, and of sound politics, to train troops to the
" quick step," long marches, and severe conflicts they
may have to encounter ; and, therefore, that recourse
must be had, (for the greater part at least,) to the
well-known, most experienced, best proved and intel-
ligent officers of the late army without respect to
Grade.

I speak with diffidence, however, on this head,
having no list by me from which my memory could
be refreshed. There is one thing though, on which I
can give a decided opinion ; and, as it is of the utmost
importance to the Public, to the army, and to the
officer commanding it, be him whom he will, I will
take the liberty of suggesting it now. It is, that the
greatest circumspection be used in appointing the
General staff. If this corps is not composed of
respectable characters, knowledge of the duties of

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

19

their respective Departments, able, active, and firm,
and of incorruptible integrity and prudence, and
withal such as the Commander-in-Chief can place
entire confidence in, his plans and movements, if not
defeated altogether, may be so embarrassed and
retarded, as to amount nearly to the same thing ; and
this almost with impunity on their part. * * *

The opening given me in your letter is such, as
hath prompted me to express these sentiments with
freedom; and persuading myself, that you will
ascribe them to pure motives, although they may
differ from your own ideas, I have no doubt of their
being well received. With the greatest respect and
consideration I have the honor to be, dear Sir, &c.^

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.

Mount Vernon, 4 July, 1798.

Dear Sir,

The sentiments, which I mean to express to you
in this letter on the subject of yours, shall be frank,
undisguised, and explicit ; for I see, as you do, that

' " In fonning an army," said the President, in his letter to which the above
is an answer, "whenever I must come to that extremity, I am at an immense
loss whether to call on all the old generals, or to appoint a young set. If the
French come here, we must learn to march with a quick step, and to attack,
for in that way only they are said to be vulnerable. I must tax you sometimes
for advice. We must have your name, if you will in any case permit us to use
it. There will be more efficacy in it, than in many an army. "

Before the above answer to the President's letter was received by him, that
is, on the 2d of July, he nominated to the Senate " George Washington, of
Mount Vernon, to be lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of all the
armies raised and to be raised in the United States.'' The nomination was
unanimously confirmed by the Senate the next day.

20 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

clouds are gathering, and that a storm may ensue ;
and I find, too, from a variety of hints, that my quiet
under these circumstances does not promise to be of
long continuance.

It cannot be necessary for me to promise to you,
or to others, who know my sentiments as well, that>
to quit the tranquil walks of retirement, and enter
the boundless field of responsibility and trouble, would
be productive of sensations, which a better pen than
I possess would find it difficult to describe. Never-
theless, the principle by which my conduct has been
actuated through life would not suffer me, in any
great emergency, to withhold any services I could
render, required by my country ; especially in a case,
where its dearest rights are assailed by lawless ambi-
tion and intoxicated power, contra.ry to every prin-
ciple of justice, and in violation of\^ solemn compact
and Laws, which govern all civilized nations; and
this, too, with the obvious intent to sow thick the
seeds of disunion, for the purpose of subjugating the
Government, and destroying our Independence and
happiness.

Under circumstances like these, accompanied by an
actual Invasion of our territorial rights, it would be
difficult at any time for me to remain an idle specta-
tor under the plea of age or Retirement. With sor-
row, it is true, I should quit the shades of my peace-
ful abode, and the ease and happiness I now enjoy,
to encounter anew the turmoils of War, to which,
possibly, my strength and powers might be found in-
competent. These, however, should not be stum-

J798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 21

blingblocks in my own way; but there are other
things highly important for me to ascertain and settle,
before I could give a decided answer to your question.

First, the propriety in the opinion of the public, (so
far as that opinion has been expressed in conversa-
tion,) of my appearing again on a Public theatre,
after declaring the sentiments I did in my Valedictory
Address, of September, 1796.

Second, a conviction in my own breast, from the
best information that can be obtained, that it is the
wish of my country, that the military force of it
should be committed to my charge ; and.

Third, that the army now to be formed should be
so appointed, as to afford a well-grounded hope of its
doing honor to the country, and credit to him who
commands it in the field.

On each of these heads you must allow me to make
observations.

With respect to the first, it will readily be admit-
ted, under the circumstances I at present am, that
nothing short of an imperious call would or ought
to draw me from Retirement ; and, unless this was
apparent, the advantages, (if any are expected from
the measure,) would not only be weakened, but
might be defeated altogether. For the opposers of
government, with a view to lessen its influence, would
denounce it at once a restless act, evincive of my
discontent in retirement, and that my love for it was
all a sham. Knowing the purity of my own inten-
tions, such observations would make no impression
on my personal feelings, but the necessity thereof in

22 THE WRITINGS OF [179S

the eyes of the Public ought to be unequivocal ; for
it would be uncandid in me not to confess, that, al-
though I highly approve of all the defensive and
precautionary measures that have been adopted,
and wish they had been more energetic, yet that I
cannot believe, since the People of this country, (on
whose defection the calculation was made,) have
come forward with such strong and unequivocal
assurances to defend at all hazards their Government
and Independence, maugre the attempts to divert
them from it, that the Directory of France, intoxi-
cated and abandoned as it is, will have the folly to
invade our territorial rights, otherwise than by preda-
tory attempts on the sea-board ; unless their agents
and Partisans among us, in defiance of the evidence
of their senses, should still have the wickedness and
address to make that Government believe, that noth-
ing but a force to give countenance to its friends is
wanting to effectuate all they wish. This, Sir, is my
opinion, with respect to d^ formidable Invasion. Per-
haps, with the information and lights in possession
of the Executive, I might think differently.

On the second head I shall be more concise, be-
cause, as my whole life has been dedicated to the
Service of my country in one shape or another, for
the poor remains of it, it is not an object to contend
for ease and quiet, when all that is valuable in it is
at stake, further than to be satisfied that the sacrifice
I should make of these is acceptable and desired by
my Country. As neither ambition, Interest, nor
personal gratification of any sort could induce me to

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 23

quit the walks of private life, to be disappointed in
the only object I should have in view would be mor-
tifying beyond my powers of utterance. And what
this public opinion and wish is, on this occasion, I
know not ; for I have studiously avoided touching
on the subject, lest some inference contrary to my
meaning should be drawn from it.

I express these ideas not from affectation, for I
despise everything that carries the appearance of it,
but from the belief, that, as it is the fashion of the
present day, set or adopted by the French with whom
we are to contend and with great and astonishing
success too, to appoint Generals of Juvenile years
to lead their armies, it might not be improbable, that
similar ideas and wishes might pervade the minds of
oui- citizens. And when to this a fear might be
added, that age may have wrought too powerfully on
my body and mind, to make it advisable to commit
so important a trust to my direction.

On the third head you must permit me to dwell a lit-
tle more.at large. If an army was in existence, and an
officer were invited to take command of It, his course
would be plain, for he would have nothing more to
do than to examine the constitution of it, and to in-
quire into the composition, to enable him to decide ;
but we have one to form, and much indeed depends
upon the formation. If a judicious choice is not
made of the principal officers, and above all, of the
General Staff, in the first instance, it never can be
rectified thereafter. The character, then, of the
army would be lost in the Superstructure. The

24

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

reputation of the Commander-in-Chief would sink
with it, and the country be involved in inextricable
expense.

It is impossible, I know, for the Executive to be
intimately acquainted with the qualifications of the
Battalion ofiFicers ; and perhaps, from the manner in
which the Volunteer Corps may ofifer themselves,
little will be left to his choice. The presumption
however is, that, as these corps will be composed of
respectable citizens, the officers will be good, and
worthy of as much confidence as can be placed in
untried men. The great desiderata lyes in the ap-
pointment of the General Officers of the line, and of
the Staff", particularly the latter ; and the first con-
sists in a great measure in determining whether they
shall be taken from the old set of Generals, or formed
anew from the most experienced, intelligent, and best
proved ofificers of the late American army, without
regard to Grade.

From the want of the list, which I left in the
Presidential office, by which my memory could be
refreshed as to names, it would be hazardous, and
might be improper, to give a decided opinion on this
head ; but I have n-o great scruple in saying, that I
incline strongly to the latter mode ; for, if this coun-
try Is seriously Invaded, our system of warfare must
be the very reverse of the last.

To remark to a military man, how all-important the
General Staff of an army is to its well-being, and how
essential consequently to the Commander-in-Chief,
seems to be unnecessary ; and yet a good choice is of

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 25

such immense consequence, that I must be allowed to
explain myself.

The Inspector-General, Quartermaster-General,
Adjutant-General, and officer commanding the corps
of Artillerists and Engineers, ought to be men of
the most respectable character, and of first-rate abili-
ties ; because, from the nature of their respective
offices, and from their being always about the Com-
mander-in-Chief, who is obliged to entrust many
things to them confidentially, scarcely any movement
can take place without their knowledge. It follows,
then, that, besides possessing the qualifications just
mentioned, they ought to have those of Integrity
and prudence in an eminent degree, that entire confi-
dence might be reposed in them. Without these,
and their being on good terms with the Commanding
General, his measures, if not designedly thwarted,
may be so embarrassed as to make them move
heavily on.

If the Inspector-General is not an officer of great
respectability of character, firm and strict in dischar-
ging the duties of the trust reposed in him, or if he is
too pliant in his disposition, he will most assuredly be
imposed upon, and the efficient strength and condi-
tion of the army will not be known to the Command-
er-in-Chief. Of course he may form his Plans upon
erroneous calculations, and commit fatal mistakes.

If the Quartermaster-General is not a man of great
resource and activity, and worthy of the highest con-
fidence, he would be unfit for the military Station he
is to occupy ; for, as it is not possible at all times to

26 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

mask real designs and movements under false appear-
ances, the better and safer way is, to place full confi-
dence in him under the seal of responsibility. Then,
knowing the plan, he participates in the concealment ;
on which, and the celerity of a movement, success
oftentimes entirely depends. In addition to these
requisites in a Quartermaster-General, oeconomy in
providing for the wants of an army, proper arrange-
ments in the distribution of the supplies, and a care-
ful eye to the use of them, is of great importance,
and call for a circumspect choice.

The Adjutant-Gen. ought also to be a man of
established character, of great activity and experi-
ence in the details of an army, and of proved integ-
rity, or no alertness can be expected in the execution
of the several duties consigned to him on the one
hand, and every thing to be feared from treachery or
neglect in his office on the other, by which the enemy
might be as well informed of our strength as their own.

Though last mentioned, it is not least important,
that so essential and scientific a part of the army, as
the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers, should have
an able and respectable officer at their head, without
which it would soon sink into ignorance and dis-
repute.

Humanity and feeling for the sick and wounded of
an army call loudly for skill, attention, and oeconomy
in the director of the hospitals ; and, without the
last qualification, profusion and misapplication of its
Stores will inevitably take place.

Able, well-informed, active, and spirited General

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 27

Officers are no doubt of high importance to the
honor, reputation, and success of any army ; but I
have confined my observations in a more particular
manner to those of the General Staff, who may be
considered as so many parts of the Commander-in-
Chief. Viewing them, then, in this light, it will
readily be seen how essential it is, that they should
be agreeable to him. Such characters are within my
view, if they would accept.

I have run into great prolixity, in order to give you
a comprehensive view of my ideas on the subject of
your letter, and the principles by which I am gov-
erned. Without these explanations, the answer
might have been conveyed in a few words as follows.

When I retired to the walks of private life, I had
no idea, that any event would occur which could in-
duce me to leave them. That the pain I should feel,
if it be my fate to do so, cannot easily be expressed ;
Yet if this Country should be actually Invaded, or
such manifestation of a design to do it as cannot be
mistaken, I should be ready to render every Service
in my power to repel it ; —

Provided my declining years are not considered as
an objection to the trust, but, on the contrary, (and
in support of the partiality which may actuate the
President in my favor,) it shall appear unequivocally
to you, and to those with whom you act, being at the
centre of information from all parts of the Union,
and where a Commander for the Troops to be raised
must often have been the subject of conversation,
that the Public wish was directed to me, notwith-

38 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

Standing my avowed declaration when I retired from
office to remain a private Citizen ; —

And provided also, That I can have such charac-
ters associated with me, as will render the turmoils
of War, and the burthen of the Command, as light
as the nature of it will admit. For it is well known,
that the vicissitudes of war are not within the reach
of human controul ; and the chances of adding to,
are not greater than the hazard of taking from, that
reputation which the partiality of the world has been
pleased to confer for past services ; And that not
prompted, as I have observed in a former part of this
letter, by motives of ambition or Interest to embark
again on a theatre so arduous and responsible, I
might in the course of events be left with the single
consolation of knowing myself, though possibly de-
prived even of the credit of that by the malevolence
of others ; that a sense of duty was the only motive,
which had induced me to run the risk, and to make
the sacrifice of my ease and quiet at the same time.

In a very handsome, polite, and flattering letter
with which I have lately been honored by the Presi
dent, he has hinted in very delicate terms, not to be
misunderstood, a wish that the Command of the
Military force of this Country might be in me. I did
not conceive myself at liberty, however, to go into
such details and explanations with him, as, from the
habits of intimacy I have always been in with you, I
thought myself authorized to talk with you, who may
be assured of the sincere esteem and affectionate
regards of, dear Sir, &c.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 29.

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.

Mount Vernon, 5 July, 1798.

My dear Sir,

I am perfectly satisfied, that the duties of your
office were not diminished by the business thrown
upon it in the course of the present session of Con-
gress, and far was it from my wish to add to the
trouble of them. I expected no more than a simple
acknowledgment of my letters, and, with respect to
the proposed Arsenal at the confluence of the Poto-
mac and Shanondoah, that you would have said it
had or had not been forgotten, according to the
fact.

I am well satisfied with your reply to my last ;
better perhaps than you will be with the trouble of
reading the lengthy scrawl herewith enclosed, to
which it has given rise, and which if you please, as
from yourself, may be shewn to the President ; to
whom I have expressed tantamount sentiments in
more concise terms. If you are at liberty, and deem
it expedient, communicate the responses, which shall
be made to it to me.

The President's letter to me, though not so ex-
pressed in terms, is nevertheless strongly indicative
of a wish, that I should take charge of the military
force of this Country ; and, if I take his meanings
right, to aid also in the selection of the General Offi-
cers. The appointment of these is important, but of
those of the General Staff all-important ; insomuch
that, if I am looked to as the Commander-in-Chief,
I must be allowed to chuse such as will be agreeable

3°

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

to me. To say more at present would be unneces-
sary ; first, because an army may not be wanted ; afid,
2dly, because I might not be indulged in this choice if
it was.

You will readily perceive, that a main difficulty
with me in this business proceeds from the different
epochs at which the army may be formed, and at
which it would be proper for me to take the Com-
mand of it, (in case the preliminaries mentioned in
my other letter are solved to my satisfaction. The
President, knowing that 10,000 men cannot be raised
by the blowing of a Trump, might deem it expe-
dient, from such appearances or information as would
justify him under the Act, to prepare for the worst.
I, on the other hand, have no disposition, and think
it would be bad policy, to come forward before the
emergency becomes evident ; farther than that it might
be known, that I will step forward when it does ap-
pear so unequivocally ; and if the matters, for which
I have stipulated as previously necessary, are ascer-
tained and accommodated, I shall have no objection
to the annunciation (if good would result from it) of
this determination. But what is to be done in the
interval ? I see but two ways to overcome the diffi-
culty, if it is an object to accommodate my wishes ;
first, to delay the appointment of the General Staff to
the latter Epoch, if no inconvenience would result
from it ; or, if this cannot be, then to advise with
me on the appointment of them. I mention this
matter now, and in this manner, because I have some
reason to believe, that there are very fit men that

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 31

would be coadjutors with me, whose services could
not otherwise be commanded.

Although I have made my stand at the General
Staff, I conceive that much will depend upon active
and spirited officers for the Divisions & Brigades of
the army. And (under the rose) I shall candidly de-
clare, that I do not, from my present recollection of
them, conceive that a desirable set could be formed
from the old Generals, some on account of their age
or infirmities, some from never having never dis-
played any talents for Enterprise, and others from
their general opposition to the Government, or pre-
dilection to French measures, be their present con-
duct what it may, for those who will come up with a
flowing tide, will descend with the Ebb, and there
can be no dependence upon them in moments of
difficulty. If circumstances would allow a choice
of Field-Officers, the service would be much benefited
by it.

With my two letters I must have tired you suffi-
ciently, and therefore I shall only add, what you
knew before, and that is that I am your Affectionate,
&c.

P. S. I have already been applied to by one
Gentleman to recommend him for Director of the
Hospital, which I have refused, as well on general
ground, as because, if I should ever have occasion
for a Physician or Surgeon, I should prefer my old
Surgeon, Dr. Craik, who, from 40 years' experience,
is better qualified than a dozen of them together.

32 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

TO SIR JOHN SINCLAIR.

Mount Vernon, 10 July, 1798.

Sir,

* * * The manner in which the early wheat
(respecting which you enquire) came into this country
is not ascertained. The history of it, so far as it has
come to my knowledge, I will relate. A farmer walking
in a field of wheat when it was in bloom, discovered
a plant or two that was perfectly ripe, and carefully
separating it from the rest sowed it at the usual time
the following Autumn. From this small beginning
(about 7 years ago) this State and those adjoining
are well in seed, the grain is white full and heavy,
weighing generally two or three pounds more in the
bushel of Winchester measure. It makes excellent
flour ; and in tight loamy land inclining to sand it is
said to be more productive of Grain, and less of straw
than wheat in common. It is a tender plant and apt
to receive damage both in the field and Garners. It
will not from report bear transportation. Of a vessel
load sent to Philadelphia for seed, hardly any of it
vegitated, and some farmers go so far as to declare,
that they are obliged to spread what is intended for
seed thin on their barn floors and turn it frequently
to prevent the injury above mentioned. From my
own experience I can add but little, for as my land
is heavy, stiff and slow, not much of it has been sown ;
but from the growth of the present year, I send you
a sack, that by experiment you may ascertain the
utility of cultivating it in England. It is fit to
harvest three weeks sooner than the Lamas, To

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 33

give it the best chance to escape injury on shipboard,
I have requested the Owner of the vessel (a Mr, Wm.
Wilson of Alexandria) to give it in particular charge
to the Master, desiring him to keep the sack in his
cabin or steerage.

The Egyptian wheat, a head or two of which you
had the goodness to send me (about two years ago)
has not answered with me. The first year it shot out
lateral branches from the heads pretty generally ; but
this year the heads had hardly any and in neither
year did the grain fill well, and appears to have sus-
tained more injury from the severity of our last Winter,
than the wheat in common, although that was great
in the extreme, in the middle and upper parts of this
and the States bordering thereon ; occasioned by the
long Winter and severe frosts, with very little snow.
Nearer the Sea board, contrary to what is usual, they
have had more Snow, and of course the crops of
Winter grain are better, but on the whole they are
remarkably short. With very great esteem, &c.

TO TIMOTHY PICKERING, SECRETARY OF STATE.

Mount Vernon, ii July, 1798.

Dear Sir,

As I never get letters by the mail until the morn-
ing after they arrive in Alexandria, and frequently
not for several days, as I am not regular in sending
thither, your favor of the 6th instant did not reach
my hands until yesterday.

34

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

Of the abilities and fitness of the gentleman you
have named for a high command in the provisional
army, I think as you do, and that his services ought
to be secured at almost any price/ What the diffi-
culties are that present themselves to the mind of the
President in opposition to this measure, I am entirely
ignorant ; but in confidence, and with the frankness
with which you have disclosed your own sentiments
on this occasion, I will unfold mine, under the view I
have taken of the prospect before us, and shall do it
concisely.

If the French should be so mad as openly and
formidably to Invade these United States, in expec-
tation of subjugating the government, laying them
under contribution, or in hopes of dissolving the
Union, I conceive there can hardly be two opin-
ions respecting their Plan, and that their operations
will commence in the Southern quarter, i, because
it is the weakest. 2, because they will expect, from
the tenor of the debates in Congress, to find more
friends there. 3, because there can be no doubt of
their arming our own negroes against us. And 4,
because they will be more contiguous to their Islands
and to Louisiana, if they should be possessed thereof,
which they will be if they can.

If these premises are just, the inference I am going
to draw, from placing Colo. Hamilton over General
Pinckney, is natural and obvious. The latter is an
officer of high military reputation, fond of the Pro-
fession, spirited, active, and judicious, and much ad-

Alexander Hamilton.

[798] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

35

vanced in the estimation of the Public by his late
conduct as minister and Envoy at Paris.' With these
pretensions, and being senior to Colo. Hamilton, he
would not, I am morally certain, accept a junr. ap-
pointment Disgust would follow, and its influence
would spread where most to be deprecated, as his
connexions are numerous, powerful, and more influ-
ential than any others in the three southern States.
Under this view of the subject, I think it would be
impolitic, and might be dangerous, to sow the seeds of
discontent at so important a crisis. To this may be
added, that impediments to the return of General
Pinckney, and causes unforeseen, might place Colo.
Hamilton in the situation you wish to see him. In-
spector-General, with a command in ye line, would, I
hope and trust, satisfy him. You will readily per-
ceive, that the difiiculty in my mind arises from
thorough conviction, that, if an Invasion is at-
tempted, it will commence South of Maryland, and
from the importance of so influential a character as
Pinckney (if among us) being heartily engaged in
repelling it. But, not having the Laws at hand to
refer to, or knowing precisely what General Officers
are authorized by them, I am speaking much at ran-
dom, and request for that reason that nothing which
I have here said may be considered as definite.

What arrangements the Secretary of War is em-
powered by the President to make with me, I know
not. In the letter of the former to me, he has not
touched upon them. He is not yet arrived ; but the

1 He had not yet returned from his mission to France.

36 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

bearer of this to the Post-office in Alexanda. carrys
up my carriage in order to accommodate him down,
this being the afternoon on which the mail-stage is
expected at that place. I regret, however, that he
should have left Philadelphia before a letter, which I
had written to him, could have reached that place.

This letter went from here on friday last, before I
knew, or had the most distant suspicion of the Presi-
dent's intention of nominating me, (without previous
notice,) to the trust he has. But was written in con-
sequence of a wish expressed in a letter from the
Secretary to me, that the crisis might overcome my
reluctance to appear again on ye public theatre.

Upon this occasion, I thought it expedient, before
matters proceeded further, to be candid and explicit,
and accordingly wrote him my sentiments in detail,
the substance of which was, that, if an actual Inva-
sion by a formidable force, or such demonstrations of
the intention as could not be mistaken, I conceive it
to be a duty, wch. I owed to my Country and to my
own reputation, to step forward with my best en-
deavors to repel it, however painful the measure
might be to a person at my time of life, and
under the circumstances I am ; that, for the satisfac-
tion of my own mind, I should like to know, from
the best evidence the case was susceptible of, that my
Services as Commander-in-Chief would be preferred
to those of a man of more Juvenile years and more
in the prime and vigor of life ; and that, as neither
ambition. Interest, nor personal gratification of any
sort, could induce me to engage again in the turmoils

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 37

and hazards of War, as I had every thing to risk
and hardly any thing to gain (the vicissitudes of War
being in the hands of the Supreme Director, where
no control is), and, as the army was about to be
formed, and every thing in a manner depending upon
the arrangement and organization, it could not be
expected that I would take the command of it with-
out previously knowing who my Coadjutors were to
be, and having the assistance of those in whom I
could place confidence. I mentioned no names, for
at that time I knew nothing of my own appointment,
and thought the matter too much in embryo to go
further, and to allow him, if a fit occasion occurred,
to let these, as my sentiments, be known to the
President. I shall conclude with great esteem and
regard, dear Sir, &c.

TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Mount Vernon, 13 July, 1798.

Dear Sir,

I had the honor, on the evening of the nth in-
stant, to receive from the hands of the Secretary of
War your favor of the 7th, announcing that you had,
with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed
me Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of
all the armies raised or to be raised for the service of
the United States.

I cannot express how greatly affected I am at this
new proof of public confidence, and the highly flatter-
ing manner in which you have been pleased to make

38 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

the communication ; at the same time I must not
conceal from you my earnest wish, that the choice
had fallen on a man less declined in years, and better
qualified to encounter the usual vicissitudes of war.

You know. Sir, what calculations I had made rela-
tive to the probable course of events on my retiring
from office, and the determination I had consoled
myself with, of closing the remnant of my days in
my present peaceful abode. You will, therefore, be
at no loss to conceive and appreciate the sensations I
must have experienced, to bring my mind to any
conclusion that would pledge me, at so late a period
of life, to leave Scenes I sincerely love, to enter upon
the boundless field of public action, incessant trouble,
and high responsibility.

It was not possible for me to remain ignorant of^
or indifferent to, recent transactions. The conduct
of the Directory of France towards our Country,
their insidious hostility to its government, their vari-
ous practices to withdraw the affections of the People
from it, the evident tendency of their arts and those
of their agents to countenance and invigorate opposi-
tion, their disregard of solemn treaties and the laws
of nations, their war upon our defenceless commerce,
their treatment of our minister of peace, and their
demands amounting to tribute, could not fail to ex-
cite in me corresponding sentiments with those my
countrymen have so generally expressed in their affec-
tionate addresses to you. Believe me. Sir, no one
can more cordially approve of the wise and prudent
measures of your administration. They ought to

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 39

inspire universal confidence, and will no doubt, com-
bined with the state of things, call from Congress
such laws and means, as will enable you to meet the
full force and extent of the crisis.

Satisfied, therefore, that you have sincerely wished
and endeavored to avert war, and exhausted to the
last drop the cup of reconciliation, we can with pure
hearts appeal to Heaven for the justice of our cause,
and may confidently trust the final result to that
kind Providence, who has heretofore and so often
signally favored the people of these United States.

Thinking, in this manner, and feeling how incum-
bent it is upon every person of every description to
contribute at all times to his country's welfare, and
especially in a moment like the present, when every
thing we hold dear is so seriously threatened, I have
finally determined to accept the Commission of Com-
mander-in-Chief of the armies of the United States ;
with the reserve only, that I shall not be called into
the field until the army is in a situation to require
my presence, or it becomes mdispensable by the
urgency of circumstances.

In making this reservation I beg it to be under-
stood, that I do not mean to withhold any assistance
to arrange and organize the army, which you may
think I can afford. I take the liberty also to men-
tion, that I must decline having my acceptance con-
sidered as drawing after it any immediate charge
upon the public, and that I cannot receive any emolu-
ments annexed to the appointment, before entering
into a Situation to incur expense.

40 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

The Secretary of War being anxious to return to
the seat of Government, I have detained him no
longer than was necessary to a full communication
upon the several points he had in charge. With
very great respect and consideration, I had the honor
to be, &c.

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
[private and confidential.]

Mount Vernon, 14 July, 1798.

My dear Sir,

Your letter of the 8th instant, was presented to
me by the Secretary of War on the nth, I have
consented to embark once more on a boundless field
of responsibility and trouble, with two reservations,
First, that the principal officers in the line and of the
Staff shall be such as I can place confidence in ; and
that I shall not be called into the field, until the
army is in a situation to require my presence, or it
becomes indispensable by the urgency of circum-
stances ; contributing, in the mean while, every thing
in my power to its efficient organization, but nothing
to the public expense until I am in a situation to in-
cur expense myself.

It will be needless, after giving you this information,
and having indelibly engraved on my mind the assur-
ance contained in your letter of the 2d of June, to add
that I rely upon you as a coadjutor and assistant in
the turmoils I have consented to encounter,

I have communicated very fully with the Secretary

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 41

of War on the several matters contained in the pow-
ers vested in him by the President, who, as far as it
appears by them, is well disposed to accommodate.
But I must confess, that, besides nominating me to
the command of the armies without any previous con-
sultation or notice, the whole of that business seems
to me to stand upon such ground as may render the
Secretary's journey and our consultation of no avail.

Congress, it is said, would rise this week. What
then has been done, or can the President do, with re-
spect to appointments under that bill, if it has been
enacted ? Be his inclinations what they may, unless
a law could and has passed, enabling him in the recess
of the Senate to make appointments conformable there-
to, the nominations must have been made, and the
business done here with the Secretary is rendered
nugatory.

By the pending Bill, if it passes to a Law, two Major-
Generals and an Inspector-genl. with the Rank of
Majr.-General, and three brigadiers are to be
appointed. Presuming on its passing, I have given
the following as my sentiments respecting the follow-
ing characters fit and proper to be employed, in which
the Secretary concurs.

Alexr Hamilton, of New York, Inspector.

Cha C. Pinckney, )

Henry Knox, or if either of the last mend refuses, [■ ^ajr

Henry Lee, of Virginia ;

Henry Lee (if not Majr-Genl) ;

John Brooks, Massachusetts ;

Wm S. Smith, N York, or

John E. Howard, Maryld ;

Genl.

Brigadiers.

42

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

Edward Hand, Penns ; or \

Jonathan Dayton, Jr., N Jer ; or \ Adjt-Genl.

Willm S. Smith to be ; )

Edwd Carrington, QrMr-Genl.

James Craik, Direcr of Hospls.

And I have enumerated the most prominent charac-
ters, that have occurred to my mind, from whom to
select field-officers for the Regiments of Infantry and
that of Cavalry, which are proposed to be raised.

And now, my dear Sir, with that candor, which you
always have and I trust ever will experience from me,
I shall express to you a difficulty, which has arisen in
my mind relative to seniority between you and Genl
Pinckney ; for, with respect to my friend. General
Knox, whom I love and esteem, I have ranked him be-
low you both. That you may know from whence this
difficulty proceeds, it is proper I should observe, and
give it as my decided opinion, that, if the French should
be so mad as to Invade this Country in expectation
of making a serious impression, that their operations
will commence in the States south of Maryland/ * * *

If these premises are just, the inference is obvious,
that the Services and Influence of General Pinckney
in the southern States would be of the highest and
most interesting importance. Will he serve, then,
under one whom he will consider a junr officer ? And
what would be the consequence, if he should refuse, and
his numerous and powerful connexions and acquaint-
ances in those parts get disgusted ? You have no doubt
heard, that his military reputation stands high in the

' A paragraph containing the reasons is omitted, being precisely the same as
in the letter to Mr. Pickering, dated July nth. See p. 33,

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 43,

Southern States ; that he is viewed as a brave, intelli-
gent, and enterprising officer ; and, if report be true,
that no officer in the late American army made Tactics
and the art of War so much his study. To this
account of him may be added, that his character has
received much celebrity by his conduct as minister and
envoy at Paris.

Under this view of the subject, my wish to put you
first, and my fear of losing him, are not a little em-
barrassing. But why ? For after all, it rests with the
President to use his pleasure. I shall only add, there-
fore, that, as the welfare of the country is the object
I persuade myself we all have in view, I shall san-
guinely hope, that smaller matters will yield to meas-
ures, which have a tendency to promote it. I wish
devoutly, that either of you, or any other fit character
had been nominated in my place ; for no one can make
a greater sacrifice, at least of inclination, than will
your ever affectionate, &c.

TO HENRY KNOX.

Mount Vernon, 16 July, 1798.

My dear Sir,

Little did I imagine, when I retired from the theatre
of public life, that it was probable or even possible,,
that any event would arise in my day, that could induce
me to entertain /<7r a moment an idea of relinquishing
the tranquil walks and refreshing shades, with which
I am surrounded. But it is In vain, I perceive, to
look for ease and happiness in a world of troubles.

■44

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

The call of my country, and the urgency of my
friends to comply with it,, have produced a letter from
me to the President of the United States, which
probably will be given to the public ; but, if it should
not, the principal feature thereof is, that, with the
reservation of not being called into the Field until
the army is in a situation to require my presence, or
it becomes indispensable by the urgency of circum-
stances, that I will accept the commission with which
the Secretary of War came charged ; Desiring, how-
ever, that it might be understood, that my coadjutors
in the first grades and principal staff" of the army
must be men in whom I could place entire confidence ;
for that it was not to be expected, at my time of life,
that I would forsake the ease and comforts, which are
essential in old age, encounter the toils and vicissi-
tudes of War with all its concomitants, and jeopardize
the reputation which the partiality of the World has
been pleased to bestow on me, (when the hazard of
diminishing is at least equal to the prospect of in-
creasing it,) without securing such assistance as would
enable me to go with confidence into such a field of
responsibility.

After this exordium, it is almost unnecessary to
add, that I have placed you among those characters
on whom I wish to lean for support. But, my dear
Sir, as you always have found, and trust ever will
find, candor a prominent trait of my character, I
must add, that causes, which would exceed the limits
of an ordinary letter to explain, are in the way of
such an arrangement as might render your situation

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 4^

perfectly agreeable ; but I fondly hope, that the
difficulty will not be insurmountable in your decision.
For the present and augmented force three Major-
Generals and four Brigadiers are allowed by the act
establishing the latter ; and, in a consultation with
the Secretary of War, the characters proposed for the
former are Colo. Hamilton, Gen. Chas. Cotesworth
Pinckney, and yourself. The first of these in the
public estimation, as declared to me, is designated to^
be second in command ; with some fears, I confess,,
of the consequences, although I must acknowledge,
at the same time, that I know not where a more
competent choice could be made. General Pinckney's-
character as an active, spirited, and intelligent officer,
you are acquainted with, and know that it stands very
high in the southern States, it being understood
there, that he made Tactics as much if not more his.
study than any officer in the American army during
the last War. His character in other respects in
that quarter, before his late Embassy, was also high,,
and throughout the Union it has acquired celebrity-
by his conduct as Minister and Envoy. His con-^
nexions are numerous, and their influence extensive.
But most of all with me when to these considerations.
I add, as my decided opinion, (for reasons unnecessary
to enumerate,) that, if the French intend an Invasion
of this country in force, their operations will com-
mence south of Maryland, and probably of Virginia,,
you will see at once the importance of embarking
this gentleman and all his connexions heartily in the
active scenes that would follow, instead of damping;

46 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

their ardor, and thereby giving more activity to the
leaven that is working in others, where unanimity of
sentiment would be most desirable.

Viewing things in this light, I would fain hope, as
we are forming an army anew, which army, if need-
ful at all, is to fight for every thing which ought to
be dear and sacred to freemen, that former rank will
be forgot, and, among the fit and chosen characters,
the only contention will be, who shall be foremost in
zeal at this crisis to serve his country, in whatever
situation circumstances may place him. Most of
those, who are best qualified to oppose the enemy,
will have sacrifices of ease. Interest, or Inclination to
make. But what are these, when put in competition
with the loss of our Independence, or the subjugation
of our Government ? Both of which are evidently
struck at, by an intoxicated, ambitious, and domi-
neering Foe.

The arrangement made with the Secretary of War
is on a separate sheet of paper, and meant for your
perusal alone, until the decision of the President rela-
tive to it is announced.

With that esteem and regard, which you know I
feel for you, I remain your sincere friend and affec-
tionate servant.

P. S. From the best recollection I have of them,
the Secretary of War is furnished with a list of Field
and other officers of the late army, of most celebrity,
from whence to draw the Field-Officers for the corps
to be raised. If you wd afford your aid also, it would
be obliging.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 47

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.

Mount Vernon, 22 July, 1798.

Dear Sir,

Your favor of the i8th was brought by the post
of yesterday. The nominations, according to your
list, will be agreeable to me, although I retain the
opinion that Colo. Smith is better calculated for a
command in the line than for Adjutant-General.
But what have you done respecting the QuarterMas-
ter-General ? I hope and trust it is not intended to
overlook the character I recommended in pointed
terms, than whom, I will confidently add, one more
adequate is not to be found in the U. States, let the
operations of the army be in what quarter it will, nor
so fit, if they be in the States south of Maryland, as he
knows and is known by every one in those Regions,
being the Deputy QuarterMaster General under
General Greene in all his active movements ; and as
much esteemed, as he is extensively known. In a
word, if this appointment does not take place, after
my explanations, (which I was careful to have well
understood respecting this officer,) and after it was
given specially in charge to you to consult me thereon,
I shall feel very much hurt on the general ground I
took. And more so, by confiding with certainty
that that officer, for the reasons I assigned, would be
made agreeable to me, I wrote to Colo. Carring-
ton, & received the answer herewith enclosed, which
may be returned after the proper use is made of it.'

' On this point the Secretary of War replied : " I enclose the act for aug-
menting the army of the United States. You will see, that it does not provide

48 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

I desire it may be understood, that my predilec-
tion for this gentleman proceeds from no other cause,
than ^full conviction of his fitness to fill the office
to which he was assigned in my mind ; for having
been separated from the main army, he is infinitely
better known to me by character than from personal
acquaintance (which in fact is slight), and by the
steady & firm support he has given to the Govern-
ment ever since. Such a character, his military
knowledge, intelligence, and experience in the duties
of QuarterMaster would render him an acquisition
to any army ; and the only fear I had was, that he
would decline accepting it. The present Qr Master
Wilkins (I think his name is) may be adequate to
the civil duties of that office ; & while the present
Troops are doing Garrison duty in the Western
Country, little more is necessary ; but bring him
to an assembled & moving army in the field, where
encampments & a thousand Military duties would be
thrown upon him, and he would be found altogether
incompetent, from an entire unacquaintedness with
the scenes.

By what circuitous route did you come at Severe '
in the wilderness ? He maybe an estimable character
for ought I know ; but, from the impression I have
of him, he is better qualified to cut off Indians, than

for a quartermaster-general ; and that the provisional army law provides that
the quarter-master-general under it shall have the rank and pay of lieutenant-
colonel only. I thought it best, therefore, that no quartermaster-general
should be appointed till Congress meet again, when they may amend the act." —
August 1st.

' John Sevier, governor of Tennessee.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 49

to discipline an army and lead a Brigade to the
mouths of Cannon. But, as I may have mistaken
his character, I shall halt here with my strictures
on it.

Also enclosed you will receive a letter from John
Tayloe Esqr. to me, whom you must know by char-
acter, being the brother of Mrs. Lloyd, & son-in-law
of Mr. Ogle of Annapolis. He is among the most
wealthy & respectable men in this State, active, zeal-
ous, & attentive to whatever he undertakes. On
the Western expedition against the Insurgents, he
commanded a Troop of horse, and (I believe, but am
not sure,) was aid to the Commander-in-Chief.
What he looks to now beyond the expression of his
letter, I know not. With respect to the more defi-
nite part of it, I have one answer, and that has been
& will be given to every application, (unless some
very particular case should come forward,) namely
that until I take the field, or am in a situation to
require Aids, I shall hold myself perfectly disengaged
and free ; as, in the choice of my (established ones),
there are many considerations besides the mere in-
dulgence of my wishes to be combined. In addi-
tion to this, I have informed Mr. Tayloe, that I
would transmit his letter to you, to be laid before
the President, not doubting it would give him, as
it had done me. Pleasure to find Gentlemen in his
situation, and of Independent fortune, stepping for-
ward at such a Crisis, with a tender of their Services.
I presume he would prefer an appointment in the
Cavalry, and I have no doubt that he could raise a very

so THE WRITINGS OF [1798

fine troop ; but whether he would be satisfied with
that, or whether more could be offered with due at-
tention to the old Cavalry Officers of known and
acknowledged celebrity, I am not prepared to decide.
Possibly such an appointment, with the privilege of
chusing his own Lieutenant & Cornet, might induce
his acceptance. And here I will take the liberty of
giving it as my opinion once for all, that, when the
President has fixed upon officers of established char-
acter to Command Companies, Gentlemen who prise
their own honour and the reputation of their com-
panies, it would be good policy to let them chuse or
at least to recommend their own subalterns. It
would facilitate recruiting, contribute much to the
harmony of the Company, and, if the Captain him-
self is properly chosen, it may be relied on, that he
will be cautious not to hazard his own and the repu-
tation of his company with bad officers, if known or
even suspected to be unfit for his purpose.

I do not recollect enough of the present officers in
the Cavalry, or of those who have been disbanded, to
say with decision which of them is 3esl entitled to the
Command of that Corps ; but I have no hesitation in
declaring it as my opinion, that Major Tallmadge
(formerly of Sheldon's horse) would not disgrace it,
& is to be preferred to his former Colonel.

In furnishing the list I gave you when here, from
whom Field-Officers might be selected for the Corps
to be raised, I omitted, (not seeing his name en-
rolled). Major Ragsdale of the Artillery. His char-
acter in that Corps, I am told stood high. How it

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 51

has happened, that he is yet in the back-ground,
whether from choice or because he has been over-
looked, I am unable to say. He is of this State, as
Tallmadge is of New York.

A Lieut. Marsteller, (at present of the troop of
horse in Alexandria,) has been recommended to me
as a man wishing and deserving of an appointment
in the army about to be raised. A Doctr. Peyton,
son of a very worthy man, and brother to two of the
best officers in Lee's Corps of horse during the Rev-
olution War, has also applied for a birth in the
Medical line. I have answered, that appointments
are not with me, that recommendations accompanying
my letters to them should go to the President direct,
or through the Secretary of War. Possibly you may
see these. They must speak for themselves.

The first is well spoken of as an officer and Gen-
tleman. He was in the horse in the Western Expe-
dition, and by accident received a wound. The other
(Dr. Peyton) is but lately returned after an absence
of five years in Europe, I believe in the study of
Physick. I have also been told, that the Captain
(Young) of the Alexandria Troop is desirous of em-
ployment ; but, as his application has not been direct,
I but barely mention the fact. Doctr. Craik did say
something, too, respecting his son (who was in my
family) going into the army ; but, as nothing definite
passed, I shall say nothing more on the subject. His
son-in-law. West, (Major in one of the Uniform
Corps,) is desirous, in case the Provisional Army is
raised, of obtaining an appointment therein. And

52

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

now, having laid before you every thing that has
occur'd to me— I shall add no more at present, than
that I am.

P. S. I don't know whether Mr. Edwd Rutledge
would come forward, or not, but I know of none
except Genl Knox who would comd. the Corps of
Artillery more respectably.

TO JAMES ANDERSON.

Mount Vernon, 25 July, 1798.

Esteemed Sir,

Your favor of the 8th February came safe, and
would have received an earlier acknowledgment, if
any thing had sooner occurred worthy of communi-
cation.

I hope you have not only got relieved of the fever
from which you were then recovering, but of the
languor with which it had affected you, and that you
are now engaged in the literary pursuits, of which
you gave the outlines, and which, with your pen and
under your arrangement of the subjects, must be
curious, entertaining, and instructive. Thus per-
suaded, if you propose to conduct the work on the
plan of subscription, it would give me pleasure to be
enrolled in the list of subscribers. "^

^ From Dr. Anderson's Letter : "I have been urged to engage once more
in a literary enterprise ; and it begins to wear such a seducing aspect, that I
am not certain but I may be drawn into it. Agriculture is proposed to be one
principal department of the work ; natural history, another ; by which I mean
a general view of the phenomena of nature, the causes of these as far as they
are known, and their influence in this universe. This is a noble and ines-

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 53

I little imagined, when I took my last leave of the
walks of public life, that any event could bring me
again on a public theatre. But the unjust conduct
of France towards these United States has been and
continues to be such, that it must be opposed by a
firm and manly resistance, or we shall not only hazard
the subjugation of our government, but the indepen-
dence of our nation also ; both being evidently struck
at by a lawless, domineering power, which respects
no rights, and is restrained by no treaties, when it is
found inconvenient to observe them.

While we are thus situated, sustaining daily inju-
ries, even indignities, with a patient forbearance,
from a sincere desire to live in peace and harmony
with all the world ; the French Directory, mistaking
the American character, and supposing that the
people of this country were divided, and would give
countenance to their nefarious measures, have pro-
ceeded to exact loans (or in other words contributions),
and to threaten us, in case of non-compliance with
their wild, unfounded, and inconsistent complaints,
that we should share the fate of Venice and other
Italian states.

This has roused the people from their slumbers,
and filled them with indignation from one extremity

haustible theme to engage a man advancing in years, who wishes to free him-
self as much as he can from those little objects, which form the perplexities of
life. The remaining part of the work will be appropriated to miscellaneous
disquisitions on arts and literature. It will be a monthly periodical. I am
particularly fond of that mode of publication, because truth can thus be
gradually impressed on the mind by little and little." — London, February 8th.
This was probably the work entitled Recreations in Agriculture, begun by
Dr. Anderson in April, 1799, and continued through six volumes.

54 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

to the other of the Union ; and I trust, if they should
attempt to carry their threats into effect, and invade
our territorial, as they have done our commercial
rights, they will meet a spirit, that will give them
more trouble than they are aware of, in the citizens
of these States.

When every thing sacred and dear to freemen is
thus threatened, I could not, consistently with the
principles which have actuated me through life, re-
main an idle spectator, and refuse to obey the call of
my country to lead its armies for defence, and there-
fore have pledged myself to come forward whensoever
the exigency shall require it.

With what sensations, at my time of life, now
turned of sixty-six, without ambition or interest to
stimulate me thereto, I shall relinquish the peaceful
walk to which I had retired, and in the shades of
which I had fondly hoped to spend the remnant of a
life, worn down with cares, in contemplation of the
past, and in scenes present and to come of rural
enjoyment, let others, and especially those who are
best acquainted with the construction of my mind,
decide ; while I, believing that man was not designed
by the all-wise Creator to live for himself alone,
prepare for the worst that can happen.

The gardener, whom you were so obliging as to
send me, continues to conduct himself extremely well.
He is industrious, sober, and orderly, and under-
stands his business. In short, I never had a hired
servant that pleased me better ; and what adds to my
satisfaction is, that he is himself contented, having

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 55

declared that he never was happier in his life. My

best wishes will always attend you, and, with very
great esteem and regard, I am. Sir, &c.

TO JAMES Mchenry,
[private.]
Dear Sir mount vernon, 27 juiy, 1798.

The Greyheads of Alexandria, pretty numerous it
seems, and composed of all the respectable old Peo-
ple of the place ; having formed themselves into a
company ^ for the defence of the Town & its Vicinity,
are in want of Colors ; and it being intimated that
the Presentation of them by Mrs Washington would
be flattering to them ; I take the liberty of requesting
the favor of you to have made and sent to me as
soon as it is convenient, such as will be appropriate
to the occasion. Handsome, but not more expensive
than becomes Republicans (not Bachite Republicans)
is reqd. If you think a Motto would be proper, the
choice of one " chaste & unassuming " — is left to
your own judgment. Send the cost, & the money
shall be remitted by yours always.

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.
Dear Sir mount vernon, 29 juiy, 1798.

Your letter of the 25th instant came to Alexandria
yesterday evening, and was put into my hands this
morn. For the rules and regulations accompanying it,
I thank you, and will read them attentively, if I am

• Infantry.

S6 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

allowed time ; but this is questionable, as I am assailed
from all quarters, and by all descriptions of people, for
Commissions, Introductions, and recommendations
&c ; to all of which common civility makes some sort
of reply necessary, while among them there are a few,
to whom more particular answers must be given.

This leads me to ask whether a Secretary, previous to
the contingencies on which my taking the field is placed,
will be allowed ? The pay I mean. Without which the
moments employed in my usual and necessary avoca-
tions, and which at all leisure hours I have been devot-
ing to the arrangement and overhaul of my volumi-
nous public papers, civil and military, that they may go
into secure deposits, and hereafter into hands, that
may be able to separate the grain from the Chaff ; I
say, without this aid, my time (and in truth I had from
a variety of causes, which it is needless to enumerate,
little enough before) will be entirely taken up by per-
sonal\\sAts, and written applications for office, and such
other matters as are incidental to my late appointment.

The motives to this question are explained. The
necessity I conceive is apparent ; but, as I have
placed my own services, pay, and emoluments upon
contingencies, which may happen sooner or later,
or never, you are to decide, and accordingly ad-
vise, whether or not a Secretary can be appointed
previously to this event, with the pay and forage
allowance annexed to the office or not.^

' The Secretary of War replied : " The President desires me to inform you,
that he considers you in the pubUc sei-vice from the date of your appointment,
and entitled to all the emoluments of it ; that you are at liberty to receive all,
or any part, at your discretion ; that you are fully authorized to appoint your

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 57

You will not have transmitted you the half, perhaps
not a tenth part of the applications, which are made
to me. It may be taken for granted, therefore, that
all who appear to you under my auspices are such, as
I am either personally acquainted with their families,
or am satisfied with the recommendations they bring.

Your answers to Mr. Caton and Judge Chase were
judicious and proper. Of the propriety of remaining
perfectly free from all engagements, respecting my
aids, I am more and more convinced, as the applica-
tions encrease, and the little knowledge displayed of
the qualifications, which the aids of the Commander-
in-Chief ought to possess, is discovered by the appli-
cants. The variegated and important duties of the
Aids of a Commander-in-Chief, or the Commander of
a separate Army, require experienced Officers, men
of Judgment, and men of business, with ready pens
to execute them properly and with dispatch. A great
deal more is required of them than attending him at
a parade, or delivering verbal orders here and there
or copying a written one. They ought, if I may be
allowed to use the expression, to possess the soul of
the General ; and, from a single idea given to them,
to convey his meaning in the clearest and fullest man-
ner. This, young men, unacquainted with the service
and diffident, would not do, be their abilities what they
may. One or two of the latter, as extra, might be
received, but the choice must depend on circumstances.

aids and secretaries when you shall think fit ; that one secretary at least is in-
dispensable immediately ; and that he ought to be allowed his pay and rations.
You will be pleased, therefore, to make any or all of these appointments, when
you may judge proper." — Trenton, August 25th.

58 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

Why do you not say something about the Quarter-
Master-General and Adjutant-General ? I am thrown
entirely into the field of conjecture, to account for
the cause of silence on these interesting points ; nor
am I relieved in either by the Gazettes, except by a
blind account in Bache's that Col. Smith as Brigadier
did not obtain. Will Col. Hamilton accept ? Have
you heard from the other General Officers ? My
paper is done, & I am always yours.

TO HENRY KNOX.

Mount Vernon, 9 August, 1798.

My dear Sir,

Your letter of the 29th ultimo has filled my mind
with disquietude and perplexity in the extreme ; but
I will say nothing in reply intentionally, that shall
give you a moment's pain. Indeed, from the tenor
of your letter, it would seem as if nothing I could
say now would be of any avail, after the open, candid,
and I think friendly communications in my letter of
the i6th of July, assigning reasons for what had been
done, which could not, I conceive, be construed into
a supposed inferiority on your part by me. But, as
there are some things in your letter, which appear to
have originated in a misconception of circumstances,
justice to myself makes it necessary to explain.

When I observe, then, that the first knowledge I
had of my own appointment, nay, the first intimation
that such a measure was in contemplation was con-

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 59,

tained in a newspaper, as a complete act of the Presi-
dent and Senate, accompanied with a few lines from
the Secretary of War of equal date (July 4th), in-
forming me that he should be the bearer of my com-
mission, and the President's Instructions to make
some, but does not say what arrangements ; — when,
with this information I was left, from the receipt
thereof until the arrival of the Secretary on the night
of the I ith, with sensations occasioned thereby easier
to conceive than describe ; — and when, upon his ar-
rival I was presented with a pending Bill for aug-
menting the army of the United States, and informed
at the same time, that Congress would, (as it actually
did,) adjourn the Monday following, (16,) what was
to be done ? My earnest desire, often repeated, was,
that Congress could be prevailed on, circumstanced
as things were, to vest a power in the President to
make appointments in the recess of the Senate,,
rather than precipitate the organization of an army,
that time might be allowed for a deliberate and har-
monious consultation in the arrangement of the
General Officers at least ; and I offered to attend in
Philadelphia myself, and send for Colo. Hamilton
and you to meet me there, for this very desirable
purpose. I even hastened precipitately Mr. Mc-
Henry's return, in hopes he might be back in time to
accomplish this object, guarding, however, against
the failure.

Under this statement, which you will find correct,,
how was it possible /or me, who have never in the
remotest degree directly or indirectly interfered in

■60 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

any matter of government since I left the Chair of it,
to have consulted you previously to the nomination
■of the General Officers ? And if giving in your name
without, in the manner it was handed to the President,
which seemed to be the result of necessity, proceed-
ing from causes which have been communicated, is
considered as a wound to your feelings, might I not
complain upon ground equally strong and hurtful to
mine ? Brought as I was, without the least intima-
tion, before the Public after it had been officially an-
nounced to the world, and I hope, believed, that my
soul panted for rest, and that the first wish of my
heart was to spend the remnant of a life worn down
with care in ease and contemplation, but left as I was
by this act without an alternative, or with a very dis-
agreeable one, I passed it over in silence, from a con-
viction, that, if affairs are in the alarming state they
are represented to be, that I was not to complain or
stand upon punctilios.

So soon as my nomination as Commander-in-Chief
was given in by the President, to which, (according
to Mr. McHenry's account,) he was induced, without
consulting me, by the urgency of his friends, I was
inundated with letters, describing the crisis and the
expediency of my accepting the command.

Through the same channel, and from information
I had no cause to distrust, no doubt remained on my
mind, that Colo. Hamilton was designated second in
command, and first, if I should decline an acceptance, .
by the federal characters of Congress ; whence alone
anything like a public sentiment relative thereto

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 61

could be deduced. On this authority the paragraph,
which you quoted from my letter, was founded. I
pretend to no other knowledge of the business.

The moment I had resolved to accept the com-
mand, with the reservations mentioned in my letter
to the President, now before the Public, my first
care was to look for coadjutors with whom I could
be happy, and in whom I could place entire con-
fidence. A second thought was not necessary for this,
in the Majr.-Generals for the augmented army ; but
to arrange them, with an attention to the various
views the subject presented, was not easy.

In a free and candid strain I frankly declared
to you in my last the principle, and the only princi-
ple, which operated in the arrangement of Genl. Pinck-
ney ; but, as I was more concise on this head as it
related to Colo. Hamilton, I will ask your patience
while I detail the reasons, which prevailed in his
case.

I. Having already informed you of the evidence,
(as given to me,) of the public wish that he should
be second in command, if I accepted, and first, if I
did not, it is unnecessary to repeat it. 2. Consider-
ing the military establishment of this country was
about to take a new form, and to commence as it were
de novo, without any particular regard to an army
which had been disbanded near fourteen years, I con-
ceived that the President, in the choice of officers and
arrangement of them, would pay as much attention
to circumstances as to former rank. Not supposing,,
then, that the latter would be viewed in so serious su

62 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

light, as appears by your letter, I shall readily ac-
Icnowledge, that I had recourse to no old resolves of
Congress, nor did I recollect any that would apply to
the case. 3. I might in some measure have been led
into this belief, from what happened in consequence
•of the Insurrection in 1794. Then, you will recol-
lect, Genl. Lee, who had never been more than a Colo,
in the army of the U. S., was put over the heads of
Mififlin, Irvine, Morgan, and Bland, all of whom had
been General Officers in the said Service ; not be-
cause he was Governor of Virginia, for the moment
he crossed the Potomac, which he was obliged to do
to get at the insurgents, his office and power as Gov-
ernor ceased. 4. The same communication of the
wishes, that Colo. Hamilton might be second in com-
mand, conveyed intimation also, that, from his situa-
tion and prospects, having a large family and no cer-
tain dependence but his profession, which was lucra-
tive, something as nearly adequate, as the case would
admit, ought to be offered to induce his acceptance,
and the and rank was proposed. 5. Though his
services during the War were not rendered in the
grade of a General Officer, yet his opportunities and
experience could not be short of those that did ; — and
6, adding these to the important trusts reposed in
him in various civil walks of life, he will be found, I
trust, upon as high ground as most men in the U.
States.

I do not know that these explanations will afiford
you any satisfaction, or produce any change in your
determination, but it was just to myself to make them.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 63

If there has been any management in the business, it
has been concealed from me. I have had no agency
therein, nor have I conceived a thought on the sub-
ject, that has not been disclosed to you with the
utmost sincerity and frankness of heart. And not-
withstanding the insinuations, wch are implied in
your letter, of the vicissitudes of friendship, and the
inconstancy of mine, I will pronounce with decision,
that it ever has been, still is, and, notwithstanding the
unkindness of the charge, ever will be, (for aught I
know to the contrary,) warm and sincere.

I earnestly wished, on account of that friendship,
as well as on the score of military talents, to have
had the assistance of you and Colonel Hamilton in
the arduous contest with which we are threatened,
I wish it still and devoutly, as well on public as on
private accounts ; for dissensions of this sort will have
an unhappy effect among the friends of Government,
while it will be sweet consolation to the French par-
tisans, and food for their Pride.' * * *

Lengthy as this letter is I must ask leave to make
an observation on the following passage in yours,
which I hope inadvertently escaped you. Speaking of
Genl. Officers you say, if so " New England which
must furnish the majority of the Army, if one shall
be raised, will be without a Major General or have
the junr, one. — Whether they will possess such a
sense of inferiority as to bear such a state of things

' A paragraph is here omitted, which is so much defaced in the manuscript
as not to be intelligible. It relates to what General Knox had said respecting
the unequal distribution of the general officers in different parts of the country.

64 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

patiently — whether their zeal & confidence will
thereby be excited, time will discover." I hope in God
that at no time, much less the present, when everything
sacred & dear is threatened, that local distinctions
& little jealousies will be done away. If the arrange-
ment who comd affect New England,
Massachusetts , of three Major General's
& three Brigadiers, for the augmented Army would

have two ? of each, and from New Jersey & P

ward there are four out of six. What distri-

bution more equal could be made with the strictest
eye to locality or Geographical refinement ; may it
not be asked what advantage would a State or States
derive from the Senior more than the junr. Major
General, equal privileges being attached to all on the
same establishment ? except that the Senior in the
usual routine has the best chance of being Commander
in chief.

I will now close my letter, spun to an infinitely
greater length than I expected when I began, with a
solemn declaration, that if such powers as I sug-
gested in the early part of this letter had, (as I think
they ought, under the circumstances of the case) been
given to the President, and the consequent meeting
had taken place in Philadelphia, I should have been
perfectly satisfied with any arrangement, that would
have produced harmony and content ; for nothing
could be farther from my wish, than to see you in a
degraded point of view. How the commissions are
dated I know not. I am, as I ever have been, my
dear Sir, your sincere friend and affectionate servant.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 65

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
My dear Sir mount Vernon, 9 August, 1798.

By the same Post which brought me your favor,
began in Philadelphia and ended in New York the
I St instant, I received a letter from General Knox
dated the 29th ulto. in answer to one I had written
him on the i6th of that month. — In confidence, and
as a proof of my frankness and friendship, I send both
of them to you, together with my reply of this date ; —
which, after reading be so good as to return to me. —

Giving you the perusal of this correspondence,
supercedes the necessity of my going into further
details on the subject of relative rank ; — except, if the
Commissions are yet to issue, and it be practicable
at this time, and consistent also, I should not be in-
disposed (so far as my agency in the business extends,
if that would satisfy General Knox,) to make him the
senior of General Pinckney. — But as the President is
absent — and it might have been the understanding of
the Senate that the latter should be first — the pro-
priety of the change, unless it could be effected with
the consent of Gen. Pinckney, might at least be
questioned. — Though upon more mature reflection I
do not see upon what principle he could object. — I
have a high opinion of General Pinckney's qualifica-
tions as an officer, and his integrity as a man, but
under the impression I am that the Southern Hemis-
phere will be the grand theatre of action, I shall
honestly confess that my primary object in gratifying
him is, that he may come forward with all his force. —

Your opinion respecting the unfitness of a certain

66 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

Gentleman ' for the office he holds, accords with mine,
and it is to be regretted, sorely, at this time that these
opinions are so well founded. — I early discovered,
after he entered upon the Duties of his office that his
talents were unequal to great exertions, or deep re-
sources,— In truth they were not expected ; — for the
fact is, it was a Hobson's choice. — But such is the
case, and what is to be done ?

I am held in the most profound ignorance of every
step that has been taken since he left this place ; — and
but, for other letters which I have been obliged to
have ready for this days Post, I should have written
very seriously to him on several matters, highly inter-
esting to me, if I am to be called to the field ; and that
which you have mentioned among the rest. — I am not
at this moment, made acquainted with a single step
that is taken to appoint an Officer or Recruit a man,
or where the rendezvouses are. — Numberless applica-
tions have been made to me, to be recommended for
Commissions, and such as appeared to have merit I
forwarded, but know nothing of the Result. —

Let me hope that you will be able to devote a good
deal of your time to the business of recruiting good
men, and the choice of good officers. It is all im-
portant. I will endeavor to impress him with pro-
priety of requiring your assistance in these matters ;
and of the necessity of making you the full allowance
of Pay, &c. for these services. — By bringing you thus
in contact, a thousand other matters will fall in of
course. — Delicacy— if matters became serious, must

' James McHenry.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 67

yield to expediency. — The stake we play for is too
great to be trifled with.

Mr. Harper has been presented to my consideration
before, as an Aid-de Camp, but as I shall have no use
for my military family until matters are more matured,
I am unwilling to be embarrassed by engagements.
My Aids, as you well know, must be men of business ;
and ought to be officers of experience. — Many, very
many young Gentlemen of the first families in the
Country, have offered their services ; — and all have
received one answer, to the above effect. Indeed in
the choice of my Aids, a variety of considerations
must combine — political — geographical, &c, as well as
experience.

What is become of Walker ? Colo. Heth has of-
fered and stands well in my estimation, without a
promise. — No Foreigner will be admitted as a mem-
ber of my family, while I retain my present ideas ; —
nor do I think they ought to be in any situation
where they can come at secrets — and betray a trust. —

Write me as often as you can conveniently ; — and
believe me to be what I really am

Your sincere & affecte friend.

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.
[private and confidential.]
My dear Sir mount Vernon, 10 August, 1798.

You will consider this letter as private and confiden-
tial, dictated by friendship, and flowing from the best
intentions. If then anything should be found therein,

68 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

which may have too much the appearance of plain
dealing, look to the motives and manner of the com-
munication, and my apology will be sought for in
your candor.

From the moment I accepted my appointment as
Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United
States, I considered myself as nearly allied to the Sec-
retary of War, and entitled to particular attentions
from him, notwithstanding I drew no pay, nor was
acting in the field. It could not have been supposed
had it not otherwise been expressed, that I would be
called to the army in the moment of danger as igno-
rant of its formation, its munitions, and every thing
relating thereto, as if I had just dropped from the
clouds.

My solicitude often and strongly expressed, rela-
tively to the formation of the Army, could not but
have impressed you with my ideas of its impor-
tance ; but, if stronger evidence was necessary, the
offer I made to go at this hot season, and in
other respects inconvenient, to Philadelphia, would
be conclusive. But what fruit has it produced ?
To this moment I am ignorant of every step, that
has been taken in the appointment of the Battalion
Officers, for recruiting the men, fixing the places of
Rendezvous, &c.

With respect to the Quarter Master-General, find-
ing no mention made of one in the list of appointments,
nor any thing said of him in your letter of the i8th of
July announcing them, I waited some time to see if any
explanation of this matter would be given ; but, find-

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 69

ing none, I wrote to you on the 2 2d of that month
to be informed of the cause, and not until the first of
this was I answered. And, with respect to the Adju-
tant-General, I am to this moment unadvised of the
result of Colo. Smith's nomination. I have heard,
indeed, that Colo. North was appointed, and that it had
been announced in the Newspapers ; but this I have
not seen, altho' I have examined them with an eye
to it, as accurately as my hurried situation would
allow.

Having staked my life, my reputation, my fortune,
my ease, tranquillity, and happiness, in support of the
Government and Independence of our Country, it is
not a little interesting and important for me to be ad-
vised of the measures, which you are pursuing to or-
ganize and provide for the augmented force. For as
that act is absolute, no delay can be admitted ; and it
is much to be desired, that it may take the field with
eclat, which will not be effected without great exertion.
And, as it will not be supposed that thePresident, well-
disposed, sensible, and zealous as he is, can have many
relative ideas in arrangements of this sort, more re-
sponsibility will attach to you ; and, as the multiplicity
of matters and burthens will be great, let me entreat
you to call on the Inspector, (allowing him full pay
and emoluments,) for assistance. The business of
recruiting, in the result, belongs to his Department.
Then why not let it commence and be prosecuted,
agreeably to your general instructions to him, under
his auspices ?

It is much easier at all times to prevent an evil

70 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

than to rectify mistakes ; it is infinitely better to have
2, few good men than many indifferent ones. Officers,
whose Recruiting emoluments depend upon numbers,
will not be very scrupulous in their choice, without the
fullest conviction that the Inspection of the men will be
as rigid as the Instructions that are given. You would,
besides, find him in your hurried situation extremely
useful in a variety of occurrences, which cannot al-
ways be foreseen or provided against. I would
have suggested a similar measure, with respect to
General Knox, as it related more particularly to Arms
and the Ordnance Department, but (under the rose
for the present) he seems to be so much dissatisfied
with the arrangement of the relative rank of the
General Officers, that I have no expectation of his
serving.

Let me conclude by requesting to be informed, in
what state the formation of the augmented corps is ;
whether the applications for Commissions are numer-
ous and the characters good ; what arrangements are
made for recruiting ; where the general rendezvous
are to be ; who are appointed to superintend them ;
what is the /r^j-^??/ state of your Military supplies;
what the means and what the measures for augment-
ing them. With much truth and sincerity, I remain
your affectionate.^

' More delay and embarrassment than usual occurred at this time, in transmitting-
letters between General Washington and the members of the cabinet, on account
of the removal of the public offices to Trenton, caused by the breaking out of
the yellow fever in Philadelphia. The President was likewise on a visit to his
seat in Massachusetts, and was detained there in consequence of sickness in his
family. Congress had adjourned on the i6th of July. The Senate sat three
days longer to consider nominations and complete the appointments.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 71

TO WILLIAM VANS MURRAY.

Mount Vernon, id August, 1798.

Dear Sir,

I doubt not but you have already set me down as
an unprofitable correspondent, and with too much
truth perhaps ; — ^but not with as much culpability on
my part as appearances may indicate. —

I have written you several letters and having put
one or two for Mr. Dandridge under your covers,
without receiving any acknowledgment of them, the
presumption is that they have fallen into other
hands. Nothing, however, was contained in either
of them, that could entitle them to the honor of a
place in the Bureaus of France to which several of
my private letters it seems have found a passage. —
And but for the impropriety of such conduct, and
the deprivation and invasion of another's Right, all
might go, as I write or say nothing I wish to conceal
from that nation. My politicks being straight and
my views undisguised towards it and all others.

In examining my file of unanswered letters, I find
two of yours dated the 9th of Octr. and ist of Novr.
among them. In acknowledging the Rect. of which
permit me to thank you for the interesting com-
munications which are detailed therein ; and to ex-
press a wish that in your moment of leisure, you
would favor me with a continuation of matters so
satisfactory to be informed of.

I should have wrote oftener to you, if in retire-
ment I had found matter sufficient for amusement : —
but revolving days producing similar scenes of do-

72 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

mestic & rural occurrences, — none interesting except
to those who were engaged in them ; knowing that
all things of public concern together with the Ga-
zettes, of different complexions were regularly trans-
mitted to you, from the proper Department and
knowing also that you had friends near the fountain
of Intelligence, who were in the habit of correspond-
ing with you, I conceived that the details of the latter
kind from one might be less correct and at best but
second-hand information & therefore avoid giving
you the trouble to receive it.

But new and unexpected scenes opening upon us,
and all the plans of my retirement likely to be marred,
by the Domineering Spirit and boundless ambition
of a nation whose Turpitude have set all obligations
divine & human at naught, may in time to come en-
able me to communicate some things more Interest-
ing than are to be found in the circle of my present
perambulations, in doing which I shall always feel
pleasure.

Little did I think when my Valadictory address
was presented to the people of the United States that
any event would occur in my day that could draw me
from the peaceful walks and tranquil shades of
Mount Vernon : where I had fondly hoped to spend
the remnant of a life, worn down with public cares,
in ruminating the variegated scenes through which I
have passed and in the contemplation of others which
are yet in embrio.

I will hope however that when the Despots of
France find how much they have mistaken the

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 73

American character, and how much they have been
deceived by their partizans among us, that their senses
will return to them and an appeal to arms for the
purpose of repeling an Invasion at least will be ren-
dered unnecessary. To be prepared for them how-
ever is the most certain and perhaps the least ex-
pensive mode of averting the evil. — Neither they
nor their abetors here expected I believe that
such a Spirit would be roused as the occasion
has manifested among all classes of citizens except
the leaders of Opposition — Upon their obtaining
correct Statements of the Treatment they have reed,
from their good and Magnanimous Allies. The dif-
ficulty under which they will find themselves lie, in
treading back their steps, — But Envoy Logan may
be sent to keep them out of it ; ' — or which is to the
full as likely, to Direct them into another course to
obtain the same end.

Present me if you please to Mrs. Murray ; in which
Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis unite as they do
to yourself and in remembrance to Mr. Dandridge,
and be assured of the Sincere Regard & Esteem of,
Dear Sir, &c.

TO JONATHAN BOUCHER.

Mount Vernon, 15 August, 1798.

Reverend Sir,

I know not how it is happened, but the fact is,
that your favor of the 8th of November last year is
but just received, and at a time when both public and

' See note to the letter to Murray, 26 December, l^q%, fast.

74 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

private business pressed so hard upon me, as to
afford no leisure to give the " View of the Causes
and Consequences of the Amsrican Revolution"
written by you, and which you had been pleased
to send me a perusal. For the honor of its dedica-
tion, and for the friendly and favorable sentiments
which are therein expressed, I pray you to accept
my acknowledgments and thanks.

Not having read the book, it follows of course
that I can express no opinion with respect to its
political contents ; but I can venture to assert before-
hand and with confidence, that there is no man in
either country more zealously devoted to peace and
a good understanding between the two nations than
I am, nor one who is more disposed to bury in
oblivion all animosities, which have subsisted between
them, and the individuals of each.

Peace with all the world is my sincere wish. I am
sure it is our true policy, and am persuaded it is the
ardent desire of the government. But there is a
nation, whose intermeddling and restless disposition,
and attempts to divide, distract, and influence the
measures of other countries, will not suffer us, I fear,
to enjoy this blessing long, unless we will yield to
them our rights, and submit to greater injuries and
insults, than we have already sustained, to avoid the
calamities resulting from war.

What will be the consequences of our arming for
self-defence, that Providence which permits these
doings in the disturbers of mankind, and which rules
and governs all things, alone can tell. To its all-

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 75,

powerful decrees we must submit, whilst we . hope,,
that the justice of our cause, if war must ensue, will
entitle us to its protection. With very great esteem,,
I am, &c.

TO BUSHROD WASHINGTON.

Mount Vernon, 27 August, 1798.

My dear Bushrod,

At the time your letter of the 20th instant (with,
others) was brought to this place, I was not in a situa-
tion to acknowledge the receipt of it. And no post
has happened since by which I could do it, — that of
to morrow of which I shall avail myself will be the
first which offers.

On the 1 8th at night I was seized with a fever, of
which I took little notice until the 21st when I was
obliged to call fgr the aid of medicine ; and with dif-
ficulty a remission thereof was, so far effected as to
dose me all night on thursday with Bark — which
having stoped it, and weakness only remaining, will
soon wear off as my appetite is returning.

I learnt with much pleasure, from the postscript to
your letter, of General Marshall's intention to make
me a visit.^ I wish it of all things ; and it is from
the ardent desire I have to see him, that I have not
delayed a moment to express it, lest, if he should have
intended it on his way to Frederic, and hear of my
indisposition, he might change his route.

I can add with sincerity and truth, that, if you can

' He had recently returned from his unsuccessful mission to France.

76 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

make it comport with your business, I should be ex-
ceedingly happy to see you along with him. The
crisis is important. The temper of the people in this
State, in many at least in some places, is so violent
and outrageous, that I wish to converse with General
Marshall and yourself on the elections, which must
soon come.

The fictitious letter of John Langhorne may be had
at any time. I do not send it now, because if you
come up it will do then, and we will let General
Marshall into the whole business, and advise with
him thereon. . Good or evil must flow from Mr.
Nicholas's attempt, according to his establishment
of facts. Present my best wishes to General Mar-
shall, my love in which your Aunt unite to Nancy,
and believe me to be always your affectionate uncle.

TO McDowell.'

Mount Vernon, 2 September, 1798.

Sir :

Your favor of the 13th ultimo, with the accounts,
came duly to hand, and I thank you for the trouble
you have had in paying and taking receipts therefor.
The small balance of £\ 3. 5I. may, if you please, be
given to Mr. Custis.

' President of St. John's College, Annapolis.

When Custis was placed in the Annapolis College, Washington wrote : " Mr.
Custis possesses competent talents to fit him for any studies, but they are counter-
acted by an indolence of mind which renders it difficult to draw them into
action. Doctor Stuart having been an attentive observer of this, I shall refer
you to him for the development of the causes, while justice, from me, requires I

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 77

It was my intention to have written fully to you
by the return of this young gentleman to college, but
the debilitated state into which I have been thrown
by a fever, with which I was seized on the i8th, and
could procure no remission of until the 25th past,,
renders writing equally irksome and improper.

Were the case otherwise, I should, I confess, be at
a loss to point out any precise course of study for
Mr. Custis. My views, with respect to him, have
already been made known to you, and, therefore, it
is not necessary to repeat them on this occasion. It
is not merely the best course for him to pursue that
requires a consideration, but such an one as he can
be induced to pursue, and will contribute to his im-
provement and the object in view. In directing the
first of these objects, a gentleman of your literary
discernment and knowledge of the world, would be
at no loss, without any suggestions of mine, if there
was as good a disposition to receive, as there are
talents to acquire knowledge ; but as there seems to
be in this youth an unconquerable indolence of
temper, and a dereliction, in fact to all study, it must
rest with you to lead him in the best manner, and by
the easiest modes you can devise, to the study of

should add, that I know of no vice to which his inertness can be attributed.
From drinking and gaming he is perfectly free, and if he has a propensity to any
other impropriety, it is hidden from me. He is generous, and regardful of
truth.

" As his family, fortune, and talents (if the latter can be improved) give him
just pretensions to become a useful member of society, in the Councils of his.
country, his friends (and none more than myself) are extremely desirous that his
education should be liberal, polished, and adapted to this end." — Washington
to McDowell, 5 March, 1798.

78 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

«uch useful acquirements as may be serviceable to
himself, and eventually beneficial to his country.

French, from having become in a manner the
universal language, I wish him to be master of, but I
do not find from inquiry, that he has made much
progress in the study yet. Some of the branches of
mathematics, particularly surveying, he ought,
possessor as he is of large landed property, to be
well acquainted with, as he may have frequent occa-
sion for the exercise of that study.

I have already exceeded the limit I had prescribed
to myself when I began this letter, but I will trespass
yet a little more, while I earnestly entreat that you
will examine him, as often as you can make it con-
venient, yourself ; and admonish him seriously of his
omissions and defects ; and prevent, as much as it
can be done, without too rigid a restraint, a devotion
of his time to visitations of the families in Annapo-
lis ; which, when carried to excess, or beyond a cer-
tain point, can not but tend to divert his mind from
study, and lead his thoughts to very different objects.
Above all, let me request, if you should perceive any
appearance of his attaching himself, by visit or other-
wise, to any young lady of that place, that you would
admonish him against any such step, on account of
his youth and incapability of appreciating all the
requisites for a connection which, in the common
course of things, can terminate with the death of
one of the parties only ; and, if done without effect,
to advise me thereof. If, in his reading, he was to
make common-place notes, as is usual, copy them fair

79

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

and show them to you, two good purposes would be
answered by it. You would see with what judgment
they were done, and it might tend much to improve
his handwriting, which requires nothing but care and
attention to render it good. At present, all of his
writing that I have seen is a hurried scrawl, as if to
get to the end speedily, was the sole object of writing.

With sincere esteem and regard, I am, sir, your
obedient.

P. S. Knowledge of book-keeping is essential to
all who are under the necessity of keeping accounts.^

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.

Mount Vernon, 3 September, 1798.

Dear Sir,

Your letter of the 25th ulto. has been duly received.
The list of applicants from the Southern States, and
two large bundles of letters — from these I presume —
came at the same time, & in good order.

My last to you was dated the 20th of August ; two
days previous to which I had been seized with a
fever, which I endeavored to shake off by pursuing
my usual rides & occupations ; but it continued to

' ' ' The enclosed was written at the time of its date, and, with Mr. Custis, I
expected would have left this the next morning for St. John's college ; but al-
though he professed his readiness to do whatever was required of him, his
unwillingness to return was too apparent to afford any hope that good would
result from it in the prosecution of his studies. And, therefore, as I have now
a gentleman living with me who has abilities adequate thereto, will have
suJScient leisure to attend to it, and has promised to do so accordingly, I
thought best, upon the whole, to keep him here." — Washington to McDowell
l6 September, 1798.

8o THE WRITINGS OF [1798

encrease upon me; when on the 21st at night Doctr
Craik was called in, (who it seems chose to have
assistance,) and on the 24th procured such a remis-
sion as to admit bark. Since which I have been in
a convalescent state, but too much debilitated to be
permitted to attend much to business. Which I
mention with no other view, than to apprise you of
my inability to enter so actively upon the duties you
have suggested, as you probably have counted upon.
I shall, however, do all that the situation of my health
and circumstances will enable me to answer your
expectations, if I should be finally charged in the
manner you have suggested to the President.

The wide expance, you must permit me however
to add, which forms the Southern District, will
render it very difficult to obtain correct information
of characters, will require more time than is supposed,
and will, after all, be liable to much imposition, as
confidence must be placed in others, who may be
actuated more by local considerations than the general
weal.

It is much to be wished, that Gen. Pinckney was
arrived,^ and if the arrival should be north of this,
that he might call here with your ideas, that I might
with him arrange matters finally relatively to the
States of South Carolina & Georgia, and provision-
ally as they respect North Carolina and Tennessee.
Kentucky from its local situation is not only remote
from, but in a manner is unconnected with, any other
State ; and, as you have taken no notice of the

' From France.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 81

Northwestern territory, the presumption is that you
contemplated neither Officers nor men from that
Region.

Upon the principle, that the three great districts
of the United States give each four of the aug-
mented Regiments, I suppose it is meant that the
several States composing these districts should furnish
a quota proportioned to its population ; and on this
principle, without regarding fractions, I shall proceed,
when ultimately instructed, unless you direct otherwise.
But, for want of a general list of the Revolutionary
Officers, to remind one of the Captains & Subalterns,
who have distinguished themselves in the late War,
many of the most deserving and meritorious may be
overlooked. For I have heard already of several
coming under this description, who have declared
their willingness to serve, but wait to be called upon,
adding that, as their names (& they presume charac-
ters) are registered in the War Office, they may be
called if it shall be adjudged that their services are
needful to be preferred. Upon this ground, if you
suppose it probable that the selection of Regimental
Officers for the Southern District will be entrusted
to me to bring forward, I should be glad to be fur-
nished with a general list of them. For the one you
left with me, you will recollect, comprehended the
field-officers only, and of those only such as continued
to the end of the War,

You have said in your letter of the 25th ulto., that
" the officers for the Cavalry are to be selected by the
Lieutenant-General of the Army," but do not signify

82 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

whether they are to be taken from the Southern Dis-
trict wholly, or from the Union at large. On this
head I shall require explicit directions.

I have no doubt, that a body of fine Cavalry might
be raised in the Southern District, if the price of the
horses is not too limited, and that they would stand
the Southern operations better than the Northern
horses ; and I believe a handsome corps of officers
might also be had ; but it remains with you to direct
where both or either are to be taken from. Tal-
madge, according to your account (in a former letter,
although I could perceive no reason for it, unless the
promotion of Genl. Dayton has raised his expecta-
tions,) looks higher than the Command of such a
Corps.

When I am furnished by the Superintendent with
a return of the Military stores now on hand and
in train to be procured, I shall, agreeably to your
desire, offer such observations thereon as may occur.
In the mean time, I have no hesitation in declaring,
that your Magazines cannot be too well furnished
with all necessary articles of foreign dependence ; the
procuring of which, if the country should be invaded,
will not only be rendered precarious, but they must
come much higher. Those of our own growth or
manufacture we have more at hand. And above all
things direct the Keepers of your Powder Magazines
to be attentive to the Powder, turning it often, and
proving it frequently ; otherwise there may appear
to be a store, while there is none in fact, that is,
none fit for use.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 83

I have not been in a situation to examine the
Printed Rules & Regulations respecting the Recruit-
ing Service, transmitted in your last. I hope they
are rigid, and pointed to good men ; for it is much
better to have a few good soldiers than a multitude
■of vagrants and indifferent ones, who, besides other
imperfections, may desert their Colours in critical
moments.

If any change should take place in settling the
relative Rank of the Majr.-Generals, I shall hope
■& expect to be informed of it. With much truth,
J am, dear Sir.

TO ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD.

Mount Vernon, 14 September, 1798.

Dear Sir :

Your letter of the i ith, came to my hands yesterday.

Two causes, indeed three, prevented my answering
the first after your return to New Port sooner,
namely — debilitated health, occasioned by the fever
wch. deprived me of 20 lbs of the weight I had when
you and I were at Troy Mill Scales, and rendered
writing irksome; the expectation of hearing from
you again, relative to the Carpenter and farmer, to
whom you informed me you had written ; and the
daily expectation of hearing from Rawlins, who had
been informed if he could forward satisfactory recom-
mendations of his qualifications to make a good over-
seer, that he would be employed by me in that
■character. These reasons must apologize for your not
hearing from me sooner.

84 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

By the same mail, that brought me your letter of the
nth. Rawlins sent me satisfactory testimonials of his
fitness for my purpose, — of course I stand engaged to
him. But I have yet one place certain, perhaps two, re-
quiring overseers : but not at the advanced wages your
overseer asks, vizt., ;^50, &c. — These are my home
house which requires an active, stirring, and spirited
man ; but not an ill-tempered or severe one. The other,
in which I have been in some doubt, is what I call
Doguerun Farm (where the Octagon Barn and
treading floor is). — I could not well afford more than
£\o and the usual allowance of provisions for the
latter; & ^35 is the most I ever gave for the
former, and seldom more than thirty pounds. A
single man wd. suit the home house best, — would be
cheaper to me, — and he himself would live much better
in as much as he would eat of the Provisions that
went from my table, with the house-keeper and other
hired people, about it : — on the other hand a married
man would be preferred for Doguerun.

The reason why I doubted about employing an
overseer at the latter farm is — that as Union &
Doguerun Farms are under one overseer this year,
& the latter conducted in a great measure by the
foreman — I had some thoughts of entrusting it solely
to him next year under the direction of the steward,
but when I perceive, but too clearly, that negroes
are growing more and more insolent and difficult to
govern, I am more inclined to incur the expense of an
overseer than to hazard the management and peace
of the place to a negro : — Provided I can get a good

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 85

overseer on moderate terms : — and why any of them
should think of an increase of wages when the pro-
duce by which they are to be paid, is reduced to half
price, and taxes to their employer (which they will
not feel) are becoming very high — is to me incon-
ceivable— for these causes I am lowering the wages
of my Farms.

I mention these things to possess you of my ideas
relative to these matters but will add notwithstanding
that I will keep one of the two places before men-
tioned open until you hear from Richard Rhodes &
learn his terms, if he will come to me at all. — I think
he would have a better opportunity of Displaying his
Knowledge & skill as a farmer at Doguerun (which
is really a good Farm) than at the Mansion house,
where there is nothing done by the hands that are
kept there but jobbing and running from one thing
and from one place to another, and for overlooking
this farm I would stretch the wages to £6^^. tho' I
should hope to get him for £^0. and if he declines
coming altogether, or asks higher wages, I will in
that case offer the same pay for the same place to
your Overseer ; — But if Rhodes accepts and your over-
seer will come to the Mansion House for £^o. which is
ten pounds higher than I had intended, I will allow
him that sum, which I am persuaded would be better
and more profitable to him (if a single man as I under-
stood from you he was) than ;^50 at a separate Farm,
where he would have to find himself many small though
expensive articles, from which he would be exempt by
eating at my second table with the house keeper, —

86 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

So much for your Overseer and Rhodes. I must
add however that both must decide immediately —
Yea or Nay — of which you will be so good as to in-
form me without delay as others are ofifering (said to
be good) which I may also- Miss, the Season getting
late for valuable Overseers to be disengaged.

From the character you have received of Brookes
(the carpenter) I have no hesitation in requesting
that he may be engaged immediately, and I did not
care how soon he would come up — for as he is spoken
of as a complete Joiner, I have work enough for him
in that way before the time of the present Overlooker
of my Carpenters expires ; which will be about the
first of Novr. — I go in this case upon the supposition
that Brookes is a single man. — If on the contrary he
is a married one his wife cannot be brought here
(altho' he might come himself immediately) until my
other Carpenter moves his family away & the house
in which they live is given up. — If he is single he
would not live in that but in one of the houses in my
Yard — and eat as before mentioned with the House
Keeper & others.

You will oblige me very much by having all these
matters adjusted as soon as possible & by informing
me of the result ; that I may be placed upon a cer-
tainty, & conduct myself accordingly — as it will not
be in my power to hold those who offer here in sus-
pense more than a few days longer. —

You forgot to leave me the names & grades of
those officers whose celebrity were Known in the
Revolutionary War ; & by expecting it I did not

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 87

charge my memory with them, & have forgot the
names of those you did mention.

I have had no return of my fever and am recover-
ing my flesh fast nearly a pound & a half a day ; at
which rate if I should hold it for a twelve month I
shall be an overmatch for Majr. Willis.

We were very glad to hear that you got safe home
in the extreme hot weather you traveled from hence.

Mrs. Washington, Nelly & Washington Custis are
all well and unite in best regards and wishes for
your self, Mrs. Spotswood, & the family with, Dear
Sir, &c.

P. S. To insure this letter getting to you without
any delay at the Postofifice I have requested Mr.
Parks to send it to you by express.

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.
[private and confidential.]

Mount Vernon, 14 September, 1798.

My dear Sir,

Your letter of the 7th instant from Trenton is be-
fore me ; and no plan is yet decided on, that I can
discover, for recruiting the augmented force, or even
for appointing the officers therefor.

It is for the Executive to account for this delay.
Sufficient it is for me to regret, and I do regret it
sorely ; because that spirit and enthusiasm, which
were inspired by the Dispatches from our Envoys,
that resentment which was roused by the treatment
of our Commissioners by the Directory, and the de-

88 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

mands which were made on them as a preliminary to
Negotiation by the latter, are evaporating fast ; and
Recruiting Service, which might have been success-
ful, (of the best men,) a month ago may be found
very difficult a month hence, (of the worst kind).
The law passed before the middle of July, and was
positive ; and the middle of September has produced
no fruit from it. This to me is inconceivable !

I must once more, too, my dear McHenry, request
that your correspondence with me may be more full
and communicative. You have a great deal of busi-
ness, I shall acknowledge ; but I scruple not to add,
at the same time, that much of the important and in-
teresting part of it will be to be transacted with the
Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the U States,
to whom there ought to be no concealment or want
of information. Short letters, therefore, taking no
notice of suggestions or queries, are unsatisfactory and
distressing. Considering the light in which I think
my sacrifices have placed me, I should expect more
attention from the Secretary 0/ War ; but from Mr.
McHenry, as a friend and coadjutor, I certainly shall
look for it. Compare then my letter to you of the
3d instant, which I wrote in much pain, from the de-
bilitated state into which the fever had thrown me,
with your acknowledgment thereof, dated the 7th,
and judge yourself whether I could derive any satis-
faction therefrom on the score of business. Nor to
this moment, although you know my solicitude re-
specting the General Staff of the Army, and my
asking the question (in one of my letters) in direct

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 89

terms, what truth there was in the report of Colo.
North's nomination to the ofifice of Adjutant-General,
has there been the least notice taken of it.

I will defer saying any thing on the President's
new arrangement of the three Major-Generals, until
you shall have communicated the result of Colonel
Hamilton's answer to me.'

But in the name of the Army, what could have in-
duced the nomination of Walter [Anthony Walton]
White to the rank of Brigadier, after the State of
New Jersey had been complimented with one Briga-
dier, and other States of more importance had re-
ceived none ? I formerly asked the same question
with respect to Sevier to which no reply was made.

White's name was placed in the list of Field officers
(for New Jersey) merely as one that might be con-
sidered in that grade when the general organization
came on, but I had no idea when you left this place,
that General Officers would be appointed at the time
they were, for the Provisional Army ; and taking it
for granted that it was a work for after consideration

' " In my opinion, as the matter now stands, General Knox is legally entitled
to rank next to General Washington ; and no other arrangement will give satis-
faction. If General Washington is of this opinion, and will consent to it, you
may call him into actual service as soon as you please. The consequence of
this will be that Pinckney must rank before Hamiltoh. . . . You may
depend upon it, the five New England States will not patiently submit to the
humiliation that has been meditated for them." — John Adams to James
McHenry, 14 August, 1798.

" The President is determined to place Hamilton last and Knox first. I have
endeavored all in my power to preserve your arrangements, but without effect.
You shall be informed in a short time of the course of this business. I know
not how it will be received, and can only hope that he will not refuse to serve."
— McHenry to Washington, 7 September, 1798.

90 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

I bestowed no thought thereon. Of all the characters
in the Revolutionary Army, I believe one more
obnoxious to the Officers who composed it could not
have been hit upon for a Genl. Officer than White,
especially among those to the Southward, where he
was best known & celebrated for nothing but frivolity
— dress — empty show & something worse — in short

for being a notorious L r. This appointment will,

I am told, exclude many valuable officers, who will
not serve as his juniors. As to Sevier, the only
exploit I ever heard of his performance, was the
murder of Indians.

What measures, if any, are pursuing to provide
small arms, I know not ; nor of what sort or length
they are intended to be ; my opinion is that both
musket & bayonet ought to be full as long as those,
with whom we expect to contend, to give confidence
to the soldiery. And it is a matter deserving con-
sideration whether the latter ought not to resemble
the dagger, more than those wch have been in com-
mon use with us.

If these, if the new invented artillery of G Britain
at the cannon-works in Scotland, if the horse-artillery,
in short, if any other articles of foreign manufacture
are needed, not a moment is to be lost in the impor-
tation. Besides their coming much higher after
hostilities shall have commenced, the obtaining of
them at all will be attended with hazard and delay.

I have written you a free and friendly letter. It is
intended, and I hope will be received, in that light
from, my dear Sir, your sincere friend, &c.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. gr

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.
[private and confidential.]

Mount Vernon, i6 September, 1798.

Dear Sir,

Your confidential letter dated Trenton the lotb
instant, with its enclosures, has been duly received..
The latter are returned. The contents of them have
filled my mind with much disquietude and embarrass-
ment : but it is impossible for me to make any move
in consequence at this time, from the want of official
grounds, without betraying your confidential com-
munication.

I can perceive pretty clearly, however, that the
matter is, or very soon will be, brought to the alterna-
tive of submitting to the President's forgetfulness of
what /considered a compactor condition of accept-
ance of the appointment, with which he was pleased
to honor me, or to return him my commission. And
as that compact was ultimately and at the time
declared to him through you, in your letter written?
from this place, and the strong part of it inserted
after it was first drawn, at my request, to avoid mis-
conception, I conceive I have a right, and accordingly
do ask, to be furnished with a copy of it.

You will recollect too, that my acceptance being
conditional, I requested you to take the Commission
back, that it might be restored or annulled according
to the President's determination to accept or reject
the terms on which I had offered to serve ; and that,,
but for your assuring me it would make no difference

92 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

whether I retained or returned it, and conceiving
the latter might be considered an evidence of dis-
trust, it would have been done. Subsequent events
evince, that it would have been a measure of utility ;
for, though the case in principle is the same, yet such
a memento of the fact could not so easily have been
forgotten or got over.

After the declaration in the President's letter to
you of August 29th, (which Is also accompanied with
other sentiments of an alarming nature,) and his
avowed readiness to take the responsibility of the
measure upon himself, it is not probable that there
will be any departure from the resolution he has
adopted ; but I should be glad, notwithstanding, to
know the result of the Representation made by the
Secretaries, as soon as it comes to hand ; and, if there
is no Impropriety in the request, to be gratified with
a sight of the memorial also. I am, &c.

P. S. If you see no impropriety in the measure,
and do not object to it. It would be satisfactory to me
to receive a copy of the powers, or instructions, from
the President under which you acted when here.

TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Mount Vernon, 25 September, 1798.

Sir,

With all the respect, which is due to your public
station, and with the regard I entertain for your
private character, the following representation is
presented to your consideration. If, In the course of

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 9j,

it any expression should escape me, which may appear
to be incompatible with either, let the purity of my
intentions, the candor of my declarations, and a due
respect for my own character, be received as an
apology.

The subject, on which I am about to address you,
is not less delicate in its nature, than it is interesting
to my feelings. It is the change, which you have
directed to be made in the relative rank of the Ma-
jor-Generals, which I had the honor of presenting to
you by the Secretary of War ; the appointment of
an adjutant-General after the first nomination was
rejected, and the prepared state you are in to appoint
a third, if the second should decline, without the
least intimation of the matter to me.

It would have been unavailing after the nomination
and appointment of me to the chief command of the
armies of the United States, (without any previous,
consultation of my sentiments,) to observe to you
the delicate situation in which I was placed by that
act. It was still less expedient to have dwelt more
than I did on my sorrow, at being drawn from my
retirement, where I had fondly hoped to have spent
the few remaining years, which might be dispensed
to me, if not in profound tranquillity, at least with-
out public responsibility. But if you had been
pleased, previously to the nomination, to have in-
quired into the train of my thoughts upon the oc-
casion, I would have told you with the frankness
and candor, which I hope will ever mark my charac-
ter, on what terms I would have consented to the

'94 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

nomination, and you would then have been able to
■decide whether they were admissible or not.

This opportunity was not afforded before I was
brought to public view. To declare them afterwards
was all I could do, and this I did in explicit language
to the Secretary of War, when he honored me with
your letter of the 7th of July, showed me his powers,
and presented the commission. They were, that the
General Officers and General Staff of the army
should not be appointed without my concurrence.
I extended my stipulations no further, but offered to
give every information, and render every service in
my power, in selecting good officers for the Regi-
ments.

It would be tedious to go into all the details, which
led to this determination, but before I conclude my
letter, I shall take the liberty of troubling you with
some of them. Previously to the doing of which,
however, let me declare, and I do declare in the most
unequivocal manner, that I had nothing in view in
making this stipulation, than to insure the most
eligible characters for these highly responsible of-
fices, conceiving that my opportunities, both in the
civil and military administration of the affairs of this
country, had enabled me to form as correct an
opinion of them as any other could do.

Neither the Secretary of War nor myself enter-
tained any doubt, from your letters to me and In-
structions to him, that this was the meaning and
object of his mission. Unwilling, however, to let
a matter of such serious importance to myself remain

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 95

Upon uncertain ground, I requested that gentleman
to declare this in his official letter to you, supposing,
as was the case, that the one I should have the honor
of writing to you might be laid before the public, and
that to encumber it with stipulations of that sort
would be improper. Nay more, as the acceptance
was conditional, and you might or might not be dis-
posed to accede to the terms, I requested him to take
the commission back, to be annulled or restored ac-
cording to your conception of the propriety or impro-
priety of them. His remark upon this occasion was,
that it was unnecessary, inasmuch as, if you did not
incline to accept my services upon the condition they
were offered, you would be under the necessity of
declaring it, whilst, on the other hand, silence must
be construed into acquiescence. This consideration,
and believing that the latter mode would be most
respectful, as the other might imply distrust of your
intentions, arrested that measure.

This, Sir, is a true, candid, and impartial state-
ment of facts. It was the ground on which I
■accepted and retained the Commission, and was the
authority on which I proceeded to the arrangement,
that was presented to you by the Secretary of War.

Having no idea, that the General officers for the
Provisional army would be nominated at the time
they were, I had not even contemplated characters
for those appointments.

I will now respectfully ask, in what manner these
stipulations on my part have been complied with ?

In the arrangement made by me with the Secretary

96 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

of War, the three Major-Generals stood, Hamilton,
Pinckney, Knox ; and in this order I expected their
commissions would be dated. This, I conceive, must
have been the understanding of the Senate, and cer-
tainly was the expectation of all those with whom
I have conversed. But you have been pleased to
order the last to be first, and the first to be last. Of
four Brigadiers for the Provisional army, one, whom
I never heard of as a military character, has been
nominated and appointed, and another is so well
known to all those, who served with him in the
Revolution, as (for the appointment) to have given
the greatest disgust, and will be the means of pre-
venting many valuable officers of that army from
coming forward. One adjutant-General has been, and
another is ready to be appointed, in case of the non-
acceptance of Mr. North, not only without any con-
sultation with me, but without the least intimation
of the intention ; although in the letter I had the
honor to write you on the 4th of July, in acknowledg-
ment of your favor of the 22d of June preceding, and
still more strongly in one of the same date to the
Secretary of War, which, (while here,) his clerk was
I know directed to lay before you, I endeavored to
show you in a strong point of view how important it
was, that this officer, (besides his other qualifications,)
should be agreeable to the Commander-in-Chief, and
possess his entire confidence.

To increase the Powers of the Commander-in-Chief,
or to lessen those of the President of the United
States, I pray you to be persuaded was most foreign

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 97

from my heart. To secure able coadjutors, in the
arduous task I was about to enter upon, was my sole
aim. This the public good demanded, and this
must have been equally the wish of us both. But to
accomplish it required an intimate knowledge of the
component parts of the characters among us in the
higher grades of the late army. And I hope, (with-
out incurring the charge of presumption,) I may add
that the opportunities I have had to judge of these
are second to none. It was too interesting to me,
who had staked every thing which was dear and
valuable upon the issue, to trust more to chance
than could be avoided. It could not be supposed,
that I was insensible to the risk I was about to run,
knowing that the chances of losing were at least
equal to those of increasing the reputation, which the
partiality of the world had been pleased to bestow
on me. No one then acquainted with these circum-
stances, the sacrifices I was about to make, and the
impartiality of my conduct in the various walks of
life, could suppose that I had any other object in
view, than to obtain the best aids the country
afforded, and my judgment could dictate.

If an army had been in actual existence, and you
had been pleased to offer the command of it to me,
my course would have been plain. I should have
examined the constitution of it, looked into the or-
ganization, and inquired into the character of its
officers, &c. As the army was to be raised, and the
officers to be appointed, could it be expected, (as I
was no candidate for the office,) that I should be

98 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

less cautious, or less attentive to secure these
advantages ?

It was not difficult for me to perceive, that, if
we entered into a serious contest with France, the
character of the war would differ materially from
the last we were engaged in. In the latter, time,
caution, and worrying the enemy until we could be
better provided with arms and other means, and had
better disciplined troops to carry it on, was the plan
for us. But if we should be engaged with the
former, they ought to be attacked at every step, and
if possible not suffered to make an establishment in
the country, acquiring thereby strength from the dis-
affected and the slaves, whom I have no doubt they
will arm, and for that purpose will commence their
operations South of the Potomac.

Taking all these circumstances into view, you will
not be surprised at my solicitude to intrench myself
as I did ; nor is it to be supposed, that I made the
arrangement of the three Major-Generals without an
eye to possible consequences. I wished for time, it
is true, to have effected it, hoping that an amicable
adjustment might have taken place ; and offered at a
very short summons, (inconvenient as it would have
been,) to proceed to Philadelphia for that purpose ;
but as no subsequent notice was taken thereof, I
presumed there were operative reasons against the
measure, and did not repeat it.

It is proper too I should add, that, from the infor-
mation which I received from various quarters, and
through different channels, I had no doubt in my

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 99

mind, that the current sentiment among the members
of Congress, and particularly among those from New
England, was in favor of Colonel Hamilton's being
second in command, and this impression has been
since confirmed in the most unequivocal manner by
some respectable members of that body, whom I
have myself seen and conversed with on the subject.

But if no regard was intended to be had to the
order of my arrangement, why was it not altered
before it was submitted to the Senate ? This would
have placed matters upon simple ground. It would
then have been understood as it is at present, namely,
that the gentlemen would rank in the order they are
named ; but the change will contravene this, and ex-
cite much conversation and unpleasant consequences.

I cannot lay my hand readily upon the resolves of
the old Congress, relative to the settlement of Rank
between officers of the same grade, who had been in
service and were disbanded, while a part of the army
remained in existence ; but if I have a tolerable recol-
lection of the matter, they are totally irrelevant to
the present case. Those resolves passed, if I am not
mistaken, at a time when the proportion of officers
to men was so unequal as to require a reduction of
the former, and when the army was about to undergo
a reduction in part, and the officers might be called
upon again. But will a case of this sort apply to the
officers of an army, which has ceased to exist more
than fourteen years ? I give it frankly as my opinion,
(if I have not entirely forgotten the principle on
which the resolves took place,) that they will not ;

loo THE WRITINGS OF [179a

and I as frankly declare, that the only motive I had
for examining a list of the officers of that army was.
to be reminded of names.

If the Rule contended for were to obtain, what
would be the consequences, and where would the
evil end? In all probability, resort would be had tO'
the field-officers of the Revolutionary army to fill
similar grades in the augmented and Provisional
corps, which are to be raised. What then is to be
done with General Dayton, who never ranked higher
than captain in it ? The principle will apply with
equal force in that case, as in the case of Hamilton
and Knox. The injury, (if it is one,) of putting a
junr. over the head of a senr. officer of the last war,
is not ameliorated by the nomination or appoint-
ments of them on different days. It is the act itself,
not the manner of doing it, that affects.

I have dwelt longer on this point than perhaps
was necessary, in order to show, that in my opinion
former rank in the Revolutionary army ought to
have no influence in the present case, farther than
may be derived from superior experience, brilliant
exploits, or general celebrity of character ; and that,,
as the armies about to be raised are commencing de
novo, the President has the right to make officers of
citizens or soldiers at his pleasure, and to arrange
them in any manner he shall deem most conducive
to the public weal.

It is an invidious task at all times to draw com-
parisons, and I shall avoid it as much as possible ;:
but I have no hesitation in declaring, that, if the

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. loi

public is to be deprived of the services of Colo.
Hamilton in the military line, that the post he
was destined to fill will not be easily supplied ;
and that this is the sentiment of the public, I
think I can venture to pronounce. Although Colo-
nel Hamilton has never acted in the character of
a General Officer, yet his opportunities, as the prin-
cipal and most confidential aid of the commander-
in-chief, afforded him the means of viewing every
thing on a larger scale than those, whose attentions
were confined to Divisions or Brigades, who knew
nothing of the correspondences of the commander-
in-Chief, or of the various orders to, or transactions
with, the General Staff of the Army. These advan-
tages, and his having served with usefulness in the
Old Congress, in the General convention, and having
filled one of the most important departments of
government with acknowledged abilities and integ-
rity, have placed him on high ground, and made him
a conspicuous character in the United States, and
even in Europe.

To these, as a matter of no small consideration,
may be added, that, as a lucrative practice in the
line of his profession is his most certain dependence,
the inducement to relinquish it must in some degree
be commensurate. By some he is considered as an
ambitious man, and therefore a dangerous one. That
he is ambitious, I shall readily grant, but it is of that
laudable kind, which prompts a man to excel in what-
ever he takes in hand. He is enterprising, quick in
his perceptions, and his judgment intuitively great ;

102 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

qualities essential to a military character, and there-
fore I repeat, that his loss will be irreparable.

With respect to General Knox, I can say with
truth, there is no man in the United Sates with
whom I have been in habits of greater intimacy, no
one whom I have loved more sincerely, nor any for
whom I have had a greater friendship. But esteem,
love, and friendship can have no influence on my
mind, when I conceive that the subjugation of our
government and independence are the objects aimed
at by the enemies of our Peace, and when possibly
our all is at stake.

In the first moments of leisure, after the Secretary
of War left this place, I wrote a friendly letter to
General Knox, stating my firm belief, that, if the
French should invade this country with a view to the
conquest or the division of it, their operations would
commence at the southward, and endeavored to show
him, in that case, how all-important it was to engage
General Pinckney, his numerous family, friends, and
influential acquaintance heartily in the cause ; send-
ing him at the same time a copy of the arrangement,
which I supposed to be final ; and, in a subsequent
letter, I gave him my opinion fully with respect to
the relative situation of himself and Colonel Hamil-
ton, not expecting, I confess, the difficulties which
have occurred.

I will say but little relative to the appointment of
the Brigadiers before alluded to ; but I must not
conceal, that, after what has passed, and my under-
standing of the compact, that my feelings were not

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 103

a little wounded by the appointment of any, much
more such characters, without my knowledge.

In giving these details I have far exceeded the
limits of a letter, but I hope to be excused for the
prolixity of it. My object has been to give you a
clear and distinct view of my understanding of the
terms, on which I received the commission with
which you were pleased to honor me.

Lengthy as this letter is, there is another subject
not less interesting to the commander-in-chief of the
armies, (be he whom he may,) than it is important
to the United States, which I beg leave to bring
respectfully to your view. We are now near the end
of September, and not a man recruited, nor a Bat-
talion ofificer appointed, that has come to my knowl-
edge. The consequence is, that the spirit and
enthusiasm, which prevailed a month or two ago, and
would have produced the best men, in a short time,
are evaporating fast, and a month or two hence may
induce but few, and those perhaps of the worst sort,
to enlist. Instead, therefore, of having the aug-
mented force in a state of preparation, and under a
course of discipline, it is now to be raised, and
possibly may not be in existence when the enemy is
in the field. We shall have to meet veteran troops
inured to conquest, with militia or raw recruits. The
consequence is not difficult to conceive or foretell.

I have addressed you, Sir, with openness and can-
dor, and I hope with respect, requesting to be in-
formed, whether your determination to reverse the
order of the three Major-Generals is final, and whether

I04 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

you mean to appoint another Adjutant-General with-
out my concurrence. With the greatest respect and
consideration I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.'

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.

Mount Vernon, 30 September, 1798.

Dear Sir,

I have lately received information, which, in my
opinion, merits attention. It is, that the brawlers
against governmental measures in some of the most
discontented parts of this State have all of a sudden
become silent ; and, it is added, are very desirous of
obtaining commissions in the army about to be raised.

This information did not fail to leave an impres-
sion upon my mind at the time I received it ; but it
has acquired strength from a publication I have
lately seen in one of the Maryland gazettes, (between
the author of which and my informant there could
have been no interchange of sentiments to the same
effect). The motives ascribed to them are, that in
such a situation they would endeavor to divide
and contaminate the army by artful and seditious
discourses, and perhaps at a critical moment bring
on confusion. What weight to give to these con-
jectures you can judge as well as I. But, as there
will be characters enough of an opposite description,
who are ready to receive appointments, circumspec-
tion is necessary. For my opinion is of the first

' The draft of this letter was sent to McHenry for his information.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 105

that you could as soon scrub the blackamore white
as to change the principle of a profest Democrat, and
that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn
the Government of this Country, Finding the resent-
ment of the people at the conduct of France too
strong to be resisted, they have in appearance adopted
their sentiments, and pretend that, notwithstanding
the misconduct of government have brought it upon
us, yet, if an invasion should take place, it will be
found that they will be among the first to defend it.
This is their story at all Elections and Election
meetings, and told in many instances with effect.
Whether there be little, much, or nothing in the
information, I shall not take upon me to decide ; but
it appeared to me to be of sufficient moment to
apprize you thereof. With esteem & regard, I am.

TO JAMES McHENRY.

Mount Vernon, 10 October, 1798.
[private and quite confidential.]

My dear Sir,

You will be at no loss to perceive, from my private
letter to you of the i6th ulto., extracts from which you
sent to the President of the United States ; and from
my representation to him, dated the 25th following,
the rough draught of which was enclosed in my last,
what my determination is, if he perseveres in his
Resolution to change the order of the Major Gen-

io6 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

erals, and to disregard the conditions on which I
accepted the Commission of Lieut. Genl. of the
Armies, &c. —

Let me then request you, with the frankness and can-
dor of a friend, to give meyour opinion/ij^/Zj/ 2in^ freely
of the measure ; — to ask if you think I could, with
propriety and a due respect for my own character
retain the Commission under such violations of the
terms on which I accepted it ; — and what you con-
ceive will be the consequences of my resignation
thereof.

If Col. Pickering, and the Gentlemen who act with
you, are intimately acquainted with all the circum-
stances of the case, it would be satisfactory to me,
to know their opinions also, with respect to my
eventual resignation ; but not as a matter required by
me, but as questions propounded by jj/c^^^J^^ entirely
and absolutely.

Be so good as to let me know the ground on which
you and Colo. Pickering are certain the President is
mistaken in his conjectures that the New England
States would be disgusted if Hamilton preceeds
Knox in Rank ; and add, if you please whether Pick-
ering's predelection in favor of the former pro-
ceeds from pure conviction of the utility of the
measure, or from some personal dislike to the latter.
I have some suspicion that he is not a friend to Knox,
but cannot suppose that this would have any influence
in the case.

I should like to have seen a copy of Mr. Wolcott's
letter to the President, but as it was not sent, I pre-

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 107

sume there was some reason for withholding, and do
not repeat the request.'

I wish to hear from you on the subject of this letter
as soon as possible. — Burn it, as soon as it is perused,
as I will do your answer, that neither the one, nor the
other may appear hereafter. With much truth I am..

TO TIMOTHY PICKERING, SECRETARY OF STATE.
T-x r^ Mount Vernon, 15 October, 1708.

Dear Sir,

The information contained in your letter of the 3d
instant was highly grateful to me. Such communica-
tions are not only satisfactory to me, but are really
useful ; for, while I hold myself in readiness to obey
the call of my country, it is expedient that I should
have more authentic information, than News Paper
inconsistencies, of the approaching or receding
storm, that I may regulate my private concerns ac-
cordingly. So far then as you can give this with
propriety, would be received with thankfulness, and
if under the seal of confidence, will be locked up in
my own breast.

It is pleasing to hear, that we had so few ships in
France when the Directory thereof were pleased to

' " The letter written by Mr. Wolcott to the President of the United States,
and the representation made by me to him so soon as I received official
information of the change intended by him in the relative Rank of the
Major-Generals, and of his departure in almost every other instance from
what I considered a solemn compact, and the only terms on which I would,
by an acceptance of the commission, hazard every thing dear and valuable
to me, will soon bring matters to a close, so far as it respects myself. But,,
until the final result of them is known, the less there is said on the subject the-
h&itex."— Washington to Pickering, 10 October, 1798.

io8 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

lay an Embargo thereon, I wish, on many accounts,
that General Pinckney was safely landed in his own
•country, as I heard Mr. Gerry is come after his
terrible fright. I hope, so soon as he is relieved
from the Panic with which he was struck, and which
must have continued whilst he remained on the
watery element, he will come forward in stronger
language than his last letter to Mr. Talleyrand con-
tains and with such explanations, as his own charac-
ter requires, and His Country has a right to demand.

We have nothing new in this quarter. An exces-
sive drought, which still prevails, has been hurtful
to our crops, and presses sorely upon the winter
grain and grass seeds, which have been sown this
autumn.

Maryland, instead of acquiring strength in her
Federal representation by the last Election, has lost
:ground. What will be the result of the Elections in
this State, in March next, is more I believe than any
one can foretell at present. No stone is left un-
turned, that can affect the Federal Interest, by the
Democrats. I am, dear Sir, &c.

TO TIMOTHY PICKERING, SECRETARY OF STATE.
Dear Sir mount Vernon, is October, 1798.

The contents of your letter of the 13th instant,
which I received last night, gave me much pleasure ';
and it has been increased since by the annunciation
<in the gazettes) of General Pinckney's safe arrival

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 109.

at New York. I hope he will not play the second
part of the difficulty created by General Knox.

The extracts of letters from our consuls, and other
characters in France to you, are satisfactory and use-
ful to me.

My opinion always has been, (however necessary
to be in a state of preparation,) that no formidable
invasion is to be apprehended from France, while
Great Britain and that country are at War ; not
from any favorable disposition the latter has towards
us, but from actual inability to transport Troops and
the Munitions of War, while their ports are block-
aded. That they would willingly, and perhaps
necessarily, employ their forces in such an enterprise
in case of Peace I have little doubt, unless adverse
fortune in their foreign relations, — a Revolution at
home, — or a wonderful change of sentiment in the
governing powers of their country, should take place.

If any thing in the conduct of their agents could
excite astonishment, it would be Talleyrand's effron-
tery, duplicity, and supposed Diplomatic skill, in his
management of matters with Mr. Gerry ; but, as his.
object to those, who are not determined to be blind,
may be read as they run, it is unnecessary to com-
ment upon it. And with respect to Mr. Gerry, I
observed in my last, that his own character and pub-
lic satisfaction require better evidence, than his
letter to the Minister of Foreign Relations, to prove
the propriety of his conduct during his Envoyship.

I fear, from the paragraph which you have ex-
tracted from a Paris Paper of the 23d of August,

no THE WRITINGS OF [1798

relative to Madame de Lafayette, that the General
and his son are on their Passage to this Country. I
had a letter from him dated late in May, wherein he
says, that her health was too much impaired to
attempt a sea voyage at that time, and therefore that
she and the female part of his family would go to
France, while he and son would visit the United
States, whither he expected to arrive in the month of
September. On Public and his own private account,
I hope that would not happen while matters were in
the train they are at present ; but, as one part of the
information appears to have been accomplished, the
other may be expected.

I have read your letter of the 29th ult. to P. John-
ston, on the subject of the Prince Edward Address
and with pleasure.

It ought to flash conviction of the impropriety of
that address, on all minds that are open to it — but it
is not easier to change the principles of the leaders
of such measures, than it would be to wash a blacka-
moor white. Truth and information is not their object.
To blind, and irritate the People against Government
{to effect a change in it) is their sole aim.

With much truth and sincere regard, I am. Sir, &c.

TO HENRY KNOX.

My dear Sir mount Vernon, 21 October, 1798.

Several causes have occurred to retard the ac-
knowledgment of the receipt of your favor of the
-26th of August. At the time it came to hand, I

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. m

was much engaged in matters that could not be well
postponed ; and before I got through them, I was
seized with a fever which was unremittingly severe
for several days, and left me in so debilitated a state
as to render writing, and business generally (when it
could be avoided) not only irksome, but improper,
and was forbidden by my Physicians.

During this state of convalescence, letters which
required prompt attention were pouring in upon
me. — This state of things — not knowing what the
President's final decision would be, and not perceiv-
ing that I could say more to you on the subject of
relative rank, than I had done in former letters,
unless, to dilate on the several points which had be-
fore been touched, (and this appeared to me un-
necessary, as your own ideas would anticipate all I
could say), I delayed from day to day to do what I
am now in the act of doing, that is, writing to you.

I can again, my dear Sir, with much truth and sin-
■cerity repeat to you the declaration made on a former
occasion, namely, that, if an amicable arrangement
of precedence could have been settled between
Generals Hamilton, Pinckney, and yourself, previous
to the nomination, it wd. have been perfectly satisfac-
tory to me ; but, driven as I was to make it myself,
at the time and in the manner it was transmitted, I
was governed by the best views and best evidence I
could obtain, of the public sentiment relative thereto.
The Senate acted upon it under an impression, that
it was to remain so, and in that light the matter is
understood by the public ; and it would be uncandid

112 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

not to add, that I have found no cause since to be-
lieve I mistook that sentiment. Let me add further,
that, as an army was to be raised de novo, fourteen
years after the Revolutionary Troops had ceased to
exist, I do not see that any Resolution of the ancient
Congress can apply at this day to the officers of that
army. If it does, and the matter is viewed by others
as it is by you, will any field-officer of that army
serve under General Dayton ? Would it not deprive
the President of the advantage of selection and ar-
rangement ? And what difficulties and perplexities
would not follow, if this idea and conduct should
prevail generally ? Accompanied with the opinion
which you seem to have imbibed of incidental Rank,
Few knowing and deserving officers of this descrip-
tion would feel very easy under such a decision, or
be content with 2, feather, if they conceived that rank
meant nothing, when inserted in their commissions.

On what ground did the Baron de Steuben com-
mand a separate corps in the State of Virginia in the
year 1781, and Colo. Hamilton a select one at the
siege of York, if Incidental Rank does not give com-
mand according to circumstances and the discretion of
the Commanding General ?

But I am running into details, which I did not in-
tend. It would (if you could reconcile it to your
own feelings,) give me sincere pleasure to see you in
the augmented corps, a major-genl.

We shall have either no war, or a severe contest,
with France ; in either case, if you will allow me to
express my opinion, this is the most eligible time for

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 113

you to come forward. In the first case, to assist with
your counsel and aid in making judicious provisions
and arrangements to avert it ; in the other case, to
share in the glory of defending your Country, and,
by making all secondary considerations yield to that
great and primary object, display a mind superior to
embarrassing punctilios at so critical a moment as
the present.

After having expressed these sentiments, with the
frankness of undisguised friendship, it is hardly
necessary to add, that, if you should finally decline
the appointment of Majr-General, there is none to
whom I would give a more decided preference as an
Aid-de-Camp, the offer of which is highly flattering,
honorable, and grateful to my feelings, and for which
I entertain a high sense. But, my dear Genl. Knox,
(and here again I speak to you in the language of
candor and friendship,) examine well your mind on
this subject. Do not unite yourself to the suit of a
man, whom you may consider as the primary cause
of what you call a degradation, with unpleasant
sensations. This, while it was gnawing upon you,
would (if I should come to the knowledge of it)
make me unhappy ; as my first wish would be, that
my military family and the whole army should con-
sider themselves as a band of brothers, willing and
ready to die for each other. I shall add no more
than assurances of the sincere friendship and affec-
tion, with which I am, dear Sir, &c.'

' " The last mail to Alexandria brought me a letter from the President of the
United States, in which I am informed that he had signed and given the com-

114

THE WRITINGS OF [1798

TO JAMES McHENRY.
[private and confidential.]

Mount Vernon, 21 October, 1798.

My dear Sir,

Enclosed is a copy of the President's letter to me,
which I request may be with this letter, burnt as soon
as they are read, & no more said respecting the con-
tents than might be proper for him to hear repeated
again ; Otherwise, a knowledge that the contents of
my letters to and from him are in possession of others,
may induce him to believe, in good earnest, that in-
trigues are carrying on, in which I am an actor —
than which, nothing is more foreign from my heart.

I return the press copies which were enclosed to
me. But in future, whenever you require my opin-
ion on any points, let them be stated in your letter,
or on a paper to remain in my possession, without
wch. my acts & proceedings, will appear incomplete
& mysterious.

Do you mean to furnish me with a copy of the
letter you wrote to the President from hence & of
his Instructions to you, or not ? Long, long since, I
informed you that it would be extremely useful to

missions to yourself. Generals Pinckney and Knox the same date, in hopes
that an amicable adjustment or acquiescence might take place among you.
But, if these hopes should be disappointed, and controversies should arise, they
will of course be submitted to me, as commander-in-chief, and if, after all, any
one should be so obstinate as to appeal to him from the judgment of the Com-
mander-in-Chief, he was determined to confirm that judgment.

" General Knox is fully acquainted with my sentiments on this subject, and
I hope no fresh difficulties will arise with General Pinckney. Let me entreat
you, therefore, to give without delay your/«// mind to the Secy, of War." —
Washington to Hamilton, 21 October, 1798.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 115

me (if I was to have any hand in selecting the
Officers for the four Regiments & Cavalry proposed
to be raised in the Southern division of the Union)
to be furnished with a list of the Captains & Subal-
terns therein, who served in the Revolutionary
Army ; but none has been sent. This with the date
of their Commissions might be the means of coming
at many valuable officers, and preventing many dis-
putes hereafter.

Has Mr. Wolcott received any answer to his letter
to the President ? and to what effect. You know
that I am always, &c.

P. S. It is some time since Nelly Custis Enclosed
you a Post note furnished by me, to discharge your
advance for the Colours — Has it ever been received ?

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.

Mount Vernon, 21st Octr., 1798.

Dear Sir,

Your letter of the i6th instant came by the last
mail.^ The enclosures are well calculated to effect
their objects. But the explicit declaration contained
in the one to General Knox, added to his knowledge

' From this letter it appeared that a final determination had at length
passed in regard to the relative rank of the major-generals, and that the com-
missions had been made out according to the first plan. The following is an
extract.

" War Department, October ibth. The President, on the 30th of Septem-
ber, enclosed to me commissions for the three major-generals of the army,
signed and dated on the same day.

" When I considered the communications, which may be expected from this
■department at the time of presenting his commission to each of the generals, I

ii6 THE WRITINGS OF [179&

of my sentiments on the subject of relative Rank^
leaves little hope in my mind, that he will obey your
summons, and render his aid in the manner required
of him.

I hope no difficulty will occur with General Pinck-
ney ; and, if he cannot be prevailed on to remain at
the Seat of Government until the loth of November,
(the ulterior day allowed for the assembling of the
Major-Generals,) that you will avail yourself of all
his information relatively to the characters best
qualified to officer the Corps allotted to the States of
South Carolina & Georgia ; and as far as his knowl-
edge extends to those of No. Carolina and Tennes-
see also.

I have said in the beginning of this letter, that the
enclosures were well calculated to effect their objects,
but I must except that part of them, which relates to
the officering of the New Corps in the Southern and
Western States, as greatly inferior to the one I sug-
gested in my last letter to you, dated the 15th in-
stant ; first, because it involves more delay ; and,

found myself embarrassed respecting the course he meant I should pursue on
the occasion. It was my earnest wish to avoid the renewal of a subject, that
had already been attended with too many unpleasant circumstances by return-
ing the question upon him for more precise instructions. After considerable
deliberation, therefore, and as the most respectful course to him, I at last was.
induced to transmit the commissions to Generals Hamilton and Knox, and to
inform them, that I considered the order of nomination and approval by the
Senate as determining their relative rank.

" I have also, my dear Sir, written to Generals Hamilton and Knox, calling
them into service, and soliciting their presence, as soon as possible, and in all
events by the loth of November. I suggested also to the President, that it
would be desirable I should be authorized to require your attendance, and that
his own presence would be important and give facility to all measures relative
to this meeting. "

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 117

2dly because the chance of o\t\.2Xvivs\'g good officers is
not equal.

If the President of the United States, or the Sec-
retary of War, had a personal and intimate knowl-
edge of the characters of the applicants, the mode
suggested by me would be indelicate & improper ;
but at such a distance, & in cases where information
must govern, from whom, (as I observed in my
former letter,) can it be so much relied on, as from
those whose interest, honor, and reputation are
pledged for its accuracy ?

The applications are made chiefly through mem-
bers of Congress. These, oftentimes to get rid of
them, oftener still perhaps for local & electioneering
purposes, and to please & gratify their party, more
than from any real merit in the applicant, are handed
in, backed by a solicitude for success in order to
strengthen their interest. Possibly no injustice
might be done, if I were to proceed a step further,
and give it as an opinion, that most of the candidates
brought forward by the opposition members possess
sentiments similar to their own, and might poison the
army by disseminating them, if they were appointed.
If, however, the plan suggested by you is to be
adopted, indeed in any case, you will no doubt see
the propriety of obtaining all the information you
can from Majr.-General Pinckney ; and, if he accepts
his appointment, and cannot be prevailed on to
remain with you until the other Majr.-Generals
assemble, of requesting him to call on Brigr.-General
Davie on his route to Charleston, and, after a full &

ii8 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

free conversation with him on fit characters to officer
the quota of Troops from the States of No. Carolina
(and Tennessee, if he can aid in it,) to inform you of
the result without delay}

I hardly think it will be in my power to attend at
Trenton or Philadelphia at the time alloted to the
Majr.-Generals ; ist, because I am yet in a convales-
cent state, (although perfectly recovered of the fever,)
so far at least as to avoid exposure and consequent
colds ; 2dly, my Secretary, (Mr. Lear,) has had a
severe fever, and is now very low, and several others
of my family are much indisposed ; and, 3dly and
principally, because I see no definite ground to pro-
ceed upon, if I should go, from anything that has
hitherto appeared. Nor is it probable you will have
received the President's instructions, and Genr.
Knox's answer, in time to serve me with a notice of
the results by the loth of November; I mean, for
me to get there, on or about that day.

If General Pinckney could be prevailed on to
remain with you, & there was a moral certainty of

' " My opinion is, that, in making a selection of tlie _/??/rf-officers, an entire
range of the State should be taken ; but, in the company officers, regard should
be had to distribution, as well for the purpose of facilitating the Recruiting
Service, as for other considerations. And, where officers of celebrity in the
revolutionary army can be obtained, who are yet in the prime of life, habitu-
ated to no bad courses, and well-disposed, that a preference ought to be given to
them. Next to these, gentlemen of character, liberal education, and, as far as,
the fact can be ascertained from inexperience, men who will face danger in any
shape in which it can appear ; for, if we have a land war, it will be sharp and
severe. I must beg leave to add, that all violent opposers of the Government,
and French Partisans, should be avoided, or they will disseminate the poison of
their principles in the army, and split what ought to be a band of brothers into
parties." — Washington to William R. Davie, 24 October, 1798.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 119

meeting Generals Hamilton and Knox, I would,
maugre the inconveniences and hazard I might run,
attempt to join them, for the valuable purpose of
projecting a plan in concert with you and them, which
might be ineffectually accomplished at a partial meet-
ing. I shall therefore stand prepared, as well as the
situation of things will admit, and wait your full
communications on these several points, and govern
myself accordingly.

TO G. W. SNYDER.^

Mount Vernon, 24 October, 1798.

Reverend Sir,

I have your favor of the 1 7th instant before me,
and my only motive to trouble you with the receipt
of this letter is, to explain and correct a mistake,
which I perceive the hurry in which I am obliged
often to write letters have led you into.

It was not my intention to doubt, that the doc-
trines of the Illuminati and principles of Jacobinism
had not spread in the United States. On the con-
trary, no one is more fully satisfied of this fact than
I am.

The idea that I meant to convey was, that I did
not believe that the lodges of freemasons in this
country had, as societies, endeavored to propagate
the diabolical tenets of the former, or pernicious
principles of the latter (if they are susceptible of
separation). That individuals of them may have

' A Maryland clergyman who feared lest the Masonic lodges in the United
States might be infected with the views of the Illuminati.

I20 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

done it, or that the founder, or instrument employed
to found the Democratic Societies in the United
States, may have had these objects, and actually had
a separation of the people from their government
in view, is too evident to be questioned.

My occupations are such, that little leisure is
allowed me to read newspapers or books of any
kind. The reading of letters and preparing answers
absorb much of my time. With respect, I remain,
Sir, &c.

TO TIMOTHY PICKERING, SECRETARY OF WAR.
T^ r- Mount Vernon, 26 October, 1708.

Dear Sir,

I have been duly favored with your letters of the
15th & 20th Instant, and received great satisfaction
from the communications in both.

That General Pinckney not only accepts his ap-
pointment in the Army of the United States, but
accompanies the acceptance with declarations so
open and candid, as those made to General Hamil-
ton, affords me sincere pleasure. It augers well of
the aid that may be expected from his services.

I should suppose that a correspondence between
the Department of State, and the Governors of In-
dividual States, would be attended with salutary con-
sequences,— whilst no evil that I can perceive, would
flow from it. By such communications as would be
proper to make to them, the well disposed part
would be possessed of useful information, and those
of a contrary description would in many cases be bereft

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 121

of a plea which they often make — the want of it. —
To enable you to do this, and to exe[cute] with ease
the other important duties of your ofifice you ought,
certainly, to be allowed all the aid that is necessary.

If Mr. Gerry has it in his power to dispel the cloud
that hovers over him, I wish on account of this
country ; — for his own sake ; — and as the only attone-
ment he can make to his Colleagues for his separate
transactions, and secret conduct with the French
Minister, that he would come forward with an open
and manly representation of all the circumstances
that occurred, and governed in that business. —
Though nothing can excuse his secret negociations —
a measure of this sort is the only one I can see,
that can irradicate unfavorable suspicions. — I fear
however, that vanity, which may have led him into
the mistake, — and consciousness of h^xvigduped by the
Diplomatic skill of our good and magnanimous Allies
are too powerful for a weak mind to overcome.
With very great esteem and regard I am, &c.

TO ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD.

Philadelphia, 22 November, 1798.

Dear Sir,

Your letter of the 13th enclosing a publication
under the signature of Gracchus, on the alien and
sedition laws, found me at this place deeply engaged
in business.

You ask my opinion of these laws, professing to
place confidence in my judgment. For the compli-

122 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

ment of which I thank you. But to give opinions
unsupported by reasons might appear dogmatical,
especially as you have declared that Gracchus has
produced "thorough conviction in your mind of the
unconstitutionality and inexpediency of the acts above
mentioned." To go into an explanation on these
points I have neither leisure nor inclination, because
it would occupy more time than I have to spare.

But I will take the liberty of advising such as are
not "thoroughly convinced," and whose minds are
yet open to conviction, to read the pieces and hear
the arguments, which have been adduced in favor of
as well as those against, the constitutionality and ex-
pediency of those laws, before they decide ; and con-
sider to what lengths a certain description of men in
our country have already driven, and seem resolved
further to drive matters, and then ask themselves if
it is not time and expedient, to resort to protecting
laws against aliens (for citizens you certainly know
are not afifected by that law), who acknowledge no
allegiance to this country, and in many instances are
sent among us (as there is the best circumstantial
evidence to prove) for the express purpose of poison-
ing the minds of our people, and to sow dissensions
among them, in order to alienate their affections from
the government of their choice, thereby endeavor-
ing to dissolve the Union, and of course the fair and
happy prospects, which were unfolding to our view
from the revolution.

But, as I have observed before, I have no time to
enter the field of politics ; and therefore shall only

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 123

add my best respects to the good family at New-
Port, and the assurances of being, dear Sir, your very
humble servant.

TO GENERAL LAFAYETTE.

My dear Sir, mount Vernon, 25 December, 1798.

******

To give you a complete view of the politics and
situation of things in this country would far exceed
the limits of a letter, and to trace effects to their
causes would be a work of time. But the sum of
them may be given in a few words, and amounts' to-
this. That a party exists in the United States, formed
by a combination of causes, which oppose the gov-
ernment in all its measures, and are determined (as
all their conduct evinces) by clogging its wheels in-
directly to change the nature of it, and to subvert the
constitution. To effect this, no means which have a
tendency to accomplish their purposes are left unes-
sayed. The friends of government, who are anxious
to maintain its neutrality, and to preserve the country
in peace, and adopt measures to secure these are
charged by them as being monarchists, aristocrats,
and infractors of the constitution, which, according
to their interpretation of it, would be a mere cipher.
While they arrogated to themselves (until the eyes
of the people began to discover how outrageously
they had been treated in their commercial concerns by
the Directory of France, and that that was a ground
on which they could no longer tread) the sole merit

124 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

■of being the friends of France, when in fact they had
no more regard for that nation than for the Grand
Turk, further than their own views were promoted
by it ; denouncing those who differed in opinion,
(whose principles are purely American, and whose
sole view was to observe a strict neutrality) with act-
ing under British influence, and being directed by
her counsels, now with being her pensioners.

This is but a short sketch of what requires much
time to illustrate ; and is given with no other view,
than to show you what would be your situation here
at this crisis under such circumstances as it unfolds.

You have expressed a wish, worthy of the benevo-
lence of your heart, that I would exert all my en-
deavors to avert the calamitous effects of a rupture
between our countries. Believe me, my dear friend,
that no man can deprecate an event of this sort with
more horror than I should, and that no one, during
the whole of my administration, labored more inces-
santly, and with more sincerity and zeal, than I did,
to avoid this, and to render every justice, nay favor, to
France, consistent with the neutrality, which had been
proclaimed, sanctioned by Congress, approved by the
State legislatures, and the people at large in their
town and county meetings. But neutrality was not
the point at which France was aiming ; for, whilst it
was crying Peace, Peace, and pretending that they
•did not wish us to be embroiled in their quarrel with
Great Britain, they were pursuing measures in this
country so repugnant to its sovereignty, and so in-
compatible with every principle of neutrality, as must

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 125,

inevitably have produced a war with the latter. And!
when they found, that the government here was re-
solved to adhere steadily to its plan of neutrality,,
their next step was to destroy the confidence of the
people in and to separate them from it ; for which
purpose their diplomatic agents were specially in-
structed, and in the attempt were aided by inimical
characters among ourselves, not, as I observed be-
fore, because they loved France more than any other
nation, but because it was an instrument to facilitate
the destruction of their own government.

Hence proceeded those charges, which I have al-
ready enumerated, against the friends to peace and
order. No doubt remains on this side of the water,,
that to the representations of, and encouragement
given by, these people is to be ascribed, in a great
measure, the infractions of our treaty with France r
her violation of the laws of nations, disregard of
justice, and even of sound policy. But herein they
have not only deceived France, but were deceived
themselves, as the event has proved ; for, no sooner
did the yeomanry of this country come to a right
understanding of the nature of the dispute, than
they rose as one man with a tender of their services,
their lives, and their fortunes to support the govern-
ment of their choice, and to defend their country.
This has produced a declaration from them (how
sincere let others judge), that, if the French should
attempt to invade this country, they themselves
would be amongst the foremost to repel the attack.

You add in another place, that the Executive

126 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

Directory are disposed to accommodation of all
differences. If they are sincere in this declaration,
let them evidence it by actions ; for words unaccom-
panied therewith will not be much regarded now.
I would pledge myself, that the government and
people of the United States will meet them heart
and hand at fair negotiation ; having no wish more
ardent, than to live in peace with all the world, pro-
vided they are suffered to remain undisturbed
in their just rights. Of this, their patience, for-
bearance, and repeated solicitations under accumu-
lated injuries and insults, are incontestable proofs ;
but it is not to be inferred from hence, that they
suffer any nation under the sun, (while they retain a
proper sense of virtue and independence,) to trample
upon their rights with impunity, or to direct or
influence the internal concerns of their country.

It has been the policy of France, and that of the
-opposition party among ourselves, to inculcate a belief
that all those, who have exerted themselves to keep
this country in peace, did it from an overweening at-
tachment to Great Britain. But it is a solemn truth,
and you may count upon it, that it is void of founda-
tion, and propagated for no other purpose, than to
■excite popular clamor against those, whose aim was
peace, and whom they wished out of the way.

That there are many among us, who wish to see
this country embroiled on the side of Great Britain,
and others, who are anxious that we should take part
with France against her, admits of no doubt. But it
is a fact, on which you may entirely and absolutely

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 127

rely, that the governing powers of the country and a
large part of the people are truly Americans in prin-
ciple, attached to the interest of it, and unwilling
under any circumstances whatsoever to participate in
the politics or contests of Europe ; much less, since
they have found that France, having forsaken the
ground she first took, is interfering in the internal
concerns of all nations, neutral as well as belligerent,
and setting the world in an uproar.

After my Valedictory Address to the people of the
United States, you would no doubt be somewhat sur-
prised to hear, that I had again consented to gird on
the sword. But, having struggled eight or nine years
against the invasion of our rights by one power, and
to establish our independence of it, I could not remain
an unconcerned spectator of the attempt of another
power to accomplish the same object, though in a
different way, with less pretensions ; indeed, without
any at all.

On the politics of Europe I shall express no opin-
ion, nor make any inquiry who is right or who is
wrong. I wish well to all nations and to all men.
My politics are plain and simple. I think every
nation has a right to establish that form of govern-
ment, under which it conceives it shall live most
happy ; provided it infracts no right, or is not danger-
ous to others; and that no governments ought to
interfere with the internal concerns of another, except
for the security of what is due to themselves.

I sincerely hope, that Madame de Lafayette will
accomplish all her wishes in France, and return safe

128 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

to you with renovated health. I congratulate you on
the marriage of your eldest daughter, and beg to be
presented to them both and to Virginia in the most
respectful and affectionate terms. To George I have
written. In all these things Mrs. Washington, as the
rest of the family would do if they were at home,
most cordially joins me ; as she does in wishing you
and them every felicity, which this life can afford, as
some consolation for your long, cruel, and painful
confinement and sufferings.

I shall now only add, what you knew well before,
that, with the most sincere friendship and affectionate
regard, I am always yours, &c.

P. S. Your old aid de camp — and my worthy
nephew George A. Washington ; died about five
years ago of a pulmonary complaint. He left 3 fine
children, a daughter & two sons, the eldest of the
boys was called after you.

The letters herewith enclosed and directed one to
yourself, another to George and the third to Mr.
Frestel, have been some time in my possession and
detained to be delivered to you here upon the same
principle that prevented me from writing to you at
an earlier period.

TO WILLIAM. VANS MURRAY.'
Dear Sir mount Vernon, 26 December, 1798.

Having some cause to believe the vessel was cap-
tured, in which went the original of the enclosed copy,
I forward a duplicate.

' Minister Resident from the United States in Holland.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 129

I returned a few days ago from Philadelphia,
whither I had been for the purpose of making some
military arrangements with the Secretary of War,
respecting the force which isabouttobe raised. 1 1 was
there I received a letter from Mr. Dandridge, announ-
cing his intention of returning to America, (partly on
account of his health,) expressing in lively and grate-
ful terms his sense of your attentions and kind treat-
ment ; and adding, that, as experience had more and
more convinced him that a sedentary life was incom-
patible both with his health and turn of mind (a sen-
timent he had often expressed whilst he lived with
me), he wished for an appointment in the army we
were about to raise. The application arriving
opportunely, he stands arranged as captain of a
company of infantry in one of the regiments, which
will be raised in Virginia ; and it is necessary he
should enter upon the duties thereof as soon as it
can be made convenient.

Mr. Envoy Logan, who arrived at Philadelphia
about the time I did, brings very flattering accounts
of the disposition of the French Directory towards
this country. He has dined with one, supped with
another, and in short has been as familiar with all,
(that were in place,) as the hand is with its gloves ;
and he is not a little employed in propagating this
doctrine in all parts of the United States by means
of the presses, who are at the command of that party.
He says the inclinations of France to be upon good
terms with the United States is now so strong, that it
must be our own mismanagement and disinclination

I30 THE WRITINGS OF [1798

to peace, if matters with that country are not accom-
modated upon terms honorable and advantageous
to this.^

' The mission of Dr. Logan, under the auspices, as it was supposed, of
Mr. Jefferson, was a fertile topic of conjecture and discussion in the party poli-
tics of the day. While General Washington was in Philadelphia, concerting
with the major-generals and Secretary of War the arrangements of the army.
Dr. Logan called on him. The following Memorandum of the interview,
written down by General Washington at the time, is perhaps more curious as
exhibiting a trait of his character, than important for the historical matter
it contains.

" Tuesday, November I'ith, 1798. — Mr. Lear, my secretary, being from our
lodgings on business, one of my servants came into the room where I was writ-
ing, and informed me that a gentleman in the parlour below desired to see me ;
no name was sent up. In a few minutes I went down, and found the Rev. Dr.
Blackwell and Dr. Logan there. I advanced towards and gave my hand to the
former ; the latter did the same towards me. I was backward in giving mine.
He possibly supposing from hence, that I did not recollect him, said his name
was Logan. Finally, in a very cool manner, and with an air of marked indif-
ference, I gave him my hand, and asked Dr. Blackwell to be seated ; the other
took a seat at the same time. I addressed all my conversation to Dr. Black-
well ; the other all his to me, to which I only gave negative or affirmative
answers, as laconically as I could, except asking how Mrs. Logan did. He
seemed disposed to be very polite, and, while Dr. Blackwell and myself were
conversing on the late calamitous fever, offered me an asylum at his house, if it
should return, or I thought myself in any danger in the city, and two or three
rooms by way of accommodation. I thanked him slightly, observing there
would be no call for it.

" About this time Dr. Blackwell took his leave. We all rose from our seats,
and I moved a few paces towards the door of the room, expecting the other
would follow, and take his leave also. Instead of which he kept his ground,
and proceeded to inform me more particularly (for he had mentioned it before),
that he had seen General Lafayette at Hamburg,, and his lady and daughter (I
think in France), and related many things concerning them. He said some-
thing also jrespecting an interview he had had with our minister, Mr. Murray,
in Holland ; but, as I remained standing, and showed the utmost inattention to
what he was saying, I do not now recollect what the import of it was ; except
that he hurried from thence to Paris, his object being, he said, to get there
before the departure of our commissioners, as he called them.

"He observed that the situation of our affairs in this country, and the train
they were in with respect to France, had induced him to make the voyage in
hope, or expectation, or words to that effect, of contributing to their ameliora-

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 131

Both houses of Congress were formed before I left
Philadelphia, but had not been long enough in session
for an opinion of the result to be prognosticated.

tion. This drew my attention more pointedly to what he was saying, and
induced me to remarlc, that there was something very singular in this ; that he,
who could only be viewed as a private character, unarmed with proper powers,
and presumptively unknown in France, should suppose he could effect what three
gentlemen of the first respectability in our country, specially charged under the
authority of the government, were unable to do. With this observation he seemed
a little confounded, but, recovering, said, that not more than five persons had
any knowledge of his going ; that he was furnished by Mr. Jefferson and Mr.
McKean with certificates of his citizenship ; and that M. Merlin, President of the
Directory of France, had discovered the greatest desire that France and Amer-
ica should be on the best terms. I answered that he was more fortunate than
our envoys, for they could neither be received nor heard by M. Merlin or the
Directory ; that if the powers of France were serious in their professions, there
was a plain and effectual way by which that object could be accomplished,
namely, to repeal all the obnoxious arrits, by which the commerce and rights of
this "country had been invaded, put an end to further depredations on both, and
make restitution for the injuries we had received. A conduct like this, I said,
would speak more forcibly than words ; for the latter never made an impres-
sion on my mind, when they were contradicted by actions.

" He said that the Directory was apprehensive, that this country, the gov-
ernment of it, or our envoys, I am not now sure which he meant or alluded to,
was not well disposed towards France. I asked what better evidence could
be given in refutation of this opinion, than its long-suffering of the outrageous
conduct of that nation towards the United States, and despatching three gen-
tlemen of unquestionable worth, vnth ample powers to reconcile all differences
even at the expense of great sacrifices on our part ; and asked him if the Direc-
tory looked upon us as worms, not even allowed to turn when trod upon ; for it
was evident to all the world, that we had borne, and forborne, beyond what
even common respect for ourselves permitted. He replied, that they had taken
off the embargo, and were making restitution of property, mentioning one
instance, I think. With respect to the embargo, I observed, that taking it off,
or continuing it on, was a matter of no great importance, if, as I had been
informed, our vessels in French ports were few. He said that the attempt at a
-coalition of European powers against France would come to nothing ; that the
Directory were under no apprehensions on that ground ; and that Great Britam
would have to contend alone ; insinuating, as I conceived his object at the time
to be, that we should be involved in a dangerous situation, if we persisted in
our hostile appearances. To this I finally replied, that we were driven to those
measures in self-defence, and I hoped the spirit of this country would never

132 THE WRITINGS OF [179S

Their answer to the speech wou'd it seems have
passed unanimously, could Mr. Varnum of Massachu-
setts have retained his spleen. — How far this measure
is indicative of a tranquil & energetic session, remains
to be decided by more unequivocal evidence.

The Alien and Sedition Laws are now the disid-
erata of the Opposition. — But any thing else would
have done, — and something there will always be, for
them to torture ; and to disturb the public mind with
their unfounded and ill favored forebodings.

The family join me in presenting Mrs. Murray and
yourself with the compliments of the season, and iri
wishing you many happy returns of them.

With very sincere esteem, I am, &c.

TO DAVID STUART.

Mount Vernon, 30 December, 1798.

Dear Sir,

Company, ever since my return home has pre-
vented my mentioning a matter before, which will be
the subject of this letter now.

suffer itself to be injured with impunity by any nation under the sun. To this,
he said he told Citizen Merlin, that, if the United States were invaded by
France, they would unite to a man to oppose the invaders.''

Talleyrand expressly disclaimed having received Logan as a secret agent, or
the Doctor's having any political relations with the French government. John
Adams also received a visit from this self-constituted envoy, (for it does not
appear that Jefferson was active in the mission,) and has recorded the incident
in his writings, viii., 615 ; ix., 244. Congress, on 30 January, 1799, passed a
law, known as the Logan Act, subjecting to fine and imprisonment any citizen
of the United States holding correspondence with a foreign government or its
agents, with intent to influence the measures of such government in relation to
disputes or controversies with the United States. This law, with some slight
modifications, is still in force. — Revised Statutes, § 5335.

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 133

When the applications for Military appointments
■came to be examined at Philadelphia it was pleasing to
find among them so many Gentlemen of family, for-
tune and high expectations, soliciting Commissions ;
& not in the high grades. —

This, and a thorough conviction that it was a vain
attempt to keep Washington Custis to any literary
pursuits, either in a public Seminary, or at home
tinder the direction of any one, gave me the first
idea of bringing him forward as a Cornet of Horse. —
To this measure too I was induced by the conviction
paramount in my breast — that if real danger threat-
ened the country, no young man ought to be an idle
spectator of its defence ; and that, if a state of prep-
aration would avert the evil of an Invasion, he would
be entitled to the merit of proffered service without
•encountering the dangers of War ; — and besides, that
it might divert his attention from a matrimonial pur-
suit (for a while at least) to which his constitution
seems to be too prone.

But though actuated by these ideas, I intended to
proceed no farther in the business than to provide a
vacancy in one of the Troops of light Dragoons, and to
consult Mrs. Stuart and his Grandmother as to their
inclinations respecting his filling it, before any intima-
tion of it should be given to him ; — But Mr. Lear hear-
ing the matter talked of, and not knowing that this was
the ground on which I meant to place the appointment
(if the arrangement met the President's approbation)
wrote to Washington on the subject, in order to know
if it would be agreeable to him, or no to receive it.

134 THE WRITINGS OF [179&

Under these circumstances (and his appearing highly-
delighted) concealment, I mean an attempt at it, —
would have proved nugatory. — He stands arranged
therefore, a Cornet in the Troop to be commanded by
Lawrence Lewis, (who I intended as his Mentor,) Law-
rence Washington junr. (of Chotanck) is the Lieuten-
ant of the Troop. But all this it will be remembered
is to be approved, first by the President, and con-
sented to by the Senate to make it a valid act, and
therefore, the less it is publicly talked of the better.

Mrs. Washington does not seem to have the least
objection to his acceptance of the Commission ; but
it rests with Mrs. Stuart to express her sentiments
thereon, and soon ; as I requested the Secretary of
War to forward the Commissions for this Troop of
Light Dragoons, under cover to me.

The only hesitation I had, to induce the caution
before mentioned, arose from his being an only Son ;
— indeed the only male of his Great great Grand-
father's family ; — but the same Providence that wd.
watch over and protect him in domestic walks can
extend the same protection to him in a Camp, or the
field of battle, if he should ever be in one.

With compliments to the family, and with the
greatest esteem and regard, I am, &c.

TO BUSHROD WASHINGTON.
My dear Sir mount Vernon, 31 December, 1798.

It gave me pleasure to hear from Judge Gushing,
that you had returned from your southern circuit in
good health. I presume you will soon have to

1798] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 135

undertake another journey, when I shall hope to
see you.^

I was not unmindful of your application in behalf
of Captain Blackburn ; but, when the list of appli-
cants came to be unfolded, it was found, that there
were so many requests of a similar nature from offi-
cers of the existing corps, that it was impossible to
comply with them, and difficult to discriminate, for
which reasons it was deemed best to reject them in
toto ; especially as in the raising of new corps it
rarely happens, that officers are drawn from the old,
and nothing but length of service, or very distin-
guished merit, or powerful interest or influence, gives
birth to the measure.

By this conveyance 1 have sent to General Mar-
shall Judge Addison's charge to the grand juries of
the county courts of the Fifth Circuit of the State
of Pennsylvania, and requested, after he had read it,
to give it to you, or dispose of it in any other man-
ner he might think proper. This charge is on the
liberty of speech and of the press, and is a justifica-
tion of the sedition and alien laws.

But I do not believe that any thing contained in
it, in Evans's pamphlet,^ or in any other writing, will
produce the least change in the conduct of the lead-
ers of opposition to the measures of the general
government. They have points to carry, from which

' Bushrod Washington was appointed one of the Associate Justices of the
Supreme Court of the United States on the loth of December.

''Address to the People of Virginia on the Alien and Sedition Law. Rich-
mond, 1798.

136 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

no reasoning, no inconsistency of conduct, no ab-
surdity, can divert them. If, however, such writings
should produce conviction in the mind of those who
have hitherto placed faith in their assertions, it will
be a fortunate event for this country.

Has any thing been done, and what, with my cor-
respondent Mr. Langhorne ? I have heard since my
return from Philadelphia, that there has been some
stirring matter, but of the result I am ignorant. The
family here present the compliments of the season
to you and Mrs. Washington. I remain your sincere
friend, &c.

TO PATRICK HENRY.

[confidential ]

Mount Vernon, 15 January, 1799.

Dear Sir,

At the threshold of this letter I ought to make an
apology for its contents ; but, if you will give me
credit for my motives, I will contend for no more,
however erroneous my sentiments may appear to you.

It would be a waste of time to attempt to bring to
the view of a person of your observation and dis-
cernment, the endeavors of a certain party among
us to disquiet the public mind among us with un-
founded alarms ; to arraign every act of the admin-
istration ; to set the people at variance with their
government; and to embarrass all its measures.
Equally useless would it be to predict what must
be the inevitable consequences of such policy, if it
cannot be arrested.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 137

Unfortunately, and extremely do I regret it, the
State of Virginia has taken the lead in this opposi-
tion. I have said the State, because the conduct of
its legislature in the eyes of the world will authorize
the expression, because it is an incontrovertible fact,
that the principal leaders of the opposition dwell in
it, and because no doubt is entertained I believe,
that, with the help of the chiefs in other States, all
the plans are arranged and systematically pursued by
their followers in other parts of the Union, though in no
State except Kentucky, that I have heard of, has legis-
lative countenance been obtained beyond Virginia/

It has been said that the great mass of the citizens
of this State are well-affected, notwithstanding, to the
general government and the Union ; and I am willing
to believe it, nay, do believe it ; but how is this to be
reconciled with their suffrages at the elections of rep-
resentatives, both to Congress and their State legis-
lature, who are men opposed to the first, and by the
tendency of their measures would destroy the latter ?
Some among us have endeavored to account for this
inconsistency, and, though convinced themselves of
its truth, they are unable to convince others, who are
unacquainted with the internal policy of the State.

One of the reasons assigned is, that the most re-
spectable and best qualified characters amongst us
will not come forward. Easy and happy in their cir-
cumstances at home, and believing themselves secure

' This refers to the Resolutions of Kentucky and Virginia against the alien
and sedition laws, affirming the right of a State to nullify a federal act. Vir-
ginia adopted them 21 December, 1798.

138 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

in their liberties and property, will not forsake their
occupations, and engage in the turmoil of public busi-
ness, or expose themselves to the calumnies of their
opponents, whose weapons are detraction.

But, at such a crisis as this, when every thing dear
and valuable to us is assailed ; when this party hangs
upon the wheels of government as a dead weight,
opposing every measure that is calculated for defence
and self-preservation, abetting the nefarious views of
another nation upon our rights, preferring, as long as
they durst contend openly against the spirit and re-
sentment of the people, the interest of France to the
welfare of their own country, justifying the first at
the expense of the latter; when every act of their
own government is tortured, by constructions they
will not bear, into attempts to trample and infringe
upon the constitution with a view to introduce mon-
archy ; when the most unceasing and the purest exer-
tions, which were making to maintain a neutrality,
proclaimed by the executive, approved unequivocally
by Congress, by the State legislatures, nay, by the
people themselves in various meetings, and to pre-
serve the country in peace, are charged as a measure
calculated to favor Great Britain at the expense of
France, and all those, who had any agency in it are
accused of being under the influence of the former
and her pensioners ; when measures are systematically
and pertinaciously pursued, which must eventually
dissolve the Union or produce coercion ; I say, when
these things are become so obvious, ought characters
who are best able to rescue their country from the

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 139,

pending evil to remain at home ? Rather ought
they not to come forward, and by their talents and
influence stand in the breach, which such conduct has.
made on the peace and happiness of this country,.
and oppose the widening of it ?

Vain will it be to look for peace and happiness, or
for the security of liberty or property, if civil discord
should ensue. And what else can result from the
policy of those among us, who, by all the measures
in their power, are driving matters to extremity, if
they cannot be counteracted effectually ? The views.
of men can only be known, or guessed at, by their
words or actions. Can those of the leaders of oppo-
sition be mistaken, then, if judged by this rule ? That
they are followed by numbers, who are unacquainted
with their designs, and suspect as little the tendency
of their principles, I am fully persuaded. But, if their
conduct is viewed with indifference, if there is
activity and misrepresentation on one side, and su-
pineness on the other, their numbers accumulated by
intriguing and discontented foreigners under proscrip-
tion, who were at war with their own governments,
and the greater part of them with all governments,
they will increase, and nothing short of Omniscience
can foretell the consequences.

I come now, my good Sir, to the object of my let-
ter, which is, to express a hope and an earnest wish,
that you will come forward at the ensuing elections
(if not for Congress, which you may think would take
you too long from home), as a candidate for represen-
tative in the General Assembly of this commonwealth.

I40 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

There are, I have no doubt, very many sensible
men, who oppose themselves to the torrent, that car-
ries away others who had rather swim with than stem
it without an able pilot to conduct them ; but these
are neither old in legislation, nor well known in the
-community. Your weight of character and influence
in the House of Representatives would be a bulwark
against such dangerous sentiments, as are delivered
there at present. It would be a rallying-point for the
timid, and an attraction of the wavering. In a word, I
-conceive it of immense importance at this crisis, that you
should be there ; and I would fain hope, that all minor
considerations will be made to yield to the measure.

If I have erroneously supposed that your senti-
ments on these subjects are in unison with mine, or
if I have assumed a liberty, which the occasion does
not warrant, I must conclude as I began, with pray-
ing that my motives may be received as an apology,
and that my fear, that the tranquillity of the Union,
and of this State in particular, is hastening to an
awful crisis, has extorted them from me.

With great and very sincere regard and respect, I
am, dear Sir, your most obedient, &c.'

TO BRYAN, LORD FAIRFAX.

Dear Sir, mount vernon, 20th jany., 1799.

* * * * * *

When I presented my Valedictory address to the
People of the United States, in September, 1796, I
little thought that any event would occur in my day,

' See Life, Correspondence, and Speeches of Patrick Henry, by William
Wirt Henry, ii., 600.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 141

that could again withdraw me from the Retirement
after which I had been so long panting ; — but we
know little of ourselves, and still less of the ways of
Providence. — The injurious treatment this Country
had received from France, in an open violation of the
Treaty between the two Countries, and the laws of
Nations. — The Insults & Indignities with which all
our overtures for an amicable adjustment of the dis-
putes were treated. — The increasing depredations on
our commerce, accompanied with outrage & threats,
if we did not comply with their demands, leaving no
hope of obtaining restitution for the past, or pre-
serving the little that remained, or the Country from
Invasion, but by the adoption of vigorous measures for
self defence, having come fully to the view of the
People, their resentments have been roused, and with
one voice as it were, have made a tender of their
lives and fortunes to repel any attempts which may
be made on the Constitution or Government of their
Country — In consequence of which, and to be pre-
pared for the dernier ressort, if unhappily we shall be
driven to it — Troops are to be raised, and the United
States placed in a posture of defence — Under these
circumstances, and it appearing to be the wish of my
Countrymen, and the request of the governing Pow-
ers that I should take charge of their Armies, I am
embarked so far in the business as will appear by my
letter to the President of the 13th of July last —
which, as it has run through all the news-papers here,
and Published in many of the Foreign Gazettes, you
probably may have seen ; and though still at home.

142 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

where indeed I hope to remain, under a persuasion
that the French will discover the injustice and ab-
surdity of their conduct ; — I hold myself in readiness
to gird on the sword, if the immergency shall require it.
Notwithstanding, the Spirit of the People is so
animated, that party among us who have been uni-
form in their opposition to all the measures of Gov-
ernment ; in short to every Act, either of Executive
or Legislative Authority, which seemed to be calcu-
lated to defeat French usurpations, and to lessen the
influence of that Nation in our Country, hang upon
& clog its wheels as much as in them lye — and
with a rancor & virulence which is scarcelj'' to be
conceived ; — Torturing every act, by unnatural con-
struction, into a design to violate the Constitution —
Introduce Monarchy — & to establish an aristocracy
— And what is more to be regretted, the same Spirit
seems to have laid hold of the major part of the
Legislature of this State, while all the other States
in the Union (Kentucky, the child of Virginia, ex-
cepted) are coming forward with the most unequivo-
cal evidences of their approbation of the measures
which have been adopted by both, for self preserva-
tion.— In what such a spirit, and such proceedings
will issue, is beyond the reach of short sighted men
to predict, with any degree of certainty. — I hope
well — because I have always believed and trusted,
that that Providence which has carried us through a
long and painful War with one of the most powerful
nations in Europe, will not suffer the discontented
among ourselves to produce more than a temporary

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 143

interruption to the permanent Peace and happiness
of this rising Empire — That they have been the
cause of our present disquietudes, and the means of
stimulating (by mis-representing the sentiments of
the mass of citizens of this Country) the Directory
of France to their unwarrantable Acts — not from
more real affection to the nation than others pos-
sess, but to facilitate the design of subverting their
own government — I have no more doubt than that I
am now in the act of writing you this letter —

It was at the request of the Secretary of War, my
journey to Philadelphia was undertaken to assist in
the formation of the Augmented Force and to effect
some other military arrangements ; and although
your letter from York of the 7th of September
came to hand before I set out, & was taken with
me to be acknowledged from thence, yet my time &
attention was so much occupied with the business that
carried me there, that I never found leisure to do it —

Lady Huntingdon, as you may have been told, was a
correspondent of mine ; — and did me the honor to claim
me as a relation, but in what degree, or by what connex-
ion it came to pass, she did not inform me, nor did I ever
trouble her Ladyship with an enquiry — The favorable
sentiments which others, you say, have been pleased to
express respecting me, cannot but be pleasing to a mind
who always walked on a straight line & endeavored as
far as human frailties, & perhaps strong passions would
enable him, to discharge the relative duties to his
Maker & fellowmen, without seeking any indirect,
or left handed attempts to acquire popularity. —

144 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

Our crops of Wheat & Indian Corn last year
(except in places) were extremely short — The drought
of the Autumn exceeded anything that has been
recollected, in so much that the Mills were scarcely
able to work before New Years day. — and the Fly
has again begun its ravages on the Wheat in the
Counties above us — This calamity, with the severity
of the Drought on the Fall seeding, has given a dis-
couraging aspect to the ensuing crop of Wint'r Grain —

We have the pleasure, frequently, of seeing or
hearing from Mrs. Fairfax — and on Wednesday last
Mrs. Washington & myself took a family dinner at
Mount Eagle — and left all the family in good health
& Spirits in the afternoon — Miss Custis was, at that
time, with her mother, at Hope Park, or she would
have accompanied us on that visit. — She is now re-
turned, & unites with Mrs. Washington & myself in
offering best wishes for your health & safe return —
and with very great & sincere esteem & respect, I
remain, dear Sir, your most obedient, &c,

P. S. Finding that I could not comprise what I
had to say in one sheet of paper, I have rambled on
until I have almost filled a second.'

TO JAMES WASHINGTON.
Sir, Mount Vernon, 20 January, 1799.

Through the goodness of Mr. Adams, the Ameri-
can minister at Berlin, I am indebted for the safe
conveyance of your letter, dated the 19th of Octr. in

' I am indebted to Mrs. Burton N. Harrison for a copy of this letter— one of
the many for which I am under heavy obligations to her.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 145

that city ; and through the same medium I have the
honor to present this acknowledgment of it.

There can be but little doubt, Sir, of our descend-
ing from the same stock, as the branches of it pro-
ceeded from the same country. At what time your
ancestors left England is not mentioned. Mine came
to America nearly one hundred and fifty years ago.'

The regular course of application for military
appointments is to the President of the United States,
through the Secretary of War. But it would be
deceptions not to apprize you beforehand, that it
does not accord with the policy of this government
to bestow offices civil or military upon foreigners, to
the exclusion of our own citizens, first, because there
is an animated zeal in the latter to serve their coun-
try, and, secondly, because the former, seldom content
with the rank they sustain in the service of their own
country, look for higher appointments in this ; which,
when bestowed, unless there is obvious cause to jus-
tify the measure, is pregnant with discontent, and
therefore it is not often practised, Except in those
branches of the Military Science, which relate to
Engineering and Gunnery. For in those our Mili-
tary establishment is defective, and men of known
and acknowledged abilities, with ample testimonials
thereof, would be certainly encouraged.

Deeming it better to give this candid detail, than
to raise hopes that might prove fallacious, is the best
apology I can offer for my plain dealing.

' By the genealogical tables of the Washington family in England, it appears
that more than one of that name emigrated to Holland, whose descendants
were probably scattered over Germany.

146 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

At the same time be pleased to accept the assur-
ances of my being, Sir, your most obedient, &c.

TO DAVID STUART.

Mount Vernon, 22 January, 1799.

Dear Sir,

Washington leaves this day on a visit to Hope
Park, which will afford you an opportunity to examine
the progress he has made in the studies he was
directed to pursue.

I can, and I believe I do, keep him in his room a
certain portion of the twenty-four hours, but it will
be impossible for me to make him attend to his
books, if inclination on his part is wanting ; nor while
I am out if he chooses to be so, is it in my power to
prevent it. I will not say this is the case, nor will I
run the hazard of doing him injustice, by saying he
does not apply as he ought to what has been prescribed,
but no risk will be run, and candor requires I should
declare it as my opinion, that he will not derive much
benefit in any course which can be marked out for
him at this place, without an able preceptor always
with him.

What is best to be done with him I know not. My
opinion always has been, that the university in Mas-
sachusetts would have been the most eligible seminary
to have sent him to ; first, because it is on a larger
scale than any other ; and secondly, because I believe
that the habits of youth there, whether from the dis-
cipline of the school, or the greater attention of the

1799] ' GEORGE WASHINGTON. 147

people generally to morals, and a more regular course
of life, are less prone to dissipation and excess than
they are at the colleges south of it. It may be asked,
if this was my opinion, why did I not send him there ?
The answer is as short as to me it was weighty ; being
the only male of his line, and knowing (although it
would have been submitted to) that it would have
proved a heart-rending stroke to have him at that
distance, I was disposed to try a nearer seminary, of
good repute, which, from some cause, or combination
of causes, has not, after the experiment of a year,
been found to answer the end that was contemplated.
Whether to send him there now, or, indeed, to any
other public school, is, indeed, problematical, and to
misspend his time at this place would be disgraceful
to himself and to me.

If I were to propose to him to go to the university
at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, he might, as has
been usual for him on like occasions, say, he would
go wherever I chose to send him, but if he should go,
contrary to his inclination, and without a disposition
to apply himself properly, an expense without any
benefit would result from the measure. Knowing
how much I have been disappointed, and my time
disturbed by his conduct, he would not, I am sure,
make a candid disclosure of his sentiments to me on
this or any other plan I might propose for the com-
pletion of his education, for which reason, I would
pray that you (or perhaps Mrs. Stuart could succeed
better than any one) would draw from him a frank
and explicit disclosure of what his own wishes and

148 THE WRITINGS OF ' [i799

views are ; for, if they are absolutely fixed, an attempt
to counteract them by absolute control would be as
idle as the endeavor to stop a rivulet that is con-
stantly running. Its progress, while mound upon
mound, is erected, may be arrested, but this must
have an end, and everything will be swept away by
the torrent. The more I think of his entering
William and Mary, unless he could be placed in the
bishop's' family, the more I am convinced of its inu
tility on many accounts, which had better be the
subject of oral communication than by letter. I shall
wish to hear from you on the subject of this letter.
I believe Washington means well, but has not reso-
lution to act well. Our kind regards to Mrs. Stuart
and family, and I am, my dear Sir, &c.

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.
[private].

Mount Vernon, 27 January, 1799.

My dear Sir,

The enclosed letter for Mr. McAlpin, (my Tayler
in Philadelphia,) left open for your perusal, may be
delivered or not, as you shall judge best ; and, if the
former takes place, to be accompanied with your
sentiments on the doubtful parts of it.

It is predicated, first, on the supposition, that the
uniform for the different grades of officers is conclu-

' James Madison.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 149

sively fixed, & to be established as a standing regu-
lation ; and, secondly, on the presumption that no
attempts will be made this Session of Congress to
repeal the law for augmenting the army of the United
States, or to reduce it below its present establish-
ment. If the former is liable to no change, and there
is no indication of an attempt to effect the latter, I
would go to the expense of providing a uniform, pre-
viously to the spur of the occasion, in conformity
with the regulations ordered by the war department
agreeably to the President's command. On the other
hand, if either of the above things is likely to happen,
I shall suspend doing it.

On reconsidering the uniform for the Commander-
in-Chief, it has become a matter of doubt with me,
(although, as it respects myself personally, I was
against all embroidery,) whether embroidery on the
Cape, Cuffs, and Pockets of the Coat, and none on
the buff waistcoat, would not have a disjointed and
awkward appearance. It is neither required nor for-
bidden. Which then, in your judgment, or that of
connoisseurs, if you should confer with any on the
subject, would be most agreeable in itself, and accord-
ant to what is expected ? To you I submit the
matter, as I also do whether the coat shall have slash
Cuffs, (with blue flaps passing through them,) and
slash pockets, or both shall be in the usual manner.

These apparently are trifling matters to trouble you
with ; but, as it is the commencement of a new scene,
it is desirable that the thing should take a right direc-
tion. I have therefore upon the whole, and since I

ISO THE WRITINGS OF [1799

began this letter, determined to direct Mr. McAlpin
to apply to and follow your directions in making the
uniform. I should not prefer a heavy embroidery, or
one containing much work. A light and neat one
would in my opinion be more elegant and more desir-
able, as well for the Coat as the Waistcoat, if the
latter is to receive any. If there are workers in this
way in Philadelphia (and the French are most likely
to understand it), they will no doubt have a variety
of patterns to choose from, and I pray you to
examine them.

The eagle, too, having become part of the American
cockade ; have any of them been brought into use
yet ? My idea of the size is, that it ought not to be
larger than would cover a quarter of a dollar at most,
and should be represented (for the officers) as clothed
with feathers. This any ingenious silversmith can
execute ; and, if four were sent to me, I would
thank you, and would remit the cost as soon as
known to me.

I must further beg, that proper stars for the epau-
lets (the latter I possess) may be sent to me with the
other articles, that 1 may be equipped in dress at
least ; and if there are any handsome cockades (but
not whimsically foolish) in wear, or any one who can
make them, I should be glad if they were sent with
the eagles fixed thereon, ready to be placed in the
hats. Does the Presidt. and yourself wear them?
Excuse this scrawl and trouble, as I wish to set out
right ; and be assured of the sincere esteem & regard
of, dear Sir, your affectionate.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 151

TO TIMOTHY PICKERING.
Dear Sir : mount Vernon, 10 February, 1799.

Your two letters of the 24th of the last, and 2d. of
the present month, have been duly received, for
which and their enclosures, I thank you.

I am not surprised that some members of the
House of Representatives should disrelish your
report. It contains remarks and speaks truths which
they are desirous should be unknown to the People,
I wish the parts which were left out had been
retained. The crisis in my opinion calls loudly for
plain dealing ; that the citizens at large may be well
informed and decide with respect to public measures
upon a thorough knowledge of facts. Concealment
is a species of misinformation, and misrepresentation
and false alarms found the groundwork of opposition
— the plan of which is to keep the people as much as
possible in ignorance and terror, for it is believed
by themselves that a perfect understanding of our
real situation, in regard to our foreign relations
would be a death blow to their consequence and
struggles, and for that reason have always something
on foot to disquiet the public mind.^

' Pickering sent the omitted passages to Washington, who wrote in reply :

" Although you did not give your letter the stamp of privacy, I did not
think myself at liberty to mention the purport of it to some good Federal char-
acters, who were dining with me at the time I received it, and who would have
thought it the best dessert I could have ofiered.

" Henceforward I will consider your letters to me in three distinct points of
view ; and I mention it now that I may commit no error hereafter.

" First, such communications as you may conceive it proper to make to me
alone, and mark confidential, shall go no farther. Those nvxcV^d. private I may,
occasionally, impart their contents to well-disposed characters, and those
without either will leave me unrestrained."

152 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

I am sorry to see Mr. Gerry is pursuing a mis-
chievous path. That he was led astray by his own
vanity and self-importance, and was the dupe of diplo-
matic skill, I never had a doubt ; but these doubts
were accompanied by faint hopes (faint indeed they
were) that he possessed candor, fortitude and manli-
ness enough to have come forward with an open
declaration that he had been practised upon, and was
deceived. But Mr. Gerry's mind is not enlarged
enough for such conduct as this, especially assailed
as I presume it was on his arrival by those whose
labors are unceasing to inculcate their doctrines of
hostility against the proceedings of their own gov-
ernment.

The session of Congress is fast drawing to a close.
What traits it will leave behind of strong and ener-
getic measures remain to be seen — such I hope as
will show that we are ready at all times to negotiate
upon fair and honorable terms, but never to be bullied
into them. With very great esteem, &c.

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON, MAJOR GENERAL.
[private.]
My DEAR Sir, mount Vernon, 25 February, 1799.

Your private letter of the i6th instant came duly
to hand, and safe ; and I wish you at all times and
upon all occasions, to communicate interesting occur-
rences with your opinions thereon, (in the manner
you have designated,) with the utmost unreservedness
to me.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 153.

If the augmented force was not intended as an in
terrorem measure, the delay in Recruiting it is unac-
countable, and baffles all conjecture on reasonable
grounds. The zeal and enthusiasm, which were ex-
cited by the Publication of the Despatches from our
Commissioners at Paris, (which gave birth to the Law
authorizing the raising of twelve Regiments, etc,,)
are evaporated. It is now no more. And if this
dull season, when men are idle from want of employ-
ment, and from that cause might be induced to enlist,
is suffered to pass away also, we shall by and by, when
the business of agriculture and other avocations call
for the labor of them, set out as a forlorn hope to
execute this business.'

Had the formation of the array followed closely the
passage of this act, and Recruiting Orders had tread
on the heels of that, the men who might have been
raised at that time would for their numbers have been
equal to any in the world ; inasmuch as the most re-
putable yeomanry of the Country were ready to have

' From a Letter of General Hamilton, dated February ijth. — " The Secretary
of War has communicated to me the following disposition with regard to the
superintendence of our military forces and posts. All those in the States south
of Maryland, in Tennessee and Kentucky, are placed under the direction of
Major-General Pinckney ; those everywhere else under my direction, to which
he has added the general care of the recruiting service.

" The commencement of the business of recruiting, however, is still post-
poned ; for the reason, as assigned by the Secretary, that a supply of clothing
is not yet ready. In conformity with your ideas, I have directed General
Wilkinson to repair to the seat of government, in order to a more full examina-
tion of the affairs of the western scene, and to the concerting of ulterior arrange-
ments. On this and on every other subject of our military concerns, I shall be
happy to receive from time to time such suggestions and instructions, as you
may be pleased to communicate. I shall regularly advise you of the progress
of things, and especially of every material occurrence.''

154 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

Stepped forward with alacity. Now, the measure is
not only viewed with indifference, but deemed unnec-
essary by that class of People, whose attentions
being turned to other matters, the officers who in
August and September could, with ease, have Enlisted
whole Companies of them, will find it difficult to
Recruit any ; and if this idle and frolicksome season
is spent in inactivity, none but the riff-raff of the
Country, and the scape-gallowses of the large cities
will be to be had.

Far removed from the Scene, I might ascribe these
delays to wrong causes, and therefore will hazard no
opinion respecting them ; but I have no hesitation in
pronouncing, that, unless a material change takes
place, our Military theatre affords but a gloomy pros-
pect to those, who are to perform the principal parts
in the Drama. Sincerely and affectionately I am
yours, &c.

TO TIMOTHY PICKERING, SECRETARY OF STATE.

[confidential.]

Dear Sir, mount vernon, 3 March, 1799.

The unexpectedness of the event communicated in
your letter of the 2 1 st ultimo did, as you may suppose,
surprise me not a little. But far, very far indeed was
this surprise short of what I experienced the next day
when, by a very intelligent Gentm, immediately from
Philadelphia, I was informed, that there had been no
direct overture from the government of France to that
of the United States for a negotiation ; on the con-

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 155

trary, that M. Talleyrand was playing the same loose
and roundabout game he had attempted the year
before with our envoys ; and which, as in that case,
might mean any thing or nothing, as would subserve
his purposes best.

Had we approached the ante-chamber of this gen-
tleman when he opened the door to us, and there
waited for a formal invitation into the Interior, the
Governments would have met upon equal ground,
and we might have advanced or receded according to
circumstances, with commitment. In plainer words,
had we said to M. Talleyrand, through the channel
of his communication ; " We still are, as we always
have been, ready to settle by fair negotiation all dif-
ferences between the two nations upon open, just,
and honorable terms, and it rests with the Directory
(after the indignities with which our attempts to
afifect this have been treated, if they are equally sin-
cere), to come forward in an unequivocal manner,
and prove it by their acts ; " such conduct would have
shewn a dignified willingness on our part to negotiate,
and would have tested their sincerity on the other.
Under my present view of the subject, this would
have been the course I should have pursued ; keeping
equally in view the horrors of War, and the dignity
of the Government.

But, not being acquainted with all the information
and the motives, which induced the measure, I may
have taken a wrong impression, and therefore shall
say nothing further on the subject at this time.
With sincere esteem and regard, I am, dear Sir, &c.

iS6 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

TO JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Mount Vernon, 3 March, 1799.

Dear Sir,

I have been duly honored with your favor of
the 19th ultimo, mentioning the nomination of Mr.
Murray to be Minister Plenipotentiary to the French
Republic'

With the writer of the letter, which I did myself
the honor to inclose in my last to you, I truly observed

' In his message of 21 June, 1798, President Adams said : " I will never send
another Minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected,
and honored, as the representative of a great, free, powerful and independent
nation." In a note to Pichon, the French agent in Holland, dated 7th Vende-
miaire (28 September), Talleyrand echoed the last words of this sentence, and
held out the promise that a minister from the United States would be properly
received in Paris. This note was given by Pichon to Murray, who transmitted
it to America. Without consulting any member of his cabinet, or giving any
intimation of his intention, Adams, on February iSth sent to the Senate the
name of William Vans Murray to be minister plenipotentiary to the French
Republic. Such a step was afe unexpected to the Federalists as it was to the
Republicans, and called out severe criticism. ' ' The President, " wrote Pickering
to Washington, " was suffering the torments of the damned at the consequences
of his nomination." Sedgwick characterized the measure in strong language.
" Had the foulest heart and the ablest head in the world have been permitted
to select the most embarrassing and ruinous measures, perhaps it would have
been the one which has been adopted." Hamilton thought the step " in all its
circumstances would astonish, if anything from that quarter could astonish,"
and suggested a, commission of three. The nomination was referred to a
committee, who took the unusual step of calling upon the President, but found
him determined. He said, however, that if the Senate should negative the
nomination of Murray, he would join with him two other individuals, who were
not to leave for France until direct assurances of a good reception had been
received. While the report of the committee advising the rejection of Murray
was being drawn, a message came from Adams nominating Oliver Ellsworth,
chief justice of the supreme court, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, with
Murray, under the condition just stated. The senate confirmed the appoint-
ments, but was unanimous only on Murray. Henry declined to serve, and his
place was filled by William R. Davie, of North Carolina, nominated 5 Decem-
ber, 1799.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 157

that I had never held any correspondence ; and I only
knew him in his public mission from this country to
the Barbary States, the functions of which he dis-
charged at that time with ability and propriety. I
have, indeed, lately heard of a letter that has been
published, which he wrote to Mr. Baldwin, filled with
abuse of this Government and its Administration ; but
I have never met with it in any of the Papers wch
I take.

As you have had more opportunities of knowing
this man's character than have fallen to me, I have
no doubt but you have formed a just estimate of him ;
and, as I had no other desire than to be useful in
transmitting any sentiments you might wish to convey,
I shall, impressed with your observations, take no
notice of his letter.

I sincerely pray, that in the discharge of these
arduous and important duties committed to you, your
health may be unimpaired, and that you may long
live to enjoy these blessings, which must flow to our
Country, if we should be so happy as to pass this
critical period in an honorable and dignified manner,
without being involved in the horrors and calamities
of war.

Mrs. Washington and Mrs. Lewis (late Miss Custis)
thank you for your kind remembrance of them, and
offer their best respects to you ; at the same time that
they unite with me in every good wish for the per-
fect restoration of health to Mrs. Adams. With
sentiments of very great respect, I have the honor
to be, &c.

iS8 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.

Mount Vernon, 25th March, 1799.

My dear Sir,

You will not only consider this letter as a. private
one, but as a friendly one, from G. W. to J. M.; and,
if the sentiments which you will find in it are deliv-
ered with more freedom and candour than are agree-
able, say so ; not by implication only, but in explicit
language ; and I will promise to offend no more by
such conduct, but confine myself, (if occasion should
require it,) to an Official Correspondence.

Thus premising, let me, in the name and behalf
of the Officers, who have been appointed, and of the
Army intended to be raised, ask what keeps back the
Commissions, and arrests the Recruiting Service ?
Be assured that both among the friends of Govern-
ment, excite astonishment and discontent. Blame is
in every mind, but it is not known where to fix it.
Some attach it to the P, some to the S. of W, and
some, fertile in invention, seek for other causes.
Many of the appointed Officers have quitted their
former occupations, that they might be in perfect
readiness to proceed in their Military duties, the
moment they should receive their Commissions and
Recruiting Instructions. Others, who were about to
enter into business and plans of future life, stand
suspended. Many are highly disgusted ; some talk
of giving up the idea of becoming Officers, unable to
remain longer in the awkward situation they are
involved in ; and all are complaining. Applications
are made by numbers to me to know what the cause

17991 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 159

of the delay is, what they are to expect, and what
they ought to do.

What could I say ? Am I not kept in as much
ignorance as they are themselves ? Am I advised of
any new appointments, any changes, which have taken
place ; any of the views or designs of Government
relatively to the Army ? It is not unreasonable to
suppose, that, if there be reasons of State operating
the policy of these delays, that I was entitled to
sufficient confidence to be let into the secret; or, if
they proceeded from uncontrolable causes, /, still more
than the public, ought not to have been left in
the field of Conjecture, without a guide to direct me
to a knowledge of them. For I shall frankly declare,
that I do not, nor ever shall, consider myself in the
light of a Mercenary Officer. Nothing short of a high
sense of the Amor Patriae could have placed me in
my present situation ; and though I stand bound, and
will obey the call of my Country whenever it is made,
agreeably to my letter of acceptance, none will regret
the event with more poignancy, none will forsake the
walks of retirement with more heartfelt sorrow, none
can leave them with more real inconvenience to their
private concerns, than I shall do. A sixteen years'
absence from home (with short intervals only) could
not fail to derange them considerably, & to require
all the time I can spare from the usual avocations of
life to bring them into tune again. But this is not
all, nor the worst ; for, being the Executor, the
Administrator, & Trustee for other Estates, my great-
est anxiety is to leave all these concerns in such a

i6o THE WRITINGS OF [1799

clear and distinct form, that no reproach may attach
itself to me, when I shall have taken my departure for
the land of Spirits.

I have been thus full, as it regards myself, in order
to shew you, that information in all matters of a
Military nature are necessary for my Government,
thereby having a prospective view of things, I may
prepare accordingly, and not, though detached from
the army until the exigencies of our affairs may
require my presence with it, appear like a person
just dropped from the clouds when I take the Com-
mand, ignorant of preceding occurrences. Nor will
it, without doing great violence to the concerns of
others equally with my own, be in my power to " take
up my bed & walk " at any unexpected requirement,
nor without great exertions, which it may not be in
my power to make on a sudden call, unless previously
hastened (which would be unnecessary), and unless I
could discern beforehand the utility of the measure
by the gradual unfolding of the prospect before us.

I shall now, with your permission, make a few
observations as they respect the Recruiting Service.
Had the organization of the Augmented Corps, and
consequent Instructions for raising it, tread as close
on the passage of the Law as the nature of the case
would have permitted, a finer army for the size of it
(with the discipline it might have received) the world
had never seen. But the golden opportunity is
passed, & probably will never occur again. The zeal,
enthusiasm, and indeed resentment, which warmed
the breasts of the American youth, and would have

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. i6i

induced the sons of the respectable Yeomanry, (in
all parts of the United States,) to enlist as non-
commissioned ofificers & privates, are now no more.
They are evaporated, & a listlessness has supplied
their place. The next most favorable opportunity,
namely, the idle & dreary scenes of winter, which
bring on dissipation & want, from the cessation of
labor, has also passed away. The enlivening pros-
pect of Spring, the calls of the Husbandman indeed
of every avocation for laborers in the approaching
busy season, hath supplanted all thoughts of becom-
ing soldiers ; and now many young Gentlemen, who
had (conditionally) last Summer & Autumn engaged
their Companies, will find it difificult to enlist a single
man of those so engaged ; the latter pretending that,
having waited a considerable time to see if their ser-
vices would be wanted in the Field, and no overtures
for them made, it became necessary for them to seek
some other employment.

What is the natural consequence of all this ? Why,
that we must take the Rif-raf of the populous cities.
Convicts, & foreigners, or have ofificers without men.
But even this is not the worst of it. The Augmented
Corps, (if I have conceived the matter rightly,) must
have been intended as a well-organized and well-
disciplined body of men, for others, (in case of need,)
to resort to and take example from. Will this be the
case if the enemy shall invade this country ? Far
from it ! What better, in the first instance, are Regi-
ments so composed than militia ? And what prospect
have those, who command them, of rendering service

i62 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

to their Country, or doing honor to themselves in the
Field, opposed to Veteran troops, practiced in Tac-
tics, and unaccustomed to defeat ? These, my dear
McHenry, are serious considerations to a man, who
has nothing to gain, and is putting every thing to
hazard.

When I began this letter I intended to stop here ;
but, as I may not again write to you with the freedom
I now do, I shall make a few remarks on some other
transactions, which have not struck me in the most
favorable point of view.

The two Major-Generals and myself were called to
Philadelphia in November last, and there detained
five weeks, (very inconveniently to all of us,) at an
inclement season, in wading through volumes of
applications & recommendations for Military
Appointments ; and I will venture to say, that it was
executed with as much assiduity, and under as little
influence of favor or prejudice, as a work of that sort
(from the materials which were laid before us) ever
was accomplished. And what has followed ? Why,
any Member of Congress, who had a friend to serve,
or a prejudice to endulge, could set them at nought.
Out of a number, I will select one instance only in
proof of this. It is a striking one. The case of
Gibbes I allude to. He was personally known to
you. General Hamilton, & myself, in his former ser-
vices. He served through the whole Revolutionary
war, from the assembling of the first Troops at Cam-
bridge to the closing of the Military Drama at the

' Major Caleb Gibbs.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 163

conclusion of Peace, without reproach ; and in the
last Act of it, if I mistake not, was a Major in the
selected Corps of light Infantry. He was strongly
recommended by Generals Lincoln, Knox, Brooks, &
Jackson, all on the same theatre with himself, and
who ought to be perfectly acquainted with his respect-
ability & pretensions ; yet the vote of a member of
Congress (I presume) was more respected &
sufficient to set him aside.

Another thing I will remark on, because, if the
practice is continued, you will find that serious dis-
contents & evils will result from it.
■ I find by the Gazettes (I have no other information
of these matters), that Lieutt. Mercer of the Light
Dragoons is promoted to the Rank of Captn. in that
Corps. In the arrangement of officers, where every
attention was paid, (that personal knowledge or infor-
mation could reach,) to Tnerit, age, respectability &
standing in the community, he was not even placed
(if my memory serves me) high up among the Lieu-
tenants. What then will those Lieutenants, who are
his Seniors in that arrangement, greatly his Seniors
in age, of at least as much respectability, better known,
and of equal merit., think of having him placed over
them ? Mercer, compared to them is a boy ; and in
such an army, as it was our wish to form, it will have
an odd appearance to place a young man of 20 or 21
years of age over a Lieutent. of 30, in every other
respect his equal.

I do not mean to derogate from the merits or deserts
of this young Gentleman. On the contrary, I wish to

i64 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

see them properly rewarded, although his whole
family are bitter in their enmity to the General Gov-
ernment. Nor would I be understood to mean, that,
if a Captain (and so of any other grade) declines his
appointment that during the act of formation, the
vacancy is necessarily to be filled by the next in
seniority. Necessarily so far from this, I maintain,
that, when a vacancy is occasioned by non-acceptance,
that it may without injustice be filled by a new char-
acter as in the first instance. But it is my opinion, at
the same time, that, if you have recourse to promotion,
the arrangement, which was made by the Board of
General Officers in all its parts, who had regard to all
the combinations and qualifications that have been
enumerated in settling the relative rank, is the safest
guide you could have resorted to.

It is not my intention to dispute the Powers of the
President to make this or any other promotion, which
his inclination or the solicitation of others may prompt
him to ; but I will add, without fear of contradiction
by any one acquainted with the usages & prescriptive
rights of armies, that, if he wishes to preserve the
Peace and harmony of ours, rules must be observed,
and the feelings of the officers attended to in
promotions.

These observations relatively to the promotion of
Lieutenant Mercer are not the result of any discontent
I have heard expressed on the occasion ; for, except
those who take the Philadelphia Gazette, but a few of
the Officers may be acquainted therewith, and of those
few I have seen none since its annunciation to the

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 165

public. It is on general grounds they are made,
& by judging of the feeling of others by what would
be my own in a similar case ; for I do not think it
will be a very reconcilable matter to Gentlemen of
more respectable ages, better known in the walks of
life, and much more likely to Recruit men, to have a
young man fresh from College placed over their heads.

As vacancies have happened in the Cavalry by non-
acceptances &c, and promotions have begun, may I
ask if there would be any impropriety in letting Mr.
Custis step from a cornetcy into the Rank of Lieu-
tenant ? If I mistake not, in the arrangement given
in, he stands the first for promotion ; that is, he was
made the senior Cornet. The Major-Generals were
desirous of placing him as lieutenant in the first
instance ; but, his age considered, I thought it more
eligable that he should enter into the lowest grade of
Commissioned Officers. If ample fortune, good edu-
cation, more than common abilities, and good disposi-
tion, free from vice of any kind, give him a title, in the
19th year of his age, his pretensions thereto (though
not to the injury of others) are good. But it is not
my desire to ask this as a favor. I never have, and
never shall, solicit any thing for myself or con-
nexions. I mean nothing more than the statement
of facts, in order to bring his situation to view.

There is one matter more, which I was in doubt
whether to mention to you or not, because it is of a
more delicate nature than any I have touched upon ;
but finally friendship have got the better of my scruples.

It respects yov^xs&M personally. You will recollect.

i66 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

I dare say, that more than once I expressed to you
my opinion of the expediency of committing the
Details of the Department to the exertion of others,
and to bestow your thoughts and attention on the
more important Duties of it ; which, in the scenes we
were contemplating, were alone sufficient to occupy
the time and all the consideration of the Secretary. I
I went no further then, nor should I have renewed the
subject now, had not the delay in issuing the Com-
missions and commencing the recruiting service ex-
cited great reprobation and blame, though, as I have
observed before, no one knows where with precision
to fix it. Generally, however, it is attributed to the
want of system & exertion in the Department of
War. To apprize you of this is my motive for this
communication.

I prefaced the sentiments of this letter with a re-
quest, that they might be considered as proceeding
from a private man to his friend. No one would be
struck more forcibly than myself with the impropriety
of such a letter from the Commander-in-chief of the
army of the U. States to the Secretary of War. If
they are received in good part, the end is obtained.
If otherwise, my motives and the purity of my inten-
tions are the best apology I can offer for the liberty
I have taken. In either case, however, be assured of
this truth, that, with very great esteem and regard, I
remain, my dear Sir, &c.'

' To this letter the Secretary of War answered in detail, explaining all the
principal points, and enumerating the difficulties with which he had to contend,
some of which were formidable.

" You will no doubt perceive," he added in conclusion, "that the situation

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 167

TO CHARLES C. PINCKNEY, MAJOR-GENERAL.

Mount Vernon, 31 March, 1799.

My dear Sir,

Your favor of the 8th inst from Charleston has
been duly received, and it gave us the pleasure of
hearing that you, Mrs. P., and Miss Pinckney had
arrived in good health at that place. The first few
days of January excepted, you could not have been
more favored in the weather than all the remainder of
that month, and until the middle of Feby afforded.
Although your Report of the arrangement for South
Carolina and Georgia, your Reconnoitre of the sea-
board to St. Mary's, and visit of the posts on the
Indian Frontier of the latter State, will be made to
the Department of War, I should be glad, neverthe-
less, to know the result of them ; for, although I do
not mean to act in the present state of our military
concerns, yet it is my wish to be regularly informed
of the real situation of them ; that I may not have
every thing to learn, if the exigencies of our affairs
should require my attendance in the Field. To have
been informed of the arrangements made by you with
General (now governor) Davie would have been
satisfactory also.

into which I have been thrown during the last year by others, who prevented
all those measures from being carried into effect, which the public expected
would necessarily take place, in conformity to the laws, could not fail to attach
to me much censure, and excite in the minds of persons, who could not
be informed of the facts, that I wanted capacity for the proper conducting of
my department. What could I do in such a case ? I have submitted to
a censure, which those who know aU ought to relieve me from, on every fair
occasion where it can be done with Tp[a^Tie.\.y."— March 31st.

i68 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

I am disposed to believe, from circumstances which
had just got to my knowledge before I left the helm
of Government, that the Garrisons on the frontier of
Georgia required a strict Inspection ; not only for
the purpose of restoring due subordination, but for
the correction of other misdemeanors in the officers.
Your determination, therefore, to look closely into
these matters, and to establish strict discipline, is
highly proper, and will certainly be supported. An
army cannot be governed without, and no mistake in
him who commands it is greater, or more fatal to its
existence, and the welfare of its Country, than Lax
Discipline. Nor is it the right road to true and per-
manent popularity. Civility is due to, but obedience
is required from, all its members. These, accompa-
nied with strict justice, and a proper attention to
army rights and wants, will secure love and respect ;
while one indulgence begets an application for
another and another, until order is lost in disorder,
and contempt of him brings up the Rear.

I shall be very glad to see Brigadier-General
Washington on his route to Princeton, but he will
find but little t6 do in the military line in this State.
To what cause to attribute the delay I know not ; but
the fact is, that not an officer, that I have heard of,
has received his commission, nor one who has had
any orders to Recruit. The enthusiasm of last sum-
mer and autumn was suffered to evaporate for want
of these. The dreary months of Winter which (for
want of employment of that class of men who usually
become Soldiers) bring on idleness and dissipation is

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 169

now succeeded by the opening of spring, when labor-
ers are in demand by the husbandmen, and other
avocations, and has passed away also. In a word, all
is a mystery to me.

I have very little more knowledge of the captains
in the Virginia line, as arranged by us at Philadelphia,
than what was derived from the source of information
then laid before us. I have no hesitation, however,
in mentioning the name of a gentleman (condition-
ally,) to whom, under my present view of them, I
should give a decided preference. It is Presley
Thornton, son of one of the most respectable gentle-
men, now deceased, of the same name, in this State.
He is thirty or thereabouts, amiable in his character.
He was a British officer during our Revolution, but
would not fight against his country, and therefore
went to Gibraltar, and was in Garrison there during
its siege by the Spaniards, where it is said he distin-
guished himself by his gallant behavior.

The condition I alluded to, and which I annex to
this recommendation, is, that, if I shd want him my-
self, and circumstances in the combinations I should
have to make in the choice of my own aids-de-camp
should not be opposed to it, that you may not take
ajniss my calling him into my military suite. I have
never given him the most distant hint of such an
intention, nor would I have him know, that it ever
was in contemplation ; especially as it is an event that
may never happen. Indeed, I mean to be under no
engagement to any of my established aids, until I am
about to enter on my military duties.

I70 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

Mrs. Washington is much obliged to Mrs. Pinck-
ney for the Mellon seeds — as I am to you for your
attention to the Paines, and with Mrs. Lewis (that
now is,) &c. best wishes to you, Mrs. Pinckney, &
family, & to enquiring frds. I am always your sincere
and affectionate, &c.

P. S.— Mr. Lewis & Nelly Custis fulfilled their
matrimonial engagement on the 22nd of February. In
consequence the former, havg relinquished the lapp of
Mars for the sports of Venus, has declined a Mili-
tary appointmt.

TO JAMES WELCH.

Mount Vernon, 7 April, 1799.

Sir :

I have received your letters of the loth of March
from Rockingham County, and although I have no
expectation of deriving any payment from your Ken-
tucky Expedition, yet, I will (inconvenient as it is to
me) wait a while longer to know the result of it ;
desiring you to be persuaded in the mean time, that
you have not got a person now, that will be trifled
with in your dealings.

It would be uncandid, Mr. Welch, not to inform
you, that I have heard too much of your character
lately not to expect tale after tale, and relation after
relation, of your numerous disappointments, by way
of excuses for the non compliance of your agreement
with me ; — but this I can assure you will not answer
your purposes.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 171

It is not difficult for a person who has no ground
on which to expect a thousand cents, to talk with
faciHty and ease of his expectation of receiving ten
times as many dollars — the relation of disappoint-
ments in which, according to his account, he conceives
is quite sufficient to ward off the payment of his own
solemn contracts, and to satisfy his Creditors.

I am not unacquainted. Sir, with your repeated
declarations of your having purchased my Lands on
the Great Kanahwa and endeavoring by that means,
and such like impositions, and misrepresentations, to
abtain extensive credit where you were not known, —
Letters, to enquire into the truth of these things,
have been written to me on the subject. Be cautious
therefore how you provoke explanations that must
inevitably end in your disgrace and entire loss of
character. — A character is valuable to all men, and
not less so to a Speculator.

I will before I conclude, assure you in the most
unequivocal terms of two things.

First, that I am in extreme want of the money
which you gave me a solemn promise I should receive
the first of January last ; and secondly— that however
you may have succeeded in imposing upon, and
deceiving others, you shall not practice the like game
with me with impunity.

To contract new Debts is not the way to pay old
ones. — nor is it a proof that you have any disposition
to do it, when you are proposing to buy lands, &c.
&c. on credit (or partial advances) which can answer
no other purpose than that of speculation — or (if you

172 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

have them) of withholding the means which ought to
be appHed in the discharge of engagements & debts,
proceeding therefrom, which you are bound by every
tie to do.

Consider this letter well ; — and then write without
any deception to. Sir.

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.

[private.]

Mount Vernon, 23d April, 1799.

My dear Sir,

Six days do I labor, or, in other words, take exer-
cise and devote my time to various occupations in
Husbandry, and about my mansion. On the seventh,
now called the first day, for want of a place of Worship
(within less than nine miles) such letters as do not
require immediate acknowledgment I give answers to
(Mr. Lear being sick and absent). But it hath so
happened, that on the two last Sundays — call them
the first or seventh day as you please, I have been
unable to perform the latter duty on account of visits
from Strangers, with whom I could not use the free-
dom to leave alone, or recommend to the care of each
other, for their amusement.

This Short history of the manner in which I employ
my time is given by way of an apology for suffering
your letters of the 30th & 31st ulto. to remain so
long unanswered — acknowledged they were — and two
points which related most immediately to yourself,
personally, were dwelt upon in my last. Were it not

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 173

for this, I should have appropriated sooner, one of the
six days I am now about to borrow, for the following
communications.

I have perused with attention your Instructions to
General Hamilton, and can readily conceive from the
purport of them what the tenor of those are, which
you have issued to General Pinckney. These Instruc-
tions appear to me to be well digested, and are
appropriate to the ends contemplated.

I once thought, it being more regular, that the old
Troops under the command of General Wilkinson
had better have remained subordinate to the orders of
Gen. Hamilton, to whom, through the Department
of War, (for the reasons alleged in the Instructions)
all reports and returns ought to be made. But, on
more mature consideration of the multiplied, exten-
sive, and checkered position of those troops, I am
disposed to believe that your plan is preferable.

In my last, I gave what I conceived to be the
reason why you were uninformed of the intentions of
so many of the appointed Officers, and took the
liberty of suggesting a mode by which their accept-
ance, or refusal, might speedily be ascertained. This
suggestion and your Circular, (which now appears in
all the Gazettes) renders it unnecessary for me to say
anything more on that head. And if the obstacles,
which were opposed to the preparatory measures for
Recruiting, were such as not to be overcome, like
many other things, most desirable, but unattainable,
we may regret the loss, though we submit to the
disappointment.

174 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

Until your Circular appeared, I do not believe that
it was the expectation of the newly appointed officers,
(who had not received their Commissions,) that they
were to draw pay from the date of their Acceptances ;
and to this uncertainty, after having thrown them-
selves out of other business, was their discontents to
be ascribed. Your circular communication, and a
just arrangement of Rank hereafter, will, no doubt,
put all matters to rights. But if these officers are
not speedily employed in the Recruiting Service, a
clamor will soon arise in another quarter ; for it will
be asked why are they in actual pay & unemployed.

Care will be taken, I presume, in settling relative
Rank, not to be governed by the date of the accept-
ances, for that would give to the Officers of those
States, who are most contiguous to the seat of Gov-
ernment, advantages which would be as unjust as they
are great.'

I do not recollect with precision the circumstances
you allude to, as having taken place in the year 1 792

' " From an observation of yours, in answer to my letter of the 23d. ulto., I
perceive my meaning vifith respect to relative rank has been misunderstood ; or,
if taken properly, I must adhere to the opinion I gave of the injustice, which
would be inflicted upon the officers of States remote from the seat of government,
if those in the vicinity of it are to rank before them, because they were on the
spot to announce their acceptance of their appointments at an earlier day.

' ' Rank and pay are distinct things. The officer, who may have received the
latter to-day sustains no injury from him who received it yesterday ; but if the
commencement of rank in the same grades is to be regulated (under the
circumstances I have mentioned) from the dates of their acceptances, it will
have injustice stamped on the face of it. For, in that case, those who are most
remote, not by any act avoidable in themselves, but from the nature of things,
become in almost every instance juniors ; when perhaps many of them,
in consideration of former services, or other weighty pretensions, might justly
be entitled to seniority . " — Washington to McHenry, 5 May, 1799.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 175

under the auspices of one of your Predecessors. But
however anxious Officers are to be possessed of their
Commissions, I have no hesitation in declaring it as
my opinion, that I see no cause they would have to
complain of their being withheld, for the reasons you
have mentioned, when the matter is explained to them,
& they are in receipt of emoluments. With respect to
Connecticut and the States South of Virginia, I was
at no loss to account for the delays, which had taken
place in them, not only as it respected the Recruiting
Service, but as it related to the appointment of the
Officers also.

General Hamilton having communicated to me his
arrangement of the State of Virginia into districts &
subdivisions, with the places of rendezvous in each, I
have suggested a few (un) important alterations in the
sub-districts with which I am best acquainted.

In the revised printed Instructions for Recruiting,
which you have been pleased to send to me, there are
several blanks, which I presume will be filled up
before they are finally issued. These are to be found
in the 2d. 5th & 28th Articles.

The quotation of the answer given to your repre-
sentation respecting the suspension of the arrange-
ment, and consequent delay in Recruiting betrays a
manifest want of knowledge of the subject. There
is a " tide, it is said, in all things," and there was a
combination of circumstances at the passing of the
act, among which resentment was not the least, which
produced an uncommon enthusiasm ; & which, until
it began to slacken & ebb, might have been improved

176 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

to great advantage. But, taking the matter up, upon
the principle of the answer, could there have been a
stronger reason assigned agt. delay, than the difficulty
of obtaining men ?^

If the enumerated obstacles were such as would
retard the Recruiting Service, it ought to have com-
menced with redoubled ardor. The voice of the
People, as expressed by their representatives, adjudged
this Force necessary. The law was positive. Where
then lay a Power to dispense with or suspend it ? I
will go no farther, however, on this point. Perhaps I
have gone too far already ; but, as you have not only
authorized, but requested, that I would communicate
my sentiments to you with freedom and candor, I
could not restrain this effusion, while I acknowledge
& have declared upon all proper occasions, that you
were not responsible for the delay in organizing the
army ; as you have been informed in my last letter.

In the case of Major Gibbs, I shall make but two
short remarks, ist : that it was not from any pre-

' Among other obstacles, that interposed to retard the recruiting service, the
Secretary of War mentioned the ground taken by the President, as affording
less encouragement than he expected.

"When I spoke of the time we had lost," said he, " after all my proposals
for augmenting the army had been rejected or procrastinated, what was the
reply of the President on the 28th of October ? He observed : ' As to the
recruiting service, I wonder whether there has been any enthusiasm, which
would induce men of common sense to enlist for five dollars a month, who
could have fifteen when they pleased by sea, or for common work at land ?
There has been no rational plan, that I have seen as yet, formed for the main-
tenance of the army. One thing I know, that regiments are costly articles
everywhere, and more so in this country than in any other under the sun. If
this nation sees a great army to maintain, without an enemy to fight, there
may arise an enthusiasm that seems to be little foreseen.' " March sist.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 177

dilection for the man, that he was brought forward by
the Board of Gen. Ofificers ; and 2d, that I should
have thought, that the testimony of Generals Lincoln,
Knox, Brooks, Jackson, & others, added to the weight
of that board, would be a counterpoise to the objec-
tioners, unless something injurious to his character
was adduced. But, with respect to young Mercer's
promotion, I cannot but express my regrets ; not-
withstanding the high opinion I have of his merit, and
the sincere regard I entertained for his deceased
father. This promotion, you may rely on it, is radi-
cally wrong, & will be felt sorely.' Although no one
is less disposed than I am to call in question the right
of the President to make appointments (with the
participation of the Senate) yet I must be permitted to
add, that, if there is not a good deal of circumspection
observed in the exercise of it, as it respects the
regulation of the army, he will find it much easier to
plunge into, than to extricate himself from, embarass-
ments occasioned by injudicious arrangements. Of
this, I can speak from the experience I have had.

In the arrangement of Mr. Mercer at Philadelphia,
his comparative pretensions were duly considered,
& a lieutenancy was considered a handsome appoint-
ment for him. Many applications for Captaincies of
Dragoons from meritorious characters, who had had
commands in the horse on the Western Expedition
in 1 794, could not, from the smallness of that Corps,
be accommodated ; & on that acct. only were turned

' The Secretary of War wrote afterwards, that Mr. Mercer did not accept the
appointment, but without stating on what grounds he declined.

178 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

over to the Infantry. Among these a Capt. Thos.
Turner, highly spoken of as a horse officer, & a very
respectable character, is numbered. How then must
this gentleman, how must Captn. Randolph, so highly
recommended by Genl. Morgan for past services,
how must others, who served through a winter's cam-
paign on that occasion with eclat, and how must the
Senior Lieutenants of equal pretensions with those
of Mr. Mercer, feel on the appointment of a student
just from College in preference to them ? The ques-
tion is easily answered ; but as there is no remedy for
it now, my only motive for dwelling on the case is
to shew you how necessary precaution is, in your
Military movements ; & to prove, moreover, that,
after five weeks' diligent application of the three first
officers of your Army, their work ought not to be
battered down by sinester or local considerations,
unless impeachments, or discoveries unknown while
they were about it, are of sufficient weight to affect
this measure.'

' Additional light is thrown upon some of the topics which are here dis-
cussed, in a letter from General Hamilton to the Commander-in-chief, written
a few days afterwards.

' ' At length," he says, ' ' the recruiting for the additional regiments has begun
in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The
enclosed return of clothing will sufficiently explain to you, that it has com-
menced at least as soon as the preparations by the department of war would
permit. It might now also proceed in Maryland and Massachusetts, and the
next post will, I trust, enable me to add Virginia, but that I do not think it
expedient to outgo our supply of clothing. It will have the worst possible
effect, if the recruits are to wait a length of time for their clothing. I antici-
pate your mortification at such a state of things. Various causes are supposed
to contribute to it.

" It is said, that the President has heretofore not thought it of importance to
accelerate the raising of the army ; and it is well understood, that the Secretary

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 179

Having now gone through all the points of your
last letter, I have only to declare, that the observa-
tions I have made on the several parts of them, and
the opinions delivered thereon, proceed from the
purest motives, and from an earnest desire, that the
Military system may be well composed, may har-
monize in all its parts, may perfectly answer the end
of its institution, and that the President & Secretary
of War may find no difficulty, but be quite easy and
happy in their government of it. As it respects my-
self, I have no object separated from the general
welfare to promote. I have no predilections, no pre-
judices to gratify, no friends, whose interests or views

of the Treasury is not convinced of its utility. Yet he affirms, that, for a long
time past, he has been ready and willing to give every aid depending on
his department. The Secretary of War imputes the deficiency in the article of
clothing to a failure of a contract, which he had made, and to the difficulty of
suddenly finding a substitute by purchases in the market. It is however
obvious, that the means, which have been since pursued, have not been the
best calculated for despatch. The materials procured at distant places have
been brought to Philadelphia to be made up. They are stated to be adequate
in quantity. If the Secretary's energies for execution were equal to his good
dispositions, the public service under his care would prosper as much as could
be desired. It is only to be regretted, that good dispositions vrill not alone
suffice, and that, in the nature of things, there can be no reliance that the
future progress will be more satisfactory than the past.

" The officers for North Carolina have been appointed. No nomination has
yet come forward from South Carolina. Not a single field-officer has yet been
appointed for the regiment to be raised in New Hampshire, Vermont, and
Rhode Island. It seems the members of Congress dissuaded from the nomina-
tion of those, who were proposed by the general officers, and promised to
recommend preferable characters. But this promise has not been performed.
This want of organization is an obstacle to the progress of the affairs of this
regiment. It is understood that the President has resolved to appoint the
officers to the Provisional Army, and that the Secretary has thought fit to
charge the senators of each State with the designation of characters."— New
York, May 3d.

i8o THE WRITINGS OF [i799

I wish to advance at the expence of propriety, and, I
may add in the sincerity of my heart, there is no wish
of it equal to that of there being no exigency in our
affrs., which may call me from retirement to take the
direction of our forces.

With sincere esteem & regard, I am, my dear Sir.

In the hands of an English Gentleman lately at
this place, I have seen a map of the United States on
a large scale. Edited by A. Arrowsmith, London. It
is very necessary the Commander-in-Chief should be
possessed of such an one. If the Public will not
furnish it (in a travelling case) I would wish to have
one sent me at my own expense ; if to be procured
in Philadelphia.

TO JOHN MARSHALL,

Mount Vernon, 5 May, 1799.

Dear Sir,

With infinite pleasure I received the news of your
Election.' For the honor of the District I wish the
majority had been greater ; but let us be content,
and hope, as the tide is turning, the current will soon
run strong in your favor.

I am sorry to find that the publication you allude
to should have given you a moment's disquietude. I
can assure you it made no impression on my mind, of
the tendency apprehended by you.^

' As a delegate to Congress.

» " You may possibly have seen a paragraph in a late publication, stating
that several important offices in the gift of the executive, and among others
that of Secretary of State, had been attainable by me. Few of the unpleasant
occurrences produced by my declaration as a candidate for Congress (and they

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. i8i

The doubt you have expressed of Mr. Hancock's
Election is as unexpected as it is painful. In these
parts we had set it down as certain ; and our calcula-
tions went to eleven instead of nine. A few days
now will give us the result of all the Elections to
Congress and the Legislature of the State ; and, as
you are at the fountain of information, respecting the
politics of the members, give me, I pray you, the
amount of the parties on each side, if you have leisure
and can ascertain it.' With very sincere esteem and
regard, I am, dear Sir, &c.

have been very abundant) have given me more real chagrin than this. To
make a parade of proffered oifices is a vanity, which I trust I do not possess ;
but to boast of one never in my power would argue a littleness of mind at which
I ought to blush.

' ' I know not how the author may have acquired his information, but I beg
leave to assure you that he never received it directly nor indirectly from me.
I had no previous knowledge that such a publication was designed, or I would
certainly have suppressed so much of it as relates to this subject. The writer
was unquestionably actuated by a wish to serve me, and by resentment at the
various malignant calumnies, which have been so profusely bestowed on me.
One of these was, that I only wished a seat in Congress for the purpose of
obtaining some oflSce, which my devotion to the administration might procure.
To repel this was obviously the motive of the indiscreet publication I so
much regret.

' ' A wish to rescue myself in your opinion from the imputation of an idle
vanity, which forms, if I know myself, no part of my character, will I trust
apologize for the trouble this explanation may give you." — Marshall to Wash-
ington, 1st May, 1799.

' " The Elections of Generals Lee and Marshall are grateful to my feelings.
I wish, however, both of them had been elected by greater majorities ; but
they are Elected, and that alone is pleasing.

" As the tide is turned, I hope it will come in with a full flow ; but this will
not happen, if there is any relaxation on the part of the Federalists. We are
sure there will be none on the part of the Republicans, as they have very
erroneously called themselves. It is apprehended latterly, that Mr. Hancock
will not carry his Election, and that in numbers we shall not exceed nine.
In point of abilities, I think the superiority will be greatly on the side of
. Y^&exiWsim"— Washington to Bushrod Washington, 5th May, 1799.

i82 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON, MAJOR-GENERAL,

Mount Vernon, 19 June, 1799.

Dear Sir,

Your favor of the 7th instant with its enclosures
has been duly received. I am very glad to learn that
the recruiting business, so far as it has been put in
operation, succeeds agreeably to your wishes. It has
commenced in Virginia, and I am informed that, in
this vicinity (I have no intelligence from the more
distant parts of the State) its progress is very flatter-
ing. A supply of clothing would, however, promote
this service even hereabouts ; and, unless it is fur-
nished soon, I am apprehensive it will languish, if
not stop entirely.

I understand by a letter, which I received a few
days since from General Pinckney, that the selection
of officers from N. and S. Carolina and Georgia has
been transmitted to the war office. I hope, on every
account, there will be no delay in completing this
arrangement. The disposition which you have made
of the artillery regiment is, I have no doubt, just
and proper, and calculated to promote the good of
the service.

I thank you for the information from Mr. King. I
have long believed that France owes the facilities of
her conquests more to the jealousy and want of cor-
dial cooperation among the powers of Europe, whose
interest it is to check her desolating ravages, than to
any exertions of her own, great as they have been.
It appears from every account (although there is
none so full and distinct as I could wish), that her

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 183

armies have not only been checked, but obliged to
retreat. And her internal affairs do not seem to be
in the best situation. Should these advantages be
properly improved, I think the happiest effects may
result from them. With very sincere regard, I am,
dear Sir, &c.'

TO ARCHIBALD BLAIR.^

Mount Vernon, 24 June, 1799.

Sir,

Your favor of the 19th inst., enclosing the copy of
a letter from our deceased friend, Patrick Henry,
Esqr.,^ to you, dated the 8th of Jany. last, came duly
to hand. For this instance of your polite attention
to me, I pray you to accept my thanks, and an assur-
ance that the letter shall find a distinguished place in
my Beaureau of Public Papers.'

At any time I should have reed, the account of this
Gentleman's death with sorrow. In the present crisis
of our public affairs, I have heard it with deep regret.

^ From General Hamilton's Letter.— " K. letter from Mr. King contains
this unpleasant intelligence. The publication of the treaty of Campo Formio
by the Directory, will injure the affairs of the Emperor. It will increase the
jealousy of the King of Prussia, and of the empire ; whose safety and interests
were too little in view in that treaty. There is no end to the folly of the
potentates, who are arrayed against France. We impatiently expect further
accounts of the operations of the Archduke, and entertain a strong hope, that
his genius and energy will turn to good account the advantage he has gained."
— New York, June 7 th.

' Clerk of the Executive Council.

3 Patrick Henry died on the 6th of June, at the age of sixty-three. His
Life, Correspondence, and Speeches have been published by his grandson,
William Wirt Henry (1891-92).

'' Henry's Henry, ii., 591.

1 84 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

But the ways of Providence are inscrutable, and not
to be scanned by short-sighted man, whose duty is
submission without repining at its decrees.

I had often heard of the political sentimts. ex-
pressed in Mr. Henry's letter to you, and as often a
wish that they were promulgated through the medium
of the gazettes; the propriety or inexpediency of
which measure none can decide more correctly than
yourself. But, after what you have written to me, I
feel an incumbency to inform you, that another copy
of that letter has been either surreptitiously obtained,
or fabricated, and more than probably is now in the
Press ; for I was informed on the day preceding my
receipt of your letter, that one was in the hands of a
Gentleman in this County Fairfax, and that he had
been asked to and it was supposed would have
it printed.

My breast never harbored a suspicion, that Mr.
Henry was unfriendly to me ; although I had reason
to believe that the same spirit, which was at work to
destroy all confidence in the Public functionaries,
was not less busy in poisoning private fountains, and
sowing the Seeds of distrust amg. men of the same
Political sentiments. Mr. Henry had given me the
most unequivocal proof, whilst I had the honor to
command the troops of the United States in their
revolutionary struggle, that he was not to be worked
upon by Intriguers ; and, not conscious that I had
furnished any cause for it, I could not suppose that
without a cause he had become my enemy since.
This proof, contained in the letter to wch. you allude.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 185

is deposited among my files (for want of a proper
receptacle for them, which I mean to erect), they are
yet in packages. When I shall be able to open them
with convenience, I will furnish you with a copy of
what passed between Mr. Henry and myself; in
consequence of the attempt which was made by a
Party in Congress to supplant me in that command,
since you think they are not to be found among his
papers and wish to be possessed of them.

Your letter to me, Sir, required no apology, but
has a just claim to the thanks and gratitude of one,
who has the honor to be, your most obedient obliged
humble servant.

TO JOHN TRUMBULL.

Mount Vernon, 25 June, 1799.

Dear Sir,

Your favor of the 1 8th of September last, with the
small box containing four pair of Prints, came safe to
hand, but long after the date of the letter. Imme-
diately upon the receipt of these having forgot the
terms of the Subscription, and not knowing, as you
were absent, to whom the money was to be paid, I
wrote to Governor Trumbull for information on this
head, without obtaining further satisfaction, than that
he thought it probable Mr. Anthony of Philadelphia
was authorized by you to receive the amount. In
consequence I addressed this Gentleman, (who being
absent from that City— as is said, by way of apology
for the delay, in answering my letter in a reasonable

i86 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

time), and shall immediately pay wha;t is due from
me thereon.

I give you the trouble of this detail, because I
should feel unpleasant myself, if, after your marked
politeness and attentions to me in this as in every
other transaction, any tardiness should have appeared
on my part in return for Prints so valuable.

The two vols, put into your hands by Mr. West,
for transmission to me, are the production of a Mr.
Uvedale Price on the Picturesque ; accompanied by
a very polite letter, of which the enclosed is an ac-
knowledgement to that Gentleman, recommended to
your care, with my best respects to Mr. West.^

I was on the point of closing this letter, with my
thanks for the favorable sentiments you have been
pleased to express for me, and adding Mrs. Washing-
ton's complimts and best wishes thereto, when the
mail from Philadelphia brought me your interesting
letter of the 24th of March.

For the political information contained in it I feel
grateful, as I always shall for the free and unreserved
communication of your sentiments upon subjects so
important in their nature and tendency. No well-
informed and unprejudiced man, who has viewed with
attention the conduct of the French Government
since the Revolution in that Country, can mistake its

• Mr. Price's work was entitled, "Essays on the Picturesque, as compared
■with the Sublime and Beautiful; and on the Use of Studying Pictures for the
Purpose of Improving Real Landscape." Notwithstanding the compass of this
title, the author's main object was to express his views of the art of landscape
gardening and ornamental planting ; an art in which Washington always took
an interest, and which he practised at Mount Vernon as far as opportunity and
circumstances would permit. — Sparks.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 187

objects, or the tendency of the ambitious plans it is
pursuing. Yet, strange as it may seem, a party, and
a powerful one too among us, affect to believe that
the measures of it are dictated by a principal of self-
preservation ; that the outrages of which the Direc-
tory are guilty proceeds from dire necessity ; that it
wishes to be upon the most friendly and agreeable
terms with the President of the United States ; that
it will be the fault of the latter, if this is not the case ;
that the defensive measures, which this Country have
adopted, are not only unnecessary and expensive, but
have a tendency to produce the evil, which to depre-
cate is mere pretence, because war with France, they
say, is the wish of this government ; that on the
militia we should rest our Security ; and that it is
time enough to call upon these, when the danger is
imminent, &c., &c., &c.

With these and such like ideas, attempted to be
inculcated upon the public mind, (and prejudices not
yet eradicated,) with all the arts of sophistry, and no
regard to truth or respect to characters public or pri-
vate who happen to differ from themselves in politics,
I leave you to decide on the probability of carrying
such extensive plans of defence as you have suggested
in your last letter into operation, and in the short
period you suppose may be allowed to accomplish
it in.

The public mind has changed, and is yet changing
every day, with respect to French principles. The
people begin to see clearly, that the words and actions
of the governing powers of that nation cannot be rec-

1 88 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

onciled, and that hitherto they have been misled by-
words ; in a word that, while they were pursuing the
shadow, they lost the substance. The late changes
in the Congressional Representation sufficiently evince
this opinion ; for, of the two sent from the State of
Georgia, one certain, some say both, are Federal
characters ; of six from South Carolina, five are decid-
edly so ; of ten from North Carolina, seven may be
counted upon ; and, of nineteen from this State,
(Virginia), eight are certain, a ninth doubtful, and,
but for some egregious mismanagement, Eleven sup-
porters of governmental measures would have been
elected.

I mention these facts merely to shew, that we are
progressing to dih&XX^r stzX^ of things, not that we are
quite right yet. Time I hope will shew us the neces-
sity, or at least the propriety, of becoming so. God
grant it, and soon.

It is unfortunate when men cannot or will not see
danger at a distance ; or, seeing it, are undetermined
in the means, which are necessary to avert or keep it
afar off. I question whether the evil arising from the
French getting possession of Louisiana and the
Floridas would be generally seen, until it is felt ; and
yet no problem in Euclid is more evident, or suscept-
ible of clearer demonstration. Not less difficult is it
to make them believe, that offensive operations often-
times are the surest, if not (in some cases) the only
means of defence.

Mrs. Washington is grateful for your kind remem-
brance of her, and with Mrs. Lewis's (formerly your

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 189

old acquaintance Nelly Custis) compliments and good
wishes united, I am, with sentiments of the most
perfect esteem and regard, dear Sir, &c.

TO GOVERNOR JONATHAN TRUMBULL.

Mount Vernon, 21 July, 1799.

My dear Sir,

Your favor of the 2 2d ultimo got to my hands yes-
terday, only. It came safe, andwithoiit any apparent
marks or violence ; but whence the length of its pas-
sage, I am unable to inform you.

To you and to your brother. Colonel John Trum-
bull, I feel much indebted for the full, frank, and
interesting communication of the political sentiments
contained in both your letters.

The project of the latter is vast, — and under any
circumstances would require very mature considera-
tion ; but in its extent, and an eye being had to the
disorganizing party in the United States, I am sure
it would be impracticable in the present order of things.

Not being able to convey my ideas to you, on this
subject, in more concise terms than I have already
done to your brother, in answer to the letter he in-
forms you he had written to me, I shall take the liberty
of giving you an extract thereof, as follows : —

" For the political information contained in it, (that
is, his letter) I feel grateful, as I always shall for the
free, unreserved communication of your sentiments
upon subjects so important in their nature and tend-
ency. No well-informed and unprejudiced man, who

I go

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

has viewed with attention the conduct of the French
government since the revolution in that country, can
mistake its objects, or the tendency of its ambitious
projects it is pursuing. Yet, strange as it may seem,
a party, and a powerful one too, among us, affect to
believe that the measures of it are dictated by a prin-
ciple of self-preservation ; that the outrages of which
the Directory are guilty, proceed from dire necessity ;
that it wishes to be upon the most friendly and amica-
ble terms with the United States ; that it will be the
fault of the latter if this is not the case ; that the de-
fensive measures which this country has adopted, are
not only unnecessary, but expensive, but have a ten-
dency to produce the evil which, to deprecate, is mere
pretence in the government ; because war with France,
they say, is its wish ; that on the militia we should
rest our security ; and that it is time enough to call
upon these when the danger is imminent and apparent.

" With these and such like ideas attempted to be
inculcated upon the public mind (aided' by prejudices
not yet eradicated), and with art and sophistry, which
regard neither truth nor decency ; attacking every
character, without respect to persons, public or pri-
vate, who happen to differ from themselves in politics,
I leave you to decide on the probability of carrying
such an extensive plan of defence as you have sug-
gested in your last letter, into operation, and in the
short period which you suppose may be allowed to
accomplish it in."

I come now, my dear sir, to pay particular atten-
tion to that part of your letter which respects myself.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 191

I remember well the conversation which you allude
to, and have not forgot the answer I gave you. In
my judgment it applies with as much force now as then;
nay more, because at that time the line between par-
ties was not so clearly drawn, and the views of the
opposition so clearly developed as they are at present :
of course, allowing your observation (as it respects
myself) to be founded, personal influence would be of
no avail.

Let that party set up a broomstick, and call it a
true son of liberty, — a democrat, — or give it any other
epithet that will suit their purpose, and it will com-
mand their votes in toto.

Will not the Federalists meet, or rather defend
their cause, on the opposite ground ? Surely they
must, or they will discover a want of policy, indicative
of weakness and pregnant of mischief ; which cannot
be admitted. Wherein, then, would lie the difference
between the present gentleman in office, and myself ?

It would be matter of sore regret to me, if I could
believe that a serious thought was turned towards me
as his successor, not only as it respects my ardent
wishes to pass through the vale of life in retirement,
undisturbed in the remnant of the days I have to
sojourn here, unless called upon to defend my coun-
try (which every citizen is bound to do), but on
public ground also ; for, although I have abundant
cause to be thankful for the good health with which
I am blessed, yet I am not insensible to my declina-
tion in other respects. It would be criminal, therefore,
in me, although it would be the wish of my countrymen,

192 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

and I could be elected, to accept an office under this
conviction, which another would discharge with more
ability ; and this, too, at a time when I am thoroughly
convinced I should not draw a single vote from the
anti-Federal side, and, of course, should stand upon
no other ground than any other Federal character
well supported ; and, when I should become a mark
for the shafts of envenomed malice and the basest
calumny to fire gt, — when I should be charged not
only with irresolution, but with concealed ambition,
which waits only an occasion to blaze out, — and, in
short, with dotage and imbecility.

All this, I grant, ought to be like dust in the
balance, when put in competition with a great public
good, when the accomplishment of it is apparent.
But, as no problem is better defined in my mind than
that principle, not men, is now, and will be, the object
of contention ; and that I could not obtain a solitary
vote from that party ; that any other respectable
Federal character would receive the same suffrages
that I should ; that at my time of life (verging to-
wards threescore and ten) I should expose myself,
without rendering any essential service to my country,
or answering the end contemplated ; prudence on
my part must arrest any attempt of the well-meant
but mistaken views of my friends to introduce me
again into the chair of government.

Lengthy as this letter is, I cannot conclude it with-
out expressing an earnest wish that some intimate
and confidential friend of the President's would give
him to understand that his long absence from the seat

t799] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

193

of government, in the present critical conjuncture,
affords matter for severe animadversion by the friends
of government, who speak of it with much disap-
probation, while the other party chuckle at and set it
down as a favorable omen for themselves. It has
been suggested to me to make this communication,
but I have declined it, conceiving that it would be
better received from a private character, more in the
habits of social intercourse and friendship.

With the most sincere friendship and affectionate
regard, &c.

TO JAMES Mchenry.

Mount Vernon, ii August, 1799.

[private.]

My dear Sir,

Your private letters of the 29th ulto. and 5th in-
stant, have been duly received. Mr. Bordley for
presenting, and you for forwarding his Essays on
Husbandry, are entitled to, and accordingly receive,
my thanks for these instances of both your kind-
nesses.

[confidential.]

I think you Wise men of the East, have got your-
selves in a hobble, relatively to France, Great
Britain, Russia and the Porte, to which, allow me the
priviledge of adding our worthy Demos. All cannot
be pleased ! Whom will you offend ? Here then is
a severe trial for your Diplomatic skill, in which the

194 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

Editor of the Aurora says you are great adepts. But
to be serious, I think the nomination, & appoint-
ment of Ambassadors to treat with France would, in
any event, have been Hable to unpleasant reflections
(after the Declarations wch have been made) and in
the present state of matters, in Europe, must be
exceedingly embarrassing. The President has a
choice of difficulties before him, in this business : If
he pursues the line he marked out, aU the conse-
quences cannot be forseen : If he relinquishes it, it
will be said to be of a piece with all the other acts of
the Administration — unmeaning, if not wicked, decep-
tions, &c., &c., &c., and will arm the opposition with
fresh weapons, to commence new attacks upon the
Government, be the turn given to it, and reasons
assigned what they may. — I come now to the Scene
of Bribery.

And pray, my good sir, what part of the $800,000
have come to your share ? As you are high in Office,
I hope you did not disgrace yourself in the acceptance
of a paltry bribe — a 100.000 $ perhaps — But here
again I become serious. There can be no medium
between the reward and punishment of an Editor,
who shall publish such things as Duane has been
doing for some time past. On what ground then
does he pretend to stand in his exhibition of the
charges, or the insinuations which he has handed to
the Public ? Can hardihood, itself be so great as to
stigmatise characters in the Public Gazettes for the
most heinous offences, and when prosecuted, pledge
itself to support the alligation, unless there was

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 195

something to build on ? I hope & expect that the
Prosecutors will probe this matter to the bottom. It
will have an unhappy effect on the public mind if it
be not so.

But how stands the charge — in verity & truth with
respect to the Consul General (Stephens) purchase
of Coffee, and breach of trust ; or in other words
taking advantage of his official knowledge to monopo-
lise that article at a low price ? This thing made a
good deal of noise among the friends as well as the
enemies of government ; and if true, proves him
unworthy, altogether, of public confidence ; &
denominates him a mercenary [ ] one who

would do anything for lucre.

Is the President returned to the seat of Govern-
ment? When will he return? His absence (I
mention it from the best motives) gives much discon-
tent to the friends of government, while its enemies
chuckle at it, & think it a favorable omen for them.

I am always your affecte.

TO ROBERT LEWIS.

Mount Vernon, 17 August, 1799.

Dear Sir,

Your letter of the 7th instant came duly to hand,
but being received with many other letters, it was
laid by, and entirely forgotten until I came across it
yesterday again. Mr. Ariss's draught on Mr. James

196 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

Russell for £\2 pounds shall be presented to him, but
if he is indisposed to pay it, or wants time to do it, he
has a good pretext for delay, as you have sent it
without your endorsement, although made payable
to you.

Of the facts related in the enclosed letter relative
to the loss of his crop, by the Hessian fly, I know
nothing. If it should appear to your credit, that
Kercheval has used his true endeavor to raise the
means to discharge his rent, and is deprived thereof
by an Act of Providence, I am willing, however illy
I can afford to do it, to make some reasonable abate-
ment therefrom ; of which you, from inquiry, will
be the best judge.

It is demonstratively clear, that on this Estate
(Mount Vernon) I have more working negros by a
full moiety, than can be employed to any advantage in
the farming system, and I shall never turn Planter
thereon.

To sell the overplus I cannot, because I am prin-
cipled against this kind of traffic in the human species.
To hire them out, is almost as bad, because they
could not be disposed of in families to any advantage,
and to disperse the families I have an aversion.
What then is to be done? Something must or I
shall be ruined; for all the money (in addition to
what I raise by crops, and rents) that have been
received for Lands, sold within the last four years, to
the amount of Fifty thousand dollars, has scarcely
been able to keep me afloat.

Under these circumstances, and a thorough convic-

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 197

tion that half the workers I keep on this Estate,
would render me a greater nett profit than I now
derive from the whole, has made me resolve, if it can
be accomplished, to settle Plantations on some of my
other Lands. But where ? without going to the
Western Country, I am unable, as yet to decide ; as
the best, if not all the Land I have on the East side
of the Alleganies are under Leases, or some kind of
incumbrance or another. But as you can give me the
correct information relative to this matter, I now
early apply for it.

What then is the state of Kercheval's lot, & the
other adjoining ? Are they under Leases ? if not, is
the land good ? and how many hands would it work
to advantage ? Have I any other good land in
Berkeley that could be obtained on reasonable terms ?
Is that small tract above the Warm Springs engaged
for the ensuing year? How much cleared land is
there on it ? and what kind of buildings ? How many
hands could be usefully employed thereon ? Infor-
mation on these points, and any others relative
thereto, would be acceptable to me.

The drought has been so excessive on this Estate
that I have made no oats — & if it continues a few
days longer, shall make no corn. I have cut little or
no grass ; and my meadows, at this time, are as bare
as the pavements ; of consequence no second crop
can be expected. These things will compel me, I
expect to reduce the mouths that feed on the Hay.
I have two or three young Jacks (besides young
Royal Gift) and several she asses, that I would dis-

198 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

pose of. Would Fauquier, or where else, be a good
place to dispose of them ?

I am glad to hear that your brother Lawrence is so
much amended, as your letter indicates. Whether it
be from sulphur application, or other cause : — but if
Doctr. Baysham, under whose hands he was, was
unable to effect a radical cure, I should not place
much confidence in Voss's Spring, as the disorder
must be deep rooted.

Your aunt unites with me in best wishes for Mr.
Lewis, yourself & family and I am, &c.

TO GOVERNOR JONATHAN TRUMBULL.

Mount Vernon, 30th August, 1799.

My Dear Sir :

Your favor of the loth instant came duly to hand.
It gave me pleasure to find, by the contents of it,
that your sentiments respecting the comprehensive
project of Colonel Trumbull coincided with those I
had expressed to him.

A very different state of politics must obtain in
this country, and more unanimity prevail in our pub-
lic counsels, than is the case at present, ere such a
measure could be undertaken with the least prospect
of success. By unanimity alone the plan could be
accomplished —while, then, a party, and a strong one
too, is hanging upon the wheels of government, oppos-
ing measures calculated solely for internal defence,
and is endeavoring to defeat all the laws which have

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

199

been passed for this purpose, by rendering them ob-
noxious, to attempt anything beyond this, would be
to encounter certain disappointment. And yet, if
the policy of this country, or the necessity occasioned
by the existing opposition to its measures, should
suffer the French to possess themselves of Louisi-
ana and the Floridas, either by exchange or other-
wise, I will venture to predict, without the gift of
" second sight," that there will be " no peace in
Israel," — or, in other words, that the restless, ambi-
tious, and intriguing spirit of that people will keep
the United States in a continual state of warfare with
the numerous tribes of Indians that inhabit our fron-
tiers, for doing which their " diplomatic skill " is well
adapted.

With respect to the other subject of your letter, I
must again express a strong and ardent wish and
desire that no eye, no tongue, no thought, may be
turned towards me for the purpose alluded to therein.
For, besides the reasons which I urged against the
measures in my last, and which, in my judgment and
by my feelings, are insurmountable, you yourself have
furnished a cogent one.

You have conceded, what before was self-evident
in my mind, namely, that not a single vote would
thereby be drawn from the anti-Federal candidate.
You add, however, that it might be a means of
uniting the Federal votes. Here, then, my dear sir,
let me ask, what satisfaction, what consolation, what
safety, should I find in support which depends upon
caprice ?

200 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

If men, not principles, can influence the choice on
the part of the Federalists, what but fluctuations are
to be expected ? The favorite today may have the
curtain dropped on him tomorrow, while steadiness
marks the conduct of the Anti's ; and whoever is not
on their side must expect to be loaded with all the
calumny that malice can invent ; in addition to
which I should be charged with inconsistency, con-
cealed ambition, dotage, and a thousand more et
ceteras.

It is too interesting not to be again repeated, that
if principles, instead of men, are not the steady pur-
suit of the Federalists, their cause will soon be at an
end ; if these are pursued, they will not divide at the
next election of a President ; if they do divide on so
important a point, it would be dangerous to trust
them on any other, — and none except those who
might be solicitous to fill the chair of government
would do it. In a word, my dear sir, I am too far
advanced into the vale of life to bear such buffeting
as I should meet with in such an event. A mind
that has been constantly on the stretch since the year
1753, with but short intervals and little relaxation,
requires rest and composure ; and I believe that
nothing short of a serious invasion of our country
(in which case I conceive it to be the duty of every
citizen to step forward in its defence) will ever draw
me from my present retirement. But, let me be in
that or in any other situation, I shall always remain
your sincere friend, and affectionate humble ser-
vant, &c.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 201

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.
[private.]

Mount Vernon, 14 September, 1799.

Dear Sir,

I feel much obliged and accordingly thank you for
your kind intention of ordering me two months' pay,
and I shall not suffer false modesty to assert, that my
finances stand in no need of it ; because it is not the
time, nor the attention only, which the. public duties
I am engaged in require, but their bringing upon
me applicants, recommenders of applicants, and
seekers of information, with their servants and horses
(none of whom perhaps are of my acquaintances,)
to aid in the consumption of my forage, and what to
me is more valuable, my time, that I most regard ;
for a man in the Country, nine miles from any house
of Entertainment, is differently situated from one in
a City, where none of these inconveniences are felt.

Yet even under these circumstances, which may be
little known to those who wd. appreciate them, and
would be totally disregarded by such as are always on
the look-out for something to cavil at, I am resolved to
draw nothing from the Public but reimbursements of
«fif«ffi/ expenditures ; unless by being called into the
Field I shall be entitled to full pay and the Emolu-
ments of office.

Without this it would be said by the latter descrip-
tion of People, that I was enjoying retirement on
very easy and lucrative terms ; whilst the former
might remark, that I had forgot the conditions on
which I accepted my commission ; opposed to these

202 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

the loss of time and incidental expenses are not to
be compared.

I thought this explanation of my motives, for
declining the acceptance of your ofifer, was due to
your kind attention in behalf of, dear Sir, &c.

TO JAMES Mchenry, secretary of war.

Mount Vernon, 15 September, 1799.

Sir,

Your letter of the 3d instant, with the papers ac-
companying it, did not get to my hands till the i ith.
At the same time I received a long letter from Gen-
eral Hamilton, with voluminous references, to which
he requested my immediate attention, and the
communication of my sentiments thereon. These
circumstances will account for your not having
received an answer before this time.

The rules, which have been adopted by the Presi-
dent of the U. S. relative to rank in the army, point
out the mode, which must determine the relative rank
of those officers, who have heretofore been in service.
The documents in the war-office, and the information
obtained from the parties, would enable you to fix
the rank of those officers, at least as well as I can do
it. But to manifest my readiness to comply, so far
as is in my power, with any request from your depart-
ment, I have in the enclosed list noted numerically
the names of the lieutenant-colonels and majors, who
have been in service, as they should rank, agreeably
to the documents from the war-office, which you

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 203

forwarded to me, annexed to their names, and in
conformity with the regulations established by the
President relative to rank.

By these rules resignation precludes all claim to
rank, and places the party on a footing with those
officers, who have never before been in service ; but,
where a resignation took place from any cause not
affecting the character of the officer (as it is presumed
is the case with all who are now appointed under
this circumstance), it does not, in my opinion, deprive
the party of that consideration, which his having been
in service would give, provided he stands on equal
ground, in other respects, with those who have never
served.

As the relative rank of officers, who have not been
in service, is to be determined by the Commander-
in-chief, I shall make the arrangement in the best
manner I can, with respect to the officers in your list
who are of this description. But, in order to do this
with propriety and satisfaction, a personal knowledge
of the several officers, or full information of their re-
spective qualifications, talents, and merits, is neces-
sary. The former I do not possess. The latter I
have, respecting most of those who have not been in
service, so far as could be ascertained from the docu-
ments laid before the general officers in November
last from the war-office. But to proceed on this
ground alone, and without any document relative to
the characters of the officers from Connecticut, North
and South Carolina, and Georgia, (who, you will
recollect, were selected without any agency of mine,)

204 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

and fix the rank definitively, would be very repugnant
to my ideas of propriety and justice. In a word, it
would be little better than to decide their relative
rank by lot. I have tried and tried again to make
an arrangement of the majors, who have been in ser-
vice, and I enclose a list of the result ; but it is so
unsatisfactory to myself, that I request no weight
may be given to it, farther than it accords with better
information and circumstances.

In your letter you have requested, that the relative
rank of the field-officers of the cavalry, as well as of
the twelve regiments of Infantry, should be fixed ;
but you have not furnished the names of those offi-
cers ; and there is one major wanting, according to
your list, to complete the number for the twelve
regiments of infantry,

I feel much obliged by your intention of remitting
me two months' pay ; but, excepting in cases which
may involve me in pecuniary expenses, I must beg
leave, on the principle I set out with, to decline the
acceptance of it. The letters written to you by the
Lieut-Colonels and Majors, in answer to your queries,
are herewith returned. With due consideration, I
have the honor to be, &c.

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON, MAJOR-GENERAL.
Dear Sir, mount Vernon, 15 September, 1799.

Mrs. Washington's indisposition, (being confined for
10 days) and other circumstances, would not allow
me to give your letter of the 9th instant, and the re-

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 205

ports and journals which accompanied it, an earlier
consideration. Having done this, however, with as
much thought, as I have been able to bestow, under
the circumstances mentioned, I see no cause (with
the limited force which has been enumerated, and
which I presume is all that can be calculated upon,)
to differ from you in the disposition of it. Although
at the same time I shall make some observations
thereupon for consideration.

It may be remembered, that, at the time the Secre-
tary of War laid before the general officers in Phil-
adelphia the letters of General Wilkinson, respecting
the propriety in his judgment of placing a considera-
ble force at the Natchez, I gave it my decided disap-
probation ; inasmuch as it would excite in the Span-
iards distrust and jealousy of our pacific disposition ;
would cause an augmentation of force on their part ;
and so. on with both, if our government would go into
the measure ; until the thing which was intended to
be avoided would more than probable be produced,
i. e., hostility. Whereas by keeping that force in the
upper country, besides its looking to all points, and
exciting no alarm in any, might, if occasion should
require it either for defence or offence, descend the
stream like lightning with all its munitions and equip-
ments ; which could be accumulated with ease, and
without noise, at the upper posts, and make the
surprise more complete.

Although I have said, (in effect,) that the corps de
reserve, or army of observation, should take post at
the place you have mentioned, namely, in the vicinity

2o6 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

of the Rapids of the Ohio, (Louisville,) yet I can see
but two reasons which entitle it to be preferred to
the present post above, i. e., Fort Washington, in a
geographical point of view. And these are, that there
is no water above the former, that can float large
vessels at all seasons ; and that, by being so much
lower down, the passage of the Ohio would be facili-
tated if an expedition should descend the Mississippi.
In other respects the latter, in my opinion, has the
advantage, ist, because it is a post already estab-
lished, and would incur no additional expense. 2ndly,
because it is more contiguous to Fort Wayne, Detroit,
Michilimackinac, and all the Indians on the Lakes,
from whom in that quarter we have most danger to
apprehend. 3rdly, because communications with it, for
the most part by water, are already established. And,
4thly, in case of insurrections above or below, it is
equally as well if not better situated.

Were it not that the mouth of the Wabash empties
itself into the Ohio so low down, and yet above its
confluence with the Cumberland and Tennessee, I
should be inclined to give a position near the mouth
of the Wabash the preference of either the Rapids or
Fort Washington, because it would command a great
water inlet towards the Lakes.

But whether the position for the corps de reserve
be chosen at the Rapids of the Ohio, above or below,
it had better, I conceive, be on the north side of
the Ohio, then within the State of Kentucky ;
thereby impeding more the intercourse between the
army and the citizens, and guarding against the

17991 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 207

evils, which result from that mixture and too much
familiarity.

I am so far from agreeing with General Wilkinson,
that Fort Wayne ought to be abolished, that, if I
mistake not the place, central between the heads of
the Miamis of Lake Erie and the Ohio, the St.
Joseph and the Wabash, affording good water trans-
portation, with small portages in every direction, I
should pronounce it, were it not for the expense of
subsisting troops there, the most eligible position for
the army of observation of any in that country. It
would be an effectual security against all the Indians,
who could annoy us in that region ; it would cover
our barrier posts on the line between the British and
us ; and troops from thence might descend rapidly
into the Mississippi by the Wabash.

General Wilkinson, in speaking of posts along our
southern frontier, is general ; and you only notice
Fort Stoddert. But, on an inspection of the maps,
a place presents itself to my view as very eligible to
occupy, provided the Creek Indians would consent
to it. I mean the Appalachicola, at its confluence
with Flint River, where the line of demarkation
strikes it.

But, in my opinion, if we had or could obtain an
engineer of real skill, and attached to the true policy
and interest of the United States, he ought to devote
his whole time to the investigation of our interior
country, and mark and erect its proper defences ; for
these hitherto have been more the work of chance
and local consideration, than national design.

2o8 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

If the harbor of Presque Isle is good, I should
think a small garrison ought to be retained there. It
certainly is the best on the American side of Lake
Erie, and one there is important. But I see very
little use of a sergeant and eight privates at Fort
Knox. It is either unnecessary, or too small ; and
sergeants at a distance rarely conduct well, when
they have not the eye of an officer to inspect their
conduct.

There are several references in General Wilkin-
son's report, which were not sent. No. i appears to
have been essential. They are all returned. By his
statement of the mutilated condition of the troops,
and present disposition of them, there must have been
most horrible mismanagement somewhere. A correc-
tive is, indeed, highly necessary. The practice of
furloughing officers, and then renewing the furloughs
from time to time, is extremely injurious to the
service, and ought to be discontinued on ordinary
occasions. And that of frittering the army into small
garrisons is, if possible, worse. It will never be
respectable while these evils exist ; and until it can
be more concentrated, and the garrisons frequently
relieved by detachments from the main body, dis-
cipline will always be lax, and impositions on the
public will prevail.

If the British are resolved to keep up armed vessels
on the Lakes, I presume it will be expedient for us
to do the same ; but in time of peace a better way,
in my opinion, is for neither to have any. In case of
a rupture, or the appearance of one, with that

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 209

nation, there can be no doubt of our arming on those
waters much more expeditiously than they would be
able to do.

I have now gone over the material points in your
letter and General Wilkinson's report ; but, as I
mentioned before, it has been done under circum-
stances unfavorable to minute investigation or mature
deliberation, and my sentiments, where differing from
you, are given more for consideration than decision.
Should any thing of importance on this subject, not
noticed here, occur to me, I shall not fail to com-
municate it to you ; for the measures now taken with
respect to guarding our frontiers and interior country
ought to be such, as will be permanent and respec-
table. With very great regard, I am, dear Sir, &c.

TO LAWRENCE LEWIS.

Mount Vernon, 20 September, 1799.

Dear Sir :

From the moment Mrs. Washington and myself
adopted the two youngest children of the late Mr.
Custis, it became my intention (if they survived me,
and conducted themselves to my satisfaction) to con-
sider them in my will when I was about to make a
distribution of my property. This determination has
undergone no diminution, but is strengthened by the
connection one of them has formed with my family.

The expense at which I live, and the unproductive-
ness of my estate, will not allow me to lessen my
income while I remain in my present situation. On

2IO THE WRITINGS OF [i799

the contrary, were it not for occasional supplies of
money in payment for land, sold within the past four
or five years, to the amount of upward of fifty thousand
dollars, I should not be able to support the former
without involving myself in debt and difficulties.

But as it has been understood, from expressions
occasionally dropped from Nelly Custis, now your
wife, that it is the wish of you both to settle in this
neighborhood, contiguous to her friends, and as it
would be inexpedient as well as expensive for you to
make a purchase of land, when a measure which is in
contemplation would place you on more eligible
ground, I shall inform you that, in the will which I
have made, which I have by me, and have no dis-
position to alter, that the part of my Mount Vernon
tract which lies north of the public road leading from
the Gum spring to Colchester, containing about two
thousand acres, with the Dogue-river farm, mill, and
distillery, I have left you. Gray's heights is be-
queathed to you and her jointly, if you incline to
build on it ; and few better sites for a house than
Gray's hill and that range are to be found in this
country or elsewhere.

You may also have what is properly Dogue-run
farm, the mill, and distillery, on a just and equitable
rent ; as also the lands belonging thereto, on a
reasonable hire, either next year, or the year follow-
ing— it being necessary in my opinion, that a young
man should have objects of employment. Idleness
is disreputable under any circumstances ; productive
of no good, even when unaccompanied by vicious

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 211

habits ; and you might commence building as soon
as you please, during the progress of which Mount
Vernon might be made your home.

You may conceive that building before you have
an absolute title to the land is hazardous. To ob-
viate this, I shall only remark that it is not likely
any occurrence will happen, or any change take
place, that would alter my present intention (if the
conduct of yourself and wife is such as to merit a
continuance of it) ; but be this as it may, that you
may proceed on sure ground with respect to the
buildings, I will agree — and this letter shall be an
evidence of it — that if hereafter I should find cause
to make any other disposition of the property here
mentioned, I will pay the actual cost of such build-
ings to you or yours.

Although I have not the most distant idea that
any event will happen that could effect a change in
■my present determination, nor any suspicions that
you or Nelly could conduct yourselves in such a
manner as to incur my serious displeasure, yet, at the
same time that I am inclined to do justice to others
it behooves me to take care of myself, by keeping the
staff in my own hands.

That you may have a more perfect idea of the
landed property I have bequeathed to you and Nelly
in my will, I transmit a plan of it, every part of
which is correctly laid down and accurately measured,
showing the number of fields, lots, meadows, &c.,
with the contents and relative situation of each ; all
of which except the mill and swamp, which has never

212 . THE WRITINGS OF [1799

been considered as a part of Dogue-run farm, and is
retained merely for the purpose of putting it into a
better state of improvement, you may have on the
terms before-mentioned.

With every kind wish for you and Nelly, in which,
your aunt, who is still much indisposed, unites, I
remain your affectionate uncle.

TO SURGES BALL.

Mount Vernon, 22 September, 1799.

Dear Sir :

Your letter of the i6th inst. has been received^
informing me of the death of my brother.'

The death of near relations always produces awful
and affecting emotions, under whatsoever circum-
stances it may happen. That of my brother has been
so long expected, and his latter days so uncomfort-
able to himself [that they] must have prepared all
around him for the stroke though painful in the effect.

I was the first, and am, now, the last of my father's-
children by the second marriage who remain.

When I shall be called upon to follow them, is
known only to the Giver of Life. When the sum-
mons comes I shall endeavor to obey it with a
good grace.

Mrs. Washington has been and still is very much
indisposed, but unites with me in best wishes for you,
Mrs. Ball, and family.

With great esteem and regard, I am, &c.

' Charles Washington.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 213

TO WILLIAM VANS MURRAY.

Mount Vernon, 26 October, 1799.

Dear Sir,

Within the space of a few days I have been fav-
ored with your letters of the 26th of July, and
duplicate of one of the 7th of April (the original
is missing), and of those dated the 9th and 1 7th of
August with their enclosures. For the information
in these, and for your kindness in sending me a
sketch of the Water-throwing mill, I feel much
obliged, and thank you for the trouble you have
been at in making the drawing of it ; being persuaded
of its utility, although, advanced as I am, and en-
gaged in other pursuits, I shall not be able to avail
of the insight it conveys. Others, however, may,
and I shall take care to make it known on all proper
occasions.

The affairs of Europe have taken a most important
and interesting turn. What will be the final result
of the uninterrupted successes of the combined army,
so far as the accounts which have been received in
this country are brought down, is not for a man at
the distance of 3,000 miles from the great theatre of
action to predict ; but he may wish, and ardently wish
from principles of humanity, and for the benevolent
purpose of putting a stop to the further effusion of
human blood, that the successful Powers may know
at what Point to give cessation to the Sword for the
purpose of negotiation. It is not uncommon, how-
ever, in prosperous gales, to forget that adverse winds
may blow. Such was the case with France. Such

214 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

may be the case of the Coalesced Powers against her,
A by-stander sees more of the game generally, than
those who are playing it. So Neutral Nations may
be better enabled to draw a line between the Con-
tending Parties, than those who are actors in the
war. My own wish is, to see every thing settled
upon the best and surest foundation for the Peace
and happiness of mankind, without regard to this,
that, or the other Nation. A more destructive sword
never was drawn, (at least in modern times,) than
this war has produced. It is time to sheathe it, and
give Peace to mankind.

A severe Electioneering contest has just closed in
the State of Pennsylvania adverse to
the Federal Party by from majority in

favour of Chief Inspector agt. Mr.

Ross Senator for the State much pains was

taken both sides and considerable abuse of char-
acter which neither was exempt from ^

You are going to be employed in an important and
delicate negotiation, for the success of which in all
its relations no one more ardently and sincerely
wishes than I do. Your colleagues in this business
will be able to give you such accurate details of the
internal concerns of our country, as not only to ren-
der any attempts of mine to do it nugatory, but
injudicious ; for which reason I shall refer you to
them for the state of our Political prospects.

I most devoutly wish, that the cogent, indeed un-
answerable arguments you urged to dissuade our

' The letter-press copy is illegible in many parts.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 215

friend from visiting the United States in the present
crisis of our affairs, may have prevailed.' The meas-
ure would be injudicious in every point of view (so
says my judgment) in which he can be placed ; Em-
barrassing to himself, Embarrassing to his friends,
and possibly embarrassing to the government in the
result. His final decision, however, must have been
made ere this. I shall add no more on this head, nor
indeed, for the reasons already assigned, on any other
subject. Mrs. Washington who has been much indis-
posed for some time past (now better) unites her best
wishes with mine for Mrs. Murray and yourself. With
sincere and affectionate regard, I am, dear Sir, &c.

TO JAMES McHENRY, SECRETARY OF WAR.
[private.]

Mount Vernon, 17th Novr., 1799.

My dear Sir,

Your confidential and interesting letter of the loth
instant came duly and safely to hand ; with the con-
tents of which I have been stricken dumb ; and I
believe it is better that I should remain mute than
express any sentiment on the important matters,
which are related therein.

I have, for some time past, viewed the political
concerns of the United States with an anxious and

• The "friend" here alluded to was Lafayette. The hostile attitude of
France and the United States at this time towards each other, and the part he
must necessarily take if he came to America, were the embarrassments appre-
hended. It was rumored, likewise, that he was coming as minister from the
French Republic.

2i6 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

painful eye. They appear to me to be moving by
hasty strides to some awful crisis ; but in what it will
result, that Being, who sees, foresees, and directs all
things, alone can tell. The Vessel is afloat, or very
nearly so, and considering myself as a Passenger
only, I shall trust to the Mariners, whose duty it is to
watch, to steer it into a safe Port.'

The charge of British influence, in the appoint-
ment of Major Pinckney to be Minister at the Court
of London, is a perfect enigma. My curiosity leads
me to inquire on what ground it is built, and you

1 " The President has resolved to send the Commissioners to France, notwith-
standing the change of affairs there. He is not understood to have consulted
either of his ministers ; certainly not either the Secretary of War or of Finance.
All my calculations lead me to regret the measure. I hope that it may not in
its consequences involve the United States in a war on the side of France with
her enemies. My trust in Providence, which has so often interposed in our
favor, is my only consolation." — Hamilton to Washington, 21 October, 1799.

" The purport of your (private) letter of the 21st, with respect to a late
decision, has surprised me exceedingly. I was surprised at the measure ; how
much more so at the manner of it ! This business seems to have commenced
in an evil hour, and under unfavorable auspices. And I wish mischief may not
tread in all its steps, and be the final result of the measure. A wide door was
open, through which a retreat might have been made from the first faux fas,
the shutting of which, to those who are not behind the curtain, and are as little
acquainted with the secrets of the cabinet as I am, is, from the present aspect
of European affairs, quite incomprehensible. But I have the same reliance on
Providence, which you express, and trust that matters will end well, however
unfavorable they may appear at present." — Washington to Hamilton, 27 Octo-
ber, 1799.

" As men will view the same thing in different lights, I would now fain hope,
that the President has caught the true one, and that good will come from the
mission, which is about to depart. These are my wishes, and no one is more
ardent in them ; but I see nothing in the present aspect of European affairs, on
which to build them, nor any possible evil, under the same circumstances,
which could result from delay. But as the measure is resolved on, I trust as
you do, that that Providence, which has directed all our steps hitherto, will con-
tinue to direct them to the consummation of our prosperity and happiness."

Washington to Pickering, 3 November, 1799.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 217

would oblige me by giving an explanation. Was it
the measure or the man that gave rise to this insinua-
tion ? The first it cannot be, because an exchange
of Ministers had long been invited, sought after, and
the tardiness of G Britain, in not meeting the ad-
vances of the U. States in this respect, was consid-
ered & complained of as an indignity. Could it be
the man ? Could he, who had fought against that
Country, and bled in defence of his own in the con-
flict, a man of acknowledged abilities & irreproacha-
ble character, be suspected of undue influence ? If
neither, I ask again on what is the accusation
founded ? The whole is a mystery to me. And
merely to satisfy my curiosity, I wish to have it
unriddled ; & not, from the present view which I
have of the subject, because I shall think myself
bound to answer any interrogatories, which may be
dictated by insiduous impertinence.^ With the great-
est esteem and regard I remain My dear Sir Your
sincere friend and affectionate Hble. Servant.

TO JAMES ANDERSON.

Mount Vernon, loth December, 1799.

Mr, Anderson,

From the various plans suggested by you, at dif-
ferent times, for cropping the Farms which I propose
to retain in my own hands — in the year 1800, — and
with a reduced force of the laborers on them in

1 See Hamilton's pamphlet on John Adams, printed in his Writings (Lodge's
edition), vi., 404.

2i8 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

succeeding years, together with the operations neces-
sary to carry them into effect ; — and comparing these
with the best reflections I am able to bestow on the
subject : considering moreover, the exhausted state of
my arable fields, and how important it is to adopt
some system by which the evil may be arrested, and
the fields in some measure restored, by a rotation of
crops which will not press hard upon, while sufficient
interval between them, is allowed for improvement ; —
I have digested the following instructions for my
Manager (while it is necessary for me to employ one)
and for the government of my Overseers ; and request
that they may be most strictly and pointedly attended
to and executed ; as far however as the measures
therein required, will admit.

A system closely pursued (altho' it may not in all
its parts be the best that could be devised) is attended
with innumerable advantages. — The conductor of the
bu[si]ness in this case can never be under any
dilemma in his proceedings ; — The Overseers, & even
the negroes, know, what is to be done, and what
they are capable of doing, in ordinary seasons ; in
short every thing would move like clock work ; and
the force to be employed, may be in due proportion
to the work which is to be performed ; & a reason-
able and tolerably accurate estimate may be made of
the produce. — But when no plan is fixed, — when
directions flow from day to day, — the business
becomes a mere chaos ; frequently shifting, — and
sometimes at a stand — for want of directions what to
do, — or the manner of doing it — These occasion a

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 219

waste of time, which is of more importance than is
generally imagined.

Nothing can so effectually obviate the evil, as an
established, & regular course of proceeding ; made
known to all who are actors in it ; that all may,
thereby, be enabled to play their parts, to advantage.

This would give ease to the principal conductor
of the business ; — It would be more satisfactory to
the persons who immediately overlook it ; — and would
be less harrassing to those who labour, — as well as
more beneficial for those who employ them. —

Under this view of the subject, & of the change
which is about to take place next year, by having
rented one of the Farms, — the Mill, — and Distillery,.
— and having it in contemplation to do the same with
the Fishery at the Ferry, the principal services which
you can render me (after these events take place) is
to explain to the Overseers (who will be furnished
with duplicates), the plan, in all its parts, which is
detailed in the following sheets ; — hear their ideas
with respect to the order in which the different sorts-
of work therein pointed out, shall succeed each other,
for the purpose of carrying it into ye best advantage,
— correct any erroneous projects they may be dis-
posed to adopt for the execution thereof ; and then
see that, they adhere strictly to whatsoever may be
resolved on — and that they are (except when other-
wise permitted) on their respective Farms, & with
their People.

The work under such circumstances will go on
smoothly ; — and that the stock may be well fed, —

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

littered, — and taken care of according to the direc-
tions which are given ; it will be necessary to Inspect
the conduct of the Overseers in this particular, and
those also whose immediate business it is to attend
upon them, — with a watchful eye ; — otherwise, and
generally in severe weather, when attention & care is
most needed, they will be most neglected. —

Economy in all things is as commendable in the
Manager as it is beneficial and desirable by the
Employer. — And on a Farm, it shews itself in nothing
more evidently or more essentially, than in not suffer-
ing the provender to be wasted, but on the contrary,
that every atom of it be used to the best advantage ; —
and likewise in not suffering the Ploughs, Harrows
and other implements of husbandry thereon, and the
Gears belonging to them, to be unnecessarily
exposed ; trodden under foot. Carts running over
them and abused in other respects.

More good is derived from looking into the Min-
utiae on a Farm than strikes people at first view ; and
by examining the Farm yards, fences, & looking into
fields — to see that nothing is within, but what are
allowed to be there, produces more good, — or at least
avoids more evil, oftentimes, than riding from one
working party, or from one Overseer to another,
generally accomplishes. —

I have mentioned these things not only because
they have occurred to me, and tho' apparently trifles,
but because they prove far otherwise in the result.

And It is hoped, and will be expected, that more
effectual measures will be pursued to make butter

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 221

another year ; for it is almost beyond belief, that
from 10 1 cows actually reported on a late enumera-
tion of the cattle, that I am obliged to buy butter for
the use of my family.

To visit my Lands in the Western Country (at
my expence) so soon as the weather becomes tem-
perate and settled in the Spring — Reporting the cir-
cumstances under which they are — and what they
are capable of — will be expected. It being of import-
ance for me to receive a just, & faithful acct. respect-
ing them.

After perusing the accompanying plans carefully,
furnish me with your opinion on the two following
points. — 1st. What quantity of Seeds, & of what
kinds, I shall have occasion to buy and against what
periods, for seeding the Grounds in the year 1800 in
the manner therein directed: — and 2d. whether any
& what number of hands can be withdrawn from the
three Farms I retain in that year ; In considering
this last mentioned point hear the opinions of the
Overseer.

The Accts. for the present quarter must be made
final ; — as an entire new scene will take place after-
wards ; — In doing this, advertise (in the Alexa. Paper)
for the claims, of every kind and nature whatsoever
against me to be brot. in to you by ye ist of Jan ;
that I may wipe them off, & begin on a fresh score ;,
— All balances in my favr. must either be reed., or
reduced to specialties, that there may be no disputes
thereafter.

I am yr. sincere friend — well wisher — and Servant..

222 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

RIVER FARM
CROPS FOR AND OPERATIONS THEREON, FOR THE YEAR 1800.

Field No i Is now partly in Wheat Part thereof is to be sown
with Oats another part may be sown with Pease, broad cast. —
Part is in meadow, and will remain so ; the most broken, washed,
and indifferent part is to remain uncultivated, but to be harrowed
and smoothed in the Spring, and the worst parts thereof (if
practicable,) to be covered with litter, straw, weeds, or any
tind of vegetable Rubbish, to prevent them from running into
gullies.

No 2 One fourth is to be in Corn, and to be sown with wheat ;
another fourth in Buckwheat and Pease, half of it in the one, and
half of it in the other, sown in April, to be ploughed in as a green
dressing, and by actual experiment to ascertain which is best.
The whole of this fourth is to be sown with Wheat also ; an-
other fourth part is to be naked fallow for wheat ; and the other
and last quarter to be appropriated for Pumpkins, Cymlins, Tur-
nips, Yateman Pease, (in hills,) and such other things of this kind
as may be required ; and to be sown likewise with Rye, after they
are taken off, for seed.

No 3 Is now in wheat, to be harvested in the year 1800 ; the
stubble of which, immediately after Harvest, is to be ploughed in
and sown thin with Rye ; and such parts thereof as are low, or
produces a luxuriant growth of grain, is to have grass-seeds
sprinkled over them. The whole for sheep to run on in the day
(but housed at night) during the winter and Spring months. If it
should be found expedient, part thereof in the spring might be
reserved for the purpose of seed.

No 4 Will be in Corn, and is to be sown in the autumn of that
year with wheat, to be harvested in 1801 — and to be treated in all
respects as has been directed for No 3 the preceding year. It is
to be manured as much as the means will permit, with such aids
as can be procured during the present Winter and ensuing
Spring.

Nos 567 and 8 Are to remain as they are, but nothing suf-
fered to run upon them ; as ground will be allotted for the sole
purpose of Pasturage, and invariably used as such.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 223

CLOVER-LOTS.

No I, Counting from the Spring Branch is to be planted in
potatoes.

No 2, That part thereof which is now in Turnips is to be sown
with oats and clover ; the other part, being now in clover, is to
Tcmain so until it comes into potatoes by rotation.

No 3 Is also in clover at present, and is to remain so, as just
mentioned, for No. 2.

No 4 Is partly in clover and partly in timothy, and so to be
until its turn for potatoes.

THE ROTATION FOR THESE LOTS

Invariably is to be, ist. Potatoes, highly manured ; 2d. Oats, and
■clover sown therewith ; 3d. Clover ; 4th. Clover. Then to begin
again with Potatoes, and proceed as before. The present clover
lots must be plastered.

All green sward, rough ground, or that wch. is heavily covered
with weeds, bottle-brush grass, and such things as by being turned
in will ferment, putrefy, and ameliorate the soil, should be
ploughed in autumn and at such times in winter as it can be done
while the ground is dry, and in condition for it.

PASTURE-GROUNDS.

The large lot adjoining the negro houses and orchd. is to have
oats sown on the potato and pumpkin ground ; with which, and
on the rye also in that lot, and on the melon part, orchard grass-
seeds are to be sown ; and thereafter to be kept as a standing calf
pasture, and for ewes (which may require extra care) at yeaning,
or after they have yeaned.

The other large lot, northeast of the Barn lane, is to be appro-
priated always as a pasture for the milch cows, and probably
working oxen during the summer season.

The Woodland, and the old field commonly called Johnston's,
are designed for common pasture, and to be so applied always.
To which, if it should be found inadequate to the stock of the
farm, field No. 8, and the woodland therein, may be added.

224

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

MEADOWS.

Those already established and in train must continue, and the
next to be added to them is the arm of the creek, which runs up
to the spring-house, and forks, both prongs of which must be
grubbed, and wrought upon at every convenient moment when
the weather will permit, down to the line of the Ditch, which
encloses the lots for clover, &c.

And, as the fields come into cultivation, or as labour can be
spared from other work, and circumstances will permit, the heads
of all the inlets in them must be reclaimed, and laid to grass,
whether they be large or small. Forasmuch as nothing will run on,
or can trespass upon, or injure the grass, no fencing being reqd.

MUD FOR COMPOST.

The season is now too far advanced, and too cold, to be en-
gaged in a work, that will expose the hands to wet ; but it is of
such essential importance, that it should be set about seriously
and with spirit next year, for the summer's sun and winter's frost
to prepare it for the corn and other crops of i8or. That all the
hands of the farm, not indispensably engaged in the crops, should,
so soon as corn-planting is completed in the spring, be uninter-
ruptedly employed in raising mud from tht focosons and from the
bed of the creek, into the scow ; and the carts, so soon as the
manure for the corn and potatoes in 1800 is carried out, is to be
incessantly drawing it to compost heaps in the fields which are
to be manured by it. What number of hands can be set apart for
this all-important work, remains to be considered and decided upon,

PENNING CATTLE AND FOLDING SHEEP

On the fields intended for wheat, from the first of May, when
the former should be turned out to pasture, until the first of No-
vember, when they ought to be housed, must be practised invari-
ably ; and to do it with regularity and propriety, the pen for the
first, and the fold for the latter, should be proportioned to the
number of each kind of stock ; and both these to as much ground
as they will manure sufficiently in the space of a week for wheat,
beyond which they are not to remain in a place, except on the
poorest spots ; and even these had better be aided by litter or some-

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 225

thing else, than to depart from an established rule, of removing the
pens on a certain day in every week. For in this, as in every thing
else, system is essential to carry on business well, and with ease.

FEEDING.

The work-horses and mules are always to be in their stalls, and
well littered and cleaned, when they are out of harness ; and they
are to be plenteously fed with cut straw, and as much chopped
Grain, meal, or Bran, with a little salt mixed therewith, as will keep
them always in good condition for work ; seeing also, that they are
watered as regularly as they are fed ; this is their winter feed. For
spring, summer, and autumn, it is expected, that soiling of them
on green food, first with Rye, then with lucerne, and next with
clover, with very little grain, will enable them to perform their work.

The oxen, and other horned cattle, are to be housed from the
first of November until the first of May ; and to be fed as well as
the means on the farm will admit. The first (oxen) must always
be kept in good condition, housed in the Stalls designed for them ;
and the cows (so many of them as can find places), on the opposite
side. The rest, with the other cattle, must be in the newly-erected
sheds ; and the whole carefully watered every day ; the ice, in
frozen weather, being broken, so as to admit them to clean water.

With respect to the sheep, they must receive the best protec-
tion that can be given them this winter ; against the next, I hope
they will be better provided for.

And with regard to the hogs, the plan must be, to raise a given
number of good ones, instead of an indiscriminate number of
indifferent ones, half of which die or are stolen before the period
arrives for putting them up as porkers. To accomplish this, a
sufficient number of the best sows should be appropriated to the
purpose ; and so many pigs raised from them as will insure the
quantity of pork, the farm ought to furnish.

Whether it will be most advisable to restrain these hogs from
running at large or not, can be decided with more precision after
the result of those now in close pens is better known.

The exact quantity of corn used by those, which are now in
pens, should be ascertained and regularly reported, in order to
learn the result.

226 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

STABLES AND FARM PENS.

These ought to be kept well littered, and the stalls clean ; as
well for the comfort of the creatures that are contained in them,
as for the purpose of manure ; but, as straw cannot be afforded
for this purpose, leaves and such spoiled straw or weeds as will
not do for food, must serve for the stables ; and the first, that is
leaves, and Cornstalks is all that can be applied to the pens. To
do this work effectually, let the cornstalks be cut down by a few
careful people with sharp hoes, so low as never to be in the way
of scythes at harvest ; and, whenever the wheat will admit carts
to run on it without injury, let them be brought off and stacked
near the farm pens. In like manner, let the people, with their
blankets, go every evening, or as often as occasion may require,
to the nearest wood, and fill them with leaves for the purposes
above mentioned ; bottoming the beds with cornstalks, and cov-
ering them thick with leaves. A measure of this sort will be, if
strictly attended to, and punctually performed, of great utility in
every point of view. It will save food, make the cattle lay warm
and comfortable, and produce much manure. The hogs also in
pens must be well bedded in leaves.

FENCING.

As stock of no kind, according to this plan, will be suffered to
run on the arable field or clover lots, (except sheep in the day
on the Rye field, as has been mentioned before,) partition fences
between the fields, until they can be raised of quicks, may be
dispen'd with. But it is of great importance, that all the exterior
or outer fences should be substantially good ; and those also,
wch. divide the common or woodland pasture from the fields and
clover Lots, are to be very respectable.

To accomplish this desirable object in as short a time as pos-
sible, and with the smallest expense of timber, the post-and-rail
fence which runs from the negro quarters, or rather from the
corner of the lot enclosing them, up to the division between fields
Nos. 7 and 8, may be placed on the bank (which must be raised
higher) that runs from thence (where it was burnt) to the Creek.
In like manner, the fence from the gate, which opens into No. 2,
quite down to the River, along the Cedar Hedge-row, as also

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 227

those rails which are between No. i and 2, and between No. 2
and 3, may all be taken away, and applied to the outer fences,
and the fences of the lanes from the Barn into the Woodland
Pasture, and from the former (the barn) into No. 5 ; for the fences
of all these lanes must be good, as the stock must have a free
and uninterrupted passage along them at all times, from the
barn-yard to the woodland pasture.

One of the gates near the Fodder house may be moved up to
the range of the lane, by the gate, near that which leads into
field No. 2 ; and the other may be placed at the other end of the
lane, by the negroe quarters : — and so long as Mr. Mason's old
field remains uninclosed the other gate in the Field No. 8 wd.
stand better in the Fence which runs from the division between
fields No. 7 and 8 to the creek than where it now is.

All the feng. from the last-mentioned place, (between me and
Mr. Mason,) until it joins Mr. Lear's Farm, and thence with the
line between him and me, until it comes to the river, will require
to be substantially good ; at its termination on the river, depen-
dence must be placed in a water fence ; for if made of common
Rails, they would be carried off by boatmen for firewood. The
fences separating fields No i and No 8 from the woodland pas-
ture must also be made good, to prevent depredations on the
fields by my own stock.

CROPS, &C. FOR 1801.

No 5 is to be in Corn, and to be invariably in that article. It
is to be planted (if drills are thought to be ineligible until the
ground is much improved) in Rows 6 feet by 4, or 7 feet by j,\,
the wide part open to the south. These fields are to be manured
as highly as the means will admit ; and the corn planted every
year in the middle of the rows of the preceding year ; by doing
which, and mixing the manure and Earth by the plough and
other workings, the whole in time will be enriched.

The washed and gullied parts of this field should be levelled,
and as much improved as possible, or left uncultivated. Although
it is more broken than some of the other fields, it has its advan-
tages, ist. It has several Inlets extending into it, with easy assents
therefrom ; 2d, it is convenient to the mud in the bed of the

228 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

creek, whensoever (by means of the scow) resort is had thereto,
and good landing-places ; and, thirdly, it is as near to the Barn
as any other, when a bridge and causeway is made over the Spring
Branch. To these may be added, that it is more remote from
Squirrels than any other.

No. 6 and 7, or such part thereof as is not so much washed and
gullied, as to render ploughing ineligible, are to be fallowed for
wheat. One of which, if both cannot, is to have the stubble
ploughed in and sown with rye, and the low and strong parts to
have timothy or orchard grass seeds, perhaps both, in different
places, sprinkled over them, for the purpose of raising seed. On.
the rye pasture the sheep are to be fed in winter and spring, and
treated in all respects as directed in the case of No. 3 in 1800.

IN THE YEARS l8o2, 1803, AND SO ON.

The corn ground remaining the same, two fields, in following
numbers, will be fallowed for wheat, and treated in all respects
as mentioned above ; and if Pumpkins, cymlins, turnips, pease,
and such like growths, are found beneficial to the land, or useful
and profitable for stock, ground may readily be found for them.

These are the great outlines of a Plan, and the operations of it,
for the next year, and for years to come for River Farm. The
necessary arrangements and all the preparatory measures for
carrying it into effect ought to be adopted without delay, and
invariably pursued. Smaller matters may, and undoubtedly will,
occur occasionally ; but none, it is presumed, that can militate
against it materially. To carry it into effect advantageously, it
becomes the indispensable duty of him, who is employed to over-
look and conduct the operations, to take a prospective and com-
prehensive view of the whole business, which is laid before him,,
that the several parts thereof may be so ordered and arranged,
as that one sort of work may follow another sort in proper suc-
cession, and without loss of labour or of time ; for nothing is a
greater waste of the latter, and consequently of the former, (time
producing labour, and labour money,) than shifting from one
thing to another before it is finished, as if chance or the impulse
of the moment, not judgmt. and foresight, directed the measure.
It will be acknowledged, that weather and other circumstances

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 229

may at times interrupt a regular course of proceedings ; but, if
a plan is well digested beforehand, they cannot interfere long,
with a man who is acquainted with the nature of the business,
and the crops he is to attend to.

Every attentive and discerning person, who has the whole
business of the year laid before him, and is acquainted with
the nature of the work, can be at no loss to lay it out to ad-
vantage. He will know that there are many things wch.
can be accomplished in winter as well as in summer — Others,
that Spring, Summer and Autumn are fit for. In a word,
to use the wise man's saying " That there is a time and a season
for all things, and that unless they are embraced, nothing will
thrive ; or go on smoothly. There are many sorts of in-doors
work, which can be executed in Hail, Rain, or Snow, as well as
in sunshine ; and if they are set about in fair weather (unless
there be a necessity for it), there will be nothing to do in foul
weather ; the people therefore must be idle. The man of pru-
dence and foresight will always keep these things in view, and
order his work accordingly, so as to suffer no waste of time, or
idleness. The same observations apply with equal force to
frozen ground, and grounds too wet to work in, or if worked,
will be injured thereby.

These observations might be spun to a greater length, but they
are sufficient to produce reflection ; and reflection, with Industry
and proper attention, will produce the end that is to be wished.

There is one thing, however, I cannot forbear to add, and in
strong terms ; it is, that whenever I order a thing to be done, it
must be done, or a reason given at the time, or as soon as the
impracticability is discovered, why it cannot be done, which will
produce a countermand or change. But it is not for the person
receiving the order to suspend, or dispense with, its execution ;
and, after it has been supposed to have gone into effect, for me
to be told, that nothing has been done in it, that it will be done,
or that it could not be done ; either of these is unpleasant and
disagreeable to me, having been accustomed all my life to more
regularity and punctuality. And know that nothing but system
and method is required to accomplish all reasonable requests.

Mount Vernon, December loth, 1799.

230

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

UNION FARM
CROPS FOR AND OPERATIONS THEREON, IN 1800.

Field No i Is now sown with wheat, to be harvested in 1800.
— the stubble of which is to be immediately ploughed in, and rye
sowed thereon for a sheep pasture. Grass-seeds must be sown
therewith, on such parts as will yield grass for seed, to supply my
own wants, and the market, so far as it can be spared. This
field, after the rye has been eaten off by the sheep, is to be
reined from stock of all kinds, and nothing suffered to run
thereon, until it comes, in course, to be cultivated, in the regular
routine of crops.

No 2 Will be in corn, and, although but an indifferent field,
washed in some places, gullied in others, and rich in none, is, all
things considered, best to be appropriated constantly for this
crop, ist, and primarily, because it is most contiguous to the
barn, and the corn therein more easily secured and attended to.
2ndly, because it is as handy to the mud from thepocoson and the
bed of the creek as any other, to mix in a compost, and more
convenient to the manure from the farm-yard and stables.
3dly, because it is entirely out of the reach of squirrels. And,
4thly, because it is hoped and expected, from the manner of treat-
ing it, that it will be so much amended as to become more and
more productive every year, and the impoverished places, if not
restored to some degree of fertility, prevented from getting worse,
and becoming such eye-sores as they now are.

The corn will be planted in rows, 6 feet by 4, or 7 by 3^- ; the
wide part open to the south. And must be as highly manured in
the hill as the means on the farm (respect being had to other
species of crops) will admit. The rows of the succeeding year
will be in the middle of the last, and alternately shifted ; by
which, and the workings the field will yearly receive, the whole
will be enriched, and, it is hoped, restored.

No 3 As No 2 is to be appropriated as a standing field for
corn, and of course cannot be sown with wheat in the autumn
of 1800, this field, that is. No 3, ought, if it be practicable, to be
fallowed, and sown with that article ; otherwise the farm will pro-
duce no wheat the following year, and the stock must suffer for

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 231

want of the straw ; and is to be treated in every respect as has
been directed for No i, that is, the stubble to be ploughed in
immediately after harvest, and rye sowed thereon, with grass-
seeds where the soil is strong enough to rear them, for the
purpose of producing seed again.

No 4 The part thereof which lyes No. Et. of the meadow, (com-
monly called Manley's Field,) is to remain wtf// enclosed, and no
stock suffered to run thereon until it comes in rotation to be
fallowed for wheat in 1801. The other part of the same No 4 is
to be equally well enclosed, and reined up from stock ; and, ex-
cept the part along Muddy-Hole Branch (that is to be added to
No. 5, in order to supply the deficiency occasioned by taking clover
lot No. 2 from it), is to be planted with Peach trees, at i6J-
asunder, except so much of it as lays flat, by the gate on the Mill
road, which, if properly prepared, it is supposed would bring
grass, and on that account is to be planted at double that distance,
viz., at 33 feet apart. What is here meant by enclosing this part
of No. 4 well, is, that the outer fence shall be secure, for it will
remain as now undivided from No. 3, otherwise than by the
Branch.

No 5 Is also to be kept from stock ; and, when it comes in
course to be fallowed for wheat, is to have the addition above
mentioned, (along the Branch,) added thereto, and sown in this
article.

No 6 Will receive such an addition to its size from No. 7, as
will make it, exclusive of the lot for clover, lucerne, &c., of equal
size thereto. Part of this field is now sown with, and will be in
wheat in 1800. Part will be in oats, particularly where the pease
grew ; and all that part of it, and No. 7 also, which lyes low, from
the meadow fence by the overseer's house, quite up to the head
springs of the Branch, (reclaimed in the spring,) is to be planted
with rare-ripe corn ; and in the fall to be treated in every respect
as the great meadow at this Farm (but at an earlier period) has
been this year. For, although I am not sanguine enough to ex-
pect, that it will make good mowing meadow, I shall be much
disappointed if it does not produce grass, yielding a good deal of
seed, which, until the fields come into cultivation, in regular rota-
tion, and afterwards, if it answer expectation, will be an annual

232 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

profit without any other labour than gathering of it. The other
part of No. 6, which will be taken from No. 7, laying south of
this low ground between it and No. i, might, if it does not involve
too much ploughing, be put in corn also ; but this is a measure,
which will require consideration, and probably must depend upon
circumstances. The poor and washed parts of No. 6 must remain
uncultivated ; but ought, [if] it be practicable, to be levelled,
Harrowed, and trash of some kind to be thrown thereon, as
will keep them from growing worse.

No. 7 Some part of this field may be sown with Buckwheat,
in no great quantity, and a part may be planted with the Yate-
man pease, in hills, both for a crop ; some of the other kind of
pease may be sown broad-cast, and mowed at a proper season
for the stock. The rest of the ground, by laying uncultivated,
and nothing running thereon, will be increasing in strength
while idle.

CLOVER LOTS.

No I Next the overseer's house, same side of the lane, (except-
ing the ground now in and designed for lucerne, south of the
slash by the Barn, and two acres where the turnips grew, or at
the other end for experiments) is to be in oats, and to be sown
with clover seed.

No 2 Opposite thereto, and at present part of No. 5, is to be
well manured and planted with potatoes ; whether in Hills, or
Drills, may be considered.

No 3 May receive pumpkins, cymlins, turnips, and melons,
there being no sown grass remaining on it ; and the manure for,
and shade occasioned by, these vines, together with the working
the lot will get, will be of service instead of a detriment to the
potato crop wch. will follow.

No 4 Is to remain in clover, until, by rotation, it comes into
potatoes again.

THE ROTATION FOR THESE LOTS

Are uniformly to be, ist. Potatoes, highly manured ; 2d. Oats,
and Clover sown therewith ; 3d. clover ; 4th. Clover. Then to
begin again with Potatoes, and proceed as before.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 233

The present clover lots must be plastered.

All green sward, rough ground, or that which is heavily cov-
ered with weeds, bottle-brush grass, and such things as by being
turned in will ferment, putrefy, and ameliorate the soil, should
be ploughed in autumn, and at such time in winter as can be
done while the ground is dry and in condition for working.

PASTURE-GROUND.

As stock of all sorts, except sheep upon the rye, are to be ex-
cluded from the arable fields and clover lots, resort must be had
to the woodland and unreclaimed swamps therein for Pasture for
them ; (the Lane up to the Barn will serve for calves) and this will
be provided by a fence extending from the So. west corner of
Muddy-Hole field (No. 2,) to the So. Et. corner of Dogue-run
field (No. 4,) leaving all South of it for this Farm ; as the north
part will be for Muddy-Hole Farm ; and, as it will be for the
mutual benefit of both Farms, the fence must be erected at the
joint expense of both.

FENCING.

The one just mentioned must be completed in the course of
the winter ; and every possible exertion to strengthen, and render
substantially good, the whole of the exterior or outer fence of the
Farm. To do which, and to avoid all unnecessary consumption
of timber, the partition fence between the fields No. 6 and No. 7,
as it now stands, quite up to the woods, and thence to the fence
leading from the Ferry to the Mill road (from the Mansion-
House,) may be taken away and applied to that fence, and to the
trunnel-fence on the Mill road, where they unite, until it comes
to the meadow fence at the bridge ; leaving the fields No. 6 and
No. 7, and the woodland adjoining, under one enclosure. In
like manner, the fences dividing No i from 2, and No. 2 from
3, may be used for a fence around the creek, until it unites with
that opposite to the Mill house ; without which neither of those
fields will be secure, as hogs have been taught, or of themselves
have learnt, to cross the creek in pursuit of food ; and for
strengthening effectually the fence from the plank bridge by the
Barn lane to the Branch opposite to the Mill house, new rails must

234 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

be got in the nearest wood between the Mill road and the road
leading to the Gum Spring.

The West Fence of No. 5 must, next year, or as soon as it can
be accomplished, be removed across the Branch, and placed in a
line with the new ditch fence of the lower meadow, until it comes
in range with the south line of the said field ; and, until a fence
is run from the end thereof to the nearest part of the outer fence
opposite to the Mill, and a second gate established thereat, or
that that intercourse between the Barn and the Mill is effectually-
barred, (which would be the cheapest and by odds the most con-
venient mode,) there would be no security for any Crop growing
in fields Nos. i, 2, and 3, as the leaving the gate by the Mill run
open only five minutes might deluge the whole with the hogs at
that place ; and they might be in there a night or two, perhaps
more, before they were discovered, and do irreparable damage.
Indeed, the latter mode has so much the advantage of the former,
especially as my intercourse with the Mill will in a great measure
cease, that I see no cause to hestitate a moment in adopting it ;
and, to prevent opening the fence where the gate now is, a deep
ditch and high bank would be necessary, from a distance below
to the foot of the hill above, (if not quite up to the meadow).
One among other advantages resulting from this measure would
be, that the west and even south fence of No. 5 might, if occasion
required it, be applied, instead of new rails, in making the fence
from the meadow towards the Mill, and around the creek, more
substantial ; for it must be repeated again, that, as there will be
few or no inner fences, the outer ones must be unassailable to
the most vicious stock.

The fences that are already around the meadows may remain,
but there is no occasion for their being formidable. To guard
them against hogs, if any should by chance get through the outer
fence, is all that would be necessary.

MEADOWS.

The large meadow below the Barn lane, and half of that above
the lane, have had every thing done for them that is requisite,
except manuring when necessary and the means are to be had.
The remaining part of the last-mentioned meadow above must

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 235

receive a complete summer fallow, to cleanse it of rubbish of all
sorts, and be sown in proper season with timothy, with a protect-
ing crop of rye for soiling the working mules, etc., in the spring.
Although I may find myself mistaken, I am inclined to put the
other prong of this swamp, running through No. 6 and heading
in No. 7, into meadow ; and I have for this reason directed
already the mode to be pursued for accomplishing it. Next to
this, let as much of the inlet in No. 2 as can be laid dry enough
for corn, be planted therewith, in order to eradicate the wild
growth. When this is effected, lay it to grass. As the fields
come round, the unreclaimed Inlets may be prepared for Grass,
if circumstances and the force of the Farm will admit of it. Of
these there is one, besides a swamp in No. 3, which is susceptible
of being converted into good grass ground ; and the flat and low
ground (in West) No. 4, it is presumed, wd. bring grass also.
Whether the part proposed to be added to field No. 5 had better
be retained for arable uses, or laid to meadow, can be determined
better after it is cleared, and cleansed of the wild growth, than,
now. But the Inlets at the Ferry, between the dwelling, and
Fish houses, might, by a small change of the fence from the gate
of No. I, be thrown into that field and brought into excellent
meadow at very little expense, whensoever time and labor can be
afforded for this purpose. To dwell on the advantages of meadow
would be a mere waste of time, as the produce is always in demand
in the market and for my purposes, and obtained at no other
expense, than that of cutting the grass and making it into hay.

CROPS, &C. FOR 1 80 1.

No 3 Being the field appropriated for Corn, will be planted
with this article accordingly, as already directed for 1800. The
poor and washed parts continuing to receive all the aids that can
be given to them.

No 3 Supposing it to have been fallowed and sown the year
before, will this year produce a crop of wheat, the stubble of which,
immediately after harvest, is to be turned in, sown with rye for
the benefit of sheep in the day, during winter and spring, but to
be housed at night. All the low and rich spots, capable of pro-
ducing grass, must be sown with Timothy or orchard-grass seeds,

236 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

for the purpose of supplying seeds again ; and a part of the field
may be reserved for a rye crop, or the sheep taken off early
enough for the whole to yield enough of this grain to pay for the
harvesting of it.

No 4 and 5 That part of No. 4, which lays next to the Mill, is,
as has been directed already, to be planted with peach trees ; the
other part, called Manley's Field, with all that can be added to
it, not exceeding 40 acres, of woodland adjoining No. 6, and the
upper meadow below the plank bridge, is to be fallowed for
wheat, as No. 5 also is to be, with the addition at the west end
taken from No. 4 ; and both of them, if it can be accomplished,
but one certainly, must have the stubble, when the wheat comes
off, sowed with Rye (for the sheep), and with grass-seeds upon
low and Rich places, for the purpose of raising seed, and to be
treated in all other respects as has been directed for number 3.

The reason for preferring an addition to No. 4 from the woods
East of the meadow, (although the land is of inferior quality), is,
because it requires no additional fencing, for the same fence that
encloses Nos. 6 and 7 encompasses this also ; because it will be
more convenient for supplying the Mansion with fire-wood ; and
because it will give a better form and appearance to the Farm, than
■ breaking into the woodland on the north side of the Mill Road.

CROPS FOR 1802, 1803, AND SO ON.

The Corn ground remaining the same always, two fields, in
following numbers, will every year be fallowed for wheat, and
treated in all respects as hath been mentioned before. And,
if pumpkins, cymlins, turnips, and such like growths are found
beneficial to the land, or useful and profitable for stock, places
enough may be found to raise them in.

All unnecessary wood is to be cut down, and removed from
the fields, as they are cultivated in Rotation.

MUD AND RICH EARTH FOR COMPOST,

PENNING CATTLE AND FOLDING SHEEP,

FEEDING, STABLES AND FARM PENS,

are all to be managed precisely as is directed for River Farm.

'799]

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

237

ROTATIONS OF CROPS FOR DOGUE RUN.

Rotation No. I.

No. of

the
Fields.

1793-

1794-

1795-

1796.

1797-

1798.

1799-

3

Com and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover or
Crass.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

4

Clover or
Grass.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

5

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Corn or
Potatoes.

Bwheatfor
Manure.

Wheat.

Wheat.

Clover or
Grass.

6

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

7

Wheat.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Corn or
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheatfor
Manure.

I

Bwheatfor

Manure.

Wheat.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

2

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover or
Grass.

Clover or
Grass.

Com and
Potatoes.

Nutnber of pioug kings ^ the tz7nes at wkick they mztst be given^ and the days it ivill take.

Acres.
No. 3. 75 Com and Pots.
Breaking up
Layg off, & listing
Crossing for plantg
Ploughing balks .
Crossing them .

^
fe

y

s

<

u

s

3

<

k

13
0

100

100

60

60

10

10

70

70
70
70

70

70

Sowing Wheat .
4

75

—

75

6

I. 75 B. wheat for mane.
Breaking up
Crossing for sowg
Ploughing in . .

2 75 Wheat. Corn grd

7 75 Do. or B wheat,

525

100

100

100

100

....

100

100

175

100

200

. . < •

60

no

70

170

70

855

Probable Yield.
No. 3. 75 in Com, a. 12J bushls 937^ bushls. a. 2/6

& Potatoes, 12^ 937i i

2, 7. 150 Wheat, 10 1500 5

I. 75 B. wht for mane.

4, 5, 6. 225 Clover or Grass.

525

3375

£,^\^ 3 J. 9</.
46 17 6

375

;^539 IS. ■jd.

Remarks.— The above rotation favors the land very much ; inasmuch as there are but ihree corn
crops taken in seven years from any field, and the first wheat croi) is fo lowed by a buckwheat manure
for the second wheat crop, wch is to succeed it, and which, by being laid to clover or Grass and con-
tinued therein three years, will afford much mowing or Grazing, according as the seasons happen to
te, besides being a restora ive to the soil. But, then, the produce of the salable crops is small unless-
increased by th? improving state of the fields. Nor will the Grain for the use of the i^arm b= ='d'q""<>
to the consumption of it in this course, and this is an essential to attend to-and quere-whether the
clover does not remain too long.

238

THE WRITINGS OF

[1799

Rotation No

2. Same place.

No. of

the
Fields.

1793-

1794.

1795-

1796.

1797-

1798.

1799-

3

Corn and
Potatoes.

Bwheat.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover.

Wheat.

Clover.

4

Clover.

Bwheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover.

Wheat.

5

Pasture.

Pasture.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Bwheat.

Bwheatfor
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover.

6

Pasture.

Wheat.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Bwheat.

Bwheatfor
Manure.

Wheat.

7

Wheat.

Clover.

Wheat.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Bwheat.

Bwheatfor
Manure.

I

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover.

Wheat.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Bwheat.

2

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

Clover.

Wheat.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Ploughings, &'c

.,fof

the above Crop

f.

Acrs.

100

1

&■

s

a

<

0

No. 3. 75 in Corn and Pota- )
toes, same as No. 1. )

^ !• 150 Clover

I. 75 B. wheat Crop .
Breaking up .
2d ploughing,

60

10

70

70

70

75

....

455

100

100
100

100

2. 75 Wheat. Corn grd

. . . .

7- 75 Do. or BW.

Breaking up .

100

100
100

Crossg and sawing

100

Ploughing in BW.
Sowing wheat

100

100

....

75 Buckwht for m, )
as above, )

200

t6o

525

no

70

270

70

175

1055

Probable Yield.

No. 3.
4.

75 in Corn,
and Potatoes,

Bushls. Bushels.
"J 937i a.
14 937^

2J. td.

I

;^1I7 3s.
46 17

9d.
6

5.
6.
2,

• 225 Clover and Grass.

7. 150 Wheat,

75 Suppd in B wheat,

525

10 1500
12 900

4275

'.'/.

375 0
75 0

0
0

;^6i4 is.

3<i'.

dUte succession. Whe J, in one instance, fonows"^ a^lovfr'la; on f , ^1, ^U ^i°^^ '°'[°"' '" '"""«-
this, tho well ascertained in England, may not answer so wifl'^ln^ur^ Hloughing ; the success of

the exhausted state of them, require' mor^'e manure ha„ "h" Farm can aff7rra„T„u"/s'"'*'' *'■'"»
very precarious. ™ '^"" anora, and our Seasons are

1799]

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

239

Rotation No

3. Same place.

No. of

the
Fields.

1793-

1794-

1795.

1796.

1797-

1798.

1799.

3

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

B.Wheat.

Clover or
othr. grass.

Clover or
othr.grass.

4

Clover or

other
grasses.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

B.Wheat.

Clover or
othr.grass.

5

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat fo"^
Manure.

Wheat.

B.Wheat.

6

B.Wheat.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Com and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

7

Wheat.

B.Wheat.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

Bwheat for
Manure.

I

Bwheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

B.Wheat.

Clover Or

other
Grasses.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

2

Wheat.

Buck-
wheat for
Manure.

Wheat.

B.Wheat.

Clover or
other

Grasses.

Clover or

other
Grasses.

Com and
Potatoes.

Ploughings, &"<

.for

the above

Crops

Acrs.
No. 3. 75 Com as before and P

^" >• 150 Clover or etc

6. 75 B wheat.

2d Ploughing

1. 75 B.wht mane.

1st Ploughing
2d do. & Sowg.
3 — do. Plowg. in
4. do. Sowg.wht.

7. 75 Wheat, sown as above

2. 75 " with com

13

c

g

<

rt

s
1— >

"3
1—.

1

U

1

100

60

10

70

70

70

75

455

100

IOC

200

100

100

200

100

....

100

525

100

....

60

no

170

170

170

175

955

Probable

Yield.

No. 3. 75 as.

4. 5- 150
6. 75
I. 75

in Com, a. 12J bushls.
Potatoes, I2|
Clovr. or Grass
B.Wheat 12

" Wht. mane.

9374
937i

900

bushls. a. 2/ td.

I

1/8

;^II7 3-S-.
46 17

75 0

9</.
6

0

7:h^°

Wheat 10

1500
4275

5/

375 0

0

525

^614 - I -

3-

Remarks. — The above Rotation in point of produce and profit is precisely the same as No. 2, but
differs in the succession of crops. It requires about the same plowings and these plowings are pretty-
regularly distributed through the Spring and Summer months. The Wheat field which follows the
B.Wheat manure might have the stubble turned in immediately after harvest for manure and for
>Green food (proceeding from the shattered grain) for sheep, Calves, &c— in the Winter and Spring. —

240

THE WRITINGS OF

[i799'

Rotation No

4. Same place.

No. of

the
Fields.

1793.

1794.

1795-

1796.

1797.

1798.

1799-

3

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Wheat.

B. Wheat.

Clover.

4

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Wheat.

B.Wheat..

5

B.Wht.

Clover.

Com and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Wheat.

6

Clover.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

B.Wht.

Clover.

7

Wheat.

Clover.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

B.Wheat..

I

B.Wht.

Wheat.

Clover.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Com and
Potatoes.

Wheat.

2

Wheat.

B.Wht.

Wheat.

Clover.

B.Wht.

Clover.

Corn and
Potatoes.

Ploughings, Sfc

.for

the above Crops.

Acs.
No. 3. 75 for Com and Potatoes

^' |- 150 Clover

5. \ 150 B.-Wheat-Breakg.
I. J Sowing

150 Wheat — one field
7. 1 follows Corn

t

n
^

u

rt

i

1—.

s

<

1

3
e2

100

60

10
100

70

100

70

70

75

455-

100

100

100

....

2. The other — Clover.
I. plowing.

100

60

no

170

170

170

175

955-

Probable Yield.

Acres.
No. 3. 75 in Com,
Same in

a.
Potatoes,

Bushels.
12^
12^

Bushels.

937s a.
937j

2S.

I

6d.

£117 3s.
46 17

6

4-
6.

- 150 Clover

5.
I.

150 B.Wheat

12

1800

1/8

150 0

0

7-
2.

- 150 Wheat

10

1500
5127

5/

375 0

0

525

;^689 - I

3-

Remarks.— This Rotation, for quantity of Grain and the profit arising from it is more productive
than either of the preceding, and with no more plowing, excepting No. i. No field gives more than,
three Corn crops in 7 years except the Crop of B.Wht.— The last of wch with the Indian Corn will be
more than adequate for all the demands of the Farm.- The Cover is to be sown with the B W in July

and by being only one year in the grd. may be too expensive on acct. of the C nor will the fields

in this course receive any great manure.— And the advantages of sowing wheat on a Clover lav in this-
^ wu""^. c."°i,VY'^ ascertained- Again, preparg. 2 fields for B.Wht. may in practice be found difficult.
— Wheat Stubble may be placed in here for Green food. >•>.">.».•.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 241

TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
_ Mount Vernon, 12 December, 1799.

I have duly received your letter of the 28th ultimo,
enclosing a copy of what you had written to the
Secretary of War, on the subject of a Military
Academy.

The establishment of an Institution of this kind,
upon a respectable and extensive Basis, has ever been
considered by me as an object of primary importance
to this Country; and while I was in the Chair of
Government, I omitted no proper opportunity of rec-
ommending it, in my public speeches and other ways,
to the attention of the Legislature. But I never
undertook to go into a detail of the Organization of
such an Academy ; leaving this task to others whose
pursuits in the paths of Science, and attention to the
arrangements of such Institutions, had better qualified
them for the execution of it. For the same reason
I must now decline making any observations on the
details of your plan ; and as it has already been sub-
mitted to the Secretary of War, through whom it
would naturally be laid before Congress, it might be
too late for alterations if any should be suggested.

I sincerely hope that the subject will meet with
due attention, and that the reasons for its establish-
ment which you have so clearly pointed out in your
letter to the Secretary, will prevail upon the Legisla-
ture to place it upon a permanent and respectable
footing.

With very great esteem & regard, I am, &c.

16

242 GEORGE WASHINGTON. [1799

EXTRACT FROM A DIARY.
DECEMBER, 1799-

7th. Rainy morning, with the wind at north ; mercury at 37.
Afternoon, clear and pleasant ; wind westerly. Mercury 41 at
night. Dined at Lord Fairfax's.

8th. Morning perfectly clear, calm, and pleasant ; but about
nine o'clock the wind came from the northwest and blew frost.
Mercury 38 in the morning, and 40 at night.

9th. Morning clear and pleasant, with a light wind from north-
west. Mercury at 33. Pleasant all day ; afternoon calm.
Mercury 39 at night. Mr. Howell Lewis and wife set off on
their return home after breakfast ; and Mr. Lawrence Lewis
and Washington Custis, on a journey to New Kent.

loth. Morning clear and calm ; mercury at 31. Afternoon
lowering ; mercury at 42, and wind brisk from the southward.
A very large hoar-frost this morning.

nth. But little wind, and raining. Mercury 44 in the morning,
and 38 at night. About nine o'clock the wind shifted to the
northwest, and it ceased raining, but continued cloudy. Lord
Fairfax, his son Thomas, and daughters, Mrs. Warner Wash-
ington and son Whiting, and Mr. John Herbert, dined here
and returned after dinner.

12th. Morning cloudy; wind at northeast; mercury 33. A
large circle round the moon last night. About one o'clock
it began to snow ; soon after, to hail, and then turned to a
settled cold rain. Mercury 28 at night.

13th. Morning snowing, and about three inches deep. Wind
at northeast, and mercury at 30. Continued snowing till one
o'clock, and about four it became perfectly clear. Wind in
the same same place, but not hard. Mercury 28 at night.'

' On the evening of this day Washington was attacked by the disorder of
which he died.

LAST ILLNESS AND DEATH.

LAST ILLNESS AND DEATH/

[Mount Vernon, Saturday, December I4tli, 1799.
This day being marked by an event, which will be memorable
in the history of America, and perhaps of the world, I shall give a
particular statement of it, to which I was an eye witness.]

On Thursday Dec. 12 the General rode out to his farms about
ten o'clock, and did not return home till past 3 o'clk. Soon after
he went out, the weather became very bad, rain hail and snow
falling alternately, with a cold wind. — When he came in I carried
some letters to him, to frank, intending to send them to the Post
Office in the evening. — He franked the letters ; but said the
weather was too bad to send a servant up to the office that evening.
— I observed to him that I was afraid he had got wet, he said no,
his great coat had kept him dry ; but his neck appeared to be
wet, and the snow was hanging on his hair. — He came to dinner
[(which had been waiting for him)] without changing his dress.
In the Evening he appeared as well as usual.

• Two versions of Tobias Lear's account of the last illness and death of
Washington have passed under my notice. The one, printed by Mr. Sparks,
was " transcribed from Mr. Lear's original manuscript." This manuscript ap-
pears to be lost, and was probably in the hands of Mrs. Lear when Sparks had
access to it. What has become of the Lear papers I have been unable to
learn. Richard Rush made some extracts from Washington's letters to Lear,
and printed them in Washington in Domestic Life, Philadelphia, 1857 ; but
in so scrappy a fashion as to make them of little value. The second version
of Lear's account is a manuscript now in the possession of Mr. William F.
Havemeyer, of New York, whose Washington manuscripts are as valuable in
content as they are extensive in number. It was sent by T. Law (who mar-
ried a granddaughter of Mrs. Washington) to Mrs. Barry of Baltimore. I have
taken this latter version as the basis of the text, and inserted in brackets the
additional sentences contained in Sparks' printing of the Lear manuscript.

245

246 THE WRITINGS OF [i79?

A heavy fall of snow took place on Friday, which prevented
the General from riding out as usual— He had taken cold (un-
doubtedly from being so much exposed the day before) and com-
plained of having a sore throat— [He, however, went out in the
afternoon into the ground between the house and the river to
mark some trees, which were to be cut down in the improvement
of that spot.] he had a hoarseness, which increased in the even-
ing ; but he made light of it, as he would never take anything to
carry off a cold, always observing, " let it go as it came." — In the
evening the papers having come from the post oifice, he sat in the
room [parlour], with Mrs. Washington and myself, reading them,
till about nine o'clock, [when Mrs. Washington went up into Mrs.
Lewis's room, who was confined, and left the General and myself
reading the papers. He was very cheerful ;] and, when he met
with anything which he thought diverting or interesting, he would
read it aloud [as well as his hoarseness would permit]. — He de-
sired me to read to him the debates of the Virginia Assembly, on
the election of a Senator and Governor ; which I did. — [and, on
hearing Mr. Madison's observations respecting Mr. Monroe, he
appeared much affected, and spoke with some degree of asperity
on the subject, which I endeavored to moderate, as I always did
on such occasions.] On his retiring to bed, he appeared to be in
perfect health, excepting the cold before mentioned, which he
considered as trifling, and had been remarkably cheerful all the
evening.'

About [Between] 2 or 3 o'clk on Saturday morning he awoke
Mrs. Washington & told her he was very unwell, and had had an
ague. She observed that he could scarcely speak, and breathed
with difficulty — and would have got up to call a servant ; but he
would not permit her lest she should take cold. — As soon as the
day appeared, the woman (Caroline) went into the room to make
a fire — [and Mrs. Washington sent her immediately to call me] & he
desired that Mr. Rawlins, one of the overseers who was used to
bleeding the people, might be sent for to bleed him before the

' The Sparks version is different : " On his retiring I observed to him, that
he had better take something to remove his cold. He answered : ' No ; you
know I never take anything for a cold. Let it go as it came.' "

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 247

Doctor could arrive — And the woman (Caroline) came to my
room requesting I might go to the General, who was very ill. — I
got up, put on my clothes as quick as possible, and went to his
chamber. — Mrs. Washington was then up, and related to me his
being taken ill about 2 or 3 o'clk, as before stated. — I found him
breathing with difficulty — and hardly able to utter a word intelli-
gibly.— I went out instantly — and wrote a line to Dr. Craik, which
I sent off by my servant, ordering him to go with all the swiftness
his horse could carry him, — and immediately returned to the
General's chamber, where I found him in the same situation I had
left him. A mixture of Molasses, Vinegar & butter was prepared,
to try its effect in the throat ; but he could not swallow a drop,
whenever he attempted it he appeared to be distressed, convulsed,
and almost suffocated. — Mr. Rawlins came in soon after sun rise
— and prepared to bleed him. When the Arm was ready — the
General, observing that Rawlins appeared to be agitated, said, as
well as he could speak, " don't be afraid" and after the incision
was made, he observed, " the orifice is not large enough." How-
ever, the blood ran pretty freely. — Mrs. Washington, not knowing
whether bleeding was proper or not in the General's situation,
beg'd that much might not be taken from him, lest it should be inju-
rious, and desired me to stop it ; but when I was about to untie
the string, the general put up his hand to prevent it, and as soon
as he could speak, he said "more" [more]. — Mrs. W. being still
[very] uneasy lest too much blood should be taken, it was stop'd
after about half a pint was taken from him. — Finding that no-
relief was obtained from bleeding, and that nothing would go
down the throat, I proposed bathing the throat externally with
salvolitillata, which was done, and in the operation, which was
with the hand, and in the gentlest manner, he observed " 'tis very
sore." A piece of flannel [dipped in sal volatile] was then put
round his neck. His feet were also soaked [bathed] in warm
water.— This, however, gave no relief.— In the meantime, before
Dr. Craik arrived, Mrs. Washington requested me to send for
Doct. Brown of Port Tobacco,' whom Dr. Craik had recommended
to be called, if any case should ever occur that was seriously

' Dr. Gustavus Richard Brown. SeeHayden, Virginia Genealogies, 172.

248 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

alarming. I despatched a Messenger (Cyrus) to Dr. Brown imme-
diately (about [between eight and] nine o'clk)— Doctor Craik came
in soon after, and after examining the General he put a blister of
Cantharides on the throat & took [some] more blood from him, and
had some Vinegar & hot water put into a Teapot, for the General to
draw in the steam from the nozel — which he did, as well as he
was able. — He also ordered sage tea and Vinegar to be mixed for
a Gargle. — This the General used as often as desired ; but when
he held back his head to let it run down, it put him into great dis-
tress and almost produced suffocation. When the mixture came
out of his mouth some phlegm followed it, and he would attempt
to cough, which the Doctor encouraged him to do as much as he
could ; but without effect, he could only make the attempt. —
About eleven o'clock Dr. Dick' was sent for. [Dr. Craik requested
that Dr. Dick might be sent for, as he feared Dr. Brown would not
come in time. A messenger was accordingly despatched for him.]
— Dr. Craik bled the General again about this time. — No effect
however was produced by it, and he continued in the same state,
unable to swallow anything. — Dr. Dick came in about 3 o'clk, and
Dr. Brown arrived soon after. — Upon Dr. Dick's seeing the Genl. &
consulting a few minutes with Dr. Craik he was bled again, the
blood ran [very] slowly — appeared very thick, and did not pro-
duce any symptoms of fainting. — Dr. Brown came into the cham-
ber room soon after, and upon feeling the General's pulse &c.,
the Physicians went out together. — Dr. Craik soon after returned.
— The General could now swallow a little — (about 4 o'clk) Calo-
mel & tartar em. were administered ; but without any effect —
About half past 4 o'clock, he desired me to ask Mrs. Washington
to come to his bedside — when he requested her to go down into
his room & take from his desk two wills which she would find
there, and bring them to him, which she did. — Upon looking at
them he gave her [one], which he observed was useless, as it was
superceeded by the other, and desired her to burn it, which she
did, and then took the other & put it away [into her closet]. —
After this was done, I returned again to his bed side and took
his hand. He said to me,' ' I find I am going, my breath cannot

' Dr. Elisha CuUen Dick.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 249

continue long j I believed from the first attack it would be fatal, do
you arrange (Sr"" record all my late military letters &" papers — ar-
range my accounts &• settle my books, as you know more about them
ihan any one else, and let Mr. Rawlins finish recording my other
letters, which he has begun." — [I told him this should be done. He
then asked, if I recollected any thing which it was essential for
him to do, as he had but a very short time to continue with us.
I told him, that I could recollect nothing, but that I hoped he
was not so near his end. He observed, smiling, that he certainly
was, and that, as it was the debt which we must all pay, he looked
to the event with perfect resignation.

In the course of the afternoon he appeared to be in great pain
and distress, from the difficulty of breathing, and frequently
changed his posture in the bed. On these occasions I lay upon
the bed and endeavored to raise him, and turn him with as much
ease as possible. He appeared penetrated with gratitude for my
attentions, and often said, " I am afraid I shall fatigue you too
much ; " and upon my assuring him, that I could feel nothing but
a wish to give him ease, he replied, " well, it is a debt we must
pay to each other, and I hope, when you want aid of this kind,
you will find it."] He asked " ivhen Mr. Lewis ' &•. Washington*
'Would return?" [(They were then in New Kent.)]. I told him
I believed about the 20th of the month. He made no reply to
it. — [About five o'clock Dr. Craik came again into the room, and,
upon going to the bedside the General said to him ; " Doctor, I
die hard, but I am not afraid to go. I believed, from my first
attack, that I should not survive it. My breath cannot last long."
The Doctor pressed his hand, but could not utter a word. He
retired from the bedside, and sat by the fire absorbed in grief.]
The Physicians [Dr. Dick and Dr. Brown] again came in (be-
tween 5 & 6 o'clock), and when they came to his bed side, Dr.
Craik asked him if he could sit up in the bed. He held out his
hand to me & was raised up, when he said to the Physicians.
*" I feel myself going, [I thank you for your attention] you had bet-
ter not take any more trouble about me ; but let me go off quietly j I
tannot last long." — [They found out that all which had been done

1 Lawrence Lewis, his nephew, * George Washington Parke Custis.

2SO THE WRITINGS OF [1799

was without effect. He lay down again, and all retired except
Dr. Craik. He continued in the same position, uneasy and rest-
less, but without complaining; frequently asking what hour it
was. When I helped to move him at this time, he did not speak,
but looked at me with strong expressions of gratitude.] The
Doctor pressed his hand but could not utter a word — He retired
from the bedside — and sat by the fire absorbed in grief — About
8 o'clk the Physicians again came into the Room, and applied
blisters [and cataplasms of wheat bran] to his legs [and feet] ; —
but went out [except Dr. Craik] without a ray of hope. — [I went
out about this time, and wrote a line to Mr. Law and Mr. Peter,,
requesting them to come with their wives (Mrs. Washington's,
granddaughters) as soon as possible to Mt. Vernon.] From this
time he appeared to breathe with less difficulty than he had done ;.
but was very restless, constantly changing his position to endeavor
to get ease. — I aided him all in my power, and was gratified in
believing he felt it ; for he would look upon me with his eyes
speaking gratitude ; but unable to utter a word without great
distress. — About ten o'clock he made several attempts to speak
to me before he could effect it — at length, he said, " / am just
going. Have me decently buried, and do not let my body be put into-
the Vault in less than two [three] days after I am dead." — I bowed,
assent [for I could not speak]. — He [then] looked at me again,
and said, " Do you understand meV—lrt^Xis.AYe.s'sSx. "'Tis^
well" said he. — About ten minutes before he expired his breathing
became much easier — he lay quietly — he withdrew his hand from
mine & felt his own pulse— I spoke to Dr. Craik who sat by the
fire— he came to the bedside. — The General's hand fell from his-
wrist. — I took it in mine and laid it upon my breast — Dr. Craik
put his hand on his eyes and he expired without a struggle or a
Sigh ! — While we were fixed in silent grief — Mrs. Washington
[who was sitting at the foot of the bed] asked, with a firm and
collected voice, " Is he gone 2 "—I could not speak, but held up my
hand as a signal that he was — '"T is well " said she in a plain voice.
" All is now over. — I have no more trials to pass through. — I shall,
soon follow him ! "

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 251-

OCCURRENCES NOT NOTED IN THE PRECEDING PAGES.

The General's servant,' Christopher, attended his bed side &
in the room, when he was sitting up, through his whole illness. —
About 8 o'clk in the Morning the General expressed a wish to
get up. His clothes were put on, and he was led to a chair, by
the fire. [He found no relief from that position.] — He lay down
again about two hours afterwards. — A glister was administered to-
him, by Dr. Craik's directions, about one o'clock ; but produced
no effect. — He was helped up again about 5 o'clock — and after
sitting about one [half an] hour, he desired to be undressed and
put in bed, which was done. — Between the hours of 6 and nine
o'clk, he several times asked what hour it was. — During his whole
illness, he spoke but seldom & with great difficulty and distress,
and in so low & broken a voice as at times hardly to be under-
stood.— His patience, fortitude & resignation never forsook him
for a moment. — In all his distress he uttered not a sigh nor a
complaint, always endeavoring [from a sense of duty as it ap-
peared] to take what was offered him, or to do what was desired
[by the physicians]. —

At the time of his decease Dr. Craik & myself were in the situ-
ation before mentioned — Christopher was standing by the bed-
side.— Mrs. Washington was sitting near the foot of the bed. —
Caroline, [Molly and] Charlotte, and some other of the servants
were standing in the Room near the door. — Mrs. Forbes, the
House-keeper, was frequently in the Room in the day & evening.

As soon as Dr. Craik could speak, after the distressing scene
was closed, he desired one of the servants to ask the Gentlemen
below to come up stairs. — When they came around the bed, I
kissed the cold hand, which I had 'till then held [to my bosom],
laid it down, went [to the other end of the room] to the fire and
was for some time lost in profound grief, until aroused by Chris-
topher desiring me to take care of the General's keys and things
which he had taken out of his pockets, and which Mrs. Washing-
ton directed him to give to me. — I wrapped them up in the

' In the afternoon the General observing that Christopher had been standing
by his bed side for a long time — made a motion for him to sit in a chair which
stood by the bed side. — Note in the MS.

252

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

General's Handkerchief, and took them with me down stairs ; —
About 1 2 o'clk the Corps was brought down and laid out in the
large Room. —

[Sunday, December 15th. The foregoing statement, so far as
I can recollect, is correct. Jas. Craik.J

Sunday — Dec. 15. — Mrs. Washington sent for me in the
morning and desired I would send up to Alexa. and have a
Coffin made, which I did.— Doctor Dick measured the body which
was as follows. —

In length 6 ft. 3>^ inches exact.
Across the shoulders i — 9 — .
Across the elbows — 2 — i —

After breakfast — I gave Dr. Dick and Dr. Brown forty dolls.
«ach, which Sum Dr. Craik advised as very proper, and they left
us. — I wrote letters to the following persons informing them of
the melancholly event. —

Mrs. Washington informed me that the Executors to the Gen-
erals Will were — Wm. Washington, Bushrod Washington, G. S.
Washington, Saml Washington, & G. W. P. Custis.

Bushrod Washington, Col. Wm. Washington, Inclosed to Colo.
Blackburn, desiring him to forward them by express. —

Lawrence Lewis, G. W. P. Custis, Sent by express to New Kent
by Caesar.

The President of the United States, General Hamilton, John
Lewis, desiring him to give information to his brothers George,
Robert & Howell, & to Capt. Sam'l Washington — Sent to the
Post Office.

George S. Washington, Colo. (Burges) Ball, Genl Pinckney,
-Capt. Hammond — Sent off to Berkley on Monday Morning by
my Servant Charles.

Mr. Stuart was sent for in the Morning. — About 10 o'clock Mr.
Thos. Peter came down — and about 2 came Mr. & Mrs. Law to
all whom I had sent on Saturday Evening. — Dr. Thornton came
down with Mr. & Mrs. Law. — Dr. Craik tarried here all this day
and night. —

In the evening I consulted with Mr. Law, Mr. Peter & Dr.
■Craik on fixing a day for depositing the body in the vault. — I

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 253

wished the ceremony to be postponed 'till the last of the week, ta
give time to some of the General's Relations to be here. But
Dr. Craik & Dr. Thornton gave it decidedly as their opinion that,
considering the disorder of which the General died, being of an
inflammatory kind, it would not be proper, nor perhaps safe ta
keep the body so long, and therefore Wednesday was fixed upon
for the funeral, to allow a day (Thursday) in case the weather
should be unfavorable on Wednesday. —

Monday, Dec. 16. — People were directed to open the [family]
Vault, clean away the rubbish from about it & make everything
decent around it. — [Ordered a door to be made to the Vault, in-
stead of closing it again with brick, as had been the custom.
Engaged Mr. Inglis and Mr. Munn to have a mahogany coffin
made, lined with lead.]

Dr. Craik, Mr. Peter & Dr. Thornton left us after breakfast. —
Mrs. Stuart and her two daughters came here in the forenoon. —
Mr. Anderson went to Alexa. to get a number of things prepara-
tory for the funeral. — Mourning clothes were ordered for the
family, domestics, & overseers. —

Information being received from Alexa. that the Military, Free
Masons, &c., were determined to show their respect to the mem-
ory of the General, by attending his body to the grave — measures
were taken to make provision for the refreshments of a large num-
ber of people, as some refreshment wd be expected. Mr. Robt
Hamilton wrote a letter informing that a schooner of his would be
off Mt. Vernon to fire minute guns on the funeral of the deceased.
— Gave notice of the time fixed for the burial to the following per-
sons by Mrs. Washington's desire. — Mr. Mason & family — Mr.
Peake & family— Mrs. Peake— Mr. Nichols & family— Mr. Mc-
Carty & family— Miss McCarty— Mr. & Mrs. McClanahan— Lord
Fairfax & family— Mr. Triplett & family— Mr. Anderson & family
—Mr. Diggs— Mr. Cockburn & family— L. W. (?) Massey & family,
[and Mr. R. West.] ■

I wrote also to the Rev. Mr. Davis to read the services. —

Mrs. Washington desired that a door might be made for the
Vault, instead of having it closed up as formerly, after the body
should be deposited— observing— " That it will soon be necessary to
open it again.."

254 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

Tuesday, Dec. 17. — Every preparation for the mournful cere-
mony was making. — Mr. Diggs came here in the forenoon, and
also Mr. Stewart Adjutant to the Alexa. Regt. to view the ground
for the procession. — About one o'clk the Cofifin was brought from
Alexa. in a stage. — Mr. Inglis the Cabinet maker, and Mr. W.
Munn, the plumber came with it, also Mr. Grater, with the
Shroud. — The body was laid in the CofiSn, at which time I cut off
some of the General's hair for Mrs. Washington. —

The Mahogany Cofifin was lined with lead, soddered at the joints
— and a cover of lead to be soddered on after the body should be
in the Vault — The whole put into a case lined & covered with
black cloth.

Wednesday, Dec. 18. — About n o'clk numbers of persons
began to assemble to attend the funeral, which was intended to
have been at twelve o'clk ; but as a great part of the Troops ex-
pected could not get down in time it did not take place till 3. —
Eleven pieces of Artillery were brought down [from Alexandria].
— And a Schooner belonging to Mr. R. Hamilton came down and
lay off Mt. Vernon to fire minute guns. — The Pall holders were
as follow — Colonels Little, (Charles) Simms, Payne, Gilpin, Ram-
say, & Marsteller — and Colo. Blackburne walked before the Corps.
{Col. Deneal marched with the military.]

[About three o'clock the procession began to move.] Col.
Little, Simms & Deneal and Dr. Dick formed the arrangements
of the Procession — [The procession moved out through the gate
at the left wing of the house, and proceeded round in front of
the lawn, and down to the vault on the right wing of the house.]
which was as follows— The Troops — Horse & foot — Music
playing a Solemn dirge with muffled Drums. — The Clergy — viz
The Revd. Mr. Davis— Mr. (James) Muir, Mr. Moffatt, & Mr.
Addison — [The General's horse, with his saddle, holsters, and
pistols, led by two grooms, Cyrus and Wilson, in black ] The
Body borne by officers & masons who insisted upon carrying it to
the grave. — The Principal Mourners — viz. Mrs. Stuart & Mrs.
Law— Misses Nancy & Sally Stuart— Miss Fairfax & Miss Denni-
son— Mr. Law & Mr. Peter— Doctor Craik & T. Lear— Lord
Fairfax & Ferdinando Fairfax— Lodge No. 23.— Corporation of

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 255

Alexandria. — All other persons, preceded by Mr. Anderson, Mr.
Rawlins, the Overseers, &c., &c. —

The Rev. Mr. Davis read the service & made a short extem-
porary speech — The Masons performed their ceremonies — and
the Body was deposited in the Vault — All then returned to the
House & partook of some refreshment — and dispersed with the
;greatest good order & regularity — The remains of the Provision
were distributed among the Blacks. — Mr. Peter, Dr. Craik & Dr.
Thornton tarried here all night.

PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF THE LATE ILLNESS AND DEATH
OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.

Alexandria, 21 December, 1799.
Some time in the night of Friday, the loth instant, having
been exposed to a rain on the preceding day, General Washington
was attacked with an inflammatory affection of the upper part of
of the windpipe, called in technical language Cynache Trachealis.
The disease commenced with a violent ague, accompanied with
some pain in the upper and forepart of the throat, a sense of
stricture in the same part, a cough, and a difficult, rather than
painful deglutition, which was soon succeeded by fever and a
quick and laborious respiration. The necessity of blood-letting
suggesting itself to the General, he procured a bleeder in the
neighborhood, who took from his arm in the night twelve or
fourteen ounces of blood. He could not by any means be pre-
vailed on by the family to send for the attending physician till
the following morning, who arrived at Mount Vernon at about
II o'clock on Saturday. Discovering the case to be highly
.alarming, and foreseeing the fatal tendency of the disease, two
-consulting physicians were immediately sent for, who arrived,
one at half after three, and the other at four o'clock in the after-
noon : in the mean time were employed two pretty copious
bleedings, a blister was applied to the part affected, two moder-
ate doses of calomel were administered, which operated on the

256 THE WRITINGS OF [1799-

lower intestines, but all without any perceptible advantage, the
respiration becoming still more difficult and distressing. Upoa
the arrival of the first of the consulting physicians, it was agreed,
as there were yet no signs of accumulation in the bronchial ves-
sels of the lungs, to try the result of another bleeding, when
about thirty-two ounces of blood were drawn, without the smallest
apparent alleviation of the disease. Vapours of vinegar and
water were frequently inhaled, ten grains of calomel were given,,
succeeded by repeated doses of emetic tartar, amounting in all
to five or six grains, with no other effect than a copious discharge
from the bowels. The powers of life seemed now manifestly yield-
ing to the force of the disorder ; blisters were applied to the extrem-
ities, together with a cataplasm of bran and vinegar to the throat..
Speaking, which was painful from the beginning, now became
almost impracticable ; respiration grew more and more contracted
and imperfect, till half after 11 on Saturday night, retaining^
the full possession of his intellect — when he expired without
a struggle.

He was fully impressed at the beginning of his complaint, as
well as through every succeeding stage of it, that its conclusion
would be mortal ; submitting to the several exertions made for
his recovery, rather as a duty, than from any expectation of their
efficacy. He considered the operations of death upon his system
as coeval with the disease ; and several hours before his death,
after repeated efforts to be understood, succeeded in expressing
a desire that he might be permitted to die without further
interruption.'

During the short period of his illness, he economized his time,,
in the arrangement of such few concerns as required his atten-
tion, with the utmost serenity ; and anticipated his approach-
ing dissolution with every demonstration of that equanimity

' " After it became impossible to get anything down his throat, he undressed
himself and went to bed, there to die, and to his friend and physician, Doctor
Craik, who sat on his bed, and took his head in his lap, he said with difficulty :
' Doctor, I am dying, and have been dying for a long time, but I am not afraid
to die.'"— Marshall, Life of Washington, based upon a private letter from Dr.
Craik.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 257

for which his whole life has been so uniformly and singu-
larly conspicuous.

James Craik,

Attending Physician.
Elisha C. Dick,

Consulting Physician.'

TOBIAS LEAR TO WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON.

Mount Vernon, Dec. 15, 1799.
Dear Sir :

I have the painful task of communicating to you information
of the death of your much revered Uncle, General Washington.
He died last evening about 1 1 o'clock, after a severe illness of
about 20 hours. His complaint was an inflammatory sore throat,
commonly called the Quincy. — Every aid that medicine could
give, was had ; but without effect. Dr. Craik & Dr. Dick of
Alexa. & Dr. Brown of Port Tobacco were here. — He died as he
lived. — Fortitude in extreme pain & composure at his latest
breath never left him, & he retained his reason to the last mo-
ment. You are appointed one of his Executors in conjunction
with Messr. Bushrod Washington, George S. Washington, Saml.
Washington, Lawrence Lewis & G. W. P. Custis.

' " I have lately met Dr. Dick again, in consultation, and the high opinion
I formed of him when we were in conference at Mt. Vernon last month, con-
cerning the situation of our illustrious friend, has been confirmed.

" You remember how, by his clear reasoning and evident knowledge of the
causes of certain symptoms, after the examination of the General, he assured
us that it was not reaUy quinsey, which we supposed it to be, but a violent
inflammation of the membranes of the throat, which it had almost closed, and
which, if not immediately arrested, would result in death.

" You must remember he was averse to bleeding the General, and I have
often thought that if we had acted according to his suggestion when he said,
'he needs all his strength— bleeding will diminish it,' and taken no more
blood from him, our good friend might have been alive now. But we were
governed by the best light we had ; we thought we were right, and so we are
justified." — Dr. Brown to Dr. Craik, 2 January, 1800.

258 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

The Body will be deposited in the Vault on Wednesday or
Thursday next.

With great respect, I am Dear Sir

Your most obed. Servt.

Tobias Lear.

TOBIAS LEAR TO COL. BURGES BALL.

Mount Vernon, Dec. 15th, 1799.
My Dear Sir :

Little did I think, when I last saw you, that I should have the
painful task at this time imposed on me of informing you of the
death of our beloved friend, General Washington. Alas, he is
no more. These hands performed the last act of friendship to
that great and good man between ten and eleven o'clock last
night. He expired after a short illness of about twenty hours.
On Friday he complained of a cold, but gave himself little
trouble about it. On Saturday morning, he became ill. Dr.
Craik was sent for. The symptoms appeared alarming an inflam-
mation having taken place in this throat, which terminated in the
disease called the quinsy. Dr. Dick, of Alex'a. and Dr. Brown,
of Port Tobacco, were called in, and every medical aid used
but in vain.

He bore his distress with astonishing fortitude ; and conscious,
as he declared, several hours before his death, of his approaching
dissolution, he resigned his breath with the greatest composure,
having the full possession of his reason to the last moment.
While I am writing I conceive it all to be a dream. But when I
consider for a moment I find, alas ! there is but too much reality
in it. The body will be deposited in the vault on Wednesday or
Thursday. His executors are Col. Wm. Washington, of West-
moreland ; Bushrod, George S., and Samuel Washington, Law-
rence Lewis, and G. W. P. Custis.

Mrs. Washington bore the afflicting stroke with a pious
resignation and fortitude which shew that her hopes were placed
beyond this life. Present my best and affectionate regards to
your good lady, Miss Milly, and the boys and believe me, &c.

Tobias Lear.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 259

IN CONGRESS.

The first intimation of the death of General Washington, was
given to Congress on the idith of December, in the following
manner :

Mr. Marshall, in a voice that bespoke the anguish of his mind,
and a countenance expressive of the deepest regret, rose, and
delivered himself as follows :

" Mr. Speaker :

"Information has just been received, that our illustrious fellow-
citizen, the Commander in Chief of the American Armies and the
late President of the United States, is no more.

" Though this distressing intelligence is not certain, there is too
much reason to believe its truth. After receiving information of
this national calamity, so heavy and so afflicting, the House of
Representatives can be but ill fitted for public business. I move
you therefore, they adjourn."

The motion was unanimously agreed to ; and the House ad-
journed till to-morrow morning, 1 1 o'clock.

December ig.

This event was confirmed officially by a message from the
President communicating a letter from Tobias Lear, Esq. private
:secretary to General Washington.

Gentlemen of the Senate,

AND OF the House of Representatives.

The letter herewith transmitted will inform you that it has
pleased Divine Providence to remove from this life, our excellent
iellow-citizen GEORGE WASHINGTON, by the purity of his
•character and a long series of services to his country, rendered illus-
trious through the world. It remains for an affectionate and
fateful people, in whose hearts he can never die, to pay suitable

lienor to his memory.

John Adams.

26o THE WRITINGS OF [i799

Mount Vernon, December i6, 1799.
Sir,

It is with inexpressible grief that I have to announce to you the
death of the great and good General WASHINGTON. He died
last evening between 10 and 1 1 o'clock, after a short illness of about
24 hours. His disorder was an inflammatory sore throat, which
proceeded from a cold, of which he made but little complaint on
Friday. On Saturday morning about 3 o'clock he became ill.
Doctor Dick attended him in the morning, and Dr. Craick, of
Alexandria, and Dr. Brown, of Port Tobacco, were soon after
called in. Every medical assistance was offered, but without the
desired effect. His last scene corresponded with the whole tenor
of his life. Not a groan or a complaint escaped him, in extreme
distress. With perfect resignation and a full possession of his
reason he closed his well spent life.

I have the honor to be, &c.

Tobias Lear.

Mr. Marshall with deep sorrow on his countenance, and in a
low, pathetic tone of voice, rose and addressed the House as
follows :

The melancholy event which was yesterday announced with
doubt, has been rendered but too certain. OUR WASHINGTON
is no more ! The hero, the sage, and the patriot of America — the
man on whom in times of danger every eye was turned and all
hopes were placed, hves now, only in his own great actions, and
in the hearts of an affectionate and afflicted people.

If, sir, it had even not been usual openly to testify respect for
the memory of those whom Heaven had selected as its instruments
for dispensing good to men, yet such has been the uncommon
worth, and such the extraordinary incidents which have marked
the life of him whose loss we all deplore, that the whole American
nation, impelled by the same feelings, would call with one voice
for a public manifestation of that sorrow which is so deep and so
universal.

More than any other individual, and as much as to one
individual was possible, has he contributed to found this our

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 261

wide-spreading empire, and to give to the western world its in-
dependence and its freedom.

Having effected the great object for which he was placed at
the head of our armies, we have seen him convert the sword into the
ploughshare, and voluntarily sink the soldier into the citizen.

When the debility of our federal system had become manifest,
and the bonds which connected the parts of this vast continent
were dissolving, we have seen him the chief of those patriots who
formed for us a constitution, which, by preserving the union, will,
I trust, substantiate and perpetuate those blessings our revolution
had promised to bestow.

In obedience to the general voice of his country, calling on
him to preside over a great people, we have seen him once more
quit the retirement he loved, and in a season more stormy and
tempestuous than war itself, with calm and wise determination,
pursue the true interest of the nation, and contribute more than
any other could contribute, to the establishment of that system
of policy, which will, I trust, yet preserve our peace, our honor,
and our independence.

Having been twice unanimously chosen the chief magistrate of
a free people, we see him, at a time when his re-election with the
universal suffrage could not have been doubted, affording to the
world a rare instance of moderation by withdrawing from his high
station to the peaceful walks of private life.

However the public confidence may change, and the public
affection may fluctuate with respect to others, yet with respect to
him they have, in war and in peace, in public and in private life,
been as steady as his own firm mind, and as constant as his own
exalted virtues.

Let us then, Mr. Speaker, pay the last tribute of respect and
affection to our departed friend. Let the grand council of the
nation display those sentiments which the nation feels.

For this purpose I hold in my hand some resolutions which I
will take the liberty to offer to the House.

" Resolved, That this House will wait on the President of the
United States, in condolence of this mournful event.

''Resolved) That the Speaker's chair be shrouded in black.

262 THE WRITINGS OF [1799-

and that the members and the officers of the House wear black
during session.

" Resolved, That a committee in conjunction with one from the
Senate, be appointed to consider on the most suitable manner of
paying honor to the memory of the man, first in war, first in peace,,
and first in the hearts of his country.

''Resolved, That this House when it adjourn, do adjourn to
Monday." '

These resolutions were unanimously agreed to. — Sixteen mem-
bers were appointed on the third resolution.

Generals Marshall and Smith who were appointed to wait on the
President with the first resolution, reported, that the President
would be ready to receive them at one o'clock this day. The
House accordingly waited on him.

The Speaker addressed the President in the following words :

Sir,

The House of Representatives, penetrated with a sense of the
irreparable loss sustained by the nation, by the death of that
great and good man, the illustrious and beloved WASHINGTON,

' " Your letter of the 25th reached me last night. The transaction concern-
ing which you enquire passed in the following manner. As the stage passed
through Philadelphia some passenger mentioned to a friend he saw in the street
the death of General Washington. The report flew to the hall of Congress and
I was asked to move an adjournment. I did so. General Lee was not at the
time in the House. On receiving the intelligence, which he did on the first
arrival of the stage, he retired to his room and prepared the resolutions which
vifere adopted, with the intention of offering them himself. But the House of
Representatives had risen on my motion, and it was expected by all that I
would on the next day announce the lamented event and propose resolutions
adapted to the occasion. General Lee immediately called on me and shewed
me his resolutions. He said it had now become improper for him to ofifer
them, and wished me to take them. As I had not written anything myself and
was pleased with his resolutions which I entirely approved I told him I would
offer them the next day, when I should state to the House of Representatives
the confirmation of the melancholy intelligence received the preceding day. I
did so. You will see the facts stated in a note to the preface to the Life of
Washington, p. v,'and again in a note to the 5th Vol., p. 765." — Marshall to
Charles W. Hanson, 2g March, 1832.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 263

wait on you, sir, to express their condolence on this melancholy
and distressing event.

To which the President made the following answer :

Gentlemen of the House of Representatives,

I receive with great respect and affection the condolence of the
House of Representatives on the melancholy and afflicting event
in the death of the most illustrious and beloved personage which
this country ever produced. I sympathize with you, with the
nation, and with the good men through the world, in this irrepara-
ble loss sustained by us all.

John Adams.

A message was received from the Senate informing the House
that they had agreed to the appointment of a joint committee, to
consider a suitable manner of paying honor to the memory of the
man first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country,
and that they had appointed seven members to join a committee
of the House for that purpose.

senate.

December 23.

Agreeably to the first resolution the House waited on the Presi-
dent, whom they addressed in the following words :

The Senate of the United States respectfully take leave, sir, to
express to you their deep regret for the loss their country sustains
in the death of General GEORGE WASHINGTON.

This event, so distressing to all our fellow citizens, must be
peculiarly heavy to you, who have long been associated with him
in deeds of patriotism. Permit us, sir, to mingle our tears with
yours: on this occasion it is manly to weep. To lose such a man
at such a crisis is no common calamity to the world ; our country
mourns her father. The Almighty disposer of human events has
taken from us our greatest benefactor and ornament. It becomes
us to submit with reverence to him, who " maketh darkness his
pavilion."

With patriotic pride we review the life of our WASHINGTON,
and compare him with those of other countries who have been
pre-eminent in fame. Ancient and modern names are diminished

264

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

before him. Greatness and guilt have too often been allied ; but
his fame is whiter than it is brilliant. The destroyers of nations
stood abashed at the maj esty of his virtue. It proved the intemper-
ance of victory. The scene is closed, and we are no longer anxious
lest misfortune should sully his glory ; he has travelled on to the
end of his journey and carried with him an encreasing weight
of honor ; he has deposited it safely, where misfortune cannot
tarnish it, where malice cannot blast it. Favored of Heaven, he
departed without exhibiting the weakness of humanity ; magnani-
mous in death, the darkness of the grave could not obscure his
brightness.

Such was the man whom we deplore. Thanks to God, his glory
is consummated. WASHINGTON yet lives on earth in his
spotless example — his spirit is in Heaven.

Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the heroic gen-
eral, the patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage; let them
teach their children never to forget that the fruits of his labors,
and his example are their inheritance.

To which the President returned the following answer :

Gentlemen of the Senate,

I receive with the most respectful and affectionate sentiments,
in this impressive address, the obliging expressions of your regret
for the loss our country has sustained, in the death of her most
esteemed, beloved, and admired citizen.

In the multitude of my thoughts and recollections, on this mel-
ancholy event, you will permit me only to say, that I have seen
him in the days of adversity, in some of the scenes of his deepest
and most trying perplexities ; I have also attended him in his
highest elevation and most prosperous felicity ; with uniform ad-
miration of his wisdom, moderation and constancy.

Among all our original associates, in that memorable league of
the continent in 1774, which first expressed the sovereign will of
a free nation in America, he was the only one remaining in the
general government. Although, with a constitution more enfeebled
than his, at an age when he thought it necessary to prepare for
retirement, I feel myself alone, bereaved of my last brother ; yet
I derive a strong consolation from the unanimous disposition,

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 265

which appears in all ages and classes, to mingle their sorrows
with mine, on this common calamity to the world.

The life of our WASHINGTON ca.miot suffer by a comparison
with those of other countries, who have been most celebrated and
exalted by fame. The attributes and decorations of royalty, could
have only served to eclipse the majesty of those virtues, which
made him, from being a modest citizen, a more resplendent lumi-
nary. Misfortune, had he lived, could hereafter have sullied his
glory only with those superficial minds, who, believing that char-
acters and actions are marked by success alone, rarely deserve to
€njoy it. Malice could never blast his honor, and envy made him
a single exception to her universal rule. For himself he had lived
enough, to life and to glory. For his fellow-citizens, if their
prayers could have been answered, he would have been immortal.
For me, his departure is at a most unfortunate moment. Trusting,
however, in the wise and righteous dominion of Providence over
the passions of men, and the results of their councils and actions,
as well as over their lives, and nothing remains for me, but humble
resignation.

His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom and vir-
tue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in the present age,
but in future generations, as long as our history shall be read. If
a Trajan found a Pliny, a Marcus Aurelius can never want biog-
raphers, eulogists or historians.

John Adams.

In the House of Representatives General Marshall made a re-
port from the joint committee appointed to consider a suitable
mode of commemorating the death of General WASHINGTON.

He reported the following resolutions :

Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That a marble
monument be erected by the United States at the capitol of the
city of Washington, and that the family of General WASHING-
TON be requested to permit his body to be deposited under it,
and that the monument be so designed as to commemorate the
great events of his military and political life.

And be it further resolved, That there be a funeral procession

266 THE WRITINGS OF 1.^199

from Congress hall to the German Lutheran church, in memory
of General GEORGE WASHINGTON, on Thursday the 26th
inst., and that an oration be prepared at the request of Congress,
to be delivered before both Houses that day ; and that the Presi-
dent of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives, be desired to request one of the members of Congress to
prepare and deliver the same.

And be it further resolved, That it be recommended to the peo-
ple of the United States, to wear crape on their left arm, as mourn-
ing, for thirty days.

And be it further resolved, That the President of the United
States be requested to direct a copy of these resolutions to be
transmitted to Mrs. Washington, assuring her of the profound re-
spect Congress will ever bear for her person and character, of
their condolence on the late affecting dispensation of Providence,
and entreating her assent to the interment of the remains of
General WASHINGTON in the manner expressed in the first
resolution.

And be it further resolved, That the President of the United
States be requested to issue his proclamation, notifying the people
throughout the United States, the recommendation contained in
the third resolution.

These resolutions passed both Houses unanimously.

MRS. WASHINGTON TO PRESIDENT ADAMS.

Mount Vernon, Dec. 31, 1799.
Sir,

While I feel with keenest anguish, the late dispensation of Di-
vine Providence, I cannot be insensible to the mournful tributes,
of respect and veneration, which are paid to the memory of my
dear deceased husband ; and, as his best services and most anxious
wishes were always devoted to the welfare and happiness of his
country, to know that they were truly appreciated, and gratefully
remembered, affords no inconsiderable consolation.

Taught by the great example, which I have so long had before
me, never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I must

i8oo] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 267

consent to the request made by Congress, which you have had the
goodness to transmit me, and in doing this, I need not say, I can-
not say, what a sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of
public duty.

With grateful acknowledgment, and unfeigned thanks for the
personal respect, and evidences of condolence, expressed by-Con-
gress and yourself, I remain very respectfully, sir, your most

obedient and humble servant,

Martha Washington.

MRS. WASHINGTON TO GOVERNOR TRUMBULL.

Mount Vernon, January 15, i8oo.
Dear Sir,

When the mind is deeply affected by those irreparable losses
which are incident to humanity, the good Christian will submit
without repining to the dispensations of Divine Providence, and
look for consolation to that Being who alone can pour balm into
the bleeding heart, and who has promised to be the widow's God.
But, in the severest trials, we find some alleviation to our grief in
the sympathy of sincere friends ; and I should not do justice to
my sensibility, was I not to acknowledge that your kind letter of
condolence of the 30th of December was grateful to my feeling.
I well knew the affectionate regard which my dear deceased hus-
band always entertained for you, and therefore conceive how
afflicting his death must have been to you. The quotation which
you have given of what was written to you on a former melan-
choly occasion, is truly applicable to this. The loss is ours ; the
gain is his.

For myself, I have only to bow with humble submission to the
will of that God who giveth and who taketh away, looking for-
ward with faith and hope to the moment when I shall be again
united with the partner of my life. But, while I continue on
earth, my prayers will be offered up for the welfare and happiness
of my friends, among whom you will always be numbered, being,
Dear Sir,

Your sincere and afflicted friend,

Martha Washington.

THE WILL OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.

THE WILL OF GEORGE WASHINGTON.^

In the Name of God, Amen !

I George Washington of Mount Vernon, a citizen
of the United States and lately President of the same
■do make ordain and declare this Instrument, which
is written with my own hand and every page thereof
subscribed with my name to be my last Will & Test-
ament, revoking all others.^

— Imprimus — All my debts, of which there are but
few, and none of magnitude, are to be punctually and
speedily paid, and the legacies hereinafter bequeathed
are to be discharged as soon as circumstances will
permit, and in the manner directed.

Item. To my dearly beloved wife, Martha Wash-
ington I give and bequeath the use profit and benefit

' The wills of the Washingtons are printed in my Wills of George Wash-
ington and his Immediate Ancestors, l8gi. This publication includes the wills
•of the two immigrants, John and Lawrence, of Lawrence, grandfather of the
President ; of Augustine, his father ; of Mary [Ball] Washington, his mother ;
his own will ; that of his half-brother, Lawrence ; of Bushrod and of John
Augustine Washington ; with much else of related matter.

° At the bottom of every page — with one exception — he signed his name.
On the one page, the last word was Washington, which probably led him to
■suppose he had signed.

There is mention of an earlier will to be found in a letter written to his
wife, printed in Vol. II., 485.

271

272 THE WRITINGS OF [1799-

of my whole Estate, real and personal, for the term'
of her natural life, except such parts thereof as are
specially disposed of hereafter, — My improved lot
in the Town of Alexandria, situated on Pitt and
Cameron Streets, I give to her & her heirs for-
ever, as I also do my [2] ' household and kitchen
furniture of every sort and kind with the liquors
and groceries which may be on hand at the time of
my decease, to be used and disposed of as she may
think proper.

Item — Upon the decease of wife it is my will and
desire, that all the slaves which I hold in my own
right shall receive their freedom — To emancipate
them during her life, would tho earnestly wished by
me, be attended with such insuperable difficulties, on
account of their intermixture by marriages with the
Dower negroes as to excite the most painful sensa-
tions— if not disagreeable consequences from the
latter while both descriptions are in the occupancy of
the same proprietor, it not being in my power under
the tenure by which the dower Negroes are held to
manumit them — And whereas among those who will
receive freedom according to this devise there may
be some who from old age, or bodily infirmities &
others who on account of their infancy, that will be
unable to support themselves, it is my will and desire
that all who come under the first and second descrip-
tion shall be comfortably clothed and fed by my heirs
while they live and [3] that such of the latter descrip-

' These figures in brackets mark the beginningof each page of the MS. will.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 273

tion as have no parents living, or if living are unable,
or unwilling to provide for them, shall be bound by
the Court until they shall arrive at the age of twenty
five years, and in cases where no record can be pro-
duced whereby their ages can be ascertained, the
Judgment of the Court upon it's own view of the sub-
ject shall be adequate and final. — The negroes thus
bound are (by their masters and mistresses) to be
taught to read and write and to be brought up to
some useful occupation, agreeably to the laws of the
commonwealth of Virginia, providing for the support
of orphans and other poor children — and I do hereby
expressly forbid the sale or transportation out of
the said Commonwealth of any Slave I may die pos-
sessed of, under any pretence, whatsoever — and I do
moreover most positively, and most solemnly enjoin
it upon my Executors hereafter named, or the surviv-
ors of them to see that this clause respecting slaves
and every part thereof be religiously fulfilled at the
Epoch at which it is directed to take place without
evasion neglect or delay after the crops which may
then be on the ground are harvested, particularly as
it respects [4] the aged and infirm, seeing that a reg-
ular and permanent fund be established for their sup-
port so long as there are subjects requiring it, not
trusting to the uncertain provisions to be made by
individuals. — And to my mulatto man, William (call-
ing himself William Lee) I give immediate freedom
or if he should prefer it (on account of the accidents
which have befallen him and which have rendered
him incapable of walking or of any active employ-

274 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

ment') to remain in the situation he now is, it shall
be optional in him to do so — In either case however
I allow him an annuity of thirty dollars during his
natural life which shall be independent of the victuals
and cloaths he has been accustomed to receive ; if he
chuses the last alternative, but in full with his free-
dom, if he prefers the first, and this I give him as a
testimony of my sense of his attachment to me and
for his faithful services during the Revolutionary
War.^

' On 22d April, 1785, when acting as chain bearer, while Washington was
surveying a tract of land on Four Mile Run, William fell, and broke his knee
pan ; ' ' which put a stop to my surveying ; and with much difficulty I was able
to get him to Abingdon, being obliged to get a sled to carry him on, as he
could neither walk, stand or ride. " — Washington' s Diary. See my Spurious
Letters Attributed to Washington, 8.

' " The mulatto fellow, William, who has been with me all the war, is
attached (married he says) to one of his own color, a free woman, who during
the war, was also of my family. She has been in an infirm condition for some
time, and I had conceived that the connexion between them had ceased ; but
I am mistaken it seems; they are both applying to get her here, and tho' I never
wished to see her more, I cannot refuse his request (if it can be complied with
on reasonable terms) as he has served me faithfully for many years.

"After premising this much, I have to beg the favor of you to procure her
a passage to Alexandria, either by Sea, in the Stage, or in the passage boat
from the head of the Elk, as you shall think cheapest and best, and her situa-
tion will admit ; — the cost of either I will pay. Her name is Margaret Thomas
allias Lee (the name by which he calls himself). She lives in Philada. with
Isaac and Hannah Sile — black people, who are often employ'd by families in
the city as cooks." — Washington to Clement Biddle, 28 July, 1784.

" The President would thank you to propose it to Will to return to Mount
Vernon when he can be removed for he cannot be of any service here, and
perhaps will require a person to attend upon him constantly. If he should
incline to return to Mount Vernon, you will be so kind as to have him sent in

the first Vessel that sails for Alexandria after he can be removed with safety

but if he is still anxious to come on here the President would gratify him
Altho' he will be troublesome— He has been an old and faithful Servant, this is
enough for the President to gratify him in every reasonable wish."— Z^ar to
Biddle, 3 March, 1789.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 275

Item — To the Trustees, (Governors or by what-
soever other name they may be designated) of the
academy in the Town of Alexandria, I give and
bequeath, in Trust, Four thousand dollars, or in
other words twenty of the shares which I [5] hold
in the Bank of Alexandria towards the support of
a Free School, established at, and annexed to the
said academy for the purpose of educating such
orphan children, or the children of such other poor
and indigent persons as are unable to accomplish
it with their own means, and who in the judgment
of the trustees of the said Seminary, are best en-
titled to the benefit of this donation — The aforesaid
twenty shares I give and bequeath in perpetuity —
the dividends only of which are to be drawn for
and applied by the said Trustees for the time being,
for the uses above mentioned, the stock to remain
entire and untouched unless indications of a failure
of the said Bank should be so apparent or discon-
tinuance thereof should render a removal of this fund
necessary, in either of these cases the amount of the
stock here devised is to be vested in some other bank
or public institution whereby the interest may with
regularity and certainty be drawn and applied as
above. — And to prevent misconception, my meaning
is, and is hereby declared to be that, these twenty
shares are in lieu of and not in addition to the
Thousand pounds given by a missive letter some
years ago in consequence whereof an an[6]nuity of
fifty pounds has since been paid towards the support
of this institution.

276 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

Item — Whereas by a law of the Commonwealth of
Virginia, enacted in the year 1785, the Legislature
thereof was pleased (as an evidence of it's approbation
of the services I had rendered the public, during the
Revolution — and partly, I believe in consideration of
my having suggested the vast advantages which the
community would derive from the extension of its
Inland navigation, under legislative patronage) to
present me with one hundred shares, of one hundred
dollars each, in the incorporated company established
for the purpose of extending the navigation of James
River from tide water to the mountains ; and also
with fifty shares of one hundred pounds sterling each
in the corporation of another company likewise
established for the similar purpose of opening the
navigation of the River Potomac from tide water to
Fort Cumberland ; the acceptance of which, although
the offer was highly honorable and grateful to my
feelings, was refused, as inconsistent with a principle
which I had adop[7]ted, and had never departed
from, namely not to receive pecuniary compensation
for any services I could render my country in it's
arduous struggle with Great Britain for it's Rights ;
and because I had evaded similar propositions from
other States in the Union — adding to this refusal
however an intimation, that, if it should be the
pleasure of the Legislature to permit me to appro-
priate the said shares to public tises, I would receive
them on those terms with due sensibility — and this
it having consented to in flattering terms, as will
appear by a subsequent law and sundry resolutions.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 277

in the most ample and honorable manner, I proceed
after this recital for the more correct understanding
of the case to declare —

That as it has always been a source of serious regret
with me to see the youth of these United States sent
to foreign countries for the purpose of education,
often before their minds were formed or they had
imbibed any adequate ideas of the happiness of their
own, contracting too frequently not only habits of
dissipation and extravagence, but principles un-
friendly to Republican Governm't and to the true
and genuine liberties [8] of mankind, which there-
after are rarely overcome. — For these reasons it has
been my ardent wish to see a plan devised on a
liberal scale which would have a tendency to spread
systamatic ideas through all parts of this rising
Empire, thereby to do away local attachments and
state prejudices as far as the nature of things would,
or indeed ought to admit, from our national councils —
Looking anxiously forward to the accomplishment of
so desirable an object as this is, (in my estimation)
my mind has not been able to contemplate any plan
more likely to effect the measure than the establish-
ment of a University in a central part of the United
States to which the youth of fortune and talents
from all parts thereof might be sent for the com-
pletion of their education in all the branches of polite
literature in arts and sciences — in acquiring knowl-
edge in the principles of Politics and good Govern-
ment and (as a matter of infinite importance in my
judgment) by associating with each other and forming

278 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

friendships in Juvenile years, be enabled to free
themselves in a proper degree from those local
prejudices and habit[9]ual jealousies which have just
been mentioned and which when carried to excess are
never failing sources of disquietude to the Public mind
and pregnant of mischievous consequences to this
country : — under these impressions so fully dilated, —
Item — I give and bequeath in perpetuity the fifty
shares which I hold in the Potomac Company (under
the aforesaid Acts of the Legislature of Virginia)
towards the endowment of a University to be estab-
lished within the limits of the District of Columbia,
under the auspices of the General Government, if
that Government should incline to extend a fostering
hand towards it, — and until such seminary is estab-
lished, and the funds arising on these shares shall be
required for its support, my further will and desire is
that the profit accruing therefrom shall whenever the
dividends are made be laid out in purchasing stock
in the Bank of Columbia or some other Bank at the
discretion of my Executors, or by the Treasurer of the
United States for the time being under the direction
of Congress, provided that Honorable body should
\\6\ patronize the measure. And the dividends pro-
ceeding from the purchase of such Stock is to be
vested in more Stock and so on until a sum adequate
to the accomplishment of the object is obtained,
of which I have not the smallest doubt before many
years pass away, even if no aid or encouraged is given
by Legislative authority or from any other source/

' This'provision of the will was never carried into effect.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

279

Item — The hundred shares which I held in the
James River Company I have given and now confirm
in perpetuity to and for the use and benefit of Liberty
Hall Academy in the County of Rockbridge, in the
Commonwealth of Virga}

Item — I release exonerate and discharge the es-
tate of my deceased brother, Samuel Washington,
from the payment of the money which is due to me
for the land I sold to Philip Pendleton (lying in the
County of Berkley) who assigned the same to him
the said Samuel, who by agreement was to pay me
therefor. — And whereas by some contract (the pur-
port of which was never communicated to me) between
the said Samuel and his son Thornton Washington,
the latter became possessed of the aforesaid land
without [i i] any conveyance having passed from me
either to the said Pendleton the said Samuel or the
said Thornton and without any consideration having
been made, by which neglect neither the legal or
equitable title has been alienated ' ; — it rests therefore

' Robert Alexander, educated in Trinity College, Dublin, opened a high
school in the Valley of the Blue Ridge about the year 1749. He called it the
" Augusta Academy," and it continued till the Revolution. During that con-
test its name was changed to Liberty Hall, and in 1782 it was regularly char-
tered as Liberty Hall Academy. In 1785 it was removed to Rockbridge County,
within a short distance of Lexington, and it was there that Washington's legacy
was received. In 1798, out of respect to the benefactor, the name was changed
to Washington Academy, and in 1803, on the destruction of the old Academy
by fire, a new one was located within the limits of Lexington, where it has
since remained. The prosperity of the Academy was interrupted by the Civil
War, and at the peace it was again organized under the presidency of Robert E.
Lee, and the name became " The Washington and Lee University."

'Samuel died at Berkley in 1781, aged 47.

' " Mr. Pendleton obtained ray Deed, or a Bond, or something obligatory
upon me, and my heirs, to make him a title to the Land he had of me, & sold

28o

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

with me to declare my intentions concerning the prem-
ises— And these are to give and bequeath the said land
to whomsoever the said Thornton Washington (who is
also dead) devised the same or to his heirs forever, if
he died intestate. — Exonerating the estate of the said
Thornton, equally with that of the said Samuel from
payment of the purchase-money, which with Interest
agreeably to the original contract with the said Pen-
dleton would amount to more than a thousand pounds
— and whereas two other sons of my said deceased
brother Samuel, — namely, George Steptoe Washing-
ton and Lawrence Augustine Washington were by
the decease of those to whose care they were com-
mitted, brought under my protection, and in conse-
quence have occasioned advances on my part for
their education at college and other schools for their
board cloathing and other incidental expenses to the
amount of near [12] five thousand dollars over and
above the sums furnished by their estate, wch sum
may be Inconvenient for them or their father's Estate
to refund — I do for these reasons acquit them and
the said Estate from the payment thereof. — My in-
tention being that all accounts between them and me
and their father's Estate and me shall stand balanced.

to you, upon the purchase money being paid ; not one farthing of which has
been done — even the last years Rent, if I remember right, which he took upon
himself to pay, is yet behind. — However, so soon as I can get evidences I will
send a power of attorney to Lund Washington, to make a legal conveyance of
the land to you. — In the mean time the Instrument of writing I passed to
Mr. Pendleton will always be good against my Heirs, upon the condition
of being complied with." — George Washington to Samuel Washington, 5
October, 1776. Pendleton conveyed to Samuel in 1772. The property was
on Bullskin.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 281

Item — The balance due to me from the Estate of
Bartholomew Dandridge deceased,^ (my wife's broth-
er) and which amounted on the first day of October,
1795, to Four hundred and twenty-five pounds (as
will appear by an account rendered by his deceased
son, John Dandridge, who was the Executor of his
father's will) I release and acquit from the payment
thereof. — And the negros (then thirty three in num-
ber) formerly belonging to the said Estate who were
taken in Execution, — sold — and purchased in, on my
account in the year [1795 ?] and ever since have re-
mained in the possession and to the use of Mary,
widow of the said Bartholomew Dandridge with their
increase, it is my will and desire shall continue and
be in her possession, without paying hire or making
[13] compensation for the same for the time past or
to come during her natural life, at the expiration of
which, I direct that all of them who are forty years
old and upwards shall receive their freedom, all under
that age and above sixteen shall serve seven years
and no longer, and all under sixteen years shall serve
until they are twenty-five years of age and then be
free. — And to avoid disputes respecting the ages of
any of these negros they are to be taken to the Court
of the County in which they reside and the judgment
thereof in this relation shall be final and a record
thereof made, which may be adduced as evidence at
any time thereafter if disputes should arise concern-

' Sunday, April 24, 1785. "An express arrived with the account of the
deaths of Mrs. Dandridge and Mr. B. Dandridge, the mother and brother of
Mrs. Washington." — Diary.

282 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

ing the same.— And I further direct that the heirs of
the said Bartholomew Dandridge shall equally share
the benefits arising from the services of the said
negros according to the tenor of this devise upon the
decease of their mother.

Item — If Charles Carter who intermarried with my
niece, Betty Lewis, is not sufficiently secured in the
title to the lots he had of me in the town of Freder-
icksburg,' it is my will and desire that my Executors
shall make such conveyances [14J of them as the law
requires to render it perfect. ^

Item — To my nephew, Wm. Augustine Washing-
ton and his heirs (if he should conceive them to be
objects worth prosecuting) and to his heirs a lot in
the town of Manchester (opposite to Richmond)
No. 265 — drawn on my sole account and also the
tenth of one or two hundred acre lots and two or
three half-acre lots in the City and vicinity of Rich-
mond, drawn in partnership with nine others, all in
the lottery of the deceased William Bryd are given*

' Fredericksburg was erected into a town by an act of Assembly passed in
February, 1727. Hening's Statutes, iv., 234. It was incorporated in the
November session, 1781. Do., x., 439.

' Betty Lewis, daughter of Col. Fielding Lewis and Betty Washington, was
bom 23 February, 1765 ; m. Charles Carter, of Culpeper Co., 7 May, 1781 ;
died at Audley in 1829.

' " I drew a prize in Col. Byrd's lottery of a half acre lot, No. 265, I believe
in the town of Manchester, and I have a lot in some town that was established
on James River (below Richmond) by a certain John Wood ... I am en-
titled also in partnership with, or the heirs of Peyton Randolph, Richard Ran-
dolph, William Fitzhugh of Chatham, George Wythe, Richard Kidder Meade,
Lewis Burwell, John Wales, Nathaniel Harrison, Junr., and Thomson Mason,
to a tenth part of two or three half acre lots, & 200 acre lots in the aforesaid
lottery. But as Thomson Mason (with or without authority) sold this property
and never to me at least accounted for an iota of the amount, little I presume

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 283

— as is also a lot which I purchased of John
Hood conveyed by William Willie and Samuel Gor-
don, Trustees of the said John Hood, numbered 139
in the town of Edenburgh in the county of Prince
George, State of Virginia.

Item — To my nephew, Bushrod Washington I
give and bequeath all the papers in my possession
which relate to my civil and military administration
of the affairs of this Country : — I leave to him also
such of my private papers as are worth preserving ;
— and at the decease of [my] wife and before, if she
is not inclined to retain them, I give and bequeath
my library of Books and pamphlets of every kind.

[15] Item — Having sold lands which I possessed
in the State of Pennsylvania and part of a tract held
in equal right, with George Clinton, late Governor
of New York, in the State of New York ;— my share
of land and interest in the great Dismal Swamp and
a tract of land which I owned in the County of
Gloucester ; — withholding the legal titles thereto until
the consideration money should be paid — and having
moreover leased and conditionally sold, (as will ap-
pear by the tenor of the said leases) all my lands
upon the Great Kanhawa and the tract upon Diffi-
cult Run in the County of Loudon, it is my will and

is to be expected from this coactrn." —George Washington to Bushrod
Washington, 29 June, 1796- The managers and trustees of this lottery were
John Robinson, Peter Randolph, Peyton Randolph, Presley Thornton, John
Page, Charles Carter, and Charles Trumbull, and the deed of trust was dated 18
December, 1756. In 1781 all the trustees were dead, Charles Carter alone
excepted, and the Legislature passed an act empowering him to give the
proper conveyances of land and tenements. Hening's Statutes, x. , 446.

284

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

direction that whensoever the contracts are fully and
respectively complied with according to the spirit,
true intent, and meaning thereof on the part of the
purchaser, their heirs, or assigns, that then and in
that case conveyances are to be made agreeably to
the terms of the said contracts and the money arising
therefrom when paid to be vested in Bank stock, the
dividends whereof, as of that also which is already
vested therein, is to inure to my said wife during her
life but the stock it'self is to remain & [16] be sub-
ject to the general distribution hereafter directed.

Item — To the Earl of Buchan I recommit, "The
Box made of the Oak that sheltered the Great Sir
William Wallace after the battle of Falkirk " ' — pre-
sented to me by his Lordship in terms too flattering
for me to repeat, — with a request " To pass it, on the
event of my decease to the man in my Country who
should appear to merit it best, upon the same con-
ditions that have induced him to send it to me " —
Whether easy or not to select the man who might
comport with his Lordship's opinion in this respect,

' The box was presented to the Corporation of Goldsmiths at Edinburgh,
which presented it to David Stuart Erskine, the Earl of Buchan, with the free-
dom of the Company. In a letter of 15 September, 1791, the Earl wrote to
Washington : " It is a, respectable curiosity, and will, I flatter myself, be a
relic of long endurance in America, as a mark of that esteem with which I have
the honor to be &c." And in the letter which accompanied the box (28 June,
I7gi) he said: "Feeling my own un worthiness to receive this magnificently
significant present, I requested and obtained leave to make it over to the man
to whom I thought it most justly due ; into your hands I commit it ; requesting
of you to pass it [as in the will]." In 1791 the bearer of the box, Mr. Archi-
bald Robertson, a portrait painter, reached America, and in January, 1792, the
box was placed in the President's hands. Washington's letter of acknowledg-
ment is printed in Sparks, x. , 229.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 285

is not for me to say, but conceiving that no disposi-
tion of this valuable curiosity, can be more eligible
than the recommitment of it to his own cabinet
agreeably to the original design of the Goldsmith's
Company of Edinburgh, who presented it to him,
and at his request, consented that it should be trans-
ferred to me ; I do give and bequeath the same to
his Lordship, and in case of his decease, to his heir
with my grateful thanks for the distinguished honor
of presenting it to me, and more especially for the
favorable sentiments [i 7] with which he accompanied
it—

Item — To my brother Charles Washington I give
and bequeath the Gold-headed cane left me by Doct'r
Franklin in his will — ^ I add nothing to it because
of the ample provision I have made for his issue.
— To the acquaintances and friends of my juvenile
years, Lawrence Washington and Robert Washing-
ton of Chotanck, I give my other two gold-headed
canes, having my arms engraved on them, and to
each (as they will be useful where they live), I leave
one of the spy glasses which constituted part of my
Equipage during the late war To my compatriot

' " My fine crab-tree walking-stick, with a gold head curiously wrought in
the form of the cap of liberty, I give to my friend, and the friend of mankind,
General Washington. If it were a sceptre, he has merited it, and would be-
come it. It was a present to me from that excellent woman, Madame de
Forbach, the Dowager Duchess of Deux-Ponts, connected with some verses
which should go with il."— Franklin's Will. This staff passed to the only
surviving son of Charles, Captain Samuel Washington, who transmitted it to
his son, Samuel T. Washington. In January, 1843, it was, with a sword of
Washington, presented by Samuel T. Washington to Congress. The verses,
appear to have been lost.

286 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

in arms and old and intimate friend Doct'r Craik, I
give my Bureau (or as the Cabinet makers called
it Tambour Secretary) and the circular chair, an
appendage of my study — To Doct'r David Stuart'
I give my large shaving and dressing Table, and
my Telescope^ — To the Reverend, now Bryan
Lord Fairfax I give a Bible in three large folio
volumes with notes, presented to me by the Right
Reverend Thomas Wilson, Bishop of Sodor &
Man ^ — To General de la Fayette I give a pair of

' David Stuart married Nellie [Calvert] Ciistis, widow of John Parke Custis.

' On January i, 1824, George Washington Parke Custis presented to Andrew
Jackson, then President, a pocket telescope, used by Washington during the
Revolution. "General Jackson received the relic in a manner peculiarly im-
pressive, which showed that however time, hard service, and infirmity may have
impaired a frame no longer young, the heart was still entire, and alive to the
heroic and generous feelings of the soldier, the patriot, and the friend." — Na-
tional Tntelligencer, quoted in Parton's Life of Andrew Jackson, iii., 37.

The remarkable number of telescopes in Washington's possession, or so
described since his death, led me to suspect that he had an opportunity of loot-
ing the stock of some instrument maker, or had access to the laboratory of some
institution of learning. The latter was the case. In the Journals of the New
York Provincial Congress, under date 8 August, 1776, is the following entry :
"A letter from John Berrien and Henry Wilmot, Esqrs., dated and received
yesterday, was read and filed. They therein mention that they had, by appli-
cation to the Reverend Mr. Inglis, obtained the telescope belonging to the
college for the use of His Excellency General George Washington, and deliv-
ered to his aid-de-camp, whom the General had sent to receive it ; that Mr.
Inglis readily consented to the delivery of it, and the General had been anxious
to obtain it."

« This account of the Bible was an error on Washington's part. Thomas
Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, died 7 March, 1755. In 1785 appeared
" The Bible, with notes, by Thomas Wilson, D.D., Lord Bishop of Sodor and
Man, and various Renderings, collected from other Translations, by the Rev.
Clement Cruttwell, the Editor." Bath, 1785, 4to, 3 vols. This was the edi-
tion that the son, also named Thomas Wilson, presented to Washington. The
presentation must have occurred immediately after the Revolution, for the son
died at Bath, in April, 1784. He was chiefly notable by his extravagant appre-
ciation of Mrs. Macaulay, whose statue, in the costume of the goddess of Lib-

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 287

finely wrought steel pistols taken from the enemy
in the Revolutionary war — To my sisters in law
fiS] Hannah Washington,* and Mildred Washing-
ton ; ' — To my friends Eleanor Stuart ; ^ Hannah
Washington of Fairfield ' and Elizabeth Washington
of Hayfield," I give each a mourning Ring of the
value of one hundred dollars — These bequests are
not made for the intrinsic value of them, but as me-
onentos of my esteem and regard — To Tobias Lear ° I
give the use of the farm which he now holds in virtue
■of a lease from me to him and his deceased wife (for
and during their natural lives) free from Rent during
his life, at the expiration of which it is to be disposed
as is hereafter directed — To Sally B. Haynie (a dis-
tant relation of mine) I give and bequeath three hun-
dred dollars' — To Sarah Green daughter of the de-
ceased Thomas Bishop and to Ann Walker, daughter

erty, he erected in his own church. It is very probable that the Bible was sent
over at the time that Dr. Wilson sent to Congress a number of copies of his
father's works, which were distributed among the delegates. Journals of
Congress, 22 March, 1785.

These volumes passed, by the will of Bryan Fairfax, into the possession of
John C. Herbert, a grandson of Fairfax's sister, Sarah (Fairfax) Carlyle. A
son of John C. Herbert, Edward Herbert, becoming straitened in circum-
stances, offered them to William H. Corner, of Baltimore. He sold them
to Messrs. Porter and Coates, of Philadelphia, who held them in 1876.
Some time after, they were bought for the Library of Congress.

' Hannah [Bushrod], widow of John Augustine Washington.

' Mildred [Thornton], widow of Charles Washington.

' Eleanor Calvert, widow of John Parke Custis, and wife of Doctor David
Stuart.

* Hannah [Fairfax], wife of Warner Washington.
' Elizabeth [Foote], widow of Lund Washington.

• In 1795 a perpetual lease of 360 acres was made to Tobias and Frances
Lear.

' Sally Ball Haynie was the daughter of Elizabeth Haynie.

288

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

of John Alton,' also deceased I give each one hun-
dred dollars, in consideration of the attachment of
their father[s] to me, each of whom having lived
nearly forty years in my family. ^ — To each of my
nephews William Augustine Washington, George
Lewis, George Steptoe Washington, Bushrod Wash-
ington, and Samuel Washington, I give one of the
swords or cutteaux of which I may die pos[i9]sessed,,
and they are to ckuse in the order they are named. —
These swords are accompanied with an injunction not
to unsheath them for the purpose of shedding blood
except it be for self-defence, or in defence of their
Country and it's rights, and in the latter case to
keep them unsheathed, and prefer falling with them
in their hands to the relinquishment thereof.^

' Alton and Bishop were old servants of Washington.

' The history of these swords is by no means easy to write. In 1843 Col-
George Corbin Washington, of Georgetown, wrote to George W. Summers, a
member of Congress, that he had in his possession two of the swords, the one
devised to him by his father, William Augustine Washington, and the other by
his uucle, Judge Bushrod Washington. There were others in the possession of
George Lewis and George Steptoe Washington, and the fifth was offered by
Samuel T. Washington, a son of Samuel, to the government (1843). "My
father," continued George C. Washington, " was entitled to the first choica
under the will, but was prevented by indisposition from attending at Mount
Vernon when the distribution took place, and Judge Washington selected for
him the most finished and costly sword, with which associations were connected
highly complimentary to General Washington ; but I often heard my father say
that he would have preferred the sword selected by Colonel Samuel Washing-
ton, from the fact that it was used by the General during the revolutionary war,
I have at different times heard similar statements as to this fact made by Colo-
nel Samuel Washington, Judge Washington, and Major Lawrence Lewis, and
am not aware that it has been questioned by any member of the family. The
sword was represented to me as being a couteau, with a plain green ivory
handle.'' This particular sword was said to have been worn by Washington
during the Revolution, and again 1794, when he took command of the army
against the Whiskey Insurrection. This sword is now in the Department of

17991 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 289

AND NOW,

Having gone through these specific devises, with
explanations for the more correct understanding of
the meaning and design of them, I proceed to the
distribution of the more important parts of my Estate,
in manner following

First — To my nephew Bushrod Washington and
his heirs (partly in consideration of an intimation to
his deceased father, while we were bachelors and he
had kindly undertaken to superintend my estate,

State, Washington. " The handle is of ivory, colored a pale green, and wound
spirally at wide intervals with silver wire. It was manufactured by J. Bailey,
Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York, and has the maker's name engraved
upon the hilt." — Custis, Recollections^ 160.

A second sword was at Mount Vernon in 1859, ^"'i was described by Lossing,
as " the Spanish dress-sword worn by Washington when he was President of
the United States, and which appears in Stuart's full length portrait of him at
that time. It has a finely gilt hilt, and black leather scabbard, gilt mounted.
On one side of the blade are the words Recti fac et ice (?) — ' Do what is
right' ; on the other, Nemineii timeas — ' Fear no man.'" This sword, in a
much injured condition, was sold at auction in Philadelphia, 22 April, l8gi,
for $1100. The catalogue states : " During the late civil war, this sword, with
a lot of other valuables, was hid in a pigeon house, where it was so injured by
rust that the scabbard was destroyed and the blade so rusted that it obliterated
the inscription. About five inches of the lower portion of the blade has been
broken oflF, but is joined to the other part of the blade by a gold band. The
gold-plated top of the scabbard is missing. The hilt of the sword, and other
trappings, are gold plated." This sword was the one selected by Judge
Bushrod Washington.

A third sword, that selected by George Steptoe Washington, is now in the
possession of Miss Alice L. Riggs, of Washington, D. C. See Vol. XIII., 269.
This sword also has suffered much " owing to burial during the late war, by the
Washingtons.'' It was among the relics exhibited at New York, in 1889.

A fourth sword, that selected for William Augustine Washington, passed
into the possession of his son George Corbin Washington, and from him to that
of Lewis William Washington. His wife, Ella Bassett Washington, sold it,
with other relics, to the State Library of New York, where it now is. It is
described in the Report of the Library for 1873, as the " dress sword of Wash-
ington." It is a " straight pointed blade, with hilt and chain of polished steel.

290

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

during my military services in the former war between
Great Britain and France, that if I should fall therein,
Mt. Vernon (then less extensive in dominion than at
present, should become his property) I give and
bequeath all that part thereof which is compre-
hen[2o]ded within the following limits — viz : — Begin-
ning at the ford of Dogue Run near my mill and
extending along the road and bounded thereby as it
now goes, and ever has gone since my recollection of

dotted with steel beads. The present case of green Turkey morocco is not the
original ; that was of white shagreen or shark skin. It was cleaned and covered
in 1854 in Baltimore by S. Jackson, cutler."

To the New York Exhibition of 1889, Miss Virginia T. Lewis, of Baltimore,
contributed a dress sword, described as follows : " It has a handsome 61igree
handle and guard, with sword-knot to correspond ; the rapier-blade sheathed
in a sheepskin or white parchment scabbard, which is silver-mounted. Wash-
ington wore this sword when resigning his commission as Commander-in-chief
of the army in Annapolis, December 23, 1783, and when inaugurated in New
York April 30, 1789, and afterward on all state and dress occasions." This is
probably the sword received by George Lewis, though I am unable to identify
it positively, no reply being received to my inquiries.

A sword was exhibited in New York, in 1889, as one that had been presented
to Washington by Major-General William Darke. Upon application to Mr.
Thornton A. Washington, who exhibited the sword, he very courteously gave
me the following information : " The sword was not one of the five swords
mentioned in George Washington's will. It, together with a suit of clothes,
was presented by G. W. in person, to Lawrence Augustine Washington, a
nephew of his, and a son of his oldest full brother Col. Samuel Washington,
late of Harewood, Berkeley Co., now Jefferson Co., West Virginia. This
Lawrence A. Washington, together with a brother, George Steptoe Washing-
ton, were left orphans by the death of their father, the said Col. Samuel, in the
fall of 1781. ... On the death of Lawrence A. Washington, about 1824,
the sword and suit went to his son of the same name. He, the last named
L. A. W., after graduating at the medical college in Philadelphia, removed
with his family to Texas, and died there about ten years ago, and his widow,
Mrs. Martha D. Washington, who had become impoverished by the war, and
who became the owner of these relics, placed them in my hands for sale.
They had never been on any public exhibition. They are now the property of
the Washington Association, at Morristown, New Jersey."

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 291

it, to the ford of little hunting Creek, at the gum
spring until it comes to a knowl opposite to an old
road which formerly passed through the lower field
of Muddy-Hole Farm ; at which, on the north side
of the said road are three red or Spanish oaks marked
as a corner, and a stone placed — thence by a line of
trees to be marked rectangular to the black line, or
outer boundary of the tract between Thomson Mason
and myself, — thence with that line easterly {now
double ditching with a post and rail fence thereon) to
the run of little hunting Creek, thence with that run,
which is the boundary of the lands of the late Hum-
phrey Peake and me, to the tide water of the said
Creek thence by that water to Potomac River, thence
with the River to the mouth of Dogue Creek, and
thence with the said Dogue Creek to the place of
beginning, at the aforesaid ford, containing upwards
of Four thousand acres, be the same more or less
together with the Mansion House, [21] and all other
buildings z.nd improvemts. thereon. —

Secondly — In consideration of the consanguinity
between them and my wife, being as nearly related
to her as to myself, as on account of the affection I had
for, and the obligation I was under to their father
when living, who from his youth had attached himself
to my person and followed my fortunes through the
vicissitudes of the late Revolution, afterwards devot-
ing his time to the superintendence of my private
concerns for many years whilst my public employ-
ments rendered it impracticable for me to do it my-
self, thereby affording me essential services, and

292

THE WRITINGS OF [1799

always performing them in a manner the most filial
and respectful ; for these reasons I say, I give and
bequeath to George Fayette Washington and Law-
rence Augustine Washington ' & their heirs my Estate
East of little hunting creek lying on the River Poto-
mac, including the farm of 360 acres, leased to Tobias
Lear as noticed before and containing in the whole,
by deeds. Two thousand & twenty seven acres be it
more or less which said Estate, it is my will and desire
should be equitably and advantageously divided be-
tween them, according to quantity, quality & other
circumstances when [22] the youngest shall have
arrived at the age of twenty one years, by three judi-
cious and disinterested men, one to be chosen by
each of the brothers and the third by these two. — In
the mean time if the termination of my wife's interest
therein should have ceased the profits, arising there-
from are to be applied for their joint uses and benefit.
Third— h.nd whereas it has always been my in-
tention, since my expectation of having issue has
ceased, to consider the grand children of my wife in
the same light as I do my own relations and to act a
friendly part by them, more especially by the two whom
we have reared from their earliest infancy, namely,
Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke
Custis ; and whereas the former of these hath lately
intermarried with Lawrence Lewis, a son of my de-

■ Sons of Major George Augustine Washington and Frances Bassett. George
Fayette was tlie second of that name. It is not a little remarkable that Wash-
ington should have written Lawrence Augustine Washington for Charles
Augustine Washington. Lawrence Augustine Washington was the son of
Samuel Washington.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

293

ceased sister Betty Lewis, by which union the induce-
ment to provide for them both has been increased. —
Wherefore I give and bequeath to the said Lawrence
Lewis and Eleanor Parke Lewis, his wife, and their
heirs, the residue of my Mount Vernon Estate, not
already devised to my nephew Bushrod Washington
comprehended within the fol[23]lowing description.
— viz — all the land north of the Road leading from
the ford of Dogue Run to the Gum Spring as de-
scribed in the devise of the other part of the tract to
Bushrod Washington until it comes to the stone and
three red or Spanish oaks on the knowl, — thence
with the rectangular line to the back line (between
Mr. Mason and me) — thence with that line west-
erly, along the new double ditch to Dogue Run,
by the tumbling dam of my mill, — thence with
the said Run to the ford afore mentioned ; — to
which I add all the land I possess west of the
said Dogue Run & Dogue Crk bonded. Easterly
& Southerly thereby — together with the mill.
Distillery and all other houses and improvements
on the premises making together about two thou-
sand acres be it more or less.

Fourth — Actuated by the principle already men-
tioned, I give and bequeath to George Washington
Parke Custis the Grand son of my wife and my ward
and to his heirs, the tract I hold on four mile Run
in the vicinity of Alexandria containing one thousd
two hundred acres more or less ' ; — and my entire

' A fac-simile of a survey by Washington of this tract is printed in Custis,
Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 445.

294

THE WRITINGS OF [ng^

square, numbering twenty one, in the city of
Washington.

[24] Fifth — All the rest and residue of my Es-
tate, real and personal, not disposed of in manner
aforesaid^In whatsoever consisting — wheresoever
lying, and wheresoever found — a Schedule of which as
far as is recollected, with a reasonable estimate of its
value is hereunto annexed — I desire may be sold by
my Executors at such times — in such manner, and in
such credits (if an equal valid and satisfactory distri-
bution of the specific property cannot be made with-
out) as, in their judgment shall be most conducive to
the interests of the parties concerned, and the monies
arising therefrom to be divided into twenty three
equal parts and applied as follows — viz : —

To William Augustine Washington, Elizabeth
Spotswood, Jane Thornton, and the heirs of Ann
Ashton' ; son and daughters of my deceased brother
Augustine Washington, I give and bequeath four
parts — that is — one part to each of them.

To Fielding Lewis, George Lewis, Robert Lewis,
Howell Lewis, & Betty Carter, sons and daughter
of my deceased sister Betty Lewis I give & be-
queath five other parts— one to each of them.

To George Steptoe Washington, Lawrence Au-

1 William Augustine, born at Wakefield, 25 November, 1757, married (l)-
his cousin Jane, daughter o£ John Augustine Washington, 25 September, 1777 ;

(2) Mary, daughter of Richard Henry Lee, to July, 1792 ; (3) Taylor, 11

May, 1799; died at Georgetown, Va., October, 1810. Elizabeth, born at
Wakefield, about 1750 ; married Alexander Spotswood. Jane, born at Wake-
field, about 1752, married Col. Thornton. Ann, born at Wakefield,

about 1755 ; married Burdet Ashton, of Westmoreland County ; and had one
child who lived — Sarah Ashton.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

295

gustine Washington, Harriot [25] Parks,' and the
heirs of Thornton Washington,^ sons and daughter
of my deceased brother Samuel Washington, I give
and bequeath other four parts, one part to each
of them. — 3

To Corbin Washington, and the heirs of Jane
Washington,* I give and bequeath two parts ; — one
part to each of them ; —

To Samuel Washington, Frances Ball,^ & Mildred
Hammond,* son and daughters of my brother Charles
Washington I give and bequeath three parts — one
part to each of them. — And to George Fayette
Washington, Charles Augustine Washington and
Maria Washington, sons and daughter of my de-
ceased nephew, Geo: Augustine Washington, I give
one other part — that is — to each a third of that part.

To Elizabeth Parke Law,' Martha Parke Peter,'
and Eleanor Parke Lewis,' I give and bequeath three
other parts — that is, a part to each of them.'"

And to my nephew Bushrod Washington & Law-

' Married 4 July, 1796, Andrew Parks, of Baltimore.

' He left three sons.

'Another son of Samuel, Ferdinand, had incurred Washington's displeasure
because of his extravagance.

* See ante, p. 294.

'Married Col. Surges Ball.

'Mildred, daughter of Charles Washington, bom 1777, married Col.
Thomas Hammond. — Hayden.

'A sister of Nellie Custis, born 21 August, 1776, and married, 16 January,
1795, Mr. Thomas Law, a brother of Lord Ellenborough.

*Born 31 December, 1777, and married Thomas Peter.

' Born 21 March, 1779, and married Lawrence Lewis, the nephew of Gen-
eral Washington.

" The three ladies mentioned in this clause were daughters of John Parke
Custis (son of Mrs. Washington, by her first husband) and Nellie Calvert.

296 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

rence Lewis, — and to my ward, the grandson of my
wife,' I give and bequeath one other part ; — that is a
third part to each of them — And if it should so hap-
pen, that any of the persons whose names are here
enumerated (unknown to me) should now [26] be de-
ceased, or should die before me, that in either of these
cases, the heirs of such deceased persons shall, not-
withstanding derive all the benefit of the bequest, in
the same manner as if he, or she was actually living
at the time.

And by way of advice, I recommend it to my Ex-
ecutors not to be precipitate in disposing of the landed
property (herein directed to be sold) if from tempo-
rary causes the sale thereof should be dull, experience
having fully evinced, that the price of land (especially
above the Falls of the Rivers & on the Western Wa-
ters) have been progressively rising, and cannot be
long checked in its increasing value. — and I particular-
ly recommend it to such of the Legatees (under this
clause of my will) as can make it convenient, to take
each a share of my stock in the Potomac Company in
preference to the amount of what it might sell for ;
being thoroughly convinced myself, that no uses to
which the money can be applied will be so produc-
tive as the Tolls arising from this navigation when
in full operation (and this from the nature of things it
must be 'ere long) and more especially if that of the
Shenandoah is added thereto.

[27] The family Vault at Mount Vernon requiring
repairs, and being improperly situated besides, I de-

' George Washington Parke Custis.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 297

sire that a new one of Brick, and upon a larger scale,
may be built at the foot of what is commonly called
the Vineyard Inclosure, — on the ground which is
marked out. — In which my remains, with those of
my deceased relatives (now in the Old Vault) and
such others of my family as may chuse to be entombed
there, may be deposited. — And it is my express desire
that my corpse may be interred in a private manner,
without parade or funeral oration.'

Lastly — ^I constitute and appoint my dearly beloved
wife Martha Washington, my nephews William Au-
gustine Washington, Bushrod Washington, George
Steptoe Washington, Samuel Washington & Law-
rence Lewis, & my ward, George Washington Parke
Custis, (when he shall have arrived at the age of
twenty years) Executrix and Executors of this Will
& Testament, — In the construction of which it will
readily be perceived that no professional character
has been consulted or has had any agency in the
draught — and that, although it has occupied [28]
many of my leisure hours to digest & to through it into
its present form, it may notwithstanding, appear crude
and incorrect — But having endeavored to be plain
and explicit in all the Devises — even at the expense
of prolixity, perhaps of tautology, I hope, and trust,
that no disputes will arise concerning them ; but if con-
trary to expectation the case should be otherwise from
the want of legal expression, or the usual technical
terms, or because too much or too little, has been

' An interesting account of the transfer is to be found in the Tomb of Wash-
ington by W. Strickland, printed anonymously in 1840.

298 THE WRITINGS OF [1799.

said on any of the devises to be consonant with law,
my will and direction expressly is, that all disputes
(if unhappily any should arise) shall be decided by
three impartial and intelligent men, known for their
probity and good understanding ; two to be chosen
by the disputants, each having the choice of one, and
the third by those two. — which three men thus chosen,
shall unfettered by Law, or legal constructions declare
their sense of the Testator's intention ; and such de-
cision is, to all intents and purposes to be as binding
on the Parties as if it had been given in the Supreme
Court of the United States.

[29] In witness of all and of each of the things
herein contained I have set my hand and seal this
ninth day of July, in the year one thousand seven
hundred and ninety [nine^] and of the Independence
of the United States, the Twenty fourth.

Go. Washington.

Schedule of Property " comprehended in the foregoing Will,
which is directed to be sold, an i some of it. conditionally is sold /
with descriptive and explanitory notes relative thereto. —

IN VIRGINIA.

^ Acres Price Dollars

Loudoun County —

Difficult Run 300 6,666 (a)

(a) This tract for the size of it is valuable ; more for

it's situation than the quality of it's soil, though that

is good for farming, with a considerable portion of

> A word omitted by Washington. It is noteworthy that the will was not
signed in the presence of witnesses.

2 I have thrown the schedule and notes together, for the convenience of
reference.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 299.

gr'd that might, very easily, be improved into meadow.
— It lyes on the great Road from the City of Wash-
ington, Alexandria and George Town to Leesburgh &
Winchester, at DifiScult bridge — nineteen miles from
Alexandria — less from the City & George Town, and
not more than three from Matildaville at the Great
Falls of Potomac —

There is a valuable seat on the premises — and the
whole is conditionally sold for the sum annexed in
the schedule.
Loudoun & Fauquier

Ashby's Bent 2,481 10 24,810

Chattin's Run 885 8 7,080

(i) What the selling prices of lands in the vicinity of

these two tracts are I know not ; but compared with

those above the ridge, and others below them the

value annexed will appear moderate — a less one

would not obtain them from me. —

Berkley —

So. Fork of BuUskin 1,600

Head of Evan's M 453

In Wormley's Line 183

[(^>

2,236 20 44,720 (4

(f) The surrounding land, not superior in soil, situation
or properties of any sort, sell currently at from twenty
to thirty dollars an acre. — The lowest price is affixed
to these.
Frederick —

Bought from Mercer ' 571 20 ii,42o(i/)

(^) The observations made in the last note applies
equally to this tract being in the vicinity of them, and
of similar quality, altho it lye's in another County.
Hampshire —

On Potk River above B. 240 15 3,600 (e)
((?) This tract though small, is extremely valuable— it
lyes on the Potomac River, about twelve miles above

' John Francis Mercer.

300 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

the Town of Bath (or Warm Springs) and it is in the
shape of a horse-shoe, the River running almost
around it. — Two hundred acres of it is rich low
grounds ; with a great abundance of the largest and
finest Walnut Trees, which with the produce of the
soil might (by means of the improved navigation of
the Potomac) be brought to a shipping port with more
ease and at a smaller expense than that which is
transported 30 miles, only by land.

Gloucester —

On North River 400 abt 3.600 (_/)

(y) This tract is of second rate Gloucester low ground
— it has no improvement thereon, but lyes on navi-
gable water abounding in fish and oysters : it was re-
ceived in payment of a debt (carrying interest) and
valued in the year 1789, by an impartial gentleman
to .£^800 — N. B. it has lettely been sold and there is
due thereon, a balance equal to what is annexed —
the Schedule.

Nansemond —

Near Suffolk \ of

1 1 19 acres 373 8 2,984 (,§•)

(^) These 373 acres are the third part of undivided
purchases made by the deceased Fielding Lewis,
Thomas Walker and myself, on full conviction that
they would become valuable. — the land lye's on the
road from Suffolk to Norfolk touches (if I am not
mistaken) some part of the navigable water of Nanse-
mond River — borders on — and comprehends part of
the rich Dismal Swamp ; is capable of great improve-
ment ; — and from it's situation must become ex-
tremely valuable.

Great Dismal Swamp.

My dividend thereof abt 20,000 (h)

{h) This is an undivided interest wch I held in the
Great Dismal Swamp Company, containing about 400

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON.

30 r

acres, with my part of the Plantation and Stock
thereon belonging to the Company in the s'd Swamp.'
Ohio River

Round Bottom' 587 10

Little Kanhawa 2,314

16 miles lower down 2,448

Opposite Big Bent 4,395

9,744 10 97,440 («■>
(» ) These several tracts of land are of the first quality
on the Ohio River in the parts where they are situ-
ated ; being almost, if not altogether. River bottoms.
The smallest of these Tracts is actually sold at ten
dollars an acre, but the consideration therefor not
received, the rest are equally valuable, and will sell as
high, especially that which lye's just below the little
Kanhawa, and is opposite to a thick settlement on the
west side the River.
The four tracts have an aggregate breadth upon the
River of Sixteen miles and is bounded thereby that
distance.
Great Kanhawa —

Near the mouth west 10,990

East Side above 7,276

Mouth of Cole River 2,000

Opposite thereto 2,950

Burning Spring 125

23,341 200,000 (Ji)
ifi) These tracts are situated on the Great Kanhawa
River, and the first four are bound thereby for more
than forty miles. — It is acknowledged by all who have
seen them (and of the tract containing 10,990 acres
which I have been on myself, I can assert) that there
is no richer, or more valuable land in all that Region ;

' Washington owned two of twenty-one shares in the Great Dismal Swamp
Company, which he valued in 1793 at ;^5,ooo. The Company in 1762 took up
40,000 acres in the interior and richest part of the swamp.

^ See Vol. II., 295, 392, 410.

^o2 THE WRITINGS OF [1799

— They are conditionally sold for the sum mentioned
in the schedule — that is, 200,000 dollars and if the
terms of that sale are not complied with they will
command considerable more. — The tract of which
the 125 acres is a moiety, was taken up by General
Andrew Lewis and myself for on account of a
bituminous spring, which it contains, of so inflam-
mable a nature as to burn as freely as spirits, and is
as nearly difficult to extinguish.
Maryland —

Charles County 600 6 3,600 (/)

Montgomery County 519 12 6,228 (/»)

(/) I am but little acquainted with this land, although
I have once been on it. — It was receiv'd (many years
since) in discharge of a debt due to me from Daniel
Jenifer Adams, at the value annexed thereto, and
must be worth more. — It is very level, lyes near the
River Potomac.
(»«) This tract lyes about 30 miles above the City of
Washington not far from Kittoctan. — It is good farm-
ing land, and by those who are well acquainted with
it I am informed that it would sell at twelve or $15
pr. acre.'
Pennsylvania —

Great Meadows 234 6 1,404 («)

(«) This land is valuable on account of it's local situa-
tion and other properties. — It affords an exceeding
good stand on Braddock's Road from Fort Cumber-
land to Pittsburgh and besides a fertile soil possesses
a large quantity of natural meadow fit for the scythe.
— It is distinguished by the appellation of the Great
Meadows, where the first action with the French in
the year 1754 was fought "

• Known as Woodstock Manor. It was conveyed to Washington i April,
1793. by John Francis Mercer and Sophia, his wife, and James Stewart and
Rebecca, his wife.

4 Crawford, on 6 December, 1770, announced to Washington that he had
purchased the Great Meadows from Mr. Harrison for thirty pistoles.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 303

New York —

Mohawk River abt 1000 6 6,000 (fi)

(p) This is the moiety of about 2000 acres which remains
unsold of 6071 acres on the Mohawk River, (Mont-
gomery Ct'y) in a Patent granted to Daniel Coxe in
the Township of Coxeborough 6^ Carolina as will ap-
pear by deed from Marinus Willet & wife to George
Clinton (late Governor of New York) and myself ;
the latter sales have been at six dollars an acre and
what remains unsold will fetch that, or more.'
North West Territory —

On little Miami 839

Ditto 977

Ditto 1235

3051 5 15,251 (/)

(/) The quality of these lands & their situation may be
known by the surveyor's certificates, which are filed
along with the patents — They lye in the vicinity of
Cincinnati, one tract near the mouth of little Miami,
another seven, & the third ten miles up the same — I
have been informed that they will readily command
more than they are estimated at. —
Kentucky —

Rough Creek 3,000

Ditto adjoin'g 2,000

5,000 2 10,000 (^)
(^) For the description of these tracts in detail, see
General Spottswood's letters and with the other papers
relating to them— Besides the general good quality of
the land, there is a valuable bank of Iron Ore thereon ;
— which when the settlement becomes more populous
(and settlers are moving that way very fast) will be
found very valuable, as the rough creek, a branch of
Green River affords ample water for furnaces and
forges.

' See Vol. X.,422.

304

THE WRITINGS OF [i799

LOTS.
City of Washington —

Two near the Capital Sqr 634 ) j. ^ ^^^ /^\

Cost $963, and with Buildgs. )

No. 5, 12, 13, & 14, the 3 last water lots on the"
Eastern Branch . 41^2 (j)

in Sqr 667, containing together
34,438 Sqr. feet at 12 cts.
(r) The two lots near the Capital in Square 634, cost
me $963 only, but in this price I was favored on
condition that I should build two brick houses, three
storys high each ; — without this reduction, the selling
price of those lots would have cost me about $1350.
— These lots with the buildings thereon when completed

will stand me in $15,000 at least,
(j) Lots No. 5, 12, 13 Sz: 14 on the Eastern Branch are
advantageously situated on the water, and although
many lots much less convenient, have sold a great deal
higher, I will rate these at 12 cts the square foot only.'
Alexandria —

Corner of Pitt and Prince Strts )

half an acre— laid out into buildgs >• 4,000 (/)

3 or 4 of wch are let on p!;rd Rent at $3 pr foot )

' I applied to Col. O. H. Ernst, at present in charge of the public buildings
and grounds in Washington, for the exact locality of these lots. He has kindly
sent me the following :

' ' The records of this office show that Washington acquired title to the
whole of Square 2i ; to Lot No. 16 — not two lots, as you have it — in Square
634 ; to Lots 5, 12, 13 and 14 in Square 667 ; and to Lots 4, 5 and 6 in square
east of Square 667.

" The boundaries of Square 21 are D and E Sts. North, and 25th and 26th
Sts. West.

" The boundaries of Square 634 are B and C Sts. North, Capitol St. and
New Jersey Ave.

" The boundaries of Square 667 are U and V Sts. South, First St. West and
Water St.

" The boundaries of square east of Square 667 are U and V Sts. South,
Water St. and the Eastern Branch. This square was under water at the time.

Lots 4, 5 and 6 were opposite Lots 12, 13 and 14 in the adjoining Square

667— and were of value only as securing beyond peradventure the water front
appertaining to the lots in Square 667."

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 305

{i) For this lot, though unimproved I have refused

$3500, it has since been laid off into proper sized lots

for building on, three or four of which are let on

ground Rent forever at three dollars a foot on the

street, and this price is asked for both fronts on Pitt

and Princess Streets.'

Winchester —

A lot in the Town, of half an \

acre & another on the Commons >• 400 («)

of about 6 acres — supposed )

(«) As neither the lot in the Town or common have any

improvements on them it is not easy to fix a price,

but as both are well situated it is presumed the price

annexed to them in the Schedule is a reasonable

value.

Bath — or Warm Springs —

Two well situated and had buildings to the ) , ,

, r r t 800 (ze/)

amount of ;4iSo. ) '^ '

(ze/) The lots in Bath (two adjoining) cost me to the best

of my recollection, between fifty and sixty pounds, 20

years ago & the buildings thereon, ;^iSo more. —

Whether the property there has increased or decreased

in its value, and in what condition the houses are, I

am ignorant, but suppose they are not valued too

high.' \

' On this section Mr. Cassius F. Lee, of Alexandria, writes me : " The half
square of ground in this city owned by Washington was on the comer of
Prince and Pitt streets. It is covered with dwellings, and is in the best part
of the town, and a square only east of the post office, which is on Prince street.
Prince street is the correct name. Washington also owned a quarter square on
Cameron street, and on this lot was his private office, a small frame building,
that I remember well when a very small boy. The gentlemen owning the lot
lived adjoining it, and wanting it for his garden, tore down the building and
turned the space into a garden-ornamental. "

» " Having obtained a plan of this Town (Bath), and ascertained the situa-
tion of my lots therein, which I examined; it appears that the disposition
of a dwelling house, kitchen and stable, cannot be more advantageously
placed than they are marked in the copy I have taken from the plan of the
Town, to which I refer for recollection of my design ; and Mr. Rumsey being
willing to undertake those Buildings, I have agreed with him to have them

3o6 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

United States 6 pr ct.

3,746

Do

deferred

1,873

3 Pi- ct.

2,946

2,500

6,246 {x\

(*) These are the sums which are actually funded, and
though no more in the aggregate than $7566 stand me
in at least ten thousand pounds in Virginia money,
being the amount of bonded and other debts due me,
and discharged during the war, when money had de-
preciated in that ratio B^" and was so settled by
public authority.'

finished by the loth of next July. The dwelling House is to be 36 feet by 24,
with a gallery of 7 feet on each side of the House, the whole fronts. Under
the House is to be a cellar half the size of it, walled with stone, and the whole
underpin'd. On the first floor are to be three rooms ; one of them 24 by 20
feet, with a chimney at the end (middle thereof) — the other two to be 12 by 16
feet with corner chimneys — on the upper Floor there are to be two rooms of
equal sizes, with fire places ; the staircase to go up in the gallery — galleries
above also. The kitchen and stable are to be of the same size — 18 by 22 ; the
first with a stone chimney and good floor above. The stable is to be sunk in
the ground, so as that the floor above it on the north, or side next to the dwell-
ing House, shall be level with the Yard — to have a partition therein, the west
part of which to be for a carriage, Harness, and saddles — the east for Hay or
Grain. All three of the houses to be shingled with . . . ." — Journal, 1784.
' The law of 4 August, 1790, providing for the funding of the revolutionary
debt, called for a loan to the full amount of the debt, subscriptions to be
payable in the certificates or notes issued by the Continental Congress or the
respective States. For two-thirds of the subscriptions a certificate was to issue
purporting that the United States owed to the holder a sum equal to such two-
thirds (when paid in Continental certificates) and to two-thirds of the aforesaid
two-thirds (when paid in States issues) bearing 6 per cent, interest per annum,
payable quarterly, and subject to redemption by payments not exceeding 8 per
cent, per annum, principal and interest. These certificates were known as the
" six per cent, stock of 1790." For the balance, stock was issued not to bear
interest until after 1800, when the rate of six per cent, would be paid. This
was the " deferred 6 per cent, stock of 1790." One-third of the amount sub-
scribed and paid in indents of interest issued by authority of the Continental
Congress, or in certificates or notes issued by the several States, should bear
interest at three per cent. This was the " three per cent, stock of 1700."

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 307

Potomac Company —

24 Shares cost ea ^^loo Sterl'g 10,666 (_y)

(_)<) The value annexed to these shares is what they have
actually cost me, and is the price affixed by law : —
and although the present selling price is under par,
my advice to the Legatees (for whose benefit they are
intended, especially those who can afford to lye out of
the money) is that each should take and hold one ;
there being a moral certainty of a great and increas-
ing profit arising from them in the course of a few yeari
James River Company —

5 Shares each cost f 100 $500 {£)

(2) It is supposed that the shares in the James River Com-
pany must also be productive — But of this I can give no
decided opinion for want of more accurate information.
^ANK OF Columbia —

170 shares — $40 each 6,800 '\

Bank of Alexandria — besides ) f ^)

20 to the Free School 5 j 1,000 '

(6f) These are nominal prices of the Shares of the
Bank of Alexandria & Columbia, the selling prices
vary according to circumstances but as the stock
usually divided from eight to ten per cent, per annum,
they must be worth the former, at least, so long as
the Banks are conceived to be secure, although cir-
cumstances may some time [be] below it.
Stock — living — viz. —

I covering horse, 5 Coh ' horses — 4 Ridingdo — Six
brood mares — 20 working horses & mares, — 2
Covering Jacks & 3 young ones — 10 she asses— 42
working mules— 15 younger ones 329 head of
horned cattle— 640 head of Sheep, and a large K 15,653
stock of hogs, the precise number unknown —
J^" My manager has estimated this live stock at
^7,000 but I shall set it down in order to make sd

sum at —

Aggregate amt : ' $530,000

' Carriage (?)

3o8 GEORGE WASHINGTON. [179?^

The value of live stock depends more upon the quality
than quantity of the different species of it, and this
again upon the demand and judgment or fancy of
purchasers.

Mount Vernon,

6 July, 1799. G. WASHINGTON.

At a Court held for the County of Fairfax the 20th day of
January 1800, this last Will and Testament of George Washing-
ton, deceased, late President of the United States of America,
was presented in Court by George Steptoe Washington, Samuel
Washington, & Lawrence Lewis, three of the Executors therein
named, who made oath thereto, and the same being proved by
the oaths of Charles Little, Charles Simms and Ludwell Lee, to
be in the true handwriting of the said Testator, as also the
Schedule thereto annexed, and the said will, being sealed and
signed by him on motion. Ordered to be Recorded — And the
said Executors having given Security and performed what the
Laws require, a Certificate is granted them for obtaining a
probate thereof in due form.

Teste G. Deneale, CI : Ex .•

R. L. H. /o : Ex" by '

G. Deneale, CI : Ex ;

' " Recorded Liber H, /o/io 1, and examined." George Deneale became
clerk 2d May, 1798.

The original of this will is in the County Court House, at Fairfax Court
House, Virginia, in charge of the County Clerk. A story occasionally appears
in print, that the MS. is in the secret vaults of the British Museum, having
been sold to that institution by one who obtained it during or after the civil
war. The fact was, fearing lest some damage should be done to it, in July,
1861, the will was taken to Richmond by the then County Clerk, Mr. Alfred
Moss, and deposited for safe keeping with the then Secretary of the Common-
wealth, Mr. George W. Mumford. The office of the Secretary was looted by
the Federal troops, but by some happy chance the will was thrown away, and
was later found in a heap of rubbish. It was restored to the Fairfax County
Court House.

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

TO LUND WASHINGTON.

Camp at Cambridge, Augt. 20th, 1775.

Dear Lund :

Your letter by Captn. Prince came to my hands
last night — I was glad to learn by it that all are well.
— the acct. given of the behaviour of the Scotchmen
at Port Tobacco & Piscataway surprizd & vexed
me — Why did they Imbark in the cause? — What do
they say for themselves ? — What does other say of
them ? — are they admitted into Company ? — or kicked
out of it ? — What does their Countrymen urge in
Justification of them ? — they are fertile in invention,
and will offer excuses where excuses can be made. — I
cannot say but I am curious to learn the reasons why
men who had subscribed, & bound themselves to each
other, & their Country, to stand forth in defence of
it, should lay down their arms the first moment they
were called upon.

Although I never hear of the Mill under the
direction of Simpson, without a degree of warmth &
vexation at his extreame stupidity, yet, if you can
spare money from other Purposes, I could wish to
have it sent to him, that it may, if possible, be set
agoing before the Works get ruined & spoilt, & my
whole money perhaps totally lost. — If I am really to
loose Barrand's debt to me, it will be a pretty severe

3"

312 THE WRITINGS OF [i775

stroke upon the back of Adams, & the expence I am
let into by that confounded fellow Simpson, & neces-
sarily so in seating my Lands under the Management
of Cleveland.

Spinning should go forward with all possible dis-
patch, as we shall have nothing else to depend upon
if these disputes continue another year — I can hardly
think that Lord Dunmore can act so low, & un-
mannerly a part, as to think of seizing Mrs. Washing-
ton by way of revenge upon me ; howevr. as I sup-
pose she is, before this time gone over to Mr, Cal-
vert's, & will soon after retng., go down to New Kent,
she will be out of his reach for 2 or 3 months to
come, in which time matters may, & probably will,
take such a turn as to render her removal either
absolutely necessary, or quite useless — I am never-
theless exceedingly thankful to the gentlemen of
Alexandria for their friendly attention to this point
& desire you will if there is any sort of reason to
suspect a thing of this kind provide a kitchen for her
in Alexandria, or some other place of safety elsewhere
for her and my Papers.

The People of this government have obtained a
Character which they by no means deserved — their
officers generally speaking are the most indifferent
kind of People I ever saw. — I have already broke one
Colo, and five Captains for Cowardice & for drawing
more Pay & Provisions than they had Men in their
Companies — there is two more Colos. now under
arrest, & to be tried for the same offences — in short
they are by no means such Troops, in any respect, as

i77S] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 313

you are led to believe of them from the accts. which
are published, but I need not make myself enemies
among them, by this declaration, although it is con-
sistent with truth. — I dare say the Men would fight
very well (if properly officered) although they are an
exceeding dirty & nasty people. — Had they been
properly conducted at Bunkers Hill (on the 17th of
June) or those that were there properly supported,
the Regulars would have met with a shameful defeat,
and a much more considerable loss than they did,
which is now known to be exactly 1057 killed &
wounded — it was for their behaviour on that occasion
that the above officers were broke, for I never spared
one that was accused of Cowardice but brot 'em to
immediate Tryal.'

Our Lines of Defence are now compleated, as near
so at least as can be — we now wish them to come
out, as soon as they please, but they (that is the
enemy) discover no Inclination to quit their own
Works of Defence ; & as it is almost impossible for
«s to get to them, we do nothing but watch each
other's motions all day at the distance of about a
mile, every now and then picking off a stragler when
■we can catch them without their Intrenchments, in
return, they often attempt to cannonade our Lines
to no other purpose than the waste of a considerable
of Powder to themselves which we should be very
glad to get.

What does Doctr. Craik say to the behaviour of
his Countrymen, & Townspeople ? — remember me

' See letter to Richard Henry Lee, 29 August, 1775, in III., 96.

314 THE WRITINGS OF [1775.

kindly to him, & tell him that I should be very glad
to see him here if there was anything worth his-
acceptance ; but the Massachusetts People suffer
nothing to go by them that they can lay hands upon.
I wish the money could be had from Hill, & the
Bills of Exchange (except Colo. Fairfax's which
ought to be sent to him immediately) turned into cash ;
you might then, I should think, be able to furnish
Simpson with about ;^300 : but you are to recollect
that I have got Cleveland & the hired People with him
to pay also. — I would not have you buy a single bushel
of wheat till you can see with some kind of certainty
what market the flour is to go to — & if you cannot
find sufficient employment in repairing the Mill
works, & other things of this kind for Mr. Roberts,
and Thomas Alford, they must be closely Imployed
in making cask, or working at the Carpenters or other
business otherwise they must be discharged, for it is
not reasonable, as all Mill business will probably be
at an end for a while, that I am to pay them ;^ioo a
year to be Idle. — I should think Roberts himself must
see, & be sensible of this reasonableness of this-
request, as I believe few Millers will find Imploymt.
if our Ports are shut up, & the Wheat kept in the
straw, or otherwise for greater security. —

I will write to Mr. Milnor to forward you a good
Country Boulting Cloth for Simpson, which en-
deavour to have contrived to him by the first safe
conveyance— I wish you would quicken Lanphire &
Sears about the Dining Room Chimney Piece (to be
executed as mentioned in one of my last Letters) as.

i77S] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 315

I could wish to have that end of the House com^
pleately finished before I return. — I wish you had
done the end of the New Kitchen next the Garden
as also the Old Kitchen with rusticated Boards r
however, as it is not, I would have the Corners done-
so in the manner of our new Church, (those two-
especially which Fronts the Quarter) — What have
you done with the Well ? — is that walled up ? — have
you any accts. of the Painter ? — how does he behave
at Fredericksburg ? —

I much approve of your sowing wheat in clean
ground, although you should be late in doing it, & if
for no other purpose than a tryal — It is a growing I
find, as well as a new practice, that of overseers keep-
ing Horses, & for what purpose, unless it be to make
fat Horses at my expence, I know not, as it is no-
saving of my own Horses — I do not like the custom,
& wish you would break it — but do as you will, as I
cannot pretend to interfere at this distance.

Remember me kindly to all the neighbors who
enquire after

Yr. affecte. friend & Servt.'

' From the collection of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet.

THE WASHINGTON FAMILY.

317

— Whittington

an

ibeth

I
Robert =

I
Thomas = Deering

I
Miles

I I

• Cheesewright Anne = Robert Katherine = Melchior
Bateman Reynolds

I
ry Magdalen
lall

at Ralph William a son

I I

Barbara = Mary =
Simon Abel

Butler Makepeace

I

I

I
Martha :

Margaret =
Gerard
Hawtayne

: Arthur
Beswick

I
Lawrence ^ Eleanor Guise = Sir William Pargiter

I

PIS

ardson

Elizabeth = Sir Robert Shirley

I I '
Vlargaret = Alice = Frances :
Samuel Thomas Gar-
Thornton Sandys grave
Sandys

I I

Amy := Jane =

Philip Richard

Curtis Seymour

Lucy

I
ViHiam

n = Mary Townsend

Elizabeth :
Rumbold

Margaret :
Talbot

Martha =
Hayward

Ann

THE WASHINGTON FAMILY.

After a century of spasmodic research, the history
•of the ancestry of Washington cannot be written with
accuracy or fulness. The records available are few
and disconnected, and until the year 1889 an import-
ant link in the chain was wanting. The old pedigree
had been discredited, and a new could not be framed.
It was not even known in what part of England the
needed evidence on which to base the new tree could
be looked for, and in this wide field investigators
must grope their way. It was idle to conjecture, for
one guess was as good as another. Trickery and
forgery were brought into the question, and the usual
accompanying nonsense, which have thrown so much
■discredit upon genealogical writing. Nothing short
of heroic origin must satisfy these charlatans ; and so
Odin is made the ancestor of Washington, and Rurik
of Hamilton ; and all between is composed of facts
where they can be found, of manufactured evidence
where required, and of stupid and clumsy compilation
where the imagination failed. The result comes into
the market to gull the public and mystify the reader ;
while clouding the subject for the student. I propose
in this place to summarize what has been obtained in
the century of investigation, eliminating, as far as

319

320 THE WRITINGS OF

possible, conjecture ; or so distinguishing the assured
from the doubtful, that no error can arise. In this,
there is little original investigation, and the labors of
others are freely drawn upon, full credit being given
to each individual worker.

In December, 1791, Sir Isaac Heard, then Garter
King of Arms in London, wrote to Washington,
that he had investigated the English ancestry of the
President, and desired to complete his record with
such particulars as could be furnished by the family
in America. To gratify this request, Washington
addressed a number of his relations, asking them to-
supply what information they could, copies of wills,
inscriptions on tombstones, and any documents that
could throw light upon the matter.' From such re-
plies as he received, Washington drew up a paper,
naturally imperfect, and confined to the immigrants,
into Virginia and their descendants. Of the English
ancestry the President could only give a hint : " I
have often heard others of the family, older than my-
self, say, that our ancestor, who first settled in this,
country, came from some one of the northern counties of
England ; but whether from Lancashire, Yorkshire, or
one still more northerly,! do not precisely remember."'
From the material at hand. Sir Isaac prepared a ten-
tative genealogical table, which was sent to Mount
Vernon ; but Sir Isaac became unable to pursue the
matter, and it was left in this incomplete condition.

' See Vol. xni.,444.

' Washington to Sir Isaac Heard, 2 May, 1792. The letter is printed in
Sparks, Writings of Washington, i. , 546.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 321

It was ascertained, however, that two brothers
were the first of the family to emigrate, settling in
Virginia, Washington believed that they came over
about 1657, and started from the north of England.
Sir Isaac found recorded in the Visitation of North-
amptonshire of 1 61 8, the names of John and Law-
rence Washington, described as sons of Lawrence
Washington of Sulgrave, who had died in 16 16, The
year and the identity of names led Sir Isaac to be-
lieve that these were the brothers who emigrated, and
he traced the descent of the President through this
family of Northamptonshire, from one still more
ancient in Lancashire. This pedigree did not com-
pletely satisfy Sir Isaac, who regarded it as conjectu-
ral, and left a note distinctly stating that he was by
no means certain if the connection with the Sulgrave
family was, or even could be, substantiated. When
Baker prepared his history of Northamptonshire, he
adopted the results obtained by Sir Isaac, but omitted
to express any doubt of its finality. He asserted that
the emigrant John, son of Lawrence Washington of
Sulgrave, was of South Cave, co. York; and that
his brother Lawrence was a student at Oxford in
1622, afterwards emigrating to America. This pedi^
gree of Baker's, passing into other compilations as
authoritative, came to be received as definite and
complete.

Mr. Sparks, when compiling the Writings of
Washington, had access to all the manuscripts of
Sir Isaac Heard, and, with the assistance of some
county histories, prepared a statement of the "origin

322 THE WRITINGS OF

and genealogy of the Washington family." This
account was published in the appendix to his first
volume ; and while adding little of value to what the
Garter King of Arms had discovered, became the
basis of subsequent investigation ; while the extended
circulation of the volumes stamped the pedigree as
of high authority. An important link was, however,
wanting. Sir Isaac Heard thought the emigrants
came from Northamptonshire, and traced their ances-
tors to Lancashire. Mr. Sparks found a parish,
called Washington, in Durham, where persons of the
name had resided towards the close of the twelfth cen-
tury. It was supposed that the holder of the manor,
William de Hertburn, or some descendant, assumed
the local name. A William de Wessyngton was
recorded as a witness about the middle of the thir-
teenth century.' Before 1400 the manor had passed
out of the male line of the family. Such remote and
disconnected facts were of little service in determi-
ning the ancestors of the President in a direct line,
and Mr. Sparks, making a long leap from these early
records, located these ancestors in Whitfield and
Wharton, in the county of Lancaster.^

In i860 a contribution to the subject was made by
the rector of Brington, in Northamptonshire, in a

> In the Visitation of Yorkshire, 1563 and 1564 (Harleian Society), William
Mallory, of Stodley, married Dyonis, daughter and heir of Sir William Tem-
pest, Knight, by Eleanor, daughter and heiress of Sir William de Weshington.
See Welles, Pedigree and History of the Washington Family, p. 41. This is
a work which can be accepted only where its statements are confirmed from
other sources.

"^ Sparks, Writings of Washington, i., 539.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 323

story entitled The Washingtons ; a Tale of a Coun-
try Parish in the lyth Century, Based on Authentic
Documents. The " documents " were found in
the parish register and among the manuscripts at
Althorpe, the residence of the Spencers. The author
of this story, Mr. John Nassau Simpkinson, brought
to light some curious entries from the account books
of the Spencer family, relating to the Washingtons,
and attempted to identify the very house in Little
Brington which was occupied by them — an attempt
that subsequent investigation proved to have been
without result. Mr. Simpkinson also made some
corrections in Baker's pedigree, of which I shall
make use later. It cannot be said, however, that
The Washingtons gave any reason for rejecting
the Baker table so far as the immediate ancestors of
the President were concerned.

In 1863 Mr. Isaac J. Greenwood suggested that
Heard and Baker must be in error on a very import-
ant point, as the John and Lawrence Washington,
whom they believed to have emigrated to Virginia,
were too old at the date of the emigration to take so
active a part. To obviate this difficulty Mr. Green-
wood advanced the supposition that the emigrants
might have been the sons of Sir William Washington
of Packington, the eldest son of Lawrence Washing-
ton of Sulgrave. His doubts of the correctness of
the Heard-Baker pedigree were fully verified in an
essay in destructive criticism by Colonel Joseph
Lemuel Chester, published in the Herald and
Genealogist (London, September, 1866), and re-

324 THE WRITINGS OF

printed in the New England Historical and Genea-
logical Register (Boston, 1867). In this essay it
was established that John, the son of Lawrence
Washington of Sulgrave, was Sir John Washington
of Thrapston, who was twice married, and whose
second wife. Dame Dorothy, survived him. So it
was not possible for this John Washington to have
left the country and married in Virginia, as it was
known the emigrant John did, and as the Greenwood
supposition thus made an essential. Colonel Chester
also showed that the children of the two John Wash-
ingtons were of different names : those of Sir John
being Mordaunt, John, and Philip; while those of the
emigrant were John, Lawrence, and Anne. As a
further point against the Heard pedigree, he made
the objection that Lawrence, brother of Sir John,,
was a clergyman of the Established church ; and, on
a forced construction of a sentence in John Walker's
work on the sufferings of the clergy in the rebellion,'^
asserted that Lawrence continued in the profession
of a clergyman in England for some years after the
date of the emigration ; while Lawrence, the emi-
grant, described himself as a "gentleman," which he
would hardly do was he in holy orders.

' An Attempt towards Recovering an Account of the Numbers and Sufferings-
of the Clergy of the Church of England, who were Sequestered, Harassed, Ss'c,
in the Grand Rebellion, London, 1714. A copy with MS. additions by the
author is in the Bodleian Library. Dr. Edmund Calamy, in 1719, published
The Church and the Dissenters Compared as to Persecution in some Remarks on
Dr. Walker's Attempt, &c.

It was Mr. William H. Whitmore who first pointed out the probable error
in Colonel Chester's construction of Walker's language.— .A^^iw England His-
torical and Genealogical Register , October, 1889, 395,

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 325

With this overturning in one point of the accepted
pedigree, which naturally cast doubt upon the whole,
Colonel Chester rested his case, and sought for the
evidence which would enable him to prepare a cor-
rect one to take its place. In March, 1879, he
published a letter in the New York World holding
out a promise of something definite, but he died
before this promise was fulfilled, and his papers and
notes on the Washingtons passed into other hands,
and have not yet been published.

Colonel Chester's researches seemed to point to
locating the immediate ancestors of Washington in
Northants. In 1884-85 Mr. Henry F. Waters, then
engaged in genealogical research in England, took
as a starting point the letters of administration which
had been granted in England on the goods of Law-
rence Washington of Virginia, as follows :

Mense Maij 1677 tricesimo die Em' Com" Edmondo Jones
principal! creditori Laurentii Washington nuper de Luton in
Comitatu Bedford sed apud Virginia in partibus transmarinis
deceden ad adstrand bona jura et credita diet deft de bene etc
jurat. {Admon. Act Book, P. C. C) '

That paper led him to restrict the field of his
search for the Washingtons — for the name is found
in many counties of England — to the parish of Luton,
in the southern part of Bedfordshire, and its imme-
diate neighborhood. A suggestive piece of evidence
was found among certain bonds once belonging to

' Waters, 8. I use the pamphlet edition of Mr. Waters' essay. It may be
found in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, October,
1889, 379. Sir Isaac Meard knew of these letters.

326 THE WRITINGS OF [i799

the Hitchin Registry of the Archdeaconry of Hun-
tingdon. John Dagnall, of Grove in the parish of
Tring, CO. Herts, yeoman, and William Roades, of
Middle Claydon, in co. Bucks, Gentleman, executed
on 2g January, 1649 (50) a bond as administrators on
the goods of Andrew Knowling, of Tring, during
the minority of Lawrence Washington the younger,
then fourteen years of age, and as guardians or
curators of said Lawrence Washington.'

In the will dated 13 January, 1649, Andrew Know-
ling made the following bequests :

Item I will give and bequeath unto Lawrance Washington the
younger (my godsonne) all my freehould Landes and Tenem"'
whatsoeu' lying and being within the Parish of Tring aforesaid
or else where within the Realm e of England. To haue and to
hould the same to him and his heires for euer. Item I give and be-
queath unto Amphilis Washington my daughter in lawe (& mother
of the said Lawrance) the some of Threescore poundes of Cur"
mony of England to be paid her within six months after my de-
cease. Item I give and bequeath unto Elizabeth ffitzherbert one
other of my daughters in Lawe the some of ffortye pounds of
Cur" mony to be paid in sorte and mann' as is last above men-
coned. Item I give and bequeath unto William Roades my sonne
in Lawe the some of Tenn poundes of Cur" mony to be paid
within sixe months next after my decease : Item I give and be-
queath unto the said Elizabeth ffitzherbert all my come &
graine whatsoeu' now within doores or without. Item I give and
bequeath unto the Two daughters of my late daughter in Lawe
Susan Billing deceased begotten of her body by her late husband
John Billing of Lillington in the County of Buck, Tallowe Chaund-
ler, Tenn poundes apeece to be paid within sixe months after my
decease. And my will is that if either of the said Two children
dye before her Legacie shalbecome due and payable Then I will

■ Waters, 8.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 327

that the Legacie of her dying shalbe paid to the other surviving.
Item I give and bequeath unto John Washington, William Wash-
ington, Elizabeth Washington, Margarett Washington, & Martha
Washington (children of the said Amphilis Washington my daugh-
ter in Lawe) The some of Eight and Twenty pounds a peece of
Curr'" mony to be paid to them att theire seu'all & respective
Ages of One and Twenty years, To be putt out in the meane
tyme for theire best benefitt & advantage * * * * All the rest of
my goodes Catties and chatties fir personall estate not heerin
given and disposed of, my debts and Legacies heerin giuen paid
and my fun'all chardges defrayed I give unto the said Lawrance
Washington the younger my Godsonne whome I make sole and
whoUe executor of this my last will and Testament. * * * '

This Andrew Knowling, it was inferred, married the
widowed mother of William Roades, Amphillis Wash-
ington, Elizabeth Fitzherbert, and Susanna Billing ;
and, while the name of thehusband of Amphillis Wash-
ington was not given, it was conjectured to be Law-
rence, as the executor and residuary legatee in the
will was called Lawrence the younger. Tring is a
village of Hertfordshire, only a few miles from Luton,
in the adjoining county of Bedford. And upon visit-
ing that parish, Mr. Waters found some entries in the
parish register which confirmed these conjectures.

The next clue found was a record in the Probate
Court of Canterbury, showing that letters of admin-
istration had been issued on 8 February, 1655, to
John Washington, " the nfall and lawfull sone of
Amphillis Washington late of Tring in the County
of Hertford deed to adster the goodes Chells and
debtes of the said deed." Admon. Act Book (P. C. C),

' The document is printed in full in Waters, 9.

328 THE WRITINGS OF

42. Mr. Waters based upon this document and the
entries on the Tring register that " Mr. Lawrence
Washington husband of Amphillis and father of John
and Lawrence, had pre-deceased his wife ; and that
John Washington, to whom the letters of admon.
issued, was the eldest son. As we have seen, Law-
rence was baptized in the summer of 1635 and Eliza-
beth in 1636. John could not have been born later
than 1634, and must have been at least twenty-one
years of age at the grant of admon., and twenty-three
in 1657, the date of the emigration."

It was still in question if these Washingtons of
Tring, John and Lawrence, were the emigrants to
Virginia, and no light was thrown upon this question
by the wills of William Roades or Elizabeth Fitzher-
bert. As the prefix " Mr." on the church register
indicated that Lawrence Washington was either a
clergyman or a person of some importance, Mr.
Waters suspected that he might be the Lawrence
Washington who was the rector of Purleigh de-
scribed by Col. Chester. He determined to examine
carefully the papers connected with the probate of
Andrew Knowling's will, and found a bond of
guardianship of John Dagnall, dated 29 January,
1649-50, as guardian and curator of the two daughters
of John and Susanna Billing. Mr. Waters continues :

I then saw a little bit of paper, doubled or folded upon itself,
* * * covered with writing. Seeing at a glance, that it was
evidently an official memorandum of the issuing of the letters of
guardianship and of the oath taken by Mr. Dagnall for the faith-
ful performance of his trust, I did not read it through but at once

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 329

set about copying it in full, little realizing the start of surprise
and gratification I should experience when I should come to the
end of what proved to be the most valuable and important bit
of genealogical evidence that I ever saw or ever expect to see
in the course of my gleanings. This little memorandum was
as follows : —

M*^" qd 29° die Januarij Anno diii 1649° apud Whethamsted
concessse fuerunt Irse Curatoriae ad lites duabus filiabus Susannse
Benning defi legatariis in testmo Andreas Knowlinge precup-
acone legatoru eisdem in dco testiho donat et de disposicoe
eorunde ad usu et commodii dcarii filiaru duran earu respe
minori setate et fidelf se gereud etc. et de reddo Compto etc
Johui Dagnall de Grove Pochise de Tring Marito Elizabethae
Materterse dcaru filiaru iurat etc cora.
pnte me Guil: Rolfe

norio pubco Laurentio Washington

in Art: Magro Surrog: Offilis
etc, hac vice.
Obligtur dcus Johes Dagnall in 50"

Here we have proof of identification, and of the most positive
and conclusive character. There cannot be the least doubt that
this Lawrence Washington, M.A., was the husband of Amphillis
and the father of her children. He was there in the Archdeacon's
Court at Whethampsted, evidently to protect the interests of that
wife and those children, who, under the will presented and
allowed in court that day, were to receive the bulk of Mr. Know-
ling's personal estate, while the second son, Lawrence, as the
acknowledged heir of his godfather and the executor of his will,
was to inherit the real estate of the deceased and all the residuum
of the personal estate after the debts, legacies and funeral expen-
ses and other charges should have been settled and paid. There
can be but little doubt that this same Lawrence Washington, M.
A., who was acting as temporary Surrogate in the Archdeacon's
Court on this occasion, was a clergyman ; for that court was an
ecclesiastical one, and the office of Surrogate in testamentary
courts was usually, if not invariably, held by a clergyman. The

330 THE WRITINGS OF

father of these children, then was a clergyman and a Master of
Arts. We have record of only one Lawrence Washington to-
whom that would apply, namely the fifth (?) son of Lawrence
Washington of Sulgrave, brother of Sir William Washington of
Packington, and of Sir John Washington of Thrapston. He was
a student, Lector and Fellow of Brasenose, and in 1631 Proctor
of the University of Oxford, and afterwards Rector of Purleigh.
The long search after the true line of ancestry of our Washington,,
begun in 1791, was practically brought to a successful close when
that little paper was discovered on Monday, the third of June,.
1889.'

Since the publication of Mr. Waters' memoir, a
number of other facts have been discovered that
must contribute to a final determination of this,
vexed question, and there are rumors of important
documents in the hands of individual investigators,
as yet unpublished. At the present writing the facts-
seem to be as follows : — First, there is no doubt that
the emigrants John and Lawrence of Virginia were
the legatees under Andrew Knowling's will, and that
their mother was named Amphillis. Second, there is-
no moral doubt that their father was Mr. Lawrence
Washington of Tring. Third, no trace has been
found of any Lawrence Washington, M.A., in that
generation, except the rector of Purleigh. Fourth,,
the rector of Purleigh, in all probability, after his.
ejectment therefrom, became a preacher at Little
Braxted in Essex, andwas buried, January 21, 1652,
at Maldon, co. Essex, only three miles from Purleigh.
Fifth, although it is possible that Lawrence Wash-
ington, M.A., was present at court in 1649 in the

■ Waters, 14, 15.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 331

interest of the children of a namesake or cousin, yet
this is a more violent supposition than that he was.
acting for his own children. In 1642 Lawrence
Washington was ejected from Purleigh ; in 1649 he
was apparently a poor man, or at best a preacher in
a living " so small that few would accept of it." If
he were the husband of Amphillis, there was every
reason for him to attend the probate court to look
after the bequest to his children. In 1652 Rev.
Lawrence Washington died ; in January, 1654-5 Mrs.
Washington of Tring died, and in February her son
John was appointed administrator. These latter
dates all agree with the husband of Amphillis, who-
was most probably alive in January, 1649-50, when,
Andrew Knowling made his will.

We lack positive evidence that Rev. Lawrence
Washington of Purleigh was the husband of Am~
phillis Washington of Tring, but so far nothing has
appeared to make the identity improbable, and the co-
incidences in favor of it are numerous and very strong..

First Generation.

I. John Washington, of Whitfield, co. Lancaster.'
Issue :

2. John.

3. Robert.

' Heard and Baker, followed by Sparks, give AA/Tiitfield, in co. Lancaster.
I am unable to trace any place of that name in Lancaster County. Whitfield,.
in Northampton, was once owned by Thomas Lancaster. There are Whit-
fields also in Derby, Gloucester, Kent, and Northumberland.

332 THE WRITINGS OF

Second Generation.

2. John Washington (John'), of Whitfield.

3. Robert Washington (John'), of Warton, co.

Lancaster. Described as second son, and gen-
tleman. Married three times. By his first wife
Westfield he had issue

4. John.

5. Thomas.

6. Ellen, married James Mason, of Warton,
By his second wife Whittington, daughter

of Miles Whittington, of Barwick, co. Lancaster,
he had :

7. Robert.

8. Miles.

By his third wife, Agnes, daughter of Bate-
man, of Haversham, co. Westmoreland, he had :

9. Anthony.

10. Matthew.

11. Elizabeth.

Third Generation.

4. John Washington (Robert 3, John'), of Warton,
CO. Lancaster, married Margaret, daughter of
Robert Kitson, of Warton, and sister of Sir
Thomas Kitson, Kt., and Alderman of London.
Sir Thomas was a great wool and cloth merchant.
(Simpkinson, 308.)
Issue :

12. Lawrence.

13. Nicholas.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 333.

14. Leonard.

15. Peter.

16. Thomas (twice married).

17. Jane, married Humphrey Gardiner, of Cocker-
ham, Lane.

7. Robert Washington (Robert^ John').
Issue ;

18. Thomas.

Fourth Generation.

1 2. Lawrence Washington (John*, Robert', John')^
of Northampton and Gray's Inn ; Mayor of
Northampton, 1532. On the dissolution of the
monasteries in 30 Hen. viii. (1538-9), Lawrence
received a grant of a parcel of the dissolved
priory of St. Andrew, — the manor of Sul-
grave, — with all the lands in Sulgrave and Wood-
ford, certain lands in Stotesbury and Colton
near Northampton, that belonged to this priory,
and all lands in Sulgrave belonging to the dis-
solved priories of Canons Ashby and Catesby.'
He died 19 February, 26 Elizabeth (1584). He
was twice married : (i) Elizabeth, widow of

' Lawrence Washington, besides the lands in Stotesbury, of which he was the-
grantee, died seized of certain other lands, and of the advowson of the rectory
there, late purchased of Sir John Williams, of Thame, Oxfordshire, and
Anthony Stringer, Esq. His grandson, Lawrence Washington, Esq., sold these
lands and rectory in Feby., 1613-14, to Fulk Botry, Esq., of Marston St. Law-
rence, who in 1624 conveyed them to Paul Risley, Esq., and he in 1628, to-
William, Lord Spencer, of whom they were purchased in 1632 by Peter Whit-
combe, Esq. and Thomas Palmer, Esq. who with Sir John Tirrell, of Spring-
field, Essex. Bart., and Dame Martha his wife, daughter of sir Lawrence Wash-
ington, conveyed them in 1646. to Wm. Jesson, gent.

^34 THE WRITINGS OF

William Gough of Northampton, who bore him
no children ; and (2) Anne (or Amy) Pargiter,
daughter of Robert Pargiter,' of Gretworth, gent.
She died 7 October, 1564. Issue:

ig. Robert, born circa 1543-4.

20. Lawrence.

21.

22.

Baker merely says " two other sons." Welles gives William
•and John, but no authority for his statement. Mr. J. Heniy Lea
found in the Malmsbury Abbey Register the will of Henry Wash-
ington, of Malmsbury, dated 2 July, 1570, mentioning wife,
Agnes, and daughter, Elyn ; also noted a George Washington,
married Johann Hatt, 20 July, i6or, and buried 2 May, 1625. Mr.
Lea conjectures that Henry and George were the two unnamed
sons of Lawrence.

23. Frances, married John Thompson, of Sulgrave.

24. Anne, married Edmund Foster, of Hanslop,
Bucks.

25. Elizabeth, married Henry Marshall.

Mr. Waters prints, p. .40, the will of Simon Heynes of Tower-
stone (Turweston) in the county of Bucks, Esq., dated 20 Decem-
ber, 1626, and proved 17 May, 1628. In it he said : "As touching
my freehold lands called Millfield, lying in Stuttesbury, North-
ampton, which I heretofore purchased of my cousin Lawrence
Washington, of the King's Majesty in capite, I dispose, &c,"
■and he makes his " friends and kinsmen Lawrence Washington,
Esq., and Simon Heynes, Esq., son of Joseph Heines, overseers."
Simon Haynes of " Tarston, was son of Simon, dean of Exeter
and Windsor, and married Amye, daughter and one of three co-
heiresses of Henry Marshall of Co. Northum, and of Elizabeth,

' His will is printed in New England Historical and Genealogical Register,
January, 1891.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 335

aunt to Sir Lawrence Washington." ' It maybe conjectured that
Mrs. Marshall was the Elizabeth Washington mentioned above.

26. Magdalen.

27. Barbara, married Simon Butler of Appletre,
gent. He was baptized 6 May, 1549, and buried,
16 June, 1628. She was buried i April, 1635.
A son, John Butler, died in May, 1651, aged 81.

28. Mary, married Abel Makepeace, of Chipping
Warden, Northampton. His will,' proved 14
October, 1602, mentioned his wife, Mary, two
unmarried daughters, Dorothy and Bridget, and
three married, Lucy, Jane, and Amy. His only
son, Lawrence, married Elizabeth, daughter of
J. Croker, of Hooknorton, co. Oxon. Amy
[also printed Anne] married Edward Edens of
Banbury, co. Oxon ; Dorothy married James
Pountney, of London ; and Bridget married Fa-
bian Cole of Sulgrave.

29. Margaret, married Gerard Hawtayne, of
Esington, Oxon. Children (Hawtayne ) :

i. Lawrence, d.s.p.
ii. Edward. d.s.p.
iii. Henry, married Mary, daughter of John

Doyley of Chiselhampton, co. Oxon.
iv. Margery, married Richard Wallop, of Bug-

brooke, co. Northampton.

Lawrence Washington was buried in Sulgrave
-church, and a stone slab, with six brass plates let

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 1\i\y^ i8go.
^Idem., p. 302.

336 THE WRITINGS OF

into it, marked the spot. The first of these plates
contained the Washington coat-of-arms, argent, two
bars gules, in chief three mullets of the second. On
either side, in brass, were effigies of Washington and
his wife (the latter was missing as early as 1793), and
below them on a brass plate of oblong form was the
following inscription in three lines, in the old black
character :

Here lyeth buried y^ bod-ys of Laurence Was-
shingto & Amee his | wyf by whome he had issue iiij
sons & vij daughts w? laurence Dyed y^ day of |

an° 1 5 & Amee Deceassed the vi day of Octo-
ber an° Dni 1564.

Under this plate were representations of the four
sons and seven daughters. " The costume of Law-
rence Washington and his children is that of the
ordinary attire of civilians of the middle of the i6th
century. The father wears a close-fitting doublet, a
large loose gown, with demi-cannon sleeves, purfled
with fur, and large broad-toed shoes. The boys wear
large doublets, knee breeches, long hose, and shoes
like their father ; and each has his gyficiere at his
girdle. The girls wear close-fitting caps, with gowns
reaching to the ancles, and secured round the waist
with a band." — Daily Reporter, Northampton, 24
August, 1889. In August, 1889, the portions repre-
senting the " iiij sons & vij daughts " were stolen.

Will of Lawrence Washington of Souldgrave in the Co. of North-
ampton, gentleman, 18 October, 1581, proved 11 February, 1584.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 337

As concerning my body, which, as it was made of earth, so must it
return to dust and earth again, I desire therefore and require
mine ' exequitor ' to cause the same to be inhumate and buried
in the parish church of Souldgrave aforesaid, in the South Aisle
there before my seat where I usually used to sit, according to his
discretion. To Mr. Walter Light a whole sovereign of gold and
to his now wife a ' ducate ' of gold. Towards the amending of
Stanbridge Lane twenty shillings. And I will that Roger Litle-
ford shall have the oversight in amending the said lane and be-
stowing the said twenty shillings. And for his pains in that
behalf to be sustained I will him two shillings. And I will to
every one of my sons' and daughters' children five shillings
apiece, and to every one of my brother Leonard Washington's
children six shillings eight pence a piece willed to them by
Parson Washington.' Also I give to my brother Thomas Wash-
ington's children by his last wife forty shillings. Also I devise
to my son Lawrence Washington one goblet parcel gilt, with the
cover for the same, and four pounds of current English money to
buy him a salt. And I further will to him one featherbed in the
gate-house, one feather bed over the day-house, one coverlet with
a blue lining, one coverlet in the gate-house chamber, two
boulsters, two pairs of blankets, four home made coverlets &
four mattresses. Also I give to Lawrence Washington, son to
Robert Washington my son and heir apparent, the ring which I
usually wear. Also I forgive and acquit my brother Thomas
Washington of all such debts and duties as he by any manner of
means oweth unto me. And I forgive and discharge John
Lagoe, sometime my servant, of all such sums of money as he
oweth unto me and of all rents and arrearages of rents due unto
me for such lands tenements hereditaments as he holdeth of mine,
by lease or otherwise, for term of my natural life. And I will to
every one of my servants which shall be in service with me at the
time of my decease twelve pence. Also I will that the said
Robert Washington shall yearly give to my servant Symon Wood

' This may have been Lawrence Washington, junior, presented to the living
of Stotesbury (Northampton) by Lawrence Washington, senior, 16 May, 1559.
(See Bridge's Hist, of Northamptonshire, i., 20%)— Note by Mr. Waters.

338 THE WRITINGS OF

a livery coat and forty shillings of current English money for his
wages yearly during his life. And whereas I stand charged by
the last will and testament of William Bond, gentleman, for the
amending and repairing of Preston Lane and for the repairing of
the way between Darlington and the Westbridge at Northampton
called Spangstone, I earnestly require my executor and overseer
to call upon the said John Balgoye for the amending of the said
places, for that I have, long time heretofore, delivered into the
hands of the said John Balgaye the sum of ten pounds of currant
English money for the repairing of Preston Lane and twenty
shillings for the amending of Spangston, for that only use and
purpose.' Also I will and devise that widow Compton shall have,
hold, possess and enjoy for term of her life so much of one
cottage as she now possesseth in Sulgrave, so as she well and
honestly behave herself during her life, without making or doing
any reparations thereupon and without paying any rent therefor,
other than one red rose at the feast of St. John the Baptist yearly,
if the same be demanded. And my further meaning and intent
is that the said Robert and his heirs shall from time to time for-
ever appoint some honest aged or impotent person to inhabit the
same cottage for term of life, and that such aged or impotent
person as shall not pay to my heirs any manner of rent therefor
for term of his life other than a red rose payable as aforesaid,
nor shall be charged to repair the same cottage during his or their
lives. And my mind, intent and meaning is that if any doubt,
ambiguity or controversy shall appear to arise or grow in respect
of these presents then I will the same shall be decided and deter-
mined by my overseers or any one of them. And of this my last
will and testament I constitute, ordain and appoint the said
Robert Washington my sole executor, and of the same I make

' The Duke of Manchester holds a paper dated Nov. 4, 30 Henry VIII,
being " an exemplification of an order of the Chancellor and Council of the
Court of Augmentations (dated Sept. 2, 30 Henry VIII) f6r payment to Law-
rence Wasshyngton, executor of the will of William Sonde, of Northampton,
fishmonger, of 100 /., being part of a sum for which the late monastery of St.
Andrew's, Northampton, had given bonds to the said William." Attached to
it is Wasshyngton's receipt. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Eighth Re-
port, Appendix, Part ii., 26.

1799] GEORGE WASHINGTON. 339

-and ordain my well-beloved and trusty friends the said William
Baldwyn and William Pargiter my overseers, desiring them to
call on my executor if any default or slackness shall evidently
in him appear, for or towards the performance of this my last will
and testament, and for their pains I will to either of them forty
shillings. Witnesses, William Baldwin, William Pargiter, Robert
€alcott, George Woodward. Brudenell, 5 (P. C. C.).'

18. Thomas Washington (Robert,^ Robert ^ John')

of Compton, Sussex. Captain in Flanders.

Married Deering.

Issue : —

30. Richard, ob. s. p. 161 2,

31. Lucy, married Cheesewright [some say

Chiselwright\ of co. Cambridge.

32. Anne, married Robert Bateman.

" Commission issued 4 May, 16 12, to Anne Bateman als Wash-
ington, and Lucy Cheesewright als Washington, natural and law-
ful sisters of Richard Washington, bachelor, in parts beyond the
seas deceased, to administer his goods, &c." — Admon. Act Book (P.
C. C.)

33. Katharine, married Melchior Reynolds.

Fifth Generation.

19. Robert Washington (Lawrence" John* Rob-
ert'John ') of Sulgrave, Esq., born circa 1543-4.
Jointly with his son Lawrence he sold the manor
of Sulgrave in 8 Jac. (16 10) to his nephew Law-
rence Makepeace, of the Inner Temple, London,
gent. Robert was twice married. By Eliza-

' From Waters, English Ancestry of George Washington, p. 24.

34° THE WRITINGS OF

BETH, daughter and heir of Robert Light' of
Radway, co. Warwick, he had issue :

34. Lawrence.

35. Robert,

36. Walter.

37. Christopher, matriculated at Oxford, 6 De-
cember 1588 ; married Margaret Palmer, of
Radway.

38. William, matriculated at Oxford, 6 Decem-
ber 1588.

39. Thomas.

40. Anne (or Amy), married Alban Wakelyn.

41. Ursula, married Thomas Adcock, of Swinford,.
Leic.

42. Elizabeth, married Lewis Richardson, of Tur-
vey, Beds.

By his second wife Anne Fisher, of Hanslop, Bucks.,
he had issue :

43. Alban, born about 1599.

44. Guy.

45. Robert.

Baker says this Robert was alive in 1676. If that be true, he
was probably the Robert mentioned in the indenture dated 2
May, 1674, in which John Shotter of Midhurst, co. Sussex,
mercer, transferred to Robert Washington the younger, of Pet-
worth, CO. Sussex, currier, the messuage called the Haws (?) in
Petworth, (then occupied by Robert Washington, the elder,)

' Waters, 26, prints the will of " Christopher Lighte of Horley, in the co. of
Oxon, gentleman," proved 29 October, 1584. Mentions his " cosen Robert
Washington of Sowlgrave." Sir John Spencer, of Oldthroppe, Northampton,
left to Elizabeth Washington by his will (proved 11 January, 1599, the sum of
twenty pounds, " in regard to her pains about me in my sickness."

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 341

adjoining the beast-market on the west and south street on the
south.'

46. Mary, married Martin Edon, of Banbury, co.
Oxon.

47. Margaret, married John Gardiner, of London.

48. Catherine, married John Ireton.

Robert Washington of Souldgrave, in the co. of Northampton
Esq., 7 February, 1619, proved 3 January, 1620. My body to be
buried in the South Aisle of the church before my seat where I
usually sit under the same stone that my father lieth under.

I give to my three sons which I had by my second wife, namely
to my son Albane Washington, to my son Guy Washington and
to my son Robert Washington, the sum of one hundred pounds
apiece of currant English money, to be paid unto them and to
€ach of them at their ages of four and twenty apiece, always pro-
vided, and I do mean, that my said three sons shall have the said
sums of money afore-named and at the time aforesaid if they be
obedient, and will be ruled in the mean space by their mother my
«xecutrix and do carry themselves well and as dutiful children to
her ; but if they, or any of them, be undutiful unto her and will
not be ruled by her as it becometh them to be then I will by this
my last will and testament that they, or so many of them as shall be
undutiful or that will not be ruled by her, shall have but ten pounds
apiece at their ages of four and twenty years apiece aforesaid.

Also I give unto three other sons which I had by my former
wife, namely to my son Christopher Washington, to my son
William Washington and to my son Thomas Washington, the
sum of ten shillings apiece. And I do further give unto my son
William Washington aforesaid the sum of fifty pounds to be paid
unto him out of a debt of four hundred and odd pounds due unto
me from the executors or administrators of my son Lawrence Wash-
ington deceased, and the said fifty pounds to be paid unto my son
William Washington aforesaid, as soon as it is recovered from the
executors or administrators of my son Lawrence as is- aforesaid.

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, April, l8go, p. 197.

342 THE WRITINGS OF

The rest of my goods and chattells unnamed and unbequeathed
I give unto my wife Ann Washington whom I make sole executrix
of this my last will and testament she discharging my last will
and testament and discharging my debts and funerals.

Wit : Thomas Court, scriptor, Christopher Pargiter, John
Ireton. Dale, 5 (P. C. C.).'

20. Lawrence Washington (Lawrence", John*,
Robert 3, John'). Entered at Gray's Inn in
1571 ; may have been the Lawrence, a fellow of
St. John's College, Cambridge, who, with others,,
appealed to Lord Burghley in August, 1573, rel-
ative to the election of a master of their college.
Called to the bar in 1582, and in 1583 was
styled of " Gray's Inn, co. Middlesex, gent." In
that year he purchased the manor of Whitacre
inferior, co. Warwick, selling it six years later
to George Villiers. In 1594 he was living at
Much Hadham, Herts, and towards the close of
Elizabeth's reign he purchased Jordan's Hall^
Maidstone, Kent. He was appointed Registrar
of the court of chancery in March, 1593, which
office he discharged through that reign. From
the Privy Council Register, 15 January, 1599, it
appears that among the lawyers of chancery as-
sessed for the suppression of the Irish rebellion,
was Lawrence Washington, who paid £ 10 ster-
ling. He was in the Parliament of King James
the First (1603), a member from Maidstone;
and, assisted by deputies, continued personally
to discharge the duties of Registrar until his

' Waters, 27, 28.

' Calendar of State Papers, Domestic.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 343

death on 21 December, 16 19, at his house in
Chancery Lane.'

Lawrence was twice married : i Martha Newce,
spinster, daughter of Clement Newce of Hadham
Magna, Herts, (license granted 31 January,
1577-8). Issue:

49. Lawrence, baptized 5 April, 1579.

50. Clement, baptized 4 May, 1580; buried, 5
May, 1580.

51. Mary, baptized 4 February, 158 1-2 ; married
27 May, 1602, at St. James, Clerkenwell, William
Horsepoole, of Great Marlow, Bucks, son of
Symon Horsepoole, citizen and draper of Lon-
don. He died in 1647.

Children : Symon, born 1604 (?) ; John, born
1607 (?) ; Lawrence, born 1613; William,
born 1616; Mary; Martha; Elizabeth; and
Catherine.

52. Clement, baptized 22 January, 1583-4; died
before 1619.

53. Ralph |

54. William >- died before 16 19.

55. A son J

56. Martha, married 15 January, 1609-10, Arthur

' Conway Robinson, in New England Historical and Genealogical Register,
January, i8go.

Among the MSS. preserved at the Bridgewater Trust Office, Walkden,
Lancashire, are : copy of a grant of the office of Registrar of the Court of
Chancery to Lawrence Washington, 26 March, 35 Eliz. (1593) ; with a warrant
for the apprehension of John Saunders, signed by the same L. Washington, 28
July, 1595 ; and a letter without date from him (" La. Washingto."), and
three others to the Countess of Derby about the Brackley Woods. — Historical
Manuscripts Commission, Eleventh Report, Appendix, Rart yii., p. 130.

344 THE WRITINGS OF

Beswick, gent., son and heir of William Beswick,
of Spilmander, co. Kent. He was sheriff of the
county in 1616. She died in 1616, leaving one
child, Mary.
The second wife of Lawrence was Mary, daughter of
Sir Thomas Scott, of Scott's Hall, co. Kent. By
her he had no issue.

The will of Lawrence Washington was made 10
August, 1619, and proved 10 January, 1619. All his
lands, tenements, and hereditaments were left to his
"well-beloved son Lawrence Washington, his heirs and
assigns forever ; and all my goods and chattels, other
than such legacies as I shall give and bequeath, to
my loving daughter Mary Horspoole, wife to William
Horspoole, gent., and to any of her children, and to
my loving brother Robert Washington and to my
very good loving cousin Sir Justinian Lewyn, Knight,
and to the poor of the parish of Soulgrave in the
county of Northampton, &c. His son Lawrence was
constituted sole executor. — Soame, 3 (P. C. C.).'

MORTALIS MORTE
IMMORTALIS.

Here resteth the body of Lawrence
Washington Esq ; of the Family of the
Washingtons, antientlie of Washington
in the Countie Palatine of Durham :
Register of the Highe Court of Chancery

' Waters, p. 39. Mr. Waters also prints a Funeral Certiecate of Lawrence
Washington, 1619. •

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 345

xxvii Yeares : He had two Wyvfs, Martha
Daughter of Clement Newce of Hartford-
shire Esq : and Mary Daughter of Sir Raynold
Scott of this Countie Knight : By his First
He had 5 Sons and 2 Daughters ; Lawrence
and Mary, the Eldest only lyving. Lawrence
succeeded him in his Office, married Ann
daughter of William Lewyn Judge of the
Prerogative Court. Mary married William
Horsepoole of this Parish Gentle" His other
Daughter Martha married to Arthur
Beswick Gentle"- Son of William Beswick
of this County Esq. ; He having lived a
Virtuous and Xtian Life of singular Intiecrity
in his place. Being of the age of Ixxiii Yeares
Died the xxi of December An° D"' 1619. A
Faithfull Believer in the Merritts &
Mercies of his Saviour. To whose Memorie
His Sonne hath erected this monument
Though after my Skinne
Worms destroy this Body,
Yet shall I see God in my Flesh

Sixth Generation.

34. Lawrence Washington (Robert '', Lawrence ",
JoHN^ Robert 3, John') of Sulgrave and Bring-
ton. With his father, he sold the manor of Sul-
grave and retired to Brington. Died 13 Decem-
ber, 1616,' buried at Brington, 15 December,
1616. Married at Aston, 3 August, 1588, Mar-

' " Laurentius Washington — Mense Januarii, 1616. Decimo nono die ema-
navit Comissio Margarete Washington relce Laurentii Washington nuper de
Wickamon in Com. Northampton dex hentis &c." — New England Historical
■and Genealogical Register, July, 1890, p. 302.

346 THE WRITINGS OF

GARET, daughter of William Butler of Tighes^
Sussex. She was alive in 1641. Children :

57. Sir William.

58. Sir John.

59. Robert.

60. Richard, born about 1600.

61. Lawrence.

62. Thomas, born about 1605, was a page in the
suite of Prince Charles, and accompanied that
Prince on his visit to Spain in 1623 to see the
Spanish Infanta.

Madrid, 15 August, 1823.

Mr. Washington the Prince's page is lately dead of a calenture,
and I was at his funeral, under a fig-tree behind my Lord of
Bristol's house. A little before his death one Ballard an English
Priest went to tamper with him : and Sir Edward [Edmund]
Verney meeting him coming down the stairs of Washington's
chamber, they fell from words to blows, but they were parted.
The business was like to gather very ill-blood and come to a
great height, had not Count Gondamar (\Via.'R\i\. it ; which 1 believe
he could not have done, unless the times had been favorable, for
such is the reverence they bear to the Church here, and so holy a
conceit they have of all ecclesiastics, that the greatest Don in
Spain will tremble to offer the meanest of them any outrage or
affront'

63. Gregory, baptized at Brington, i6 January,
1606-7; buried the next day.

64. George, baptized at Wormleighton, Warn, 3
August, 1608.

' Howells, Familiar Letters on Important Subjects, Wrote from the Year
1628 to 1650. A poem in memory of Thomas Washington is printed in the
New England Histoncal and Genealogical Register, January, 1891, p. 63.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 347

65. Elizabeth, married, 25 May, 1615, at St.
Mary le Strand, Middlesex, Francis Mewce of
Holdenby, co. North.'

Elizabeth Mewce in the Co. of Middlesex, widow, 11 August,
1676, proved 12 December, 1676. My body I commit to
the earth whence it came, to be decently buried according
to the discretion of my executors. I give and bequeath to-
my niece Mrs. Penelope Thornton fifty pounds and my black
shelf and my cabinet with all things that I shall leave
therein. I give and bequeath to my niece Thornton's five
children, John, Charles, Samuel, Roger and Dorothy Thorn-
ton, forty pounds. I give and bequeath to my sister the Lady
Washington, twenty pounds. I give and bequeath to my sister
Mrs. Alice Sandys the sum of twenty pounds. I give and be-
queath to my sister Mrs. Frances Gargrave the sum of twenty
pounds and my clock and bed and hangings and sheets and all
things to my bed belonging whatsoever. To my God-daughter
Mrs Elizabeth Sandys ten pounds. To my niece Mrs. Margaret
Stevenage ten pounds and to her two children, William and
Mercy Stevenage, five pounds apiece.

Item I give and bequeath to my Uncle Mr. Robert Washing-
ton the sum of five pounds : to Mrs. Elizabeth Rumball, my niece,
five pounds : to my nephew William Pill five pounds : to my
niece Mrs. Francis Collins five pounds : to my nephew Mr.
Robert Gargrave's five children, Robert, John, William, Elizabeth
and Cotton Gargrave twenty pounds apiece and to Elizabeth Gar-
grave my silver dish and silver porringer and cup and two spoons
and all the rest of my small silver things that my note speaks of.

' " The pedigree of Mewce of Holdenby may be found in the Visitation of
Northamptonshire, 1618-19; ^y which it appears that Mr. Francis Mewce was
eldest son of Nicholas Mewce by Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Morant of
London, and had brothers Edmund and Christopher, and sisters Alice, wife of
Richard Ellis of London, Lucy, Marline and Katherine wife of [Humphrey]
Hawley of London."' The will of Richard Ellies, citizen and haberdasher of
London, proved 26 August, 1625, mentioned "Sister Washington and god
daughter Anne Washington." — Waters, 33. Simpkinson says that Francis^
Mewce apparently held some office in the king's household at Holdenby.

348 THE WRITINGS OF

To my maid Ann Freestone thirty pounds and her bed that she
lieth on, with all things belonging to it, and my suit of purple
■curtains and the other things in my rooms not mentioned.

I do make my loving nephews Mr. Robert Gargrave and Mr.
Roger Thornton executors of this my last will and testament,
intreating them to take the care and trouble upon them, and I
further desire these my executors, to let that money which I have
given to my nephew Thornton's children be put into the hands
■of their trusty and loving uncle Mr. Francis Pargiter, merchant,
to put the sons apprentices or for the daughter's preferment in
marriage &c. Bence, 154 (P. C. C.).'

66. Joan, married Francis Pill, of Midford.

67. Margaret, married (i) Samuel Thornton, who

died 1666-7; and (2) Sir Sandys, knight;

and had issue ( Thornton) :

i. Roger.

ii. A daughter, who probably married

Kirby or Kirkby.

Samuel Thornton of St. Giles in the Fields, Middlesex, Esq. 9
January 1666, proved 2 May 1666. To my dear wife the sum of
four hundred pounds, to my grand child John Thornton two
hundred pounds, to Charles Thornton my grand child, one
hundred pounds, to my grand child Penelope Thornton one
hundred pounds, to my daughter Kirby two hundred pounds,
and I make and ordain my dear wife sole executrix.

Wit : Jo : Coell, Eliza : Mewce, Margaret Talbott.

Proved by the oath of Dame Margaret Sandis ah Thornton his
Relict and Executrix named in the will. Carr, 41 (P. C. C.).'

Will of Dame Margaret Sandys.

October the eleventh 1673. Into the hands of God the father,
the son and the Holy Ghost, three persons but one eternal God,
I do commend my soul, and I desire my body may be buried in
■ Waters, 32. 33. s Waters, 30.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 349^

a private plain decent manner. And that little I have I do
desire should be thus disposed of. I do give to my dear sister
Mewce twenty pounds and the hangings in our chamber and the
silk blanket and my pair of sheets we lie in. I do give to my
sister Washington, my sister Sandys and my sister Gargrave ten
pounds apiece, which in all is thirty pounds. I give to my
nephew John Washington, my dear eldest brother's son, twenty
pounds. I give to my son Thornton my Indian gown. I give to
my daughter Thornton twenty pounds and the hair trunk in my
chamber and the linen in it. I give to my son Kerby twenty
pounds and my Turkey work chairs and the tables and
carpets in the Parlour during his life and my daughter's, and
after their deaths I give them to Lucy Kerk [Kerkby?] that
waiteth on me. I give to my daughter Kerkby twenty pounds,
and my blue box in my closet and her father's picture in it and
all else in the box. I give to my uncle Robert Washington five
pounds. I give to young Lucy Kerkby that waits upon me ten
pounds and the feather bed, bolster and pillows and blankets and
three pairs of sheets she lies in and the wrought sheet and the
chairs and stools in my closet and all other things in my closets
I give also to her and her sisters my wearing linen and my clothes.
I give to little Peg Kerkby my silver cup with the cover. I give
to little Sam Thornton my thirty shilling piece of gold. I give to
little Nan Doman a broad piece of gold. I give to the poor of
Soham five pounds. I give to the poor of Fordham two pounds.
And I make and ordain my dear son Thornton sole executor of
this my last will and testament, desiring him to perform the same
and those poor goods I have given that they may have them when
I die, and the money I have given, that it may be paid to every
one at the end of six months. In witness whereof I have here-
unto set my hand and seal in the presence of the witnesses whose
names are subscribed the day and year above written, and what
money I have either here or at HaXey undisposed I give two parts
of it to John Thornton and one part to Charles Thornton, my son
Thornton's sons. And I desire my son that they may have it as-
soon as it is gotten, but the charge of my burying must be taken
out of the money I leave.

Margarett Sandys.

^50 THE WRITINGS OF

Wit : Do : Washington, Elizabeth Mewce, Lucy Kirkby.
Proved i6 November, 1675 by Roger Thornton the executor.'

68. Alice, married Robert, eldest son of Thomas
Sandys of London, gent. Children :
Thomas and four other children.

6g. Frances, married Gargrave.

70. Amy, married at Brington, 8 August, 1620,
Philip Curtis, of Islip, co. Northampton, gent.
She died in 1636.

Philip Curtis of Islip in the Co. of Northampton, gentleman,
■delivered his will nuncupative in the presence of Sir John Wash-
ington, Knight, and Michael Westfield, clerk, 19 May 1356,
proved 30 May, 1636. To my daughter Catherine Curtis one
thousand pounds, at day of marriage or age of twenty one, which
shall first happen. Item I give unto my nephew John Washing-
ton the sum of fifty pounds to be paid unto him at his age of
twenty and one years. Item I give unto my nephew Phillip
Washington the like sum of fifty pounds to be paid at his age
of twenty and one years. And for my nephew Mordant Wash-
ington I leave in trust to my wife. Item I give unto my wife
Amy Curtis and to her heirs forever all my freehold land to be
-sold towards the raising of my daughters portion &c. And I make
her the full and sole executrix, &c. Item I make choice of Sir
John Washington of Thrapston, Knight, and Michael Westfield
•of Islipp, clerk, to be guardians for my daughter.

Pile, 55 (P. C. C.).'

Amye Curtis of Islipp, in the Co. of Northampton widow, 27
June, 1636, proved 19 November, 1636. My body to be buried
in the chancel of Islipp, near unto the grave of my deceased
husband. I give towards the repair of the church of Islipp
twenty shillings ; to the poor there forty shillings : to the poor of
Denford twenty shillings.

' Waters, 30, 31. » Waters, 29, 30.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 351

Item whereas there was given unto my nephew Mordaunt
"Washington, the eldest son of Sir John Washington, Knight, by
the last will and testament of his grandmother Curtis deceased
the sum of fifty pounds to be employed as [in] the said will is further
expressed, my will is and I do give unto the said Mordaunt two
hundred and fifty pounds more to be employed for his best benefit
so soon as my debts be paid and the said money can conveniently
be raised, and to be paid unto him at his age of twenty and one
years or at the day of his marriage, which shall first happen.
Item, whereas my husband, late deceased, gave unto John Wash-
ington, the second son of Sir John AVashington the sum of fifty
pounds, my will is and I do give unto the said John my nephew
the sum of fifty pounds more, to be employed for his best use and
benefit, my debts first paid and the money conveniently raised,
and to be paid to him at his age of twenty and one years, or at
the day of his marriage.

A similar bequest to Phillip Washington, the third son of Sir
John Washington.

To my god daughter Amy Hynde twenty pounds. To
Michael Westfield, clerk, five pounds, and to Mr. Richard Allen
of Lowick five pounds. To my neighbor Mrs. Margaret West-
field five pounds. The freehold land given to me by my husband
Phillip Curtis, I give unto my daughter Katherine Curtis. My
mother Margaret Washington and my brother Sir John Washing-
ton to be guardians for my daughter.

Wit : Michael Westfield, William Washington and Phillip Free-
man. Pile, 108 (P. C. C).

71. A daughter. Simpkinson says she was named
Barbara, and married Simon Butler, of Apel-
tree, Northants — a repetition of what Baker
gives to Barbara, No. 27, ante. The dates would
render it possible that Simpkinson was correct.

72. Jane, married Richard Seymour.

Richard Seymor of St. Mary Savoy als Strand, Middlesex, gen.
113 April, 1641.

352 THE WRITINGS OF

I give and bequeath unto, my loving wife Mr'' Jane Seymor^
for and during the terra of her life, the interest, benefit and profit
which shall be made, raised and received of and for the sum of
six hundred pounds which is owing to me by the persons here-
after named, viz'- the right Hono''''' the Earl of North'"" four hun-
dred pounds, the Earl of Peterborough one hundred pounds^
Mr"' Margaret Washington my wife's mother fifty pounds and
my wife's brother in law Mr. Francis Muce fifty pounds. All
the securities for the said moneys shall be made in the name of
my loving nephew Lawrence Swetnam gen', whom I do desire
to pay the said interest money to my said wife from time to time
as he shall receive the same during the term &c. To my son
Spencer Seymor all my goods, chattels, moneys, leases, bonds,
bills, debts and other things whereof I am possessed, he to be
executor of this my will and my said nephew Mr. Lawrence
Swetnam to be guardian to my said son during his minority.
Richard, Arthur, Robert and Stephen Squibb my nephews, sons
of my brother in law, Mr. Arthur Squibb. I humbly beseech and
desire the right Hon"' the Earl of Northampton, my noble lord
and master, and my brother in law Arthur Squibb, Esq., one of
the four tellers of the Receipt of H. M. Exchequer at West-
minster, to be supervisors of this my last will, etc.

On the last day of May, 1641, commission issued to Lawrence
Swetnam, guardian named in the will, to administer the goods
etc. of the deceased according to the tenor of the will during the
minority of Spencer Seymor the executor named &c.

Evelyn, 62.'
73. Lucy. [?]

Here lieth the bodi of Lavrence
Washington sonne and heire of

Robert Washington of Sovlgrave
In the countie of Northamton

Esquier who married Margaret

The eldest daughter of William
Butler of Tees in the countie

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, October, i8go.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 353

OF SUSSKXE ESQUIER, WHO HAD ISSU

By her 8 soNNS and 9 daughters

Which Lavrence decessed the 13

OF December a. dni. 1616.

Those that by chance or choyce

Of this hast sight
Know life to death resignes

As days to night ;
But as the sunns retorne

Revives the day

So Christ shall us
Though turnde to dust & clay.'

35. Robert Washington (Robert's Lawrence",
JoHN^ Roberts John'). Died 11 March 1622-
23 ; buried at Brington. Married Elizabeth,
daughter of John Chishull, of More Hall, Essex.
She died 19 March 1622-23, ^^^d was buried at
Brington.

Elizabeth Washington of Brington, in the Co. of Northampton
widow, 17 March 1622, proved 12 April, 1623. I do give unto
John Washington one hundred pounds and four pairs of my best
sheets, two long table cloths, two pairs of pillow-biers and four
dozen napkins, four side board cloths, four cupboard cloths and
four long towels, one nut to drink in trimmed with silver, one
silver beaker to drink in, one silver bowl to drink in, half a dozen
of the best silver spoons and one double silver salt cellar, one
pewter charger and a plate to it, six of the best platters and six
dishes, a pair of andirons and tongs, a fire shovel, a chafing dish,
a great brass pot which came from Solgrave, the best standing
bed in the great chamber, with all that belongs to it, and half a
dozen of Turkey work ' quishions ' and two long velvet ' quishions '
and a leather coffer. I do give unto Sir William Washington one
hundred pounds. Item I do give unto Mrs. Mywse [Mewce]

' Simpkinson, Ixxxvi,

354 THE WRITINGS OF

twenty pounds and one silver bowl and one brass pot. Item I
do give unto Mrs. Francis Washington twenty pounds. Item I
do give unto my cousin Pill the bed wherein I do now lie, with
all that appertains unto it. ' Item I doe give unto my Cosen
Lawrence Washington who is now at Oxford my husband's seal
ringe.' Item I do give unto A: me Adcocke twenty five pounds,
a pied cow and a pied colt and a yearling bullock, a great brass
pott and two great deep platters and two pairs of fine sheets, one
pair of pillowbiers and a dozen of napkins, a kettel and a drip-
ping pan. Item I do give unto my cousin Penelope Leake, who
is now with me ten pounds. And of this my last will and testa-
ment I do make and ordain Mr. Francis Mewce my sole executor.
And I do desire that all those dues and debts which is now owing
by my late husband Mr. Robert Washington may be first dis-
charged and then after them the legacies herein set down per-
formed. And my desire is that my honorable good lord Spencer
would be pleased to be my supervisor of this my last will and
testament.

Swann, 33 (P. C. C.).'

Here lies interred ye bodies of Elizab. Washington
widdowe who changed this life for imortalitie ye i9h of
March 1622. As also ye body of Robert Washington Gent.

HER LATE HUSBAND SECOND SONNE OF RoBERT WASHINGTON OF
SOLGRAVE IN YE COUNTY OF NorTh. EsQR. WHO DEPTED THIS
LIFE YE lOTH OF MarCH 1622. AftER THEY LIVED LOVINGLY
TOGETHER MANY YEARES IN THIS PARISH."

36. Walter Washington (Robert '9, Lawrence",
John", Robert^, John') of Radway, Warn
Died 1597. Married Alice, daughter of John
Morden alias Harden of Morton Morell, War-
wickshire, by Katherine, daughter and coheir of
Richard Marston of Draughton, Northampton-
shire.

' Waters, 28, 29.

' Simpkinson, The Washingtons, Ixxxvi.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 355

Issue :

74. John.

75. Katherine, married Thomas Stanton of Wool-
verton, co. Warr., Esq. Issue :

Thomas, born 161 6.

Walter.

Alice, born in i6ig.

Will of Walter Washington, of Radway in the parish of Bishop's
Ithington, in the countie of Warwicke, Gent. Being asked by his
uncle, George Warner, to whom he willed his goods, he answered
that he gave all he had to his wife and children. Witnesses :
Richard Hill, George Warner, John Murdon, Catharine Murdon.
Dorothea Gaunt, Wodnefrode Brown. April 23, 1597. Admon,
issued to his widow Alicie Washington. Cobham, 31 (P. C. C.).'

Alice Washington survived her husband, and mar-
ried John Woodward, "who, I suppose was the eldest
son of Thomas Woodward of Butlers Marston."^

John Woodward of Quinton, in the co. of Gloucester, gen'. 21
April, 1612, proved 13 May, 1612.

Item, I give and bequeath unto Thomas Washington gen', my
wife's brother in law, all that my pasture ground and meadow in
Quinton, Glouc, for a term of one thousand years, he paying
yearly unto Alice my wife, during her natural life one annuity
of twenty pounds heretofore by me granted unto her, issuing
forth of the said lands '

Alice Woodward of Stratford on Avon, 20 August 1642, proved
32 May, 1647. To be buried in the church at Stratford near late
husband John Woodward gen'. To my son John Washington
twenty pounds in six months. Bequests to grandchildren,

' By courtesy of the Grolier Club.

= Waters, 38.

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register , January, 1892, 48.

3S6 THE WRITINGS OF

George, Elizabeth, Ann, Thomas and Katherine Washington, the
children of the said John Washington, at their ages of one and
twenty or days of marriage : also to grandchildren Thomas,
Walter and Alice Stanton. Friend Thomas Wash, Esq.

Fines, 112 (P. C. C.).'

49. Sir Lawrence Washington (Lawrence ", Law-
rence", John*, Robert ^ John'). Born about
1579, and matriculated at Oxford, November,
1594. Purchased the manor of Garsden, co.
Wilts (three miles from Malmesbury), of the
Moody family ; obtained a grant in reversion
of the Registrarship in the High Court of
Chancery, 16 April, 1604, and succeeded his
father in that office towards the close of 1619.

The office of Registrar was greatly in demand, and
applications were made for reversions which could
hardly have come in during the lives of the intended
incumbents. In 1636 (?) Thomas Bray petitioned
for a reversion of the office to George and Lodovic
Bray for their lives, and recited that " the late king
in the 2d year of his reign granted to Lawrence
Washington the younger the office of Registrar of
the Court of Chancery, after the death of Lawrence
Washington the elder. And in the 12th year of his
reign the said king also granted the said office to
Lawrence Makepeace after the death of Lawrence
Washington the younger. The present king also on
the petition of George Kirke, one of the grooms of
the bed chamber, granted the said office to John
Dalton after the deaths of Washington and Make-

' Waters, 38.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 357

peace, who are still living." The Brays could not
come into the office till both had died.

In the Midsummer vacation of 1637 Sir Lawrence
Washington petitioned Archbishop Laud for a hear-
ing on the question of fees in the Chancery Court,
but was unable to obtain a reference through the
sickness and occupation of the Archbishop. Post-
poned to the " first Star Chamber day next term,"
the appointment was held in November, 1637, when
Sir Lawrence presented his petition, thus summarized
in the Calendar of State Papers :

Petition of Sir Lawrence Washington to the king. States the
history of his office of Registrar of the Court of Chancery, of
which he had a grant from the Crown for his own life and that of
another, and that the reversion had been granted to one Mr.
Dalton. The office was founded by Henry VIII. Before that
time the business was discharged by the six clerks, who, being
attorneys retained in causes in the court, were not indifferent
parties to set down orders. No fees were ever settled. The six
clerks in the 40th Elizabeth presented the fees whilst the employ-
ment was in them, but greater fees had been taken for 28 years
by the patentees. On the present commission upon exacted fees
petitioner had looked into the same, but can find no other settle-
ment than the usage of 66 years. Prays a reference to settle the
fees, and also to compound with petitioner for a grant in rever-
sion after Mr. Dalton.

Lawrence was knighted in 1627 by King Charles
the first ; and married Anne, daughter of William
Lewyn, Esq., D. C. L., of Ottringden, co. Kent, and
sister of Sir Justinian Lewyn,' Kt. He died at

' The will of Sir Justinian Lewyn, proved 11 July, 1620, is summarized in
Waters, p. 40. "A hundred pounds to his sister Washington, fifty pounds to
his sister Padgett, a hundred pounds to his sister Isam [Isham]."

358 THE WRITINGS OF

Oxford in 1643, aged 64, and was buried in Garsden
Church, Wiltshire. His widow died 13 January, 1645,
and was interred in the same grounds three days later.^
Issue :

76. Martha, married, in June, 1630, Sir John
Tyrell,^ of Springfield, Essex, and died 1 7 De-
cember, 1670, ae. 90. He was born 14 December
1597; knighted, 27 January, 1627-8; died in
1675, «. 82, and was buried at East Hornden.
Issue : \Tyrell~\

i. Lawrence, born, at Springfield, i Novem-
ber, 1632. D. s. p.
ii. Sir John, of Heron, born 14 March, 1635;
died 30 March, 1673, se. 36. Married Lettice,
daughter of Thomas Coppin, of Mercatel,
CO. Herts. She died 8 March, 1660. He
married a second time,
iii. Thomas, d. s. p.
iv. Charles, d. s. p.

V. Martha, married Sir Benjamin Ayloffe, of
Braxsted, co. Essex, bart.

The Ayloffes are of note because it was probably with that
family that Lawrence Washington, rector of Purleigh, found a
refuge in Braxted Parva after his living at Purleigh was sequestered.
Sir Benjamin Ayloffe, father of the husband of Martha Tyrell was
distinguished by his loyalty to the king ; he was, by order of
Parliament, imprisoned in the Tower, his estates sequestered, and,
with many others, was sent to Yarmouth, to be transported to the
English plantations in the West Indies. That order was reversed,
and returning to Braxted, he compounded for his estate, lived to

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, IvXy, i8go.
' Nephew and heir-apparent of Sir John Tyrell, of Heron.'

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 359

see the restoration, and was a member of Parliament. He
died in 1662, and was succeeded by his son William. This
son dying without surviving issue, his brother Benjamin suc-
ceeded to the estate and title. This Sir Benjamin was the
husband of Martha Tyrell, and was an eminent merchant of
London.'

Some curious facts may be noted on the Tyrells. In Novem-
ber, 1637, Sir John Tyrell petitioned to the King, stating that
"about 13 years since petitioner was advanced in marriage by
Sir John Tyrrell, his uncle, who received petitioner's wife's por-
tion of ;£^3ooo, and settled upon petitioner and his wife £,^oo
per annum in present, and agreed to settle ;^8oo per annum after
the death of Thomas, petitioner's father and his mother, but
reserving in his uncle's own power to dispose of ;£6oo per
annum, which he often declared he intended to confer on peti-
tioner's father and mother for their lives, and to charge it with
j£^2ooo for petitioner's younger children. But Sir Henry Browne
and Lady Eyres persons of strait fortunes, have put themselves
. upon petitioner's uncle, he being aged, blind, and otherwise
infirm. They cohabit with him, and upon pretence that he was
indebted ^^looo, have removed him to a cottage in Hampshire,
where they have obscured him these two or three years, have
caused the ;^6oo per annum to be sold away, the timber to be
felled," the coppice wood to be destroyed, the fences to be laid
waste, and have received his rents, sold his plate, and great part
of his household stuff." Having ineffectually sought to restrain
this waste through the Lord Keeper and unwilling to incense his
uncle by a suit. Sir John appeals to the King.

The referees in effect denied the petition, and further found
Sir Henry Brown " faultless in all those things wherewith he is
charged in the said petition, and hold the petitioner very much
to blame to asperse a gentleman of so much honor and worth,
and who performed towards old Sir John Tyrell the offices of a
very affectionate kinsman and real friend." °

' Wright, Essex, ii. , 444.

^ The waste was committed on the house at Heron, and the timber in Essex,

8 Calendar, 1637.

36o THE WRITINGS OF

May it please this honorable Comittee to take notice that I
was sequestered for being at Oxford, & the occations of my
goeing thither weare these — Sir Laurence Washingto my wife's
father (haueing noe more children besides my wife & one
Sonne then under age) carried my wife fro my house att Spring-
field in Essex to his house at Garsden in Wilts that Midsoiher
before the warrs began, & she being with child sent for me
about Christmas after, whereupo I procured a Passe from the
Lords and Coihons of ye Close Comittee to travell to her, &
about Shrouetide after I got to Garsden, where the King
Coihanded by his Garison in Malmsbury ; sooneafter S" Lau-
rence went to attend the Seale at Oxford being ill before & at
ye tyme of his goeing, but ye disease being quicker uppo him
(for it began with a gentle flux) & his sonne lying there also
desperately sick, & his man sending m[e] word he spoke of
my coming, for ye settleing his Estate by deed (w'" accordingly
he did) uppo his sonne & after, uppo his daughter ; I went to
Oxford, where S" Laur. shortly after died & his sonne hardly
escaped, & then I returned to Garsden. Then my wife being,
sick at ye Bath & haueing spent o' monys, I went shortly after to
Bracly to my Tenant ; & there procuring a Passe fro my L : of
Essex I came to Londo last January was twelve months &
found my estate sequestered & soone after my goods & stock
weare sold ; & I attended the L : & Coihons of ye honor"' Comittee
for sequestratios till I was heard, & after, aboad in Londo till
Mich: last when haueing no means longer to subsist I repaired
to Springfield in Essex to my wife & childre, where I aboad till
about 3 weeks since.

I gave lo;^ to the first Propositions. I have payd the 5"" &
20* p' to the full, as appears by Certificate of ye Coihittee at
Chelmisford. I have taken ye National Covenant. I have
payd all Rates without distresse, before I was sequestred ; &
[ ] except 50^ to Habberdashers Hall last Mich : for 20th
p' w'^" I hope I am that my Certificate saith I have payd to the
Full. My goods have been sold & stock. My estate in North-
amtosheire lost & utterly spoyled. I had a passe to goe into
ye K : Quarters, & was at Ox : before or when the Ordenance
for sequestratios bears date ; the occatio was a great Concerne unto

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 361

me, to wit ye setteling Sir Laur. whole estate by intaile ; And
my owne land near Bracley. I never boar arams ; nor assisted
ye K : Nor kissed his hand whilest I was there.

Yr humble Servant Jo : Tirell
24° April : 1645.'

'J']. Lawrence, baptized at Chiselhurst, Kent, in
the place at Modingha (Mottingham), 24 July,
1614; buried, 29 December, 1617.

78, Anne, baptized 30 September, 1622 ; married
Christopher Gyse (Gise ?). She was buried at
Garsden, 4 June, 1642, ae. 20.

Sacrum MemorijE Ann^ Filias | Lavrentij Washington
Egvitis I ET vxoRis Christopheri Gise | Hic SEPVLTiE Jvnij
4™ An: Do: | 1642 ^tat Sv^ 20.'

79. Lawrence.

Will of Sir Lawrence Washington.

Sir Lawrence Washington of Garsden, in the co. of Wilts, knight,
II May, 1643, proved 23 May, 1643. To be buried in the church
of Garsden. My daughter the Lady Tirell. My nephew Simon
Horsepoole. My servants Francis Cliffe, Allan Moore, Thomas
Benson and William Freame. My son Lawrence to be executor.
To the poor of Garsden twelve pence a week for ever, to be be-
stowed in bread every Sunday morning, chargeable on my manor
of Garsden."

To the I Memory of Sr | Lawrence Washington | Kt lately chief
Register of the | Chauncery of known Pyety of | Charitye exem-
plarye A louinge | Husband A tender Father A boun | tif ull Mas-
ter A constant Reliever of | the Poore and to those of this Parish
A I perputuall Benefactour Whom it pleased | God to take unto
his Peace from the fury | of the insuing Warrs Oxon Maij 14*°.

' Waters, 41.

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July, 1890, p. 306.

^ Waters, 40.

362 THE WRITINGS OF

Here | interred. 24'°Ano. Dni. 1643° ^tat suae 64° | Where allso
lyeth Dame Anne his wife who | deceased Junij is'" and was
buried i6'° Ano Dni 1645.

Hie Patrios cineres curauit filius Urna
Condere qui tumulo nunc jacet ille pius.

The pious Son his Parents here inter'd

Who hath his share in Urne for them prepar'd."

Seventh Generation.

57. Sir William Washington (Lawrences'* Rob-
ert '9, Lawrence ", John ^ Robert 3, John ') of
Packington, co. Leic, Kt. He was knighted at
Theobalds, 17 January, 1621-2.^
In February, 1629, the king, Charles L, directed
his Attorney-General to prepare a grant to Sir Wil-
liam Washington and Dame Anne his "now wife,"
of the keepership of Grafton Park and Potters Pury
Park [Northampton], with the fee of 2d per diem
from each of them, with the herbage, pannage, and
fallen wood, as the same had been held by the late
Duke of Buckingham. At the expiration of four
years, the king made a new grant of the keepership
to Sir Francis Crane, " during the lives of Richard
Crane and Anne Washington."'

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 1v\y, 1890, 305.

'^ Col. Chester.

■* The Calendar of State Papers prints a letter from A. W. to the Duke of
Buckingham, which it is conjectured was from Anne Washington. "The
order which the Duke gave to Mr. Fotherley for the discharge of her husband's
liabilities remains unperformed. He is now arrested. The relief from the
creation of a knight was wholly swallowed up in payment of arrears left by
Lord Purbeck. Assures herself that the Duke will no sooner understand this
sad story than give them redress."

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 363.

In August 1635 he petitioned the king for a renewal
to himself of a patent of the " sole benefit of transport-
ing lampernes alive beyond the sea, to be taken in the
Thames or elsewhere in England." Buried at St.
Martin's in the Fields, Midd., 22 June, 1643. Married
Anne, daughter of Sir George Villiers, of Brooksby,.
Kt., and half-sister of George, Duke of Buckingham.
She was buried at Chelsea, 25 May, 1643.

Issue :'

80. Henry, born about 161 5.

81. George, baptized at St. Martin's in the Fields-
13 January, 1619-20.

82. Christopher.

83. Elizabeth, married, at St. Faith's (16 March,.
1641-2), ' William Legge, the ancestor of the
Earls of Dartmouth. Died 14 December, 1688.

" William Legge, eldest son of Edward Legge and Mary Walsh,,
was brought out of Ireland by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby,
■President of Munster, his god-father, who had promised to take
care of his education. He was sent to the Low Countries to
serve under Prince Maurice of Saxony. On his return to
England he was made groom of the bedchamber to Charles I,
and had a commission as lieutenant-general of the Ordnance,
under Lord Newport as general, in the first expedition against
the Scots in 1639. He served in Rupert's regiment in the battle
of Newark, was taken prisoner at Dunsmore Heath and again at
Lichfield. ... In 1644 he was governor of Chester and
Oxford, and at a later date was one of the three companions
Charles I. chose to accompany him in his flight from Hampton

' Two of the children, Col. Chester found, were baptized at Leckhamstead,
CO. Bucks. — Waters.

" Date of license. She was then about twenty-two, making her date of birth
about 1619. But her tombstone made her 76 at the time of her death — placing;
her birth in 1612.

j64 THE WRITINGS OF

'Court. Referring to the latter occasion Lord Clarendon writes
of him — ' Legge had had so general a reputation of integrity and
fidelity to his master that he never fell under the least imputation
or reproach with any man. He was a very punctual and steady
observer of the orders he received, but no contriver of them, and
though he had in truth a better judgment and understanding
than either of the other two (Ashburnham and Berkeley) his
modesty and diffidence of himself never suffered him to contrive
bold councils.' After the death of Charles I. William Legge was
imprisoned in succession at Plymouth, Bristol and Arundel,
where he obtained leave to go abroad. In 1650 he went with
Prince Charles into Scotland, was wounded, and taken prisoner
at Worcester. With the aid of his wife he made his escape in
women's clothes out of Coventry gaol. During the common-
wealth he was busy in many Royalist plots, and on the restoration
of monarchy, he reaped the reward of his fidelity. . . . He
died 13 October 1670, in the eighty-third year of his age."' In
January 1678-9 a license was granted by council to Mrs. Eliza-
beth Legge (Papist) to stay in London, " she being very weak and
sickly." She lodged in Berey Street, next door to the sign of the
Dolphin in St. James' Fields. On 15 December, 1688, Barbara,
Lady Dartmouth, wrote to Lord Dartmouth : " It hath pleased God
to takeaway your mother yesterday after a lingering illness . . ,
She desired to be carried privately to the Minorits [Minories]."

The will of Ranald Grahme of Nunington, co. York, Esq.,
dated 14 November 1679, with a codicil dated 25 May 1680,
proved 2 December 1685, left to Elizabeth Legg, twenty pounds
to buy mourning ; to his " sister Sands " [Elizabeth (Washing-
ton) Sandys], and to her daughter, Elizabeth Washington, one
hundred pounds ; to Mrs. Penelope Washington and Mrs. Mary
Washington, ten pounds apiece to buy them mourning."

^ Historical Manuscripts Commission, xi., Appendix, Part v. In a letter
from Col. Ed. Cooke to William Legge, 10 January, 1622-23, he sends humble
service to Legge's lady, "his brother and sister Graham, Harry [Col. Henry]
Washington, Dick Lane, and all bedchamber backstairs friends." Legge held
the office of groom of the bedchamber to the King.

2 The will is printed in New England HistoHcal and Genealogical Register.
■" This Reginald Graham was a citizen and draper of London, and belonged, I

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 365;

84. Susanna, baptized at St. Martin's in the Fields,
15 November, 161 8 ; married Reginald Graham
of Lewisham, co. Kent, Esq. Died 26 February,.
1698-9, and was buried at Lewisham, Kent.

Here lyeth | Mrs. Susanna Grahme | wife of Reginal Grahme
Esq" I Lord of this manor and second daughter of Sir William
Washington | who departed this life | the 26th day of February,
Anno Domini | 1698 aged 81 years.'

Susanna Grahme of Blackheath in the parish of Lewisham in
the Co. of Kent 6 October, 1697, proved 30 March, 1699. I
desire my body may be interred in the parish church of Lewisham.
To the Lady Dartmouth twenty broad pieces of gold which are
sealed up in a paper with her name upon it. To my niece Mrs.
Bilson ten broad pieces (as before) and the sum of one hundred
pounds payable out of the arrears of rent which shall be due to
me at the day of my death. Besides I give my said niece all the
pictures in my little parlour at Blackheath, except my Lady
Mordants. To my nephew William Leg Esq. one hundred
pounds. To my niece Mrs. Dorothy Heron one hundred pounds.
To Mrs. Penelope Washington five broad pieces of gold. To Mrs,
Katherine Tonstall five guineas and to Mrs. Gelet, sister to Mrs.
Katherine Tonstall five guineas. To my niece Mrs. Musgrave
all my plate and china which I have in my house at Blackheath.
To my Lord Preston all my furniture and household stuff at
Nunnington, except my plate and china, which I give and be-
queath to my niece Mrs. Susanna Grahme, his Lordship's sister.
To the said Lord Preston his father's picture and my husband's
set in gold. To Deborah Sanders all my furniture and house-
hold stuff in my house at Blackheath not otherwise disposed of.

believe, to the Royalist family of Graham of Esk and Netherby, in co.
Cumberland. He purchased, 23 May, 1640, of John Ramsay, Esq., the
Lordship and Manor of Lewisham for ;^i5oo, and by deed dated 30 May,
1673, conveyed it to George Legge, afterwards Baron Dartmouth." —
Waters, 37.

' In chancel of the church at Lewisham. — Waters, 36.

366 THE WRITINGS OF

To my Lord Dartmouth two hundred pounds, out of the arrears
of rent, and four hundred pounds which he oweth me, provided
always that his Lordship in consideration of the said six hundred
pounds settle upon the minister of the parish of Lewisham for
the time being and to all future generations such a salary for the
reading of prayers once a day at Blackheath as is agreed between
us, and I beg and desire of him that the said salary may be so
settled according to law that it may be firm to all future ages. To
the said Lord Dartmouth all my pictures at Blackheath not other-
wise disposed of, with my coach and horses, and five guineas to
defray the charges of my funeral. And I constitute and appoint
the said Lord Dartmouth sole executor of this my last will and
testament. Proved by the oath of William, Lord Dartmouth.

Pett, 40 (P. C. C.).'
Sir William Washington of Thistleworth in the co. of Middle-
sex, Knight, 6 June, 1643, proved i March, 1648. Whereas I am
justly indebted unto Elizabeth Washington, my daughter, in the
sum of twelve hundred pounds which she lent me in ready money
and for payment whereof, at a time shortly to come, I have given
her my bond of the penalty of two thousand pounds, my said
daughter shall have and retain to her own use, towards satisfac-
tion of the said sum, all that debt of eight hundred pounds, or
thereabouts, due unto me upon two obligations from the Right
Hon'"^ William, Earl of Denbigh deceased, with the use that shall
grow due for the same, and if any part of the said sum of twelve
hundred pounds be paid and satisfied unto my said daughter in
my life time, or after my decease, out of the overplus of moneys
which shall or may remain due or payable unto me or my assigns
upon the sale of my manor of Wicke and capital messuage called
Wicke Farm and other lands thereunto belonging which are now
in mortgage to Henry Winer Esq., and John Chappell gent,
redeemable upon payment of the sum of eleven hundred forty
four pounds at a time now past &c. &c.

And my will and meaning is that, my other debts, which are
not many nor great, being satisfied and paid in the next place,
then all the residue of the money which shall remain and all my

' Waters, 36.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 367

goods, chatties and personal estate whatsoever shall be equally
divided amongst all my children that shall be living, and I make
and ordain my said daughter Elizabeth sole executrix.

Wit : Rob : Woodford, John Pardo, Thomas Woodford, John
Washington.

The will was proved by the oath of Elizabeth Washington ah
Legge, daughter of the deceased and executrix named in the will.

Fairfax 29 (P. C. C.).'

58. Sir John Washington (Lawrence 3*, Robert '9,
Lawrence", John*, Robert ^ John"), of
Thrapston, co. Northampton, Knight. Married
(i) Mary, daughter of Philip Curtis, of Islip, co.
Northampton, gent., and Katherine Curtis, his
wife.'^ Mary died i January, 1624-25, and was
buried at Islip.

Here lieth the body of Dame
Mary : wife unto Sr John Wash
iNGTO Knight, daughter of Phil-

lipe Curtis Gent : who had is-
sue BY HUR SAYD HUSBANDE

3 soNNS Mordaunt John and

PhILLIPPE deceased the I OF

Janu : 1624.'

' Waters, 34.

' Catherine Curtis of IsHpp in the Co. of Northampton, "gent." 6 Decem-
ter, ife2, proved 17 June, 1626. My body to be buried in the church of
Islipp. To Mordant Washington, my godson and grandchild, the sum of fifty
pounds to be employed and laid out for his best benefit and to be paid unto
him, with a true account of the profits and gain thereof, when he shall come to
the age of twenty and one years, and if he depart this life before his age of one
and twenty years then my executor shall pay the aforesaid sum, with all profits
by it made, unto the next child of my natural daughter Mary Washington when
it shall come to the age of twenty and one years, whether the said child be a
•son or a daughter. ... I give unto my natural daughter Mary Washington,
the sum of thirty pounds. . . .— Hele, 92. New England Historical and
C(nealogical Register, January, 1892. — Waters.

• Simpkinson, Ixxxix.

368 THE WRITINGS OF

Issue :

85. mordaunt.

86. John.

87. Philip.

Sir John married, for a second wife, Dorothy,
daughter of William Pargiter of Gretworth, Esq., by
Abigail, daughter of Sir Francis Willoughby, of
Wollaton, CO. Nottingham. She was the widow of

Kirkby, by whom she had two children

Thomas Kirkby and Penelope Kirkby (married

Thornton'). By Sir John she had no issue,

and died 1678.

Dorothy Wassington, relict of Sir John Wassiiigton, Knight
deceased, 6 October, 1678, proved 24 December, 1678. My body
I leave to my executor's discretion to be laid decently in the
grave in the chancel of the church of Fordham, near the place
where the body of my dear grand child Mrs. Penelope Audley
lies buried. And for that small estate which the Lord hath con-
tinued to me I bequeath and bestow as followeth. Item I give
and bequeath unto my son Mr. Thomas Kirkbey the sum of five
pounds, and to each of his sons and daughters twenty shillings
apiece, to be paid them six months after my decease. Item all
the rest of my goods whatsoever, as household stuff, bills, bonds,
debts and the like I give and bequeath unto my daughter Mrs.
Penelope Thornton, whom I do make my sole executrix, &c.

Wit : Ezech : Pargiter, Hugh Floyde, Sarah Flecher.

Reeve, 148 (P. C. C.).'

In December, 1640, the father, William Pargiter, petitioned the

' Her children are mentioned in the will of Mrs. Mewce, p. 347.

' Waters, 31. Mr. Waters also prints the will of Francis Pargiter, of
London, merchant, a brother of Dame Dorothy. It contains no bequests to-
any of the Washingtons. A letter of another brother, Theodore Pargiter is
printed in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, October,.
1884, making mention of John Washington, then in Barbadoes.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 369

Lords to be relieved against a decree of the Court of the Star
Chamber, touching the manor of Gretworth.

61. Lawrence Washington (Lawrence^*, Robert'^
Lawrence", John*, Robert 3, John') "was
born about the year 1602. He appears to have
entered at Brasenose College as early as 16 19,
but he did not sign the Subscription Book until
the 2d of November, 162 1, under which date his
name also appears in the general matriculation
register [" Laurent : Washington, Northamp :
Gen. fil. an. nat. 19."], in connection with thirty-
five others — an extraordinary number, and indi-
cating that from some cause this ceremony had
hitherto been neglected. He took his B. A.
degree in 1623 and became Fellow of Brasenose
about 1624. He is recorded as serving the office
of lector, then the principal educational office in
the college, from 1627 to 1632 inclusive. On
the 20th of August, 1 63 1, he became one of the
proctors of the university, filling a vacancy that
had occurred by the deprivation of his prede-
cessor by royal warrant.* On the 14th of March,
1632—3, he was presented to the then very
valuable living of Purleigh in Essex, and
resigned his fellowship."^ Mr. Waters found in

' Richard Anderson purchased the manor of Pendley, which lay partly in
the parish of Tring, was knighted in 7 Jac. I., and married Mary, daughter of
Robert, Lord Spencer, owner of the manor of Althorp in Northampton, and
" the great friend of the Washingtons of Sulgrave and Brington." In his will,
proved 27 August, 1632, Sir Richard gave to " my cousin Larance Washington
of Brasenose and to Mr. Dagnall of Pembrook College, to each of them forty
shillings." — Waters, 16.

* Col. Chester's Preliminary Investigation, 1866.

370 THE WRITINGS OF

the " Names and Cognomens of all and singular
Clerks collected, admitted or instituted to any
Benefice, &c., in the Diocese of London, and of
the Patrons, &c., from 12 September 1632, to
16 April," the following entry :

Essex ; Dengy, Decimo quarto die mensis Martii Anno pred
Laurentius Washington clicus in artibus magr admissus fuit ad
Rcoria de Purleigh Coin Essexit per pntaconem Janse Horz-
manden ' patronissse pro hac vice.

And in the book of compositions for First Fruits
this second entry :

xii° die Martii 1632 Anno Regni dni nri nunc Caroli Regis &c.
octavo.

Essex. Purleigh. R Laurentius Washington clic comp pro
p'mittis Rcorie pred ext. at xxv decia inde 1'. Obligant' dctus
Laurentius, Thomas Beale de Yorkhill in Corn Hereff gen et
Willus Smith Pochie bte Marie de la Savoy Inholder.

Lawrence married (after March, 1632-3,) Am-
PHiLLis, daughter of Roades of Middle Clay-
don, Buckinghamshire.

Mr. Waters, working upon the mention of William Roades in
the will of Andrew Knowling, traced that family to Middle Clay-
don, and connected them with the Verneys. In June, 1639,
William Roades held the position of bailiff at Middle Claydon,
and William or John Roades was in the service of Sir Edmund
Verney — or both were in service." Amphillis was believed to

' Aunt of Warham Horsmanden, in 1657-8 a member of the Governor's
Council in Virginia. E. D. O'Neill, Virginia Carolorum.

'' Waters, 18, where he quotes from the Letters and Papers of the Verney
Family, down to the end of the year i6jg. (Camden Society.) The connection
of the Verneys with Tring is ably described by Mr. Waters but need not be
given here. The Memoirs of the Verney Family in the Civil War have just
been published by Lady Verney, but throw no light upon the Roades
connection.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 371

have been a daughter of one of these servants. "The same
evidence seems to show that it was a match which would not be
likely to meet with the approval of the rest of the family, allied
as they were to the Villiers, Sandys, Pargiter, Verney and other
families then in good social standing ; and, in connection with
this, it is worth noting that I have thus far seen no mention of
Mr. Lawrence Washington in any of the wills of the family or
their connections after this marriage, which must have been soon
after the resignation of the fellowship (March, 1632-3). This
•connection with William Roades is, however, more than doubtful.

In November, 1643, he was ejected from the
living of Purleigh, by order of Parliament, as a
■" malignant royalist." The charges laid against him
were given in The First Century of Scandalous,
Malignant Priests Made and Admitted into Benefices
iy the Prelates, in whose Hands the Ordination of
Ministers and Government of the Church hath been,
published by John White, and printed by George
Miller, by order of Parliament, 17 November, 1643,
The case of Mr. Washington was ninth in the list.

The Benefice of Lawrence Washington, Rector of Purleigh in
the County of Essex is sequestered, for that he is a common fre-
quenter of Ale-houses, not onlly himselfe sitting dayly tippling
there, but also incouraging others in that beastly vice, and hath
been oft drunk, and hath said, That the Parliament have more
Papists belonging to them in their Armies than the King had about
him or in his Army, and that the Parliaments Armie did more hurt
than the Cavaliers, and that they did none at all ; and hath published
them to be Traitours, that lend to or assist the Parliament.

So violent a partisan as the compiler of the First
Century can hardly be accepted without question
even on a statement of fact. The clergy of that day

372 THE WRITINGS OF

had among their number some who were no orna-
ments to the order, and drunkenness was by no
means the least common of their failings, Mr.
Waters found in John Walker's Sufferi?igs of the
Clergy the following comment upon the case of
Lawrence Washington, A.M. :

Purleigh, R., one of the best Livings in these Parts :
To which he had been Admitted in March, 1632, and was
Sequestered from in the Year 1643, which was not thought Pun-
ishment enough for him, and therefore he was also put into the
Century, to be transmitted to Posterity, as far as that Infamous
Pamphlet could contribute to it, for a Scandalous, as well as a
Malignant Minister, upon these weighty Considerations, That
he had said " the Parliament have more Papists belonging to
them in their Armies, than the King had about him, or in
his Army, and that the Parliament's Army did more Hurt
than the Cavaliers, and that They did none at all, and had
Published them to the Traytors, that lent to, or assisted the
Parliament."

It is not to be supposed, that such a Malignant could be less
than a Drunkard, and accordingly he is charged with frequent
Commissions of that Sin, and not only so, but with Encouraging
others in that Beastly Vice. Altho' a Gentleman (a Justice of
the Peace in this Country) who Personally knew him, assures me,
that he took him to be a Worthy, Pious Man, that as often as he
was in his Company, he always appeared a very Modest, Sober
Person, and that he was Recommended as such, by several Gen-
tlemen, who were acquainted with him before he himself was.
Adding withal, that he was a Loyal Person, and had one of the best
Benefices in these Parts, and this 7ms the ONLY Cause of his
Expulsion, as I verily believe. After which, he subjoyns, that
another Ancient Gentleman of his Neighborhood, agrees with
him in this Account. Mr. Washington was afterwards permitted
to Have, and Continue upon a Living in these Parts, but it was
such a Poor and Miserable one, that it was always with Difficulty
that anyone was persuaded to Accept of it.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 373

Upon consulting the copy of the Sufferings in
the Bodleian Library, Mr. Waters found the original
letter on which Walker based his statement. It
was written by Henry Ayloffe (of the same family as
is mentioned on p. 358, ante), and was probably
written in 1706. In it he said:

I doe not remember that ever I knew or heard of Mr. Wash-
ington after he had been sequestered, but there was then one Mr.
Roberts a neighbor of mine who was owner and patron of a parish
so small that nobody would accept of his church (but with diffi-
culty) and Mr. Roberts entertained Mr. Washington, where he
was suffered quietly to preach. I have heard him and tooke him
to be a very worthy pious man. I have been in his company
there, and he appeared a very modest sober person, and I heard
him recommended as such by several gentlemen who knew him
before I did. He was a loyal person, and had one of the best
benefices in these parts, and this was the only cause of his
expulsion as I verily believe.

A reference to the last (nearly illegible) paragraph
by Walker enabled Mr. Waters to decipher the word
Braxted, and Braxted Parva was such a living as
Walker says Washington retired to. It was held by
Thomas Roberts, and was presented by him in 1650
to Mr. White, in 165 ? to Lawrence Washington, and
after Washington's death, to Nehemiah Rogers,
father of John Rogers who had succeeded Lawrence
at Purleigh. It was in 1649 that John Rogers was
ordered to pay to Amphillis Washington the fifth
part of the tithes and profits of that rectory.'

In the registry of All Saints parish. Maiden, Essex,
was found an entry " Mr. Lawrence Washington

' Conway, Harper's Monthly Magazine, May, 1891.

374 THE WRITINGS OF

buried January, 1652"* presumably the rector of
Purleigh. His wife Amphillis was buried 19
January, 1654-55.
Issue :

88. John.

89. Lawrence.

" Crisames senc our Ladie day Anno Dom 1635 Layarance
sonn of Layarance Washington June the xxiii''" — Tring Register.

90. Elizabeth, married Rumball or Rum-
bold.

" Baptized senc our Ladye daye anno dom 1636 Elizabeth da
of Mr. Larranc Washington Aug. xvii." — Tring Register.

91. William.

" Baptized senc Mickellmas daye Anno Dom i64i William sonn
of Mr. Larrance Washenton baptized the xiiij*- daij."— 7>/«g-
Register.

92. Margaret, married Talbott.

93. Martha, emigrated to America, and married
Nicholas (?) Hayward of Stafford County, Vir-
ginia. She died in 1697.

In the name of God Amen I Martha Hayward of the County
of Stafford being sick & weak of body but of pfect sence &
memory thanks be given to God therefor Doe make & ordaine
this my last Will & Testament

Impr= I give and bequeath my Soul to God and my body to
the Earth to be buryed in Christianlike and Decent manner att
the disposition of my Exec'^ hereafter named and as for what
worldly Estate it hath pleased God to bless me w* all I give de-
vise and dispose of in the following manner & forme

' This discovery was made by Miss Emma M. Walford, of London These
paragraphs are based upon two letters from Mr. W. H. Whitmore, published
in the Nation (N. Y.), 8 October and 5 November 1891

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 375

Item I give and bequeath unto my two cousins John &
Augustine the sons of my coz" Lawrence Washington of West-
moreland County one negroe woman named Anne and her future
increase and in case of their deaths before they come of age then
I give the s^ negroe to the afores"* Lawrence Washington & his
heirs forever.

Item I give unto my cozen Lawrence Washington son of M'
John Washington of Westmoreland County one mallatto girle
named Suka to him and his heirs forever.

Item I give and bequeath unto my cozen John Wash-
ington son of the said John Washington of Westmoreland
county one mallatto Girle named Kate to him and his heirs
forever.

Item I give and bequeath my cozn Nathaniel Washington,
son of the said John Washington one Negroe boy named John to
him & his heirs forever.

Item I give and bequeath unto my Coz" Hen : Washington
son of the said John Washington one negroe boy named George
William to him & his heirs for ever.

Item I give and bequeath unto my kinsman M' John Wash-
ington of Stafford County one negroe woman named Betty and
her future increase to him & his heirs forever.

Item I give and bequeath unto my kinsman M' Rich'' Ffoot
two thousands pn'*' Tobbacco to him & his heirs for ever.

Item it is my will & desire that my Ex'" w* all conven' speed
after my decease doe procure and purchase for each of my two
sisters in Law viz' Mary King and Sarah Todd a servant man or
woman as they or either [of] them shall both like haveing att
least four or five years to serve w'"* I doe give to them and their
heirs forever.

Item I give and bequeath to my afores"* Six cozins the sons
of my two coz" Lawrence and John Washington of Westmoreland
County to Each of them a feather bedd and furniture to them
and their heirs forever.

Item it is my will and desire that my Exec"' with all Con-
ven' speed send to England to my Eldest sister M" Elizabeth
Rumbold a Tunne of good weight of Tobacco, & the same I give
to her and her heirs forever.

376 THE WRITINGS OF

Item it is my desire that my said Executors Doe likewise take
freight send for England to my other sister M" Marg' Talbut a
Tonne of good weight of Tobbacco which I give to her and her
and her \sic\ heirs forever.

Item I give and bequeath unto M' W" Buckner of the County
of York my gold signett.

Item I give and bequeath unto Ca"" Law : Washington and
his wife, M' John Washington of Stafford County and his wife,
M' John Washington of Westmoreland County and his wife, Mary
King, Sarah Todd and Mary Wheatley, each of them a gold of
twenty shillings piece To be procured with all Conven' speed
after my decease.

Item I give and bequeath unto Samuel Todd son of Wm.
Todd a heiffer about three years old.

Lastly after all my just Debts are p*" all the rest of my estate
whatsoever and wheresoever I doe give and bequeath unto Cap'
Lawrence Washington, M' John Washington of Westmoreland
County, & M' John Washington of Stafford County to be
Equall[y] Divided between them and I doe hereby [make ?]
Constitute and ordaine the afores"" Lawrence Washington & John
Washington of Westmoreland County Execut'' of this my last
will & Testament. In Witness whereof I have hereunto sett
my hand & ffixed my Seale this 6th day of May annoq= Domi
1697.

Martha Hayward.

Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of us : Geo.
Weedon, Sarah Kelly, Sarah X! Powell, her marke, John Pike.
Proved and Recorded the 8* of December, 1697.
Vera copia Teste. J. Perry
D. C. Cur. Com. Stafford."

74. John Washington (Walter 3^ Robert 's, Law-
rence", JoHN\ Robert 3, John') of Radway,
CO. Warn Married Mary, daughter of George
Danvers of Blisworth, co. Northampton, Esq.

' See Mr. Waters' letter in The Nation, 22 December, 1892.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 377

Issue.

94. George.

95. Elizabeth.

96. Ann.

97. Thomas.

98. Katherine.

79. Sir Lawrence Washington (Sir Lawrence *',
Lawrence*", Lawrence", John*, Robert 3,
John ') of Garsden, co. Wilts. Baptized at St.
Dunstan's in the West, London, 30 September,
1622, matriculated at Oxford (ee. 15), 4 May,
1638 ; sheriff" of Wilts Co., by appointment of
the House of Commons, 7 November, 1650,
died 17 January, 1661-2. In September, 1648,
Richard Price, of High Holborn, deposed that
Lawrence Washington, son of Sir L. Washing-
ton, late Registrar of Chancery, "went to
Oxford, when a garrison for the King, and paid
;^20o to his kinsman George Washington, who
waits on the Duke of Richmond, to be sworn of
the Privy Chamber to the King. Also that at
the siege of Gloucester, he quartered with the
Duke of Richmond's gentlemen, within 2 miles
of the leaguer." In the Calendar of the Com-
mittee for Advance of Money, I find an item
referring to the same matter, though entered as

" Washington, Gersey, near Malmes-

bury, CO. Wilts." A request was then made for
prosecution of Washington, and benefit of the
discovery, on the ground that he had "set forth
four men and horses in the late King's service,

378 THE WRITINGS OF

had his horse shot under him at Newbury fight,
and has an estate of ;^i200 a year." His prop-
erty was affected, and in 1656, his appeal for
release was referred to the Major General and
Commissioners of the county, who ordered that
on his paying ;^50 to the treasurers for the
decimation tax, as a testimony of his good
affection to the State, the Commissioners should
discharge his estate.

Here Lyeth ye Body of Lavrence | Washington Esq'- the only
Son I of Sr Lavrence Washington who | Departed this life Jan
17 was I Bvried Feb ii Ano Dni 1661 and | Inclosed By Elinor
his Wife | April 18 Ano. Dni. 1663 | ^tat Suae. 39

En mercede virum Pensatum muner[a d]igna

Prospicit ille suis diua supersta sibi

Behold how duty well perform'd is paide

His Sire he him here his durst hath laide.'
Lawrence Washington of Garsdon in the Co. of Wilts, Esq.,
14 January, 1661, proved 15 May, 1662. My body to be buried
in the chancel of the Parish church of Garsden. To the poor of
Garsden ten pounds, to be distributed to householders by five
shillings to a house, and to the poor of Westamsbury and Bul-
ford, Wilts, ten pounds &c.

Alsoe I doe giue and devise unto my Cozen John Washington
of Thrapston in the Countie of Northampton Kn' one Annuitie
or yearely Rent of ffortie pounds of currant English money ffor
and dureinge the terme of his naturall life. To be issueing and
goeing forth out of all my messuages Lands Tenements and
Hereditaments and ffarme in Westamsbury ah Liltleamsbury in
the Countie of Wiltes aforesaid. To be paid unto him at the
ffeasts of Thanunciation of the blessed Virgin St Mary and St
Michaell Tharchangell by euen and equall portions the fifirst pay-
ment thereof to beginne and to be made at the fifirst of the said
ffeasts which shall happen come and be next after my decease

' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Julyi 1890.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 379,

and if and as often as it shall happen the said yearly Rent of
ffortie pounds to be behinde and unpaid by the space of Tenne
dayes next after any of the said ffeasts in the which as aforesaid
the same ought to be paid that then and soe often it shall be law-
full to and for the said John Washington into the said Messuages
Lands Tenements and hereditaments to enter and distreyne and
the said distresse and distresses then and there had found and
taken to lead driue take and carry away and the same to impound
deteyne and keepe untill the said Annuity or yearely rent of
fforty pounds and all the arreares there of (if any be) shall be
unto my said Cozen John Washington fully satisfied and paid.

To Charles Tyrell, youngest son of Dame Martha Tyrrell of
Heron House in the Co. of Essex, one annuity of twenty pounds
&c. To my cousin Symon Horsepoole of London, gent., one
annuity of thirty pounds &c. To my beloved sister Dame Martha
Tyrrell twenty pounds to buy her a ring, and to my nephews
John, Thomas and Charles Tyrrell ten pounds apiece and to my
niece Martha Tyrrell twenty pounds, to buy each of them a ring.
. . . The residue unto Elianor, my wife, whom I make sole execu-
trix &c. Laud, 73 (P. C. C.).'

Lawrence married Eleanor, second daughter of
William Gyse (Guise)' of Elmore, co. Gloucester,
Esq. She was born about 1626. She bore him one
daughter — :

99. Elizabeth, married Sir Robert Shirley, created
3 September, 1711, Viscount Tamworth and
Earl Ferrers. She died 2 October, 1693.
Children — :

i. Robert, married Anne, daughter of Sir Humphrey

Ferrers of Tamworth Castle.
ii. Washington, married Mary, daughter of Sir Richard
Levinge.

' Waters, 42.

' His will is printed in New England Historical and Genealogical Register^
January, 1892.

.380 THE WRITINGS OF

iii. Henry, died, unmarried, in 1745.

iv. Lawrence, married Anne, daughter of Sir Walter
Clarges.

Eleanor survived her husband Lawrence, and mar-
ried 27 November, 1663, Sir William Pargiter, of
Gretworth, Kt. Mr. Conway found a volume in the
British Museum, printed in 1664, and being The
second Part of Youths Behaviour, or Decency in
Conversation amongst Women. It contains a letter
of dedication, signed by Robert Codrington, * and
addressed to " The Mirrour of her Sex Mrs. Ellinor
Pargiter, and the most accomplished with all reall
Perfections Mrs. Elizabeth Washington, her only
Daughter, and Heiress to the truly Honorable Law-
rence Washington Esquier, lately deceased." Mrs.
Pargiter died 19 July, 1685, and was buried at
Garsden.

Here lyes ye body of Dame | Elinor Pargiter 2°'^ Daughter | of
Wm. Guise of Elmore in ye | County of Gloucester Esqr | First
married to Lawrence | Washington Esq. afterwards | to Sr Wm
Pargiter of Gritt | with in ye County of North | Hampton Kt.
Who departing | this life the 19* Day of July in | the Year of
Our Lord 1685 | ordered her remains to be | deposited here in
hopes of I a blessed Resurrection.'

Dame Elianor Pargiter, the relict of Sir William Pargiter late
■of Gretworth, Knight, deceased 17 July, 1685, proved 2 June,
1687. My body I desire may be carried in a decent and private
way to Garsden in Wiltshire and interred there by my former
husband Lawrence Washington Esq'- I will and bequeath to my
dearly beloved daughter Ferrars my necklace of pearl, being two
strings of pearl, which her father gave to me, one saphire ring,
which he likewise gave to me, and her father's picture set in

' The third daughter of William Guise, of Elmore, was Frances Codrington.

'' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July, 1890.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 381

gold. To the parish of Garsden thirty pounds, to be bestowed
in decent plate for the Communion table there, to be kept by the
Minister of the place for the time being. To the poor of that
parish ten pounds. The residue to my daughter Elianor Pargiter,.
whom I make, constitute and ordain sole executrix.
Proved by the oath of Elianor Bering ah Pargiter.

Foot, 82 (P. C. C.).'

Eighth Generation.

80. Henry Washington (Sir William s', Lawrence^*,
Robert'', Lawrence", John*, RoBERT^ John'),
born about 161 5. Entered the army of the king
and was Governor of Worcester during its first
siege in 1646, in the absence of Lord Astley,
who had fallen into the hands of the Parliamen-
tary army. He also led the storming party at
Bristol.
Colonel Washington seems to have engaged in
plots along with Col. Legge, and resorted much to
an inn at Gravesend, where disaffected persons met,,
and whence many young men where sent to Holland
to the exiled Prince. The Council looked into this
report of plottings, and must have discovered some-
thing to Washington's prejudice, as the Governor of
Tilbury Fort was ordered (19 August, 1649) to ap-
prehend him. He agreed with the Council to " appear
within four days after warning left at Gravesend,
and to practise good behavior."

He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John
Pakington of Westwood, co. Wore, and Frances,
daughter of Sir John Ferrers of Tamworth. Colonel

' Waters, 43.

382 THE WRITINGS OF

Washington was buried at Richmond, Surrey, 9
March, 1663-64.

" 6 March, 1693-4. Report of Mr. Aaron Smith to the Lords
of the Treasury, on the petition of Mrs. Elizabeth Gellott, the
daughter of Col. Washington, lately deceased, who, he was in-
formed, hazarded his life and exhausted his fortune in the service
of King Charles I., as to the fine of 200 marks set upon Francis
West, of which the petitioner prayed the grant ; he had made a
report when West had petitioned for a remission of the fine
owing to his extreme poverty, which had reduced him to the
common side of the prison, and the petitioner, Mrs. Gellott, then
much insisted on his extreme poverty, which he could not recon-
cile with her present petition." '

" 28 July 1699. Report of S. Travers, Esq., Surveyor General
to the Lords of the Treasury, on the petition of Henry Jenkins,
gent., praying for a renewal of a lease of waifs, strays, &c. in the
honour of Peverel, which had been granted by King Charles II
in his 25th year, to Sir John Pakington and others, in trust for
Col. Washington's children ; informing their Lordships that King
Charles II. in his i6th year granted to Charles Earl of Norwich
all the said waifs, strays, &c. for 31 years at 50/ per ann , and in
1673 granted the same to Sir John Pakington, Bart, and others,
in trust for the daughters of the said Col. Washington ; to be
held for 31 years from that date (concurrent with the Earl of
Norwich's lease then in being). The value, according to Sir
Charles Harbord, would be 350/. Advising that in any new
grant the lessee should account for at least a loth part of the
profits of working the mines and quarries." — Calendar Treasury
Papers, 1697-1701-2.

Issue :

100. Mary, died 1680-81, unmarried.

Mary Washington, spinster, of the parish of St. Martin in the
fields in the Co. of Middlesex, 13 January, 1680, being in her

' Calendar Treasury Papers, 1557-1696.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 383

last sickness whereof she died, with an intent and purpose to
make and declare' her last will and testament nuncupative and
to settle and dispose of her estate, did utter and spake these
words following, or the like in effect viz'. : I desire that Hannah
(meaning her maid-servant Hannah Lewis) -may have one hun-
dred pounds out of the money of the king's gift, and the rest I
leave to my dear mother (meaning Elizabeth Sandyes), which
words, or the like in effect she uttered and declared as and for
her last will and testament nuncupative in the presence and hear-
ing of the said Mrs. Elizabeth Sandys her mother, whom she
desired to remember what she said to her, and of Katharine
Hodges, Katharine Forster and Mary Hall and that she was at
the premises of and in her perfect senses and understanding, the
same being so done in the house of Mrs. Forster, her place of
abode.

Letters issued 5 May 168 1 to Catherine Forster, sister of the
deceased, to administer the goods &c., for the reason that she
had named no executor in the will, Elizabeth Sandys the mother,
with the consent of her husband Samuel Sandys, Esq., expressly
renouncing. North, 83 (P. C. C). '

loi. Penelope, died unmarried, and was buried at
Wickhamford, co. Worcester, 2 March, 1697.

Penelope Washington of Wickhamford, co. Worcester, spinster,
6 December, 1697. To my niece Catherine Foster, spinster, two
hundred and fifty pounds, but to my mother and executrix,
Madam Elizabeth Sandys of Wickhamford, to receive the interest
of this money during her life. The said Catherine not to inter-
marry with any person without the consent of my executrix, being
her grandmother. To my other niece Elizabeth JoUett (Gellott)
the same sum on similar conditions. To my faithful servant
Sarah Torey one hundred pounds. The residue to my said
executrix.

By the codicil all the lands &c. in Bayton and elsewhere in
Wore, conveyed unto me by Mr. William Swift deceased and

' Waters, 35.

384 THE WRITINGS OF

his trustees, to " my dear mother Elizabeth Sandys " her heirs and
assigns forever.'

102. Katherine, married (i) Martin Forster or
Foster, by whom she bore one child Katherine,
and (2) Barnabas Tonstall or Tunstall, of the
Middle Temple, Esq.

The first marriage is entered in Westminster Abbey, 1677, May
I. Martin Foster and Katherin Washington. A note by CoL
Chester says : " He held, in 1673, the place of Comptroller of the
Customs at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when he petitioned the Govern-
ment for the reversion of the same in behalf of his brother
George. He was buried as 'Captain Foster,' at St. Martin in
the Fields, 25 Mch. 1678, and in the record of administration on
his estate, 8 Apl. following, he is called of that parish and 'Esq'.*^
The name is sometimes written Forster. She was one of the four
daughters of coheirs of Col. Henry Washington (eldest son of
Sir William Washington, Kt., by Anne Villiers, half-sister of
George first Duke of Buckingham), by Elizabeth dau. of Sir
John Pakington, first Bart. There was one dau., Catherine, of
this marriage. Mrs. Foster remarried (Mar. Lie. Fac. 9 Mch.
1686-7), being then about 27 years of age, Barnabas Tonstall, of
the Middle Temple, Esq., son and heir of the Rev. Frederick
Tonstall, of Edgcombe, co. Surrey, and was living 24 Dec. 1698." "

103. Elizabeth, married Gellett or

Gellott.

The widow of Colonel Henry Washington married
Samuel Sandys, the Royalist colonel. He was born
in 161 5, died 15 April, 1585, and was buried at
Ombersley. Upon the breaking out of the civil war,
he left Parliament, sided with the King, and was in

' Waters, 35. Mr. Waters received this will from the Rev. T. P. Wadley,
Naunton Rectory, Pershcre.

' Register of Westminster Abbey, 14.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 385

the march to Brentford under the Earl of Bristol.
In 1642 he received a commission from the King to
command the horse of the county, and was governor
of Evesham and Hartlebury Castle, lieutenant-gov-
ernor of Worcester under Prince Maurice, 1644, and
was in the battle of Edge Hill. He spent the greater
part of his fortune on the King's cause, and was
rewarded on the restoration with only ^6000. In
1 66 1 and 1678 he represented Worcestershire in
Parliament.^

His wife survived him, and dying in 1698-99 was
buried at Wickhamford.^

Elizabeth Sandys of Wickamford in the Co. of Worcester
widow, 21 December, 1698, with codicil bearing date 24 Decem-
ber 1698, proved 20 February, 1699. I nominate and appoint
my cousin John Sandys, now or late of Loveline, executor and
give him all my messuages, lands, tenements, etc., at Bayton or
elsewhere in the Co. of Worcester purchased of Mr. Swift or his

trustees in the name of my late daughter Penelope W n,

but in trust to sell and dispose thereof to the best value and to
raise money for a portion for my granddaughter Elizabeth
Jarlett, now with me, and to educate her in such manner as to
my said executor shall seem meet and convenient and at her age
of one and twenty years or marriage, to pay to her her said por-
tion. And I appoint him guardian desiring him to breed her up
in the Protestant Religion. And if he depart this life before her
said age or marriage then I appoint Mr. Francis Bromley trustee
and guardian to her. I give to my executor fifty pounds as a
legacy. To my daughter Tunstall ten pounds. To my daughter
Jarlatt ten pounds. To my granddaughter Katherine Forster two
hundred and fifty pounds, besides the two hundred and fifty
pounds her aunt Washington gave her if she should please me.

' Nash, History of Worcestershire, ii. , 223.
' Grazebrook, Heraldry of Worcestershire.
25

386 THE WRITINGS OF

To Mr. Francis Bromley my great silver cup and cover. To my
faithful and kind servant Mrs. Mary Hall one hundred pounds
(and other personal property). Twenty pounds for a communion
carpet and pulpit cloth for the church of Wickamford. Re-
mainder of personal estate to my said granddaughter Jarlatt. If
she refuse to be educated or become a Papist I give her only a
fourth part of what I hereby before have given or intended for
her &c.

In the codicil is a bequest to her son in law Capt Sandys, of a
sealed ring which my dear brother Packington constantly wore.
To my daughter in law Mrs. Sandys a large table diamond ring.
To Mr. Martin Sandys, their son, a gold watch and gold case to
it. To my god-daughter Mrs Deverax her grandmother, my
Lady Sandys' picture set in gold. To my niece Mrs. Bradshaw
her grandfather. Sir John Packington's picture set in gold To
Mrs. Tomkins her grandmother's picture set in an enamel ring.
To my goddaughter Mrs. Tomkins a pair of gold sleeve buttons.
To my granddaughter Mrs. Forster a pair of diamond earrings
and a fine gold watch that was her aunts, &c. To my grand
daughter Mrs. Jollott all my plate which I have not disposed of.

Pett, 32.'

88. John Washington (Lawrence^', Lawrence 3^,
Robert's, Lawrence", JoHN^ Robert 3, John'),
born 1633-34. Emigrated to America, and is
supposed to have gone first to Barbadoes." The
reasons for this belief are summarized in the
following paragraph :

" Now let me say why I think that the first Emigrant might
have visited Barbados. The reference to ' cosen John ' in Theo-
dore Pargiter's will suggests the former's being at Barbados. A
reference to page 11 of the 'Ancestry of Washington,' by Mr.
Waters, shows that, whereas Mrs. Washington, the mother of the
first Emigrant, was buried on the 19th of January, 1654, it was
not till the 8th of February, 1655, that letters of administration
■ New England Historical and Genealogical Register, January, 1891.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 387

were issued to her son John. If that son was not absent from
England, and in foreign parts, why was there so long an interval
as did elapse ? The Pargiters were connected with Barbados.
On the 2ist of May, 1653, the Council of State granted a license
to Thomas Pargiter to export to Barbados fifty dozen of shoes
and twelve nags. (See Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-
1660, p. 402.) In 1666, Thomas Pargiter was a member of the
Assembly of Barbados. (See Calendar, Colonial, 166 1 to 1668,
p. 352.) The fact that Tom Verney was longer in Barbados than
in Virginia may be alleged with equal reason for a kinsman's
going to Barbados, just as it has been urged as a link drawing
the first Emigrant to the Old Dominion, that the ne'er-do-weel
Tom had been an early settler in the latter country. Again, in
1655, old style, among the settlers in Barbados was Captain
Gerard Hawtayne of Calthorpe, in the County of Oxford, who
was a son, or grandson, of Margaret Washington, who is noted in
the pedigree attached to the pamphlet of Mr. Waters as having
married Gerard Hawtayne of Esington, Oxon. It is clear from
Theodore Pargiter's words that John Washington was beyond
seas about 1655, and equally clear that he was thought to be in
Barbados. Then there were the Pargiter, Verney, and Hawtayne
connections with Barbados. And why so long in obtaining let-
ters of administration to his mother's will unless he were far over
sea — in fact, as Dryden has it, in

" ' Far Barbados on the Western Main ' ? " '

It is not only possible but probable that the first
Washington emigrant went to Barbadoes, as the
prospects of improving his condition were favorable.
In the early years of that island, the settlement was
a slow process, prejudiced by the claims of the then
Lord Chamberlain, Philip Earl of Pembroke, and
the Earl of Carlisle. This matter being determined,
and great encouragement being had from the Dutch,

" New York Evening Post, 31 August, 1891.

388 THE WRITINGS OF

the colony increased in importance, " In 1643
(after it had been planted 17 years) there were
18,000 effective men, English inhabitants, of which
8,300 were proprietors ; its value was then not one-
seventeenth so considerable as in 1666, but the real
strength treble what it is now ; the negroes not being"
in 1643 above 6400, were in 1666 above 50,000 ;
the buildings in 1643 were mean, with things only
for necessity, but in 1666 plate, jewels, and house-
hold stuff were estimated at ^500,000, their
buildings very fair and beautiful, and their houses
like castles, their sugar houses and negroes huts
show themselves from the sea like so many small
towns, each defended by its castle." , In spite of this
apparent prosperity, the colony was being de-
populated, due to the monopoly of the land in a
few hands, and the factions among the planters and
slave labor. Between 1643 and 1647, 1200 had gone
to New England and 600 to Trinidad and Tobago ;
between 1646 and 1658, 2400 to Virginia and
Surinam, while nearly 10,000 had been sent on
military expeditions and either settled in other parts,
or perished.

The tradition was, as stated by Washington, that.
John emigrated in 1657. That he was crossing the
ocean about 1658 is known from a curious incident.

The Provincial records of Maryland for 1659 contain the
proceedings taken upon a complaint made by John Washington
of Westmoreland County against Edward Prescott, merchant •
" Accusing ye s'd Prescott of ffelony unto ye Gouvernor of this
Provmce, allegmg how that hee ye s 'd Prescott hanged a witch

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 389

on his ship, as hee was outward bound from England within the
last yeare,' upon wich complaynt of ye s 'd Washington the Gov'-
caused ye s 'd Edward Prescott to bee arrested. Taking bond
for his appearance att this Provincial Court of 40,000 lbs. Tobacco.
Gyving moreover notice to ye s 'd Washington, by letter of his
proceedings therein, a copie of wich I'tre, with the said Washing-
ton's answere thereto are as followeth :

" Mr. Washington,

" Upon yo 'r complaynt to mee y't Mr. Prescott did in his voyage
from England hither cause a woman to be executed for a witch,
I have caused him [to] be apprehended uppon suspition of ffelony
and I 've intend to bind him over to ye Provincial Court to
answer it, where I doe allso expect you to bee to make good ye
■charge. Hee will be called uppon his Tryal ye 4th or 5th of
October next, at ye Court, to be held there at Patux't neare Mr.
Tenwick's house, where I suppose you will not fayle to be. Wit-
nesses examined in Virginia will be of no value here in this case,
for they must be face to face, with ye party accused, or they
stand for nothing. I thought good to acquaynt you with this,
that you may not come unprovided.

" This at present S'' is all from
" Yo'r ffriend

" Josias Fendall.

" 29th September [1659].

■" HON'BLE S',

" Yo" of this 29th instant, this day I received. I am sorry y't
Tny extraordinary occasions, will not permit me to bee at ye
next provincial Court to bee held at Mary Land ye 4th of this
next month. Because then, God willing, I intend to gett my
young Sonne baptized. All ye company and Gossips being
already invited. Besides in this short time witnesses cannot bee
gott to come over. But if Mr. Prescott bee bound to answer at
ye next Provinciall Court after this, I shall doe what lyeth in my
power, to get them over. S', I shall desire you for to acquaynt
me, whether Mr. Prescott be bound over to ye next Court, and

' This practice of making a human sacrifice to appease a storm was not un-
•common in the days when belief in witchcraft was entertained.

390 THE WRITINGS OF

when ye Court is, that I may have sometime for to provide

evidence.

" Yo'r ffriend & Serv't

" John Washington.
" 30 Sept. 1659."

In 1675 a settler was murdered in Stafford County,.
Virginia, which led to reprisals, and finally to a war
conducted by Virginia and Maryland against the
Susquehannocks. John Washington was made the
commander of the Virginian forces, and was active
in the treacherous slaughter of the Indian chiefs — an
act condemned by Governor Berkeley. Returning
to Virginia Col. John Washington took his seat in
the Assembly 5 June, 1676.^ He married for his-
second wife Ann, widow of Walter Broadhurst, and
daughter of Nathaniel Pope, of Gloucestershire.
The name of his first wife is not known, but it i&
known that she crossed the ocean and was buried,
with her two children, in Virginia. Nathaniel Pope
of " Appomattocks, gent," was in Virginia as early
as 1654, and in 1657 was termed lieutenant-governor.
Walter Broadhurst was the eldest son of William
Broadhurst of Lilleshall, Shropshire, and was among
the first settlers of Maryland, mention being found
in the records as early as 1639. He removed to Vir-
ginia at some time after 1647, and was a burgess
from Northumberland in 1653. He died in 1656,

' Historical Magazine, i. , 65. In Ann Cotton's account of Bacon's Rebellion,
she wrote to Mr. C. H. of Yardly, in Northamptonshire, of " one Colonel
Washington, him whom you have sometimes seen at your house.'' Force, His-
torical Tracts, i. This reference is of interest as giving a clue to the locality in.
England of the Washingtons. Lodge, Life of Washington, i., 31.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 391

and his will was proved in England in 1658. Colonel
John Washington died about 1677.
Issue :

104. John.

105. Lawrence.

106. Anne, married Francis Wright.

In the name [of] god amen. I John Washington of Washington
parish in y° Countie of westmerland in Virginie gent, being of
good & perfect memory, thankes be unto Almighty god (for it) &
Calleing to remembrance the uncertaine estate of this trans[itory]
life, & that all flesh must yield unto death, when it shall plea[se]
god for to Call, doe make Constitute ordaine & declare this my
last will & testament in maner & forme following, reuoking &
annulling by thes presents all & euery testament & testa[ments],
will & wills heirtofore by me made & Declared [either by word]
or by writeing & [these ?] be taken only for my last will & testa-
ment & noe other, & first being hartily sorry from the bottome of
my hart for my sins past, most humbly desireing forgiueness of
the same from the Almighty god (my sauiour) & redeimer, in
whome & by the meritts of Jesus Christ, I trust & belieue
assuredly to be saued, & to haue full remission & forgiueness of
all my sins & y- my soule w* my body at the generall day of
ressurrection shall arise againe w* joy & through the merrits of
Christ death & passion posses & inherit the Kingdom of heauen,
prepared for his ellect & Chossen & my body to be buried in y°
plantation wheire I now Hue, by the side of my wife y' is already
buried & two Children of mine & now for the setling of my
temporall estate & such goods Chatles & debts as it hath pleased
god far aboue my Deserts, to bestow upon me I doe order giue
& dispose the same in maner & forme following —

first I will y' all those debts & duties y' I owe in right or Con-
science to any maner of person or persons w' soever shall be well
& truly contented & payd or ordained to be payed by my execu-
tors * * * '

' Three or four words illegible. Dr. Toner fills in "hereinafter named."

392 THE WRITINGS OF

Imprimis I giue & bequeath unto my eldest sonne [ ]

ington f. seat of land wheiron Henery flagg [ ] watts & Robert
Hedges, being by patten seven hundred acres & being by my
father [ ] pope made ouer to me & my heirs lawfully

begotten of my body —

Item I give unto my son Lawrence Washington my watter Mill
w* all appertinances & Land belonging to it a[t] the head of
Rosiers Creik to him & his heirs foreuer, reserueing to my wife
her thirds durring her Life.

Item I giue unto my son Lawrence Washington y' seate of
Land w".'' I bought of W- Lewis Maruim, being about two hundred
& fifty acres, at the mouth of rosiers Crieck on y° north west
side, w* all the houseing theirunto belonging to him & his heirs
for euer reserueing to my wife her thirds durring her Life —

Item I giue unto my son Lawrence Washington y' seat of Land
at upper Machotock w''." I bought of Mf Anthony Bridge &
M' John Rosier being about nine hundred acres to him &
his heirs foreuer, reserueing to my wife her thirds durring
her life.

Item I giue unto my son Lawrence Washington my halfe &
share of fiue thousand acres of land in Stafford County w"." is be-
twixt Coll Nicolas spencer & myselfe w".'' we are engaged y' there
shall be no benifit taken by suruiuour ship, to him & his heirs
foreuer.'

' The patent was issued by Thos. Culpeper, i March, 1674, and conveyed
to Col. Nicholas Spencer and Lieut.-Col. John Washington, "five thousand
acres of land scituate Lying and being within the said terrytoiy in the County
of Stafford in the ffreshes of Pottomooke River and neere oppositt to Piscatoway
Indian Towne in Mariland and neere the Land of Capt. Giles on the

North side, and neere the Land surveyed for Mr. Wm. Grein Mr. Wm.
Dudley and others on the south side ; being a necke of Land bounded betwixt
two Creeks and the Maine River, on the East p'te by the said Main

River of Pottomooke, on the North p'te by a Creeke Called by the English
Little Hunting Creeke and the maine Branch thereof on the south p'te by a
Creeke named and Called by the Indians Epsewasson Creeke and the maine
Branch thereof which Creeke devides this Land of Gren and Dudley and others
on the west p'te by a right Lyne drawn from the Branches of the aforesaid
Epsewasson and Little Hunting Creeke. "

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 393

Item I doe giue unto my son Johne Washington y' plantation
whereon I now liue w*^."" I bought of Dauid Anderson & y\ planta-
tion next to W. John [Foxall ?] f. I bought (w"^." was Ric. Hills)
to him & his heirs for euer & y' seate of Land of about four hun-
dred acres w* Lyeth uppon yf Head of Rappahanecke Creike &
adjoyning uppon David norways orphants Land the Land being
formerly John Whittsons & sold to me, to him & his heirs for
euer, reserueing to my wife her thirds of the afoure sayd Land
•during her Life.

Item I giue unto my son John Washington y? seate of Land
w"? Robert foster now liueth on being about three hundred acres '
to him & his heirs foreuer, Likewise I give unto my sayd son
John Washington y' seat of Land w"? Robert Richards liueth on
w* I had of my bro : Lawrence Washington being about three
hundred & fifty acres to him & his heirs for euer reserueing to
my wife her thirds of the two sayd tracts of Land during her
Life— ''

Item I giue & bequeath unto my daughter An Washington y'
seate of Land -f- tract of Land y? Tho : Jordan now liueth on
being about twelve hundred acres " to her & her heirs for euer,
likewise I giue & bequeath unto my sayd Daughter that tract of

In the Virginia State Land Registry, No. 6, p. 615, is recorded a grant to
Lt.-Col. John Washington, of 5,000 acres in Stafford County, 1677.

Nicholas Spencer survived Washington, and served in the Governor's Coun-
cil after 1680 as President, and also as Secretary of the Colony in 1683. Mr,
Hayden tells me he vfas a justice in Westmoreland County in 1699, and mar-
ried Miss Mottrom, daughter of John Mottrom.

Nicholas Spencer devised his moiety of this tract to his son Francis Spencer
and his heirs forever. Capt. Lawrence Washington was one of the feoffees in
trust under Spencer's will, dated 25 April, 1688, and received forty shillings for
a mourning ring. — Henry F. Waters' Gleanings.

' Perhaps the 300 acres in Northumberland County, granted to Major John
Washington, I June, 1664. — Virginia State Land Registry, No. 5, p. 49.

^ In the Virginia State Land Registry, No. 6, p. 60, is recorded a grant of
700 acres in Stafford County, to Lawrence Washington and Robert Richards,
27 September, 1667.

' A tract of this size was granted, 4 September, 1661, to Major John Wash-
ington and Thomas Pope. It lay in Westmoreland County. — Virginia State
Land Registry, No. 5, p. 54.

394 THE WRITINGS OF

Land whereon John fries ' now liueth being about fourteen hun-
dred acres after M' fricke hath his quantitie out of it to her &
her heirs for euer reserueing to my wife her thirds of the two-
above seates durring her Life.

Item I giue unto my sayd Daughter, w''.'' was her mother's de-
sire & my promise y? Cash in y? new parlour & the Diamond ring.
& her mother's rings & the white quilt & the white Curtains &
vallians —

And as for the rest of my personall estate after my debts &
dues are sattisfied justly wh"." I desire should be sattisfied out of
my [ ] Cropps, which I doe not question but will be far more
than I doe owe (thankes be unto god for it) theirfore it is my de-
sire y- my estate should not Come to any appraisement, but I
order & bequeath a[s] followeth y' is to say that their shall be a
just Inuentory & List taken of my personall estate y- I am pos-
sessed of & for to be deuided in quantitie & quallitie, by three
men of Judgement w"? I request the Court to nominate, into
foure [parts] to be equall & proportionable deuided in quantitie
& qualitie the [one] fourth part I giue to my Loueing wife in
kind in lew of her dower or [claime], & one fourth part to my son.
Lawrence Washington in kind, and one fourth part to my son
John Washington in kind, & one fourth part to my daughter An
Washington in kind to them & either of them seuerally and their
heirs for euer & it is my will y' if either my aboue sayd children
should happen to dy, before they obtaine the age of one &
twenty yeares or day of mariadge, then the Land of y' child
y- Dieth to be the eldest son then Liueing, & if both my sons-
should dy then the Land to be my daughter An, & as for the
personall estate if any of my three Children should happen to dy,.
before they Come of age or day of mariadge, then it is my will
that the two suruiueing children should equally deuide the per-
sonall estate of y? child y' is dead betwixt them and theirs for
euer.

Item I giue and bequeath after all my legacies payd out
w* mony I shall haue in England to my son Lawrence
Washington.

' Or Frier.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 395

Item my desire is y' their may be a funerall sermon preached
at y" church & that their be no other funerall kept y! will exceed
four thousand pounds of tobacco.

Item I giue unto the Lower Church of Washington parish
[ ] ten Commandments and the Kings armes w^** is my

desire should be sent for out of w' mony I haue in England.

Item it is my desire y? w' estate I shall dy possessed should be
kept intire w*out deuideing untill all debts & dues be payd &
sattisfied.

Item I giue unto my bro: Lawrence Washington four thousand
pounds of tobb" & Caske.

Item I giue unto my nephew John Washington my godson
eldest son to my bro: Lawrence Washington one young mare of
two years old.

Item it is my desire y* when my estate is deuided in quantitie
& qualitie into foure equall parts & yf my wife hath taken
her fourth part, y' then euery Childs part should be put put "
uppon their towne " plant [ ] or plantations theire for to be
managed to the best aduantage for the bringing up & [edu-
cating of each child] according to the proiEt of each Children's
share.

Item it is my desire y- my wife should haue the bringing up of
my daughter An Washington untill my son Lawrence comes to
age or her day of mariadge & my wife for to haue the manadge-
ment of her part to my daughter's best aduantadge.

Item I doe giue to my bro: Thomas Pope ten pounds out of y°.
mony I haue in England.

Item I doe giue unto my sister Marthaw Washington ten
pounds out of y? mony I haue in England & w' soeuer else she
shall be oweing to me for transporting herself e into this Country
— & a year's accomodation after her Comeing in & four thousand
pounds of tobb"-" & Caske.

Item it is my desire y' my bro: MT Thomas Pope haue the-
bringing up of my son John Washington & for to haue the man-
adgement of his estate to my sons best aduantadge untill [he] be-
of age of one & twenty yeares or day of mariadge —

' Or out. ^ Or owfte.

396 THE WRITINGS OF

finally I doe ordaine & appoint my bro: W. Lawrence Wash-
ington & my son Lawrence Washington & my Loueing wife Wi
An Washington my whole & soale executors of this my Last
will & testament as witness my hand & scale this 21=.' of yber

1675-

John Washington.

Signed & sealed in yf
presence of us
John Lord.
John Appleton.

Ye ith yana : 1677

Then this will was proved by y^ oath of Cap^ Jn° Lord, Cap*
Jn° Appleton being decs'? recorded in y' County Court records
of WestmorLd.

POWER OF ATTORNEY BY THE WIDOW OF JOHN WASHINGTON.

Know all men by these presents that I Mrs. Ann Washington
Widow & Relict of Capt John Washington of Westmoreland
County deed, do hereby constitute, appoint and ordain my trusty
and well beloved friend Mr. Caleb Butler of the said County my
true and Lawful! Attorney for me and in my name, and to my
use, to ask, sue, receive and recover of all person or Persons
whatsoever living, residing & abiding within this Colony of Vir-
ginia or province of Maryland, all such sum or sums of money,
or Tobacco which shall be made appear to be due to me whether
by bill, bond or Book account or otherways & upon non-payment
of any part of the above Tobacco or money by any person or
persons whatsoever I do empower him the said Caleb Butler to
arrest & implead and into prison cast all such person or persons
as he sees fitt, and out of Prison to release & sett free at his
pleasure and acquittance or other discharges to give for me & in
my name and for my use, and likewise I give my said attorney
full power to employ any one attorney or more if he sees fit and
to discharge them at his pleasure & to act and do in all my affairs
belonging to me in Virginia or Maryland as if I myself were per-

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 397

sonally present, ratifying and allowing & confirming all and
whatsoever my said attorney shall act and do in the premises.
As Witness my hand and scale this 28th day of March 1698.

Ann Washington, [seal.]

Sealed Signed & Delivered in presence of,

Thomas Howes,
Henry Wickeff.
Westmoreland Set :

At a Court held for the Said County the 30th day of March
1698.

The above Letter of attorney was proved by the oaths of the
Witnesses thereto subscribed and ordered to be recorded.

Teste
James Westcomb C. W. C. '

89. Lawrence Washington (Lawrence^', Law-
rence ^S Robert '^ Lawrence", John", Rob-
ert 3, John"), baptized at Tring, co. Herts.,
23 June, 1635. He married, 26 January, i66o^
at Luton, co. Beds., Mary, daughter of Edmund
Jones of Luton, gent, and by her had one child.
107. Mary, baptized 22 December, 1663, married
Edward Gibson, vicar of Hawnes. " She
probably died before her husband, if I draw the
right inference from his will, proved 17 June,
1 732, which does not mention a wife." — Waters.
There is no evidence of Lawrence being in Vir-
ginia before 1667, when he obtained a grant of land
in Stafford County, jointly with Robert Richards.
He married in Virginia a widow with three daughters,
about whose name there is some doubt. She is

' From The Nation, 1 8 December, 1890.

398 THE WRITINGS OF

supposed to have been Jane or Joyce Fleming, widow
of Captain Alexander Fleming.'
By her he had issue :

a daughter, died in infancy.

io8. John.

109. Ann.

Lawrence died in 1677. His wife survived him
and married again, a man who wasted her property.'

In the name of God, Amen.

I, Lawrence Washington, of the county of Rappac, being sick
and weak in body, but of sound and perfect memory, do make
and ordain this, my last will and testament, hereby revoking,
■annulling, and making void all former wills and Codicelh, hereto-
fore by me made, either by word or writing, and this only to be
taken for my last will and testament.

Imprs. I give and bequeath my Soule into the hands of
Almighty God, hoping and trusting through the mercy of Jesus
■Christ, my one Savior and redeemer, to receive full pardon and
forgiveness of all my sinns, and my body to the earth, to be
buried in comely and decent manner, by my Executrix hereafter
named, and for my worldly goods, I thus dispose them. Item, I
give and bequeath unto my loving daughter, Mary Washington,
my whole estate in England, both reall and personall, to her and
the heirs of her body, lawfully begotten, forever, to be delivered
into her possession immediately after my decease, by my Executrix
hereafter named. I give and bequeath unto my aforesaid daugh-
ter, Mary Washington, my smallest stone ring and one silver cup,
now in my possession, to her and her heirs, forever, to be deliv-
ered to her immediately after my decease. I give and bequeath
unto my loving son, John Washington, all my bookes, to him
and his heirs, forever, to be delivered to him when he shall come
to the age of Twenty-one j/^^r^^. I give and bequeath unto my

' See Hayden's Virginia Genealogies.

'Ford, Wills of George Washington and his Immediate Ancestors.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 399

son, John, and daughter, Ann Washington, all the rest of my
plate, but what is before exprest to be equally divided between
them, and delivered into their possession when they come of age.
Item, my will is, that all my debts which of right and justice I
owe to any man be justly and truly paid, as allso my funerall
■expenses, after which my will is, that all my whole estate, both
reall and personally be equally divided between my loving wife,
Jane Washington, and the two children God hath given me by
her Vizt. John and Ann Washington. I give and bequeath it all
to them, and the heires of their bodies, lawfully begotten, forever,
my sonn's part to be delivered to him when he come of age, and
my daughter's part when she comes of age or day of marriage,
which shall first happen. Item, my will is, that that land which
became due to me in right of my wife, lying on the South Side
of the river, formerly belonging to Capt. Alexander Fleming, and
commonly known by the name of West Falco, be sold by my
Executrix hereafter named, for the payment of my debts, imme-
diately after ray decease. Item, my will is, that the land I have
formerly entred with Capt. Wm. Mosely, be forthwith after my
decease, surveyed and pattented by my Execx. hereafter named,
and if it shall amount to the quantity of one thousand acres, then
I give and bequeath unto Alexander Barrow, two hundred acres
of the sd. land, to him and his heires, forever, the remainder I
give and bequeath unto my loving wife afores'd and two children,
to them and their heires, forever, to be equally divided between
them. Item, my will is, that if it shall please God to take my
•daughter Mary out of the world before she comes of age, or have
heirs lawfully begotten of her body, then I give and bequeath my
land in England, which by my will I have given to her, unto my
son, John Washington and his heirs, and the personall estate
which I have given to her, I give and bequeath the same unto my
•daughter, Ann Washington and her heires, forever. Item, I do
hereby make and ordain my loving wife, Jane Washington, Execu-
trix of this my last will and testament, to see it performed, and I
do hereby make and appoint my dear and loveing Brother Coll
John Washington, and my loveing friend Thomas Hawkins (in
■case of the death or neglect of my executrix), to be the overseers
and gardians of my Children untill they come of age to the truth

400 THE WRITINGS OF

whereof I have hereunto Sett my hand and Scale, this 27th
of September, 1675.

Lawrence Washington, [seal.]

Signed Sealed and declared to be
his last will and testament,
in the presence of us.

Cornelius Wood.

John B. Barrow.

Henry Sandy, Junr.

A codicil of the last will and testament of Lawrence Washing-
ton, annexed to his will, and made September 27th, 1675,

Item, my will is, that my part of the land I now live upon,
which became due to me by marriage of my wife, I leave it
wholly and solely to her disposable after my decease, as witness
my hand, the day and year above written.

Lawrence Washington, [seal.]
Signed Sealed and declared to be
a Codicil of my last will and testa-
ment, in the presence of us.
Cornelius Wood.
Henry Sandy, Junr.

The above named Henry Sandy, Junr. aged i"] yeares, orthere-
ab'ts, sworn and examined, saith, that he did see the above named
Lawrence Washington, Sign, Scale, and publish the above men-
tioned, to be his last will and testament and that he was in per-
fect sence and memory at the Signing, Sealing and publishing
thereof, to the best of your deponents Judgment.

Henry Sandy.

Juratus est Henricus Sandy, in Cur. Com. Rappkac. Sexto

die, Jany, Ano 1677. Jr Saca end pr and probat.

Sc St

Edmd Crask, CI Cy.
A Copy, Teste

James Roy Micou, Clerk,

Essex County Court,

State of Virginia.'

' Welles, Pedigree and History of the Washington Family.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 401

Ninth Generation.

104. Lawrence Washington (John*', Lawrence*',
Lawrence^*, Robert'', Lawrence", John'', Rob-
ERT^ John'), born at Bridges' Creek, married
Mildred, daughter of Colonel Augustine War-
ner, of Gloucester County, Virginia, settled in
Gloucester County, on the Piankatank River,
and he died in 1697-98.
Issue :
no. John.

111. Augustine.

112. Mildred. Married''^ Roger Gregory, by
whom she had three daughters :

i. Frances, married Francis Thornton,
ii. Mildred, married John Thornton,
iii. Elizabeth, married Reuben Thornton.
(2) Colonel Henry Willis, by whom she had a
son, iv. Col. Lewis Willis, of Fredericks-
burgh,^
On the death of Lawrence Washington, his widow
Mildred went to England, with her children, and in
November, 1700, applied for probate at London on
Lawrence's will, alleging that her husband had died
a year before (" ad annum elapsum mortem obiisse ").
In the meantime she had married George Gale,
of Whitehaven, Cumberland. He was probably the
son of George Gale, who came to Maryland in 1690,

' A MS. table by Sir Isaac Heard makes Gregory and Willis her second and

third husbands. The first husband is named Lewis.

36

402 THE WRITINGS OF

and married Elizabeth, daughter of Levin Denwood,
of Somerset county, Maryland.*

" Mildred Gale lived only a few weeks after the grant of pro-
bate was issued to her. Her own will was made January 24,
1700-1, and it was proved in the Archdeaconry Court of Rich-
mond (Copeland Deanery) March 18 following ; she is therein
described as wife of George Gale of Whitehaven, Cumberland,
' being doubtful of the recovery of my present sickness ; ' she
mentions that ' by an Indenture of Marriage made and executed
by and between John Washington one of the Executors of my
late husband's will of the one part, and my present husband
George Gale with my own consent and approbation thereof of the
other part bearing date 16 May in the present year 1700 I am
empowered to devise by will or other instrument the estate and
legacys of my late husband to the uses and purposes therein
mentioned ' — and she proceeded to bequeath ^1000 to her said
husband, and the residue of her property equally between her
said husband and her children. When George Gale took probate
of her will, he had to give bond for the tuition of the children,
and their names appear as John, Augustine (father of the Presi-
dent), and Mildred Washington.

" Mildred Gale was buried at St. Nicholas', Whitehaven, Janu-
ary 30, 1700-1, but there is not any extant memorial to her in
either the church or churchyard. The " sickness ' to which she
alludes in her will, is sufficiently explained by an entry of the
same Parish Register, thus : Baptism, Jan. 25, 1 700-1, Mildred
daughter of George Gale ; and later on appears the burial of
Mildred, dau. of George Gale, March 26, 1701."'

In the Name of God amen I Lawrence Washington of Wash-
ton Parish in the County of Westmoreland in Virginia, Gentle-
man, being of Good and perfect memory, thanks be unto Almighty
God for it & calHng to mind the uncertain Estate of this Transi-
tory life & that all Flesh must yield unto death when it shall
please God to call me doe make constitute, ordain & Declare this

' T. C. C. Smith, in the Genealogist, vii., i, 2.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 403

my last will, and Testament in manner and form following, revok-
ing and annulling by these presents all and every Testament and
Testaments, will or wills heretofore by me made and declared
either by word or writing & this to be taken only for my last
will and Testament and none other, and first being heartily sorry
from the bottom of my heart for my sins, most humbly desireing
forgiveness of the same from the Almighty God my saviour &
Redeemer, in whome by the merits of Jesus Christ, I Trust and
believe assuredly to be saved and to have full remission & for-
giveness of all my sins and that my soal with my body at the
General day of Resurrection shall rise again with Joy, and
through the Merits of Christs Death and passion, possess & In-
herit the Kingdom of Heaven prepared for his Elect & chosen
and my body to be buried if please God I depart in this County
•of Westmoreland, by the side of my Father and Mother & neare
my Brothers & Sisters & my children, and now for the setling of
my Temporal Estate and such goods, Chatties and debts as it
hath pleased God far above my desarts to bestow upon me I doe
•ordain give and bequeath the same in manner and form following :
Imprimis I [will] that all those Debts and dues that I owe in right
or Conscience to any manner of Person or Persons whatsoever
:shall be well contented & paid or ordained or demanded to be
paid by my Executors or Extx : hereafter named. Item I give
and bequeath to my well beloved friends Mr. William Thompson
■elk & Mr. Samuel Thompson each of them a mourning Ring of
Thirty shillings value each ring : Item I give and bequeath to my
Godson Lawrence Butler one young mare & two cows : Item I
^ve and bequeath to my sister Anne Writts children one man
servant a piece of four or five years to serve or Three Thousand
pounds of Tobacco to purchase the same, to be delivered or paid
to them when they arrive to the age of Twenty years old : Item
I give and bequeath to my sister Lewis ' a morning Wring of
forty shillings price : Item I give to my Cuz : John Wash-
ington Sen : of Stafford County all my wearing apparel :
Item I give unto my Cozen John Washington's Eldest son Law-
rence Washington my Godson one man servant of four or five

^ John Lewis married a sister of Mrs. Washington — Elizabeth Warner.

404 THE WRITINGS OF

years to serve or Three Thousand pounds of Tobacco to purchase
the same : to be paid him when he comes to the age of Twenty-
one yeare old : Item I give to my godsons Lawrence Butler &
Lewis Nicholas that Tract of Land joining upon Meridah Edwards,
and Daniel White, being Two hundred and seventy five acres of
Land to be equally divided between them and their heirs forever :
Item I give to the upper and Lower Churches of Washington
parish each of them a Pulpett cloth & cushion : Item it is my will
to have a Funeral sermon at the church, and to have none other
Funeral to exceed Three Thousand pounds of Tobacco. Item it
is my will after my Debts & Legacies are paid, that my personal
Estate be equally divided into four parts : my loving Wife Mildred
Washington to have one part, my son John Washington to have
another part, my son Augustin Washington to have another Part,
and my Daughter Mildred Washington to have the other part :
to be delivered to them in specie when they shall come to the
age of Twenty one years old. Item I give to my son [John]
Washington this seat of Land where I now live, and that whole
tract of Land Lying from the mouth of Machodack extending to
a place called the round hills, with the addition I have thereunto
made of William Webb and WiUiam Rush to him and heirs for-
ever. Item I give and bequeath unto my Son Augustine Wash-
ington all the dividend of Land that I bought of Mr. Robert
Liston's Children in England Lying in Mattox, between my
Brother & Mr. Balridges Land, where Mr. Daniel Listen formerly
lived, by Estimation 400 acres to him and his heirs forever," as
Likewise that Land that was Richard Hills : Item I give and
bequeath unto my said Son Augustine Washington, all that Tract
of Land where Mr. Lewis Markham now lives after the said
Markhams and his now wife's deceased, by estimation 700 acres
more or less to him and his heirs forever : Item I give and
bequeath my daugher Mildred Washington all my Land in Staf-
ford County, Lying upon hunting Creek where Mrs. Elizabeth
Minton & Mrs. Williams now lives by Estimation 2500 acres to

' This Liston tract was Wakefield, the birthplace of George Washington.
A very careful survey of this place was issued by the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey in 1879. •

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 405

her and her heirs forever.' Item I give my water mill to my
5on John Washington to him and his heirs forever : Item it is
my will and desire if either of my children should die before they
come to age or day of marriage, his or her personal estate be
equally divided between the two survivors and their Mother :
Item it is my will and desire if all my Children should die before
they come of age or day of Marriage, that my Brother's children
shall enjoy all their Estate real, Except that Land that I bought
of Mr. Robert Liston's children, which I give to my loving wife
and her heirs forever, and the rest as aforesaid to them and their
heirs for ever : Item I give my personall Estate in case of all my
children's death as abovesaid, to be equally divided between
my Wife and Brother's children, my wife to have the one-
half. Item I give that Land which I bought of my Brother
Francis Wright, being 200 acres lying near Storkes Quarter, to
my son John Washington and his heirs for ever : Item it is my
desire that my [estate] should not be appraised but kept intire
and delivered them as above given according to time & my
Children to continue under the care & Tuition of their Mother,
till they come of age or day of marriage, and she to have the
profits of their Estates towards the bringing of them up and Keep-
them at school : Item I doe ordain and appoint my Cozen John
Washington of Stafford and my friend Mr. Samuel Thompson my
Executors, and my loving wife Mildred Washington my Execu-
trix of this my last Will & Testament. In Witness whereof I have
hereunto set my hand and scale this nth day of March Anno
Dom 169-J.

Lawrence Washington. [Seal.]

Signed Seald declared & pronounced in presence of us,

RoBT Redman,
George Weedon,
Thomas Howes,
John Rosier.

' The Mount Vernon tract. Roger and Mildred Gregory gave a release,
17 May, 1726, to Augustine Washington, for 2500 acres of the Mount Vernon
tract, and 18 October, 1726, a lease and release for the land was executed.

4o6 THE WRITINGS OF

Westmoreland Set :

At a Court held for the said County the 30th day of March
1698.

The last will and Testament of Lawrence Washington Gent
deced within written was proved by the oaths of George Weedon
Thomas Howes & John Rosier Three of the witnesses thereof
subscribed, and a probate thereof Granted to Samuel Thompson-
one of the Executors therein named, and the Will ordered to be
recorded.

Teste

James Westcomb, C. W. C.

105. John Washington (JoHN'^ Lawrence^', Law-
RENCE34, Robert -9, Lawrence", JoHN^ Robert^,
John '), born at Bridges' Creek, and was settled
in Westmoreland. The name of the wife is-
unknown. Issue :

113 Lawrence.

114 John.

115 Nathaniel.

116 Henry.

108. John Washington (Lawrence ^9, Lawrence^',
Lawrence ^t, Robert 's, Lawrence ", John *,
Robert 3, John '), married Mary, daughter of
Colonel Robert and Mary (Langhorne) Town-
shend.i He was sheriff of Stafford County in
1717-18. Issue:

117 Lawrence, born about 1692-93, and probably
died before 1699.

' Mary's sister married Francis Dade, and their son, Cadwallader, was one
of the executors of Henry Washington's will, /^rf. I have taken these facts.
from Hayden's Virginia Genealogies.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 407

118 A daughter, who died before 1699.

119 TOWNSEND.

120 John, said to have married Massy, and

had a son, Lawrence.

Virginia, June y= 22"' , 1699

Dear & Loving Sister,

I had the happiness to see a Letter which you sent to my Aunt
Howard,' who died about a year and a half ago ; I had heard of
you by her before, but could not tell whether you were alive or
not. It was truly great joy to hear that I had such a relation
alive as yourself ; not having any such a one by my Father's side
as yourself. My Father had one Daughter by my Mother, who
died when she was very young, before my remembrance. My
Mother had three daughters when my Father married her, one
died last winter, and left four or five children, the other two are
alive & married and have had several children. My Mother
married another man after my Father, who spent all, so that I had
not the value of twenty shillings of my Father's estate, I being
the youngest & therefore the weakest, which generally comes off
short. But I thank God my Fortune has been pretty good since,
as I have got a kind and loving wife, by whom I have had three
sons and a daughter, of which I have buried my daughter and one
son. I am afraid I shall never have the happiness of seeing you,
since it has pleased God to set us at such a distance, but hoping
to hear from you by all opportunities, which you shall assuredly
do from him that is

Your ever loving Brother till death

Jno. Washington.

If you write to me direct yours to me in Stafford county, on
Potomack River in Virginia. Vale.

To Mrs. Mary Gibson, living at Hawne's in Bedf's. These
sent with care.

^ Mrs. Hayward, whose will is printed ante, p. 374.

4o8 THE WRITINGS OF

Tenth Generation.
I lo. John Washington (Lawrence '°^ John ^^ Law-
rence^', Lawrence 3^ Robert'', Lawrence",
JoHN^ Robert 3, John') settled in Gloucester
County, where he married Catherine, daugh-
ter of Colonel Henry Whiting, of Gloucester
County. He was a vestryman of Petsworth
Parish. His wife died in 1743, and he died
I September, 1746.

" Underneath this stone lyeth interred the body of Mrs. Katha-
rine Washington, wife of Major John Washington, and daughter
of Col. Henry Whiting by Ehzabeth his wife, born May 22, 1694.
She was in her several stations a loving and obedient wife, a ten-
der and indulgent mother, a kind and considerate mistress, and
above all an exemplary Christian. She departed this life Febru-
ary 7, 1743, aged 49 years, to the great grief of all that had the
happiness of her acquaintance." '

Issue :

121. Warner.

122. Mildred, twice married.

123. Elizabeth, born about 1716, died unmarried.

" In a well grounded certainty of an immortal resurrection,
here lie the remains of Elizabeth, the daughter of John and
Katharine Washington. She was a maiden virtuous without
reservedness, wise without affectation, beautiful without knowing
it. She left this life on the 3rd day of February 1736, in the
twentieth year of her age."

124. Catherine, married Fielding Lewis, and had
children i. John ; ii. Frances, died without
issue.

125. Henry.

' In 1744 John Washington wrote to Gary and Co., of London, giving in-
structions " for a tombstone with the arms."

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 409

III. Augustine Washington (Lawrence'"'', John ^^
Lawrence^', Lawrence^^ Robert'^ Lawrence",
John*, Robert 3, John'), born in Westmoreland,
Virginia, in 1694; was taken to England by his
mother, and returning married, 20 April, 171 5,
Jane, daughter of Caleb Butler, a prominent
lawyer of Westmoreland, She died in 1728,
leaving issue :

126. Butler, died in infancy.

127. Jane, died young, in 1735.

128. Lawrence.

129. Augustine.

He married, 6 March, 1730-31 (2) Mart, daughter
of Colonel Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, and his
second wife, Mrs. Mary Johnson (believed to have
been a Miss Montague.' About 1734-35 Augustine
removed to an estate on the upper Potomac, and later
to a plantation which he had purchased in 1726 for
_;^i8o from his sister Mildred Gregory, and which he
conveyed in 1 740 to his son Lawrence, who called it
Mount Vernon. In 1735 he was sworn as a vestry-
man of Truro Parish, and went to England in 1736,
returning in July, 1737. He probably removed,
about 1740, to King George County, where his will
was recorded. He died 12 April, 1743. Issue by his
second marriage :

130. George, married Martha, daughter of John
Dandridge, and widow of John Parke Custis.

131. Elizabeth, born 20 June, 1733, married
Fielding Lewis, and had children (Lewis) :

' Ball, The Maternal Ancestry and Nearest of Kin of Washington.

410 THE WRITINGS OF

i. Fielding,
ii. George,
iii. Elizabeth,
iv. Lawrence.
V. Robert,
vi. Howell.
She died 31 March, 1797.

132. Samuel.

133. John Augustin.

134. Charles.

135. Mildred, died 23 October, 1740, aged one
year and four months.

In the Name of God Amen. I Augustine Washington of the
County of King George Gent, being sick and weak but of perfect
and disposing sence and memory do make my last Will and Testa-
ment in manner following hereby Revoking all former Will or
Wills whatsoever by me heretofore made

Imprimis I give unto my son Lawrence Washington & his heirs,
forever, all that Plantation and Tract of Land at Hunting Creek
in the County of Prince William Containing by Estimation Two-
Thousand five hundred acres with the water mill adjoyning thereto
or lying near the same. And all the slaves, Cattle & Stocke of all
kinds whatsoever and all the household Furniture whatsoever
now in & upon or which have been Commonly possessed by my said
son Together with the said Plantation Tract of Land and Mill.

Item I Give unto my son Augustine Washington and his heirs
for ever all my Lands in the County of Westmoreland except
such only as are hereinafter otherwise disposed of. Together
with Twenty five head of Neat Cattle forty hogs Twenty sheep
and a Negro Man named Frank besides those negroes formerly
given him by his Mother.

Item I Give unto my said son Augustine three young working
slaves to be purchased for him out of the first profits of the Iron
works after my Decease.

Item I give unto my son George Washington and his heirs the

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 411

Land I now Live on which I purchased of the Executrix of Mr.
Wm. Strother dec'd' and one Moiety of my Land lying on Deep
Run and Ten Negro Slaves.

Item I give unto my son Samuel Washington and his heirs my
Land at Chotank in the County of Stafford Containing about
six hundred acres" and also the other moiety of my Land lying
on Deep Run.

Item I give unto my son John Washington and his heirs my
Land at the head of Maddox in the County of Westmoreland
Containing about seven hundred acres.

Item I give unto my son Charles Washington and his heirs-
the Land I purchased of my son Lawrence Washington (whereon
Thomas Lewis now Lives) adjoyning to my said son Lawrence's^
Land above devised I also Give unto my said son Charles- & his
heirs the Land I purchased of Gabriel Adams in the County of
Prince William Containing about seven hundred acres.

Item It is my will & desire that all the Rest of my Negroes
not herein particularly Devised may be equally Divided between
my wife and my three sons, Samuel, John and Charles & that,,
Ned, Jack, Bob, Sue & Lucy may be Included in my wifes part,,
which part of my. said wife after her decease I desire may be
equally divided between my sons George, Samuel, John & Charles

' Two hundred and eighty acres, purchased by Augustine Washington of
Margaret Grant, Executrix of William Strother, 3 November, 1738. — Conway.

* A tract of land, ' ' containing five hundred and thirty-three acres, more or
less, called and known by the name of Chotank," was devised by will (1698)
of John Withers to his daughter Sarah, during her life, and, after her decease,
to his cousin William Withers, and the heirs male of his body. In default of
such heirs, the land was to go to Thomas Withers, of Lancaster, in Great
Britain, and his heir male. William never married, and Thomas, dying in
England, the land went to his eldest son Edmund Withers, and at his death
passed to his brother William. By his death the title became vested in his son
Thomas, who died leaving a son William. In the meantime Sarah had lived
upon the place, married Christopher Conoway, and, after his death, conveyed
the land to Augustine Washington (12 June, 1727). By his will he left it to his,
son Samuel, but apparently doubted his complete title, for he provides an
equivalent in case the land was not yielded to Samuel. William Withers did
dispute the title, and Augustine paid him ;^6oo current money of the colony to
quiet Withers' claim, and the Assembly by special act gave a full possession to-
Samuel and his heirs. — Hening's Statutes, vi., 513.

412 THE WRITINGS OF

and the part of my said Negro's sD devised to my wife I mean &
Intend to be in full satisfaction & Lieu of her Dower in my
Negro's. But if she should insist notwithstanding on her Right
■of Dower in my Negro's I will & desire that so many as may be
wanting to make up her share may be taken out of the Negro's
given hereby to my sons George, Sam'. John and Charles.

Item I Give and Bequeath unto my said wife and my four sons,
George, Samuel, John and Charles all the rest of my personal
Estate to be equally Divided between them which is not particu-
larly devised by this my will. And it is my Will and desire that
my said four son's Estates may be kept in my wife's hand untill
they respectively attain the Age of Twenty one years in Case my
wife Continues so long unmarried, but in Case she should happen
to marry before that time, I Desire it may be in the power of my
Executors to oblige her husband from time to time as they shall
think proper to give Security for the performance of this my
Last Will in paying and Delivering my four sons their Estates
respectively as they Come of age, or on failure to give such
Security to take my said Sons & their Estates out of the Custody
& Tuition of my said wife and her Husband.

Item I Give and bequeath unto my said wife the Crops made
at Bridge Creek, Chotank and Rappahannock Quarters at the
time of my Decease for the support of herself and her Children
and I desire my wife may have the Liberty of working my Land
at Bridge Creek Quarter for the term of Five Years next after
my Decease during which time she may fix a Quarter on Deep
Run.

Item I give to my son Lawrence Washington and the heirs of
his Body Lawfully begotten that Tract of Land I purchased of
Mr. James Nore adjoining to the said Law. Washington's Land
on Mattox in the County of Westmoreland which I Gave him in
Lieu of the Land my said son bought for me in prince William
County of Spencer & Harrison and for want of such heirs I give
and devise the same to my son Augustine and his heirs forever.'

• By a lease dated 30 July, 1708, Francis Spencer leased to William Harri-
son 200 acres of land on Dogue River. William Spencer in 1739 gave a re-
lease to Lawrence Washington for 200 acres of land in Prince William County ;
and in 1739 a similar release was given for land in the same county by George

HaiTison.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 413,

Item I give to my said son Lawrence all the right Title and
Interest I have to in or out of the Iron works in which I am con-
cerned in Virginia & Maryland provided that he do and shall
out of the profits raised thereby purchase for my said Augustine
three Young Working Slaves as I have hereinbefore directed, and
also paying my Daughter Betty when she arrives to the age of
eighteen years the sum of four hundred pounds, which Right
Title & Interest on the Condition aforesaid I give to my said
son Lawrence and his heirs forever.'

' These shares were in the Principio Company, composed of English iron-
masters and capitalists, which opened works in Maryland in 1715, and existed
for more than sixty years. After establishing the Maryland works, the com-
pany were negotiating the purchase of some of Augustine Washington's land in
Virginia ; and in 1725 a furnace at Accokeek, in KingGeorge County fourteen
miles from Fredericksburg, was located. Augustine's connection with the com-
pany probably dates from this purchase, and he doubtless received a share in
the undertaking, a contract for raising the ore and carting it to the furnace,
and probably a bonus mentioned in the following letter : " As to ye deviding
of ye shares of ye new founded works in Virginia, have advised with a
Counselor about it . . . who tells me y^ except some persons here is ap-
pointed y^ lawful aturney, by a power of atturney from you to signe for you
here, y! if your deed or deeds come over for you to signe in England and
either of you should dy before, or alter your minds y^ you dont sign, than it
setts Washington at liberty and all y? work is at an end. . . . But think
a twelfth too small for myselfe in this conceme ... If you see fitt to
make Capt. Washington a small present of wine (along y? Virginia Cargo) and
to signifie to him y! what I have done with him on y\ behalf you like and
approve on, or to that effect, yt I leave to your Consideration either to do it or
not." — Letter of yohn England, 5 January, 1725. Some twenty-five years after
(1753) the supply of ore at Accokeek failed, " the movable effects were dis-
tributed among the other works, slaves and store-goods, horses, cattle, and wagons
were sold, and the business in Virginia, as far as related to iron-making was
gradually closed up, some of the real estate being sold in 1767." At the death of
Augustine, his share went to Lawrence, who also appears to have occupied a
prominent position in its affairs, for he signed on behalf of the company the
important purchase of the Lancashire furnace (1751). England's letter indicated
a division of the company's capital into twelve shares, and Augustine must have
received one undivided share. In 1780, when the property of the company
had been confiscated as British possession, it was represented that a " certain
Mr. Washington, a subject of the State of Virginia, is entitled to one undivided
twelfth part thereof " — showing the share still intact. These facts are given
in a series of articles by Mr. Henry Whitely, on the Principio Company, printed
in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 1887.

414 THE WRITINGS OF

Item I give unto my said daughter Betty a Negro Child named
Mary Daughter of Sue, & another named Betty Daughter of
Judy.

Item it is my will & desire that my sons Lawrence and Augus-
tine do pay out of the respective Estates devised to them one
half or moiety of the Debts I Justly owe and for that purpose I
give and Bequeath unto my said Two sons one half of the Debts
due & owing to me.

Item Forasmuch as my several Children in this my will men-
tioned being by several Ventures cannot inherit from one another
in order to make a proper Provision ag' their dying without
Issue, It is my will and desire that in Case my son Lawrence
should dye without heirs of his body Lawfully begotten that then
the Land and Mill given him by this my Will lying in the County
of Prince WilHam shall go & remain to my son George & his
heirs, but in Case my son Augustine should Choose to have the
said Lands Rather than the Lands he holds in Maddox either by
this will or any settlement Then I give & devise the said Lands in
Prince William to my said son Augustine and his heirs, on his
Conveying the said Lands in Maddox to my said son George
and his heirs And in Case my said son Augustine shall happen to
die without issue of his Body Lawfully begotten Then I give and
bequeath all the said Lands by him held in Maddox to my said
son George and his heirs. And if both my sons Lawrence and
Augustine should happen to die without Issue of their several
Body's begotten Then my will & desire is that my son George
and his heirs may have his and their Choice either to have the
Lands of my son Lawrence or the Lands of my son Augustine
to hold to him and his heirs and the Land of such of my said
sons Lawrence or Augustine as shall not be so Chosen by my son
George or his heirs shall go to and be equally Divided among
my sons Samuel John & Charles and their heirs share and share
alike and in Case my son George by the death of both or either
■of my sons Lawrence & Augustine should according to this my
Intention come to be possessed of either of the Lands then my
will & desire is that y= Land hereby devised to my said son
George and his heirs should Go over and be equally divided
between my sons Samuel & John and their heirs share and share

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 415

alike. And in Case all my children by my present wife should
happen to die without Issue of their Body's Then my will and desire
is that all the Lands by this my will devised to any of my said
Children should go to my sons Augustine & Lawrence if Living
& to their heirs or if one of them should be dead without Issue
then to the Survivor & his heirs, but my true Intent and mean-
ing is that each of my Children by my present wife may have
their Lands in fee simple upon the Contingency, of their arriving
at full age or Leaving heirs of their Body's Lawfully begotten or
on their dying under age and without LawfuU Issue their several
parts to descend from one to another according to their Course
of descents, and the Remainder over of their or any of their Land
in the Clause mentioned to my sons Lawrence & Augustine or
the survivor of them is only upon the Contingency of all my said
Children by my present wife dying under age or without Issue
Living my sons Lawrence and Augustine or either of them.

Lastly I Constitute and appoint my son Lawrence Washington
and my good friends Daniel McCarty and Nathaniel Chapman,
Gent. Executors of this my cast Will and Testament. In witness
whereof I have hereunto set my hand & Seal the Eleventh day of
April 1743.

AuGUS. Washington. [seal.]

Signed sealed and Published
In the presence of us

Rob : Jackson,
Anthony Strother,
Ja? Thomson.

Provided further that if my Lands at Chotank devised to my
son Samuel should by Course of Law be taken away then I give
to the said Samuel in lieu thereof a Tract of Land in Westmore-
land County where Benj^ Weeks and Thomas Finch now lives by
estimation seven hundred acres. Item I bequeath to my son
George One Lot of Land in the Town of Fredericksburgh which
I purchased of Col° John Waller also two other Lots in the
said Town which I purchased of the Executors of Col° Henry
Willis with all the houses and Appurtenances thereunto belong-
ing. And whereas some proposals have been made by M'

4i6 THE WRITINGS OF

Anthony Strother for purchasing a piece of Land where Mathew
Tiffy Lately liv'd now if my Executors shall think it for the
Benefit of my son George then I hereby empower them to make
a Conveyance of the said Land and Premises to the said
Strother. In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and
scale the eleventh day of April 1743.

AuGus. Washington. [seal.]
Signed sealed and Published
In the presence of us

Rob : Jackson,

Anthony Strother,

Ja! Thomson.

At a Court held for King George County the 6° day of May

1743-

The Last Will and Testament of Augustine Washington Gent
was presented into Court by Lawrence Washington one of his
Executors who made Oath thereto and the same was proved by
the Oath of Anthony Strother and James Thompson and admitted
to Record.

Cop^ Test
Harry Turner,

CI. Cur.

Mary (Ball) Washington survived her husband, and
lived till September, 1789.

In the Name of God ! amen — I Mary Washington of Fred-
ericks? in the County of Spotsylvania, being in good health, but
calling to mind the uncertainty of this Life and willing to dispose
of what remains of my worldly Estate, do make & publish this
my last will, recommending my Soul into the Hands of my
Creator, hoping for a remission of all my sins through the merits
& mediation of Jesus Christ, the Saveour of Mankind ; I dispose
of all my worldly Estate as follows —

Imprimis I give to my son General George Washington all my
lands on Accokeek Run in the County of Stafford & also my
Negroe Boy George to him and his Heirs for ever, & also my
best bed, beadstead of Virginia Cloth Curtains (the same that

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 417

stands in my best Room) my quilted blue & white Quilt & my
best dressing Glass —

Item I give and devise to my son Charles Washington my negroe
Man Tom to him & his assigns for ever.

Item I give and devise to my Daughter Betty Lewis my Phseton
& my bay Horse

Item I give & devise to my Daughter in Law Hannah Wash-
ington my purple Cloath cloak lined with Shag.

Item I give & devise to my grandson Corbin Washington my
Negroe wench Old Bet my riding Chair & two blk Horses, to him
and his assigns for ever.

Item I give and devise to my grandson Fielding Lewis my
Negroe man Frederick to him & his assigns for ever, also eight
silver tablespoons, half my crokery ware, of the blue & white
Tea china, book case, oval table, my Bed bedstead, one p' sheets,
one p' blankets & white cotton counterpaine, two table cloaths,
six red leather chairs, half my pewter & one half of my Iron
kitchen Furniture —

Item I give and devise to my grandson Lawrence Lewis -my
negro wench Lydia to him and his assigns for ever.

Item I give and devise to my grand daughter Betty Carter my
negro woman little Bet & her future increase to her and her
assigns for ever — also my largest looking glass my walnut writing
Desk with Drawers, a square dining table, one Bed, Bedstead,
bolster, one pillow, one blanket & p' sheets, white Virginia cloth
Counterpane & purple Curtains, my red and white tea China,
spoons & the other half of my pewter, crockery ware, & the
remainder of my Iron kitchen Furniture.

Item I give to my grand Son George Washington my next
best dressing Glass one Bead, Bedstead bolsters, i pillow, i p^
sheet, Blanket & counterpane.

Item I devise all my wearing apparel to be equally divided
between my grand Daughters, Betty Carter, Fanny Ball, & Milly
Washington— but shou'd my Daughter Betty Lewis fancy any
one two or three articles, she is to have them before a division
thereof —

Lastly I nominate & appoint my said son General George
Washington Executor of this my will, and as I owe few or no

4i8 THE WRITINGS OF

debts, I direct my Executor to give no security, nor to appraise
my Estate, but desire the same may be allotted to my Devisees
with as little trouble & delay as may be — desiring their accept-
ance thereof as a little Token I now have to give them of my
love for them. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my Hand
and seal this 20th day of May 1788.

Mary Washington.

Signed sealed and published in our presence & signed by us in
the presence of the sd Mary Washington & at her desire.

J" Mercer
Joseph Walker

At a Court of Hustings held for the town & Corporation of
Fredericksburg the 23'? day of October 1789.

The last Will and Testament of Mary Washington Dec* was
proved by the Oath of James Mercer, Esq. one of the Witnesses
thereto and Ordered to be certified.

Teste

Jn? Chew, C. C. H.
At a Court of Hustings held for the Town & Corporation of
Fredericksburg the 22? day of October 1804

The last will & testament of Mary Washington, dec? was fur-
ther proved by the Oath of Joseph Walker, another Witness
thereto and ordered to be Recorded.

Teste

Jn° Chew, C. C. H.

116. Henry Washington (John"^ JoHN^^ Law-
rence ^ Lawrence 3t, Robert '9, Lawrence",
John*, Roberts John') of Stafford County,
Justice in 1731 and 1745. The name of his wife
is not known, but it is conjectured to have been
Butler or Baily. He died in October, 1747,
having issue :

136. Lawrence, died before 1747.

137. John.

138. Baily.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 419

In the name of God Amen — I Henry Washington of Stafford
County being sick and weak in body, but of perfect and sound
memory thanks to Almighty God for the same, and considering
the shortness of human life do make and ordain, this my last will
and testament in manner & form as follows. I give & bequeath
my soul unto the Almighty God that gave it hoping for the remis-
sion of my sins through the merits of Jesus Christ, my blessed
redeemer, and my body to the earth to be decently buried, at the
discretion of my Excrs — hereafter mentioned. And as for
what estate it has been pleased God to bestow upon me, I give
& bequeath in the following manner. Item — I give and bequeath
to my Grandson Lawrence Washington all my land in Mattox —
together with the following negroes namely [names omitted] but
if the said Lawrence Washington should die without heirs lawfully
begotten of his body or before he arrives at the age of twenty one
years, then the said slaves to be equally divided between my sons
yohn Washington & Baily Washington, & their heirs, and my land

before given unto Law Washington part of that I purchased

of yohn Elliott, the other part escheated to my son Baily Wash-
ington and his heirs. I give unto my son yohn Washington my
plantation whereon I now live together with what other land I
have purchased adjoining to it with moiety of the negroes not
already given away to him & the said yohn Washington and his
heirs. I give and bequeath unto my son Baily Washington all my
land at Aquia with the other moiety of the negroes not already
given away, and in consideration of the work of two slaves left
the said Baily by his Grand mother, since her death, I give unto
him Fifty pounds to be paid out of my estate not already given
away, and if the said Baily, shall not think the above fifty pounds
sufficient for the work of the said slaves, but shall issue suit
against my son yohn & Grandson Lawrence, then it is my desire
that two negroes of the moiety allotted to him the said Baily be-
tween the age of twelve & forty years together with the said fifty
pounds shall be divided between my son yohn & Grandson Law-
rence. It is my will and desire that my Excrs— or my son yohn
Washington when he comes to the age of twenty one years shall
buy two slaves, a boy & a girl between the age of twelve & Eigh-
teen years out of the estate of the aforesaid yohn & Baily for the

420 THE WRITINGS OF

use of my Daughter in law Eliza Washington during her natural
life and afterwards that the said negro Boy and girl, with her
increase revert unto my Grandson Lawrence Washington and like-
wise that the said Eliza Washington shall have two full shares of
the crop made at Mattox annually paid her until the said slaves
be purchased, the clothing working tools, levys and provision be
deducted, and if the said Lawrence should die before he arrives
at twenty one years of age, or without heirs lawfully begotten
of his body then the said negroes with their increase to be
equally divided between my sons jFohn & Baity & their heirs. It
is my will & desire, that my Excrs shall settle a quarter on the
Aquia land soon as they can, the expense of which to be paid out
of the money left -to my sons yohn & Baity, that my son yohn
when he arrives at the age of twenty one years shall build or
cause to be built on the land at Aquia a dwelling house and
Kitchen with other convenient out houses equal to the buildings
on the plantation where I now live the expense to be equally paid
out of the estate left to them, the said yohn & Baity & that the
benefit of the carpenter work I have left to go in with the expense
of the building, or if my son Baity shall think it more for his
advantage to desist building the said dwelling house & Kitchen
on Aquia creek, I hereby do desire my son yohn to assist him in
building a suitable quarter, two forty foot tobacco houses & pay
to the said Baity one hundred pounds in lieu of the dwelling
house, out houses & Kitchen, out of his own particular share, of
the estate allotted, if the aforesaid Baity should prefer it to the
buildings before mentioned, I give & bequeath to my sons yohn
& Baity all my household stuff & stock on the plantation whereon
I now live to be equally divided between them & hereby empower
my Excrs to sell any part of the perishable effects belonging to
my son Baity for his the said Baity' s use. It is likewise my desire
that if ray Grandson Lawrence Washington or his heirs shall ever
issue suit against my son jFohn or his heirs for the recovery of

the land on which I now live, then the said Law Washington

& his heirs shall forfeit their right to the land given him at Mat-
tox with all the slaves & their future increase. As to what money
& tobacco I have by me or is due by amount together with the
crop now on the plantation, after all necessary goods are procured

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 421

& my Just debts paid, I desire the remainder of the tobacco be
sold for cash to be equally divided between my sons 'yohn and
Baily likewise I desire the remainder of the tobacco at Mattox
after goods for the child and the negroes with working tools are
procured to be sold for cash to be put out to interest for the use
of my Grandson Lawrence. It is my further desire that the
negroes may not be divided, till my son yohn arrives at the age
of twenty one years, or at the discretion of my Excrs — & that my
estate be not appraised, but divided by my Excrs or other persons
as they shall believe as equally as may be, hereby empowering
them to value the said estate when they take an inventory of the
same. Lastly I constitute & appoint my trusty friends Augus-
tine Washington, Cadwallader Dade, John Washington, Senr & my
sons y^ohn & £aily Washington as they come of age to be the
Excrs of this my last will & testament. Witness my hand & seal
this 2d day of Feb 1747-8.

Henry Washington. [Seal.]

Admitted to probate Nov. 8th, 1748. H. Tyler, CI. Clur.
A copy. Teste C. A. Bryan, Clerk of the County Court of
Stafford County."

119. TowNSEND Washington (John'°*, Lawrence",
Lawrence^', Lawrence ^S Robert'^ Lawrence",
John*, Robert^ John') of Green Hill, born 16
September, 1705. Married Elizabeth Lund.
Issue :

139. Robert.

140. Lawrence, died without issue November,
1799.

141. Lund, married Elizabeth Foote. No survi-
ving issue.

142. Catherine, married John Washington (137)'

143. John.

. 2

' From Hayden, Virginia Genealogies.
" Hayden, Virginia Genealogies.

422 THE WRITINGS OF

Eleventh Generation.

121. Warner Washington (John"°, Lawrence"'',
JoHN^^ Lawrence^', Lawrence 3*, Robert '',
Lawrence", John", Robert 3, John"), of Glou-
cester County; removed to Frederick County,
and died there 1791. Married (i) Elizabeth,
daughter of William Macon of Kent County,
and by her had :

144. Warner, who married (i) Mary Whiting
and (2) Sarah Rootes.

(2) Hannah, youngest daughter of William
Fairfax. Issue :

145. Fairfax, married Sarah Armistead.

146. Whiting, married Rebecca Smith.

147. Mildred, married Alban Throckmorton.

148. Hannah, married Peter Beverley Whiting.

149. Catherine, married John Nelson.

150. Elizabeth, married George Booth.

151. Louisa, married Thomas Fairfax.

125. Henry Washington (JoHN'°^ Lawrence ^
Lawrence^', Lawrence 3", Robert '9, Law-
rence", John*, Robert 3, John'), of Macho-
tock, married Anne, a daughter of Colonel
Edwin Thacker and his wife Frances. Anne
was born 3 August, 1728. Issue:

152. Thacker, married 12 October, 1776, Harriet,
daughter of Sir John Peyton.

— Two or three daughters.
128. Lawrence Washington (Augustine'", Law-
rence"", JoHN^ Lawrence «', Lawrence ^4,
Robert 's, Lawrence ", John ■», Robert 3, John ')

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 423

was sent to school at Appleby, near Whitehaven,
England. He served as a captain in the Vir-
ginia regiment at Cartagena, 1741-42. Married,
19 July, 1743, Anne Fairfax, daughter of Wil
Ham Fairfax.
Issue :

153. Jane, born 27 September, 1744; died Janu-
ary, 1745-

154. Fairfax, born 22 August, 1747; died, Octo-
ber, 1747.

155. Mildred, born 28 September, 1748; died,
1749.

156. Sarah, born 7 November, 1750.

His wife survived him and married Colonel George
Lee.

In the name of God Amen, I Lawrence Washington of
Truro parish, in Fairfax County, and Colony of Virginia, Gent.
— knowing the uncertainty of this transitory life, and being in
sound and disposing mind and memory do make this my last
Will and Testament, hereby revoking and disannulling all other
Wills and Testaments by me at any time heretofore made. Im-
primis, my will and desire is, that a proper vault, for inter-
ment, may be made on my home plantation. Wherein my
remains together with my three children may be decently placed ;
and to serve for my wife, and such other of the family as may
desire it.

Item, my Will and desire is that my Funeral charges and
respective debts be first paid and discharged, out of such of my
personal estate as my Executors hereafter to be named shall think
best and most adviseable to be disposed of for that purpose.
Item, my will and desire is that my loving Wife, have the
use benefits and profits of all my Lands on Little Hunting and
Doegs Creeks, in the County of Truro and County of Fairfax

424 THE WRITINGS OF

with all the Houses and Edifices thereon, during her natural life,
likewise the use, labour, and profits arising from the one half of
all my Negroes, as my said wife and Executors may agree in
dividing them. Negro Moll and her issue, to be included in my
wife's part of the said Negroes. I also divise that my said wife
may have the use of the Lands surveyed on the south fork of
BuUskin, in the County of Frederick ; during her natural Life,
but in case of my daughter Sarah dying without issue before her
said Mother, then I give and devize my said Bullskin Tract, to
my said Wife ; to her and her Heirs forever. Item, it is my Will
and desire that all my Household Goods and furniture with the
liquors to be appraised and valued by three persons to be chosen
by my wife and Executors, and that my wife have the liberty of
choosing any part of the said Household goods and furniture to
the amount of a full moiety of the whole sum, which they shall
be appraised to, which part I give and bequeath to her and her
Heirs forever ; the other moiety to be sold, and the money arising
applied towards the payment of my Debts.

Item, What I have herein devised and left to my Wife I intend
to be in Lieu, and in stead, of her right of Dower, provided my
Wife, according to her promise, sells her several Tracts of Land
near Salisbury plains, and apply the said money to the discharge
of my Debts due at the time of my Death, but in case of her
refusal then my will is that all my Household furniture be sold,
and the whole amount to be applied towards the discharge of my
Debts. Item I give and bequeath to my Daughter Sarah and
the Heirs of her body, lawfully begotten forever, after my Just
debts are discharged, all my real and personal Estate in
Virginia, and the province of Maryland not otherwise disposed
of. But in case it should please God my said Daughter, should
die without issue, it is then my will and desire my Estate both
real and personal be disposed of in the following manner ;

First, I give and bequeath to my loveing Brother Augustine
Washington and his Heirs forever, all my Stock, Interest and
Estate in the Principio, Accokeek, Kingsbury, Lancashire, and
N° East Iron Works in Virginia and Maryland, reserving one-
third of the profits of said works, to be paid to my Wife, as here-

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 425

after mentioned, and Two tracts of Land, lying and being in
Frederick County which I purchased of Col° Cresap and Gerrard
Pendergrass. Second, I give and bequeath unto my loving
brother George Washington, and his Heirs forever, after the
decease of my wife, all my lands in Fairfax County, with the im-
provements thereon and further it is my will and desire that
during the natural life of my wife, that my said Brother
George shall have the use of an equal Share, and pro-
portion of all the Lands hereafter given and devised unto my
brothers Samuel, John and Charles. Third, I give and bequeath
all those several Tracts of Lands which I am possessed of and
claim in the County of Frederick (except the Tract on the south
fork of Bull skin, bequeathed to my Wife, and the two Tracts
purchased of Col° Cresap and Gerrard Pendergrass, devised
unto my Brother Augustine) unto my Brothers Samuel, John and
Charles, reserving as obove an equal proportion for my Brother
George, provided they, Samuel, John or Charles pay or cause to
be paid unto my and their sister Betty Lewis, the sum of one
hundred and fifty pounds. Fourth, my Will also is that upon
the death of any, or all of my said Brothers, George, Samuel,
John and Charles, dying without lawful issue, such Lands as was
given them or any of them, in case of my said Daughters demise
as aforesaid, to become the property and Right of my Brother
Augustine and his Heirs. Fifth, my further will and desire is,
that after the demise of my said wife the Negro Woman, Moll
and her increase be given unto my said Brother Augustine, his
Heirs, adm'ors &c and likewise give him an equal proportion
with his other Brothers, of the other part of the Negroes, and per-
sonal Estate, upon their paying my said Wife One hundred pounds
Sterling my intent and meaning is that the said one hundred
pounds sterling be paid by my said Brothers to my said wife im-
mediately, or soon after, it may please God to remove by death
my said Daughter.

Item, I further give and bequeath unto my loveing wife, during
her natural life one full third part of the profits from the share I
hold in all the several Iron Works, both in the Colony of Virginia
and Maryland, to be paid unto my said Wife from time to time

426 THE WRITINGS OF

by my Executors, immediately upon notice given them by the
partners, residing in England, of the annual amount of the profits,
to be paid either in Bills or Cash, at the current Exchange as she
shall choose.

Item, I give unto my brother John Washington, Fifty pounds
in lieu of the Land taken from him by a suit at Law by Capt.
Maxinr Robinson, after my debts are paid. Item, my will and
desire is that my two Tracts of Land, one Joining my wife's
Tract, near Salisbury plain, the other on a branch of Goose
Creek, being three Hundred and three Acres, my Two Lots in
the Town of Alexandria with the edifices thereon, and my share
and Interest in the Ohio Company, all be sold by my Executors,
and the money applied towards discharging my debts, also my
arrears of half pay, which Col? Wilson, the agent, or M'. Stuart,
his Kinsman and Clerk, be addressed for and the money appHed
to the same use. Item, whereas the purchasing Negroes and
Land may greatly tend to the advantage of my Daughter, I there-
fore fully empower my Executors to lay out the profit of my
Estate, or any part thereof in Lands, and Negroes at their discre-
tion, i. e. I mean such part of the Estate as I have devised to my
Daughter Sarah, which said several purchases, in case of her
decease without Issue, shall be deemed and counted personal
Estate, and be accordingly equally divided among my Brothers as
above provided.

Item I also desire that my Just suit of complaint at Law,
depending against Gersham Keys, of Frederick County for breach
of Trust, be effectually prosecuted by my Executors.

Item, it is furthermore my will and desire that all my Estate
be kept together till the debts are discharged.

Item I give to my wife, my Mother in Law, and each of my
Executors, a mourning ring ;

Lastly, I constitute and appoint the Honb! William Fairfax
and George Fairfax, Esqf, my said Brothers, Augustine and
George Washington, and my esteemed Friends, Mr Nathaniel
Chapman and Majf John Carlyle, Executors of this my last will
and Testament. Whereof I have hereunto set my Hand and
Seale, this twentieth day of June, one Thousand Seven Hundred

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 437

and fifty two, in the 26* year of his Majesty King George the
second's Reign.

Law?. Washington (Seal)

Signed, sealed & published
in the presence of us
W" Waite,

his

Andrew + W. Warren,

mark

Jn9 North,
Joseph Gound.

At a Court held for Fairfax County September the 26'^ 1752,
This Last Will and Testament of Lawrence Washington Gent,
dece? was presented in Court by the HonbJ William Fairfax,
and George William Fairfax, Esq' John Carlyle and George
Washington, Gent" four of the Executors therein named who
made oath thereto according to Law, and being proved by the
oaths of William Waite, John North and Andrew Warren,
three of the Witnesses, is admitted to Record, and the said Execu-
tors, performing what is usual in such cases, certificate is granted
them, for obtaining a probate in due form.

Test.

John Graham,
CI.

129. Augustine Washington (Augustine"', Law-
rence "*, John ^, Lawrence ^', Lawrence ^t,
Robert 's, Lawrence ", John ^ Robert^, John '),
was educated at Appleby, England, and intended
to study law ; returned to Virginia in 1742, and
assumed charge of the iron works. Married
Anne Aylett ; died at Wakefield, 12 April,
1743. Issue :
157. William, married, 1780, Jane Washington,
daughter of John Augustine Washington, and
died about 1 792.

428 THE WRITINGS OF

158. Anne, married Burdet Ashton, of Westmore-
land.

159. Elizabeth, married Alexander Spotswood, of
Spotsylvania.

other children, who died young.

132. Samuel Washington (Augustine "', Law-
rence '°\ John ^^ Lawrence °', Lawrence '^,
Robert '^ Lawrence ", John *, Robert^ John '),
born 16 November, 1734, and married five
times, By his first wife, Jane Champe, he had
no children. By his second, Mildred Thorn-
ton, daughter of Colonel John Thornton, he
had:

160. Thornton, who was twice married, and left
three sons.

His third wife was Lucy, daughter of Nathaniel
Chapman, who bore him no children. By a
fourth wife, Anne, daughter of Colonel William
Steptoe and widow of Willoughby Allerton, he
had ;

161. Ferdinand, married, and died without issue.

162. George Steptoe.

163. Lawrence.

164. Harriet, married Andrew Parks.

His fifth wife was Susannah, the widow of

Perrin. He died, in 1781, at Harewood, Berkeley
County.

133. John Augustine Washington (Augustine"',
Lawrence"*, JoHN^^ Lawrence'', Lawrence 3*,
Robert '9, Lawrence", JoHN^ Robert 3, John'),
born 13 January, 1736. Married Hannah,

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 429

daughter of Colonel John Bushrod, of West-
moreland County.
Issue :

165. Jane, married William Washington (157).
She died in 1791, leaving four children.

166. Bushrod, married in 1783 Anne, daughter of
Colonel Thomas Blackburn, of Prince Wil-
liam County. Died without issue.

167. CoRBiN, married Hannah, daughter of Rich-
ard Henry Lee.

168. Mildred, married Thomas Lee.

John Augustine Washington died at Nomony,
Westmoreland County, in February, 1787.
134. Charles Washington (Augustine'", Law-
rence"*, JoHN*^ Lawrence % Lawrence ^l
Robert '9, Lawrence", John*, Robert s, John'),
born 2 May, 1738. Married Mildred, daughter
of Colonel Francis Thornton of Spotsylvania, by
whom he had issue :

169. George Augustine, married Frances, daugh-
ter of Col. Burwell Bassett, of New Kent, by
whom he had three surviving children :

i. George Fayette,
ii. Charles Augustin.
iii. Anna Maria.

1 70. Samuel, married Dorothea .

171. Frances, married Col. Burges Ball.

172. Mildred, married Hammond.

137. John Washington (Henry "^ JoHN"'^ John^
Lawrence^', Lawrence^*, Robert's, Lawrence '=,
John*, Robert 3, John') married Catherine

430 THE WRITINGS OF

Washington (142) ; member of the King
George Committee of Safety, 1774-5, and of the
House of Delegates in 1780. Issue:

173. Betty.

174. Ann.

175. Henry.

176. Nathaniel.

177. Mary.

178. John.

179. Baily.

180. Lawrence.

181. Butler.

182. Mildred.

183. William,*

138. Baily Washington (Henry "^ John "', John ",
Lawrence^', Lawrence^*, Robert'', Lawrence",
John*, Robert 3, John') of "Stafford County,
gent." ; married Catherine Storke.

184. William, born 28 February, 1752 ; married,
1782, Jane Riley Elliott ; died in South Caro-
lina, 6 March, 18 10.

185. Baily, born 12 December, 1754; married
Euphan Wallace.

186. John, born 25 May, 1756.

187. Elizabeth, born 16 March, 1758.

188. Mary Butler, married Valentine Peyton.'

139. Robert Washington (Townsend "s, John'"*,
Lawrence*'^ Lawrence^', LAWRENCE^t, Robert'',
Lawrence", JoHN^ Robert 3, John'), born at

' Hayden, Virginia Genealogies.

GEORGE WASHINGTON. 431

Green Hill, 25 June, 1729; married Alice
Strother. Issue :

189. Lund, married Susanna Monroe Grayson.

190. Ann, married William Thompson, of Col
Chester.

191. married Hayward Foote.'

' Hayden, Virginia Genealogies.

My special thanks are due to Mr. William H. Whitmore of Boston, and the
Rev. Horace Edwin Hayden, of Wilkesbarre, for suggestions on these pages.

WASHINGTON'S AIDES-DE-CAMP.

So much loose statement exists concerning the military family
of Washington, that I insert this list of his aids. No person can
be accounted an aid unless his position was recognized in Gen-
eral Orders or in a definite statement on the part of the General.
I give my authority for each appointment, and believe the list to
be complete.

Thomas Mifflin,
Joseph Reed, Secretary,
John Trumbull,
Edmund Randolph,
George Baylor,
Robert Hanson Harrison,

Secretary,
Stephen Moylan,
William Palfrey,
Caleb Gibbs,'
George Lewis,"
Richard Gary,
Samuel Blachley Webb,
Alexander Contee Hanson,

Assistant Secretary,
William Grayson,

■P. Penet, by brevet. See Vol. IV., 483. Journals of Congress,

14 October, 1776.
John Fitzgerald," General Orders, — —

General Orders,

4 July, 177s

t(

a

4 "

a

a

27 "

"

a

15 August, "

ti

li

15 " "

1 "

i

li

6 Nov., "

li

11

6 March, 1776

li

ii

6 "

it

li

16 May,

a

It

16 "

ti

li

21 June, "

a

"

21 "

ti

ii

21 "

24 August,

' Special appointments.

« I have been unable to obtain a copy of the General Orders from November,
1776, to January 12, 1777. Fitzgerald must have been appointed during that
period, for he was signing as aid in January, 1777.

432

WASHINGTON'S AIDES-DE-CAMP.

433

George Johnston,
John Walker,
Alexander Hamilton,
Richard Kidder Meade,
Peter Presly Thornton,

John Laurens,

James McHenry,

Assistant Secretary,
Tench Tilghman,
David Humphreys,

General Orders, i March

1777.

19 February, "

20 January, "
12 "

6 September, "
( 6 "

I 6 October, "
15 May, 1778.

21 June,
23 "

1780.

Richard Varick, Secretary at Headquarters. Washington to

Varick, 25 May, 1781.
Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., General Orders, 8 June,
Secretary,

David Cobb,
Peregrine Fitzhugh,
William Stephens Smith,
Benjamin Walker,
HoDijAH Baylies,
28

15 "

2 July,

6 "

25 January, 1782.
14 May, "

INDEXES.

INDEXES.

No. I.

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES BY WASHINGTON, PRINTED IN
THESE VOLUMES."

1776,
1794,

1795,
1798.

1799.

Adams, John,

IS April,

8 January,
15 November,
20 August,

17 June,

4 July,

13 —

25 September,
3 March, l/yy,

Adams, John Quincy,
12 September, I7g6,

Alexander, Robert,
20 March, i777,

Anderson, Dr. James,

26 June, 1792,
15 February, 1796,

Anderson, James,

18 August, 1796,
22 May, 1798,
25 July, —
10 December, 1799,

Antill, Edward,
8 January, 1777,

Vol. Page.

IV.

XII.

XIII.
XIV.

402

489
91
13

— 15

— 37

— 92

— 156

XIII. 269

V. 293

XII. 136
XIII. 167

XIII. 257

XIV. I

— 52

— 217
V. 156

Arendt, Baron d',

23 September, '777,

l8 October, —

Armand, Marquis de

25 March, 1778,

Armstrong, John,
21 September, 1767,
18 August, 1769,

10 October, 1773,
4 July. 1777,

25 Augfust, —

27 March, 1778,

18 May, 1779,

26 March, 1781,

25 April, 1788,

6 February, 1791,

11 March, 1792,
Arnold, Benedict,

14 September, 1775,

5 December,
12 January,
27 —

3 April,

6 February,

3 March,

1777,

Vol. Page.

VI. loi

— 124
LA ROUERIE,

VI. 434

II. 224

270

— 394

V. 460

VI. 53

— 448
VII. 454

IX. 192

XI. 249

XII. 16

III. 121

— 124

268

334
379

7

1776, —

IV.

V. 223

— 224

— 270

' The names of the persons, to whom the letters were written, are arranged
in alphabetical order. The date of each letter is given, with a reference to the
volume and page in which it may be found. The smaller figures denote a
letter printed in part only, and usually in the form of a foot-note. Such papers
as are unidentified, or were addressed to no person in particular, or were public
addresses, proclamations, speeches, and messages, are given in a subsequent list,
and arranged in chronological order.

437

438

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

Arnold, Benedict (Cont.J,

V.
VI.

VII.

Page.

304

435
289

69
71

94
129

372
376

3 April, 1777,

1 7 June, —

20 January, 1778,

19 June, —

21 — — —
II July, — —

3 August, — —

3 — 1780, VIII.

11 — — —

14 September, — —

AsGiLL, Charles,

13 November, 1782, X.

B.

Bache, Mrs. Sarah,

15 January, 1781, IX.

13 February, — —
Ball, Burges,

21 July, 1793, XII.
4 August, — —

10 — 1794, —

25 September, — —

22 — 1799, XIV.
Bannister, John,

21 April, 1778, VI.
Barber, Francis,

24 March, 1778, VI.

Barras, Count de,

21 July, 1781, IX.

Bassett, Burwell,

2 August, 1765, II.

18 June, 1769, —
15 February, 1773, —
25 April, — —
20 June, — —
12 February, 1774, —

19 June, 1775, II.
30 October, 1778, VII.

22 April, 1779, —

23 May, 1785, X.
4 March, 1793, XII.

Bayley, Jacob,

II September, 1778, VI. 56
Baylor, George,

9 January, 1777, V.

19 June, —

4 March, 1778, VI.
Beatty, John,

23 September, 1779, VIII.
Bee, Thomas,

8 March, 17S2, IX

Belknap, Jeremy,

15 June, 1798, XIII.
Bermudas, Inhabitants of,

— September, 1775, HI.

105

113
138

303
319
448
464
212

477

205
268
362
380

384
402

487
235
411
454
268

158
441
396

54

40s

II

BiDDLE, Clement,
28 July, 1784,

20 — 1790,

Bird, William,

15 August, 1776,
17 — —

Black, William,

17 January, 1774,
Blair, Archibald,

24 June, 1799,

Blair, John,

31 January, 1758,

20 February, —

17 April, —

24 — —

4 May, —

28 — —

Blair, Susan,

13 February, 1781,

Bland, Theodorick,

8 November, 1777,

31 March, 1783,

4 April, —

4 — —

BoRDLEY, John Beale,

17 August, 1788,
Botetourt, Lord,

15 April, 1770,

Boucher, Jonathan,

Vol. Page.

30 May,

24 April,

13 July.

4 December,

20 April,
13 May,
30 July,
16 December,
2 January,

20 February,

5 June,

1768,
17^.

1770,

1771,

9 July,

4 May,
21 —
15 August,
EOUDINOT, ElIAS,

I April, 1777,

3 February, 1778,

Bouquet, Henry,
3 July, 1758,

7 — —

9 — —

13 — —

16 — z

19 — _

21 — —

25 — _

X.
XI.

VI.

II.

XIV.

II.

VI.
X.

11.

II.

1772,

1798, XIV.

V.

VI.

II.

397
490

30

31

398
183

9
13
16

27

IX. 138

179
200
203
208

XI. 301
II. 272

257
269

270

271
276

277
283
316

318

319
320

319

329

347

349

73

299

353

39
43

45
46

47
49
51

54
55

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

439

Bouquet, Henry (Cont.),

25 July, 1758,

2 August, —

6 — —

Vol. Page.

II.

18 —

19 —

21

24 —

28 —

BowDoiN, James,

18 December,

17 March,
31 —

15 May,
14 June,

28 August,
BOWEN, JABEZ,

27 December, 1789,
Brodhead, Daniel,

1776,
1778,

1780,

1780,

22 March

21 April,
4 January, 1780,

29 December, —

Bronaugh, William,

vj December, 1756,

Brooke, Robert,

16 March, 1795,

Brooks, John,

24 March, 1778,

BucHAN, Earl of,
I May, 1792,

22 April, 1793,
Buchanan, William,

7 February, 1778.

Burgoyne, John,

II March, 1778,

Butler, Zebulon,

29 December, 1780,

Byrd, William,
20 April, 1755,

C.

Cabot, George,

7 September, 1795,
Cadwallader, John,

60

— 62

— 75

78

— 78,80

— 79

— 81

— 82

— 82

— 83

V.

VI.

1779, VII.

IX.

VI.

VI.

IX.

I.

433

434
271

3>0
414

XI. 454

XIII.

VI.

XII.

372
410
150

52

118
282

411

84
148

XIII. 100

23 December, 1776,

V.

126

27 — —

—

13s

28 August, 1777,

VI.

55

20 March, 1778,

—

435

5 October, 1780,

VIII.

466

Calbiac, Baron de,

23 July, 1776,

IV.

295

Calvert, Benedict,

3 AprU, 1773.

II.

376

Campbell, Archibald,

I March, 1777,

V.

257

Campbell, Matthew,

2 August, 1772,

II.

354

Canada, Inhabitants i
— September, 1775,

Carey, Mathew,
29 October, 1787,
27 — 1788,

22 May, 1789.

29 — —

Carleton, Sir Guy,
10 May, 1782,

22 June, —

8 September, —

20 November,

9 April, 1783,

21 — —
6 May, —

22 November, —
Carlyle, John,

14 May, 1755,

Carlyle and Adam,
9 March, 1765,
Carrington, Edward,

8 March, 1780,

9 October, 1795,
I May, 1796,

30 — 1798,
Carroll, Charles,

23 January, 1793,

8 May, 1796,

Carroll, Daniel,

16 December, 1793,

7 January, 1795.
Carroll, John,

10 April, 1792,

Carter, Charles,

14 December,

12 January,

1787,
1788,

28 June, —

14 September, 1790,

19 May, 1792,

10 March, 1795,
Carter, Landon,

15 April, r777,

27 October, —

30 May, 1778,

Cary, Archibald,
15 June, 1782,

Cary, Robert, &Co.,

I May,

12 June,

20 September,
30 November,
10 August,

28 September,
3 November,
28 May,
20 June,
30 September,
26 April,

13 February,

10 August,

20 September,

1759.

1760,

I76I,
1762,

51763.
1764,

Vol.

r

'hi.

XI.

Page.
126

176
339

— 399

X. 12

— 4

— 75

— 106

— 221

— 231

— 245

— 335

I.

II.

VIII.
XIII.

XII.

xm.

XII.

XIII.

XI.

XI.

XII.
XIII.

V.

VI.
VII.

II.

153
203
216

114
184

257

187

361
24

XII. 116

209

iSo

284

491

121

47

330

147

37

28

126

127
131
139
172

174
183

■85
185
18S
1S9
■99
200

44°

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Gary, Robert, & Co. (Cont.)

Vol. Page.

21 July,

6 June,

1767.

1768,

1768,

1769,

25 July,
20 August,

20 July, 1771,

I June, 1774,

Caswell, Richard,

25 December, 1777.

Ceracchi, Joseph,

9 March, 1795,

Charton, Henry L.,

20 May, 1786,
Chase, Samuel,

S February, 1777.

27 April, 1778,

Chastelldx, Marquis de,

21 March, 1781,
13 June, —

ID August, 1782,

12 October, 1783,

5 September, 1785,

25 April, 1788.

Chittenden, Thomas,

I January, 1782,
Choisy,

19 October, 1781,

Clark, John, Jr.,

4 November, 1777,

Clarkson, Mrs.,

13 February, 1781,
Cleveland, James,

10 January, 1775,
Clinton, George,

259

2S7
270
28s

334

412

XIII. 43

12 July, 1776.
26

26 April, 1777,

1 August, —

13 — —
16 — —

15 October, —

2 December, —

16 February, 1778,
II July, —

I September, —

13 December, 1779,

18 May, 1780,

27 June.

25 September,
24 February,
21 June,

1781,

19 October, 1782,
II September, 1783,

25 November, 1784,

25 March. 1789,

I December, 179D,

14 September, 1791,
31 March, 1794,

Clinton, Sir Henry,
31 May, 1778,

14 March. 1779,

4 April,

26 July,

XI.

X.

IX.

IX.

V.
VI.

VII.
Vlfl.

IX.
X.

XI.

xfi.

VII.

32

184
270
61

324

424

386

176

138

II. 451

1780 VIII.

243

299

338

31
III

232

379

94

172

134
271
324
452
163
284

316
421

37S
507

68
408

43
362

363
360

Clinton, Sir Henry, (Cont.)

Vol. Page.

20 November, 1780,

26 February, 1782,

21 April, —
Clinton, James,

14 June, 1776,

28 October, 1780,

Clymer, George,

I January, 1777,
Cochran, John,

IX.

IV.
IX.

37

4S2
478

V. 143

16 August, 1779, VIII. 18

COLERUS,

19 May, 1777, V. 366

Colston,

24 June, 1771, II. 324

Colt, Peter,

7 February, 1778, VI. 357

Congress, Committees of
Continental

I January, 1777,

19 July,

28 January,

6 March,
8 January,
II

13 —

20

25 May,
31 —
II June,
19 —
13 July,
17 August,

1778,
1779.

VI.

VII.

^43

170

493

300

388

309

309

317
328
284

299
310

3i«

344

— — 383

1780, VIII.

Congress, Com. of Intelligence,

3 September, 1777,

Congress, Continental,
President of.

24 June,
24 —

10 July,
14 —
21 —
27 —

4 August,
31 —

21 September,
30 —

5 October,
12 —

24 —

30 —

2 November,

8 —

11 —
19 —
28 —
30 —

4 December,

1775,

VI.

II.

— III.

493
496

— 28

— 47

— 58

— 104

— 137

— 153

— 162

— 172

— i8i

— 190

— 193

— 202

— 213

— 225

— 241

— 252

— 256

— 257

No. L]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

441

1776,

Congress, Continental,
President of CContJ,

7 December, 1775, III.

II — — —

14 — — —

18 — — —
25 — — —
31 —

4 January,
II —
14 —

19 —
24 —
30 —

9 February,

14 —

18 —
2b —
7 March,

13 —

ig —

24 —

27 —

I April,

4 —

15 —
18 —

15 —

22 —

23 —

25 —
30 —

5 May,

7 —
II —

15 —

% -

19 —

20 —

7 June

8 —

9 —

ID —

13 —

14 —

16 —

17 —
20 —
23 —

27 —

28 —

29 —
30

Vol. Page.

59
64
67
74
80

"5
119
129

139
142

150
156
164
169
181

1S3
184
194
196

Vol. Page.

Congress, Continental,
President of (Cont.),

\Tl(i, IV. 200

— — 204

— — Z04

— — 224

— — 237

— — 242

— — 247

— — 258

— — 260

— — 275

— — 282

— — 294

— — 296

— — 297

— — 301

315
317
321
325
331

337

340
342
346
346
346
348

352

355

363

363

369

371

373

378

383

385

390

398

402

402
406
416

420

420

424

430
430

438

433
420

454
461
466
476

482
485

61

279

3 July.

4 —

274

—

285

10

—

294

11

—

305

12

—

312

14

—

332

15

—

337

17

—

359

19

—

371

22

—

383

23

~

403

25

—

406

27

—

419

29

—

425

2

August,

432

5

—

448

7

—

467

8

475

12

487

_

494

13

—

497

14

—

7

IS

16

9

17

—

17

18

—

26

20

—

23

30

24

31

26

34
39
44

S'7

29

31
2

September,

14
16
18

19
20
22

28 —

2 October,

4 —

5 —
7 —

6 November, —

V.

I
II

442

LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Congress, Continental,

Congress, Continental,

President

OF (Cont.),

President

OF (Cont.),

9 November,

II

14 —
16 —

J776,

V.

12

19
24

33
41

SI
S3

24 May,
28 —
31 —

1777,

V

386

394
401

ig —

23 —
27 —

—

—

3 June.

5 —
8 —

—

—

407
411
418

30 —

—

—

54

20 —

—

—

445

I December,

-

—

61

22 —

—

—

447

2 —

—

—

63

25 —

—

—

450

3 —

—

—

64

28 —

—

—

452

5 —

-7-

—

66

2 July,

—

—

461

6 —

—

—

6g

10 —

—

—

472

8 —

—

—

71

12 —

—

—

475

9 —

—

72

22 —

—

—

502

10 —

—

—

76

25 —

—

—

515

II —

—

—

80

3 August,

—

VI.

3

12 —

—

—

82

10 —

—

—

17

13 —

—

—

8g

21 —

—

—

45

15 —

—

—

100

22 —

—

—

49

16 —

—

—

lOI

23 —

—

—

50

20 —

—

—

112

25 —

—

—

51

24 —

—

—

128

27 —

—

53

27 —
29 —
I January,

5 —

—

132
136

29 —

30 —

-

f

1
56

1777,

—

139
146

I September,
3 —

—

—

58
64

7 —
9 —

~

~~

154

iSo

9 —

—

—

67

12 —

—

—

164

II —

—

—

69

r? ~

—

—

17s

13 —

—

—

71

ig —

—

—

181

15 —

—

—

72

22 —

—

—

I go

17 —

—

—

77

26 —

—

—

203

19 —

—

—

75

3' -„";

—

211

23 —

—

80

5 February,

—

—

218

3 October,

91

14 —

—

—

236

5 —

—

—

93

20 —

—

—

Z4I
240

7 —
16 —

—

—

98
114

245

230

23 -

_

_

24 —

—

—

136

I March,

—

—

257

I November,

—

—

156

6 —

—

—

274

10 —

—

—

180

14 —

—

—

285

II —

—

—

184

29 —
12 April,
18 —

26 —

—

=92
296
321

17 —
23 —
26 —

—

—

200
214
222

T

~

330

326

I December,

—

—

229

28 —

—

—

345

10 —

—

—

237

3 May,

5 —

9 —

10 —

12 —

—

—

343

14 —

—

—

242

—

~

350

3S4

359

22 —

23 —

1 January,

2 —

1778,

—

252
257
273
276

278

—

—

362

4 —

—

_

16 —

—

—

367

5 —

—

—

280

21 —

—

-

38s

9 —

—

—

282

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

443

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Congress, Continental,

Congress, Continental

President oi

(Cont.),

President of (Cont.),

3 February,

■778,

VI.

387

■VJA

3 June,

1779.

VII.

463

27 —

—

—

385

6 —

—

—

465

7 March,

—

—

397

II —

~

~

470

12 —
14 —

—

—

414
422

27 —

9 July.

—

—

471
482

16 —

—

430

21 —

493

21 —

24 —
4 April,
10 —
18 —

—

—

437
443
459
464
472

25 -

15 August,

23 —
7 September,
4 October,
9 —

—

VIII.

499
8
27
39
73

77

20 —

—

—

474

21 —

88

23 —
25 —

—

—

492
497

14 November,
18 —

—

—

107
no

27 —

—

—

500

24 —

29 —
7 December,

122

30 —
I May,

—

VII.

504

I

—

—

125
128

12

_

_

7

8 —

—

—

'?,'

—

—

12

15 —

—

—

138

18 —

19

27

17 —

—

—

141

28 —

_

—

2 January,

1780,

—

148

I June,

—

—

33

4 —

—

—

152

2 —

—

—

51

27 —

_

—

183

18 —

—

—

66

6 March,

—

—

213

— —

—

—

66

68

26 —

—

—

224

— —

—

—

28 -

—

—

223

22 —

—

—

73

31 —

—

—

229

28 —

—

—

76

2 April,

—

—

234

I July,

—

—

78

3 —

—

—

241

7 —

—

—

93

17 —

—

—

249

12 —

—

—

96

27 May,

—

—

288

22 —

—

■ —

108

20 June,

—

—

315

26 —

—

—

124

25 —

—

—

320

3 August,

—

—

137

10 July,

—

—

336

16 —

—

—

153

— —

—

—

388

25 -

—

—

163

14 —

343

4 September,

—

—

175 •

22 —

354

^ ^

z.

z

189
191

30 —

—

—

363

23 —

—

—

197

20 August,

—

—

386

3 October,

—

—

203

28 -

—

—

416

6 —

—

—

210

6 September,

—

—

421

22 —

—

—

223

8 —

—

—

425

24 —

—

—

226

15 —

—

—

440

II November,

—

—

239

26 —

—

—

455

27 —

—

—

275

7 October,

—

—

472

13 December,

—

—

285

II —

—

—

481

16 • —

30 January,

1779.

—

277
315

15 —

—

—

496

26 February,

—

346

21 —

—

IX.

6

I March,

15 —
26 —

=

—

347

363

385

7 November,
28 —

—

z

21
40

3 May,

—

—

429

20 December,

—

—

68

5 —

—

—

433

2 January,

1781,

—

85

17 —

—

—

452

6 —

—

—

93

444

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Congress, Continental,
President of (Cont.J,

15 January, 1781,
3 February, —

17 — —

26 — —
8 April, —

16 — —

I May, —

8 — —

17 — —

27 — —
6 June, —
6 July, —

21 — —

2 August, —

8 — —

15 September, —
I October, —

6 — —

12 — —

16 — —

19 — —
27 — —

31 — —

15 November, —
27 December, —

18 February, 1782,

20 — —
30 April, —
10 May, —

9 July, —

19 August, —
30 January,
26 February, —
12 March, —

18 — —

19 — —
30 — —

18 April, —

3 May, —

17 June, —

24 — —

16 July, —
6 August, —

14 — —

19 September, —

18 November, —

20 December, —
14 January, 1784,

Connolly, John,

25 February, 1775,
Conway, Richard,

4 March, 1789,
Conway, Thomas,

9 November, 1777,
16 — —

30 December, 1777,

Vol. Page.

IX. 110

— 126

— 145

— 168

— 207

— 218

— 2+1

— 240

— 250

— 259

— 271

— 295

— 314

— 324

— 332

— 359

— 372

— 380

— 380

— 382

— 386

— 393

— 403

— 409

— 421

— 443

— 447

1783, —

9

41

69

146

159
168
178
184
198
225
239
267
270
288
2go

297
317
334
337
342

II.

457

XI.

363

VI.
VI.

180
198
268

Cooke, Nicholas,

4 August, 1775,
14 — —

6 September, —

i8 — —

29 October, —

5 December, —

14 — —

Vol.
III.

6 January,

17 March,
21 —

15 July,

17 September,

17 —

12 October,

20 January,
3 April,
Cooper, Myles,

31 May,

15 December,

15 April,

1776,

— IV.

1777,

1773.
1774.

II.

CoRBiN, Richard,

— March, 1754, I-

CoRNWALLis, Earl,

8 January, 1777, V.

2 June, — —

18 October, 1781, IX.
COUDRAY, DE,

13 July, 1777,

Craig, John,

15 August, 1777,

17 Aug^ust, —

Craik, James,

26 April, 1777,

25 March, 1784,

10 July, —

8 September, 1789,
7 — 1792,

Crawford, Valentine,

30 March, 1774,

Crawford, William,
21 September, 1767,

6 December, r77i,

25 September, 1773,

9 June, 1781,
Cresap, Michael,

26 September, 1773,
Crosbies and Trafford,

6 March, 1765,

Crow, Hiland,

4 August, 1793
CusHiNG, Thomas,

9 May. 1776, IV.

Curtis, Eleanor Parke,

16 January, 1795, XIII.
CusTts, George Washing-
ton Parke,

15 November, 1796, XIII.

28 — _ _

19 December, — —
ri January, 1797, —

VI.

V.
X.

XI.

XII.

III.
II.

IX.
II.

XII.

Page.

53
81

114

133

187

264
277
284
293

320

475
487

253
407

410
493

183

301

382
397
403

43

158
411

384

V. 478

30

31

340

372

395

424

195

129

218

347

388

277

392

203

318

29

335
339
354
363

No. I.] LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

445

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

CusTis, George Washing

Dickinson, Philemon,

TON Parke (Cont.J,

21 January,
4 November,

1777,

V.
VI.

186
173

4 June, —

—

394

28 May,

1778,

VII.

28

2g August, —

—

417

5 June,

—

—

53

7 January, 1798,

—

436

24 —

_

_

70

74

10 May, —

—

496

DiNWiDDiE, Robert,

CusTis, John Parke,

7 March,

1754,

I.

41

19 June, 1775,

II.

486

20 —

—

—

44

24 July, 1776,

IV.

295

25 April,

—

—

52

22 January, 1777,

V.

187

9 May,

—

—

57

28 September, —

VI.

88

18 —

—

—

61

14 November, —

—

196

— —

—

—

63

I February, 1778,

— •

355

27 —

—

—

71

26 May, —

VII.

25

29 —

—

—

76

26 July, —

—

106

- (?)

—

—

87

3 August, —

—

144

3 June,

—

—

91

10 October, —

—

213

10 —

—

—

96

24 August, 1779,

VIII.

28

12 —

—

—

99

10 November, —

—

105

20 August,

. —

—

133

20 January, 1780,

—

168

21 —

—

135

6 August, —

—

375

18 July,

II September,

1755,

173

28 February, 1781,

IX.

173

—

las

25 July, —

—

315

8 October,

—

—

189

CusTis, Mrs.. Martha.

II —

—

—

192

20 July, 1758,

II.

53

17 —
5 December,

z

—

202
211

14 January,

1756,

—

220

D.

14 —

—

—

224

2 February,

—

—

229

Dalton, John.

7 April,

—

—

234

15 February, 1773,

II.

364

18 —

—

—

245

Dandridge, Bartholomew,

19 —

—

—

247

20 April, 1782,

IX.

473

22 —

—

—

248

18 December, —

X.

119

24 —

—

—

252

Dandridge, Francis.

27 —

—

—

264

20 September, 1765.

II.

207

3 May,

—

—

277

Danmours,

23 —

—

—

281

19 June, 1777.

V.

438

25 June,

—

—

286

Davie, William R.

4 August,

—

—

295

24 October, 179S.

XIV.

iiS

14 —

—

—

324

Dayton, Elias,

26 July, 1777.

4 June, 1782,
II — —

V,

X.

51S

25

28

8 September,

23 —
28 —

—

—

337
345
351

Deakins, William, Jr.,

10 October,

—

—

35+

3 February, 1791,

XII.

13

9 November,

—

—

373

2 March, —

—

15

24 —

—

383

Deborre,

3 August, 1777.

VI.

3

2 December,

—

—

389

Destouches, Chevalier

J

4 —

—

__

393

22 February, 1781,

IX.

159

10 —

—

—

395

31 March. —

—

191

19 —

—

—

397

Dey, Thomas Cockey,

12 January,

1757,

—

411

22 November, 1781,

IX.

415

16 April,

—

433

DiDSBURY,

29 -

10 June,

—

—

436

30 November, 1758,

11.

129

_

—

445

Dickinson, John,

16 -

—

—

449

19 June, 1782,

X.

37

27 —

-

—

454

446

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

DiNwiDDiE, Robert (^Ctf«;.^,
II July, 1757, I

3 August, — —

27 — — —

17 September, — —

24 — — —

5 October, — —

24 — — —
5 November, — —

DoRSEY, Richard,

15 August, 1777,
17 — —

DOUW, VOLKERT P.,

13 March, 1778,
Drew, Dolphin,

25 February, 1784,
Drummond, Lord,

17 August, 1776,
DuANE, Tames,

13 March, 1778,

13 May, 1780,

14 — —

4 October, —

26 December, —

30 September, 1782,

7 — 1783,

10 April, 1785,
Doer, William,

21 February, 1778,
Dulany, Benjamin,

17 November, 1781,
DuNMORE, Lord,

15 June, 1772,

5 November, — —
13 April, 1773, —

2 November, — —

3 April, 1775, —
Du Portail,

11 November, 1779, VIII.

31 October, 1781, IX.

Vol. Page.

Emery, Comte d",

7 October, 1776,

Essex, Committee of,

30 June, 1776,
EsTAiNG, Count d',

14 July, 1778,

17 — —

22 — —

8 August, —
II September, —

24 October, —

27 — _

31 — —

VI.

VI.

X.

IV.

VI.
VIII.

IX.
X.

VI.
IX.
IL

IV.

IV.
VII.

458

471
472

477
483
488

491
500
504
510

30

31

420

359
350

420
262
263
464
75
87
303
448

383

410

351
356
379
395
465

106

483
200

99
loi

115
148
181

207

234
237

Vol. Page.

EsTAiNG, Count d' (Cont.),
13 September, 1779, VIII,
4 October, — —

Everard, Thomas,
17 September, 1775

51

- 83
III. 128

F.

Fairfax, Bryan,

4 July,
20 —
24 August,

1 March,
20 January,

1774.

1778,
1799,

II.

VI.
XIV.

Fairfax, George William,

30 October,

27 June,

31 May,

25 July,

26 —

II March,
10 July,
30 June,
10 November,

1762,

I7«3,
1770,

1775,

1778,
1783,
1785,

IL

VI.
X.

XL

417
421
429
389
140

186

187
282

474
43
43

413

281

466

6

Fairfax, Mrs. George William,

14 May, 1755, I. 154

7 June, - _ 163

12 September, 1758, II. 95

25 — — — Id

16 May, 1798, XIII. 497
Fairfax, Lord,

19 April, 1736, I. 248

29 August, — — 329

Fairfax, William,

II August, 1754, I. 124

23 April, 1755, — 149

5 May, — — 151

7 June, — — 161

Falmouth, Committee of.

24 October, 1775,

6 November, —

Fauntleroy, William,

20 May, 1752,

Fauquier, Francis,

19 June, 1758,

5 August, —

2 September, —

25 — _
28 — _
30 October, —

5 November, —

28 — _

2 December, —

Febiger, Christian,

12 January, 1782,

III. 182

n. 37

— 73

— 88

— 98

— 104

— 108

— no

— 116

— 119

IX. 431

No. L]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

447

Fellows, John,

31 July, 1780,

Fenner, Arthur,

4 June, 1790,

Fermoy, de,

14 December, 1776,
Ferot, Ferdinand,

15 April, 1798,
FiSHBOURN, Benjamin,

23 December, 1788,

Fitzgerald, John,
31 March, 1786,

27 April, 1794,

FiTZHUGH, William,
15 November, 1754,

22 October, 1780,

8 November, —
25 March, 1781,

8 August, —

24 December, T789,

Forbes, John,

23 April, 1758.

23 — —

19 June, —
8 October, —

16 November, —

17 — —

18 — —

30 December, —
Forman, David,

25 October, I777>
Francis, Mrs.,

13 February, 1781,
Franklin, Benjamin,

17 August, 1777.
II October, 1780,

20 December, —

20 January, 1781,
23 September, 1789,

Frelinghuysen,

21 January, 1781,

French, Christopher,

26 September, 1775,

20 October, —

7 August, 1776,
Fry, Joshua,

23 May, 1754,

Gage, Thomas,
II August, 1775,
20 — —

Gardoqui, Diego,

I December, 1786,

Gates, Horatio,
24 June, 1776,

19 July, —

Vol. Page.

VIII. 366

XI. 451

V. 92

XIII. 494

XI. 349

XI. 22

XII. 420

I.

IX.

XI.

II.

III.

137

14

27

32
105

no
1 10
112

"3
124

VI. 140
IX. 138

VI.

III.

IX.

36

478

73

XI.

109
431

IX.

IiS

III.
IV.

148

IS'

325

I. 68

77
90

Gates, Horatio (Cont.J
izt AuPTist. 1776.

Vol. Page.

1776,

•777.

1778, —

IV. 173
— 280

14 August,
14 December,

20 February,

10 March,

19 May,
30 July,

4 August,

20

24 September,
30 October,

2 December,
4 January,

26 —

27 —
9 February,

14 —
24 —

24 April,

25 May,
29 —

12 June,
20 —

3 July.
14 —

26 September,

7 October,
6 March,

11 June,
2 November, —

16 — —

8 October, 1780,
22 — —

Gay, Fisher,

4 September, 1776, IV.
GERARD, Joseph Mathias

1779. —

IV.

343

V.

91

—

242

—

278

—

376

—

Sl8

VI.

8

—

43

—

85

—

154

—

234

—

278

—

333

—

296

—

362

—

374

—

367

501

VII.

27

—

4r

—

58

—

70

—

86

—

100

—

401

—

213

—

354

—

468

111.

lor

—

no

—

47';

IX.

^5

I May, 1779.

Gerry, Elbridge,

26 September, r777,

27 — —

23 January, 1780,
29 — —

20 February, 1781,
GiLDART, James,

35 June, 1768,

Gilpin,

31 March, 1786,

Gist, Nathaniel,

II January, 1777,
Glover, John,

26 April, 1777,

GoDDARD, William,

II June, 1785,

Gordon, Lewis,

22 December, 1776,

Gordon, William,

IS February,

2 August,

3 May,

9 March,

23 October,

•778.
1779,
1780,

1781,
1782,

383

VII. 425

VIII.

174
182

IX.

152

II.

2S7

XI.

22

V.

163

V.

339

X.

459

V.

1=5

VI.

VIII.

377

I

IX.

X.

259

193

103

448

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Gordon, William fCont.J,

Vol. Page.

8 July,
8 March,
23 December,
15 October,
GouGH, H. D.,
4 February,

1783,
1785.
1788,

1797,
1792,

X.

XI.
XIII.

XII.

274
442

345
425

lOI

Graham, Catharine Macaulay,

9 January, 1790,
19 July, 1791,

Grasse, Count de,

17 August,

1781,

6 September,

—

15 —

—

25 —

—

27 —

I October,

—

17 —
20 — ■

—

28 —

—

Gray, Ebenezer,

25 September,

1780,

Gray, George,

15 August,

1777,

Grayson, William,

22 June,

1785,

22 August,

—

26 July,

1786,

Green, Charles,

26 August,

1761,

Green, Thomas

,

31 March,

1789,

Greene, Christopher

7 October,

1777,

24 -

Greene, Nathaniel,

8 November,

1776,

18 March,

1777,

12 May,

—

27 —

—

26 November,

—

28 —

—

21 August,

1778,

I September,

29 October,

—

24 April,

1779.

3 September,

22 December,

22 January,

1780,

14 July,

19 —

15 August,

—

24 —

26 —

16 September,

2S —

—

27 —

6 October,

—

XI.
XII.

IX.

VI.

XI.

VI.

VI.
VII.

459
47

336

358

361

367
371

373
384

389

398

30

31

463

493

43

II. 180
XI. 375

104

139

291

357

393

220

228

161

170

191

36

35

147

172

341

349

381
407
408

444

450

458

470

Greene, Nathaniel ^C?«^.^,
' ' 1780, VIII.

Vol. Page.

1782,

IX.

I78I, —

X.

1783,
1785,

6 October,

14 —
18 —

22 —

8 November,
13 December,

9 January,
18 April,

1 June,

30 July,
6 October,

3t —

16 November,

15 December,

18 February,

18 March,

23 April,
9 July,
6 August,

23 September,

18 December,

6 February,

31 March,
18 May,

20

Gridley, Richard,

28 April, 1776,

Griffin, Cyrus,

8 June, 1796,

Griffin, Samuel,

20 February, 1788,

30 April, —

Guichen, Count,
12 September, 1780,

H.

Halket, Francis,
12 April, 1758,

II May, —

16 July, —

2 August, —
Hall, Josias C,

3 April, 1778,
Hamilton, Alexander,

22 September, 1777,

30 October, — —

15 November, — —
II — 1779, VIII.

8 March, 1780, —

27 April, 1781, IX.

4 March, 1783, X.

31 — — —
4 April — —

16 — — _

22 — —

II December, 1785, XI.

471
494

49&

9

25

52

98

220

265

318

377
400
408

419
447

462

479
42

51

84

122

151

250

451

XIII. 210
XI. 226

VIII. 413

II. 8

— 23

- 48-

— 72

VI. 458

VI.

78

79
153
198
106
216
229
163
200
214
223
234
14

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

449

Hamilton, Alexander

10 July,
1 8 October,

30 —

10 November,

28 August,

3 October,
17 December,
10 October,
16 February,

4 April,

13 June,

14 October,

29 July,

5 August,

26 —

7 September,

16 —

17 —

27 February,

5 May,

7 —

20 June,

8 April,

6 May,
29 —

2 July,
26 October,

31 —

2 February,

3 July,

13 —

14 —
29 —

31 August,
29 October,
23 November,
22 December,
31 March,

15 May,

26 June,

10 August,
25 —

1 September,

2 November,

3 —
12 —

21 —

22 January,

27 May,

14 July,

9 August,

21 October,

25 February,
19 June,

15 September,

29

1787,

1788, —

1789.
1790,

1791.

XII.

1792, —

1793,

1796,

1797,
1798,

Vol. Page.
: (Cont.),

XI. 162

— 173

— 190

i8z
314
328

453

501

18

32

44

84

147
154
176
181
1B6
188
264
285
289
298
410
427
432
437
480
482

39
61
63
67
76
96
127

136
146
180
I go
217

2Zt
264
266

326
330
331

337

369

6

40

65

1794,

1795, XIII.

XIV.

1799.

— 152

— 182

— 204

Vol. Page.

Hamilton, Alexander (Cont.J,

12 December, 1799, XIV. 24X
Hanbury, Capel, and Osgood,

ID August,

1760,

II.

17s

20 September.
25 July,
5 May,

176s.

206

1767.

—

210

1768,

—

256

Hancock, John

,

22 October,

1777,

VI.

132

2 November,

—

133

17 March,

1781,

IX.

180

23 October,

1789,

XI.

444

22 —

—

—

445

27 -

—

—

446

Hanson, Samuel,

18 March,

1788,

XI.

232

5 May,

—

—

264

6 August.

—

—

298

I January,

1789.

—

3SO

Harrison, Benjamin,

19 August,

1777,

VI.

39

18 December,

1778,

VII.

296

5 May,

1779.

—

434

25 October,

—

VIII.

94

21 March,

—

IX.

182

27 —

—

—

194

4 —

1783,

X.

162

ig —

—

i88

18 January,

1784,

—

345

10 October,

—

—

402

22 January,

1785,

—

433

9 March,

17S9,

—

364

Harrison, Robert Hanson,

4 March, 1777,

Hartford Committee,

26 September, 1775,

Harvie, John,

10 February, 1784,

Hawkins, Benjamin,
HAZEi.virooD, John,

ig October, 1777,

21 — —

Hazen, Moses,

4 June, 1777,

3 May, 1782,

4 June, —
Heard, Nathaniel,

7 April, 1777,

Heath, William,

22 August, 1776,

23 — —
I September, —
9 October, —

12 November, —
16 December, —
i8 — —

5 January, 1777 —

V. 273

XII. 71

V.

X.

IV.

4>3

I

23
308

360
362

377

489

22

lOI

106
122

139
152

45°

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Heath, William (Cont.),

Henry, Patrick (Cont.),

17 January,

1777,

V.

174

29 October,

1785,

X.

4

ig —

—

177

24 September,

1787,

XI.

164

^ T^T

—

—

206

9 October,

1795,

XIII.

118

3 iebruary.

—

213

15 January,

1799,

XIV.

136

— —

—

217

Hill, James,

10 April,

—

—

318

27 October,

1778,

VII.

230

19 July,

—

—

500

HiLLEGAS, Mrs.

27 —

5 August,

_

VI.

521
14

13 February,

'1781,

IX.

138

7 September,

—

65

Hog, Peter,

14 —

22 October,
5 November,

-

5

70
129
174

27 December,
21 July.

175s.
1756.

I.

=99

Z93

—

—

■!^%

Hopkins, Eseck

>

13 —

17 December,

—

189

246

14 April,

1776,

IV.

15

22 January,

1778,

—

292

HoPKiNsoN, Francis,

25 March,

—

434

27 October,

1777,

VI.

145

29 April,

—

502

21 November,

—

116

5 May,

VII.

3

16 May,

1785,

X.

450

17 June,

—

—

62

Howe, Lord,

28 August,
22 October,

~

165
221

17 August,

1776,

IV.

348

_

—

222

13 January,

1777,

V.

166

25 —
21 December,

1779,

viii.

226
143

Howe, Robert

13 January.

1778,

VI.

286

15 May,

1780,

—

269

17 August,

1779.

VII.

475

2 June,

—

—

307

20 November,

—

VIII.

no

31 July,

■

— -

365

30 March,

1780,

—

229

3 August,

—

370

13 April,
28

^

^

239
257
308

17 —
28 —

371
412

10 June,

—

—

26 September,

—

453

■s —

20

~

~

308
313
123

21 October,
16 November,

IX.

5
30

101

29 January,

1781,

IX.

12 January,

I78I,

_

Howe, Willlaw

,

X4 —

15 February

r

z

102

23 August,

1775,

III.

95

21 March,

—

—

185

18 December,

—

—

282

19 August,

—

—

343

30 July,

1776,

IV.

309

16 October,

—

3S2

17 August,

—

—

351

15 December,

—

—

u

23 September,

431

28 February,

1782,

—

452

6 October,

_

_

478

5 —

1783.

X.

■53

9 November,

V.

12

6 June,

—

—

251

12 December,

88

20 May,

1797,

XIII.

385

17 —

—

104

Henderson, Richard.
19 June, 1788,

XI.

280'

13 January,
20 —

1777.

—

138
168
186

Henry, Patrick,

9 April,

311

5 October,

1776,

IV.

471

10 June,

423

24 February,

1777,

V.

253

16 July,

487

13 April,

~

—

327

— September,

VI.

77

17 May,

—

371

6 October,

—

96

31 —

—

399

4 November,

—

173

4 August,

—

VI.

6

14 —

—

193

— November,

i6^

28 —

—

—

224

— —

—

—

rii

20 January,

1778,

—

290

13 —

—

—

191

30 —

352

27 March,

1778,

—

452

10 February,

—

369

28 —

—

—

453

9 March,

~

—

4^

23 May,

—

VII.

22

12 —

—

—

415

3 November,

=

87
239

22 —

29 —

—

—

438

443

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

451

Humphreys, David,
23 December, 1780,

25 July, 1785,
I September, 1786,

23 October, —

26 December, —
8 March, 1787,

10 October, —

16 March, 1791,

20 July, —

23 March, 1793,

12 June, 1796,

26 — 1797,

Hunter, James,
15 June, 1778,

Huntington, Samuel,
25 September, 1783,

Vol.

Page.

IX.

74

X.

472

XI.

60

—

77

—

9b

—

121

—

166

XII.

iq

—

48

—

275

XIII.

212

—

397

VII.

64

X.

322

Innes, Harry,

2 March, 1789,

XI.

361

Innes, James,

15 July, 1755,

I.

172

Irvine, William,

22 February, 1777,

V.

2SI

9 January, 1780,

VIII.

161

8 March, 1782,

IX.

455

J-

Jackson, Robert,

2 August, 1755,
Jameson, John,

25 September, 1780,
Jay, John,

14 April, 1779,
23 — —

10 May, —

7 September, —
18 May, 1786,

I August, —

10 March, 1787,

15 May, J788,

8 June, —
18 July, —

8 June,
14 July,

5 October,

29 April,

30 August,
I November, —

18 December, —

31 August, 1795.
8 May, 1796,

1789, —

1794.

I.

177

VIII.

451

VII.

393

—

415

—

43«

VIII.

42

XI.

30

—

53

—

12";

262

—

269

—

269

—

289

—

400

—

403

—

434

XII.

422

—

459

—

484

—

503

XIII.

99

—

187

Jefferson, Thomas.

1779,

1780,

6 August,
23 November,

11 December,
15 May,
10 October,

8 November,

28 December,
6 February,

21 —
8 June,

29 March,
8 April,

26 September,
I August,

30 May,
I January,

31 August,
13 P'ebruary,
13 October,

21 January,
31 March,

I April,

3 —
13 —

25 March,
23 August,

15 September,

18 October,
13 March,

12 April, —
I June, —

16 — —
20 — —

30 — —

11 July. —
25 — —

31 — —

4 August, —

12 — —
ig — —

10 September, —
6 October, —

11 — —
I December, —
I January, 1794,

15 March, 1795,

4 October, —

6 July, 1796,
Johnson, Thomas,

II April, 1777,

II May, 1778,

22 November, 1787,
20 April, 1788,

31 August, —

7 — 1791.

23 January, 1794,

1781, —
1784, X.

1785,
1786,

1787,
1788,

1789,

1790,
1791,

17921

1793,

XI.

XII.

Vol. Page.

VIII. 4

— 121

— 131

— 267

— 4S8

IX. 28

81
135
153
274

375

387

501

50

156

200

317

357

438

467

26

29

31

36

"3
171

187
201
269
278
291

299

292

301
302
312
313
314
321
322
324
331
332

349
401
48
III
229

XIII.

V.
VI.

XI.

XII.

471

187

244

=45

59
406

452

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

Page.

Johnston, Archibald,

30 October,

1787,

XI.

177

Jones, Gabriel

29 July,

' 1758,

II.

58

Jones, Joseph,

31 May,

1780,

VIII.

304

22 July,

—

356

13 August,

—

—

378

7 Jime,

1781,

IX.

27S

14 December,

1782,

X.

117

II February,

1783,

—

153

12 March,

—

174

18 —

—

—

182

14 May,

1789.

XI.

390

u —

K.

394

Kalb, Baron de,

17 November,

1777,

VI.

199

21 March,

1780,

VIII.

220

4 April,

_

_

240

KiRKBRiDE, John,

20 April,

1778.

VI.

489

Knox, Henry,

16 November,

■77S.

III.

220

10

1776,

V.

16

II February,

1777,

—

230

17 November,

VI.

199

7 January,

1781,

IX.

92

16 February,

144

II March,

1782,

—

456

28 —

—

465

29 August,

X.

73

23 September,

1783,

—

319

16 October,

—

326

23 —

—

328

20 February,

1784,

—

357

20 March,

370

5 November,

_

_

426

5 January,

1785,

—

429

18 June,

—

460

1 —

1786,

328

26 December,

XI.

103

3 February,

1787.

108

=5 -

108

2 April,

—

136

27 —

—

138

19 August,

_

_

152

15 October,

171

ID January,
S February,
3 March,

1788,

~

=03
190
220

30 —

—

238

17 June,

—

274

I January,

1789,

336

I April,

—

379

10 —

13 August,

1790,

—

380
499

4 —
19 November,

—

—

507
506

Vol. Page.

Knox, Henry

rCont.J

14 January,

1791.

XII.

7

I April,

—

—

34

I August,

1792,

152

5 —

—

—

IS7

13 —

—

155

19 —

—

158

22 —

—

168

7 September,

—

183

Id —

—

—

1S5

24 —

—

189

28 —

—

196

27 February,

1793,

264

5 April,

—

274

14 June,

—

297

9 September,

—

323

9 October,

1794,

—

471

30 December,

XIII.

5

20 September,

1795,

—

105

4 April,

1796.

—

182

2 March,

1797.

—

374

16 July,

1798,

XIV.

43

9 August,

—

—

58

21 October,

L.

no

Lacy, John,

20 March,

1778,

VI.

437

4 April.

443

Lafayette,

10 March,

1778,

VI.

410

28 —

17 May,

viT.

437
13

18 —

—

—

15

25 June,

—

—

73

27 July,

75
126

ro August.

—

_

128

I September,

—

—

173

25 —

—

198
206

4 October,

8 March,

1779.

—

357

4 July,

—

479

12 September,

—

VIII.

48

30 —

—

—

65

20 October,

—

85

18 March,

1780,

217

16 May,

—

—

274

19 —

—

280

15 July,

—

—

344

10

—

—

345

22 —

—

—

351

27 —

—

361

I August,

—

—

366

3 —

—

—

367

30 October,

—

IX.

17
43

8 December,

—

14 —

—

—

54

26 —

—

—

78

No. I.] LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

453

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Lafayette ( Cont.J,

Laurens, Henry,

20 February,

1781,

IX.

149

3 c January,

1778,

VI.

353

25 —

—

164

30 April,

—

—

508

27 —

—

172

29 May,

—

VII.

33

I March,

—

177

II June,

—

—

57

6 April,

—

202

24 July,

—

—

119

11 —

—

216

20 August,

—

—

155

21 —

—

223

12 September,

—

—

193

22

224
227

3 October,

—

—

20s

14 November,

—

—

260

4 May,

13 July,

—

—

238
298

20 March,
5 November,

1779,

VIII.

370
103

30 —

—

321

Laurens, John,

15 August,

—

334

- July,

1778,

VII.

"5

21 —

—

—

346

26 April,

1780,

VIII.

251

2 September,

—

356

13 October,

—

—

493

10 —

15 November,

^

360
405

15 January,

1781,

IX.

102

4 January,
20 October,
23 March,

1782,
1783,

X.

428
100
192

9 April,
18 February,

22 April,

1782,

—

209
445

4S7
464

5 April,

—

216

10 July,

—

X.

48

12 October,

—

320

Lawrence, Charles.

I February,

25 July,

8 November,

1784,
1785,

—

346
476

502

26 April,
Lear, Tobias,

1763,

II.

188

10 May,

1786,

XI.

27

14 November,

1790,

XI.

503

15 August,

—

56

25 September,

1793,

XII.

328

—

—

163

6 May,

1794.

—

370

18 September,

1787,

—

1S4

—

—

—

424

7 February,

1788,

—

217

14 December,

—

—

501

28 April,

—

254

21 —

—

XIII.

I

28 May,

—

264

12 January,

1795,

—

27

18 June,

XI.

277

Lee, Charles,

29 January,
3 June,

1789,
1790,

—

350
478

8 January,
23 —

1776,

III.

327
364

II August,
19 March,

I79I.

XII.

493
23

26 February,

14 March,

—

—

435

438

28 July,

—

57

10 November,

V.

14

10 September,

—

62

14 —

—

—

29

22 November,

—

91

16 —

—

—

30

8 October,

1797,

XIII.

419

21 —

—

—

45

25 December,

1798,

XIV.

123

24 —

—

—

52

Lafayette, Marchioness,

24 —
27 —
I December,

_I

S3

54

4 April,

1784,

X.

385

62

31 January,

1793.

XII.

261

3 —

—

—

6s

16 March,

—

—

270

10 —

—

—

'^i

Langdon, JoH^

2 April,
14 —

1788,
1789,

XI.

238
380

II —
14 —

16 February.

4 July,

1777.

—

81

96

240
464

Langhorne, John,

27 January,

1778,

VI.

299

15 October,

1797,

XIII.

428

22 April,

—

491

Lansdale, Thomas,

30 May,

—

VII.

42

25 January,

1783.

X.

143

15 June,

—

—

60

Lansdowne, Marquis

OF,

18 —

42

30 August,

1794.

XIII.

429

26 —

~

74

454

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Lee, Charles,

4 April,
6 July,

14 November,
Lee, Henry,

23 August,

1 September,

20 October,

5 April,

18 June,

zo July,

3r October,

4 February, -/-,,

22 September, 1788,
30 June,

2 July,

ZO January,

6 May,

21 July,
16 October,
26 August,
20 October,

Lee, Richard Henry,

1788,
1796,

1780,

17S6,

179Z,
1793,

1794,

1774,
1775,

1776,

7 August,
10 July,
2g August,

29 October,

27 November,
26 December,
30 January,
4 April,
18 May,

6 March,

24 April,
17 May,

I June,

17 October,

18 November,
15 February,

25 May,

23 September,

15 July,

14 December
8 February,

15 March,
22 June,
22 August,

19 July,
24 October,
15 April,

Lee, Thomas Sims

13 October, 1793,
Lewis, Andrew,

3 March, 1777,

15 October, 1778,
Lewis, Charles,

14 August, 1755,

Vol. Page.

XI. 240

XIII. 234

— 335

IX.

XI.

27

33

4

2S
41

43

76

62

323

137
118
256
286
308
340

453
478

II. 428

in. 21
- 96

237
300

393
13

86
304
335
369
403
120

IV.

VI.

X.

1778, —

— VIII.

I78I,
1784,
1785,

1787,
1793,
1794,

207

376

22

— 180

IX. 304

424

—

437

—

447

—

465

—

487

XI.

163

xu.

345

—

416

XII.

336

V.

270

VII.

2I8

I

iSfi

Vol.

Lewis, Daniel,

18 October, 1756, I.

Lewis, Elizabeth (Betty),

13 September, 1789, XI.

7 October, 1792, XII.

Lewis, Fielding,

Page.

359

426
199

6 July,

1780,

VIII.

333

27 February,

1784,

X.

360

4 December,

1786,

XI.

88

Lewis, George

7 April,

1796,

XIII.

183

13 November,

1797.

430

Lewis, John,

17 April,

1782,

IX.

470

14 February,

1784,

X.

355

Lewis, Lawrence,

20 September,

1799.

XIV.

209

Lewis, Robert

15 October,

1791,

XII.

74

23 December,

1792,

—

220

18 May,

1794,

—

429

22 February,

1795,

XIII.

40

17 August,

1799.

XIV.

195

Lewis, Thomas

5 May,

1774,

II.

408

I February,

1784,

X.

350

25 December,

1787,

XI.

195

Lewis, Warner

14 August,

'1755,

I.

i8i

LlANCOURT, DdKE DE,

8 August,

1796,

XIII.

254

Lincoln, Benjamin,

7 January,

1777,

V.

155

27 April,

342

20 January,

1778.

VI.

289

28 September,

1779.

VIII.

59

12 December,

132

27 February,

1780,

205

15 April,

—

—

247

10 September,

n

252
429

8 November,

IX.

II December,

49
170

27 February,

1781,

4 April,

—

200

1 July,

291

360
402

15 September,

_

~

29 October,

5 December,

_

27 April,

1782,

404
481

4 May,

—

X.

4
27

5 June,

—

17 —

^ —

35
62

II August,

—

l8 —

—

—

66

I September,

—

—

73

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

455

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Lincoln, Benjamin fCont.J,

Livingston, William

CCont.J,

2 October,

1782,

X.

90

18 June,

23 January,

1780.

VIII.

312

7 —

—

—

88

i7Sr,

IX.

IlS

6 February,

1786,

XI.

18

'I May,

Lloyd, James,
25 June,

1782,
1798,

X.

Z2X

23 March,

31 January,

1787,
1788,

~

127

211
212

XIV.

3

14

28 February,

—

—

228

27 —

—

14

10 March,
2 April,

2 May,

—

232

239

261

LoDowiCK, Christian
2S July, 1777.
Loudoun, Earl of.

V.

SI8

29 June,
28 August,

287
312

— March,
Low

1757,

I.

414

26 October,

—

—

333

25 September,

1780,

VIII.

4SO

14 November,

—

—

334

LUTTERLOH,

31 January,

—

—

354

I January,

1789.

XI.

349

11 August,

—

—

421

Luzerne,

Livingston, James,

4 February,

1780,

VIII.

187

85 September,

1780,

VIII.

450

5 —

—

—

261

Livingston, Robert R

,

5 June,

—

306

12 March,

1778,

VI.

418

12 September,

—

436

23 January,

1780,

VIII.

175

23 May,

I78I,

IX.

254

29 June,

—

—

326

28 April,

1782,

—

483

31 January,

22 May.

1781,
1782,

IX.

X.

124

10

19 November,

29 March,

1783,

X.

106
197

5 June,

ig September,

8 January,

17S3,

—

11

82

131

I August,
7 February,

1786,
1788,

XI.

48
215

19 March,

—

187

2g April,

1790,

—

475

29 —

—

—

198

10 September,

1 791.

XII.

60

«3 May,

—

—

24s

31 —

1789.

XI.

390

M.

20 August,

170';,

XIII.

93

Livingston, William.

McDougall, Alexander,

29 June,

1776,

IV.

198

28 April,

1777,

V.

343

5 July,

—

—

211

7 May,

—

—

352

6 —

—

—

214

23 —

—

—

378

7 November,

—

V.

7

12 February,

1778,

VI.

372

21 —

—

—

49

16 March,

—

426

30 —

—

—

57

8 April,

_

—

449

I December,

—

—

60

22 —

—

489

24 January,

1777,

—

200

I May,

—

VII.

Z

6

14 February,

—

240

5 —

—

8 March,

—

—

278

3 July,

—

—

482

9 —

—

—

278

4 —

—

—

482

I September,

—

VI.

60

31 March,

1781.

IX.

192

8 October,
I November,
II December,

—

—

105
169

240

McDowell, —

5 March,

2 September,
16 —

"1798,

XIV.

76

79

31 —

—

270

McHenry, James,

20 January,

'778.

—

357

II December,

1781,

IX.

418

2 February,

—

—

356

12 March,

1782,

—

459

14 —

—

—

375

18 July,

X.

49

— March,

—

—

425

15 August,

—

—

52

25 —

22 April,

26 —

-

-

447

475

498

12 September,
17 October,

—

=

77
94

12 May,

3 March,

1779,

VII.

348

6 Augrust,

10 December,

1783,

i

90
291

336

22 April,

—

—

413

22 August,

1785,

—

490

4 May,

■ —

—

431

31 July.

1788,

XI.

313

21 December,

—

VIII.

145

3 —

1789,

—

401

19 February,

1780,

—

196

30 November,

—

—

447

45<5

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

McHenry, James (Cont.J,

8 April, 1794, XII

20 January, 1796, XIII

I July, — —

Vol. Page.

13

3 April,

29 May,

7 July,

14 August,

28 January,

27 March,

6 May,

4 July,

5 —

22 —

27 —

29 —

10 August,

3 September,

14 —

16 —

30 —

10 October,

21 —

1797.

1798, —

27 January,

25 March, —
23 April, —

S May. —

11 August,

14 September, —

15 — —
17 November, —

McIntosh, Lachlan,

26 May, T778,

10 June, —

31 January, 1779
McKay, Samuel,

11 April, 1776,

McKean, Thomas,
30 August, 1775,
I April, 1778,

Mackenzie, Robert,

20 November, 1760,

9 October, 1774,

Madison, James,

12 June, 1784,

29 October, 17SS,

30 November, —
5 — 1786,

1799, —

18 —

16 December,

15 March,
31 —

10 October,

17S7,

412
163
222

214
240

244
246

242

—

381

—

391

—

400

—

413

—

438

—

493

—

495

*i.lV.

19

—

29

—

47

—

55

—

55

—

67

—

79

—

87

—

91

—

104

—

105

—

114

—

115

—

148

—

158

—

172

—

174

—

193

—

201

—

202

—

215

VII.

30

—

*

—

33C>

IV.

15

III.

102

VI.

457

II.

177

—

441

X.

3Q3

XI.

s

—

II

—

80

—

86

—

92

—

126

—

130

—

168

Madison, James (Cont.J,
22 October, 1787.

Vol. Page.

22 October,
5 November,

7 December,
lO January,

5 February,
2 March,

2 May,

8 June,

3 August,

I8 —

23 September,

17 November,

30 March,

S May,
12 —

9 August,

1787,
1788,

1789,

20 May, 1792,

14 October, 1793,
Malcom, William,

16 Octobei, 1780,

Malmedy,

16 May, 1777,
Manley, John,

28 January, 1776,
Marbois, Barbe de,
9 July, 1783,

18 June, 1785,

Marshall, John,

4 December, 1797,

5 May, 1799,
Marshall, Thomas,

6 February, 1791, XII.

Marstellar, p.,

15 December, 1786, XI.
Maryland Delegates in the

tinental Congress,

17 August, 1777,

Mason, George,

XI.

174

—

180

—

191

—

207

—

213

—

230

—

=S9

—

268

—

295

—

297

—

327

—

33S

—

374

—

388

—

390

—

415

—

420

XII.

123

—

337

IX.

9

V.

363

III.

382

X.

279

~

4S9

XIII.

432

XIV.

180

CON-

5 April,
10 May,
27 March,
22 October,

3 —

1769,

1776.
1779,
1780,

1785,

VI.

II.

IV.

VII.
IX.
X.

Massachusetts Assembly,
— March, 1776, III.

19 September, ~ IV.

6 November, — V.

Mass. Provincial Congress,

,, 4 July, 1775,

Mass. Council,

27 October, I77S,

6 December, —

2 August. 1776,

28 February, 1777,

Mass. General Court,

31 July, 1775,

II August, —

26 September. —

2 November, —

III.

IV.

V.
III.

263

73

381

12

506

497

389

5

187

265

317

254

51
76

154
195

No. I.] LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

457

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

MASS. General Court,

Montour, Andrew,

2g December, 1775,

III.

303

10 October,

1755,

I.

191

10 January, 1776,

—

330

Moore, N. Buxton,

16 — —

—

351

15 August,

1777,

VI.

30

10 February, —

—

418

437

17 — —
Morgan, Daniel,

"

31

21 March, —

—

481

4 October,

1775,

III.

155

II July, —

IV.

231

16 June,
9 August,

■777.

V.

VI.

*fi

Mathews, John,

8 October,

1794,

XII.

469

23 January, 1780,

VIII.

174

27 March,

1795,

XIII.

55

30 March, —

—

228

Morris, Appolos,

g September, —

—

428

6 June,

1777,

V.

415

4 October, —

—

461

Morris, Gouverneur,

23 October, —
14 February, 1781,

IX.

495
133

25 April,

1778,

VI.

495

26 — —

—

167

18 May,

—

VII.

16

7 June, —

—

273

29 —

—

—

29

Maxwell, William,

24 July,

—

—

116

12 February, 1777,

V.

233

5 September,

—

—

179

6 May, 1779,

VII.

442

4 October,

—

—

208

•J —

—

445

8 May,

1779.

— ■

449

10 — —

—

448

10 December,

1780,

IX.

45

Mease, James,

II March,

1782,

45&

12 November, 1777,

VI.

132

465

17 April, 1778,

—

465

28 —

—

—

Mercer, George,

2 May,

17SS,

XI.

240

7 November, 1771,

II.

339

13 October,

1789,

—

434

22 — —

—

346

— —

—

—

440

5 April, 1775.

■ —

473

— —

—

—

441

Mercer, Hugh,

28 July,

1791.

XII.

53

3 September, 1776,

IV.

382

12 September,

—

64

26 — —

—

452

28 January,

1792,

—

97

14 December, —

V.

92

21 June,

—

—

131

Mercer, James,

20 October,

—

—

202

26 December, 1774,

II.

446

19 June,
25

■794,

433
433

Mercer, John Francis,

22 December,

1795,

XIII.

147

9 September, 1786,

XI.

62

4 March,

1796,

—

172

6 November, —
11 January, 1788,

—

62

176

Morris, Lewis,

23 July, 1792-

XII.

143

4 August,

1775,

III.

70

26 September, —

—

192

6 October,

I78r,

IX.

378

Mifflin, J.,

Morris, Robert,

I October, 1777,

VL

9=

30 December,

31 —

1776,

V.

139
145

Mifflin, Thomas,

I January,

1777,

—

143

24 March, 1776,

III.

496

2 March,

—

262

14 February, 1777,
13 March, —

V.

S5

13 July,

I78I,

IX.

301

—

292

2 August,

—

331

10 April, —

28 July, —

—

320

17 —

—

341

—

S19

21 —

—

347

Minor, William,

27 —

—

353

27 May, 1785,

X.

456

17 May,

1782,

X.

15

Miralles, Juan de,

16 June,

22 September,

—

31

27 February, 1780,

VIII.

207

—

83

Monroe, James,

zo October,

—

—

90

9 April, 1794,

XII.

414

8 January,

1783,

—

126
167

25 August, 1796,

XIII.

260

— March,

Montague,

3 June,

—

250

5 April, 1775.

II.

469

12 April,

1786,

XI.

24

458

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol. Page.

Morris, Robert Huntef

5 January, 1756,

g April, —

Moultrie, William,

I.

217
239

5 May, 1772,

MousTiER, Count de,

XII.

117

7 February, 1788,

26 March, —

XI.

2l3

234

17 August, —

15 December, —

25 May, 1789,
MoYLAN, Stephen,

—

306

310

395

24 May, 1777,

Murray, William Vans,

V.

389

3 December, 1797

10 August, 1798,
26 December, —

XIII.

XIV.

434

71

128

26 October, 1799,

—

213

Muse, George,

— - 1771

11.

343

X.

III.

IV.

VI. S3

— 177

— 237

— 360

VII. 12

— 159

— =99

N.

Nash, Abner,

6 November, 1780, IX. 18

Navarro, Diego Josi

30 April, 1780 VIII. 209

Nelson, Thomas,

27 September, 1777,

8 November, —

10 December, —

8 February, 1778

15 May, —

20 August,

15 March, 1779,

Neufville, John de,
8 September, 1785,
New England Governments,

19 January, 1776, III
New Hampshire Committee

OF Safety,
3 August, 1775,

22 December, 1776,

New Jersey, Committee
OF Essex County,
[June, 1776]

30 June,

N. J. Magistrates of,

8 January, 1780, VIII. 155
New York Committee,

10 February, 177^,

17 April, —

20 — —
27 — —

30 — —

19 July, 1776,

N. Y. Congress,

26 June, 1775,

8 August, —

10 — —

13 June, 1776,

496
362

54

105

158
199

III.
IV.

419

21

—

32

—

51

IV.

53
274

ir.
III.

500

74

IV.

75
152

Vol.

Page.

N. Y. Convention,

17 May. 1776.

IV.

8s

13 July, —

—

244

8 August, —

—

327

12

—

341

17 — —

—

347

23 — —

—

361

30 — —

—

373

16 December, —

V.

103

I March, 1777,

—

S6l

N. Y. Council of Safety,

4 August, 1777,

VI.

8

Nicola, Lewis,

22 May, 1782,

X.

21

Nicholas, John,

30 November, 1797,

XIIL

429

8 March, 1798,

449

Nicholas, Robert Carter,

5 October, 1775,

III.

170

7 November, 1780,

IX.

20

0.

Ogden, Mathias,

13 April, 1778,

VI.

471

8 January, 1780,

VIII.

158

28 March, 1782,

IX.

466

19 April, —

X.

239

Ogden, Samuel,

19 January, 1783,

X.

141

Orme, Robert,

15 March, 1755,

I.

141

2 April, —

—

144

30 June, —

—

170

28 July, —

-

175

p.

Paine, Thomas,

18 September, 1782,

X.

80

10 — 1783.

—

317

0 May, 1792,

XII.

120

Palfrey, William,

12 November, 1775,

III.

217

Palmer, J.

7 August, 1775,

III.

71

22 — —

—

92

Parker, Daniel,

28 April, 1783,

X.

247

Parks, Andrew,

1 May. 1796,

XIII.

184

Parsons, Samuel Holden,

8 February, 1777,

V.

225

10 — _
18 — _
3 April, _

-

227

241

305

17 May, —

—

373

29 — _

—

397

16 January, 1778.

VI.

|86

5 March, —

407

8 — -

—

408

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

459

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Parsons, Samuel Holden fCont.J,

Pickering, Timothy ^Cok/.^,

22 February, 1781,

IX.

158

6 March,

1796,

XIII.

174

3 May,

—

198

9 June,

211

Peachy, William,

24 —

214

18 September, 1757,

I.

487

4 July,

—

224

Pearce, William,

8 —

—

235

6 October, 1793,

XII.

396

13 —

242

18 December, —

396

—

391

18 —

—

243

26 January, 1794,
16 February, —

XIII.

6
7

25 —

—

—

249

23 March, —

—

8

2S -

—

—

251

6 April, —

—

9

27 —

—

—

251

4 May, —

9

18 — —

—

10

—

253

25 -
I June, —

—

II
12

10 August,

—

—

256

13 July, -

-

12

4 January,

1797,

—

357

20 — —

27 — —

~

16
16

9 —

—

—

362

3 August, —

—

il

3 March,

—

—

378

17 — —

12 June,

—

—

393

3r — —
28 September, —

—

19
19

4 August,

—

—

412

2 November, —
23 — —

—

21
21

29 —

—

—

415

7 December, —

_

23

II December,

—

■ —

434

14 — —

23

12 January,

1798,

—

439

21 — —

—

=4

6 February,

—

—

439

4 January, 179s,
n — —

Z

154
»55

16 April,

—

—

495

25 — —
15 February, —
22 — —

^

ig

157

II July,

10 October,

—

XIV.

33

107

8 March, —

—

158

15 —

— -

—

107

22 — —

10 May, —

_

158

159

18 —

—

—

1 08

5 July. —

—

160

26 —

120

22 November, —
6 December, —

—

161
161

10 February,

1799.

—

151

Pendleton, Edmund,

3 March,

—

—

154

I November, I77g,

VIII.

98

Pierce, William,

23 September, 1793,

XII.

325

I January,

1789,

XI.

348

22 January, 1795,

XIII.

32

Pinckney, Charles,

Pennsylvania Association,

II January

1790,

XI.

463

8 August, 1776,

IV.

330

31 —

1792,

XII.

100

Penn. Board of War,

17 March,

112

2 April, .777. V.

Penn. Committee of Safety,

301

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth,

17 June, 1776,

IV.

158

28 June,

1788,

XI.

284

10 December, —

V.

77

24 May,

1791-

XII.

43

15 — —

97

22 January,

1794,

—

404

16 — —

—

104

24 August,

1795,

XIII.

95

22 — —

„

105
125

8 July,

1796,

—

237

19 January, 1777,

—

179

12 September,

■ — ■

—

272

Peters, Richard,

31 March,

1799,

XIV.

167

22 October, X777,

VI.

134

Pinckney, Thomas.

21 August, 1781,
Pettit, Charles,

IX.

347

20 February,

5 March,

1796,

XIII.

169

170

16 August, 1788,

XI.

299

22 May,

—

—

208

Philips, Mrs.,

28 —

1797,

—

389

22 October, 1776,

IV.

501

Plater, George,

Pickering, Timothy,

22 November,

1781,

IX.

415

30 March, 1777,

V.

300

25 October,

1784,

X.

404

20 January, 179 1,

XII.

12

Posey, John,

27 July, 1795,

XIII.

72

24 June,

1767,

II.

213

9 September, —

—

103

24 September,

—

—

226

27 —

—

io6

Posey, John Price,

12 October, —

—

120

7 August,

1782,

X.

55

460

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

Page.

Potter, David,

9 October,

1777,

VI.

107

3> —

—

168

PowEL, Samuel

18 January,

1788.

XI.

209

5 February,

1789,

—

356

Powell, Jeremiah,

5 November,

1777,

VI.

174

Pulaski,

25 October,

1777,

VI.

141

I May,

177S,

—

503

PuRViANCE, Samuel,

7 August,

1779,

VIII.

6

10 March,

1786,

XI.

19

Putnam, Israel

,

29 March,

1776,

III.

501

21 May,

IV.

95

28 —

—

—

103

3 June,

—

—

108

25 August,

—

. —

366

5 January,

1777,

V.

151

25 May,

—

—

390

I July,

—

—

459

12 —

—

—

476

21 —

—

—

502

24 —

—

—

512

25 —

—

—

512

I August,
7 —

—

VI.

I
ID

II —

16 -

—

—

15
27
34

23 September,

—

84

ig October,

—

—

129

25 —

—

—

142

4 November,

—

—

173

II —

—

—

.84

19 —

—

- —

211

2 December,

—

—

231

25 January,

1778,

—

294

j6 March,

427
326

18 January,

1779,

VII.

14 May,

_

422

2 June,

^783,

X.

247

Putnam, Rufus,

2 June,

1784,

X.

391

Q.

QuiNCY, Josiah,

4 November, 1775,

Ramsay, William,
29 January, 1769,

Randolph, Beverley,
22 November, 1789,
13 January, 1791,

III. 196

II. 262

XI. 445
XII. 6

1779.
1784,
1785,

1786,
1787,

1795,

Randolph, Edmund,

I August, T-nn

18 March,
30 July,
13 August,
16 September,
21 December,

28 March,

9 April,

8 January, i/uu,
27 September, 1789,

30 November,
II February,

10 October,

26 August,

30 September,

23 October,

24 December,

15 April,

29 —

25 June,

27 —

30 —

9 October,

11

16 —

18 —

22 July,

24 —

29 —

31 —
3 August,

20 —
27 September,

21 October,

25 —
Read, George,

19 December,
Read, Jacob,

II August,

3 November,

3 —
Reed, Joseph,

30 October,
8 November,

20 —

27 —

28 —

15 December,
25 —

4 January,
14 —
23 —

31 —
I February,

10 —
3 March,
7 —

1788, —

1790,

1791,
1792,

1793.

794, —

1777,
1784,

1775,

1776, —

Vol.

Page.

VII.

506

X.

367

—

481

—

483

—

497

Xi.

97

—

J28

—

134

—

204

—

432

—

450

—

470

XII.

70

—

179

—

334

—

343

—

372

—

419

—

423

—

436

—

4*>

—

434

—

471

—

471

—

473

—

476

an.

68

—

71

—

79

—

82

—

85

—

go

—

108

—

122

—

125

VI.

251

X.

398

—

402

—

415

III.

188

—

207

—

229

—

239

—

245

—

277

—

298

—

3i6

— ■

340

—

367

—

.395

—

398

—

411

—

443

—

460

No. I.] LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

461

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Reed, Joseph (Cont.J,

Rochambeau,

25 March,

1776,

III.

492

16 July, 1780,

VIII.

347

, I April,

—

IV.

I

31 — —

—

364

15 —

—

—

20

5 August, —

—

374

23 —

—

—

41

21 — —

—

400

23 December,

—

V.

126

26 — —

—

407

14 January,

1777,

—

170

3 September, —

—

418

15 —

—

—

172

8 — —

—

427

23 February,

—

—

247

26 — —

10 October, —

—

45S
473

7 April,

—

—

310

— December, —

IX.

47

14 June,

—

—

432

15 — —

—

57

23 —

—

—

195

20 January, 1781,

—

114

2 December,

—

—

233

15 February, —

—

139

15 June.

1778,

VII.

65

24 — —

161

27 November,

12 December,

JI

2S2
280

7 April, —

—

205

3 March,

1779.

—

351

10 — — •

213.

28 —
8 April,

20 —

=

384

390

418

30 — —

4 June, —

13 — —

—

231
268
280

27 —

—

—

417

30 — —

—

288

29 July,

—

—

501

2 July, -

~

292
294

22 August,

—

VIII.

22

21 August, —

—

34fr

22 October,

90

9 February, 1782,

—

441

28 April,
— May,

1780,

—

254
293

16 August, —
14 December, —

X.

63
116

116

25 June,

—

—

322

20 August, 1784,

—

400-

4 July.

—

—

329

28 April, 1788,

XI.

259

i8 October,

—

—

498

Rodney, Cjesaxl,

19 —

20 November,

24 June,

1781,

IX.

VIII.

IX.

I

SOI

286

30 August, 1775,

IS February, 1777,

Ross, David,

III.

V.

102

241

15 September,

1782,

X.

78

24 October, 1781,

IX.

392

Rendon, Francisco,

Ross, James,

12 October,

1781,

IX.

378

22 August, 1795,

XIII.

94

RiDDELL, Henry,

12 February, 1798,

ROMSEY, James,

7 September, 1784,

~

440

22 February,

1774,

II.

403

X.

402

RiTZEMA, Rudolph,

RuTLEDGE, Edward,

14 July, 1776,

Robertson, James,

4 May, 1782,
Robinson, John,

IV.

X.

247
2

5 May, 1789,
16 January, 1791,
24 May, —
RuTi.EDGE, John,

XI.
XII.

388-

9

43

20 April,

1755-

I.

146

5 July, 1777,

V.

465

II September,

—

—

186

16 May, 1780,

VIII.

272

16 April,

1756,

—

241

12 September, —

—

438-

24 —

255

27 —

—

262

S.

5 August,

—

—

307

9 November,

~

~

!77,37|.

St. Clair, Arthur,

ig December,

—

403

17 November, 1777,

VI.

199.

—

406

27 January, 1780,

VIII.

180

30 May,

1757,

—

442

8 March, —

—

216

10 June,

- July.

—

444

I October, —

—

459

_

_

446, 457

10 January, 1781,

IX.

lOI

25 October,

—

—

507

12 -— —

—

lOI

I September,

1758,

II.

85

3 February, —

—

129.

462

LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol,

Page.

Vol,

Page.

St. Clair, Arthur fCont.J,

Schuyler, Philip (Cont.),

22 February,

1781,

IX.

157

20 June,

1777,

V.

441

15 September,

—

--

362

2 July,

—

459
483

29 October,

—

—

401

13 —

31 August,

178S.

X.

391

15 —

—

484

2 January,

1791.

XII.

4

18 —

—

489

28 March,

4 April,

1792,

116
115

22

24 —

27 —

—

—

504
508

51S

St. Clair, Sir '

OHN,

~z

18 April,

1758,

II.

II

13 March,

1778,

VI.

420

4 May,
14 June,

—

17

32

15 May,

VII.

8

23 —

22 July,

"3

13 August,

—

—

76

20 November,

—

—

265

Schuyler, Peter,

18 December,

303

10 June, 1776,

Schuyler, Philip,

IV.

139

31 —

18 January,

'779.

z

307
307

25 June,

i775.

II.

497

II February,

—

341

10 July,

III.

24

25 March,

—

375

27 —

28 —

47
48

19 April,

—

406

24 November,

VIII.

In

15 August,

—

—

84

30 January,

1780,

184

20 —

—

—

86

22 March,

—

—

224

8 September,

—

—

116

31 —

—

232

4 October,

—

—

156

21 May,

—

282

5 —

—

—

168

20 February,
23 March,

17S1.

IX.

133
134

26 —

—

—

183

14 May,

—

246

5 November,

—

—

198

8 January,

1782

—

427

28 —
5 December,

z

—

250
267

29 —

6 February,

15 May,

1784,

X.

428

439

18 —

288

9 —

17S9.

XI.

24 —

292

Scott, Charles

16 January,
l8 —
27 —

I February,

1776,

—

349

14 November, 1778,

Scott, Gustavus,

VII.

2€o

■

355

4 July,

1796,

XIII.

225

"Z

375
378

Seagrove, James,

27 —

—

—

439

20 May,

I79I,

XII.

41

3 April,

_

IV.

479

lu

Seymour, Thomas,

19

29

49

8 July,

1776,

IV.

217

29 —

__

Sharpe, Horatio,

16 May,
17 —

—

—

84

24 April,

1754,

I.

49

20 July,

1757,

—

464

'

90

Sherburne, Henry.

22 —

—

98

10 February,

'777.

V.

230

7 June,

—

—

no

Shreve, Israel

9 —

123
152
168

21 January,

I781,

IX.

118

17 —

Simpson, Gilbert,

20 —

13 February,

1784,

X.

353

24 —

173

Sinclair, Sir John,

28 —

—

190

20 July,

1794,

XII.

440

II July,

—

—

233

10 —

1798,

XIV.

32

■5 —

—

—

260

Skinner, Abraham.

17

31 —

24 —

267

17 September,

1780,

VIII.

445

~z

310

364

17 February,

I78I,

IX.

147

20 September,

22 October,
18 January,

1777.

V.

502

175

Slaughter, Reuben,
25 February, 1792,

XII.

103

9 February,
12 March,

227
281

Smallwood, W

12 September,
3 January,
21 February,
30 April,

LLIAM,
1778!

VI.

69

275

16 June,

—

—

433

—

n

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

463

Smith, Samuel,

7 October,

II

21 —

22 —

4 November,
12 —

Vol. Page.

VI. 103

— 109

— 131

— 125

— 124

— 132

— 206

388

Smith, Samuel Stanhope,

24 May,

1797,

XIII.

Smith, William

8 June,

1788,

XI.

Smith, William Stephens,

3 March,

17S3.

X.

31 August,

—

Snvder, G. W.,

24 October,

1798,

XIV.

Spencer, Joseph,

26 September,

1775,

III.

II March,

1777,

V.

Spotswood, Alexandeb

_

30 April,

1777,

V.

13 February,

1788,

XI.

23 November,

1794,

XII.

14 September,

1798,

XIV.

22 November,

—

—

Stanwix, John,

28 May,

1757.

I.

15 June,
20 —

z

21 —

28 —

z

—

15 July,
30 —
8 October,

—

—

—

4 March,

1758,

II.

10 April,

—

States, Circular Letters to.

31 January,

177^,

V.

7 July.

—

29 December,

—

VI.

22 May,

1779.

VII.

26 August,

—

VIII.

16 December,

—

—

24 February,

1780,

—

27 August,

—

—

18 October,

—

—

5 January,
22 —
24 May,

I78I,

IX.

—

—

2 August,

21 —

22 January,

31 —

5 March,

—

—

1782,

—

—

4 May,

—

X.

8 June,

1783,

—

272

— — 300

119

151

277

349
222

499

83

121

447
451
453
455
462

471

497

3

6

210

247

265

458

32

161

202

410

502

91

117

256

329
352
433
436
454
5
254

Stephen, Adam,
18 November, 1755,
28 — —

28 December,
I February,

5 August,

6 September,

23 October,
14 December,

20 April,

24 May,

Steuben, Baron,
8 February,

Vol. Page.

1756,

1776,
1777,

1780,

I.

V.

VIII.

205
208
214
227

322
332

360

92

335

193

196

2 April,

6 February,

—

—

237

.781,

IX.

124

30 April,

—

I8S

12 July,

1783,

X.

285

23 December,

—

338

Stevens, William,

6 March,

1775,

II.

459

Stewart, Robert,

25 June,

1756,

I.

286

22 July,

—

293

27 April,

1763,

II.

189

2 May,

—

191

13 August,

— ■

—

191

10

1783,

X.

295

Stirling, Lord,

19 March,

1776,

III.

480

24 —

484

14 December,

—

V.

92

24 July,

1777,

—

507

25 September,

VI.

86

7 July.

1778,

VII.

'^}

4 July.

1779.

—

482

21 Augrust,

VIII.

28

12 January,

1780,

—

161

14 —

166

5 March,

—

—

209

22 —

—

—

222

14 July,

1781,

IX.

303

Stobo, Robert,

22 November,

1771,

II.

345

Stockton, Mrs. Richard,

2 September, 1783, X. 301
Stoddert, Benjamin,

3 February, 1791, XII. 13

2 March, — — iS

14 November, 1792, — 211
Stone, John H.,

6 December, 1795. XIII. 138
23 — 1796, — 355

Stone, Thomas,

16 February, 1787, XI. 119

Strickland, William,

15 July, 1797. XIII. 404
Stuart, David,

30 November, 1785, XI. la

I July, 1787, — 159

464

LETTERS

AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Stuart, Davie

(Cont.)

Ternay,

17 October,
5 November,

I787>

XI.

:?^

16 August,

1780,

VIII.

382

30 —

188

15 December,

—

IX.

57

2 December,

1788,

_

335

Thomas, John,

26 July,

1789,

—

405

23 July,

1775,

III.

39

28 March,

1790,

—

471

15 April,

1776.

IV.

18

15 June,

481

24 May,

—

—

102

20 November,

I79I,

XII.

86

Thompson, John,

8 March,

1792,

104

2 July,

1766,

II.

211

21 October,

204

Thomson, Charles,

3 March,

1793,

265

24 July,

1789,

XI.

404

21 September,

1794.

—

462

Thornton, Matthew,

8 January,

1797,

XIII.

358

16 January,

1776,

III.

354

30 December,

1798,

XIV.

132

Thruston, C. M.

22 January,

I7QQ.

146

12 March,

1773,

II.

366

Suffolk, Committee of

Thruston, Charles Myn,

16 May,

1776,

IV.

84

10 August,

1794.

XII.

450

Sullivan, John,

Tilghman, James. '

7 November,

1775,

III.

200

22 February,

1774.

II.

407

I April.

1776.

IV.

7

5 June,

1786,

XI.

37

13 June,

—

—

141

Tilghman, Tench,

16 —

—

—

147

9 July,

1782,

X.

39

28 January,

1777,

V.

208

10 January,

1783,

129

15 March,

—

—

289

24 April,

237

6 July,

10 August,
27

-

VI.

468

3

54

134

24 March,
2 June,

1784,
1785,

—

371
457

24 October,

Tilghman, William,

17 July,
31 —
28 August,

1778,

VII.

104

127

163

21 July, 1793,
Triplet, William,
25 September, 1786,

XII.
XI.

304
64

I September,

—

—

167

Trumbull, John,

12 —

—

—

188

25 June,

1799.

XIV.

185

14 February,
6 March,

1779.

—

328
356

Trumbull, Jonathan,

31 May,

—

—

460

i_8 July,

I77_5,

III.

26

I July,

15 December,
20 November,

1780,

VIII.
IX.

477

139

32

14 August,

2 September,

8 —

-

8?

no

117

25 —

—

—

39

21 —

135

193

17 December,

—

—

63

2 November,

_

_

4 February,
n May,

1781,

131

244

rS —

2 December,
15 —

—

—

219

253

27a

29 —

—

—

262

7 January,

177^,

—

324

21 —

—

363

T.

8 February,

—

—

401

Tallmadge, Benjamin,

19 —

14 March,

—

—

428

469-

27 June,

1779.

VII.

475

21 —

—

—

485

24 September,

—

VIII.

57

26 April,

—

IV.

49

5 February,

1780,

—

191

10 June,

—

138

30 April,

1781,

IX.

234

7 July,

—

—

216

10 December,

1782,

X.

115

9 —

—

—

217

Ternant, John

24 —

~

~

22s

— March,

2g

1778,

VI.

447

7 August,
11 —

—

—

3^5

23 May,

1793,

xn.

449
290

18 —

—

—

337
351

>7 -

—

—

290

24 —

—

—

364

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

465

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Trumbull, Jonathan (Cont.J,

V.

6 September,

1776.

IV.

388

9 —

—

—

398

Varick, Richard,

23 —

30 —

—

—

434

460

21 October, 1780,

Varnum, James M.,

VIII.

4S4

g October,

—

—

490

I November, 1777,

VI.

168

15 —

—

—

496

g

—

"32

12 December,

—

V.

86

12 — —

177
187

14 —

—

—

93

_ _ _

—

187

105

19 — —

200

22 —

_

124

14 February, 1779,

VII.

32a

10 January,

1777,

—

161

Vaudreuil, Marquis di

,

24 —

—

198

10 August, 1782,

x.

58

I February,

—

—

211

Vaughan, Samuel,

30 November, 1785,

XI.

16

10 —

—

~*

229

21 March, 1789,

367

20 —

—

—

243

Vergennes,

3 March,

—

—

268

21 November, 1782,

X.

113

6 —

—

—

275

23 —

—

—

294

W.

7 April,

—

—

308

12 —

—

—

325

II May,

—

—

354

Wade, Nathaniel,

23 —

—

—

383

25 September, 1780,

VIII.

449

26 —

—

—

392

Wadsworth, Jeremiah

zo June,

_

445

22 October, 1786,

XI.

5a

2 July,

—

—

456

Waggener, Andrew,

4 —

—

—

460
469

13 July, 1756,

I.

290

7 —

5 August, —

—

320

17 —

—

—

488

15 June, 1758,

II.

32

31 —

—

—

520

Walker,

4 August,

—

VI.

5

II August, 1758,

II.

76

8 September,

—

—

66

Walker, Benjamin,

I October,
7 —

Z

z

92
99

12 January, 1797,

XIII.

365

15 December,

—

—

250

Walton, George,

24 January,

31 March,

177S,

—

z88

454

I January, 1777,
War, Board of,

V.

143

14 July.

6 September,
12 July,

1779.

VII.

98

166

490

29 July, 1776,

3D September, —
15 November, —

IV.

v.

304

460
30

30 September,

VIII.

53

30 — —

—

58

8 January,

I June,

1780,

—

158

304

4 December, —
2 January, 1778,

VI.

6s

Si

22 August,

—

—

405

3 August, —

VII.

131

17 December,

—

IX.

62

18 January, 1780,

VIII.

166

21 February,

1781,

—

155

26 February, —

—

203

28 November,

—

—

416

25 October, —

IX.

16

15 May,

1784,

X.

389

30 March, 1781,

—

198

Trumbull, Jonathan

(2D),

Ward, Artemas,

5 January,

1784,

X.

340

17 November, 1775,

III.

222

4 April,

5 February,

20 July,

1788,

xT.

388

211

289

29 April, 1776,
9 May, —

IV.

54
68

3 March,

1797,

XIII.

376

16 June, —

—

144

21 July,

1799.

XIV.

189

9 July, —

—

222

30 August,

—

198

Warren, James,

233

Tryon, William,

10 July, 1775.

III.

5

26 April,

•778.

VI.

493

7 August, —

—

72

Tucker, Samuel,

9 November, —

—

209

24 April,

1776,

IV.

42

13 January, 1776,

—

336

466

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[iNDEJt

Vol. Page.

Warren, James (Cont.),

23 May, 1777, V. 379
31 March, 1779, VII. 387

7 October, 1785, XI. I
Washington, Augustine,

2 August, 1755, I. 178
Washington, Bushrod,

15 January, 1782. X. 133

30 September, 1786, XI. 6g
15 November, — — 83
10 January, 1787, — 107
— November, — — 182

27 July, '789. — 39S

10 February, 1796, XIII. 164

9 October, 1797, — 422

3 November, — — 430

8 March, 1798, — 448
27 August, — XIV. 75

31 December, • — — 134

5 May, 1799, — 181

Washington, Charles,

14 February, 1787, XI. 112
Washington, Frances,

24 February, 1793, XII. 262
17 March, — — 270
10 June, — — 292

Washington, George Augustine,

25 October, 1786, XI. 72
31 March, 1789, XII. 230

27 January, 1793, — 259
Washington, George Steptoe,

5 May, 1788, XI. 263

6 August, — — 297
23 March, 1789, — 369

5 December, 1790, — 509
Washington, Harriot,

30 October, 1791, XII. 84
Washington, James,

20 January, 1799, XIV. 144
Washington, John,

6 March, 1775, II. 459
Washington, John Augustine,

6 May, 1755, I. 152
14 - - - 132

— — — — 155

25 - - — 157

7 Juni:. — — 161

28 — — _ 164
18 July, — — 175
25 March, 1775, II. 463
20 June, — — 491
27 July, — III. 44
10 September, — — 118
13 October, — — 177
31 March, 1776, — 501

29 April, — IV. 55

Vol. Page.
Washington, John A. (Cont.),

31 May, 1776, IV. 105

22 July, — — 291

— September, — — 425

19 November, — V. 36
18 December, — — 109
24 February, 1777, — 251

12 April, — — 324

— June, — , — 421

29 — — — 454
5 August, — VI. 12

18 October, — — 125

26 November, — — 227

— April, 1778, — 483

10 June, — VII. 55

4 July, — — 8g

23 September, — — - 195

16 January, 1783, X, 135
Washington, Lund,

20 August, 1775, XIV. 311

26 November, — III. 235
10 May, 1776, IV. 70

30 September, — — 456

10 December, — V. 77
15 August, 1778, VII. 150

18 December, — — 289

17 August, 1779, VIII. 19

30 April, 1781, IX. 236

31 May, — — 265

21 November, 1782, X. 107

— — — — III
12 February, 1783, — 157

19 March, — — 185

11 June, — — 265

20 September, — — 317

— November, 1785, XI. 10
7 May, 1787, — 140

Washington, Martha [Custis],

18 June, 1775, II. 483

Washington, Mrs. Mary,

14 August, 1755, I. 180

30 September, 1757, — 490

15 February, 1787, XI. 114
Washington, Richard,

15 April, 1757, I. 431

20 September, 1758, II, 130

10 August, 1760, — 170

14 July, 1761, — 178

20 October, — — 183

27 September, 1763, — jg^

Washington, Samuel,

31 August, 1780, VIII. 417

12 July, 1797, XIII. 402
Washington, William Augustine,

27 February, 1798, XIII. 442

3 October, _ — 445

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

467

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Washington (District

AND City),

White, Alexander (Cont.),

Commissioners of.

I March, 1798,

XIII.

446

7 May, 1791,

XII.

39

25 — —

—

491

18 December, —

—

93

White, William,

17 November, 1792,

—

213

31 December, 1793,

XII.

373

18 December, —
31 January, 1793,

—

215
260

Whiting, Anthony,

14 October, 1792,

XII.

239

28 — 1795,

XIII.

36

28 — —

240

1 December, 1796,

—

341

4 November, —
ri — —

_

242
242

15 February, 1797,

—

371

14 — —
as — —

—

%%

Waterbury, David,

2 December, —

-

247

30 June, 1781,

IX.

291

,1 = =

Z

249
250

21 July, —

XI.

310

23 ~ —

-

253

Wayne, Anthony,

30 , — —
13 January, 1793,

z

2S4
374

19 August, 1777,

VI.

42

a? — —
3 February, —

z

376
377

9 February, 1778,

—

367

^° — —

—

3''
380

18 June, —

VII.

22

3 March, —

_

381

1 July, 1779.

—

486

24 ■.- —

_

27s

9 — —

—

486

21 April, —

—

T

10

—

487

28 — —
S May,

z

3|'

14 — —

—

492

2I = =

—

386

18 May, 1780,

VIII.

278

2 June, —

—

392

6 September, —
3 January, 178 1,

IX.

423
87

9 — -

WiLLARD, Aaron,

394

8 — —

—

96

24 November, 1775,

III.

233

26 February, —
4 May, 17S9.

Weare, Meshech,
30 June, 1780,

xT.
VIII.

158
389

328

Willett, Marinus,
22 February, 1780,
5 March, 1783,

14 April, —

VIII.
X.

200
160

222

— January, 1781, IX.

Webb, Samuel Blachley,

7 April, 1777, V.

122
308

Williamson, Hugh,
31 March, 1784,

X.

381

— June, —

—

416

15 — 1785,

—

445

Webster, Noah,

Willis, Francis,

31 July, 1788,

XI.

293

25 October, 1793,

XII.

347

Weissenfels, Frederick,

Wilson, James,

10 January, 1788,

XI.

206

4 April, 1788,

XI.

243

Welch, James,

Witherspoon, John,

7 April, 1799,
Welch, Wakelin,

XIV.

170

20 January, 1780,

10 March, 1784,

8 — —

VIII.

X.

172
361

374

— July, 1786,

XI.

46

Wolcott, Oliver,

West, John,

— August, 1795,

XIII.

87

13 January, 1775,

II.

455

2 October, —

—

log

Wharton, John,

15 May, 1797,

—

384

27 October, 1777,

VI.

145

29 — —

—

392

Wharton, Thomas,

17 December, —

-

439

17 October, 1777,

VI.

117

Wood, James,

18 January, 1778,

—

287

— July, 1758,

II.

59

12 February, —

—

289

13 March, 1773,

—

372

23 — —

7 March, —

—

383
394

30 — —
Wood, James (2d),
II October, 1780,

—

373

Wheatley, Phillis,

VIII.

480

28 February, 1776,

III.

440

Woodford, William,

Whitaker,

10 November, 1775,

III.

209

20 December, 1777,

VI.

232

3 March, 1777.

v.

273

White, Alexander,

13 December, 1779,

VIII.

135

17 May, 1795.

XIII.

56

18 — —

—

143

468

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

Vol. Page.

WoosTER, David,

2 September, 1775, III. 107

27 January, — — 381

II March, 1777, V. 280
WoosTER, Mary,

21 May, 1789, XI. 393

Y.

[Index

Vol. Page.

Young, Arthur,

I November, 1787, XI. 178

4 December, 1788, — 340

12 — 1793, XII. 358

MISCELLANEOUS.

Journal of a Survey, 1747-48, I., 1.

To [Dear Richard], I., 7.

To [Dear Friend Robin], I., 7.

Journal to the Ohio, 1753, I., g.
Journal, March-April, 1754, I., 46.
To his Brother, 31 May, 1754, I., 89.
To I., 121.

Memorandum, 15 May, 1755, I., 156.
Memorandum, 30 May, 1755, I., 160.
Advertisement, 13 October, 1755, I.,

202.
Address to Virginia Regiment, 8 Jan-
uary, 1756, I., 219.
Notes on a Journey to Boston, Febru-
ary, 1756, I., 231.
Memoranda on Militia, April, 1756,

I., 269.
Address to Command, August, 1756,

I., 328.
Council of War, Fort Cumberland,

October, 1756, I., 364.
Location of the Forts, I., 371.
Address to Burgesses, December, 1756,

I., 409.
Instructions to Captains, 29 July, 1757,

I., 466.
Journal, 1760, II., 140.
Notes on the Dismal Swamp, October,

1763, II., 194.
Diary for 1768, II., 230.
Session of the Burgesses, 1770, II.,

280.
Journal of a Tour to the Ohio, 1770,

II., 285.
Annapolis Races, 1771, II., 339.
Journey to New York, 1773, II., 382.
Advertisement of Ohio Lands, 1773,

II., 386.
Advertisement of Ohio Lands, 1774,

II., 412.
Session of the Burgesses, 1774, II.,

412.
Virginia Convention, 1774, II., 426.
Continental Congress, 1774, II., 437.
Advertisement, April, 1775, II., 473.

Acceptance of the Command, 1775,

II., 476.
Commission, II., 482.
To Virginia Independent Companies,

June, 1775, II., 489.
To the Generals, September, 1775,

III., 114.
To the General Officers, October,

1775, III., 161.
To the Commanding Officer at New

York, March, 1776, III., 473.
Proclamation on the Evacuation of

Boston, III., 479.
Proclamation against Intercourse with

British, April, 1776, IV., 25.
Proclamation on Oath of Loyalty, 25

January, 1777, V., 20I.
Proclamation on Deserters, 6 April,

v., 307.
To the Commanding Officer at New

Town, 2 June, 1777, V., 411.
To the Brigadier-Generals of Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut, 18 July,

1777, v., 492.
To Council of Officers, 23 September,

1777, VI., 81.
Proclamation on Deserters, 24 October,

1777, VI., 139.
Call for a Council of Officers, 26 Octo-
ber, 1777, VI., 143.
To New Jersey Militia Officers, 20

November, 1777, VI., 213.
Proclamation on Grain, 20 December,

1777, VI., 248.
Address to States South of New York,

18 February, 1778, VI., 382.
Remarks, VI., 384.
Instructions to Commissioners for Ex-
changing Prisoners, 28 March, 1778,

VI., 442.
To the General Officers in Camp, 20

April, 1778, VI., 476.
Plan of Campaign, 1778, VII., 454.
To Court Martial on General Lee,

7 July, 1778, VII., 92.

No. I.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

469

To Officers of Lee's Corps, 30 March,

1780, VIII., 237.
Conference at Hartford, 22 September,

1780, VIII., 447.

To Officer Commanding West Point,
27 September, 1780, VIII. ,^457.

To Officer Commanding British Fleet
at New York, 25 January, 1781,

IX., IIQ.

To the Commissioners for Redressing
the Grievances of the New Jersey
Line, 27 January, 1781, IX., 121.

Conference with Rochambeau at
Weathersfield, May, 1781, IX., 251.

Extracts from Diary, July, 1781, IX.,
297.

Questions and Replies, Washington
and Rochambeau, IX., 307.

Extracts from Diary, July, 1781, IX.,

3"-
Extracts from Diary, July, 1781, IX.,

340-
Questions and Answers, Washington

and De Grasse, IX., 364.
Address to Congress, 27 November,

1781, IX., 417.

To the General Officers, 15 April,

1782, IX., 467.

To the General and Field Officers, ig
April, 1782, IX., 472.

Plan of Campaign, i May, 1782, IX.,
490.

Address to the Officers, March, 1783,
X.. 170.

Conference with Sir Guy Carleton, 6
May, 1783, X., 241.

Address to Congress, 26 August, 1783,
X., 299.

Observations on a Peace Establish-
ment, 8 September, 1783, X., 312.

Farewell Orders to the Army, 2 No-
vember, 1783, X., 330.

Resigning his Commission, 23 De-
cember, 1783, X., 338.

Address to the Virginia Assembly, 28
July, 1784, X., 397.

Address to the Virginia Assembly,
December, 1784, X., 424.

Diary during the Constitutional Con-
vention, 1787, XI., 141.

To , 8 June, 1788, XL, 257.

Inaugural Speech, 1789, XI., 381.

To the Senate on Treaties and Nomi-
nations, 1789, XL, 417.

To the Judges of the Supreme Court,
30 September, 1789. XL, 434.

Speech to Congress, 8 January, 1790,

XL, 456.
Speech to Congress, 8 December,

1790, XII., I.

Address to Cornplanter, 19 January,

1791, XII., 10.

Tothe Cabinet, 4 April,i79i, XII., 43.
Extract from Diary, 12 April, 1791,

XII., 50.
Speech to Congress, 25 October, 1 791,

XIL, 77.
Observations on Wayne's Letter,

XIL, 186.
Speech to Congress, 6 November,

1792, XIL, 205.
Agricultural Papers, XIL, 224.

To the Cabinet, 21 March, 1793, XIL,

273.
To the Cabinet, 18 April, 1793, XIL,

279.
To the Justices of the Supreme Court,

23 July, 1793, XIL, 311.
To the Cabinet, 29 July, 1793, XIL, 313.
Speech to Congress, 3 December,

1793, XIL, 350.

Message to Congress, Spanish Affairs,

16 December, 1793, XIL, 370.
Message to Congress, French Minister,

20 January, 1794, XIL, 403.
Message to the Senate, Nominating

Jay, April, 1794, XIL, 419.
Proclamation to Western Insurgents,

August, 1794, XIL, 445.
Proclamation to Western Insurgents,

25 September, 1794, XIL, 467.
Speech to Congress, 19 November,

1794, XIL, 491.

The General Officers, XIL, 506.

To the Cabinet, 29 June, 1795, XIIL,

59-
To the Selectmen of Boston, 28 July,

1795, XIIL, 74-

Speech to Congress, 8 December,

1795, XIIL, 140.

To the Cabinet, 25 March, 1796,

XIIL, 176.
To the House of Representatives, 30

March, 1796, XIIL, 177.
Farewell Address, 17 September,

1796, XIIL, 277.

Speech to Congress, 7 December,

1796, XIIL, 344.

Message to Congress, 19 January,

1797, XIIL, 368.

Remarks on Monroe's, View of the
Conduct, XIIL, 452-

47°

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

No. II.

LETTERS PRINTED IN SPARKS' EDITION, OMITTED
IN THESE VOLUMES."

A.

Vol.

Page.

Adams, John,

7 January,

1776,

in.

229

27 November

1794,

XI.

I

20 February,

1797.

—

188

21 October,

1798,

—

329

I February,

1799,

—

398

Adams, John Quincy,

20 January,

1799.

XI.

391

Allen, Ethan,

30 August.

1780,

VII.

180

Anderson, Dr.

James,

25 April,

1793-

X.

339

Anderson, James,

3 November,

1798,

XI.

338

Armand, Marquis de

la Rouerie.

28 December,

1779.

VI.

429

6 February,

1780,

—

462

27 November,

VII.

309

13 February,

1782,

VIII.

238

7 October,

1785,

IX.

138

10 August,

1786,

—

1 90

Armstrong, John (2d),

23 February,

1797,

VIII.

566

Arnold, Benedici',

7 June,

1777,

IV.

453

7 May,

1778,

V.

361

30 June,

—

—

421

6 July,

—

—

433

13 December,

—

VI.

138

20 April,

1779,

—

518

28 —

—

519
524

15 May,

—

—

2 June,

—

526

20 July,

—

527

28 March,

1780,

—

493

4 June,

—

VII.

72

5 August,

—

—

144

13 —

—

—

148

21 —

—

168

2 September,

—

—

l8i

14 —
Ash, Samuel,

—

—

204

25 January,

1797,

XII.

238

Athawes, Charles,

8 January,

1788,

IX.

299

B.

Vol.

Barras, Count de,

14 May, 1781, VIII.

Barry, John,

12 March, 1778, V.

Barto.n, William,

7 September, 1788, XII.
Beatty, John,

12 July, 1779, VI.

BiDDLE, Clement,

5 December, 1786, XII.
3 March, 1798, XI.

Bieniewsky, Count de,

l8 March, 1782, VIII.

27 April, — —
BiRON, Duke de,

3 February, 1781, VII.
Blanca, Count de Florida,

ig December, 1785, IX.
Bland, Theodorick,

28 February, 1779, VI.
II August, — —
28 December, 1786, XII.

Boardman, William,
28 July, 1795,

XI.

Bouvinghausen, General,

18 November, 1795, XI.

BowfDoiN, James,

26 April, 1780, VII.

BOWEN, Jabez,

— March, 1781, VII.

Brooke, Robert,

15 September, 1796, XI.

Broughton, Nicholas,

2 September, 1775, III.
BucHAN, Earl of,

20 February, 1796, XI.

Burgoyne, John,

17 December, 1777, V.

Burr, Aaron,

26 October, 1778, VI.

3 April, 1779, —
Butler, Richard,

27 November, 1786, IX.
10 January, 1788, —

3 Apnl, — —

Page.

40

271

297

294

289
226

256
269

394

153

177
318
290

42

92

24

450

172

517
108
190

lOI

213

213
301
341

' Figures refer to the volume and page of Sparks' Writings of Washington.

No. II.] LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

471

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Butler, William,

Congress, President of

24 August, 1778,

VI.

38

21 November, 1776,

IV.

187

10 April, 1777,

—

393

e.

6 June, ■ —

—

450

29 September, —

V.

74

Caldwell, Joseph,

13 January, 177B,

—

214

16 December, 1795,

XII.

213

30 April, —

—

350

Carey, Mathew,

31 May, —

—

393

25 June, 1788,

XII.

296

29 June, —

—

421

Carleton, Sir Guy,

II July, —

—

436

30 July, 1782,

VIII.

.^24

19 August, —

VI.

30

— — —

—

325

4 September, —

—

51

2 October, —

—

352

3 October, ■ —

—

77

6 November, 1783,

—

496

14 — —

—

89

14 — —

—

497

23 — —

—

121

2 December, —

—

500

18 December, —

—

141

Carrington, Edward,

29 January, 1779,

—

171

1 November, 1795,

XI.

90

8 February, —

—

172

Cary, Archibald,

3 March, —

—

182

30 May, 1779,

VI.

263

11 May, —

—

254

Channing, William,

25 — —

—

261

— March, 1781,

VII.

446

16 July, —

—

297

Chastellux, Marquis

DE

16 August, —

—

320

14 December, 1782,

VIII.

366

17 — —

—

324

2 June, 1784,

IX.

47

13 May, 1780,

VII.

31

Clendenen, George,

20 June, —

—

75

25 June, 1790.

XII.

301

20 July, . —

—

115

Clark, George Rogers,

13 September, —

—

203

25 April, 1781,

VIII.

25

31 January, 1781,

—

392

Clinton, George,

21 March, —

—

456

30 September, 17761

IV.

126

4 April, —

—

467

29 May, 1778,

V.

386

5 September, —

—

153

21 July, —

VI.

7

23 — —

—

163

4 March, 1779.

—

183

30 November, —

—

214

3 May, —

—

243

28 August, 1782,

—

338

5 November, 1780,

VII.

281

25 October, —

—

361

19 February, 1781,

—

416

7 March, —

—

391

23 October, 1783,

VIII.

490

17 June, —

—

438

28 December, —

IX.

I

30 — —

—

459

6 March, 1792,

X.

221

2 October, —

—

487

Clinton, Sir Henry,

3 December, —

—

500

9 June, 1778,

V.

397

21 — —

—

502

6 October, 1780,

VII.

234

14 January, 1784,

IX.

7

16 — —

—

553

Cooke. Nicholas,

6 December, 1781,
Clinton, James,
29 May, 1780,
5 June, 1781,

VIII.

VII.
VIII.

215

63
67

7 July, 1777.
31 December, —

CoRNWALLis, Earl,

IV.
V.

484
205

Clough, Alexander,

27 October, 1781,

VIII.

195

25 August, 1778,

VI.

40

Cr^vecceur, Hector St

John de.

Cobb, David,
30 June, 1781,

VIII.

87

9 July, 1787.
10 April, 1789.
Cruger, Nicholas,

IX.

259
490

Congress, Committee
6 October, 1788,

OF,

VI.

85

15 January, 1779.

—

158

18 August, 1793.

XII.

205

472

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

D.

Vol.

Page.

Dandridge, Bartholomew,

8 March, 1797,

XI.

194

Darke, John,

4 April, 1791,

X.

153

Darke, William,

9 August, 1791,

X.

183

Dayton, Elias,

28 May, 1781,

VIII.

58

Dickinson, Philemon,

I August, 1780,

VII.

133

Dinwiddie, Robert,

16 April, 1756,

II.

137

Drayton William,

25 March, 17S6,

IX.

155

18 November, 1789

X.

49

Drayton, William Henry,

12 July, 1778,

V.

439

DuBUYSsoN, Colonel,

10 October, 1780,

VII.

239

I February, 1781.

—

393

DucHfi, Jacob,

10 August, 1783,

V.

482

DuER, William,

6 March, 1777,

IV.

353

Dhmas, General,

24 June, 1797,

XI.

207

Duportail,

19 September, 1778,

VI.

67

15 December, 1779,

—

419

28 May, 1781,

VIII.

57

26 October, —

—

194

19 — 1783,

—

489

4 April, 1784,

IX.

36

DwiGHT, Timothy,

18 March, 1778,

V.

288

E.

Eden, William,

12 June, 1778, V. 401

Edwards, William,

25 March, 1773, II. 369

Ellery, Christopher,

— March, 1781, VII. 446

Ellis, Major,

10 July, 1783, VIII. 460

Erskine, Thomas,

7 July, 1797, XI.

Estaing, Count d',
2 September, 1778,
15 May, 1784,

7 September, 1791,
Ettwein, John,

2 May, 1788, IX. 364

209

VI.

51

IX.

43

X.

187

Vol. Page.

Evans, Israel,

13 March, 1778, V. 275

Fairfax, George William,

25 June, 1786,

IX.

175

Fairfax, John,

31 March, 1789,

XII.

300

Fauquier, Francis,

17 June, 1758,

II.

289

9 December, —

—

325

Fitzgerald, John,

20 November, 1781,

VIII.

209

Fleury, Lewis,

28 July, 1779.

VI.

307

France, King of,

9 October, 1789,

X.

39

Franklin, Benjamin,

28 December, 1778,

VI.

148

22 October, 1781,

VIII.

188

18 — 1782,

—

358

2 June, 1784,

IX.

46

25 September, 1785,

—

131

26 — —

—

131

Franklin, William,

25 July, 1777,

V.

6

Fraunces, Samuel,

7 September, 1785,

XII.

273

Freeman, Thomas,

23 September, 1785,

XII.

275

Frestel, M.,

23 November, 1795,

XI.

96

Fry, Joshua,

29 May, I754i

II.

26

G.

Gates, Horatio,

4 June, 1780,

VII.

71

12 August, —

—

148

G:erard, Joseph Mathias,

18 May, 1779,

VI.

259

12 September, —

—

347

XI.

125

Germany, Emperor of,

15 May, 1796,
Gordon, William,

I January, 1788,
Gosslien, Clement,

23 December, 1789,
Gouvion, Colonel,

21 November, 1780,
Graham, Catherine Macaulay,"'

16 November, 1787, IX. 28a

IX. 295

X. 65

VII. 302

No. II.] LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

473

Vol.

Page.

Vol.

Page.

Grasse, Count

DE,

Hartshorne, William,

24 August,

1781,

VIII.

147

I April, 1789,

IX.

489

22 September,

—

—

162

Harvey, Reuben,

Grayson, William,

23 June, 1783,

VIII.

453

25 April,

1785,

XII.

270

10 August, —

—

453

Greene, Nathaniel,

Haynie, Elizabeth,

22 November,

1777,

V.

162

27 December, 1780,

XII.

263

20 April,

1778,

—

319

Hazen, Moses,

25 June,

1779.

VI.

277

25 January, 1780,

VI.

451

24 January,

1780,

—

450

27 — —

—

454

26 March,

—

—

492

18 May, 1782,

VIII.

297

31 May,

—

VII.

65

Heard, Sir Isaac,

21 June,

—

—

83

2 May, 1792,

I.

546

6 August,

—

_

144

Heath, William,

16 October,

—

—

261

28 December, 1776,

IV.

249

21 March,

1781,

—

456

10 October, 1778,

VI.

88

22 May,

1782,

VIII.

299

8 August, 1780,

VII.

145

18 October,

—

356

14 October, —

—

259

Greene, William,

25 January, 1781,

—

385

27 April,

1782,
H.

VIII.

270

29 — —
23 February, —

z

388
426

24 June, 1783,

VIII.

454

Haldimand, Frederic,

Heintz, Jean de,

30 August,

1780,

VII.

179

21 January, 1784,

IX.

14

12 July,

1783.

VIII.

461

Heister, General de.

Hamilton, Alexander

13 May, 1777,

IV.

418

20 September,

1790,

X.

114

Henry, Patrick,

7 May,

1791.

—

161

30 November, 1785,

XII.

277

I August,

1792,

—

255

Heriot, George,

31 —

—

288

14 September, 1795,

XII.

212

21 September,

—

531

Hollingsworth, Levi,

6 June,

1793.

—

349

20 September, 1785,

XII.

274

14 October,

—

378

Hooe, Robert F.,

2 May,

1794,

—

407

20 November, 1781,

VIII.

209

24 September,

1798,

XI.

304

Hopkinson, Joseph,

10 November,

—

341

27 May, 1798,

XI.

237

12 —

—

344

Houdon, Jean Antoine,

25 June,

1799.

—

439

26 September, 1785,

IX.

132

29 September,

—

456

Howard, John Eager,

26 October,

—

—

460

19 November, 1795,

XI.

^1

27 —

—

—

463

30 — —

—

96

—

—

464

Howe, Robert,

TTT

Hamilton, James,

27 April, 1754,

Hancock, John,

21 July, 1775.

10 August, 1782,
Hand, Edward,

16 November, 1778,

14 January, 1784,
Harrison, Benjamin,

30 December, 1778,
Harrison, Robert Hanson,

10 April, 1779, VI.

25 November, 1789, X.

II.

III.
VIII.

VI.
IX.

36
329

III
9

VI. 150

508
52

28 July, 1779.

— August, —

I June, 1780,

21 — —
25 — —
27 — —

24 July, —

22 January, 1781,

25 June, 1783,
Howe, William,

30 January, 1776.

I December, —

3 March, 1777,

VI.

VII.

VIII.

III.
IV.

305

335

69

84

87

91

121

380

458

523
198
557

474

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Howe, William (Cont.),
23 November, 1777,
14 December, —

Humphreys, David,

22 November, 1780,

14 January, 1784,

2 June, —

Huntington, Countess of.

Vol. Page.

V.

vn.

IX.

1785,

27 February,

30 June, —
Huntington, Samuel,

25 July, 1781,

Hutchins, Thomas,

20 August, 1786,

I.

Imlay, J. H.,

21 November, 1796,
Irvine, William,

4 January, 1780,
12 — —

23 June, 1 78 1,
18 February, 1788,

31 October, —
iRVifiN, Matthew,

20 July, 1789,

J-

Jay, Sir James,

25 January, 1785,

Jay, John,

7 October, 1779,
27 September, 1785,
20 January, 1788,

3 August, —

11 May, 1789,

4 September, 1791,
7 May, 1794,

Jefferson, Thomas,
15 March, 1784,

30 November, 1789,

17 February, 1793,

22 March, —

18 April, —
Johnson, Thomas,

24 August, 1795,
Johnstone, George,

12 June, 1778.
Jones, Joseph,

30 November, 1789,
Jones, John Paul,
15 May, 1781,

IX.

163

188

306
6

45

96
III

VIII. 114
IX. 195

XII. 236

VI. 432

— 442

VIII. 80

IX. 326

— 445

X. 15

IX. 86

VI.
IX.

377
135

X.

309
408

3
186

—

413

IX.
X.

23

54

—

317

328

—

337

XI.

59

V.

402

X.

57

VIII.

44

K.

Knox, Henry,

15 July, 1780,

2 — 1781,

20 April, 1782,

30 — —
8 March, 1787,

20 September, 1790,

2 November, —
15 August, 1792,
26 — —

3 September, —
23 October, 1798,

KOSCIUSZKO, Thaddeus,

3 August, 1780,

31 — 1797,
25 October, —

Lacolombe, M. de,

3 December, 1797,
Lafayette,

31 December, 1777,
20 March, 1778,

22 July, —

29 December
8 May,

Vol. Page.

VII.
VIII.

IX.
X.

XI.

VII.
XI.

V.
VI.

20 —

31 July,

5 August,

8 March,
II —

5 April,
14 —

5 May,
31 —
2g June,

7 September,
4 April,

8 December,
23 —

I September,
25 March,
10 January,
27 November,
14 October
10 June,

1780, VII.

1781,

— VIII.

1784,

1785,
1787,
1788,

IX.

X.

108

94
264
277
235
113
119
265
282
289
334

141
213
219

XI. 222

490

291

8

149

29
46
128
141
447
449
468

13

35

60

86

156

37

77

82

128

240

305

447

45

--, 1789, ... ^3

10 June, 1792, — 234

Lafayette, George Washington,

22 November, 1795, XI. 94

31 March, 1796, —

Lafayette, Mademoiselle,

25 November, 1784, tv

Lafayette, Marchioness

25 November, 1784,

10 May, 1786,

94
118

IX. 74

IX.
IX.

73
165

No. II.]

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

475

Vol. Page.

Lafayette, Marchioness (Cont.J,

13 June, ijqa,

5 — 1795,

Langdon, John,

20 July, 1788,

Lansdowne, Marquis of,

7 November, ijgi,
Lathrop, John,

22 June, 1788,

Laurens, Henry,

l8 December, 1778,

17 February, 1779,
Laurens, John,

28 September, 1779,

8 February, 1782,
Lauzun, Duke de,

10 May, 1783,

Lear, Tobias,

2 August,

Lee, Charles,

30 January,

I April,
30 June,

X.
XI.

1798,

1776,
1777,
1778,

VI.

VI.
VIII.

III.

IV.
V.

Lee, Charles,

19 November,

1795,

XI.

Lee, Henry,

21 January,

1778,

V.

28 June,

1779.

VI.

10 August,

—

—

7 October,

—

—

30 March,

1780,

—

II June,

—

VII.

-July,

—

—

13 October,

—

—

26 July,

1786,

IX.

Lee, Mary,

II October,

1780,

VII.

Lee, Miss Sidney,

15 April,

1784,

IX.

Lee, Thomas Sims,

6 September,

1780,

VII.

22 October,

—

—

25 July,

1794,

X.

Lewis, Andrew

J

6 September,

1755,

IL

Lewis, STEPHE^

,

2 February,

1797,

XII.

Lincoln, Benjamin,

30 September,

1776,

IV.

24 July,

1777,

—

25 October,

—

V.

3 —

1778,

VI.

28 March,

1780,

—

26 July,

—

VII.

350
30

IX. 395

X. 203

IX. 388

140

175

355
5

VIII. 432
XI. 279

273
373
556
557

92

220
280
317
376
497
77
105
545
180

243

40

i86
275
423

240

125
505
"5
74
494
122

Lincoln, Benjamin (Cont.),
II May, 1781, ^

Vol. Page.

1781, VIII.

-. May,

30 December,

10 April,

11 February,
— March,

20 August,
14 —

Linn, James,

21 November, 1790,
Livingston, Robert R.,

29 April, 1794,

16 February, 1795,

Livingston, William

22 February, 1778,
7 December,

1786,
1788,
1789,

1791.
1796,

IX.

39
220

157

322

477

28

185

XII. 236

1 August,
8 April,

Luzac, John,

2 December,
Luzerne,

II May,
14 December,
13 June,
25 April,
24 September,
ig March,
20 August,
5 December,

1779.
1780,
1781,

1797,
1780,

1781,
1782,

1783,
1784,

M.

X.

XI.

V.

VI.

VII.

XI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

McCormick, George,

27 November, 1786, XII
McDougall, Alexander,

31 March, 1778, V

24 October, 1780, VII
McHenry, James,

9 May, 1796,

8 August, —

13 — 1798,

26 September, —

I October, —

15 — —

13 December, —

16 — —

25 February, I799>
7 April, —

13 May, —

6 June, —

7 July, —
12 August, —

5 November, —

406

17

242
129
414
132
471

221

30
324

78
268

349
406

57
75

287

302
278

125
159
290

315
318
322

549
346
360
374
399
416
429
435
445
457
466

476

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Vol.

MclNTosH, William,
8 January, 1788,
McWhir, William,

12 October, 1789,
Madison, James,

II May, 1789,

Magill, Charles,

16 December, 1795,
Malcom, William,

3 May, 1779,

Mandrillon, J.,

25 November, 1784,

29 August, 1788,
Marbois, Barb^ de,
5 May, 1780,

20 June, 1784,

25 September, 1785,
Marshall, John,

26 August, 1795,
8 July, 1796,

15 — —

Marshall, Thomas,

27 March, 1789,
Mathews, John,

25 May, 1780,

19 June, —

Maxwell, William,

5 September, 1777,
Mesmer, Frederick Anthony

25 November, 1784, IX.

MiNOT, George Richards

Page.

300

37

4

213

242

72
421

29

50

130

62

— 143

— 148

IX. 485

IX.

X.

X.

XII.

VI.

IX.

VII.
IX.

XI.

VII.

V.

26 August, 1788,
Monroe, James,

23 February, 1789,
5 June, 1795,

Morgan, Daniel,
13 June, 1777,

16 December, 1795,
10 May, I799>

Morocco, Emperor of
I December, 1789,
31 March, 1791,

Morris, Gouvernehr,

27 November, 1778,
20 April, 1782,
30 — —

28 November, 1788,
25 March, 1793,

Morris, Robert,

4 June, 1781,

28 — —

25 January, 1782,

4 — 1784,

Moultrie, William,

25 May, 1786,

XII.

IX.
XI.

IV.

XII.

XI.

X.

VI.
VIII.

IX.
X.

vin.

IX.

50
80

54

72

297

473
29

461
213
427

60
144

129
264
277
449
333

66

85

230

3

XII. 281

Vol. Page.

Moultrie, William (Cont.).

9 August, 1791, X. 183

10 February, 1793, — 316
28 August, ' — — 366

MousTiER, Count de,

18 October, 1788, IX. 438

1 November, 1790, X. 117

5 September, 1791, — 186

MoYLAN, Stephen,

11 April, 1778, V. 315

21 November, 1780, VII. 303
Muhlenberg, Peter,

15 July, 1779, VI. 297
Muir, James,

24 February, 1794, X. 393
Muse, Battaile,

22 August, 1785, XII. 272
8 March, 1786, — 280

N.

Navarro, Don Diego Joseph,

4 March, 1779, VI. 186
Neville, Presley,

16 June, 1794 XII. 317
Newenham, Sir Edward,

25 December, 1787, IX. 289
20 July, 1788, — 398
— October, 1792, X. 309

Otto, L. W.

5 December,

O.

1785,

IX. 150

Paine, Elijah,

12 December, 1796, XI.

Paine, Thomas,

10 August, 1790, X.

Parsons, Samuel Holden,

10 July, 1779, VI.

18 December, — —
Patterson, William,

20 February, 1793, X. 318

Peabody, Nathaniel,
25 May, 1780, VII.

19 June, — —
Pemberton, Edward,

20 June, 1788, IX.
Peters, Richard,

4 March, 1788, XII.

Peters, Thomas,

4 December, 1786, XII.
Phillips, William,

6 November, 1778, VI.
20 October, 1779,

174
104

291
423

50
80

387

295

105
381

No. II.] LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

477

Vol. Page.

VII.
XI.

Pickering, Timothy,

22 November, 1780,
10 March, 1795,
16 September, —

23 — —
25 March, 1796,

I August, —

9 September, 1798,
I October, —

Pike, Nicholas,

20 June, 1786,

PiNCKNEY, Charles,

29 March, 1791.

PiNCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth,

305

18

69

72

114

158

297

320

IX. 174
X. 146

10 August, 179^.

5 December, —

24 June, 1797,

18 October, 1798,
10 November, —

PiNCKNEY, Thomas,
16 January, 1792,

PoELLNiTZ, Baron de,
29 December, 1789,

23 March, 1790,
PowEL, Samuel,

20 June, 1790,

Powell, Jeremiah,

19 May, 1778,
26 August, 1779,

Pulaski, Count,

3 March, 1778,

24 November, —
8 February, 1779,

Putnam, Israel,
31 July, 1777.

29 April, 1778,

5 July, 1780,

R.

XI. 164

— 173

— 206

— 326

— 341

X. 215

X.

V.
VI.

V.
VI.

V.

VII.

68
81

375
334

250
123
173

345

lOI

Radnor, Earl of,

8 July, 1797, XI. 210

Ramsey, William,

20 November, 1781, VIII. 209

Randolph, Edmund,

I October, 1792, X.

19 June, 1794, —

15 December, — XI.

26 April, 1795, —

— May, — —

29 June, — —
18 July, — —

Reed, Joseph,

26 February, 1776, III.

30 November, — IV.

305
415
2
26
28
31
34

296
536

1777,
i779>

Reed, Joseph (Cont.J,
2g May,

9 February,
12 —

8 May,

15 —

20 —
4 December,

15 February,
Robertson, James

30 September, 1780,
Robinson, John,

23 October, 1754,

Vol. Page.

IV.
VI.

1780, —

II.

Rochambeau, Count de.

19 July,
13 September,
24 June,
27 —

4 July,

19 March,

5 May,
24 June,
16 May,

I December,

31 July,
8 January,

29 —

13 October,

Rogers, Daniel,

2 February, I797i
Rumney, William,

20 November, 1781,
Rumsey, James,

31 January, 1786,
Rutledge, Edward,

5 October, 1778,

6 — 1781,
23 November, 1789,

Rutledge, John,

1780,
1781,

1782,

1784,
1785,
1786,
1788,
1789,

VIII.

IX.

— X.

XII.

17 March,

15 —

31 October,

I July.

1777,
1779,
1781,

1795,

S.

VIII.

XII.

VI.

VIII.

X.

IV.

VI.

VIII.

XI.

538
516

173
247

524

260
528
466

VII. 538

456

466

VII. Ill

81

84
96

259

288

314

44
149

.181

297
465

38
240
209

279

. 82

173

51

366.

201

200

33

St. Clair, Arthur,

I August, 1780,

VII.

134

St. Clair, Sir John,

27 April, 1758,

II.

282

ScAMMELL, Alexander,

17 May, 1781,

VIII.

46

Schuyler, Philip,

15-May, 1776.

III.

390

13 June, I776>

III.

417

478

LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

[Index

Schuyler, Philip (Cont.),

Vol. Page.

25 May, 1780,

VIL

50

19 June, —

—

80

6 November, —

—

283

16 August, 1781,

vin.

129

15 July, 1783,

—

465

21 January, 1784,

IX.

15

Scott, Charles,

27 October, 1778,

VL

lOI

Seagrove, James,

4 September, 1792,

X.

291

Segur, Count de.

I July, 1790,

X.

103

Sheldon, Elisha,

17 December, 1780,

VII.

330

Sinclair, Sir John,

II December, 1796,

XII.

323

Sinclair, Robert,

6 May, 1792,

XII.

303

Smallwood, William,

19 December, 1777,

V.

191

Smith, William,

13 July, 1791,

X.

168

Snickers, Edward,

16 June, 1774,

II.

387

Snyder, G. W.,

25 September, 1798,

XI.

314

SouTHwicK, Solomon,

1 March, 1781,

VII.

446

Spencer, Joseph,

14 December, 1776,

IV.

218

Stark, John,

19 October, 1778,

VI.

93

30 June, 1780,

VII.

97

25 — 1781,

VIII.

82

Steuben, Baron,

9 January, 1778,

V.

213

19 December, —

VI.

147

26 February, 1779,

—

176

II March, —

—

193

22 October, 1780,

VII.

276

10 December, —

317

20 February, —

—

420

9 July, 1782,

VIII.

315

14 April, 1783,

—

417

15 March, 1784,

IX.

25

Stewart, Walter,

22 January, 1778,

V.

222

Stiles, Ezra,

15 May, 1781,

VIII.

45

Stirling, Lady,

20 January, 1783,

VIII.

375

Stirling, Lord,

13 January, 1780,

VI.

444

14 — —

—

447

Sullivan, John,
10 March, 1778,

21 June, 1779,

Vol. Page.

Taft, Mr.,

8 November, 1789,
Taggart, William,

I March, 1781,

Tallmadge, Benjamin,

5 July, 1779,
II November, 1780,
28 — —

8 April, 1781,

Taylor, Thomas,

14 September, 1795,
Telfair, Edward,

20 May, 1791,

Ternant, John,

24 September, 1791,

2 October, —

Ternay, Chevalier de,

6 August, 1780,
Thomson, Charles,

22 January, 1784,
Thruston, Charles Myn,

V.
VI.

266
275

X.

48

VII.

446

VI.
VII.

JIW.

284
292

315

3

XIL 2X2

XII.
X.

VII.
IX.

XII.

199

194
194

145

16

213

174

16 December, 1795
Tichf.nor, Isaac,

12 December, 1796, XI.

Trumbull, John,

31 December, 1795, XI. 105

Trumbull, Jonathan,

4 August, 1775, III.

10 November, 1776, IV.

27 June, 1780, VII.

8 May, 1782, VIII.

Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr.,

15 April, 178 r, VIII.

4 December, 1788. IX.

17 July, 1793, X.

46
170

93
292

14
451
356

Vanderkemp, Francis Adrian,

28 May, 1788, IX. 368

Varick, Richard,

I January, 1784, IX. 2

Varnum, James M.,

18 November, 1777, V. 156

Vaughan, Benjamin,

5 February, 1785, IX. 90

Vaughan, John,

27 April, 1788, IX. 354

Vaughan, Samuel,

12 November, 1787, IX. 281

No. II.] LETTERS AND ADDRESSES.

479

Vol.

Page.

ViOMENiL, Baron de.

7 December, 1782,

VIII.

365

W.

Warren, James,

23 May, 1789,

X.

7

Washington, Bushrod,

12 August, 1798,

XI.

289

Washington, Lawrence,

5 May, 1749.

II.

420

Washington, Mary,

18 July, 1755,

II.

86

Washington, William,

8 January, 1791,

X.

126

Waterbury, David,

I July, 1 78 1,

VIII.

92

Wayne, Anthony,

2 March, 1778,

V.

250

30 July, 1779.

VI.

313

20 — 1780,

VII.

115

21 November, —

—

304

27 — —

—

310

8 April, 1781,

—

472

Weare, Meshech,

10 May, 1781,

VIII.

36

Webb, Samuel B.,

8 January, 1778,
White, Robert,

16 December, 1795,
WiLLARD, Joseph,

22 March, 1781,

23 December, 1789,
WiLLETT, MaRINUS,

24 October, 1780,
Wilson, James,

23 January 1792,
WoLCOTT, Oliver,

I February, 1796,
WoLCOTT, Oliver, Jr.,
4 July, 1796.

6 — —

Wood, James,

12 September, 1796,

Y.

Young, Arthur,
6 August, 1786,
15 November, —

Vol.

Page.

V.

210

XII.

213

VII.
X.

459
64

VII.

278

X.

215

XI.

107

XI.

135
136

XI.

168

XII. 283

— 286

MISCELLANEOUS.

President of the Council of Massa-
chusetts Bay, 7 August, 1775, III.,

55-
Officers of the Navy, 7 August, 1775,

III., 519-
Committee on Long Island, 16 May,

1776, III., 391.
Captain of Governor Franklin s Guard,

30 June, 1776, III., 446.
Officer Commanding at Morristown,

30 December, 1776, IV., 253.
Council of Massachusetts Bay, 13

March, 1777, IV., 361.
Officer Commanding Sheldon's Dra-
goons, 14 April, 1778, v., 315.
Board of Admiralty, 15 March, 1780,

VI., 484.
Board of Officers for the Examination

of Major Andre, 29 September,

1780, VII., 535.
Officer Commanding the New Jersey

Line, 26 January, 1781, VII., 385.
Officer Commanding the New Jersey

Line, 7 February, 1781, VII., 406.

Officer Commanding H. B. M. Ships

of War at New York, 21 August,

1781, VIII., 146.
Yankee Club, Ireland, 20 January,

1784, IX., 13.
Trustees of the Alexandria Academy,

17 December, 1785, IX., 151.
Committee of Congress, 20 April,

1789, X., 461.

Associate Justices, Supreme Court,
30 September, 1789, X., 35.

Associate Justices, Supreme Court, 3
April, 1790, X., 86.

Poetical Society of Leyden, 30 June,

1790, X., 102.

Secretary of the Treasury, pro tern.,

28 August, 1790, X., no.
President of the National Assembly of

France, 27 January, 1791, X., 133.
Governors of Pennsylvania, North

Carolina, and South Carolina, 29

September, 1792, X., 533.
Provisional Executive Council of

France, 24 May, 1793, X., 347.

GENERAL INDEX.

A.

Abercromby, James, Major-General.
Dinwiddie writes to, respecting
Washington, I. 284. Succeeds
Lord Loudoun, II. 31.

Abingdon, Earl of, protest of, V. 396.

Academy, Military, suggested, XIV.
241.

Accounts, Army, III. 372 ; IV. 59,
239 ; V. 360, 497 ; VI. 343.

Adams, John. Quotations from his
Diary,' II. 437-439. In Second
Congress, 477. On choice and
offices of a commander-in-chief,
479, 483 ; III- 2, 142, 327. On
local jealousies, 279. Attends a
council of officers, 356. Meets the
Indians, 375. Favors a bounty,
411. On Lord Drummond's mis-
sion, 423. On receiving the British
Commissioners, 491. On Board of
War, IV. 165. Favors Gates, 173 ;
VI. 4. On Lord Howe's sugges-
tion, IV. 401. Criticises discipline
of the army, 438. On Articles of
War, 452. Desires an annual elec-
tion of general officers, V. 218.
On Lee's proposed conference, 239.
Praises Washington's letter on
prisoners, 318. On quarrels of
officers, 363-405. Appointed to
France, VIII. 87. Commended by
Vergennes, X. 16. A candidate
for the Vice-Presidency, XL 337,
355. On titles, 409. On Paine's
Rights of Man, XII. 37. In, the
election of 1792, 256. Consulted
by Washington on Genet, 402.
Election to Presidency, XIII. 380.
■Nomination of ministers to France,
390. Remarks on speech, 390,
392. Negotiations with France
fail, 494. Invited to Mount Ver-
non, XIV. 13. Command of the
provisional army, 15, 20, 37, 60.
Arrangement of major-generals,

89, 93, 114, 115. Difference
with Washington, 91, 94, 105. On
Dr. Logan's mission, 132. Nomi-
nation of ministers to France
(1799), 156. Announces the death
of Washington, 259.

Adams, John Quincy, Minister to
the United Netherlands, XIII. 91,
99. Inquiries on a sword, 269.

Adams, Samuel, in Second Congress,
II. 477, 479, 481. On army. III.
14, 103, 148. Pay of militia, 304.
Favors bounties, IV. 439. Favors
Gates, VI. 4. Receives Conway,
VII. 19. Delays appointment to
War Office, IX. 132. Votes against
Robert Morris, 132. Defeated,
XL 354.

Addison, Alexander, charge, XIV.
135-

"Additional" Regiments, V. 163 ;
VII. 472.

Address, British, to soldiers, VIII. 292.

Addresses to the Army, IV. 202, 283,
342, 346, 363, 377. 383, 405, 415,
419. 495-

Adet, Pierre Adguste, succeeds
Fauchet, XIII. 59. Conversation
with Secretary of State on British
treaty, 70, 476. Sounded on the
Lafayettes, 138. Did not visit Mt.
Vernon, 214. His letter, 326, 338.
Issues a pamphlet, 359, 370,

Adjutant-General, V. 207, 279, 299,
386 ; VI. 208, 254, 274 ; IX. 42, 53.

Admiralty Courts. See Prizes.

Agnew, James, VI. 99, 113, 127.

Agriculture, in Virginia, X. 468 ; XL
178, 222, 301, 340 ; XIII. 328,
406. Society for, at Philadelphia,
XL 3. Commendation of works
on, XII. 136, 440. Experiments
in, XIII. 112, 231. Correspond-
ence and directions regarding Mt.
Vernon, XII. 222, 358, 374 ; XIII.
6, 154 ; XIV. 217, 222. Thresh-
ing machine, XII. 341.

31

481

482

GENERAL INDEX.

Aides-de-camp, abilities of, III. 229,
249, 367. Rank of, 385 ; IV. 39 ;
VI. 320 ; VIII. 166. Pay of, IV.
40 ; increase asked for, 297 ;
granted, VI. 282. In 1798, XIV.
57> 67. Names of. the commander-
in-chief's, during the Revolution,
432.

Alarm Posts, IV. 86, 99, 200, 336, 494.

Albany, committee of, provides for
holding Ticonderoga, III. 87.
Conspiracy of Tories, IV. 286,
310. Draft of militia, IV. 338.

Alderton Point, III. gg, 197.

Alexander, Robert, a land trans-
action, V. 293 ; VII. 27, 145, 215 ;
XI. 315. A hard creditor, XI. 112.

Alexandria, trustees, II. 211. Reply
to Washington, offering their ser-
vices, II. 490. Alarmed, III. 502.
Celebrates the adoption of Consti-
tution by Virginia, XI. 285. Acad-
emy, 16 ; XIV. 275. Growth and
prosperity, XIII. 499. " Grey-
heads," XIV. 55.

Algiers, treaty recognized, XIII. 141,
346. Building of a frigate for, 240,
244.

Alien and Sedition Laws, XIV. 121,
135.

Aliquippa, an Indian queen, visited
by Washington, I. 39. Arrives in
camp, gi. Requests for her son,
104, n8.

Allan, David, visits Mt. Vernon, II.
387.

Allen, Ethan, III. 87. Capture,
185, ig8. Exchange proposed,
276 ; IV. 310 ; V. 88. Harsh
treatment, 282, 287, 289, 349 ; IV.
285. Sent to England, 309 ; IV.
15. Rank of, VI. 438. Ex-
changed, 463. Visits camp, VII.
20. The Vermont conspiracy, IX.
247.

Allen, Ira, meets the British Com-
missioners, IX. 249. In Philadel-
phia, 440. Cited on Washington's
letter to Chittenden, X. J.57.
Allen, James, on Philadelphia races,

1770, II. 285.
Alliance, frigate, carries Lafayette to
France, VII. 358. Arrives at Bos-
ton, with supplies, VIII. 414.
Alt, Theophilus, sends sword,
XIII. 271.

Alton, John, a servant, sickness, I.
170. Accompanies Washington to
Boston, 231. Mentioned in the
will, XIV. 288.
American, to counteract local attach-
ments, V. 117. On the name,
XIII. 203, 287.

American Character , importance of,
XIII. 120, 231.

Ames, Fisher, elected to Congress,
XI. 354. On Hancock's gout, 446.
Speech on the British treaty, XIII.
208.

Amherst, Jeffrey, General, cap-
tures Ticonderoga, II. 171. Un-
acquainted with Washington, 177.
Commands Virginia, 193. Is suc-
ceeded by Botetourt, 272. Said to
be a commissioner, VI. 497. Con-
quest of Canada recalled, VII. 249,
269, 304.

Ammunition. See Powder.

Amsbury, William, intelligence
from Canada, V. 441.

Anderson, Ephraim, schemes to
destroy British fleet, IV. 251, 303.

Anderson, James, writings acknowl-
edged, XII. 136. Consulted on
renting Mt. Vernon, XIII. 168.

Anderson, James, overseer, consid-
ered for engagement, XIII. 258.
Intention to withdraw, XIV. i.
Directions to, 217.

Anderson, Richard, bequest, XIV.
369.^

Andre, John, a commissioner on
exchange of prisoners, VII. 363.
Demand on the garrison of Fort
Lafayette, 466. Capture, trial, and
execution, VIII. 449, 451-453, 456,
458, 472, 494-

Andriani, Count, strictures on the
United States, XII. ig.

Angell, Israel, Colonel, ordered to
Red Bank, VI. 104, 124.

Annapolis, races, 1771, II. 339.
Convention of States at, 1786, XI.
27, 87, loi, 105.

Antill, Edward, Lieut. -Col., en-
gages in recruiting, V. 156.

Arbdthnot, Mariot, Admiral, ex-
pected to arrive, VIII. 2. Number
and condition of reinforcements
under, 39, 45, 50, 51, 96. Pro-
poses to visit Rhode Island, 61.
Convoys reinforcements for Can-

GENERAL INDEX.

483

Arbuthnot, Mariot — Cont.

ada, 71. Goes to the south, 219 ;
return, 319. Joined by Graves,
345 > 350- Differs from Clinton,
369. Blockades the French fleet,
370 ; IX. 26. On treatment of
prisoners, 120. Pursuit of French
fleet, 140, 180. Engagement with
French, 191.

Archer, Henry W., at Stony Point,
VII. 500.

Arendt, Baron d', in command at
Fort Island, VI. I. At Fort Mif-
flin, 124. Retires for health, 168.
Originates inspectorship, 277.

Armand, Marquis de la Rouerie,
commissioned a colonel, V. 367.
Wishes to raise a new corps, VI.
434. Covers the frontier of Penn-
sylvania, VII. 423. Continuance
of corps recommended, VIII. 489.
Joins Greene, IX. 485 ; X. 74. To
winter in Virginia, 86.

Armorers, rebuked, IV. 150, 170.

Arms, manufacture of, in Virginia,
III. 178. Bad quality, 216. To
be examined, 253. Appraisement
ofi 233, 303. Great want of,
336, 337, 343, 405- Attempts to
purchase, 352, 364, 372, 383, 390,
418, 433. Poor condition of, IV.
87. Taken in Scotch transports,
222. Scandalous waste, V. iig,
192, 256. A supply from France,
262, 301. Deficiency of, 261, 269,
457, 471- Public property, 352.
Great economy required, VIII. 259.
A loan from the French, 352, 363.
Arrivals from France, 415-

Armstrong, John, I. 445. Message
from Washington, 451. In Bouquet's
expedition, II. 54, 111-113. Con-
nected with Land Office, 220, 224,
270. Claims land on the Ohio,
390, 394. Brigadier-General, III.
104, 438. Ordered to Virginia,
463. Recruiting, V. 90. Resigna-
tion, 300. In command of Penn-
sylvania militia, VI. 51, 52. At
Brandywine, 69, 71. A false move,
86. Opposed to attacking Phila-
delphia, 91, 218. At Germantown,
94. Solicited to return to the army,
448. In council of war at Valley
Forge, VII. 8. On Sullivan's ap-
pointment, 457. On national ten-

dencies, XI. 250. Recommendation
to office, XII. 16. On St. Clair's
defeat, iii.

Armstrong, Mark, captured at Fort
Lafayette, VII. 466.

Army, American, conception of, II.
478. Washington takes command,
III. I. Character of, 3, 4, 18, 49.
Profanity forbidden, 5. Strength
of, in July, 5, 22, 45, 61 ; with the
new levies, 60. Disposition before
Boston, 8, 44. In want of tents,
II. Augmented, 28. Arrangement
into divisions and brigades, 32, 66.
Cannot be detached on provincial
service, 51, 108, 135, 292. Dissolu-
tion, December, 1775, 138. The
new army, 161, 173, l8g, 191.
Obstacles to re-enlistments, 204,
208, 215. Enlisting regulations,
189, 220.

The army for 1776, 311, 318, 330.
Slow growth, 339, 342, 356. Militia
called out, 366. Accounts, 372. An
army for the war, 106, 410. Evil
situation, 413. Marches for New
York, 475, 477, 486, 494, 505 ; IV
18,55. Deficiency in arms, 10, 64
Is thanked by Congress, 28. Mur-
murs at distinctions in pay, 45
Riotous behavior, 52, 175, 226, 298
Paymaster-general's accounts, 59,
Weakness, 190, 195. Office for
auditing accounts, 239. Regulations
for health, 236, 288, 316. Uniform,
297. Pay in arrears, 324. Return
of, August, 326, 334. Prevalence
of sickness, 346, 394, 405. Army
for the war urged, 380, 442. Regu-
lation of, 355. Arrangement at
Harlem, 409. Real and feigned
sickness, 423. Dissolution, 421, 439,
466. Difficulty of recruiting, 440.
The army of 1777, 45i, 475, 486,
491. Brigading, 496, 500. Militia
called in while new army forming,
V. 5, 19. Recruiting service, 17,
20, 31. Crosses into New Jersey,
20, 24. Slow arrival of recruits
or militia, 38, 56. Crosses the
Hackensack and Passaic rivers, 50.
Reinforcement from the northern
army, 52. Retreats before Howe,
55, 64, 66. Decreased in numbers,
57, 62. Retreat to Trenton, 71.
Unable to make a stand, 77. Weak-

484

GENERAL INDEX.

Army, American — Cont.

ness of, 60, 84, 108. Militia aid
sought, 86. Increase urged on
Congress, loi, 115. FollowsHowe,
104. Dangerous position, 122, 129.
Strength in December, 130. Crosses
the Delaware, 140. After Prince-
ton, 141. Additional regiments,
141, 164. Necessities of, and
diminution, 181, 184. Recruits
urged forward, ig8, 207, 277. De-
bate in Congress, 243. A call for
militia, 276. Weakness of, 285,
289, 334. Necessity of completing
the quotas, 302. Returns of recruit-
ing service, 321. Amazing delay in
assembling, 337, 345. Indiscrimi-
nate draft suggested, 372. No
detachments for local defence, 355,

374, 381, 383, 392. Disposition of,
384. Accounts, 360. To follow
Howe, 434. Reinforced from
Peekskill, 436. Receives a com-
mittee from Congress, 493. Badly
supplied with provisions, 495.
Auditor of accounts needed, 497.
New recruiting system proposed,
VI. 6. Movements in Jersey, 13.
Pay, 43. Council of War, 48.
Marches to the head of Elk, 50.
Distressed for blankets and shoes,
78,139. Reinforcement from Peeks-
kill, 84. Want of general officers,
102. To obtain strength from Gates,
152,155,159. Obstacles in the way,
207, 211. Distresses of, 209, 220.
Winter cantonment, 233, 255, 261.
Numbers always exaggerated, 237.
Discontent prevalent, 240. Unable
to move, 258. In want of pro-
visions, 253, 257. At Valley Forge,
256. A committee from Congress,
264, 282, 301. Extra pay, 281. A
call to complete quotas, 265, 304.

General situation and needs, 300.
Dreadful distress for provisions, 357,

375, 379- Appeal to the neighbor-
ing States, 382. Army thanked for
its patience, 393. Resignation of
officers, 445, 478, 496. Backward-
ness of recruiting, 448, 467. Weak-
ness, 455. New establishment, 465.
Spurious resolves, 474, 493. Jeal-
ousy of Congress, 485. Proofs of
patience and obedience, 487. Must
act on the defensive, VII. 8. Wants

of, 22, 37. Embarrassed by sick
and stores, 24. Delayed regulation
and disadvantage, 32, 35, 60, 93,
210. Movement on British evacuat-
ing Philadelphia, 15, 24, 28, 70, 73,
76, 78. Monmouth, 83. Hard
march from Englishtown, 88. To
reach the North River, 94. To
move on New York, 100. At
White Plains, 109. Proposed dis-
position, 186, 212, Expense of,
208. On completing the battalions,
226. Declineof interest, 243. Dis-
position for the winter, 277.

The army for 1779, 309, 317.
Army and civil power, 349. Gen-
eral plan for recruiting, 363, 434.
Divided condition, 404. Critical
situation, 456. Appeal to the States,
458. Movement, 464, 471. Faint
hope of an army, 485, 505. Winter
quarters, VIII. no, 123. State of,
no. Measure for filling, 114.
Critical situation. 130, 138. Appeal
for provisions, 155, 158, 183. Dis-
charges from necessity, 175. Army
on paper, 182. Force for the cam-
paign, 193. Returns ordered, 196.
Circular-letter on completing, 202.
Plan of specific supplies, 215, 225.
Strength in April, 1780, 235. Dis-
satisfaction general and alarming,
243. Committee from Congress,
245. Reduced to an extremity,
284, 288, 293. Circular on quotas,
303. Movements of, 320. Supplies
from women, 322. Distresses, 333.
Moves on New York, 364, 366,
369. Need for decisive action,
383, 387- Standing army urged,
393i 463. Dissolution and conse-
quences, 398. Control of Congress,
399. Distressed for provisions,
405, 410, 421. Unable to act, 417.
A new arrangement, 466, 482.
Circular to States, 502.

Army for the war, IX. 27, 32.
Winter quarters, 41, 53, 62. Dis-
tress and mutiny, 87, 91, 93, 96,
100, 117, 121. Establishment
should be permanent, 174. Re-
duced by detachments, 181, 195.
Slow accretion, 207. Movements,
towards New York, 295, 329. In-
complete, 325, 352. Its march to
Virginia, 330, 337, 341, 354, 356.

GENERAL INDEX.

48s

Army, American — Cont.

Reduction of, 347. Disposition
before York, 393. March to the
northward, 402. Circular-letter to
States, 436, 454. Measures for fill-
ing, 461. Condition in April, 1782,
484. Progress of recruiting, X. 5.
To be supplied by contract, 17, 31,
128. Reduction, 35, 272. Moves
to Verplanck's Point, 73. Discon-
tents, go. Relation to civil author-
ity, 98. Quartered at New Wind-
sor, 114. Address to Congress,
117. Temper and disposition, 117,
164. Time to arrange the army,
146, 194. Rumored combinations,
175. 185. Accounts, 182, 207.
Provision for, 204, 260. Question
of disbanding, 207, 215, 230, 250,
254. Disposition of, 219, 225.
Cessation of hostilities, 221, 226.
Letters on redress, 251. Peace
establishment, 291, 312. Farewell
orders, 330.

Army, Northern, IV. 502. No re-
lief for, V. 218. To be reinforced,
193, 222, 227, 232. Condition un-
der Sullivan, 248, 261, 269. Under
Gates, 176, 282, 343, 350. Impar-
tiality towards, 376. Intelligence
of, 433, 461, 472, 504, 508, 522.
Declines to appoint a commander,
VI. 3. Evacuation of Fort Ed-
ward, 5. Why it cannot be
strengthened from main army, 9.
A detachment sent forward, 33.
Disposition of, 181. Ready aid
given by inhabitants, 192. To re-
cover posts on North River, 234.

Army, Southern, department formed,
III. 438. More prosperous than
could have been anticipated, VIII.
205. Detachment for, 219, 234.
Expedition against St. Augustine,
246. A permanent force needed,
441. Instructions to Greene, IX.
g. Progress of the enemy, 18. A
flying army, 25. Reconquests to
be made, 57. Distress of troops,
98. Morgan's victory, 145. Cam-
paign in, 172, 210, 220. Difficul-
ties, 265. Progress against Corn-
wallis, 298, 318. Lafayette to
reinforce Greene, 322. Aid from
the north, 335, 356. Design upon
Wilmington, 391, 394, 400. Aid-

ing Greene, 441. Needs and dis-
tress, 462. Difficulty of reinforcing,
480. Mutiny, X. 43. Subject to
orders of Congress, 73. An end,
85, 122.

Army, British, situation and strength
in Boston, III. 8, 44. Reinforced,
46. Inactivity of, 62, 75, 145.
Prepares for winter, 145, 177. A
possible movement, 226. Can
hardly remove from Boston, 238.
Reinforced in 1776, 314, 339, 374.
Regulations, 335. Insufficient to
attack, 353. A detachment, 370.
Embarkation, 433. Arrives at
New York, IV. 195, 216. Rein-
forcements expected, 230. Lands
on Staten Island, 234. Strength
of, July, 292. Joined by southern
detachment, 325. Prepares to at-
tack New York, 335. Moves into
New Jersey, V. 50, 54, 57, 60, 62,
64, 71, 75, 80, 83, 89, 100, 142.
Retreat, 154, l6o, 197. A push in
prospect, 240. Prepares for the
campaign of 1777, 320. Threatens
the North River, 338, 344. Ad-
vances to Somerset Court House,
433, 444, 450. Excursion to West-
field, 452. Retires, 459. Em-
barkation, 462. Perplexing move-
ments, 467, 470, 502, 515. Sails
for the south, 507. Lands near
Elk, VI. 51. Advances on Phila-
delphia, 80, 126. Strength, 160.
Evacuates Philadelphia, VII. 53.
Desertions, 88. Leaves New Jer-
sey, 93. Movements at New York,
164, 176, 196, 220, 226, 339. Plans,
385, 436. Operations in 1779, 464,
482 ; VIII. 71. Reinforcements,
188., Force, 486. Evacuates New
York, 334.

Army, Provisional, XIV. 16. Gen-
eral officers suggested, 41. Ap-
pointments, 68. Country divided
into districts, 80. Delays in re-
cruiting, 103, 153- Plot to dis-
rupt, 104. Characters applying,
117.

Arnold, Benedict, detached to
Canada, III. no. Instructions,
121, 124. Extent of command,
155. Intelligence from, 166. Prog-
ress in his attempt on Quebec, 169,
176. Anxiety for, 184, 198, 206.

486

GENERAL INDEX.

Arnold, Benedict — Cont.
Journal, 207.' Abandoned by Enos,
226, 232, 242. Near Quebec, 245,
251. At Point Levi, 267. Hopes
of success, 282, 2gi. News of,
308. Defeat, 349, 369. Blockade
raised, 375. Sympathy for, 379.
Proof of ability, 396. Appointed
a brigadier-general, 194. Near
Montreal, IV. 114, 117. Sullivan
seeks the command, 156. Fitting
a fleet on Champlain, 182, 282.
Agreement with Forster, 259, 357,
432, 476. Only brigadier in the
department, 322. Urged for com-
mand, 344. Destruction of his
fleet, 502. In Connecticut, V. 85.
Ordered to New London, 94 ; to
Rhode Island, 96, 121. Prepares
to attack, 224. Passed over by
Congress, 270, 304. At Danbury,
347. Deserved promotion, 350. To
come to PeekskUl, 352. Dissatis-
faction of, 362. On the Delaware,
434. 435- Recommended for the
northern department, 474, 490, 501,
522. Suggests sending him to Fort
Schuyler, 512. Question of rank,
VI. 16, 289. Appointed to com-
mand in Philadelphia, VII. 69.
The Navy, and loss of money, 130.
Trial of, 417. Suggested for West
Point, VIII. 327. Instructions, 372.
Treason, 449, 473, 493, 499. Plan
to capture, IX. 4. Detached to the
south, 86. To be opposed by the
French, 137, 140, 144, 153, 160.
To be reinforced, 165. May escape,
178. Failure to capture, 201, 211.

Articles of War, subscription to, III.
138. To be read weekly, IV. 52.
Amended, 424, 447, 451. Altera-
tions suggested, VI. 350, 375.
Improper gradation of punishments,
IX. 126.

Artificers, a regiment of, IV. 308,
480.

Artillery, command of. III. 205.
Should be increased, IV. 285 ; V.
26, 112. The new corps, 230,
Discontent over the French officers,
413. Casting of pieces, 479. Ar-
rangement, VI. 343 ; VII. 137.
Estimate, IX. 146.

ASGILL, Charles, Captain. Selected
for retaliation, X. 23, 27, 38. Spun

out to a great length, 82. Inter-
cessions for, 8q, 105. Released,
105, 114, 132. No insults offered
to, XI. 39. Papers on his case,
60, .98.
AsHBY, John, Captain, I. 198, 250,.

335-

AsHTON, Ann, XIV. 294, 428.

AsHTON, Burdet, XIII. 442.

Askew, John, II. 187.

AsKiN, John, XIII. 423.

Aspinwall, William, a surgeon^
III. 275.

Assessment bill in Virginia, X. 506.

Assize bill in Virginia, XI. 13.

Association, 1769, II. 268. 1770, 282,
284, 338. 1774, 413, 427. Of
Boston, III. 194. Of Pennsyl-
vania, IV. 330 ; V. 55, 223.

Associators, Loyal American, III. 224.

Assumption of State Debts, XI. 482,
486 ; XII. 326.

ASTYARIX, an Indian, VII. 71.

Atkin, EbMUND, disapproves scalp
bounties, I. 388. General agent,,
442. Mismanagement, 445, 461.
Imprisons some Indians, 463, 470,
476. Takes the interpreter, 493,
Agency, II. 24.

Auctions, directions for buying at,
XI. 89.

Auditors of accounts, VI. 343.

Augsburg, Congress at, 1758, II. 179.

Austin, Ebenezer, steward. III. 3.

Ayloffe connection, XIV. 358.

B.

Babcock, Henry, Colonel, suggested
■ for brigadier-general. III. 260.

Bache, Benjamin Franklin, abuse
by, XII. 310, 474; XIII. 183, 229,
245, 427, 495.

Bache, Mrs. Sarah, thanks for con-
tributions, IX. 113.

Badgeley, Isaac, case of, X. 3.

Bailey, Doctor, gives information on
French fleet, XIII. 332.

Baker, James, Lieutenant, mission to
Indians, I. 402. Sent with a party
to Logstown, 446. Encounters the
Indians, 447. Against promotion,
II. 28.

Baker, George, on genealogy of
Washington, XIV. 321.

GENERAL INDEX.

487

Baldwin, Loammi, assistant engi-
neer, ordered to Canada, IV. 35.

Ball, Surges, Colonel, XIV. 295,
429.

Ball, Joseph, XII. 432.

Ballard, Robert, prosecuted, VIII.

134-
Balls fixed on nails, IV. 434.
Bank of the United States, XII. 18,

51-

Bank, Philadelphia, VIII. 331, 336,
350.

Bank Stock, in England, IV. 72 ; XI.
46.

Barber, Francis, Colonel, on con-
dition of troops at Ticonderoga, V.
176. Inspector, VI. 506. Death,
X. 220.

Barclay, Thomas, consul to Moroc-
co, XII. 29, 278.

Bard, Samuel, Doctor, cited, XI.
402.

Barlow, Joel, recommended, XI.
265. Consul to Algiers, XIII.
460.

Barnet, William M., Doctor, re-
moved, VI. 61.

Barney, Joshua, Captain, brings
articlesofpeace,X. 184. Commands
miniature ship, federalist, XI. 272.

Barrack regulations, IV. 22, 57.

Barras, Louis, Count de, objections
to a proposed expedition to the Ches-
apeake, IX. 251, 323. Detained in
Newport, 259. Holds a council of
war, 268, 281. Demands to know
the plan of campaign , 308 . Intends
an operation gainst Newfoundland,
341 . Anxiety for, after sailing from
Newport, 358. Junction with Grasse,
361, 362. Member of the Cincin-
nati, X. 326.

Barrell, William, supplies tents,
III. 472.

Barrington, Major, captured with
Prescott, V. 487.

Barry, John, Captain, naval success,
VI. 417.

Barry, land transaction, IX. 414 ; X.
267.

Barton, Thomas, Colonel, attempt
to surprise Paramus, V. 369.

Barton, William, .Lieutenant-Colo-
nel, captures Prescott, V. 487.

Barton, for judge of western terri-
tory, XI. 416, 420.

Bartram, William, botanist, XI. 146.
Bassett, Burwell, values stock,

VIII. 168; IX. 476. Death of,

XII. 257, 268, 277.
Bassett, Frances, engagement and

marriage, X. 455, 467, 481 ; XI.

9 ; XIV. 429.
Bassett, Miss, death noticed, II. 380.
Bastille, key of, XI. 493.
Bath, warm springs, II. 180; XIV.

305.
Baton Rouge, capture by Spanish,

VIII. 205.
Battalion, composition of, VI. 314.
Bayard, James Asheton, taken

prisoner, VI. 291.
Bayard, Samuel, agent in England,

XII. 484, 503.
Bayley, Jacob, arrives at Cambridge,

III. 68. On road to Canada, IV.

60. Questions on a move upon

Canada, VII. 191, 398.
Baylies, Hodijah, aide-de-camp,

XIV. 433.
Baylor, George, aide-de-camp. III.

77 ; XIV. 432. Character, 229,

368. Goes into the artillery, 463.

Carries to Congress the news of

Trenton, V. 135. Appointed to

the horse, 158, 194. Shares in a

privateer, VI. 197. Attacked at

Herrington, VII. 204. Winter

quarters, 1778-79, 278.
Baynton, John, receives land grant,

II. 328.
Beale, Alexander, captain at Fort

Frederick, I. 455.
Beall, Rezin, Brigadier-General, V.

36, 42.
Beatty, John, Major, VIII. 33.

Instructions, 54.
Bebee, Martin, clerk, IV. 90.
Beckley, John, XII. 37.
Beckwith, George, British agent,

XI. 496, 502 ; XII. 31-
Bedel, Timothy, Colonel, III. 377-

Defeat at Cedars, IV. 114, 117, 127.

Cashiered, 153.
Bedford, Gunning, Muster-Master-
General, V. 235.
Bedford, N. ¥., skirmish near, VII.

484.
Belknap, Jeremy, visits camp. III.

180. Dictionary, XIV. 11.
Bell, David, Captain, sent to Cox^s

fort, I. 321, 322.

GENERAL INDEX.

Bell, Captain, intelligence, V. 174.

Bells, from New York churches, IV.
398.

Belvoir, ruins, XIII. 498.

Bemer, stops Indians, I. 381.

Benson, Egbert, X. 244. Com-
missioner on boundaries, XIII.
345.

Bergen, attempt upon, V. 469.

Berlin, embassy to, VI. 223.

Bermuda, attempt to secure powder
from. III. 55, 81, III, 133, 188.
Address to, no. Flour for, VI.
424.

Berry, John, enlistment, II. 22.

Betts, Azor, Doctor, IV. 90.

BiDDLE, Clement, waits on New
Jersey legislature, VIII. 214.

Bienville, Celeron de, I. 9.

BiGELOw, John, Major, sent to Bur-
goyne, IV. 356.

BiGELOW, Timothy, Major, with
Arnold, III. 226.

Billings, Captain, killed in mutiny,
IX. 90.

Billingsport, defences of, VI. 19, 93,
100.

Bird, Colonel, destroys Peekskill, V.
298.

Bishop, Thomas, servant, I. 231 ;
II. 145 ; XIV. 287.

Black, William, a business transac-
tion, II. 398. On raising troops,
445-

Blackburn, Captain, XIV. 135.

Blackburn, Anne, XIV. 429.

Blaine, Ephraim, VI. 137, 358.

Blair, John, president of council, II.
I. Orders out militia, 38.

Blair, John, a federalist, XI. 255.
On judiciary, 433. Resigns, XIII.
164.

Blanchard, Claude, visits Wash-
ington, IX. 179.

Bland, Richard, in Continental
Congress, II. 427. In Virginia
convention, 464. Historical collec-
tions, XIV. II.

Bland, Theodorick, Colonel, on
bounty, V. 219. Purchasing horses,

VI. 397. Winter quarters, 1778,

VII. 278. On claims of army, X.
203, 206. Complains of pomp, XI.
485, 488.

Blankets, great want of. III. 293 ■ VI
• 74, 78, 184.

Blodget, Samuel, Jr., plan of capi-
tol, XII. 171. Superintendent of
Federal city, 212. Suggestion for
selling lots, 214. Conduct unsatis-
factory, 407. Lottery, 427, XIII.
342.
Blount, William, confers wfith In-
dians, XII. 156, 173. In Spanish
negotiations, XII. 134. Treason-
able conduct, 401, 413.
Board of War and Ordnance, III.

358.
Boat, Rumsey's, X. 445, 499 ; XI.

187.
Bollman, Erick, attempts to liberate

Lafayette, XIII. 170.
Bompard, citizen, XII. 323, 331.
Bond, Thomas, Doctor, V. 324.
Bonhamton, British at, V. 60.
Bordentown, British at, V. 80. Navy
Board at, VI. 145. Destruction of
vessels, VII. 7.
BORDLEY, John Beale, XIII. 413 ;

XIV. 193.
Bosomworth, Abraham, Captain,

confers with Indians, II. I2, 25.
Boston, situation and disposition of
army. III. 8. Hardships of in-
habitants and British, 30, 45, 119,
20g, 252, 261, 284. Inhabitants
released by Gage, 67, 69. A pro-
posed assault, 114, 178. Situation
before, 171, 178, 199. Association,
194. Plan to blockade harbor, Ig6.
Inhabitants sent out by Howe, 20g,
240, 243. Works of fortification,
223, 240, 251, 286. Bombardment,
415, 425, 429, 448, 461. Embarka-
tion of the British, 451, 473, 504.
Evacuation, 455, 467, 475, 479,
485 ; IV. 14. Occupation, III.
472, 480, 484. Defence after occu-
pation, 482, 489, 494 ; IV. 54.
Refugees and crown property, III.
482, 489, 505 ; IV. 5. Vessels
taken. III. 488, 493. French fleet
to rendezvous, VIII. 382. OnBritish
treaty, XIII. 71, 73. Reply, 74.
Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley,
Baron, dissolves Assembly, II. 268.
"Junius " upon, 272. Favors Ohio
grant, 367.
Boucher, Jonathan, tutor of Custis,
II. 257, 269. Change of parish,
323. On Washington, 257. His
book, XIV. 74.

GENERAL INDEX.

489

BouDiNOT, Elias, Commissary of
prisoners, V. 299. Money for, 348.
Has represented wants of prisoners,
VI. 194. Mistake in interpreting
Howe's order, 297. Commissioner
on cartel, 442, 491. Conjecture on
enemy's movement, VII. 62. On
Washington, 86. President of Con-
gress, X. 146, 299. Suggested for
commissioner to Indians, XIII. 73.
Director of the Mint, 106.

BOULLIE, Marquis de, captures St.
Eustatia, IX. 430. Arrives at Ha-
vanna, X. 124.

Boundaries of Indians, II. 221.

Bounties, for scalps, I. 388. On flax
and hemp, II. 206. For recruits,
III. 264, 266. Opposition from
South, 279. Separate colonial, 351.
John Adams on, 411. To Indians,
for captives, IV. 168. For inlist-
ments for three years, 194, 228, 302.
Order against double, 295. Land,
380, 467. High, for militia, 439.
For the war, 441. Prompt pay-
ment, 486. Additional State, V.
17, 30, 115, 141, 213, 230, 268.
Double, 225. Extravagant, 301.
To deserters, 351. In 1778, VII.
178. Half in coin, 179. Inefifec-
tual, 227. An increase suggested,
318. State, 366, 432. Land, VIII.
97. New Jersey act, 223. On
cotton and hemp, XII. 84.

Bouquet, Henry, Colonel, detailed
to Charleston, I. 431. In command
at Raystown, II. 39. Approves
dress, 48. Gives Washington leave
to attend election, 52. Determines
on new road, 56. Confers with
Washington, 59, 60, 72, 74. On
rank of governors, 83. Sends flag
to Du Quesne, 104. Anxiety for,
192.

BowDOiN, James, on trade with In-
dians, II. 123. Consulted in camp,
III. 173. Intelligence from, IV.
332. On Halifax, VIII. 270.

Bowie, John, application to consult
papers, X. 372.

Bowles, William Augustus, in
Spanish intrigues, XII. 159, 172.

Box, Daniel, brigade- major. III.
106.

Boyd, Alexander, paymaster, I.
308, 320, 323, 474 ; II. 109.

Braddock, Edward, General, in-
vites Washington to enter his
family, I. 141, 146. 'Meets the
governors, 150. Opinion on route,
151. At Fort Cumberland, 153.
Council of war, 160, 165. Loses
patience, 161. Defeat, 171. Death,
172, 174. Overthrow recalled, II.
9. 257-

Braddock' s road, history of, II. 63.

Bradford, Thomas, IX. 121.

Brandywine, battle of, VI. 68, 83,
147.

Brant, Joseph, VII. 462, 481. De-
feated at Newtown, VIII. 49.
Visits Philadelphia, XII. 134. In-
trigue of, 173, 185, 189.

Brattle, James, spy. III. 319.

Braxton, Carter, against indepen-
dence, IV. 4.

Bread and butter ball, II. 149.

Brearley, David, appointed chief-
justice of New Jersey, VIII. 399.

Brewer, Jonathan, III. 223 ; IV.

57-

Brewer, Samuel, brigade major, III.
106.

Brewster, Caleb, Captain, VIII.
59. Wounded, X. 115.

Bridges, XIII. 167.

Brigade Majors, III. 66, 106 ; V. 319.

Brindley, engineer, XI. 22.

Brisco, Doctor, trespasses, II. 393,
410 ; X. 352.

British Army. See Army, British.

British Commissioners. See Recon-
ciliation.

British Debts. See Debts.

British Fleet. See Fleet, British.

British Ministry. See Ministry,
British.

British Treaty. See Treaty, British.

Broadwater, Charles, II. 418, 420.

Brodhead, Daniel, Colonel, defeats
Indians, VIII. 86. Want of pro-
visions at Fort Pitt, IX. 7.

Bronaugh, William, Captain, on
frontier, I. 398.

Brooks, John, Lieutenant-Colonel,
justified, VI. 440. Appointed
brigade-inspector, 506. Mentioned
for command, XII. 512 ; XIV.

Broughton, Nicholson, Captain,
sent to the St. Lawrence to cruise,
III. 175, t88, 227, 261.

49°

GENERAL INDEX.

Brown, Gustavus R., Doctor, XIV.
247, 257.

Brown, John, III. 56. Arrested,
VI. 214.

Brown, John, Spanish intrigues in
Kentuclcy, XI. 275 ; XII. 451, 504.

Brown, Montford, Governor, cap-
tured, IV. 15. Exchanged, 431.

Brown's house, affair at, III. 8.

Brown, pardoned, VI. 3.

Brunswick, Washington retreats to,
V. 50, 67, 86. British at, 6g, 175.
Attack suggested, 393. British
move from, 433, 440, 447, 450, 454.

BucHAN, Earl of, portrait of Wash-
ington for, XII. 330. Box re-
turned, XIV. 284.

Buchanan, John, Colonel, accom-
panies Washington to Voss's, I.
356. Conducts him up Jackson's
river, 374, 385.

Buckner, MoRDECAi, Ensign, I. 230,
364. Colonel, under arrest, V. 206,
222, 236.

BuLLEN, Catawba warrior, scheme to
bring in Indians, I. 444. Killed,
II. 82, 93.

BULLIT, Thomas, Colonel, at Fort
Dinvifiddie, I. 292. Recommended.
300. Requests aid, 359, 377. Suc-
ceeds Lewis, II. 10, 22. Conduct
in Grant's defeat, 99, 102, 104,
Dunmore's agent, 352.
Bunker's Hill, return of killed and
wounded. III. 20, 38, 43, 45.
Cowardice of officers, 31 ; XIV.
311. Effect in England, III. 158.
Buildings destroyed, 329, 333, 345,
413-
BuNNER, Rudolph, Lieutenant-
Colonel, killed at Monmouth, VII
84, 87.
BuRBECK, William, Lieutenant-
Colonel, dismissed the service, IV.
77-
BuRGOYNE, John, on employment of
Indians, III. 48. Drafts reply to
Washington, 79. On supplies, 84.
On inactivity, 116. Embarks for
England, 244, 252. Returns with
an army, IV. 170, 193. Expedi-
tion down the lake, 235. Operates
against Ticonderoga, V. 459, 461,
474- Advance, 488, 504. Wants
more men, 510, 512. Abandoned
by Howe, 520. May be checked.

VI. 9, 33, 44. Surrender, 114,
128, 149, 154, 165. Requests re-
specting embarkation, 189, 225,
245. Detained by order of Con-
gress, 283, 293, 369. Acknowledg-
ment to Washington, 412. Sails,
502. Exchanged proposed, IX.
24, 147, 218, 274. For Mr. Lau-
rens, 332. 444.
Burke, jEdanus, on Cincinnati, X

387.
Burke, Edmund, on Indian allies,

VI. 422. Out of office, X. 77.
Burke, Thomas, summary of debate

in Congress, V. 243.
Burlington, British at, V. 84, 97.
Burnet, William, IV. 158.
Burney, Thomas, I. 76.
Burr, Aaron, Lieutenant-Colonel,
recommend to Washington, III.
70. On British treaty, XIII. 59.
Burrall, Charles, Colonel, III. 377.
Eurrass [Thomas Burris ?], I. 335..
Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel, I. 160,

167. Wounded, 172.
Burwell, Carter, I. 147.
BusHKiRK, Abraham, Lieutenant-
Colonel, V. 369 ; VIII. 162, 180.
Bushnell, David, scheme to destroy

ships, X. 504.
Butler, James, XII. 252, 375.
Butler, Richard, Colonel, com-
mended in mutiny, IX. 88, 94.
Indian commissioner, X. 425.
Commands levies against Indians.
XII. 25.
Butler, Thomas, Colonel, at Mon-
mouth, VII. 81.
Butler, Walter, tory, VII. 462,

481 ; VIII. 49.
Butler, William, Lieutenant-Colo-
nel, sent against Indians, VII.
225.
Butler, Zebulon, Colonel, IX. 87.
Butterfield, Major, cashiered, IV.

153.
Butts Hill, works on, VIII. 413.
Byrd, Otway, III. 170.
Byrd, William, appointed commis-
sioner to Indians, I. 208. Com-
mands Virginia regiments, II. 14.
Arrives at Fort Cumberland, 43.
Illness, 88, 94. Lottery, XIV. 282.
Byron, John, Admiral, arrives, VII.
183. State of fleet, 188. May
attack Boston, 238.

GENERAL INDEX.

491

Cabal, Conway's, VI. 353, 356, 452 ;
VII. 39 ; VIII. 139.

Cabot, George, on young Lafayette,
XIII. 103.

Cadwalader, John, V. 6. Position
of corps, 90. Brigadier, 127.
Strength of force, 130. On the
attack on Trenton, 134, 136. At
Crosswicks, 142, 147. Recom-
mended for brigadier, 193, 247,
278. Called on for aid, VI. 59. In
council of war, 91. Marches against
enemy, VII. 74. For the cavalry,
140. Regrets retiring, VIII. 469.
Controversy with Reed, X. 78.

Cadwalader, Lambert, Colonel, at
Fort Washington, V. 35. Released,

44-

Caghnatoaga Indians, III. 349, 374,
391 ; IV. 494.

Caldwell, James, announces expec-
tation of Howe's arrival, V. 70.

Call, Richard, Major, charges
against, VII. 349 ; XII. 161.

Callbeck, Philip, Governor of St.
Johns, III. 261.

Callender, John, Captain, court-
martial, III. 31.

Calvert, Benedict, marriage of
Custis to his daughter, II. 376, 381.

Cambridge. See Boston.

Camden, Lord, VI. 391.

Camden, battle of, VIII. 422, 427,

434, 473.

Cameron, Allen, capture of. III. 295.

Cameron, Sergeant, suspected spy,
VI. 441.

Camp, regulations. III. 5, 252.

Campaign, plan of, 1778, VII. 44 ;
1779, 185, 310, 319 ; 1780, VIII.
193 ; 1782, X. 124.

Campbell, Alexander, fictitious
portrait of Washington, III. 397.

Campbell, Archibald, Lieutenant-
Colonel, taken prisoner, IV. 169,
198. Lists of regiments, 432. Ex-
change negotiated, V. 169. Sever-
ity of confinement, 254. Resolve
of Congress, 258, 266, 292. De-
tention of, for Lee, 395, 430.
Exchange offered, 487 ; VI. 16,
371, 415. Allen set against, 439,
463 ; VII. 20. Retreat from Au-
gusta, Ga., 370. Taken at George-

town, IX. 172. In conference on
cartel, X. 75.

Campbell, Arthur, Indian news,
XII. 173.

Campbell, Donald, Colonel, III.,,
359 ; IV. 340.

Campbell, Henry, crimes, I. 282.

Campbell, Matthew, purchases, II.
354-

Campbell, Mungo, Lieutenant-Colo-
nel, VI. 130.

Campbell, General, on Staten Island,,
VI. 229, 241.

Campbell, Mr., I. 136.

Canada, conquest in 1758, II. 171,,
179. Disposition of. III. 48, 167.
Expedition to, 88, no, 116, 120.
Instructions, 121. Address to, 126,
157. Expedition set out, 144.
Landing at St. John's, 155. Ques-
tion of Wooster's rank, 169. Prog-
ress, 184. State of province, 198.
Suggested delegates to Congress,,
239. Congress send a committee,
239. Howe's fears for, 260. Army
for, 334> 356- Repulse, 358, 361.
Army reinforced, 369, 376, 384.
Lee chosen to command, 438.
Further reinforcements, IV. 14, 18.
Change in the attitude of the peo-
ple, 29. Need of a large reinforce-
ment, 47, 56. Road to, 60. Intel-
ligence from, 81. Commissioners
from Congress, 83. Melancholy-
situation, 84, 102. Congress re-
solves to increase force, 108. Plan
of campaign, no. Defeat of Ar-
nold, III. Deplorable condition
of army, 119. Sullivan's flattering
reports, 147. Money for, 166.
Further misfortunes, 170, 174.
Nothing but evacuation, 182. Re-
treat, 191, 197, 205. Distressing
situation, 2ig. Proposed expedi-
tion to, 1778, VI. 297. Failure,
410, 437. Political position, VII.
38. Scheme for invading, 191,.
200, 239, 260, 265, 286, 304. Set
aside, 380, 394, 409. Secret emis-
sary, VIII. 141. Proclamation,
280. Threatening assembly at
Montreal, 289. Military move-
ments, IX. 261, 284. And Ver-
mont, 427. Plan of campaign,
1782, 4gi. No fear of an invasion
from, X. 99. Indians, XII. 32.

492

GENERAL INDEX.

Canal, Ohio, XI., 200, 317. See

James River and Potomac.
Cannon, James, overseer, XII. 306.
Cape Cod Harbor, III. 263, 267.
Capitol, designs for, XII. 171, 260.
Carey, John, edits correspondence,

XIII. 367, 428.
Carey, Mathew, loan, XI. 176.
Submits spurious letter, 339. Ex-
traordinary conduct, 399.
Carleton, Guy (Lord Dorchester),
defied, II. 457. Negotiates with
Indians, III. 68, 87. Letter to
Gage, 155. Retreats to Quebec,
260. Escape from Montreal, 289.
Advantage of, 362. On Montgom-
ery's burial, 380. Humane con-
duct, 384. Question of rank, 131.
Orders as to prisoners, 356. Re-
turn from Ticonderoga, attempt,
V. 21. May pass lakes, 227, 350.
Howe cannot co-operate, 330.
Refuses to give Burgoyne garrisons,
510. In command at New York,
X. 2. Request for passport re-
fused, 13. Asgill appeals to, 26.
Pacific disposition, 40, 49. On
civil affairs, 42. Announces nego-
tiations for peace, 52. On ex-
change of Cornwallis, 66. On
Huddy affair, 69. Cartel for ex-
change of prisoners, 75. On Indian
outbreak, 77, 99. Complaints on
negroes, 200. Sends official ac-
counts of peace, 221. On evacu-
ating New York, 233. Confers
v/ith Washington, 241. Arrange-
ments for evacuation, 246, 298,
329. 334. 335- Rumored appoint-
ment as viceroy, 399. Sends Beck-
with as agent, XI. 502. Thought
to aid Indians, XII. 31, 409. En-
tertains Major Lewis, XIII. 222.
Carlisle, Earl of, on evacuation of
Philadelphia, VII. 53. Arrives at
Philadelphia, 55. Challenged by
Lafayette, 207, 238.
Carlyle, John, commissary, I. 43,
45. Has been deceived, 99. Sug-
gests that Washington stand for
the Burgesses, 159. Clothing, 188.
Recommended, 387.
Carmathen, Lord, answer to John

Adams, XI. 45.
Carmichael, William, appointed
Secretary to Jay, VIII. 87. Charge

d'affaires, X. 218 ; XI. 464. On
Washington's letter to Morris, XII.
36. Never heard from, 171, 325.
Carr, Colonel (British), V. 6.
Carrington, Edward, commissary,
IX. 463. Suggested for a judgeship,
XL 416, 420. On Patrick Henry,
XIII. 117, 120. For War Depart-
ment, 131. On British treaty, 185.
For provisional army, XIV. 42, 47.

Carroll, Charles, commissioner to
Canada, IV. 83, loi. To the main
army, VI. 82, 283. Against Con-
way, VII. 19. Favors the Consti-
tution, XL 182. Senate committee
to confer with President, XL 416.
Unable to loan, 492. For Indian
commissioner, XII. 257. Consid-
ered for office, XIII. 236.

Carroll, Daniel, XII. 15, 93, 361 ;
XIII. 24.

Carroll, John, sent to Canada, IV.
83. Scheme for instructing Indi-
ans, XII. 116.

Carter, Charles, charges against
expedition, I. 483. Letter of
Washington published, XL 209,
214. Requests a loan, 491. Can-
not receive son, XII. 122. On a
loan, XIII. 47.

Carter, CHARLEs(2d), XIV. 282, 294.

Carter, Landon, on Virginia's dan-
ger, I. 251.

Cartridges, distribution. III. 424 ;
IV. 87.

Cary, Archibald, on taxables, 11. 428.

Cary, Richard, aide-de-camp, XIV.
432.

Cary, Robert, & Co., invoice to,

II. 126, 131, 139. (See Index to
Letters.)

Cassaty, Peter, sent to Detroit, X.

293.
Castle William, intended surprise,

III. 223.

Castries, Marquis de, IX. 56.

Caswell, Richard, defeats British
at Moore's Creek, IV. 3.

Catawba, Indians, arrival, II. 82.

Caton, Mr. XIV. 57.

Cavalry, from Connecticut, IV. 216.
Enemy's, 504. Benefits of superi-
ority, VI. 308. Instructions for re-
cruiting, 397. Confusion, VII, 139.
Legionary corps in place of, VIII.
489. Proposed disbanding, X. 35.

GENERAL INDEX.

493

Cedars, Affair of the, IV. I2i, 127,
153. Resolution of Congress, 259,
357, Washington has no concern,
432, 478.

Cenis, M. de, VI. 36.

Census, XII. 56.

Ceracchi, Joseph, XIII. 43.

Chad's Ford, VI. 67.

Chamier, on supplies, III. 423.

Champlain, Lake, defeat of Arnold,
IV. 502. Vessels on, VIII. 184.

Chaplains, urged, II. 10. Pay, III.
310, 4CX). Regulation, IV. 187,
223 ; V. 418 ; VI. 105.

Chapman, Major, I. 160, 167.

Charleston, defense of, IV. 283, 314,
326. British expedition, VI. 45.
Anxiety for safety, VIII. 239, 247,
251. Relief of, 272, 278. Capitu-
lation, 304, 311. Moderation of
English, 325. Inquiry into loss of,
338. Leslie arrives at, IX. 86.
Attack proposed, 338, 389. Evacu-
ation, X. loi.

Charlus, Count de, IX. in, 116.

Chase, Samuel, commissioner to
Canada, IV. lOl, 129, 155. On
reinforcing Washington, V. 39.
On behavior of British, 219. Com-
mittee to army, VI. 82. On Con-
stitution, XI. 259. For Attorney-
General, XIII. 131. For the judi-
ciary, 164. Mentioned, XIV. 11.

Chastellux, M. de, visits camp, IX.
73. Accompanies Washington to
Albany, 81. To command against
Penobscot, 215. Intercepted letter,
264. Sails for France, X. 117. On
his marriage, XI. 246.

Chastellux, Madame de, applies for
aid, XIII. III.

Chatham's son. III. 123.

Cheney, Penuel, Doctor, case of,
III. 219.

Cherokee incursion, II. 16, 23, 32.
Scouting parties, 49. Misbehavior,
50.

Chesapeake Bay, British fleet in, VI.
48. French fleet, IX. 353.

Chester, John, Captain, III. 151.
On prisoners from Long Island, V.
170.

Chester, Joseph Lemuel, XIV. 323.

Chestnut Hill, Hovce's expedition, VI.
238.

Chew, Joseph, I. 493 ; II. 9, 87.

Child, Joseph, trial of, IV. 74.
Child, Moses, sent to Nova Scotia,

III. 234, 421.
Chittenden, Thomas, IX. 249, 424 ;

X. 154.
Choisy, M. de, IX. 268, 309, 341,

371-

Chouin, Major, VII. 102, 115.

Chovet's exhibition, XI. 148.

Church, Benjamin, committee to
receive Washington, III. i. Inter-
cepted letter, 163. Sent to Con-
necticut, 220, 231.

Cincinnati, Society of, X. 321, 326.
General meeting called, 357, 370.
Jefferson consulted, 387. Jealousy
towards, XI. 14. Washington not
to be present, 87, 92, loi. Design,
137. Notes on, 156.

Citizens, protection of, IV. 17. Should
be exempt from capture, VI. 414,
499.

Civil authority, respect for, X. 98.

Claiborne, William, XI. 412.

Clark, Abraham, on Washington's
proclamation, V. 202. On resigna
tion of officers, VI. 286.

Clark, John, Jr., Major, misinfor-
mation for British, VI. 176.

Clarke, George Rogers, captures
Hamilton, VIII. 5. Proposes to
take Detroit, IX. 82 ; X. 504.

Clarke, Thomas, Colonel, VIII. 75,
123.

Clarkson, Matthew, Major, VII.
410 ; VIII. no, 133.

Claypoole, David C, on farewell
address, XIII. 279.

Cleveland, James, sent to the Ohio,
II. 451, 459; III. 132.

Clifton, William, land transaction,
IL 149, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 169.

Clinton, George, in command on
North River, IV. 243, 278. Com-
mended, 327. On intelligence,
378. Sent to meet Lincoln, 461.
In the Highlands, V. 104. To
complete defences, 352, 358. En-
terprise against Kingsbridge, 391.
To call out militia, 462 ; VI. i.
Elected governor, 12. Announces
Burgoyne's surrender, I2g.

Vaughan's raid, and the silver
bullet, 164. On defences of the
Hudson, 232, 294, 428. Against
attacking New York, 449. On

494

GENERAL INDEX.

■Clinton, George — Cont.

Indian expedition, VII. 131. To
be consulted on Canada, 274, 353.
To call out militia, VIII. 145, 313.
Reinforcing Fort Schuyler, 367.
Goes to Schenectady, IX. 8. At
New Windsor, 95. Makes a loan
to Washington, X. no ; XI. 63.
Consulted on peace establishment,
X. 214. At conference with Carle-
ton, 244. On taking possession of
New York, 329, 334, 336. Dispute
with Hamilton, XI. 173. Invites
Washington to stay with him, 374.
On aristocratic faction, XII. 50.
Suggested for the presidency, 256.
Land purchase with Washington,
XIV. 283.

•Clinton, Sir Henry, sent to North
Carolina, III. 315, 366, 388. Ar-
rives in New York, 394. Rumored
capture, 465. In Carolina, IV.
107, 316. Returns to New York,
345 . Takes possession of Newport,
V. 94. Left in New York, VI. 28.
Raid up the Hudson, iii, 129, 149.
Letter to Burgoyne, 165. Reported
junction with Howe, 186. Attempt
to capture, 408. Succeeds Howe,
494 ; VII. 43. Evacuates Phila-
delphia, 52. March to New York,
77, 78. May operate up the river,
113. Ordered to send a force to
St. Lucia, 184, 214. Supplying
prisoners, 222. On exchange of
prisoners, 276. Feint up the river,
280. Appoints commissioners on
exchange, 363. Plan of operations,
385. Intends to reinforce Holdi-
mand, 409. Reported sailing from
New York, 450. To be reinforced,
45g. Takes Verplanck's and Stony
Points, 467, 480. Moves to Stony
Point, 499. Against attacking Bos-
ton squadron, VIII. 2. Cannot act
offensively, 40. Asks to be relieved,
.45. Sends aid to Jamaica, 61.
Treatment of prisoners, 122.
Charged with want of enterprise,
146. Expected in Carolina, 207,
219. Conjecture on his course,
273. Force of, 276. Returns to
New York, 311, 313, 319. In New
Jersey, 321. Threatens the French
at Rhode Island, 362, 364, 369.
Abandons the scheme, 371. Re-

turns to New York, 374. Prepara-
tions to embark, 404, 427. Nego-
tiations for a cartel, 430, 445.
Intercedes for Andre, 473. Wju
reinforce Leslie if possible, IX. 7.
An exchange, 37. Makes an em-
barkation, 57. Plan to capture,
74. On Arnold's expedition, 86.
Sends agents to mutineers, 88, 97,
TOO. On southern operations, 181.
Misled by intercepted letters, 264 ;
XI. 295. Conditional instructions
to Cornwallis, IX. 319. Exchange
of Cornwallis, 444. Approves a
meeting on cartel, 449. Sentries
doubled, 467. On Huddy matter,
473. Exchanges, 488. Recalled,
X. 2.

Clinton, James, Colonel, at Fort
Constitution, 243. Appointed a
brigadier, 324, 329. On Sullivan's
expedition, VII. 460, 477. Ordered
to Albany, VIII. 290 ; IX. 10.
Recommends evacuation of Fort
Schuyler, 261. Stationed at Pomp-
ton, 402.

Closen, Baron de, IX. 367.

Clothing, need of. III. 142. Uniform
for officers recommended, 273.
Regimentals, 320. Great distress,
V. 103. Public stock appropriated
by States, 203. Estimate of wants,
238. Regulation, 496. None on
hand, VI. 205, 229, 260, 266.
Directions for cutting, 288. For
British, stopped, 297. General
considerations, 325. Reprimand
to clothier-general, 469. A change
indirectionurged, VII. 142. Cloth-
ing of drafts, 229, 331. Abuses in
department, 369, 459, 471. Dis-
tribution, VIII. 122. Great neces-
sity for, 317. Plan for supplying,
IX. 34. Distressing situation, 51.
Supplies from Philadelphia women,
113. Stock exhausted, 197. Loss
of, 452.

Clough, Alexander, Major, in
Baylor's regiment, V. 159. Bar-
barously killed, VII. 204.

Clove, camp at, V. 484.

Clymer, George, on Congress com-
mittee, V. 39, 139, 494.

Cobb, David, Colonel, to deliver
letter to Rochambeau, IX. 290.
Aide-de-camp, XIV. 433.

GENERAL INDEX.

495

CoBBETT, William, writing com-
mended, XIII. 36t. His Gazette,
414.

Cobble Hill, works on. III. 237,

243-

Cochran, John, Doctor, recom-
mended, V. 324 ; VIII. 428.

Cockades, prescribed, IV. 359.

Coinage, X. 493.

CoiT, William, . Captain, III. 208,
262.

COLERUS, Major, V. 367, 413.

Collier, Sir George, before Fort
Lafayette, VII. 466. Invades Vir-
ginia, 479. Connecticut, 492.
Goes to Penobscot, VIII. 2, 50.

Collins, Stephen, II. 474.

" Colonials," for export, II. 336.

Colors, regimental. III. 431 ; XV.
105.

Colston, II. 324.

CoLViLLE, Thomas, II. 333; IX.
474 ; XIII. 164.

Commerce, with Great Britain, X.
468, 478, 491. Powers of Congress,
490. Foreign, advantage, XI. 2.
Regulation, 12, 254. With Great
Britain, 50, 56 ; XII. 414, 424.

Commissary-General, III. 12. Com-
plaints against, 221. His depart-
ment, 371 ; IV. 38, 186 ; V. 493 ;

VI. 253, 281, 337.
Commissary of musters, VI. 342.
Commissary of prisoners, V. 116,

^99- . ^

Commissioners in France, disagree,

VII. 34.

Commissions, issue of, IV. 76, 150 ;
VI. 226.

Commutables, condemned, XI. 85, 95,
186, igo.

Conduct, rules of, XI. 366, 375.

Confederation, inadequacy, X. 202,
238, 345 ; XI. I, 31. 85, 105, III,
124, 162, 210, 219.

Confiscations, III. 165 ; IV. 304.

Congress, Continental, of I774i H-
437. Suggestion to remove to New
England, III. 18. Sends a com-
mittee to camp, 147, 173, 182, 185.
On an assault on Boston, 179. A
committee to Schuyler, 239. In-
consistency, 414. Orders medal
and thanks army, IV. 26. Divided
by jealousies, 41. A committee to
Canada, 83. On operations in

Canada, 109. Interview with Howe,
401. A standing army, 446. Com-
mittee in camp, 452. Engrossed
by unnecessary matters, V. 40.
Resolution to remove suppressed,
82. Adjourns, 92. Gives full
powers to Washington, 139, 145.
On Lee's request for a conference,
239, 266, 274. Should not return
to Philadelphia, 250. Absence of
able men, 263. Committee to camp,
493. Removes from Philadelphia,
VI. 75. Committee to camp, 240,
283. Jealous of army, 485. Forged
resolution, 493. Confers with
Washington, VII. 288. Character
of attendance, 298. Rent by fac-
tion, 383, 392. Less discordant,
VIII. 68. Committee to camp,
245, 265. Powers of, 304. Relation
to States, 334. Increase of powers,
465 ; IX. 14, 75, 125, 176, 189,
193, 334- Address to Washington,
416. Powers of, X. 103, 162, 166,
277, 341, 490, 494. Proclamation,
322. Inert, 379. Regulation of
commerce, XI. 12, 27, 48. Lack
of attendance, 43. Increasing
power, 54. And the Constitution,
168, 323. Records, 404, 439.

Congress's own, V. 232, 333.

Congress under the Constitution, anti-
federal, XI. 313, 333, 354- Place
of meeting, XL 296, 312, 327.
High character, 351, 356. Delay
in assembling, 379. Convening of,
XII. 333, 343. Appointments in
provisional army, XIV. 117.

Connecticut, defence from invasion,
III. 135. Regiments leave camp,
217, 253, 258, 264, 272. Back-
wardness in enlisting, 243, 247.
Acts favoring the cause, 322. Dis-
contentunderSchuyler, 348. Money
advanced to, 401. Militia ordered
in, IV. 50, 138, 229. Horse corps,
217, 229, 238, 261. Militia for
New York, 327, 339, 351, 399-
Reports of troops, 424. Militia,
430. Additional pay to army, V.
r7. Bounty, 213. Recruiting regi-
ments, 295, 306. Brigaded, 307.
Call for militia, 492. Troops from,
VI. 250. Mutiny of line, VII.
327 ; VIII. 288. Tories in, IX.
158. Land claims, XL 44.

496

GENERAL INDEX.

Connolly, John, II. 314. Agent
of Dunmore, 351, 389. Captures
Indians, 457. Made a prisoner,
III. 274, 281, 295. Papers con-
cealed, 390. Exchange negotiated,
VIII. 446; IX. 2. Visits Ken-
tucky, XI. 361.

Constitution, Federal, Journal at con-
vention, XI. 140. Copy sent to
Henry, 164. Not free from imper-
fections, 166. Reception by Con-
gress, 168. Questions to be solved,
171. Gives power to the people,
185. Defence by Publius, 189. In
Virginia, i6g, 181, 194, 202, 207.
Action of States, 192, 201. Ran-
dolph's views, 205. Adopted by
six States, 248, 204. Reply to
Armstrong, 250. Some alterations
called for, 299, 321.

Contracts, army, X. 17, 31.

CoNTRECCEUR, demands surrender of
Trent, I. 47, 50, 52. Informed of
Washington's approach, 76, 84.
Orders to Jumonville, 88. To be
reinforced, 209. Superseded by
Dumas, 238.

Contributions, levying, impolitic, VII.
32. Reprisals, 52.

Convention, Annapolis, XI. 27, 87,
lOi, 105.

Convention to revise confederation,
policy of, XI. 31. Washington
will not attend, 87, 95, 97. Effect
of, a failure, loi. In suspense in
attending, 109. Recommended by
Congress, 121. Accepts appoint-
ment, 128. Endorsement of Con-
gress, 131. Promise of a full
attendance, 134. Powers of dele-
gates, 136. In session, 140, 159,
160.

Convention troops, exchange not to
be hastened, VI. 175, 189. Em-
barkation not to be changed, 225.
Accounts to be paid before em-
barkation, 247. Ratification of
convention by Great Britain de-
manded, 283, 293. Howe's protest,
369. Deserters not to be enlisted,
433, 502. Marched to Virginia,
VII. 221. Negotiations for ex-
change, 276. Treatment of, in
Virginia, 439. Exchange of offi-
cers, VIII. 339. Complaints of
want, 361. Partial exchange of

officers, IX. 24. Flag-vessel for,
29. Exchange proposed, 37, 271,

331.
Convicts, purchase of, II. 408.
Conway, Henry Seymour, cartel,

V. 248 ; VIII. 56. Speech, X. 52,

55-

Conway, Thomas, Colonel, recom-
mended by Deane, V. 353.
Against attacking British, VI. 91.
Should not be a brigadier-general,
121. Extract from his letter to
Gates, 180, 279. Resigns his com-
mission, 199. Appointed inspector-
general, 268. Cool reception, 276.
On Canada expedition, 298, 437.
His letter to Gates, 362. In the
cabal, 454 ; VIII. 140. Resignation
accepted, VI. 496. Demands the
command of a division, VII. 18.

Co-operation, committee on, VIII.
315, 344, 355, 383, 418, 425.

Cooke, Nicholas, Governor,
Whipple's voyage. III. 134. In
camp, 173. No vessels at command,
176. Introduces Penet, 276. Fears
an invasion, 297. Supplies Wallace
with provisions, 322.

Cooper, Myles, II. 383, 397, 403.

Cop's Hill, III. 8.

Corachichi, XIII. 342.

Coram, descent upon, IX. 43.

CoRBiN, Richard, I. 43. Criticised,
484, 487. Mentioned, XIV. 12.

CoRBiN, Thomas, X. 472.

Cornell, Ezekiel, Colonel, V. 164.

CORNPLANTER, XII. 7, 33.

Cornwallis, Charles, Earl of. III.

315. Returns from Carolina, IV.

316. Takes Fort Lee, V. 25. In
New Jersey, 76, 80, 99. At Bruns-
wick, 448. Before Red Bank, 217.
Near Gloucester, 224. On the
heights near Madison's Ford, 243.
Embarks for England, 378. Re-
turns to America, VII. 506 ; VIII.
45. Expedition to Carolina, 61.
Returns to New York, 77, 87.
With the expedition against Sa-
vannah, 219, 433. In North
Carolina, IX. 7. Reinforced, 57.
Retrograde movements, 73. Pushes
against Morgan, 171, 178. Wishes
to subdue Virginia, 181. Repulses
Greene, 201, 2io, 220. Strength-
ened his force, 208. Retreat, 306.

GENERAL INDEX.

497

CoRNWALLls, Earl of — Cont.

Clinton's instructions, 319. Em-
barks, 336. Retreat cut off by
fleet, 358. Siege of Yorktown,
370, 375. 381. Terms of capitula-
tion, 384, 386. Exchange for Scott
proposed, 443. For Laurens, 448,
457 ; X. 53, 67.

CORTLANDT, PHILIP, Colonel, IV.

125 ; VI. 10, 44 ; VII. 460.

Council of Wary on strength of army,
III. 6, TO. On attacking Boston,
115,178. On the army of 1776, 161.
On preservation of army, 354, 356.
On an assault, 361. On Canadian
affairs, 361 . On assaulting Boston,
425. On defending New York,
468. After Long Island, IV. 374.
In New York, 386, 390, 394, 403.
On obstructions in Hudson, 498.
At White Plains, V. 4. At Nesha-
miny, VI. 47. Before Philadelphia,
91. On attacking Philadelphia,
143, 218. To call reinforcements
from Northern army, 159. On cam-
paign of 1778, 476, 501 ; VII. 8.
Morris on, VI. 495. On attacking
enemy, VII. 67, 72. On attacking
New York, VIII. 423 ; IX. 467.

Counterfeiters, V. 326.

Countersign, IV. 314.

Courts-martial, III. 188 ; VI. 317,
374 ; VIII. 131, 203.

Courts, prize. III. 203, 213, 258, 416.

Cowardice, at Bunker's Hill, III. 31,
98 ; XIV. 313. Orders against,
III. 440; IV. 382, 423, 461. At
Harlem, 407, 428.

Cox, shooting of, II. 9.

Cox, John, V. 127, 174. Suggested
for horse, 248. Commissary of
prisoners, 250.

Cox, Zachariah, agent of Tennessee
Company, XII. ^o.

Crafts, Edward, Captain, repri-
manded, III. 98.

Craig, Alexander, II. 326

Craig, James H., Major, IX. 166.

Craigie House, Cambridge, III. 3.

Craik, James, Doctor, I. 208, 513-
Goes to the Ohio, II. 285. In hos-
•pital department, V. 340 ; VIII.
307. Promotion suggested, 428.
Takes charge of nephews, XI. 373 ;
XII. 233. In an electioneering
matter, 195. Treating negroes,
32

240, 241. For director of hospitals
in provisional army, XIV. 31. On
death of Washington, 247. Men-
tioned in will, 286.

Crane, John, Major, III. 9. Drives
back a British vessel, IV. 383.

Crawford, Valentine, III. 128.

Crawford, William, Captain, iron
works, II. 167. Commended, 218.
Land matters, 223, 225, 238, 286.
Buys Great Meadows, 288. On
Ohio journey, 288. Ohio lands,
347, 388, 392 ; X. 350.

Cresap, Michael, trespasses, II.
392, 409 ; X. 352.

Cresap, Thomas, commissary, I.
162. On Ohio government, II.

347-
Cr6vecceur, Hector St. John de,

XI. 283.

Criminals, extradition of fugitive,

XII. 112.
Crisp, I. 343.

Croghan, George, mission to In-
dians, I. 118, 129. Fails to supply
flour, 132. Indian agent, 445,
Entertains Washington, II. 290.

Croix, de la, XIII. 254.
• Crow, Owen, overseer, XII. 306,

376- , ^

Crown officers, Portsmouth, III. 200.
Crown Point, retreat from, IV. 262,

267, 276, 280, 313, 344.
Culper, VII. 475 ; VIII. 57, 191 ;

IX. 235.
Cuningham, James, aid to Loudoun,

I. 430.

Cunningham, William, provost-
marshal, VI. 195.
Currency, VIII. 436, 456.
CURRIN, Barnaby, Indian trader, I.

II, 12, 31.

Curtis, Amy and Philip, XIV. 350.

Curtis, Catherine, XIV. 367.

CusHiKG, William, XII. 241, 265.

CusTiNE, Adam Philip, Count de,
IX. 43-

CusTis, Daniel Parke, II. 125.

CusTis, Eleanor Calvert, attach-
ment for Dr. Stuart, X. 317.

CusTis, Eleanor Parke, XIII. 29 ;
XIV. 209, 293.

CusTis, GeorgeWashington Parke,
disposition, XIII. 388. At Mount
Vernon, 501. In Annapolis, XIV.
76. Wishes a cornetcy, 133. In-

498

GENERAL INDEX.

CuSTis — Cont.

dolence, 146. Named for lieu-
tenant, 165. At New Kent when
Washington died, 242, 249. In
will, 293, 296, 297.

CusTis, John Parke, invoice, II.
138. Under Boucher, 257, 269,
271. Inoculated, 276, 324. Propo-
sition to travel, 277, 321. Nature
of, 317. Course of study, 318.
Position, 329. Address Miss Cal-
vert, 376. Taken to King's Col-
lege, 380, 383, 397. His marriage,
403. Left at Mount Vernon, 486.
Comes to Cambridge, III. 232, 277 ;

IV. 21. Returns to Virginia, 57.
His estate, 70 ; VII. 230 ; XI. 413.
Death of, IX. 406 ; X. 284. Abuse
of estate, 55, 119. Children, 284.

CusTis, Martha, II. 53, 96. Marries

Washington, 125.
CusTis, Martha Parke (Pattey),

invoice, II. 138. Illness, 243, 270.

Ring for fits, 269. Death, 384.
CuvLER, Jacob, deputy-commissary,

V. 494.

D.

Dagnall, John, XIV. 326.

Dagworthy, John, in command at
Fort Cumberland, I. 206. Wash-
ington refuses to be ranked by him,
211. Nature of his commission,
215. High position, towards
Virginia, 224. Governor Shirley's
decision, 231. Gives wrong intelli-
gence, 454. At Fort Frederick,
II. 32. On road, 45, 50, 51.

Dalby, case of his slave and the
Quakers, XI. 24.

Dalton, John, I. 270 ; II. 364.

Damas, Count de, IX. 47, 81.

Dana, Francis, on committee to
camp, VI. 283. Secretary to Ad-
ams, VIII. 87. Nominated envoy
to France, XIII. 390.

Danbury expedition, V. 344, 351, 423,
439-

Dandridge, Bartholomew, admin-
istrator of Custis' estate, X. 57.
Death, 480; XIV. 281.

Dandridge, Bartholomew {2d),
secretary, XII. 122. Orders
whiskey, 467. To return to
America from Holland, XIV. 129.

Dandridge, Francis, II. 207.
Dandridge, John, II. 284.
Dandridge, JTohn (2d), XIV. 281.
Daniel, Captain, refuses to stay, I.

357-
Darke, John, Colonel, XII. 138, 512.
Dartmouth, Earl of, on Lexington,

III. 38. On engaging Indians, 48.
Suggests the occupation of Rhode
Island, 159. On aid from Russia,
VI. 210.

Davenport, overseer, VII. 412.
Davenport, Joseph, miller, XII.

251, 376. 380; XIII. 159.
Davie, William Richardson, on

officers in provisional army, XIV.

117. Nominated envoy to France,

156. Governor, 167.
Davies, Samuel, prediction for

Washington, I. 176.
Davies, William, Colonel, suggested

for adjutant-general, VI. 275.

Chosen brigade inspector, 506.

Commissioner on cartel, VII. 363.
Davis, Thomas, XII. 255.
Davison, John, interpreter, I. 14,

16, 28, 70, 124.
Davison, Lieutenant, IV. i8g.
Dawson, J., sets out for France,

XIII. 242, 249.
Dayton, Elias, Colonel, ordered to

Canada, IV. 48. Sent against

Johnson, 114, 140, 154. Regiment

impatient to disband, V. 176.

Commended, IX. 66. Assists in

suppressing mutiny, 122. Orders

respecting Asgill, X. 25 ; XI. 60.

Rank, XIV. 82, 100.
Dayton, Jonathan, Jr., for pro-
visional army, XIV. 42.
Deakins, William, charge against,

XII. 109.
Deane, James, Indian missionary,

IV. 494 ; VIII. 420.

Deane, Silas, wants customs figures,
II. 428. Describes Washington,
440. On conduct of Connecticut
soldiers. III. 254. Embarrassed
by Staten Island conference, V.
239, 268. Agreement with Ducou-
dray, 401. Liberality in appoint-
ments, 412. Engages Lafayette,
VI. 41. Pulaski, 57.

Deane, Simeon, brings treaty, VII. 2.

Dearborn, Henry, Captain, ex-
change proposed, IV. 351 ; V. 212.

GENERAL INDEX.

499

Deas, William Allen, XIII. gg,

173-
Deborre, Prudhomme, Chevalier,

V. 353 ; VI. 72.
Debts, British, II. 425 ; X. 426, 42g ;

XI. 45, 46, 182.
Debts, public, XII. 147, 2g8, 326.
Dechambault, Sieur, release of, IV.

483.

Declaration, British, IV. 420 ; V.
223. 0,£ Independence, IV. 222,
225, 236. Of Howe, VI. 58.

Dehaas, John Philip, Brigadier-
General, V. 247.

Dehart, Miss, profile of Washing-
ton, X. 442.

DeKeyser, Lehaynsius, suspended,
I. 223, 228.

Delancey, Oliver, orders of, IV.
461. Surprise of corps, IX. 28g,
2g6.

Delaware, crossing at, V. g3, gg.
Militia, 361. Threatened by Brit-
ish, 464, 518, 522 ; VI. 5, 27.
Defences of, 17, 71. British fleet
in, VII. 6.

Delignery, commandant at Du-
quesne, I. 447 ; II. iig.

Democratic Societies, denounced, XII.
454, 465, 475, 486 ; XIV. 120, igi,

193-
Denny, William, charges Franklin,

I. 464.

Derby, John, III. 37.

Derby, JIichard, III. 36 ; IV. 485.

Derrick, John, trial of, VI. 508.

Deserters, apprehending, IV. 272.
Orders on, V. 2. Laws against, V.
210, 24g, 252. Proclamation, 307.
Cause of, 342, 405. Amnesty, VI.
I3g. Enlistment of British, 433,
502. Attending flags, 4g8. Inef-
ficacy of proclamations, IX. 172.

Destouches, Chevalier, sends ships to
the Chesapeake, IX. 137, 139, I53.
160. To operate with whole fleet,
177. Whereabouts unknown, igo.
Failure of expedition, 211. Favors
Penobscot venture, 213, 231. In
the Cincinnati, X. 326.

Detroit, proposed capture, IV. 123.
Expedition against, VII. 113 ; VIII.
150. Reduction, IX. 81.

Deuxponts, Count de, visits head-
quarters, IX. 48, 114.

Dewitt, Simeon, IX. 40.

Dexter, Samuel, for Attorney-Gen-
eral, XIII. 107, 131.

Dick, Charles, commissary, I. 187,
200, 285.

Dick, ElishaCullen, XIV. 248, 257.

Dickinson, Edmund B., VII. 84, 87.

Dickinson, John, against continental
money, V. 112. In AsgiU affair,
X. 37. On Cincinnati, 38g.

Dickinson, Philemon, defeats fora-
ging party, V. igo. To make a feint
on New York, VI. 173. Descent
on Staten Island, 22g. To harass
enemy in Jersey, VII. 73, 80.

DiGBY, Robert, Admiral, IX. 337.
Arrives at New York, 364. Strength,
36g. Capture planned, 466. Letter
on peace, X. 52.

DiGGES, Thomas, XII. 420.

Dillon, Arthur, IX. 116.

Dinner, a camp, VIII. 18.

DiNSMORE, XIII. 248.

DiNWiDDiE, Robert, Lieutenant-
Governor, sends Washington to the
Ohio, I. 10. Instructions, 40. To
meet Indians, 65. On rank of
independent officers, g7. On In-
dian allies, 129. Land fee question,
131. Meets Braddock, 150. On
command, 181, 185. On Virginia
politics, 206. Orders out militia,
251. Chain of forts, 261. Orders
to- compel Quakers, 289. Enlisting
servants and convicts, 300, 338.
Fort Cumberland, 312, 368, 434.
Sues for scandal, 339. Appoint-
ment of chaplain, 383. Orders on
evacuation of forts, 3g7. Attitude
to Washington, 486. Leaves the
colony, 510. Proclamation of 1754,
II. 274, 466 ; X. 363.

Discharges, regulation, III. 4ig.

Discipline, disregard for. III. 267.
Urged, 431, 440; IV. 273. Want
of, noticed by Adams, 438.

Dismal Swamp, journey to, II. 194.
Lands in, IX. 471. Canal pro-
posed, X. 381. Labor for, 496.

DoD, Timothy, V. 25.

Dog, General Howe's, VI. gS.

Donald, Alexander, on Washing-
ton, XL 164.

Donaldson, James, overseer, XIII.
21, 460.

Donop, Count, repulse an4 death,
VI. 136, 137, 148.

500

GENERAL INDEX.

Dorchester Heights, destruction of
houses, III. 422. Occupation, 432,
437, 444, 503-

DouviLLE, M., killed, I. 238.

Drafts, V. 372, 375 ; VI. 305 ; VII.
227 ; VIII. 24, 113, 286, 397, 461.

Drouillon, captured, I. 75, 83.

Drowne, Solomon, II. 440,

Drummond, I>ord, plan of reconcilia-
tion, III. 418 ; IV. 350. Lee de-
fends, V. 464.

DUANE, James, on local differences,
VIII. 325. On arrangement of
army, 466.

DuANE, William, XIV. 194.

DucHE, Jacob, VI. 115.

DucouDRAY.V. 401,404. Directions
on ordnance, 478. Defences of
Philadelphia, VI. 26, 71.

DuER, William, obstructions in
North River, IV. 293.

DuLANY, Ben, II. 363.

DuLANY, Daniel, II. 333.

Dumas, orders to Douville, I. 238.

Dunbar, Thomas, march to Wills
Creek, I. 151, 153, 164. Left with
rear division, 167, 168. Slow ad-
vance, 171. Retreat, 175. Goes
into quarters, 415. Recalled, III.
505.

DuNDAs, Henry, XII. 133.

Dundas, Thomas, Colonel, IX. 86.

Dunmore, Lord, character, II. 351.
Will not grant patents, 394. Dis-
solves Assembly, 413, On Congress
and committees, 445. To be acted
against, III. 275. Will not harm
Mrs. Washington, 278 ; XIV. 312.
Proclamation, III. 281. Should be
driven from Virginia, 281, 285, 300.
Burns Norfolk, 396. Arrives at
New York, IV. 348.

DuPLESSis, Chevalier Mauduit, V.
482. Sent to Fort Mifflin, VI. 104.

DUPORTAIL, Chevalier, V. 406. Me-
morial on promotion, VI. 183. In
council, 477 ; VII. 8. Fortifying
the Delaware, 224. Sent to Estaing,
VIII. 83. Retained in service, 148.
Goes south, 258. Exchange of,
446 ; IX. 24, 26. At Wethersfield
conference, 251. Reconnoitres, 296,
311. Sent to Grasse, 340. Requests
permission to go to France, 403.

DuRKEE, John, Colonel, IV. 305.

Dyson, John, XII. 262.

East Indies, trade to, XI. 480.
Easton, James, Colonel, III. 289.
Eddy, Jonathan, III. 496.
Eden, Robert, II. 285, 350.
Eden, William, VII. 55.
Education, XI. 253 ; XIII. 366 ;

XIV. 277.

Edwards, , IV. 331.

Election in Virginia, II. 53, 206, 255.
Elizabethtown, VII. 346, 351 ; VIII.

180.
ELLICOTT, ANDREVir, XII. 89, I08,

167.

Elliot, Andrew, VIII. 473 ; IX.

488 ; X. 75.
Ellis, Major, X. 297.
Ellsworth, Oliver, XIII. 177;

XIV. 156.
Elmore, Samuel, Colonel, IV. 315,

339-
Embargo, IV. 140, 294.
Emery, Count d', IV. 482.
Emigration to America, XI. 280 ;

XII. 368.
Engineers, want of, III. 10, 13, ig ;

IV. 158. Plan of corps, IV. 480 ;

VI. 183, 345.

Enlistments, instructions. III. 17, 220.
unauthorized, 189, 220. Backward-
ness of voluntary, 247, 264, 271.
Waiting for a bounty, 281. Orders
on, 302. Contentions in, 307.
Voluntary, impracticable, 330. Ob-
stacles, 342. Evils of short, 399,
407 ; V. 39, 67, 79, 187, 323, 327.
Of foreigners, 441. Voluntary,

VII. 91. For war, 143. Disputes,

VIII. 197, Short, costly, 462, 476,
503. To end of war, 490, 502.

Enos, Roger, Colonel, retreat and
trial. III. 226, 242, 269, 273.

Episcopate, American, II., 347.

Erskine, Robert, V. 498 ; IX. 40.

Erskine, Sir William, IV. 420 ; V.
220 ; VI. 99.

ESCRUNIAT, I. 48, 54.

Estaing, Count d', VII. 97, loi.
First plans of, 108. Sails for Rhode
Island, 112. Prevented from enter-
ing New York, 114, 116. Opera-
tions at Rhode Island, 128, 154.
Fleet dispersed by a storm, 166.
Reflected on, 171, 173. Protest
against sailing, 182. Presented with

GENERAL INDEX.

SOI

ESTAING — Cont.

picture of Washington, 200. On
Lafayette's challenge, 207. In the
West Indies, 348 ; VIII. 70. To
return to the United States, VII.
425 ; VIII. 62. Off Carolina, 64,
73. Repulse at Savannah, no,
144. In Cincinnati, X. 326.

Europe, prospect of war in, V. 336.
General situation, VIII. 43, 260,
392 ; X. 94. Attitude to America,

XI. 26. Contrasted to America,

XII. 276. Affairs of, XIV. 213.
Eustace, John, III. 386, 390.
Evans on Alien and Sedition Laws,

XIV. 135.
Ewing, James, General, V. 49, 90,

137-
Exchange. See Prisoners.
Excise Law. See Spirits.
Exemptions from Military Duty, V.

337, 373-
Expresses, III. 406 ; IV. 117.
Eyre, Thomas, VI. 290.

Faction Opposed to Government, XIV.

123, 136, 142, 187.
Fairfax, Bryan, death, I. 490.
Fairfax, Bryan, II. 103. Declines

serving as Burgess, 417. Opposes

the county resolutions, 420, 429.

Letter to, VI. 389. Mentioned in

will, XIV, 286.
Fairfax, George William, I. 125 ;

II. 186. Confiscation of property,

IX. 20.
Fairfax, Mrs. George William, I.

154, 163 ; II. 95, loi ; XIII. 497-
Fairfax, Lord, orders out militia, I.

193, 235. Sketch, 329. Recovery,

VL 413 ; XII. 284.
Fairfax, William, I. 71. Dissuades

Washington from resigning, 77.

Sketch, 124. In the Burgesses,

158. Commends Washington, 251.

On militia, 281.
Fairfax, William Henry, I, 481 ;

II. 10, 102.
Fairfax County Resolutions, II. 420.
Fairfield, burning of, VII. 491.
Falconer, Mr., X. 457.
Falmouth, destroyed. III. 181, 182,

186, 199, 206.
Faneuil, M., V. 244.

Farewell Address, outlined, XII. 124.

Hamilton's agency, XIII. igo, 220,

264, 267. Complete, 277. Reply

to Maryland, 355.
Fast Days, II. 413 ; III. 26 ; IV. 83.
Fauchet, first impressions, XII. 416.

Attitude towards Talleyrand, 429.

On the British treaty, XIII. 59.

Intercepted despatch on Randolph,

87, 90. Embarks for France, 104.
Pamphlet, 439.

Fauntleroy, Betsy, I. 9.

Fauquier, Francis, summons As-
sembly, II. 94. On disturbance
due to the Stamp Act, 210. Procla-
mation, 221.

Federal City, location, XII. 13.
Proclamation, 26. Delays in de-
termining boundaries, 39. Map,

88. Effects of dissension, 105.
Superintendent, 212. Compensation
of commissioners, 266. Blodget's
misconduct, 406. Speculation in
lands, XIII. 24. Plan of a uni-
versity, 37, 342. Commissions com-
pared, 57. Residence desirable,
226. Loans and public buildings,
372. Jealousy and local interests,
491.

Federalism, growth of, XI. 435.

Federalist, the, XL 189, 191, 215, 315.

Federalist Ship, XI. 272.

Fell, Robert, I. 465, 493.

Fent, Joseph, I. 474.

Fenwick, James, consul, XIII. 486.

Ferguson, Adam, a pass requested,
VII. 59, 68.

Ferguson, Mrs. Hugh, VI. 115, 156.

Ferguson, Patrick, Colonel, IX.
19, 86, 146.

Fermoy, de, V. 92, 518.

Fersen, Count, IX. 362 ; X. 55.

Finances, alarming state, VIII. 507.
Necessity for improvement, IX. 14.
Expenses and revenue, 104. Requi-
sitions on States, X. 7, 259.

Finley, Sergeant, III. 98.

Fireships, IV. 109, 303. 348, 356.

Filing, bad, criticised, IV. 366.

Fitch, John, XI. 188.

Fitzgerald, John, aide-de-camp,
IV. 480 ; XIV. 432.

Fitzhugh, Henry, Colonel, I, 272.

Fitzhugh, Peregrine, aide-de-camp,
XIV. 432.

Fitzhugh, William, I. 137, 215-

S02

GENERAL INDEX.

FiTZPATRicK, Richard, Captain, VI.
442.

Flag, raising the, III. 317.

Flagg, Major, IX. 250.

Flags, VI. 440, 498 ; X. 14.

Flatfoot, Sarah, XII. 379.

Fleet, British, at Boston after evacua-
tion, III. 481. At New York, IV.
195. In North River, 354, 383.
Movements of, VI. 45. Strength,
VII. 99, 106. Sails from New
York, 148, 188. Reinforced, VIII.
45, 50, 71-

Fleet, Continental, on the lake, IV.
282 ; VII. 415.

Fleming, , Ensign, I. 310, 34

Fleming, .Colonel, IV. 121.0.

Fleming, John, Captain, death at
Trenton, V. 148.

Fleury, Lewis, VI. 132. Journal
at Fort Mifflin, 204. Inspector,
506. Sent to Estaing, VII. 103.
At Stony Point, 499. Under Ro-
chambeau, IX. 49.

Flints, care of, IV. 100.

Florida, lands in, II. 373. Spanish
expedition proposed, VIII. 142.
Spaniards in, IX. 55, 58. Settlers
invited, XII. 41. Rendition of
fugitives, 112. Information on
posts, 297.

Flying Camp, formation, IV. 138.
Provisioning, 185. Quotas of
States, 203, 206. Organization and
command, 210. Militia for, 226.
Ammunition, 244, 260. Enlisting
in regular army, 464. At Fort Lee,
V. 42. Expiration of service, 51.

Fog, Jeremiah, Captain, IX. 251.

FOLSOM, Nathaniel, VI. 4, 283.

Forage, allowance. III. 143. Com-
missary needed, V. 205. In West-
chester County, 216. On Long
Island, 226. Removal from New
Jersey, VI. 270. Forage master,
334. Destruction of, around Phila-
delphia, 368. Impressing, VIII.
155, 407 ; IX. 30.

Forbes, John, Brigadier-General,
appointed to command, II. 5, 13.
Well disposed towards Indians, 11,
32. Offended by Washington's in-
sistance, 77. At Raystown, 88, 90.
Compliments Washington's forces,
99. Consults officers, 105, 110. At
Duquesne, n6. Death, n8.

Forbes, Mrs., XIII. 430.
Ford, Mrs., VIII. 173.
Foreign Influence, XIII. 315.
Foreign Officers, perplexities in em-
ploying, IV. 484; V. 3, 11, 245,
364, 369, 403, 411, 499. Should
be discouraged from coming, VI.
36. Embarrassments, 40, 346.
Lavish conferment of rank, VII.
116, 156.
Foeman, David, General, joins
army, VI. 88, 94. Brigade returns
home, ICO. Urged to bring in
militia, 157. On Newcomb, 170.
On Huddy's affair, IX. 472.
Fornandez, V. 325.
Forster, Captain, IV. 259, 432, 477.
Forts—
Anne, IX. 7.
Ashby's, I. 298.
Augusta, VII. 370.
Clinton, VI. m, 243, 427.
Cox, I. 311.
Cumberland, I. 258, 3x1, 333, 361,

364, 382 ; II. 39.
Dickenson's, I. 376.
Dinwiddle, I. 188.
Duquesne, description, II. 17 ;

strength, 87, go ; fall of, 114,

116. Garrison, 120.
Edward, VI. 5.
Edwards's, I. 247.
Frederic, I. 290.
George, at Hampton, I. 258.
George, V. 486, 505.
Hopewell, I. 254.
Independence, IV. 167 ; V. i, 178,

191, 205, 213, 217.
Island, VI. 21, loi, 109,
Lafayette, VII. 465.
LeBceuf, I. 192.
Lee, V. II, 25, 41, 50.
Loudoun, I. 285, 434 ; II. 8, 29.
Mercer. See Red Bank.
Mifflin, VI. 124, 131, 168, 177,

187, 373. Evacuated, 20, 216.

Inquiry, 243.
Montgomery, V. 352, 358. VI.

Ill, 130. Inquiry, 243, 373,

427.
Necessity, I. 70, 72.
Patterson's, II. 9.
Pitt, II. 192 ; VII. 30, 218 ; IX.

8,455-
Schuyler, VI. 31 ; VIII. 318, 366 ;

IX. 9, 261.

GENERAL INDEX.

503

jForts — Cent.

Stanwix, IV. 192, 311.
Voss's, I. 356.

Washington, IV. 167 ; V. 24. Cap-
tured by British, 32, 41. Ex-
plained, VIII. 22 ; X. 443.

Forts, chain of, Virginia, suggested,
I. 236, 256, 262. Dinwiddie's idea,
261. Plan of, 293. Begun, 295.
Suspended, 325. Difficulties, 347.
Location, 371.

Foster, Doctor, III. 173 ; IV. go.

Foster, Martin, XIV. 384.

Fox, Charles James, mentions
treaty, VI. 488. In office, X. 77.
Favors peace, 129, 139.

France, in the West Indies, III. 347.
Aid from, V. 336, 500. Interest in
America, 439. War with England
improbable, VI. 15. Contracts,
326. Relations with, 482. Treaty,
VII. 2, II, 23. War declared
against Britain, 11, 56. Fleet
arrives, 97. Dispersed by storm,
153. Obstacles to co-operation,
163, 168. And Canada, 240. As-
sistance from, 426 ; VIII. 265,
269', 306. Situation of, 296. Sec-
ond division of fleet, 409, 416, 431.
Washington's power over army, IX.
54. Fleet, 79. Urgency of aid,
102, 212. In Virginia, IX. 177,
205. Criticised, 190, 225, 231.
Further aid, 429, 483. Operations
of fleet, X. 58. Affairs in, 495.
Commerce, XI. 57, 254, 306, 396.
Political concerns, 202, 231, 277,
319, 435, 477 ; XII. 25. Commer-
cial decree, 57. Suspense on revo-
lution, 61. Debt to, 65. Good
wishes, 93. Minister to, 97. War
with Britain, 278. Diplomatic re-
lations with, 280, 285, 290. Mis-
conduct of minister, 313. Message
on, 349, 356. Condemned, 403,
417. Monroe to Convention, 503.
Depredations on commerce, XIII.
215. On sending an envoy, 218,
234. Monroe recalled, 235. Em-
barrassments, 238. Policy towards,
attacked, 244. Discontent with
treaty, 250. Object of Adet's pub-
hcation, 326, 338, 359. Discon-
tents, 357. Attitude of America,
362. Outrageous conduct, 370,
382, 393. Change of sentiments,

415. Commissioners to, 432. Fau-
chet's pamphlet, 440. Monroe's
defence, 452. Rumored corre-
spondence, 493. News from the
commissioners, 493. War threat-
ened, XIV. 7, 38, 53, 72, 109.
Conduct reviewed, 124, 141. Ne-
gotiations with Talleyrand, 154.
Agents sent, 156, 186, 216.

Franklin, Benjamin, I. 464. On
Indian traders, II. 123. On Illi-
nois colony, 327. Committee of
Congress, III. 69, 148, 172. Pays
money to Boston, 185. Sent to
Canada, IV. 83. Circular to Hes-
sians, 370. To meet Howe, 402.
Recommends Pulaski, VI. 57.
Complaint of, VIII. 413. On tem-
per of British nation, X. 87. On
emigration, XI. 283. Return to
America, 431. Staff, XIV. 285.

Franklin, William, arrest, IV.
199. Exchange, V. 70. Corre-
sponds with New York, 296, 326.
President of Associated Loyalists,
IX. 422 ; X. 71.

Franklin, William T. XI. 144.

Franks, David, III. 404, 423.

Franks, David S., VIII. 454.

Frazier, George, Lieutenant, I. 52,

104, 135-
Freeman, Captain, III. 308.
Freemasons, XIV. 119.
French, Christopher, Major, III.

148, 150 ; IV. 301, 351.
French, Penelope, X. 107, 112 ;

XI. 64.
Freneau, Philip, XII. 129, 310.
Frestel, Felix, XIII. 100, 214,

420 ; XIV. 128.
Fry, Joshua, I. 41, 50. At Win-
chester, 60. Death, 79, 95.
Frye, Joseph, recommended for

brigadier. III. 105. Appointed,

194. Services, 464. Wishes to

resign, 490 ; II. 2.
Fuel, scarcity of. III. 187, 195, 209,

266.
Furloughs, III. 28, 224, 335, 350;

IX. 128, 130; X. 230, 250, 317.

Gage, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel,
in Braddock's campaign, I. 167.
In Ohio scheme, II. 326. Conduct

S04

GENERAL INDEX.

Gage, Thomas — Cont.

in Boston, 423, 434, 441. Poem
on, 457. Lexington, 475. Plans
to move to New York, III. 51.
Sends inhabitants from Boston, 67.
Reply to Washington, 79. King
George criticises, 84. Notifies
Legge of invasion, 120. Exchange
of prisoners, 148. Recalled, 158,
i65. On Canada, 167. Avoids
attacking, 179.

Gaither, Henry, Major, XII. 152.

Galloway, Sam, II. 318, 339, 351.

Galt, Captain, VI. 439.

Galvan, Major, VII. 194. Sent to
Cape Henry, VIII. 268. Conduct,
IX. 188.

Galvez, Don Bernardo de, VIII.
204 ; IX. 378.

Gambier, Admiral, VII. 385.

Gamble, Captain, on Canadians, III.
157, 167. On parole, 350. On
the treatment of prisoners, V. 166,
170.

Gaming, orders on. III. 155, 357,
391, 439> 489.

Ganno, John, X. 231.

Gardiner, Christopher, Captain,
III. 67.

Gardoqui, Don Diego, X. 448. On
R. H. Lee, XL 43. Treaty basis,
80. Approaches Brow^n, 275.
Morgan's colony, 363. Prolonged
negotiations, 463. Returns to
Spain, 465.

Garner, William, overseer, XII.
374.

Garth, George, General, VII. 491.

Gates, Horatio, Captain, indepen-
dent company, I. 160. Adjutant-
General, 11. 492. Order on re-
cruiting, III. 17. Mentioned by
Lee, 279. On Schuyler and Woos-
ter, 369. Waits on Congress, IV.
86, 88. Conference on Canada,
109. Ordered to Canada, 166.
Popularity, 173. Difference with
Schuyler, 209. Ranks Sullivan,
262. On Canadian matters, 281.
Arrives in camp, V. 122. Goes to
Philadelphia, 127. Offered adju-
tancy, 279. In Philadelphia, 519.
Succeeds Schuyler, VI. 4, 44. Re-
fuses to send detachment to main
army, 86. No intelligence from,
143. Takes Burgoyne's army, 150.

Hamilton's mission to, 152, 155.
Conway's letter to, 180, 278. On
Burgoyne's embarkation, 190. In
charge of the Highlands, 232, 429.
On Board of War, 254. Burgoyne's
complaint, 283. To succeed Wash-
ington, 454. In council, 477, 494,
501 ; VII. 8. Ordered to the North
River, VI. 490. Cabal, VII. 39.
Indian expedition, 131, 356, 458.
Invading Canada, 191, 393. Will-
ing to obey, 198. Intentions of
enemy, 212. On Jersey campaign,
401. Attacking New York, 469.
On British detachments, 482 ; VIII.
89, 102. Offered command at
West Point, 124. Defeat at Cam-
den, 422, 427. Inquiry, 494, 497 ;

IX. 10, 15, 240, 272. For War
Department, 134. As to command,

X. 62. At Newburgh, 178. On
Potomac commission, 415, 431.
Vice-President of Cincinnati, XI.
88.

Gatteaux, X. 502.

Gazette, low quality, XI. 473.

Gellott, Elizabeth, XIV. 382.

Genet, Edmond Charles, on
Noailles, XII. 285. Conduct to be
considered, 312, 314. Depends on
Congress, 317. Knox's informa-
tion, 331. Denounces Washington,
332. Represented to Congress,
3461 358. Adams consulted, 402.
Condemned by Robespierre and
Fauchet, 403. Recall, 416. Criti-
cises Morris, 435. Father of
Democratic Societies, 455, 466,
470.

Geneva University, XII. 490.

Geographer, V. 498.

George the Third, on colonies,
III. 46. On Gage, 84. Most gra-
cious speech, 316. On French
treaty, VII. 11. On Jay's mission,
477-

Georgia, comes into the Congress,
III. 68. Proposed move upon,
VII. 348, 358, 427. British de-
tachments to, VIII. 210. Outposts,
XIV. 168.

Gerard, Conrad Alexandre, ar-
rives, VII. 97. Applications by
Frenchmen, 158. Protest gainst
Estaing, 169. Compliments to,
194. Refuses frigates, 348. Jour-

GENERAL INDEX.

505

Gerard — Cont,

ney in Jersey, 371, Reported re-
turn to France, 416. Visits camp
and discusses plans, 428, 449. On
Spanish relations, VIII. 41. Visits
Washington, 83. Arrives in Spain,
263. In the Cincinnati, X. 326.

Germaine, George, Lord, on Lex-
ington account, III. 38. On Ad-
miral Graves, 183. Capture of
Lee, V. 168. On employing In-
dians, VI. 422. On conciliation,
498. Orders to harass coasts, VII.
385. Ungrateful rebels, 440. On
Tryon's raid, 491. Hopeful of
success, VIII. 40. On American
discontent, 261. French fleet, 265.
Vermont affair, IX. 247. Inter-
cepted letter, 349.

German Battalion, IV. 196 ; VI. 313.

Germantown, battle of, VI. 94, 98,
113. 126.

Gerry, Elbridge, committee in
camp, IV. 452 ; V. 494 ; VI. 240.
On audience to Washington, X.
337. Appointed to France, XIII.
390. Panic, XIV. 108. Conduct,
109, 121, 152.

Gibbons, James, Lieutenant, VII.

499- , ,

GiBBS, Caleb, Major, recommended

to Congress, VII. Ill : VIII. 173.

Provisional army, XIV. 162, 176.

Aide-de-camp, 432.
Gibson, John, Colonel, VII. 372 ;

IX. 455.

Giles, William Branch, XIII. 229.
Gill, Moses, III. i.
GiLMORE, David, IX. 122.
Gilpin, George, Potomac Company,

X. 477 ; XI. 22.

GiMAT, Chevalier, VII. 185, 204.

Ginnings, Sergeant, V. 398.

Gist, Christopher, I. 9, 11. Ar-
rives in camp, 72, 95. To visit
Montour, 192. Commissioned as
captain, 199. Accounts, 302, 310.
Recommended, 443. No goods or
money for Indians, 512 ; II. i.
Lamed, 16. To restrain Indians, 23.

Gist, Mordecai, General, VI. 238 ;
XII. 509.

Gist, Nathaniel, V. 163, 219 ; VI.

73. 421. , ^^^

Glover, John, General. III. 33,
252. Dispute with Bradford, IV.

323. Complimented in orders,
501. Brigadier, V. 247, 339. Sent
to Schuyler, 509. To join Putnam,

VI. 153. In New Jersey, 218.
Detached to Rhode Island, VII.
iio, 356. To recruit in Massachu-
setts, VIII. 314. For command,

IX. loi.

Goddard, William, VII. 501 ; X.
460.

Goddard, , IV. 307.

Gordon, James, Major, XI. 39, 60.
Gordon, William, IV, 407 ; VI. 67 ;

X. 373-

Gordon, , II. iii, 114.

Gordon, , General, IV. 356, 359.

Gore, Christopher, XIII. 131, 212.
GOUVION, V. 406. With Indians,

VII. 9. Recommended, VIII. 148.
Goes to Hartford conference, 444.
Sent to arrest Smith, 450. Recon-
noitres, IX. 36. Sent to Steuben,
178. Commended, 403 ; X. 129.
Sent to Lafayette, 193.

Graham, Catherine Macaulay,
X. 466.

Graham, Colonel, VII. 260.

Grahme, Ranald, XIV. 364.

" Grand Company" II. 328.

Grant, George, IX. 122.

Grant, James, Major, marches tovir-
ards Duquesne and routed, II.
98, loi, 104. Sent into Cherokee
country, 179. Eluded by Lafayette,
VII. 31.

Grant, Sergeant, II. iii.

Grasse, Count de, IX. 233. Orders,
268. Requisition from Rocham-
beau, 281. Sails for the Chesa-
peake, 334, 340. Arrives, 358.
Captures Lord Rawdon, 360. Lays
siege to York, 371. Declines to
pass the works, 376. Commended,
387. Cannot go against Charles-
ton, 391. Transporting troops and
baggage, 397, 401. In the Cincin-
nati, X. 326. Death, XI. 259.
The Vorktown plan, 293. Grant
to his daughter, XIII. III.

Graves, Thomas, Admiral, III. 84,
183 ; VIII. 345, 350.

Grayson, William, Colonel, V. 164,
329 ; VI. 442. Want of attendance
in Congress, XL 43. Opposed to
Constitution, 334, 336- -'^ide-de-
camp, XIV. 432.

5o6

GENERAL INDEX.

Great Britain, aggressions, II. 418.
Politics of, VII. 2g. Stands alone,
VIII. 2l8, 260. Has the longest
purse, 295, 390. Political situation,
X. 77, 82, 129. Policy towards
America, 187, 398, 467. Com-
merce, XI. 237. Negotiations for
treaty, 440. Troubles with Spain,
496, 502. Commercial matters,
349. Incites Indian hostilities,
132, 408, 460 ; XIII. 148, 222.
Diplomatic relations, 148, 174, 211,
261.

Great Meadows, purchase of, II. 288.

Greaton, John, Colonel, III. 25.

Green, Charles, Rev., I. 159; II.
180.

Green, John, Lieutenant-Colonel,
VI. 124.

Green, Sarah, XIV. 287.

Green, Thomas, XI. 378 ; XII. 381 ;
XIII. 7, 9, 18.

Greene, Christopher, Colonel, at
Red Bank, VI. iii, 132, 141.
Success against Donop, 137. Or-
dered to maintain fort, 201, 237.
Black regiment, 347. In Rhode
Island, VIII. 364. To join main
army, 372. Killed near Croton
River, IX. 250.

Greene, Ebenezer, Captain, hostage
at Cedars, VIII. 213.

Greene, Nathanael, Brigadier-
General, at Winter Hill, III. 66.
On composition of committee to
camp, 174. Obstacle to re-enlist-
ing, 215. On Washington's feeling
against Massachusetts, 247. On
defection of Connecticut troops,
255, 273. On detention of arms,
337. Ordered to Providence, IV.
7. To New York, 17. To be
consulted, 97. Intelligence from
prisoners, 275. On waste of energy,
298. A major-general, 324. On
retreat from Long Island, 390.
Urges evacuation of New York,
396. Cowardice of Connecticut
troops, 407. Poor quahty of offi-
cers, 441. On mismanagement of
Congress, 446. At Fort Lee, V.
I, 8, n. Loss of Fort Washing-
ton, 33, 37 ; VIII. 22 ; X. 444.
On panic in New Jersey, V. 87.
Advises Washington to push on,
136. Powers of the general, 141.

Sent to Congress, 292. To examine
Highlands, 357, 387. Threatens
to resign, 404. Sent after British,
448. Importance of Philadelphia,
VI. 27. Condemns camp at Red-
clay Creek, 67. Council of war,
91. At Germantown, 95. Rein-
forces Varnum, 200. On Lafayette,
224. Rejoins main army, 228. On
attacking New York, 477. On
storming Philadelphia, VII. 8. At
Monmouth, 82. Sent to Rhode
Island, 126, 141. Argues with
Estaing, 163. Goes to Boston, 202.
On Cox, 393. Quartermaster-gen-
eral, VIII. 35. Mifflin's plot, 225.
High opinion of, 233. In command
of horse, 320. Threatens to resign,
363, 378. In command of army,
442, 444. Ordered to be ready to
march to West Point, 451, 470,
474. Appointed to the southern
department, 495, 497 ; IX. 11, 12,
21. Removal of stores from West
Point, 6. Avoids an engagement,
172, 178. Defeated at Guilford
Court-House, 201, 220. Retreats
into Virginia, 210. Rumored suc-
cesses, 298. To be reinforced,
393, 401. Success, 446. State of
army, 485. May march northward,
X. 74. In Cincinnati, 359, 371.
Death, XI. 52, 105.

Greenleaf, James, XII. 329 ; XIII.
24, 342.

Greenwood, Isaac J., XIV. 323.

Grenville, Thomas, to negotiate
treaty of peace, X. 53.

Grenville, Lord, conference with
Jay, XII. 477. Sends intercepted
despatch of Fauchet, XIII. 90,
108. Errors in opinion, 148.

Grey, General, VII. 188.

Greyheads of Alexandria, XIV. 55.

Gridley, Richard, Colonel, III. 19,
59. Sketch of, 205. Continued, 308.
On defences of Boston, 484 ; IV. 54.

Griffin, Cyrus, XI. 423, 433, 451.

Griffin, Samuel, IV. 258 ; V. 249.

Grover, Thomas, Lieutenant, IV.
63, 74-

Guards, regulation of, III. 25, 304.
Washington's, 466 ; V. 349.

GuiCHEN, Count de, VIII. 278, 383,
403, 436, 477-

GuNN, James, Captain, X. 452.

GENERAL INDEX.

507

H.

ffaerlem. Heights of, occupied, IV.
409, 414. Skirmish at, 414, 428,
436, 472, 487.

Haldimand.Frederick, Lieutenant-
General, III. 24. Fortifying mouth
of Sorel, VII. 275. Fears attack,
409. Reinforced, VIII. 71. In
Vermont affair, IX. 247 ; X. 41.
Active in hostilities, 49, 221. In
command of Canada, 239, 285.

Hale, Nathan, IV. 431.

Half King (Thanacrishon), I. 14,
18. Speech, 20. Seeks to bring
belt, 22. Induces Washington to
stay, 27. Courted. by French, 31,
33. Speech, 48. With Ensign
Ward, 52. Message to, 66. Letter
of warning, 69. Joins Washington,
74, 82. In council, 91. Receives
medal, 98. Sends a call to warriors,
loi. Given name Dinwiddle, 105.
Council, III. At Fort Necessity,
124.

Half-pay to Officers after the War,
urged upon Congress, VI. 466, 479,
509. Settled in Congress, VII. 16.
Again recommended, 333. Estab-
lished by Pennsylvania, VIII. 484.
Given by Congress, 493. Agitation
in army, X. 169. An appeal to the
records, 179. Discontents, 189.
Petition from the Connecticut offi-
cers, 235. Papers on, sent to States,
261. Opposed in Connecticut, 342.

Halifax, British sail for. III. 498.

Garrisoned, VII. 247. Agents sent

to report, VIII. 270. In plans of

1782, IX. 494.

Halket, Francis, Major, II. 8,

23-
Halkbt, Sir Peter, I. 160, 107,

174.
Hall, George Abbot, XI. 389.
Hall, John, Lieutenant, I. 334,

339-

Hall, Josias C, VI. 458.

Hallet, Benjamin C, XII. 220,
260.

Hamilton, Alexander, on embar-
rassment of foreigners, V. 407.
Sent before Congress, VI. 48. Sent
to Gates for detachments, 155.
Unaccountable delays, 207. Letter
to Putnam, 212. On exchange of

prisoners, 407, 442. On council of
war, VII. 72. Sent to Estaing,
103, log. Confidence in, 238. A
commissioner on exchange, 276.
To attend Estaing, VIII. 83. Dif-
ference with Gordon, 259. To
intercept Arnold, 451. Suggested
for adjutant-general, IX. 53. For
the mission to France, 80. As a
financier, 131. Leaves Washing-
ton's family, 226. Light Horse,
321. Before Yorktown, 383. On
exchange of Cornwallis, 444. In
Congress, X. 163. On attitude of
army, i66, 214. On observance of
treaty, 427. Assents to constitu-
tion, 154. Publius, igo. On Wash-
ington for the presidency, 329, 332.
Secretary of the Treasury, 400, 480.
Report on public credit, 487. On
Beckwith's suggestion as to Morris,

502. Sets out for Philadelphia,

503. Andriani's opinion, XII. 20.
Opposed to Washington's retire-
ment, 124. Proclamation against
Pennsylvania opposition to excise,
183. Charge of bribery, 204. On
second inauguration, 264. On Dutch
loans, 298. Offers his resignation,
300. Favors Genet's dismissal, 314.
On application of Dutch loans, 411.
Suggested as envoy to England,
414. His resignation, 433. On
the Jay treaty, 437. In excise
troubles, 454, 466. Jefferson's
opinion, 488. Exchange of notes
with Washington, 39. On certain
candidates, 130. Randolph's
pamphlet, 146. The "farewell
address," 190, 193, 194, 221, 264,
26g, 277. On reception of Adet,
326. Uneasiness on French cap-
tures, 371. In event of war, Wash-
ington to command, XIV. g. Rank
in the provisional army, 34, 45, 89,
gg, III. Delays in recruiting, 153,
178. On the mission to France,
216. Aide-de-camp, 433.

Hamilton, Henry, Lieutenant-
Governor of Detroit, VIII. 4, 121.
153, 480 ; IX. 28.

Hamilton, James, Captain, I. 270,
326.

Hamilton, John, I. 4g4, 4g7-

Hammond, Sir Andrew, VIII. 71,

77, 96-

5o8

GENERAL INDEX.

Hammond, George, surrender of
posts, XII. 2gi. Sketch, 293.
Demand upon, 308, 437, 439. In-
dignity offered to, XIII. 75. Sends
the Fauchet letter, 87, 90, 108.

Hammond, Mildred, XIV. 295.

Hamtranck, John F., XII. 156.

Hanbury, Capel and Osgood, II.
176, 210, 256 ; XI. 48.

Hancock, Ebenezer, IV. 116.

Hancock, John, president of Con-
gress, II. 476, 481. Offers his
services in the army. III. 39. On
bombarding Boston, 179. Gives
thanks of Congress, IV. 26, 109.
Offers his house, 89. On loss of
Canada, 197. On Lord Drummond,
351. Treatment of Lee, V. 165.
Presents portrait of Washington,
VII. 200. Reception of Washing-
ton, XI. 444.

Hand, Edward, Lieutenant-Colonel,

III. 471. Retreats on Long Island,

IV. 362. Brigadier, V. 300. Ad-
jutant-General, IX. 42. Opinion
of, XII. 508. For provisional
army, XIV. 42.

Hanson, Alexander Contee, aide-
de-camp, XI. 448 ; XIV. 432.

Hanson, John, IX. 410.

Hanson, Samuel, XI. 263, 297, 372.

Hardin, John, XI. 507 ; XII. 156.

Harmar, Josiah, General, XI. 506.

Harper, , XIV. 67.

Harris, John, I. 203.

Harrison, Benjamin, II. 427, 464.
Letter to Washington, III. 19.
Committee to camp, 69, 148, 185,
278. To confer on Canada, IV.
109. Dropped from Virginia dele-
gation, 453. On Lafayette, VI. 42.
General situation, VII. 296. Letter
to, VIII. 358. Pension to Mary
Washington, IX. 182 ; X. 137. On
unpopularity of General, 285. On
Potomac improvement, 414, 433.
Virginian politics, XI. 165, 181.

Harrison, Charles, V. 389 : VI.
389 ; IX. 12.

Harrison, Robert Hanson, secre-
tary to General, III. 189 ; IV. 84.
Aide-de-camp, III. 201 ; XIV. 432.
Ability of, HI. 229. Letters to
Congress, 409, 497 ; V. i. Com-
missioner on exchanges, 312. For
Board of War, VI. 123, 254. On

exchanges, 442 ; VII. 276, 363.
For judge, XI. 447. Death, 481.

Hart, Moses, III. 98.

Hartford, conference, VIII. 447, 466.

Hartley, Thomas, Lieutenant-
Colonel, IV. 282 ; V. 164.

Harvard College, confers degree, IV. 6.

Hatfield, Moses, X. 3.

Havanna, II. 185.

Hawley, Joseph, II. 476 ; III. 16,
18 ; IV. 175.

Hay, Udney, VI. 273 ; VIII. 377.

Hayne, Isaac, Colonel, IX. 421.

Haynie, Sally Ball, XIII. 41 ;
XIV. 287.

Hayward, Lemuel, III. 275.

Hayward, Martha, XIII. 445 ;
XIV. 374.

Hazard, Ebenezer, XI. 290.

Hazelwood, John, Commodore, VI.
104. Silences battery at Webb's
Ferry, 109. Friction with Col.
Smith, 131, 168. At Red Bank,
138.

Hazen, Moses, Colonel, III. 357.
On disposition of Canada, IV. 29.
Indian allies, 31. Congress' own,
V. 232. Trouble over Colerus,
413. Sent to Albany, VI. 298.
Provision for, 313. On Canada
campaign, VII. 191. To send a
British ofiScer for Huddy, X. 4, 27 ;
XI. 61. To check intercourse with
enemy, X. 161. Memorial of offi-
cers, 288.

Heard, Sir Isaac, XIV. 320.

Heard, Nathaniel, General, IV.
201, 214 ; V. 369.

Heath, William, Major-General,
III. 16. Sent to New York, 500.
Appointed major-general, IV. 324.
In command of the Highlands, V.
20, 32. Refuses to obey Lee, 48,
52. At Morristown, 95. To move
towards New York, 161, 165, 178,
igi, 206. Ridiculous summons to
Fort Independence, 214, 220. In
Massachusetts, 345. Request of
Burgoyne, VI. 225, 283. Expenses
of Convention troops, 247. In
command at West Point, VIII. 124.
On recruiting service, 239. At
Rhode Island, 349, 364, 371, 427.
Returns to West Point, 496. On
sentiments of the soldiers, IX. 102.
Sent to Eastern executives, 242.

GENERAL INDEX.

509

Heath, William — Cont.
In command, 353. On Huddy's
case, 473 ; X. 69. On exchanges,
75. Retires, 273. Memoirs, XIII.

387-
Hendricks, John and Baker, VI.

357-

Henfield, Gideon, XII. 317.

Henley, David, Colonel, IV. 306 ;
V. 164 ; XIII. 248.

Henly, Thomas, Major, IV. 472.

Henry, Patrick, II. 427, 440, 463.
Appointed colonel. III. 210, 463.
On enlistments in Virginia, V. 329.
Chosen to convention, XI. 97. Op-
posed to Constitution, 165. In
Virginia Assembly, 175, 181. In
convention, 255, 268, 271, 288, 328.
For senate, 334, 484. Charged
with faction, XII. 455. Secretary
of State, XIII. 115, 120. For
French mission, 216, 236 ; XIV.
156. Death, 183.

Henry, Prince William, IX. 466.

Hessians, IV. 79. Land on Staten
Island, 325. Papers for, 370.
Prisoners, V. 145, 158. Troops,
VIII. 188.

Hetfield, Job, VI. 498.

Heth, William, Colonel, XIV. 67.

Heynes, Simon, XIV. 334.

Hickey, Thomas, rv. 188.

Higday, George, VII. 476.

Highlanders, capture of, IV. 146,
169, 198.

Highlands, IV. 96, 499. Defences,
V. 357, 387. Importance of, 399.
A stroke aimed at, 517. Great
moment, VI. 2, 106, 186, 231, 418.
Posts at, VII. 401, 491 ; VIII.
459 ; IX. 343.

HiGGiNsoN, Stephen, XIII. 73.

Hinman, Benjamin, Colonel, III.
87 ; IV. 356.

Hogg, Peter, Captain, I. 47. On
Sandy Creek expedition, 220. In-
structions, 292. Capacity for com-
mand, 505. Attacked, II. 16.

Holker, VII. 238 ; VIII. 82.

Holland, money market, XI. 260, 320.

Hopkins, Esek, Commodore, III.
465. Descent on New Providence
Island and trial, II. 15. Asked for
cannon, 19. Supplied with men, 37.

Horse, light, IV. 287 ; V. 194, 291.

Horses, impressed, IV. 505 ; VI. 141.

Hospital Service, III. 35. Regi-
mental, IV. 316. Complaints, V.
204, 240. Pay in, 287. Deficiency,

VI. 272. Arrangement, 340 ; VII.
311.

Hostilities Suspended, X. 76, 221,
226, 231.

Houdon, Jean Antoine, X. 395,
501 ; XI. 51.

Hounds, X. 479.

House, Mrs. Mary, XI. 141.

Housekeeper, requisites, XIII. 430.

Howard, John Eager, Colonel,
marri^e, XI. 143. Offered Secre-
taryship of War, XIII. 115, 163.
For provisional army, XIV. 41.

Howe, George, Lord, III. 284.

Howe, Richard, Lord, Admiral,
expected, IV. 2i6, 230. Letter to
Mr. Washington, 263. Arrival,
281. Letter as commissioner, 283.
Propositions, 352. Wishes to see
members of Congress, 376, 402.
Proclamation, V. 70. Treatment
of prisoners, r66. Sails from Hook,

VII. 148. Blockades French fleet,
154. Relieves Gibraltar, X. 121.

Howe, Robert, Brigadier-General
III. 438. The St. Augustine ex-
pedition, V. 465. At Stony Point
VII. 495. West Point, VIII. 327.
Applies for command, IX. loi
Revolt of New Jersey line, 118
121. Wished to serve southward
364. Mutiny of Pennsylvania
troops, X. 271.

Howe, Sir William, III. 9. Inter
course between camps, 95. Situa-
tion of army, 116. Succeeds Gage
158. Proclamations, 194, 209
Loyalists, 224. On Canada, 260
Sends citizens from Boston, 240,
263, 276. On treatment of prison-
ers, 286. On defending New York,
315. Appearance of soldiers, 335.
Prospects of campaign, 353. Policy
of waiting, 413. Operations on
Dorchester, 451. Evacuates Boston,
456, 479. On refugees, 483. Proc-
lamation, IV. II. To concentrate
forces at New York, 131. Expected
at New York, 138, 234. Arrives,
201. Plans, 215, 217, 241. Sends
letter to Mr. Washington, 249.
Sends Adjutant-General, 284. Re-
turn of prisoners breaking paroles,

510

GENERAL INDEX.

Howe, Sir William — Cont.
312. Sullivan's mission from, 401.
Moves up the North River, 408.
Skirmishes, 418. Proclamation,
420. On treatment of officers, 433.
Probabilities of success, 434. Pos-
sible movements, 452 ; V. 4, 8, 12.
Takes Fort Washington, 33. In
New Jersey, 57, 86. Proclamation
of pardon, 70. At Penny-Tovifn,
83. Threatens Philadelphia, 108,
130. AtAmboy, 142. Account of
affair at Princeton, 149. General
Lee, 168. Retires, 197. Again at
Amboy, 242. Strength, 264. Pre-
paring for campaign, 306, 330.
Surprising inactivity, 421. Marches
from Brunswic, 433. Returns, 440.
Puzzling movements, 445, 452, 454,
459, 467. On fleet, 501, 506 ; VI.
2, 45. In Chesapeake, 49. Moves
on Philadelphia, 55. Declaration,
58. Slow progress, 65. Passes
the river, 84. Wanton destruction,
96. To prevent reinforcement,
173. Convention prisoners, 175,
225. In Philadelphia, 181. Dis-
appointed in aid from England,
210. Feint of attack, 240. Letters
from, 397. Draws army together,
436, 455- Recalled, 494; VII.
27.

HuDDY, Joshua, Captain, IX. 472 ;
X. I, 69, 113.

Hudson's River. See North River.

HuGER, Francis Kinloch, XIII.
170.

HuGER, Isaac, VIII. 263.

Hughes, , I. 458.

Hull, William, Colonel, IX. 146.

Humphreys, David, IX. 37. To
surprise Clinton, 74. Commended,
X. 398. Illness of, 321. In Cin-
cinnati, 389. On Asgill affair, XI.
40. Position of Washington, 99,
123. Commissioner to Indians,
423. Sent to Spain, 496. Aide-
de-camp, XIV. 433.

Humpton, Richard, Colonel, V 62
77-

Hunt, Captain, I. 356, 377.

Hunter, Elijah, IV. 348 ; VIII. 47.

Hunter, John, Colonel, I. 156, 215!
464-

Huntington, Countess of, X. 4^8 •
XIV. 143. '

Huntington, Ebenezer, III. 151.

Huntington, Jedediah, Colonel,
state of army, IV. 113. Sent to
Red Bank, VI. 200. Mutiny in
brigade, VII. 326. Character, XII.
508.

Husband, Herman, XII. 482.

Hutchinson, Thomas, Governor, II.
430 ; III. 158, 174, 183.

Hyde, West, Colonel, VII. 363.

Hyrne, Edmund, Major, IX. 420.

I.

Illinois Colony, II. 326.

Illuminati, XIV. 119.

Immigration, XI. 280 ; XII. 368.

Impost in Virginia, X. 162.

Impressments, VI. 281.

Inauguration, 1789, XI. 381.

Independence, not the wish of Massa-
chusetts, II. 443. Divides southern
colonies, IV. 20. Declaration of,
222, 225, 236. Nothing short of,
VI. 484. Celebration, VII. 482.

Independent Companies, I. 41 ; III
303, 388.

Indians, early relations, I. 14. Atti-
tude of, 53. Treaty goods, 63, 69,
72. French negotiations, 92. Coun-
cil with, III. Efforts to engage,
191, 203. Expedition against, 220,
237. Bounties for scalps, 238.
Engagement of, 305. Bad direc-
tion of affairs, 442, 445, 479, 510.
Embarrassments due to, II. i, 23.
Mercenary, 7, 24. Necessary allies,
34. Sue for peace, 118. Regula-
tion of trade, 121. Incursion, 192.
Land purchases, 326. Incursion,
1774, 457- Engagement of. III.
48, 68, 88. Canadian, 84. War
talk, 294. Caghnawaga, 349, 374,
391. Employment, IV. 31, in.
Bounty for prisoners, 123, 154, 168.
Schuyler to make treaty, 139, 153.
Connecticut, 176. Eastern tribes,
207, 230, 237. Of Stockbridge,
331- Of Virginia, 474. Caghna-
waga, 494. Oneida, V. 298. Dis-
turbance of western, VI. 222.
Employment of, 348, 420. Relations
with, VII. 8, 71. Expedition
against, 131, 219, 225, 324, 338,
341, 351, 354, 374, 407. Peace

GENERAL INDEX.

S"

Indians — Cont.

considerations, 430. Instructions
to Sullivan, 460. Success, VIII.
86, 94, 184. Visit Schuyler, 420.
Inroads from Canada, X. 77. Regu-
lation of affairs, 303, 415, 425.
Christianizing, 438. Cession of
lands, 447, British intrigues, XI.
29. Treaty with southern, 421,465,
495. An expedition against west-
em, 507 ; XII. 2. Seneca visitors,
8, 10. Civilizing influences, 12.
Military aid from Canada, 31.
Depredations, 51. Policy to be
pursued, 70. Cherokee deputa-
tion, ICO. St. Clair's defeat, 116.
Northern tribes, 133. Treaty vrith,
156. In south, 158, 183. Wayne's
negotiations, 189. Commissions
for treaty, 257, 273. Hostilities,
287. Peace measures, 497. Pres-
ents, XIII. 34. Meeting at Albany,
72. General situation, 135, 247.

Innes, Harry, XII. 20, 451. For
Attorney-General, XIII. 132. Re-
port to Kentucky, 148.

Innes, James, Colonel, I. 60, 96,
134. Governor of Fort Cumber-
land, 163, 172. Exaggerates re-
ports, 177.

Innes, James, Colonel, VI. 208.

Inspector-General, VI. 268, 277, 315,
445, 504 ; VIII. 344 ; IX. 40.

Intelligence, to obtain, IV, 377, 453 ;
V. 93. Money for, 138. Commis-
sary of prisoners to procure, 300.
Service in New Jersey, 320. Gold
for, VII. 163, 175, 193. Foreign,
should be known, 347. False, 442.
Hunter, VIII. 46. Culper, Jr., 57,
191, 200. Bad, IX. 16. Culpers,
235. From Vermont, 247.

Intercourse with British, IV. 158 ;
IX. 22, 134, 465 ; X. i6i, 188.

Invoice of Merchandise, II. 128, 134.

Ireland, VIII. 408.

Iron Hill, skirmish, VI. 64.

Irvine, James, Brigadier-General,
made prisoner, 238. To attempt
Staten Island, VIII. 161. Dis-
turbance in line, 424. Character
of, XIV. 62.

Irvine, Captain, III. 454.

Ivernois, d', XIII. 50.

Izard, Ralph, VIII. 413 ; XI. 416 ;
XII. 47J

J.

Jack, Spanish, X. 479 ; XI. 29, 342.
Jackson, Andrew, XIV. 286.
Jackson, Henry, Colonel, V. 164 ;

VII. 69.

Jackson, William, XI. 144, 154 ;
XII. 435 ; XIII. 106.

yames JRiver Company, X. 433, 454,
482, 497. Shares in, XI. 4 ; XIII.
49 ; XIV. 276.

James, Robert, I. 164.

Jameson, John, Colonel, VIII. 452,
456, 494-

Jaudenes, XII. 53 ; XIII. 121.

Jay, John, IV. 396. Consulted by
Washington, VII. 266, Sends
Gates' letter, 393. On foreign
concerns, VIII. 43, Minister to
Spain, 87. Negotiations with
Spanish representative, XI. 79.
Reported views on Constitution,
192. Pamphlet, 269. On the atti-
tude of New York, 290, Chief-
Justice, 434. On Mississippi, 463.
Charge in Henfield's case, XII.
317. Envoy to England, 419.
Interview with the king, 477.
Treaty sent on, XIII. 59. Public
opinion on treaty, 153, Call of the
House, 176, 188. To be consulted,
219, 329. Monroe on, 454.

yealousies, provincial, IV. 314 ! V.
189, 228. In army, VI. 384. Of
States, XI. 471.

Jefferson, Thomas, on Virginia
Association, II. 414. "Summary,"

426. In the Virginia Convention,
464. Articles of War, IV. 452.
Treatment of Governor Hamilton,

VIII. 5. Wishes Washington in
Virginia, IX. 277. On public au-
dience, X. 337. Cession of land
by Virginia, 379. British debts,

427. Coinage, 493. Sends Hou-
don, 501. High opinion of, XI.
30. On Cincinnati, 156. On Con-
stitution, 255. Rewarding Jones,
319. Secretary df State, 363, 400,
439. On assumption, 487. Against
Bank, XII. 18. On Western dis-
turbances, 29. Arming Indians,
32. Paine's pamphlet, 36. On
Ternant, 63. Instructions to Mor-
ris, 97. On Morris, 99. Washing-
ton's retirement, 124. On Hamil-

512

GENERAL INDEX.

Jefferson, Thomas— Ctf»/.
ton's policy, 147. On administer-
ing oath, 264. On receiving French
minister, 281. Loans, 299. The
Little Sarah, 302. Neutrality
proclamation, 308. Consulting
judges, 311. Recall of Genet, 314.
Offers to resign, 321. On place
for convening Congress, 334. Pub-
lishing negotiations with England,
350. Resigns, 401. Application
of loans, 411, On commercial re-
lations, 414, 416. On Washington,
455. i'or Minister to Spain, 459.
The attack on Democratic societies,
476. On Hamilton, 488. Corre-
spondence with Washington, XIII.
231. Vice-President, 380. Re-
ported criticism of Washington,
449.

Jenkins, William, I. 12, 458.

Jeskakake, I. 23.

JOHNE, Captain, II. 46.

Johnson, Guy, Colonel, II. 499 ;
III. 48, 294 ; IV. 335.

Johnson, H., Lieut.-Col., VII. 493.

Johnson, John, Captain, II. 174.

Johnson, Sir John, IV. loi, 114 :
VIII. 289.

Johnson, Samuel, IX. 314.

Johnson, Thomas, nominates Wash-
ington, II. 479. Potomac naviga-
tion, X. 377, 477. Friend of Con-
stitution, XI. 182. Washington's
letter to, 245. Declines judgeship,
448. Commissioner of District,
XII. 46, 104. Offered Secretary of
State, XIII. 95.

Johnson, Sir William, II. 123, 221,
326.

Johnston, George, aide-de-camp,
XIV. 433.

Johnstone, George, VII. 55, 65,
155, 194, 206.

JONCAIRE, ChABERT DE, I. 23, 2$, 35.

Jones, Gabriel, I. 501 ; II. 58.
Jones, Henry, XII. 247.
Jones, John Paul, XI. 319.
Jones, Joseph, committee to camp,

VI. 240. On Weedon, VIII. 305.

On Greene, 378. British debts, X.

427, Declines to serve in Congress,

XI. 88. Mentioned, XIII. 243.
Jones, Pearson, III. 181.
Jones, Thomas, Judge, II. 495.
Josiah, James, Captain, IV. 337, 349.

yudge-Advocate, III. 33.
Judiciary, XI. 4^3, 447, 450, 470;

XII. 60, 311.
Julian, Isaac, I. 196.
JuMONviLLE, I. 75, 83, 88, 120.

K.

Kale, Baron de, VI. 73. On Red
Bank, 200. Council of war, 2i8.
Conway on, 269. In Canada expe-
dition, 298, 437. In council, VII.
8. Sets out for Philadelphia, VIII.
236. Death of, 422.

Kelly, Lieutenant, V. 220.

Kentucky, project of separation, X.
503. Gardoqui's offer, XI. 275.
British agents, 361. Admitted into
union, XII. 20. Discontents on
Mississippi, 450. Resolutions, XIV.
137-

Keppel, Augustus, Admiral, VI.
497 ; VII. 201 ; X. 77.

KlASHUTA, II. 298, 304.

King, Rufus, on Indian relations,
XII. 33. Threatened by Genet,
358. For Secretary of State, XIII.
130. Minister to England, 193,
209.

Kingsbridge, IV. 167 ; V. 390.

King's Ferry, IX. 5.

King William, dower lands, VI. 88.

Kirk, Grafton, XIII. 423.

Kirkland, Moses, Colonel, III. 286,
296, 309.

Kirkland, Samuel, III. 153 ; V.
299 ; VI. 348, 421 ; XII. 117.

KiRKPATRicK, John, I. 201 ; II. 52.

Kittaning, VII. 372.

Kniphausen, Baron Wilhelm von,
VIII. 309, 321 ; IX. 74.

Knowling, -\ndrew, XIV. 327.

Knowlton, Thomas, Major, III.
329. 345 ; IV. 244, 303, 414, 437.

Knox, George, Lieutenant, VII. 499.

Knox, Henry, III. 9. Plans works.
14, 193. Recommended, 205. Sent
to Ticonderoga, 220. Colonel, 276.
On Schuyler, 369. To erect battery
on Charles Town point, 484. At
Newport, IV. 37. Ideas on com-
mand, 285. To be in readiness, V.
17- Arrangement of corps, 112.
Should be promoted, 118. Advises
an advance, 136, 150. Recruiting,
230. On locating laboratory, 237.

GENERAL INDEX.

51-

Knox, Henry — Cont.
To examine Highlands, 358. Should
not be ranked by Ducoudray, 401,
404, 412. On Red Bank, VI. 200.
Airangement of artillery, 343. In
council, 476, 496 ; VII. 8. On
ordnance department, 137, 311.
draft, VIII. 313. Accompanies
Washington to Hartford, 437.
Rank, IX. 39, 78. Sent to New
England, 92. Artillery estimate,
146. At "Wethersfield conference,
251. Promotion opposed, 404. On
exchanges, 465 ; X. 67, 75. In
command at West Point, 273, 2g8.
On disturbances in Massachusetts,
XI. 81. On convention, 123. The
Constitution in Massachusetts, 229.
Secretary of War, 400. Dissuades
Washington from retiring, XII.
124. Issue with Colonel Darke,
139. On administering the oath,
264. Genet, 314, 318, 331. Re-
signs, XIII. 5. On eastern bound-
ary, 182. The provisional army,
XIV. 44, 58. Adams on rank, 89.
Washington on, 102, 110, 114.

KosciuszKO, Thaddeus, V. 504 ;
VI. 183, 430, 490.

KUSTALOGA, I. 23, 28.

L.

Labor, foreign, XII. 216.

Laboratories, V. 233, 237.

Lacey, John, General, VI. 289, 451.

Ladies' StiiscripUons, VIII. 332.

Lafayette, VI. 39. Major-General,
41. Wounded, 70. Wishes a com-
mand, 161, 223. To command
Canada expedition, 298, 437. In
camp again, 470. In council, VII.
8. Escapes from Grant, 31. Lee's
petulance, 75. Sent to Rhode
Island, no, 127, 154. Reasons
with Estaing, 163, 174. 182. On
Sullivan's order, 171. Challenges
Carlisle, 206. Wishes to return to
France, 210. Illness, 289. Embarks
without despatches, 358. Disputes
in Congress, VIII. 68. Returns to
America, 263, 272. Canada procla-
mation, 281. Sent to Rochambeau,
348, 365. Plan for attacking New
York, 403. Accompanies Washing-
ton to Hartford, 437. Disappointed
33

in laurels, 478. Anxious to attack,
IX. 18, 37. In Philadelphia, 43,
80. Detached to Virginia, 154, 208.
On intercepted letter, 225. Ham-
ilton's difference, 227. Clothing
on credit, 240. Influences Grasse,
371. Before York, 382. On Charles-
ton expedition, 391. On prospects
of peace, X. 95. Sends tidings,
197. Wishes to convey ratification,
199. On Spanish negotiation, 2i8.
In Cincinnati, 327, 370. Arrives
in New York, 400. Accompanies
Indian commissioners, 425. Com-
mends Ternant, XII. 63. Aid to
his wife, 261, 270. Efforts to re-
lease, 413 ; XIII. 170, 209, 255.
Rumored return to America, XIV.
no, 215. Bequest to, 286.

Lafayette, George Washington,
XIII. 100, 136, 435.

La Force, I. 28, 59, 72. Captured,

83, 324-

Lamb, John, Colonel, IV. 9.

Lambert, , XII. 243.

Lamb's Dam, III. 448.

Land, obtained from Indians, II. 326.
Mississippi and Florida, 372. Ohio,
386. Bounty in, V. 21 ; VIII. 97.
Public, IX. 133. Soldier, X. 268,
289, 319, 391. Sale of western, XI.
45. Speculations, XII. 30, 70.
Settling, XIII. 404.

Landais, Peter, Captain, VIII. 408.

Lane, Captain, IV. 144.

Langdon, John, III. 239.

Langhorn^s Letter, XIV. 76, 136.

Lasher, John, Colonel, II. 494.

Laumoy, V. 406 ; VII. 225 ; VIII.
148.

Laurens, Henry, President of Con-
gress, VI. 180. On Howe's epi-
thets, 397. Against half-pay, VII.
35. Canada expedition and the
French, 264. Arming slaves, 371.
Imprisoned in the Tower, IX. 218.
Proposed exchange for Burgoyne,
332. For Comwallis, 444, 448,
457 ; X. 53, 66. ^ , ,

Laurens, John, Lieutenant-Colonel,
on spurious letter, IV. 181. In-
activity of the galleys, VI. 169.
On attacking Philadelphia, 2x9.
Foraging by the British, 244. En-
listing negroes, 347. Delinquency
of commissaries, 382. Miniature

SH

GENERAL INDEX.

Laurens, John — Cont.

of Washington, 409. Employment
of foreigners, 448. Merits of Mon-
mouth, VII. 86. Sent to Estaing,
100, 108, 114. Sent to Rhode
Island, 128, i6g. Secretary to
Franklin, VIII. 87, 105. Prisoner
on parole, 493. Exchanged, IX.
24. Sent to France, 80, 102, 171,
20g, 228. Returns, 355. Commis-
sioner on capitulation, 388. With
Greene, 445. Death, X. 102. Char-
acter, 443. Aide-de-camp, XIV.

433-

Laurie, James, Doctor, II. 141.

Lauzun, Due de, VIII. 349. Sent to
Washington by Rochambeau, 268.
To surprise Delancy's corps, 289.
March to army, 295 . At Gloucester,
371. Ordered to join Greene, 463.

Laval, Marquis de, IX, 47.

Law, Elizabeth Parke, XIV, 295.

Law, Thomas, XIII. 31, 501.

Lawrence, Charles, II. 185.

Lawrence, , XI. 420.

Lead, scarcity of. III. 81, 85.

Lear, Lincoln, XII. 328, 426.

Lear, Tobias, XI. 18, 276, 374.
Paine's pamphlet, XII. 37. At
death-bed, 245. Communicates with
relatives, 257. On will, 287.

Learned, Ebenezer, Colonel, III.
333, 458 ; V. 300; VII. 138.

Lee, Arthur, III. 37 ; IV. 86. False
information, V. 335. At Berlin,
VI. 223. Commissioner to Indians,
X. 425. Treasury Board, XI. 400,
For judiciary, 421.

Lee, Charles, on Virginia, II. 457.
Major-General, 492 ; III, 4. On
army, 14, 18. Pay of officers, 142.
Gage, 159, Belknap's description,
181. Enlisting new army, 215.
Defection of Connecticut troops,
255. Sent to Rhode Island, 292,
297,310. To New York, 325. In-
structions, 327, 345. Suggested for
Canada, 388, 394. Fortifications,
399. Parker's threats. Ordered to
Canada, 438. Sent south, 474.
Opinion on, 508. To take Detroit,
IV. 123. At Charleston, 316. On
cavalry, 340. Drummond, 351.
Neglect of Congress, 446. At
King's Bridge, 498. Altercation
with Heath, and letter to Reed, V.

48, 432. Delay in joining main
army, 63, 65. Captured, 79, 97,
109, III. Exchange proposed, 164.
Treatment of, 168, 258. Proposed
conference between Howe and Con-
gress, 239, 266. Congress on ex-
change, 274, 315, 395. Defends
Drummond, 464. Exchange for
Prescott, 487 ; VI. 16, 299, 415,
491. In council of war, VII. 9.
On movements of British, 63. Ad-
vances against the enemy, 70. On
command of the van, 75. At Mon-
mouth, 81, 89. Trial ordered, 92,
106, 195. His printed defense, 283.
His Queries, 501. Death, X. 102.
Writings, 459.
Lee, Charles, Attorney-General,

XIII. 107, 412.

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, IV. 453 ;
XI. 208.

Lee, George, I. 328.

Lee, Henry, II. 38.

Lee, Henry, VII. 205. To employ
a spy, 477. 493. Exploit at Powles'
Hook, VIII. 27. Sent to Estaing,
54. Corps to Carolina, 237. Com-
mended, 489. Joins Southern army,
IX. 19. Surprises Georgetown, 265.
Navigation of Mississippi, XI. 42,
79. Dropped from Congress, 88.
Seeks command, XII. 138. On
proclamation of neutrality, 287.
Jefferson's ramark, 456. For com-
mand, 514. In provisional army,

XIV. 41.

Lee, Richard Henry, II. 352. On
closing Boston, 413. Proposes a
congress, 414. In Congress, 428,
444, 464, 483- Justice, 433. On
securing Boston harbor. III. 102.
In committee on Canada, IV. 109.
On Gates, 173. On neglect of
Arnold, V. 363. On Conway's ap-
pointment, VI. 123. Spurious let-
ters, 377. Receives Conway, VII.
19. Friendship for Washington,
IX. 305. Rewarding Paine, X.
394. President of Congress, 424.
Poverty of Congress, XI. 28. Gar-
doqui's belief, 43. Opposes the
Constitution, 168, rgs, 207. Favors
trial of government, 334. On Wash-
ington's rule of appointment, 394.
On titles, 409. Moves to open Sen-
ate doors, 483. On Genet, XII. 416.

GENERAL INDEX.

515

Lee, Sidney, Miss, X. 369.

Lee, William R., Colonel, V. 386 ;

VI. 208, 463.
Lee, William ("Billy"), X. 397;

XII. 348 ; XIII. 366, 378 ; XIV.

273-
Legge, William, XIV. 363.
Leitch, Andrew, Major, IV. 414,

437-

Lemon, , I. 297.

L'Enfant, Peter Charles, VII.
200. Orders of Cincinnati, X. 326 ;
XI. 157. In federal city, XII. 15.
Complaints against, 87. Dispute
with Carroll, 93, 104.

Lenox, David, XII. 336, 446.

Leonard, Abiel, III. 400, 477.

Leslie, Alexander, Brigadier-Gen-
eral. IV. 418 ; V. 149 ; IX. 6, 86.

Letchynore' s Point, attack upon, III.
212. Occupation of, 286, 298, 417.

Letter Books, early, of Washington, I.
19; II. 41.

Letters, intercepted. III. ig, 6g, 157;
V. 25, 52, 513 ; VIII. 410 ; IX. 314.

Letters, spurious, IV. 132, 160, 177,
219, 254, 264, 288 ; VI. 377 ; VII.
22, 41 ; XI. 339 ; XIII. 365, 378,
427.

Lewis, Andrew, Major, I. 185. Ar-
rives at Winchester, 201. Sandy
Creek expedition, 220, 237. With
Cherokees, 333, 354, 444- Recom-
mended, 380. Sent forward, 452,
472, 478. Commands in Augusta,
II. 14. With Grant, 99. Reported
death, 102, 104. Sent against the
Indians, 193. In convention, 464.
An incident, 481. Brigadier-Gene-
ral, III. 438. Reported unpopu-
larity, 296. Resigns V. 270. Death,

X. 353.

Lewis, Charles, Captain, I. 186.
Lewis, David, Major, I. 359, 377.
Lewis, Eleanor Parke, XIV. 295.
Lewis, Elizabeth, XI.' 427.
Lewis, Elizabeth (2d), XIV. 282.
Lewis, Fielding, I. 433 ; IX. 21.
Lewis, George, V. 159 ; VII. 152 ;

XIII. 222 ; XIV. 432.
Lewis, Howell, XII. 122.
Lewis, Joshua, Captain, 1. 493, 503 ;

II. 10.
Lewis, Lawrence, XII. 303, 319 ;

XIV. 209, 249, 293, 296.
Lewis, Nathan, I. 281.

Lewis, Thomas, II. 408 ; IX. 278 ;
X. 350 ; XI. 20.

Lexington, II. 475. Effect in Eng-
land, III. 37, 50.

LiANCOURT, Due de, XIII. 254.

Lincoln, Benjamin, IV. 489 ; V. 19.
Commands militia, io6. Com-
mended, 121, 195. Moves on New
York, 178. Joins main army,
236. Major-General, 247. At-
tempted surprise, 325. To join
Schuyler, 511, 522 ; VI. 10, Rank,
289. In the South, VII. 358. Ap-
plies to retire, VIII. 35. Before
Savannah, in. In Charleston, 239,
251. Surrenders, 338. On ex-
change, 431. Exchanged, IX. 23.
In proposed attack on New York,
293,295. Marches southward, 356.
Secretary at War, 405. On pay of
army, X. 93. Not to resign, 321.
Constitution in Massachusetts, XI.
228. Indian commissioner, 423 ;
XII. 259. Character, 507.

Lindsay, John, I. 501.

Lippencott, Richard, Captain, IX.
472, 479 ; X. 70, 113.

Liquors, spirituous, V. 233.

Little, Carpenter, II. 117.

Littlepage, Lewis, XI. 31.

Little Sarah, XII. 302, 309.

Livingston, Henry B., Colonel, IV.
462.

Livingston, James, III. 357.

Livingston, , I. 213.

Livingston, Robert R., III. 148;
IV, 110. On New York, 497. Sug-
gests letter, V. 493. On Putnam,
VI. 419. Suggested for committee,

VIII. 267. Wishes Arnold's ap-
pointment at West Point, 327, 500.
Lafayette's offer, X. 200. Civil
jurisdiction in Westchester County,
245. Treaty infractions, XI. 131.
Offered appointment to France,

XII. 423. Against Jay's treaty,

XIII. 81, 176.

Livingston, Walter, IV. 38, 186,
211, 233, 311.

Livingston, William, IV. 211.
Militia law of New Jersey, V. 278.
Information, 296. On intercourse
with enemy, VI. 62. Authority, 157.
Against half pay, VII. ^t. At-
tempted capture, 351. Exchanges,

IX. 148 : X. 75.

5i6

GENERAL INDEX.

Lloyd, Mr., XII. 307.

Loans, XII. 298, 410.

Logan, George, XIII. 480 ; XIV.
129.

Long Island, defence, III. 107.
Tories, 365, 397 ; IV. 83, 97. Pro-
tection, 139. Disaffected take arms,
189, Stock on, 329. Tories sent
to Connecticut, 336. Landing of
British, 358, 364. Battle of, 372,

389, 426. Retreat from, 374, 376,

390, 426, 471. Effects of, 379, 398,
471. Expedition to east end, 462.
Forage on, V. 226. Descent upon,
376. 397- Incursions, VIII. 63.

LoRiNG, Joshua, V. 105 ; VIII. 54.

Lottery, Potomac, II. 348.

Loudoun, John, Earl of, I. 299, 306.
On Fort Cumberland, 312, 371, 373,
407. Purchasing scalps, 338. Con-
fused directions, 400. Maryland
denies jurisdiction of, 434. Re-
called, II. 5. On Gage, III. 159.

Louis, III. 67, 375.

Louisbu7-g, capture of, II. 54.

LovELL, James, in prison, III. 288.
Exchange of, 385 ; IV. 286, 309,
317. On Conway. 199. Against
half-pay, VII. 17. Letter toGerry,
IX. 152.

LoWRY, Lieutenant, I. 401.

Loyalist Regiments, III. 224 ; IV. 460 ;
V. 369. Associated, IX. 421, 458.

Ludlow, Captain, X. 24, 28.

Ludlow, Mr., XIII. 250.

Ludwell, Philip, I. 181.

LuTTERLOH, , Major, II. 155.

Luzerne, Chevalier de la, V. 65, 68.
On Canadian expedition, 142. Ex-
change of prisoners, 189. On Mir-
alles, 208. Powers of Washington,
245, Character of Washington, 262.
On co-operation, 264. Conduct of
British, 325. On exaggerated re-
ports. 413. French subsidy, IX.
483. Reports of French officers,
488. In Cincinnati, X. 326. Pow-
ers of Congress, XL 49. Congratu-
lations to Washington, 475. Loses
title, XII., 60.

Lyman, Phinehas, II., 327.

Lynch, Thomas, II. , 427. On com-
mittee to camp, III., 69, 148, 179,
185. Report to Congress, 192, 259.
On Reed's prospects, 246. Drum-
mond's affair, 420.

M.

McCalester, , Lieutenant, VIII.

27.
McCarty, Dennis, I. 223, 394, 399.
McClay, James, XI. 383, 483.
McClure, James, Doctor, XI. 142 ;

XIII. 235.
McCumber, Mathew, Ensign. IV.

449. 487-

McDonald, Angus, II. 411.

McDougall, Alexander, III. 86.
Brigadier-General, IV. 324. On
council of war, 403. Sick, V. 126.
In command at Peekskill, 297, 345,
358, 363. At Markeys, VI. 8?.
Commended, 102. On court of in-
quiry, 427. In command of High-
lands, 431. Against attacking New
York, 449. At West Point, VII.
471. Moves on to New York, 495,
To join Howe, VIII. 308. At West
Point, 458, 496. Sets out for
Philadelphia, IX. 53. Minister of
Marine, 132. Promised a com-
mand, 324. Death, XI. 52.

McGachen, William, II. 394, 408.

McGillivray, Alexander, XL 422.
Obstacle to treaty, 465. In coun-
cil, 495. Trade, XII. 159, 172.

Machin, Thomas, IV. 299.

McHenry, James, leaves army, X.
196. Explains desire of Congress
to meet Washington, 291. Inter-
cedes for release of Lafayette, XII.
413- On Pinckney, XIII. 140.
On French captures, 216. On
Washington's pay, XIV. 56. Brings
commission, 59, 94. Incompetent,
66, 88, x66. Secretary, 433.

McIntosh, Lachlan, appointed to
Fort Pitt, VII. 30, 113. Embar-
rassment, 219, 314. Question of
promotion, IX. 404. Character,
XII. 507.

McKaye, James, I. 60. Question of
rank, 97, 105, 139.

McKay, Samuel, Captain, IV. 15.

McKean, Thomas, IX. 410.

McKenzie, Robert, Captain, I. 322,
442, Detached, II. 80. Desires
inBuence, 177. In Boston, 441,
444-

McKinley, , VI. 252.

McMahon, Sergeant, VI. 441.

McNaire, , Lieutenant, VI. 39.

GENERAL INDEX.

517

McNeill, John, Lieutenant, I. 301,
377. 398- Recommended, 413, 460.
Marches against Indians, 493. Mis-
take of, II. 125.

McPhe'rson, John, Captain, III.
202, 207.

McWiLLIAMS, , Major, VI. 278.

Madison, James, Sr., IV. 335 ; XIV.
12, 148.

Madison, James, alteration in posi-
tion of Congress, . VIII. 215. On
Pennsylvania executive, 299. Carle-
ton's request, X. 13. Newburgh
troubles, 169. Potomac naviga-
tion, 377, 415. Reward of Paine,
394. Mississippi, 408 ; XI. 92.
British debts, X. 427. Potomac
shares, XI. 5. Commercial policy;
12. Weak government, 83. Con-
vention at Philadelphia, 96. Con-
stitution before Congress, 168.
Publlus, igo. Constitution in Massa-
chusetts, 2X3, 230. On Mason, 255.
Place of meeting for Congress, 296.
New York on the Constitution,
31&. Loses election to senate, 334.
Titles, 411. Jefferson's acceptance,
440, 467. Commercial propositions,
471. Assumption, 483. Meets
Beckwith, 32. Retirement of Wash-
ington, 123. Commercial retali-
ation, 414, 418. Rumored political
entanglement, 474. Attack on
Democratic societies, 476. Refusal
of papers, XIII. 177. On Farewell
Address, 194.

Magaw, Robert, Lieutenant-Col-
onel, III. 47L. At Mount Wash-
ington, V. 10, 32, 37 ; X. 444.
Exchange negotiations, VIII. 152,
231.

Magazines of Provisions, V. 16.

Malmedy, M., V. 363, 368.

Manchester, Duke of, on evacuation
of Boston, III. 456.

Manly, John, Captain, Prizes, III.
252, 262, 270, 285, 382. Commo-
dore, 389. Orders to, 458.

Mansfield, , Colonel, III. 98.

Manufactures, XI. 353. 358, 445 ;
XII. 6.

Maps, V. 205.

Marbois, Barb£, VIII. 68 ; X. 489.

Marchant, Henry, VI. 50.

Mares, purchase of, V. 292.

Marines, III. 225, 242, 274, 374.

Marion, Francis, ^X, 363.

Marriage, views on, X. 318, 455.

Marshall, Johi^, on \lississippi, XI.
79. Dorchester's speech, XII. 409.
Jay treaty, XIII. 59. Randolph's
vindication, 129. For Attorney-
General, 131. Mission to France,
216,236,390. Returns from France,
XIV. 14. To visit Mt. Vernon,
75. Election, i8i. Communicates
death, 259, 262.

Marshall, Thomas, VII. 150, 192.

Marsteller, , Lieutenant, XIV.

51-

Martin, , Lieutenant, V. 411.

Martin, Ephraim, Colonel, IV. 17,

369-

Martin, , Colonel, II. 52.

Martin, Joseph, Governor, III. 315 ;

IV. 2 ; VIII. 207.
Martindale, Lion, Captain, III.
' 262, 276, 309.

Maryland, special bounty to troops,

V. 21. Obstructs recruiting, VI.
39. Address, IX. 4x5. Intendant
in, 460. Constitation, XI. 240,
244, 259, 273. Resolves, XIII.
138. On Farewell Address, 355.

Mason, French, II. 22.

Mason; George, I. 513. Loan of,
II. 227. British aggression, 263,
432. Measures of, 464 ; III. 210.
Custis property, IV. 71. On a
paper issue, X. 489. Mississippi,

XI. 781. Against Constitution, 168,
172, 194, 214, 255, 271. Criticisms,

XII. 147.

Mason, Stevens Thomson, XIII.
19, 60.

Mason, Thomson, XIV. 282, 291.

Mason, John, IX. 97.

Massachusetts, Conduct of, II. 442.
Strength of army. III. 5, 17.
OflScers deficient, 14, 18, 31, 97,
192. Monopolizes appointments,
103. Want of public spirit, 243,
246 ; XIV. 303. Resolves, III.
351. Loan, 353, 405. Love of
money, 413. Tories, IV. 90. As-
sembly, 175. Regiments for Can-
ada, 205, 218, 232, 277. Additional
bounty, V. 20. Militia, 107, 121.
Regiments for Ticonderoga, 318.
Fears an invasion, 380. Return of
line, VI. 292. Disturbances in,
XI. 76, 81, 99, 106, 127. On

5i8

GENERAL INDEX.

Massac h usetts — Cont.

Constitution, 2ii 228, 256. Jay
Treaty, XIII. 73, 92.

Mathew, Edward, General, VII.
479 ; VIII. 322.

Mathews, John, VIII. 267, 495.

Mauduit, Israel, VII. 158.

Mawhood, , Colonel, V. 149.

Maxwell, William, General, V.
120, 160. Delayed, 198. Tories,
233. Detached, 448, 452 ; VI. 68.
Acquitted, 216. Ordered to New-
burg, VII. 41. Harasses the enemy,
78. Intelligence, 148.

Meade, Richard Kidder, VI. 355 ;
XIV. 433.

Mease, James, Clothier-General, V.
160, 238, 496 ; VI. 469. Incom-
petent, VII. 142, 472.

Medical Department, VIII. 428.

Meeker, John, VI. 357.

Meigs, Return Jonathan, Colonel,
III. 384. Exchanged, IV. 351 ; V.
212. Descent on Long Island, 397.
Muting of troops, VIII. 288.

Menonville, Colonel, IX. 243 ; XI.
30.

Mercer, George, I. 102. Aide-de-
camp, 201, 213. Visits Boston,
230. Enlisted militia, 304. Prop-
osition to exchange, II. 14. On
road, 52. Election of burgesses,
178. Stamp distributer, 200.
Land claims, 339. Difference with
brother, 472.

Mercer, Hugh, IV. 208, 213. Sets
off for Jersey, 215. Plan of attack,
303. Council of war, 403. Instruc-
tions, 92. Wounded, 148, 154, 173.

Mercer, James, Captain, I. 226.
Sent after deserters, 394, 395.
Building forts, 413. Directions
about money, 446. Deputy stamp
distributer, II. 200.

Mercer, John, Captain, II. 247, 277,
288.

Mercer, John Francis, XI. 62, 208,
245. Election letter, XII. 194.
Charge against Hamilton, 204.

Merchant, George, IV. 86.

Merlin, M., XIV. 131.

Merril, , Lieutenant, IV. 145.

Message, final, XIII. 332, 344.

Mewce, Elizabeth, XIV. 347.

Mifflin, Thomas, III. 4. Quarter-
master-General, 77, 96, 102. Be-

fore Boston, 476. Instructions,
496, On Long Island, IV. 373. Suc-
ceeds Moylan, 453. Appears before
Congress, V. 51, 55. Advises Con-
gress to withdraw, 83. At Borden-
town, 142. Militia, 196. Martyrs,
235. Major-General, 247. Return
to Philadelphia, 420. Maps, 519.
Resigns, VI. 254. Board of War,
283. In cabal, 454. Council of
war, 477, 495, 501 ; VII. 8. His
resignation, 18, 346. Delegate in
Congress, X. 343. Application,
XIII. 225. Aide-de-camp, XIV.
432.

Miles, Samuel, Colonel, IX. 354.

Militia, Virginia, II. 14, 37. Not to
be depended upon, III. 16. Of
Massachusetts, III. 244. Of Massa-
chusetts and New Hampshire, 259,
287, 299, 300. New England, 354.
For Canada, 362, 369, 380. Regu-
lations, 383. Pay of, IV. 12. New
York, 33, 51, 85. New Jersey, 17,
42. Connecticut, 50, 138. Bad
conduct, 379, 399. Condition, 422.
Ruinous dependence, 429, 443, 457,
469, 473. New Hampshire, 484.
Urged to stay, V. 3, 19. Uncer-
tain support, 67, 79, 101, 114.
Massachusetts, 107, 121. Pennsyl-
vania, 179. Rhode Island, 184.
For remote, VI. Guards, 464.
Increased pay, VII. 431. For co-
operation, VIII. 73, 117. Objec-
tions to, 286, 440 ; IX. 348. Uni-
form system, X. 263.

Miller, John, VI. 440.

Milne, Mr., XI. 358.

Minot, George Richards, XI. 312.

MiRABEAu, Count de, XI. 15, 157.

Miralles, Don Juan de, VIII. 142,
206.

Mississippi, venture, II. 244. Lands
on, 372. Question of navigation,
X. 488 : XI. 41, 79, 92, 163, 175,
239. British influence in, XIII.
65.

Mitchell, Alexander, Captain, IX.
85.

Mitchell, John, XIII. 55.

Monacatootha, I. 14. In fight with
Jumonville, 82. Sent to Logstown,
92, 100. Bums his village, n8.

Monarchy, ideas of, XI. 132 ; XII.
149.

GENERAL INDEX.

519

Money, great need of, XIII. 13, 34,
146. For the army, 230, 238, 247,
280, 338, 352 ; IV. 52, 62, 387 ; V.

43, 131, i6r, 210, 288, 463 ; VI.
184, 387, 501. Counterfeit, 457.
Paper, VIII. 100, 103, 129, i6g,

395-

Monmouth, battle of, VII. 81, 89, 96.

Monroe, James, opposes Hamilton,
XII. 415. Minister to France, 423.
Received in convention, 483, 503.
Advice to Directory, XIII. 190.
Recalled, 216, 257. Unfinished
despatches, 253. Misled by French,
330. Takes in Paine, 361. Audi-
ence of leave, 382. Vindication,
4i5i 439. 447i 450- Madison on,
XIV. 246.

MONTEIL. M. DE, VIII. 436 ; IX. 62.

MONTFLORENCE, , XIII. 2l6.

Montgomery, Colonel, II. 171.

Montgomery, Richard, General,
III. 168. Embarrassments, 184,
250. At Montreal, 245. Joins
Arnold, 308. Death, 355, 379, 407.
Assisted by Canadians, IV. 29.

Montour, Akdrkw, I. 93, 129, 191,
203.

Montreal, capture of. III. 245.

Montresor's Island, IV. 398, 472.

Moore, James, General, III. 438.

Morgan, Daniel, General, III. 86,
140. To join Arnold, 155. Rec-
ommended, IV. 454. Skirmish,
V. 448. Character of corps, VI. 33,

44. To join main army, 86, 154.
Reinforces Greene, 218. Enlisting,
348. Marches towards Princeton,

VII. 78, 80, 88. For promotion,

VIII. 357. Defeats Tarleton, IX.
145. Opinion of, XII. 452. In
Pennsylvania troubles, 469. Char-
acter, 509.

Morgan, Ensign, XII. 191.

Morgan, George, II. 328 ; XI. 363.

Morgan, John, Doctor, III. 230.

MoRGANN, M., X. 13.

Morocco, XIII. 240.

Morris, Apollos, V. 207, 235, 279,

Morris, Gouverneur, II. 500. Con-
fers with Washington, IV. 98. On
committee, VI. 283. Instructions
for Gates, 490. On conciliatory
bills, 500. On exchange, IX. 473 ;
X. 67. On claims of army, 224.

Coinage scheme, 493. Mission to
England, XI. 443. Charges a£;ainst,
502. Loans, XII. 65. On matters
in France, 132. Obscure reference,
349. Recalled, 422. Esteem for,
434. On Monroe, XIII. 190,
453.

Morris, Jacob, Major, V. 274,

Morris, Joseph, Major, VI. 239.

Morris, Robert, V. 138. On pros-
pects, 263. Lee's proposed confer-
ence, 267. Treatment of Lee, 431.
Committee to camp, VI. 240. Treaty
with France, VII. 5. Financier,
IX. 132, 274. Specific supplies,
301. No money, 343. Goes to
headquarters, 347. Borrows of the
French, 355. Contracts, 453. En-
gages Paine, X. 80. Payments to
army, 2og, 230, 236, 250. Rent of
house, XI. 503. Gorham purchase,
XII. 30.

Morris, Robert Hunter, Governor,
I. 163, 217.

Morrisania, IX. 146.

Morse, Jedidiah, XI. 283.

Mossum, David, II. 126.

Motte, M. de la, VIII. 141.

Moultrie, William, IX. 404, 443.
Character, XII. 507.

Mount Vernon, hospitality. III. 236.
British at, IX. 235, 238. Map of
farms, XII. 358.

Moustier, Count de, XI. 215, 218.
Question of recognition, 234. Trade
relations with P'rance, 306.

Mowat, H., III. 182, 201.

MOYLAN, Stephen, III. 77. On
equality, 141. As aid, 229, 463.
Prize stores, 271. Succeeded by
Mifflin, IV. 453. Commands dra-
goons, V. 194. Attacking New
York, IX. 37. Aid, XIV. 432.

MUGFORD, Captain, IV. 144.

Muhlenberg, Peter, General, V.
247. Quoted, VI. 76. In council,
91. Thinks of resigning, 469, 473.
Favors attacking New York, 477.
To support Wayne, VII. 493.

Murray, , VI. 374.

Murray, William Vans, XIV. 130,
156.

Muse, Battaile, XII. 74, 431.

Muse, George, Major, I. 45. Joins
Washington, 98. Letter to, II.
343-

520

GENERAL INDEX.

Mutiny, in Canada, II. 251. Of Con-
necticut and Rhode Island men,
VII. 326, 328. Of Pennsylvania,
IX. 87, 96, 100, 115, 123, 222 ; X.
270. Of New Jersey, 117, 121, 123.

N.

Napp, Thomas, I. 302, 353.

Nash, Francis, General, VI. 91.
Wounded, and death, 96, 102, 114.

Hatches, VIII. 150.

Navigation Act, XI. 169.

Navy, at Philadelphia, III. 395, 465.
Inactivity of, IV. 16. Connecticut,
400. Superiority, IX. 406.

Neale's grant, II. 222.

Nedel, Captain, IV. 193.

Negroes, transported to West Indies,
II. 211. Enlistment, III. 162.
Stragglers, 172. In army, 307. To
enlist, VI. 347, 349. At York, IX.
392. Levies, X. 48. Under treaty
of peace, 200, 243, 246. Emanci-
pation, X. 220. Washington un-
willing to sell, XIV. 196. Freeing,
272, 281.

Nelson, Thomas, VII. 159. Gover-
nor, IX. 318. Descendant for Sec-
retary, XI. 413.

Neufville, M. de, XIII. 369.

Neutrality, proclamation and rules,
XII. 280, 308,314, 336, 345, 351, 459.

Neuville, Noirmont, VII. 118, 120.

Neville, John, XII. 446.

Neville, Presley, VII. 357; IX.
56 ; XII. 469.

Newcomb, Silas, VI. 100, 157, 169.

New England Convention, V. 230.

New Hampshire, troops. III. 89. Dis-
position of militia. III. 270 ; IV.
464. Recruiting in, VIII. 328.
And Constitution, XI. 238, 276.

New Haven, descent upon, VII. 491.

New_ Jersey, militia, IV. 43, 211.
Disaffection in, 206, 212. Distress,
209. Defences, 229, 382. Howe's
expedition, V. 8, 12, 20. Flight of
legislature, 60. Militia, 67, 200,
277, 308. Manoeuvres in, 80, 86,
89, ICO, 109, 142, 154, 160, 170.
Militia, VI. 120, 171, 213. Suffer-
ings of people, 256. Officers, VII.
445. Recruiting, VIII. 222. In-
cursions into, VIII. 309. Draft,
312. Revolt of line, IX. 117, 121.

New London, rumored blockade, IV.
16. Arnold's descent upon.

Newport, supplies enemy's fleet. III.
321.

Newspaper, abuse, XII. 180, 204, 310 ;
XIII. 220, 229, 244.

New York, receives Washington and
Tryon, II. 495. Address of Con-
gress to Washington, 500. Supplies
enemy. III. 174. Tryon applies
for troops, 315. Lee sent to pro-
vide defences, 325, 332, 345. Par-
ker's threats, 436. Connecticut
troops for, 445. Council of war,
468, 470. Orders, 473. Putnam
sent on, 500. Civil, and military
authority, IV. 21. Intercourse with
enemy's ileet, 22, 56. Posts of ob-
servation, 33, 51. Militia, 36, 53.
85. Batteries, 55, 56. 102. Pro-
gressof defence, 113. Payof troops,
117. Approach of British, 130, 138.
Tories, 116, 131, 165. Celebration,
163. British fleet at, 198, 215, 2l6,
230, 241. Disaffected, 245, 274,
278. Situation in, 292. Defences
of, 334. 338. Tories, 341. Re-
moval of inhabitants, 347. Firing
of, 360, 430, 437. Plan of defence,
365, 391- Destruction suggested,
381,385. British movements near,
386. Military importance of, 393.
Evacuation, 393, 402, 410, 427.
Manoeuvres of the enemy, 435.
Works in suburbs, 500. British in,
V. r, 7, 24, 36. Feint against, V.
153, 165, 177, 199, 214. Fleet
leaves, 399. Activity in, VI. 32.
Putnam's plan to attack, 85.
Threatened, 173. Proposed assault
449 ; VII. 46. Water approaches,
lOi, 108, 114. Attack upon, con-
sidered, 427. Intelligence from,
VIII. 39. Strength of British, 51,
77. Importance, 78. Lands, 97.
Preparation of fleet, 128. Detach-
ment, 144, 207, 257. Campaign
outlined, 282, 299, 341, 362, 368,
400. Returnof Clinton, 374. Orders
for attack, IX. 36. Preparation for
siege, 144, Unable to attack, 217.
Disapproved by French ministry,
228. French force to participate,
259. 275. 282. Night fixed for as-
sault, 288. Disposition of force,
291. Reconnoitred, 310. Force

GENERAL INDEX.

Szi

required to take, 496. Possible
evacuation, X. loi, 122. Siege,
149 Evacuation, 241, 24;, 328,
334> 347- Imports, 449. Consti-
tution in, XI. 286, 289, 315.

Niagara, VII. 322 ; VIII. 185.

Nicholas, George, XI. 175, 255.
271.

Nicholas, John. XIII. 429, 448,
451 ; XIV. 76.

Nicholas, Robert Carter, II. 464.

Nicholson, John, Colonel, IV. 155.

Nicola, Lewis, X. 23.

NiELSON, John, Colonel, V. 242.

Nixon, John, Colonel, IV. 324 ; V.

90, 345.

Noailles, Viscount, IX. 388, 409 ;
XII. 285.

Non-importation, II. 263, 282, 425.

Nook's Hill, occupation. III. 449, 470.

Nootka Sound, X. 496.

North, Lord, III. 317. Conciliation,
465 ; VI. 474, 482, 488 ; VII. 39.
57. Bills in Congress, 224.

North, William Colonel, XIV. 69,
89, 96.

North Carolina, invasion, IV. 107.
Operations against, IX. 6. Con-
vention, XI. 209. Adopts Consti-
tution, XI. 455.

North River, defences, IV. 96, 146.
Britith fleet in, IV. 241, 247. Their
object, 251, 253. Necessity of ob-
structing, 293, 299. Chevaiix-de-
frise passed, 488. Obstructions to
be made, 498 ; V. 204. Importance
of, 283, 354, 388. Threatened by
British, 459, 462. Clinton and
Vaughan's expedition, VI. 103, in,
129, 149, 164, 232. Defences of,
294, 428, 446. Clinton moves up,
VII. 280. British in, VIII. 95.
Posts on, 314, 320, 326, 372.

Nova Scotia, proposed expedition
against. III. 76. Commissioners
to, 225, 233, 242, 391, 421- Peti-
tion from, 496.

Nurses, want of, IV. 405.

O.

Oath, Lee's, III. 310- General, V.

222. To army, VII. i, 13- As

President, XII. 264.
O'Brien, Richard, XIII. 240.
Officers, Low character of Massa-

chusetts, III. 14, 18, 31, 97, 192.
Dissatisfaction with new appoint-
ments, 26, 40, 49. Commands, 58.
Appointment of, 97, 102. Pay and
forage allowance, 141, 143. Diffi-
culties arising from arrangement,
204, 208, 214, 249. Wrong idea
on recruiting, 256. Committee of
Congress on qualiflcations, 270,
Clothing, 273. Influence, 331. Va
cancies, IV. 304. Good pay essen
tial, 440. Manner of judging
452. Inducements to remain, 466
Necessity of selecting good, 475
Nominations, 489, 493. Bad choice
V. 40. Rule of appointing, 131
159. General, 192, 2x8, 247, 270
287, 305. Disputed rank. 240, 257,
322. Resignation, 339. In North.
em army, VI. 17. Horse, rank and
pay, 30. Want of, 73, 102. Ap-
pointment, 75. Resignations, 122,
179, 262, 445, 468, 478. Cashiered,
216. Hardships, 302. Reduction,
318, 450. Foreign, 346. Refuse
oath, VII. 13. Half pay, 16, 35.
Lieutenant-Generals, 61. Foreign-
ers, 116, 156. Wants of, 328. Re-
monstrance of New Jersey, 445.
Not desirous of war, VIII. 3. Try-
ing situation, 92. Reduced, 177.
Personal attention to discipline, 210.
Resignation, 229. Furlough and
additional, 238, 241. Sacrifices,
379. Provision for, 482. Discon-
tent of, X. ig, 31, 69, go. Respon-
sible for regiment, 144. Newburg
letters, 168, 170, 175, 185, i8i.
Trials of, 183, 230. Provision for,
206, 252, 260. Opirion on, XII.
506.

Offices, XI. 257, 348, 366, 389, 394,
414, 420 ; XII. 17 ; XIII. 107, 210.

Ogden, David, IV. 158.

Ogden, Matthias, Lieutenant-
Colonel, IV. 75 ; IX. 67.

O'Hara, Charles, Colonel, VI. 442 ;
VII. 277, 363.

Ohio, plan for conquering, II. 3.
Journal of tour, 285. Company,
339. Settling lands on, 405. 412,
451 459; HI- 128. Lands on,
VII. 221, 297; VUI. 7; IX. 133.

189, 278; X. 350, 361, 367, 425,

446, 464. 478, 485 ; XI. 20, 32, 195,
282 ; XII. 103.

522

GENERAL INDEX.

Oliver, Captain, XII. 159, 172.

Olney, Jeremiah, Colonel, IX. 300.

Oneida Indians, V. 298.

O'Neie, Mr., XIII. 14,

Opposition, bitterness of, XIII. 213,
219.

Orders, General, III. 311, 320, 447 ;
VIII. 209. Interference of, IV.
415. Disobeyed, V. 411. Fare-
well, X. 330.

Orme, Robert, I. 141, 170, 172.

Osgood, Samuel, XI. 400.

Oswego, IV. 324; X. 41, 159.

OuTACiTA, I. 457, 463.

Overseers, III. 235 ; XIII. 258 ;
XIV. I.

Paca, William, XI. 449.

Paine, Robert Treat, II. 479 ; III.

239-

Paine, Thomas, III. 396 ; IV. 4.
Crisis, X. 80. In want, 393. Bridge,
XII. 20. Rights of man, 36, 120.
Letter to Washington, XIII. 360.

Palatines, II. 403 ; X. 371.

Palfrey, William, III. 217. Pay-
master-General, IV. 12, 116 ; VI.
386. Aide-de-camp, XIV. 432.

Palmer, Edmund, VI. 29.

Panton, William, XII. 159, 172.

Paper money, in Virginia, II. 363.
Continental, VI. 90 ; VII. 180, 208,
214, 228 ; VIII. 19, 31. Proposi-
tion to use sponge, 26. After the
war, X. 489; XI. 51, 81, 105, 119.

Papers, call for, X. 104, 279.

Paranius, V. 369.

Pardon, VII. 482.

Pargiter, Eleanor, XIV. 380.

Parke, John, III. 102.

Parke, Theophilus, Captain, VIII.
203.

Parker, Josiah, Colonel, V. 206.

Parker, Oliver, Captain, III. 67.

Parker, Sir Peter, IV. 314.

Parks, Andrew, XIII. 183 ; XIV.
295.

Parliament on American affairs, III.
346. Conciliatory bill, VI. 482,
488, 492, 500. Debates on pacifi-
cation, X. 8, II.

Paroles, broken, IV. 312, 342 ; V.
348, 379 ; VIII. 32.

Parr, James, Major, IX. 287.

Parsons, Samuel Holden, III. 33 ;

IV. 177, 307. Brigadier-General,
324. Feint on New York, V. 214.
Plans a descent on Long Island,
225. Recruiting, 295. Against
Long Island, 376. At Highlands,
VI. 419, 430. Recommends Neuf-
ville, VIII. n8. Rank, IX. 39,
101. Attack on Morrisania, 146,
Recruits. 156. Reconnoitring New
York, 311. Goes west, XI. 221.
Judge, 416.

Parties, spite of, XIII. 230.
Passports, abuses, VI. 61.
Patriotic Society, XI. 69, 83.
Paterson, John, Brigadier-General,

V. 247 ; VI. 219 ; IX. 67 ; X. 273.
Patterson, William, Judge, XIII.

115, 129.

Patterson, Lieutenant-Colonel, IV.
264, 284, 309 ; VII. 43.

Patton, John, Colonel, V. 164.

Paulding, John, VIII. 474.

Paulus Hook, VIII. 27, 33.

Pay, differences in, II. 27. Of army,
III. 139, 173, 220, 224, 295, 305.
Distinctions, 265. Of officers. 273.
Of militia, IV. 12. Different rates,
45. Of troops, 116, 120. Officers,
440, 452, 466. Of sick, V. 2. Ir-
regularities in, 342. 359. Extra,
281, 284. Half, VI. 301, 465,478,
509. Depreciation, VIII. 244, 256,
421. Delayed, 291. Of army, IX.

209. 355, 434-

Paymaster, x^^-axexAiX, IV. 491. Gen-
eral, VI. 342.

Peace, Howe's proposition, IV. 352.
Little prospect of, VII. 367, 382,
392. Apathy on prospects, VIII.
335 ; X. 29. Overtures, 52, 63.
Lulled into inactivity, 96. Negoti-
ations, 130, 139, 147, 151. Pre-
liminary articles, 184, 198, 222,
235-

Peachy, William, Captain, I. 252.
At Fort Cumberland, 314. Strays,
335 . Communicates Carter's charges,
483. Braddock's road, II. 54.

Peale, Charles Willson, II. 349;

VI. 409 ; VII. 199 ; XI. 147, 148.
Pearce, William, XI. 14 ; XII.

306 ; XIII. 258.
Pearis, Richard, I. 237, 401.
Peekskill, attack on, V. 297.
Pellisier, Christopher, V. 218.

GENERAL INDEX.

523

Pendleton, Edmund, II. 427, 464,
474, Writes Washington's accept-
ance of command, 481. Will, 485.
Favors constitution, XI. 175. In
convention, 268, 270. Judgeship,
433i 450- Public policy, XII. 327.
Indian policy, XIII. 32.

Pendleton, Philip, X. 136 ; XII.
463 ; XIV. 279.

Penet, III. 276. Brevet aide-de-
camp, IV. 483 ; XIV. 432.

Pennington, British at, V. 80.

Pennsylvania, artifice, II. 86, 91.
Association, IV. 330. Interview
with Howe, 402. Disaffection, V.
79, 95, 98, Militia, 179. Coalition
of parties, 195. Arrangement of
officers, 301. Howe's intentions
against, 330. Militia, 361. Officers,
VI. 42. Militia, 117, 167, 227.
Backward recruiting, 119. Apathy,
191. Deficiency in troops, 287.
Defective wagon service, 394. Dis-
affection, 450. Factions in, VII.
282. Troops for Indian expedition,
422. Militia, VIII. 90. Supplies,
254, 297. Strengthens executive,
330. Mutiny of line, IX. 87, gi,
• 96, 100, 115, 222, 267. X. 270.
Riflemen, IX. 286. Recruits, 362.
Resolutions, X. 343. Constitution
in, 243, 333. Insurrection, XII.
445, 451. 464, 479, 487, 491 ; XIII.
33.

Penobscot Expedition, VIII. 49, 249,
271 ; IX. 213 ; X. 58.

Percy, Lord, III. 166, 454; V. 94,

392-
Peter, Martha Parke, XIV. 295.
Peter, Thomas, XIII. 395, 501.
Peters, Richard, VI. 254 ; IX. 347.
Peyronie, William, I, 87, 103, 133,

173-

Peyton, Dr., XIV. 51,

Philadelphia, races, 1770, II. 285.
Panic in, V. 61. Security of, 73,
81, 84, 87, 92, 123, 130. Howe's
object, 264, 282, 320, 436. Ex-
ports, 331. Importance of , VI. 27.
British operations, 50, 56, 62, 71,
74, 80. Taken, 92. British in, 112,
126, 157, 202, 228, 236. Proposed
attack on, 2x8. Operations in, 286,
2go, 436, 443, 455. Enemy intend
to evacuate, VII. 15, 20, 27, 40, 52.
Stores, 33. Plan to attack, 45.

Evacuated, 53, 66. Protection of
inhabita.nts, 69. Possible attack,
386. Fever, XII. 337, 373.

Phillips, William, General, on
exchange of prisoners, VII. 277.
Dangerous, 440. Plan of exchange,
VIII. 152, 188. An exceptionable
letter, 361. Interview with Lincoln,
429, 445. Detached, IX. 201, 216.

Phinney, Edmund, Colonel, III. 200,
206.

Pichon, XIV. 156.

Pickens, Andrew, General, XII.

114, 173, 512-

Pickering, Timothy, V. 300, 386.
Journal, 502, 522 ; VI. 51, 71. Let-
ter on Brandywine, 69. For Board
of War, 123, 254. Committee to
camp, 283. Quartermaster-General,
VIII. 377, 378. Plan, IX. 199.
Civilizing Indians, XII. 12, 33, 259.
Secretary at War, XIII. 5. Fauchet
despatch, 87. Secretary of State,
121. Refuses request of Randolph,
128. Report, XIV. 151.

Pilots, VII. 104.

Pinckney, Charles, on navigation
of Mississippi, XI. 175, 463. Ne-
gotiations with Indians, XII. 114.

Pinckney, Charles Coteswtorth,
offered War Department, XII. 404.
Character, 510. State, XIII. 95,

115. For French mission, 216, 239,
390. In Provisional army, XIV. 34,
42, 45, 65, 102. British influence
charged, 216.

Pinckney, Thomas, XII. 96. Pro-
vision order, 414. Negotiation with
Spain, XIII. 121. Desires his re-
call, 169. Recall of Monroe, 256.
Object of mission to France, 369.
Directory refuses to receive, 382.

Pine, Robert Edge, X. 451, 467.

PiNKNEY, William, XIII. 140.

Pintard, Lewis, V. 186.

Piscataway, skirmish near, V. 361.

Pliarne, III. 277.

Plot, Hickey's, IV. 187.

Plowed mil, occupation of. III. 100,
106, 119.

Plunder, orders on. III. 57 I V. 139,
174- 187, 335.

Poetry, XI. 266.

Point Alder ton. III. 92, 99.

POMEROY, Seth, General, III. 15, 33,
66.

524

GENERAL INDEX.

Poor, Enoch, General, III. 33, 247.
In Council of War, VI. 218, 477.
Detachment, VII. 75, 83. Death,
442.

Pope, burning in effigy, III. 200.

Port Bill, Virginia, XI. 13.

Porter, Colonel, III. 57, 82, 376.

Portsmouth, III. 181, 200.

Portugal, seizure of ships, IV. 314.

Posey, John, II. 213, 226.

Posey, John Price, VII. 412 ; X.
55, 120.

Posey, Laurence, X. 456.

Posey, Thomas, Colonel, XII. 154.

Post-office Regulation, XI. 2go.

Posts from Philadelphia, III. 188.

Posts, western, X. 239, 285, 292, 421,
461, 487 ; XI. 28, 45 ; XII. 68, 291.

Potomac River, extending navigation,
II. 348 ; X. 375, 403, 427, 431, 437,
475- Company, X. 433, 454, 464,
477, 482, 495, 499. Shares, XI. 4,
8, igo, 359; XII. 501 ; XIII. i, 26,
49, 52 ; XIV. 278. Future of,
XIII. 498.

Potter, James, Colonel, V. 148 ; VI.
52, 107, 244, 451.

Potts, Jonathan, Doctor, IV. 48,
119.

Potts, Richard, XI. 448 ; XIII.
130.

PouLSON, William, I. 173, 223.

Powder, scarcity of, II. 2, 14, 54, 64,
80, 91, 134, 216, 263, 366 : III.
387, 395, 414, 425, 428. Distribu-
tion, III. 401. Bill for, 490 ; IV.
II, 62. Order on, IV. 87. Inspec-
tion, 194, 336.

PowEL, Samuel, XI. 356.

PowNALL, Thomas, VI. 423, 481.

Prejudices, local and provincial, III.
249, 278, 299.

Prentice, Samuel, Major, IV. 307.

Prescott, Robert, General, treat-
ment of Allen, III. 287, 289, 349 ;
IV. 285. Exchange, IV. 264, 387.
Capture of, V. 487. Exchange, VI.
16, 299. Evacuates Rhode Island,
VIII. 65, 90.

President, office of, XI. 257. Eti-
quette of, 374, 390, 396, 405, 415,
460, 485 ; title, 409.

Press, printing, for camp, V. 499.

Price, James, III. 176 ; IV. S2.

Prices, regulation of, VI. 242, 417 ;
VII, 208, 219, 282.

Princeton, continental army at, V. 63,
70, 76, 99. Action at, 147, 151,
162.

Prince William Militia, II. 37.

Prisoners of War, treatment of, by
Gage, III. 77, 90, 148. Care of,
204. Exchange, 248, 276, 284.
Commissary, 404. Victualling Brit-
ish, 423. Case of Captain McKay,
IV. 15. Exchange of citizens, 35.
80. Superintendence, 77. General
exchange proposed, 309, 317. Na-
val, 348. In Canada, 355. Of the
Cedars, 432. Preference to Cana-
dian, 477. Returns of, 485. Delay
in exchanging, V. 13. State ex-
change improper, 26. Distressed
Americans in New York, 43. Ex-
change of foreign, 45. Enlisting,
59. Release of officers, 88. Irregu-
larities of, 105, 117, 138. Cruel
treatment of naval, 166. Care of,
186. Impartiality in exchanging,
211. Taken at Princeton, 243.
Balance against the continent, 259.
Meeting of commissioners, 273.
Commissary-General, 299. Wal-
cott's performance, 311. Supplies
for, 332, 348. Congress appealed
to, 394, 418. Difference with Howe,
423. Treatment of, VI. 114, 194,
2gi. Taken with Burgoyne, 149.
Support of, 163. General exchange,
173, 193. 215, 226, 371. Disposition
of convention, 175, 189, 225, 247,
283, 369. Unfair exchanges, 295.
Pay of officers, 349. Interference
of Congress, 398, 460. Enlisting,
416. Commissioners, 442. Rule
of exchange, 471. Unfavorable
balance of officers, VII. 5. In
Philadelphia, 21. Convention, 221.
Commissary, 311. Exchange ne-
gotiation, 362. Treatment of; 439.
Broken paroles, VIII. 32. Ob-
stacles to exchange, 54. Improved
treatment, 122. Proposition from
the British, 152. Commissioners,
216, 229. Conditions against a
general exchange, 339. Agents,
360. Meeting of Lincoln and
Phillips, 429, 445. Rule governing
exchanges, IX. i. Partial exchange
of officers, 23. Commissioners to
meet, 37. Southern, 99. Treat-
ment of naval, iig. Instructions to

GENERAL INDEX.

525

Prisoners of War — Coni.

commissary, 147. Civil, 167. Prop-
osition for Burgoyne, 219. Con-
vention troops, 271, 332. Debts of,
422. Soldiers for seamen, 444.
Secret instruction from Congress,
447. Commissioners confer, 456,
488. Enlisting German, 481. Carle-
ton's propos^, X. 42, 75. Final
liberation, 231, 234. Expenses of
British, XI. 453.
Privateers, rascally crews. III. 231,
263. A personal interest, VI. 197.
Arming French, in the United
States, XII. 289, 308, 312, 313, 322.
British in New York harbor, 301.
The Little Sarah, 302. The Flying
Fish, XIII. 214. Message on depre-
dations of French, 368, 447.

Prizes, disposition of. III. 165, 203,
213, 301, 404 ; IV. 44, 69. Resti-
tution of French, XII. 316. Sale
of, XIII. 251.

Proclamation, royal, of, 1763, II. 221.
Howe's prohibition against leaving
Boston, 194, 2i8. King's, against
rebels, 285. Howe, on linens and
woollens, IV. 11. Washington's,
on intercourse with enemy, 24.
Howe's, offer pardon, V. 70. Wash-
ington's reply, 202. Washington's
on deserters, VI. 139. Threshing
grain, 248. To Canadians, VIII.
280. Neutrality, XII. 281.

Procter, Charles, III. 239.

Proctor, Thomas, VI. 49.

Profanity in Army, III. 5.

Promotions, mode of, IV. 308, 460,
481,490. Rule established, V. 446.
Cowardice a bar, VI. 109. Out of
common course, 230, 322. No
fixed rule, IX. 63, 68, 77, 83, 244,
, 272.

Property, wanton destruction of, IV.
368.

Providence, convention, V. 230.

Providence, hand of, VII. 161 ; VIII.
493 ; XI. 267.

Provisions, toif the enemy. III. 74,
321. For absentees, 375. Canada,

IV. 152. The British, IV. 294;

V. 3?5. Great need of, 251 ; VI.
357; VII. 164; VIII. 172, 183, 186,
214, 225, 28B ; IX. 33, 50, 76. 91,
III, ?4i, 301, 341, 357-

Provost Marshal, VI. 315-

Prussia, treaty with the United States,
XI. 59-

Public Spirit, egregious want of. III.
243, 246.

Pulaski, Casimir, VI. 56. At Tren-
ton, 369. Resigns, 422. Com-
mended, 426.

Pulteney's Thoughts, VIII. 1x9.

Punishments, unequal, VI. 350 ; IX.
126.

PURVIANCE, Mr., XIII. 457.

Putnam, Israel, II. 492 ; III. 4.
Receives commission, 15, 19. Opin-
ion on, 389. To command attack
on Boston, 452 ; IV. 5. Sent to
New York, III. 469. In command,
IV. 95. Yte^areschevaux-de-frise,
319. On Long Island, 366. At
Heights of Harlem, 496. In
Philadelphia, V. 74, 82. Stay at
Crosswicks, 170, 173. Ordered to
Peekskill, 363, 388. Ordered to
forward troops, 436, 441. Two
brigades wanted, 519. Hangs Pal-
mer, VI. 39. Plan to attack New
York, 85. On Clinton's expedition,
129. Reinforcement for main army,
153. Recalled, 235. On fortifying
North River, 294. Distressed for
money, 387. As to command at
Rhode Island,388. Charges against,
419. Court of Inquiry, 426. In
Connecticut, 467. What is to be
done with, VII. 31. At Robinson's,
197, 404. Dislike of, 401.
Putnam, Rufus, Colonel, IV. 305,
480 ; V. 118 ; X. 268 ; XII. 157,
169. Opinion on, 510.

Q-

Quakers, and slavery, XI. 24, 471.
And Indians, XII. 273.

Quartering, VIII. 147.

Quartermaster-General, III. 146 ; VI.
209, 254, 273, 331 ; VIII. 35, 363,
377 ; IX. 198.

Quebec, act of 1774, II. 352- De-
fenceless position. III. 167. Attack
on, 379, 396. Siege raised, IV. 102.

QuiNCY, JosiAH, III. 196.

Jiaces, Philadelphia, II. 285. Annapo-
lis, 339.

526

GENERAL INDEX.

Radiere, M. de la, V. 406 ; VI. 236,
2g4, 490 ; VIII. 149.

Ragsdale, Drury, Major, XIV. 50.

Rahl, Colonel, V. 35, 133, 164.

Ramsay, Nathaniel, Lieutenant-
Colonel, VIII. 446 ; IX. 2.

Ramsay, William, I. 386.

Rand, Isaac, Doctor, III. 275.

Randolph, Beverley, XII. 259.

Randolph, Edmund, quoted, II.
126, 415, 465. Aide, III. 77, 96 ;
XIV. 432. Leaves the family. III.
207. Political effect of Cincinnati,
X. 390. Washington's attendance
at convention, XI. 98, 128 ; Re-
fuses to sign, 170. Speaks in State
convention, 271; Attorney-General,
433. Against Bank, XII. 18.
Opinion on President's oath, 264.
Consulting judges, 311. Neutrality
rules, 315. Henfield's case, 317.
Place of Congress, 334. Intends
history of administration, 344.,
Secretary of State, 372 ; Reply to'
Hammond, 424. Jay's mission, 438.
Suggests agent to Kentucky, 451.
Democratic societies, 474. Con-
versation with Adet, XIII. 70.
Insult to British minister, 75.
Fauchet's despatch, 87. Resigns,
90. Vindication, 109, 122. 125,
128, 146.
Randolph, John, III. 278 ; IV. 134.
Randolph, Peter, I. 208.
Randolph, Peyton, I. 283. Sum-
mons Burgesses, II. 414. In Con-
gress, 427, 477. Death, III. 193.
Rank, disputes on, II. 6. On Conti-
nental army, III. 97, 102. Question
of, IV. 64. Indiscriminately given,

V. 497. Adjustment of, VI. 182,
276, 318. Disputed, VII. 137.
Problem of, VIII. 91 ; IX. 39, 99.
In provisional army, XIV. 99, 112,
174, 202.

Rations, quality and cost, IV. 38, 185;

VI. 156, 186 ; VII. 332 ; X. 69.
Raven Warrior, II. 24.
Rawdon, Lord, VIII. 234. In

Carolina, IX. 86, 319. Captured,

360. Exchange, 443.
Rawle, William, XII. 317.
Kawlings, Moses, Colonel, V. 37 ;

VII. 365, 372.
Rawlins, A., XIV. 84, 246.
Raystown, II. 44.

Read, Seth (?), III. 201.
Reconciliation, III., 414, 465, 491,
508. Hope of, IV. 3, 20. Com-
missioners, 4, 281, 286. Declara-
tion, 420. Idea of, in Congress,
456. Commissioners under North's
bill, VI. 497 ; VII. 34, 55, 59.
Letters, 57, 65, 119, 193. Papers
on, 223. Farewell, 235.
Recruiting in lysS, II. 21. Expenses,
IV. 60, 86, 118, 302. Special
bounties, V. 18. Allowance, 30.
Abuses in, 305. For State, 494.
British, among Americans, VI. 60.
Abuses, IX. 155, 193.
Red Bank, Battery at, VI. 21, 104.
Attack upon, 136, 140, 148. De-
fences, 199, 216.
Reed, Ames, IV. 397.
Reed, James, Colonel, III. 33 ; IV.

324 ; V. 122.
Reed, Joseph, III. 4 ; XIV. 432.
Scarcity of powder. III. 93. Gage's
treatment of prisoners, 148. Law
practice, 189. On Schuyler, IV.
233. Receives Howe's letter, 249.
Equality of officers and men, 443.
Correspondence with Lee, V. 48.
At Trenton Falls, 126, 136, 146.
For a command of horse, 193, 389.
On council of war, VI. 91. Board
of war, 123. Out of military life,
VII. 140. Letter from Johnstone,
156. On Lee's queries, 4(;8. Op-
poses Arnold, 501. Revolt of
Pennsylvania troops, IX. 97. Con-
troversy with Cadwalader, X. 78.
Refugees, pardon of, IX. 489. At

New York, X. 62, 102, 141.
Regiments, reduction in 1775, III.
35, 61. Completing, VI. 304, 312,
360. Arrangement, 307. Reduc-
tion, VIII. 176, 482, 487 ; X. 36.
Appearance of, 144.
Religion, observance of. III. 125.
Representation and Constitution, XI.

53-.
Reprimand, X. 143.
Republicanism, XII. 150.
Retaliation, III. 283 ; IV. 259 ; V

258, 266 ; VI. 226, 241 ; IX. 42ii

472, 479 ; X. r, 27, 37, 70, 88, 113.
Retirement, from Presidency, XII.

123. From public service, XIV. 21.
Returns, army, III. 228, 432 ; IV.

63, 370.

GENERAL INDEX.

527

Rewards, honorary, IV. 321.

Rhode Island, live stock on. III. 83.
British occupation, i6o. Fears an
invasion, 292, 297, 487. Defence,
IV. 57. Apprehension for safety,

410, 415. Militia for Long Island,

411. Arrangement of officers, V.
46. Occupied by British, 95, 121.
Proposed attack by Arnold, 224.
British to withdraw, 251 . Strength
of British, 302. Expedition to,
333 ; VI. 176, 250. Officer for,
388. Sullivan's expedition, VII.
105, no, 126, 140. Differences
with French, 162, 168, 170, 175,
182, 195. British evacuate, VIII.
64, 89, 102. French fleet in, 343,
349, 369, 477. British fleet before,
364, 369 ; IX. 136. French fleet,
269, 281, 323. Constitution in, XI.
287, 289, 453. Washington's visit
to, 500.

Rhodes, Richard, XIV. 85.
Ribbands for Generals and Aids, III.

25.

Richardson, Mr. III. 346.

Richmond, Duke of, X. 77.

Richmond County Independent Com-
pany, II. 462.

RiEDESEL, Baron, VIII. 339, 430,446.

Riflemen, III. 140, 155 ; IV. 36 ; IX.
286.

RiPARTI (Repentigny), I. 2Q, 32.

RiTTENHOUSE, DAVID, V. 55 J X.

129.

RiTZEMA, RuDOLPHUs, III. 438 ;
IV. 247.

RiviNGTON, James, II. 495 ; IX.
225 ; XIII. 367.

RfeADES, Amphillis, XIV. 326, 370.

Robertson, Archibald, XII. 118.

Robertson, James, General, III.
467 ; IX. 88, 124.

Robespierre on Genet, XII. 403.

Robinson, Beverly, IX. 247.

Robinson, Christopher, I. 484.

Robinson, Isaiah, VI. 439.

Robinson, John, I. 146. Commends
Washington, 283. On Fort Cum-
berland, 312, 406. Slights to be
borne, 510. Session of Assembly,
94. Gives thanks to Washington,
126.

Rochambeau, Count de, at Rhode
Island, VIII. 347. 371- To attack
New York, 403. Proclamation to

Indians, 420. Hartford conference,
442. Southern campaign suggested,
57, 62. Reported difference with
Washington ,111. Against A mold ,
142, 160, 177, 211. Intercepted
letter, 231. Wethersfield confer-
ence, 251. Ships to stay at Rhode
Island, 268. Writes to Grasse,
282. Thanked for march, 299.
Questions, 307. At New York,
381. At Philadelphia, X. 40, 47.
Armies joined, 78. Sails for France,
117. In Cincinnati, 326.

RocHAMBEAir, Viscount, IX. 48, 250.

Rockingham, Marquis, 77.

Rodney, C^sar, V. 241 ; VI. 53.

Rodney, Admiral, VIII. 445 ; X. 11.

Rogers, Robert, Major, III. 290,
349 ; IV. 183, 460.

Rowan, A. H., XIII. 72.

Roy, Ensign, I. 334.

Ruggles, Nathaniel, VIII. 59.

Ruggles, Timothy, III. 224.

Rules of Conduct, X. 133.

Rumsey, James, X. 402, 414, 445 ;
XI. 187.

Rush, Benjamin, VI. 438, 453.

Russia, troops from, V. 296 ; VI.
210.

Rutherford, John, I. 298.

Rutherford, Robert, I. 492 ; II.
15, i8.

Rutledge, Edward, II. 483 ; IV.
109. On neglect of Congress, V.
40. Offered an appointment, XII.

S.

St. Augustine, III. 286 ; V. 465.

St. Clair, Arthur, IV. 324 ; V.
247. Succeeds Gates, 279, 459.
Evacuates Ticonderoga, 473, 485,
490. Ordered to headquarters, VI.
17. Inquiry on, 103. Views Red
Bank, 204.^ Expects an attack,
383. Impatient for trial, VII. 36.
Revolt of troops, IX. 109. Ordered
south, 158. Governor, XI. 416,
507. Commands expedition against
Indians, XII. 24. Defeat, lu,
1x6.

St. Clair, Sir John, I. 174; H- ".
26.

St. Johns, III. 187, 228.

St. Lawrence, expedition to, III. 261.

St. OuARY, Baron, VI. 242.

528

GENERAL INDEX.

St. Simon, Marquis de, IX. 365, 400.

Sands, Comfort, IX. 452 ; X. 17.
31, 128.

Sandwich, Lord, II. 475.

Sandys, Elizabeth, XIV. 385.

Sandys, Margaret, XIV. 348.

Sargent, Winthrop, IV. 69 ; X.
461 ; XI. 416.

Sartine, M. de, VII. 103 ; IX. 79.

Savannah, siege of, VIII. no, 132.

Sayre, Stephen, III. 261, 346.

Scammell, Alexander, Brigade-
Major, III. 106. Colonel, V. 164.
Adjutant-General, IX. 42. 53, 85.

Schuyler, Philip, II. 492, 497. In-
telligence from New York, III. 24.
Obstacles, 49. To march against
St. Johns, 84. Delay in raising
men, 87, 117. On Wooster's slight,
169. Discouragements, 183. Com-
mittee of Congress, 239. Impa-
tience of New England troops, 268.
Disliked by Eastern troops, 348.
Indians, 378 ; IV. 112. Resolu-
tions against, gi. Treaty with Six
Nations, 139. Difference with
Gates, 209. Condition of troops,
270. Tory designs, 287. Suspects
an attack. V. 238. Resumes com-
mand, 519. Prejudice against, VI.
4. Inquiry upon, 17, 386. Acquit-
ted, VII. 303. On "Western expe-
dition, VIII. 10. Usefulness, 267.
Encouraging Indians, 420. As to
Arnold, 499. On Vermont in-
trigues, IX. 247.

Scott, Charles, Brigadier-General,
V. 221, 300. Ordered to Georgia,
VII. 442. Exchanged for Lord
Rawdon, 443. Command of militia,
XII. 24. Opinion of, 508.

Scott, John Morin, IV. 98, 320 ;
V. 214 ; X. 244.

Seagrove, James, XII. 158, 172.

Sears, Isaac, III. 328, 439.

Seat, Federal, X. 316, 324, 441.

Secretary, qualiiicalion for, X. 4i;7 ;
XI. 18. . 4S/ ,

Selman, John, III. 175, 261.

Senate, communications with, XI. 415,
417. Secret sessions, 483. Calls
for treaty papers, XIII. 176, 180,
186.

Sentries, III. 6 ; IV. 337.

Servant, purchased, II. 408. Run-
away, 473. For the general, IV. 362.

Sevier, John, XIV. 48, 89.
Seymour, Richard, XIV. 352.
Seymour, Thomas, Colonel, IV. 217.
Sharpe, Horatio, Governor, I. 137,

209. Upholds Dagworthy, 224.

Builds Fort Frederic, 289. On

Fort Cumberland, 434. Rank, II.

83, 109.
Shaw, William, X. 459.
Sheep-breeding, XII. 102.
Sheffield, John, Lord, X. 310 ;

XIII. 33.
Shelburne, Lord, X. 77, 129, 139.
Sheldon, Elisha, Colonel, V. 194.

Skirmish with Tarleton, VII. 484.
Shepperd, William, Lieutenant-
Colonel, IV. 305.
Sherbrook, Miles, V. 296.
Sherburne, Henry, IV. 117 ; V.

164.
Shingiss, I. 13, 116.
Shirley, William, I. 150, 180, 227,

231, 299.
Shoes, great want of, VI. 82.
Short, William, XI. 414 ; XII. 96,

412.
Shuldham, Molyneux, Admiral,

III. 314, 454-
Silliman, Gold Selleck, IV. 216 ;

V. 346.

Simcoe, John Graves, Colonel, IX.
86 ; XII. 460.

SiMiTiERE, Pierre Eugene du, IV.
132; X. 443.

SiMPKiNsoN, John Nassau, XIV.
323-

Sinclair, Sir John, XII. 136 ; XIII.
328, 407.

Six Nations, VIII. 86, 95.

Skene, Philip, III. 385 ; IV. 286,
309, 432.

Skinner, Abraham, VIII. 445 ; IX.
219, 466.

Skinner, Cortlandt, IV. 206 ; V.
242 ; VI. 229.

Slaves, enlisting, III. 162. Arming,
VIL 371. Quakers on, XI. 24,
471- In Cayenne, 30. Character,
62. Congress, 482. Fugitive, XII.
42. South Carolina, 113. Treat-
ment, 240. Freed in will, XIV. 272.

Small-pox, rumored introduction by
British, III, 263, 272, 276. Pre-
cautions against, 282 ; IV. 17, 90,
218, 282 ; V. 222, 227, 277, 421 ;

VI. 14.

GENERAL INDEX.

529

Smallwood, William, Major-Gen-
eral, IV. 338. In Jersey, V. 24.
For recruiting service, 90, In com-
mand of militia, VI. 59. In council
of war, 91, 2X8. Prize wine, 275.
Disputed rank, IX. gg.

Smith, John, Lieutenant, III. 30.

Smith, John, Doctor, III. 295, 390.

Smith, Joshua Hett, VIII. 450,

452. 457-

Smith, Robert, XI. 450.

Smith, Samuel, Lieutenant-Colonel,
VI. loi, lie. Difference with
Hazelwood, 131, 138. Wounded,
205. Commended, 237.

Smith, William, VIII. 473.

Smith, William, XI. 500 ; XIII.
131, 216, 237.

Smith, William Stephen, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel, X. 246. Returns
from England, XI. 443. For pro-
visional army, XIV. 41, 47, 69.
Aide-de-camp, 433.

Smith, , Lieutenant-Colonel, II.

475 ; III. 166.

Smith, Major, II. 3.

Societies, Democratic, XII. 454, 465,
475. 486.

Somerset Court-Hoiise , affair at, V. 190.

South Carolina, divisions in, IV. 20.
In plan of campaign, IX. 491.
Constitution in, XI. 259, 278,
Slavery, XII. 113.

Spain, declaration of, VIII. 41, 70,
igo. To conquer East Florida,
142, 205. Strength of, 2g5. In
Florida. IX. 55, 58. Joint opera-
tions, 378. Representation at court
from the United States, X. 218.
Jay's negotiations, XI. 403, 463.
And Great Britain, 4g6, 502. And
Indians, XII. 158, 168. Negotia-
tions with, 172, 324, 370 ; XIII.
121, 134, 170, 224.

Speake, Justice, I. 500.

Spears, Thomas, II. 473.

Speculation, prevalence of, VII. 301,
388, 413, 436, 451, 505 ; VIII. 119.

Speech, king's mo.st gracious. III. 316.

Spencer, Joseph, Major-General,
III. 15, 33, 151. Marches to Rox-
bury, IV. 18. Major-General, 324.
At Providence, 175, 224.

Spirits, for officers, VII. 474. Duty
on distilled, and insurrection, XII.
50, 79, 147, 154, 181, 188, 196, 491.
34

Spotswood. Alexander, XIV. 294.

Spotswood, Robert, Captain, I.
447, 453-

Spotswood, Mrs. II. 97.

Springfield, laboratory, V. 237.

Staff of Provisional Army, XIV. 23,
29, 40, 60, 95.

Stamp Ad, II. 2og.

Stanton, John, V. 281.

Stanwix, John, Colonel, I. 447, 499,
509 ; II. 6.

Stark, John, Brigadier-General,
VI. 33. On Canada expedition,
298. To recruit, VIII. 328. At-
tacks New York, IX. 31, 38.
Commands militia, 285.

Staten Island, stock farm, IV. 203.
Attack, 244, 303. Descent upon,
VI. 54, 64, 229 ; VIII. i6i ; IX.

17.

States, employing best talent, VII.
383. Specific supplies, VIII. 215,
302. Appeal to, 284. Unequal
provision for troops, 398. Apathy,
IX. 460 ; X. 10. Appealed to, 84.
Funds, 224. Jealousies among, XI.
125. Debts, 326, 482, 486.

Statue of George ill, IV. 226.

Stedlar, John, IV. 480.

Steenberger, Peter, Lieutenant,
II. 29.

Stephen, Adam, I. 103. Vanbraam's
error, 121. Lieutenant-Colonel,
185. Charges, 265. Returns from
Carolina, II. 12. In election, 178.
In command, 193. Joins main
army, V. 66. Major-General, 247.
Dismissed from army, 225 ; VIII.
358.

Stephens, Humphrey, Colonel, VI.
442 ; VII. 277.

Stephens, Mr., XIV. igs.

Stephenson, Hugh, Colonel, III.
471 ; IV. 197, 454.

Steuben, Frederick William Au-
gustus, Baron de, VI. 387^ In-
spector-General, 445, 504. In
council of war, VII. 8. Visits
Congress, 67. Wishes a command,
118, 122, 124. With Putnam at
West Point, VIII. 326. Sent
southward, IX. 10, 19. Dispute
in rank, gg, 220. Difference with
State, 378. Sent to Canada, X.
285, 2g2. Needs aid, XI. 15.
Opinion of, XII. 507.

53°

GENERAL INDEX.

Stevens, William, II. 459 ; III.
132.

Steward, qualifications, X. 470.

Stewart, Charles, V. 494.

Stewart, Robert, Captain, I. 223,
285, 298 ; II. 92, 444.

Stewart, Walter, Captain, II. 100.

Stewart, Walter, Colonel, V. 64.
At Stony Point, VII. 499. Mutiny
of Pennsylvania line, IX. 88, 94.
Army discontent, X. 175.

Stirling, Lord, III. 333. Brigadier-
General, 439. In command at
New York, 474. Signals, IV. 43.
Taken prisoner and exchanged, 375,
387, 431, 487. At Princeton, V.
64, 69. Major-General, 247. To
Peekskill, 503. Recalled, 513.
Attack on Philadelphia, VI. 218.
Trial of Lee, VII. 92. Commands
in Jersey, 203. On provision for
Jersey troops, 448. Covers attempt
on Paulus Hook, VIII. 27. De-
scent on Staten Island, 166.
Wounded, 310. On Northern
frontier, X. 74. Death, 220.

Stobo, Robert, I. 121 ; II. 345.

Stockton, Annis, X. 301.

Stockton, Richard V., V. 242, 279.

Stone Ferry, VIII. 59.

Stony Point, occupied by British, VII.
465, 470, 480. Recaptured, 486,
492. Assault, VIII. I. Evacuated,
96.

Stormont, Lord, VI. 197.

Strachey, Henry, V. 240.

Straggling, IV. 384, 488, 505 ; V. 14.

Stringer, Samuel, IV. 82, 344.

Stuart, David, X. 318. On Vir-
ginia Assembly, 181. Titles, 409.
Criticisms on administration, 471,
482. In will, XIV. 286.

Stuart, John, II. 481.

Stuart, , XIII. 13.

Suffolk, Earl of. III. 456.

Sullivan, John, Major - General,
sent to Portsmouth, III. 181, 200.
Joins army, 259. To New York,
468. Enters Boston, 477. To
Providence, IV. 7, 11. To Canada,
46, 113, 142. Aims at command,
156. Distressed situation, 174. At
Isle-de-Noix, 190. Fortifies Crown
Point, 248. Superseded, 262.
Major-General, 324. On Long
Island, 363. Made prisoner, 375.

Mission to Congress, 401. Ex-
changed, 431. Imagined slights,
V. 289. Threatens to resign, 404.
Letter to, 442. To Philadelphia,
513 ; VI. I. Staten Island affair,
64. Recall, 72. Unfortunate
movement, 245. Rhode Island
service, 388 ; VII. log, 126, 128,
154. Retreats, 164. General or-
ders, 171, 177. Confers with
French, 174. Western expedition,
.^55. 458, 479, 481. Misstatements,
VIII. 8. Success, 42, 49, 86. Re-
signs, 140. In Congress, IX. 32,
97. On Financier, 131.

Sullivan's Island, repulse of British,
IV. 283, 314, 326

Sunday, observance of, IV. 317.

Surgeons, III. 433 ; IV. 82, 239,
446 ; V. 287. Surgeon-General,
324. Pay of mates, 333.

Suttlers in camp. III. 221.

Swashan, III. 85.

Smearing, IV. 317.

SWEARINGEN, ThOMAS, I. 501 ; II.
52

Sweden, X. 400.

Swords, XIII. 270 ; XIV. 288.

Symmes, John Cleve, Judge, VIII.
196 ; XI. 416

Symons, John, Captain, III. 206.

T.

Tactics, VI. 34.

Talleyrand, XII. 427 ; XIV. 109,

155-
Tallmadge, Benjamin, Major, VII.

475; VIII. 57; IX. 43; X. 160;

XIV. 50.
Talon, XII. 285 ; XIII. 440.
Tarleton— , Colonel, VII. 484 ; IX.

145.
Tash, Thomas, Colonel, IV. 499.
Taxes in kind, XI. 85, 95, igo.
Taylor, John, XIV. 49.

Taylor, , XII. 379.

Temple. Robert, IV. 3.
Ternant, John, VI. 447, 506.

Minister, XII. 63.
Ternay, Chevalier de, VIII. 351.

Plans, 382. Blockaded at Rhode

Island, 432. Dissatisfaction, 436,

477- Death, IX, 62.
Territory, northwest, XII. 5.
Tetard, Rev., VII. 177.

GENERAL INDEX.

531

Thayer, Simeon, Major, VI. 205.

Thomas, James, I. 282.

Thomas, John, Major-General, III.
15. Threatens to retire, 39, 58.
Occupies Dorchester Heights, 449.
For promotion, 453, 464. To com-
mand in Canada, 478, 494. Rein-
forced, IV. 18. Death, 141.

Thomas, Captain, IV. 354.

Thomas, Mr. XI. 449.

Thompson, William, Brigadier-
General, Halifax proposal. III.
76. Riflemen, 140. Affair at
Letchmore's Point, 212, 216. Brig-
adier, 438, 453, 463. Sent to
Canada, IV. 34, 142. Prisoner,
170. Proposed exchange, V. 70,
266 ; VII. 4, 62. Exchanged, IX.
24.

Thompson, William, Captain, II.

389-

Thomson, Charles, X. 67. On
commission, 340. Notifies Wash-
ington, XI. 380.

Thornton, Peter Presley, aide-de-
camp, VI. 15 ; XIV. 433.

Thornton, P. XIV. 169.

Thornton, William, XII. 260.

Throckmorton, Ogden, XI. 9.

Throckmorton, Mr., X. 360.

Ticonderoga, cannon from, III. 222,
233. Abandoned, V. 473, 483,
490, 520 ; VI. 8, 14. Inquiry, 17,

385.
Tilc-hman, Tench, Journal, III.

117. On spurious letters, IV. 134.

On Washington, V. 247. Services,

IX. 245, 388. Marriage, X. 220.

Death, XI. 37, 53. Aid-de-camp,

XIV. 433-
Tilly, M. de, IX. 138, 143.

Timberlake, , I. 306

Tobacco, crop and shipments, II. 127,

130, 170, 184, 200, 207, 256. For

Hessians, IV. 371. Contract, XI.

307.
Tonnage Discrimination, XI. 410,

474-
Tories, arrest of Portsmouth, III.,
200. Connecticut, 219. On Long
Island, 325, 365, 397. New York,
379> 393. 419- Long Island, IV.
83, 97, 189, 336. King's district,
116, 131, 165. New York, 245,
274, 278, 341. Plots, 287, 310, 496.
New Jersey, 342. In Rhode

Island, V. 226. Enlisting, 252.
Inducements to return, 408 ; VI.
489. Hanging, 2. Trial for trea-
son, 241. Long Island, VIII. 63.
In Connecticut, IX. 158.

TOUSSARD, M., VII. 9, igg.

Towers, James, Ensign, I. 89, 91.

Trains, regulation of, IV. 495.

Treason, V. 396.

Treaty, Indian, II. 326. Orders on
French, VII. 3. Infractions of, by
England, XI. 45, 53, 182. Jay,

XIII. 59-208.

Trent, William, I. 40. Desires

reinforcements, 47. Surrenders, 49.

To be tried, 60, 104.
Trenton, Continental army at, V. 64,

71. Action at, 126, 132. Good

effects, 144.
Triplet, William, VII. 293 ; IX.

414.
Trott, George, III. 275.

Troup, , VI. 60.

Trueman, Alexander, Major, XII.

156, 173-
Trumbull, John, XII. 91. On
Digges, 421. Private Secretary to
Jay, 425. Commissioner under
treaty, XIII. 346. Aide-de-camp,

XIV. 432.

Trumbull, Jonathan, III. 26. De-
tains troops, 135. On local jeal-
ousies, 137. On defection of line,
255. On retreat of Northern army,
IV. 239. Raises militia, 327.
Recruiting difficulties, V. 211. On
extra bounty, 231. Attacking New
York, VI. 85. Addressto Assembly,
X. 340.

Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., XI. 333.
On convening Congress, XII. 333.
Senator, 483. Aide-de-camp, XIV.

433.

Trumbull, Joseph, III. 12. Plan,
65. Obstacles, 147. Recovery,
193. Expenses, 371. Difference
with Livingston, IV. 38, 233, 311,
329. Allowance, 129, 1S5. Stops
provision vessels, 294. Inadequate
pay, V. 28. Commissary-General
of purchases, 494. Board of War,
VI. 254. Removed, 382.

Tryon, William, II.. 494. To be
watched, 496 ; III. 24. Calls for
troops, 315, 393. Intelligence,
319. Clinton visits, 394. Meets

532

GENERAL INDEX.

Tryon, William — Cont.

Provincial Congress, IV. 24. Heads
the Tories, 97, 130. Plot, 188.
Meets Howe, 215. Danbury expe-
dition, 346, 385. Publishes con-
ciliatory bills, VI. 475, 492. Raid
into Connecticut, VII. 491.

Trvon County, depredations in, VII.
113.

Tudor, William, III. 33, 188 ; IV.
452.

TuppER, Benjamin, III. 9 ; IV. 318.

Turner, George, XI, 420.

Turner, Lieutenant, X. 25 ; XI. 61.

Tutor, XI. 6, 18.

Tyrell connection, XIV. 359.

U.

UCAHULA, II. 17, 23.

Uniform, IV. 267. Provisional

army, XIV. 149.
Union, closer, of States, X. 201, 217,

223, 257, 275 ; XI. I, 80, 183.
United States , favorable situation, XI.

476.
University at Federal City, XIII. 37,

49. 342 ; XIV. 277.

Valentine, Joseph, VII. 232.

Vanbraam, Jacob, I. 11, 35. Sent
for recruits, 45. Commanded, 87,
102. At Fort Necessity, 120.

Van Polanen, XIII. 252.

Van Schaick, Goose, Colonel, VIII.
289, 367.

Varick, Richard, VIII. 454 ; XIV.
433-

Varnum, James Mitchell, Briga-
dier-General, complaints, IV. 141,
346. Elected general, V. 247.
Recruiting, 345. Reinforces Smith,
188. On want of army, 254, 381.
A negro regiment, 347. Temper,
VII. 30. Mutiny, 328. In
Cincinnati, X. 371.

Vassall House, Cambridge, III. 3.

Vaudreuil, II. 118 ; VIII. 420.

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, X. 54, 123.

Vaughan, John, General, VI. 164 ;
VII. 465.

Vergennes, Count de, VIII. 414,
478. On peace, X. 12, i6. Inter-
cedes for Asgill, 105, 132.

Vermont Affair, IX. 247, 286, 424,
439; X. 154; XI. 135.

Verplanck's Point, VII. 465, 470,
480 ; VIII. 96.

Vessels, continental armed. III. 174,
238, 319, 382 ; IV. 69, 144. In the
Delaware, VI. 145, 180. Destruction
of, VII. 7. For Carolina, VIII. 75.

Vestries, septennial, II. 348.

Viomenil, IX. 161, 303, 383.

Virginia, troops of, II. 5, 94. Fron-
tiers attacked, 16. Paper money,
igi. Burgesses and association,
268, 281, 412. Land bounty to
troops, 274, 325, 351, 356, 366,
395, 465. Paper money, 363. Arm-
ing, 445, 457. Convention, 426,
472; III. 210. Dunmore, 281,301,
316. For independence, IV. 4.
Convention and constitution, 105.
Indian affairs, 474. Reflects on
Eastern troops, V. 189. Recruiting,
327. Defence, 400. Against inocu-
lation, VI. 14. Regiments, 162,
177, 223. Recruiting, 360, 379.
Western regiment, 387. Recruiting
abuses, VII. 24, 38, 55. Troops
form, 159. Land office, VIII. 97.
Troops for south, 125, 136. British
in, IX. 136, 274, 306. Tories, 317.
Conduct of, 431. Impost, X. 162.
Cession by, 320. British debts,
426. Assessment bill, 506. Re-
vision of laws, XI. II. Consti-
tution, 169. Assembly meets, 174,
181. Policy of opponents, 184, 189,
194. Prospects in convention, 202,
207, 231, 243, 255. Convention
meets, 268. Ratifies, 288. Dis-
content, 481. Treaty in, XIII.
185. Kentucky resolutions, XIV.
137. Election, 181.

Volunteers, objections, V. 328.
VosE, Joseph, Colonel, III. 38 ; V. 85.
Vrigny, Monsieur, VI. 162.

W.

Wabash Company, II. 469.

Wadsworth, Jeremiah, V. 494.
For quarter-master-general, VI. 209.
On regulation of prices, 417. Com-
missary-general, 467 ; VII, 141.
Intention of resigning, VIII. 124.
Contractor for French army, X. 98.
Indian commissioner, XIII. 73.

GENERAL INDEX.

533

Waggener, Andrew, Captain,
wounded, I. 85. Joins army at
Winchester, 198. Commissioned,
216. Instructions, 2go, 320. Coun-
cil, 325. Marches to the Branch,
472. Allotment of land, II. 366.

Wagon-Master-General, VI. 335.
Regulations, IV. 504.

Walcott, , Lieutenant-Colonel,

V. 311, 389.

Walker, Ben., X. 321, 424; XIV.

433-
Walker, George, XII. 219.
Walker, John, V. 253 ; XIV. 433.
Walker, John, Captain, V. 256.
Walker, Thomas, I. 208, 382, 386,

412.
Wallace, Hugh, II. 495 ; V. 296.
Wallace, James, Captain, III. 276,

321 ; IV. 37 ; VI. 164.
Walpole Grant, II. 272, 328, 339, 353.
War Office, III. 358 ; IV. 141, 164.

Board of, VI. 254.
Ward, Andrew, Colonel, IV. 280,

315 ; V. 221:

Ward, Artemas, Major-General, II.

478. Wants to resign, III. 490 ;

IV. I, 79.
Ward, Edmund, I. 47.
Ward, Samuel. Governor, III. 216.
Ward, Samuel, Major, VI. 137.
Warhatche, I. 445.
Warner, Seth, Colonel, III. 185.

In Canada, 370.
Warren, James, II. 478, 480 ; III.

352, 453 ; IV. II.
Washington, Amphillis, XIV. 326.
Washington, Augustine, I. 178.
Washington, Bushrod, X. 136. On

Patriotic Society, XI. 71. In Alex-
andria, 356. Mercer's election, 194.

Associatejudge, XIV. 135. In will,

283, 288, 289, 297.
Washington, Charles, I. 490; XIV.

212, 285.
Washington, Charles Augustine,

XIV. 292, 295.
Washington, Corbin, XIV. 295.

Mrs., XIII. 446.
Washington, Elizabeth [Foote],

XIV. 287.
Washington, Ferdinand, XIV. 295.
Washington, George. Journal of

survey, 1748-9, I. i- Rejected, 9.

Journal to the Ohio, 1753, 9. Shot

at, 37. Rank, 45. Journal, 1754,

46. Dissatisfaction, 64, 80. Kills
Jumonville, 75. Difference with
Mackay, 105. Surrenders at Fort
Necessity, 119. Resigns, 137.
Braddock's aid, 141. Recompense
for losses, 147. Willing to serve as
Burgess, 158. Severe illness, 164.
Urges quicker advance, 166. Brad-
dock's rout. Conditions of com-
mand, 181, 185. Advertisement on
panic, 202. Contention on rank
with Dagworthy, 215, 225. Address
to regiment, 219. Visits Boston,
227,231. Resolution to resign, 241.
Plan for organizing troops, 243.
Charges against regiment, 245, 351.
Onchainof forts, 256. Recommends
fort at Winchester, 267. Account
of militia, 269, 281. Orders on
discipline, 296. Accounts, 308.
Insufficient pay, 315. Address to
command, 328. Against Fort Cum-
berland, 362. Location of forts,
371. Explains letter, 384. Defence
of conduct, 406. Criticism of forts
and miUtary system, 418. Suggests
Indian policy, 442. General in-
structions to captains, 466. Defence
of character, 484. Illness and stay
at Mt. Vernon, 513.

Resumes command, II. 5. De-
scribes situation to Council, 26.
On election of 1758, 52. 58- Views
on roads, 62, 77, 85. Predicts fail-
ure of expedition, 72. On line of
march, 105. At Duquesiie, 116.
Retires from army and marries, 127.
Tobacco culture, 127, 172, 184.
Sales, 131. Journal, i76o> 140.
Visits Warm Springs, 180. De-
scribed, 188. Notes on Dismal
Swamp, 194. On prompt payments,
200. Sales of wheat, 203. Election
of 1765, 206. On stamp act, 209.
Posey's debt, 213, 226. Pennsyl-
vania lands, 218. Diary for 1768,
230. Orders chariot, 259. Ramsay's
education, 262. Non-importation,
263. Soldiers' lands, 272. Session
of Burgesses, 1770, 280. Associ-
ation, 284. Journal of tour to the
Ohio, 285. Philadelphia races, 285.
Shipments from England, 334. An-
napolis races, 339- Portraits by
Peale, 349. Subscription to church,
364. Florida lands, 372. Journey

534

GENERAL INDEX.

Washington, George — Cont.
to New York, 382. Advertisement
of Ohio lands, 386. Black's land,
398. Plans to import Palatines, 403,
Session of the Burgesses, 1774, 412.
On conduct of Parliament, 418, 433.
Virginia convention, 426. Conti-
nental Congress, 1774, 437. In-
structions to Cleveland, 451. As
manager of estates, 455. Instruc-
tions for Stevens, 459. Affair at
Lexington, 475. Appointed com-
mander-in-chief, 476. Commission,
482. Instructions, 483. Arrives at
New York, 493. Address to the
Provincial Congress, 500.

Arrives at Boston, III. i. On
defences, 22. On army appoint-
ments, 70, 97. Treatment of prison-
ers, 78, go, 149. Plans Canada
expedition, 88, 144. On Point Al-
derton, 92. Annoyance and fatigue,
loi. Address to Bermuda, no.
Council of war on attacking Boston,
114, 145. Address to Canada, 126.
Ohio lands, 129. Subscription to
articles of war, 138. Claims to a
commision, 152. The new army,
161. Losses caused by enemy, 165.
Arrangement of officers, 208, 214.
General directions for an officer,
210. Directions to Lund Washing-
ton, 235. Dearth of public spirit,
246. Voluntary inlistments im-
practicable, 264. Entertaining, 279.
Address to new army, 311. His
majesty's speech, 317. Sends Lee
to New York, 325. Irregular com-
missions, 331. Patient under criti-
cism, 340. Thoughts caused by his
difficulties, 344. Calls for regi-
ments, 359. Distressed for a secre-
tary, 367. On short investments,
399, 406. Integrity of heart, 412.
On reconciliation, 414. Council
decides against attack, 425. Boston
evacuated, 487.

Restoration of peace, IV. 3.
Harvard confers degree, 6. Goes
to New York, 17. Dangers of dis-
union, 20. Intercourse with enemy,
22. Medal from Congress, 26. Aids,
39. Custis' estate, 72. Issue of
commissions, 76. Visits Phila-
delphia, 89. Dainty food of rec-
onciliation, 106. Spurious letters.

132. Views on Canada campaign,
147. Hickey's plot, 188. Engaging
Eastern Indians, 206. Declaration
of Independence, 225, 236. Bur-
dened with detail, 240. Removal
of disaffected, 245. Refuses Howe's
letter, 249, 263. Meets Colonel
Patterson, 284. Exchange of land
by Custis, 295. Increase of aids,
297. Need of general officers, 321.
Retreat from Long Island, 374. On
abandoning New York, 379. De-
fences above New York, 391. Ex-
posure at Harlem, 407. Discour-
agement, 429. Army should be on
permanent footing, 439. No de-
pendence on militia, 443. Unac-
countable measures of Congress,
456. Pay of officers, 466.

On the Highlands, V. 20. Loss
of Mount Washington, 34. Inlist-
ing prisoners of war, 59. Suppresses
a resolution of Congress, 82. Dis-
affection of people, 98. On nev/
army, loi. Perplexed situation,
III. Increased power, 114. Suc-
cess at Trenton, 132. Passes the
Delaware, 140. Civil and military
authority, 145. Advice on recruit-
ing, 159. Necessity for good officers,
189. Appointment of general offi-
cers, 192. Proclamation on pro-
tection, 201. Heath's foolishness,
217. Recommends oath, 222. Pro-
vincial jealousies, 228. French offi-
cers, 245. Treatment of prisoners,
259. Comparison of armies, 264.
Against division, 281. Plan of
campaign, 283. Separate com-
mands, 289. Brood mares, 292.
Replies to Walcott's performance,
311. Personal guard, 349. On
Malmedy's rank, 364. French offi-
cers in general, 369, 412. Methods
of raising quotas, 372. Opinion on
loyalists, 407. Inoculation, 422.
Hurt by Lee's letter, 432. Views
on artillery pieces, 479. Need of
army, 493. Evacuation of Ticon-
deroga, 520.

Wi.shes to be excused from ap-
pointing generals, VI. 3. Aid from
France, 15. Defence of Phila-
delphia, 18. Manoeuvring against
Burgoyne, 34. Foreign applica-
tions, 36. On Howe's intentions,

GENERAL INDEX.

535

Washington, George — Cont.

45. After Brandy wine, 70. On
suspension of St. Clair, 72. Im-
press ordered, 78. Renting dower
land, 88. Duche's letter, 115.
Reported danger, 147. Support of
prisoners, 165. Resignation of offi-
cers, 179. Guide to his conduct,
220. Exercise of military authority,
249. Winter problem, 255. Great
expectations, 261. Attitude towards
Conway, 276. On the state of the
army, 300. Taken advantage of by
his enemies, 354. Difference with
Gates, 362. America driven to re-
bellion, 391. To Burgoyne, 411.
Rule of conduct, 452. Plea for the
officers, 465. Independence essen-
tial, 484. Council of war, 495. A
commission for treaty, 509.

The French treaty, VII. 3, 23.
On objections to oath, 13. British
politics, 28. Levying contributions,
32. Cabal, 38. Campaign of 1778,
44. Arrangement of corps, 60.
Rank to foreigners, 116. Proposed
Indian expedition, 131. Needs of
the army, 137. Compound interest,
144. Harmony enjoined, 173. Idea
on operations, 186. The question of
finances, 208. Lands and cash and
paper, 214. Drafting troops, 228.
Wages, 231. A Canada expedition,
240, 260, 284, 304. Hanging mo-
nopolizers, 282. Depreciation of
paper, 295. Necessary reforms, 297.
Wants of the army, 309, 317.
Western expedition, 314, 341, 375,
407. Campaign plans, 319. Situ-
ation of officers, 328. Increased
powers, 340. Political situation,
359. 367, 382, 387. Arming slaves,
371. To stand well in good opinion
and Gates' enmity, 393. Increased
pay to militia, 431. Policy of Great
Britain, 436. Remonstrance of Jer-
sey officers, 445. Prospects for an
active campaign, 449. Summary of
affairs, 455. Stony Point, 493.
Lee's attack, 501.

Ohio lands, VIII. 6. Western
expedition, 8. A camp dinner, 18.
Paper money, 20, 29. Loss of Fort
Washington, 22. Coquetting with
the marchioness, 72. The campaign
outlined, 78. Credit must be re-

stored to money, 100, 103. Method
of raising troops, 114. Ministerial
sentiments, 119. Dependence on
words. 139. Real and nominal sums,
169. General orders and multiplicity
of business, 211. Sentiments on
public affairs, 240.' Co-operation
with French, 274, 299. Filling the
quotas, 284. Longest purse wins
in war, 295. Congress should have
greater powers, 304. How to pre-
serve confidence of people, 330.
Want of system and foresight, 333.
Letter to Harrison, 358. Association
on paper money, 374. In favor of
the officers, 379. Strength of Brit-
ain, 390. Permanent army, 393,
468. Situation of America, 433.
Raising men, 461. False hopes and
temporary expedients, 465. Pro-
vision for officers, 483. On Arnold,
493, 499. America amused out of
her liberties, 506.

For taking Arnold, IX. 4. Neces-
sary reforms, 13. For attacking
outposts of New York, 30. Costly
want of system, 33. Deplorable
situation, 45. Suggestions for united
action with French, 59. Promotions
and State distinctions, 64. Powers
of Congress and executive bodies,
76. Memorandum for Laurens, 103.
Congress and general distress, 125.
Punishments and discipline, 126.
Commerce with enemy, 134. Mili-
tary establishment and finance, 174.
Proposition to pension his mother,
183. Congress must have compe-
tent powers, 189. An awful crisis,
192. Failure of P'rench expedition
to Virginia, 211, 225, 231. Enter-
taining the enemy at Mt. Vernon,
236. Conference at Wethersfield,
251. Ohio lands, 279. Coming to
Virginia, 305. Mortgage and money,
315. Possibilities for a campaign,
337. 373- Arrangement of army,
347. A southern campaign, 393,
406. Manley's plantation, 410.
Visits Philadelphia, 418. Vermont's
agitation, 424. Prospects of a
continuance of war, 460. Dismal
Swamp lands, 470. Custis estate,
473. Plan of campaign, 490.

Debates on peace. X. 10. Hint
on dictatorship, 21. Congress and

536

GENERAL INDEX.

Washington, George — Cont.

the Assemblies, 2g. Retaliation,
37, 70, 88. Misbehavior of Posey,
56, 119. New English cabinet, 77.
Prospects of peace, 80. Sufferings
of officers, go. Impolicy of inaction,
g6. Desire for peace, 103. French's
land, 107. Advice to nephew, 133.
His mother's talk, 138. Attitude
to loyalists, 141. On discipline, 144.
Sketch of the situation, 146. The
Vermont question, 154. Matter of
accounts, 157. Congress and its
powers, 162, 164. Newburgh inci-
dent, 178, 186. Pohcy of Great
Britain, 187. Expectations of army,
189. Need of reform, 201. Gov-
ernment and State politics, 217,
233. Releasing prisoners and dis-
banding army, 234. Lands for
officers, 267, 3gi. Distracted ad-
ministration, 275. Britain forced
the war, 283. Tour in New York,
2gi. Poetry of Mrs. Stockton, 301.
iand jobbers and Indians, 303, 415,
428. Peace establishment, 312.
Matrimony, 318. Farewell orders,
330. Resigns commission, 338.
Extension of federal powers, 345.
Pleasures of retirement, 357. No
money to lend, 360. Western lands,
361. Tradesmen wanted, 371. Me-
moirs, 373. Canals and internal
commerce, 375, 381, 403. Hope
of dependence on Britain, 399.
Navigation shares, 433, 481. Lady
Huntington's scheme, 439. Sitting
to painters, 450. Qualifications of
secretary, 458. No justification or
recrimination, 459. Western set-
tlement, 461. Seat of empire, 464.
English commercial policy and farm
overseer, 467. Abolition of war,
472. Cement to States, 487, 490.
Assessment bill, 506.

Confederation a shadow, XI. i.
Potomac shares, 4. Congress and
commerce, 12, 53. Kanhawa lands,
20, 32. Slavery, 25, 62. Treaty
and the western posts, 28. Igno-
rance and design, 31. Asgill affair,
3g. Commerce with England and
France, 57, 307. Patriotic society,
6g, 83. Influence no government,
77- Cincinnati and federal con-
vention, 87, 93, 109. Goods at

vendue, 89. Letter to his mother,
115. Paper money, 120. Thirst
for power, 124. Change of govern-
ment, 132. In convention, 140
Cincinnati, 156. Small income and
large expenditures, 176. The pro-
posed constitution, 183, 2ig, 250.
Renting lands, igs. Publication of
letter, 210. College visitor, 226.
The presidency, 258, 316, 325, 328,
366. On emigrating, 280. The
Yorktown campaign, 293. Publish-
ing correspondence, 344. Manu-
factures, 353. Rules of conduct,
370, 375- Inaugural, 381. Presi-
dential etiquette, 390, 405. Jeal-
ousies and criticisms, 481. Advice
to grand-nephew, 508.

Encouraging manufactures, XII.
6. Appointments to office, 16.
Southern tour, 22, 34, 45. Federal
city, 27. Rents and transfers of
land, 74. Advice to Harriot, 84.
Importing slaves, T13. Considers
retiring, 124. Payment of debt, 143.
Internal dissensions and harmony,
174, l8o. Name used in election-
eering, 194. Rascally set of ten-
ants, 221. In agriculture, 222.
Care of sick negroes, 241. Anxiety
for Lafayette, 261. Second inaugu-
ration, 264, 277. Indecency of
press, 310. Assenting to acts, 327.
Account of Mt. Vernon, 358. Con-
tribution to fever, 373. Applica-
tions for appointments, 412. Re-
ceiving French emigrants, 427. In-
fallible guides, 435. Opinion of
general officers, 506.

Lecture on love, XIII. 29. Uni-
versity in the Federal city, 37.
Leases, 40. Ceracchi's claim, 43.
In want of money, 47. Opposition
to Jay treaty, 80. Fauchet's de-
spatch, 87. Young Lafayette, 100.
Randolph's letter, 122. Treaty pa-
pers, 180. Public sentiment, 186.
Farewell address, 191, 221, 277.
Relations with Jefferson, 230.
Conduct towards France, 263.
Views on education, 267. Office as
a sinecure, 334. Advice to Custis,
339. 354. 394- The forged letters,
366, 378. At Mount Vernon, 382,
391. Blount's treason, 401. Agri-
cultural, 404. French magnanim-

GENERAL INDEX.

537

Washington, George — Cent.

ity, 415. Newspaper attacks, 427.
Housekeeper, 430. Division of a
day, 436. Monroe's View, 452.
Charge of ungentlemanly treatment,
494. To an old friend, 498.

Care of the estate, XIV. I Possi-
bility of again entering public life,
8. General of the provisional army,
16, 37. Threatens to resign, 91.
Freemasons, 119. Logan inter-
vievrs, 130. Opposition to adminis-
tration, 136. Custis' education, 146.
Uniform, 149. Not to be trifled
vpith, 170. Relations with Henry,
183. Last journal, 242. Death,
245. Will, 269.

Washington, George Augustine,
enters army, VIII. 143. Ill-health,
X. 423. Marriage, 455, 467, 480.
to settle at Mount Vernon, XI. 10.
Last illness XII. 250, 277. Will,
293 ; XIV. 429.

Washington, George Fayette,
XII. 271 ; XIV. 292, 295.

Washington, George Steptoe, XI.
263 ; XII. 233 ; XIV. 280, 288,
294.

Washington, Harriot, XII. 199,

233, 463 ; XIII. 183 ; XIV. 295,
"Washington, Henry, XIV. 381.

Washington, Henry, XIV. 418.

Washington Sir John, XIV. 367.

Washington, John, emigrant, XIV.
386.

Washington, John (2d), XIV. 407.

Washington, John (3d), XIV. 408.

Washington, J.ohn Augustine, I.
152 ; XI. 107, 139 ; XIV. 428.

Washington, Lawrence, Mayor,
XIV. 333.

Washington, Lawrence, Registrar
Court of Chancery, XIV. 342.

Washington, Lawrence, of Sul-
grave, XIV. 345.

Washington, Sir Lawrence, XIV.

356.
Washington, Lawrence, rector of

Purleigh, XIV. 328, 369.
Washington, Sir Lawrence (2d),

XIV. 377.
Washington, Lawrence, emigrant,

XIV. 397.
Washington, Lawrence, XIV. 401.
Washington, Lawrence, of Truro

Parish, I. 328 ; XIV. 423.

Washington, Lawrence Augus-
tine, XI. 298, 372 ; XIV. 280,
290, 294,

Washington, Lund, III. 235.
Danger to Mrs. Washington, 278.
Fears an incursion, 502. Inter-
cepted letter, IX. 225. Retires
from Mt. Vernon, XI. ii. Account,

XIII. 22. In will, XIV. 280.
Washington, Martha, marriage, II.

126. Ignorant of son's inoculation,

276. Comes to camp. III. 232,

277. Visits Philadelphia, IV. 89.
Inoculated, 108. At Valley Forge,

VI. 355. Testimonial from France,

VII. 203. At Middlebiook, 360.
Sickness, X. 284, 480. To Mrs.
Fairfax, XIII. 500. Gives colors to
' ' Greyheads, " XIV. 5 5 . At death-
bed, 246. 'To Governor Trumbull,
267. in will, 271, 2g7, 312.

Washington, Mary, pension, IX.

183 ; X. 136. On residing at Mt.

Vernon, XI. 114. Death, 426.
Washington, Robert, XIV. 339.
Washington, Robert, XIV. 353.
Washington, Samuel, X. 136 ; XII.

462 ; XIV. 279, 428.
Washington, Thomas, XIV. 346.
Washington, Thornton, XIV. 279.
Washington, Sir William, XIV. 362.
Washington, William, IX. 99.
Washington, William Augustine,

XIV. 282.

Waterbury, David, Brigadier-Gen-
eral, V. 212 ; IX. 311.

Waters, Henry F., XIV. 325.

Watson, Brook, III. 198,

Wayne, Anthony, V. 247. Inspects
Highlands, 358. Tried, VI. 216.
Foraging, 368. Stony Point, VII.
486,493; VIII. I. Mutiny, 424;
IX. 90, 102, 267. On Western
expedition, XII. 142. Opinion of,
507. Success, XIII. 32. Charges
against, 222.

Webb, Samuel Blachley, aid. III.
495 ; XIV. 432. Journal, IV. 226.
Colonel, V. 164. Recruiting, 368.
Exchange, VIII. 56, 446.

Webster, Noah XII. 323.

Webster, William, II. 474.

Weedon, George, IV. 463. Briga-
dier-General, V. 247. Rank, VI.
276, 468. Retires, VIII. 305.
Opinion of, XII. 508.

538

GENERAL INDEX.

Welch, James, XIV. 170.
West Indies, III. 347 ; VIII. 54.
West, John, IX. 474 ; XIII. 165.
West Point, VIII. 308, 470; X. 72.
Wethersfield Conference, IX. 250, 263,

268.
Wheatley, Phillis, III. 417, 442 ;

V. 143.
Wheelock, Eleazer, III. 289.
Whipple, Abraham, III. iii, 133,

187 ; IV. 16.
Whitcomb, Asa, Colonel, III. 222,

419-
Whitcomb, John, Brigadier-General,

IV. 146, 210.
White, Anthony Walton, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel, XIV. 89.
White Plains, V. 7.
Whiting, Anthony, XII. 272, 296,

404.
Wiebert, Antoine Felix, IV. 196,

208 ; V. 89.
WiLKiNS, Lieutenant-Colonel, II.

328.

WiLKINS, , XIV. 48.

Wilkinson, James, Brigadier-Gen-
eral, III. 141. For adjutancy, 208.
From Gates, 278. Spanish in-
trigues, XI. 362. Commended,
XII. 158. Opinion of, 509. In
provisional army, XIV. 205.

WiLLARD, Aaron III. 233, 421.

Willet, Marinus, Colonel, V. 298.
Opinion on Fort Schuyler, VI. 235.
Popularity, IX. 205. To attack
Oswego, X. 159.

William and Mary College, XI. 226.

Williams, Mr., XII. 118.

Williams, Otho Holland, IX. 419 ;
XIL 510.

Williamson, Mr., II. 421, 429.

Willing, Thomas, VI. 215.

Wilson, James, XI. 170 ; XII. 60,
447-

Wilson, Thomas, XIV. 286.

Witherspoon, John, X. 373.

WoEDTKE, Baron de, IV. 269, 322.

Woelper, John David, II. 390, 394,
465.

WOLCOTT, Oliver, Jr., XII. 44 •
XIII. 39, 87 ; XIV. 106,

Wood, James, Colonel, II. 52, 59.

Woodford, William, Colonel, III.
210, 463. Brigadier-General, V.
247, 272. Injured in feeling, VI.
132. Rank, 276, 468 ; VIII. 305.

WooDHULL, Nathaniel, Brigadier-
General, IV. 269, 322.

Woodward, Alice, XIV. 355.

Wooster, David, Brigadier-General,
II. 496. On Long Island, III. 107.
Ordered to Canada, 168. Fur-
loughs, 350. Discredited, 369.
Superseded, 478. Recalled, IV.
119, 167. At Stamford, VI., 16.
Resigns, 280. In action, 347.
Death, 351. Widow, XI. 393.

Wycombe, Lord, XII. 113.

Wythe, George, XI. 433, 451 ;
XIII. 86.

Y.

York, lands, VII. 213.

Yorktown Campaign, IX. 282, 330,

346, 359. 380 ; XI. 293.
Young, Arthur, XII. 370.
Yrujo, Carlos Martinez, XIII.

224.

Z.

Zedtwitz, Herman, IV. 371.

END OF VOLUME XIV.